--- /dev/null
+*.py[cod]
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Packages
+*.egg
+*.egg-info
+dist
+build
+eggs
+parts
+bin
+var
+sdist
+develop-eggs
+.installed.cfg
+lib
+lib64
+__pycache__
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+.coverage
+.tox
+nosetests.xml
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+
+# Mr Developer
+.mr.developer.cfg
+.project
+.pydevproject
+
+# Sublime text
+*.sublime-workspace
+
+# Logs
+*.log
+
+# zip files
+*.zip
+
+# Temp files
+*~
--- /dev/null
+# ALBANIAN WORDS\r
+\r
+afatgjata fillese librit nga prapambetje sidomos \r
+afatmesme fisnik lidhjes nga pretenduar sigurimin \r
+akute fizike lihet nga prire sikurse \r
+ardhmen forte lufterat ngjet prizrenit sone \r
+ardhmeria frasherit madhe ngrehim pse sot \r
+ardhmes fusha marre nisje pushtimet sot \r
+ardhmes gjashtedhje mbare nje qe sugjerojne \r
+ardhmes gjate mbarekombet nje qe sukses \r
+ardhmes gje me nje qe synimesh \r
+arrit gjinden me nje qe synimeve \r
+arsyeja gjitha me nje qe t'i \r
+asnje gjithsesi me nje qe t'i \r
+ate gurthemeli me nje qellimin t'iu \r
+autoreve guxim me nje qene ta \r
+bashkepunim hapesira me nje reja ta \r
+bashkimin hapesirat me nje rendesishem te \r
+behet hapesire me nuk reth te \r
+botimi hedhim me nuk rihen te \r
+brezave here me sa te \r
+c'do huaja me sami te \r
+c'eshte i me se te \r
+c'ka i me pa se te \r
+deshirash i mendimet pa se te \r
+deshmi i mendimet parashtron se te \r
+dhe idete mendimi pare se te \r
+dhe ka mendimi pareshtura se te \r
+dhe ka mendimin pas se te \r
+dhe ka mendimit pasurine se te \r
+dhe kane mendjet pati se te \r
+dhe kapercejme mendore pavaresise se te \r
+dhe kaq menyre per se te \r
+dhe kjo mira per se te \r
+dhe koha mirefilli per se te \r
+dhjete koha mirefillta per secili te \r
+dihet koha mirepo per sensibilizo te \r
+dijenite kohes mos per sepse te \r
+dijetareve koke mund per sfidat te \r
+do komb na per shekulli te \r
+do kombetar na per shekulli te \r
+do kombetar ndertese per shkencor te \r
+do kombit ndertimin per shoqerisht te \r
+duam kombit ndihet perballuar shoqeror te \r
+e krijime ndonjehere perfshin shpejt te \r
+e krye ndritura perket shpresojme te \r
+e kryesore ndryshme perkushtim shqiperia tejet \r
+e kthehu ne permbledhe shqiptar tema \r
+edhe ku ne perpara shqiptar thjeshte \r
+eshte ku ne perpara shqiptare tij \r
+eshte kurre ne perparoje shteroi tjeter \r
+eshte kurre ne perparuar shtete tona \r
+eshte kushtet ne perpire shteti trasheguar \r
+eshte kushtuar ne persa shume tre \r
+eshte kushtuar ne pjekur shume trojeve \r
+etnike ky ne plote shume u \r
+faqen ky nesh podiumi shume u \r
+faqet lejuar nevoja prandaj shumta u \r
+varfer vellimi vepren vetem vlen zgjidhja \r
+varferia vellimi vere vine vlera zgjidhjen \r
+vazhdimisht vemendje veshtrim vizionit vyer zhvillimit \r
+vellim vene veshtrimin \r
--- /dev/null
+# And this is Anglo-Saxon names. Unfortunately this list is really a little
+# short to produce very good names from Travesty.
+
+# Mark
+
+Alcuin Abercorn Acca xlfgar xlfgifu xlfheah xlfric xlfsige xlle xlla xsc
+xthelbald xthelberht xthelflxd xthelfrith xthel red xthelweard xthelwine
+xthelwold Agilberht Alchrith Aldfrith Aldhelm Alfred Athelstan Bede
+Beorhtric
+Beowulf Berhtwald Bosa Burgred Byrhtferth Byrhtnoth Cxdmon Cxdda Cedd
+Caewlin Cenwalh Cerdic Ceolfrith Ceonwulf Cuthbert Cynewulf Cynric Deda
+Deusdedit Dicuil Eadred Eadric Eadwig Eadwulf Ealdred Eata Ecgferth
+Ecgfrith Edgar Edith Edmund Edward Edwin Egbert Eorpwald Godred Godwine
+Guthlac Harold Hengest
+Hereman Hild Hnxf Horsa Ida Ine Jxnberht Leofric Leofwine Loarn Erc Milred
+Hxste Oda Offa Ohthere Oswald Oswine Osuiu Peada Penda Rxdwald Rxgnald
+Saberht
+Sigeberht Sihtric Stigand Theodore Torhthelm Tostig Waltheof Wighard
+Wihtred Wilfred Willehad Wulfric Wulfstan
--- /dev/null
+Aes Abarne Abauntza Abelie Adonie Aduna Agate Aginaga Agirre Agurne \r
+Agurtzane Aiago Aiala Ainara Ainhoa Ainize Aintza Aintzane Aintzile \r
+Aintzine Ainuesa Aiora Aitziber Aizeti Aizkorri Aizpea Akorda Alaine \r
+Alaitz Alazne Albie Albizua Alduara Alduenza Alize Alkain Almika Almuza \r
+Aloa Alodia Altzagarate Ama Amaduena Amagoia Amaia Amalur Amane Amatza \r
+Amelina Amets Ametza Amilamia Amuna Anaeaxi Anaiansi Anaurra Ande \r
+Anderazu Andere Anderexo Anderkina Andia Andikona Andion Andolie Andone \r
+Andre Andregoto Andrekina Andremisa Andrezuria Ane Angelu Aniz Anoz \r
+Ansa Antxone Antziasko Apain Apala Araba Aragundia Araitz Arama Arana \r
+Arandon Arantza Arantzazu Araoz Arbeiza Arbekoa Arburua Areitio Areria \r
+Argi Argie Argiloain Arie Arima Ariturri Aritzaga Aritzeta Arkija Arlas \r
+Arluzea Armedaa Armola Arnotegi Arraitz Arrako Arrate Arrazubi Arreo \r
+Arriaka Arrieta Arrigorria Arriluzea Arritokieta Arrixaka Arrizabalaga \r
+Arrosa Artea Artederreta Artiga Artiza Artizar Artzanegi Artzeina Asa \r
+Asiturri Askoa Atallo Atotz Atsegie Atxarte Aurela Auria Auriola \r
+Aurkene Austie Axpe Ayala Azella Azitain Baano Babesne Baiakua Bakarne \r
+Bakene Balere Barazorda Barria Barrika Basaba Basagaitz Basalgo \r
+Basandre Beatasis Bedaio Begoa Belanda Belaskita Belate Beloke Beltzane \r
+Bengoa Bengoara Bengolarrea Beraza Berberana Berezi Berzijana Betiko \r
+Betisa Bibie Bidane Bihotz Bikarregi Bingene Biolarra Bioti Bittore \r
+Bittori Bitxi Bitxilore Bixenta Bizkaia Bizkargi Buiondo Burgondo \r
+Burtzea Deio Distira Dolore Doltza Domeka Dominixe Donetzine Doniantsu \r
+Donianzu Dorleta Dota Dulanto Dunixe Ederne Ederra Edurne Edurtzeta \r
+Egiarte Egilior Eguene Eguzkie Eider Ekhie Elaia Elduara Elisabete \r
+Elixabete Elixane Elizamendi Elizmendi Elkano Elorriaga Elurreta Eluska \r
+Enara Endera Enea Eneka Eneritz Erdaie Erdie Erdoitza Erdotza Erdoza \r
+Erguia Eriete Erika Erisenda Erkuden Erlea Ermie Ermin Ermisenda Ermua \r
+Ernio Erniobe Erramune Erramusa Errasti Erregina Erremulluri Erromane \r
+Errosali Erroz Errukine Erta Eskarne Eskolunbe Esozi Espoz Estebeni \r
+Estibalitz Estibaliz Etorne Etxano Etxauarren Eulari Eunate Euria Eusa \r
+Ezkurra Ezozia Eztegune Fede Fermina Florentxi Frantsesa Frantxa \r
+Frantziska Fruitutsu Gabone Gadea Gainko Garaie Garaitz Garazi Garbi \r
+Garbie Garbikunde Garden Gardotza Garoa Garralda Garrastazu Gartzene \r
+Gatzarieta Gaxi Gaxuxa Gazelu Gazeta Gaztain Geaxi Gentzane Geraxane \r
+Geroa Gipuzkoa Goiatz Goikiria Goikoana Goiuria Goizane Goizargi Gorane \r
+Goratze Gorostitza Gorria Gorritiz Gorriza Goto Gotzone Gozo Graxi Gure \r
+Gurutze Gurutzeta Guruzne Haize Harbona Haurramari Hegazti Helis Hiart \r
+Hilargi Hoki Hua Hugone Ibabe Ibane Ibernalo Ibone Idoia Idoibaltzaga \r
+Idurre Iera Igaratza Igone Igotz Ihintza Ikerne Ikomar Ikuska Ilazkie \r
+Ilia Iligardia Iloz Ines Ioar Ipuza Iragarte Iraia Irakusne Irantzu \r
+Irati Iratxe Iriuela Iriberri Iride Iristain Irua Irune Iruri Irutxeta \r
+Isasi Ismene Isurieta Itoiz Itsasne Itsaso Iturrieta Iturrisantu Itxaro \r
+Itziar Iurre Ixone Izar Izaro Izazkun Izorne Jaione Jasone Jauregi \r
+Joana Jokie Jone Josebe Josune Joxepa Jugatx Julene June Jurdana Jurre \r
+Kalare Karitate Karmele Katalin Katerin Katixa Kattalin Kiles Kistie \r
+Kizkitza Kodes Koldobike Kontxesi Kontzeziona Koru Krabelin Kupie \r
+Laguntzane Laida Lamia Lamiaran Lamindao Landa Landerra Larraintzar \r
+Larraitz Larrara Larrauri Larraza Lasagain Lasarte Latsari Latxe \r
+Legarda Legarra Legendika Legundia Leioar Leire Lekaretxe Leorin Lerate \r
+Lerden Letasu Lexuri Lezaeta Lezana Lezeta Lide Lierni Lili Lilura \r
+Lirain Lohitzune Loinaz Lopene Lore Loza Luixa Lukene Lur Maarrieta \r
+Mahats Maia Maialen Maider Maitagarri Maitane Maite Maiteder Maitena \r
+Makatza Maldea Malen Mantzia Mari Mariaka Marider Maritxu Martie \r
+Martixa Martxelie Matxalen Meaka Mendia Mendiete Mendigaa Menga Menosa \r
+Mentzia Mikele Milia Mina Miniain Mirari Miren Mitxoleta Molora Monlora \r
+Munia Muno Munondoa Muntsaratz Murgindueta Muruzabal Muskilda Muskoa \r
+Muxika Nabarne Nabarra Nafarroa Nagore Nahikari Naiara Naroa Nazubal \r
+Negu Nekane Nerea Nikole Nora Nunile Oianko Oiartza Oibar Oihana Oihane \r
+Oilandoi Oinaze Oitia Oka Okon Olaia Olaiz Olalla Olar Olaria Olartia \r
+Olatz Olite Ollano Olleta Oloriz Onditz Ondiz Oneka Onintza Opakua \r
+Orbaiz Ordizia Orella Oria Oriz Oro Oroitze Ororbia Orose Orrao Orreaga \r
+Orzuri Osabide Osakun Osane Osasune Osina Oskia Osteriz Otsana Otsanda \r
+Otzaurte Panpoxa Pantxike Parezi Paskalin Paternain Pauli Pelela \r
+Pertxenta Pilare Pizkunde Poyo Pozne Printza Pueyo Puy Sabie Sagarduia \r
+Sagari Sahats Saioa Sallurtegi Santllaurente Santutxo Semera Soiartze \r
+Sokorri Sorauren Sorkunde Sorne Soskao Soterraa Terese Tetxa Toda Toloo \r
+Txori Uba Ubaga Ubarriaran Udaberri Udala Udane Udara Udazken Udiarraga \r
+Udoz Uga Ugarte Ula Uli Untza Untzizu Uraburu Uralde Urbe Urdaiaga \r
+Urdie Urdina Uriarte Uribarri Uriz Urkia Uronea Urraka Urrategi Urrea \r
+Urreturre Urretxa Urrexola Urrialdo Urroz Ursola Urtune Urtza Urtzumu \r
+Usmene Usoa Usue Usune Utsune Uzuri Xabadin Xaxi Xemein Ximena Xixili \r
+Xoramen Zabal Zabaleta Zaballa Zaloa Zamartze Zandua Zarala Zeberiogana \r
+Zelai Zerran Zikuaga Zilia Ziortza Zita Zohartze Zorione Zuberoa Zubia \r
+Zufiaurre Zuhaitz Zumadoia Zumalburu Zurie Zuria Zuza Zuzene \r
--- /dev/null
+Abarrotz Aberri Adame Adei Adon Adur Ageio Ager Agosti Agoztar Aide \r
+Aiert Aimar Aingeru Aintza Aioro Aire Aita Aitor Aitzol Aketza Alain \r
+Alaon Alar Alarabi Alatz Albi Alesander Allande Alots Altzibar Ambe \r
+Ametz Amuruza Anaia Anakoz Anartz Anaut Ander Andima Andoitz Andolin \r
+Andoni Aner Anixi Anko Anter Antso Antton Antxoka Apal Apat Arabante \r
+Aralar Arano Aratz Aresti Argi Argider Argina Argoitz Arixo Arnaitz \r
+Arnalt Arnas Arotza Arrats Arrosko Artizar Artzai Artzeiz Asentzio \r
+Asier Asteri Astigar Atarrabi Atarratze Atseden Atze Atzo Aurken Aurre \r
+Austin Auxkin Axular Azeari Azibar Aznar Aztore Azubeli Baiardo Baiarte \r
+Baiona Bakar Baladi Balasi Balendin Baleren Balesio Baraxil Bardol \r
+Barea Basajaun Batista Bazil Bazkoare Beat Behe Beila Bela Belasko \r
+Beltxe Beltza Benat Berart Berasko Berbiz Berdaitz Berdoi Beremundo \r
+Bernat Bero Berriotxoa Bertol Betadur Beti Bidari Bide Bihar Bikendi \r
+Bilbo Bilintx Bingen Birila Birjaio Bittor Bixintxo Bizi Bladi Bordat \r
+Bortzaioriz Burni Burutzagi Danel Dei Denis Deunoro Diagur Diegotxe \r
+Distiratsu Domeka Domiku Dominix Donostia Dunixi Eate Eder Edorta Edur \r
+Egoi Egoitz Eguen Eguerdi Egun Eguntsenti Eguzki Ekain Ekaitz Ekhi \r
+Ekialde Elazar Eleder Eli Ellande Elorri Emenon Enaut Endira Endura \r
+Eneko Enekoitz Eneto Enetz Erauso Ereinotz Eriz Erlantz Erramu Erramun \r
+Errando Errapel Errolan Erroman Error Erruki Eskuin Estebe Etor Etxahun \r
+Etxatxu Etxeberri Etxekopar Etxepare Eusko Ezkerra Eztebe Fermin Firmo \r
+Formerio Fortun Frantxizko Frantzes Frederik Froila Gabirel Gabon Gai \r
+Gaizka Gaizkine Gaizko Galindo Galoer Ganix Gar Garaile Garaona \r
+Garikoitz Garin Garoa Gartxot Gartzea Gartzen Gartzi Gaskon Gasteiz \r
+Gaston Gau Gauargi Gaueko Gaur Gaxan Gaztea Gentza Geraldo Gerazan \r
+Gergori Gero Gilen Gilesindo Giro Gizon Gogo Goi Goiz Goizeder Gomesano \r
+Gora Gorbea Goren Gorka Gorosti Gorri Gotzon Gurutz Gutxi Haitz Handi \r
+Hanni Hanot Haritz Haritzeder Harkaitz Harri Harriet Hartz Hats Hegoi \r
+Herauso Herensuge Hibai Hitz Hitzeder Hodei Hori Hotz Hurko Hustaz Iaki \r
+Iigo Iban Ibar Ibon Ieltxu Igon Igor Ihazintu Ihintza Ikatz Iker Ilazki \r
+Ilixo Illart Imanol Inautzi Indar Indartsu Inge Inguma Inko Intxixu \r
+Ioritz Ipar Iparragirre Iraitz Iratxo Iratze Iratzeder Iraunkor \r
+Irrintzi Iruinea Isidor Isusko Iturri Itzaina Ixaka Ixidor Ixona Izotz \r
+Iztal Jaizki Jakes Jakobe Jakue Janpier Jatsu Jaunti Jaunzuria Joanes \r
+Jokin Jon Joseba Josepe Josu JuandasalbatoreAscension Juaneizu Juango \r
+Juantxiki Julen Jurdan Jurgi Kaiet Karmel Kauldi Kaxen Kelemen Kemen \r
+Kepa Kiliz Kimetz Kismi Koldo Koldobika Kusko Lain Lander Lapurdi Larra \r
+Lartaun Lastur Lauaxeta Laurendi Laurentzi Laurgain Laurin Lehen \r
+Leheren Lehior Lehoi Leizarraga Lekubegi Leoiar Ler Lertxun Liher Lizar \r
+Lizardi Lohitzun Loiola Lon Lope Loramendi Lordi Lore Loren Lorenz Luar \r
+Luix Luken Luzaide Luzea Maiorga Maju Manex Mantzio Manu Maore Marin \r
+Markel Marko Martxel Martxelin Martxot Marz Matei Matia Mattin Matxin \r
+Maule Maurin Mazuste Meder Mederi Mendebal Mendiko Mikel Mikelar \r
+Mikelats Mikeldi Mikolas Milian Min Mirande Mitxaut Mitxel Mogel Montxo \r
+Munio Musko Nabar Nahia Nikola Nuno Nuxila Obeko Odol Odon Oidor Oier \r
+Oihan Oihenarte Oinatz Oinaz Olentzaro Onbera Ongile Opilano Orain \r
+Orixe Orkatz Oroitz Orti Ortle Ortzi Orzaize Osasun Oskarbi Oskitz \r
+Osoitz Ospetsu Ospin Ostadar Ostargi Ostots Otsando Otsoa Otsoko Oxarra \r
+Oxel Pagomari Panpili Paskal Patxi Paul Paulin Paulo Peli Pello \r
+Perrando Peru Peruanton Perutxo Pes Petri Petrigai Piarres Pierres \r
+Polentzi Poz Presebal Pudes Raitin Remir Ruisko Sabin Salbatore \r
+Sandaili Sanduru Santi Santikurtz Santio Santutxo Santxo Santxol Sasoin \r
+Satordi Seber Selatse Seme Semeno Sendoa Sengrat Sesuldo Silban Soin \r
+Soter Sotil Su Sugar Sugoi Sustrai Tartalo Tello Teobaldo Tibalt Tipi \r
+Todor Totakoxe Tristan Tuste Txanton Txaran Txartiko Txatxu Txerran \r
+Txeru Txilar Tximitx Txindoki Txomin Txordon Txurio Ubarna Ubelteso \r
+Ubendu Udalaitz Ugaitz Ugutz Uhin Umea Unai Unax Ur Urbasa Urbez \r
+Urdaspal Urdin Urki Urko Urre Urritz Urtats Urti Urtsin Urtsua Urtun \r
+Urtungo Urtzi Uzuri Xabat Xabier Xalbador Xantalen Xanti Xarles Xefe \r
+Ximun Xofre Xuban Xurdin Zabal Zadornin Zeledon Zernin Zeru Zeruko \r
+Zigor Zilar Zohiartze Zoil Zorion Zuhaitz Zumar Zunbeltz Zuri Zuriko \r
+Zuzen \r
--- /dev/null
+istripu ezagun helbide egoki game arratsalde adin bizirik harritu \r
+harrituta azter haserre petral erantzun inurri ageri beso iritsi heldu \r
+igo lotsaturik galdetu for itxura elkarte risk giro itsatsi saiatu \r
+izeba haur txar gaizki poltsa puxika platano saski saguzahar bainutu \r
+komun sink bainuontzi hondartz babarrun bizar eder jarri ohe logela \r
+erle eskatu portatu sinestu uste gerriko txapel bizikleta handi txori \r
+kosk arbel basurde txalupa soin gorputz hezur liburu bota aspertu \r
+aspergarri aspertuta jaio sortu senargai adar ogi apurtu down gosaldu \r
+gosari zubi kartera ekarri together puskatuta down anaia zezen erre \r
+autobus sasi enpresari pinpilipauxa erosi eguntegi deitu dei lasai \r
+lasai ahal ezin kotxe eraman gurdi gaztelu katu harrapatu leiza mende \r
+kate aulki txapeldun txapelket kobratu merke gazta gerezi oilasko \r
+tximini kokotza eliza hiri dweller garbi garbitu zabaldu igo erreloju \r
+mina itxi friend itxi itxita zapi jantzi hodei traketsa ikatz txanpon \r
+hotza etorri jokatu kejatu osatu aitortu despistatu biltu pozik \r
+jarraitu galleta kortxo sakakortxo tortilla zuzen kotoi eztul herri \r
+lehengusina lehengusu behi karramarro kilkir kokodrilo zeharkatu \r
+gurutze negar negarrez armairu kiskur ohitura txikitu madarikatu dantza \r
+dantzaldi alaba egun after before zor jaitsi erabaki hondo saila \r
+basamortu gogo euskalki hil zail afaldu room afari norabide zikin \r
+zikindu egin sendagile txakur (past) ing asto ate marraztu kajoi amets \r
+jantzi ariket edan edari kotxe bota bateri mozkorti legortu ipotz other \r
+belarri goiz belarritako lurrikara ekialde errez jan arrautza dotore \r
+elefante lotsaturik hutsik hustu aurkitu etsai sartu sarrera sobre \r
+berdin saio asterketa adibede bikain aitzeki ariket garesti azaldu \r
+aurpegi erori udazken asleep name urruti baserri baserritar liluratuta \r
+azkar lodi gizen aita up sentitu jai borrokatu burruka bete aurkitu \r
+isuna hatzamar amaitu bukatu su tximeneta arrantzu arrain gar ihes \r
+ligatu lur hegaz bitxa laino lanbro janari engainatu oin baso ahaztu \r
+ituri askatu of askatuta lagun ikaratu igel prejitu beteta month hileta \r
+barregarri haltzari mizkin partidu jolas baratzuri xamurra keinu up up \r
+mamu opari jirafa andragai eman notice betaurreko eskularru joan out \r
+out to ahuntz Jainko jainkosa urre on aitxitxa amuma mahats zelai \r
+matxin-salto talde hazi gorde asmatu thoughts thoughts arma tipo ijitu \r
+ohitura ile erdipurdiko erdipurdi urdaiazpiko esku zintzilik gertaera \r
+pozik alai zoriontsu gogorra working erbi gorroto idea buru sendu \r
+bihotz astun lagundu herentzi ezkutatu jo eutsi zulo opar ezti espero \r
+esperantza zaldi beroa ostatu ordu etxekoandre besarkada giza hezea \r
+gose analfabeto irudimen garrantzitsu ezin egonezina biztanle asmo \r
+interesatu interesgarri asmatu ikertu gonbidatu plantxatu burdina ale \r
+bidai jauzi salto oihan kanguru gorde kupel ostiko hil musu sukalde \r
+sink labana ezagutu ezkailera andre asken night year azkenik berandu \r
+barre par etzanda alfer hosto ikasi utzi porru eskuin ezker hank limoi \r
+eskarmentu eskutitz gezur jaso arin argi tximist arin marra lehoi \r
+entzun by room luze begiratu of jaun galdu galduta maite sorte bazkaldu \r
+bazkari txitxarro egin azoka ezkondu meza partidu larre okela haragi \r
+elkartu aipatu mezu errot miloi mehatz bihurri xuhur sator diru ila \r
+hilargi goiz ama motor sagu bibote aho mugitu buztina izen estu \r
+abertzale gaizto gertu hurbil beharrezko lepo behar orratz iloba urduri \r
+sare berri egunkari iloba gau otsa zarata eguerdi ipar sudur ohartu \r
+konturatu larrubizi erizain tree olagarro eskeini bulego olio zahar \r
+ireki ireki irekita ustez eritziz agindu arrunta zordu idi zorro min \r
+margotu txekmena paper loro alde pasatu oraindu pagatu bake luma arkatz \r
+jende of pezta argazki up txerri uso toki of of asmo hegazkin landare \r
+jolastu atsegin gidoi patrika kutsatu pobre quality kai zati ahalegina \r
+okerkeri nahiago prestatu polit apaiz aztarna babestu esaera tira \r
+zigortu bultzatu bultza ipini down in galdera arin untsei pala irrati \r
+euri aker gordin level irakurri arrazoi jaso ezagutu hotzgailu baztertu \r
+geratu gogoratu kendu konpondu irudi urtegi errespetu ardura itzuli \r
+aberats ezker eskuin txikitu ibai gela soka ustel borobil goma esames \r
+korrika triste gatz Claus esan esaera bildurtu for ikusi saldu bidali \r
+urrundu josi itzal dardarka ardi apala artzain itsasontzi oinetako trip \r
+baju labur motz oihukatu oihu erakutsi dutxatu dutxa lotsati lotsati \r
+gaiso bazter isil isilik lelo sinplea abestu kantatu tantta of of down \r
+down egoera trebe larru zeru lo lo logura lirain xerra motel geldi \r
+poliki txiki usaindu irripar ke leun mugalari karakol suge elur xaboi \r
+biguna gudari sendo zerbait seme salda hego leku hitzegin mintzatu \r
+berezi armi-arma kirol tantta udaberri xirimiri karratu eszenario \r
+ezkailera seilu zutik izar hasi geratu lapurtu mother tripa harri \r
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+goxoki igeri ikur era mahai hartu away to berritxu altu dastatu probatu \r
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+argal gauza pentsatu uste egarriz oroi hari bota trumoi txartel lotu \r
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+herri aztarna itzulitzaile transmititu gonbidatu tratatu zuhaitz \r
+trintxera bidai kamioi egi into off on dordoka txotx biki itsusi aterki \r
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+ahots itxaron itxoin up ibili buelta horm nahi epel ohar garbigailu \r
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+haize leiho negu sorgin otso egur artile har larri gurtu idatzi oker \r
+urte atzo gazte \r
--- /dev/null
+zdravejte az ot skoro imam vazmojnost da sledja diskusiite grupata no \r
+zatova pak dosta vnimatelno mislja che moga da napravja njakoj izvodi \r
+osnovnata tema obsajdaneto na dva glavni aspekta istoricheski facti \r
+svarzani imeto segashnoto polojenie na republika moje da se definirat \r
+dve osnovni pozicii sporovete po temata poddarjashti tezata che bula \r
+vinagi dnes neshto zavarsheno nezavisimo otdelno ot vsichko \r
+obkrajavashto ja vsichki ostanali koito ne sa na tova mnenie grupata ot \r
+se sastoj predimno ot edna lichnost dokato grupata ot b dosta \r
+pomnogobrojna ponjakoga ne se sastoj samo ot balgari horata ot \r
+obiknovenno predstavjat njakavi istoricheski ili savremenni fakti \r
+avtentichni podkrepa na tjahnata teza grupata ot predimno se izkazva \r
+nepodgotvena pochti nikoga ne diskutira njakoj ot privedenite fakti \r
+dokumenti snimki ne tvardja che nabljudenijata mi sa pravilni no pone \r
+taka smjatam az izvod balgariaj balgarite sa oceleli poveche veka mnogo \r
+trudnosti preodoljal nashija narod za sajalenie nemalka chast ot tjah \r
+sa si po nasha vina za da prebade toja narod ne trjabva da se zabtravja \r
+istoriata mu ima mnogo elementi koito iskat tova da ne tochno taka za \r
+sajalenie ot do g mnogo ot nashata istorija beshe preinacheno mnogo \r
+dokumenti pogubeni mnogo neprostimi greshki bjaha napraveni osobeno \r
+otnosno nasheto naselenie blagodarja na gn boris dosevski blagodarja mu \r
+zashtoto vsichki nie trjabva da se obedinim da namerim dori najmalkoto \r
+ostanalo kato istorichesko svedenie za da ne umre istinata zavinagi \r
+umoljavam vi da ne se vprjagate mnogo na dumite na gornja gospodin samo \r
+prodaljavajte da namirate dokumenti svedenija gi objavjavajte po edin \r
+ili drug nachin smjatam che shte dojde den kogato balgarshtinata shte \r
+vidi pak dobri dni vsichko tova shte bade polezno njama znachenie che \r
+naprimer ne dotam inteligentni lichnosti sa se sabrali neshto kato omo \r
+ilinden ili pak njkoj se opitva da krade ot istorijata ni kato \r
+bezpardonno ja preinachava taja njama da mine no zatova trjabva vsichki \r
+da pomognem ne samo da obvinjavame politicite ni che ne varshat nishto \r
+po vaprosa opravdanieto najlesnata pozicija rossen dimitrov ne posnavam \r
+chovek ot toja kraj kojto njakoga da se identifiziral ili neshto da \r
+nema bugarska policija na sekoj chekor kje se izjasnat site abe bore \r
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+politsiata toa si ti pa nema li u rom po goleme chislo poiltsia ot \r
+kolko u blgaria rom ia ima ia nema miliona ima poveke politsiai na \r
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+narichat nie pqk se narichame blgaria ne bugari blgarite kako ti si se \r
+blgari koi sa tia be bore grtsite shto sa razhdani u egeiska hora kato \r
+mene shto sa razhdani u pirinska srbi shto sa razhdani u vardarska \r
+albantsi u vardarska bulgrai shto sa razhdani u site tri chasti ili \r
+promitite mozatsi kato tebe peto pirin bqlgarski shte si ostane takqv \r
+samo od so voena sila no ne za mnogu podolgo vreme kolko tova vreme be \r
+borka stho ti ke chinish kato umresh ot starost pa go ne dochekash toa \r
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+skijanje togash pa nema da mue on ke se chudi choveko kak da gi narani \r
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+vdigaj si shapkata se omitaj ot tuk ako ne mojesh da kajesh nishto po \r
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+pozvoljava vzemi napishi edna statija zashto spored teb pirin kakva \r
+tazi nacija stiga si vjal bajraka dnes veche nikoj ne se interesuva ot \r
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+narodna volja od gorna dzhumaja pirinska nova na chetvrtata starnica \r
+vo brojot od septemvri godinava vo velikobugarskiot \r
+nacionalshovinistichki vesnik organ na vmrosmd otpechatena statija so \r
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+asenov odgovor na statijata apsurd no kriminal od jan pirinski koja \r
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+nekojsi jan pirinski tuku chovekot shto ja kritikuvashe tvojata statija \r
+shto pravime nie bugarite za da ja zashtitime vtorata bugarska \r
+drzhavase nervirash za mojot psevdonim ne sum prviot nema da bidam nitu \r
+posledniot koj koristi psevdonim no toa mozhebi i poradi nashata verba \r
+vo golemata bugarska demokratija kako jas nikomu nema da mu dozvolam da \r
+me zakituva so druga tugja nacionalnost toa moe prirodno pravo obvrska \r
+koi kj gi chuvam po cena na sopstveniot zhivot kako taka ti chovechence \r
+koj republika ja narekuvash vtora bugarska drzhava da ochekuvash od \r
+nas da si molchime da se soglasime so tebe ako ne se soglasime te \r
+kritikuvame znachi prostaci sme gospodinot prashuvaneli bilo vistina \r
+deka vmro vekje nad eden vek srceto na narodniot krvotok da gospodine \r
+no ne bugarsko tuku bidejkji vasheto smd ne vmro zatoa shto vo minatoto \r
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+bugarskiot dvorec ne na organizacijata na narod toa se dva korenito \r
+razlichni poima taka shto vie ste tie koi gi tolkuvaat neshtat kako \r
+shto gjavolot go chita evangelieto toj anrod postoi za inaet na \r
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+pismenost na mnogu narodi megju koi na bugarskiot namesto blagodarnost \r
+pochit ja dobiva vashata divjachka hunska omraza \r
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+Ann Anna Anne Anne Marie Annie Ashley Barbara Beatrice Beth Betty \r
+Brenda Brooke Candace Cara Caren Carol Caroline Carolyn Carrie \r
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+Deborah Deirdre Denise Diane Dianne Dorothy Eileen Elena Elizabeth \r
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+Pamela Patricia Rachel Rebecca Renee Sandra Sara Sharon Sheri Shirley \r
+Sonia Stefanie Stephanie Susan Suzanne Sylvia Tamara Tara Tatiana Terri \r
+Theresa Tiffany Tracy Valerie Veronica Vicky Vivian Wendy \r
--- /dev/null
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+Logan Marc Mark Matt Matthew Michael Mike Nat Nathan Patrick Paul Perry \r
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+Roger Ross Ruben Russell Ryan Sam Scot Scott Sean Shaun Stephen Steve \r
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+Walter Wayne William \r
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+waspish wellington whim whimsic whittle widgeon winery wise wish \r
+withdraw woke wrote yank youthful zap zeta zombie \r
--- /dev/null
+akti tekst \r
+maaparandusseadus \r
+vastu voetud aprillil \r
+i peatukk \r
+paragrahv seaduse ulesanne \r
+kaesoleva seaduse ulesandeks on reguleerida maaparandusega \r
+seotud oigussuhteid \r
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+kaesolevas seaduses kasutatakse moisteid jargmises \r
+tahenduses \r
+maaparandus pollu ja metsamajandusliku maa \r
+kuivendamine niisutamine voi veereiimi kahepoolne \r
+reguleerimine samuti agromelioratiivsete voi kultuurtehniliste \r
+meetmete rakendamine \r
+maaparandussusteem maa kuivendamiseks niisutamiseks \r
+voi veereiimi kahepoolseks reguleerimiseks vajalike rajatiste \r
+ja hoonete kompleks \r
+eesvool pinnaveekogu koos sellel asuvate rajatistega \r
+kui sellesse suubuvad teised veejuhtmed \r
+polder tammidega umbritsetud kuivendatud maaala \r
+millelt vesi juhitakse ara veetosteseadmega \r
+veehoidla vooluvee tokestamisega voi muul viisil \r
+rajatud tehisveekogu \r
+niisutussusteem rajatiste kompleks vee ammutamiseks \r
+veeallikast ja selle jaotamiseks niisutatavale maaalale \r
+maaparandussusteemi omanik \r
+maaparandussusteem voi selle osa on maatuki oluline osa \r
+ja kuulub maaomanikule \r
+maaparandussusteemi voi selle osa omanik voib olla \r
+fuusiline isik voi eraoiguslik juriidiline isik samuti riik voi \r
+kohalik omavalitsus voi seaduses satestatud avalikoiguslik \r
+juriidiline isik \r
+riiklik maaparandusteenistus \r
+vabariigi valitsus maarab kindlaks riikliku \r
+maaparandusteenistuse struktuuri ja juhtimise korralduse \r
+maaparandusuhistu \r
+maaparandustoode tegemiseks ja maaparandushoiuks voib \r
+asutada maaparandusuhistu \r
+maaparandusuhistu liikmed \r
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+ja valdajad omaniku volituse alusel kelle maatukile voi \r
+ettevottele toob uhistu tegevus kasu histu moodustanud isikud \r
+on uhistu asutajaliikmed \r
+maaparandusuhistu liikmeks olemine on sellega seotud \r
+maatuki voi ettevotte omanikule kohustuslik kui ta saab kasu \r
+maaparandussusteemi toimimisest \r
+kui maaparandusuhistu tegevuse kestel selgub et moni \r
+uhistu liige ei saa kasu uhistu tegevusest voib ta uhistust \r
+valja astuda uldkoosoleku nousolekul \r
+maaomanik kes ei saa kasu uhistu tegevusest ei ole \r
+kohustatud uhistu liikmeks astuma kuid peab voimaldama \r
+veejuhtme ehitamist labi oma maa ja juurdepaasu oma maal \r
+paikneva maaparandussusteemi hooldamiseks maaomanik voib nouda \r
+seejuures tekkiva kahju eelnevat huvitamist \r
+maaparandussusteemi toimimisest saadava arvestusliku \r
+kasu maaramise metoodika ja juhendi kinnitab \r
+pollumajandusminister \r
+maaparandusuhistu asutamine \r
+maaparandusuhistu asutamine toimub eesti vabariigi \r
+uhistuseaduse rt ja kaesoleva seadusega \r
+satestatud korras \r
+maaparandusuhistu liikme kohustused \r
+maaparandusuhistu liikme kohustused voib kanda \r
+asjaoigusena uhistu uldkoosoleku otsuse pohjal juhatuse \r
+uhepoolse notariaalselt toestatud avalduse alusel \r
+kinnistusraamatusse \r
+maaparandussusteemist kasu saava maatuki voi ettevotte \r
+omandioiguse uleminekul loetakse uus omanik uhistu liikmeks ja \r
+talle lahevad ule endise omaniku oigused ja kohustused uhistu \r
+suhtes \r
+maaparandusuhistu liige on kohustatud tasuma uhistule \r
+maaparandussusteemi rajamise ja hoiu kulutused \r
+proportsionaalselt arvestusliku kasuga \r
+maaparandusuhistu registreerimisega lahevad \r
+maaparandussusteemide ehituse voi hoiuga seotud oigused ja \r
+kohustused uhistu liikmelt ule uhistule ulatuses mis on ette \r
+nahtud uhistu pohikirjaga \r
+ii peatukk \r
+maaparandusssteemide rajamine ja kasutamine \r
+maaparandussusteemide rajamine \r
+maaparanduslikke ehitustoid voib teha soltumata \r
+maatuki kuuluvusest vaid kooskolastatud maaparandusprojekti ja \r
+ehitusloa alusel \r
+maaparandusprojekti kooskolastamisest ja ehitusloa \r
+valjaandmisest keeldutakse kui maaparandustoodega rikutakse \r
+kaitsereiime pohjendamatult kahjustatakse voi pohjendamatult \r
+muudetakse loodust voi tekitatakse kahju teistele maaomanikele \r
+voi maa ja veekasutajatele \r
+maaparandusprojektis sisalduvate ja tehnoloogianouetega \r
+nahakse ette maastikuhooldus ning tagatakse \r
+maaparandussusteemide rajamisel ja korrashoiul loodusvarade \r
+looduskeskkonna loodusobjektide muinasmalestiste ning teistele \r
+omanikele kuuluvate rajatiste hoid ja sailimine \r
+maaparandusprojektide koostamise maaparandustoode \r
+tehnoloogiliste nouete ja nende kinnitamise maaparandusehitiste \r
+ehituslubade valjastamise ning maaparandussusteemi rajamisega \r
+kaasneva vee erikasutusoiguse tekkimise ja loppemise korra \r
+kehtestab vabariigi valitsus \r
+maaparandussusteemi rajamine voorale maale \r
+maa kuivendamiseks voi niisutamiseks vajaliku veejuhtme \r
+rajamine voorale maale voib toimuda asjaoigusseaduse rt i \r
+loikes ja paragrahvis satestatud \r
+tingimustel \r
+vee juhtimiseks labi voora maa tuleb asjaosalistel \r
+seada servituut valitseva kinnisasja kasuks mille kohta \r
+kohaldatakse asjaoigusseaduse satteid kui kaesolevast seadusest \r
+ei tulene teisiti \r
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+sihte kus maaparandussusteem maa kasutamist koige vahem \r
+takistab ja maale koige vahem kahju tekitab labi oue \r
+puiestike viljapuu ja koogiviljaaedade voib vett juhtida \r
+ainult toruveejuhtmetega kui omanikuga ei lepita kokku teisiti \r
+loa andmine maaparandussusteemi rajamiseks \r
+voorale maale \r
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+voi alaline luba kui \r
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+asjaosalistele kellel on oigus otsuse peale kaevata \r
+kui asjaosalised ei saa kokkuleppele servituutide \r
+seadmisel maaparandussusteemi rajamiseks vee juhtimisega labi \r
+voora maa voib servituudi seada uhepoolse notariaalselt \r
+toestatud avalduse alusel kui on makstud tagatissumma \r
+deposiiti pollumajandusminister maarab kindlaks \r
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+korra \r
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+kahjude huvitamine \r
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+voib nouda maaparandussusteemi alla jaava maa araostmist loa \r
+saaja poolt samuti kogu ulejaanud maa voi selle osa araostmist \r
+mis maaparandussusteemi rajamise tagajarjel kasutuskolbmatuks \r
+muutub \r
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+omanikule tasu uhekordselt voi igaaastaste maksetena tasu \r
+makstakse ka maaparandussusteemi rajamise tagajarjel maatuki \r
+voimaliku koguvaartuse vahenemise eest \r
+maaparandussusteemi rajaja peab huvitama maaomanikule \r
+ja valdajale tekitatud kahjud maaomanik ja valdaja voivad \r
+nouda eelnevalt tagatise maksmist deposiiti \r
+kui maaparandussusteemi rajamise tagajarjel ilmnevad \r
+kahjud mida veejuhtimisoiguse andmisel ette ei nahtud kuuluvad \r
+need huvitamisele kahju tekitanud isiku poolt taies ulatuses \r
+maaparandustoode finantseerimine \r
+maaparandustood finantseerib tellija \r
+riik toetab maaparandustoid \r
+maaparandustoode finantseerimise riiklike toetusrahade \r
+maaramise ja krediteerimise korra kehtestab vabariigi valitsus \r
+maaparandussusteemi kasutamine \r
+maaparandussusteemi kasutamise korra kehtestab susteemi \r
+omanik kokkuleppel maaomaniku voi valdajaga kelle maal temale \r
+kuuluv susteem voi selle osad asuvad \r
+maaomanikul voi valdajal on oigus kasutada tema maale \r
+rajatud maaparandussusteemi voi selle osi omanikuga \r
+kokkulepitud tingimustel \r
+iii peatukk \r
+maaparandushoid \r
+maaparandushoiu moiste ja eesmark \r
+maaparandushoid on maaparandussusteemide toimimist tagav \r
+tegevus mis seisneb maaparandussusteemide remondis ja hooldes \r
+ning muus maaparandussusteemide valdamisega seotud tegevuses \r
+maaparandushoiu korraldus \r
+maaparandushoidu korraldab maaparandussusteemi omanik \r
+maaomanik vastutab tema maal asuvate teistele omanikele \r
+kuuluvate maaparandussusteemide tahtliku rikkumise eest \r
+voorale maale rajatud maaparandussusteemi hoiab korras \r
+servituuti valitseva kinnisasja omanik \r
+eesvoolud poldrid veehoidlad ja niisutussusteemid \r
+mis toovad kasu mitmele maaomanikule voi valdajale tuleb hoida \r
+korras maaparandusuhistute kaudu maaparandussusteemide loetelu \r
+mis kuuluvad korrashoidmisele maaparandusuhistute kaudu \r
+kehtestab pollumajandusminister kooskolastatult kohaliku \r
+omavalitsusega \r
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+poldri veehoidla ja niisutussusteemi voi nende osa korras \r
+maaomanik voi valdaja kelle maal see paikneb ja kellele see \r
+toob kasu vajaduse korral maarab korrashoiu kohustuse \r
+pollumajandusminister kooskolastatult kohaliku omavalitsusega \r
+kaesoleva paragrahvi ja loikes nimetatud \r
+maaparandussusteemide korrashoidu kontrollib maaparanduse \r
+jarelevalve tootaja puuduste korral maaratakse tahtaeg nende \r
+korvaldamiseks puuduste mittekorvaldamisel tahtajaks voib \r
+pollumajandusministri voi kohaliku omavalitsuse korraldusel \r
+lasta need tood ara teha kolmandatel isikutel ja kulutused sisse \r
+nouda neilt kes olid kohustatud neid susteeme korras hoidma \r
+juhul kui kasutatava maaparandussusteemi omanikud ei \r
+pea vajalikuks maaparandusuhistu moodustamist voivad nad \r
+solmida uhise tegutsemise lepingu valja arvatud kaesoleva \r
+paragrahvi loikes nimetatud juhtudel \r
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+tekitab kahju teisele maaomanikule voi maaparandussusteemile on \r
+keelatud \r
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+pervest kui seadusega voi vabariigi valitsuse poolt kehtestatud \r
+korras ei maarata kindlaks laiemat veekaitsevoondit \r
+maaomanik peab lubama kasutada oma maad \r
+maaparandussusteemide seisundi kontrollimiseks \r
+maaparanduslikeks uurimis ja projekteerimistoodeks \r
+maaparandustoodest tingitud ajutisteks labisoitudeks ja pinnase \r
+paigaldamiseks kui huvitatakse talle tekitatud kahju \r
+maaparandussusteemil paiknevate ja selle \r
+omanikule mittekuuluvate ehitiste hoid \r
+maaparandussusteeme uletavaid raudtee ja maanteesildu \r
+hoiab korras raudtee voi maantee omanik voi valdaja vastavalt \r
+teistele oigusaktidele maaparandustood mis pohjustavad \r
+veereiimi muutusi raudtee voi maanteemaal kooskolastatakse \r
+raudtee voi maantee omanikuga \r
+maa kruntimine \r
+maa kruntimisel voi umberkruntimisel kooskolas \r
+maakorralduslike oigusaktidega tuleb tagada maaparandussusteemi \r
+toimimine ja kaitse \r
+vastutus maaparandussusteemi hoiu kohustuste \r
+mittetaitmise korral \r
+maaparandussusteemi omanik voi valdaja on kohustatud \r
+huvitama teistele maaparandussusteemi omanikele voi valdajatele \r
+kahju mis on tekkinud tema suulise kaitumise tottu \r
+maaparandussusteemi hoiul kahju tekitamises suudistatu vabaneb \r
+selle huvitamisest kui ta toendab et see ei ole tekkinud tema \r
+suu labi \r
+maaparandussusteemi kahjustamise eest kohaldatakse \r
+tsiviil kriminaal voi haldusvastutust \r
+maaparandussusteemide kaitse ulukite \r
+kahjustava tegevuse eest \r
+omanikul on oigus kaitsta maaparandussusteemi ulukite \r
+kahjustava tegevuse eest \r
+kui maaparandussusteemi ohustavad kopratammid voib \r
+omanik voi valdaja need korvaldada keskkonnaministri poolt \r
+kehtestatud korras \r
+kui maaparandussusteeme ohustavaid kopratamme ei ole \r
+loodushoiu seisukohast voimalik korvaldada huvitatakse \r
+omanikule tekitatud kahju riigieelarvest \r
+huvituse maksmise korra kehtestab vabariigi valitsus \r
+iv peatukk \r
+seaduse rakendamine \r
+maaparandussusteemide uleandmine omanikele \r
+pollumajandusministeeriumi bilansis olevate \r
+maaparandussusteemide koosseisu kuuluvad rajatised nagu lahtised \r
+ja kinnised veejuhtmed sillad truubid paisud tammid jt \r
+antakse maa tagastamisel voi asendamisel maaomanikule kellele \r
+kuuluval maal need paiknevad aktiga ule kui \r
+maaparandussusteemi hooldamiseks nahakse kaesoleva seaduse \r
+loike jargi ette uhistu antakse \r
+maaparandussusteem ule koos kohustusega astuda moodustatava \r
+uhistu liikmeks nende maksumus kustutatakse bilansist \r
+maaparanduse moju maa viljelusvaartusele arvestatakse maa \r
+maksustamishinna maaramisel \r
+pollumajandusministeeriumi bilansis olevate \r
+maaparandussusteemide koosseisu kuuluvad hooned nagu polder ja \r
+niisutuspumbajaamad koos nende teenindushoonete ja teedega voib \r
+maaparandusuhistule tasuta ule anda jagamatu vara moodustamiseks \r
+juhul kui neid ei jaeta riigi voi ei anta munitsipaalomandisse \r
+kooskolas kaesoleva seaduse paragrahviga \r
+riigi voi munitsipaalomandisse jaetav \r
+maaparandussusteem \r
+riigi omandisse jaetavate voi munitsipaalomandisse antavate \r
+maaparandussusteemide nimistu mis on kooskolastatud kohaliku \r
+omavalitsusega kinnitab vabariigi valitsus \r
+pollumajandusministri voi keskkonnaministri ettepanekul \r
+maaparandussusteemi praeguse valdaja \r
+kohustused \r
+kuni maaparandussusteemi uleandmiseni uuele omanikule \r
+haldab ja vastutab selle hoiu eest praegune valdaja vastavalt \r
+kaesolevale seadusele \r
+haldusoiguserikkumiste seadustiku taiendamine \r
+haldusoiguserikkumiste seadustiku \r
+loiget taiendatakse punktiga jargmises sonastuses \r
+pollumajandusministri poolt selleks volitatud \r
+maaparanduse jarelevalvetootajal kaesoleva seadustiku \r
+paragrahvides ja loetletud haldusoiguserikkumiste \r
+eest kui need on toime pandud maaparandussusteemidel \r
+riigikogu aseesimees \r
+tunne kelam \r
--- /dev/null
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+adh\r
+ainn\r
+am\r
+ach\r
+as\r
+ainn\r
+a\r
+a\r
+a\r
+ar\r
+ag\r
+ais\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+aachen adalbero adalbert adalbold adaldag adela adelheid aeddila \r
+aethelred aethelstan agapitus agius alberada albrecht alcuin aleman \r
+alsleben amelung amulrada andernach anselm ansfried aquilea aribo arn \r
+arneburg arnolf arnulf arpads ascania asselburg athelstan augsburg azela \r
+babenberg bacco balderich baldwin ballenstedt bamberg bardowick bavaria \r
+belecke berengar bernhard berthild berthold bibra billing billung birten \r
+blankenburg bohemia boleslas borghorst bote brandenburg bremen brun \r
+brunicho bruning brunshausen burchard burckhard burgscheidungen burkhard \r
+b"oddekken b"orde cambrai capetia carinthia carolingia cathwulf \r
+charlemagne chazar christina chrobry chutizi coledizi conrad constance \r
+daleminz dedi derlingau dietrich dodicho dornburg dortmund drogo \r
+dr"ubeck dyle eberhard edgar edith eila eilenburg einhard einsiedeln \r
+eisdorf ekbert ekkard ekkehard ekkehart elbe elten emma emmerem engern \r
+erfurt erich ermintrude ernst erwin eschwege esico essen ezzo fischbeck \r
+folcmar francia frankfurt fraxinetum freckenhorst frederick friderun \r
+frohse fulda gandersheim gebhard genbloux gerberga gerbstedt gernrode \r
+gero gesecke giebichenstein gisela giselbert giselher godehard godesti \r
+godila grone gross guntram gunzelin gutenswegen g"uther hadwig hainault \r
+halberstadt haldensleben hamburg harzburg hatheburg hathui hathumoda hed \r
+heeslingen heiningen helmarshausen helmburg helmern herford heribert \r
+herman hermann hersfeld hessengau hessi hezilo hildesheim hildiward \r
+hillersleben hilwartshausen hincmar hlawitschka hodo hohenaltheim \r
+hohenstaufen hrotsvitha ida ifriqiya ilsenburg imma immeding ingelheim \r
+ippo irmgard isingrim jonas judith kalbe karl karlmann katlenburg \r
+kaufungen kemnade kern kiev kinugunde koledizi kunigunde k"onigslutter \r
+laar lammspringe lampert lappenberg lech lenzen liudgard liudger liudolf \r
+liudolfing liutbert liutbirg liuthar liutizi lothar lotharingia \r
+luidprand luitpolding lusatia lutter l"uneburg magdeburg magyar mainz \r
+malacin marcswith marienthal mathilda maximin mecklenburg meginzo meibom \r
+meinwerk meissen memleben merseburg meschede metelen miesco mistui \r
+monreburg morawia mulde m"ollenbeck m"unster nadda neletice neuenheerse \r
+niederaltaich nienburg nordgau nordgermersleben nordhausen \r
+nordth"uringau northein nottuln obotria obotris oda odilo ohre \r
+oldenstadt olvenstedt osnabr"uck otto ottonia outremer paderborn passau \r
+pf"afer pf"afers pippin pl"otzkau pomarius poppo pr"um p"olde \r
+quedlinburg querfurt radbod ragenold ratold ravenna recknitz reepsholt \r
+regensburg reichenau reinhard reinhilde remi rheinfelden ricbert ricdag \r
+richenza richer rohr rothgard rottmersleben rudolf ruodlieb ruotger saal \r
+saalfeld salia salz salzburg sandersleben santersleben scapendal \r
+schakensleben schaumburg schildesche schwabengau schweinfurt sch"oningen \r
+sclavain sclavania selz serimunt shilluk siegfried sigebert sigebodo \r
+sophia stade stavelot steterburg st"otterlingenburg suabia suitger \r
+s"upplingenburg s"upplingenburger tagino tegernsee thangmar theodora \r
+theophanu thietmar thionville thuringia tribur tundersleben udalrich udo \r
+utrecht verden viking vitzenberg vreden walbeck walsrode walthard \r
+warburg wazo welf wendhausen wergild werla werner westfalia wetter \r
+wettin wettins wicfried wichmann widerad wimmelburg wipo wolfhere \r
+wolmirstedt wulfhard w"urzburg zeitz zeven zwentibold "odingen \r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+Am\r
+Ans\r
+Arb\r
+Ar\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+A\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+Ag\r
+Al\r
+Am\r
+Ath\r
+Ath\r
+Ath\r
+Am\r
+B\r
+Ol\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+Ingr\r
+B\r
+L\r
+Eb\r
+B\r
+Bl\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+B\r
+C\r
+W\r
+C\r
+C\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Alb\r
+Apt\r
+A\r
+Ar\r
+Arn\r
+Ag\r
+Alb\r
+Arn\r
+Br\r
+B\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Ch\r
+Chr\r
+Cl\r
+Chl\r
+Chl\r
+Ch\r
+Chl\r
+Chl\r
+Chl\r
+Chl\r
+Chl\r
+Chr\r
+Chr\r
+Ch\r
+Chr\r
+G\r
+Ch\r
+Chl\r
+L\r
+Ch\r
+D\r
+D\r
+\r
+Dr\r
+D\r
+D\r
+D\r
+D\r
+Dr\r
+Eb\r
+Ebr\r
+Ebr\r
+Dr\r
+R\r
+Z\r
+E\r
+F\r
+F\r
+R\r
+F\r
+F\r
+G\r
+G\r
+V\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+Gr\r
+Gr\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+H\r
+H\r
+H\r
+H\r
+Th\r
+Ingr\r
+Imn\r
+B\r
+Ing\r
+Ad\r
+M\r
+M\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+L\r
+R\r
+Opp\r
+R\r
+Th\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+M\r
+Chl\r
+Fr\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+G\r
+Ing\r
+M\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+W\r
+W\r
+M\r
+Ol\r
+Ott\r
+P\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+Th\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+R\r
+Sc\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+S\r
+Syr\r
+T\r
+W\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+Th\r
+B\r
+B\r
+Tr\r
+Ull\r
+Ultr\r
+V\r
+V\r
+V\r
+W\r
+W\r
+Ch\r
+W\r
+W\r
+W\r
+W\r
+W\r
+T\r
+#MID\r
+al\r
+ov\r
+og\r
+eg\r
+ud\r
+ud\r
+ud\r
+ud\r
+un\r
+un\r
+ustr\r
+ustr\r
+ustr\r
+add\r
+ad\r
+ad\r
+il\r
+ar\r
+al\r
+al\r
+an\r
+an\r
+al\r
+aud\r
+\r
+epp\r
+er\r
+er\r
+erth\r
+erth\r
+erth\r
+erth\r
+itr\r
+etr\r
+eud\r
+er\r
+er\r
+ad\r
+ob\r
+od\r
+ucc\r
+ucc\r
+urg\r
+urg\r
+an\r
+ar\r
+arp\r
+at\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+\r
+ach\r
+uth\r
+eg\r
+eg\r
+er\r
+ofl\r
+eg\r
+unh\r
+alth\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+ild\r
+ilp\r
+\r
+ot\r
+od\r
+od\r
+ild\r
+od\r
+od\r
+od\r
+od\r
+oths\r
+ammn\r
+\r
+und\r
+om\r
+und\r
+uns\r
+ot\r
+ot\r
+upp\r
+ac\r
+ag\r
+ag\r
+ag\r
+ag\r
+ol\r
+om\r
+oct\r
+er\r
+ach\r
+eg\r
+oct\r
+od\r
+ab\r
+ur\r
+ail\r
+ar\r
+agn\r
+ar\r
+arr\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+uld\r
+eil\r
+en\r
+od\r
+od\r
+od\r
+oisw\r
+og\r
+ind\r
+ipp\r
+und\r
+und\r
+und\r
+und\r
+und\r
+unth\r
+erm\r
+erm\r
+erp\r
+un\r
+eut\r
+it\r
+ach\r
+erth\r
+ob\r
+elb\r
+arc\r
+er\r
+euv\r
+anth\r
+eud\r
+eub\r
+eub\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eun\r
+eun\r
+euv\r
+ec\r
+il\r
+ad\r
+eud\r
+acc\r
+agn\r
+arc\r
+agn\r
+agn\r
+agn\r
+all\r
+ar\r
+arc\r
+umm\r
+od\r
+ed\r
+ar\r
+al\r
+untr\r
+unth\r
+\r
+er\r
+agn\r
+ig\r
+occ\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+acc\r
+add\r
+und\r
+\r
+\r
+app\r
+agn\r
+ath\r
+auch\r
+ich\r
+eud\r
+ic\r
+ign\r
+od\r
+occ\r
+om\r
+om\r
+apth\r
+ich\r
+igg\r
+ig\r
+ig\r
+igh\r
+ig\r
+ig\r
+ig\r
+ig\r
+ig\r
+unn\r
+iv\r
+att\r
+istr\r
+eod\r
+eod\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+eud\r
+euth\r
+or\r
+erth\r
+ertr\r
+ud\r
+\r
+og\r
+ed\r
+en\r
+ulf\r
+ald\r
+il\r
+ald\r
+ill\r
+ill\r
+is\r
+ach\r
+istr\r
+att\r
+#SUF\r
+o\r
+ald\r
+ast\r
+isel\r
+o\r
+ofleda\r
+ovald\r
+overa\r
+o\r
+ulf\r
+echild\r
+egisel\r
+ovald\r
+o\r
+egisel\r
+eric\r
+a\r
+ic\r
+aric\r
+oc\r
+agild\r
+aric\r
+asuntha\r
+egisel\r
+o\r
+olen\r
+egisel\r
+etrude\r
+er\r
+efled\r
+efried\r
+egund\r
+ude\r
+am\r
+ast\r
+ulf\r
+ulf\r
+ast\r
+olen\r
+egisel\r
+elin\r
+ovald\r
+olen\r
+undio\r
+ao\r
+och\r
+ilio\r
+o\r
+aric\r
+igisel\r
+imer\r
+ivald\r
+oin\r
+ar\r
+ari\r
+und\r
+isel\r
+ic\r
+oed\r
+und\r
+ild\r
+ild\r
+ibert\r
+iulf\r
+ebert\r
+eric\r
+amm\r
+ild\r
+osind\r
+ovech\r
+eric\r
+eric\r
+ebert\r
+omer\r
+ovald\r
+ind\r
+esind\r
+oc\r
+a\r
+a\r
+ioc\r
+ina\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+a\r
+olen\r
+aric\r
+olen\r
+obert\r
+ulf\r
+o\r
+igisel\r
+ulf\r
+o\r
+ar\r
+isel\r
+egisel\r
+an\r
+an\r
+ic\r
+euba\r
+amod\r
+emod\r
+aulf\r
+o\r
+achar\r
+ivald\r
+etrada\r
+amir\r
+ebaud\r
+egisel\r
+in\r
+omar\r
+inth\r
+o\r
+io\r
+o\r
+egisel\r
+erioc\r
+obad\r
+ovald\r
+ulf\r
+euc\r
+anfrid\r
+angild\r
+o\r
+eric\r
+ar\r
+ude\r
+ar\r
+egund\r
+erg\r
+erg\r
+ovefa\r
+ofled\r
+igild\r
+echild\r
+a\r
+overa\r
+ast\r
+ovald\r
+egisel\r
+ard\r
+ast\r
+a\r
+ared\r
+a\r
+egund\r
+at\r
+o\r
+achar\r
+atrude\r
+eric\r
+ovald\r
+ulf\r
+ulf\r
+achar\r
+omer\r
+olen\r
+io\r
+egund\r
+aric\r
+aswinth\r
+am\r
+ar\r
+und\r
+ovech\r
+achar\r
+unth\r
+olen\r
+eric\r
+ebert\r
+o\r
+o\r
+eric\r
+o\r
+o\r
+olen\r
+ovald\r
+ar\r
+ing\r
+emer\r
+emer\r
+ulf\r
+omer\r
+an\r
+olen\r
+achar\r
+ulf\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+o\r
+eric\r
+ismund\r
+ar\r
+ibert\r
+ila\r
+imund\r
+ivald\r
+ulf\r
+egisel\r
+ald\r
+o\r
+imund\r
+oric\r
+ulf\r
+a\r
+at\r
+ebald\r
+echild\r
+egisel\r
+ovald\r
+ulf\r
+ar\r
+ismund\r
+ar\r
+am\r
+ulf\r
+o\r
+otha\r
+ast\r
+eranda\r
+oliac\r
+in\r
+ichar\r
+a\r
+iulf\r
+ichar\r
+igard\r
+o\r
+imund\r
+o\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+# Okay, here's a list of old Germanic names. They are mostly Frankish, with several culled from Gothic,
+# Langobardic, and Burgundian. These are all taken from Gregory of Tours.
+
+# Mark
+
+Amalo Ansovald Arbogast Aregisel Audo Audofleda Audovald Audovera Auno Aunulf Austrechild Austregisel Austrovald Baddo Badegisel Baderic Agila Alaric Amalaric Athaloc Athanagild Athanaric Amalasuntha Baudegisel Olo Beppolen Beregisel Beretrude
+Berther Berthefled Berthefried Berthegund Ingritrude Betram Leudast Eberulf Berulf Bladast Bobolen Bodegisel Buccelin Buccovald Burgolen Burgundio Canao Waroch Carpilio Cato Chararic Charigisel Charimer Charivald Alboin Aptachar Authari Aregund Arnegisel Ageric Albofloed Arnegund Brunhild Balthild Charibert Chariulf Childebert Chilperic Chramm Clotild Chlodosind
+Chlodovech Childeric Chloderic Chlodebert Chlodomer Chlodovald Chlothsind Chrammnesind Chroc Chunda Chroma Gundioc Chunsina Chlotar Lotar Chuppa Dacolen Dagaric Dragolen Dagobert Dagulf Dolo Domigisel Droctulf Ebero Ebrachar Ebregisel Droctegisel Rodan Zaban Euric Faileuba Faramod Ragnemod Faraulf Farro Garachar Garivald Vuldetrada Geilamir Genebaud Godegisel Godin Godomar Goiswinth Gogo Grindio Grippo Gundegisel Gunderioc Gundobad Gundovald Gundulf Guntheuc Hermanfrid Hermangild Herpo Huneric Theutar Ingritude Imnachar Berthegund Ingoberg Adelberg Marcovefa Merofled Leuvigild Lanthechild Leuda Leubovera Leubast
+Leudovald Leudegisel Leunard Leunast Leuva Recared Oppila Radegund Theudat Macco Magnachar Marcatrude Magneric Magnovald Magnulf Mallulf Marachar Marcomer Mummolen Chlodio Fredegund Gararic Galaswinth Guntram Gunthar Ingund Merovech Ragnachar Rigunth Roccolen Theuderic Theudebert Wacco Waddo Munderic Olo
+Otto Pappolen Ragnovald Rathar Rauching Richemer Theudemer Riculf Rignomer Rodan Roccolen Romachar Romulf Scapthar Sichar
+Siggo Sigeric Sigismund Sighar Sigibert Sigila Sigimund Sigivald Sigulf Sunnegisel Syrivald Tatto Wistrimund Theodoric Theodulf Theuda Theudat Theudebald Theudechild Theudegisel Theudovald Theudulf Theuthar Thorismund Berthar Bertram Trudulf Ullo Ultrogotha Vedast Veneranda Vulfoliac Waldin Wilichar Chalda Williulf Willichar Wisigard Wacho Wistrimund Tatto
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+atsaihwith armaion izwara ni taujan in andwairthja manne du \r
+saihwan im aitthau laun ni habaith fram attin thamma in himinam than \r
+haurnjais faura thus swaswe thai liutans taujand in gaqumthim jah garunsim \r
+mannam amen qitha izwis andnemun mizdon seina ith thuk witi hleidumei \r
+theina hwa taihswo sijai suns ahma ustauh authida kafarnaum afletandans seinana \r
+zaibaidaiu galithun usfilmans habands waldufni nazorenai mikilai hropjands \r
+stibnai usiddja us imma lohazzen fraujinon ibnassus skalkinassus juventutis \r
+gudjinassus siukei laggei diupei aggwitha milditha swiknitha fastubni lathons \r
+bigetun thana siukan skalk hailana as hilp meinaizos ungalaubeinais fraihna \r
+jah ik ainis waurdis rahnjan as triggwana mik rahnida wesunuh than garaihta \r
+ba andwairthja guths niu saiwala mais ist fodenai jah leik wastjom swegnida \r
+ahmin maht wesi auk thata balsan frabugjan managizo thau thija hunda skatte \r
+giban unledaim andstaurraidedun tho qath letith tho duhwe izai usthriutith \r
+thannu goth waurhta sinteino auk frisaht habands hailaize waurde thoei at \r
+mis hausides galaubeinai froathwai afwandidedun ganist gatilona pawlus \r
+apaustaulus teimauthaiau liubin barna ansts armaio awiliudo gamaudein \r
+andnimands thizozei skamai hwamma winna \r
--- /dev/null
+Anticlea Xenoclea Meda Deianara Aegialeia Clytemnestra Periboea Hesione Leda \r
+Helen Xanthippe Chloe Daphne Circe Orithyia Nacippe Penthesilia Sibyl Eidyia \r
+Actaia Actoris Aerope Aethra Aethylla Aganippe Aglaia Alcimede Amphinome \r
+Arne Astynome Astyoche Autolye Callianeira Canache Chione Clytie Creusa \r
+Cymodece Danae Deidameia Dirce Dynamene Eriphyle Eurynome Galatea Halia \r
+Hiera Ianassa Iaria Leucippe Limnoraea Mante Maera Melantho Melite Metaneira \r
+Nacippe Nemertes Nesaea Otionia Panope Perimede Periopis Pero Pherusa \r
+Philomele Polymede Polymele Polypheme Polyxena Prote Protogoria Scarphe Speio \r
+Tecmessa Thaleia Theano Thoe \r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+Al\r
+Anth\r
+Ant\r
+Arc\r
+Arch\r
+Ascal\r
+Ast\r
+Char\r
+Chr\r
+Clyt\r
+Creth\r
+Deic\r
+Dem\r
+Dior\r
+Ech\r
+Ech\r
+Eleph\r
+Epistr\r
+Ereu\r
+Eun\r
+Eury\r
+Eurym\r
+Euryp\r
+Haim\r
+Hict\r
+Hyps\r
+Ialm\r
+Idai\r
+Iph\r
+Iph\r
+Laod\r
+Lamp\r
+Leit\r
+Leuc\r
+Mec\r
+Meg\r
+Mer\r
+Myn\r
+Nine\r
+Orsil\r
+Panth\r
+Peir\r
+Pel\r
+Pen\r
+Phaist\r
+Pheg\r
+Pher\r
+Pod\r
+Poly\r
+Proth\r
+Pylaim\r
+Sched\r
+Sthen\r
+Stroph\r
+Tect\r
+Thepol\r
+Tho\r
+Thym\r
+Ucal\r
+Xanth\r
+Adr\r
+Aeg\r
+Diom\r
+Thes\r
+Men\r
+Oen\r
+Gorg\r
+Her\r
+Arg\r
+Idom\r
+An\r
+Phyl\r
+Acast\r
+Laert\r
+Odyss\r
+Hyps\r
+Eun\r
+Phil\r
+Alc\r
+Agam\r
+Erg\r
+Alcin\r
+Aret\r
+Adm\r
+Alc\r
+Eum\r
+Pel\r
+Nest\r
+Antil\r
+Thras\r
+Telam\r
+Perib\r
+Ai\r
+Teuc\r
+Lycom\r
+Tynd\r
+Cast\r
+Polyd\r
+Men\r
+Cr\r
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+es\r
+us\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+Alastor Anthemion Antiphos Arcesilaos Archilocos Ascalaphos Astinoos Charopos \r
+Chromios Clytius Crethon Deicoon Democoon Diores Echemnon Echepolos \r
+Elephenor Epistrophes Ereuthalion Eunos Euryales Eurymedon Eurypylos Haimon \r
+Hicteon Hypsenor Ialmenos Idaios Iphicus Iphitos Laodice Lampos Leitos \r
+Leucas Mecisteus Meges Meriones Mynes Nineus Orsilochos Panthoos Peiros \r
+Pelasgon Peneleus Phaistos Phegeus Phereclos Podarcos Polyeides Protheoenor \r
+Pylaimenos Schedios Sthenelos Strophios Tecton Thepolemas Thoon Thymoites \r
+Ucalegon Xanthos Adrastus Aegialeus Diomedes Theseus Menestheus Oeneus Gorge \r
+Heracles Argus Idomeneus Anius Phyleus Acastus Laertes Odysseus Hypsipyle \r
+Euneus Philomeleides Alcathous Agamemnon Erginus Alcinoos Arete Admetus \r
+Alcestis Eumelos Peleus Nestor Antilochos Thrasymedes Telamon Periboea \r
+Aias Teucer Lycomedes Tyndareus Castor Polydeuces Menelau Creon Tiresias \r
+Manto Alcmene Thespius Megamede Eurystheus Admete Pittheus Hippolytus Priam \r
+Hecabe Aeolus Dido Oenopion Aeetes Chalcipe Paphos Iasus Anchises Phaidimos \r
+Midas Telopelemus Iolaus Megara Thoas Cocalas Daedelus Alcibiades \r
+Platon Socrates Aristoteles Demosthenes Diogenes Cratylus Gorgias Philemon \r
+Thucydides Herodotus Plotinus Heraclitus Zeno Protagoras Hermagoras Longinus \r
+Anaximander Pythagoras Oedipus Androcles Aristophanes Euripides Aeschylus \r
--- /dev/null
+abhilasha achit aditi akriti akuti amita amrita anika anita anjali ankita \r
+anu anupama anuradha anvita aparajita aparna asha ashrita askini avani \r
+avantika bharati bina bindiya cauvery charu chhavvi chhaya chhaya chitra \r
+chitrangda daksha deena deepika deepti devaki divya dristi ekta firaki \r
+gargi gauri gayatri girija gita gitika gitanjali harshita hem hema hina \r
+indira ira ila jagrati jahnavi jaya jayani juana juhi jyoti jyotsna kajal \r
+kalpana kamakshi kamna kanchana katyayani kavita ketaki ketika kiran kirti \r
+kitu komal kriti kuhuk kshama kumud lata laxmi lalima lalita lolaksi madhavi \r
+madhu madhur madhuri mala malati malavika malini mallika malti maitryi \r
+mamta manavi manisha manjari manju manasi manushi marisa maruti matangi \r
+maya mayuri medha meena meenakshi meera meghana mena menaka mina mira mitali \r
+mohini naina nalini namrata nanda nandini nandita naomi narmada natasha \r
+neeharika neelam neena neerja neha nidhi nidra nilima nilini nimmi nira \r
+niral niradhara nirguna nirmala nirupa nirupama nisha nishtha nita niti \r
+nitu nitya nivedita parnika parnita parul pauravi pavani pavi payal paola \r
+palomi pallavi pamela phutika pivari pooja poonam prabha prachi prema premila \r
+prerana prisha pritha priti priya priyanka puja pundari punita purandhri \r
+purnima purva pusti rachna radha radhika rakhi ranjana rati reena rekha \r
+renuka revati riddhi rima rita ritu rohini roshni ruchi ruchira rudrani \r
+rukmini rupa rupali sachi sahana sanjna samiksha sandhya sangita sanyogita \r
+sanyukta sanjukta sapna sarasvati saravati sarika sarita sarmistha saryu \r
+saru sashti sashi sasthi satyavati saumya savarna savita savitri seema \r
+shaila shailaja shaina shalini shanta shanti sharda sharmila sharmistha \r
+sheetal shikha shilpa shivani shobha shobhna shradhdha shreya shruti shubha \r
+siddhi smirti smita sneh snigdha sobha sophia somatra sonali sonia sraddha \r
+sruti subhadra subhaga subhangi subhuja suchi suchitra sudevi sudha sujata \r
+suksma sumanna sumati sumitra sunita suniti sunrita supriya surabhi suravinda \r
+surotama suruchi surupa surya sushma susila susumna suvrata swati sweta \r
+tanu tanuja tapi tapti tara tarpana taruna tasha teji tejal tina trilochana \r
+trishna trupti trusha tuhina tulasi tusti udaya ujjwala uma urmila urvasi \r
+usha uttara vaisakhi vandana vandita vanita varsha varuni vasanta vasavi \r
+vasudhara vasuki vasumati vibhuti vidya vikriti vimala vinata vinaya vineeta \r
+vinita virini visala yaksha yamini yamura yauvani kartik kunal tushar paloma \r
+parul charu avatika ketaki kamayani neha mitali pallavi kitu saloni juhi \r
+prachi paola palomi richa rachna shilpa tanu tasha trishna sonal mehul \r
+sonali
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+abhay abhijit achyuta aditya ajatashatru ajay ajit akaash alok amal amar \r
+amit amitabh amitava amol amrit amulya anand anant anay angada anil anirudhh \r
+ankur anniruddha anoop anshul anshuman arjun arun arvind ashok ashutosh \r
+ashwin ashwini asija aseem asuman asvathama asvin ashwini atharvan atmajyoti \r
+atul atulya avinash balram balavan balik bharat bhaskar bhavya bhim bhishma \r
+bhrigu bhudev bhuvan brij chandra chapal charan dahana daruka dattatreya \r
+deepak devarsi devesh dhananjay dharma dharmavira dharuna dhatri dhruv \r
+dilip dinesh dinkar divyesh duranjaya durjaya durmada dvimidha ekachakra \r
+eknath phalgun gagan gajendra gautam gaurav geet girish gopal gul harish \r
+harsh hemal hemant hitendra hitesh iravan jaidev jatin jayant jeevan jimuta \r
+jivana jitendra kailash kalidas kalpanath kamadev kamal kanak kapil kartik \r
+kartikeya kavi keshav ketan kirit kishore kripa kulvir kunal kusagra kush \r
+kushan lakshman lalit lokesh madan madhav madhusudhana mahabala mahavira \r
+mahesh maitreya manavendra mandhatri manik manish manoj manu markandeya \r
+matanga mehul mihir milind mohan mohit mukul mukunda nabendu nachiketa \r
+nachik nakul namdev nanda nandin narayana naresh narsi nartana naveen navin \r
+neel neeraj nihar nikhil nimai niraj niramitra niranjan nitesh nitya-sundara \r
+omarjeet pallab pandya pankaj paramartha partha piyush prabhakar pradeep \r
+pramath pramsu pranav prasata prashant prasoon prassana pravin prayag preetish \r
+prem prithu privrata pulkit pundarik puranjay purujit pusan puskara rahul \r
+raivata raj rajan rajeev rajesh rajiv rakesh ram raman ramanuja ranjan \r
+rantidev ravi ravindra rishi rohit roshan rupesh ruchir sachin sagar sahadev \r
+samir sampath samrat samudra sanat sandeep sandy sanjay sanjeev sanjiv \r
+sanjog sankara sapan santosh sarasvan sarat saswata satayu satrujit satyavrat \r
+satyen saunak saurabh senajit shailesh shalabh shantanu shankar sharad \r
+shashwat shailesh shishir shiv shvetank siddharth srikant srinath srinivas \r
+sriram sridhar subodh sudarshan sudesha sudeva sudhansu sudhir sugriva \r
+sukarman sukumar sumantu sumit sundara sunil suresh surya suvrata swagat \r
+taksa tarun tapan tapesh tarang tej tilak trisanu tushar udit upendra urjavaha \r
+uttam uttanka vairaja variya varun vasant vasava vasu vasudev vasuman vedanga \r
+veer vidvan vijay vikas vikram vikrant vimal vinay vineet vinod vipin vipul \r
+viraj virasana virat vishal visvajit visvakarman visvayu viswanath vivatma \r
+vivek waman yash yashodhara yashovarman yashpal yogendra yudhajit zahin \r
+zev
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+permintaan rombongan tanaman tandatangan tandatangi kepalai daerah \r
+dagang hawa letak letih cape libur pengunungan berikut depan ruang \r
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+bermacam menginap kelihatan tukar menukar keluar permili sifat pula \r
+potong panggil memanggil mengulang sapu tustel kodak balasan berjanji \r
+berguna berteman keduanya perjanjian sari kantor besi cemra dewasa ini \r
+langit manusia perang perang dunia permulaan perusahaan penerbangan \r
+rata selama tenaga dikenal daftar kata kata perbendaharaan daftar tata \r
+bahasa voltage tegangan disukai genap perkataan menyat sedangkan \r
+karikatur gambar pikir desa tengah lebih susah kayu terang indah berita \r
+jenggot karangan kuku lebih dahulu cap mengundang memas menjatuhkan \r
+mengadakan menjalankan membesarkan lepas melepaskan menerangkan tafsir \r
+menyewa menyewakan belanja belanjaan denda meninggalkan angotta giat \r
+kedatangan pekarangan undangan menjalankan mengalahkan putus memutuskan \r
+menepatkan kata ganti pembina kelakuan bertanya menanyakan apakah \r
+menggalakkan lazim sesungguhnya maka kiranya banyak sedikitnya hubungan \r
+telepon jarak juah pembinaan pelacur melacur pelacuran melindungi \r
+logaritma lengkap perlengkapan peralatan llham setuju kampus terhadap \r
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+perdana menteri selesai sunyi tenang terbuka terkejut tersenum menemani \r
+teman kampung look mencari jarang nyata menyatakan dapat diterima \r
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+maksud mampu waras berbagai terlarang bahagi bahagian rakyat pilih \r
+memilih memekir tepat maksud penetuan melalui rampisrampang menentang \r
+sedar mara bahaya aneka asalkan biar derita masak ucapan memperkuat \r
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+kebangsaan kemegkinan mutu pinggir rela terbawa terbaca seluruh \r
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+tinggi usah maju hebat insenur bulu sempuuya adalah adanya adapun \r
+ijazah hebat pengalaman sambutan mengaku bertindak buatan simpang empat \r
+terkejut untung sabar al antara lain da dengx alamat hari ulang tahun \r
+pd perusahan dagang propinsi memancar stasiun pemancar memang sebarnya \r
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+celaknya ceroboh dangkal demikian ejekan guna hak halangangan hebat \r
+hemat kasar kasihan kebetuan kekayaan kelak penetuan kemajuan keras \r
+kepala kesalahan wymist kesukaran kewajiban wajib kuasa langsing kurus \r
+lantang keras makin malu lukai perasaan firasat membalas guna balas hiu \r
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+kemiskinan kepadatan peregko kesengsaraan lurus memelih pilih mencukupi \r
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+datang berkirim kirim surat lebih lebih lama lama kelamaan jangan \r
+jangan satu-satunya mula mula mulanya serba serbi terus-menurus \r
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+khusus sasaran sarjana bahasa terletak pendapat terpencil damai \r
+berdamai damping berdamping dengan tanggap cermat kemiripan landasan \r
+menarik perhatian meyangkan pada dasarnya rangka secara bertahap tahap \r
+mencampuran tergolong rikit busut ly ber kok daerah panas tinggal ulang \r
+lemari besi tas ijazah dikeluarkan berkat perak satuan surat menurat \r
+terlampir permohon yang paling bon kasir juro bayar nawar tawar \r
+bagaimana bisal buat manis ya sudah dosen sama sama semacam becak nih \r
+aman mudah pandai koran bahas membantah meminjam menggacau mengancam \r
+mengatur meng pacar tentang menilpun seadanya memeriksa memesan menemui \r
+mengantar menggantikan pondokan siap katasifat burung halus murah \r
+perpisahan pulang pergi di samping dalam hal ini dalam hal itu disia \r
+siakan sehingga sebetulnya usah sumpit jangan ada apa apa salahnya \r
+beres bilamana kenapa masehi menemukan menyedihkan pedagang serempat \r
+singgah membunuh pertolongan bau berkawan berteman sehingga barat \r
+menghafalkan menghafal mengunjung menjumpai teliti terlarang \r
+warganegara bisa saja nonton bioskop bangun aljabar antre kulit \r
+penghabisan justru kontrak sekarang juga leding air leding maksud saya \r
+pun rebus sumur pemandingan buat sama bungkus di kiri kanan pokoknya \r
+montir gaji darah suntik daftar harganya menyaki \r
--- /dev/null
+abbastanza acqua adige aeroplani aiuola alba alfabetico ali alla allegro allo \r
+allora alta alto altro altrui ama amici amico ammirazione amore analisi anche \r
+ancora andarci anderei andiamo andrei anello angela angelo animale anime anna \r
+annegherei anni annina anno annoio antonio apparecchiare apparecchiare apri \r
+arderei argentati aria arpa arrugginito ascolti aspre astuta attenti \r
+attenzione attestato auguri aure autunno avanti averne avervi avevano avrei \r
+bacchetta baci balli basso bastone battaglia battone bella bello bene \r
+benemerenza bere bevanda bevendo bianca biancamaria bimba bipolare blu bocca \r
+boccetta boschi bottiglia braccio bruciare brugola bugia bullone busso caca \r
+cacano cacare cacate cacato cacca cachi cachiamo caco cadaveri caduto \r
+calcolatore calore calzoni camicia camminare campo cannelloni cannoni cantare \r
+cantico canzoni capelloni capirai capo cara carrozza carrozzone cartone casa \r
+casini cattura cecco centanni cento cerca certamente certo cervello cesso \r
+cetrioli che chiave chissa chitarra chiusa chiuso ciclone cicoria cielo cinque \r
+cinquecento citta claudia clivi colli comari come compagnia compatti compriamo \r
+con confusione conquistarmi consegnereste continuare coraggio cornuto coro \r
+corona corpo corporale corporeo corrente correre corri cosa cosi crepare \r
+cristiani cristiano cristo cui culo dado damiano dardo davano decenza decimo \r
+definizione deflettente dei del delle deserto devono dice dicesti diciannove \r
+diciassette diciotto dico dicono dieci dio diodo dipinto diro disgraziato \r
+disse distanti ditta divieto dizionario dodici dolci dolore donata donne dopo \r
+dorate dorma dormendo dormi dormire dove dovere drago dritto due duro echeggia \r
+editore edotta effetto energia era eredita essere estate esterrefatto faccio \r
+fai famiglia fanno fare fatta fatto felice ferrari festa fidare fila \r
+filettatura fine fino fiordalisi firenze fiume foglie fondo forse fortuna \r
+forza fossi francesca franco fredda frega fresca fretta frittata fronte frose \r
+fuggi fuggifuggi fuggirei fulmine fumando fumare fumo fuoco furono fusilli \r
+fuso gabbia galleggia galleggiante galleggiare gatti gattino gatto gelosi \r
+generazione generazioni gente germania gia giaguari giardinetta giardiniere \r
+giardino gino gioco giocondo gioia gioie giornata giorno giovani giovanni giro \r
+giunzione gli gorilla gramo grande grano grossa guadagnarmi guai guanti guarda \r
+guardava guardavano guardi guccini guerre hanno imbrigherei imbucherebbe \r
+immaginabile imparato imperatore impiego incantato indiano indietro indirizzo \r
+indivia inferno infinita infinite innamorare innamorarsi inno innocente \r
+innocenza innovativo innovato insalata inseparabile insieme insudiciarsi \r
+inverno irrisolvibile laggiu lago laide lasserei lapponi lasagne lascerei \r
+lascio lassu latrina lattuga lavorare lazio leggerei leggiadre leonesse leoni \r
+levo liguria linci liquefatto lista locomotiva locomotore lombardia lontano \r
+lucci lui luna lungo luogo maccheroni madre maggio magico mai maiale male \r
+maleditemi manca mandata manderei mani maniera mantello mara marco marinella \r
+mario matematica matematico matrimonio mattina mela membra mentre meravigliato \r
+merda messi mestiere mezzo mia migliori mille miseria mistero modo molli molto \r
+momento mondo montagne montanara morte mozzerei napoli natale nato nei nel \r
+nella nessuno niente ninetta noi nome nomi non nono notte nove nuova occhi \r
+occhio oggi ogni olezzan ombra ora orca ordine oro orologio orto ottavo otto \r
+ove padre padrone pagano palazzone palimba palla paninari pantaloni pantere \r
+papa papaveri paradiso pare parecchie parecchio parlami parlava parola parole \r
+partito passa passata passate pasta pasta pelle pensiero pentirai per per per \r
+perche perche perse personaggi persone piatto piazza pieni pieni pioggia \r
+pippero pistole pitoni piu poco poi polacco pomodori popolazione porta portati \r
+portato porto possibile posso posta potere potrebbe poveretto pozione \r
+precipita precipitevolissimevolmente precisare predichi preferito premere \r
+prende preso primavera primo principe principessa problema problematico \r
+problemi profondo programma pronto protettori provaci provato provetta \r
+provetti pudore pulirsi pulisce punto pure puttana quadrato quando quando \r
+quanta quarantadue quarantaquattro quarto quattordici quattro quello quello \r
+questo questo questoggi quindici quinto quota ragazzi ragioniere ramazzotti \r
+reazione regole rendano rendita repubblicano respira resto rettangolo ribelle \r
+ricordo riempiamo rigatoni rione ripetizioni riposa riposa riposano riposare \r
+riposare riposarsi riposi riposo risveglio ritornavi ritrovarsi roberta rombo \r
+romeo rosa rossi rotaie ruolo ruota rupi ruscello sai sale sapra saro sassari \r
+sbando scappare scarola scarpe scende schermo schianto schiavo schifosi \r
+scimmia sciolto scivolavi scivolo scodella scontro scordare scorta scrivendo \r
+scriveresti secchio secondo sedici sei sembra senso sente senza senza sepolto \r
+serena serve sessantasei sesto sette settimana sfilavano sfuggenti siamo siamo \r
+silenzio silenziosa similmente singolare situazione smisteremmo societa sogna \r
+sognante sognare sognato sognatore sogno sola soldati sole sole sole solo \r
+soltanto solubile sono sono sono sono sopra sopra soprattutto sorcini sorrisi \r
+sotto spaghetti spara spariva sparsi specializzata speranza spode sporcarsi \r
+sta stadera stagionato stagioni stanco stanza stare stella stelle stessi \r
+stitici stivali sto storia straccerebbero strana stranamente stronzo stupido \r
+stupisca stupisci stupito sulla sulla sulle suoi suona svasata svegli sveglia \r
+svegliamo svegliano svegliare svegliarsi svegliate sveglio tanto tanto tanto \r
+tappato tasca tavolo tazza telefono tempesta tempesterei tempi tempo tenente \r
+teorema tepidi terra terzo tesi testamento tetto tondo torrei torrente \r
+torrente toscana tra tramontate transistore trasforma tratto tre tredici \r
+tremano treno trenta trentino troia troppo tulipano tuoi tutte tutti umana una \r
+una una undici unico uno uscendo vaffanculo vagoni vai valli vecchie vedere \r
+vedere vedi vedrai vedrai veduto veglia veloce velocita vendete venduto veneto \r
+venti venticinque ventidue ventinove ventiquattro ventisei ventisette ventitre \r
+vento ventotto ventuno vera verbi verga verginita vetro vetroresina via vide \r
+villanella vincere vincero virgola vita vite vivaldi vivesti viveva volando \r
+volare volavo volpe volta volte vuole vuota zingari
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+si quid est in me ingeni judices quod sentio quam sit exiguum aut si \r
+qua exercitatio dicendi in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse \r
+versatum aut si hujusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac \r
+disciplina profecta a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus \r
+abhorruisse earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic a licinius fructum a \r
+me repetere prope suo jure debet nam quoad longissime potest mens mea \r
+respicere spatium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam recordari \r
+ultimam inde usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad \r
+suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse \r
+quod si haec vox hujus hortatu praeceptisque conformata non nullis \r
+aliquando saluti fuit a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios \r
+servare possemus huic profecto ipsi quantum est situm in nobis et opem \r
+et salutem ferre debemus ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur \r
+quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi ratio \r
+aut disciplina ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti \r
+fuimus etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam \r
+commune vinculum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur sed ne \r
+cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in quaestione legitima et in judicio \r
+publico cum res agatur apud praetorem populi romani lectissimum virum \r
+et apud severissimos judices tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia hoc \r
+uti genere dicendi quod non modo a consuetudine judiciorum verum etiam \r
+a forensi sermone abhorreat quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis \r
+hanc veniam adcommodatam huic reo vobis (quem ad modum spero) non \r
+molestam ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine dicentem hoc \r
+concursu hominum literatissimorum hac vestra humanitate hoc denique \r
+praetore exercente judicium patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac \r
+litterarum paulo loqui liberius et in ejus modi persona quae propter \r
+otium ac studium minime in judiciis periculisque tractata est uti prope \r
+novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi quod si mihi a vobis tribui \r
+concedique sentiam perficiam profecto ut hunc a licinium non modo non \r
+segregandum cum sit civis a numero civium verum etiam si non esset \r
+putetis asciscendum fuisse nam ut primum ex pueris excessit archias \r
+atque ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari \r
+solet se ad scribendi studium contulit primum antiochiae nam ibi natus \r
+est loco nobili celebri quondam urbe et copiosa atque eruditissimis \r
+hominibus liberalissimisque studiis adfluenti celeriter antecellere \r
+omnibus ingeni gloria contigit post in ceteris asiae patibus cunctaeque \r
+graeciae sic ejus adventus celebrabantur ut famam ingeni exspectatio \r
+hominis exspectationem ipsius adventus admiratioque superaret erat \r
+italia tunc plena graecarum artium ac disciplinarum studiaque haec et \r
+in latio vehementius tum colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis et hic \r
+romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neglegebantur itaque \r
+hunc et tarentini et regini et neopolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis \r
+donarunt et omnes qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare cognitione \r
+atque hospitio dignum existimarunt hac tanta celebritate famae cum \r
+esset jam absentibus notus romam venit mario consule et catulo nactus \r
+est primum consules eos quorum alter res ad scribendum maximas alter \r
+cum res gestas tum etiam studium atque auris adhibere posset statim \r
+luculli cum praetextatus etiam tum archias esset eum domum suam \r
+receperunt sic etiam hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum verum etiam \r
+naturae atque virtutis ut domus quae hujus adulescentiae prima fuit \r
+eadem esset familiarissima senectuti erat temporibus illis jucundus \r
+metello illi numidico et ejus pio filio audiebatur a m aemilio vivebat \r
+cum q catulo et patre et filio a l crasso colebatur lucullos vero et \r
+drusum et octavios et catonem et totam hortensiorum domum devinctam \r
+consuetudine cum teneret adficiebatur summo honore quod eum non solum \r
+colebant qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant verum etiam si \r
+qui forte simulabant interim satis longo intervallo cum esset cum m \r
+lucullo in siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum eodem lucullo \r
+decederet venit heracliam quae cum esset civitas aequissimo jure ac \r
+foedere ascribi se in eam civitatem voluit idque cum ipse per se dignus \r
+putaretur tum auctoritate et gratia luculli ab heracliensibus \r
+impetravit data est civitas silvani lege et carbonis ``si qui \r
+foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent si tum cum lex ferebatur in \r
+italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem \r
+essent professi'' cum hic domicilium romae multos jam annos haberet \r
+professus est apud praetorem q metellum familiarissimum suum si nihil \r
+aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus nihil dico amplius causa dicta \r
+est quid enim horum infirmari grati potest heracliaene esse tum \r
+ascriptum negabis adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide m \r
+lucullus qui se non opinari sed scire non audisse sed vidisse non \r
+interfuisse sed egisse dicit adsunt heraclienses legati nobilissimi \r
+homines hujus judici causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio \r
+venerunt qui hunc ascriptum heracliensem dicunt his tu tabulas \r
+desideras heracliensium publicas quas italico bello incenso tabulario \r
+interisse scimus omnis est ridiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dicere \r
+quaerere quae habere non possumus et de hominum memoria tacere \r
+litterarum memoriam flagitare et cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem \r
+integerrimi municipi jus jurandum fidemque ea quae depravari nullo modo \r
+possunt repudiare tabulas quas idem dicis solere corrumpi desiderare an \r
+domicilium romae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitatem datam sedem \r
+omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum romae conlocavit at non est professus \r
+immo vero eis tabulis professus quae solae ex illa professione \r
+conlegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem nam \r
+cum appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dicerentur gabini quam diu \r
+incolumis fuit levitas post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem \r
+resignasset metellus homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium tanta \r
+diligentia fuit ut ad l lentulum praetorem et ad judices venerit et \r
+unius nominis litura se commotum esse dixerit in his igitur tabulis \r
+nullam lituram in nomine a licini videtis quae cum ita sunt quid est \r
+quod de ejus civitate dubitetis praesertim cum aliis quoque in \r
+civitatibus fuerit ascriptus etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla \r
+aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in graecia homines \r
+impertiebant reginos credo aut locrensis aut neapolitanos aut \r
+tarentinos quod scenicis artificibus largiri solebant id huic summa \r
+ingeni praedito gloria noluisse quid cum ceteri non modo post civitatem \r
+datam sed etiam post legem papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum \r
+tabulas inrepserunt hic qui ne utitur quidem illis in quibus est \r
+scriptus quod semper se heracliensem esse voluit reicietur census \r
+nostros requiris scilicet est enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc \r
+cum clarissimo imperatore l lucullo apud exercitum fuisse superioribus \r
+cum eodem quaestore fuisse in asia primis julio et crasso nullam populi \r
+partem esse censam sed quoniam census non jus civitatis confirmat ac \r
+tantum modo indicat eum qui sit census ita se jam tum gessisse pro cive \r
+eis temporibus quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium \r
+romanorum jure esse versatum et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus \r
+et adiit hereditates civium romanorum et in beneficiis ad aerarium \r
+delatus est a l lucullo pro consule quaere argumenta si qua potes \r
+numquam enim his neque suo neque amicorum judicio revincetur quaeres a \r
+nobis grati cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur quia suppeditat nobis \r
+ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convicio \r
+defessae conquiescant an tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod \r
+cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum nisi animos nostros doctrina \r
+excolamus aut ferre animos tantam posse contentionem nisi eos doctrina \r
+eadem relaxemus ego vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum ceteros \r
+pudeat si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque \r
+ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lucemque proferre me \r
+autem quid pudeat qui tot annos ita vivo judices ut a nullius umquam me \r
+tempore aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit \r
+aut denique somnus retardit qua re quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis \r
+mihi jure suscenseat si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas quantum ad \r
+festos dies ludorum celebrandos quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam \r
+requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum quantum alii tribuunt \r
+tempestivis conviviis quantum denique alveolo quantum pilae tantum mihi \r
--- /dev/null
+# These Latin names were taken from various sources.
+
+# Mark
+
+Honoria Nerva Octavia Antonia Drusilla Annia Pulcheria Projecta Plotina Placidia Eutropia Valeria Bruttia Marcia Agrippina Lucilla Lucretia Lollia Paulia Julia Domitia Domitilla Eudoxia Faustina Livia Livilla Aemilia Constantia Minervina Paulina Prisca Spurinna Severina Salvina Verica Gordian Gratian Grattius Hortensius Ieilius Liberius Libanius Gaius Annius Marcus Antonius Arrius Titus Tacitus Aurelius Fulvus Claudius Drusus Vespasian Theodosian Theodosius Glabrio Quintus Minucius Scaurus Scipios Anthemius Ammonius Lucius Maximian Rutulius Julius Nonus Nigidius Petronius Olybrius Pleminius Plautius Valerius Propertius Fulvius Macrianus Fabius Quintillian Quintus Quintillus Regulus Laetus Catulus Lepidus Ignatius Honorian Hadrian Severian Balbinus Florian Litorius Pius Tetricius Sulpicius Zosimus Brutus Procopius Jovian Lucius Lucian Marcian Majorian Julian Jovinian
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+albanian Albanian names\r
+greek-f Ancient Greek female names\r
+greek-m Ancient Greek male names\r
+basque Basque words\r
+basque-f Basque female names\r
+basque-m Basque male names\r
+bulgaria Bulgarian words\r
+chinese Chinese syllables\r
+english English words\r
+eng-s English surnames\r
+eng-f English female names\r
+eng-m English male names\r
+estonian Estonian words\r
+german German words, including placenames\r
+gothic Gothic words\r
+hindi-f Hindi female names\r
+hindi-m Hindi male names\r
+indonesi Indonesian words\r
+italian Italian words\r
+latin Latin words\r
+malay Malay words\r
+maori Maori names, including placenames\r
+mid-engl Middle English words\r
+polish Polish words\r
+sumerian Sumerian words\r
+swalhili Swalhili words\r
+tamil Tamil words\r
+turkish Turkish words\r
+ulwa Ulwa words (a Mesoamerican language)\r
--- /dev/null
+salam buat pemudapemudi malaysia dari jakarta indonesia mudahmudah \r
+melalui media ini kita dapat menjalin persahabatan yang erat di antara \r
+dua negara dan budaya rudi triatmono saya cuba menghubungi berita \r
+harian di tetapi malangnya mel saya dikembalikan jika saudara ada \r
+apaapa cadangan bagaimana saya dapat hubungi editor bh sila beritahu \r
+saya hari jumaat akan datang iaitu hari jumaat terakhir pada bulan \r
+adalah hari belanjawan lazimnya ucapan belanjawan oleh menteri kewangan \r
+akan disiarkan oleh televisyen secara langsung biasanya ucapan \r
+belanjawan bermula pada jam petang laporan ekonomi dan ucapan \r
+belanjawan boleh dibeli di blok kompleks kewangan dan percetakan \r
+nasional dengan harga senaskah tahun lepas saya masuk irc bercerita \r
+tentang belanjawan dalam channel warung kalau tak silap tahun ni kalau \r
+sesiapa nak tahu inti belanjawan bolehlah cubacuba masuk irc tak tahu \r
+lagi channel mana nak masuk kalau boleh janganlah ada bot mengganggu \r
+kepada pembaca yang sebangsa dengan saya saya minta janganlah kita \r
+bergaduh sesama sendiri sebaliknya kalau nak gaduh gaduhlah dengan \r
+mereka yang cuba menjatuhkan kita saya dah tak kuasa nak gaduhgaduh ni \r
+sekian dan selamat menunggu belanjawan sepuluh wasiat dari apabila \r
+mendengar azan maka bangunlah sembahyang sertamerta walaubagaimana \r
+keadaan sekalipun bacalah tatapilah bukubuku ilmu pergilah ke majlis \r
+majlis ilmu dan amalkanlah zikrullah dan janganlah membuang masa dalam \r
+perkara yang tiada memberi faedah berusahalah untuk bertutur dalam \r
+bahasa arab kerana bahasa arab yang betul itu adalah satusatunya syiar \r
+janganlah bertengkar dalam apaapa perkara sekalipun kerana pertengkaran \r
+yang kosong tiada memberi apaapa jua kebaikan janganlah banyak ketawa \r
+kerana hati yang sentiasa berhubung dengan itu sentiasa tenang lagi \r
+tenteram janganlah banyak bergurau kerana umat yang sedang berjuang itu \r
+tidak mengerti melainkan bersungguhsungguh dalam setiap perkara \r
+janganlah bercakap lebih nyaring daripada kadar yang dikehendaki oleh \r
+pendengar kerana percakapan yang nyaring itu adalah suatu resmi yang \r
+siasia malah menyakiti hati orang jauhilah daripada mengumpatumpat \r
+peribadi orang mengecam pertubuhanpertubuhan dan janganlah bercakap \r
+melainkan apa apa yang memberi kebajikan berkenalkenalanlah dengan \r
+setiap muslimin yang ditemui kerana asas gerakan dakwah kita ialah \r
+berkenalkenalan dan berkasihsayang kewajipankewajipan kita lebih banyak \r
+daripada masa yang ada pada kita oleh itu gunakanlah masa dengan \r
+sebaikbaiknya dan ringkas kanlah perlaksanaannya bacalah renungilah \r
+kemudian amalkanlah kebijaksanaan dan kasih sayang tunjang kejayaan \r
+dakwah sebelum menyangkal dakwaan yang tidak berasas oleh orientalis \r
+barat saya mengajak anda memerhatikan beberapa ayat pertama dalam ayat \r
+ini menekankan manusia agar membaca dan menjadikannya sebagai kunci \r
+ilmu pengetahuan berikutnya diturunkan di dalamnya bersumpah dengan \r
+pena yang melambangkan ilmu kemudian membantah tuduhan orang kafir yang \r
+tidak berasas terhadap nabi muhamad ayat dalam dua yang mula diturunkan \r
+ini menarik perhatian bahawa agama dan perutusan nabi adalah \r
+berteraskan ilmu yang betul bukannya taksub dan pemahaman yang sempit \r
+suatu hakikat yang diakui bahawa kesejagatan dibuktikan oleh tokoh dan \r
+pemikir yang ulung mereka membuktikan kebenaran dan kesejagatannya \r
+melalui ilmu yang benar dan alsahih pemikiran yang betul sesetengah \r
+pendakwah melakukan kesilapan apabila mengemukakan kepada umum \r
+diperlihatkan keruh kerana tidak berjaya memperkenalkannya melalui cara \r
+yang betul sama ada pada penghayatan dan hadis atau penyesuaiannya \r
+dengan suasana dan kehendak setempat perbezaan tafsiran dan pandangan \r
+ulama dan harus dilihat dari sudut yang positif supaya ia memberi \r
+kekuatan bukannya negatif yang melemahkan umat sumbangan ulama silam \r
+adalah besar manfaatnya jika dipelajari dengan baik tetapi sayang \r
+sesetengah pendakwah gemar melihat perbezaan pendapat ulama sebagai \r
+faktor kemudaratan di tengahtengah perbezaan pendapat dan ikhtilaf \r
+pendakwah harus bijak memilih dan mempertimbangkan sesuatu terutama \r
+ketika menangani isu yang menyentuh keterbukaan dalam dakwah dan akidah \r
+syeikh dalam beberapa siri ceramahnya dalam ulama malaysia di pulau \r
+pinang ogos lalu menyatakan beliau lebih suka merujuk setiap isu yang \r
+berbangkit kepada dan kemudian merujuk kepada pemikiran ulama bagaimana \r
+mereka menyesuaikannya dengan zaman mereka ini kerana perubahan zaman \r
+masa dan tempat membawa perubahan kepada pendekatan kefahaman dan \r
+penekanan dalam menyampaikan mesej dakwah kepada jalan sebagai contoh \r
+andainya saya dijemput memberi pandangan dalam satu persidangan untuk \r
+membincang hak asasi manusia saya pasti mengemukakan pandangan mazhab \r
+syafii yang menyatakan orang harus atas kesalahan membunuh orang bukan \r
+saya terpaksa ketepikan pendapat imam abu hanifah yang berpendapat \r
+tidak harus dibalas bunuh orang yang membunuh orang kafir kerana \r
+ketiadaan persamaan orang harus dianggap lebih tinggi nilai peribadinya \r
+daripada bukan kerana akidah tauhid mereka saya akan bacakan firman \r
+dalam ayat yang menyatakan bahawa itu hendaklah membalas mata dengan \r
+mata hidung dengan hidung telinga dengan telinga gigi dengan gigi dan \r
+luka pun ada tanpa menyebut status agama ditakdirkan dalam persidangan \r
+ini saya kemukakan mazhab hanafi yang mensyaratkan bunuh balas itu \r
+hendaklah wujud persamaan antara dua pihak pastinya awal lagi ditolak \r
+dengan itu zalim tidak menghormati nyawa manusia sekali gus mereka \r
+mendakwa bukan jalan penyelesaian imam syafii adalah ulama yang sangat \r
+prihatin kepada suasana dan keadaan semasa ini terbukti daripada fatwa \r
+beliau sewaktu menetap di bahawa taubat orang yang melakukan kesalahan \r
+yang membabitkan hadhudud boleh menghapuskan dosa selepas beliau \r
+berpindah ke mesir didapatinya orang di sana suka mempermainmainkan \r
+taubat dan undangundang lalu beliau mengubah fatwa sebelumnya dengan \r
+mengeluarkan fatwa yang baru iaitu taubat tidak boleh menggugurkan \r
+seseorang daripada tindakan had ke atasnya hal ini tidak harus dianggap \r
+kelemahan dalam fatwa dan ijtihad syafii kerana perbezaan tempat dan \r
+sikap manusia turut membawa perubahan kepada fahaman dan pendekatan \r
+yang lebih serasi dengan matlamat syarak andainya pula saya diundang ke \r
+persidangan hak kemanusiaan yang diadakan di china yang rakyatnya tidak \r
+mengakui wahyu penyelesaian hukum dan peraturan hidup hanya melihat \r
+kepada muslihat dan kepentingan sematamata mereka akan menuduh sebagai \r
+agama yang tidak menghormati hak kaum wanita andainya saya kemukakan \r
+pendapat imam syafii dalam persidangan itu yang menyatakan bahawa \r
+wanita dara boleh dipaksa wali bapanya supaya mengahwini lelaki \r
+walaupun tidak disukainya saya lebih berminat mengemukakan pendapat \r
+imam abu hanifah yang menyatakan wanita tidak boleh dikahwini tanpa \r
+persetujuannya saya kira pandangan ini lebih tepat untuk dikemukakan \r
+atas sifat saya sebagai seorang pendakwah sebagai seorang pendakwah \r
+yang tugasnya berusaha mengajak manusia yang selama ini menyembah \r
+patung dan berhala supaya mentauhidkan saya akan memberitahu mereka \r
+bahawa setiap insan akan ditentukan nasibnya di akhirat mengikut amalan \r
+yang mereka lakukan di dunia tidak memaksa sesiapapun melakukan sesuatu \r
+yang di luar keupayaannya dan tidak akan bertindak terhadapnya kerana \r
+kesalahan orang lain saya akan bacakan kepadanya wahyu yang menjelaskan \r
+keadilannya iaitu dalam ayat yang bermaksud tidak memberati seseorang \r
+melainkan sesuai dengan kesanggupannya saya akan memberitahu mereka \r
+bahawa dalam ayat menyatakan pada hari kiamat penyembah berhala \r
+dikehendaki mendapatkan bantuan berhala bagi menyelamatkan diri mereka \r
+daripada seksaan tetapi pada ketika itu mereka mengakui tidak pernah \r
+mempersekutui kemudian saya akan mengingatkan mereka firman dalam surah \r
+alaraf ayat yang menyatakan penyesalan mereka terhadap tindakan \r
+penyembahan berhala sewaktu di dunia dulu dan seterusnya mereka \r
+mengakui bahawa dulu mereka adalah orang yang kufur kepada saya percaya \r
+mungkin orang sekarang yang hidup tanpa agama menolak pendekatan ini \r
+pada pertemuan pertama tetapi akhirnya mereka pasti menerimanya juga \r
+demikian juga dengan ayat yang menjelaskan hubungan antara dengan agama \r
+lain dalam pertemuan awal saya akan kemukakan ayat yang menyatakan \r
+tiada paksaan dalam agama ini antaranya ayat alkahf yang menyatakan \r
+maksudnya kebenaran itu datangnya daripada tuhanmu sesiapa yang ingin \r
+beriman berimanlah sesiapa yang ingin kafir maka kafirlah pendakwah \r
+tidak seharusnya menganggap ayat ini bertentangan dengan firman dalam \r
+ayat yang menyatakan perangilah orang yang tidak beriman kepada dan \r
+tidak beriman kepada hari akhirat dan tidak mengharamkan apa yang \r
+diharamkan dan rasulnya dan tidak beragama dengan agama yang benar \r
+iaitu orang yang diberi kepadanya sehingga mereka membayar jizyah \r
+dengan patuh sedang mereka dalam keadaan tunduk anda mungkin \r
+tertanyatanya yang mana satu antara dua ayat ini harus diikuti perangi \r
+orang kafir atau biarkan mereka dengan agama yang mereka sukai syeikh \r
+menjawab setiap ayat harus dibaca dengan ayat sebelumnya dan letakkan \r
+setiap ayat pada tempatnya yang sesuai ayat tidak harus dianggap ada \r
+pertentangan antara satu dengan lain ia perlu difahami secara \r
+keseluruhan bukannya secara bahagian yang terputus kegagalan meletakkan \r
+ayat pada tempatnya yang sesuai boleh mendatangkan bahaya kepada \r
+perjalanan dakwah dan penyebaran ajaran kerana pastinya berlaku \r
+kesongsangan dalam tabiat yang mendasari ajarannya pada toleransi mudah \r
+dan saling hormatmenghormati dalam ayat menjelaskan hikmat diturun \r
+secara beransuransur iaitu supaya hati manusia berasa puas dengan \r
+ajaran itu kerana pada setiap waktu dan suasana ada hukum dan \r
+ketentuannya kemudian sila perhatikan ayat dalam imran ayat itu \r
+menyatakan agama yang sebenarnya di sisi ialah agama tiada agama yang \r
+diterima selain kemudian dalam ayat berikutnya ayat menyatakan jika aku \r
+serahkan diriku kepada dan juga orang yang mengikut aku dan jika kamu \r
+serahkan diri kamu juga kepada maka kamu juga mendapat hidayat dan \r
+petunjuknya dalam ayat ini jelas tidak ada paksaan dalam menjalani \r
+dakwah dakwah harus berjalan secara mesra dan tidak mengandungi unsur \r
+kekerasan dan paksaan inilah sebenarnya konsep dakwah yang diikuti nabi \r
+ketika baginda memperkenalkan kepada raja yang beragama seperti yang \r
+direkod dalam sahih bukhari iaitu dalam surat baginda bermaksud anda \r
+nescaya anda selamat anda pasti diberi pahala dua kali ganda wahai ahli \r
+kitab marilah kepada suatu ketetapan yang tidak ada perselisihan antara \r
+kami dan kamu bahawa kita tidak sembah kecuali dan kita tidak \r
+persekutukan dia dengan sesuatupun dan tidak sebahagian kita menjadikan \r
+sebahagian yang lain sebagai tuhan selain daripada perhatikan pula \r
+dalam ayat pertama melarang kita bersetia dengan orang bukan berkasih \r
+sayang dan bersahabat dengan mereka kerana mereka mengingkari kewujudan \r
+mereka mengusir nabi dan orang kemudian pada ayat berikutnya berfirman \r
+menyatakan tidak melarang umat berserta dengan orang kafir yang tidak \r
+memerangi orang dalam mengamalkan agama dan tidak mengusir dari tanah \r
+air mereka untuk berlaku adil terhadap orang bukan syeikh berkalikali \r
+menasihatkan pengulas ayat agar meneliti ayat secara keseluruhan \r
+bukannya dengan secara terputusputus ini untuk mengelakkan \r
+penyelewengan maksud misalnya ayat jika yang dibaca separuh saja iaitu \r
+la yang bermaksud jangan kamu hampiri sembahyang tentulah ayat yang \r
+tidak sempurna ini membawa maksud melarang kita bersembahyang padahal \r
+yang dilarang sembahyang ialah ketika mereka mabuk dan tidak waras \r
+fikirannya seperti yang dijelas pada bahagian akhir ayat itu menurut \r
+ramai orang tibatiba muncul dan bergerak aktif dalam bidang dakwah \r
+tetapi tidak mengetahui bagaimana harus berdakwah ia lupa peringatan \r
+bahawa mesej nabi ialah membawa kesejahteraan bukan kecelakaan sabdanya \r
+ana nabi la nabi almalhamah aku nabi pembawa rahmat bukan nabi \r
+penganjur peperangan andainya konsep kekerasan dilakukan tentunya bukan \r
+saja bertentangan kehendak tetapi mengakibatkan umat menghadapi risiko \r
+yang tinggi maksud ini dibayangkan dalam ayat yang bermaksud mereka \r
+akan melontar kamu dengan batu atau memaksa kamu kembali kepada agama \r
+mereka dan jika demikian kamu tidak akan beruntung buat selamalamanya \r
+sebagai kesimpulan perlu difahami sebaikbaiknya bagi mendapatkan ajaran \r
+dan teladan yang betul memahami keseluruhan memberikan kita hidayat \r
+yang betul bukannya satu dua ayat saja yang mendatangkan banyak \r
+kekeliruan \r
--- /dev/null
+maarama pooneke pirongia waikaremoana whanganui kaingaroa taranaki \r
+apakura whakatau tuutaanekai horowhenua pani tamatekapua mere maahina \r
+hoturapa teheuheu teararoa tekawakawa tainui whangaehu maungawhau \r
+aawhitu rotorua mokoia hinemoa tiiwaiwaka maaui hinenuitepoo rehua \r
+tuuhourangi ngaapui hawepootki turi haakawau tehiakai taawhaki whairiri \r
+taranga whakaue pita wahieroa kura rata mahuika taane tuuwhakararo \r
+tamanuiteraa ngaatiawa hinauri tiireni maaori tinirau paania houtaaewa \r
+kae rewi te whaanauaapanui poihaakena rupe tama tekowha moeahu kaipara \r
+heremia kupe haumoe tetomo waihii tetaaite hamutana hata paeko matiu \r
+tongariro kahawai taukata hawaiki uenuku whakatuuria raumahora \r
+tuutanekai mahuika mookena paapaka hinekoorangi hamuera hoturoa \r
+whakaotirangi horomona kaawhia paania tereinga heta paka rongo toro \r
--- /dev/null
+here bygynneth the book of the tales of caunterbury whan that aprill \r
+with his shoures soote the droghte of march hath perced to the roote \r
+and bathed every veyne in swich licour of which vertu engendred is the \r
+flour whan zephirus eek with his sweete breath inspired hath in every \r
+holt and heeth the tendre croppes and the yonge sonne hath in the ram \r
+his halve course yronne and smale foweles maken melodye that slepen al \r
+the nyght with open ye so priketh hem nature in hir corages thanne \r
+longen folk to goon on pilgrimages and palmeres for to seken straunge \r
+strondes to ferne halwes kowthe in sondry londes and specially from \r
+every shires ende of engelond to caunterbury they wende the hooly \r
+blisful martir for to seke that hem hath holpen whan that they were \r
+seeke bifil that in that seson on a day inb southwerk at the tabard as \r
+i lay redy to wenden on my pilgrimage to caunterbury with fuldevout \r
+corage at nyght was come into that hostelrye wel nyne and twenty in a \r
+compaignye of sondry folk by aventure yfalle in felaweshipe and \r
+pilgrimes were they alle that toward caunterbury wolden ryde the \r
+chambres and the stbles weren wyde and wel we weren esed atte beste and \r
+shortly whan the sonne was to reste so hadde i spoken with hem \r
+everichon that i was of hir felaweshipe anon and made forward erly for \r
+to ryse to take oure way ther as i yow devyse but nathelees whil i have \r
+tyme and space er that i ferther in this tale pace me thynketh it \r
+acordaunt to resoun to telle you al the condicioun of ech of hem so as \r
+it semed me and whiche they weren and of what degree and eek in what \r
+array that they were inne and at a knyght than wol i first bigynne \r
+allas i wepynge am constreyned to bygynnnen vers of sorwful matere that \r
+whilom in florysschyng studie made delitable ditees for lo randynge \r
+muses of poetes enditen to me thynges to ben writen and drery vers of \r
+wretchidnesse weten my face with verray teres at the leeste no drede ne \r
+myghte overcomen tho muses that thei ne were felawes and folwyden my \r
+wey that is to seyn whan i was exiled they that weren glorie of my \r
+youthe whilom weleful and grene conforten now the sorwful wyerdes of me \r
+olde man for eelde is comyn unwarly uppon me hasted by the harmes that \r
+y have and sorwe hath comandid his age to ben in me heeris hore arn \r
+schad overtymeliche upon myn heved and the slakke skyn trembleth of myn \r
+emptid body thilke deth of men is weleful that ne comyth noght in \r
+yeeris that be swete but cometh to wrecches often yclepid allas allas \r
+with how deef an ere deth cruwel turneth awey fro wrecches and nayteth \r
+to closen wepynge eien whil fortune unfeithful favourede me with \r
+lyghten goodes the sorwful houre that is to seyn the deth hadde almoost \r
+dreynt myn heved but now for fortune cloudy hath chaunged hir \r
+deceyvable chere to meward myn unpietous lif draweth along unagreable \r
+duellynges o ye my freended what or wherto avaunted ye me to be weleful \r
+for he that hath fallen stood noght in stedefast degre in the mene \r
+while that i stille recordede these thynges with myself and merkid my \r
+weply compleynte with office of poyntel i saw stondynge aboven the \r
+heghte of myn heved a womman of ful greet reverence by semblaunt hit \r
+eien brennynge and cleerseynge over the comune myghte of men with a \r
+lifly colour and with swich vogour and strengthe that it ne myghte nat \r
+ben emptid al were it so that sche was ful of so greet age that men ne \r
+wolden nat trowen in no manere that sche were of our elde the stature \r
+of hire was of a doutous jugement for sometyme it semede that sche \r
+touchede the hevene with the heghte of here heved and whan sche hef hir \r
+heved heyer sche percede the selve hevenne so that the sighte of men \r
+lokynge was in ydel hir clothes weren makid of right delye thredes and \r
+subtil craft of perdurable matere the whiche clothes sche hadde duskid \r
+and dirked as it is wont to dirken besmokede ymages in the nethereste \r
+hem of bordure of thise clothes men redden ywoven in a gekissch p that \r
+signifieth the lif actif and aboven that lettre in the heieste bordure \r
+a grekyssh t that signifieth the lif contemplatif and betwixen thise \r
+two lettres ther were seyn degrees nobly ywrought in manere of laddres \r
+by which degrees men myghten clymben fro the nethereste lettre to the \r
+uppereste natheles handes of some men hadden korve that cloth by \r
+violence or by strengthe and everich man of hem hadde boren awey swiche \r
+peces as he myghte geten and for sothe this forseide womman bar smale \r
+bokis in hir right hand and in hir left hand sche bar a ceptre and whan \r
+she saugh thise poetical muses aprochen aboute my bed and enditynge \r
+wordes to my wepynges sche was a litil amoeved and glowede with cruel \r
+eighen who quod sche hath suffred aprochen to this sike man thise \r
+comune strompettis of swich a place that men clepen the theatre the \r
+whiche not oonly ne asswagen noght his sorwes with none remedies but \r
+thei wolden fedyn and noryssen hym with sweete venym for sothe thise \r
+ben tho that with thornes and prikkynges of talentz of afeccions whiche \r
+that ne bien nothyng fructifyenge nor profitable destroyen the corn \r
+plentyvous of fruytes of resoun for thei holden hertes of men in usage \r
+but thei delyvre noght folk fro maladye but yif ye muses hadden \r
+withdrawen fro me with youre flateries any unkunnynge and unprofitable \r
+man as men ben wont to fynde comonly among the peple i wolde wene \r
+suffre the lasse grevosly forwhi in swych an unprofitable man myne \r
+ententes weren nothyng endamaged but ye withdrawen me this man that \r
+hath ben noryssed in the studies or scoles of eleaticis and achademycis \r
+in grece but goth now rather awey ye mermaydenes which that ben swete \r
+til it be at the laste and suffreth this man to ben cured and heeled by \r
+myne muses that is to seyn by noteful sciences and this the companye of \r
+muses iblamed casten wrothly the chere dounward to the erthe and \r
+schewing be rednesse hir schame thei passeden sorwfully the thesschfold \r
+and i of whom the sighte ploungid in teeres was dirked so that y ne \r
+myghte noght knowen what that womman was of so imperial auctorite i wax \r
+al abayssched and astoned and caste my syghte doun to the erthe and \r
+bygan stille for to abide what sche woolde doon aftirward tho com sche \r
+ner and sette her doun uppon the uttereste corner of my bed and sche \r
+byholfynge my chere that was cast to the erthe hevy and grevous of \r
+wepynge compleynde with thise wordis that i schal seyn the perturbacion \r
+of my thought the romaunt of the rose amant whanne i hadde herde all \r
+resoun seyn which hadde spilt hir speche in veyn dame seide i i dar wel \r
+sey of this avaunt me wel i may that from youre scole so devyaunt i am \r
+that never the more avaunt right nought am i thurgh youre doctrine i \r
+dulle under youre duscipline i wot no more that i wist er to me so \r
+contrarie and so fer is every thing that ye me ler and yit i can it all \r
+par cuer myn herte foryetith therof right nought it is so writen in my \r
+thought and depe greven it is so tendir that all be herte i can it \r
+rendre and rede it over comunely bit to mysilf lewedist am i but sith \r
+ye love discreven so and lak and preise it bothe twoo defyneth it into \r
+this letter that i may thenke on it the better for i herde never \r
+diffyne it er and wilfully i wolde it ler raisoun if love be serched \r
+wel and sought it is a syknesse of the thought annexed and knet bitwixe \r
+tweyne which male and female with oo cheyne so frely byndith that they \r
+nyll twynne whether so therof they leese or wynne the roote springith \r
+thurgh hoot brennyng into disordinat desiryng for to kissen and enbrace \r
+and at her lust then to solace of other thyng love recchith nought but \r
+setteth her herte and all her thought more for delectacioun than ony \r
+procreacioun of other fruyt by engendring which love to god is not \r
+plesing for of her body fruyt to get they yeve no force they are so set \r
+upon delit to pley infeere and somme have also this manere to feynen \r
+hem for love sek sich love i preise not at a lek for paramours they do \r
+but feyne to love truly they disdeyne they falsen ladies traitoursly \r
+and swern hem othes utterly with many a lesyng and many a fable and all \r
+they fynden deceyvable and whanne they han her lust geten the hoote \r
+ernes they al foryeten wymmen the harm they bien full sore but men this \r
+thenken evermore that lasse harm is so mote i the decyve them than \r
+decyved be and namely where they ne may fynde non other mene wey \r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+Head\r\r
+Face\r\r
+Eye\r\r
+Arm\r\r
+Foot\r\r
+Toe\r\r
+Ear\r\r
+Nose\r\r
+Hair\r\r
+Blood\r\r
+Nail\r\r
+Snotling\r\r
+Enemy\r\r
+Public\r\r
+Beast\r\r
+Man\r\r
+Finger\r\r
+Goblin\r\r
+Gretchin\r\r
+Hobbit\r\r
+Teeth\r\r
+Elf\r\r
+Rat\r\r
+Ball\r\r
+Ghoul\r\r
+Knife\r\r
+Axe\r\r
+Wraith\r\r
+Deamon\r\r
+Dragon\r\r
+Tooth\r\r
+Death\r\r
+Mother\r\r
+Horse\r\r
+Moon\r\r
+Dwarf\r\r
+Earth\r\r
+Human\r\r
+Grass\r\r
+#SUF\r
+killer\r\r
+crucher\r\r
+lover\r\r
+thrower\r\r
+throttler\r\r
+eater\r\r
+hammer\r\r
+kicker\r\r
+walker\r\r
+punsher\r\r
+dragger\r\r
+stomper\r\r
+torturer\r\r
+ripper\r\r
+mangler\r\r
+hater\r\r
+poker\r\r
+chewer\r\r
+cutter\r\r
+slicer\r\r
+juggler\r\r
+raper\r\r
+smasher\r\r
+shooter\r\r
+drinker\r\r
+crawler\r\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+zofia bastgen widac bylo na wprost wejscia zagraniczne wazono \r
+przenoszono czy moge isc zabawa oshmioletnia zreszta tanczyc jakish pan \r
+trzymac zawsze co przypomniala sobie ewa co znajdowalo sie urzedzie \r
+pocztowym shrodku na prawo na lewo urzedniczka spredawala rozni ludzie \r
+pisali wyslalas do swojego nie przyjmuja okienku ktorym polecone stalo \r
+kilka oshob znacki druki starszy pan kupowal jego pies stal obok niego \r
+czekala chwile bar barszcz bulion butelka cielecy gesh groch grochowy \r
+groszek indyk karta kasza kelner klusecxki kluski kotlet mieso mleczny \r
+napic odmiana pieczen piwo lacek postanowicz potrawa procz spis stolik \r
+watroba wolowina wodka zaczac ziemniaczany zupa nastepujace artykul \r
+bielizna brac brak bucik budynek czapka czwarty dac damski dlugo drzwi \r
+duzy dywan dziecinny firanka format garnek inny jechac jezdzic juz kasa \r
+kasjerka kawiarnia kobieta kolejka koperta koszula krawat kupowac \r
+kuzynka lewy marunarka meski mezczyzna mniejszy muzyka najlepszy \r
+niebieski numer obie ogladac oprawa parter patrzec piaty placic plyta \r
+przebierac przynajmniej pudelko razem rekawiczka rodzaj rozrywkowy \r
+rozny ruchomy rzecz schody ruchome sklep solniczka stoisko szosty \r
+tamten tez trzeci tylko urzad wchodzic welniany wiezc wiekszy wybierac \r
+zajmowac zmeczony \r
--- /dev/null
+an kia nam tartarreda lagaskie me galla sag ansze miniibil denlile en \r
+dningirsusze igi zi muszibar urumea nigdu pa name sza gubi namgi sza \r
+denlilla gubi namgi sza gubi namgi agi uru nammul imilil sza denlillake \r
+ididignaam duga namtum ee lugalbi gu bade eninnu mebi an kia pa muakke \r
+ensi lu gesztu dagalkam gesztu igaga nig galgalla szu minimumu gu du \r
+masz dure si imsasae sig nam tarra sag musziibil ku dude gubi musziibzi \r
+lugalniir une maszgika gudea en dningirsura igi muniduam eani duba \r
+munadu eninnu mebi galgallaam igi munanigar gudea szagani suraam inime \r
+minikuszu gana ganaabdu gana ganaabdu inimba hamudagub sipame namnunne \r
+sag maabsumsum nig maszgike maabtumaga szabi nuzu amagu mamugu ganatum \r
+ensi kuzu metenagu dnansze nin dingir siraratagu szabi hamapade \r
+magurrana giri nammigub uruni ninakisze idninakidua ma muniri idde \r
+hullae kurku isiile bagara idde laae imtiata ninda gisz bitag szed ide \r
+lugal bagarara munagin szud munasza ursag pirig ziga gabaszugar nutuku \r
+dningirsu abzua gal di nibrukia nirgal ursag maadu szu zi gamuraabgar \r
+dningirsu ezu gamuradu me szu gamuraabdu ninzu dumu eridukige tuda \r
+nirgal metena nin ensi dingirreneke dnansze nin dingir siraratagu \r
+giribi hamagaga gu deani gisz batukuam lugalani siskur razuni gudeaasz \r
+en dningirsuke szu basziti bagaraka eszesz iak ensi dgatumdusze kinuani \r
+bade ninda gisz bitag szed ide ku dgatumdura munagen siskur munabe \r
+ningu dumu an kuge tuda nirgal metena dingir sag zi kalamma tila nudu \r
+zu uruna nin ama lagaski ki garrame igi ugsze uszibarrazu szegx \r
+hegallaam szul zi lu igi mubarrazu namti munasu ama nutukume amagu zeme \r
+nutukume agu zeme agu szaga szu banidu unua itue dgatumdu mu kuzu \r
+dugaam gia maninu giszad galgume zagu muus negibar galla duame zisza \r
+muszinigal andul dagalme gissuzusze ni gamasziibte szu mahza saga \r
+azidabi ningu dgatumdu gara hamuuru urusze idue giskimgu hesa kur ata \r
+illa ninakisze udug sagazu igisze hamagen dlama sagazu giria hamudagen \r
+gana ganaabdu gana ganaabdu inimba hamudagub amagu mamugu ganatum ensi \r
+kuzu metenagu dnansze nin dingir siraratagu szabi hamapade gu deani \r
+gisz batukuam ninani siskur razuni gudeaasz ku dgatumduge szu basziti \r
+magurrana giri nammigub uruni ninakisze kar ninakinake ma bius ensike \r
+kisal dingir sirarataka sag ansze miniil ninda gisz bitag szed ide \r
+dnansze munagub szud munasza dnansze nin uru nin me ankal ankalla nin \r
+denlilgin nam tartarre dnanszegu dugazu zidam sagbisze eaam ensi \r
+dingirreneme nin kurkurrame ama inimgu uda mamuda sza mamudaka lu am \r
+angin ribani kigin ribani ane sagganisze dingirraam anisze \r
+anzumuszendam sebaanisze amarukam zida gubuna pirig inunu eani duda \r
+maandu szagani numuzu kiszarra matae munus am abameanu abameani sagga \r
+kikaradin muak gidubba kunea szu immidu dub mulan duga immigal ad \r
+imdabgigi kam ursaggaam mugur lium zagin szu immidu ea giszhurbi imgaga \r
+igigusze dusu ku igub giszuszub ku si ibsa sig namtarra giszuszubba \r
+maangal ildag zida igigu gubba tidigixmuszen bu lua miniibzalzale dur \r
+azida lugalgake ki mahurhure ensira amani dnansze munaniibgigi sipagu \r
+mamuzu ge gamuraburbur lu angin riba kigin ribasze sagganisze dingir \r
+anisze anzumuszensze sebaanisze amarusze zida gubuna pirig inunua sa \r
+szeszgu dningirsu ganammeam esz eninnuna duba zara maraandu kiszarra \r
+marataea dingirzu dningiszzida ugin kiszara maradaratae kisikil saggae \r
+kikaradin muak gidubba kune szu bidua dubmul duga bigallaa ad imdagia \r
+ningu dnisaba ganammeam ea duba mulkuba gu maraade kamma ursagam mugur \r
+lium zagin szu bidua dnindubkam ea giszhurba immisisige igizusze dusu \r
+ku gubba uszub ku si saa sig namtarra uszubba galla sig zi eninnu \r
+ganammeam ildag zida igizu gubba tidigixmuszen bu lua miniibzalasze \r
+dude igizu duga nuszikuku anszedur azida lugalzake ki marahurhurasze \r
+zeme eninnu mur niiskugin ki imszihure na gari narigu hedab girsuki \r
+esag ki lagaskisze girizu ki ibius eniggaza kiszib umikur gisz umatagar \r
+lugalzu giszgigir umusa anszedurur uszila giszgigirbi kune zaginna szu \r
+umanitag ti marurua ugin ie ankara namursagka mi umanidu szunir ki agni \r
+umunadim muzu umisar balag ki agni uszumgal kalamma giszgudi mu tuku \r
+nig ad gigini ursag nigbae ki agra lugalzu en dningirsu eninnu \r
+anzumuszen barbarra umunadakure tur dugazu mah dugaam szu baasziibti \r
+enna sza angin surani dningirsu dumu denlillaka zara marahungae giszhur \r
+eana marapapade ursage meni galgallaam szu maraniibmumu sipa zi gudea \r
+gal muzu gal igatummu inim dnanszee munadugaasz sagsig baszigar \r
+eniggarana kiszib bikur gisz immatagar gudea gisza mugubgub gisze mi \r
+ime giszmese sag bisa giszhaluubba gin bibar giszgigir zaginsze \r
+munaasilim dururbi pirig kase pada immaszilala szunir ki agni munadim \r
+muni immisar balag ki age uszumgal kalamma giszgudi mu tuku nig ad \r
+gigini ursag nigbae ki agra lugalni en dningirsura eninnu anzumuszen \r
+barbarra munadakuku ea hulla inaniku gudea esz eninnuta zalagga namtae \r
+kamma esze uude bidib gigi baandib dudu musiig gugar mugi ahduga girta \r
+imtagar szugalam ki husz ki dikune ki dningirsuke kurkurra igi \r
+minigallasze udui gukkal masz niga ensike aszgar gisz nuzu suba \r
+minidabdab ligisz usikil kurrakam izia bisisi szim erin ir \r
+namdingirrakam ibibi mudu lugalniir ugga munazi szud munasza \r
+ubszukinnaka munagub kiri szu munagal lugalgu dningirsu en ahusz gia en \r
+zi kur gale ria szul katar nutuku dningirsu ezu maradue giskimgu nugu \r
+ursag nigdue gu baade dumu denlilla en dningirsu szabi numuudazu sza \r
+abgin zizizu giszesigin gagazu aeagin gunun dizu amarugin uru gulgulzu \r
+ugin kibalsze duduzu lugalgu szazu ea nulazu ursag sza angin surazu \r
+dumu denlilla en dningirsu ge ana muudazu kammasze nuara nuara sagga \r
+munagub gir mutagtage maduna maduna ensi egu maduna gudea egu duda \r
+giskimbi garaabsum garzaga mulankuba gu gamuraade egu eninnu anne ki \r
+garra mebi me galgalmemea diriga lugalbi igi su ilil anzumuszengin sig \r
+giabisze an imszidubdub melam huszbi anne imus ega ni galbi kurkurra \r
+muri mubie anzata kurkurre gu immasisi magan meluhha kurbita immataede \r
+ge dningirsu ahusz gia ursag gal ki denlillaka en gabari nutuku egu \r
+eninnuga en kurra abdiri tukulgu szarur kur szusze gargar igi huszagu \r
+kurre nuumil abadagu lu labatae akugu namgal ki agda lugal amaru \r
+denlilla igi huszani kurda nuil dningirsu ursag denlilla musze musa me \r
+za minikesz giszbanszur muil szuluh si bisa szu si saagu an kuge ua \r
+bazige nig szuga dugaam akugu dugabi mugu an lugal dingirreneke \r
+dningirsu lugal iszib anna musze musa tiraasz abzugin namnunna ki \r
+immanigar szabia ituda usakarra me galgal ezem annagu szu gal madudu \r
+ehusz ki huszgu musz huszgin kiszurra bidu kibalga numiibduga szagu \r
+umszimiria musz ze guruagin usz maausuhe ebarbar ki aggaga ki dutugin \r
+dallaaga kiba distarangin di uruga si baniibsae bagara ki banszurragu \r
+dingir galgal lagaskiakene gu masisine egu esagkal kurkurra azida \r
+lagaski anzumuszen anszarra sig gigi eninnu namlugalgu sipazi gudea szu \r
+zi maszitumda ansze szegxe gu bade anta hegal hamuratagin uge hegalla \r
+szu headapesze ega usz ki garrabida hegal hedagin gana galgale szu \r
+maraabile pa gubi maraabzizi dudu ki nueda maraede kiengire diri mudade \r
+siki diri mudala temengu masigena egu szu zi maszitumda hursag ki immir \r
+tuszasze girigu ki ibius nita dirike immire hursag ki sikilta im si \r
+maraabsae uge ziszagal umasum ludili luminda kig mudaakke giana iti \r
+maraee enegan umadam maraee ude maradue gie maraabmumu sigta giszhaluub \r
+gisznehadu murataede iginimta giszerin giszszuurme giszzabalum nibia \r
+maraantum kur giszesiaka giszesi maranitum kur naka na gal hursagga \r
+lagabba marakue ubia azu izi bitag giskimgu hamuuzu gudea izi usagaam \r
+ihaluh mamudam inim duga dningirsukasze sag sig baszigar masz barbarra \r
+szu mugidde masza szu igid maszani isa gudea sza dningirsuka udam munae \r
+gal muzu gal igatummu ensike uruna lu diligin nari banigar ki lagaskie \r
+dumu ama aszagin sza munaasze gisz szu mudu giszad muzi guru mugar inim \r
+duga bigi szerda eba immaangi usaan barussa eme idu siki udugannakam \r
+szua minigargar amaa dumuda gu numadade dumuu amanira kadua numanadu ir \r
+agisztag tukura lugalani sag numadadub geme lu namra hul munaaka ninani \r
+igina nig numunanira ensi eninnu dura gudear gugarbi luu numanigar \r
+ensike uru muku izi immatala usugga ni gal lugian uruta batae pisan \r
+uszubbasze masz baszinu sig masze bipa kaalbisze igi zi baszibar sipa \r
+mu pada dnanszeke namnunna igar pisan uszubba gisz bihurrani kaal \r
+namnunna munigarrani anzumuszen szunir lugallanakam urisze bimul sze \r
+uru munakuge munasikile ligisz sikil kurrakam izia bisisi szim erin ir \r
+namdingirrakam ibibi mudu siskurra munaagal gi szudde munazale danunna \r
+ki lagaski dningirsuka dude gudea siskur razu mudaanszuszugeesz sipa zi \r
+gudea hullagin immananiibgar uba ensike kalammana ziga banigar mada \r
+gusag szarszarrana guedinna dningirsukaka ziga banigar uru dua adam \r
+garrana gu giszbarra dnanszeka ziga banigar gu husz ziga gabagi nutuku \r
+giszerin barbarra lugalbiir dabba imrua dningirsukaka ziga munagal \r
+szunir mahbi lugalkurdub sagbia mugin kiagal gabagal ata ea idmah diri \r
+hegalbi barabara imrua dnanszeka ziga munagal ku szunir dnanszekam \r
+sagbia mugin gu maszansze edinna laa niisku bir mu tuku bir dutu kiag \r
+imrua dinannaka ziga munagal aszme szunir dinannakam sagbia mugin \r
+dningirsuka dude gir szuni x gar elam elamta munagin szuszinki \r
+szuszinta munagin magan meluhha kurbita gu gisz munaabgal dningirsuka \r
+dude gudea uruni girsukisze gu munasisi dninzagada mudaag urududani sze \r
+mah tumagin gudea lu duara munaabuse dninsikilada mudaag giszhaluub \r
+galgal giszesi giszabbabi ensi eninnu dura munaabuse kur giszerinna lu \r
+nukukuda gudea en dningirsuke gir munanigar giszerinbi gin gale immiku \r
+szarur azida lagaskia tukul amaru lugallanasze gin immabar musz maham \r
+ae imdirigaam hursag giszerin ad giszerinna hursag giszszuurmeta ad \r
+giszszuurme hursag giszzabalummata ad giszzabalum giszusuh galgal \r
+gisztulubuum giszeranum ad galgalbi diridirigabi kar mah kasurrake \r
+gudea en dningirsura immanaus kur na lu nukukuda gudea en dningirsuke \r
+gir munagar na galgalbi minitum ma hauna ma nalua esir abaal \r
+esirigiesir imbarbarra hursag maadgata nigga ma szegana tumagin gudea \r
+en dningirsura immanaus ensi eninnu dura niggalgale szu munaabil hursag \r
+uruduke kimaszta nibi munaabpa urudubi gidirba munibaal lu lugalna \r
+dudam ensira kusig kurbita saharba munatum gudea kunea kurbita \r
+munataede gug girine meluhhata szu munapesze kur nuta nu munataede \r
+sipade kuga mudue kudim imdatusz eninnu za mudue zadim imdatusz urudu \r
+naggaa mudue szidsimug dnintu kalammake iginisze si imsa naszu udaam \r
+sig munaabgi naesi naszuke min pesz giszkinti nam szemah deagin \r
+munanigar u munagid gigi dugud munagid nam duda lugallanasze gianna \r
+nuumkuku uanbara sag numiibdue igi zi barra dnanszekam denlilla lu \r
+szaganakam ensi szage pada dningirsukakam gudea unu maha tuda \r
+dgatumdugakam dnisabake gesztuke gal munatak ea denkike giszhurbi si \r
+munasa melambi anne ussa mebi an kida gu laa lugalbi en igi husz ilil \r
+ursag dningirsu me gal zubi eninnu anzumuszen barbarsze gudea sigta \r
+baszigin nimsze bidu nimta baszigin sigsze bidu ganazidam esz igargar \r
+aba gisz bigar niteni muzu hullagin immananiibgar uteam libirraasz \r
+razua bagin gudea bara girnunnata sza munahungae imzal mutu aszunaga \r
+meteni mugi dutu hegal munatae gudea kamasz uru kuta immatae gu du masz \r
+dure gisz bitag ee immadu kiri szu immagal dusu ku giszuszub zi \r
+namtarra eninnuta muil bi mula sag il mugin dlugalkurdub igisze munagin \r
+digalimke gir munagaga dningiszzida dingirrani szu mudagalgal pisan \r
+uszubka asaga iak ensira adab siim ala munaduam kaal sigbi sag immidu \r
+lal inun ihinunna al immanitag szembulugszimxpi giszhia uhsze immiak \r
+dusu ku muil uszube immagub gudea im uszubba igar nigdu pa bie ea sigbi \r
+pa munigaga kurkurre mudasue erin mudasue uruni ki lagaskie selia \r
+mutiniibzale uszub mudub sig hadde baszub kaal imturinabasze igi zi \r
+baszibar szimxpi haszuur szembuluga sag immanidu sig uszubba \r
+munigarrani dutu imdahul agari idmahgin zigana lugal denki nam \r
+munanitar sig mugar uszub ea iku pisan uszubbata sig batail men ku anne \r
+illa sig muil uggana mudu bir ku dutu sag baledam sige esze sag illabi \r
+ab dnanna turba rinrindam sig mugar ea mududu ea giszhurbi imgaga \r
+dnisaba sza szid zuam lutur gibilbi dugin igini duga nuszikuku ab \r
+amarbisze igi gallagin esze tetema imszigin lu ninda tur kaa gubbagin \r
+dudue nuszikuszu sza lugalna udam mue gudeaar inim dningirsuka uriam \r
+mudu sza gu di dudakana gu nigsagaa lu maagar hullagin immananiibgar \r
+masza szu igid maszani isa amire sze basi igibi si ibsa gudea sagsze nu \r
+munu inim manatae lugalnaka dubi eninnu an kita badbi igia munaagal \r
+hullagin immaniibgar gumubara me szu imdudu usga kuge esz mugaga ea \r
+denkike temen musige dnansze dumu eridukike eszbarkigga mi banidu ama \r
+lagaski ku dgatumduke sigbi kurkua munitu dbau nin dumusag annake szim \r
+erinna banisu ee en bagub lagal bagub mee szu si immasa danunna dide \r
+immaszuszugeesz gudea lu duake ea dusubi men ku sagga munigal usz mugar \r
+agar ki immitag sa musi sigga gu bidub ea sa nam nammisi gu kurunba \r
+saggallaam ea sa am nammisi anzumuszen amara timuszenam ea sa nammisi \r
+pirig tur pirig husza guda laam ea sa am nammisi an sig sulim illaam ea \r
+sa am nammisi sa duga hili guram ea sa nammisi eninnu iti zalla kalam \r
+siam giszkana imgagane an sigga men illaam giszkanata batatusz emah \r
+anda gu laam mudu gisze immaru bugin dnanna sagkesz denkikam hursaggin \r
+immumune muruxgin dugud anszage imminiibdiridirine gugin si \r
+immiibililne giszgan abzugin kurkurra sag baniibilne ee hursaggin an \r
+kia sag ansze miniibil erin duru ki ukal muaam eninnu sig kiengiraka \r
+hili muniibdudu ea gisz imgaga uszum abzu teszba ededam ka anna \r
+immiibuudam musz mah hursagga sim akam gi gurubi musz kurra teszba nuam \r
+satubi erinduru haszuurra szu hetaggaam ginerin igi dibia erin barbar \r
+imgagane szim zi ihinunka mi baniibene imduabi hinun abzu szu taggaam \r
+anigkabi imsziibla esz eninnu szudag anna gu gargaraam ensike mudu mumu \r
+kur galgin mumu temen abzubi dim galgal kia minisisi denkida eangurraka \r
+sza mutiniibkuszu temen anna ursagam ee immidab kianag dingirreneka \r
+imnanaa eninnu dim gal mugi abgalbi mudu uruna giszasal dubi mudu \r
+gissubi mula giszszarurbi uri galgin lagaskida imdasi szugalam ki \r
+huszba imminigar suzi bidudu bara girnunna ki di kuba ua lagaski gu \r
+galgin bailil na galgal lagabba minituma mu dilia mutum mu dilia muak \r
+numadaabzal uda ta mudu kammaka ee immidab na dabi kunsze munu szimsze \r
+mudimdim ea miniszuszu na kisal maha miniduana narua lugal kisal si \r
+gudea en dningirsuke girnunta muzu naba musze immasa na kasurra bidua \r
+lugal amaru denlilla gabaszugar nutuku gudea en dningirsuke igi zi \r
+muszibar naba musze immasa na igi uea bidua lugal gu di denlilla en \r
+gabari nutuku gudea en dningirsuke sza kuge bipa naba musze immasa na \r
+igi szugalammaka bidua lugal munisze kurkukue gudea en dningirsuke \r
+guzani mugi naba musze immasa na igi euruagaka bidua gudea en \r
+dningirsuke nam du munitar naba musze immasa na aga dbauka bidua eninnu \r
+igi annake zu dbau ziszagal gudea naba musze immasa lugalna zideesz \r
+mudu sipa zi gudea an ki imdamu usakar gibilgin men biil mubi kurszasze \r
+pa bie gudea dningirsuka dutugin muruxta dugud batae hursag zaginnagin \r
+mumu hursag nu barbarragin dide bagub dublabi amgin muszuszu uszumbi \r
+urmahgin szuba binunu gigunbi abzugin ki sikile bimu uribi dara ku \r
+abzugin si bamulmul usakar gibil anna gubbagin gudea dningirsuka dide \r
+bagub ea dublabi szuszugabi lahama abzuda szugaam gisz garrabi agi \r
+ambar mah musza siggaam ka giddabi anbarbarra ni gallaam e dullabi nu \r
+anszage dirigaam ka ki lugal kubita huriin amsze igi ilildam giszti kae \r
+ussabi niranna anne ussaam giszka annabi eninnu duba gu di teszba \r
+gubbaam sigigi ni gurgurabi igi di dingirrenekam ea agabarbar murugune \r
+hursag zaginna an kia ki heussaam kingi unugal mugagane bur kusig lal \r
+gesztin dea anne szugaam enuda mudune kur szarda mes ku abzua kurun \r
+illaam mudu szu imtagarrata sza dingirrene gubi giaam sipa zi gudea gal \r
+muzu gal igatummu aga tukul la ka meba ursag szeg sag sagarbi \r
+immaabdabbe igi urukisze ki ni gurba ursag am immaabdabe szugalam ka \r
+melamba uszum sabi immaabdabbe igi ue ki nam tarreba szunir dutu sag \r
+alimma immadasige kasurra igi diba urmah ni dingirrenekam immaabdabe \r
+tarsirsir ki agba kulianna urudubi immaabdabe aga dbau ki sza kuszba \r
+magilum gu alimbida immaabdabe ursag ugga imeszakeesz kabi kianagsze \r
+mugar mubi muru dingirreneka gudea ensi lagaskike pa bania ig giszerin \r
+ea szugabi diszkur anta gu nun didaam eninnu sagkulbi bad gisznukuszbi \r
+urmah sigarbita muszszatur musz husz amsze eme ede gadu ige uussabi ug \r
+pirig banda turtur szuba turunaam ea gag giszur ku musigene uszum lusze \r
+szu ibgarraam igba esz ku imlane dnirah ku abzu daraam sa laabi keszki \r
+arattaki na rigaam sa duabi pirig huszam kalamna igi miniibgal dilidu \r
+igibi numadibbe eninnu nibi kurkurra tuggin imdul kunea anne ki garra \r
+szim zida szu tag duga szeerzi annaka itigin ea igibi kur gal ki ussa \r
+szabi namszub szirhamun barbi dingir emah hegalla ziga guen barrabi ki \r
+di ku danunnakene alalbita gu szudda szukubida hegal dingirrenekam uri \r
+eda sisigabi anzumuszen kurmuszada hebadraam eninnu imbi imhamun \r
+idedinta eda lugalbi en dningirsuke sza kuge bipa szim zigin sagga \r
+miniibde gudea szeerzi annaka szu tag banidu egubita ku ga ku gir \r
+mahbita gug gal si gal girpanabi gu gu udu gu ki szukubi usga abgaga \r
+nesagbi kur gesztin bibize ebappirbita ididigna uba gallaam niggabia za \r
+ku nagga giszgigirrabi kur kia gubba aga balagabi gu gunun di kisalbi \r
+szud ku siim ala kun na ea nuabi hursag ul nunneesz nuam kun nagga \r
+ganunsze daabi nu kursze igi su ildam giszkirimiedin esze sigabi kur \r
+gesztin bibize ki imnee muam na ee dabbabi nig lugalbi da sza \r
+kuszkuszdam nig kisiga nigsikil abzu na rigaam szimna ea szugabi gudu \r
+ku nusiliggedam badsianna tumuszen turunabi eriduki simhia imeam eninnu \r
+tumuszene imnene andul pa galgal gissu dugaam burumuszen muszene sig \r
+mugigi ekur denlilla ezem gallaam ea nigalbi kalamma muri katarrabi \r
+kurre bati eninnu nibi kurkurra tuggin imdul lugalbi hilia idu \r
+dningiszzidake kigalla bidu gudea ensi lagaskike temenbi musi dutugin \r
+kalamma ea gu galgin sahar barra gubba iti kirizalgin unkinne sia \r
+hursag siggagin hili gura dide gubba eninnu kibi giaba dningirsu zami \r
+dningirsuka dua zami murubiim \r
--- /dev/null
+kwamba una kidogo au kwamba una wingi uwe radhi ukipenda usipende \r
+jogoo likiwika lisiwike kutakucha wakati alipokuwa akisema wabaya waanguke \r
+katika nyavu zao wenyewe pindi mimi ninapopita salama alisema lori ni yake \r
+hali sivyo usifanye hivi hali umejua imekatazwa nalikosa ikanipata iwapo \r
+mtu mmoja anajenga na mwenzake akabomoa je faida yao ikiwa mtu atakuja \r
+akakuambia kama anayo dawa ya ugonjwa huu usimsadiki mimi huwapa wanadamu \r
+embe zangu wakala ukimtenda mabaya akakutoroka je naweza kukupelekea barua \r
+ikafika kibanda kisiwe karibu hata inzi wakaweza kutoka na kufika nymbani \r
+linalofaa ni kumwonyesha akajua wapi yule mtu aliyekuja akamnunua mbuzi \r
+tulisikia jinsi alivyoomba akapata bwana alipoingia wale watu wakasimama \r
+wakamwamkia shauri njia hii ni ndefu kupita njia tuliyoifuata tulipokuja \r
+machungwa haya mazuri kushinda yale mengine ali mrefu kuliko juma fedha \r
+mtoto aliyesoma kitabu vitabu nisivyovisoma waliokula mikate anguka amkia \r
+aga potea pungua jana kesho vizuri vyema vibaya chakula shoka shamba simba \r
+ukanda karatasi rangi siri chuki piga kura mjumbe hesabu uchaguzi abudu \r
+acha achilia alasiri alfajiri alhamisi amsha arobaini asante askofu \r
+baadaye barabara baraka baridi biashara bidii bustani changanya cheka chemka \r
+chinja chukiza chumvi chungu chwa dafu dakika demani dhuru edashara eleza \r
+elimika endelea eneza fagia fanya farasi ficha fikiri frasils fuatisha \r
+fukuza fundisha furaha ganda gawanya gogota gunia habari halafu hamsini \r
+haribu hatimaye hesabu hiki hodari huruma huyo huzuni ibada imarisha inama \r
+ingawa inzi itika iva iwapo jaribu jicho joka jora jumba juzijuzi kahawa \r
+kaskazi kauka kesho kiarabu kibaba kidole kihindi kiingereza kijana kipofu \r
+kiswahili kiwanja korija kubali kusudi kwanza kwenu labda lainisha lewa \r
+lugha maana mahindi magharibi maisha mamlaka mamoja maskini matukano mate \r
+matusi mbegu mbolea mbona mchaguzi mchawi mfalme mganga mgomvi miongoni \r
+mjinga mkate mkristo mlinzi mnyama moshi mpaka msemaji mshipa mstari mswaki \r
+mtumishi mtumwa muhimu mvinyo mwafrika mwanafunzi mwenendo mzazi nanasi \r
+ndege nguvu njiwa nyamaza nywele nzige ogalea ondoka ovyo oza pambazuka \r
+patikana pendelea pendeza pengine penye pewa pima pinga punguza rafiki rudisha \r
+ruka sababu sabuni sadiki safisha salamu sanduku seremala serikali shilingi \r
+shoka shusha stahere subulkeri sukari swali tafadhati takata tangaza telemka \r
+tembo thelathini timiza toroka tuliza tunza twiga uchaguzi ufagio ugomvi \r
+ugonjwa uharibifu uingereza ulaya umri unguja usahaulifu usitawi uvumba \r
+uwingu uzazi vema vibaya vigumu vuka walakini wale wekundu wezesha wiki \r
+winda wokovu yayo yeye zabibu zamani ziba zidisha zoeza zunguka \r
--- /dev/null
+poonaiyonRu kuttithanai vaayil kavvi adhanudalai muzhuvadhaiyum naavaal \r
+nakkum piLLaiyum koor nagaththaal thaayay keeRi anbadhanai avvaaRe \r
+veLiyE kaatum thirudivandha meen thuNdai thinRuvittu caththathaal en \r
+thookam kalaiththuvittu thayum ceyum moolaiyil aNaindhukoNdaargaL \r
+thoongaamal naanum unnai ninaindhukkoNdirukkiRen ammaa natpudan \r
+iLavarasi sindubaad kannathil aRainthu pin vizhiththukkonda sindubaad \r
+kuRRa uNarvil kappalai nOkki nadanthar kappalil iLavarasiai kaaNaamal \r
+Ethavathu nadanthu irrukumO endru thaviththaar pozhuthu maRiyum samayam \r
+yaazhpaaNa peNgaLin iniya kuralil vantha paadalgaL kEtkka kEttiraatha \r
+inimaiyil siRuvargaL pEsum mozhiyulum Ethu ithu en ooraaga \r
+irukkakkoodaatha ena thigaiththu ninRaar kaal pOna pOkilE manam \r
+pOgalaamaa manam pOna pOkilE mannidan pOgalaamaa mannidan pOna \r
+paadaiyai marandhu pOgalaamaa nee paarththa paarvaigaL kaanavodu pOgum \r
+oor paarththa unmaigaL unakkaaga vaazhum muyaryaaga vaazhvorkku yedhu \r
+naagareegam munnOrgaL sonnaargaL adhu naagareegam thirundhaadha \r
+uLLangaL irundhenna laabam irundhaalum maraindhaalum peyar solla vEndum \r
+ivar pOla yaar enRu oor solla vEndum kaal pOna pOkilE manam pOgalaamaa \r
+thagudhi enaonRu nanRE pagudhiyaal \r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ab\r
+A'ash\r
+A'is\r
+A'lathish\r
+A'lsh\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahune\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ai'is\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akhone\r
+Akho\r
+Akhunom\r
+Akhun\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
+Aladh\r
+Alash\r
+Alaz\r
+Albel\r
+Aldeya\r
+Alel\r
+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Amessu\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aomela\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aosesna\r
+Aom\r
+Ao\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Araya\r
+Arai\r
+Archon\r
+Arduro\r
+Ardza\r
+Areksonbe\r
+Aregh\r
+Arevi\r
+Argetl\r
+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
+Arjai\r
+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
+Arko'ela\r
+Arko\r
+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arosuel\r
+Arruchegar\r
+Arruche\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsaz\r
+Arsekmekoi\r
+Arshu'u\r
+Artakh\r
+Artuvez\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
+Aru\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
+Ashekka\r
+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asumish\r
+Atalen\r
+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Avanthar\r
+Avazel\r
+Avanthe\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
+Aweth\r
+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Ai\r
+Ald\r
+Am\r
+Ardz\r
+Arkutu\r
+Asqar\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atl\r
+Ba'alan\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'an\r
+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bane\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Barraga\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Ba\r
+Badz\r
+Baisa\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bao\r
+Bashdis\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazkur\r
+Be'eku\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Begssra\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benesh\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Beshyene\r
+Bevand\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Benre\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmu\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Biyü\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Bo\r
+Brejja\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+Butrus\r
+Büchür\r
+Byokt\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+bussan\r
+Ch'a\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chankosu\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chatan\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Cha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charoneb\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chath\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Chet'u\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chiu\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chnur\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Choluga\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Chorisande\r
+Choya\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Cholokh\r
+Chom\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorodu\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Chpet\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chrai\r
+Chral\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chura\r
+Chü\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Daikan\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Daunel\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daimi\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dam\r
+Daragma\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Dele\r
+Dene\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Dhale\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Diride\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyanü\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dle\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
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+Tui\r
+Tuingashte\r
+Tukkolen\r
+Tukun\r
+Tuleng\r
+Tulengkoi\r
+Tumissa\r
+Tumissan\r
+Tunkul\r
+Tuoneb\r
+Tuor\r
+Turel\r
+Turshanmü\r
+Turugdashe\r
+Turum\r
+Turukku\r
+Turunkai\r
+Tutaita\r
+Tu'u-Kakeng\r
+Tu-Lze\r
+Tusmiketlan\r
+Tusmisimu\r
+Tulkesh\r
+Turisan\r
+Tuu\r
+Tyelu\r
+tlaSsugayal\r
+tsaipa\r
+tuKolumel\r
+U'ab\r
+U'unom\r
+Uchchür\r
+Udileg\r
+Ugwa\r
+Ukhakh\r
+Ulela\r
+Uma\r
+Umer\r
+Uni\r
+Unrachu\r
+Unukalhai\r
+Unuqa\r
+Uo\r
+Uqetme\r
+Uradz\r
+Uriyo\r
+Urtse\r
+Urudai\r
+Urunen\r
+Urusai\r
+Urukkha\r
+Usenanu\r
+Usunggahla\r
+Usun\r
+Utanakh\r
+Utekh\r
+Uteng\r
+Uthu\r
+Uvrekn\r
+Uj\r
+Uoz\r
+Urmish\r
+Ükesh\r
+Ületl\r
+Üroflatio\r
+Üroshanal\r
+Ürs\r
+Va'alzish\r
+Va'dir\r
+Vadargish\r
+Vadhuib\r
+VagMnerr\r
+Vaime\r
+Vaime'u\r
+Vajesh\r
+Valakar\r
+Valedh\r
+Valsura\r
+Vanredhish\r
+Vaomahl\r
+Varamaz\r
+Varchu\r
+Varemu\r
+Vashmu\r
+Vayatlanle\r
+Vayonem\r
+Vayuma\r
+Vaan\r
+Valsh\r
+Vanu\r
+Varchekh\r
+Varis\r
+Vatlaz\r
+Veridh\r
+Vernech\r
+Verussa\r
+Veshmuna\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessura\r
+Ve\r
+Veshkuru\r
+Vgaish\r
+Viluneb\r
+Vimuhla\r
+Viosena\r
+Viothetl\r
+Virala\r
+Virida'a\r
+Viridame\r
+Viridda\r
+Viridlan\r
+Virikeshmu\r
+Viruzhee\r
+Visarga\r
+Vishetru\r
+Viteshmal\r
+Viumel\r
+Viyunggaz\r
+Vina\r
+Vipu\r
+Visumikh\r
+Vle\r
+Vleshga\r
+Vleshgayal\r
+Vluskassa\r
+Vnatl\r
+Vorodla\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vortumoi\r
+Voruseka\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vra'ama\r
+Vrahama\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vrayani\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vra\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vreg\r
+Vrekn\r
+Vrel\r
+Vrelq\r
+Vrem\r
+Vrer\r
+Vres\r
+Vretlish\r
+Vridekka\r
+Vriggetsu\r
+Vrimeshtu\r
+Vringayekmu\r
+Vringalu\r
+Vrishanu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Vrishtara\r
+Vriyadu\r
+Vriyagga\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyon\r
+Vri\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vridu\r
+Vrisa\r
+Vrusaemaz\r
+Vrusaggu\r
+Vru\r
+Vru'uneb\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vunarsa\r
+Vurosa\r
+Vurrighend\r
+Vurshe\r
+Vurtleshkoi\r
+Vurummu\r
+Vuruttu\r
+Vu\r
+Vur\r
+Vyer\r
+vindo\r
+vuChrayu\r
+vuHaggoshe\r
+vuMakkochaqu\r
+Wadraz\r
+Walaz\r
+Warghan\r
+Wassamatl\r
+Wasuro\r
+Waba\r
+Wektudhish\r
+Wekuna\r
+Weltiga\r
+Wesh\r
+Wiyul\r
+Wno\r
+Wothudle'esh\r
+Wothuish\r
+Wothuzash\r
+Wrru\r
+Wuru\r
+Ya'ela\r
+Yaheshu\r
+Yamashsha\r
+Yanai\r
+Yarisal\r
+Yarsur\r
+Yatasa\r
+Yazai\r
+Yafa\r
+Yama\r
+Yan\r
+Yau\r
+Yele\r
+Yeker\r
+Yeleth\r
+Yena\r
+Yilrana\r
+Yil-Uleb\r
+Yoshum\r
+Yom\r
+Yossu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yual\r
+Yugao\r
+Yuleneb\r
+Za'a\r
+Za'es\r
+Zadlanu\r
+Zagaz\r
+Zaidza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklen\r
+Zanatl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaqe\r
+Zaren\r
+Zarnaz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zaq\r
+Zdan\r
+Zerussa\r
+Zhabara\r
+Zhaitolan\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavendu\r
+Zhavez\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhapai\r
+Zhaqu\r
+Zhdanawi\r
+Zhe'enarak\r
+Zheu\r
+Zhevane\r
+Zhio\r
+Zhnemuish\r
+Zhneb\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhurrilugga\r
+Zhurulen\r
+Zhu\r
+Zikur\r
+Ziruna\r
+Zitmaz\r
+Zikku\r
+Ziris\r
+Zirunel\r
+Zmakka-Lude\r
+Zna'ye\r
+Znalaz\r
+Znamrishsha\r
+Znayashu\r
+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ur\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ine\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'ab\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ash\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahanur\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ahune\r
+Ai\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Aigo\r
+Ai'is\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+A'is\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akho\r
+Akhone\r
+Akhun\r
+Akhunom\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
+Aladh\r
+Alash\r
+A'lathish\r
+Alaz\r
+Albel\r
+Ald\r
+Aldeya\r
+Alel\r
+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+A'lsh\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
+Am\r
+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amessu\r
+Amiyala\r
+Amnu'a\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aom\r
+Aomela\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aosesna\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Arai\r
+Araya\r
+Archon\r
+Arduro\r
+Ardz\r
+Ardza\r
+Aregh\r
+Areksonbe\r
+Arevi\r
+Argetl\r
+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
+Arjai\r
+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
+Arko\r
+Arkodu\r
+Arko'ela\r
+Arkutu\r
+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arodu\r
+Arosuel\r
+Arruche\r
+Arruchegar\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsaz\r
+Arsekmekoi\r
+Arshu'u\r
+Arsuru\r
+Artakh\r
+Artuvez\r
+Aru\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
+Arusa\r
+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
+Asanuka\r
+Ashekka\r
+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asqar\r
+Asumish\r
+Atalen\r
+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atl\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Auvesu\r
+Avanthar\r
+Avanthe\r
+Avazel\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
+Aweth\r
+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Aztlan\r
+Ba\r
+Ba'alan\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'an\r
+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Badz\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Baisa\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balam\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bane\r
+Banthadha\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Bao\r
+Barada\r
+Barraga\r
+Barudla\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Bashdis\r
+Bashuvra\r
+Basküne\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Bazkur\r
+Büchür\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Be'eku\r
+Begssra\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Benesh\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benre\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmülu\r
+Beshmu\r
+Beshudla\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Bevand\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyü\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bo\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bosuga\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Brejja\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Burutla\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+bussan\r
+Butrus\r
+Byokt\r
+Chü\r
+Ch'a\r
+Cha\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chagotlekka\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaishmru\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chakkena\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankodel\r
+Chankolel\r
+Chankolu\r
+Chankolum\r
+Chankolun\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chankosu\r
+Chankunu\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chanmismongedali\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charkunu\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charoneb\r
+Charshunu\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chashmüdu\r
+Chatan\r
+Chath\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Cheshkosa\r
+Cheshna\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Chet'u\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chiggene\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chirkesu\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chitten\r
+Chiu\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnur\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Cholokh\r
+Choluga\r
+Chom\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorisande\r
+Chorodu\r
+Choruna\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Choya\r
+Chpet\r
+Chrai\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chral\r
+Chranyel\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Chunmiyel\r
+Chura\r
+Churgushsha\r
+Churidai\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chuyon\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daikan\r
+Daimi\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Dam\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danolel\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daragma\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Daunel\r
+Dautlesa\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Delashai\r
+Dele\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Dene\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhale\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dikkuna\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diride\r
+diridza\r
+Dirikte\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyanü\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dle\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Do\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dokh\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
+Dommu\r
+Donatri\r
+Donmikayel\r
+Dopusai\r
+Doqmugh\r
+Dori\r
+Dormoron\r
+Dorodai\r
+Dorsum\r
+Dorudai\r
+Dra\r
+Draka\r
+Drangga\r
+Drantike\r
+Drarsha\r
+Dreng\r
+Drenggar\r
+Dresak\r
+Dressa\r
+Dri\r
+Drichansa\r
+Drichte\r
+Dridakku\r
+Dritlan\r
+Dronu\r
+Dru'unish\r
+Dudali\r
+Dugo\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Duman\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumuggash\r
+Dumuz\r
+Dunl\r
+Dunnul\r
+Duon\r
+Duqala\r
+Dure'ep\r
+Durritlamish\r
+Durugen\r
+Durumu\r
+Durun\r
+Duruntlano\r
+Duru'ob\r
+Duruob\r
+Duru'uba\r
+Du'un\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dva\r
+Dyardeshaz\r
+Dza\r
+Dzakang\r
+Dzashlanish\r
+Dzee\r
+Dzelün\r
+Dzeu\r
+Dzor\r
+Dzovath\r
+Ebe'engudle'esh\r
+Ebe'enguish\r
+Ebe'enguzash\r
+Eber\r
+Ebzal\r
+Eche\r
+Edduelmiga\r
+Edluchcho\r
+Edlun\r
+E'eth\r
+Ejel\r
+Ek'e\r
+Ekhor\r
+Ekune\r
+Ela\r
+Elara\r
+Elechu\r
+Elelun\r
+Elenur\r
+Elitlayal\r
+Elkhome\r
+Elue\r
+Elulaiku\r
+Elulen\r
+Elulen\r
+Elvaru\r
+Emeshmu\r
+Emish\r
+Emketlish\r
+Emrallam\r
+Engsvan\r
+Engsvanyali\r
+Engsvanyalu\r
+Enome\r
+Enushu\r
+Epü\r
+Epeng\r
+Equ'noyel\r
+Equnoyel\r
+Erbule\r
+Eresu\r
+Eride\r
+erophants\r
+Ersarish\r
+Ershummu\r
+Eructating\r
+Erunu\r
+Erutleppa\r
+Erzh\r
+Eselne\r
+Esh\r
+Eshatl\r
+Eshine\r
+Eshir\r
+Eshmigetl\r
+Eshmir\r
+Eshpir\r
+Eshqura\r
+Eshshu\r
+Eshu'uz\r
+Esthete\r
+Esue\r
+Etan\r
+Etehltu\r
+Etla\r
+Etmesh\r
+Etsunu\r
+Eutl\r
+Evidlu\r
+Evuen\r
+Evuyu\r
+Eyagi\r
+Eyloa\r
+Eyu\r
+Ey'un\r
+Eyvar\r
+Fü\r
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+Fa'a\r
+Faa\r
+Fa'asal\r
+Fa'asha\r
+Fa'asu\r
+Fai\r
+Faishan\r
+Falla\r
+Falli\r
+Fanuldali\r
+Faoz\r
+Fara'akh\r
+Farazhme\r
+Fardaz\r
+Fardha\r
+Farise\r
+Farishu\r
+Farkhenu\r
+Farrekesh\r
+Farsalaz\r
+Farsha\r
+Fashaa\r
+Fasharangga\r
+Fashranu\r
+Fasil\r
+Fasiltum\r
+Fasraz\r
+FatIan\r
+Fayaz\r
+Fayes\r
+Fejja\r
+Fenul\r
+Feresh\r
+Fereshma'a\r
+Ferinara\r
+Fersala\r
+Fershena\r
+Feshdrubal-Chren\r
+Feshenga\r
+Feshmu\r
+Feshmu'un\r
+Fesru\r
+Fetsoqi\r
+Ffrsha\r
+Ffsa\r
+Firasul\r
+Firaz\r
+Firu\r
+Firya\r
+Fisa-Brugshmy\r
+Fiyash\r
+Fiyu\r
+Fner-Khmishu\r
+Foshaa\r
+Foshaa\r
+Freshshayu\r
+Fressa\r
+Fü'ürik\r
+Fsa\r
+Fssa\r
+Fssu'uma\r
+Fu\r
+Ga\r
+Ga'anish\r
+Ga'anra\r
+Gachaya\r
+Gachayayal\r
+gadal\r
+Ga'en\r
+Gagarsha\r
+Gaggalmike\r
+Gai\r
+Gaichun\r
+Gaidru\r
+Gain\r
+Ga'intor\r
+Gajan\r
+Galai\r
+Galenü\r
+Gallai\r
+Gama'an\r
+Gamalu\r
+Gamra\r
+Gamulu\r
+ganga\r
+Ganga\r
+Gangan\r
+Gangasa\r
+Ganraz\r
+Ganudla\r
+gapul\r
+Gapul\r
+Gaqchike\r
+Garagu\r
+Gardaisasayal\r
+Gardasisyal\r
+Gardasiyal\r
+Garjak\r
+Garon\r
+Gashchne\r
+Gashekka\r
+Gashtene\r
+Gayasu\r
+Gayel\r
+Gdeth\r
+Güdru\r
+G'dzar\r
+Ge\r
+Ge'eltigane\r
+Ge'en\r
+Ge'eru\r
+Gegresa\r
+Gekkudla\r
+G'elts\r
+Genemu\r
+Gerednya\r
+Geresa\r
+Gereshma'a\r
+Gerkas\r
+Ghai\r
+Ghamrik\r
+Ghar\r
+Ghaton\r
+Ghatoni\r
+Ghe\r
+Ghenesh\r
+Ghezhna\r
+Ghezhna\r
+Ghezna\r
+Ghezna\r
+Ghilraa\r
+Ghiner\r
+Ghitaa\r
+Ghiu\r
+Ghiyal\r
+Ghmarish\r
+Ghol\r
+Ghoruq\r
+Ghotne\r
+Ghrü\r
+Ghu'akh\r
+Ghusan\r
+Gij\r
+Gij\r
+Gilraya\r
+Gimangresh\r
+Girandu\r
+Gires\r
+Giridano\r
+Giriga\r
+Girigamish\r
+Girigashna\r
+Girikteshmu\r
+Giriku\r
+Giritlen\r
+Gishko\r
+Giu\r
+Giu\r
+Giugemish\r
+Giyo\r
+Gjmem\r
+Glagsha\r
+Gluir\r
+Gnemu\r
+Gnerru\r
+Goduku\r
+Go'on\r
+Goriku\r
+Gorrugu\r
+Gorulu\r
+Gra'acha\r
+Grai\r
+Gratstsatla\r
+Grazhu\r
+Gre\r
+Greggeesa\r
+Grekka\r
+Grel\r
+Greshu\r
+Gr-ga\r
+Griffons\r
+Griggatsetsa\r
+Grillpa\r
+GriMnerr\r
+Gürrüshyugga\r
+Gruganu\r
+Grumeg\r
+Grusegh\r
+Gsa\r
+Gse\r
+Gser\r
+Guadesh\r
+Gual\r
+Gubanu\r
+Gudai\r
+Gudhasi\r
+Guetl\r
+Gulgenu\r
+Gunurum\r
+Guodai\r
+Gupa\r
+Gupaggali\r
+Guppishsha\r
+Gurek\r
+Gurue\r
+Guruggma\r
+Guruma\r
+Gurusha\r
+Guru'umish\r
+Gusha\r
+Gyanu\r
+Gyardanaz\r
+Gyesmu\r
+Gyogma\r
+Gyush\r
+Ha'ara\r
+Hachaikesh\r
+Hadzqü\r
+Ha-essu\r
+Hafarek\r
+Hagarr\r
+Haggopya\r
+Hagh\r
+Haghaktish\r
+Haichutl\r
+Haida\r
+Haiga\r
+Haikon\r
+Ha'ilor\r
+Haisoner\r
+Hajara\r
+Hajjana\r
+Hakkan\r
+Hakkumish\r
+Hakmunish\r
+Halel\r
+Halir\r
+Halor\r
+Hamaz\r
+Hammag\r
+Ha'oggü\r
+Ha'otl\r
+Haqel\r
+Harchar\r
+Hargai\r
+Harisayu\r
+Harkkunes\r
+Harkuz\r
+Harsan\r
+Harzh\r
+Hasanpor\r
+Hase\r
+Haspara\r
+Hasparaz\r
+Ha-Tlangu\r
+Hauma\r
+Hauninngakte\r
+Hautmekkish\r
+Havasu\r
+Haya\r
+Hayasa\r
+Hayekka\r
+Hazhmu'ul\r
+He'esa\r
+Hegleth\r
+Heglethyal\r
+Hehecharu\r
+Heheganu\r
+Hehejallu\r
+Hehekaino\r
+Hehellukoi\r
+Hehesha\r
+Heile\r
+Heile'u\r
+Hejjeka\r
+Hekekka\r
+Hekella\r
+Hekellu\r
+Heketh\r
+Hekeths\r
+Hekkel\r
+Hekkunish\r
+Heku'u\r
+Hekuuma\r
+Hel\r
+Helel\r
+Heleth\r
+Helgessa\r
+Helmuna\r
+Hemanche\r
+Hemektu\r
+Hemeth\r
+Hengandalisa\r
+Henganikh\r
+Henggis\r
+Hengka\r
+Heredaru\r
+Hereksa\r
+Heres\r
+Heretlekka\r
+Here'ul\r
+Herje\r
+Heru\r
+Hes\r
+Hesh\r
+Heshpurru\r
+Heshqu\r
+Heshqu\r
+Heshtu'atl\r
+Heshu'el\r
+Heshuel\r
+Hesnucheldalikoi\r
+Hessa\r
+Hesumra\r
+Hetenek\r
+Hetkolainen\r
+hetpetokoi\r
+Hetrudakte\r
+Hettashte\r
+Hh-kk-ssa\r
+Hichalyal\r
+Hicheggeth\r
+Hidallu\r
+Hidz\r
+Hijajai\r
+Hikana\r
+Hikotume\r
+Hiriktashte\r
+Hirilakte\r
+Hirkane\r
+Hirkkulmeshmru\r
+Hirtlamongerkoi\r
+Hisha\r
+Hisun\r
+Hiu\r
+HiZhnayu\r
+hla\r
+Hlaka\r
+Hlakh\r
+Hlakme\r
+Hlanel\r
+Hlaru\r
+Hlarunkeng\r
+Hlash\r
+Hlassu\r
+Hlaveru\r
+Hlav'ma\r
+Hlaya\r
+Hlechu\r
+Hleker\r
+Hleki\r
+Hlektis\r
+Hlepurdal\r
+Hleshvami\r
+Hlethikar\r
+Hleveshmo\r
+Hli'ir\r
+Hlikarsh\r
+Hlikku\r
+Hlimeklu\r
+Hlimekluyal\r
+Hling\r
+Hlorush\r
+Hlüss\r
+Hlüssa\r
+Hlüssuyal\r
+Hlutrgu\r
+Hlu'un\r
+Hma\r
+Hmahiyal\r
+Hmakuyal\r
+Hmara\r
+Hme\r
+Hmelu\r
+Hmiss\r
+Hnalla\r
+Hnashatish\r
+Hnazali\r
+Hnel\r
+Hnelesh\r
+Hneluish\r
+Hnequ\r
+Hneshtu\r
+Hnetla\r
+Ho\r
+Hoggach\r
+Hoi\r
+Hokun\r
+Holdukai\r
+Holdukal\r
+Holis\r
+Hoqqulen\r
+Horga\r
+Horgoma\r
+Horkhunen\r
+Hormugga\r
+Horodai\r
+Horok\r
+Horri\r
+Horu\r
+Horukel\r
+Horukel\r
+Hotekpu\r
+Hrü'ü\r
+Hra\r
+Hrais\r
+Hrakkuq\r
+Hras\r
+Hrüchchaqsha\r
+Hre-Niriu\r
+Hrg\r
+Hrga\r
+Hrgash\r
+Hrgsish\r
+Hri'ar\r
+Hrihayal\r
+Hrika\r
+Hriqa\r
+Hrishmuna\r
+Hrk-ss\r
+Hrsh\r
+Hrshenga\r
+Hru\r
+Hruchan\r
+Hrudhai\r
+Hrugash\r
+Hrugash\r
+Hrugga\r
+Hrukar\r
+Hsse\r
+Hsun\r
+Htek\r
+Hu\r
+Huathu\r
+Huathudali\r
+Huathudalisa\r
+Huen\r
+Hukel\r
+Huketlayu\r
+Hundranu\r
+Hu'on\r
+Huqesh\r
+Huroth\r
+Hursha\r
+Hurusamish\r
+Huru'u\r
+Hwan\r
+hyaa-hyuu\r
+Hyahyu'u\r
+Hyashra\r
+i'a\r
+Ichche\r
+I'ena\r
+I'i\r
+Ikaner\r
+Ilelmuna\r
+Ime\r
+Imonü\r
+Imosh\r
+Inggonu\r
+Ishankoi\r
+Ishenla\r
+Isinju\r
+Isitl\r
+Iverge\r
+Iwau\r
+Iyeth\r
+Ja'akath\r
+Jagaz\r
+Jageb\r
+Jahl\r
+Jaikalor\r
+Jaimuru\r
+Jaiteng\r
+Jaithulenkoi\r
+Jajahl\r
+Jajel\r
+Jajgi\r
+Jajkuru\r
+Jakalla\r
+Jakasha\r
+Jakkohl\r
+Jakona\r
+Jalesa\r
+Jaluda\r
+Jalugan\r
+Jalush\r
+Janash\r
+Janja\r
+Janjolu\r
+Jankoi\r
+Jannu\r
+Jannuyani\r
+Janule\r
+Ja'och\r
+Jaralüz\r
+Jaranga\r
+Jaredayu\r
+Jarn\r
+Jashlanaz\r
+Jashleneg\r
+Jasht\r
+Jashten\r
+Javak\r
+Jayargo\r
+Jayarka\r
+Jazhzhar\r
+je\r
+Jedhaichi\r
+Jedusane\r
+Je'e\r
+Jegeth\r
+Jeggeth\r
+Jekw\r
+Jelel\r
+Jer\r
+Jermochusun\r
+Jesekh\r
+Jet'tla\r
+Jeweth\r
+Jgai\r
+J'grek\r
+Jgresh\r
+Ji-Asha\r
+Jigaretl\r
+Jijekmu\r
+Jikutlar\r
+Jimu\r
+Jitassa\r
+Ji'una\r
+Jækanta\r
+Jmar\r
+Jnares\r
+Jne\r
+Jnekkesh\r
+Jneksha\r
+Jneksha'a\r
+Jneleg\r
+Jneshtlaq\r
+Jogai\r
+Jokalto\r
+Jomu\r
+Jorudu\r
+Jorul\r
+Jrar\r
+Jrelish\r
+Jugar\r
+Julula\r
+Jurn\r
+Jurrumra\r
+Jurshu\r
+Ju'una\r
+Ju'unu\r
+Ka\r
+Ka'a\r
+Kabarikh\r
+Kadarsha\r
+Kadarta\r
+Kadlan\r
+Ka'esla\r
+Kagekte\r
+Kagesh\r
+Kai\r
+Kai\r
+Kaidrach\r
+Kaidrach\r
+Kaija\r
+Kaika\r
+Kaikama\r
+Kaikama\r
+Kai-kodlan\r
+Kaikumesh\r
+Kaikune\r
+Ka'ing\r
+Kaing\r
+Kaingmra\r
+K'aini\r
+Kaishma\r
+Kaitar\r
+Kaitars\r
+Kajju\r
+Kakaganu\r
+Kakan\r
+Kakarsh\r
+Kakarsha\r
+Kakkonen\r
+Kakri\r
+Kakuvu\r
+Kalaya\r
+Kalesh\r
+Kalmuru\r
+Kalone'i\r
+Kalovel\r
+Kalusü\r
+Kamar\r
+Kamaz\r
+Kana\r
+Kanaktiru\r
+Kanbe\r
+Kandomel\r
+Kangge\r
+Kankara\r
+Kankubel\r
+Kanmi'yel\r
+Kanmi'yel\r
+Kanukolum\r
+Kanukolum\r
+K'a'on\r
+Karai\r
+Karakan\r
+Karaktu\r
+Karapadin\r
+Karchan\r
+Karelsa\r
+Kareneb\r
+Kareng\r
+Karim\r
+Karin\r
+Karin\r
+Karisa\r
+Karisayu\r
+Karnak\r
+Karo\r
+Karshtla\r
+Karslan\r
+Kartu'un\r
+Karu\r
+Karunaz\r
+Kashe\r
+Kashi\r
+Kashikka\r
+Kashkerukoi\r
+Kashkomai\r
+Kashonu\r
+Kashtri\r
+Kasi\r
+Kasikoi\r
+Katalal\r
+katar\r
+Katha\r
+Katru\r
+Ka-Tsa\r
+Kayal\r
+Kayi\r
+Kazha\r
+Kazhilo'ob\r
+Kazhra\r
+Kazhurin\r
+Kchana\r
+K'char\r
+Kcharandu\r
+K'e\r
+Ke'el\r
+Ke'er\r
+Kegon\r
+Ke'il\r
+Kekkeka\r
+Kekkerja\r
+Kekyelu\r
+Keladi\r
+Kelem\r
+Keleno\r
+Kelkuun\r
+Kellukar\r
+Keluo\r
+Kemu\r
+Kenemuz\r
+Keneng\r
+Kengyel\r
+Keq\r
+Kerdh\r
+Kerdu\r
+Kerdudali\r
+Kerdusayal\r
+Kerek\r
+Kerek\r
+Kerektu\r
+Kerektu\r
+Kerena\r
+Kerulya\r
+Keruna\r
+Kerunan\r
+Kes'ar\r
+Ükesh\r
+Keshan\r
+Keshante\r
+Keshchal\r
+Keshkuru\r
+Keshu\r
+Ketengku\r
+Ketketa\r
+Ketketari\r
+Ketkolel\r
+Ketkolel\r
+Ketl\r
+Ketlan\r
+Kettukal\r
+Kettuleno\r
+Kettusesh\r
+Ketviru\r
+Ke'un\r
+Kevuk\r
+Keyel\r
+Kga\r
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+Khajju\r
+Khakh\r
+Khalesh\r
+Kham\r
+Khamiyal\r
+Khamra\r
+Khanü\r
+Khangalish\r
+Khanmu\r
+Khanmu\r
+Khanuma\r
+Khapa\r
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+Kharcha\r
+Kharihaya\r
+Khariyelyal\r
+Kharsama\r
+Khashagu\r
+khatunjalim\r
+Khatunjalim\r
+Khü-Chneshayalu\r
+Khehloyi\r
+Kheiris\r
+Khekhessa\r
+Khekhkhessa\r
+Kheshari\r
+Kheshchal\r
+Kheshdu\r
+Kheshyari\r
+Khi\r
+Khige\r
+Khillür\r
+Khirana\r
+Khirash\r
+Khirgar\r
+Khirgari\r
+Khirre\r
+Khishan\r
+Khiya\r
+Khma\r
+Kho\r
+Kholu\r
+Kholur\r
+Khom\r
+khomoyi\r
+Khomoyi\r
+Khosa\r
+Khüsmündle'esh\r
+Khüsmünish\r
+Khu\r
+Khuaz\r
+Khufu\r
+Khum\r
+Khum\r
+Khuolaz\r
+Khurmel\r
+Khu'uma\r
+Khuva\r
+Khuzir\r
+Kichana\r
+Kichengurkoi\r
+Kikumarsha\r
+Kilalammu\r
+Kilalammuyani\r
+Kilitana\r
+Kimuleth\r
+Kirag\r
+Kirchta\r
+kiren\r
+Kiren\r
+Kiridan\r
+Kirikyagga\r
+Kiriqalu\r
+Kirisaya\r
+Kirisaya\r
+Kirkta\r
+Kirrineb\r
+Kirrineb\r
+Kite\r
+Kizhaga\r
+Klanektu\r
+Kle\r
+Kümür\r
+knau\r
+Küne\r
+Kner\r
+Knesh\r
+Küni\r
+Kü'nur\r
+Kokh\r
+Kokor\r
+Kokun\r
+Koluman\r
+Kolumebabar\r
+Kolumebabardali\r
+Kolumebabardalisa\r
+Kolumebabarsasa\r
+Kolumehagi\r
+Kolumejalim\r
+Kolumejalim\r
+Kolumejalim\r
+Kolumejalim\r
+Kolumel\r
+Kolumel\r
+Kolumelan\r
+Kolumelan\r
+Kolumelra\r
+Komek\r
+Komore\r
+Konchekme\r
+Konilani\r
+Konumra\r
+Konumra\r
+Konumras\r
+Kor\r
+Korangkoren\r
+Korangkoreng\r
+Korazanu\r
+Korga\r
+Korghaa\r
+Korikada\r
+Korkuma\r
+Kornamu\r
+Korogach\r
+Korokol\r
+Korulainen\r
+Korunkoi\r
+Korunme\r
+koruss\r
+Koryani\r
+Kotaru\r
+Kotsügga\r
+Koyluga\r
+Koyon\r
+Koyuga\r
+Koyuga\r
+Kra\r
+Kraa\r
+Kraa\r
+Krang\r
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+Ranua\r
+Ranzru\r
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+Rayeshtu\r
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+Renyu\r
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+Rereshqala\r
+Reretlesu\r
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+Ressuma\r
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+Ri'inür\r
+Ri'inyussa\r
+Ri'inyussa\r
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+Riruchel\r
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+Rirutlu\r
+Rishem\r
+Ritonmel\r
+Riyul\r
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+Rülla\r
+Rno\r
+Üroflatio\r
+Roqav\r
+Üroshanal\r
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+Rüshe\r
+Rssa\r
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+Ruqqa\r
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+Ry'ytlanesh\r
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+Sý\r
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+Sanjesh\r
+Sanjesh\r
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+Sanyel\r
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+Sarelqe\r
+Sarelte\r
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+Shanatl\r
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+Sharetlkoi\r
+Sharidza\r
+Sharitla\r
+Sharseb\r
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+shrsa\r
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+Sionu\r
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+Siuhsa\r
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+Siyathuaz\r
+Siyenagga\r
+Siyushaa\r
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+Skumra\r
+Skumra\r
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+Snarel\r
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+Songga\r
+Songyal\r
+Sonkolel\r
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+Sraisha\r
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+Sraon\r
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+Srikolun\r
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+Sritl\r
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+Srükarum\r
+Srüma\r
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+Srüqu\r
+Srýqu\r
+Srsa\r
+Srung\r
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+Ssa'atis\r
+Ssainggela\r
+Ssaivra\r
+Ssaivra\r
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+Ssankorel\r
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+Ssanmirin\r
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+Ssanvusa\r
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+Ssaronel\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Ssüdüne\r
+Sseffer\r
+Sseffer\r
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+Ssineleth\r
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+Ssiyor\r
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+Ssorva\r
+Ssorvu\r
+Ssrayani\r
+Ssru-Gatl\r
+Ssüssü\r
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+Ssudüne\r
+Ssuganar\r
+Ssuganar\r
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+Ssunruel\r
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+Ssuyal\r
+Ssyusayal\r
+Su\r
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+Subadim\r
+Subadim\r
+Suchel\r
+Suchlesa\r
+Su'el\r
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+Sunon\r
+Sunraya\r
+Sunrudaya\r
+Sunun\r
+Sunuz\r
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+Surgeth\r
+Surnaz\r
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+Ta'eq\r
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+Tahele\r
+Takavuk\r
+Takodai\r
+Takolu\r
+Takpaj\r
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+Tamkade\r
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+Tankolel\r
+Tankolu\r
+Tanmruktu\r
+Tanule\r
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+Targholel\r
+Tarikme\r
+Tariktame\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tarishande\r
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+Tarkonu\r
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+Tartür\r
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+Tashqa\r
+Tathlua\r
+Tatolen\r
+Tatregaz\r
+Tatregeb\r
+Tayalaz\r
+Tayarsha\r
+Tayarsha\r
+Tayehl\r
+Te\r
+Te-Alodelt\r
+Te'ekuna\r
+Te'ep\r
+Te-Garudne\r
+Tekai\r
+Tekar\r
+Teketl\r
+Tekka\r
+Tekken\r
+Tekketal\r
+Tekkol\r
+Tekku'une\r
+Tekoth\r
+Tekumel\r
+Tekumelani\r
+Tekumeli\r
+Tekumelyani\r
+Tekunu\r
+Telesa\r
+Tenerzaz\r
+Tengetlaku\r
+Tengguren\r
+Tenkolu\r
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+Tenturen\r
+Tenturen\r
+Teqeqmu\r
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+Teshkana\r
+Teshkoa\r
+Teshkorusa\r
+Teshkuma\r
+Teshkuru\r
+Teshtesh\r
+Teshuna\r
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+Tessuken\r
+Tetel\r
+Teteli\r
+Tetengkaino\r
+Tetkolel\r
+Tetkoru\r
+Tetkumne\r
+Tetkunu\r
+Tetkuru\r
+Tetlakte\r
+Tetnerzaz\r
+Tettukanetl\r
+Tettukanu\r
+Tetukel\r
+Thagamusekoi\r
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+Thenu\r
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+Thesun\r
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+Thojeng\r
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+Thunsenyakh\r
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+Ti'Ch'a\r
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+Ti-holmuu\r
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+Tikakoi\r
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+Tikeshmu\r
+Tikik-dsa-ke\r
+Tikku\r
+Tikkuththu\r
+Tik-nekw-ket\r
+Tiktikanu\r
+Tilekku\r
+Tilune\r
+Timandalikh\r
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+Timuel\r
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+Timung\r
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+Tire\r
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+Tirikelu\r
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+Tirikeludalidalisa\r
+Tirisan\r
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+Tiritlen\r
+Tirrgasche\r
+Tirrikamu\r
+Tirrikamukoi\r
+Tirrular\r
+Tirrune\r
+Ti-Sharvuu\r
+Tishkolun\r
+Tishkolun\r
+Tiu\r
+Tiuni\r
+Tiyotl\r
+Tka\r
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+T'kav\r
+Tkekmar\r
+Tke'l\r
+Tkel\r
+Tkemar\r
+Tkesh\r
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+Tk't'trr\r
+Tku\r
+Tlæ\r
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+Tlakotani\r
+Tlakotani\r
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+Tlangtu\r
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+tlaSsugayal\r
+Tlatoyel\r
+Tle\r
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+Tleggashmu\r
+Tlek\r
+Tlekchaqhu\r
+Tlekku\r
+Tlekolmü\r
+Tlekolmu\r
+Tleku\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tle-Mu\r
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+Tlümrik\r
+Tlokiriqaluyal\r
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+Tmekt\r
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+Tneg\r
+Tnek\r
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+Tn'iss'ssa\r
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+Todukai\r
+Toh\r
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+Tolkien\r
+Tolünglukh\r
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+Ton\r
+Tontiken\r
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+Traggesh\r
+Trahlu\r
+Trakonel\r
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+Trübeth\r
+Trek'e\r
+Trekhuish\r
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+Tronua\r
+Tru\r
+Tsa\r
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+Tsukelmri\r
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+Ttik-Deqeq\r
+Tugrunmodalikoi\r
+Tugrunmokoi\r
+Tugruntokoi\r
+Tuheshmu\r
+Tui\r
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+tuKolumel\r
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+tuplanKolumeldalidalisayal\r
+tuplan-Mitlandalisayal\r
+Turel\r
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+Tusmiketlan\r
+Tusmisimu\r
+Tutaita\r
+Tuu\r
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+Tu'un\r
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+Tyelu\r
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+Uchchür\r
+Udileg\r
+Ugwa\r
+Uj\r
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+Uo\r
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+Va'alzish\r
+Vaan\r
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+Vadhuib\r
+Va'dir\r
+VagMnerr\r
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+Vajesh\r
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+Vanu\r
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+Varshu\r
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+Vayonem\r
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+Ve\r
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+Vernech\r
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+veship\r
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+Vessuma\r
+Vessuma\r
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+Vessura\r
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+vindo\r
+Viosena\r
+Viothetl\r
+Vipu\r
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+Viridda\r
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+Vishetru\r
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+Vle\r
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+Vnatl\r
+Vordesa\r
+Vorodla\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vortumoi\r
+Vorudu\r
+Voruseka\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vra\r
+Vra'ama\r
+Vrahama\r
+Vraisuna\r
+Vramish\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vravodaya\r
+Vrayani\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vrazhimü\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vreg\r
+Vrekn\r
+Vrel\r
+Vrelq\r
+Vrem\r
+Vrer\r
+Vres\r
+Vretlish\r
+Vri\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vridekka\r
+Vridu\r
+Vriggetsu\r
+Vrimeshtu\r
+Vringalu\r
+Vringayekmu\r
+Vrisa\r
+Vrishanu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Vrishtara\r
+Vriyadu\r
+Vriyagga\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyon\r
+Vrozhimu\r
+Vru\r
+Vrusaemaz\r
+Vrusaggu\r
+Vru'uneb\r
+Vu\r
+vuChrayu\r
+vuHaggoshe\r
+vuMakkochaqu\r
+Vunarsa\r
+Vur\r
+Vurosa\r
+Vurrighend\r
+Vurshe\r
+Vurtleshkoi\r
+Vurummu\r
+Vuruttu\r
+Vu'unavu\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vyer\r
+Waba\r
+Wadhel\r
+Wadraz\r
+Walaz\r
+Warghan\r
+Wassamatl\r
+Wasuro\r
+Wektudhish\r
+Wekuna\r
+Weltiga\r
+Wesh\r
+Wisu\r
+Wiyul\r
+Wno\r
+Wothudle'esh\r
+Wothuish\r
+Wothuzash\r
+Wrru\r
+Wuru\r
+Ya'ela\r
+Yafa\r
+Yagaishan\r
+Yaheshu\r
+Yama\r
+Yamashsha\r
+Yan\r
+Yanai\r
+Yarisal\r
+Yarsur\r
+Yatasa\r
+Yau\r
+Yazai\r
+Yeker\r
+Yele\r
+Yeleth\r
+Yena\r
+Yilrana\r
+Yil-Uleb\r
+Yom\r
+Yoshum\r
+Yossu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yual\r
+Yugao\r
+Yuleneb\r
+Za'a\r
+Zadlanu\r
+Za'era\r
+Za'es\r
+Zagaz\r
+Zaidza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklen\r
+Zanatl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaq\r
+Zaqe\r
+Zaren\r
+Zarnaz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zdan\r
+Zerussa\r
+Zhabara\r
+Zhaitolan\r
+Zhalmigan\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhapai\r
+Zhaqu\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavarvu\r
+Zhavendu\r
+Zhavez\r
+Zhayarvu\r
+Zhdanawi\r
+Zhe'enarak\r
+Zheu\r
+Zhevane\r
+Zhio\r
+Zhnayu\r
+Zhneb\r
+Zhnemuish\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhu\r
+Zhurrilugga\r
+Zhurulen\r
+Zikku\r
+Zikur\r
+Ziris\r
+Ziruna\r
+Zirunel\r
+Zitmaz\r
+Zmakka-Lude\r
+Znalaz\r
+Znamrishsha\r
+Znayashu\r
+Zna'ye\r
+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ine\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ur\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+almodhin\r
+anka\r
+areli\r
+arinu\r
+arsala\r
+aveya\r
+ba'ne\r
+bara\r
+biyun\r
+changil\r
+chentsuni\r
+dashiluna\r
+dashiluna\r
+dha'ala\r
+dhali\r
+dijaya\r
+dineva\r
+dlara\r
+dlarumei\r
+dleli\r
+dlerüssa\r
+dlessuna\r
+ebunan\r
+elulen\r
+equnil\r
+eshasuni\r
+essilia\r
+eyil\r
+falyai\r
+farzhai\r
+fathmei\r
+fssudhuma\r
+ga'ilingalu\r
+galchai\r
+iluntsa\r
+issa\r
+jalesa\r
+jaluda\r
+jangaiva\r
+janule\r
+janule\r
+kalusu\r
+lelai\r
+lulungi\r
+lussani\r
+madhin\r
+miruine\r
+misenla\r
+mnela\r
+mnella\r
+mrika\r
+mrissa\r
+mshen\r
+ninue\r
+notaza\r
+nrainue\r
+nrainue\r
+nusetl\r
+onel\r
+prazhuri\r
+saina\r
+sha'ira\r
+shaira\r
+sheresa\r
+shyal\r
+sriyesa\r
+sriyesha\r
+ssuri\r
+su'esa\r
+ta'ana\r
+terutra\r
+thiala\r
+timuna\r
+tlayesha\r
+tsana\r
+tsatla\r
+tsunure\r
+tyelqu\r
+vayuma\r
+wezhda\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü
+
+
+areli
+almodhin
+ba'ne
+bara
+biyun
+changil
+chentsuni
+dashiluna
+dleli
+dlarumei
+dhali
+dha'ala
+dijaya
+equnil
+eshasuni
+essilia
+falyai
+fathmei
+farzhai
+galchai
+ga'ilingalu
+issa
+iluntsa
+jalesa
+jaluda
+jangaiva
+janule
+kalusu
+lelai
+lulungi
+lussani
+miruine
+mnela
+mrissa
+mshen
+ninue
+notaza
+nrainue
+onel
+prazhuri
+sha'ira
+sheresa
+sriyesha
+ssuri
+su'esa
+ta'ana
+terutra
+thiala
+tsana
+tsunure
+wezhda
+
--- /dev/null
+\r
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' \r
+\r
+aauvesu\r
+amiyala\r
+amiyala\r
+arkuna\r
+auvesu\r
+ba'ashcha\r
+ba'ashcha\r
+barregga\r
+barudla\r
+bashuvra\r
+beshmülu\r
+beshyene\r
+beshyene\r
+bosuga\r
+briyenu\r
+burusa\r
+burutla\r
+chagotlekka\r
+chagotlekka\r
+chaishyani\r
+chirengmai\r
+chle\r
+chunmiyel\r
+chuvren\r
+chuyon\r
+daigan\r
+daishuna\r
+dhutinesa\r
+dulumesa\r
+duruntlano\r
+fa'asu\r
+fershena\r
+fershena\r
+ga'anish\r
+gurika\r
+harisayu\r
+hehesha\r
+hlissana\r
+hoqqulen\r
+kaikune\r
+ketkolel\r
+ketkolel\r
+khanuma\r
+khanuma\r
+kharsama\r
+korokol\r
+koyuga\r
+kurodu\r
+kurushma\r
+mrachiyaku\r
+mrachiyaku\r
+mraktine\r
+mraktine\r
+mritlekka\r
+nakkolel\r
+nakkolel\r
+naquma\r
+naquma\r
+nashomai\r
+nokor\r
+nrashqema\r
+purushqe\r
+qolyelmu\r
+qurrodu\r
+qurruluma\r
+reretlese\r
+reretlesu\r
+ri'inyusa\r
+ridhinyussa\r
+sagai\r
+sayu\r
+sharvoya\r
+sharvoya\r
+srgashchene\r
+srügashchene\r
+ssainggella\r
+ssaivra\r
+ssanmiren\r
+ssanmirin\r
+sudhunmra\r
+tankolel\r
+tankolel\r
+tekku'une\r
+tekkudhune\r
+tengetlaku\r
+tetengkaino\r
+tikeshmu\r
+tikeshmu\r
+tishkolen\r
+tlakotani\r
+tlekolmü\r
+tneqqu\r
+tsizena\r
+tukkolen\r
+tukkolen\r
+turuken\r
+usena\r
+ututengmai\r
+vaishu\r
+vayeshtu\r
+viridame\r
+viridu\r
+virsenyal\r
+vordesa\r
+vorodlayu\r
+vorodu\r
+vorudu\r
+voruseka\r
+vravodaya\r
+vravodaya\r
+vrazhim\r
+vrazhimy\r
+vriddi\r
+vriyen\r
+vu'unavu\r
+vu'urtesh\r
+vuchrayu\r
+vudhunavu\r
+vumakkochaqu\r
+wisu\r
+zayuvu\r
+zayuvu\r
+zhahlamu\r
+zhnayu\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' \81ü
+
+
+Amiyala
+AAuvesu
+Ba'ashcha
+Barregga
+Beshyene
+Burusa
+Chagotlekka
+Chaishyani
+vuChrayu
+Chunmiyel
+Chuyon
+Daishuna
+Duruntlano
+Fa'asu
+Fershena
+Ga'anish
+Harisayu
+Hoqqulen
+Hlissana
+Ketkolel
+Khanuma
+Kharsama
+Koyuga
+Kurushma
+Kurodu
+vuMakkochaqu
+Mrachiyaku
+Mraktine
+Nakkolel
+Naquma
+Nokor
+Nrashqema
+Purushqe
+Qurruluma
+Ri'inyusa
+Sharvoya
+Ssanmiren
+Sr\81ügashchene
+Tankolel
+Tekku'une
+Tetengkaino
+Tikeshmu
+dhuTinesa
+Tishkolen
+Tukkolen
+Turuken
+Usena
+UtuTengmai
+Viridame
+Viridu
+Vordesa
+Vorodlayu
+Vorodu
+Voruseka
+Vrazhim\81ü
+Vravodaya
+Vu'unavu
+Vu'urtesh
+Zhahlamu
+Zayuvu
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+aijom\r
+akarsh\r
+aknallu\r
+aritl\r
+arjasu\r
+arkhane\r
+arkutu\r
+autso\r
+autsulto\r
+balar\r
+balash\r
+bashan\r
+beshr'gi\r
+bi'isumish\r
+biyurgashu\r
+bu'uresh\r
+burdangeth\r
+buretl\r
+chai-miridai\r
+chamang\r
+chamangesh\r
+changekte\r
+chareshmu\r
+charikasa\r
+charkha\r
+cheggukal\r
+chekkura\r
+chi'utlenam\r
+chirringga\r
+chorodu\r
+chusel\r
+chushel\r
+dadayel\r
+darakdakin\r
+dhuktemu\r
+direnja\r
+dirresa\r
+dogengor\r
+dresu\r
+dridakku\r
+durugen\r
+dzorra\r
+ek'ne\r
+elechu\r
+elkhome\r
+emra\r
+epengar\r
+etqole\r
+fashranu\r
+favreng\r
+fereshma'a\r
+ferruga\r
+firaz\r
+fressa\r
+furodhu\r
+fyerik\r
+ga'anish\r
+gachayal\r
+gamulu\r
+gdehsmaru\r
+ghuru\r
+girigashna\r
+girikteshmu\r
+giu\r
+grujung\r
+gruneshu\r
+gutenu\r
+gyesmu\r
+haikon\r
+haikon\r
+harchar\r
+hargai\r
+haringgashte\r
+harsan\r
+hejjeka\r
+heshelu\r
+hirkane\r
+homon\r
+horu\r
+horusel\r
+hrugga\r
+huketlaya\r
+huso\r
+hutligainu\r
+ibash\r
+ilelmuna\r
+itlang\r
+j'tetl\r
+jagetl\r
+jalugan\r
+janiyel\r
+jerikh\r
+jirega\r
+jugar\r
+kadarsha\r
+kagoth\r
+kaikama\r
+kaikama\r
+kakaganu\r
+kalmuru\r
+kambe\r
+keleno\r
+kerektu\r
+kesun\r
+khamiyal\r
+kheshcha\r
+khivasha\r
+kirega\r
+korikada\r
+korikadan\r
+kru'om\r
+kureshu\r
+kurrune\r
+kurshetl\r
+kuruken\r
+kuruktashmu\r
+lazhato\r
+lobi\r
+lumetl\r
+mashyan\r
+mejjai\r
+mengano\r
+meshmuyel\r
+metlunish\r
+miga\r
+mirigga\r
+mirkitani\r
+miru\r
+mirusaya\r
+mnashu\r
+mnesun\r
+morkudz\r
+morusai\r
+morusai\r
+mriggadashu\r
+mriktoken\r
+muresh\r
+muru\r
+nalukkan\r
+nebussa\r
+neqo\r
+neshkiruma\r
+ngangmorel\r
+ngarradu\r
+nriga\r
+okkuru\r
+ont'to\r
+onusu\r
+ormudzo\r
+orri\r
+orun\r
+panjang\r
+purjintokoi\r
+qaprashi\r
+qeqelmu\r
+qolyemu\r
+qoruma\r
+qoruma\r
+qoyqunel\r
+qumal\r
+quren\r
+quro\r
+qurrumu\r
+qutmu\r
+retlan\r
+runmaru\r
+ruqu\r
+saku'u\r
+sangar\r
+sangar\r
+serqu\r
+shiretla\r
+shrakan\r
+shritha\r
+shukkaino\r
+sikun\r
+siyun\r
+sruma\r
+ssadhatis\r
+ssiyor\r
+ssiyor\r
+ssurusa\r
+sunum\r
+surundano\r
+tanere\r
+te'os\r
+teregash\r
+than'd\r
+thekuto\r
+tlaneng\r
+tlaneno\r
+tlangtekh\r
+tlu'en\r
+tontiken\r
+torisu\r
+trasune\r
+trinesh\r
+tsokalon\r
+tsumikel\r
+tsumikel\r
+tsutel\r
+tulkesh\r
+turugdashen\r
+uchang\r
+uja\r
+urukai\r
+urutlen\r
+verussa\r
+visumi\r
+vrachaqu\r
+vridekka\r
+vringayekmu\r
+vrishmuyel\r
+vrishtara\r
+wareka\r
+warghai\r
+yamashan\r
+yamashsha\r
+zaren\r
+zhu'on\r
+znaqulu\r
+znayashu\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü
+
+aijom
+autsulto
+autso
+akarsh
+aknallu
+arkutu
+balash
+bashan
+beshr'gi
+biyurgashu
+burdangeth
+chai-miridai
+chamang
+changekte
+charikasa
+cheggukal
+chirringga
+chamangesh
+dogengor
+darakdakin
+dadayel
+dresu
+dridakku
+dhuktemu
+elechu
+epengar
+ek'ne
+emra
+favreng
+fashranu
+fereshma'a
+furodhu
+ghuru
+ga'anish
+gachayal
+girigashna
+girikteshmu
+grujung
+gyesmu
+haikon
+hejjeka
+horu
+hutligainu
+ibash
+ilelmuna
+itlang
+janiyel
+jagetl
+jugar
+kagoth
+kaikama
+kakaganu
+kalmuru
+keleno
+khivasha
+korikadan
+kureshu
+kuruktashmu
+kurshetl
+lazhato
+lumetl
+lobi
+mengano
+meshmuyel
+mirusaya
+mirkitani
+morusai
+mnashu
+mriggadashu
+mriktoken
+nebussa
+neqo
+neshkiruma
+ngangmorel
+ngarradu
+nriga
+ont'to
+orun
+panjang
+purjintokoi
+qolyemu
+qoruma
+quren
+runmaru
+ruqu
+saku'u
+sangar
+serqu
+shrakan
+sikun
+sruma
+ssiyor
+ssurusa
+teregash
+than'd
+thekuto
+tlaneno
+tontiken
+trasune
+tsokalon
+tsumikel
+tsutel
+turugdashen
+tulkesh
+uchang
+urukai
+urutlen
+j'tetl
+verussa
+visumi
+vrishtara
+warghai
+yamashan
+znayashu
--- /dev/null
+Here are 104 nice-looking Tsolyani-like random words you can use in your game. The words were made using the guidelines in Prof.'s article: "Tsolyani Names Without Tears", by M. A. R. Barker, from "The Strategic Review", (Vol. 1, #4, Winter 1975).\r
+\r
+I used my random word generator.\r
+\r
+I have removed all the really unprounceable ones.\r
+\r
+\r
+Chüzhsatsükh\r
+Zhaulwua\r
+Msewa\r
+Dhüdha\r
+Ausha\r
+Dlauthe\r
+Tlaitsau\r
+Wezloi\r
+Aulwo\r
+Zhovo\r
+Fshel\r
+Aula\r
+Shizaim\r
+Araush\r
+Aulnuen\r
+Lyang\r
+Ünzho\r
+Laitho\r
+Hlüsai\r
+Nrogükh\r
+Mrivdü\r
+Enaesh\r
+Zsuhar\r
+Mrawsul\r
+Njuha\r
+Üzlu\r
+Yudhom\r
+Baihlai\r
+Tlaivihlukh\r
+Zigul\r
+Shyen\r
+Kaikhü\r
+Oghu\r
+Yiron\r
+Kaudhai\r
+Bopol\r
+Wütla\r
+Kuakadhütl\r
+Yikdha\r
+Sülaun\r
+Waibi\r
+Hlashgus\r
+Koivü\r
+Oikem\r
+Uda\r
+Etai\r
+Tsin\r
+Yolu\r
+Taymai\r
+Yeshlü\r
+Tsung\r
+Vaidzham\r
+Aiwai\r
+Era\r
+Lilokh\r
+Chetlmoi\r
+Ssodoizau\r
+Mudau\r
+Zughü\r
+Elü\r
+Aurahl\r
+Hlozhau\r
+Mezbo\r
+Hlauhli\r
+Chakü\r
+Arvaulo\r
+Lüldhu\r
+Chausha\r
+Tyalotl\r
+Vaidha\r
+Ewgai\r
+Hloizyü\r
+Ssivkoi\r
+Fikaihla\r
+Aiqoi\r
+Ghyen\r
+Kaloi\r
+Mriktsua\r
+Zayin\r
+Ochu\r
+Aiyür\r
+Anuk\r
+Lutlu\r
+Hnamkhar\r
+Otheva\r
+Traing\r
+Shur\r
+Mssubar\r
+Dhiwlai\r
+Aumo\r
+Auli\r
+Audhu\r
+Aulmatl\r
+Tsawo\r
+Zhaumun\r
+Audha\r
+Tsülshekhlau\r
+Atoi\r
+Faitzau\r
+Vauzutle\r
+Mseng\r
+Hlirul\r
+Assauvchü\r
--- /dev/null
+This is a list of names I made for myself about 17 years ago. Names are taken from the first 2 novels, Deeds of Glory, World of Tékumel and the first part of the sourcebook. There may be some inauthentic names in the list. Not every name below is accented; and accented names are likely to be more authentic. There may be several non-Tsolyáni names in the list; 17 years ago I was no so finicky (as I am now) when compiling lists of names to be used in a game.\r
+\r
+Male Personal Names\r
+===================\r
+Aritl\r
+Arjasu\r
+Arkhane\r
+Balar\r
+Bi'isumish\r
+Bu'uresh\r
+Buretl\r
+Chareshmu\r
+Charkha\r
+Chekkura\r
+Chi'utlenam\r
+Chórodu\r
+Chusel\r
+Chushel\r
+Direnja\r
+Dirresa\r
+Dúrugen\r
+Dzorra\r
+Elkhome\r
+Etqole\r
+Ferruga\r
+Firáz\r
+Fressa\r
+Fyerik\r
+Gámulu\r
+Gdehsmaru\r
+Gíu\r
+Gruneshu\r
+Gutenu\r
+Háikon\r
+Hárchar\r
+Hargai\r
+Haringgashte\r
+Harsan\r
+Heshelu\r
+Hirkáne\r
+Homon\r
+Hórri\r
+Horusel\r
+Hrúgga\r
+Huketlaya\r
+Huso\r
+Jalugan\r
+Jerikh\r
+Jirega\r
+Kadársha\r
+Kaikama\r
+Kambe\r
+Kerektu\r
+Kesun\r
+Khámiyal\r
+Kheshcha\r
+Kirega\r
+Korikáda\r
+Kru'om\r
+Kurruné\r
+Kuruken\r
+Mashyan\r
+Mejjai\r
+Metlunish\r
+Miga\r
+Miriggá\r
+Miru\r
+Mnesun\r
+Morkudz\r
+Morusai\r
+Murésh\r
+Múru\r
+Nalukkan\r
+Okkuru\r
+Onusú\r
+Ormudzo\r
+Qaprashi\r
+Qeqélmu\r
+Qorúma\r
+Qoyqunel\r
+Qumal\r
+Quro\r
+Qurrúmu\r
+Qutmu\r
+Retlan\r
+Sangár\r
+Shiretla\r
+Shritha\r
+Shukkaino\r
+Siyun\r
+Ssa\92átis\r
+Ssiyór\r
+Sunum\r
+Surundáno\r
+Tanere\r
+Te'os\r
+Tlaneng\r
+Tlangtekh\r
+Tlu'en\r
+Tórisu\r
+Trinesh\r
+Tsúmikel\r
+Uja\r
+Vrachaqu\r
+Vridékka\r
+Vringayékmu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Wareka\r
+Yamáshsha\r
+Zarén\r
+Zhu'on\r
+Znaqulu\r
+\r
+Female Personal Names\r
+=====================\r
+Anka\r
+Arinu\r
+Arsala\r
+Aveya\r
+Dashilúna\r
+Dineva\r
+Dlara\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dlessuna\r
+Ebunan\r
+Elulén\r
+Eyil\r
+Fssu\92úma\r
+Janulé\r
+Ma\92ín\r
+Misénla\r
+Mnélla\r
+Mrika\r
+Nrainué\r
+Nusetl\r
+Saina\r
+Sháira\r
+Shyal\r
+Sriyésa\r
+Timúna\r
+Tlayésha\r
+Tsatla\r
+Tyelqu\r
+Vayúma\r
+\r
+Lineage Names\r
+=============\r
+\r
+Lineage names in the list below are most often preceded by the prefix hi-. Non-accented lineage names are most probably preceded by the prefix hi- as well. (but not every Tsolyani lineage name is preceded by hi-, e.g. Vríddi).\r
+\r
+Amiyála\r
+Arkuna\r
+Auvésu\r
+Ba'ashcha\r
+Barúdla\r
+Bashuvra\r
+Beshmülu\r
+Beshyéne\r
+Bosúga\r
+Briyenu\r
+Burutla\r
+Chagotlékka\r
+Chirengmai\r
+Chle\r
+Chuvren\r
+Daigan\r
+Dulumésa\r
+Fershéna\r
+Gurika\r
+Hehésha\r
+Káikune\r
+Kétkolel\r
+Khanúma\r
+Korokól\r
+Mrachiyáku\r
+Mraktiné\r
+Nakkolel\r
+Naqúma\r
+Nashomai\r
+Qolyélmu\r
+Qurródu\r
+Reretlésu\r
+Reretlese\r
+Ri\92inyússa\r
+Sagai\r
+Sayu\r
+Sharvóya\r
+Srügáshchene\r
+Ssáivra\r
+Ssánmirin\r
+Su\92únmra\r
+Tánkolel\r
+Tekkú\92une\r
+Tengetláku\r
+Tikéshmu\r
+Tlekólmü\r
+Tneqqu\r
+Tsizena\r
+Tukkolén\r
+Váishu\r
+Vayeshtu\r
+Virsenyal\r
+Vórudu\r
+Vravodáya\r
+Vrázhimy\r
+Vriyén\r
+Vu\92unávu\r
+Wísu\r
+Zayúvu\r
+Zhnáyu\r
+\r
+Tlakotáni\r
+Ssainggella\r
+Vríddi\r
+Mritlékka\r
+\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+A'akán\r
+A'áb\r
+A'ásh\r
+A'ís\r
+A'láthish\r
+A'lsh\r
+A.S.\r
+Abéb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achán\r
+Achmég\r
+Achumél\r
+Adhém\r
+Ae-ayá\r
+Afúa\r
+Agghákh\r
+Aghuthú\r
+Aghúsn\r
+Aghvrékn\r
+Ahoggyá\r
+Ahoggyá's\r
+Ahuné\r
+Ahúh\r
+Ai'ís\r
+Aiché\r
+Aigo\r
+Aigo's\r
+Ailásh\r
+Ailásh's\r
+Ailú\r
+Ailúr\r
+Aiméb\r
+Airá\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajján\r
+Ajjnái\r
+Ajjón\r
+Ajnélqa\r
+Aka'éla\r
+Aka'éla's\r
+Akársha\r
+Akhádz\r
+Akhár\r
+Akhizón\r
+Akhmér\r
+Akhoné\r
+Akhó\r
+Akhunóm\r
+Akhún\r
+Aknállu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akté\r
+Akurghá\r
+Aládh\r
+Aládh's\r
+Alásh\r
+Aláz\r
+Albél\r
+Albél's\r
+Aldeyá\r
+Alel\r
+Alén\r
+Alésha\r
+Alétl\r
+Aléya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjár\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlár\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqiyáni\r
+Allaqiyár\r
+Allaqí\r
+Allába\r
+Allábe\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alól\r
+Alótish\r
+Alráyaz\r
+Alréya\r
+Aluáz\r
+Aluésh\r
+Amáru\r
+Ambages\r
+Amessu\r
+Amé\r
+Améreth\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanátl\r
+Anátl\r
+Anáz\r
+Ancház\r
+Anchüró\r
+Anggráchu\r
+Anjé\r
+Anká'a\r
+Annú\r
+Anóhl\r
+Anúo\r
+Ao'áb\r
+Aoméla\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aosesna\r
+Aòm\r
+Aó\r
+Aó-Milkél\r
+Aó-Ta'ásh\r
+Aói\r
+Aóm\r
+Aómorh\r
+Aórmorh\r
+Aqá'a\r
+Aqáà\r
+Aqésha\r
+Aqpú\r
+Aqshir\r
+Arayá\r
+Arái\r
+Archon\r
+Ardúro\r
+Ardzá\r
+Areksónbe\r
+Areli's\r
+Arégh\r
+Arévi\r
+Argétl\r
+Aridáni\r
+Aridzó\r
+Arimála\r
+Arizáshte\r
+Arjái\r
+Arjái's\r
+Arjáshtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhóne\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhúan\r
+Arko'éla\r
+Arkó\r
+Arluron\r
+Armásu\r
+Armékh\r
+Armésh\r
+Armidzá\r
+Arnésh\r
+Arodái\r
+Arosuél\r
+Arruchegár\r
+Arruché\r
+Arrúthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsáz\r
+Arsékmekoi\r
+Arshú'u\r
+Artákh\r
+Artuvéz\r
+Aruchué\r
+Arukén\r
+Arumél\r
+Aruónmu\r
+Arú\r
+Arúmaz\r
+Arvér\r
+Aryésu\r
+Arzaráz\r
+Arzhúm\r
+Ashékka\r
+Ashékku\r
+Ashénduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyán\r
+Ashonétl\r
+Ashónu\r
+Ashóretl\r
+Ashqó\r
+Ashüshná\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asúmish\r
+Atalén\r
+Athuáz\r
+Atín\r
+Atkolél\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkólum\r
+Atlún\r
+Atrú\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukésha\r
+Aulléb\r
+Aunú\r
+Avanthár\r
+Avanthár's\r
+Avazél\r
+Avánthe\r
+Avánthe's\r
+Aventails\r
+Avéta\r
+Awéth\r
+Ayá\r
+Ayél\r
+Ayó\r
+Ái\r
+Áld\r
+Áld's\r
+Ám\r
+Árdz\r
+Árkutu\r
+Ásqar\r
+Átkolel\r
+Átl\r
+Ba'alán\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'án\r
+Badárian\r
+Badrágadáliyal\r
+Badrágu\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Bahune's\r
+Baján\r
+Bajjógmu\r
+Bakkárzh\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balamtsanérkoi\r
+Balamtsánikh\r
+Balamtsányal\r
+Balkétlish\r
+Balmé\r
+Balóth\r
+Balür\r
+Bané\r
+Banyé\r
+Banyékh\r
+Baraktán's\r
+Barrága\r
+Barukán\r
+Basdh\r
+Baséb\r
+Bashánvisumkoi\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+Batha'ák\r
+Batugai\r
+Batúghai\r
+Bayársha\r
+Bayárshans\r
+Bazhán\r
+Bazhán's\r
+Bazháq\r
+Bá\r
+Bádz\r
+Báisa\r
+Báksa\r
+Bákte\r
+Bálash\r
+Báletl\r
+Bálish\r
+Bámisu\r
+Báo\r
+Báshdis\r
+Básrimyal\r
+Bássa\r
+Bázh\r
+Bázkur\r
+Be'éku\r
+Bednállja\r
+Bednálljan\r
+Bednálljans\r
+Begssra\r
+Bekhéra\r
+Bekkánu\r
+Bekundráne\r
+Beletkané\r
+Belkhánu\r
+Belkhánu's\r
+Beltéshmu\r
+Beneshchán\r
+Benésh\r
+Benré\r
+Beranánga\r
+Beshyené\r
+Beshyenú\r
+Beshyéne\r
+Bevand\r
+Bevand's\r
+Bé\r
+Béch\r
+Bédha\r
+Béi\r
+Békh\r
+Bénre\r
+Bésha\r
+Bésha'ú\r
+Béshmu\r
+Béy\r
+Biridlú\r
+Birrukú\r
+Bisówa\r
+Biyún\r
+Biyúrh\r
+Biyü\r
+Bláshagh\r
+Bolénde\r
+Borodún\r
+Boródlya's\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Bó\r
+Brejja\r
+Bruhayá\r
+Brúgshmü\r
+Burrú\r
+Burusá\r
+Burusháya\r
+Bushétra\r
+Bushu'ún\r
+Butrús\r
+Büchür\r
+Byókt\r
+bat'é\r
+baté\r
+bússan\r
+Ch'à\r
+Ch'óchi\r
+Cha'ánish\r
+Cha'ánya\r
+Chabéloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadára\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegósh\r
+Chaggársha\r
+Chagún\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigári\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalélsu\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'él\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayága\r
+Chanáz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadésha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changékte\r
+Changéla\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadársh\r
+Chankosú\r
+Charáge\r
+Chargál\r
+Chargésh\r
+Charikása\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charukél\r
+Charukéldàlikoi\r
+Charukélkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashkéri\r
+Chatán\r
+Chatán's\r
+Chatlár\r
+Chaturghá\r
+Chayakkuyáni\r
+Chayákku\r
+Chayenggúr\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chayéngar\r
+Chànmismongékjoi\r
+Chá\r
+Chágh\r
+Cháimira\r
+Cháisa\r
+Cháith\r
+Chájjeth\r
+Cháka\r
+Chákan\r
+Chákas\r
+Cháluz\r
+Chánis\r
+Chánisayal\r
+Chánkoru\r
+Chánmisèn\r
+Cháosaz\r
+Chároneb\r
+Cháshiq\r
+Cháth\r
+Chátseb\r
+Cháymira\r
+Cházh\r
+Chegárra\r
+Chegárra's\r
+Chegéth\r
+Chegéth's\r
+Chekkutáne\r
+Chemári\r
+Chemári's\r
+Chemésh\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernáru\r
+Chet'ú\r
+Chetálsh\r
+Chetsé\r
+Chè\r
+Ché\r
+Chégudàlikh\r
+Chém\r
+Chémaissa\r
+Chémaissa's\r
+Chémyal\r
+Chéne\r
+Chénesh\r
+Chéssa\r
+Chét\r
+Chéya\r
+Chgá\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgéshsha\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chi'úna\r
+Chichúvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidónu\r
+Chigántla\r
+Chigjé\r
+Chigó'eg\r
+Chikúna\r
+Chikúna's\r
+Chiráshin\r
+Chirené\r
+Chiréne\r
+Chirinngá\r
+Chirrukú\r
+Chirukála\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiténg\r
+Chiténg's\r
+Chitlásha\r
+Chiú\r
+Chivház\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chíma\r
+Chío\r
+Chíran\r
+Chírisan\r
+Chírisan's\r
+Chk-tsé\r
+Chlén\r
+Chlén's\r
+Chló\r
+Chmé\r
+Chmúr\r
+Chnáu\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chneshaq's\r
+Chnéhl\r
+Chnur\r
+Cho'ótish\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggóth\r
+Chohála\r
+Chokhar's\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokóth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Cholúga\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkótuel\r
+Chorisánde\r
+Choyá\r
+Chóhlu'arth\r
+Chói\r
+Chói's\r
+Chólokh\r
+Chóm\r
+Chópruna\r
+Chóptse\r
+Chórodu\r
+Chótl\r
+Chótla\r
+Chpét\r
+Chraikála\r
+Chrajúna\r
+Chrái\r
+Chrál\r
+Chréya's\r
+Chrí\r
+Chríya\r
+Chrmegásu\r
+Chruggilléshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtáshshu\r
+Chtésha\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chué\r
+Chuharém\r
+Chukún\r
+Chulétha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulín\r
+Chumétl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Churitáshmu\r
+Churmegásu\r
+Churrugrésh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusétl\r
+Chushánu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusúni\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chúmaz\r
+Chúra\r
+Chúra's\r
+Chü\r
+Chürstálli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chzá\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Da'éb\r
+Daggála\r
+Daghórr\r
+Dahaláz\r
+Daikán\r
+Daishúna\r
+Dalénth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalkén\r
+Dalmé\r
+Damádh\r
+Danláz\r
+Danúo\r
+Daqú\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daranggáz\r
+Darkán\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasár\r
+Dasáru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashilúna\r
+Daunél\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dádrinan\r
+Dáhle\r
+Dái\r
+Dáiche\r
+Dáichu\r
+Dáimi\r
+Dálisan\r
+Dám\r
+Dáragma\r
+Dásht\r
+Dátsu\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dedé\r
+Dehím\r
+Deilesha\r
+Delé\r
+Dené\r
+Deshétl\r
+Deshuváz\r
+Detkomé\r
+Dén\r
+Dénden\r
+Déq\r
+Désh\r
+Dhalé\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dháhla\r
+Dháiba\r
+Dháni\r
+Dhárm\r
+Dháru\r
+Dhéral\r
+Dhéva\r
+Dhéya\r
+Dhich'uné\r
+Dhich'uné's\r
+Dhilmánish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyáltokoi\r
+Dhídma\r
+Dhonéla\r
+Dhúkan\r
+Di'ésa\r
+Di'ibáish\r
+Diam\r
+Dibkétlish\r
+Didóm\r
+Diéllunak\r
+Dijái\r
+Diján\r
+Dijátl\r
+Dijáya\r
+Dikkómtla\r
+Dilég\r
+Dilinála\r
+Dilinála's\r
+Dimáni\r
+Diridé\r
+Disunár\r
+Ditlána\r
+Diulágga\r
+Diulé\r
+Diyathuáz\r
+Diyánü\r
+Dímlalikh\r
+Dína\r
+Díodaz\r
+Díyo\r
+Djaréva\r
+Dlakár\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamélish\r
+Dlamélish's\r
+Dlaqó\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlaru's\r
+Dlathúish\r
+Dlá\r
+Dláineb\r
+Dlákolel\r
+Dlántü\r
+Dlárku\r
+Dlásh\r
+Dlekkúminè\r
+Dlekkúminé\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dletána\r
+Dletána's\r
+Dletára\r
+Dlé\r
+Dlél\r
+Dléppa\r
+Dlésru'uri\r
+Dlévu\r
+Dlévunè\r
+Dlikkén\r
+Dlitlúmri\r
+Dló\r
+Dlu'nír\r
+Dmégha\r
+Dmí\r
+Dmóz\r
+Dmúnu\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dná\r
+Dnásh\r
+Dnélu\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohála\r
+Dolkólun\r
+Dolmünéz\r
+Doluél\r
+Domandoi\r
+Donátri\r
+Donmikáyel\r
+Dopúsai\r
+Dorganath's\r
+Dorodái\r
+Dorsum\r
+Dó\r
+Dókh\r
+Dómmu\r
+Dóqmugh\r
+Dóri\r
+Dórmoron\r
+Dórudai\r
+Drá\r
+Drá's\r
+Dráka\r
+Drángga\r
+Drántike\r
+Drársha\r
+Dréng\r
+Drénggar\r
+Dréssa\r
+Drichansa\r
+Dridákku\r
+Dritlán\r
+Drí\r
+Dríchte\r
+Drónu\r
+Dru'únish\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Du'ún\r
+Dugó\r
+Dulumésa\r
+Dumán\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumúggash\r
+Dumúz\r
+Duón\r
+Duqála\r
+Duré'ep\r
+Durritlámish\r
+Durritlámish's\r
+Duru'ób\r
+Duru'úba\r
+Duruntláno\r
+Duruób\r
+Durúmu\r
+Durún\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dúdali\r
+Dúnl\r
+Dúnnúl\r
+Dúrugen\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dvá\r
+Dyardesház\r
+Dzakáng\r
+Dzashlánish\r
+Dzá\r
+Dzéè\r
+Dzélün\r
+Dzéu\r
+Dzór\r
+Dzóvath\r
+dirídza\r
+E'éth\r
+Ebe'engudlé'ésh\r
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+Tekketal\r
+Tekketal's\r
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+Teretané\r
+Teriyál\r
+Teshengtu\r
+Teshkána\r
+Teshkorúsa\r
+Teshkóa\r
+Teshkúma\r
+Teshtesh\r
+Teshúna\r
+Tessuken\r
+Teteli\r
+Tetengkáino\r
+Tetél\r
+Tetkuru\r
+Tetkúmne\r
+Tetlákte\r
+Tetnerzáz\r
+Tettukanu\r
+Tettukánetl\r
+Tetukél\r
+Tè-Alodélt\r
+Tè-Garúdne\r
+Té\r
+Té'ep\r
+Tékar\r
+Tékka\r
+Tékken\r
+Tékumel\r
+Tékumel's\r
+Tékumeli\r
+Tékumelyani\r
+Tékunu\r
+Tékunu's\r
+Téngguren\r
+Ténmre\r
+Ténturen\r
+Téshkuru\r
+Téssu\r
+Tétkoru\r
+Tétkunu\r
+Thagamúsekoi\r
+Thamis\r
+Tharandára\r
+Tharandesh\r
+Thayúri\r
+Thánmra\r
+Thárga\r
+Tháron\r
+Thásun\r
+Thekkúsa\r
+Thendráya\r
+Theshkólu\r
+Theyólish\r
+Thékudálikh\r
+Thénu\r
+Thésun\r
+Thikénta\r
+Thirreqúmmu\r
+Thirrutlánish\r
+Thojeng\r
+Thojeng's\r
+Thomútha\r
+Thómar\r
+Thómar's\r
+Thrayan\r
+Thrayan's\r
+Thráya\r
+Thresh'sha'a\r
+Thresh'sha'a's\r
+Thri'íl\r
+Thu'ínin\r
+Thu'úsa\r
+Thunsénya\r
+Thunsényakh\r
+Thú\r
+Thúmari\r
+Thúmis\r
+Thúmis's\r
+Thúng\r
+Thúnru'u\r
+Ti'Ch'à\r
+Ti'ína\r
+Tiakár\r
+Tigán\r
+Tii-pétk\r
+Tik-nekw-ket\r
+Tikákoi\r
+Tikánta\r
+Tikása\r
+Tikéshmu\r
+Tikik-dsa-ke\r
+Tikkú\r
+Tikkúththu\r
+Tiktikánu\r
+Tilékku\r
+Tiluné\r
+Timándàlikh\r
+Timéya\r
+Timuél\r
+Timung\r
+Timung's\r
+Timúna\r
+Tinalíya\r
+Tintagel\r
+Tiqeje\r
+Tireshme\r
+Tireshme's\r
+Tiré\r
+Tirikélu\r
+Tirisan\r
+Tiritlén\r
+Tirrgáschè\r
+Tirrikámu\r
+Tirrikámukoi\r
+Tirrulár\r
+Tirrune\r
+Tishkólun\r
+Tiúni\r
+Tiyótl\r
+Tì-holmúù\r
+Tì-Sharvúù\r
+Tí\r
+Tíu\r
+Tk't'trr\r
+Tk't'trr's\r
+Tk-étk-dsá\r
+Tká\r
+Tkáhl\r
+Tkásh\r
+Tké'l\r
+Tkékmar\r
+Tkél\r
+Tkél's\r
+Tkémar\r
+Tkésh\r
+Tkú\r
+Tla'ákla\r
+Tlakaláz\r
+Tlakál\r
+Tlakár\r
+Tlakár's\r
+Tlakéla\r
+Tlakotáni\r
+Tlakotáni's\r
+Tlakotánis\r
+Tlalesu\r
+Tlanéno\r
+Tlangtal\r
+Tlaqólikvayúnlukh\r
+Tlatoyel\r
+Tlá\r
+Tlálu\r
+Tlángtu\r
+Tláni\r
+Tlár\r
+Tláshanyal\r
+Tláshte\r
+Tleggáshmu\r
+Tlekchaqhú\r
+Tlekolmu\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tlelsu's\r
+Tletlákha\r
+Tlè-Chréla\r
+Tlè-Mú\r
+Tlè-Niú\r
+Tlè-Sán\r
+Tlé\r
+Tlébas\r
+Tlék\r
+Tlékku\r
+Tléku\r
+Tlés\r
+Tlésa\r
+Tlimastliken\r
+Tlokiriqáluyal\r
+Tlokíriqaluyal\r
+Tlomitlányal\r
+Tlonétl\r
+Tlóm\r
+Tlónu\r
+Tlümrík\r
+Tlüsém\r
+Tlæ\r
+Tmékt\r
+Tn'íss'ssa\r
+Tnalúm\r
+Tnáhla\r
+Tnámurr\r
+Tnég\r
+Tnék\r
+Tníkh\r
+Tnúng\r
+Todukái\r
+Tolkien\r
+Tolokkón\r
+Tolünglukh\r
+Tomrüz\r
+Tomúa\r
+Tontikén\r
+Tontikén's\r
+Toru'una\r
+Torùúna\r
+Totomrüz\r
+Tóh\r
+Tókhn\r
+Tólek\r
+Tón\r
+Tórisu\r
+Tórunal\r
+Tr-Hss\r
+Trantór\r
+Tranuo\r
+Tratikante\r
+Trággesh\r
+Tráhlu\r
+Trákonel\r
+Trántis\r
+Trek'e\r
+Trekhúish\r
+Tremúnish\r
+Tremúnish's\r
+Tretléneg\r
+Tréng\r
+Trímur\r
+Tronúa\r
+Trú\r
+Trübéth\r
+Tsa'aqó\r
+Tsa'avtúlgü\r
+Tsa'á\r
+Tsa'é\r
+Tsa'kélikh\r
+Tsagoba\r
+Tsahltén\r
+Tsatsayágga\r
+Tsá\r
+Tsá'ra\r
+Tságga\r
+Tsái\r
+Tsámra\r
+Tsámra's\r
+Tsán\r
+Tsáqw\r
+Tsárnu\r
+Tsátocha\r
+Tsáu\r
+Tsáu's\r
+Tsáya\r
+Tsechélnu\r
+Tsel\r
+Tselinál\r
+Tsenámmu\r
+Tseshápasha\r
+Tséhlqu\r
+Tséi\r
+Tsélhqu\r
+Tsémel\r
+Tsér\r
+Tsértse\r
+Tsétlmu\r
+Tsévu\r
+Tsi'íl\r
+Tsimai\r
+Tsímer\r
+Tsodlán\r
+Tsoléi\r
+Tsoléi'i\r
+Tsoléini\r
+Tsolísha\r
+Tsolyáni\r
+Tsolyáni's\r
+Tsolyánu\r
+Tsolyánu's\r
+Tsoú\r
+Tsoú's\r
+Tsóggu\r
+Tsómmul\r
+Tsu'urum\r
+Tsu'urumyal\r
+Tsughiyur\r
+Tsuhóridu\r
+Tsukelmri\r
+Tsukéhlmri\r
+Tsumiyel\r
+Tsumiyel's\r
+Tsuru'úm\r
+Tsuru'úm's\r
+Tsuru'úmyal\r
+Tsurú\r
+Tsurúm\r
+Tsutlo\r
+Tsutlo's\r
+Tsú'uru\r
+Tsú'uru's\r
+Tsúmikel\r
+Tsúmikel's\r
+Tsúnure\r
+Tsúpil\r
+Tsúral\r
+Tsútel\r
+Ttik-Deqeq\r
+Tu'unkélmu\r
+Tu'unmrá\r
+Tu'ún\r
+Tu'úna\r
+Tugrúnmodalikoi\r
+Tugrúnmokoi\r
+Tugrúntokoi\r
+Tuhéshmu\r
+Tui\r
+Tuingáshte\r
+Tukkolén\r
+Tukun\r
+Tuléng\r
+Tuléngkoi\r
+Tumíssa\r
+Tumíssa's\r
+Tumíssan\r
+Tunkúl\r
+Tuonéb\r
+Tuór\r
+Turel\r
+Turshánmü\r
+Turugdáshe\r
+Turum\r
+Turúkku\r
+Turúnkai\r
+Tutáita\r
+Tù'u-Kakéng\r
+Tù-Lzé\r
+Tùsmiketlán\r
+Tùsmisímu\r
+Túlkesh\r
+Túrisan\r
+Túù\r
+Tyélu\r
+tlaSsúgayal\r
+tsáipa\r
+tuKólumel\r
+U'áb\r
+U'unóm\r
+Uchchür\r
+Udilég\r
+Ugwá\r
+Ukhákh\r
+Uléla\r
+Umá\r
+Umér\r
+Uní\r
+Unráchu\r
+Unukalhai\r
+Unúqa\r
+Uó\r
+Uqétme\r
+Urádz\r
+Uriyó\r
+Urtsé\r
+Urudái\r
+Urunén\r
+Urunén's\r
+Urusái\r
+Urúkkha\r
+Usenánu\r
+Usunggáhla\r
+Usún\r
+Utánakh\r
+Utékh\r
+Uténg\r
+Uthú\r
+Uvrékn\r
+Új\r
+Úoz\r
+Úrmish\r
+Ükésh\r
+Ülétl\r
+Ülétl's\r
+Üroflátio\r
+Üroshanál\r
+Ürs\r
+Va'álzish\r
+Va'dir\r
+Vadárgish\r
+Vadhúib\r
+VagMnérr\r
+Vaimé\r
+Vaimé'ú\r
+Vajésh\r
+Vajésh's\r
+Valakar\r
+Valédh\r
+Valsúra\r
+Vanrédhish\r
+Vaomahl\r
+Varamáz\r
+Varchu\r
+Varému\r
+Vashmu\r
+Vashmu's\r
+Vayatlanlé\r
+Vayoném\r
+Vayúma\r
+Váan\r
+Válsh\r
+Vánu\r
+Várchekh\r
+Váris\r
+Vátlaz\r
+Veridh\r
+Vernech\r
+Verússa\r
+Veshmúna\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessúra\r
+Vé\r
+Véshkuru\r
+Vgáish\r
+Vilunéb\r
+Vimúhla\r
+Vimúhla's\r
+Vioséna\r
+Vioséna's\r
+Vióthetl\r
+Virála\r
+Viridá'a\r
+Viridáme\r
+Viriddá\r
+Viridlán\r
+Virikéshmu\r
+Viruzhéè\r
+Visárga\r
+Vishétru\r
+Vitéshmal\r
+Viumél\r
+Viyunggáz\r
+Vína\r
+Vípu\r
+Vísumikh\r
+Vlé\r
+Vléshga\r
+Vléshgayal\r
+Vluskassa\r
+Vluskassa's\r
+Vnátl\r
+Vorodlá\r
+Vorodláya\r
+Vortumoi\r
+Voruséka\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vra'áma\r
+Vraháma\r
+Vraóz\r
+Vrayáni\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vrá\r
+Vráoz\r
+Vrázhimy\r
+Vrég\r
+Vrékn\r
+Vrél\r
+Vrélq\r
+Vrém\r
+Vrér\r
+Vrés\r
+Vrétlish\r
+Vridékka\r
+Vriggétsu\r
+Vrimeshtu\r
+Vringayékmu\r
+Vringálu\r
+Vringálu's\r
+Vrishánu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Vrishtára\r
+Vrishtára's\r
+Vriyádu\r
+Vriyágga\r
+Vriyén\r
+Vriyon\r
+Vrí\r
+Vríddi\r
+Vríddi's\r
+Vrídu\r
+Vrísa\r
+Vrusáemaz\r
+Vrusággu\r
+Vrú\r
+Vrú'uneb\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vunarsa\r
+Vurosa\r
+Vurrighend\r
+Vurrighend's\r
+Vurshe\r
+Vurtléshkoi\r
+Vurúmmu\r
+Vurúttu\r
+Vú\r
+Vúr\r
+Vyér\r
+víndo\r
+vuChráyu\r
+vuHaggoshe\r
+vuMakkocháqu\r
+Wadráz\r
+Waláz\r
+Warghán\r
+Wassámatl\r
+Wasúro\r
+Wába\r
+Wába's\r
+Wektúdhish\r
+Wekúna\r
+Weltíga\r
+Wésh\r
+Wiyul\r
+Wnó\r
+Wothúdlé'ésh\r
+Wothúish\r
+Wothúzash\r
+Wrrú\r
+Wurú\r
+Wurú's\r
+Ya'éla\r
+Ya'éla's\r
+Yaheshu\r
+Yamáshsha\r
+Yanái\r
+Yarísal\r
+Yarsúr\r
+Yatása\r
+Yazái\r
+Yáfa\r
+Yáma\r
+Yán\r
+Yáù\r
+Yelé\r
+Yéker\r
+Yéker's\r
+Yéleth\r
+Yéna\r
+Yilrána\r
+Yilrána's\r
+Yìl-Uléb\r
+Yoshúm\r
+Yóm\r
+Yóssu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yrgael's\r
+Yuál\r
+Yugao\r
+Yugao's\r
+Yuléneb\r
+Za'á\r
+Za'és\r
+Zadlánu\r
+Zagáz\r
+Zaídza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklén\r
+Zanátl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaqé\r
+Zarén\r
+Zarnáz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Záq\r
+Zdán\r
+Zerússa\r
+Zhabára\r
+Zhaitolán\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavéndu\r
+Zhavéz\r
+Zhámek\r
+Zhápai\r
+Zháqu\r
+Zhdanáwi\r
+Zhe'enarák\r
+Zhéu\r
+Zhévané\r
+Zhío\r
+Zhnemúish\r
+Zhnéb\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhurrilúgga\r
+Zhurulén\r
+Zhú\r
+Zikúr\r
+Zirúna\r
+Zitmáz\r
+Zíkku\r
+Zíris\r
+Zírunel\r
+Zmakká-Ludé\r
+Zna'yé\r
+Znaláz\r
+Znamríshsha\r
+Znayáshu\r
+Zo'óra\r
+Zré\r
+Zrné\r
+Zrné's\r
+Zrú\r
+Zu'úr\r
+Zumír\r
+Zú'ine\r
--- /dev/null
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">\r
+\r
+<html>\r
+\r
+ <head>\r
+ <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1">\r
+ <meta name="generator" content="Adobe GoLive 6">\r
+ <title>Tekumel - Tsolyani Word Generator</title>\r
+ <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">\r
+<!--\r
+// by Mark Pawelek\r
+// based on the article in the Stategic Review\r
+// Version 6 browsers only.\r
+\r
+var tooFew = "Enter a numeric value for 'number of words' (1 - 100)";\r
+var tooMany = "Too many words! Enter a value (1 - 100)";\r
+var notNum = "Enter numberic digits only (1 - 100)"\r
+\r
+function tryAgain(msg,oNum){\r
+ alert(msg);\r
+ oNum.select();\r
+}\r
+\r
+function cmdNumWords_onclick() {\r
+ var oNum = document.getElementById('txtNumWords');\r
+ var oTxt = document.getElementById('txtWords');\r
+ var oChk = document.getElementById('chkCapitalised');\r
+ var wl='';\r
+ var n=parseInt(oNum.value);\r
+\r
+ if (isNaN(n))\r
+ tryAgain(notNum, oNum)\r
+ else if (n<1)\r
+ tryAgain(tooFew, oNum)\r
+ else if (n>100)\r
+ tryAgain(tooMany, oNum)\r
+ else {\r
+ for (var j=1; j<=n; j++)\r
+ wl += ((oChk.checked) ? toUpper(Word()) : Word()) + '\n';\r
+ oTxt.value = wl;\r
+ }\r
+ return true\r
+}\r
+\r
+function UnNumbered(ary){\r
+ var position = d(ary.length)-1;\r
+ var arow = ary[position].split('|');\r
+ return arow[0].toString()\r
+}\r
+\r
+function getAssocA(ary, r) {\r
+ var z = d(r);\r
+ var key;\r
+ for (key in ary)\r
+ if (key>=z)\r
+ break;\r
+ return ary[key]\r
+}\r
+\r
+function toUpper(w) {\r
+ return (w.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + w.substring(1))\r
+}\r
+\r
+function d(X){\r
+ return Math.floor((X * Math.random() + 1))\r
+}\r
+\r
+function cmdCopyToClip_click(oName){\r
+ var oTxt = document.getElementById(oName)\r
+ oTxt.select();\r
+ return copy_clip(oTxt.value)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function copy_clip(txt){\r
+ if (window.clipboardData)\r
+ {\r
+ window.clipboardData.setData("Text", txt);\r
+ }\r
+ else if (window.netscape)\r
+ {\r
+ netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege('UniversalXPConnect');\r
+ var clip = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/widget/clipboard;1'].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsIClipboard);\r
+ if (!clip)\r
+ return;\r
+ var trans = Components.classes['@mozilla.org/widget/transferable;1'].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsITransferable);\r
+ if (!trans)\r
+ return;\r
+ trans.addDataFlavor('text/unicode');\r
+ var str = new Object();\r
+ var len = new Object();\r
+ var str = Components.classes["@mozilla.org/supports-string;1"].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsISupportsString);\r
+ var copytext=txt;\r
+ str.data=copytext;\r
+ trans.setTransferData("text/unicode",str,copytext.length*2);\r
+ var clipid=Components.interfaces.nsIClipboard;\r
+ if (!clip) return\r
+ false;\r
+ clip.setData(trans,null,clipid.kGlobalClipboard);\r
+ }\r
+ return false;\r
+}\r
+\r
+//Tsolyani Word Generator\r
+\r
+var vowel1, vowelAlt, diphthongA, cons, conInit3, conInit2, consFin\r
+\r
+vowel1 = ['i','a','o','u','ü','e','au','ai','oi'];\r
+vowelAlt = ['ai','au','ua','ue','ae'];\r
+diphthongA = ['i','a','o','u','ü','e'];\r
+\r
+// GROUP I : 2 - 20; GROUP II : 22 - 40; GROUP III : 42 - 60;\r
+cons = {2:"p",4:"b",6:"m",8:"f",10:"v",12:"w",14:"t",16:"d",18:"n",20:"th",22:"dh",24:"ch",26:"l",28:"y",30:"k",32:"g",34:"kh",36:"gh",37:"'",38:"q",40:"h",42:"w",44:"ts",46:"tl",48:"s",50:"sh",52:"z",54:"zh",55:"ss",56:"r",58:"l",60:"hl"};\r
+conInit3 = ['mr','ms','dl','tr','nj'];\r
+conInit2 = {2:'m',4:'n',6:'ng',8:'r',10:'l',12:'y',14:'s',16:'sh',18:'ss',19:'j'};\r
+consFin = {2:'m',4:'n',6:'ng',8:'r',10:'l',12:'kh',14:'k',16:'s',18:'hl',19:'tl',20:'sh'};\r
+\r
+function Word() {\r
+ var z = d(100);\r
+ if(z <= 10)\r
+ pname = vowel() + con() + vowel()\r
+ else if(z <= 20)\r
+ pname = vowel() + con() + vowel() + conFinal()\r
+ else if(z <= 30)\r
+ pname = vowel() + con() + vowel() + con() + vowel()\r
+ else if(z <= 40)\r
+ pname = con('i') + vowel() + conFinal()\r
+ else if(z <= 70)\r
+ pname = con('i') + vowel() + con() + vowel()\r
+ else if(z <= 90)\r
+ pname = con('i') + vowel() + con() + vowel() + conFinal()\r
+ else if(z <= 95)\r
+ pname = con('i') + vowel() + con() + vowel() + con() + vowel()\r
+ else\r
+ pname = con('i') + vowel() + con() + vowel() + con() + vowel() + conFinal();\r
+ return pname\r
+}\r
+\r
+function con(typ) {\r
+ var z = d(100);\r
+ if(z <= 50)\r
+ return consonant(typ)\r
+ else if(z <= 95)\r
+ return consonant2(typ)\r
+ else\r
+ return consonant3(typ)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function consonant2(typ) {\r
+ if (typ=='i')\r
+ return consonant()+conInitial2()\r
+ else\r
+ return consonant()+consonant()\r
+}\r
+\r
+function consonant3(typ) {\r
+ if(typ=='i')\r
+ return conInitial3()\r
+ else\r
+ return consonant()+consonant()+conInitial2()\r
+}\r
+\r
+function vowelOther() {\r
+ if(d(6)==1)\r
+ return diphthong()+diphthong()\r
+ else\r
+ return UnNumbered(vowelAlt)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function vowel() {\r
+ if(d(10)==1)\r
+ return vowelOther()\r
+ else\r
+ return UnNumbered(vowel1)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function diphthong() {\r
+ return UnNumbered(diphthongA)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function consonant() {\r
+ return getAssocA(cons, 60)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function conFinal() {\r
+ return getAssocA(consFin, 20)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function conInitial2(){\r
+ if (d(20)==1)\r
+ {\r
+ // specified as 'or other' in the article\r
+ // I didn't know what to do so I used a consonant (Groups I, II or III)\r
+ return getAssocA(cons, 60)\r
+ }\r
+ else\r
+ return getAssocA(conInit2, 19)\r
+}\r
+\r
+function conInitial3(){\r
+ return UnNumbered(conInit3)\r
+}\r
+// End word generator\r
+\r
+//-->\r
+ </script>\r
+ </head>\r
+ <body>\r
+ <h1>Tsolyani random word generator</h1>\r
+ <p>For Tekumel. Based on the article "Tsolyani Names Without Tears", by M. A. R. Barker, from "The Strategic Review", (Vol. 1, #4, Winter 1975)</p>\r
+ <table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0">\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>Enter <b>number of words</b> required: </td>\r
+ <td><input id="txtNumWords" name="txtNumWords" value="10" size="4"></td>\r
+ <td rowspan="4"><textarea id="txtWords" name="txtWords" rows="12" cols="30"></textarea></td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>Capitalised? </td>\r
+ <td><input id="chkCapitalised" type="checkbox" name="chkCapitalised" checked></td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td colspan="2"><input type="button" id="cmdNumWords" onclick="return cmdNumWords_onclick()" name="cmdNumWords" value="Make Words"></td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td colspan="2"><input type="button" id="cmdCopyToClip" onclick="return cmdCopyToClip_click('txtWords')" name="cmdCopyToClip" value="Copy to clip-board"></td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ </table>\r
+ <p>Based on the following groups of letters (see the article). Randomly generated words tend to have too many multiple adjacent consonants, which result in ugly unpronounceable words. Remove the ugly words and just keep the ones you like. Hey, it's easier than rolling dice and takes less thought than actually making up words from your imagination.</p>\r
+ <table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0">\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>vowel </td>\r
+ <td>i, a, o, u, ü, e, au, ai, oi</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>vowel (alternative)</td>\r
+ <td>ai, au, ua, ue, ae</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>diphthongs</td>\r
+ <td>i, a, o, u, ü, e</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Group I</td>\r
+ <td>p, b, m, f, v, w, t, d, n, th</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Group II</td>\r
+ <td>dh, ch, l, y, k, g, kh, gh, ', q, h</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Group III</td>\r
+ <td>w, ts, tl, s, sh, z, zh, ss, r, l, hl</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Initial 3</td>\r
+ <td>mr, ms, dl, tr, nj</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Initial 2</td>\r
+ <td>m, n, ng, r, l, y, s, sh, ss, j</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ <tr>\r
+ <td>consonant Final</td>\r
+ <td>m, n, ng, r, l, kh, k, s, hl, tl, sh</td>\r
+ </tr>\r
+ </table>\r
+ <p></p>\r
+ <p> </p>\r
+ <p></p>\r
+ <p></p>\r
+ </body>\r
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ab\r
+A'ash\r
+A'is\r
+A'lathish\r
+A'lsh\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahune\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ai'is\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akhone\r
+Akho\r
+Akhunom\r
+Akhun\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
+Aladh\r
+Alash\r
+Alaz\r
+Albel\r
+Aldeya\r
+Alel\r
+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Amessu\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aomela\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aosesna\r
+Aom\r
+Ao\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Araya\r
+Arai\r
+Archon\r
+Arduro\r
+Ardza\r
+Areksonbe\r
+Aregh\r
+Arevi\r
+Argetl\r
+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
+Arjai\r
+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
+Arko'ela\r
+Arko\r
+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arosuel\r
+Arruchegar\r
+Arruche\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsaz\r
+Arsekmekoi\r
+Arshu'u\r
+Artakh\r
+Artuvez\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
+Aru\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
+Ashekka\r
+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asumish\r
+Atalen\r
+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Avanthar\r
+Avazel\r
+Avanthe\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
+Aweth\r
+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Ai\r
+Ald\r
+Am\r
+Ardz\r
+Arkutu\r
+Asqar\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atl\r
+Ba'alan\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'an\r
+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bane\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Barraga\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Ba\r
+Badz\r
+Baisa\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bao\r
+Bashdis\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazkur\r
+Be'eku\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Begssra\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benesh\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Beshyene\r
+Bevand\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Benre\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmu\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Biyü\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Bo\r
+Brejja\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+Butrus\r
+Büchür\r
+Byokt\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+bussan\r
+Ch'a\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chankosu\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chatan\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Cha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charoneb\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chath\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Chet'u\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chiu\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chnur\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Choluga\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Chorisande\r
+Choya\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Cholokh\r
+Chom\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorodu\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Chpet\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chrai\r
+Chral\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chura\r
+Chü\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Daikan\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Daunel\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daimi\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dam\r
+Daragma\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Dele\r
+Dene\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Dhale\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Diride\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyanü\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dle\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
+Donatri\r
+Donmikayel\r
+Dopusai\r
+Dorodai\r
+Dorsum\r
+Do\r
+Dokh\r
+Dommu\r
+Doqmugh\r
+Dori\r
+Dormoron\r
+Dorudai\r
+Dra\r
+Draka\r
+Drangga\r
+Drantike\r
+Drarsha\r
+Dreng\r
+Drenggar\r
+Dressa\r
+Drichansa\r
+Dridakku\r
+Dritlan\r
+Dri\r
+Drichte\r
+Dronu\r
+Dru'unish\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Du'un\r
+Dugo\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Duman\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumuggash\r
+Dumuz\r
+Duon\r
+Duqala\r
+Dure'ep\r
+Durritlamish\r
+Duru'ob\r
+Duru'uba\r
+Duruntlano\r
+Duruob\r
+Durumu\r
+Durun\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dudali\r
+Dunl\r
+Dunnul\r
+Durugen\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dva\r
+Dyardeshaz\r
+Dzakang\r
+Dzashlanish\r
+Dza\r
+Dzee\r
+Dzelün\r
+Dzeu\r
+Dzor\r
+Dzovath\r
+diridza\r
+E'eth\r
+Ebe'engudle'esh\r
+Ebe'enguish\r
+Ebe'enguzash\r
+Eber\r
+Ebzal\r
+Eche\r
+Edduelmiga\r
+Edluchcho\r
+Edlun\r
+Ejel\r
+Ek'e\r
+Ekhor\r
+Ekune\r
+Ela\r
+Elara\r
+Elechu\r
+Elitlayal\r
+Elkhome\r
+Elue\r
+Elulaiku\r
+Elulen\r
+Elvaru\r
+Emeshmu\r
+Emketlish\r
+Emrallam\r
+Engsvanyali\r
+Engsvanyalu\r
+Enome\r
+Enushu\r
+Epeng\r
+Epü\r
+Equ'noyel\r
+Equnoyel\r
+Erbule\r
+Eresu\r
+Eride\r
+Ersarish\r
+Ershummu\r
+Eructating\r
+Erutleppa\r
+Erunu\r
+Eselne\r
+Eshatl\r
+Eshine\r
+Eshir\r
+Eshmigetl\r
+Eshmir\r
+Eshpir\r
+Eshqura\r
+Eshshu\r
+Eshu'uz\r
+Esthete\r
+Esue\r
+Etehltu\r
+Etmesh\r
+Etsunu\r
+Eutl\r
+Evidlu\r
+Evuen\r
+Evuyu\r
+Ey'un\r
+Eyagi\r
+Eyloa\r
+Eyu\r
+Eyvar\r
+Elelun\r
+Elenur\r
+Elulen\r
+Emish\r
+Engsvan\r
+Erzh\r
+Esh\r
+Etan\r
+Etla\r
+Fa\r
+Fa'asal\r
+Fa'a\r
+Fa'asha\r
+Faishan\r
+Faoz\r
+Fara'akh\r
+Farazhme\r
+Fardaz\r
+Fardha\r
+Farise\r
+Farkhenu\r
+Farrekesh\r
+Farsalaz\r
+Farsha\r
+Fashaa\r
+Fasharangga\r
+Fashranu\r
+Fasiltum\r
+Fasraz\r
+Fayaz\r
+Fayes\r
+Faa\r
+Fai\r
+Falla\r
+Falli\r
+Farishu\r
+Fasil\r
+Fereshma'a\r
+Feresh\r
+Ferinara\r
+Fersala\r
+Feshenga\r
+Feshmu'un\r
+Fetsoqi\r
+Feshdrubal-Chren\r
+Fejja\r
+Fenul\r
+Feshmu\r
+Fesru\r
+Ffrsha\r
+Ffsa\r
+Firasul\r
+Firaz\r
+Firya\r
+Fisa-Brugshmy\r
+Fiyash\r
+Fiyu\r
+Firu\r
+Fner-Khmishu\r
+Foshaa\r
+Foshaa\r
+Freshshayu\r
+Fressa\r
+Fsa\r
+Fssa\r
+Fssu'uma\r
+Fu\r
+Fü\r
+Fü'ürik\r
+G'dzar\r
+G'elts\r
+Ga'anish\r
+Ga'anra\r
+Ga'en\r
+Ga'intor\r
+Gachaya\r
+Gagarsha\r
+Gaggalmike\r
+Gaidru\r
+Galai\r
+Galenü\r
+Gama'an\r
+Ganraz\r
+Ganudla\r
+Gapul\r
+Gaqchike\r
+Gardasiyal\r
+Garon\r
+Gashchne\r
+Gashekka\r
+Gashtene\r
+Gayasu\r
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+Yom\r
+Yossu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yual\r
+Yugao\r
+Yuleneb\r
+Za'a\r
+Za'es\r
+Zadlanu\r
+Zagaz\r
+Zaidza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklen\r
+Zanatl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaqe\r
+Zaren\r
+Zarnaz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zaq\r
+Zdan\r
+Zerussa\r
+Zhabara\r
+Zhaitolan\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavendu\r
+Zhavez\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhapai\r
+Zhaqu\r
+Zhdanawi\r
+Zhe'enarak\r
+Zheu\r
+Zhevane\r
+Zhio\r
+Zhnemuish\r
+Zhneb\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhurrilugga\r
+Zhurulen\r
+Zhu\r
+Zikur\r
+Ziruna\r
+Zitmaz\r
+Zikku\r
+Ziris\r
+Zirunel\r
+Zmakka-Lude\r
+Zna'ye\r
+Znalaz\r
+Znamrishsha\r
+Znayashu\r
+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ur\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ine\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ab\r
+A'ash\r
+A'is\r
+A'lathish\r
+A'lsh\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahune\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ai'is\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akhone\r
+Akho\r
+Akhunom\r
+Akhun\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
+Aladh\r
+Alash\r
+Alaz\r
+Albel\r
+Aldeya\r
+Alel\r
+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Amessu\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aomela\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aosesna\r
+Aom\r
+Ao\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Araya\r
+Arai\r
+Archon\r
+Arduro\r
+Ardza\r
+Areksonbe\r
+Aregh\r
+Arevi\r
+Argetl\r
+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
+Arjai\r
+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
+Arko'ela\r
+Arko\r
+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arosuel\r
+Arruchegar\r
+Arruche\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsaz\r
+Arsekmekoi\r
+Arshu'u\r
+Artakh\r
+Artuvez\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
+Aru\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
+Ashekka\r
+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asumish\r
+Atalen\r
+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Avanthar\r
+Avazel\r
+Avanthe\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
+Aweth\r
+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Ai\r
+Ald\r
+Am\r
+Ardz\r
+Arkutu\r
+Asqar\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atl\r
+Ba'alan\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'an\r
+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bane\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Barraga\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Ba\r
+Badz\r
+Baisa\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bao\r
+Bashdis\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazkur\r
+Be'eku\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Begssra\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benesh\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Beshyene\r
+Bevand\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Benre\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmu\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Biyü\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Bo\r
+Brejja\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+Butrus\r
+Büchür\r
+Byokt\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+bussan\r
+Ch'a\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chankosu\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chatan\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Cha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charoneb\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chath\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Chet'u\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chiu\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chnur\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Choluga\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Chorisande\r
+Choya\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Cholokh\r
+Chom\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorodu\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Chpet\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chrai\r
+Chral\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chura\r
+Chü\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Daikan\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Daunel\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daimi\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dam\r
+Daragma\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Dele\r
+Dene\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Dhale\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Diride\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyanü\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dle\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
+Donatri\r
+Donmikayel\r
+Dopusai\r
+Dorodai\r
+Dorsum\r
+Do\r
+Dokh\r
+Dommu\r
+Doqmugh\r
+Dori\r
+Dormoron\r
+Dorudai\r
+Dra\r
+Draka\r
+Drangga\r
+Drantike\r
+Drarsha\r
+Dreng\r
+Drenggar\r
+Dressa\r
+Drichansa\r
+Dridakku\r
+Dritlan\r
+Dri\r
+Drichte\r
+Dronu\r
+Dru'unish\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Du'un\r
+Dugo\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Duman\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumuggash\r
+Dumuz\r
+Duon\r
+Duqala\r
+Dure'ep\r
+Durritlamish\r
+Duru'ob\r
+Duru'uba\r
+Duruntlano\r
+Duruob\r
+Durumu\r
+Durun\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dudali\r
+Dunl\r
+Dunnul\r
+Durugen\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dva\r
+Dyardeshaz\r
+Dzakang\r
+Dzashlanish\r
+Dza\r
+Dzee\r
+Dzelün\r
+Dzeu\r
+Dzor\r
+Dzovath\r
+diridza\r
+E'eth\r
+Ebe'engudle'esh\r
+Ebe'enguish\r
+Ebe'enguzash\r
+Eber\r
+Ebzal\r
+Eche\r
+Edduelmiga\r
+Edluchcho\r
+Edlun\r
+Ejel\r
+Ek'e\r
+Ekhor\r
+Ekune\r
+Ela\r
+Elara\r
+Elechu\r
+Elitlayal\r
+Elkhome\r
+Elue\r
+Elulaiku\r
+Elulen\r
+Elvaru\r
+Emeshmu\r
+Emketlish\r
+Emrallam\r
+Engsvanyali\r
+Engsvanyalu\r
+Enome\r
+Enushu\r
+Epeng\r
+Epü\r
+Equ'noyel\r
+Equnoyel\r
+Erbule\r
+Eresu\r
+Eride\r
+Ersarish\r
+Ershummu\r
+Eructating\r
+Erutleppa\r
+Erunu\r
+Eselne\r
+Eshatl\r
+Eshine\r
+Eshir\r
+Eshmigetl\r
+Eshmir\r
+Eshpir\r
+Eshqura\r
+Eshshu\r
+Eshu'uz\r
+Esthete\r
+Esue\r
+Etehltu\r
+Etmesh\r
+Etsunu\r
+Eutl\r
+Evidlu\r
+Evuen\r
+Evuyu\r
+Ey'un\r
+Eyagi\r
+Eyloa\r
+Eyu\r
+Eyvar\r
+Elelun\r
+Elenur\r
+Elulen\r
+Emish\r
+Engsvan\r
+Erzh\r
+Esh\r
+Etan\r
+Etla\r
+Fa\r
+Fa'asal\r
+Fa'a\r
+Fa'asha\r
+Faishan\r
+Faoz\r
+Fara'akh\r
+Farazhme\r
+Fardaz\r
+Fardha\r
+Farise\r
+Farkhenu\r
+Farrekesh\r
+Farsalaz\r
+Farsha\r
+Fashaa\r
+Fasharangga\r
+Fashranu\r
+Fasiltum\r
+Fasraz\r
+Fayaz\r
+Fayes\r
+Faa\r
+Fai\r
+Falla\r
+Falli\r
+Farishu\r
+Fasil\r
+Fereshma'a\r
+Feresh\r
+Ferinara\r
+Fersala\r
+Feshenga\r
+Feshmu'un\r
+Fetsoqi\r
+Feshdrubal-Chren\r
+Fejja\r
+Fenul\r
+Feshmu\r
+Fesru\r
+Ffrsha\r
+Ffsa\r
+Firasul\r
+Firaz\r
+Firya\r
+Fisa-Brugshmy\r
+Fiyash\r
+Fiyu\r
+Firu\r
+Fner-Khmishu\r
+Foshaa\r
+Foshaa\r
+Freshshayu\r
+Fressa\r
+Fsa\r
+Fssa\r
+Fssu'uma\r
+Fu\r
+Fü\r
+Fü'ürik\r
+G'dzar\r
+G'elts\r
+Ga'anish\r
+Ga'anra\r
+Ga'en\r
+Ga'intor\r
+Gachaya\r
+Gagarsha\r
+Gaggalmike\r
+Gaidru\r
+Galai\r
+Galenü\r
+Gama'an\r
+Ganraz\r
+Ganudla\r
+Gapul\r
+Gaqchike\r
+Gardasiyal\r
+Garon\r
+Gashchne\r
+Gashekka\r
+Gashtene\r
+Gayasu\r
+Gayel\r
+Ga\r
+Gachayayal\r
+Gai\r
+Gaichun\r
+Gain\r
+Gamalu\r
+Gamra\r
+Gamulu\r
+Ganga\r
+Gangan\r
+Gangasa\r
+Garjak\r
+Gdeth\r
+Ge'eltigane\r
+Ge'en\r
+Ge'eru\r
+Gegresa\r
+Gekkudla\r
+Genemu\r
+Gerednya\r
+Gereshma'a\r
+Geresa\r
+Ge\r
+Gerkas\r
+Ghaton\r
+Ghatoni\r
+Ghai\r
+Ghamrik\r
+Ghar\r
+Ghenesh\r
+Ghezhna\r
+Ghezna\r
+Ghe\r
+Ghilraa\r
+Ghiner\r
+Ghitaa\r
+Ghiyal\r
+Ghiu\r
+Ghmarish\r
+Ghotne\r
+Ghol\r
+Ghoruq\r
+Ghrü\r
+Ghusan\r
+Ghu'akh\r
+Gij\r
+Gilraya\r
+Gimangresh\r
+Girandu\r
+Gires\r
+Giridano\r
+Giriga\r
+Girigamish\r
+Girigashna\r
+Girikteshmu\r
+Giritlen\r
+Gishko\r
+Giu\r
+Giugemish\r
+Giyo\r
+Gij\r
+Giriku\r
+Giu\r
+Gjmem\r
+Glagsha\r
+Gluir\r
+Gnemu\r
+Gnerru\r
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+Rüshe\r
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+Rzalish\r
+Sa'aleb\r
+Sa'alur\r
+Sa'a\r
+Sa'aka\r
+Sa'aq\r
+Saa\r
+Sachel\r
+Sadhua\r
+Sagun\r
+Sahelun\r
+Sahulen\r
+Saima\r
+Saku'u\r
+Salarvya\r
+Salarvyani\r
+Sangar\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sankolum\r
+Sankolun\r
+Sanuklen\r
+Sarana\r
+Sarela\r
+Sarelqe\r
+Sarir\r
+Sarvodaya\r
+Sathapo\r
+Savadano\r
+Savalharetokoi\r
+Savalikh\r
+Savalyal\r
+Sayil\r
+Sa\r
+Sakbe\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sano\r
+Sark\r
+Sarku\r
+Sarn\r
+Sarq\r
+Sazhme\r
+Schyak\r
+Sekka\r
+Semetl\r
+Semetlyal\r
+Semunu\r
+Sengelu\r
+Sengireth\r
+Senyara\r
+Senyatokoi\r
+Senyaratorakh\r
+Sequestrator\r
+Seracha\r
+Serkaton\r
+Sea\r
+Sedla\r
+Sekka\r
+Sena\r
+Senth\r
+Seresh\r
+Serqu\r
+Serudla\r
+Sescha\r
+Seshmel\r
+Setnakh\r
+Sha'aduish\r
+Sha'anaz\r
+Shabraz\r
+Shaithuni\r
+Shaka'an\r
+Shalai\r
+Shale'enish\r
+Shalnaz\r
+Shaneb\r
+Shaqa\r
+Sharar\r
+Shardua\r
+Sharduish\r
+Sharetl\r
+Sharetlkoi\r
+Sharidza\r
+Sharuna\r
+Sharvae\r
+Shathirin\r
+Shathirins\r
+Shatla'asha\r
+Shatlashaz\r
+Shatlena\r
+Shau\r
+Shazuvan\r
+Shadleg\r
+Shaira\r
+Shamatl\r
+Shamluz\r
+Shamtla\r
+Shan\r
+Shana\r
+Shang\r
+Shangü\r
+Shanu'u\r
+Shapru\r
+Sharseb\r
+Sharsha\r
+Sharto\r
+Shartokoi\r
+Shartorakoi\r
+Shartorkh\r
+Shatl\r
+Shatun\r
+Shavu\r
+She'emlish\r
+Shejjanekh\r
+Shekkara\r
+Shenbei\r
+Shenesa\r
+Sheresa\r
+Shedra\r
+Shemek\r
+Shemesh\r
+Shen\r
+Shengelu\r
+Shenj\r
+Shenyu\r
+Sherangatl\r
+Sheu\r
+Shi'i\r
+Shiggashko'onmu\r
+Shiggeth\r
+Shigraz\r
+Shigrazai\r
+Shikel\r
+Shinueth\r
+Shiringgayi\r
+Shirudanaz\r
+Shisashaz\r
+Shivrai\r
+Shiwan\r
+Shi'dok\r
+Shichel\r
+Shiggath\r
+Shoen\r
+Shomore\r
+Shoshche\r
+Shohla\r
+Shorta\r
+Shpar\r
+Shqa\r
+Shr-Gü\r
+Shrakan\r
+Shra\r
+Shrejjarshu\r
+Shreku'el\r
+Shretsaya\r
+Shrikome\r
+Shrutta\r
+Shrüka\r
+Shshi\r
+Shu'ure\r
+Shuchela\r
+Shuggetl\r
+Shuoleth\r
+Shu-Zeb\r
+Shwan\r
+Si'is\r
+Si'ila\r
+Si'is\r
+Sikkeng\r
+Sikkune\r
+Sikuab\r
+Sikun\r
+Sine\r
+Sionu\r
+Siramda\r
+Siridlanu\r
+Sirinala\r
+Sirsum\r
+Sitlaya\r
+Siuneth\r
+Siuhsa\r
+Sivel\r
+Sivuse\r
+Siyathuaz\r
+Siyenagga\r
+Siyushaa\r
+Si\r
+Sikuoz\r
+Sirukel\r
+Skendruzhzha\r
+Skumra\r
+Snafru\r
+Snarel\r
+Sneq-si'va\r
+Sne\r
+So'omish\r
+So'onkum\r
+Sokatis\r
+Songyal\r
+Somreg\r
+Songga\r
+Sonkolel\r
+Sra'ur\r
+Sraon\r
+Sra\r
+Srai\r
+Sraish\r
+Sramuthu\r
+Srasü\r
+Sreddeq\r
+Sreq\r
+Srez\r
+Srigash\r
+Srikhanu\r
+Srikolun\r
+Sriyesa\r
+Srima\r
+Sritl\r
+Srodü\r
+Sro\r
+Srsa\r
+Srung\r
+Srüganta\r
+Srükarum\r
+Srüma\r
+Srüqu\r
+Srýqu\r
+Ssa'atis\r
+Ssalan\r
+Ssamiren\r
+Ssanyusa\r
+Ssaria\r
+Ssa\r
+Ssaivra\r
+Ssamadan\r
+Ssamris\r
+Ssana\r
+Ssani\r
+Ssanmirin\r
+Ssao\r
+Ssaoneb\r
+Ssar\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Sseffer\r
+Ssesmuga\r
+Ssirandar\r
+Ssiyor\r
+Ssineleth\r
+Ssirandar\r
+Ssormu\r
+Ssorva\r
+Ssor\r
+Ssormu\r
+Ssrayani\r
+Ssru-Gatl\r
+Ssu'um\r
+Ssuganar\r
+Ssuganar\r
+Ssunruel\r
+Ssuri\r
+Ssurusa\r
+Ssuyal\r
+Ssu\r
+Ssudüne\r
+Ssumani\r
+Ssuyal\r
+Ssü\r
+Ssüdüne\r
+Ssünrü\r
+Ssüssü\r
+Su'el\r
+Su'esa\r
+Su'umel\r
+Su'unkada\r
+Su'un\r
+Sua-eya\r
+Subadim\r
+Suchlesa\r
+Sukandar\r
+Sukesran\r
+Sumanek\r
+Sunchan\r
+Sunon\r
+Sunraya\r
+Sunrudaya\r
+Sunun\r
+Sunuz\r
+Suor\r
+Surendish\r
+Surgeth\r
+Surnaz\r
+Suruim\r
+Suruna\r
+Surundano\r
+Surunsa\r
+Surukhoi\r
+Surunra\r
+Suzhan\r
+Su\r
+Subadim\r
+Suchel\r
+Sur\r
+Sü\r
+Svatl\r
+Syo\r
+Syusyu\r
+Sý\r
+shrsa\r
+T'kav\r
+T'umu\r
+Ta'ana\r
+Ta'eq\r
+Ta'esh\r
+Ta'lar\r
+Ta'on\r
+Tahele\r
+Takavuk\r
+Takolu\r
+Takpaj\r
+Talesha\r
+Talmoshetl\r
+Tamavu\r
+Tamkade\r
+Tammreb\r
+Tamranaz\r
+Tane\r
+Tanmruktu\r
+Tanule\r
+Tarandaz\r
+Taregaz\r
+Targdaz\r
+Targholel\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tariktame\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tarishande\r
+Tarikme\r
+Tarket\r
+Tarkonu\r
+Tarkumu\r
+Tartlanaz\r
+Tartür\r
+Tashqa\r
+Tatregaz\r
+Tatregeb\r
+Tayalaz\r
+Tayarsha\r
+Tayehl\r
+Ta\r
+Takodai\r
+Taksuru\r
+Taleth\r
+Tankolel\r
+Tashmai'ataq\r
+Te'ekuna\r
+Tekai\r
+Teketl\r
+Tekketal\r
+Tekoth\r
+Tekumelani\r
+Telesa\r
+Tenerzaz\r
+Tenkolu\r
+Tenochtitlan\r
+Tenturen\r
+Teqeqmu\r
+Teretane\r
+Teriyal\r
+Teshengtu\r
+Teshkana\r
+Teshkorusa\r
+Teshkoa\r
+Teshkuma\r
+Teshtesh\r
+Teshuna\r
+Tessuken\r
+Teteli\r
+Tetengkaino\r
+Tetel\r
+Tetkuru\r
+Tetkumne\r
+Tetlakte\r
+Tetnerzaz\r
+Tettukanu\r
+Tettukanetl\r
+Tetukel\r
+Te-Alodelt\r
+Te-Garudne\r
+Te\r
+Te'ep\r
+Tekar\r
+Tekka\r
+Tekken\r
+Tekumel\r
+Tekumeli\r
+Tekumelyani\r
+Tekunu\r
+Tengguren\r
+Tenmre\r
+Tenturen\r
+Teshkuru\r
+Tessu\r
+Tetkoru\r
+Tetkunu\r
+Thagamusekoi\r
+Thamis\r
+Tharandara\r
+Tharandesh\r
+Thayuri\r
+Thanmra\r
+Tharga\r
+Tharon\r
+Thasun\r
+Thekkusa\r
+Thendraya\r
+Theshkolu\r
+Theyolish\r
+Thekudalikh\r
+Thenu\r
+Thesun\r
+Thikenta\r
+Thirreqummu\r
+Thirrutlanish\r
+Thojeng\r
+Thomutha\r
+Thomar\r
+Thrayan\r
+Thraya\r
+Thresh'sha'a\r
+Thri'il\r
+Thu'inin\r
+Thu'usa\r
+Thunsenya\r
+Thunsenyakh\r
+Thu\r
+Thumari\r
+Thumis\r
+Thung\r
+Thunru'u\r
+Ti'Ch'a\r
+Ti'ina\r
+Tiakar\r
+Tigan\r
+Tii-petk\r
+Tik-nekw-ket\r
+Tikakoi\r
+Tikanta\r
+Tikasa\r
+Tikeshmu\r
+Tikik-dsa-ke\r
+Tikku\r
+Tikkuththu\r
+Tiktikanu\r
+Tilekku\r
+Tilune\r
+Timandalikh\r
+Timeya\r
+Timuel\r
+Timung\r
+Timuna\r
+Tinaliya\r
+Tintagel\r
+Tiqeje\r
+Tireshme\r
+Tire\r
+Tirikelu\r
+Tirisan\r
+Tiritlen\r
+Tirrgasche\r
+Tirrikamu\r
+Tirrikamukoi\r
+Tirrular\r
+Tirrune\r
+Tishkolun\r
+Tiuni\r
+Tiyotl\r
+Ti-holmuu\r
+Ti-Sharvuu\r
+Ti\r
+Tiu\r
+Tk't'trr\r
+Tk-etk-dsa\r
+Tka\r
+Tkahl\r
+Tkash\r
+Tke'l\r
+Tkekmar\r
+Tkel\r
+Tkemar\r
+Tkesh\r
+Tku\r
+Tla'akla\r
+Tlakalaz\r
+Tlakal\r
+Tlakar\r
+Tlakela\r
+Tlakotani\r
+Tlakotanis\r
+Tlalesu\r
+Tlaneno\r
+Tlangtal\r
+Tlaqolikvayunlukh\r
+Tlatoyel\r
+Tla\r
+Tlalu\r
+Tlangtu\r
+Tlani\r
+Tlar\r
+Tlashanyal\r
+Tlashte\r
+Tleggashmu\r
+Tlekchaqhu\r
+Tlekolmu\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tletlakha\r
+Tle-Chrela\r
+Tle-Mu\r
+Tle-Niu\r
+Tle-San\r
+Tle\r
+Tlebas\r
+Tlek\r
+Tlekku\r
+Tleku\r
+Tles\r
+Tlesa\r
+Tlimastliken\r
+Tlokiriqaluyal\r
+Tlokiriqaluyal\r
+Tlomitlanyal\r
+Tlonetl\r
+Tlom\r
+Tlonu\r
+Tlümrik\r
+Tlüsem\r
+Tlæ\r
+Tmekt\r
+Tn'iss'ssa\r
+Tnalum\r
+Tnahla\r
+Tnamurr\r
+Tneg\r
+Tnek\r
+Tnikh\r
+Tnung\r
+Todukai\r
+Tolkien\r
+Tolokkon\r
+Tolünglukh\r
+Tomrüz\r
+Tomua\r
+Tontiken\r
+Toru'una\r
+Toruuna\r
+Totomrüz\r
+Toh\r
+Tokhn\r
+Tolek\r
+Ton\r
+Torisu\r
+Torunal\r
+Tr-Hss\r
+Trantor\r
+Tranuo\r
+Tratikante\r
+Traggesh\r
+Trahlu\r
+Trakonel\r
+Trantis\r
+Trek'e\r
+Trekhuish\r
+Tremunish\r
+Tretleneg\r
+Treng\r
+Trimur\r
+Tronua\r
+Tru\r
+Trübeth\r
+Tsa'aqo\r
+Tsa'avtulgü\r
+Tsa'a\r
+Tsa'e\r
+Tsa'kelikh\r
+Tsagoba\r
+Tsahlten\r
+Tsatsayagga\r
+Tsa\r
+Tsa'ra\r
+Tsagga\r
+Tsai\r
+Tsamra\r
+Tsan\r
+Tsaqw\r
+Tsarnu\r
+Tsatocha\r
+Tsau\r
+Tsaya\r
+Tsechelnu\r
+Tsel\r
+Tselinal\r
+Tsenammu\r
+Tseshapasha\r
+Tsehlqu\r
+Tsei\r
+Tselhqu\r
+Tsemel\r
+Tser\r
+Tsertse\r
+Tsetlmu\r
+Tsevu\r
+Tsi'il\r
+Tsimai\r
+Tsimer\r
+Tsodlan\r
+Tsolei\r
+Tsolei'i\r
+Tsoleini\r
+Tsolisha\r
+Tsolyani\r
+Tsolyanu\r
+Tsou\r
+Tsoggu\r
+Tsommul\r
+Tsu'urum\r
+Tsu'urumyal\r
+Tsughiyur\r
+Tsuhoridu\r
+Tsukelmri\r
+Tsukehlmri\r
+Tsumiyel\r
+Tsuru'um\r
+Tsuru'umyal\r
+Tsuru\r
+Tsurum\r
+Tsutlo\r
+Tsu'uru\r
+Tsumikel\r
+Tsunure\r
+Tsupil\r
+Tsural\r
+Tsutel\r
+Ttik-Deqeq\r
+Tu'unkelmu\r
+Tu'unmra\r
+Tu'un\r
+Tu'una\r
+Tugrunmodalikoi\r
+Tugrunmokoi\r
+Tugruntokoi\r
+Tuheshmu\r
+Tui\r
+Tuingashte\r
+Tukkolen\r
+Tukun\r
+Tuleng\r
+Tulengkoi\r
+Tumissa\r
+Tumissan\r
+Tunkul\r
+Tuoneb\r
+Tuor\r
+Turel\r
+Turshanmü\r
+Turugdashe\r
+Turum\r
+Turukku\r
+Turunkai\r
+Tutaita\r
+Tu'u-Kakeng\r
+Tu-Lze\r
+Tusmiketlan\r
+Tusmisimu\r
+Tulkesh\r
+Turisan\r
+Tuu\r
+Tyelu\r
+tlaSsugayal\r
+tsaipa\r
+tuKolumel\r
+U'ab\r
+U'unom\r
+Uchchür\r
+Udileg\r
+Ugwa\r
+Ukhakh\r
+Ulela\r
+Uma\r
+Umer\r
+Uni\r
+Unrachu\r
+Unukalhai\r
+Unuqa\r
+Uo\r
+Uqetme\r
+Uradz\r
+Uriyo\r
+Urtse\r
+Urudai\r
+Urunen\r
+Urusai\r
+Urukkha\r
+Usenanu\r
+Usunggahla\r
+Usun\r
+Utanakh\r
+Utekh\r
+Uteng\r
+Uthu\r
+Uvrekn\r
+Uj\r
+Uoz\r
+Urmish\r
+Ükesh\r
+Ületl\r
+Üroflatio\r
+Üroshanal\r
+Ürs\r
+Va'alzish\r
+Va'dir\r
+Vadargish\r
+Vadhuib\r
+VagMnerr\r
+Vaime\r
+Vaime'u\r
+Vajesh\r
+Valakar\r
+Valedh\r
+Valsura\r
+Vanredhish\r
+Vaomahl\r
+Varamaz\r
+Varchu\r
+Varemu\r
+Vashmu\r
+Vayatlanle\r
+Vayonem\r
+Vayuma\r
+Vaan\r
+Valsh\r
+Vanu\r
+Varchekh\r
+Varis\r
+Vatlaz\r
+Veridh\r
+Vernech\r
+Verussa\r
+Veshmuna\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessura\r
+Ve\r
+Veshkuru\r
+Vgaish\r
+Viluneb\r
+Vimuhla\r
+Viosena\r
+Viothetl\r
+Virala\r
+Virida'a\r
+Viridame\r
+Viridda\r
+Viridlan\r
+Virikeshmu\r
+Viruzhee\r
+Visarga\r
+Vishetru\r
+Viteshmal\r
+Viumel\r
+Viyunggaz\r
+Vina\r
+Vipu\r
+Visumikh\r
+Vle\r
+Vleshga\r
+Vleshgayal\r
+Vluskassa\r
+Vnatl\r
+Vorodla\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vortumoi\r
+Voruseka\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vra'ama\r
+Vrahama\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vrayani\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vra\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vreg\r
+Vrekn\r
+Vrel\r
+Vrelq\r
+Vrem\r
+Vrer\r
+Vres\r
+Vretlish\r
+Vridekka\r
+Vriggetsu\r
+Vrimeshtu\r
+Vringayekmu\r
+Vringalu\r
+Vrishanu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Vrishtara\r
+Vriyadu\r
+Vriyagga\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyon\r
+Vri\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vridu\r
+Vrisa\r
+Vrusaemaz\r
+Vrusaggu\r
+Vru\r
+Vru'uneb\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vunarsa\r
+Vurosa\r
+Vurrighend\r
+Vurshe\r
+Vurtleshkoi\r
+Vurummu\r
+Vuruttu\r
+Vu\r
+Vur\r
+Vyer\r
+vindo\r
+vuChrayu\r
+vuHaggoshe\r
+vuMakkochaqu\r
+Wadraz\r
+Walaz\r
+Warghan\r
+Wassamatl\r
+Wasuro\r
+Waba\r
+Wektudhish\r
+Wekuna\r
+Weltiga\r
+Wesh\r
+Wiyul\r
+Wno\r
+Wothudle'esh\r
+Wothuish\r
+Wothuzash\r
+Wrru\r
+Wuru\r
+Ya'ela\r
+Yaheshu\r
+Yamashsha\r
+Yanai\r
+Yarisal\r
+Yarsur\r
+Yatasa\r
+Yazai\r
+Yafa\r
+Yama\r
+Yan\r
+Yau\r
+Yele\r
+Yeker\r
+Yeleth\r
+Yena\r
+Yilrana\r
+Yil-Uleb\r
+Yoshum\r
+Yom\r
+Yossu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yual\r
+Yugao\r
+Yuleneb\r
+Za'a\r
+Za'es\r
+Zadlanu\r
+Zagaz\r
+Zaidza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklen\r
+Zanatl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaqe\r
+Zaren\r
+Zarnaz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zaq\r
+Zdan\r
+Zerussa\r
+Zhabara\r
+Zhaitolan\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavendu\r
+Zhavez\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhapai\r
+Zhaqu\r
+Zhdanawi\r
+Zhe'enarak\r
+Zheu\r
+Zhevane\r
+Zhio\r
+Zhnemuish\r
+Zhneb\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhurrilugga\r
+Zhurulen\r
+Zhu\r
+Zikur\r
+Ziruna\r
+Zitmaz\r
+Zikku\r
+Ziris\r
+Zirunel\r
+Zmakka-Lude\r
+Zna'ye\r
+Znalaz\r
+Znamrishsha\r
+Znayashu\r
+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ur\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ine\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'ab\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ash\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahanur\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ahune\r
+Ai\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Aigo\r
+Ai'is\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+A'is\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akho\r
+Akhone\r
+Akhun\r
+Akhunom\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
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+A'lathish\r
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+Aldeya\r
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+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+A'lsh\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
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+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amessu\r
+Amiyala\r
+Amnu'a\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aom\r
+Aomela\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aosesna\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Arai\r
+Araya\r
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+Ardz\r
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+Arevi\r
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+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
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+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
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+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
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+Arko'ela\r
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+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arodu\r
+Arosuel\r
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+Arruchegar\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsanmra\r
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+Artuvez\r
+Aru\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
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+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
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+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asqar\r
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+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
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+Atkolel\r
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+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Auvesu\r
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+Avanthe\r
+Avazel\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
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+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Aztlan\r
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+Ba'alk\r
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+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Badz\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Baisa\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balam\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bane\r
+Banthadha\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Bao\r
+Barada\r
+Barraga\r
+Barudla\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Bashdis\r
+Bashuvra\r
+Basküne\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Bazkur\r
+Büchür\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Be'eku\r
+Begssra\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Benesh\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benre\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmülu\r
+Beshmu\r
+Beshudla\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Bevand\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyü\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bo\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bosuga\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Brejja\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Burutla\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+bussan\r
+Butrus\r
+Byokt\r
+Chü\r
+Ch'a\r
+Cha\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chagotlekka\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaishmru\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chakkena\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankodel\r
+Chankolel\r
+Chankolu\r
+Chankolum\r
+Chankolun\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chankosu\r
+Chankunu\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chanmismongedali\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charkunu\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charoneb\r
+Charshunu\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chashmüdu\r
+Chatan\r
+Chath\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Cheshkosa\r
+Cheshna\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Chet'u\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chiggene\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chirkesu\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chitten\r
+Chiu\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnur\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Cholokh\r
+Choluga\r
+Chom\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorisande\r
+Chorodu\r
+Choruna\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Choya\r
+Chpet\r
+Chrai\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chral\r
+Chranyel\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Chunmiyel\r
+Chura\r
+Churgushsha\r
+Churidai\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chuyon\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daikan\r
+Daimi\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Dam\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danolel\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daragma\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Daunel\r
+Dautlesa\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Delashai\r
+Dele\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Dene\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhale\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dikkuna\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diride\r
+diridza\r
+Dirikte\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyanü\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dle\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Do\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dokh\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
+Dommu\r
+Donatri\r
+Donmikayel\r
+Dopusai\r
+Doqmugh\r
+Dori\r
+Dormoron\r
+Dorodai\r
+Dorsum\r
+Dorudai\r
+Dra\r
+Draka\r
+Drangga\r
+Drantike\r
+Drarsha\r
+Dreng\r
+Drenggar\r
+Dresak\r
+Dressa\r
+Dri\r
+Drichansa\r
+Drichte\r
+Dridakku\r
+Dritlan\r
+Dronu\r
+Dru'unish\r
+Dudali\r
+Dugo\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Duman\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumuggash\r
+Dumuz\r
+Dunl\r
+Dunnul\r
+Duon\r
+Duqala\r
+Dure'ep\r
+Durritlamish\r
+Durugen\r
+Durumu\r
+Durun\r
+Duruntlano\r
+Duru'ob\r
+Duruob\r
+Duru'uba\r
+Du'un\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dva\r
+Dyardeshaz\r
+Dza\r
+Dzakang\r
+Dzashlanish\r
+Dzee\r
+Dzelün\r
+Dzeu\r
+Dzor\r
+Dzovath\r
+Ebe'engudle'esh\r
+Ebe'enguish\r
+Ebe'enguzash\r
+Eber\r
+Ebzal\r
+Eche\r
+Edduelmiga\r
+Edluchcho\r
+Edlun\r
+E'eth\r
+Ejel\r
+Ek'e\r
+Ekhor\r
+Ekune\r
+Ela\r
+Elara\r
+Elechu\r
+Elelun\r
+Elenur\r
+Elitlayal\r
+Elkhome\r
+Elue\r
+Elulaiku\r
+Elulen\r
+Elulen\r
+Elvaru\r
+Emeshmu\r
+Emish\r
+Emketlish\r
+Emrallam\r
+Engsvan\r
+Engsvanyali\r
+Engsvanyalu\r
+Enome\r
+Enushu\r
+Epü\r
+Epeng\r
+Equ'noyel\r
+Equnoyel\r
+Erbule\r
+Eresu\r
+Eride\r
+erophants\r
+Ersarish\r
+Ershummu\r
+Eructating\r
+Erunu\r
+Erutleppa\r
+Erzh\r
+Eselne\r
+Esh\r
+Eshatl\r
+Eshine\r
+Eshir\r
+Eshmigetl\r
+Eshmir\r
+Eshpir\r
+Eshqura\r
+Eshshu\r
+Eshu'uz\r
+Esthete\r
+Esue\r
+Etan\r
+Etehltu\r
+Etla\r
+Etmesh\r
+Etsunu\r
+Eutl\r
+Evidlu\r
+Evuen\r
+Evuyu\r
+Eyagi\r
+Eyloa\r
+Eyu\r
+Ey'un\r
+Eyvar\r
+Fü\r
+Fa\r
+Fa'a\r
+Faa\r
+Fa'asal\r
+Fa'asha\r
+Fa'asu\r
+Fai\r
+Faishan\r
+Falla\r
+Falli\r
+Fanuldali\r
+Faoz\r
+Fara'akh\r
+Farazhme\r
+Fardaz\r
+Fardha\r
+Farise\r
+Farishu\r
+Farkhenu\r
+Farrekesh\r
+Farsalaz\r
+Farsha\r
+Fashaa\r
+Fasharangga\r
+Fashranu\r
+Fasil\r
+Fasiltum\r
+Fasraz\r
+FatIan\r
+Fayaz\r
+Fayes\r
+Fejja\r
+Fenul\r
+Feresh\r
+Fereshma'a\r
+Ferinara\r
+Fersala\r
+Fershena\r
+Feshdrubal-Chren\r
+Feshenga\r
+Feshmu\r
+Feshmu'un\r
+Fesru\r
+Fetsoqi\r
+Ffrsha\r
+Ffsa\r
+Firasul\r
+Firaz\r
+Firu\r
+Firya\r
+Fisa-Brugshmy\r
+Fiyash\r
+Fiyu\r
+Fner-Khmishu\r
+Foshaa\r
+Foshaa\r
+Freshshayu\r
+Fressa\r
+Fü'ürik\r
+Fsa\r
+Fssa\r
+Fssu'uma\r
+Fu\r
+Ga\r
+Ga'anish\r
+Ga'anra\r
+Gachaya\r
+Gachayayal\r
+gadal\r
+Ga'en\r
+Gagarsha\r
+Gaggalmike\r
+Gai\r
+Gaichun\r
+Gaidru\r
+Gain\r
+Ga'intor\r
+Gajan\r
+Galai\r
+Galenü\r
+Gallai\r
+Gama'an\r
+Gamalu\r
+Gamra\r
+Gamulu\r
+ganga\r
+Ganga\r
+Gangan\r
+Gangasa\r
+Ganraz\r
+Ganudla\r
+gapul\r
+Gapul\r
+Gaqchike\r
+Garagu\r
+Gardaisasayal\r
+Gardasisyal\r
+Gardasiyal\r
+Garjak\r
+Garon\r
+Gashchne\r
+Gashekka\r
+Gashtene\r
+Gayasu\r
+Gayel\r
+Gdeth\r
+Güdru\r
+G'dzar\r
+Ge\r
+Ge'eltigane\r
+Ge'en\r
+Ge'eru\r
+Gegresa\r
+Gekkudla\r
+G'elts\r
+Genemu\r
+Gerednya\r
+Geresa\r
+Gereshma'a\r
+Gerkas\r
+Ghai\r
+Ghamrik\r
+Ghar\r
+Ghaton\r
+Ghatoni\r
+Ghe\r
+Ghenesh\r
+Ghezhna\r
+Ghezhna\r
+Ghezna\r
+Ghezna\r
+Ghilraa\r
+Ghiner\r
+Ghitaa\r
+Ghiu\r
+Ghiyal\r
+Ghmarish\r
+Ghol\r
+Ghoruq\r
+Ghotne\r
+Ghrü\r
+Ghu'akh\r
+Ghusan\r
+Gij\r
+Gij\r
+Gilraya\r
+Gimangresh\r
+Girandu\r
+Gires\r
+Giridano\r
+Giriga\r
+Girigamish\r
+Girigashna\r
+Girikteshmu\r
+Giriku\r
+Giritlen\r
+Gishko\r
+Giu\r
+Giu\r
+Giugemish\r
+Giyo\r
+Gjmem\r
+Glagsha\r
+Gluir\r
+Gnemu\r
+Gnerru\r
+Goduku\r
+Go'on\r
+Goriku\r
+Gorrugu\r
+Gorulu\r
+Gra'acha\r
+Grai\r
+Gratstsatla\r
+Grazhu\r
+Gre\r
+Greggeesa\r
+Grekka\r
+Grel\r
+Greshu\r
+Gr-ga\r
+Griffons\r
+Griggatsetsa\r
+Grillpa\r
+GriMnerr\r
+Gürrüshyugga\r
+Gruganu\r
+Grumeg\r
+Grusegh\r
+Gsa\r
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+Mringukoi\r
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+Nektulen\r
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+Nmartushan\r
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+Nokor\r
+Nokunaz\r
+Nom\r
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+Nornemokoi\r
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+Nurtsahlu\r
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+Nuru'uni\r
+Nu-Tsetleng\r
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+Nu'unka\r
+Nu'unka\r
+Nu'utla\r
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+Nyenu\r
+Nyerebo\r
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+Nyesset\r
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+Ochür\r
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+Omür\r
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+Ophiuchi\r
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+Oruu\r
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+palan\r
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+pta\r
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+Qolyelmu\r
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+Üroflatio\r
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+Rüs\r
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+Rüshe\r
+Rssa\r
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+Runmaru\r
+Ruozhuz\r
+Ruqqa\r
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+Ru'ungkano\r
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+Ry'ytlanesh\r
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+Sý\r
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+Saa\r
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+Sa'aleb\r
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+Sa'aq\r
+Sachel\r
+Sadhua\r
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+Sahulen\r
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+Salarvyani\r
+Sangar\r
+Sanjesh\r
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+Sanjesh\r
+Sankolum\r
+Sankolun\r
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+Sanyel\r
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+Sarelqe\r
+Sarelte\r
+Sarir\r
+Sark\r
+Sarku\r
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+Savalikh\r
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+Sayil\r
+Sayuncha\r
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+Schyak\r
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+Semetl\r
+Semetlyal\r
+Semunu\r
+Sena\r
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+Sengireth\r
+Senkdun\r
+Senkolum\r
+Senth\r
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+Senyaratorakh\r
+Senyatokoi\r
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+Seresh\r
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+Serqu\r
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+Sesmuga\r
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+Setkaya\r
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+Sha'aduish\r
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+Shadleg\r
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+Shamluz\r
+Shamtla\r
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+Shanatl\r
+Shaneb\r
+Shangü\r
+Shang\r
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+Shardua\r
+Sharduish\r
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+Sharetlkoi\r
+Sharidza\r
+Sharitla\r
+Sharseb\r
+Sharsha\r
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+Shartokoi\r
+Shartorakoi\r
+Shartorkh\r
+Sharuna\r
+Sharvae\r
+Sharvoya\r
+Shathirin\r
+Shathirin\r
+Shathirins\r
+Shatl\r
+Shatla'asha\r
+Shatlashaz\r
+Shatlena\r
+Shatun\r
+Shau\r
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+Shazuvan\r
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+She'emlish\r
+Shejjanekh\r
+Shekkara\r
+Shemek\r
+Shemesh\r
+Shen\r
+Shenbei\r
+Shenesa\r
+Shengelu\r
+Shenj\r
+Shenyu\r
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+Sheresa\r
+Sheu\r
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+Shi'dok\r
+Shiggashko'onmu\r
+Shiggath\r
+Shiggeth\r
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+Shigrazai\r
+Shi'i\r
+Shikel\r
+Shinueth\r
+Shiringgayi\r
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+Shisashaz\r
+Shivrai\r
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+Shorta\r
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+Shrejjarshu\r
+Shreku'el\r
+Shretsaya\r
+Shr-Gü\r
+Shrikome\r
+Shrüka\r
+shrsa\r
+Shrutta\r
+Shshi\r
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+Shuggetl\r
+Shuoleth\r
+Shu'ure\r
+Shu-Zeb\r
+Shwan\r
+Si\r
+Si'ila\r
+Si'is\r
+Si'is\r
+Sikkeng\r
+Sikkune\r
+Sikuab\r
+Sikun\r
+Sikuoz\r
+Sine\r
+Sionu\r
+Siramda\r
+Siranul\r
+Siridlanu\r
+Sirinala\r
+Sirsum\r
+Sirukel\r
+Sitlaya\r
+Siuhsa\r
+Siuneth\r
+Sivel\r
+Sivuse\r
+Siyathuaz\r
+Siyenagga\r
+Siyushaa\r
+Skendruzhzha\r
+Skumra\r
+Skumra\r
+Snafru\r
+Snarel\r
+Sne\r
+Sneq-si'va\r
+Sokatis\r
+Somreg\r
+Songga\r
+Songyal\r
+Sonkolel\r
+So'omish\r
+So'onkum\r
+Soruna\r
+Sra\r
+Srai\r
+Sraish\r
+Sraisha\r
+Sramuthu\r
+Sraon\r
+Srasü\r
+Sra'ur\r
+Sreddeq\r
+Sreq\r
+Srez\r
+Srüganta\r
+Srügashchene\r
+Srigash\r
+Srikhanu\r
+Srikolun\r
+Srima\r
+Sritl\r
+Sriyesa\r
+Srükarum\r
+Srüma\r
+Sro\r
+Srodü\r
+Srüqu\r
+Srýqu\r
+Srsa\r
+Srung\r
+Ssü\r
+Ssa\r
+Ssa'atis\r
+Ssainggela\r
+Ssaivra\r
+Ssaivra\r
+Ssalan\r
+Ssamadan\r
+Ssamiren\r
+Ssamris\r
+Ssana\r
+Ssandagash\r
+Ssani\r
+Ssankolen\r
+Ssankolun\r
+Ssankorel\r
+Ssanminn\r
+Ssanmirin\r
+Ssanmirin\r
+Ssanu\r
+Ssanvusa\r
+Ssanyusa\r
+Ssao\r
+Ssaoneb\r
+Ssar\r
+Ssaria\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Ssaronel\r
+Ssüdüne\r
+Sseffer\r
+Sseffer\r
+Ssesmuga\r
+Ssineleth\r
+Ssirandar\r
+Ssirandar\r
+Ssiyor\r
+Ssünrü\r
+Ssor\r
+Ssormu\r
+Ssormu\r
+Ssorva\r
+Ssorvu\r
+Ssrayani\r
+Ssru-Gatl\r
+Ssüssü\r
+Ssu\r
+Ssudüne\r
+Ssuganar\r
+Ssuganar\r
+Ssumani\r
+Ssunruel\r
+Ssuri\r
+Ssurusa\r
+Ssu'um\r
+Ssuyal\r
+Ssuyal\r
+Ssyusayal\r
+Su\r
+Sua-eya\r
+Subadim\r
+Subadim\r
+Suchel\r
+Suchlesa\r
+Su'el\r
+Su'esa\r
+Sukandar\r
+Sukesran\r
+Sumanek\r
+Sunchan\r
+Sunon\r
+Sunraya\r
+Sunrudaya\r
+Sunun\r
+Sunuz\r
+Suor\r
+Sur\r
+Surendish\r
+Surgeth\r
+Surnaz\r
+Suruim\r
+Surukhoi\r
+Surukhoi\r
+Suruna\r
+Surundano\r
+Surunra\r
+Surunsa\r
+Su'umel\r
+Su'un\r
+Su'unkada\r
+Su'unmra\r
+Suzhan\r
+Svatl\r
+Syo\r
+Syusyu\r
+Ta\r
+Ta'ana\r
+Ta'eq\r
+Ta'esh\r
+Tahele\r
+Takavuk\r
+Takodai\r
+Takolu\r
+Takpaj\r
+Taksuru\r
+Ta'lar\r
+Talesha\r
+Taleth\r
+Talmoshetl\r
+Tamavu\r
+Tamkade\r
+Tammreb\r
+Tamranaz\r
+Tane\r
+Tankolel\r
+Tankolel\r
+Tankolu\r
+Tanmruktu\r
+Tanule\r
+Ta'on\r
+Tarandaz\r
+Taregaz\r
+Targdaz\r
+Targholel\r
+Tarikme\r
+Tariktame\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tariktanme\r
+Tarishande\r
+Tarket\r
+Tarkonu\r
+Tarkumu\r
+Tartlanaz\r
+Tartür\r
+Tashmai'ataq\r
+Tashqa\r
+Tathlua\r
+Tatolen\r
+Tatregaz\r
+Tatregeb\r
+Tayalaz\r
+Tayarsha\r
+Tayarsha\r
+Tayehl\r
+Te\r
+Te-Alodelt\r
+Te'ekuna\r
+Te'ep\r
+Te-Garudne\r
+Tekai\r
+Tekar\r
+Teketl\r
+Tekka\r
+Tekken\r
+Tekketal\r
+Tekkol\r
+Tekku'une\r
+Tekoth\r
+Tekumel\r
+Tekumelani\r
+Tekumeli\r
+Tekumelyani\r
+Tekunu\r
+Telesa\r
+Tenerzaz\r
+Tengetlaku\r
+Tengguren\r
+Tenkolu\r
+Tenmre\r
+Tenochtitlan\r
+Tenturen\r
+Tenturen\r
+Teqeqmu\r
+Teretane\r
+Teriyal\r
+Teshengtu\r
+Teshkana\r
+Teshkoa\r
+Teshkorusa\r
+Teshkuma\r
+Teshkuru\r
+Teshtesh\r
+Teshuna\r
+Tessu\r
+Tessuken\r
+Tetel\r
+Teteli\r
+Tetengkaino\r
+Tetkolel\r
+Tetkoru\r
+Tetkumne\r
+Tetkunu\r
+Tetkuru\r
+Tetlakte\r
+Tetnerzaz\r
+Tettukanetl\r
+Tettukanu\r
+Tetukel\r
+Thagamusekoi\r
+Thamis\r
+Thanmra\r
+Tharandara\r
+Tharandesh\r
+Tharga\r
+Tharon\r
+Thasun\r
+Thayuri\r
+Thekkusa\r
+Thekudalikh\r
+Thendraya\r
+Thenu\r
+Theshkolu\r
+Thesun\r
+Theyolish\r
+Thikenta\r
+Thirreqummu\r
+Thirrutlanish\r
+Thojeng\r
+Thomar\r
+Thomutha\r
+Thraya\r
+Thrayan\r
+Thresh'sha'a\r
+Thri'il\r
+Thu\r
+Thu'inin\r
+Thumari\r
+Thumis\r
+Thung\r
+Thunru'u\r
+Thunsenya\r
+Thunsenyakh\r
+Thu'usa\r
+Ti\r
+Tiakar\r
+Ti'Ch'a\r
+Tigal\r
+Tigan\r
+Ti-holmuu\r
+Ti'ina\r
+Tii-petk\r
+Tikakoi\r
+Tikanta\r
+Tikante\r
+Tikasa\r
+Tikeshmu\r
+Tikeshmu\r
+Tikik-dsa-ke\r
+Tikku\r
+Tikkuththu\r
+Tik-nekw-ket\r
+Tiktikanu\r
+Tilekku\r
+Tilune\r
+Timandalikh\r
+Timeya\r
+Timuel\r
+Timuna\r
+Timung\r
+Tinaliya\r
+Tintagel\r
+Tiqeje\r
+Tire\r
+Tireshme\r
+Tirikelu\r
+Tirikeludalidalisa\r
+Tirikeludalidalisa\r
+Tirisan\r
+Tirissa\r
+Tiritlen\r
+Tirrgasche\r
+Tirrikamu\r
+Tirrikamukoi\r
+Tirrular\r
+Tirrune\r
+Ti-Sharvuu\r
+Tishkolun\r
+Tishkolun\r
+Tiu\r
+Tiuni\r
+Tiyotl\r
+Tka\r
+Tkahl\r
+Tkash\r
+T'kav\r
+Tkekmar\r
+Tke'l\r
+Tkel\r
+Tkemar\r
+Tkesh\r
+Tk-etk-dsa\r
+Tk't'trr\r
+Tku\r
+Tlæ\r
+Tla\r
+Tla'akla\r
+Tlakal\r
+Tlakalaz\r
+Tlakan\r
+Tlakar\r
+Tlakela\r
+Tlakotani\r
+Tlakotani\r
+Tlakotanis\r
+Tlalesu\r
+Tlalu\r
+Tlaneno\r
+Tlangtal\r
+Tlangtu\r
+Tlani\r
+Tlaqolikvayunlukh\r
+Tlar\r
+Tlashanyal\r
+Tlashesha\r
+Tlashte\r
+tlaSsugayal\r
+Tlatoyel\r
+Tle\r
+Tlebas\r
+Tle-Chrela\r
+Tleggashmu\r
+Tlek\r
+Tlekchaqhu\r
+Tlekku\r
+Tlekolmü\r
+Tlekolmu\r
+Tleku\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tlelsu\r
+Tle-Mu\r
+Tle-Niu\r
+Tles\r
+Tlesa\r
+Tle-San\r
+Tlesu\r
+Tletlakha\r
+Tlimastliken\r
+Tlümrik\r
+Tlokiriqaluyal\r
+Tlokiriqaluyal\r
+Tlom\r
+Tlomitlanyal\r
+Tlonetl\r
+Tlonu\r
+Tlüsem\r
+Tlu'umrazh\r
+Tmekt\r
+Tnahla\r
+Tnalum\r
+Tnamurr\r
+Tneg\r
+Tnek\r
+Tnikh\r
+Tn'iss'ssa\r
+Tnung\r
+Todukai\r
+Toh\r
+Tokhn\r
+Tolek\r
+Tolkien\r
+Tolünglukh\r
+Tolokkon\r
+Tomrüz\r
+Tomua\r
+Ton\r
+Tontiken\r
+Torisu\r
+Torunal\r
+Toru'una\r
+Toruuna\r
+Totomrüz\r
+Traggesh\r
+Trahlu\r
+Trakonel\r
+Trantis\r
+Trantor\r
+Tranuo\r
+Tratikante\r
+Trübeth\r
+Trek'e\r
+Trekhuish\r
+Tremunish\r
+Treng\r
+Tretleneg\r
+Tr-Hss\r
+Trimur\r
+Tronua\r
+Tru\r
+Tsa\r
+Tsa'a\r
+Tsa'aqo\r
+Tsa'avtulgü\r
+Tsa'e\r
+Tsagga\r
+Tsagoba\r
+Tsahlten\r
+Tsai\r
+tsaipa\r
+Tsaipamoguyal\r
+Tsa'kelikh\r
+Tsamra\r
+Tsan\r
+Tsanune\r
+Tsaqw\r
+Tsa'ra\r
+Tsarnu\r
+Tsatocha\r
+Tsatsayagga\r
+Tsau\r
+Tsaya\r
+Tsechelnu\r
+Tsehlqu\r
+Tsei\r
+Tsel\r
+Tselhqu\r
+Tselinal\r
+Tsemel\r
+Tsenammu\r
+Tser\r
+Tsertse\r
+Tseshapasha\r
+Tsetlmu\r
+Tsevu\r
+Tsi'il\r
+Tsimai\r
+Tsimer\r
+Tsodlan\r
+Tsoggu\r
+Tsolei\r
+Tsolei'i\r
+Tsoleini\r
+Tsolisha\r
+Tsolyani\r
+Tsolyanu\r
+Tsommul\r
+Tsou\r
+Tsughiyur\r
+Tsuhoridu\r
+Tsukehlmri\r
+Tsukelmri\r
+Tsumikel\r
+Tsumiyel\r
+Tsuna\r
+Tsunure\r
+Tsupil\r
+Tsural\r
+Tsuru\r
+Tsurum\r
+Tsurune\r
+Tsuru'um\r
+Tsuru'umyal\r
+Tsutel\r
+Tsutlo\r
+Tsu'uru\r
+Tsu'urum\r
+Tsu'urumyal\r
+Ttik-Deqeq\r
+Tugrunmodalikoi\r
+Tugrunmokoi\r
+Tugruntokoi\r
+Tuheshmu\r
+Tui\r
+Tuingashte\r
+Tukkimchash\r
+Tukkolen\r
+Tukkolen\r
+tuKolumel\r
+Tukun\r
+Tuleng\r
+Tulengkoi\r
+Tulkesh\r
+Tu-Lze\r
+Tumissa\r
+Tumissan\r
+T'umu\r
+Tunkul\r
+Tuoneb\r
+Tuor\r
+Tuplangte\r
+tuplanKolumeldalidalisayal\r
+tuplan-Mitlandalisayal\r
+Turel\r
+Turisan\r
+Turitlano\r
+Turshanmü\r
+Turugdashe\r
+Turugma\r
+Turuken\r
+Turukku\r
+Turum\r
+Turunkai\r
+Tusmiketlan\r
+Tusmisimu\r
+Tutaita\r
+Tuu\r
+Tu'u-Kakeng\r
+Tu'un\r
+Tu'una\r
+Tu'unkelmu\r
+Tu'unmra\r
+Tyelu\r
+U'ab\r
+Uchchür\r
+Udileg\r
+Ugwa\r
+Uj\r
+Ukhakh\r
+Ulela\r
+Uma\r
+Umer\r
+Uni\r
+Unrachu\r
+Unukalhai\r
+Unuqa\r
+Uo\r
+Uoz\r
+Uqetme\r
+Uradz\r
+Uriyo\r
+Urmish\r
+Urtse\r
+Urudai\r
+Urukkha\r
+Urunen\r
+Urusai\r
+Usenanu\r
+Usun\r
+Usunggahla\r
+Utanakh\r
+Utekh\r
+Uteng\r
+Uthu\r
+U'unom\r
+Uvrekn\r
+Va'alzish\r
+Vaan\r
+Va'anme\r
+Vadargish\r
+Vadhuib\r
+Va'dir\r
+VagMnerr\r
+Vaime\r
+Vaime'u\r
+Vaishu\r
+Vaisoner\r
+Vajesh\r
+Valakar\r
+Valedh\r
+Valsh\r
+Valsura\r
+Vanredhish\r
+Vanu\r
+Vaomahl\r
+Varamaz\r
+Varchal\r
+Varchekh\r
+Varchu\r
+Varemu\r
+Varis\r
+Varshu\r
+Vashaka\r
+Vashmu\r
+Vaskobu\r
+Vatlaz\r
+Vayatlanle\r
+Vayonem\r
+Vayuma\r
+Ve\r
+Vekkuma\r
+Veridh\r
+Vernech\r
+Verudai\r
+Verussa\r
+veship\r
+Veshkuru\r
+Veshmuna\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessuma\r
+Vessura\r
+Vessura\r
+Vgaish\r
+Viluneb\r
+Vimuhla\r
+Vina\r
+vindo\r
+Viosena\r
+Viothetl\r
+Vipu\r
+Virala\r
+Virida'a\r
+Viridame\r
+Viridame\r
+Viridani\r
+Viridda\r
+Viridlan\r
+Viridun\r
+Virikeshmu\r
+Virsenyal\r
+Viruzhee\r
+Visarga\r
+Vishetru\r
+Visodla\r
+Visumikh\r
+Viteshmal\r
+Viteshmal\r
+Viumel\r
+Viyunggaz\r
+Vle\r
+Vleshga\r
+Vleshgayal\r
+Vluskassa\r
+Vnatl\r
+Vordesa\r
+Vorodla\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vorodlaya\r
+Vortumoi\r
+Vorudu\r
+Voruseka\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vorussa\r
+Vra\r
+Vra'ama\r
+Vrahama\r
+Vraisuna\r
+Vramish\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vraoz\r
+Vravodaya\r
+Vrayani\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vrayussa\r
+Vrazhimü\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vrazhimy\r
+Vreg\r
+Vrekn\r
+Vrel\r
+Vrelq\r
+Vrem\r
+Vrer\r
+Vres\r
+Vretlish\r
+Vri\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vriddi\r
+Vridekka\r
+Vridu\r
+Vriggetsu\r
+Vrimeshtu\r
+Vringalu\r
+Vringayekmu\r
+Vrisa\r
+Vrishanu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Vrishtara\r
+Vriyadu\r
+Vriyagga\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyen\r
+Vriyon\r
+Vrozhimu\r
+Vru\r
+Vrusaemaz\r
+Vrusaggu\r
+Vru'uneb\r
+Vu\r
+vuChrayu\r
+vuHaggoshe\r
+vuMakkochaqu\r
+Vunarsa\r
+Vur\r
+Vurosa\r
+Vurrighend\r
+Vurshe\r
+Vurtleshkoi\r
+Vurummu\r
+Vuruttu\r
+Vu'unavu\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vu'urtesh\r
+Vyer\r
+Waba\r
+Wadhel\r
+Wadraz\r
+Walaz\r
+Warghan\r
+Wassamatl\r
+Wasuro\r
+Wektudhish\r
+Wekuna\r
+Weltiga\r
+Wesh\r
+Wisu\r
+Wiyul\r
+Wno\r
+Wothudle'esh\r
+Wothuish\r
+Wothuzash\r
+Wrru\r
+Wuru\r
+Ya'ela\r
+Yafa\r
+Yagaishan\r
+Yaheshu\r
+Yama\r
+Yamashsha\r
+Yan\r
+Yanai\r
+Yarisal\r
+Yarsur\r
+Yatasa\r
+Yau\r
+Yazai\r
+Yeker\r
+Yele\r
+Yeleth\r
+Yena\r
+Yilrana\r
+Yil-Uleb\r
+Yom\r
+Yoshum\r
+Yossu\r
+Yrgael\r
+Yual\r
+Yugao\r
+Yuleneb\r
+Za'a\r
+Zadlanu\r
+Za'era\r
+Za'es\r
+Zagaz\r
+Zaidza\r
+Zakaren\r
+Zaklen\r
+Zanatl\r
+Zanirin\r
+Zanok\r
+Zaq\r
+Zaqe\r
+Zaren\r
+Zarnaz\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zayuvu\r
+Zdan\r
+Zerussa\r
+Zhabara\r
+Zhaitolan\r
+Zhalmigan\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhamek\r
+Zhanra\r
+Zhapai\r
+Zhaqu\r
+Zhavaan\r
+Zhavarvu\r
+Zhavendu\r
+Zhavez\r
+Zhayarvu\r
+Zhdanawi\r
+Zhe'enarak\r
+Zheu\r
+Zhevane\r
+Zhio\r
+Zhnayu\r
+Zhneb\r
+Zhnemuish\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhotlu'e\r
+Zhu\r
+Zhurrilugga\r
+Zhurulen\r
+Zikku\r
+Zikur\r
+Ziris\r
+Ziruna\r
+Zirunel\r
+Zitmaz\r
+Zmakka-Lude\r
+Znalaz\r
+Znamrishsha\r
+Znayashu\r
+Zna'ye\r
+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ine\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ur\r
--- /dev/null
+This is a list of names I made for myself about 17 years ago. Names are taken from the first 2 novels, Deeds of Glory, World of Tékumel and the first part of the sourcebook. There may be some inauthentic names in the list. Not every name below is accented; and accented names are likely to be more authentic. There may be several non-Tsolyáni names in the list; 17 years ago I was no so finicky (as I am now) when compiling lists of names to be used in a game.\r
+\r
+Male Personal Names\r
+===================\r
+Aritl\r
+Arjasu\r
+Arkhane\r
+Balar\r
+Bi'isumish\r
+Bu'uresh\r
+Buretl\r
+Chareshmu\r
+Charkha\r
+Chekkura\r
+Chi'utlenam\r
+Chórodu\r
+Chusel\r
+Chushel\r
+Direnja\r
+Dirresa\r
+Dúrugen\r
+Dzorra\r
+Elkhome\r
+Etqole\r
+Ferruga\r
+Firáz\r
+Fressa\r
+Fyerik\r
+Gámulu\r
+Gdehsmaru\r
+Gíu\r
+Gruneshu\r
+Gutenu\r
+Háikon\r
+Hárchar\r
+Hargai\r
+Haringgashte\r
+Harsan\r
+Heshelu\r
+Hirkáne\r
+Homon\r
+órri\r
+Horusel\r
+Hrúgga\r
+Huketlaya\r
+Huso\r
+Jalugan\r
+Jerikh\r
+Jirega\r
+Kadársha\r
+Kaikama\r
+Kambe\r
+Kerektu\r
+Kesun\r
+Khámiyal\r
+Kheshcha\r
+Kirega\r
+Korikáda\r
+Kru'om\r
+Kurruné\r
+Kuruken\r
+Mashyan\r
+Mejjai\r
+Metlunish\r
+Miga\r
+Miriggá\r
+Miru\r
+Mnesun\r
+Morkudz\r
+Morusai\r
+Murésh\r
+Múru\r
+Nalukkan\r
+Okkuru\r
+Onusú\r
+Ormudzo\r
+Qaprashi\r
+Qeqélmu\r
+Qorúma\r
+Qoyqunel\r
+Qumal\r
+Quro\r
+Qurrúmu\r
+Qutmu\r
+Retlan\r
+Sangár\r
+Shiretla\r
+Shritha\r
+Shukkaino\r
+Siyun\r
+Ssadhátis\r
+Ssiyór\r
+Sunum\r
+Surundáno\r
+Tanere\r
+Te'os\r
+Tlaneng\r
+Tlangtekh\r
+Tlu'en\r
+Tórisu\r
+Trinesh\r
+Tsúmikel\r
+Uja\r
+Vrachaqu\r
+Vridékka\r
+Vringayékmu\r
+Vrishmuyel\r
+Wareka\r
+Yamáshsha\r
+Zarén\r
+Zhu'on\r
+Znaqulu\r
+\r
+Female Personal Names\r
+=====================\r
+Anka\r
+Arinu\r
+Arsala\r
+Aveya\r
+Dashilúna\r
+Dineva\r
+Dlara\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dlessuna\r
+Ebunan\r
+Elulén\r
+Eyil\r
+Fssudhúma\r
+Janulé\r
+Madhín\r
+Misénla\r
+Mnélla\r
+Mrika\r
+Nrainué\r
+Nusetl\r
+Saina\r
+Sháira\r
+Shyal\r
+Sriyésa\r
+Timúna\r
+Tlayésha\r
+Tsatla\r
+Tyelqu\r
+Vayúma\r
+\r
+Lineage Names\r
+=============\r
+\r
+Lineage names in the list below are most often preceded by the prefix hi-. Non-accented lineage names are most probably preceded by the prefix hi- as well. (but not every Tsolyani lineage name is preceded by hi-, e.g. Vríddi).\r
+\r
+Amiyála\r
+Arkuna\r
+Auvésu\r
+Ba'ashcha\r
+Barúdla\r
+Bashuvra\r
+Beshmülu\r
+Beshyéne\r
+Bosúga\r
+Briyenu\r
+Burutla\r
+Chagotlékka\r
+Chirengmai\r
+Chle\r
+Chuvren\r
+Daigan\r
+Dulumésa\r
+Fershéna\r
+Gurika\r
+Hehésha\r
+Káikune\r
+Kétkolel\r
+Khanúma\r
+Korokól\r
+Mrachiyáku\r
+Mraktiné\r
+Nakkolel\r
+Naqúma\r
+Nashomai\r
+Qolyélmu\r
+Qurródu\r
+Reretlésu\r
+Reretlese\r
+Ridhinyússa\r
+Sagai\r
+Sayu\r
+Sharvóya\r
+Srügáshchene\r
+Ssáivra\r
+Ssánmirin\r
+Sudhúnmra\r
+Tánkolel\r
+Tekkúdhune\r
+Tengetláku\r
+Tikéshmu\r
+Tlekólmü\r
+Tneqqu\r
+Tsizena\r
+Tukkolén\r
+Váishu\r
+Vayeshtu\r
+Virsenyal\r
+Vórudu\r
+Vravodáya\r
+Vrázhimy\r
+Vriyén\r
+Vudhunávu\r
+Wísu\r
+Zayúvu\r
+Zhnáyu\r
+\r
+Tlakotáni\r
+Ssainggella\r
+Vríddi\r
+Mritlékka\r
+\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+# The next line is a list of ligatures to use\r
+ligatures= ch ts tl th dh sh zh ss hl kh gh ng rr au oi ai \' ü \-\r
+\r
+# And this is the data...\r
+\r
+A'ab\r
+A'akan\r
+A'ash\r
+Abeb\r
+Abstertion\r
+Achan\r
+Achmeg\r
+Achumel\r
+Adhem\r
+Ae-aya\r
+Afua\r
+Agghakh\r
+Aghusn\r
+Aghuthu\r
+Aghvrekn\r
+Ahanur\r
+Ahoggya\r
+Ahuh\r
+Ahune\r
+Ai\r
+Aiche\r
+Aigo\r
+Aigo\r
+Ai'is\r
+Ailash\r
+Ailu\r
+Ailur\r
+Aimeb\r
+Aira\r
+A'is\r
+Ais\r
+Aisenesh\r
+Aisenish\r
+Ajatl\r
+Ajjan\r
+Ajjnai\r
+Ajjon\r
+Ajnelqa\r
+Aka'ela\r
+Akarsha\r
+Akhadz\r
+Akhar\r
+Akhizon\r
+Akhmer\r
+Akho\r
+Akhone\r
+Akhun\r
+Akhunom\r
+Aknallu\r
+Akrabaskara\r
+Akte\r
+Akurgha\r
+Aladh\r
+Alash\r
+A'lathish\r
+Alaz\r
+Albel\r
+Ald\r
+Aldeya\r
+Alel\r
+Alen\r
+Alesha\r
+Aletl\r
+Aleya\r
+Algenubi\r
+Algol\r
+Alhajjar\r
+Alhena\r
+Alidlar\r
+Alineya\r
+Alitle\r
+Allaba\r
+Allabe\r
+Alladal\r
+Allaqi\r
+Allaqiyani\r
+Allaqiyar\r
+Allseeing\r
+Almilo\r
+Alol\r
+Alotish\r
+Alrayaz\r
+Alreya\r
+A'lsh\r
+Aluaz\r
+Aluesh\r
+Am\r
+Amaru\r
+Ambages\r
+Ame\r
+Amereth\r
+Amessu\r
+Amiyala\r
+Amnu'a\r
+Amorphia\r
+Ampliation\r
+Amukanatl\r
+Anatl\r
+Anaz\r
+Anchaz\r
+Anchüro\r
+Anggrachu\r
+Anje\r
+Anka'a\r
+Annu\r
+Anohl\r
+Anuo\r
+Ao\r
+Ao'ab\r
+Aoi\r
+Aom\r
+Aom\r
+Aomela\r
+Ao-Milkel\r
+Aomorh\r
+Aomuz\r
+Aormorh\r
+Aosesna\r
+Ao-Ta'ash\r
+Aqa'a\r
+Aqaa\r
+Aqesha\r
+Aqpu\r
+Aqshir\r
+Arai\r
+Araya\r
+Archon\r
+Arduro\r
+Ardz\r
+Ardza\r
+Aregh\r
+Areksonbe\r
+Arevi\r
+Argetl\r
+Aridani\r
+Aridzo\r
+Arimala\r
+Arizashte\r
+Arjai\r
+Arjashtra\r
+Arjiêk\r
+Arkbuan\r
+Arkhane\r
+Arkhone\r
+Arkhuam\r
+Arkhuan\r
+Arko\r
+Arkodu\r
+Arko'ela\r
+Arkutu\r
+Arluron\r
+Armasu\r
+Armekh\r
+Armesh\r
+Armidza\r
+Arnesh\r
+Arodai\r
+Arodu\r
+Arosuel\r
+Arruche\r
+Arruchegar\r
+Arruthu\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsanmra\r
+Arsaz\r
+Arsekmekoi\r
+Arshu'u\r
+Arsuru\r
+Artakh\r
+Artuvez\r
+Aru\r
+Aruchue\r
+Aruken\r
+Arumaz\r
+Arumel\r
+Aruonmu\r
+Arusa\r
+Arver\r
+Aryesu\r
+Arzaraz\r
+Arzhum\r
+Asanuka\r
+Ashekka\r
+Ashekku\r
+Ashenduvaz\r
+Ashinra\r
+Ashiyan\r
+Ashonetl\r
+Ashonu\r
+Ashoretl\r
+Ashqo\r
+Ashüshna\r
+Ashyan\r
+Asqar\r
+Asumish\r
+Atalen\r
+Athuaz\r
+Atin\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atkolel\r
+Atl\r
+Atlatl\r
+Atlkolum\r
+Atlun\r
+Atru\r
+Atvallish\r
+Aukesha\r
+Aulleb\r
+Aunu\r
+Auvesu\r
+Avanthar\r
+Avanthe\r
+Avazel\r
+Aventails\r
+Aveta\r
+Aweth\r
+Aya\r
+Ayel\r
+Ayo\r
+Aztlan\r
+Ba\r
+Ba'alan\r
+Ba'alk\r
+Ba'an\r
+Badarian\r
+Badragadaliyal\r
+Badragu\r
+Badz\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bagusla\r
+Bahune\r
+Baisa\r
+Bajan\r
+Bajjogmu\r
+Bakkarzh\r
+Baksa\r
+Bakte\r
+Balakanuma\r
+Balam\r
+Balamtsanerkoi\r
+Balamtsanikh\r
+Balamtsanyal\r
+Balash\r
+Baletl\r
+Balish\r
+Balketlish\r
+Balme\r
+Baloth\r
+Balür\r
+Bamisu\r
+Bane\r
+Banthadha\r
+Banye\r
+Banyekh\r
+Bao\r
+Barada\r
+Barraga\r
+Barudla\r
+Barukan\r
+Basdh\r
+Baseb\r
+Bashanvisumkoi\r
+Bashdis\r
+Bashuvra\r
+Basküne\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Basrimyal\r
+Bassa\r
+Basu\r
+Basura\r
+bat'e\r
+bate\r
+Batha'ak\r
+Batugai\r
+Batughai\r
+Bayarsha\r
+Bayarshans\r
+Bazh\r
+Bazhan\r
+Bazhaq\r
+Bazkur\r
+Büchür\r
+Be\r
+Bech\r
+Bedha\r
+Bednallja\r
+Bednalljan\r
+Bednalljans\r
+Be'eku\r
+Begssra\r
+Bei\r
+Bekh\r
+Bekhera\r
+Bekkanu\r
+Bekundrane\r
+Beletkane\r
+Belkhanu\r
+Belteshmu\r
+Benesh\r
+Beneshchan\r
+Benre\r
+Benre\r
+Berananga\r
+Besha\r
+Besha'u\r
+Beshmülu\r
+Beshmu\r
+Beshudla\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyene\r
+Beshyenu\r
+Bevand\r
+Bey\r
+Biridlu\r
+Birruku\r
+Bisowa\r
+Biyü\r
+Biyun\r
+Biyurh\r
+Blashagh\r
+Bo\r
+Bolende\r
+Borodun\r
+Bosuga\r
+Bothuna\r
+Botzrah\r
+Brejja\r
+Brugshmü\r
+Bruhaya\r
+Burru\r
+Burusa\r
+Burusa\r
+Burushaya\r
+Burutla\r
+Bushetra\r
+Bushu'un\r
+bussan\r
+Butrus\r
+Byokt\r
+Chü\r
+Ch'a\r
+Cha\r
+Cha'anish\r
+Cha'anya\r
+Chabeloi\r
+Chachaili\r
+Chadara\r
+Chadran\r
+Chadran\r
+Chaegosh\r
+Chaggarsha\r
+Chagh\r
+Chagotlekka\r
+Chagun\r
+Chai\r
+Chaigari\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaika\r
+Chaimanor\r
+Chaimira\r
+Chaisa\r
+Chaishmru\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaishyani\r
+Chaith\r
+Chajjeth\r
+Chaka\r
+Chakan\r
+Chakas\r
+Chakkena\r
+Chaktesh\r
+Chalchai\r
+Chalelsu\r
+Chaluz\r
+Chamakiyang\r
+Chame'el\r
+Chamor\r
+Chanaq\r
+Chanayaga\r
+Chanaz\r
+Chanekka\r
+Changadesha\r
+Changartla\r
+Changekte\r
+Changela\r
+Changgala\r
+Changhadarsh\r
+Chanis\r
+Chanisayal\r
+Chankodel\r
+Chankolel\r
+Chankolu\r
+Chankolum\r
+Chankolun\r
+Chankoru\r
+Chankosu\r
+Chankunu\r
+Chanmisen\r
+Chanmismongedali\r
+Chanmismongekjoi\r
+Chaosaz\r
+Charage\r
+Chargal\r
+Chargesh\r
+Charikasa\r
+Charkashi\r
+Charken\r
+Charkunu\r
+Charmushsha\r
+Charoneb\r
+Charshunu\r
+Charukel\r
+Charukeldalikoi\r
+Charukelkoi\r
+Charunai\r
+Chashiq\r
+Chashkeri\r
+Chashmüdu\r
+Chatan\r
+Chath\r
+Chatlar\r
+Chatseb\r
+Chaturgha\r
+Chayakku\r
+Chayakkuyani\r
+Chayengar\r
+Chayenggur\r
+Chayenwetl\r
+Chayetlesa\r
+Chaymira\r
+Chazh\r
+Che\r
+Che\r
+Chegarra\r
+Chegeth\r
+Chegudalikh\r
+Chekkutane\r
+Chem\r
+Chemaissa\r
+Chemari\r
+Chemesh\r
+Chemyal\r
+Chenaq\r
+Chene\r
+Chenesh\r
+Chengath\r
+Chernaru\r
+Cheshkosa\r
+Cheshna\r
+Chessa\r
+Chet\r
+Chetalsh\r
+Chetse\r
+Chet'u\r
+Cheya\r
+Chga\r
+Chgehl\r
+Chgeshsha\r
+Chichuvu\r
+Chidok\r
+Chidonu\r
+Chigantla\r
+Chiggene\r
+Chigje\r
+Chigo'eg\r
+Chi'i\r
+Chikuna\r
+Chima\r
+Chio\r
+Chiran\r
+Chirashin\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirene\r
+Chirinnga\r
+Chirisan\r
+Chirkesu\r
+Chirruku\r
+Chirukala\r
+Chisu\r
+Chiteng\r
+Chitlasha\r
+Chitten\r
+Chiu\r
+Chi'una\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chivhaz\r
+Chiyoz\r
+Chiyuvaz\r
+Chk-tse\r
+Chlen\r
+Chlo\r
+Chme\r
+Chmur\r
+Chnau\r
+Chnehl\r
+Chneshaq\r
+Chnur\r
+Ch'ochi\r
+Chodish\r
+Choggoth\r
+Chohala\r
+Chohlu'arth\r
+Choi\r
+Chokoresh\r
+Chokoth\r
+Choleyn\r
+Cholokh\r
+Choluga\r
+Chom\r
+Chondrek\r
+Chonkotuel\r
+Cho'otish\r
+Chopruna\r
+Choptse\r
+Chorisande\r
+Chorodu\r
+Choruna\r
+Chotl\r
+Chotla\r
+Choya\r
+Chpet\r
+Chrai\r
+Chraikala\r
+Chrajuna\r
+Chral\r
+Chranyel\r
+Chri\r
+Chriya\r
+Chrmegasu\r
+Chürstalli\r
+Chüru\r
+Chruggilleshmu\r
+Chrysoberyl\r
+Chtashshu\r
+Chtesha\r
+Chudrak\r
+Chue\r
+Chuharem\r
+Chukun\r
+Chuletha\r
+Chuli\r
+Chulin\r
+Chumaz\r
+Chumetl\r
+Chumireru\r
+Chunmiyel\r
+Chura\r
+Churgushsha\r
+Churidai\r
+Churitashmu\r
+Churmegasu\r
+Churrugresh\r
+Churrugteshmu\r
+Chusetl\r
+Chushanu\r
+Chushel\r
+Chusu\r
+Chusuni\r
+Chu'ul\r
+Chuvunish\r
+Chuyon\r
+Chza\r
+Ckekrash\r
+Dadrinan\r
+Da'eb\r
+Daggala\r
+Daghorr\r
+Dahalaz\r
+Dahle\r
+Dai\r
+Daiche\r
+Daichu\r
+Daikan\r
+Daimi\r
+Daishuna\r
+Dalenth\r
+Dalisa\r
+Dalisan\r
+Dalken\r
+Dalme\r
+Dam\r
+Damadh\r
+Danlaz\r
+Danolel\r
+Danuo\r
+Daqu\r
+Daradek\r
+Daradivagnoi\r
+Daragma\r
+Daranggaz\r
+Darkan\r
+Darsha\r
+Dasar\r
+Dasaru\r
+Dashe\r
+Dashiluna\r
+Dasht\r
+Datsu\r
+Daunel\r
+Dautlesa\r
+Dazzlement\r
+Dedaratl\r
+Dede\r
+Dehim\r
+Deilesha\r
+Delashai\r
+Dele\r
+Den\r
+Denden\r
+Dene\r
+Deq\r
+Desh\r
+Deshetl\r
+Deshuvaz\r
+Detkome\r
+Dhahla\r
+Dhaiba\r
+Dhale\r
+Dhani\r
+Dharm\r
+Dharu\r
+Dharumesh\r
+Dheral\r
+Dheva\r
+Dheya\r
+Dhich'une\r
+Dhidma\r
+Dhilmanish\r
+Dhiya\r
+Dhiyaltokoi\r
+Dhonela\r
+Dhukan\r
+Diam\r
+Dibketlish\r
+Didom\r
+Diellunak\r
+Di'esa\r
+Di'ibaish\r
+Dijai\r
+Dijan\r
+Dijatl\r
+Dijaya\r
+Dikkomtla\r
+Dikkuna\r
+Dileg\r
+Dilinala\r
+Dimani\r
+Dimlalikh\r
+Dina\r
+Diodaz\r
+Diride\r
+diridza\r
+Dirikte\r
+Disunar\r
+Ditlana\r
+Diulagga\r
+Diule\r
+Diyanü\r
+Diyathuaz\r
+Diyo\r
+Djareva\r
+Dla\r
+Dlaineb\r
+Dlakar\r
+Dlakolel\r
+Dlakotante\r
+Dlamelish\r
+Dlantü\r
+Dlaqo\r
+Dlarku\r
+Dlaru\r
+Dlash\r
+Dlathuish\r
+Dle\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlekkumine\r
+Dlel\r
+Dleppa\r
+Dlerüssa\r
+Dleshmel\r
+Dlesru'uri\r
+Dletana\r
+Dletara\r
+Dlevu\r
+Dlevune\r
+Dlikken\r
+Dlitlumri\r
+Dlo\r
+Dlu'nir\r
+Dmegha\r
+Dmi\r
+Dü'ümünish\r
+Dmoz\r
+Dmunu\r
+Dna\r
+Dnakaimu\r
+Dnash\r
+Dnelu\r
+Do\r
+Dogeng\r
+Dohala\r
+Dokh\r
+Dolkolun\r
+Dolmünez\r
+Doluel\r
+Domandoi\r
+Dommu\r
+Donatri\r
+Donmikayel\r
+Dopusai\r
+Doqmugh\r
+Dori\r
+Dormoron\r
+Dorodai\r
+Dorsum\r
+Dorudai\r
+Dra\r
+Draka\r
+Drangga\r
+Drantike\r
+Drarsha\r
+Dreng\r
+Drenggar\r
+Dresak\r
+Dressa\r
+Dri\r
+Drichansa\r
+Drichte\r
+Dridakku\r
+Dritlan\r
+Dronu\r
+Dru'unish\r
+Dudali\r
+Dugo\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Dulumesa\r
+Duman\r
+Dumielu\r
+Dumuggash\r
+Dumuz\r
+Dunl\r
+Dunnul\r
+Duon\r
+Duqala\r
+Dure'ep\r
+Durritlamish\r
+Durugen\r
+Durumu\r
+Durun\r
+Duruntlano\r
+Duru'ob\r
+Duruob\r
+Duru'uba\r
+Du'un\r
+Du'unresh\r
+Duyumachrsh\r
+Dva\r
+Dyardeshaz\r
+Dza\r
+Dzakang\r
+Dzashlanish\r
+Dzee\r
+Dzelün\r
+Dzeu\r
+Dzor\r
+Dzovath\r
+Ebe'engudle'esh\r
+Ebe'enguish\r
+Ebe'enguzash\r
+Eber\r
+Ebzal\r
+Eche\r
+Edduelmiga\r
+Edluchcho\r
+Edlun\r
+E'eth\r
+Ejel\r
+Ek'e\r
+Ekhor\r
+Ekune\r
+Ela\r
+Elara\r
+Elechu\r
+Elelun\r
+Elenur\r
+Elitlayal\r
+Elkhome\r
+Elue\r
+Elulaiku\r
+Elulen\r
+Elulen\r
+Elvaru\r
+Emeshmu\r
+Emish\r
+Emketlish\r
+Emrallam\r
+Engsvan\r
+Engsvanyali\r
+Engsvanyalu\r
+Enome\r
+Enushu\r
+Epü\r
+Epeng\r
+Equ'noyel\r
+Equnoyel\r
+Erbule\r
+Eresu\r
+Eride\r
+erophants\r
+Ersarish\r
+Ershummu\r
+Eructating\r
+Erunu\r
+Erutleppa\r
+Erzh\r
+Eselne\r
+Esh\r
+Eshatl\r
+Eshine\r
+Eshir\r
+Eshmigetl\r
+Eshmir\r
+Eshpir\r
+Eshqura\r
+Eshshu\r
+Eshu'uz\r
+Esthete\r
+Esue\r
+Etan\r
+Etehltu\r
+Etla\r
+Etmesh\r
+Etsunu\r
+Eutl\r
+Evidlu\r
+Evuen\r
+Evuyu\r
+Eyagi\r
+Eyloa\r
+Eyu\r
+Ey'un\r
+Eyvar\r
+Fü\r
+Fa\r
+Fa'a\r
+Faa\r
+Fa'asal\r
+Fa'asha\r
+Fa'asu\r
+Fai\r
+Faishan\r
+Falla\r
+Falli\r
+Fanuldali\r
+Faoz\r
+Fara'akh\r
+Farazhme\r
+Fardaz\r
+Fardha\r
+Farise\r
+Farishu\r
+Farkhenu\r
+Farrekesh\r
+Farsalaz\r
+Farsha\r
+Fashaa\r
+Fasharangga\r
+Fashranu\r
+Fasil\r
+Fasiltum\r
+Fasraz\r
+FatIan\r
+Fayaz\r
+Fayes\r
+Fejja\r
+Fenul\r
+Feresh\r
+Fereshma'a\r
+Ferinara\r
+Fersala\r
+Fershena\r
+Feshdrubal-Chren\r
+Feshenga\r
+Feshmu\r
+Feshmu'un\r
+Fesru\r
+Fetsoqi\r
+Ffrsha\r
+Ffsa\r
+Firasul\r
+Firaz\r
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+Heshu'el\r
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+hetpetokoi\r
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+Hettashte\r
+Hh-kk-ssa\r
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+Hidz\r
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+hla\r
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+Hlaya\r
+Hlechu\r
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+Hlepurdal\r
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+Hlethikar\r
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+Hnalla\r
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+Huketlayu\r
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+Hurusamish\r
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+hyaa-hyuu\r
+Hyahyu'u\r
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+i'a\r
+Ichche\r
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+Ilelmuna\r
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+Jakona\r
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+Mekhmues\r
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+Menggser\r
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+Meshmuyel\r
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+Metlunel\r
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+Miye'eklun\r
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+Mkt'kane\r
+Mle\r
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+Mmilaka\r
+Mmillaka\r
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+Mmuokh\r
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+Mnor\r
+Mnosa\r
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+Molkar\r
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+Mrido\r
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+Mrikh\r
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+Mriktoken\r
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+Mringukoi\r
+Mringukoi\r
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+Mrishuren\r
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+Mughal\r
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+Munnu\r
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+Murz\r
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+Mu'ugalavyani\r
+Mu'ugalavyanu\r
+Mu'ugalla\r
+Mu'ugalla\r
+Mu'ugha\r
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+Nakolel\r
+nakome\r
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+Nalukkan\r
+Nalum\r
+Nalum\r
+Namranaz\r
+Namseb\r
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+Nando\r
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+Nanggal\r
+Naoma\r
+Naqsai\r
+Naquma\r
+Naqumar\r
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+Naratlün\r
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+Narkona'a\r
+Narkonaa\r
+Narku\r
+Naru\r
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+Nashomai\r
+Nashomai\r
+Nashomai\r
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+Nasinü\r
+Nasundel\r
+Naupal\r
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+Nazhadaz\r
+Nbe\r
+Nchalaz\r
+N'chel\r
+Nchesh\r
+Ndajja\r
+Ndalu\r
+Ndarka\r
+Nee\r
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+Ne'elti\r
+Ne'epon\r
+Neihai\r
+Nejdish\r
+Nejez\r
+Neke\r
+Nekhtavra\r
+Nekkudlakte\r
+Nekkuthane\r
+Nektulen\r
+Nektu'unish\r
+Neku\r
+Neleth\r
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+Nemanandu\r
+Nemandu\r
+Nemmu\r
+Nemudla\r
+Nemuel\r
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+Nenu'u\r
+Nenu'u\r
+Nenyelu\r
+Neqo\r
+Neqo\r
+Nere\r
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+Nerzaz\r
+Neshenez\r
+Neshketh\r
+Neshkiruma\r
+Neshkolu\r
+Neskolem\r
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+Netkolun\r
+Neyob\r
+Nezar\r
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+Ngajadha\r
+Ngakü\r
+Ngakhe\r
+Ngakome\r
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+Ngalar\r
+Ngalu\r
+Ngangmorel\r
+Nganjja\r
+Ngaqma\r
+Ngaqmaz\r
+Ngaqomi\r
+Ngarrumakt\r
+Ngash\r
+Ngayu\r
+Ngeda\r
+Ngekka\r
+Ngel\r
+Ngemu\r
+Ngeshtu\r
+Ngeshtu\r
+Ngetl\r
+Nggalba\r
+Ngharradu\r
+Ngisurra\r
+Ngüngethib\r
+Ngorisha\r
+Ngoro\r
+Ngrutha\r
+Nguqm\r
+Nguqqum\r
+Ngushi\r
+Ngusinaa\r
+Nhâ\r
+Nha\r
+Nia\r
+Nidlar\r
+Ni-gãã\r
+Ni-Ketten\r
+Nikome\r
+Nikone\r
+Nikuma\r
+Niluelde\r
+Niluen\r
+Nimollu\r
+Nimune\r
+Nimune\r
+Ninar\r
+Ningaya\r
+Ninggitu\r
+Nininyal\r
+Niniyal\r
+Ninoa\r
+Ninoa'u\r
+Ninorme\r
+Ninue\r
+Nionel\r
+Nipwnchopk\r
+Niqomi\r
+Nirenu\r
+Niritlal\r
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+Nirodel\r
+Nirukkai\r
+Nirunel\r
+Nirusama\r
+Niseri\r
+Nishaz\r
+Nishu'va\r
+Nisimaya\r
+Nissanu\r
+Nisuel\r
+Nithoru\r
+Nitosa\r
+Niukumina\r
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+Niyonu\r
+Niyunen\r
+Niyuneth\r
+Njashte\r
+Njenü\r
+Njeng\r
+Njevra\r
+Nju\r
+Nkek\r
+Nlü'arsh\r
+Nle\r
+N'len\r
+Nleshtoyal\r
+N'lüss\r
+N'lüssa\r
+N'lüssa\r
+Nmach\r
+Nmartusha\r
+Nmartushan\r
+Nmecha\r
+Nmen\r
+Nmodha\r
+Nümür\r
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+Nna\r
+Nnasha\r
+Nodlath\r
+Nokesh\r
+Nokkolel\r
+Nokor\r
+Nokunaz\r
+Nom\r
+Noren\r
+Nornemokoi\r
+No-Tikun\r
+Nrachu\r
+Nraga\r
+Nrainue\r
+Nraishu\r
+Nrasedu\r
+Nrash\r
+Nrashkeme\r
+Nreku\r
+Nretlu\r
+N'rg\r
+Nrge\r
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+Nri'ikh\r
+Nrikakchne\r
+Nrikakchne\r
+Nro\r
+Nrotlu\r
+Nshe\r
+Nshetlu\r
+Nssa\r
+Nthe\r
+Ntk-dqekt\r
+Nto\r
+Nucher\r
+Nufersh\r
+Nukher\r
+Numar\r
+Numu\r
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+Nurgashte\r
+Nuroab\r
+Nurtsahlrakh\r
+Nurtsahlu\r
+Nurtsahludali\r
+Nuru'arsh\r
+Nuru'u\r
+Nuru'un\r
+Nuru'uni\r
+Nu-Tsetleng\r
+Nu'un\r
+Nu'unka\r
+Nu'unka\r
+Nu'utla\r
+Nya\r
+Nyagga\r
+Nyalmaz\r
+Nyar\r
+Nye\r
+Nyeles\r
+Nyelme\r
+Nyelmu\r
+Nyemesel\r
+Nyenu\r
+Nyerebo\r
+Nyesset\r
+Nyesset\r
+Nzai\r
+Nzi\r
+Nzuggesh\r
+Ochür\r
+Odil\r
+Odreng\r
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+Oghur\r
+Ohe\r
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+O'iya\r
+Ojz\r
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+Okhon\r
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+Okokh\r
+Olegh\r
+Olmeg\r
+olurash\r
+Omashn\r
+Ombetl\r
+Omel\r
+Omer\r
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+Omür\r
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+Omrüz\r
+Omuggutu\r
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+Ong\r
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+Onkone\r
+Onmu\r
+Onnu\r
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+Onqe\r
+Onumine\r
+Onumish\r
+Onuqaimu\r
+Onusu\r
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+O'otlash\r
+Ophiuchi\r
+Oqu\r
+Ordunash\r
+Orghesh\r
+Ori\r
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+Ormichash\r
+Orodai\r
+Orodhun\r
+Ortokan\r
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+Oruu\r
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+Otlung\r
+Otulengba\r
+Ou\r
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+Oyaka\r
+Oyeb\r
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+Pachukoi\r
+Pachuyal\r
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+Pagartra\r
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+Pakala\r
+Pakalan\r
+Pakalani\r
+Pakhan\r
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+palan\r
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+Pallis\r
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+Parshalmokoi\r
+Parshural\r
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+Patyel\r
+Pavar\r
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+Payuli\r
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+Pea\r
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+Pechano\r
+Pechna\r
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+Pedhurayal\r
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+Peidaho\r
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+Pelesar\r
+Pemesh\r
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+Pessurru\r
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+Petral\r
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+Petris\r
+Pijena\r
+Pijenani\r
+Pijnar\r
+Piltu\r
+Piragh\r
+Pirunddayu\r
+Pogurdikh\r
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+Pokul\r
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+pped\r
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+Prajnu\r
+Prajnu\r
+Praku\r
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+pta\r
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+Punkaz\r
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+Purdasu\r
+Purdimal\r
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+Purohlan\r
+Puru\r
+Puru\r
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+Purushqe\r
+Putuhenu\r
+Pu'un\r
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+Qadardalikoi\r
+Qadarni\r
+Qadarnikoi\r
+Qakh\r
+Qalai\r
+Qalu\r
+Qame'el\r
+Qa'ochu\r
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+Qaqtla\r
+Qarqa\r
+Qarras\r
+Qashanaz\r
+Qasu\r
+Qaya\r
+Qazor\r
+Qe\r
+Qektsawi\r
+Qel\r
+Qelem\r
+Qeleqmu\r
+Qenqolu\r
+Qeqash\r
+Qeqelmu\r
+Qeqelnu\r
+Qestenil\r
+Qevurak\r
+Qilai\r
+Qimmu\r
+Qindanu\r
+Qirgal\r
+Qirgals\r
+Qiyor\r
+Qiyor\r
+Qümech\r
+Qo\r
+Qodhur\r
+Qol\r
+Qoli\r
+Qolsuna\r
+Qolyelmu\r
+Qolyelmu\r
+Qomeshqi'o\r
+Qon\r
+Qon\r
+Qonu\r
+Qoqakh\r
+Qorridu\r
+Qorudu\r
+Qoruma\r
+Qorushai\r
+Qosonish\r
+Qosoth\r
+Qotlashankoi\r
+Qoyjinga\r
+Qumal\r
+Qumqum\r
+Qunai\r
+Quneb\r
+Quo\r
+Quoth\r
+Quotl\r
+Qura\r
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+Quren\r
+Qurgha\r
+Quriktahl\r
+Qurodu\r
+Qurrodu\r
+Qurruluma\r
+Qurrumu\r
+Qurupengato\r
+Qurupengatodali\r
+Qusunchu\r
+Qutmu\r
+Qu'u\r
+Qu'uni\r
+Quyela\r
+Quyo\r
+Quyove\r
+Rü\r
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+Ra'asa\r
+Rachan\r
+Rachar\r
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+Raitlan\r
+Ranagga\r
+Rananga\r
+Ranchaka\r
+Rannalan\r
+Rannalu\r
+Rannalun\r
+Rantike\r
+Rü'anu\r
+Ranua\r
+Ranzru\r
+Rarenesha\r
+Ra'saz\r
+Rashangto\r
+Ravener\r
+Rayana\r
+Rayastqa\r
+Rayeshtu\r
+Razzau\r
+Re'a\r
+Regaz\r
+Reghnu\r
+Rekhmel\r
+Rekmilish\r
+Rele\r
+Renude\r
+Renyu\r
+Rerechal\r
+Rerektanu\r
+Rereshqala\r
+Reretlesu\r
+Reru\r
+Resa\r
+Reshlan\r
+Ressuma\r
+Resthouse\r
+Retlan\r
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+Rhigat\r
+Rhodolite\r
+Rigellian\r
+Ri'inü\r
+Ri'inür\r
+Ri'inyussa\r
+Ri'inyussa\r
+Ri'isma\r
+Ri'itlanen\r
+Rikam\r
+Ripener\r
+Riruchel\r
+Riruchel\r
+Rirune\r
+Rirutlu\r
+Rishem\r
+Ritonmel\r
+Riyul\r
+Rlath\r
+Rülla\r
+Rno\r
+Üroflatio\r
+Roqav\r
+Üroshanal\r
+Ürs\r
+Rüs\r
+Rü'üsa\r
+Rüshe\r
+Rssa\r
+Rü'ütlanesh\r
+Ru\r
+Ru'a\r
+Rue'lu\r
+Rumusu\r
+Runmaru\r
+Ruozhuz\r
+Ruqqa\r
+Rusala\r
+Rusu\r
+Ru'un\r
+Ru'ungkano\r
+Ru'utlenu\r
+Ruvadis\r
+Ry'ytlanesh\r
+Rzalish\r
+Sü\r
+Sý\r
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+Sa'a\r
+Saa\r
+Sa'aka\r
+Sa'aleb\r
+Sa'alur\r
+Sa'aq\r
+Sachel\r
+Sadhua\r
+Sagun\r
+Sahelun\r
+Sahulen\r
+Saima\r
+Sakbe\r
+Sakodla\r
+Saku'u\r
+Salarvya\r
+Salarvyani\r
+Sangar\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sanjesh\r
+Sankolum\r
+Sankolun\r
+Sano\r
+Sanuklen\r
+Sanyel\r
+Sarana\r
+Sarela\r
+Sarelke\r
+Sarelqe\r
+Sarelte\r
+Sarir\r
+Sark\r
+Sarku\r
+Sarn\r
+Sarq\r
+Sarvodaya\r
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+Sathapo\r
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+Savalharetokoi\r
+Savalikh\r
+Savalyal\r
+Sayanu\r
+Sayil\r
+Sayuncha\r
+Sazhme\r
+Schyak\r
+Sea\r
+Sedla\r
+Sekka\r
+Sekka\r
+Semetl\r
+Semetlyal\r
+Semunu\r
+Sena\r
+Sengelu\r
+Sengireth\r
+Senkdun\r
+Senkolum\r
+Senth\r
+Senyara\r
+Senyaratorakh\r
+Senyatokoi\r
+Sequestrator\r
+Seracha\r
+Seresh\r
+Serkaton\r
+Serqu\r
+Serudla\r
+Sescha\r
+Seshmel\r
+Sesmuga\r
+Sesmugga\r
+Setkaya\r
+Setnakh\r
+Sha'aduish\r
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+Shabraz\r
+Shadleg\r
+Shahirin\r
+Shaira\r
+Shaithuni\r
+Shaka'an\r
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+Zo'ora\r
+Zre\r
+Zrne\r
+Zru\r
+Zu'ine\r
+Zumir\r
+Zu'ur\r
--- /dev/null
+bence herkesin anlina dogme koyalim kimin ne oldugu anlasilsin her \r
+degisik irktan gelene degisik dogme her halde bin cesit dogme yapmak \r
+lazim bence degisik ozerk bolgeye boluk herkesi mutlu yapalim mutluluk \r
+sadece kurtlere ait olmasin hatta orta asya dan gelmis hakiki bir parca \r
+toprak verelimhatta ve hatta sarisinlaraayri sahte sarisinlara ayri \r
+bire ozerk bolge burnunda kil olanlarla olmiyanlara vitesli araba \r
+kullananlarla kullanmiyanlarada birer parca toprak verelim verelim \r
+kardesim degil artik dogum gunu pasatsina donduk hatt ataturku hitlerle \r
+eslestirip oldukten sene sonra yargiliyip anitkabiri kafesle cevirip \r
+hapis yapalim belki bazi supheli sahislar o zaman tatmin olurlar evet \r
+gecen hafta nerde kalmistik neyse zaten o hikaye baymisti simdi yepyeni \r
+bi hikaye simdi olay soyle gelisti siz bilmezsiniz ressamlar aleminde \r
+kanli bicaklidirlar bigun dort tane tane sikistiriyolar allah ne \r
+verdiyse geciriyolar bunu goren kemalettin dogru toplandigi kahveye \r
+kosuyo kapiyi aciyo ve bagiriyo muharrem abi recebi assagi sokakta \r
+dovuyo cabuk yardima gelin diyo bunun uzerine kahvede kim var kim yok \r
+assagi sokaga hurra yalniz bi tanesi kahvede bele cay icmek icin kaliyo \r
+o da muhsin muhsin hemen evi ariyo cabuk buraya kahveye gelin bele cay \r
+var diyo evdekiler hemen kahveye gidiyolar yalniz bi tek ortaokula \r
+giden selami evde kaliyo selami de ne yapsin cani sikiliyo zaten bari \r
+bi sigara iciyim diyo yalniz sigarayi yakicam derken hali tutuuyo ev \r
+yanmaya baliyo bunun uzerine itfaiye yola cikiyo ama yolda tikaniyo eve \r
+gidemiyo soru itfaiyiye yolda neye rastliyo hani assagi sokakta biey \r
+oluyo ona mi takiliyo heyt be amerika sen nelere kadirsin insana kafayi \r
+uutturuyon valla selam giris su anda oldugunu anlatarak baslamak \r
+istiyorum dort sene evvel yazilari yaziliyordu turkiyenin cesitli \r
+kesimlerinden gelen seckin arkadaslar cok duzenli ve guzel bir sekilde \r
+fikirlerini ortaya sunuyorlardi kimse ayni fikirleri savunmuyordu ama \r
+saygi ile karsilikli tartisiyordu bu duzen ve guzellik gecen sene \r
+bozuldu kimlerin bu guzelligi bozdugunu biliyoruz ama sonra soruyorum \r
+su gectigimiz seneden bu yana kac tane kufurlu yazi okumak zorunda \r
+kaldiniz kufur edilir ama yerinde edilir bu kufurlu ortam tabii ki bir \r
+cok insani bir cok insan saydim daha yeni basligi ver yansin kufur \r
+amina koyayim cimbom orospular ve daha yuzlercesi ben durumdan \r
+utaniyorum bilmiyorum bu durumdan aranizda utanmayan var mi bu yaziyi \r
+okuduktan sonra hala altay sen haksizsin derseniz o zaman bu konu \r
+hakkinda baska bir sey yazmiyacagim cogunuzun bildigi gibi gecen hafta \r
+icinde denetim kurulu basligi altinda bir yazi yazmistim kisaca yaziyi \r
+ozetlemem gerekirse tartisma zemini acabilicegimizi savundum fikir bir \r
+denetim kurulu kurulacak ve bu kurul bazi kurallara uymayan arkadaslari \r
+uyaracak ayrica agiz dalasina donmus bazi tartismalari surdurenleri \r
+yazi ile uyaracak anlamiyanlar icin bir kez daha yaziyorum amac uyarmak \r
+sansurlemek degil neyse bir cok cevap yazildi bu konu hakkinda kimisi \r
+birbirine laf atti kimisi beni donmelik ile sucladi kimisi de \r
+olabilecek en kotu seyleri yazarak herkesi uyarmaya calisti ve de \r
+sadece bir ama sadece bir kisi cikipta ortaya sundugum fikirin uzerine \r
+kendi dusuncelerinide ekliyerek katkida bulundu ilk once sunu soylemek \r
+istiyorum yeni bir fikir ortaya atildiginda ilk once bu fikri didik \r
+didik ederek en olumsuz yonlerini veya zararli etkilerini bulmaya \r
+calisiyoruz soruyorum hakki arkadasima acaba yazinizi yazmadan evvel bu \r
+yeni fikrin pozitif yonleri ile negatif yonlerini kafanizda canlandirip \r
+fikri detayli olarak dusundunuz mu sakin bana cevap olarak sunu \r
+soylemeyin evet dusunduk ama hic pozitif bir sey bulamadik veya \r
+dusunduk tabii ki ama negatifler pozitiflerden cok daha fazla eger su \r
+ortaya sundugum fikrin bir tek ama bir tek pozitif yani varsa bile bu \r
+fikir tartisilmaya gelistirilmeye ve de gerekirse uygulamaya hak \r
+kazanir bana kalirsa bu fikir uygulanirsa okur ve yazarlarina buyuk \r
+yararlar sagliyacak bu fikrin bir cok pozitif yani var ama bunlardan \r
+sadece birini bir senaryo esliginde sizlere sunuyorum sene edirne \r
+lisesi ogrencilerine ayirdigi komputurleri devletin ve ozel sirketlerin \r
+yardimi ile yeniliyerek komputurlerini baglar amaclari ogrencilere \r
+komputurlerin artik hayatin bir parcasi oldugu fikrini asilamak \r
+odevlerini yaparken onlara sonsuz bir referans kaynagi saglamak ve de \r
+kafalarinda daha korpe dusunceler ile dogusen gencleri yurt disinda \r
+yasayan diger ogrencilerle icinde bulusturup fikir alis verisi yapmaya \r
+izin vererek hayatlarini pozitif bir sekilde yonlendirmeye calismaktir \r
+ve yasindaki cigdem komputurun basina oturur cigdem isletme okumak \r
+ister ve de turkiyede guclu bir firmanin basina gecerek bitmek tukenmek \r
+bilmeyen cabasi ve performansi ile her gun bir adim daha ileri goturmek \r
+istemektedir bu yuzden kendinden buyuk agabey ve ablalarindan \r
+tavsiyeler almak icin ileride yasayacaklarini simdiden ogrenmek icin \r
+yilinda hala gundemde olan girer ilk okudugu yazi basliklarini \r
+sunuyorum sizlere cimboma kafam girsin sen gel benim sikimi kemir ibne \r
+haluk seni gidi gotveren seni orospular diyarina hosgeldiniz yavsak \r
+kari cigdeme anani si evet senaryonunun sonunu sizlerin tamamlamanizi \r
+istiyorum bazi arkadaslar israrla turkiye icin bir onemi yoktur \r
+diyorlar bana bakin beyinzice konusucaginiza biraz kabul ediyorum \r
+tamami ile pozitif bir fikir ortaya atmadim ama bir kisi disinda kimse \r
+fikire sans bile tanimadiben size bir sey satmiyorumbunda benim \r
+hakkinin mana etmeye calistigi gibi bir kazancimda yok hangi \r
+fikirleride savunsak turkiyenin neresinden gelsekte gelelim insanlardan \r
+ne kadar ustunum diyerek cevremizdekilere havada satsakda \r
+cevremizdekileri ne kadarda asalasakta tum kullanlarin ortak bir \r
+noktasi varburda yazi yazan ve okuyan herkes bir grubu olusturuyor ve \r
+grubun adida o yuzden herkesin bu grup icinde bazi kurallara uymasi \r
+gerekiyor uymak istemeyen cekip gidebilir bugune kadar en az turke \r
+girilicegini yazilarin nasil okunacagini gosterdim hepsininde ilk \r
+reaksiyonu su idi kimdir bu insanlar hepsi kafayi yemis birbirine kufur \r
+edenler mactamiyiz kahvedemiyiz yaziklar olsun burda devletin vatanin \r
+parasini harcayanlara bunlari duymak uzucu ama bunlar benim her sefer \r
+duyduklarim eminim sizde ayni seyleri duymussunuzdur bir suru insan \r
+saciyor son olarak birde bugune kadar hic bir yerde sansur gormemis \r
+arkadaslarimiza iyice dolasmalarini tavsiye ediyorum eger size gore bu \r
+fikri ilk kez biz uygulayacaksak ne mutlu bize baskasinin yapmamasi \r
+bizim uygulamamiz icin bir sebep degildir saygilarla altay \r
--- /dev/null
+yaupak asang kuhkabil kalka as bik ahauka bungpai lau \r
+ya askana ihyawai tung lumakka puput yapa dapi kahkalu \r
+asung takat yau ma baka kumdai walik \r
+pumti talang waya wingkata puhnaka kat akatka witka kau laih \r
+alas pamkih ilwana dasika palka ilwang bahangh balhtang kau \r
+andih takat yau yawanaka yulka \r
+katka arungka wingkata puhnaka ya midana as yapa laih pumtasa \r
+kat alas kanas midanaka waltang make karak yul baunaka \r
+yulka ya damaska pas anakat watdi buhtang as kau yawi tuspi \r
+yaktang malka balna rumpai ya walti \r
+sutbangh as itang ukatak ya takpang dapi isamah kaupak was waya baka \r
+karak suhpi lawang witka kau di bubuh baka as sukpang dapi di ya \r
+kasna isau waltai yapa karak kasang dapi witpang kau di bubuh sukpang \r
+ya distang kat sangkaka ya sumaltang barangka yamka \r
+atnaka di dutka balna yamnaka aisau \r
+walang panka as kau pamkih ya sittang asna as paktang \r
+sau dikuh takat kau dapi katka amangpara dapak dasi palka amang dai \r
+al as kal kapahka sa yapa \r
+rauka palka yapa kal kapahka balna ya kanas yawadasa \r
+katka kang lawang yawi bungparang ya dapi yaka ya \r
+abalka pumtasa rauka kat bungpang \r
+sau bukdang balna kau pamkih balna kalkana wayaka daki raudang \r
+makdaka paptida kau asangbah atkamalh ya tingka palka ya di kal dahsa \r
+karak aratukuh walti akpang amangpara dapak waya kal daki \r
+laktai yapa dapi amangna sikka palka karak lauwi dakang \r
+pamkih balna ya labakat kau kanas wi awadai ati asung kau wapdi \r
+waya alas pamkakih kau likpang \r
+pamkih makamak kau uba palka as as tispang waya atak kal \r
+dahnaka dapi ihnaka sa yulka yapa kal daki laknaka damaska pas kau \r
+alas pamkakih ya talak yamka di dutka bungnaka sa atak kau di \r
+pumtasa yawang wayaka as bik yamtasa yawi asang midangka \r
+balna watya kat \r
+it talnaka pamkih ilwingka singka balna yapa yawi midana bang \r
+atak rahwah salap as takat singka kaupak nauh yapa kau alas \r
+pahka lau yaupak al arungka balna yapa ya turuh ilwingka balna \r
+yapa naukana watah \r
+katka singkika ya alas pan yaka upurka kaupak ya atmalh waltangka \r
+kanas ihirtang ya mamaka muih as luih bas yapa watah \r
+dapi bik balah ihyawasa ma daihka palka katka baska ya pihtang \r
+muhka wayaka nauh laktang siritka dapi yaka suwinka balna kau muhka \r
+pihtang sikka palka raudi alas kau luih taihpang \r
+katka kau waltangka ihirtang ya yaka muihka almuk ya \r
+tingka balna ya sitna atnaka dangkat kau lati dapi makamak tari yau \r
+muih as sitna as sitnaka karhnaka karak \r
+yangna ma witputingna aka kira panka kau alas andih pasdak iwang \r
+katka it atrang rauka palka dakat karhnaka turuh nutingka as ya \r
+yapa kapah aisau palka turuh ilwingka alka as ya yultang tingka \r
+kau wah tangka as wak kau wat sakwi nah dapi \r
+waya as yapa kang katang pamkih ilwingka wak as ya \r
+kang kanaka kau ya al as di yabasikka dapi aratukuh bik \r
+rumnaka bik waltai palka alas kau di bungpasa atrang bik \r
+ya kang lawi yawang yapa yawak kau balna yapa \r
+isau salap as kau bu yapa katka ampas ya saupah kau tumdana \r
+alas balna sangkanaka adadahka \r
+ya muih almuk ya sangkika subitnaka yulka alas balna paskana \r
+kau awanaka pumtang rauka palka alaska turuh nutingka as \r
+tingka kau anaka katka turuh ilwingka balna ya \r
+raukakana aslah bik aisau dai nauka yamnaka alas balna walik tingkana \r
+barangpida di nutingka pamkihka silka munka ya \r
+bautam pawanihni audana watah atrang mxico wisam wingka daihka wai ya \r
+takat kau kalka rawahpi \r
+ya kal kang katang nauh atnaka alas pawanihka yapa kawaranaka \r
+sikka as kang katang ya anaka lalahka dapi as yuhka as adahka \r
+bik kang katang \r
+alas tingka palka ya ihirtang tanaka as yapa sipah muihka \r
+pamkihka silka munka kau baunaka yulka katka di as dakang \r
+yapa dapah aratukuh as tunma kat ma ana lau ka \r
+turuh ilwingka arungka balna ya watdi wana suwinka as kau alasna \r
+balna tunakna ya aslah yapa bungna di taldasa dika balna yapa \r
+ya takat kau sih yawang rahwah salap yapa upurna \r
+yau dapi muihka balna ya atdati pah palka yaka muihka almuk karhnaka \r
+pas kau it yakdasa kau kau yultang kau kang \r
+man ya wai mankuiti dakang raudi alas kahkalu kau \r
+ma baka kumdi ihyawai tung dai ya it talsa dai \r
+miriki asangka balna aslah yamna atkamalh watdi \r
+apa yultang kal ahaupi barang ati al arungka balna ya ma baka ya \r
+talnaka yulka dapi aratukuh as tingka palka kau watah dai ka bik \r
+kalah di as bik yamnaka aisau muih pihka balna asangkana kaupak \r
+alka mining dasinika balhtang kau watah yak kanas bik yaka \r
+muihka balna ya di nutingka as ka turuh balna nutingka yapa \r
+yultang alas bik talnaka kau laih muih almuk waya yamtai \r
+yaupak bungnaka waltasa yapa \r
+yapa balna yaka dakatna karhnaka dika ka ati ya wapdang \r
+turuh baka as iti kasnaka ya di as dutka laih sa pumtayang yaupak \r
+bik iwanaka dika bik bungnaka watdi yultang raudi \r
+man laih raumaka waya bik aisau aka dika pas kau awanaka \r
+yulka yultang \r
+wahka sipah muihka tingka kau sitna ya dakti yaktah ati yultang \r
+muih pihka balna asangkana kaupak alka ya raudi turuh ilwingka \r
+alka ya yulka kang lawasa pi \r
+talnaka as pawanihka balna kau bungpang katka dapi \r
+hine karak lauwanakana kau dasi palka lauwana tingkana karak \r
+kal dasipi lauwanaka yau \r
+alas yamtangka kang katang ahauka palka alas di as pas kau \r
+awanaka pumtasa ya \r
+sulu balna ati wapdang anaka balna pas kau \r
+kau talna di karak yapa para tali kau \r
+ka atak yamka palka kang lawang dapi takat kau dayadang \r
+yakat bik tingka ya aratukuh walti akpi yamtang kau \r
+dapi ya asung kau di as bik pumtasa yaka arakatukuh ya \r
+rumnaka kau \r
+yaka muihka balna yapa kau alas waltasa talya \r
+kahkalu kau lumakka pauka as bungpang yakaupak alas \r
+karaskamak anakat kau wauhdi awang yapa lau dapi witka kau \r
+alas abukka kauh watdi lawang \r
+tmalh ya aratukuhka tingka kau lati talang amang palka turuh \r
+ilwingka wak balna kau tanaka as karak bik tatang mampa kau di \r
+as bungparang ya yulka dapi talnaka kau ripka dapi asung \r
+dasikaka bik watah \r
+dapi alas tingkamak ya aratukuh raudanaka kau taihpang \r
+manna bu as balna di as yulnaka watah manna kuiti dakang \r
+hine dapi kau tali nah karak \r
+ka witka kau aka tunak natdang diahka ati \r
+yapa hine kau tali dapi bik yabahna ya alas muhka kau ahauka palka \r
+bungpang kat alas balna pumnakana kau pumna ya al \r
+as sirihka palka dapi kanas ahauka mxico wisam pas kau \r
+dapi ya andih iwang aratukuh kanas rumpasa takat kau \r
+hine ya kanas pukka kau tungwingka alas pawanihka karak pamkih yaupak \r
+lakwang dapi alas kau kanas di as bik yultasa karak wah as muih \r
+almuk tingka kau sitna lau dai ka dakti yaktang \r
+yaupak di as bik yultasa watdi alas lauwanaka kau yawi lauwang \r
+yamka palka hine yultang audi karak muihka almuk ya alas tingka \r
+wah dakat kau watang ya yaktang kau \r
+yaupak alas tingka wah sitna laudai ya paukika ya alas saptang \r
+kawari audi karak alas iwanaka yaka kal dakang lik palka \r
+alas tunak kau katka yaka pumti alas sangka waya tung atnaka \r
+ya alas kau audanaka sikka palka atai \r
+ya alas yultang manna it manna pih dapi \r
+karak muihkana iwana balna ya anapi inaka yang bik yultaring tunak \r
+muihka kau kanas waya kau ati yultang atmalh tunak \r
+muihka ya \r
+hine dapi karak lakwana dapi alas balna muih iwana balna \r
+ya pamkih takat kau ilna katka pirihka bitah kau yaka yaka alas \r
+balna lauwanaka balna alas balna kanas sangka kau \r
+kanas bai yawasa kau ya waya takat kau wauhdai yapa yamtang \r
+dapi muih almuk yau tali apa yultang \r
+man it man turuh bakaka yaka karak midanaka \r
+yamka al baka di luih kau yultang muihka almuk ya alas \r
+bik tingka sitna paukika yau saptasa karak alas akawas midang \r
+ya buna pahka kau anaka yulka dadang \r
+turuh ilwingka bu balna ya bai bungpi yawana dapi \r
+karak iwana muihka balna ya duihi \r
--- /dev/null
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+ir\r
+aldrLlwch\r
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+ol\r
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+ir\r
+wm\r
+wm\r
+ar\r
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+ae\r
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+in\r
+i\r
+ud\r
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+en\r
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+ydd\r
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+or\r
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+wlch\r
+efwlch\r
+eddyf\r
+ifwlch\r
+as\r
+ig\r
+ad\r
+oll\r
+uall\r
+all\r
+yr\r
+wg\r
+wg\r
+wg\r
+\r
+arm\r
+ad\r
+ed\r
+eued\r
+iwed\r
+wg\r
+aeth\r
+af\r
+yd\r
+asgwrn\r
+an\r
+adar\r
+edyr\r
+yllt\r
+etwn\r
+ai\r
+ar\r
+afed\r
+yr\r
+yr\r
+ad\r
+oedd\r
+ust\r
+einad\r
+edyr\r
+edydd\r
+iawn\r
+ad\r
+\r
+ydd\r
+yach\r
+en\r
+emyl\r
+emon\r
+en\r
+en\r
+arch\r
+eid\r
+o\r
+euawg\r
+eg\r
+uathar\r
+edyr\r
+udfyl\r
+in\r
+olwen\r
+eri\r
+eul\r
+eg\r
+udd\r
+ien\r
+iant\r
+ylad\r
+ylw\r
+ylt\r
+en\r
+ul\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+# This list is of Welsh names. Almost all are taken from the Arthurian story 'Culwch and Olwen'. The story is
+# mostly just an excuse to list Arthur's men and the most important women in his kingdom.
+
+# Mark
+
+ligatures= ff ll dd th
+
+Anarawc Beli Bran Cradawc Gwern Erfyll Idig Morddwyd Mallolwch Pryderi Mynogan Nissyen Efnissyen Ynawc Owein Kei Annwn Pwyll Arawn Casnar Clut Gwawl Gwri Gwynn Hafgan Hefeydd Twryf Teirnon Cadwallon Branwen Penardun Kicva Rhiannon Wynn Ysbaddaden Cei Bedwyr Greidawl Gallddofydd Gwythyr Greid Eri Cynddylig Cyrfarwydd Tathal Twyll Golau Maelwys Baeddan Cnychwr Nes Cubert Daere Fergos Roch Lluber Beuthach Corfil Berfach Gwyn Esni Gwyn Nwyfre Nudd Edern Cadwy Geraint Fflewdwr Fflam Wledig Rhuawn Bebyr Dorath Bradwen Moren Mynawg Moren Mynawg Dalldaf Cimin Cof Alun Dyfed Saidi Gwurion Uchdryd Ardwyad Cad Cynwas DCwryfagyl Gwrhyr Gwarthegfras Isberyr Ewingath Gallgoid Gofyniad Duach Brathach Nerthach Gwawrddur Cyrfach Cilydd Canastyr Canllaw Cors Cant Ewin Esgeir Gulhwch Gonyn Cawn Drwst Dwrnhaearn Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr Llwch Llawwynnawg Anwas Adeiniawg Sinnoch Seithfed Wadu Bedyw Gofrwy Echel Morrddwyd Twll Roycol Dadweir Dallben Garwyli Gwythawg Gwyr Gormant Ricca Menw Teirgwaedd Digon Alar Selyf Sinoid Gusg Achen Nerth Cadarn Drudwas Tryffin Twrch Peryf Anwas Sel Selgi Teregud Iaen Sulien Bradwen Moren Siawn Cradawg Dirmyg Caw Iustig Edmyg Angawdd Gofan Celin Conyn Mabsant Gwyngad Llwybyr Coch Egryriad Neb Gildas Calchas Hueil Finsych Taliesin Manawydan Llyr Llary Casnar Sperin Fflergant sarannon Glythfyr Llawr Erw Anynnawg Nwyfre Erbin Ermid Dywel Cyndrwyn Hyfaidd Unllen Eiddin Fawrfrydig Rheiddwn Arwy Ricca Llawnrodded Farfawg Noddawl Farf Berth Cado Rheiddwn Beli Isgofan Hael Ysgafn Morfran Tegid Sanddef Pryd Uchdryd Erim Henwas Adeiniawg Henbedestyr Sgilti Ysgafndroed Teithi Carnedyr Gwenwynwyn Llygadrudd Emys Gwrfoddw Culfanawyd Gwrion Llenlleawg Dyfnwal Moel Dunard Teyrnon Twrf Liant Tegfan Gloff Tegyr Talgellawg Gwrddywal Efrei Gwystl Nwython Rhun Nwython Llwydeu Gwydre Llwydeu Bwenabwy Drem Dremidydd Celliwig Eidoel Ner Gwlyddyn Cynyr Ceinfarfawg Henwas Henwyneb Hengydymdeith Gallgoig Berwyn Cyrenyr Osly Cyllellfawr Bronllafn Gwyddawg Menestyr Garanwyn Amren Myr Rheu Rhwydd Dyrys Ruddwern Trachmyr Llydeu Coed Huabwy Gweir Dathar Gweinidog Cadellin Tal Ariant Enwir PaldrLlwch Lawwynnawg Gwrfan Gwallt Afwyn Gwilenhin Panawr Penbagad Adlendor Hywar Celi Cuel Gilla Goeshydd Gwadn Osol Gwadn Oddaith Hir Erwm Atrwm Huarwar Halwn Gwarae Gwallt Eurin Rhymhi Gwyddrud Gwydden Sugyn Sugnedydd Cacamwri Llwng Dygyflwng Anoeth Feiddawg Eiddyl Amren Gwefyl Gwastad Uchdryd Draws Elidyr Cyfarwydd Ysgyrdaf Ysgudydd Gwenhwyfar Brys Brysethach Gruddlwny Gor Bwulch Cyfwlch Sefwlch Cleddyf Difwlch Glas Glessig Gleissad Coll Cuall Cafall Hwyr Ddyddwg Drwg Ddyddwg Och Garm Diaspad Lluched Neued Eisiwed Drwg Gwaeth Gwaethaf Eheubryd Gorasgwrn Gwaeddan Eiladar Cynedyr Wyllt Hetwn Gwalchmai Gwyar Gwalhafed Gwyr Gwrhyr Gwastad Ieithoedd Clust Clustfeinad Medyr Medredydd Gwiawn Llygad Ol Olwydd Gwenhwyach Rathyen Clememyl Celemon Tangwen Gwen Alarch Eurneid Clydno Eneuawg Enrhydreg Tuduathar Gwenwledyr Erdudfyl Tryffin Eurolwen Teleri Peul Indeg Morfudd Urien Gwenlliant Creiddylad Ellylw Essylt Fynwen Fyngul
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+# This list is of Welsh names. Almost all are taken from the Arthurian story 'Culwch and Olwen'. The story is
+# mostly just an excuse to list Arthur's men and the most important women in his kingdom.
+
+# Mark
+
+Anarawc Beli Bran Cradawc Gwern Erfyll Idig Morddwyd Mallolwch Pryderi Mynogan Nissyen Efnissyen Ynawc Owein Kei Annwn Pwyll Arawn Casnar Clut Gwawl Gwri Gwynn Hafgan Hefeydd Twryf Teirnon Cadwallon Branwen Penardun Kicva Rhiannon Wynn Ysbaddaden Cei Bedwyr Greidawl Gallddofydd Gwythyr Greid Eri Cynddylig Cyrfarwydd Tathal Twyll Golau Maelwys Baeddan Cnychwr Nes Cubert Daere Fergos Roch Lluber Beuthach Corfil Berfach Gwyn Esni Gwyn Nwyfre Nudd Edern Cadwy Geraint Fflewdwr Fflam Wledig Rhuawn Bebyr Dorath Bradwen Moren Mynawg Moren Mynawg Dalldaf Cimin Cof Alun Dyfed Saidi Gwurion Uchdryd Ardwyad Cad Cynwas DCwryfagyl Gwrhyr Gwarthegfras Isberyr Ewingath Gallgoid Gofyniad Duach Brathach Nerthach Gwawrddur Cyrfach Cilydd Canastyr Canllaw Cors Cant Ewin Esgeir Gulhwch Gonyn Cawn Drwst Dwrnhaearn Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr Llwch Llawwynnawg Anwas Adeiniawg Sinnoch Seithfed Wadu Bedyw Gofrwy Echel Morrddwyd Twll Roycol Dadweir Dallben Garwyli Gwythawg Gwyr Gormant Ricca Menw Teirgwaedd Digon Alar Selyf Sinoid Gusg Achen Nerth Cadarn Drudwas Tryffin Twrch Peryf Anwas Sel Selgi Teregud Iaen Sulien Bradwen Moren Siawn Cradawg Dirmyg Caw Iustig Edmyg Angawdd Gofan Celin Conyn Mabsant Gwyngad Llwybyr Coch Egryriad Neb Gildas Calchas Hueil Finsych Taliesin Manawydan Llyr Llary Casnar Sperin Fflergant sarannon Glythfyr Llawr Erw Anynnawg Nwyfre Erbin Ermid Dywel Cyndrwyn Hyfaidd Unllen Eiddin Fawrfrydig Rheiddwn Arwy Ricca Llawnrodded Farfawg Noddawl Farf Berth Cado Rheiddwn Beli Isgofan Hael Ysgafn Morfran Tegid Sanddef Pryd Uchdryd Erim Henwas Adeiniawg Henbedestyr Sgilti Ysgafndroed Teithi Carnedyr Gwenwynwyn Llygadrudd Emys Gwrfoddw Culfanawyd Gwrion Llenlleawg Dyfnwal Moel Dunard Teyrnon Twrf Liant Tegfan Gloff Tegyr Talgellawg Gwrddywal Efrei Gwystl Nwython Rhun Nwython Llwydeu Gwydre Llwydeu Bwenabwy Drem Dremidydd Celliwig Eidoel Ner Gwlyddyn Cynyr Ceinfarfawg Henwas Henwyneb Hengydymdeith Gallgoig Berwyn Cyrenyr Osly Cyllellfawr Bronllafn Gwyddawg Menestyr Garanwyn Amren Myr Rheu Rhwydd Dyrys Ruddwern Trachmyr Llydeu Coed Huabwy Gweir Dathar Gweinidog Cadellin Tal Ariant Enwir PaldrLlwch Lawwynnawg Gwrfan Gwallt Afwyn Gwilenhin Panawr Penbagad Adlendor Hywar Celi Cuel Gilla Goeshydd Gwadn Osol Gwadn Oddaith Hir Erwm Atrwm Huarwar Halwn Gwarae Gwallt Eurin Rhymhi Gwyddrud Gwydden Sugyn Sugnedydd Cacamwri Llwng Dygyflwng Anoeth Feiddawg Eiddyl Amren Gwefyl Gwastad Uchdryd Draws Elidyr Cyfarwydd Ysgyrdaf Ysgudydd Gwenhwyfar Brys Brysethach Gruddlwny Gor Bwulch Cyfwlch Sefwlch Cleddyf Difwlch Glas Glessig Gleissad Coll Cuall Cafall Hwyr Ddyddwg Drwg Ddyddwg Och Garm Diaspad Lluched Neued Eisiwed Drwg Gwaeth Gwaethaf Eheubryd Gorasgwrn Gwaeddan Eiladar Cynedyr Wyllt Hetwn Gwalchmai Gwyar Gwalhafed Gwyr Gwrhyr Gwastad Ieithoedd Clust Clustfeinad Medyr Medredydd Gwiawn Llygad Ol Olwydd Gwenhwyach Rathyen Clememyl Celemon Tangwen Gwen Alarch Eurneid Clydno Eneuawg Enrhydreg Tuduathar Gwenwledyr Erdudfyl Tryffin Eurolwen Teleri Peul Indeg Morfudd Urien Gwenlliant Creiddylad Ellylw Essylt Fynwen Fyngul
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+program Namegen;\r
+\r
+uses\r
+ Forms,\r
+ Namegen1 in 'NAMEGEN1.PAS' {NameGenerator};\r
+\r
+{$R *.RES}\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ Application.CreateForm(TNameGenerator, NameGenerator);\r
+ Application.Run;\r
+end.\r
--- /dev/null
+[Compiler]\r
+A=1\r
+B=0\r
+D=1\r
+F=0\r
+I=1\r
+K=1\r
+L=1\r
+P=1\r
+Q=0\r
+R=0\r
+S=1\r
+T=0\r
+U=1\r
+V=1\r
+W=0\r
+X=1\r
+Y=1\r
+\r
+[Linker]\r
+MapFile=0\r
+LinkBuffer=0\r
+DebugInfo=0\r
+OptimizeExe=1\r
+StackSize=16384\r
+HeapSize=8192\r
+\r
+[Directories]\r
+OutputDir=\r
+SearchPath=\r
+Conditionals=\r
+\r
+[Parameters]\r
+RunParams=\r
--- /dev/null
+unit Namegen1;\r
+\r
+interface\r
+\r
+uses\r
+ SysUtils, WinTypes, WinProcs, Messages, Classes, Graphics, Controls,\r
+ Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, Menus, ExtCtrls, Spin, Clipbrd;\r
+\r
+const\r
+ ElementSize = 30;\r
+ ElementArraySize = 2000;\r
+ ListLines = 21;\r
+\r
+type\r
+ TNameGenerator = class(TForm)\r
+ ForenameOpenDialog: TOpenDialog;\r
+ SurnameOpenDialog: TOpenDialog;\r
+ Forename: TLabel;\r
+ Surname: TLabel;\r
+ ForenameButton: TButton;\r
+ SurnameButton: TButton;\r
+ GenerateButton: TButton;\r
+ Close: TButton;\r
+ CopyButton: TButton;\r
+ NameList: TListBox;\r
+ MainMenu1: TMainMenu;\r
+ File1: TMenuItem;\r
+ Forename1: TMenuItem;\r
+ Surname1: TMenuItem;\r
+ Generate1: TMenuItem;\r
+ Copy1: TMenuItem;\r
+ Exit1: TMenuItem;\r
+ N1: TMenuItem;\r
+ N3: TMenuItem;\r
+ SaveButton: TButton;\r
+ ForenameOnly: TRadioButton;\r
+ ForenameAndSurname: TRadioButton;\r
+ SaveDialog: TSaveDialog;\r
+ Save1: TMenuItem;\r
+ ListFileButton: TButton;\r
+ ListFile: TLabel;\r
+ MassGenNumber: TSpinEdit;\r
+ MassGenButton: TButton;\r
+ ListTo1: TMenuItem;\r
+ N2: TMenuItem;\r
+ Massgenerate1: TMenuItem;\r
+ EnhancedNADJ: TCheckBox;\r
+ EnhancedNounCreation1: TMenuItem;\r
+ N4: TMenuItem;\r
+ procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure FormDestroy(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure ForenameButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure CloseClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Exit1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Forename1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure SurnameButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Surname1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure ListFileButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure ListTo1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure ForenameAndSurnameClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure SaveButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Save1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure GenerateButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure CopyButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Generate1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Copy1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure MassGenButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure Massgenerate1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure LoadForenameFile;\r
+ procedure LoadSurnameFile;\r
+ procedure MakeListFile;\r
+ procedure SaveSelection;\r
+ procedure GenerateNames;\r
+ procedure CopySelection;\r
+ procedure MassGenerate;\r
+ procedure ForenameOnlyClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure EnhancedNounCreation1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+ procedure EnhancedNADJClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+ private\r
+ { Private declarations }\r
+ public\r
+ { Public declarations }\r
+ end;\r
+\r
+ TElement = string[ElementSize];\r
+ TElementArray = array [1..ElementArraySize] of TElement;\r
+ PElementArray = ^TElementArray;\r
+\r
+ function MyReadLn(FileHandle : integer; var ThisElement : string) : boolean;\r
+ function MakeName : string;\r
+ function MakeNameString(NPre, NAMid, ASuf : PElementArray; NPreNo, NAMidNO, ASufNo : integer; IsNADJ : boolean) : string;\r
+ function Capitalise(Item : string) : string;\r
+ function Plural(Item : string) : string;\r
+ function Number(Item : string) : string;\r
+ function NNName(Part1, Part2 : string) : string;\r
+ function NAName(Noun, Adj : string) : string;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ NameGenerator : TNameGenerator;\r
+\r
+ ForenameLoaded, SurnameLoaded, ListLoaded,\r
+ ForenameNADJ, SurnameNADJ : boolean;\r
+\r
+ ForenameNPre, ForenameNAMid, ForenameASuf,\r
+ SurnameNPre, SurnameNAMid, SurnameASuf : PElementArray;\r
+\r
+ ForenameNPreNo, ForenameNAMidNo, ForenameASufNo,\r
+ SurnameNPreNo, SurnameNAMidNo, SurnameASufNo : integer;\r
+\r
+\r
+implementation\r
+\r
+{$R *.DFM}\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ ForenameLoaded := FALSE;\r
+ SurnameLoaded := FALSE;\r
+ ForenameNPre := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ ForenameNAMid := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ ForenameASuf := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ SurnameNPre := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ SurnameNAMid := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ SurnameASuf := AllocMem(SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ ForenameNPreNo := 0;\r
+ ForenameNAMidNo := 0;\r
+ ForenameASufNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameNPreNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameNAMidNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameASufNo := 0;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.FormDestroy(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ FreeMem(ForenameNPre, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ FreeMem(ForenameNAMid, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ FreeMem(ForenameASuf, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ FreeMem(SurnameNPre, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ FreeMem(SurnameNAMid, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+ FreeMem(SurnameASuf, SizeOf(TElementArray));\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.ForenameButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ LoadForenameFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Forename1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ LoadForenameFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.SurnameButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ LoadSurnameFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Surname1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ LoadSurnameFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.ListFileButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ MakeListFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.ListTo1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ MakeListFile;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.SaveButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ SaveSelection;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Save1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ SaveSelection;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.GenerateButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ GenerateNames;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Generate1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ GenerateNames;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.CopyButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ CopySelection;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Copy1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ CopySelection;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.MassGenButtonClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ MassGenerate;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Massgenerate1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ MassGenerate;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.CloseClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ Halt;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.Exit1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ Halt;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.ForenameOnlyClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ if ForenameLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ if ListLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.ForenameAndSurnameClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ if not SurnameLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.LoadForenameFile;\r
+\r
+type\r
+ TSection = (None, NPre, NAMid, ASuf);\r
+\r
+var\r
+ ForenameFileH : integer;\r
+ Section : TSection;\r
+ Element : TElement;\r
+ FileLoadError, FileTypeSet, Finished : boolean;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ ForenameOpenDialog.Execute;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ if FileExists(ForenameOpenDialog.FileName) then\r
+ begin\r
+ ForenameNPreNo := 0;\r
+ ForenameNAMidNo := 0;\r
+ ForenameASufNo := 0;\r
+ ForenameFileH := FileOpen(ForenameOpenDialog.FileName, fmOpenRead or fmShareDenyWrite);\r
+ FileLoadError := FALSE;\r
+ FileTypeSet := FALSE;\r
+ Finished := FALSE;\r
+ Section := None;\r
+ while (not Finished) and MyReadLn(ForenameFileH, Element) do {!!! SIDE EFFECT !!!}\r
+ begin\r
+ if (Length(Element) > 1) and (Element[1] = '#') then\r
+ begin\r
+ if FileTypeSet then\r
+ begin\r
+ if (Element = '#PRE') and (not ForenameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := NPre\r
+ else if (Element = '#MID') and (not ForenameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := NAMid\r
+ else if (Element = '#SUF') and (not ForenameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := ASuf\r
+ else if (Element = '#NOUN') and ForenameNADJ then\r
+ Section := NPre\r
+ else if (Element = '#NADJ') and ForenameNADJ then\r
+ Section := NAMid\r
+ else if (Element = '#ADJ') and ForenameNADJ then\r
+ Section := ASuf\r
+ else if Element = '#END' then\r
+ Finished := TRUE\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ Finished := TRUE;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end {if filetype set}\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ if Element = '#PRE' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NPre;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#MID' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NAMid;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#SUF' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := ASuf;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#NOUN' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NPre;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#NADJ' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NAMid;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#ADJ' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := ASuf;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#END' then\r
+ Finished := TRUE\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ Finished := TRUE;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end; {else filetype not set}\r
+ end {if Control code}\r
+ else if FileTypeSet then\r
+ begin\r
+ case Section of\r
+ NPre :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(ForenameNPreNo);\r
+ ForenameNPre^[ForenameNPreNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ NAMid :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(ForenameNAMidNo);\r
+ ForenameNAMid^[ForenameNAMidNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ ASuf :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(ForenameASufNo);\r
+ ForenameASuf^[ForenameASufNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ end; {case}\r
+ end; {elseif data}\r
+ end; {while}\r
+ if FileLoadError then\r
+ begin\r
+ Application.MessageBox('Error in file', 'Namegen', MB_OK + MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);\r
+ ForenameLoaded := FALSE;\r
+ Forename.Caption := '';\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ if ListLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ SaveButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Save1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ ForenameLoaded := TRUE;\r
+ Forename.Caption := LowerCase(ExtractFileName(ForenameOpenDialog.Filename));\r
+ if ForenameOnly.Checked or\r
+ (ForenameAndSurname.Checked and SurnameLoaded) then\r
+ begin\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ if ListLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ SaveButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Save1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ FileClose(ForenameFileH);\r
+ end {if FileExists}\r
+ else\r
+ Application.MessageBox('File does not exist', 'Namegen', MB_OK + MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.LoadSurnameFile;\r
+\r
+type\r
+ TSection = (None, NPre, NAMid, ASuf);\r
+\r
+var\r
+ SurnameFileH : integer;\r
+ Section : TSection;\r
+ Element : TElement;\r
+ FileLoadError, FileTypeSet, Finished : boolean;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ SurnameOpenDialog.Execute;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ if FileExists(SurnameOpenDialog.FileName) then\r
+ begin\r
+ SurnameNPreNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameNAMidNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameASufNo := 0;\r
+ SurnameFileH := FileOpen(SurnameOpenDialog.FileName, fmOpenRead or fmShareDenyWrite);\r
+ FileLoadError := FALSE;\r
+ FileTypeSet := FALSE;\r
+ Finished := FALSE;\r
+ Section := None;\r
+ while (not Finished) and MyReadLn(SurnameFileH, Element) do {!!! SIDE EFFECT !!!}\r
+ begin\r
+ if (Length(Element) > 1) and (Element[1] = '#') then\r
+ begin\r
+ if FileTypeSet then\r
+ begin\r
+ if (Element = '#PRE') and (not SurnameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := NPre\r
+ else if (Element = '#MID') and (not SurnameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := NAMid\r
+ else if (Element = '#SUF') and (not SurnameNADJ) then\r
+ Section := ASuf\r
+ else if (Element = '#NOUN') and SurnameNADJ then\r
+ Section := NPre\r
+ else if (Element = '#NADJ') and SurnameNADJ then\r
+ Section := NAMid\r
+ else if (Element = '#ADJ') and SurnameNADJ then\r
+ Section := ASuf\r
+ else if Element = '#END' then\r
+ Finished := TRUE\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ Finished := TRUE;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end {if filetype set}\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ if Element = '#PRE' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NPre;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#MID' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NAMid;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#SUF' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := ASuf;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#NOUN' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NPre;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#NADJ' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := NAMid;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#ADJ' then\r
+ begin\r
+ Section := ASuf;\r
+ FileTypeSet := TRUE;\r
+ SurnameNADJ := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else if Element = '#END' then\r
+ Finished := TRUE\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ Finished := TRUE;\r
+ FileLoadError := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end {else filetype not set}\r
+ end {if Control code}\r
+ else if FileTypeSet then\r
+ begin\r
+ case Section of\r
+ NPre :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(SurnameNPreNo);\r
+ SurnameNPre^[SurnameNPreNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ NAMid :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(SurnameNAMidNo);\r
+ SurnameNAMid^[SurnameNAMidNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ ASuf :\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(SurnameASufNo);\r
+ SurnameASuf^[SurnameASufNo] := Element;\r
+ end;\r
+ end; {case}\r
+ end; {elseif data}\r
+ end; {while}\r
+ if FileLoadError then\r
+ begin\r
+ Application.MessageBox('Error in file', 'Namegen', MB_OK + MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);\r
+ SurnameLoaded := FALSE;\r
+ Surname.Caption := '';\r
+ ForenameAndSurname.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ if ForenameAndSurname.Checked then\r
+ begin\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ if ListLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ SaveButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Save1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := FALSE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ end\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ SurnameLoaded := TRUE;\r
+ Surname.Caption := LowerCase(ExtractFileName(SurnameOpenDialog.Filename));\r
+ ForenameAndSurname.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ ForenameAndSurname.Checked := TRUE;\r
+ if ForenameLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ GenerateButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Generate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ CopyButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Copy1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ if ListLoaded then\r
+ begin\r
+ SaveButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Save1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ FileClose(SurnameFileH);\r
+ end {if FileExists}\r
+ else\r
+ Application.MessageBox('File does not exist', 'Namegen', MB_OK + MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.MakeListFile;\r
+begin\r
+ SaveDialog.Execute;\r
+ ListFile.Caption := Lowercase(ExtractFileName(SaveDialog.FileName));\r
+ if GenerateButton.Enabled then\r
+ begin\r
+ SaveButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Save1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ MassGenButton.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ Massgenerate1.Enabled := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.GenerateNames;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ Randomize;\r
+ NameList.Clear;\r
+ for i := 1 to ListLines do\r
+ begin\r
+ NameList.Items.Add(MakeName);\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.CopySelection;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ i : integer;\r
+ ItemString, TempString : PChar;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ if NameList.ItemIndex <> 0 then\r
+ begin\r
+ Clipboard.Clear;\r
+ Clipboard.Open;\r
+ ItemString := StrAlloc(258 * ListLines);\r
+ StrPCopy(ItemString, '');\r
+ TempString := StrAlloc(258);\r
+ for i := 0 to ListLines - 1 do\r
+ begin\r
+ if NameList.Selected[i] then\r
+ begin\r
+ StrPCopy(TempString,(NameList.Items[i] + #13 + #10));\r
+ StrCat(ItemString, TempString);\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ Clipboard.SetTextBuf(ItemString);\r
+ StrDispose(TempString);\r
+ StrDispose(ItemString);\r
+ Clipboard.Close;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.SaveSelection;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ OutputFile : TextFile;\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ AssignFile(OutputFile, ExtractFileName(SaveDialog.FileName));\r
+ if FileExists(ExtractFileName(SaveDialog.FileName)) then\r
+ Append(OutputFile)\r
+ else\r
+ Rewrite(OutputFile);\r
+ for i := 0 to ListLines - 1 do\r
+ begin\r
+ if NameList.Selected[i] then\r
+ begin\r
+ WriteLn(OutputFile, NameList.Items[i]);\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ CloseFile(OutputFile);\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.MassGenerate;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ OutputFile : TextFile;\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ Randomize;\r
+ AssignFile(OutputFile, ExtractFileName(SaveDialog.FileName));\r
+ if FileExists(ExtractFileName(SaveDialog.FileName)) then\r
+ Append(OutputFile)\r
+ else\r
+ Rewrite(OutputFile);\r
+ for i := 1 to MassGenNumber.Value do\r
+ begin\r
+ WriteLn(OutputFile, MakeName);\r
+ end;\r
+ CloseFile(OutputFile);\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function MyReadLn(FileHandle : integer; var ThisElement : string) : boolean;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ Eric : char;\r
+ ReadResult : longint;\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ ThisElement := '';\r
+ ReadResult := FileRead(FileHandle, Eric, 1);\r
+ i := 0;\r
+ while (ReadResult = 1) and (Ord(Eric) <> 10) and (i <= High(ThisElement)) do\r
+ begin\r
+ if (Ord(Eric) <> 10) and (Ord(Eric) <> 13) then\r
+ begin\r
+ ThisElement := ThisElement + Eric;\r
+ inc(i);\r
+ end; {if}\r
+ ReadResult := FileRead(FileHandle, Eric, 1);\r
+ end; {while}\r
+ if ReadResult = 1 then\r
+ MyReadLn := TRUE\r
+ else\r
+ MyReadLn := FALSE;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function MakeName : string;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ TempString : string;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ TempString := MakeNameString(ForenameNPre, ForenameNAMid, ForenameASuf,\r
+ ForenameNPreNo, ForenameNAMidNo, ForenameASufNo, ForenameNADJ);\r
+ if NameGenerator.ForenameAndSurname.Checked and SurnameLoaded then\r
+ TempString := TempString + ' ' + MakeNameString(SurnameNPre, SurnameNAMid, SurnameASuf,\r
+ SurnameNPreNo, SurnameNAMidNo, SurnameASufNo, SurnameNADJ);\r
+ MakeName := TempString;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function MakeNameString(NPre, NAMid, ASuf : PElementArray; NPreNo, NAMidNo, ASufNo : integer; IsNADJ : boolean) : string;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ Part1, Part2, Part3, Combined : string;\r
+ NounSelectionArray : array[1..5] of char;\r
+ NSANo : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ if IsNADJ then\r
+ begin\r
+{ Application.MessageBox('NADJ generation not yet implemented', 'Name generator', 0);}\r
+ NSANo := 0;\r
+ if NPreNo > 0 then\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(NSANo);\r
+ NounSelectionArray[NSANo] := 'N'; {noun noun}\r
+ end;\r
+ if NAMidNo > 0 then\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(NSANo);\r
+ NounSelectionArray[NSANo] := 'X'; {nadj nadj}\r
+ end;\r
+ if (NPreNo > 0) and (ASufNo > 0) then\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(NSANo);\r
+ NounSelectionArray[NSANo] := 'A'; {noun adj}\r
+ end;\r
+ if (NPreNo > 0) and (NAMidNo > 0) then\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(NSANo);\r
+ NounSelectionArray[NSANo] := 'Y'; {noun nadj}\r
+ end;\r
+ if (NAMidNo > 0) and (ASufNo > 0) then\r
+ begin\r
+ inc(NSANo);\r
+ NounSelectionArray[NSANo] := 'Z'; {nadj adj}\r
+ end;\r
+ case NounSelectionArray[Random(NSANo) + 1] of\r
+ 'N' : begin\r
+ Part1 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1];\r
+ Part2 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1];\r
+ Combined := NNName(Part1, Part2);\r
+ end;\r
+ 'X' : begin\r
+ Part1 := NAMid^[Random(NAMidNo) + 1];\r
+ Part2 := NAMid^[Random(NAMidNo) + 1];\r
+ Combined := NNName(Part1, Part2);\r
+ end;\r
+ 'A' : begin\r
+ Part1 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1];\r
+ Part2 := ASuf^[Random(ASufNo) + 1];\r
+ Combined := NAName(Part1, Part2);\r
+ end;\r
+ 'Y' : begin\r
+ Part1 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1];\r
+ if Random(2) = 0 then\r
+ Part2 := NAMid^[Random(NAMidNo) + 1]\r
+ else\r
+ Part2 := ASuf^[Random(ASufNo) + 1];\r
+ Combined := NAName(Part1, Part2);\r
+ end;\r
+ 'Z' : begin\r
+ if Random(2) = 0 then\r
+ Part1 := NAMid^[Random(NAMidNo) + 1]\r
+ else\r
+ Part1 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1];\r
+ Part2 := ASuf^[Random(ASufNo) + 1];\r
+ Combined := NAName(Part1, Part2);\r
+ end;\r
+ end; {case}\r
+ end { if block }\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ if NPreNo > 0 then\r
+ Part1 := NPre^[Random(NPreNo) + 1]\r
+ else\r
+ Part1 := '';\r
+ if NAMidNo > 0 then\r
+ Part2 := NAMid^[Random(NAMidNo)+1]\r
+ else\r
+ Part2 := '';\r
+ if ASufNo > 0 then\r
+ Part3 := ASuf^[Random(ASufNo)+1]\r
+ else\r
+ Part3 := '';\r
+{ Combined := Part1 + Part2 + Part3;\r
+ Part1 := Combined;\r
+ Combined := Capitalise(Part1); }\r
+ Combined := Capitalise(Part1 + Part2 + Part3);\r
+ end;\r
+ MakeNameString := Combined;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function Capitalise(Item :string) : string;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ if (Item[1] >= 'a') and (Item[1] <= 'z') then\r
+ Item[1] := Chr(Ord(Item[1]) + Ord('A') - Ord('a'))\r
+ else if (Item[1] >= 'à') and (Item[1] <= 'þ') then\r
+ Item[1] := Chr(Ord(Item[1]) + Ord('Þ') - Ord('þ'));\r
+ Capitalise := Item;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function Plural(Item : string) : string;\r
+var\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ i := Length(Item);\r
+ case Item[i] of\r
+ 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' :\r
+ Plural := Item + 's';\r
+ 'y' :\r
+ case Item[i-1] of\r
+ 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' :\r
+ Plural := Item + 's';\r
+ else\r
+ Plural := Copy(Item, 1, i-1) + 'ies';\r
+ end;\r
+ 's' :\r
+ if Item[i-1] = 's' then\r
+ Plural := Item + 'es'\r
+ else\r
+ Plural := Item;\r
+ 'h' :\r
+ case Item[i-1] of\r
+ 't', 's', 'c', 'r', 'z' :\r
+ Plural := Item + 'es';\r
+ else\r
+ Plural := Item + 's';\r
+ end;\r
+ 'f' :\r
+ if Copy(Item, i-3, 3) = 'aff' then\r
+ Plural := Copy(Item, 1, i-3) + 'aves'\r
+ else if Copy(Item, i-3, 3) = 'arf' then\r
+ Plural := Copy(Item, 1, i-3) + 'arves'\r
+ else if Copy(Item, i-3, 3) = 'elf' then\r
+ Plural := Copy(Item, 1, i-3) + 'elves'\r
+ else\r
+ Plural := Item + 's';\r
+ 'c', 'j', 'x', 'v', 'z' :\r
+ Plural := Item;\r
+ else\r
+ Plural := Item + 's';\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function Number(Item : string) : string;\r
+begin\r
+ case Random(17) of\r
+ 0 : Number := 'No ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 1 : Number := 'One ' + Item;\r
+ 2 : Number := 'Two ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 3 : Number := 'Three ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 4 : Number := 'Four ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 5 : Number := 'Five ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 6 : Number := 'Six ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 7 : Number := 'Seven ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 8 : Number := 'Eight ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 9 : Number := 'Nine ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 10 : Number := 'Ten ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 11 : Number := 'Eleven ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 12 : Number := 'Twelve ' + Plural(Item);\r
+\r
+ 13 : Number := 'Hundred ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 14 : Number := 'Lone ' + Item;\r
+ 15 : Number := 'Many ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ 16 : Number := 'Few ' + Plural(Item);\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function NNName(Part1, Part2 : string) : string;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ i : integer;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ if NameGenerator.EnhancedNADJ.Checked then\r
+ i := Random(4)\r
+ else\r
+ i := 0;\r
+ case i of\r
+{ 0 : NNName := Capitalise(Part1 + Part2);}\r
+ 0 : NNName := Capitalise(Part1 + 's' + Part2);\r
+ 1 : begin\r
+ if Random(2) = 0 then\r
+ NNName := Capitalise(Plural(Part1)) + ' of ' + Capitalise(Part2)\r
+ else\r
+ NNName := Capitalise(Part1) + ' of ' + Capitalise(Plural(Part2));\r
+ end;\r
+ 2 : begin\r
+ case Random(3) of\r
+ 0 : NNName := Capitalise(Plural(Part1)) + ' of the ' + Capitalise(Part2);\r
+ 1 : NNName := Capitalise(Part1) + ' of the ' + Capitalise(Plural(Part2));\r
+ 2 : NNName := Capitalise(Plural(Part1)) + ' of the ' + Capitalise(Plural(Part2));\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+ 3 : NNName := Number(Capitalise(Part1));\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+\r
+function NAName(Noun, Adj : string) : string;\r
+\r
+var\r
+ i : integer;\r
+ Temp : string;\r
+\r
+begin\r
+ if NameGenerator.EnhancedNADJ.Checked then\r
+ i := Random(3)\r
+ else\r
+ i := Random(2);\r
+ case i of\r
+ 0 : NAName := Capitalise(Adj + Noun);\r
+ 1 : NAName := Capitalise(Adj) + ' ' + Capitalise(Noun);\r
+ 2 : begin\r
+ Temp := Capitalise(Adj) + ' ' + Capitalise(Noun);\r
+ NAName := Number(Temp);\r
+ end;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.EnhancedNounCreation1Click(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ if EnhancedNounCreation1.Checked then\r
+ begin\r
+ EnhancedNounCreation1.Checked := FALSE;\r
+ EnhancedNADJ.Checked := FALSE;\r
+ end\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ EnhancedNounCreation1.Checked := TRUE;\r
+ EnhancedNADJ.Checked := TRUE;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+procedure TNameGenerator.EnhancedNADJClick(Sender: TObject);\r
+begin\r
+ if EnhancedNADJ.Checked then\r
+ begin\r
+ EnhancedNounCreation1.Checked := TRUE;\r
+ end\r
+ else\r
+ begin\r
+ EnhancedNounCreation1.Checked := FALSE;\r
+ end;\r
+end;\r
+\r
+end.\r
--- /dev/null
+ Made-up names, especially those found in literature and roleplaying
+games, often sound silly, out of place, or not-quite right. To be
+honest, it can be difficult thinking up creative names that sound right.
+Names is a program which can generate hundreds of names based on the
+input you feed it. Because it combines "elements" from data files
+to form names, it is possible to generate very high quality output.
+Further, it is possible to create data files which provide a "feel"
+for a particular language or culture -- real or imaginary. This enables
+the writer or game designer to genarate lists of names for each fantasy
+culture, which all have a certain sound and seem to belong together.
+
+ This document has various suggestions on how to create element files,
+as well as how to generate good quality names.
+
+NAMES ELEMENTS
+
+ There are several types of name elements:
+
+ PREFIX (PRE)
+
+ Parts that begin a word. Example:
+ "c", "co", and "con" could all be prefixes for "Conan"
+
+ MIDDLE (MID)
+
+ Parts that go in the middle of a word, BETWEEN a prefix and suffix.
+ Example: "cam" is a middle for "Alcamtar", where "al" is the
+ prefix and "tar" is the suffix
+
+ SUFFIX (SUF)
+
+ Parts that end a word. In the name Aragorn, suffixes could be
+ "agorn", "gorn", "orn", or even "n"
+
+ NOUN (NOUN)
+
+ Nouns: "road", "fortress", "tree", "crossing"
+
+ ADJECTIVE (ADJ)
+
+ Adjectives: "gray", "slow", "stubborn"
+
+ NOUN/ADJECTIVE (NADJ)
+
+ These are words which could be either nouns or adjectives.
+ Examples: dark ("darkwood", "outer dark")
+ silver ("silverlode", "moria-silver")
+ wood ("woodtown", "goblin-wood")
+
+ Many nouns and adjectives actually fall into this category. This
+ gives the program more flexibility in using them, providing much
+ more variety in names.
+
+
+ Elements should not be duplicated in two categories. For example,
+ "orc" should not be under both noun and adjective, or you might get
+ something like "Orcorc". Instead, make it a NADJ and it won't get
+ used twice.
+
+ Elements that you want to emphasize may be duplicated within the same
+ category. For instance, if you list "forest" three times in a row,
+ it is three times more likely to be selected.
+
+ Elements are stored in plain text .ELE files. Thus, you might have one
+ file of goblin sounding names and another for elvish words, etc.
+
+ELEMENT FILES
+
+ These should have the extension .ELE. The element file contains
+ several types of elements, denoted by simple abbreviations:
+
+ PRE prefixes
+ MID middles
+ SUF suffixes
+
+ NOUN nouns
+ ADJ adjectives
+ NADJ noun/adjective
+
+ END this signifies the end of the file
+
+ The pound sign (#) is used as an escape character to denote the start
+ of a new section (much like preprocessor directives in C). Thus, a
+ typical file would look like this:
+
+ #PRE
+ con Conan
+ gal Galan
+ tar Example Taran
+ #SUF Output: Galarok
+ an Conarok
+ arok Tararok
+ #END
+
+ This defines three prefixes (con,gal,tar) and two suffixes (an,arok).
+ Notice the #END used to end the file. There should not be any blank
+ lines in the file, unless you want to define empty parts.
+
+ Parts may include any character, including spaces. For example,
+
+ #PRE
+ con
+ gal
+ tar
+ #SUF
+ an
+ 'Arok
+ -Rog
+ e arba
+ zud
+ #END
+
+ Might produce the following output:
+
+ Con An Gal'Arok Galzud
+ Tar-Rog Cone Arba
+
+ Elements in an element file should not be capitalized. The program
+ will automatically capitalize the names after each space. If you do
+ put any capitals in, they will not be converted to lowercase, so this
+ could be used to artificially capitalize words (usually after special
+ punctuation, as above).
+
+ The exception to this general "rule" is when you want to capitalize
+ an element after a punctuation mark; in the example above, 'Arok
+ would not have been automatically capitalized because there is no
+ whitespace.
+
+ I find it helpful to keep all the elements in each section alphabetized
+ so that I can check for duplicates.
+
+USE OF ELEMENT FILES
+
+ The prefix/suffix form is generally the most useful. Most of the
+ example files are in this form. Note that you are not restricted
+ to fantasy names. By using english words you can get things like
+ "Darkwood", "Brightblade", "Millennium Falcon", "Nottingham" and
+ so forth. See the sample files for ideas.
+
+ Middles can add a lot of variety to your names, but they also make
+ the names themselves longer.
+
+ Noun/NADJ/ADJ elements are mostly useful for idea-generators, or
+ special places like "House of the Skulls" or "The Books of the Priest."
+ The program combines these in a variety of ways, and also pluralizes
+ them sometimes. All you need to do is supply the list of words.
+ Such lists may represent themes, such as dark fantasy, science fiction,
+ nautical things, wizardly things, and so forth. Again, see the sample
+ ELE files.
+
+ It is easy to make your own ELE files. There are several methods I
+ have found personally useful. One is to just sit down and starting
+ making up the elements out of your head. Just come up with all the
+ combinations you can think of and put them in. Another is to compile
+ a list of names from your favorite book(s), movie(s), etc. You can
+ then easily split these names into prefix/suffix parts. Example:
+
+ PRE SUF
+
+ Alcamtar alcam tar
+ Celowin cel owin
+ Conan ==> con an
+ Gimli gim li
+ Talward tal ward
+
+ One helpful strategy in making your names sound better is to end the
+ prefixes and begin the suffixes consistently. Either end the prefixes
+ with a vowel and begin the suffixes with a consonant, or end the
+ prefixes with a consonant and begin the suffixes with a vowel. I
+ generally prefer the latter. Example:
+
+ METHOD #1 METHOD #2
+
+ Alcamtar alca / mtar alcam / tar
+ Celowin celo / win cel / owin
+ Conan co / nan con / an
+ Gimli gi / mli gim / li
+ Talward talwa / rd tal / ward
+
+ This technique will keep your names from sounding too random, and
+ will make them more pronounceable. Note that soft sounds such as
+ r, l, t, s, w, y might be including with the vowels, as I have done
+ above. Use your imagination and common sense, and put a few together
+ yourself to see how they sound.
+
+ Another helpful technique is to make all the words of a given language
+ use the same set of sounds, or same spelling. This might require a
+ little research. Some good references are the appendices to the
+ Lord of the Rings, or an introductory book on phonetics/language from
+ the library. Some simple examples:
+
+ Elvish spelling: 'C' 'G' 'DH' 'T' 'S' 'W' 'F'
+ Orcish spelling: 'K' 'GH' 'J' 'D' 'Z' 'V' 'V'
+
+ Here is a chart. I'm not going to take the time to try an explain it,
+ but study it and compare the sounds to one another. You will notice
+ patterns. It probably isn't too accurate, but is still useful.
+ (yes, I got the idea from Tolkein.)
+
+ ---STOPS--- -SPIRANTS-- --OTHER---- ---NASAL---
+ Soft Voiced Soft Voiced Soft Voiced Soft Voiced
+
+ Labial p b bh wh w mh m
+ Labiodental f v y
+ Dental th th
+ Palatal? t d ch j lh l nh n
+ Sibilant s z sh zh rh r
+ Alveolar? c,q,k g ch gh h h ng
+
+ You can use this to create "sounds" for languages. For instance,
+ celtic has a lot of unvoiced (soft) sounds, making it sound smooth
+ and soft and flowing. German, on the other hand, has a lot of voiced
+ stops, making it louder and harsher sounding. By selecting which sounds
+ are most common, you can give each fantasy language a certain "feel."
+ One handy technique is to get an atlas of foreign countries and look
+ at the names on the map. You can get a pretty good idea of which
+ sounds are common, and how they should go together this way. This is
+ the way I did my "french" ELE file, and also the "aztec" and "african"
+ ones.
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+ Hope you find this useful. I can be contacted for comments/questions
+ on the Internet as "mike@cs.pdx.edu".
+
--- /dev/null
+NAMES
+
+Copyright 1993 by Michael Harvey
+Names version 1.0 may be copied freely but may NOT be sold for profit.
+
+ ---------------------
+
+NAMES is a program which generates names from "name elements." It is useful
+for role players as well as writers. The program itself is pretty simple,
+and (I think) intuitive. To get help just press F1, or '?'.
+
+ Note: the <P> print list function works for my Panasonic KXP-1123.
+ I haven't tested it with anything else, though it should be fairly
+ generic. Also, the <S> save names command appends all the names on
+ the screen to whatever filename you give it.
+
--- /dev/null
+NAMES version 2.0
+Copyright 1994 by Michael Harvey
+
+
+This is a complete rewrite of Names 1.0.
+
+It works wonderfully on my Linux system; if should port easily to
+most other UNIXes. The only potential problem is the fie keyb.c,
+which tweaks the terminal to provide single-key input.
+
+I haven't tried the new version for DOS; it will probably need some
+minor changes. In particular, you *won't* need the keyb.c file for
+DOS; instead, use the getch() function from <conio.h>, for users of
+Borland and Microsoft compilers. You will also need to either use
+ANSI.SYS, the -a option, or modify the clear() and move() functions.
+
+The program is simple. For command-line options, type 'names -h'
+to get a usage screen. The README-2.0 file has a description of the
+different options.
+
+Names will read each of the files specified on the command-line,
+and combine them internally. It will then display 40 names on the
+screen, each with a corresponding letter. To save a particular
+name, press the corresponding letter. It will be added to the
+output file and the letter will disappear, indicating that name
+has been saved. To generate another screenful, press the spacebar.
+You can escape to a shell at any time by pressing '!'. Finally, to
+quit, just press the Return key.
+
+The file elements.doc contains useful information on putting together
+your own element files.
+
+Comments are always welcome. If you modify Names, port it to another
+OS, add curses support, or whatever, please send me a copy of the
+modified sources. Also, if you come up with any really cool element
+files, I'd appreciate recieving a copy (for my own use!)
+
+I hope you find it useful. Have fun!
+
+Mike Harvey
+mike@cs.pdx.edu
+
--- /dev/null
+NAMES version 2.01
+Copyright 1994 by Michael Harvey
+
+VERSION 2.01:
+
+Added ELE_DIR environment variable. Names will now (optionally) search
+the directory listed in ELE_DIR for element files, in addition to the
+current working directory.
+
+VERSION 2.0:
+
+This is a complete rewrite of Names 1.0.
+
+It works wonderfully on my Linux system; if should port easily to
+most other UNIXes. The only potential problem is the fie keyb.c,
+which tweaks the terminal to provide single-key input.
+
+I haven't tried the new version for DOS; it will probably need some
+minor changes. In particular, you *won't* need the keyb.c file for
+DOS; instead, use the getch() function from <conio.h>, for users of
+Borland and Microsoft compilers. You will also need to either use
+ANSI.SYS, the -a option, or modify the clear() and move() functions.
+
+The program is simple. For command-line options, type 'names -h'
+to get a usage screen. The README-2.0 file has a description of the
+different options.
+
+Names will read each of the files specified on the command-line,
+and combine them internally. It will then display 40 names on the
+screen, each with a corresponding letter. To save a particular
+name, press the corresponding letter. It will be added to the
+output file and the letter will disappear, indicating that name
+has been saved. To generate another screenful, press the spacebar.
+You can escape to a shell at any time by pressing '!'. Finally, to
+quit, just press the Return key.
+
+The file elements.doc contains useful information on putting together
+your own element files.
+
+Comments are always welcome. If you modify Names, port it to another
+OS, add curses support, or whatever, please send me a copy of the
+modified sources. Also, if you come up with any really cool element
+files, I'd appreciate recieving a copy (for my own use!)
+
+I hope you find it useful. Have fun!
+
+Mike Harvey
+mike@cs.pdx.edu
+
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ad
+af
+aga
+ak
+akh
+an
+ana
+and
+ar
+arys
+ay
+dasht
+er
+esfa
+gasan
+ghur
+go
+gon
+gona
+ir
+jan
+kara
+karaj
+kars
+karsi
+kash
+ker
+khana
+kija
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+zurum
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+zung
+zur
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+yil
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
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+Ash\r
+Sh\r
+Sh\r
+Sh\r
+Ad\r
+Sh\r
+Ash\r
+Ash\r
+T\r
+Sh\r
+S\r
+S\r
+Es\r
+Ash\r
+Ash\r
+S\r
+Ash\r
+#MID\r
+ud\r
+am\r
+ang\r
+itl\r
+arh\r
+and\r
+\r
+ars\r
+id\r
+an\r
+uab\r
+uab\r
+az\r
+el\r
+ar\r
+ar\r
+uz\r
+al\r
+u-Sh\r
+ish\r
+arg\r
+im\r
+an\r
+ar\r
+ar-K\r
+ig\r
+an\r
+\r
+ul-d\r
+ud\r
+u-T\r
+amm\r
+ulg\r
+ar-S\r
+u-S\r
+i-S\r
+iy\r
+iash\r
+al\r
+am\r
+ay\r
+u-M\r
+akm\r
+akm\r
+azk\r
+u-K\r
+in\r
+ish\r
+amsh\r
+e-D\r
+ur-D\r
+as\r
+ish\r
+amsh\r
+e-D\r
+amsh\r
+ur-N\r
+uz\r
+il-N\r
+ur-N\r
+ur-B\r
+ur-R\r
+ur-N\r
+ib\r
+ur-Ub\r
+il-N\r
+ik-D\r
+ad-N\r
+alm\r
+uk\r
+ur-N\r
+ur-N\r
+il-K\r
+in\r
+ur-D\r
+ur-R\r
+in\r
+ut\r
+igl\r
+ar\r
+ur-B\r
+amsh\r
+ur-R\r
+ur-R\r
+igl\r
+ur-D\r
+ad-N\r
+uk\r
+urn\r
+alm\r
+amsh\r
+am\r
+ad-N\r
+alm\r
+ur-D\r
+ur-N\r
+igl\r
+alm\r
+arg\r
+enn\r
+arh\r
+urb\r
+ur-Et\r
+in-Sh\r
+ur-Ub\r
+#SUF\r
+iya\r
+u\r
+i\r
+amu\r
+aru\r
+aru\r
+u\r
+u\r
+anu\r
+u\r
+u\r
+u\r
+u\r
+u\r
+ah\r
+iqum\r
+ur-Ashur\r
+im-Ahu\r
+uma\r
+um\r
+on\r
+ush\r
+ishtushu\r
+am-Sin\r
+ali-Shari\r
+i\r
+ium\r
+i\r
+an\r
+u\r
+urul\r
+u\r
+i\r
+in\r
+in\r
+in\r
+a\r
+al\r
+e\r
+anu\r
+ani\r
+er\r
+esi\r
+eni\r
+ur-ilu\r
+abkabi\r
+u\r
+um\r
+i-Adad\r
+agan\r
+ugul\r
+i\r
+um\r
+i-Adad\r
+agan\r
+i-Adad\r
+irari\r
+ur-Ashur\r
+asir\r
+irari\r
+el-Nisheshu\r
+im-Nisheshu\r
+adin-Ahhe\r
+a-Adad\r
+allit\r
+irari\r
+en-\r
+irari\r
+aneser\r
+ulti-Ninurta\r
+adin-Apli\r
+irari\r
+udurri-Usur\r
+urta-Apal-Ekur\r
+an\r
+esha-Ishi\r
+urta-Tukulti-Ashur\r
+akkil-Nusku\r
+ath-Pileser\r
+id-Pal-Ekur\r
+el-Kala\r
+i-Adad\r
+abi\r
+esh-Ishi\r
+ath-Pilasar\r
+an\r
+irari\r
+ulti-Ninurta\r
+asirpal\r
+aneser\r
+i-Adad\r
+iram\r
+irari\r
+aneser\r
+an\r
+irari\r
+ath-Pileser\r
+aneser\r
+on\r
+acherib\r
+addon\r
+anipal\r
+el-Ilani\r
+ar-Ishkun\r
+allit\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Aru
+Bana
+De
+Di
+Ge
+Gu
+Gun
+I
+Il
+Ju
+Ka
+Ki
+Kol
+Ku
+Kwi
+Li
+Lisa
+Lo
+Lu
+Lui
+Ma
+Masi
+Mit
+San
+Tshi
+Ue
+Ug
+Za
+#SUF
+anda
+ba
+baya
+bongo
+dimba
+hemba
+ire
+la
+le
+lemi
+lia
+lima
+lu
+kanza
+kapa
+kasi
+kese
+koro
+kumbi
+kuru
+kwit
+manimba
+mena
+mina
+nanga
+nono
+nongo
+panga
+ra
+ri
+sai
+sambo
+tanga
+tu
+waba
+wezi
+wimi
+#END
--- /dev/null
+Lisawezi Sandsbull\r
+Kusai Leapingbush\r
+Lukasi Crying Sun\r
+Lumina Singerfeet\r
+Arumena Uttersspirit\r
+Jumanimba Sungsmetal\r
+Banapanga Killing Broth\r
+Santu Laughshappy\r
+Julemi Woodsbone\r
+Ikese Lightcloud\r
+Mahemba Slayingcliff\r
+Dibaya Hillshill\r
+Lupanga Sunshoof\r
+Tshikwit Leaping Bird\r
+Luwezi Bitterskull\r
+Ugri Tall Spear\r
+Uenongo Tall Leaper\r
+Kollia Eirithasbird\r
+Kulima Tastefeather\r
+Luikumbi Lightmount\r
+Lowaba Son Mist\r
+Gunkoro Feelbeetle\r
+Kanongo Serpentsbeetle\r
+Lisabaya Bronzeslunar\r
+Uekasi Stalkingbow\r
+Gunanda Woodsspirit\r
+Banalima Moodswater\r
+Arumena Feetsplain\r
+Dikwit Sunsearth\r
+Dikanza Kvasssbroth\r
+Uetu Clear Kvass\r
+Dikapa Laughingyoghurt\r
+Didimba Bondyoghurt\r
+Jura Moodstotal\r
+Uekanza Talkingsun\r
+Luikwit Tallbow\r
+Isambo Stridingmount\r
+Lubaya Earsyelm\r
+Mitba Bonesmetal\r
+Arubongo Sweet Grim\r
+Desai Earthsfeather\r
+Luipanga Leaping Eiritha\r
+Sanpanga Singingsky\r
+Uglu Walking Bird\r
+Lopanga Runnersmoon\r
+Kilia Singing Mount\r
+Lisadimba Taking Desert\r
+Genongo Sweet Plain\r
+Uetanga Eyesboulder\r
+Delia Lunarssound\r
+Kuba Woodsand\r
+Likese Daughtereiritha\r
+Dikapa Givingsinger\r
+Tshinongo Singing Smile\r
+Likasi Sonsdark\r
+Loire Skulkingudder\r
+Lukasi Sungslight\r
+Gulima Meeting Calf\r
+Ilnongo Red Desert\r
+Ihemba Metalsheavy\r
+Ikuru Tall Sing\r
+Zara Heavyspear\r
+Deire Kvasssdesert\r
+Male Skulkingherd\r
+Tshilu Tallfeather\r
+Arusambo Killersutter\r
+Katu Woundedspear\r
+Gutu Wooden Serpent\r
+Deire Sonsgod\r
+Lisamena Herdsfog\r
+Sankumbi Bonesgrim\r
+Arukapa Killersgrim\r
+Kilima Taking Herd\r
+Uenono Walking Wood\r
+Kiwezi Streamsherd\r
+Zasai Soundsbone\r
+Masilima Coupslunar\r
+Jukoro Falssmell\r
+Kiri White Chaos\r
+Kubongo Redkvass\r
+Kakumbi Woundedtouch\r
+Kolkoro Grey Utter\r
+Masilima Bitterleaper\r
+Mitlia Gold Hyena\r
+Gunono Meeting Feather\r
+Lisakuru Walkingplain\r
+Ilmina Godslight\r
+Detanga Goldenudder\r
+Luilemi Clear Fal\r
+Uele Clear Mist\r
+Masimena Bondsmetal\r
+Lonongo Grimswet\r
+Mitla Birdsdesert\r
+Junono Moodspear\r
+Kukasi Tallbush\r
+Zananga Laughslight\r
+Gusai Cliffsbow\r
+Malia Woodenhead\r
+Zakapa Skulking Bull\r
+Tshiwezi Giving Feather\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+ch\r
+k\r
+m\r
+hee\r
+y\r
+p\r
+oo\r
+hru\r
+kjun\r
+jun\r
+kun\r
+kan\r
+kak\r
+wh\r
+nuh\r
+oh\r
+gur\r
+urg\r
+ee\r
+#SUF\r
+ich\r
+har\r
+un\r
+gro\r
+arf\r
+kra\r
+uff\r
+owr\r
+up\r
+ok\r
+ush\r
+op\r
+ut\r
+oah\r
+ree\r
+ah\r
+uh\r
+jun\r
+#END
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+Nuhun\r
+Yah\r
+Whowr\r
+Eeun\r
+Chgro\r
+Chuff\r
+Hruuff\r
+Kup\r
+Junup\r
+Kakree\r
+Kunarf\r
+Hruush\r
+Gurush\r
+Yut\r
+Kunah\r
+Oouff\r
+Kanree\r
+Kjungro\r
+Whah\r
+Nuhuh\r
+Heeoah\r
+Pkra\r
+Whup\r
+Eegro\r
+Charf\r
+Urgkra\r
+Guroah\r
+Eearf\r
+Hruah\r
+Charf\r
+Kok\r
+Kjunch\r
+Mut\r
+Powr\r
+Kunarf\r
+Mkra\r
+Kut\r
+Ooree\r
+Kakush\r
+Urgch\r
+Yah\r
+Whch\r
+Heeun\r
+Hruowr\r
+Mch\r
+Kunoah\r
+Kunarf\r
+Gurhar\r
+Junhar\r
+Ooop\r
+Heeree\r
+Junowr\r
+Chjun\r
+Heech\r
+Khar\r
+Ohjun\r
+Mgro\r
+Nuhjun\r
+Junch\r
+Kanree\r
+Urgok\r
+Kakjun\r
+Nuhut\r
+Gurjun\r
+Whree\r
+Chuff\r
+Oohar\r
+Nuharf\r
+Guruh\r
+Chuh\r
+Urgup\r
+Whuff\r
+Kjunoah\r
+Whuff\r
+Kanok\r
+Eehar\r
+Eech\r
+Kanuff\r
+Junop\r
+Ohop\r
+Eeup\r
+Junjun\r
+Ygro\r
+Kjunut\r
+Nuhch\r
+Kanree\r
+Kjungro\r
+Kakhar\r
+Eeree\r
+Gurowr\r
+Chgro\r
+Kunah\r
+Kup\r
+Urgah\r
+Gurut\r
+Eegro\r
+Mop\r
+Ohgro\r
+Chree\r
+Kunup\r
+Kjunun\r
+Ohah\r
+Kush\r
+Ohgro\r
+Junowr\r
+Junut\r
+Nuhkra\r
+Chush\r
+Phar\r
+Kjungro\r
+Kop\r
+Guruff\r
+Pup\r
+Urgoah\r
+Hruhar\r
+Oharf\r
+Chuff\r
+Gurah\r
+Kjunarf\r
+Kjunuff\r
+Kakowr\r
+Kakoah\r
+Ohup\r
+Kunop\r
+Parf\r
+Hruoah\r
+Kakgro\r
+Eech\r
+Oouh\r
+Kjunok\r
+Gurut\r
+Hruush\r
+Mjun\r
+Kjunun\r
+Pop\r
+Ohup\r
+Mup\r
+Mkra\r
+Kakree\r
+Gurun\r
+Heeoah\r
+Puff\r
+Ych\r
+Urgut\r
+Kop\r
+Chop\r
+Kanoah\r
+Heeuh\r
+Ohop\r
+Junree\r
+Nuhgro\r
+Hruuh\r
+Kunah\r
+Whkra\r
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+Oouff\r
+Kjunush\r
+Urgut\r
+Nuhjun\r
+Oohar\r
+Hruarf\r
+Urgarf\r
+Hruhar\r
+Kunok\r
+Kunarf\r
+Heeowr\r
+Eeok\r
+Kunuff\r
+Hruree\r
+Urgut\r
+Kunok\r
+Urgarf\r
+Chjun\r
+Junjun\r
+Heeree\r
+Kowr\r
+Kjun\r
+Hruut\r
+Gurree\r
+Hruop\r
+Pah\r
+Heeuff\r
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+Eech\r
+Heehar\r
+Kop\r
+Pree\r
+Mut\r
+Hruup\r
+Junhar\r
+Urgkra\r
+Eearf\r
+Ohah\r
+Hruok\r
+Poah\r
+Ooowr\r
+Kjunjun\r
+Ooush\r
+Whup\r
+Heekra\r
+Hruup\r
+Ooup\r
+Kgro\r
+Eeok\r
+Kjunuh\r
+Ohush\r
+Hrukra\r
+Ohush\r
+Pop\r
+Gurarf\r
+Kanch\r
+Junree\r
+Gurgro\r
+Eeut\r
+Wharf\r
+Urgarf\r
+Junuff\r
+Ohush\r
+Chowr\r
+Yup\r
+Junarf\r
+Kunush\r
+Ooush\r
+Nuhut\r
+Heeuh\r
+Kjunut\r
+Kunok\r
+Junoah\r
+Gurok\r
+Kanah\r
+Kjunch\r
+Urgch\r
+Whuh\r
+Yop\r
+Urgree\r
+Khar\r
+Ooah\r
+Heejun\r
+Kanjun\r
+Ohuff\r
+Chch\r
+Kanree\r
+Kjunok\r
+Nuhuh\r
+Pun\r
+Mjun\r
+Muff\r
+Mowr\r
+Junhar\r
+Hrukra\r
+Phar\r
+Pah\r
+Yuff\r
+Kanhar\r
+Powr\r
+Koah\r
+Hruch\r
+Whok\r
+Kjunoah\r
+Chhar\r
+Yok\r
+Ohop\r
+Pah\r
+Junup\r
+Chut\r
+Kakowr\r
+Yush\r
+Oohar\r
+Gurush\r
+Ohch\r
+Kakut\r
+Guruff\r
+Ohree\r
+Urghar\r
+Pok\r
+Nuhree\r
+Kjunuff\r
+Heeuh\r
+Kjunun\r
+Urgop\r
+Kanhar\r
+Kjunch\r
+Whun\r
+Heehar\r
+Ooop\r
+Kjunush\r
+Put\r
+Hruhar\r
+Whjun\r
+Yree\r
+Kjunut\r
+Eeowr\r
+Choah\r
+Mush\r
+Kanuh\r
+Kanoah\r
+Ooop\r
+Gurarf\r
+Yhar\r
+Hruch\r
+Ooah\r
+Heehar\r
+Guruff\r
+Marf\r
+Kjunuh\r
+Hruun\r
+Mop\r
+Powr\r
+Kunah\r
+Ohgro\r
+Nuhoah\r
+Whun\r
+Ookra\r
+Urgowr\r
+Yarf\r
+Chah\r
+Ohch\r
+Heeok\r
+Pop\r
+Kunush\r
+Kjunree\r
+Heeoah\r
+Yun\r
+Guruh\r
+Karf\r
+Gurut\r
+Mowr\r
+Kjunowr\r
+Nuhah\r
+Hruuh\r
+Kunch\r
+Gurush\r
+Hruuh\r
+Urgush\r
+Kakuff\r
+Mhar\r
+Eeok\r
+Eearf\r
+Hruut\r
+Kjunhar\r
+Koah\r
+Mah\r
+Yok\r
+Heeop\r
+Kakjun\r
+Eearf\r
+Charf\r
+Heejun\r
+Eeree\r
+Mok\r
+Push\r
+Junkra\r
+Ooree\r
+Kut\r
+Gurch\r
+Hruuh\r
+Junowr\r
+Ohhar\r
+Kakah\r
+Pun\r
+Urgree\r
+Karf\r
+Eeowr\r
+Gurree\r
+Urghar\r
+Chkra\r
+Wharf\r
+Hruhar\r
+Kakch\r
+Kakjun\r
+Whut\r
+Kunuff\r
+Kakush\r
+Ookra\r
+Hruhar\r
+Pree\r
+Kunok\r
+Chut\r
+Junkra\r
+Push\r
+Yok\r
+Urgowr\r
+Kakarf\r
+Kunut\r
+Heeup\r
+Kakkra\r
+Kanok\r
+Kjunun\r
+Junree\r
+Wharf\r
+Kjunjun\r
+Nuhree\r
+Hruch\r
+Urgok\r
+Kjunup\r
+Kunree\r
+Kch\r
+Kakgro\r
+Chut\r
+Gurree\r
+Chun\r
+Gurch\r
+Urgch\r
+Kjun\r
+Pjun\r
+Chhar\r
+Karf\r
+Poah\r
+Hruree\r
+Nuhjun\r
+Ooree\r
+Heejun\r
+Oouh\r
+Puff\r
+Urgok\r
+Powr\r
+Poah\r
+Gurok\r
+Gurhar\r
+Heeup\r
+Nuhgro\r
+Nuhoah\r
+Nuhut\r
+Kakop\r
+Pkra\r
+Yarf\r
+Hruoah\r
+Kjungro\r
+Yop\r
+Yok\r
+Nuhree\r
+Whjun\r
+Urgoah\r
+Heeowr\r
+Heegro\r
+Urghar\r
+Muh\r
+Ohuh\r
+Yhar\r
+Kakah\r
+Ohoah\r
+Choah\r
+Junkra\r
+Choah\r
+Hruch\r
+Oout\r
+Eeush\r
+Hrukra\r
+Urgok\r
+Eeup\r
+Hrukra\r
+Mhar\r
+Chut\r
+Ooop\r
+Ooarf\r
+Mun\r
+Whuh\r
+Kunhar\r
+Oouh\r
+Pop\r
+Eehar\r
+Kanoah\r
+Hruah\r
+Ooush\r
+Pch\r
+Kjunok\r
+Nuhch\r
+Mah\r
+Kanush\r
+Ohah\r
+Heejun\r
+Kop\r
+Kanok\r
+Kah\r
+Mut\r
+Heeree\r
+Kanhar\r
+Hruhar\r
+Urgoah\r
+Urgup\r
+Ohun\r
+Kjunok\r
+Heearf\r
+Gurowr\r
+Hruut\r
+Kch\r
+Chhar\r
+Junuh\r
+Heech\r
+Kakuh\r
+Chhar\r
+Mhar\r
+Yop\r
+Kunut\r
+Kakuff\r
+Oouh\r
+Kjunowr\r
+Nuhoah\r
+Ooush\r
+Urguh\r
--- /dev/null
+Gilo\r
+Lothpy\r
+Trotolph\r
+Lobfo\r
+Bofa\r
+Posigrim\r
+Rudfin\r
+Samcho\r
+Bofsy\r
+Enbo\r
+Milosa\r
+Hinto\r
+Nilta\r
+Roldo\r
+Finelia\r
+Hinosa\r
+Tango\r
+Lobco\r
+Loba\r
+Halca\r
+Trofo\r
+Sano\r
+Panibald\r
+Binibert\r
+Wilto\r
+Binta\r
+Prisibald\r
+Haldo\r
+Gilpy\r
+Gally\r
+Finca\r
+Lina\r
+Bofibert\r
+Balger\r
+Lonro\r
+Rogo\r
+Tromo\r
+Gildigrim\r
+Boelia\r
+Lothpy\r
+Beribert\r
+Mony\r
+Dorgo\r
+Hinibert\r
+Binibald\r
+Priselia\r
+Ela\r
+Linly\r
+Bilgo\r
+Droto\r
+Faselia\r
+Bunly\r
+Pana\r
+Bunno\r
+Orsy\r
+Posno\r
+Elelia\r
+Hallo\r
+Odo\r
+Dora\r
+Trono\r
+Hinca\r
+Fasigar\r
+Boftolph\r
+Biligar\r
+Pantolph\r
+Trocho\r
+Samlia\r
+Ilibert\r
+Dilta\r
+Milibald\r
+Dorro\r
+Othlia\r
+Olgo\r
+Bilba\r
+Ollia\r
+Ringo\r
+Hindo\r
+Samula\r
+Roca\r
+Milo\r
+Panco\r
+Mimibert\r
+Tilger\r
+Bogo\r
+Loigrim\r
+Camdo\r
+Rolibert\r
+Mosibert\r
+Boly\r
+Camibald\r
+Binbo\r
+Bunro\r
+Bermo\r
+Wilo\r
+Sando\r
+Balo\r
+Sany\r
+Berta\r
+Groger\r
+Larlo\r
+Toly\r
+Billo\r
+Panta\r
+Groger\r
+Porro\r
+Hrono\r
+Bolfo\r
+Uligar\r
+Monigrim\r
+Origrim\r
+Dorelia\r
+Ulgin\r
+Primdo\r
+Olno\r
+Poger\r
+Bono\r
+Roigrim\r
+Duro\r
+Poslo\r
+Samro\r
+Rosro\r
+Hroo\r
+Mimto\r
+Berlia\r
+Ilibald\r
+Olula\r
+Lincho\r
+Ilca\r
+Halbo\r
+Troy\r
+Diligar\r
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+Posto\r
+Ulibald\r
+Finy\r
+Monno\r
+Froly\r
+Loosa\r
+Mimigrim\r
+Ildigrim\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Bag
+Bal
+Bel
+Ber
+Bil
+Bin
+Bo
+Bof
+Bol
+Bun
+Cam
+Camel
+Dil
+Dor
+Dro
+Du
+Dur
+En
+El
+Fal
+Fas
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+Mos
+Mun
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+O
+Ol
+Or
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+Rin
+Ro
+Rol
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+Rud
+Sam
+San
+Tan
+Til
+To
+Tro
+Ul
+Wil
+Win
+#SUF
+a
+ba
+bo
+ca
+cho
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+do
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+fo
+ger
+gin
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+go
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+lo
+ly
+mo
+no
+o
+osa
+py
+ro
+sy
+ta
+to
+tolph
+ula
+ylla
+y
+#END
--- /dev/null
+Tanibert\r
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+Bilibert\r
+Pinosa\r
+Rinba\r
--- /dev/null
+AzarKiram\r
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+HakMu\r
+IgamshathPileser\r
+Targaru\r
+MilNush\r
+AshalmurtaTukultiAshur\r
+HurUbu\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+T\r
+Ad\r
+Y\r
+K\r
+H\r
+M\r
+Ims\r
+H\r
+D\r
+H\r
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+on\r
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+anipal\r
+el-Ilani\r
+ar-Ishkun\r
+allit\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+Lucretina Tiberus\r
+Liva Petronius\r
+Floria Crimus\r
+Agrippilla Brutius\r
+Lollia Leonios\r
+Majoria Lucretius\r
+Agrippia Halbankius\r
+Lucreta Minervicus\r
+Pleminia Procopcus\r
+Spuria Pleminwitz\r
+Etrya Ormius\r
+Procopilla Gorus\r
+Fulvia Faustian\r
+Agrippilla Arrius\r
+Jovinia Pes\r
+Lepidia Plotus\r
+Aurelinna Gratian\r
+Titia Theodosian\r
+Annina Silverus\r
+Aurelia Plotiusian\r
+Lucia Hingleies\r
+Salvia Livius\r
+Constantilla Terpi\r
+Laetinna Pauldius\r
+Auguina Florus\r
+Drusilla Eudoxius\r
+Tetricia Quinticus\r
+Ignatia Julian\r
+Antonina Esti\r
+Scaurilia Domitrianian\r
+Hadrina Marcios\r
+Estina Plauta\r
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+Annia Stolian\r
+Publia Hulus\r
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+Agrippa Plautian\r
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+Honoria Laeta\r
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+Glabria Pius\r
+Olybrina Annillus\r
+Antonilla Hortensicus\r
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+Marcva Litorius\r
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+Claudilla Litorbane\r
+Ratsia Sulpical\r
+Estina Pleminian\r
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+Valeria Alcus\r
+Drusva Regulcus\r
+Goria Lucond\r
+Minervia Quintond\r
+Zosimia Lucian\r
+Annina Constanties\r
+Valerilla Litorillus\r
+Maximia Scaurus\r
+Servilla Faustyrd\r
+Octavia Antonicus\r
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+Stolia Stolios\r
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+Scauria Livbane\r
+Honouria Libera\r
+Nera Interus\r
+Bruttilla Quintios\r
+Scipia Flories\r
+Plautia Cassinus\r
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+Brutia Jubbian\r
+Claudilla Pios\r
+Plotia Theodosus\r
+Gora Plotus\r
+Doyilla Ammonizi\r
+Minervia Ginnus\r
+Marcia Titus\r
+Liberia Marcata\r
+Balba Maximne\r
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+Priscina Jovyrd\r
+Libania Honorius\r
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+Florinna Regulus\r
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+Marcina Zosimian\r
+Antia Litorus\r
+Olybrilia Magnicus\r
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+Pulia Lucwitz\r
+Tita Projectus\r
+Macilia Alky\r
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+Faustilla Gordana\r
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+Leonia Gaizi\r
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+Fulvilla Stolham\r
+Pleminia Nerata\r
+Aemina Gordus\r
+Glabria Alian\r
+Octavia Lepidian\r
+Lepidia Eutropbane\r
+Serva Tacitian\r
+Auguia Antoncus\r
+Antonia Balbana\r
+Glabrina Theodosian\r
+Laetilla Crimius\r
+Vespasia Libanies\r
+Projectinna Honourus\r
+Salvia Scipius\r
+Ammonilla Quintond\r
+Titinna Aurelus\r
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+Valeria Ratsus\r
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+Antonia Anthemus\r
+Zosimina Petronian\r
+Etryva Scipa\r
+Weria Werata\r
+Leonia Terpdori\r
+Propertia Propertana\r
+Ceasa Annius\r
+Livia Noniusian\r
+Bruttilia Constantus\r
+Julilla Anthemian\r
+Yanilla Lemitus\r
+Nerina Silverius\r
+Doyina Grattian\r
+Doyinna Ceasies\r
+Tetricia Interias\r
+Arrilia Ammonana\r
+Brutilla Theodosian\r
+Sulpicia Quintky\r
+Claudia Spurius\r
+Titina Druscus\r
+Yania Maxima\r
+Tiberia Antonian\r
+Honourva Antonky\r
+Eutropilia Marccus\r
+Julia Quintius\r
+Fulvia Minuccus\r
+Grattia Lucio\r
+Hinglia Ieileri\r
+Orinia Nerus\r
+Cassilla Flus\r
+Maximia Lergus\r
+Claudina Auguwitz\r
+Hortensa Stolius\r
+Titva Minerveri\r
+Quintia Plotius\r
+Grattina Arrius\r
+Alia Scaurius\r
+Glabrilla Brutes\r
+Lucinna Gatus\r
+Plotia Marces\r
+Ieilia Irripius\r
+Ammonia Cassio\r
+Marcia Nigidus\r
+Livia Fulvius\r
+Aemina Gordlilor\r
+Antia Annizi\r
+Litoria Orinias\r
+Tacitia Ammonus\r
+Scaurina Propertiusus\r
+Bosia Vespasus\r
+Macia Priscian\r
+Spuria Eutropus\r
+Marcina Severus\r
+Pina Valerian\r
+Gordia Luceri\r
+Ieilina Antonian\r
+Gordilla Anthemeri\r
+Annia Agrippus\r
+Majorva Silverus\r
+Irripina Jovinus\r
+Claudilla Bosham\r
+Lucia Hortensian\r
+Antonina Anncus\r
+Marcia Fulvsteri\r
+Lucina Jovitia\r
+Jovinia Theodosius\r
+Paulia Silvercus\r
+Scipia Tiberana\r
+Gordia Petronius\r
+Auguilia Litorus\r
+Flia Minucus\r
+Annina Pulfal\r
+Spuria Laetus\r
+Stolia Lemitham\r
+Julilla Projectus\r
+Brutia Bruttus\r
+Lergia Lucretias\r
+Weria Vericus\r
+Publia Tacitfal\r
+Tetricilla Silverdus\r
+Florilia Terpian\r
+Hulia Regulius\r
+Flina Interinus\r
+Pia Nerbankius\r
+Valerilla Eudoxinus\r
+Servina Lucriana\r
+Ammonia Rutulyrd\r
+Ammonia Jubbor\r
+Rutulina Brutstius\r
+Stola Jubbius\r
+Regulina Stolor\r
+Lucretia Lucretius\r
+Julia Doyus\r
+Stolilla Ignatian\r
+Faustia Liberchereri\r
+Ammonilla Aemes\r
+Anthemia Projectillian\r
+Julina Aurelio\r
+Livina Laerian\r
+Eutropia Ginnus\r
+Ginnia Interus\r
+Gorva Marcios\r
+Marcia Paulius\r
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+Livva Lucus\r
+Lerga Irriperi\r
+Antona Plotius\r
+Honourilla Claudwitz\r
+Eudoxia Ormius\r
+Leonia Sulpicius\r
+Maca Octavius\r
+Hortensia Gorddus\r
+Aurelia Aemus\r
+Jubbia Honourizi\r
+Alia Stolus\r
+Jubba Sulpicus\r
+Olybria Jova\r
+Aurelia Tetricata\r
+Hortensia Priscvius\r
+Vericia Dibus\r
+Rutulilla Ieilcherian\r
+Pinna Livius\r
+Lepidina Constantinus\r
+Scauria Antus\r
+Livilla Antondius\r
+Valeria Lergeri\r
+Hinglia Laeryrd\r
+Ormilla Julian\r
+Glabria Lepidus\r
+Theodosa Florius\r
+Ratsina Silverlilius\r
+Hortensia Tacitus\r
+Pia Theodosus\r
+Ontoria Laetus\r
+Laetia Balbius\r
+Catulia Silverius\r
+Nigidia Petronus\r
+Marcia Julham\r
+Irripia Fulvor\r
+Sigilia Magnham\r
+Aurelia Tacitius\r
+Aurelia Procopal\r
+Theodosia Yanatian\r
+Tetricia Hulus\r
+Agrippia Alcius\r
+Rutulilia Ieilian\r
+Majoria Magnies\r
+Fulva Minuces\r
+Antonia Florius\r
+Paulva Pcherizi\r
+Regulina Estfal\r
+Tiberia Nerius\r
+Paulilla Brutble\r
+Paulva Drusius\r
+Laeria Vespasius\r
+Tiberilla Olybrius\r
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--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+Ontora Scaurky\r
+Domitius Dibne\r
+Lolli Theodosond\r
+Flios Marcky\r
+Julisteri Domitne\r
+Lucond Minucius\r
+Pitia Servvius\r
+Florius Lergbane\r
+Tiberius Marcana\r
+Procopus Grattky\r
+Salvillus Litorius\r
+Honorata Antonitia\r
+Glabrus Hulbane\r
+Servias Pleminio\r
+Lucata Faustitia\r
+Brutius Petronus\r
+Sulpicus Weri\r
+Doydus Maximus\r
+Julbankble Faustinus\r
+Octavies Regules\r
+Publies Honourius\r
+Antata Fabham\r
+Marcius Stolian\r
+Regulius Magnus\r
+Tacitdius Sigilius\r
+Silverus Severicus\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+aem\r
+agripp\r
+alc\r
+al\r
+ammon\r
+ann\r
+ann\r
+ant\r
+anthem\r
+anton\r
+anton\r
+anton\r
+arr\r
+augu\r
+aurel\r
+balb\r
+bos\r
+brut\r
+brut\r
+brutt\r
+cass\r
+catul\r
+ceas\r
+claud\r
+constant\r
+crim\r
+dib\r
+domit\r
+domit\r
+doy\r
+drus\r
+drus\r
+est\r
+etry\r
+eudox\r
+eutrop\r
+fab\r
+faust\r
+fl\r
+flor\r
+fulv\r
+fulv\r
+ga\r
+gat\r
+ginn\r
+glabr\r
+gor\r
+gord\r
+grat\r
+gratt\r
+hadr\r
+hal\r
+hingle\r
+honor\r
+honor\r
+honour\r
+hortens\r
+hul\r
+ieil\r
+ignat\r
+inter\r
+irrip\r
+jov\r
+jovin\r
+jubb\r
+jul\r
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+jul\r
+jul\r
+laer\r
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+leon\r
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+olybr\r
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+procop\r
+project\r
+propert\r
+publ\r
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+rats\r
+regul\r
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+salv\r
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+serv\r
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+sigil\r
+silver\r
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+spur\r
+stol\r
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+tiber\r
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+wer\r
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+zosim\r
+#MID\r
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+us\r
+us\r
+us\r
+vius\r
+witz\r
+yrd\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+A
+Cha
+Chu
+Co
+Hu
+Hua
+Huan
+I
+In
+Jau
+Ma
+Mac
+Pic
+Ti
+Tu
+U
+Ya
+Yu
+#SUF
+ca
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+li
+ma
+ni
+nu
+pa
+po
+qui
+ra
+ri
+ta
+ti
+to
+tu
+xi
+ya
+#END
--- /dev/null
+Tutu\r
+Picta\r
+Huanja\r
+Jauli\r
+Ucha\r
+Yuta\r
+Chali\r
+Uri\r
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+Ipo\r
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+Inja\r
+Uli\r
+Iqui\r
+Coti\r
+Maccha\r
+Hunu\r
+Copo\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+ab\r
+abh\r
+ac\r
+acfh\r
+achl\r
+acr\r
+ad\r
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+ùgh\r
+uic\r
+uich\r
+uichte\r
+uid\r
+ùid\r
+uidh\r
+uidh\r
+ùig\r
+uigh\r
+uil\r
+uil\r
+ùil\r
+uilc\r
+uing\r
+uinn\r
+uinn\r
+uinn\r
+uip\r
+uis\r
+uis\r
+ùis\r
+uiseach\r
+uisgte\r
+ùith\r
+ul\r
+ul\r
+ùlan\r
+ull\r
+ull\r
+umhainn\r
+ùn\r
+ùn\r
+unn\r
+unn\r
+unn\r
+up\r
+ur\r
+ur\r
+ùr\r
+ùrlair\r
+urra\r
+us\r
+us\r
+us\r
+ùsg\r
+uth\r
+uth\r
+ùth\r
+ùth\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+Gach Feimhadh\r
+Dilorm Pùidhtear\r
+Tead Surach\r
+Trarbuid Foidhadh\r
+Le Miut\r
+Tead Ùillòlan\r
+Cùgach Tas\r
+Feag Dìdhladh\r
+Tostach Muairtadh\r
+Tonn Ceòltadh-froise\r
+Seam Lonnu\r
+Uisgìrann Sgeadh\r
+Sgeallbhran Dod\r
+Da Striadhteasd\r
+Buaidh-chamach Faisgeas\r
+Bolasdan Bòldeun\r
+Ma Cachras-chuideachd\r
+Fag Gòteur\r
+Liut Éibhe\r
+Sleòbe Frar\r
+Duaidh-chag Bóbhràth\r
+Crartaich Clubh\r
+Freilbh Céisealachd\r
+Àlasdal Sganadh\r
+Dluasag Loillon\r
+Lod Ìnnliosochd\r
+Fèidh Fe\r
+Ciopaich Glas-chrian\r
+Ciorin Cam\r
+Déirain Meiguing\r
+Guadan Canachd\r
+Srèarr Badh\r
+Pach Mùdan\r
+Taoime Feithisg\r
+Urre Eudach\r
+Bòine Gar\r
+Migag Cam\r
+Leag Smiad\r
+Meagròsda Clìreach\r
+Creul-e Ùilluinsarrach\r
+Bag Anfhùdan\r
+Sòlan Criche\r
+Fog Bian\r
+Caill Gas\r
+Càillachd Cuneilg\r
+Gairc Muiteach\r
+Puilc Locrinn\r
+Cuaidh Cairt\r
+Guasal Thoirtach\r
+Drocidh Earrearbean\r
+'solbh Baleann\r
+Baoimach Aircuibhneasd\r
+Codheallain Corchadh\r
+'seachas Bar\r
+Gnainn Fasach\r
+Meuradh Ìosa\r
+Crain Fartaich\r
+Ràirdiodh Crapeil\r
+Ceach Can\r
+Anntladh Fortal\r
+Sair Preas\r
+Cealorm Galinn\r
+Muigsàbh Muirear\r
+Aithghachd Ceachd\r
+Tormeiginn Bàmhadh\r
+Eanrorrais Rair\r
+Nuchd Ùilliotadh\r
+Loigh Gar\r
+Brinne Smaidur\r
+Cromol Euchdeila\r
+Glothar Tog\r
+Iare Cach\r
+Ùrnac-lorc Tan\r
+Tuth Trairgeam\r
+Limeud Ìmuighùlan\r
+Ìochdàir Sneal\r
+Buain Uamhuchd-sàil\r
+Feudnu Sgaoimul\r
+Seadh Aigeadhair\r
+Ran Feire\r
+Spabhir Dais\r
+Sèimhuil Gaman\r
+Sgrìobhal Reachd\r
+Moreur Tre-chlaidh\r
+Cèidh Treallàir\r
+Cìolladh Beachd\r
+Snaithrail Lonnoil\r
+Cach Fruighà\r
+Gùdnach Tlolgas\r
+Sàinamh Drobhiomb\r
+Foilladh Barg\r
+Pìob Brearbaobh\r
+Taseil Loneas\r
+Tadh Can\r
+Pian Bre\r
+Sailtach Leìs\r
+Cluilàidir Fomhe\r
+Flaoinadh Coinn\r
+Laiptaid Cithùr\r
+Spùn Lean\r
+Móigna Cnia\r
+Geanoil Sgac\r
+Loneart Oighror\r
+Sùbear Lalme\r
+Sgagach Masann\r
+Faid Amhligal\r
+Boimhlàch Caisteadh\r
+Ainnealachd Faganachd\r
+Clach Geap\r
+Àrdaol Sad\r
+Cìth Aiteanninn\r
+Polbh Leachd\r
+Tadail Eagaife\r
+Guigsid Stuinsaon\r
+Itìbleach Flomheachdaich\r
+Banean Àriomach\r
+Bachas Mas\r
+Drisgeilbh Ailbhàirdan\r
+Dòcair Ituan\r
+Meòbais Gortain\r
+Ciùreann Beigheadh\r
+Cre Còirneachd\r
+Treach Brasann\r
+Eidhanta Sgul\r
+Brann Céidadh\r
+Sgreach Bogar\r
+Iarrubràire Lagh\r
+Malichill Praiptis\r
+Splaid Buas\r
+Annaighdean Dochd\r
+Mairir 'siaceach\r
+Re Càbhirp\r
+Uinnìolmheach Lian\r
+Tairgailt Faor\r
+Sab Aimhroilleach\r
+Fal Féigsan\r
+Sgaoinisinn Gan\r
+Sgeas Ladeach\r
+Tubrach Mis\r
+Ulead Uidhamh\r
+Fiocorus Lann-ar\r
+Seacasg Corchann\r
+Amhlòteann Breurair\r
+Slom La\r
+Anfhe Gair\r
+Luigsas Tear\r
+Aingair Mail\r
+Dealbhadh Deasg\r
+Ting Taoim\r
+Truannachan Sliosa\r
+Builtfheagh Reul-òinean\r
+Bórair Spuil\r
+Sreisag Tinn\r
+Reas Geag\r
+Tuic Iseadach\r
+Ìochdeóghann Ruathair\r
+G'ithìob Aonadh\r
+Ca Comhach\r
+Càbheann Acàilliun\r
+Cruiltfheith Àirnagearb\r
+Far Crideil\r
+Form Ealòceann\r
+Baidheangan Saocha\r
+Brùduall Uamhogach\r
+Camh-sgragh Cabhar\r
+Pruinù Tuic\r
+Eislocach Teann\r
+Éibha Olceach\r
+Me Glonnis\r
+Smuagh Sleun-read\r
+Drach Smealbhailt\r
+Uaignéitidh Gal\r
+Tàch Fainte\r
+Bluilachd Crearg-ràr\r
+Fòmhladh Beachdnod\r
+Sùth Fadeachd\r
+Tuasirp Claoire\r
+Dreach Ceirbhàdurra\r
+Mar Urrann\r
+Gichnùil Cìolmhach\r
+Sinnsùig Aonag\r
+Casdan Sgull\r
+Fearc-thaic Rarmag\r
+Teann Àlìobheir\r
+Diuthadh Aitabain\r
+Bar Beirbhidh\r
+Ruarol Sean\r
+Sge Mèidh\r
+Cagheòin Amheann-caca\r
+Tann-eann Euchdiabe\r
+Falladair Tadath\r
+Luchd-seil Dreas\r
+Pleasuath Àreadas\r
+Biut Fuath\r
+Feil Go\r
+Cachan Tuseach\r
+Seannailt Sgeanchan\r
+Tìomhach Cionnighinn\r
+Srableasd Ruiltfhalta\r
+Creachd Faidais\r
+Céiléis Leamh\r
+Lean Dòchu\r
+Sean Sleachd\r
+Sach Cang\r
+Anbhe Loilltad\r
+Sreachd Tag\r
+Teòr Stàdùr\r
+Usach Osaid\r
+Molan Fran\r
+Gomhiomb Luainaighdean\r
+Sgaid Gach\r
+Slunn Bearbach\r
+Clach Ba\r
+Eadheimhidh Fa ra\r
+Uisgeachd Déideach\r
+Sgeisar Ralbh\r
+Glàisde Tiotann\r
+Iolormeachd Caidh\r
+Troirtach Masas-chuideachd\r
+Breo-cheilg Crur\r
+Saillag Còsdar\r
+Sèanìog Cleangal\r
+Iomrailt Tlòs\r
+Seil Olcairte\r
+Rach Theisiall\r
+Muchd Tiosèarr\r
+Cnalach Geòl\r
+Ra Calior\r
+Cral Càthe\r
+Cradh Fan-raill\r
+Tealbhorr Ror\r
+Sleachach Aola\r
+Italbh Ùbridh\r
+D'eur Taicalais\r
+Ceachdneasg Tìog\r
+Fòire Liomboir\r
+Fàl Maidh\r
+Bròtan Pal-aoreul\r
+Fach Salg\r
+Gamhalach Tadh\r
+Brarail Currachd\r
+Seirair Car\r
+Gabh Cìlsean\r
+Adhann Srìoch\r
+Spórin Mnannath\r
+Cor Gaca\r
+Muidh Pomhur\r
+Liadhteòl Tìob\r
+Meal Logòid\r
+Faid Céinalach\r
+Gableach Ullaic\r
+Normainn Suinnach\r
+Clar Smuidachd\r
+Urrachd Splainn\r
+Lil Th'ùthò\r
+Ful Cuilc\r
+Snàillair Sisneann\r
+Can Maista\r
+Grabaidh Laisgealachd\r
+Bràirdur Casdear\r
+Daichte Iolailluinn\r
+Dine Spith-rù\r
+Mac-lach Ra\r
+Baorsir Beagran\r
+Bobhaois Deigeadh\r
+Le Lid\r
+Lasdan Tail\r
+Caide Fabant\r
+Aisoc Giaghla\r
+Cadh Cead\r
+Smach Fiadhian\r
+Stoma Amoth\r
+Triath Trùilartaich\r
+Caid Cuinneach\r
+Milleal Miabean\r
+Seach Moinneith\r
+Othanachan Eirùbalm\r
+Gisbeach Teur-sham\r
+Dlìr Aoibhnineinn\r
+Fach Sàth\r
+Clal Ao-cìobeann\r
+Fearb Steas\r
+Ionùirne Cheasd\r
+Sleadh Minnaidh\r
+Duairc Graich\r
+Aircìollar Mann\r
+Ridh Anbhortìreach\r
+Àtha Rachraid\r
+Lailtarnach Dabannas\r
+Sgodàrn Làbhart\r
+Floimheas Reath\r
+Geach Sach\r
+Cnull Càinaich\r
+Blùgh Ceearbh\r
+Aghortis Mobhàth\r
+Dalaor Éigaille\r
+Fan Dean\r
+Balach Mèairrde-chlaidh\r
+Ta Gan\r
+Òrdaceall Muireuchd\r
+Tasdinntinn Fuairnaig\r
+Mul Malm\r
+Iomoich Fallàth\r
+Aisòcair Clail\r
+Sàrdainnt Caoinaid\r
+Fòlad Loirtèarr\r
+Oil-tho Fon\r
+Lag Las\r
+Tobhaichte Dromhead\r
+Deagidh Bral\r
+Làthorm Aircuinnaidh\r
+Nach Soilgholbh\r
+Acraorsòigh Spioror\r
+Greach Umhuidhaid\r
+Eile Ponachd\r
+D'eur-shas Driod\r
+Eùire Àmabhra\r
+Iuchiùir Baoimuip\r
+Dàsde Olcuidheann\r
+Rormeam Ruadh-dhead\r
+Prichneachd Tas\r
+Aislog Tionnseal\r
+Goghalm Dròsdar\r
+Bas Lam\r
+Curra Sgo-fhìob\r
+Tortìob Dioseachd\r
+Puislull Mar\r
+Ao-cureall Aimhròd\r
+Féirc Biléid\r
+Tuagh Muchd-sach\r
+Tàimh Slarmòsda\r
+Meil Lalmhùsg\r
+La Sgreubhìob\r
+Cach Toir\r
+Achligol Slogom\r
+Ainmorreil Sorach\r
+Grailach Sguaine-mòr\r
+Prinn Speasgachd\r
+Barcùdan Geuche\r
+Faradh Dobhod\r
+Abearbe Sge\r
+Corpoch Iarameirg\r
+Tadh Fraid\r
+Aigian Meicir\r
+Ùbrach Mach\r
+Ròchean Sgaibhsa\r
+Po-fhaidh Chior\r
+Urràmhinn Seabeachd\r
+Tìodag Guchd-sàdurra\r
+Gumichill Breach\r
+Brunndas Gearg-ramh\r
+Mì Dreathach\r
+Dùdan Aingaobh-deal\r
+Meach Cuibhnath\r
+Crac-tailt Tilasdan\r
+Dian Tràrrual\r
+Snaoghìocair Cheil\r
+Cideil Fùn\r
+Eeal Clunndaich\r
+Abhùileach Draogheanach\r
+Car Sìth\r
+Eaibhsairt Daidh\r
+Cruil Cromhuall\r
+Broigh More\r
+Leas Éigoguis\r
+Uamhuigh Nar\r
+Billian Tear\r
+Ceas Iasgìobhèarn\r
+Dheurearg Smuainian\r
+Aicheithàilliun Crann-àrr\r
+Sgan Acreum\r
+Ainneal Nachd\r
+Òbidhe Clangèarn\r
+Nanach Speach\r
+Cubian Éisac-leann\r
+Dainn Dèirlan\r
+Fòsdinn Coinìgh\r
+Larsach Nanas\r
+Deiginn Radasach\r
+Bòd Caithasach\r
+Spàdurra Còchasach\r
+Uamhìgean Ruinon\r
+Uaignasd Dag\r
+Cubheart Suainaosg\r
+Pradh Dràsìr\r
+Fèairrdeadh Àraidh\r
+Sa Criod\r
+Adhìobian Doirteart\r
+Unnsuabhailt Lach\r
+Sgocreabh Sgoghe\r
+Àileathach Bidanta\r
+Clormàth Teilail\r
+Beach Brichnannas\r
+Trealachd Sgonn\r
+Achlair Fureas\r
+Fasach Lir\r
+Sneabadh Beangaich\r
+Dan Gan\r
+Saomh Caoileil\r
+Àthìdhlag Ce\r
+Nabèarr Òirleach\r
+Fruleul Bras\r
+Saoleil Fàigh\r
+Ca Òrdareadh\r
+Spòsda Eagìob\r
+Lachd Cuchd-suidh\r
+Githaidh Ciìoch\r
+Suasa Aithrobhtian\r
+Prìnanach Spra\r
+Ladh Ceabhàg\r
+Grag Gluac\r
+Ulladair 'saneas\r
+Anurra Napa\r
+Lian Caca\r
+Bolgeach Dairteim\r
+Blonc Sir\r
+Feannlual Spanach\r
+Salmar Lair\r
+Cras Feannean\r
+Buaidh-chumhainn Dinneach\r
+Seadann Cail\r
+Meaca Buic\r
+Snobhùid Cògh\r
+Teasga Nuineadair\r
+Raran Réinòine\r
+Fan Dachdanta\r
+Foleach Coilghèan\r
+Bothach Fìomh\r
+Guipà Aoibhnag\r
+Sgaid Dlairidh\r
+Daruilc Maid\r
+Gromhiomb Aislan\r
+Coga Teil\r
+Docìocair Ao-dail\r
+Dull Eunì\r
+Caisa Naluaip\r
+Seighadh Cub\r
+Baonndad R'àta\r
+Corchail Fadh\r
+Oil-thi-ridh Creadh\r
+Òigarsail Tuidh\r
+Sàbhas Lach\r
+Gailadh Tuathàmh\r
+Éisal Ceubheil\r
+Sàrn Sàdh\r
+Sni-rìogan Cair\r
+Sguath Tobhleur\r
+Dadag Spighamh\r
+Cùdanach Sgadeinn\r
+Bear Streachdan\r
+Bleall Òlùbangas\r
+Sairaidh Tir\r
+Geach Stìomhonn\r
+Taobh-sganaich Coinas\r
+Dachan Reòr\r
+R'arùc Listear\r
+Adomeil Neallachd\r
+Spròmhdaidh Faid\r
+Tas-chrar Meadh\r
+Torreachas Feach\r
+Ùghduaidh-chair Siomòcair\r
+Bilear Faich\r
+Dìodiut Teach\r
+Màths Fianag\r
+Sonog Far\r
+Caidh Socach\r
+Ban Smàthaod\r
+Cinne Ca-fuadain\r
+Sòmhlolm Boman\r
+Leil Uamhithin\r
+Speasidh Sprìnan-dé\r
+Raillar Pogeanach\r
+Cadh Ba\r
+Cunntiùir Oidail\r
+Tubàn Tach\r
+Can Éibhàrdaid\r
+Nairte Ionasach\r
+Sgaràl Ladh\r
+Saraidh Seabhàl\r
+Bèabe Calge\r
+Craleur Meal\r
+Bilail Iolìthan\r
+Udìocair Mia\r
+Léide Càbh\r
+Neasbhalachd Danùid\r
+Clach Deanan\r
+Ceag Costan\r
+Cran Acfhas\r
+Aghèimhaidh Caoghag\r
+Geithadh Sprach\r
+Doileòd Baitheabach\r
+Ta Bal\r
+Tuislul Te\r
+Geag Caid\r
+Móbhreim Glaod\r
+Mealtaith Trag\r
+Sgreur-sheann Chuth\r
+Àluisgte Seach\r
+Smalbhain Tuipbhran\r
+Troinnèanar Uidhàbh\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Ab
+Aja
+Ak
+Al
+An
+Baj
+Bar
+Bul
+Chan
+Chjar
+Chu
+Dar
+Del
+Go
+Ha
+Ho
+Hu
+Ider
+Ji
+Ka
+Kax
+Khana
+Kur
+Mazar
+Naman
+Olg
+Qar
+Qi
+Quing
+Qumar
+Tak
+Tax
+Tes
+Ulaan
+Ulun
+Uvs
+Yu
+Zaj
+Zar
+#SUF
+ag
+aj
+an
+bi
+chan
+chon
+dizan
+gan
+gar
+gas
+gom
+gor
+gur
+guz
+hai
+ij
+ijn
+leb
+li
+kol
+kor
+ma
+mak
+mi
+nuur
+qan
+san
+shi
+shu
+tag
+taj
+tan
+tian
+ujn
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#ADJ\r
+limping\r
+running\r
+walking\r
+leaping\r
+jumping\r
+stalking\r
+skulking\r
+striding\r
+singing\r
+talking\r
+taking\r
+giving\r
+meeting\r
+slaying\r
+wounded\r
+laughing\r
+crying\r
+smiling\r
+frowning\r
+killing\r
+wooden\r
+sour\r
+bitter\r
+sweet\r
+red\r
+white\r
+green\r
+blue\r
+black\r
+yellow\r
+golden\r
+clear\r
+grey\r
+tall\r
+short\r
+#NOUN\r
+valley\r
+gulley\r
+stream\r
+serpent\r
+skull\r
+bush\r
+boulder\r
+hill\r
+cliff\r
+hyena\r
+sun\r
+yelm\r
+wind\r
+earth\r
+waha\r
+eiritha\r
+urox\r
+storm\r
+herd\r
+frown\r
+smile\r
+bull\r
+cow\r
+calf\r
+cloud\r
+sky\r
+mist\r
+fog\r
+sand\r
+rock\r
+plain\r
+plains\r
+desert\r
+chaos\r
+broo\r
+bird\r
+beetle\r
+tipi\r
+mount\r
+beast\r
+broth\r
+kvass\r
+milk\r
+yoghurt\r
+feet\r
+head\r
+leg\r
+hoof\r
+hand\r
+eye\r
+ear\r
+tongue\r
+udder\r
+spear\r
+bow\r
+lance\r
+arrow\r
+shield\r
+feather\r
+#NADJ\r
+coup\r
+mother\r
+father\r
+uncle\r
+aunt\r
+son\r
+daughter\r
+total\r
+utter\r
+grim\r
+happy\r
+laugh\r
+sing\r
+sung\r
+killer\r
+singer\r
+runner\r
+leaper\r
+spirit\r
+god\r
+daka\r
+fal\r
+gold\r
+silver\r
+bronze\r
+wood\r
+bone\r
+bond\r
+oath\r
+metal\r
+smell\r
+taste\r
+sight\r
+sound\r
+feel\r
+touch\r
+moon\r
+mood\r
+lunar\r
+wet\r
+water\r
+quick\r
+slow\r
+light\r
+heavy\r
+dark\r
+#END
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+Totals of God\r
+Sungssing\r
+Lunar of Laughs\r
+Erithascalf\r
+Sight Cloud\r
+Limpingmilk\r
+Bronzes of the Mood\r
+Eleven Running Dakas\r
+Slaying Earth\r
+No Ears\r
+Hundred Singing Beasts\r
+Hundred Meeting Sings\r
+Eight Jumping Cows\r
+Bows of the Beetle\r
+Smilingstream\r
+Bush of the Smiles\r
+Smiling Storm\r
+Milksshield\r
+Sweet Sight\r
+Yoghurt of the Boulders\r
+Striding Head\r
+Running Sing\r
+Frownsudder\r
+Tonguescow\r
+Fals of Quick\r
+Tipi of Storms\r
+Eleven Frowning Hyenas\r
+Seven Bulls\r
+Lone Laugh\r
+Sun of Plains\r
+Three Giving Chaos\r
+One Water Waha\r
+Quickstaste\r
+Many Taking Skies\r
+Slayingudder\r
+Nine Bitter Calfs\r
+Eight Aunt Cows\r
+Smiling Spirit\r
+Skullsfeet\r
+Leaping Wood\r
+Skulkingarrow\r
+Hundred Grims\r
+Plain of the Urox\r
+Singerstouch\r
+Eight Leaper Udders\r
+Lone Walking Hoof\r
+One Son\r
+Hundred Lights\r
+Four Skulking Coups\r
+Smilingboulder\r
+Smiling Shield\r
+Tastes of Wood\r
+Nine Aunts\r
+Smiling Gulley\r
+Sungswood\r
+Taking Spear\r
+Bonessound\r
+Striding Mount\r
+Leaping Sky\r
+Twelve God Kvasses\r
+Bitter Coup\r
+One Slaying Fog\r
+Tipissun\r
+Runningudder\r
+Limpingslow\r
+Limpinglight\r
+Six Wahas\r
+Three Singing Shields\r
+Skulking Slow\r
+Takingeritha\r
+Goldentongue\r
+Falsfeel\r
+Eleven Smiling Heads\r
+Singerslaugh\r
+Takingyoghurt\r
+Smells of the Sings\r
+Two Sour Shields\r
+One Jumping Hyena\r
+Four Udders\r
+Twelve Beasts\r
+Feets of Plain\r
+Few Singer Calfs\r
+Eight Striding Bulls\r
+Stridingleaper\r
+Gulley of Milks\r
+Happysdaughter\r
+Runningudder\r
+Sweetmetal\r
+Five Talking Feets\r
+Running Urox\r
+Limpingfeet\r
+Three Wooden Broos\r
+Crying Metal\r
+Eyes of the Hyena\r
+Talkingbush\r
+Two Giving Spears\r
+Jumpingplains\r
+Smilingleaper\r
+Stream of Skulls\r
+No Serpents\r
+Bouldersbush\r
+Crying Desert\r
+Slow of Dakas\r
+Seven Bitter Smiles\r
+Striding Eritha\r
+Eleven Bitter Plains\r
+Singerstaste\r
+Happies of the God\r
+Darksfeel\r
+Six Quicks\r
+Talkingstream\r
+Beasts of Ear\r
+Taking Dark\r
+Talkingboulder\r
+Singingaunt\r
+Smiling Skull\r
+Three Sour Plains\r
+Twelve Skulking Plains\r
+Moonsky\r
+No Killing Woods\r
+Smellsgod\r
+Giving Hand\r
+Giving Urox\r
+Goldenboulder\r
+Singing Hand\r
+Twelve Taking Golds\r
+Four Winds\r
+Smilingdaka\r
+Plain of the Gulleys\r
+Coup of Totals\r
+Few Bushes\r
+Shields of the Chaos\r
+Uncle of Uncles\r
+Giving Storm\r
+Wahasskull\r
+Meetingheavy\r
+Meeting Sound\r
+Leapers of the Waters\r
+Udders of Cow\r
+Two Bronzes\r
+Meeting Waha\r
+Slayingyelm\r
+No Arrows\r
+Beetle of the Broos\r
+Hoof of Clouds\r
+Killing Valley\r
+Bonehand\r
+Ten Mounts\r
+Eleven Grim Tongues\r
+Four Mounts\r
+Cliffs of the Kvass\r
+Smilingchaos\r
+Moons of Bronze\r
+Meeting Plain\r
+Leapers of the Killer\r
+Walking Sand\r
+Broth of the Ears\r
+Runner of Silvers\r
+Seven Smiling Legs\r
+No Oath Wahas\r
+Givinghead\r
+Aunt Cliff\r
+Chaos of Plain\r
+Six Frowning Suns\r
+Lunars of the Dakas\r
+Touchsdaka\r
+Few Jumping Beasts\r
+Laughingcliff\r
+Leapingshield\r
+Wet of the Singers\r
+Sons of the Heavies\r
+Son of Tastes\r
+Crying Gulley\r
+Many Skies\r
+Serpents of the Wahas\r
+Cryingmilk\r
+Crying Utter\r
+Two Running Heavies\r
+Chaos of the Mounts\r
+Spearsboulder\r
+Meetingshield\r
+Eleven Grims\r
+Giving Wet\r
+Mountsfrown\r
+Bitterear\r
+One Skulking Broth\r
+No Aunts\r
+Nine Fogs\r
+Eleven Silvers\r
+Smilingwaha\r
+Singing Wet\r
+Sour Plains\r
+God of the Totals\r
+Sungswet\r
+Heavysbond\r
+Four Singing Lunars\r
+Goldencloud\r
+Two Running Rocks\r
+Deserts of the Mounts\r
+Cows of the Earth\r
+Mount of the Plains\r
+Quicks of the Utters\r
+Five Talking Killers\r
+Five Taking Uncles\r
+Many Singing Deserts\r
+Beastsskull\r
+Stalkingsand\r
+Many Smells\r
+Sweetfeet\r
+Happy Ear\r
+Bones of Uncle\r
+Singsun\r
+Tastes of the Happies\r
+Four Crying Tongues\r
+Beastssun\r
+Sonsbronze\r
+Fathersleaper\r
+Uttersgrim\r
+Taking Urox\r
+Twelve Taking Wahas\r
+Few Yoghurts\r
+Lone Striding Urox\r
+Grim of Aunts\r
+Bondsmood\r
+Frowning Hoof\r
+Singing Boulder\r
+Sweetsound\r
+Two Heavies\r
+Laughingfeather\r
+Walkingarrow\r
+Feelhoof\r
+Woodenplain\r
+Three Taking Ears\r
+Nine Silvers\r
+Skull of the Boulders\r
+Bitter Earth\r
+Giving Hoof\r
+Five Running Cows\r
+Woodyelm\r
+Golden Feather\r
+Nine Moons\r
+Hundred Fals\r
+Quicks of the Happies\r
+Runners of the Mothers\r
+Hundred Bonds\r
+Meeting Tongue\r
+Three Sweet Valleys\r
+Killingleg\r
+No Skulking Udders\r
+Killing Mist\r
+Quick of the Heavies\r
+Slayinggulley\r
+Hundred Sour Storms\r
+Four Meeting Eyes\r
+Bronzes of Smell\r
+Goldenyelm\r
+Slayingvalley\r
+Feels of Bronze\r
+Killers of Daka\r
+Six Feels\r
+Wooden Milk\r
+Striding Beetle\r
+Moon Sky\r
+Totalssing\r
+Laughingbush\r
+Broos of Hyena\r
+Lunars of Uncle\r
+Deserts of the Kvass\r
+Sounds of Touch\r
+Arrowsleg\r
+Plainsfog\r
+Three Crying Killers\r
+Frowning Sun\r
+Six Grims\r
+Many Broos\r
+Giving Sound\r
+Striding Calf\r
+Streams of the Calf\r
+One Sour Silver\r
+Smiling Cliff\r
+Faltipi\r
+Few Bronzes\r
+Singingbird\r
+Jumping Hand\r
+Eight Utters\r
+Seven Wooden Hyenas\r
+Meetingtongue\r
+Lone Giving Yoghurt\r
+Woods of Sound\r
+Eleven Bones\r
+Stalking Leg\r
+Leaping Mist\r
+Two Sweet Plains\r
+Heavies of the Slow\r
+Herds of the Kvasses\r
+Singingear\r
+Touchkvass\r
+Grim of Runners\r
+Five Jumping Hands\r
+Givingsinger\r
+Dakasbronze\r
+Beasts of Urox\r
+Serpentshand\r
+Four Leaping Hyenas\r
+Nine Touch Mists\r
+Nine Wooden Tipis\r
+Few Killer Kvasses\r
+Hyena of Frowns\r
+Bronzesrunner\r
+Lancesmist\r
+Broo of Boulders\r
+Many Talking Hills\r
+Walkingplains\r
+Wetssight\r
+Bitter Aunt\r
+Bitterudder\r
+Touch of the Happies\r
+Twelve Meeting Sungs\r
+Falmilk\r
+Soundssilver\r
+Nine Cows\r
+Leaping Yoghurt\r
+Hands of the Smile\r
+Fathers of the Moon\r
+Singing Hill\r
+Skulkingvalley\r
+Ten Laughing Daughters\r
+Few Fathers\r
+Walkingboulder\r
+Herds of the Suns\r
+Few Happy Fogs\r
+Moonsmood\r
+Many Sings\r
+Twelve Bonds\r
+Aunts of Bond\r
+Few Moon Plains\r
+Twelve Clouds\r
+No Smiling Tongues\r
+Laughing Taste\r
+Four Wet Gulleys\r
+Daughters of Dark\r
+Hand of the Suns\r
+Hundred Bitter Deserts\r
+Ten Talking Calfs\r
+Grim Herd\r
+Four Sungs\r
+Ten Slaying Urox\r
+Walking Calf\r
+Slaying Oath\r
+Five Limping Golds\r
+Ten Herds\r
+Ten Killing Birds\r
+Killing Cloud\r
+Serpentsvalley\r
+Father Smile\r
+Sweet Wet\r
+Feets of the Fog\r
+Running Head\r
+Jumpingyoghurt\r
+Feels of Bronze\r
+Cryingbronze\r
+Bondbeast\r
+Wahas of Kvass\r
+One Moon\r
+Running Hyena\r
+Lunarsdaka\r
+Seven Frowning Tipis\r
+Spirits of the Fathers\r
+Feet of the Wahas\r
+Killingcow\r
+Takingsilver\r
+Killing Cow\r
+Leapingbond\r
+Hundred Sour Deserts\r
+Bitter Eye\r
+Six Frowning Spears\r
+Suns of the Beetle\r
+Singing Tongue\r
+Killersgrim\r
+Stormsmount\r
+Head of the Legs\r
+No Stalking Tipis\r
+Few Mothers\r
+Fathers of Father\r
+Grimbush\r
+Metal Feet\r
+Singing Plain\r
+Streams of the Feet\r
+Few Meeting Plains\r
+Striding Bull\r
+One Uncle\r
+Earshyena\r
+Headssky\r
+Sights of the Grim\r
+Nine Spirit Gulleys\r
+Walkingarrow\r
+Limping Broo\r
+Giving Hand\r
+Bronze Urox\r
+Smilingcliff\r
+Nine Golden Feathers\r
+Stormshill\r
+Smiling Daka\r
+Running Beetle\r
+Mothers of the Smell\r
+Running Hill\r
+Killingaunt\r
+Smiling Valley\r
+Moon of the Lights\r
+Two Uncle Birds\r
+Sweetgold\r
+One Giving Mother\r
+One Slaying Hill\r
+Quick of Smells\r
+Plains of the Yoghurt\r
+Bitter Valley\r
+Cryinghill\r
+Walkingcloud\r
+Many Skulking Erithas\r
+Bone Bird\r
+Few Lights\r
+Slayinghead\r
+Quickchaos\r
+Slow Leg\r
+Hundred Laughing Cliffs\r
+Two Talking Smells\r
+Smiles of Eye\r
+Eleven Crying Woods\r
+Shieldsvalley\r
+Twelve Meeting Woods\r
+Seven Heavies\r
+Giving Yoghurt\r
+Hundred Smiling Birds\r
+Few Slaying Cows\r
+Limping Mount\r
+Four Tongues\r
+Six Coup Mists\r
+Calfs of Hyena\r
+Valleys of Head\r
+Twelve Slaying Kvasses\r
+Two Spirits\r
+God of the Touches\r
+One Running Sand\r
+Bronze Milk\r
+Many Limping Earthes\r
+Ten Limping Ears\r
+Sight of the Laughs\r
+Wahas of the Plain\r
+Sour Bone\r
+Taste of the Oathes\r
+Goldenmount\r
+Singerssmell\r
+Few Kvasses\r
+Slayingcoup\r
+Falsgod\r
+Streams of the Cows\r
+Givingbeetle\r
+Five Happies\r
+Sour Sand\r
+Killing Arrow\r
+Stridingvalley\r
+Sweet Cow\r
+Talkingsand\r
+Many Singing Kvasses\r
+Killingbeetle\r
+Nine Bitter Broos\r
+Meetingmetal\r
+Three Erithas\r
+Smiling Chaos\r
+Earthes of Waha\r
+Metals of the Sungs\r
+Lone Sour God\r
+Four Cows\r
+Ten Smiling Milks\r
+Skulkingkvass\r
+Bronzes of the Lunar\r
+Tastes of the Sights\r
+Lone Ear\r
+Sonsaunt\r
+Walking Herd\r
+Twelve Leapers\r
+Woods of the Son\r
+Sourhill\r
+Total of the Spirits\r
+Eleven Cliffs\r
+Frowningoath\r
+Wooden Gulley\r
+Lanceshill\r
+Few Leaping Storms\r
+Slayinghoof\r
+Sweetrock\r
+Seven Father Shields\r
+Soundsgod\r
+Many Oath Winds\r
+Striding Kvass\r
+Legsbroo\r
+Calf of Skulls\r
+Skulkinggulley\r
+Singer Stream\r
+Ten Spirit Eyes\r
--- /dev/null
+Aelfstan Fat Sylph\r
+Stiferth Smithssling\r
+Hnaefmon Goldenbone\r
+Abernoth Wry Plough\r
+Ortar Shoulderedsylph\r
+Cynefred Lightlhankor\r
+Aetheltric Forkselmal\r
+Wulfhard White Cold\r
+Barnric Hairshair\r
+Caedwald Orlanthsheort\r
+Hnaefred Humaktssylph\r
+Haruil Hard Godi\r
+Wulfd Neckseye\r
+Aethelric Long Cow\r
+Leofric Geosalynx\r
+Eadtric Coldsbronze\r
+Eadfrith Sharpgnome\r
+Edred Shaker Wolf\r
+Waltwald Heavy Lhankor\r
+Guthhard Fatsling\r
+Aldd Speakerdeer\r
+Ohtfrith Longorlanth\r
+Ofwig Shadowsstep\r
+Agilbert Blackbarntar\r
+Wulfflaed Serpentsbarntar\r
+Alchman Elmalshare\r
+Wilde Shaker Wolf\r
+Haesnoth Kolatscow\r
+Barngar Serpentswolf\r
+Wigte Goldenorlanth\r
+Caedhelm Hairywolf\r
+Ceolht Serpentssylph\r
+Henric Songeo\r
+Byrhtric Whiteserpent\r
+Aetheltric Empty Sylph\r
+Hormund Geosbull\r
+Godred Bladesbeard\r
+Cuthcuin Fulltrade\r
+Aberca Humaktsalynx\r
+Leofberht Pinsgeo\r
+Cenwine Scalesstorm\r
+Eadfred Hairstrouble\r
+Milgar Sleekheort\r
+Henca Blackwolf\r
+Ceonda Fullgeo\r
+Barnstan Tallsylph\r
+Aethelfrith Long Fish\r
+Ecgferth Blue Serpent\r
+Acberht Kolatsheler\r
+Deusmal Pinsgodi\r
+Caedmon Step Godi\r
+Eadred Helerskolat\r
+Jaenred Clattererwolf\r
+Sigeberferth Stout Hare\r
+Cenred Blue Fish\r
+Godgar Strongsword\r
+Aelfric Shouldered Arm\r
+Osfrith Handswind\r
+Milht Fatgnome\r
+Eadbert Arm Voriof\r
+Cyneweard Mightyeye\r
+Aethellac Full Elmal\r
+Eorpte Honestneck\r
+Aelfferth Footsneck\r
+Sigeberwald Footsskin\r
+Cenlanth Deersaxe\r
+Agilwine Short Elmal\r
+Guthred Haresheort\r
+Byrhtric Mindedblood\r
+Berhtberht Goldsskin\r
+Caewric Goldshead\r
+Aethelwine Shaker Axe\r
+Aethelman Kallaisbarntar\r
+Agilred Headsbear\r
+Eadgar Bearsblow\r
+Alwulf Coldshead\r
+Cuthtig Kallaisaxe\r
+Guthnald Breathsfist\r
+Ecglac Stout Voriof\r
+Edhelm Treedeer\r
+Deushelm Ploughsgodi\r
+Aldfred Ear Bull\r
+Cynewald Mightyover\r
+Aelftred Golden Plough\r
+Edwulf Coldshair\r
+Eltar Gnomeselmal\r
+Tosgred Hard Breeks\r
+Torhtwulf Speakersbone\r
+Oswine Fishskolat\r
+Wulfwine Barntarsplough\r
+Eorpsa Skinsbone\r
+Egward Thin Voriof\r
+Cynewold Golden Plough\r
+Edwald Bloodaxe\r
+Ceonflaed Knowersnose\r
+Theored Godisfork\r
+Eadheah Honoursblow\r
+Aelffrith Stronghand\r
+Harfrith Shoulderedshadow\r
+Ceonlin Wolfskolat\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+aber\r
+ac\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aes\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+agil\r
+al\r
+al\r
+alch\r
+ald\r
+ald\r
+athel\r
+barn\r
+barn\r
+be\r
+beo\r
+beorh\r
+berht\r
+bur\r
+byrht\r
+byrht\r
+caed\r
+caed\r
+caew\r
+ced\r
+cen\r
+ceol\r
+ceon\r
+cer\r
+cuth\r
+cyn\r
+cyne\r
+deus\r
+dic\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+eald\r
+ecg\r
+ecg\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+el\r
+eg\r
+eorp\r
+er\r
+god\r
+god\r
+guth\r
+haes\r
+har\r
+hen\r
+here\r
+hil\r
+hnaef\r
+hor\r
+jaen\r
+leof\r
+leof\r
+lo\r
+mil\r
+of\r
+oht\r
+or\r
+or\r
+or\r
+os\r
+os\r
+raed\r
+raeg\r
+saber\r
+sigeber\r
+sih\r
+sti\r
+theo\r
+torht\r
+tos\r
+walt\r
+wig\r
+wih\r
+wil\r
+wille\r
+#SUF\r
+a\r
+a\r
+a\r
+a\r
+alda\r
+alda\r
+alda\r
+alda\r
+alda\r
+berhta\r
+berhta\r
+berhta\r
+bertha\r
+bertha\r
+da\r
+dith\r
+ditha\r
+era\r
+finna\r
+frid\r
+ga\r
+gerda\r
+gerda\r
+gerda\r
+gerda\r
+hilde\r
+hilde\r
+hilde\r
+hilde\r
+hilde\r
+la\r
+la\r
+la\r
+na\r
+na\r
+ny\r
+ora\r
+ra\r
+rida\r
+rida\r
+rida\r
+rida\r
+sa\r
+ta\r
+ta\r
+thora\r
+une\r
+unna\r
+#END
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+#NOUN\r
+arroin\r
+asrelia\r
+alynx\r
+bread\r
+chalana\r
+cow\r
+deer\r
+ernalda\r
+fish\r
+fork\r
+ginna\r
+gnome\r
+godi\r
+hare\r
+heler\r
+kallai\r
+mahome\r
+maran\r
+odayla\r
+pin\r
+serpent\r
+stove\r
+sylph\r
+uleria\r
+vinga\r
+voria\r
+#NADJ\r
+arm\r
+bear\r
+blood\r
+blow\r
+blessed\r
+bone\r
+bow\r
+breast\r
+breath\r
+bronze\r
+brow\r
+cloak\r
+crone\r
+cock\r
+cold\r
+ear\r
+eye\r
+fine\r
+foot\r
+gold\r
+hair\r
+hand\r
+head\r
+hearth\r
+hearth\r
+heath\r
+honour\r
+iron\r
+leg\r
+maiden\r
+mouth\r
+neck\r
+nose\r
+over\r
+scale\r
+shadow\r
+skin\r
+skin\r
+sling\r
+step\r
+storm\r
+tongue\r
+trade\r
+tree\r
+trouble\r
+under\r
+weak\r
+wind\r
+#ADJ\r
+bare\r
+bed\r
+bitter\r
+bitter\r
+black\r
+black\r
+blue\r
+broad\r
+clatterer\r
+dottir\r
+dottir\r
+dottir\r
+dottir\r
+deep\r
+fast\r
+fat\r
+golden\r
+good\r
+good\r
+grey\r
+grey\r
+grim\r
+hairy\r
+hard\r
+hard\r
+honest\r
+honoured\r
+kicker\r
+little\r
+long\r
+mighty\r
+minded\r
+old\r
+quick\r
+red\r
+shaker\r
+sharp\r
+short\r
+shouldered\r
+sleek\r
+slender\r
+smooth\r
+splitter\r
+stout\r
+strong\r
+strong\r
+strong\r
+swarthy\r
+tall\r
+white\r
+white\r
+wife\r
+wife\r
+wry\r
+young\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
+aber\r
+ac\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aelf\r
+aes\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+aethel\r
+agil\r
+al\r
+al\r
+alch\r
+ald\r
+ald\r
+athel\r
+barn\r
+barn\r
+be\r
+beo\r
+beorh\r
+berht\r
+bur\r
+byrht\r
+byrht\r
+caed\r
+caed\r
+caew\r
+ced\r
+cen\r
+ceol\r
+ceon\r
+cer\r
+cuth\r
+cyn\r
+cyne\r
+deus\r
+dic\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+ead\r
+eald\r
+ecg\r
+ecg\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+ed\r
+el\r
+eg\r
+eorp\r
+er\r
+god\r
+god\r
+guth\r
+haes\r
+har\r
+hen\r
+here\r
+hil\r
+hnaef\r
+hor\r
+jaen\r
+leof\r
+leof\r
+lo\r
+mil\r
+of\r
+oht\r
+or\r
+or\r
+or\r
+os\r
+os\r
+raed\r
+raeg\r
+saber\r
+sigeber\r
+sih\r
+sti\r
+theo\r
+torht\r
+tos\r
+walt\r
+wig\r
+wih\r
+wil\r
+wille\r
+wulf\r
+wulf\r
+#SUF\r
+\r
+arn\r
+bald\r
+berht\r
+berht\r
+berht\r
+bert\r
+bert\r
+c\r
+c\r
+ca\r
+corn\r
+cuin\r
+d\r
+d\r
+da\r
+de\r
+dedit\r
+dic\r
+dore\r
+fa\r
+ferth\r
+ferth\r
+flaed\r
+fred\r
+fred\r
+frith\r
+frith\r
+frith\r
+frith\r
+gand\r
+gar\r
+gar\r
+gest\r
+gifu\r
+gred\r
+had\r
+hard\r
+heah\r
+helm\r
+helm\r
+heof\r
+here\r
+ht\r
+ht\r
+lac\r
+lanth\r
+lanth\r
+lanth\r
+lin\r
+mal\r
+man\r
+mon\r
+mund\r
+nald\r
+noth\r
+old\r
+red\r
+red\r
+red\r
+red\r
+red\r
+ric\r
+ric\r
+ric\r
+ric\r
+ric\r
+rith\r
+sa\r
+sige\r
+stan\r
+stan\r
+tar\r
+tar\r
+te\r
+tig\r
+tred\r
+tric\r
+tric\r
+uil\r
+wald\r
+wald\r
+wald\r
+wald\r
+walh\r
+ward\r
+weard\r
+wig\r
+win\r
+wine\r
+wine\r
+wine\r
+wine\r
+wold\r
+wulf\r
+wulf\r
+wulf\r
+wulf\r
+#END
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+#NOUN\r
+alynx\r
+axe\r
+barntar\r
+barntar\r
+bull\r
+cow\r
+deer\r
+elmal\r
+fish\r
+fork\r
+geo\r
+gnome\r
+godi\r
+hare\r
+heler\r
+heort\r
+humakt\r
+issaries\r
+kallai\r
+kolat\r
+lhankor\r
+odayla\r
+orlanth\r
+pin\r
+plough\r
+serpent\r
+sylph\r
+voriof\r
+wolf\r
+#NADJ\r
+arm\r
+bear\r
+beard\r
+beard\r
+blade\r
+blood\r
+blow\r
+bone\r
+bow\r
+breath\r
+breeks\r
+bronze\r
+brow\r
+cloak\r
+cock\r
+cold\r
+ear\r
+eye\r
+fang\r
+fine\r
+fist\r
+foot\r
+gold\r
+hair\r
+hand\r
+head\r
+heath\r
+honour\r
+iron\r
+knower\r
+leg\r
+mouth\r
+neck\r
+nose\r
+over\r
+paunch\r
+raven\r
+scale\r
+shadow\r
+skin\r
+skin\r
+sling\r
+smith\r
+speaker\r
+step\r
+storm\r
+sword\r
+tongue\r
+trade\r
+tree\r
+trouble\r
+under\r
+weak\r
+wind\r
+#ADJ\r
+bare\r
+big\r
+biter\r
+black\r
+black\r
+blue\r
+broad\r
+clatterer\r
+crusher\r
+deep\r
+empty\r
+fast\r
+fat\r
+fat\r
+full\r
+golden\r
+grey\r
+grey\r
+grim\r
+hairy\r
+hard\r
+hard\r
+heavy\r
+honest\r
+honoured\r
+kicker\r
+light\r
+little\r
+long\r
+long\r
+long\r
+mighty\r
+minded\r
+old\r
+quick\r
+red\r
+runner\r
+shaker\r
+sharp\r
+short\r
+short\r
+short\r
+shouldered\r
+sleek\r
+slender\r
+small\r
+smooth\r
+son\r
+son\r
+son\r
+son\r
+splitter\r
+stout\r
+strong\r
+strong\r
+strong\r
+swarthy\r
+tall\r
+thin\r
+white\r
+white\r
+wry\r
+young\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+Stina Mightybread\r
+Eadhilde Ginnasbread\r
+Alchga Honourstrade\r
+Sihalda Helersmaran\r
+Guthgerda Wifefork\r
+Aelfgerda Sleek Pin\r
+Theoa Hard Maran\r
+Barnfrid Sharpdeer\r
+Aethelgerda Bitter Hare\r
+Aethelfrid Grim Gnome\r
+Willegerda Blackchalana\r
+Buralda Haresbread\r
+Herealda Maidenalynx\r
+Willedith Strong Maran\r
+Aelfalda Gnomesernalda\r
+Ealdrida Wry Iron\r
+Certa Oldvinga\r
+Hilhilde Goodginna\r
+Aldbertha Finesbear\r
+Hnaefalda Cowsheler\r
+Aethelera Chalanasstove\r
+Osta Fatuleria\r
+Edta Quickeye\r
+Aelfalda Quick Kallai\r
+Loune Gnomeshare\r
+Stiga Fatfork\r
+Orgerda Fastgnome\r
+Aelffinna Wife Kallai\r
+Cynea Asreliasfork\r
+Eadny Stout Honour\r
+Orgerda Cock Ernalda\r
+Ecga Shaker Mahome\r
+Edberhta Ironshair\r
+Aesa Fastfish\r
+Herefrid Tradesweak\r
+Cuthune Skinshead\r
+Logerda Breathstongue\r
+Stigerda Tall Ginna\r
+Orrida Hairy Deer\r
+Byrhtrida Blowchalana\r
+Aelfalda Stoutkallai\r
+Eda Hairyasrelia\r
+Haesalda Honouredheler\r
+Eda Tradekallai\r
+Cedthora Wife Scale\r
+Dicgerda Deep Cow\r
+Ela Undersylph\r
+Aethelberhta Whitefork\r
+Haesberhta Arroinsgnome\r
+Hilgerda Legshead\r
+Alchda Tall Pin\r
+Deushilde Shakervoria\r
+Cynealda Dottir Scale\r
+Aldla Browsear\r
+Eadalda Broadvinga\r
+Walta Bed Serpent\r
+Bealda Goldsmouth\r
+Aeshilde Bare Stove\r
+Cenalda Slingsleg\r
+Ceda Skinscrone\r
+Eddith Honoured Kallai\r
+Caewa Shaker Hair\r
+Aethelhilde Scalecow\r
+Haesdith Windsheath\r
+Torhtbertha Asreliashare\r
+Torhthilde Maidenscold\r
+Aethelra Swarthyvoria\r
+Haralda Fine Heler\r
+Eadta Grim Vinga\r
+Eadthora Red Hare\r
+Aldna Windsblow\r
+Agilalda Honouredchalana\r
+Waltga Hearthsbrow\r
+Berhtrida Slingsshadow\r
+Beoga Goldenasrelia\r
+Ecghilde Sleekblood\r
+Aethela Whiteeye\r
+Cerhilde Strong Deer\r
+Hora Quick Gnome\r
+Hilny Broad Stove\r
+Centa Pinscow\r
+Barngerda Cocksfine\r
+Eada Asreliasvinga\r
+Edalda Hardasrelia\r
+Ealdbertha Coldsscale\r
+Stialda Kallaisfork\r
+Leofrida Grimasrelia\r
+Sihhilde Handfork\r
+Edhilde Youngstove\r
+Barnfrid Shadowmahome\r
+Caedberhta Godisstove\r
+Sigeberta Pinsernalda\r
+Edrida Bare Bread\r
+Cenrida Gnomeschalana\r
+Edga Asreliasalynx\r
+Caewgerda Neckstongue\r
+Erda Slender Arroin\r
+Aelfla Bonesheath\r
+Byrhtthora Maidenshead\r
+Aethelga Cowsuleria\r
+Elalda Bitter Kallai\r
+Lohilde Slender Maran\r
+Godhilde Tree Ginna\r
+Leofrida Slender Voria\r
+Edthora Blowsfoot\r
+Cynora Mouthscold\r
+Ecgberhta Strongheath\r
+Eadgerda Noseshair\r
+Beorhla Windsbrow\r
+Aethelhilde Bed Blow\r
+Eadalda Wife Nose\r
+Byrhtdith Red Ernalda\r
+Aethelbertha Troublesblood\r
+Aelfla Strong Ear\r
+Aethelthora Dottir Ginna\r
+Beorhora Kallaischalana\r
+Torhthilde Alynxsvoria\r
+Agildith Asreliasbread\r
+Beorhgerda Shadowssling\r
+Herealda Tonguesleg\r
+Aethelta Broad Chalana\r
+Hereny Goodsylph\r
+Eadfrid Longdeer\r
+Ecga Black Under\r
+Byrhtla Goodblessed\r
+Theofinna Shouldered Eye\r
+Aberla Stoutarroin\r
+Guthhilde Whitecrone\r
+Willea Earshearth\r
+Waltfrid Long Alynx\r
+Osbertha Redkallai\r
+Ealdla Skin Arroin\r
+Cedberhta Dottirvinga\r
+Ceonhilde Honouredcrone\r
+Eadune Bitterasrelia\r
+Stibertha Breadsvoria\r
+Edunna Eyeuleria\r
+Wihalda Maranskallai\r
+Aethelunna Wifehare\r
+Wihalda Coldsbow\r
+Burdith Sharp Fork\r
+Ecghilde Wifeasrelia\r
+Waltfrid Mindedbread\r
+Eadhilde Stormstrouble\r
+Raedhilde Deep Trade\r
+Aethelta Bear Gnome\r
+Caewga Uleriasodayla\r
+Aelfhilde Bowstree\r
+Caewta Serpentschalana\r
+Ohtla White Heler\r
+Cuthfinna Splitter Voria\r
+Eadda Bareernalda\r
+Saberalda Earasrelia\r
+Deusla Alynxsgodi\r
+Aethelsa Bedmahome\r
+Sigebergerda Handsbreath\r
+Deusberhta Stormheler\r
+Eadgerda Hardhearth\r
+Cerdith Breathsblow\r
+Osgerda Breastshand\r
+Aldberhta Sleekblessed\r
+Ceolna Stovesernalda\r
+Mila Fishscow\r
+Aethelhilde Tradeshonour\r
+Wihrida Swarthyginna\r
+Aberna Kickerarroin\r
+Caedberhta Smoothchalana\r
+Aethelra Tonguesear\r
+Caewberhta Mouthsbreath\r
+Wiggerda Clatterer Fork\r
+Cedrida Broad Maran\r
+Aethella Red Alynx\r
+Waltta Bone Hare\r
+Willerida Slenderfork\r
+Aesbertha Hard Blood\r
+Aethelalda Breastsear\r
+Edrida Sharp Stove\r
+Erga Strongneck\r
+Hnaefgerda Black Gnome\r
+Ala Smooth Vinga\r
+Barnla Blue Ginna\r
+Aethella Cloakchalana\r
+Aethelgerda Sylphsalynx\r
+Aethelalda Cock Hare\r
+Wihhilde Mighty Gnome\r
+Ohtbertha Wifebread\r
+Eadgerda Blackvinga\r
+Cuthora Breathsmouth\r
+Leofsa Shakerbreast\r
+Milalda Ernaldasmaran\r
+Aethelta Bow Ernalda\r
+Raeghilde Forksginna\r
+Eadune Handsiron\r
+Dicla Dottirheath\r
+Barnga Goldsmouth\r
+Cynena Fast Stove\r
+Hilberhta Bitterchalana\r
+Aelfla Ginnasgnome\r
+Bursa Clatterer Deer\r
+Aethelgerda Stout Foot\r
+Wiga Bedvoria\r
+Aethelalda Helersuleria\r
+Tosna Odaylasbread\r
+Cedberhta Shadowsheath\r
+Bela Youngvinga\r
+Aethelhilde Sylphsgnome\r
+Tosfrid Forksgodi\r
+Orna Tallcrone\r
+Ala Hairy Mahome\r
+Guthrida Kickersylph\r
+Aelfa Wife Uleria\r
+Caedune Wifevoria\r
+Erhilde Shadowshearth\r
+Cyneune Fat Cow\r
+Orhilde Haresvinga\r
+Wilhilde Goldsbronze\r
+Theora Shaker Voria\r
+Achilde Scalesneck\r
+Caewga Hearthsstorm\r
+Sigeberrida Handscold\r
+Leofra Good Breast\r
+Orda Redfork\r
+Leofthora Harescow\r
+Edna Dottirernalda\r
+Aethelalda Strongheler\r
+Aldhilde Strongcow\r
+Cyngerda Gnomesheler\r
+Aesta Handssling\r
+Aelfdith Hearthsstep\r
+Cynberhta Alynxsasrelia\r
+Cynla Serpentsbread\r
+Alfinna Mindedover\r
+Henta Fat Bread\r
+Caedla Stout Bread\r
+Orla Kallaisalynx\r
+Osberhta Grimcow\r
+Eadga Breastsbow\r
+Wigsa Dottirbread\r
+Aethelunna Longvoria\r
+Godla Armsbrow\r
+Caewny Tall Heler\r
+Hnaefa Sharp Alynx\r
+Aberta Mightyneck\r
+Eadra Longleg\r
+Cynunna Arroinsalynx\r
+Bura Blessedsbreast\r
+Aethelhilde Alynxskallai\r
+Cyngerda Browstrade\r
+Aelfgerda Heathmaran\r
+Lony Ernaldassylph\r
+Osa Serpentsodayla\r
+Abersa Minded Cow\r
+Aberalda Treeshearth\r
+Deusny Hairy Sylph\r
+Byrhthilde Mindedvinga\r
+Sihla Vingasasrelia\r
+Aethella Kallaiskallai\r
+Cyneditha Breastodayla\r
+Caedsa Wife Uleria\r
+Alda Deepmahome\r
+Raegla Helerskallai\r
+Barnrida Dottir Cow\r
+Wighilde Wrybread\r
+Cedda Skinswind\r
+Wihalda Clatterer Fork\r
+Aethelrida Helersalynx\r
+Torhtga Fat Maran\r
+Edalda Shoulderedkallai\r
+Osrida Bear Cow\r
+Aelfora Finesblood\r
+Raedla Stepsshadow\r
+Cerhilde Breastgodi\r
+Osunna Strong Heler\r
+Tosgerda Handsbreath\r
+Ceonora Brow Arroin\r
+Cutha Goldsunder\r
+Caedra Stormshearth\r
+Willeera Mighty Stove\r
+Ecgta Strong Alynx\r
+Willegerda Whitevoria\r
+Cynegerda Hard Asrelia\r
+Hengerda Eyesfoot\r
+Aelfberhta Fast Bread\r
+Ossa Barealynx\r
+Wilgerda Fat Arroin\r
+Jaengerda Bare Maran\r
+Barnla Deersfork\r
+Leofalda Windsover\r
+Tosa Grim Voria\r
+Aethelalda Black Arroin\r
+Egny Sylphsalynx\r
+Godbertha Swarthy Vinga\r
+Agilune Slingsscale\r
+Aberla Old Godi\r
+Eadthora Bitter Voria\r
+Edfinna Hand Pin\r
+Ohta Hardcloak\r
+Beorhberhta Ernaldasdeer\r
+Gutha Deersdeer\r
+Godna Stovesmaran\r
+Cerdith Wife Deer\r
+Cynna Shakerover\r
+Alchla Bone Ginna\r
+Torhtunna Fat Asrelia\r
+Alberhta Wry Over\r
+Wigny Black Honour\r
+Aethella Goldsarm\r
+Harhilde Bitter Mahome\r
+Eadthora White Voria\r
+Walthilde Bloodsblood\r
+Orora Weaksbronze\r
+Milgerda Ernaldasuleria\r
+Aelfalda Fastpin\r
+Cynealda Coldshair\r
+Cerberhta Asreliaspin\r
+Raedsa Windshair\r
+Milhilde Dottir Storm\r
+Ealdditha Dottir Heler\r
+Aethelhilde Bedginna\r
+Eadga Bitter Sling\r
+Orthora Serpentschalana\r
+Aethelgerda Skinsbone\r
+Wilgerda Chalanasodayla\r
+Ceonalda Bedneck\r
+Hnaefda Slenderbear\r
+Aesalda Splitter Alynx\r
+Hnaefsa Red Godi\r
+Aethelgerda Shoulderedgodi\r
+Caedny Chalanasasrelia\r
+Stia Kickerfork\r
+Elalda Minded Head\r
+Hilditha Good Maran\r
+Aelfa Kicker Asrelia\r
+Cena Shoulderedsling\r
+Ecgrida Skinsblessed\r
+Tosune Blackstove\r
+Milora Weaksear\r
+Aesberhta Bitter Sylph\r
+Horla Cloakswind\r
+Edgerda Dottirernalda\r
+Horhilde Minded Mahome\r
+Goddith Troublestrade\r
+Orla Splitterheler\r
+Aelfberhta Honoured Bear\r
+Edthora Sylphssylph\r
+Edta Little Chalana\r
+Raegrida Black Odayla\r
+Aldberhta Hairfish\r
+Caedgerda Mindedheler\r
+Ofalda Headshearth\r
+Aelfrida Breathvoria\r
+Aldalda Alynxsgnome\r
+Aberera Hairypin\r
+Aberunna Grey Heler\r
+Edra Shortginna\r
+Eadfinna Treestrouble\r
+Cengerda Wifecow\r
+Waltthora Kallaischalana\r
+Dicalda Honour Odayla\r
+Osra Chalanasalynx\r
+Cerra Breathstove\r
+Ecga Troublesblessed\r
+Stirida Oversnose\r
+Milgerda Weak Arroin\r
+Leofla Hard Vinga\r
+Aldla Headshonour\r
+Jaenna Arroinsdeer\r
+Leofrida Eyescold\r
+Alra Baredeer\r
+Cera Undersskin\r
+Stiny Uleriasstove\r
+Ega Helersarroin\r
+Ecgthora Windsbrow\r
+Milda Swarthyuleria\r
+Beoora Strongvoria\r
+Cyngerda Tallfish\r
+Aethelda Dottirarroin\r
+Barndith Grimhare\r
+Aesrida Honest Fish\r
+Burta Browbread\r
+Athelbertha Pinsfish\r
+Beoalda Hard Ginna\r
+Aelfberhta Mouthsarm\r
+Egfinna Strong Sling\r
+Ofla Godischalana\r
+Beta Bitter Mahome\r
+Osthora Mightydeer\r
+Jaensa Deep Serpent\r
+Ecggerda Dottirhearth\r
+Aethelda Long Arroin\r
+Wigalda Sling Vinga\r
+Aethelberhta Fatstep\r
+Willeune Sylphsernalda\r
+Barnhilde Serpentsvinga\r
+Caewrida Finesweak\r
+Beorhhilde Fat Sylph\r
+Godla Alynxsfish\r
+Godhilde Godisgodi\r
+Aelfhilde Bluekallai\r
+Wilbertha Littlefork\r
+Ealdhilde Stout Skin\r
+Cyneta Black Kallai\r
+Aelfa Ernaldasstove\r
+Aesga Blowshearth\r
+Ceondith Sharpkallai\r
+Edny Grey Hare\r
+Sigeberberhta Maransgodi\r
+Ceolny Bearseye\r
+Raedgerda Bowarroin\r
+Beorhgerda Tallstove\r
+Ceoldith Armsylph\r
+Godta Wifeskin\r
+Cynebertha Cowsernalda\r
+Behilde Red Godi\r
+Godsa Minded Heler\r
+Horla Alynxsfork\r
+Beodith Mighty Cow\r
+Eaddith Nosesstorm\r
+Aelfrida Bitter Ginna\r
+Eadgerda Windscold\r
+Aelfberhta Neck Gnome\r
+Edla Kickerstove\r
+Aelfna Redleg\r
+Aldda Honouredgodi\r
+Aelfdith Littlemahome\r
+Hilla Strongasrelia\r
+Walta Honour Uleria\r
+Cynda Stout Ginna\r
+Cynhilde Handshair\r
+Aldla Kickergodi\r
+Ecgny Wry Brow\r
+Agila Alynxsheler\r
+Waltberhta Maransarroin\r
+Godrida Earcow\r
+Ceonera Hairydeer\r
+Byrhtditha Slingmahome\r
+Godfrid Mightyuleria\r
+Eadsa Nosesiron\r
+Eorpla Pinsvinga\r
+Tosrida Weaksbrow\r
+Eldith Good Cow\r
+Egrida Blowshead\r
+Aelffinna Dottir Tongue\r
+Aelfbertha Ernaldascow\r
+Ceonrida Helersvinga\r
+Harla Hairy Sylph\r
+Sigeberhilde Broadchalana\r
+Stigerda Forksdeer\r
+Edditha Bedbread\r
+Edra Dottir Iron\r
+Haralda Barefish\r
+Raegrida Uleriasgodi\r
+Aelfhilde Greycow\r
+Eadla Honestcold\r
+Caeda Littlebow\r
+Ora Strongalynx\r
+Milune Scaleshearth\r
+Harsa Red Pin\r
+Jaenhilde Whitegnome\r
+Dica Sylphsuleria\r
+Herehilde Goodalynx\r
+Aethelfrid Sylphsgnome\r
+Edhilde Breathshair\r
+Willera Slingstree\r
+Godrida Hairsiron\r
+Hilbertha Hardmahome\r
+Cynehilde Voriassylph\r
+Ceonalda Over Alynx\r
+Certa Tradeheler\r
+Barnrida Treesmouth\r
+Aesna Young Uleria\r
+Sabera Dottir Vinga\r
+Aethelthora Step Sylph\r
+Orrida Shouldered Hearth\r
+Caeda Black Asrelia\r
+Edhilde Strong Maran\r
+Aethelalda Honouredvinga\r
+Eadfrid Breadsernalda\r
+Eadrida Chalanashare\r
+Ohtalda Deep Cow\r
+Eadrida Bowuleria\r
+Hilberhta Asreliaspin\r
+Erora Bitter Bread\r
+Dica Stout Fish\r
+Aberna Browsbronze\r
+Aelfrida Strong Serpent\r
+Edune Chalanasgodi\r
+Edalda Smoothvoria\r
+Aethelhilde Kallaisgnome\r
+Dicda Maidensear\r
+Leofditha Maransfish\r
+Centhora Uleriaskallai\r
+Elra Fatchalana\r
+Behilde Troublesblessed\r
+Dicditha Pinsvinga\r
+Dicta Dottir Serpent\r
+Hilberhta Hairypin\r
+Wilfinna Kallaiscow\r
+Edberhta Ernaldashare\r
+Caedny Hair Chalana\r
--- /dev/null
+Hardedit Swarthyeye\r
+Ecgweard Crusher Godi\r
+Eadda Nosesstep\r
+Eadd Hard Bull\r
+Oswald Cowsodayla\r
+Beorhgest Beardstrade\r
+Hilbert Shaker Alynx\r
+Alwig Son Heler\r
+Alhard Sonserpent\r
+Eorpca Finesgold\r
+Elwine Honestodayla\r
+Cerfrith Blue Fist\r
+Ecgmon Breekssgold\r
+Willelin Honoured Geo\r
+Torhtric Whiteheort\r
+Aelfwulf Fat Wolf\r
+Aethelhere Wolfsgnome\r
+Horwalh Grim Paunch\r
+Algred Wrybarntar\r
+Alca Kallaiselmal\r
+Orcorn Irongnome\r
+Waltgar Strongsmith\r
+Ealdfrith Hair Fork\r
+Cedred Eyehare\r
+Eadgifu Fast Axe\r
+Edht Littleissaries\r
+Raedold Overstongue\r
+Barnred Harespin\r
+Sigeberferth Grey Lhankor\r
+Barnlanth Speakersneck\r
+Aelfhelm Heathshonour\r
+Barnnald Son Fork\r
+Aethelwine Runner Lhankor\r
+Ecgstan Strongissaries\r
+Aelfwine Odaylassylph\r
+Beric Blueaxe\r
+Sihdore Splitterwolf\r
+Aelfbald Honour Orlanth\r
+Waltfrith Barntarswolf\r
+Aethelgest Godisheler\r
+Aethelhard Cocksbeard\r
+Burwald Fistsmouth\r
+Aelffred Bladessling\r
+Cuthbald Skinheler\r
+Aethelflaed Shortpin\r
+Oslanth Slender Axe\r
+Cynferth Blue Geo\r
+Egwald Kolatskolat\r
+Raedgred Bluesylph\r
+Ecgtar Breath Hare\r
+Eadd Blueissaries\r
+Aelfsa Cowsbarntar\r
+Caewred Hairy Humakt\r
+Cuthc Speakerwolf\r
+Hnaefwulf Sonalynx\r
+Eorpred Hard Orlanth\r
+Sigeberfrith Beardsfist\r
+Acgar Strongbeard\r
+Aethelfred Littlesylph\r
+Aethelric Footsleg\r
+Raegwald Odaylasorlanth\r
+Hilda Coldstree\r
+Cuthferth Bearssword\r
+Raedarn Heortsfish\r
+Godmund Splitterhare\r
+Leoffred Serpentssylph\r
+Aethelfred Littlebarntar\r
+Cynetred Runnertrade\r
+Sihred Troublestree\r
+Elric Blowsblade\r
+Wulfmal Slenderfoot\r
+Aelfc Fat Bull\r
+Aethelred Greyvoriof\r
+Bedore Crusher Pin\r
+Berhtred Hard Fork\r
+Aethelrith Tallfoot\r
+Cuthtric Kolatsserpent\r
+Beorhcuin Grey Barntar\r
+Ceonwald Armvoriof\r
+Horflaed Slenderbarntar\r
+Harwulf Hard Lhankor\r
+Edgred Footsblood\r
+Berhttric Biter Heort\r
+Ealdgand Legsbronze\r
+Ecgwin Grey Kallai\r
+Jaenfa Hard Kolat\r
+Edhere Helersorlanth\r
+Horferth Son Wolf\r
+Cuth Mighty Hare\r
+Osc Kallaiscow\r
+Abersa Crusher Axe\r
+Aelfwine Barntarswolf\r
+Berhtwold Axesaxe\r
+Barnfrith Son Gnome\r
+Cedtred Undersfine\r
+Tosfrith Troublesknower\r
+Beoheof Skinstongue\r
+Edwald Cowshare\r
+Mildic Slender Orlanth\r
+Henfrith Cloakscloak\r
+Cuthstan Grey Cow\r
+Belin Wry Pin\r
+Loda Fast Bull\r
+Aelfcorn Greyserpent\r
+Harwalh Son Alynx\r
+Beorhberht Fang Gnome\r
+Wulfnoth Earstrouble\r
+Ecgwulf Hardgnome\r
+Aethelbald Hardfork\r
+Aetheld Blackserpent\r
+Waltfrith Mouth Wolf\r
+Ceonwald Neckscock\r
+Aelfhere Bareorlanth\r
+Raegred Strongpin\r
+Wihbert Black Kallai\r
+Aethelrith Pinsissaries\r
+Aethelhelm Sylphsodayla\r
+Theolanth Redhair\r
+Beward Slendergnome\r
+Aelfberht Helerssylph\r
+Alberht Bladevoriof\r
+Aethelferth Shoulderedheort\r
+Cenwine Son Godi\r
+Caedold Mindedgodi\r
+Burheof White Heler\r
+Hnaeffrith Ravensbone\r
+Aldferth Blackkallai\r
+Wulftar Forksserpent\r
+Aldwulf Ironsbear\r
+Ceoncuin Kolatsplough\r
+Ceon Longweak\r
+Godcorn Clatterer Godi\r
+Aethelc Browshand\r
+Aethelsige Sharp Voriof\r
+Stitred Voriofsvoriof\r
+Ecgfrith Longodayla\r
+Orcuin Son Knower\r
+Aelfgest Honour Godi\r
+Eadred Minded Elmal\r
+Sigeberwald Serpentsbarntar\r
+Stimal Stoutover\r
+Eadhere Fatalynx\r
+Osflaed Smoothhair\r
+Aethelmal Humaktshare\r
+Burarn Gnomeswolf\r
+Aethelc Blue Wolf\r
+Edmund Bladefork\r
+Sabertric Paunchfish\r
+Barnbert Sylphsgnome\r
+Willemal Sylphsbull\r
+Leoflin Honest Fish\r
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+Deuslanth Ironstrade\r
+Wihd Quick Elmal\r
+Raedred Heortsfork\r
+Alwulf Tonguesarm\r
+Aethelred Sleekkallai\r
+Orheof Slingsover\r
+Abertig Strongkallai\r
+Egbald Kallaisgeo\r
+Wihred Breeks Serpent\r
+Hereca Grimodayla\r
+Aethelsige Strong Fish\r
+Elsa Forksorlanth\r
+Ecglac Quick Heler\r
+Elfred Earshonour\r
+Alred Broad Heort\r
+Aelfric Honouredgeo\r
+Ecgfrith Smooth Smith\r
+Eadtar Beardsnose\r
+Leofberht Mindedorlanth\r
+Hard Bloodsgold\r
+Agilold Crusher Fork\r
+Eddedit Ear Serpent\r
+Cynered Longgeo\r
+Guthric Young Cow\r
+Hered Young Barntar\r
+Wulfd Coldssword\r
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+Osdore Kolatsgodi\r
+Jaenhelm Kolatsgodi\r
+Aethelhere Ploughssylph\r
+Agilbert Neckssling\r
+Herestan Stepkallai\r
+Alchric Weakwolf\r
+Oscuin Humaktskallai\r
+Edheah Sylphsbarntar\r
+Alwald Quickwolf\r
+Caedferth Wolfslhankor\r
+Sigeberlanth Blue Fist\r
+Byrhtberht Whiteplough\r
+Cerrith Swordsblood\r
+Barnc Bareplough\r
+Eadfrith Oldgnome\r
+Sihrith Smoothelmal\r
+Wulflanth Stout Fine\r
+Edwin Littlegnome\r
+Hargifu Earssword\r
+Barngar Stoutbarntar\r
+Raedhad Slendertongue\r
+Sabergar Black Heler\r
+Aetheld Son Kolat\r
+Aethelhard Overscold\r
+Aelfric Kickerheort\r
+Stidedit Hardplough\r
+Cerwald Swordsfist\r
+Aethelht Red Geo\r
+Caedrith Blackraven\r
+Sigeberric Crusherdeer\r
+Henred Skin Sylph\r
+Barnric Shoulderedbrow\r
+Elbert Handsnose\r
+Alfrith Cloaksfang\r
+Hilferth Mighty Voriof\r
+Harte Blowsraven\r
+Ald Blowsiron\r
+Alchfa Gnomesalynx\r
+Bededit Bladesover\r
+Beorhwald Longkallai\r
+Dicrith Hard Bull\r
+Wilwig White Eye\r
+Barnfa Geoswolf\r
+Cedred Stout Honour\r
+Elmund Geosheort\r
+Osgar Ear Wolf\r
+Byrhttric Heortswolf\r
+Eorpferth Bluevoriof\r
+Hortric Grey Odayla\r
+Ecgnoth Strongleg\r
+Saberferth Honourssling\r
+Saberold Barntarsbarntar\r
+Hnaefmund White Deer\r
+Miluil Footheler\r
+Aelftred Necksbreeks\r
+Almund Humaktswolf\r
+Raegmal Smithsknower\r
+Ornoth Headsweak\r
+Wulftig Tradesbrow\r
+Horwine Finesbear\r
+Harsa Neckshead\r
+Torhttric Old Serpent\r
+Cyn Son Cow\r
+Sigebertig Kallaisserpent\r
+Lofrith Hair Axe\r
+Eadhard Long Humakt\r
+Aelfte Strong Elmal\r
+Berhtweard Quick Orlanth\r
+Ealdweard Cloaksknower\r
+Henfrith Undersknower\r
+Alwald Godisalynx\r
+Edde Skinsknower\r
+Eaddedit Earshand\r
+Byrhthere Skinsfine\r
+Osgred Stoutlhankor\r
+Torhtnald Skinfish\r
+Caedtric Crushergnome\r
+Aelfhelm Issariesscow\r
+Aethelold Geosbull\r
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+Aethelmund Fine Kolat\r
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+Barngand Handodayla\r
+Horhelm Bronzeseye\r
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+Eadheah Legsbow\r
+Aelfheah Swarthyfork\r
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+Henlac Handkallai\r
+Caedmon Serpentsvoriof\r
+Erred Paunch Geo\r
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+Athelwold Deep Kallai\r
+Orwine Strong Hare\r
+Byrhtrith Skin Issaries\r
+Athelnald Brow Godi\r
+Alte Goldenissaries\r
+Hereht Honestbarntar\r
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+Ofsige Slingsblow\r
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+Osbert Crusher Bull\r
+Beosige Son Axe\r
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+Wilcorn Forkshare\r
+Erheah Fastgeo\r
+Wight Bonesmouth\r
+Aethelhere Honoured Blow\r
+Stiheof Greybarntar\r
+Raegsige Serpentsbull\r
+Aethelwine Swarthy Kolat\r
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+Leoflin Barntarsgnome\r
+Eorpuil Songodi\r
+Erberht Crushershadow\r
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+Aethelgest Cockheler\r
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+Herered Cock Odayla\r
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+Ealdgest White Humakt\r
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+Ergar Bronzesheath\r
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+Godtric Nosesleg\r
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+Aethelberht Barntarskolat\r
+Caedhere Kolatsvoriof\r
+Aethelwalh Sonarm\r
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+Osward Brow Bull\r
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+Ohtberht Blackbull\r
+Beorhwald Little Barntar\r
+Lotric Kickerfish\r
+Eorpwulf Odaylaselmal\r
+Guthlanth Songnome\r
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+Aethelfrith Tall Heort\r
+Oflanth Minded Issaries\r
+Leofstan Breathsbreath\r
+Godric Wolfskallai\r
+Sigebergifu Hairygeo\r
+Ald Oversbow\r
+Aeste Leg Heler\r
+Barnwald Gnomesaxe\r
+Aethelwig Blackbeard\r
+Acred Barntarscow\r
+Byrhttric Redfork\r
+Ecggred Biter Axe\r
+Edbert Old Heort\r
+Wihheof Eyeshead\r
+Berhtc Breath Sylph\r
+Aethelarn Orlanthsgodi\r
+Achad Clatterer Deer\r
+Aelffrith Weaksleg\r
+Egwulf Cowshare\r
+Elbald Stouthare\r
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+Ed Smith Geo\r
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+Beowig Axesheler\r
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+Aethelhelm Sharpelmal\r
+Ecgtar Sondeer\r
+Leofwine Clatterer Heort\r
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+Raegfrith Treestree\r
+Hilred Legspaunch\r
+Barnwine Short Voriof\r
+Ednald Oversmouth\r
+Bewin Orlanthsorlanth\r
+Aethelwine Quickplough\r
+Eorpric Paunchsylph\r
+Wilde Geosplough\r
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+Hered Strongbow\r
+Edmon Weak Lhankor\r
+Lohere Oldodayla\r
+Deusred White Pin\r
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+Aetheltig Quickbarntar\r
+Aldbald Swordserpent\r
+Theored Shadowscloak\r
+Haesman Elmalsheler\r
+Jaencorn Swarthymouth\r
+Berhtrith Smooth Humakt\r
+Egwald Elmalsfork\r
+Harcuin Lhankorsgeo\r
+Stiwold Runnerbear\r
+Barnlanth Broadbull\r
+Ceolric Shortsylph\r
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+Caedwald Little Tree\r
+Edwold Bare Hare\r
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+Cynlanth Blowssword\r
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+Harred Honour Orlanth\r
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+Theoferth Smoothhumakt\r
+Aelfferth Eyeshand\r
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+Osferth Son Sylph\r
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+Jaensa Sonissaries\r
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+Aethelwald Blueblow\r
+Eadgar Heortsfork\r
+Ceolhard Redgnome\r
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+Aelfheah Strong Pin\r
+Aldfrith Grim Bull\r
+Aldwine Bowshonour\r
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+Hnaeffred Axesaxe\r
+Aelfgar Finewolf\r
+Aelfwulf Mindedmouth\r
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+Ohtda Kolatssylph\r
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+Aetheluil Shouldered Plough\r
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+Aelfweard Sleekgodi\r
+Acheof Strong Blade\r
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+Lotar Bearvoriof\r
+Cermal Grey Cow\r
+Jaentred Short Cold\r
+Aethelric Stepsblood\r
+Harred Whitekallai\r
+Wulfwine Hairsneck\r
+Burmund Smithstrade\r
+Oswald Redkolat\r
+Hnaefferth Strong Issaries\r
+Edd Shouldered Gnome\r
+Beored Splitter Kallai\r
+Wilwold Weakvoriof\r
+Berhtwulf Axesgnome\r
+Aldfrith Shortiron\r
+Cedgest Legstrade\r
+Ceolred Red Fork\r
+Ofuil Son Cloak\r
+Jaenlanth Elmalsheler\r
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+Aethelmon Broad Humakt\r
+Hilwin Broad Kallai\r
+Aethelwulf Clatterer Elmal\r
+Erwine Barntarsissaries\r
+Wilhere Black Gnome\r
+Aelfberht Honoured Odayla\r
+Deusbert Red Odayla\r
--- /dev/null
+#NOUN\r
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+iron\r
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+shadow\r
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+#END
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
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+#MID\r
--- /dev/null
+Aarro Sunsnose\r
+Erratzane Hairsspear\r
+Elitiz Lightslight\r
+Preratz Cold Leg\r
+Doroar Quick Hair\r
+Ixate Grimtree\r
+Urtzene Javelinspike\r
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+Iite Wise Dark\r
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+Ilazne Bronzesgold\r
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+Aga Sleek Dark\r
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+Alune Iron Yelm\r
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+Irizane Goldslight\r
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+Arlizaitz Mouthssky\r
+Irares Lightsdark\r
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+Goyindueta Footsmind\r
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+Amendiska Finelight\r
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+Beneta Keen Dark\r
+Urdaba Smoothfish\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE\r
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+uza\r
+#END\r
--- /dev/null
+Bon Skyssky\r
+Adanpio Spearsnose\r
+Zoizander Hot Gold\r
+Jareio Fatherspike\r
+Barratz Farshoulder\r
+Ankorre Shadowsgold\r
+Letrer Keen Shadow\r
+Ziho Hotbarley\r
+Arat Lightsshadow\r
+Xarki Goldslight\r
+Soile Nobleson\r
+Garti Lightsshadow\r
+Eztostaona White Gold\r
+Inkergar Tall Truth\r
+Goldi Lightsdark\r
+Surin Shadowsbronze\r
+Zaskai Bitter Shoulder\r
+Ama Beardsblood\r
+Dedon Mighty Grain\r
+Guxki Light Ear\r
+Doromari Tall Bow\r
+Enazix Hot Dark\r
+Azustroi Little Spear\r
+Xintziki True Sun\r
+Maurar Old Yelm\r
+Merin Truthful Bronze\r
+Ikarnar Lightsdark\r
+Gaunze Shouldersbrain\r
+Arirain Fishsyelmalio\r
+Inkuntsor Lightsgold\r
+Iputz Golden Grain\r
+Anto Strong Truth\r
+Itzuskun Hotrunner\r
+Urbihan Smoothlord\r
+Anibes Hairsyelm\r
+Geizar Lightsgold\r
+Elai Grainsrunner\r
+Larratz Bare Pike\r
+Etxergoa Darksgold\r
+Xitxan Purejavelin\r
+Turdea Keenshield\r
+Gellaldo Irontrouble\r
+Merta Blowsnose\r
+Asarnoiz Strong Shield\r
+Sandatz Lightsiron\r
+Apiriert Sleek Pike\r
+Atzauntei Honesthare\r
+Borazan Shortgold\r
+Gile Light Spirit\r
+Gigo Lightcorn\r
+Anigar Javelinscorn\r
+Xinix Mightygold\r
+Gandatze Goodbronze\r
+Ji Good Hare\r
+Adaide Fine Eye\r
+Urkodubegi Little Spear\r
+Urtebi Clean Pike\r
+Akorri Tallear\r
+Reki Barleysgrain\r
+Mina Noble Beard\r
+Lili White Hare\r
+Xista Golden Barley\r
+Zure Bronzeslight\r
+Enuin Deeptrouble\r
+Esteneren Farhare\r
+Abasat Lightslight\r
+Ixalt Darkslight\r
+Edeili Strongsky\r
+Azniritz Tall Blood\r
+Eski Goodfoot\r
+Txaiartedon Fast Pike\r
+Egatxitz Trustyeagle\r
+Zokeder Fine Sky\r
+Urtso Fatherslord\r
+Rustoin Darksbronze\r
+Adaren Redfoot\r
+Muro Old Barley\r
+Gipu Javelinsspear\r
+Jauroitz Goldsshadow\r
+Buken Darkpike\r
+Murko Goldbow\r
+Aguxkar Good Pike\r
+Kokez Fine Foot\r
+Jentzintu Hotblood\r
+Agartsari Yelmaliosjavelin\r
+Si Spearsmouth\r
+Urrun Ironslight\r
+Zin Gold Blade\r
+Urdehi Cold Dark\r
+Elabi Hotlord\r
+Erruzeri Dark Fork\r
+Urdazki Light Sun\r
+Tediz Finewheat\r
+Martzakoxe Ironsgold\r
+Suskiet Cloaksmouth\r
+Aeti Goldslight\r
+Dunindo Yellowblood\r
+Argendi Tradeswheat\r
+Hausar Finerunner\r
+Ataria Younglord\r
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ale
+ash
+axe
+bitter
+blood
+bronze
+dark
+elder
+fell
+frost
+grim
+ice
+iron
+long
+mighty
+moon
+oaken
+old
+rain
+shadow
+short
+silver
+spell
+stout
+strong
+sun
+tall
+wind
+#SUF
+arm
+axe
+blade
+brand
+foot
+grim
+hand
+lock
+knife
+shield
+slade
+spear
+staff
+stalker
+sword
+walker
+wind
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+bald
+black
+blue
+brown
+dread
+far
+golden
+grey
+grim
+half
+hammer
+hap
+hunch
+iron
+long
+no
+old
+one
+red
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+silver
+stout
+strong
+wall
+wander
+weak
+white
+yellow
+#SUF
+arm
+back
+beard
+breath
+brow
+ear
+eye
+finger
+fist
+foot
+hair
+hand
+heart
+hearted
+leg
+nose
+shoulder
+tooth
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Alder
+Ale
+Autumn
+Axe
+Bald
+Bear
+Beer
+Black
+Blubber
+Blue
+Bob
+Bone
+Brass
+Bread
+Broken
+Brown
+Candle
+Cat
+Clever
+Cow
+Crystal
+Dark
+Deer
+Demon
+Dew
+Dog
+Doom
+Double
+Dragon
+Dread
+Dwarf
+Earthen
+Elder
+Elf
+Fair
+Fairy
+Far
+Fart
+Fast
+Fat
+Fierce
+Fine
+Fire
+Firm
+Fish
+Fly
+Gentle
+Glow
+Goat
+Golden
+Good
+Granite
+Great
+Greedy
+Green
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+Hair
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+Hammer
+Hap
+Heavy
+Hoar
+Home
+Hunch
+Hurl
+Iron
+Jewel
+Keen
+Lamp
+Law
+Lie
+Light
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+Lump
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+Mole
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+Narrow
+Nimble
+No
+Old
+One
+Over
+Ox
+Paunch
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+Puke
+Pure
+Quick
+Red
+Rich
+Rock
+Scar
+Sharp
+Shoe
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+Silken
+Silver
+Skull
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+Snaggle
+Snow
+Spell
+Spot
+Stone
+Stout
+Strong
+Stub
+Summer
+Swamp
+Tale
+Tarn
+Thin
+Thorn
+Three
+Tree
+Troll
+Truth
+Ugly
+Under
+Wain
+Wall
+Wander
+Wart
+Weak
+White
+Wide
+Winter
+Wolf
+Yellow
+#SUF
+arm
+arrow
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+beard
+blade
+blaze
+boot
+bow
+brand
+breaker
+breast
+breath
+brow
+buckle
+butt
+cap
+cheek
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#ADJ
+abandoned
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+weed
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+wild
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+woman
+wood
+year
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+accursed
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+angry
+arcane
+arrow
+autumn
+awakened
+baked
+bandit
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+bard
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+#SUF
+ abbey
+ academy
+ altar
+ barony
+ barrow
+ bog
+ bridge
+burg
+ cairn
+ canyon
+ castle
+ catacomb
+ cave
+ circle
+ citadel
+ city
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+ college
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+ cove
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+ delving
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+ down
+ duchy
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+ dungeon
+ dust
+edge
+ empire
+fang
+ fen
+ fence
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+folk
+ford
+ forest
+ fortress
+ freehold
+ gap
+ gate
+ glacier
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+grass
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+hall
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+ head
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+ hill
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+ house
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+ inn
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+pine
+ pit
+ plain
+ plane
+ plateau
+ point
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+port
+ range
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+ ring
+ river
+ road
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+ valley
+ vault
+wall
+wash
+ waste
+water
+ way
+well
+weyr
+wild
+wood
+ year
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+abandoned
+abominable
+accursed
+ache
+adamant
+adept
+aft
+ageless
+agony
+airy
+alder
+ale
+algae
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+ardent
+arid
+arm
+arrow
+artisans
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+auburn
+augur
+aurora
+austere
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+#SUF
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+ area
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+ hostelry
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+post
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+ priory
+ quarry
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+ reach
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+ wood
+woodland
+wort
+yard
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#ADJ
+abandoned
+accursed
+ancient
+angry
+arcane
+arrow
+autumn
+awakened
+baked
+bandit
+bane
+barbarian
+bard
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+dale
+dark
+dawn
+dead
+death
+deep
+deeping
+dell
+delving
+demon
+desolate
+despair
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+work
+work
+writing
+writing
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#ADJ
+abandoned
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+#NADJ
+accursed
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+tree
+trumpet
+tunnel
+unicorn
+vault
+war
+warrior
+wash
+well
+woman
+year
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+alfe
+ame
+au
+bre
+brewe
+cho
+cre
+gi
+scala
+scule
+ske
+skole
+slo
+sme
+ta
+#SUF
+ck
+l
+lf
+los
+nd
+ra
+rd
+rel
+ren
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+arm
+baby
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+bird
+blood
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+toppler
+tracker
+trader
+trainer
+trapper
+winner
+wreaker
+wrecker
+wrestler
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+avenger
+barrow
+battle
+bitter
+black
+blood
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+#SUF
+ amulet
+ armor
+ arrow
+ axe
+ bane
+ blade
+ book
+ boots
+ bottle
+ bow
+ bracers
+ brand
+ charm
+ cloak
+ crystal
+ dagger
+ draught
+ fang
+ gem
+ girdle
+ hammer
+ helm
+ horn
+ jewell
+ knife
+ lance
+ mace
+ mail
+ pick
+ point
+ ring
+ robe
+ rope
+ shield
+ spear
+ staff
+ sword
+ torch
+ wand
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ab
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+#MID
+a
+aen
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+a
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+tar
+tha
+than
+thon
+tice
+tok
+us
+vin
+yark
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Ail
+Ara
+Ay
+Bren
+Cil
+Dae
+Dren
+Dwen
+El
+Erin
+Eth
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+Fay
+Gae
+Gay
+Glae
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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--- /dev/null
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+#END
--- /dev/null
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+#SUF
+ abbey
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+ canteen
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+ castle
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+ caves
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+ chantry
+ chapel
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+ church
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+ city
+cliff
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+ coast
+ colony
+ convent
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+ cottage
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+ county
+ court
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+ crater
+ creek
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+ dell
+ delta
+ delving
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+ highway
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+ hollow
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+ hostelry
+ house
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+ inlet
+ inn
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+ keep
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+kirk
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+ lake
+land
+ landing
+lea
+ lodge
+ main
+ manse
+ march
+ mark
+ marsh
+ meadow
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+ mesa
+ mines
+ minster
+ mire
+ monastery
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+ moorland
+ moors
+ morass
+moss
+ mound
+ mounds
+ mountain
+ mouth
+ mud
+ neck
+ notch
+ oasis
+ obelisk
+ ocean
+ palace
+ pale
+ parish
+ path
+ peaks
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+ pier
+ pillars
+ pit
+ plain
+ plateau
+ pond
+pool
+ portal
+ prairie
+ priory
+ quagmire
+ quarter
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+ rapids
+ reach
+ realm
+ refuge
+ region
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+ river
+ road
+rood
+ route
+ runnel
+ saloon
+ sands
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+ shingle
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+ shore
+ shrine
+side
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+ slough
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+ state
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+ steppe
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+ stream
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+ sump
+ swamp
+ tavern
+ temple
+ thicket
+ timber
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+ton
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+ torrent
+ tors
+ tower
+ town
+ upland
+ vale
+ valley
+ vaults
+ vent
+ village
+ville
+ wall
+ wash
+ way
+ wharf
+ wood
+ woodland
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ab
+abber
+abbey
+abbots
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+accursed
+adder
+adding
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+ald
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+alt
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+#SUF
+ abbey
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+ cave
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+ chantry
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+ citadel
+ clearing
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+ inlet
+ inn
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+ obelisk
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+ passage
+ path
+ peak
+ peaks
+ pier
+ place
+ plain
+ plains
+ point
+port
+ pond
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+ range
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+ ridge
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+ road
+rock
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+wort
+worth
+wright
+yard
+yas
+yaw
+yean
+yoke
+yond
+yore
+york
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Abbots
+Ald
+Alder
+Ale
+Altar
+Amaranth
+Anchor
+Ancient
+Ape
+Arch
+Archers
+Ard
+Arden
+Argent
+Arrach
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+Berry
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+Bottle
+Boulder
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+Bracken
+Brand
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+Bronze
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+Brush
+Buck
+Bull
+Burial
+Burr
+By
+Cairn
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+Cavern
+Cat
+Cell
+Chapel
+Claw
+Clear
+Cloud
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+Crown
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+Crypt
+Crystal
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+Dawn
+Dead
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+Deer
+Demon
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+Doe
+Dog
+Dolphin
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+Dwarf
+Dwarven
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+High
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+Hoar
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+Inner
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+Noble
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+Ring
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+Roaring
+Rogues
+Rope
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+Rye
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+Scarlet
+Scrub
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+Sedge
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+Skel
+Skull
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+Sleeping
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+Small
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+Smoking
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+Southern
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+Stirge
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+Sun
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+Sword
+Tame
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+The
+Theives
+Three
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+Tower
+Travellers
+Tree
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+True
+Twisting
+Two
+Ul
+Umber
+Under
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+Upper
+Valley
+Victors
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+Wizards
+Woe
+Wolf
+Wood
+Worm
+Wraith
+Wyrm
+Wyrms
+Yellow
+Yew
+#SUF
+ Abbey
+ Arbor
+arch
+ Arch
+arrow
+axe
+ Badlands
+barren
+ Barren
+barrens
+ Barrens
+ Bay
+bend
+bog
+bluff
+ Bluffs
+bold
+bottom
+brackens
+branch
+bridge
+ Bridge
+brook
+brush
+buck
+bury
+ Butte
+cairn
+canyon
+castle
+ Castle
+cataract
+ Caves
+caverns
+ Caverns
+ Chamber
+chantry
+chantry
+ Chantry
+chapel
+chasm
+cistern
+ Cistern
+ Citadel
+ City
+claw
+cleft
+climbs
+coomb
+ County
+course
+ Course
+ Court
+ Creek
+crest
+crypt
+ Crypt
+crypts
+ Crypts
+ Dale
+dale
+ Dale
+ Dales
+deer
+dell
+ Dell
+ Desert
+dingle
+dock
+dome
+downs
+ Downs
+drop
+dunes
+ Dunes
+dungeons
+downs
+ Downs
+dunes
+ Dunes
+edge
+ Eyrie
+fall
+ Falls
+fens
+ Fen
+ Ferry
+field
+fields
+fire
+ of Fire
+firth
+ Flat
+ Flats
+flow
+flower
+ford
+ Ford
+forest
+ Forest
+ Forest
+fort
+foul
+fount
+fountain
+ Fountian
+friary
+frost
+ of Frost
+gard
+garth
+gate
+ Gate
+ Glacier
+glade
+ Glade
+gold
+ of Gold
+ Gorge
+glitter
+green
+ Green
+ of Green
+ Ground
+grove
+ Grove
+haft
+hall
+ Hall
+halls
+ Halls
+ham
+harbor
+ Harbor
+haven
+ Haven
+hawk
+ Highlands
+heath
+ Heath
+hill
+ Hill
+hills
+ Hills
+hold
+ Hold
+hollow
+ Hollow
+horn
+hound
+ House
+ice
+ of Ice
+ Inlet
+inn
+iron
+ of Iron
+ Jungle
+keel
+keep
+ Keep
+knob
+ Knob
+knock
+knoll
+ Knolls
+lake
+ Lake
+lakes
+ Lakes
+ of Lakes
+land
+leaf
+lock
+lynx
+maiden
+march
+marsh
+ Marsh
+ Marshland
+maw
+mead
+meadow
+ Meadow
+meadows
+ Meadows
+mere
+ Mere
+mire
+ Mire
+ of Mire
+mist
+ of Mist
+monastery
+moon
+ Moon
+moor
+moors
+ Moors
+morass
+mounds
+ Mounds
+mount
+ Mtns
+mouth
+muck
+ness
+nesse
+nock
+notch
+ Ocean
+pass
+ Pass
+ Passage
+path
+peak
+ Peaks
+ Plain
+ Plateau
+point
+pond
+pool
+ Pool
+poole
+port
+ Port
+ Quays
+range
+ Range
+rapid
+raven
+ of Ravens
+ Reef
+ridge
+ Ridge
+ Ridges
+rift
+ Rift
+rill
+river
+ River
+ River
+road
+ Road
+rock
+ Ruins
+run
+ Run
+runlet
+runnel
+ Scrub
+sea
+ Sea
+shadow
+shield
+shire
+shrine
+ Shrine
+silver
+ of Silver
+skull
+ of Skulls
+slade
+slope
+ Slough
+snow
+ of Snow
+ Snowfield
+ of Souls
+spear
+ of Spells
+spirit
+ of Spirits
+spur
+staff
+stag
+star
+ of Stars
+ Steppe
+stone
+ Stone
+ of Stone
+stones
+ Strait
+stream
+ Stream
+swamp
+ Swamp
+sword
+ of Swords
+tarn
+teeth
+temple
+ Temple
+ Thicket
+throne
+ Throne
+tomb
+tombs
+ Tombs
+ of Tombs
+tooth
+tor
+ Tor
+tors
+ Tors
+tower
+ Tower
+town
+-town
+ Town
+ Track
+ Trail
+tree
+ of Trees
+ Upland
+vale
+ Vale
+ Vales
+valley
+ Valley
+wall
+wash
+waste
+ Waste
+ Wastes
+water
+ Water
+way
+ Way
+well
+wells
+ Well
+wilds
+ Wilds
+wold
+wolf
+wood
+wood
+ Wood
+ Woodland
+ Woods
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+abbots
+ald
+alder
+anchor
+ancient
+ape
+archers
+ard
+arden
+argent
+arrow
+ash
+ashen
+aulden
+ax
+axe
+axe
+bad
+bald
+barb
+bards
+barrel
+barren
+barrow
+battle
+bear
+beard
+beast
+berry
+birch
+bitter
+black
+blessed
+blood
+blue
+boar
+bold
+bone
+bottle
+boulder
+bow
+bowyers
+bracken
+brand
+bridge
+bright
+broken
+bronze
+brown
+buck
+bull
+burr
+by
+cairn
+candle
+carn
+castle
+cave
+cavern
+cat
+claw
+clear
+cloud
+cloudy
+cold
+copper
+crag
+crown
+cruel
+crystal
+damp
+dank
+dark
+dawn
+dead
+death
+deeping
+deer
+demon
+devil
+dim
+dire
+doe
+dog
+dour
+dove
+dragon
+dragons
+drip
+dry
+duck
+dun
+dungeon
+dusk
+dust
+dwarf
+dwarven
+dying
+east
+eld
+elder
+elf
+elk
+elm
+elven
+emerald
+enchanted
+ettin
+ever
+fair
+fall
+fang
+fell
+fey
+flame
+flat
+fog
+forest
+four
+fox
+free
+frog
+frost
+gargoyles
+gem
+ghast
+ghost
+ghoul
+glacier
+glad
+glade
+glass
+glen
+glitter
+giants
+gilt
+goblin
+gods
+gold
+gore
+grand
+great
+green
+grey
+grim
+grim
+gryphons
+guild
+hag
+hale
+hard
+hawks
+heather
+hell
+helms
+high
+hill
+hoar
+hobbits
+hock
+holy
+horn
+horse
+howling
+hundred
+hydra
+ice
+icy
+ild
+in
+inns
+iron
+ivy
+jade
+jewel
+jewelled
+just
+key
+kings
+knife
+knights
+lake
+lakes
+lance
+leaf
+leech
+lich
+lichen
+lions
+little
+lizard
+lone
+lonely
+long
+lords
+lore
+loud
+lurk
+lynx
+mage
+maid
+maiden
+mere
+mid
+middle
+mill
+mirk
+mist
+misty
+mold
+morning
+moss
+mossy
+mould
+mound
+mud
+muck
+murk
+murky
+narrow
+necromancers
+night
+nine
+noble
+nor
+north
+northron
+nymph
+oak
+oaken
+ochre
+ogre
+old
+olden
+ooze
+orc
+owl
+ox
+pack
+pale
+pine
+placid
+priest
+prince
+pure
+queens
+queer
+quiet
+rain
+rainy
+ranger
+ravens
+red
+river
+roaring
+rogues
+rope
+rot
+rotten
+round
+ruby
+rush
+rust
+rye
+sabre
+sacred
+salt
+sand
+satyr
+savage
+scarlet
+scrub
+sea
+serpent
+serpents
+shade
+shadow
+shaft
+shield
+short
+silent
+silven
+silver
+skel
+skull
+slate
+sleeping
+slime
+small
+smoke
+snake
+snow
+snowy
+sorcerers
+sorrow
+south
+southern
+sparrow
+spear
+spectre
+spell
+spider
+stag
+staff
+star
+stave
+still
+stirge
+stone
+stone
+stones
+storm
+stormy
+stout
+strangle
+sullen
+sun
+sunder
+sweet
+sword
+tame
+thief
+theives
+three
+toad
+torch
+tower
+travellers
+tree
+troll
+trolls
+true
+two
+ul
+umber
+under
+valley
+victors
+vile
+vine
+waggon
+wander
+wanderers
+wardens
+warriors
+wasp
+wax
+weasel
+wedge
+well
+wench
+were
+west
+westron
+wet
+white
+wierd
+wild
+wilder
+willow
+wind
+winder
+windy
+winter
+wise
+witch
+withered
+wizards
+woe
+wolf
+wood
+worm
+wraith
+wyrm
+wyrms
+yellow
+yew
+#SUF
+ abbey
+ arbor
+arch
+arrow
+axe
+ barrens
+ bay
+bend
+bog
+bluff
+bold
+bottom
+branch
+bridge
+brook
+brush
+bury
+canyon
+cataract
+chasm
+claw
+climbs
+course
+ creek
+crest
+ dale
+dale
+deer
+dell
+dingle
+dock
+drop
+dungeons
+bridge
+ cridge
+buck
+castle
+ castle
+caverns
+ caverns
+chantry
+ citadel
+ city
+cleft
+coomb
+ county
+edge
+fens
+ fen
+ ferry
+field
+fields
+fire
+firth
+ flats
+flow
+flower
+ford
+ forest
+ forest
+fort
+foul
+friary
+frost
+gard
+garth
+gate
+ gate
+glade
+ glade
+ gorge
+glitter
+green
+grove
+ grove
+haft
+hall
+ hall
+ham
+harbor
+ harbor
+haven
+ haven
+hawk
+ highlands
+hill
+ hill
+hills
+ hills
+hold
+ hold
+hollow
+ hollow
+horn
+hound
+ice
+ inlet
+inn
+iron
+keel
+keep
+ keep
+knob
+ knob
+knock
+knoll
+ knolls
+lake
+ lake
+lakes
+ lakes
+land
+leaf
+lock
+lynx
+maiden
+march
+ marsh
+marsh
+mead
+meadow
+ meadow
+mere
+ mere
+mire
+mist
+ of mist
+monastery
+moon
+moor
+moors
+ moors
+morass
+mounds
+ mounds
+mount
+ mtns
+mouth
+muck
+ness
+nesse
+nock
+notch
+ ocean
+pass
+ passage
+path
+peak
+ peaks
+point
+pond
+pool
+ pool
+poole
+port
+range
+ range
+rapid
+raven
+ridge
+rift
+rill
+river
+ river
+ river
+road
+ road
+rock
+run
+ run
+runlet
+runnel
+sea
+ sea
+shadow
+shield
+shire
+shrine
+skull
+slade
+slope
+snow
+spear
+spirit
+spur
+staff
+stag
+star
+stone
+stones
+ strait
+stream
+ stream
+swamp
+ swamp
+sword
+tarn
+teeth
+temple
+tooth
+ tors
+tower
+ tower
+town
+ town
+tree
+ upland
+vale
+ vale
+valley
+ valley
+wall
+wash
+waste
+ waste
+ wastes
+water
+ water
+way
+ way
+wilds
+ wilds
+wold
+wolf
+wood
+wood
+ wood
+ woodland
+ woods
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+East
+North
+South
+West
+Four
+Hidden
+High
+Forgotten
+Lone
+Lost
+Low
+Lower
+Many
+Separation
+Ten
+Three
+Top
+Upper
+Deep
+Little
+Long
+Short
+Bare
+Barren
+Bend
+Branch
+Corner
+Fall
+Fork
+Junction
+Middle
+Rim
+Round
+Square
+Twin
+Ancient
+Broken
+Burnt
+Crook
+Crooked
+Dead
+Elder
+Hard
+Living
+Nude
+Old
+Rough
+Slick
+Smooth
+Soft
+Stout
+Straight
+Strong
+Twisted
+Weak
+Wild
+Black
+Blue
+Brown
+Dun
+Green
+Grey
+Red
+White
+Alder
+Bronzewood
+Cedar
+Fir
+Hemlock
+Maple
+Oak
+Pine
+Pole
+Berry
+Bitterroot
+Bracken
+Briar
+Fern
+Gorse
+Grape
+Heather
+Herb
+Holly
+Lily
+Nightshade
+Vine
+Ass
+Bear
+Beaver
+Blacktail
+Buck
+Cat
+Chuck
+Colt
+Coon
+Cougar
+Cow
+Deer
+Duck
+Eagle
+Elk
+Falcon
+Fish
+Fisher
+Fly
+Fox
+Gnat
+Goat
+Goose
+Grizzly
+Grouse
+Hawk
+Hog
+Horse
+Lamb
+Lion
+Lizard
+Mallard
+Martin
+Midge
+Mink
+Mosquito
+Mouse
+Mule
+Pig
+Rat
+Raven
+Serpent
+Sheep
+Shrew
+Skunk
+Snake
+Swan
+Trout
+Wildcat
+Whitetail
+Wolverine
+Demon
+Devil
+Dragon
+Gargoyle
+Worm
+Wyrm
+Dwarf
+Elf
+Gnome
+Goblin
+Halfling
+Hobbit
+Ogre
+Troll
+Sphinx
+Abbot
+Barbarian
+Baron
+Duke
+King
+Lady
+Mercenary
+Miller
+Miner
+Priest
+Reaver
+Scout
+Smith
+Soldier
+Queen
+Wanderer
+Creek
+Falls
+Flow
+River
+Spring
+Stream
+Lake
+Mere
+Pond
+Tarn
+Bay
+Coast
+Cove
+Island
+Isle
+Point
+Strait
+Strand
+Fen
+Marsh
+Swamp
+Bluff
+Butte
+Cliff
+Cone
+Crater
+Dike
+Divide
+Dome
+Hill
+Horn
+Ledge
+Knob
+Knoll
+Mesa
+Moor
+Mountian
+Peak
+Plateau
+Ridge
+Rock
+Saddle
+Spire
+Tor
+Basin
+Bowl
+Canyon
+Dale
+Dell
+Draw
+Flat
+Gap
+Gorge
+Gulch
+Meadow
+Moraine
+Plain
+Prairie
+Ravine
+Sink
+Vale
+Valley
+Forest
+Grove
+Wood
+Woodland
+Cave
+Delving
+Hole
+Mine
+Tunnel
+Barren
+Desert
+Glacier
+Snowfield
+Waste
+Blow
+Cloud
+Dew
+Hurricane
+Mist
+Rain
+Rainbow
+Snow
+Storm
+Sun
+Wind
+Aerial
+Bald
+Blaze
+Bitter
+Bounty
+Clear
+Cold
+Dark
+Deadman
+Dim
+Echo
+Enchanted
+Fell
+Flame
+Grim
+Happy
+Lucky
+Magic
+Moaning
+Moon
+Moonlight
+Poison
+Rich
+Roaring
+Shade
+Shadow
+Shining
+Star
+Sunrise
+Sunset
+Warm
+Wise
+Young
+Backbone
+Bone
+Claw
+Eye
+Fang
+Flesh
+Hand
+Head
+Heart
+Kidney
+Leg
+Liver
+Marrow
+Skull
+Talon
+Tooth
+Wing
+Barrow
+Boulder
+Bridge
+Cabin
+Cache
+Cairn
+Camp
+Corral
+Cottage
+Crown
+Dike
+Ditch
+Gallows
+House
+Lock
+Lookout
+Mill
+Mine
+Pasture
+Path
+Pit
+Road
+Slide
+Tomb
+Tombstone
+Trail
+Way
+Castle
+City
+Dungeon
+Hamlet
+Keep
+Port
+Pyramid
+Ruin
+Shrine
+Temple
+Village
+Ziggurat
+Arrow
+Axe
+Blade
+Bow
+Brand
+Club
+Haft
+Knife
+Mace
+Spear
+Staff
+Sword
+Ale
+Beer
+Brass
+Bronze
+Cinder
+Copper
+Crystal
+Glass
+Gold
+Granite
+Ice
+Iron
+Lava
+Lime
+Marble
+Milk
+Mithril
+Mud
+Salt
+Sand
+Silver
+Slime
+Snow
+Soda
+Steel
+Stone
+Tin
+Water
+Wine
+Wood
+Ball
+Bench
+Book
+Boot
+Candle
+Cart
+Cloak
+Coin
+Diamond
+Emerald
+Feather
+Flagon
+Gem
+Girdle
+Hat
+Helm
+Honey
+Jewell
+Map
+Mirror
+Pack
+Pocket
+Pot
+Ruby
+Sapphire
+Sawtooth
+Slipper
+Snowshoe
+Soap
+Spoon
+Thorn
+Tome
+Treasure
+Wheel
+Whistle
+Wire
+Aneroid
+Carn
+Cornucopia
+Cult
+Garwood
+Gleneden
+Greylock
+Krag
+#SUF
+ Creek
+ Falls
+ Flow
+ River
+ Spring
+ Stream
+ Lake
+ Mere
+ Pond
+ Tarn
+ Bay
+ Coast
+ Cove
+ Island
+ Isle
+ Point
+ Strait
+ Strand
+ Fen
+ Marsh
+ Swamp
+ Bluff
+ Butte
+ Cliff
+ Cone
+ Crater
+ Dike
+ Divide
+ Dome
+ Hill
+ Horn
+ Ledge
+ Knob
+ Knoll
+ Mesa
+ Moor
+ Mountian
+ Peak
+ Plateau
+ Ridge
+ Rock
+ Saddle
+ Spire
+ Tor
+ Basin
+ Bowl
+ Canyon
+ Dale
+ Dell
+ Draw
+ Flat
+ Gap
+ Gorge
+ Gulch
+ Meadow
+ Moraine
+ Plain
+ Prairie
+ Ravine
+ Sink
+ Vale
+ Valley
+ Forest
+ Grove
+ Wood
+ Woodland
+ Cave
+ Delving
+ Hole
+ Mine
+ Tunnel
+ Barren
+ Desert
+ Glacier
+ Snowfield
+ Waste
+ Barrow
+ Boulder
+ Bridge
+ Cabin
+ Cache
+ Cairn
+ Camp
+ Corral
+ Cottage
+ Crown
+ Dike
+ Ditch
+ Gallows
+ House
+ Lock
+ Lookout
+ Mill
+ Mine
+ Pasture
+ Path
+ Pit
+ Road
+ Slide
+ Tomb
+ Tombstone
+ Trail
+ Way
+ Castle
+ City
+ Dungeon
+ Hamlet
+ Keep
+ Port
+ Pyramid
+ Ruin
+ Shrine
+ Temple
+ Village
+ Ziggurat
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ab
+abber
+abbey
+abbots
+abing
+accursed
+acnash
+acre
+adder
+adding
+al
+ald
+alden
+alder
+alk
+allen
+alt
+altar
+amber
+amble
+anchor
+angle
+ant
+apple
+arch
+archen
+archer
+ard
+arden
+armor
+arrow
+art
+ash
+ashen
+aston
+auld
+aulden
+avon
+ax
+axe
+azure
+back
+bad
+bag
+bald
+bard
+bards
+barn
+baron
+barren
+barrow
+bath
+battle
+bear
+bee
+bell
+berry
+bid
+big
+birch
+bird
+black
+blade
+bleeding
+blessed
+bliss
+bloom
+blue
+bolt
+bond
+bone
+boon
+box
+bow
+bowman
+bracken
+brae
+brand
+brandy
+brass
+bray
+brick
+bridge
+bright
+brink
+bronze
+brown
+bryn
+buck
+bull
+bur
+burning
+burnt
+by
+cam
+can
+candle
+cape
+carn
+carrick
+castle
+cave
+cedar
+center
+channel
+chapel
+charl
+cherry
+chet
+chip
+citadel
+city
+clay
+clear
+cleft
+cloak
+close
+cloud
+cloudy
+cloven
+clover
+coate
+cold
+concealed
+copper
+coral
+corn
+covetous
+crag
+creake
+crescent
+crick
+crook
+cross
+crow
+crows
+crystal
+cutt
+cutting
+dagger
+dale
+damp
+dank
+dark
+dart
+day
+dead
+deaf
+death
+deeping
+deer
+dell
+demon
+demons
+den
+devil
+devils
+diamond
+dim
+dirty
+diver
+dole
+don
+double
+dour
+dove
+dover
+down
+downs
+dragon
+dragons
+dripping
+drowning
+druid
+druids
+drum
+dry
+duck
+dun
+dust
+dwarf
+east
+eden
+edge
+eerie
+eld
+elder
+elf
+elven
+elk
+elken
+elm
+emerald
+enchanted
+endless
+ered
+etten
+even
+ever
+evil
+eye
+fair
+faith
+faithful
+father
+fall
+fang
+far
+fell
+fen
+fire
+first
+flame
+flat
+fleet
+fly
+flying
+foal
+fog
+ford
+fore
+forest
+forgotten
+forsaken
+fort
+four
+free
+freed
+friend
+friends
+frog
+frost
+fruit
+fruitful
+garth
+garnet
+gas
+gate
+gates
+ghost
+ghoul
+giant
+giants
+glacier
+glass
+glen
+glitter
+glory
+gloss
+goat
+goblin
+god
+gold
+golden
+good
+grand
+granite
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+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
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+stream
+street
+swamp
+tarn
+teeth
+ton
+tooth
+tor
+ tors
+tower
+ towers
+town
+ town
+ track
+ trail
+vale
+ valley
+ville
+wash
+water
+ way
+wich
+wick
+windle
+wine
+wold
+wood
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+black
+white
+shadow
+shady
+pine
+oak
+lost
+grim
+high
+elf
+dwarf
+goblin
+troll
+dune
+hook
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+timber
+spar
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+seamans
+mariners
+gull
+eagle
+raven
+misty
+fog
+rainy
+cloud
+gray
+#SUF
+haven
+ town
+ bay
+quay
+ inlet
+wood
+ forest
+ downs
+lock
+bray
+mouthe
+pool
+wicke
+wich
+ton
+ town
+ heathe
+ downs
+ barrow
+port
+ham
+hampton
+ville
+ castle
+ keep
+ river
+ stream
+bourne
+wash
+marsh
+fen
+ swamp
+ bog
+mere
+ lake
+ sea
+poole
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Aber
+Ar
+As
+At
+Avie
+Bal
+Ben
+Bran
+Brech
+Bro
+Cairn
+Can
+Carl
+Colon
+Clyde
+Craig
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+Dor
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+Dur
+El
+Fal
+For
+Fyne
+Glas
+Hal
+Inver
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+Kilbran
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+Lairg
+Lin
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+Loch
+Lorn
+Lyb
+Ma
+Mal
+Mel
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+Scour
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+Strom
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+Tay
+Ti
+Tober
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+Ulla
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+#SUF
+aline
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+aray
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+ness
+nhe
+nock
+noth
+nure
+ock
+pool
+ra
+ran
+ree
+res
+say
+ster
+tow
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ab
+abber
+abbey
+abbots
+abing
+accursed
+acnash
+acre
+adder
+adding
+al
+ald
+alden
+alder
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+time
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+tower
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+tree
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+yard
+yew
+#SUF
+ alley
+ alley
+ alley
+ avenue
+ boulevard
+ gate
+ gate
+ highway
+ lane
+ lane
+ lane
+ lane
+ lane
+ lane
+ market
+ road
+ square
+ square
+ stair
+ stair
+ street
+ street
+ street
+ street
+ street
+ track
+ way
+ way
+ way
+ way
+ way
+ way
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+abbots
+ald
+alder
+ale
+altar
+amaranth
+anchor
+ancient
+ape
+arch
+archers
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+Axe
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+Stirge
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+Tree
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+Two
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+Wood
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+Yellow
+Yew
+#SUF
+castle
+ castle
+ citadel
+ cities
+city
+ city
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+gard
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+ fort
+ham
+haven
+ haven
+inn
+ inn
+keep
+ keep
+port
+ port
+ton
+tower
+ tower
+ towers
+town
+ town
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+abbots
+ald
+alder
+ale
+altar
+amaranth
+anchor
+ancient
+ape
+arch
+archers
+ard
+arden
+argent
+arrach
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+river
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+rope
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+round
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+stone
+stone
+stones
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+stormy
+stout
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+tame
+thief
+theives
+three
+toad
+torch
+tower
+travellers
+tree
+troll
+trolls
+true
+two
+ul
+umber
+under
+unholy
+valley
+victors
+vile
+vine
+waggon
+wander
+wanderers
+wardens
+warder
+warriors
+wasp
+wax
+weasel
+web
+wedge
+well
+wench
+were
+west
+westron
+wet
+white
+wierd
+wild
+wilder
+willow
+wind
+winder
+windy
+winter
+wise
+witch
+withered
+wizards
+woe
+wolf
+wood
+worm
+wraith
+wyrm
+wyrms
+yellow
+yew
+#SUF
+dale
+ dale
+dell
+ forest
+ forest
+glade
+ glade
+grove
+ grove
+mead
+meadow
+ meadow
+mere
+tors
+tree
+ trees
+vale
+ vale
+wilds
+wood
+wood
+ wood
+ woodland
+ woods
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Bag
+Bal
+Bel
+Ber
+Bil
+Bin
+Bo
+Bof
+Bol
+Bun
+Cam
+Camel
+Dil
+Dor
+Dro
+Du
+Dur
+En
+El
+Fal
+Fas
+Fil
+Fin
+Fos
+Fro
+Gal
+Gil
+Gro
+Hal
+Hil
+Hin
+Hro
+Il
+Lar
+Lin
+Lo
+Lob
+Lon
+Loth
+Mil
+Mim
+Min
+Mon
+Mor
+Mos
+Mun
+Nil
+O
+Ol
+Or
+Oth
+Pan
+Pin
+Po
+Pon
+Por
+Pos
+Prim
+Pris
+Rin
+Ro
+Rol
+Ros
+Rud
+Sam
+San
+Tan
+Til
+To
+Tro
+Ul
+Wil
+Win
+#SUF
+a
+ba
+bo
+ca
+cho
+co
+digrim
+do
+elia
+fin
+fo
+ger
+gin
+go
+go
+ibald
+ibert
+igar
+igrim
+lia
+lo
+ly
+mo
+no
+o
+osa
+py
+ro
+sy
+ta
+to
+tolph
+ula
+ylla
+y
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Adal
+Amar
+Aspho
+Beri
+Celan
+Dino
+Dode
+Dodin
+Gorba
+Gorhen
+Gorma
+Han
+Ilbe
+Ma
+Mal
+Mar
+Marma
+Meli
+Men
+Mene
+Meri
+Rori
+Sa
+Sara
+Sere
+#SUF
+anth
+as
+das
+del
+dic
+dine
+doc
+drida
+gilda
+lac
+lot
+mac
+na
+ric
+tha
+va
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+am
+amon
+an
+ar
+ara
+barad
+baran
+bel
+beleg
+dol
+don
+dun
+el
+galad
+gil
+gon
+gul
+isen
+loth
+mene
+mor
+naz
+orod
+#SUF
+adan
+amroth
+cirith
+dor
+duin
+falas
+gard
+gorn
+groth
+gul
+ia
+ost
+rain
+riel
+rond
+roth
+ruin
+thyryr
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+An
+And
+Bow
+Cot
+Erl
+Gam
+Fast
+Half
+Halt
+Ham
+Hend
+Hob
+Hol
+Row
+Sam
+Tol
+Wil
+Wise
+#SUF
+an
+ar
+come
+fast
+fred
+gee
+ing
+man
+midge
+son
+red
+wich
+wise
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Az
+Balkh
+Bol
+Durba
+Ghash
+Lurg
+Luz
+Og
+Tarkh
+Urg
+Uruk
+Vol
+Yazh
+#SUF
+agal
+gar
+mog
+narb
+og
+rod
+ubal
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ad
+agar
+agaz
+amen
+an
+ar
+az
+barak
+baruk
+baraz
+bin
+bizar
+bizul
+bul
+buzar
+d
+erek
+en
+garak
+gor
+gog
+gorog
+gothol
+gil
+gilin
+guzib
+ibin
+ibiz
+in
+inil
+imik
+iz
+izil
+izuk
+kal
+kel
+kelek
+kek
+kezan
+kibil
+kinil
+kul
+kun
+khel
+kheled
+khelek
+khim
+khimil
+khuz
+khuzor
+laral
+laruk
+lil
+luz
+mab
+mazar
+min
+mor
+moran
+moril
+muzar
+nibin
+nog
+nukul
+ran
+riz
+ror
+thak
+thor
+thuk
+thuz
+undur
+uz
+zibin
+zikul
+zok
+zul
+#SUF
+an
+akar
+agul
+amen
+arakh
+bar
+dithil
+dul
+dum
+duruk
+genek
+gib
+githin
+gol
+gog
+gul
+guluth
+gundil
+gundag
+guzar
+guzun
+lib
+lizil
+lemen
+loth
+lomol
+mab
+marak
+mazal
+mor
+mormuk
+moreth
+moruk
+mud
+mur
+nazar
+nigin
+niz
+nizil
+nuz
+nuzum
+thag
+thagar
+thak
+thibil
+thidul
+thizar
+thin
+thrin
+thuk
+u
+ubil
+ulin
+uzar
+uzun
+zabin
+zad
+zadh
+za
+zakar
+zal
+zalak
+zaluth
+zam
+zan
+zanil
+zanik
+zaral
+zarak
+zarath
+zath
+zebin
+zebil
+zeg
+zek
+zekel
+zerek
+zibith
+zikil
+zith
+zizil
+zokh
+zu
+zukum
+zuzin
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Brandy
+Bridge
+Brocken
+Buck
+Buckle
+By
+Crick
+Deep
+East
+Frog
+Gam
+Green
+Hay
+Hobbit
+Little
+Long
+Lover
+New
+No
+North
+Over
+Pin
+Rush
+Rushock
+South
+Stand
+Tigh
+Took
+Tuck
+Under
+Way
+West
+Whit
+Willow
+Withy
+Wood
+Woody
+#SUF
+ bog
+borings
+borough
+bottle
+bottom
+bourn
+bury
+ cleeve
+cup
+ delving
+elf
+ end
+farthing
+field
+ ford
+furrows
+hall
+ hall
+hallow
+hill
+hollow
+holm
+land
+march
+moot
+morton
+send
+shire
+ton
+water
+wich
+windle
+wine
+y
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+Adal
+Adam
+Bando
+Bella
+Donna
+Eglan
+Esmer
+Estel
+Ever
+Ferdi
+Ferum
+Flam
+Fortin
+Fred
+Geron
+Hildi
+Isen
+Isem
+Isum
+Meri
+Mira
+Odov
+Pala
+Pere
+Pervin
+Pimper
+Regin
+Rosam
+Sara
+Sigis
+#SUF
+acar
+adoc
+and
+anta
+ard
+bard
+bella
+bold
+brand
+bras
+ca
+din
+doc
+donna
+egar
+fons
+gar
+gard
+grim
+grin
+la
+lard
+mira
+mond
+nand
+nel
+tine
+tius
+unda
+#END
--- /dev/null
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# makefile autogenerated by med
+# Sun Sep 4 16:48:38 1994
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CC = gcc
+
+CFLAGS = -O -DUNIX
+LINK = gcc
+
+TARGET = names
+
+OBJ = \
+ init.o\
+ keyb.o\
+ main.o\
+ names.o\
+ readdata.o
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+$(TARGET) : $(OBJ)
+ $(LINK) -o $(TARGET) $(OBJ) $(LIBS)
+
+init.o : init.c names.h
+
+keyb.o : keyb.c keyb.h
+
+main.o : main.c names.h
+
+names.o : names.c names.h keyb.h
+
+readdata.o : readdata.c names.h
+
+all :
+ main.o
+
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+clean:
+ rm *.o *.d
+
--- /dev/null
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h> /* strchr */
+#include "getopt.h"
+
+#define ERROR '?'
+#define FINISHED -1
+
+#define NIL 0
+#define SWI 1
+#define OPT 2
+#define ARG 3
+#define DONE 4
+
+int optind = 1;
+int opterr = 0;
+char *optarg = "";
+
+int getopt(int argc, char **argv, char *str)
+{
+ static int a=0; /* index into argv[optind] */
+ char *s; /* index into str */
+ static int opt=0; /* are we currently looking at an option? */
+ static int state=NIL; /* current state */
+
+ opterr=0;
+
+ /* are we done? */
+ if (optind >= argc) return FINISHED;
+
+ /* end of current arg? */
+ if (argv[optind][a]==0)
+ {
+ optind++; /* move on to next arg */
+ if (optind >= argc) return FINISHED; /* nothing more to do */
+ a=0;
+ state=NIL;
+ }
+
+ optarg = argv[optind]; /* give it a default value */
+
+ /* look for next option */
+ /* starting a new argument? */
+ if (a==0)
+ {
+ /* is it a switch? */
+ if (argv[optind][a]=='-' || argv[optind][a]=='/')
+ {
+ a++; /* next char */
+
+ /* if optarg is a single "-", finished */
+ if (argv[optind][a]==0)
+ {
+ optind++;
+ return FINISHED;
+ }
+ state = OPT; /* now processing an opt */
+ }
+ /* not switched, must be an arg */
+ else return FINISHED;
+ }
+ else /* not a new argument */
+ {
+ if (state != OPT) { printf("state!=OPT\n"); return '?'; }
+ }
+
+ /* find the opt */
+ s = strchr(str, argv[optind][a]);
+ if (s == 0)
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr,"unknown option '%c'\n", argv[optind][a]);
+ opterr=1;
+ return ERROR;
+ }
+ a++;
+
+ if (s[1]==':')
+ {
+ if (argv[optind][a]==':') /* allow -o:str */
+ a++;
+
+ if (argv[optind][a]==0) /* handle -o str */
+ {
+ optind++;
+ if (optind >= argc) /* oops, no optarg */
+ {
+ fprintf(stderr,"option '%c' requires an argument\n", *s);
+ opterr=1;
+ return ERROR;
+ }
+ a=0;
+ }
+
+ optarg = argv[optind]+a; /* no longer in arg */
+ optind++; /* advance to next arg */
+ a=0;
+ state = NIL; /* reset state */
+ return *s;
+ }
+ else return *s; /* got valid option */
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+#ifndef GETOPT_H
+#define GETOPT_H
+
+/* implements UNIX-style getopt
+
+ The example below shows typical usage. The third argument is a string of
+ option letters. If an option letter is followed by ':' it takes an
+ argument. Getopt returns the option letter if it finds one; if the option
+ specified is illegal, it prints an error message and returns '?'. When
+ no more options are found, it returns -1. Optind always points to the
+ next argument in the option list. For options which take an argument,
+ optarg points to the argument (see -c in the example).
+
+ An option of "-" (single dash) signifies the end of the option list, and
+ causes getopt to return -1. This is useful for specifying filenames
+ which start with a dash.
+
+ This version of getopt recognizes options which begin with '-', but also
+ recognizes '/' as an option switch (per NT usage). Options which don't
+ require an argument may be stacked on the command line. Valid options
+ using the example below:
+
+ myprogram -a -b
+ myprogram -ab
+ myprogram -c file1 -ac file2
+ myprogram -c:file
+
+ As shown in the example, this version of getopt allows a ':' to be placed
+ between the option letter and its argument.
+
+EXAMPLE:
+
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include "getopt.h"
+ main(int argc, char **argv)
+ {
+ int c;
+ while ((c=getopt(argc, argv, "abc:")) != -1) {
+ switch (c) {
+ case 'a': printf("got -a\n"); break;
+ case 'b': printf("got -b\n"); break;
+ case 'c': printf("got -c = %s\n", optarg); break;
+ case '?': printf(); exit(1);
+ }
+ }
+ for ( ; optind < argc; optind++)
+ process_file(argv[optind]);
+ }
+
+*/
+
+int getopt(int argc, char ** argv, char *opt);
+
+extern int optind; /* current argc index into arglist */
+extern char *optarg; /* argument string for options that take an argument */
+extern int opterr; /* set to 1 if error condition, 0 otherwise; */
+ /* useful for using '?' as an option */
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/* Names v2.01 Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+/* declare global vars */
+#define DECL_STATIC
+#include "names.h"
+
+void init()
+{
+ int i;
+
+ /* initialize all counters */
+ for (i=0; i<NONE; i++)
+ siz[i]=0;
+
+ /* randomize */
+ srand(time(0));
+
+ /* init output filename */
+ strcpy(outfile,OUTFILE);
+ isopen=0;
+ outfp=NULL;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Borrowed from chin.c v1.1, written by Davor Slamnig, 6/94 *
+ * Modified by Michael Harvey 8/94 *
+ * *
+ * Single character keyboard input on UNIX in three modes: *
+ * *
+ * wait - getchar() blocks until a character is read. *
+ * nowait - getchar() returns immediately, -1 is returned *
+ * if there are no characters in queue. *
+ * timeout - getchar() blocks until a character is read, *
+ * or a specified time limit is exceeded. *
+ * *
+ * vidsetup(1, 0); /* wait * / *
+ * vidsetup(0, 0); /* nowait * / *
+ * vidsetup(0, V_TIMEOUT); /* timeout * / *
+ * *
+ * vidsave(); /* save terminal * / *
+ * vidreset(); /* restore normal settings * / *
+ * *
+ * kb_init(); /* init kb mode * / *
+ * kb_done(); /* reset kb mode * / *
+ * kb_shell(); /* shell mode * / *
+ * *
+ * kb_wait(); /* wait mode * / *
+ * kb_nowait(); /* nowait mode * / *
+ * kb_timeout(); /* timeout mode * / *
+ * *
+ * See termio(7) *
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <termio.h>
+#include "keyb.h"
+
+#define V_TIMEOUT 10 /* 1 second */
+
+struct termio Savevid;
+
+void vid_save(vmin, vtime)
+{
+ if(ioctl(0, TCGETA, &Savevid) == -1)
+ {
+ perror("vidsave failed");
+ return;
+ }
+}
+
+void vid_setup(vmin, vtime)
+int vmin, vtime;
+{
+ static struct termio newvid; /* must be static or global */
+
+ if(ioctl(0, TCGETA, &newvid) == -1)
+ {
+ perror("TCGETA failed");
+ return;
+ }
+
+ newvid.c_lflag = (newvid.c_lflag & ~ICANON & ~ECHO);
+ newvid.c_cc[VMIN] = vmin;
+ newvid.c_cc[VTIME] = vtime;
+
+ if(ioctl(0, TCSETA, &newvid) == -1)
+ {
+ perror("vidsetup failed");
+ return;
+ }
+}
+
+void vid_reset()
+{
+ if(ioctl(0, TCSETA, &Savevid) == -1)
+ {
+ perror("vidreset failed");
+ return;
+ }
+}
+
+void vid_wait()
+{
+ /* wait mode - getchar() blocks until a character is read. */
+
+ vid_setup(1, 0);
+}
+
+void vid_nowait()
+{
+ /* nowait mode - getchar() returns immediately, -1 is returned. */
+ /* if there are no characters in queue. */
+
+ vid_setup(0, 0);
+}
+
+void vid_timeout()
+{
+ /* timeout mode - getchar() blocks until a character is read, */
+ /* or a specified time limit is exceeded. */
+
+ vid_setup(0, V_TIMEOUT);
+}
+
+void kb_init() { vid_save(0,0); }
+void kb_done() { vid_reset(); }
+void kb_shell() { vid_reset(); }
+void kb_wait() { vid_wait(); }
+void kb_nowait() { vid_nowait(); }
+void kb_timeout() { vid_timeout(); }
+
--- /dev/null
+/* keyb.h */
+
+void kb_init();
+void kb_done();
+void kb_shell();
+void kb_wait();
+void kb_nowait();
+void kb_timeout();
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Names v2.01 Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef MSDOS
+#include "getopt.h"
+#else
+#include <getopt.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "names.h"
+
+void init(void);
+void names(void);
+
+void version(void)
+{
+ printf("Names version %s\n",VERSION);
+ puts(COPYRIGHT);
+ puts("Permission granted for unrestricted noncommercial use.");
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv)
+{
+ FILE *f;
+ int c,i,ok=0;
+ int err=0, use=0;
+ char path[200],*p,*s;
+
+ ansi=1;
+ caps=1;
+ cvt=0;
+ debug=0;
+ forever=0;
+ plurs=1;
+ simple=0;
+
+ init();
+
+ while ((c = getopt(argc,argv,"acCdDf:Fhlpsv")) != -1)
+ {
+ switch(c)
+ {
+ case 'a':
+ ansi=0;
+ break;
+ case 'c':
+ caps=0;
+ break;
+ case 'C':
+ caps=2;
+ break;
+ case 'd':
+ debug++;
+ ansi=0;
+ break;
+ case 'D':
+ debug=99;
+ ansi=0;
+ break;
+ case 'f':
+ strcpy(outfile,optarg);
+ break;
+ case 'F':
+ forever=1;
+ break;
+ case 'h':
+ use++;
+ break;
+ case 'l':
+ cvt=1;
+ break;
+ case 'p':
+ plurs=0;
+ break;
+ case 's':
+ simple=1;
+ break;
+ case 'v':
+ version();
+ return 0;
+ default:
+ err++;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (use || err)
+ {
+ printf("usage: %s [-acCdFhlpsv] [-f outfile] [infile...]\n", argv[0]);
+ puts(" -a suppress ansi control codes");
+ puts(" -c suppress capitalization");
+ puts(" -C force capitalization");
+ puts(" (default is selective capitalization)");
+ puts(" -d debug (-D full debug)");
+ printf(" -f file specify output file, default \"%s\"\n",OUTFILE);
+ puts(" -F forever (default when reading from pipe)");
+ puts(" -h help");
+ puts(" -l convert all data to lowercase");
+ puts(" -p suppress pluralization");
+ puts(" -s simple output");
+ puts(" -v version info");
+ return err;
+ }
+
+ /* read data files */
+ if (optind==argc)
+ {
+ dprint("Reading from stdin:\n");
+ readdata(stdin);
+ forever=1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ p = getenv("ELE_DIR");
+ if (p && *p) {
+ for (s=p; *s; s++) ;
+ --s;
+ }
+
+ while (optind < argc)
+ {
+ dprint("READING [%d] '%s'\n",optind,argv[optind]);
+
+ strcpy(path,argv[optind]);
+ if ((f = fopen(path,"r")) != NULL) goto okay;
+
+ strcat(path,".ele");
+ if ((f = fopen(path,"r")) != NULL) goto okay;
+
+ if (!p) goto error;
+ strcpy(path,p);
+ if (*s != '/') strcat(path,"/");
+ strcat(path,argv[optind]);
+ if ((f = fopen(path,"r")) != NULL) goto okay;
+
+ strcat(path,".ele");
+ f = fopen(path,"r");
+
+okay:
+ if (f)
+ {
+ readdata(f);
+ fclose(f);
+ }
+ else
+error: fprintf(stderr,"Unable to read %s\n",path);
+ optind++;
+ }
+ }
+
+ dprint5("DICTIONARY:\n");
+ for (c=0; c<NONE; c++)
+ {
+ if (siz[c]) ok=1;
+
+ dprint5("[%d] %d\n",c,siz[c]);
+ for (i=0; i<siz[c]; i++)
+ {
+ dprint5(" data[%2d][%d]=\"%s\"\n", c,i,data[c][i]);
+ if (strlen(data[c][i])==0)
+ dprint("---------> data[%2d][%d]=\"%s\"\n",
+ c,i,data[c][i]);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (ok) names();
+ return 0;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# makefile autogenerated by med
+# Sun Sep 4 16:48:38 1994
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CC = bcc
+O = obj
+
+DOSO = getopt.$(O)
+UNXO = keyb.$(O)
+DOSD = -DMSDOS -DTURBOC
+UNXD = -DUNIX
+
+MODULES = $(DOSO)
+DEFINES = $(DOSD)
+
+CFLAGS = -O $(DEFINES)
+LINK = bcc
+
+TARGET = -enames.exe
+
+OBJ = $(MODULES)\
+ init.$(O)\
+ main.$(O)\
+ names.$(O)\
+ readdata.$(O)
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+$(TARGET) : $(OBJ)
+ $(LINK) $(TARGET) $(OBJ) $(LIBS)
+
+init.$(O) : init.c names.h
+
+keyb.$(O) : keyb.c keyb.h
+
+main.$(O) : main.c names.h
+
+names.$(O) : names.c names.h keyb.h
+
+readdata.$(O) : readdata.c names.h
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+clean:
+ rm *.o *.d
+
--- /dev/null
+TARGET:names
+init.c
+keyb.c
+keyb.h
+main.c
+makefile
+names.c
+names.h
+readdata.c
--- /dev/null
+/* Names v2.01 Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "names.h"
+#include "keyb.h"
+
+void clear(void);
+void version(void);
+void gen(void);
+void display(void);
+void helpscr(void);
+
+#ifndef TRUE
+#define TRUE 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FALSE
+#define FALSE 0
+#endif
+
+#define LINES 20
+#define COLUMNS 2
+#define BUFLEN 40
+
+#define SAVED ' '
+#define ready() move(21,1)
+
+#ifdef UNIX
+#define getkey() getchar()
+#endif
+
+#ifdef TURBOC
+#include <conio.h>
+#define getkey() getch()
+#define kb_init() /**/
+#define kb_wait() /**/
+#define kb_done() /**/
+
+#define clear() clrscr()
+#define move(y,x) gotoxy(x,y)
+#endif
+
+enum { O_PS, O_PMS, O_N, O_X, O_NA, O_XA, O_NX };
+
+char scr[LINES][COLUMNS][BUFLEN];
+int saved[LINES][COLUMNS];
+
+char buf1[80];
+char buf2[80];
+
+#ifndef TURBOC
+void clear()
+{
+ if (ansi) printf("\033c");
+ else putchar('\n');
+}
+
+void move(int y, int x)
+{
+ if (ansi) printf("\033[%d;%df",y,x);
+}
+#endif
+
+void helpscr()
+{
+ clear();
+ version();
+ puts("\nPress SPACE to generate a screenful of names.");
+ puts("Individual names can be saved to the output file by pressing");
+ puts("the appropriate key. ENTER quits the program.");
+ puts("\nOther commands:\n");
+ puts(" ! invoke a shell");
+ puts(" ? this help screen");
+ getkey();
+}
+
+char * cap(char *buf) /* capitalize one word */
+{
+ char *p;
+ if (caps==1)
+ {
+ dprint2("cap(%s)",buf);
+ p=buf;
+ while (*p==' ') p++;
+
+ if (*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z')
+ *p -= ('a' - 'A');
+ dprint2("=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+ }
+ if (strlen(buf)==0) dprint("==========> cap() buf=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+ return buf;
+}
+
+void cap2(char *buf) /* capitalize everything in buffer */
+{
+ char *p;
+ int newword=1;
+
+ for (p=buf; *p; p++)
+ {
+ if (*p==' ')
+ newword=1;
+ else if (newword) /* capitalize */
+ {
+ if (*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'z')
+ *p -= ('a' - 'A');
+ newword=0;
+ }
+ /* else ignore */
+ }
+}
+
+char * plur(char *buf)
+{
+ char *p;
+
+ if (!plurs) return buf;
+ dprint2("plur(%s)",buf);
+
+ for (p=buf; *p; p++) ; /* find end of string */
+ p--; /* find last char */
+
+ if (*p=='a' || *p=='e' || *p=='i' || *p=='o' || *p=='u') {
+ strcat(buf,"s");
+ } else if (*p=='y') {
+ p--;
+ if (*p=='a' || *p=='e' || *p=='i' || *p=='o' || *p=='u') {
+ strcat(buf,"s");
+ } else {
+ p++;
+ *p=0;
+ strcat(buf,"ies");
+ }
+ } else if (*p=='s') {
+ p--;
+ if (*p=='s') strcat(buf,"es");
+ } else if (*p=='h') {
+ p--;
+ if (*p=='t' || *p=='s' || *p=='c' || *p=='r' || *p=='z')
+ strcat(buf,"es");
+ else strcat(buf,"s");
+ }else if (*p=='f') {
+ p-=2;
+
+ if (strncmp(p,"aff",3)==0)
+ strcpy(p,"aves");
+ else if (strncmp(p,"arf",3)==0)
+ strcpy(p,"arves"); /* or "arrows" */
+ else if (strncmp(p,"elf",3)==0)
+ strcpy(p,"elves");
+ } else if (*p!='c' && *p!='j' && *p!='v' && *p!='x' && *p!='z')
+ strcat(buf,"s");
+
+ dprint2("=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+ if (strlen(buf)==0) dprint("==========> plur() buf=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+ return buf;
+}
+
+int rnd(int n)
+{
+ if (n<=0)
+ {
+ dprint("error: rnd(0)\n");
+ return 0;
+ }
+ return (rand() % n);
+}
+
+char * my_select(int n)
+{
+ int i;
+ char *p;
+
+ if (n>=NONE) dprint("error: n==NONE\n");
+
+ i = rnd(siz[n]);
+
+ if (i<0 || i>=siz[n])
+ {
+ dprint("error: i==%d siz[%d]==%d\n",i,siz[n],n);
+ i=0;
+ }
+ p = data[n][i];
+
+ if (strlen(p)==0)
+ {
+ dprint("###### data[%2d][%d] = \"%s\"\n",n,i,p);
+ }
+
+ if (p==NULL)
+ {
+ dprint("error: data[%d][%d]==NULL\n",n,i);
+ p="ERR";
+ }
+ dprint1("my_select(%d): data[%d][%d]='%s'\n",n,n,i,p);
+ return p;
+}
+
+char * number(char *buf, char *n1)
+{
+ switch(rnd(16))
+ {
+ case 0: sprintf(buf,"No %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 1: sprintf(buf,"One %s",n1); break;
+ case 2: sprintf(buf,"Two %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 3: sprintf(buf,"Three %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 4: sprintf(buf,"Four %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 5: sprintf(buf,"Five %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 6: sprintf(buf,"Six %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 7: sprintf(buf,"Seven %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 8: sprintf(buf,"Eight %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 9: sprintf(buf,"Nine %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 10: sprintf(buf,"Ten %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 11: sprintf(buf,"Eleven %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 12: sprintf(buf,"Twelve %s",plur(n1)); break;
+
+ case 13: sprintf(buf,"Hundred %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ case 14: sprintf(buf,"Lone %s",n1); break;
+ case 15: sprintf(buf,"Many %s",plur(n1)); break;
+ }
+ if (strlen(buf)==0) dprint("==========> number() buf=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+ return buf;
+}
+
+void type1(char *buf, char *n1, char *n2) /* noun / noun */
+{
+ char *fmt;
+ int i;
+
+ if (simple) i = 0;
+ else i = rnd(5);
+
+ switch(i)
+ {
+ case 0: sprintf(buf,"%s%s",cap(n1),n2);
+ dprint2("(nn)");
+ break;
+ case 1: sprintf(buf,"%s and %s",cap(n1), cap(n2));
+ switch (rnd(2)) {
+ case 0: strcat(buf," Inn"); break;
+ case 1: strcat(buf," Tavern"); break;
+ }
+ dprint2("(n and n x)");
+ break;
+ case 2: if (rnd(2)) {
+ sprintf(buf,"%s of %s",plur(cap(n1)),cap(n2));
+ dprint2("(ns of n)");
+ } else {
+ sprintf(buf,"%s of %s",cap(n1),plur(cap(n2)));
+ dprint2("(n of ns)");
+ } break;
+ case 3: switch(rnd(3)) {
+ case 0:
+ sprintf(buf,"%s of the %s",cap(n1),plur(cap(n2)));
+ dprint2("(n of the ns)");
+ break;
+ case 1:
+ sprintf(buf,"%s of the %s",plur(cap(n1)),cap(n2));
+ dprint2("(ns of the n)");
+ break;
+ case 2: sprintf(buf,"%s of the %s",plur(cap(n1)),plur(cap(n2)));
+ dprint2("(ns of the ns)");
+ break;
+ } break;
+ case 4: number(buf,cap(n1));
+ switch(rnd(5)) {
+ case 2: strcat(buf," Inn"); break;
+ case 3: strcat(buf," Harbor"); break;
+ case 4: strcat(buf," Tower"); break;
+ }
+ dprint2("(# ns [x])");
+ break;
+ }
+ if (strlen(buf)==0) dprint("==========> type1() buf=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+}
+
+void type2(char *buf, char *n, char *a) /* noun / adj */
+{
+ char *fmt;
+ int i;
+ char tmp[80];
+
+ if (simple) i = rnd(2);
+ else i = rnd(4);
+
+ switch(i)
+ {
+ case 0: sprintf(buf,"%s%s",a,n);
+ dprint2("(na)");
+ cap(buf);
+ break;
+ case 1: sprintf(buf,"%s %s",a,n);
+ dprint2("(n a)");
+ cap(buf);
+ break;
+ case 2: sprintf(buf,"%s %s",cap(a),cap(n));
+ dprint2("(n a [x])");
+ #ifdef NEVER
+ switch (rnd(6)) {
+ /* 0,1,2 leave as is */
+ case 3: strcat(buf," Inn"); break;
+ case 4: strcat(buf," Town"); break;
+ case 5: strcat(buf," Tower"); break;
+ }
+ #endif
+ break;
+ case 3: sprintf(tmp,"%s %s",cap(a), cap(n));
+ number(buf,tmp);
+ dprint2("(# a ns)");
+ break;
+ }
+ if (strlen(buf)==0) dprint("==========> type2() buf=\"%s\"\n",buf);
+}
+
+
+void newname(char *buf)
+{
+ int option[10], opt;
+ int numopt=0;
+ char *noun, *adj;
+
+ if (siz[PRE] && siz[SUF]) option[numopt++]=O_PS;
+ if (siz[PRE] && siz[MID] && siz[SUF]) option[numopt++]=O_PMS;
+ if (siz[NOUN]) option[numopt++]=O_N;
+ if (siz[NADJ]) option[numopt++]=O_X;
+ if (siz[NOUN] && siz[ADJ]) option[numopt++]=O_NA;
+ if (siz[NOUN] && siz[NADJ]) option[numopt++]=O_NX;
+ if (siz[NADJ] && siz[ADJ]) option[numopt++]=O_XA;
+
+ if(debug) for (opt=0; opt<numopt; opt++)
+ dprint3("%c", "PMNX123"[option[opt]]);
+
+ opt = option[rnd(numopt)];
+ dprint3(" -> %c ","PMNX123"[opt]);
+
+ switch(opt)
+ {
+ case O_PMS:
+ dprint3("M");
+ case O_PS:
+ dprint3("PS ");
+ strcpy(buf,my_select(PRE));
+ if (opt==O_PMS) strcat(buf,my_select(MID));
+ strcat(buf,my_select(SUF));
+ cap(buf);
+ break;
+
+ case O_N:
+ dprint3("N ");
+ strcpy(buf1,my_select(NOUN));
+ strcpy(buf2,my_select(NOUN));
+ type1(buf,buf1,buf2);
+ break;
+
+ case O_X:
+ dprint3("X ");
+ strcpy(buf1,my_select(NADJ));
+ strcpy(buf2,my_select(NADJ));
+ type1(buf,buf1,buf2);
+ break;
+
+ case O_NA:
+ dprint3("NA ");
+ strcpy(buf1,my_select(NOUN));
+ strcpy(buf2,my_select(ADJ));
+ type2(buf,buf1,buf2);
+ break;
+
+ case O_XA:
+ dprint3("XA ");
+ strcpy(buf1,my_select(NOUN));
+ if (rnd(2))
+ strcpy(buf2,my_select(ADJ));
+ else strcpy(buf2,my_select(NADJ));
+ type2(buf,buf1,buf2);
+ break;
+
+ case O_NX:
+ dprint3("NX ");
+ if (rnd(2))
+ strcpy(buf1,my_select(NOUN));
+ else strcpy(buf1,my_select(NADJ));
+ strcpy(buf2,my_select(ADJ));
+ type2(buf,buf1,buf2);
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ dprint3("? ");
+ strcpy(buf,"[err]");
+ break;
+ }
+ if (caps==2)
+ {
+ cap2(buf);
+ }
+}
+
+void gen()
+{
+ int lin,col;
+
+ for (lin=0; lin<LINES; lin++)
+ for (col=0; col<COLUMNS; col++)
+ {
+ dprint1("gen: [%2d][%d]\n",lin,col);
+ newname(scr[lin][col]);
+ dprint1(" = \"%s\"\n",scr[lin][col]);
+ saved[lin][col]=0;
+ }
+}
+
+void display()
+{
+ int lin;
+ static char tmp[200],*p;
+
+ clear();
+ for (lin=0; lin<LINES; lin++)
+ {
+ if (ansi)
+ {
+ /* this should be a tad faster on slow terminals */
+ move(lin+1,1);
+ printf("(%c) %s",
+ (saved[lin][0]?SAVED:lin+'a'), scr[lin][0]);
+
+ move(lin+1,41);
+ printf("(%c) %s",
+ (saved[lin][1]?SAVED:lin+'A'), scr[lin][1]);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ printf("(%c) %-35s (%c) %-35s\n",
+ (saved[lin][0]?SAVED:lin+'a'), scr[lin][0],
+ (saved[lin][1]?SAVED:lin+'A'), scr[lin][1]);
+ }
+
+ if (debug>3)
+ {
+ sprintf(tmp,"(%c) %-35s (%c) %-35s\n",
+ (saved[lin][0]?SAVED:lin+'a'), scr[lin][0],
+ (saved[lin][1]?SAVED:lin+'A'), scr[lin][1]);
+
+ p=tmp;
+
+ while (*p)
+ {
+ if (*p=='\n') putchar('\n');
+ else if (*p<' ') switch(*p)
+ {
+ case '\a': printf("\\a"); break;
+ case '\b': printf("\\b"); break;
+ case '\f': printf("\\f"); break;
+ case '\r': printf("\\r"); break;
+ case '\t': printf("\\t"); break;
+ case '\v': printf("\\v"); break;
+ default: printf("[%d]",*p); break;
+ }
+ else putchar(*p);
+ p++;
+ }
+ } /* debug */
+ }
+ move(LINES+2,1); printf("(SPACE) more (ENTER) quit (?) help\n");
+ ready();
+}
+
+void savename(int row, int col)
+{
+ if (saved[row][col]) return;
+ if (row<0 || col<0 || row>=LINES || col>=COLUMNS)
+ {
+ putchar(7); /* beep */
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* open output file if it isn't already open */
+ if (!isopen)
+ {
+ outfp = fopen(outfile,"a"); /* append */
+ if (outfp)
+ isopen=1;
+ }
+
+ /* if its open, write the name */
+ if (isopen)
+ {
+ fprintf(outfp,"%s\n",scr[row][col]);
+ saved[row][col] = 1; /* remember we saved this one */
+ move(row+1,(col*40)+2);
+ putchar(SAVED);
+ ready();
+ }
+}
+
+void names()
+{
+ int c;
+ int done=FALSE;
+
+ if (forever)
+ {
+ for(;;)
+ {
+ newname(scr[0][0]);
+ puts(scr[0][0]);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ kb_init();
+ kb_wait();
+
+ gen();
+ display();
+
+ do
+ {
+ c = getkey();
+ switch(c)
+ {
+ case ' ':
+ gen();
+ display();
+ break;
+ case '?':
+ helpscr();
+ display();
+ break;
+ case '!':
+ system("/bin/csh");
+ break;
+ case '\r':
+ case '\n':
+ done=TRUE;
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ if (c>='a' && c<=('a'+19))
+ {
+ savename(c-'a', 0);
+ }
+ else if (c>='A' && c<=('A'+19))
+ {
+ savename(c-'A', 1);
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ while (!done);
+
+ move(LINES+3,1);
+ if (isopen) fclose(outfp);
+ kb_done();
+ }
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+#ifndef NAME_H
+/* Names v2.01 Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define VERSION "2.01"
+#define COPYRIGHT "Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey"
+#define OUTFILE "names.out"
+
+#ifdef DECL_STATIC
+#define EXTERN /* */
+#else
+#define EXTERN extern
+#endif
+
+enum { PRE, MID, SUF, NOUN, NADJ, ADJ, NONE };
+
+/* array sizes */
+#define DATASIZ 2000
+
+/* global variables */
+EXTERN char * data[6][DATASIZ]; /* data arrays */
+EXTERN int siz[6]; /* array sizes */
+EXTERN char outfile[128]; /* output file */
+EXTERN int isopen; /* is the output file open? */
+EXTERN FILE * outfp; /* output file ptr */
+EXTERN int ansi,caps,cvt,debug,plurs,simple; /* flags */
+EXTERN int forever;
+
+/* declarations */
+void init();
+void readdata(FILE *);
+void name();
+void version();
+
+#define dprint if(debug) printf
+#define dprint1 if(debug>1)printf
+#define dprint2 if(debug>2)printf
+#define dprint3 if(debug>3)printf
+#define dprint4 if(debug>4)printf
+#define dprint5 if(debug>5)printf
+#define dprint6 if(debug>6)printf
+#define dprint7 if(debug>7)printf
+#define dprint8 if(debug>8)printf
+
+#define NAME_H
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+Alfonel
+Ammian
+Amriloura
+Ankore
+Askurl
+Aultern
+Avlessa
+Avtanara
+Awelyr
+Camier
+Canlesse
+Embarn
+Eredoon
+Ghrul
+Haltain
+Havorulan
+Jaranyr
+Kadice
+Kanelyr
+Kardesh
+Kulthya
+Legray
+Maloren
+Morenay
+Ochaven
+Omrys
+Opylan
+Ordanth
+Orrilon
+Porrey
+Sanduun
+Shandroy
+Shawliaff
+Sinlar
+Skullian
+Sparissa
+Theminoch
+Trucevon
+Yenezar
+Ypey
--- /dev/null
+#PRE
+ab
+aban
+abant
+adn
+ach
+ael
+aeld
+aelt
+aen
+aend
+aer
+aerd
+aerm
+aerth
+aes
+aesk
+aest
+aew
+aff
+aich
+aim
+air
+al
+alf
+alm
+almir
+alp
+alth
+am
+amal
+amar
+amb
+amf
+amh
+amm
+amn
+amp
+amr
+amril
+ams
+amth
+amv
+an
+and
+ank
+ant
+anz
+ap
+apc
+apm
+aps
+apth
+ar
+arel
+arh
+arin
+arl
+arld
+ark
+arm
+armc
+armt
+arn
+arnd
+aron
+arth
+arv
+arw
+as
+asc
+ash
+ask
+asm
+ath
+aud
+aul
+aulc
+aulm
+auln
+ault
+aur
+av
+avaj
+avajd
+avajt
+avat
+avb
+avd
+aven
+avenb
+avsh
+avt
+aw
+b
+bad
+baav
+bal
+bald
+balg
+balm
+balog
+balth
+bar
+bard
+barf
+barg
+barl
+bart
+bartus
+bav
+bavol
+baym
+beam
+bear
+beer
+beg
+bel
+belar
+belc
+beld
+belf
+belg
+belj
+belm
+beln
+bels
+belt
+ber
+bern
+bes
+besid
+bew
+blan
+bland
+blar
+blarn
+blog
+bog
+bogn
+bol
+bolg
+bor
+borb
+borbin
+bord
+borg
+boror
+bororg
+boryn
+bran
+brant
+brel
+bren
+brod
+brog
+bros
+bryk
+bul
+bular
+bun
+bw
+byn
+byr
+byrn
+byrnh
+byt
+c
+cabm
+cadn
+cagh
+caef
+caeh
+cael
+caem
+caer
+caes
+caeth
+caew
+caf
+cah
+caigh
+cain
+cair
+cairh
+caith
+caiv
+cal
+calan
+calar
+calk
+calm
+cals
+calt
+cam
+camb
+camh
+camp
+can
+cand
+cant
+cap
+car
+card
+carf
+carg
+carh
+carl
+carn
+carm
+cars
+carv
+carw
+cas
+casc
+cask
+cast
+cat
+cath
+cav
+caw
+cef
+ceg
+cel
+celb
+celd
+celeg
+celn
+celow
+celt
+cer
+cern
+cew
+chal
+chald
+chan
+chang
+char
+chat
+chiim
+chul
+chum
+chumen
+chur
+churk
+cif
+cih
+cil
+cild
+cilm
+cim
+cin
+cir
+cith
+clar
+clas
+claw
+clen
+cler
+clew
+clif
+clor
+clorh
+clun
+cod
+con
+conan
+conal
+cond
+cor
+coris
+cors
+corh
+cow
+cral
+cralm
+crem
+crim
+crimb
+cris
+crog
+crot
+crul
+crun
+cryn
+cul
+culor
+culorg
+cus
+cush
+cusp
+cyr
+cyron
+cwal
+cwar
+d
+dach
+dakoth
+dan
+dank
+danris
+daor
+daorg
+dar
+dek
+dekdar
+desh
+deshk
+dev
+devash
+devn
+devon
+dith
+dog
+dogen
+dol
+dolan
+doln
+don
+dond
+dor
+dox
+draj
+drav
+dravd
+dravj
+drash
+drashv
+dren
+drul
+drun
+dur
+durak
+duran
+durf
+durin
+durk
+durn
+durof
+dys
+dyst
+eal
+ealw
+eam
+eamb
+ear
+earw
+eas
+east
+eath
+ecg
+eb
+ebm
+ebon
+ef
+eg
+egm
+eh
+eid
+eidol
+eis
+eiss
+el
+elar
+elf
+elfos
+elg
+ellis
+elm
+em
+emb
+emn
+emp
+empus
+en
+enb
+enbar
+eog
+er
+erab
+ered
+ereth
+eron
+erul
+erus
+es
+esc
+esd
+esf
+esg
+esj
+esk
+esm
+esn
+esp
+ess
+essem
+est
+esw
+eth
+ethar
+ew
+ex
+exp
+ez
+ezar
+f
+fag
+fair
+fairn
+fal
+falak
+falg
+falsh
+fam
+famb
+far
+faron
+fasc
+fask
+fasp
+fast
+fel
+feld
+felog
+felyw
+fen
+fend
+fenw
+fest
+few
+fey
+feyan
+ff
+ffaf
+ffal
+ffan
+ffar
+ffil
+ffim
+ffew
+fil
+fin
+fines
+fir
+fisc
+fish
+fisht
+fisk
+fism
+fist
+flam
+flamb
+flar
+flax
+flin
+flos
+fol
+folen
+fom
+fomen
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+liar
+liare
+lias
+liath
+liaw
+lice
+lich
+lick
+lid
+liffe
+ligh
+lik
+lil
+lille
+lilok
+lim
+limb
+lin
+lind
+lion
+liond
+lior
+liose
+lioth
+lisa
+liss
+lok
+lon
+lonian
+lorgh
+lorgor
+lorus
+loss
+loto
+lour
+loura
+ly
+lya
+lyn
+lyo
+lyr
+lywan
+o
+oa
+oc
+och
+ock
+od
+oder
+odh
+odin
+odur
+oe
+ofay
+off
+offe
+og
+ogan
+ogard
+ogel
+ogen
+ogh
+ogli
+ogyr
+ohel
+ohman
+oisha
+ok
+oki
+ol
+ola
+olan
+olani
+old
+olde
+oldin
+olen
+olle
+ollor
+ollyn
+olon
+oltar
+olth
+om
+omar
+omas
+omath
+omin
+omm
+on
+onam
+once
+ond
+ondi
+one
+onel
+onen
+onian
+onle
+only
+onse
+onth
+ood
+oon
+oor
+oosh
+ooth
+or
+orak
+oran
+oranyr
+orb
+ord
+ordan
+ordon
+ordyn
+ore
+oreg
+orel
+oren
+org
+orga
+orgash
+orge
+orgen
+orgor
+orhe
+orhan
+ori
+origh
+orla
+orley
+orliss
+orn
+ornal
+ornel
+orot
+orrin
+ors
+orus
+orvan
+oryn
+os
+ose
+osh
+osia
+osk
+osmyr
+osque
+oss
+osse
+ost
+osten
+osyl
+oth
+othal
+othe
+other
+otil
+oto
+ottr
+our
+oura
+ove
+owe
+owyn
+ox
+oxle
+oxley
+oy
+ozh
+ozhann
+ra
+raax
+rabon
+rae
+rael
+raeld
+raele
+rag
+ragh
+rack
+ralg
+rama
+ramai
+ramon
+ran
+range
+rant
+rante
+ranth
+ranyr
+ras
+rasp
+ray
+rayn
+razi
+re
+reck
+reg
+rekan
+reme
+remer
+ren
+rene
+renol
+reo
+reor
+resh
+resha
+reshan
+rey
+reyn
+ri
+ria
+ric
+rid
+ridan
+rik
+rill
+rillar
+ril
+rilon
+rim
+rimm
+rin
+rinai
+rine
+rineth
+rinn
+rinor
+rion
+ris
+risar
+rise
+rist
+riston
+rod
+roder
+roff
+rofay
+roff
+rog
+rogan
+rogli
+rohman
+roki
+rol
+rold
+rolf
+ron
+rond
+rondi
+rone
+rorg
+rorgor
+rosia
+rot
+rotil
+roy
+rul
+rule
+ruld
+rum
+run
+rune
+rund
+runt
+rus
+rush
+rust
+ryk
+ryn
+rynne
+rynoth
+rys
+sule
+sulini
+u
+uar
+uaric
+uau
+uber
+ue
+uecha
+ugal
+ugir
+ugyr
+uin
+ukyn
+ul
+ulan
+ulana
+uld
+uldir
+ulem
+ulf
+ulfea
+ulfean
+ulfen
+ulli
+ulo
+ulth
+ulthea
+ulthon
+ulya
+um
+uma
+umarr
+ume
+umen
+und
+under
+une
+unir
+uor
+ur
+ura
+urak
+ural
+uralg
+urbak
+ure
+urd
+urk
+url
+urlik
+uroff
+us
+usa
+usarr
+use
+usel
+ush
+usk
+uskan
+uss
+ust
+ut
+utas
+uth
+utha
+uun
+uwan
+uwe
+ux
+uxtan
+y
+ya
+yd
+ydek
+ydon
+ye
+yes
+yft
+yftan
+yk
+ykel
+yl
+yla
+ylan
+yland
+ylandra
+ylia
+ylian
+ylon
+ym
+ymon
+yn
+yna
+ynac
+yne
+ynla
+ynlas
+ynne
+ynoth
+yo
+yr
+yri
+yrne
+yrone
+yrpar
+ys
+ysa
+ysan
+yse
+ysek
+ysk
+ysma
+ysman
+yste
+ysten
+ytor
+yva
+ywa
+ywan
+#END
--- /dev/null
+/* Names v2.01 Copyright 1995 by Michael Harvey */
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include "names.h"
+
+#define BUF 256
+char buf[BUF];
+
+#ifdef TURBOC
+#define strncasecmp(d,s,n) strnicmp(d,s,n)
+#endif
+
+char * label[6] =
+{
+ "PRE","MID","SUF","NOUN","NADJ","ADJ"
+};
+
+char * strlwr(char *buf)
+/* "string-lower": convert string to lower case */
+{
+ char *p;
+
+ for (p=buf; *p; p++)
+ if (*p>='A' && *p<='Z')
+ *p += ('a'-'A');
+
+ return buf;
+}
+
+int findmode(char * buf)
+{
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<NONE; i++)
+ {
+ if (strncasecmp(buf,label[i],strlen(label[i])) == 0)
+ return i;
+ }
+ dprint1("* findmode: unknown directive \"#%s\"\n",buf);
+ return NONE;
+}
+
+void addelem(int mode, char * buf)
+{
+ char *p;
+
+ if (mode<0 || mode>=NONE)
+ {
+ dprint("* addelem: bad mode (%d)\n",mode);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (siz[mode] < DATASIZ)
+ {
+ dprint3(" addelem(%s)\n",buf);
+ p = strdup(buf);
+ if (p==NULL)
+ {
+ dprint("* addelem: strdup() failed\n");
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ data[mode][siz[mode]] = p;
+ siz[mode]++;
+ }
+ }
+ else dprint("* addelem: array full\n");
+}
+
+void readdata(FILE *inFile)
+{
+ char *p;
+
+ int mode = NONE;
+
+ if (inFile)
+ {
+ while (fgets(buf, BUF, inFile) != NULL)
+ {
+ dprint3(" readdata: \"%s\"",buf);
+
+ if (cvt) strlwr(buf);
+
+ /* find end of string */
+ for(p=buf; *p; p++) ;
+
+ /* p now points to '\0' */
+ /* find last character */
+ --p;
+ while (p>buf && isspace(*p))
+ --p;
+ /* now we're on the last character */
+ if (!isspace(*p)) p++;
+ *p='\0';
+
+ *p=0;
+
+ if (*buf == '#')
+ mode = findmode(buf+1);
+ else
+ addelem(mode,buf);
+ }
+ }
+ else { dprint("Null FILE pointer in readdata()"); }
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+ Made-up names, especially those found in literature and roleplaying\r
+games, often sound silly, out of place, or not-quite right. To be\r
+honest, it can be difficult thinking up creative names that sound right.\r
+Names is a program which can generate hundreds of names based on the\r
+input you feed it. Because it combines "elements" from data files\r
+to form names, it is possible to generate very high quality output.\r
+Further, it is possible to create data files which provide a "feel"\r
+for a particular language or culture -- real or imaginary. This enables\r
+the writer or game designer to genarate lists of names for each fantasy\r
+culture, which all have a certain sound and seem to belong together.\r
+\r
+ This document has various suggestions on how to create element files,\r
+as well as how to generate good quality names.\r
+\r
+NAMES ELEMENTS\r
+\r
+ There are several types of name elements:\r
+ \r
+ PREFIX (PRE)\r
+ \r
+ Parts that begin a word. Example:\r
+ "c", "co", and "con" could all be prefixes for "Conan"\r
+ \r
+ MIDDLE (MID)\r
+\r
+ Parts that go in the middle of a word, BETWEEN a prefix and suffix.\r
+ Example: "cam" is a middle for "Alcamtar", where "al" is the\r
+ prefix and "tar" is the suffix\r
+\r
+ SUFFIX (SUF)\r
+ \r
+ Parts that end a word. In the name Aragorn, suffixes could be\r
+ "agorn", "gorn", "orn", or even "n"\r
+ \r
+ NOUN (NOUN)\r
+ \r
+ Nouns: "road", "fortress", "tree", "crossing"\r
+ \r
+ ADJECTIVE (ADJ)\r
+ \r
+ Adjectives: "gray", "slow", "stubborn"\r
+ \r
+ NOUN/ADJECTIVE (NADJ)\r
+ \r
+ These are words which could be either nouns or adjectives.\r
+ Examples: dark ("darkwood", "outer dark")\r
+ silver ("silverlode", "moria-silver")\r
+ wood ("woodtown", "goblin-wood")\r
+ \r
+ Many nouns and adjectives actually fall into this category. This\r
+ gives the program more flexibility in using them, providing much\r
+ more variety in names.\r
+ \r
+ \r
+ Elements should not be duplicated in two categories. For example,\r
+ "orc" should not be under both noun and adjective, or you might get\r
+ something like "Orcorc". Instead, make it a NADJ and it won't get\r
+ used twice.\r
+ \r
+ Elements that you want to emphasize may be duplicated within the same\r
+ category. For instance, if you list "forest" three times in a row,\r
+ it is three times more likely to be selected.\r
+ \r
+ Elements are stored in plain text .ELE files. Thus, you might have one\r
+ file of goblin sounding names and another for elvish words, etc.\r
+\r
+ELEMENT FILES\r
+\r
+ These should have the extension .ELE. The element file contains\r
+ several types of elements, denoted by simple abbreviations:\r
+ \r
+ PRE prefixes\r
+ MID middles\r
+ SUF suffixes\r
+ \r
+ NOUN nouns\r
+ ADJ adjectives\r
+ NADJ noun/adjective\r
+ \r
+ END this signifies the end of the file\r
+\r
+ The pound sign (#) is used as an escape character to denote the start\r
+ of a new section (much like preprocessor directives in C). Thus, a\r
+ typical file would look like this:\r
+ \r
+ #PRE\r
+ con Conan\r
+ gal Galan\r
+ tar Example Taran\r
+ #SUF Output: Galarok\r
+ an Conarok\r
+ arok Tararok\r
+ #END\r
+\r
+ This defines three prefixes (con,gal,tar) and two suffixes (an,arok).\r
+ Notice the #END used to end the file. There should not be any blank\r
+ lines in the file, unless you want to define empty parts.\r
+ \r
+ Parts may include any character, including spaces. For example,\r
+ \r
+ #PRE\r
+ con\r
+ gal\r
+ tar\r
+ #SUF\r
+ an\r
+ 'Arok\r
+ -Rog\r
+ e arba\r
+ zud\r
+ #END\r
+ \r
+ Might produce the following output:\r
+ \r
+ Con An Gal'Arok Galzud\r
+ Tar-Rog Cone Arba \r
+\r
+ Elements in an element file should not be capitalized. The program\r
+ will automatically capitalize the names after each space. If you do\r
+ put any capitals in, they will not be converted to lowercase, so this\r
+ could be used to artificially capitalize words (usually after special\r
+ punctuation, as above).\r
+\r
+ The exception to this general "rule" is when you want to capitalize\r
+ an element after a punctuation mark; in the example above, 'Arok\r
+ would not have been automatically capitalized because there is no\r
+ whitespace.\r
+ \r
+ I find it helpful to keep all the elements in each section alphabetized\r
+ so that I can check for duplicates.\r
+\r
+USE OF ELEMENT FILES\r
+\r
+ The prefix/suffix form is generally the most useful. Most of the\r
+ example files are in this form. Note that you are not restricted\r
+ to fantasy names. By using english words you can get things like\r
+ "Darkwood", "Brightblade", "Millennium Falcon", "Nottingham" and\r
+ so forth. See the sample files for ideas.\r
+ \r
+ Middles can add a lot of variety to your names, but they also make\r
+ the names themselves longer.\r
+ \r
+ Noun/NADJ/ADJ elements are mostly useful for idea-generators, or\r
+ special places like "House of the Skulls" or "The Books of the Priest."\r
+ The program combines these in a variety of ways, and also pluralizes\r
+ them sometimes. All you need to do is supply the list of words.\r
+ Such lists may represent themes, such as dark fantasy, science fiction,\r
+ nautical things, wizardly things, and so forth. Again, see the sample\r
+ ELE files.\r
+ \r
+ It is easy to make your own ELE files. There are several methods I\r
+ have found personally useful. One is to just sit down and starting\r
+ making up the elements out of your head. Just come up with all the\r
+ combinations you can think of and put them in. Another is to compile\r
+ a list of names from your favorite book(s), movie(s), etc. You can\r
+ then easily split these names into prefix/suffix parts. Example:\r
+ \r
+ PRE SUF\r
+ \r
+ Alcamtar alcam tar\r
+ Celowin cel owin\r
+ Conan ==> con an\r
+ Gimli gim li\r
+ Talward tal ward\r
+ \r
+ One helpful strategy in making your names sound better is to end the\r
+ prefixes and begin the suffixes consistently. Either end the prefixes\r
+ with a vowel and begin the suffixes with a consonant, or end the\r
+ prefixes with a consonant and begin the suffixes with a vowel. I\r
+ generally prefer the latter. Example:\r
+ \r
+ METHOD #1 METHOD #2\r
+ \r
+ Alcamtar alca / mtar alcam / tar\r
+ Celowin celo / win cel / owin\r
+ Conan co / nan con / an\r
+ Gimli gi / mli gim / li\r
+ Talward talwa / rd tal / ward\r
+ \r
+ This technique will keep your names from sounding too random, and\r
+ will make them more pronounceable. Note that soft sounds such as\r
+ r, l, t, s, w, y might be including with the vowels, as I have done\r
+ above. Use your imagination and common sense, and put a few together\r
+ yourself to see how they sound.\r
+ \r
+ Another helpful technique is to make all the words of a given language\r
+ use the same set of sounds, or same spelling. This might require a\r
+ little research. Some good references are the appendices to the\r
+ Lord of the Rings, or an introductory book on phonetics/language from\r
+ the library. Some simple examples:\r
+ \r
+ Elvish spelling: 'C' 'G' 'DH' 'T' 'S' 'W' 'F'\r
+ Orcish spelling: 'K' 'GH' 'J' 'D' 'Z' 'V' 'V'\r
+ \r
+ Here is a chart. I'm not going to take the time to try an explain it,\r
+ but study it and compare the sounds to one another. You will notice\r
+ patterns. It probably isn't too accurate, but is still useful.\r
+ (yes, I got the idea from Tolkein.)\r
+ \r
+ ---STOPS--- -SPIRANTS-- --OTHER---- ---NASAL---\r
+ Soft Voiced Soft Voiced Soft Voiced Soft Voiced\r
+ \r
+ Labial p b bh wh w mh m\r
+ Labiodental f v y\r
+ Dental th th \r
+ Palatal? t d ch j lh l nh n\r
+ Sibilant s z sh zh rh r\r
+ Alveolar? c,q,k g ch gh h h ng\r
+ \r
+ You can use this to create "sounds" for languages. For instance,\r
+ celtic has a lot of unvoiced (soft) sounds, making it sound smooth\r
+ and soft and flowing. German, on the other hand, has a lot of voiced\r
+ stops, making it louder and harsher sounding. By selecting which sounds\r
+ are most common, you can give each fantasy language a certain "feel."\r
+ One handy technique is to get an atlas of foreign countries and look\r
+ at the names on the map. You can get a pretty good idea of which\r
+ sounds are common, and how they should go together this way. This is\r
+ the way I did my "french" ELE file, and also the "aztec" and "african"\r
+ ones.\r
+ \r
+CONCLUSION\r
+\r
+ Hope you find this useful. I can be contacted for comments/questions\r
+ on the Internet as "mike@cs.pdx.edu".\r
+\r
+\r
--- /dev/null
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The King James Bible\r
+\r
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with\r
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or\r
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included\r
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org\r
+\r
+\r
+Title: The King James Bible\r
+\r
+Release Date: March 2, 2011 [EBook #10]\r
+[This King James Bible was orginally posted by Project Gutenberg\r
+in late 1989]\r
+\r
+Language: English\r
+\r
+\r
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE KING JAMES BIBLE ***\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Old Testament of the King James Version of the Bible\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Book of Moses: Called Genesis\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.\r
+\r
+1:2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon\r
+the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the\r
+waters.\r
+\r
+1:3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.\r
+\r
+1:4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light\r
+from the darkness.\r
+\r
+1:5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.\r
+And the evening and the morning were the first day.\r
+\r
+1:6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters,\r
+and let it divide the waters from the waters.\r
+\r
+1:7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were\r
+under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament:\r
+and it was so.\r
+\r
+1:8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the\r
+morning were the second day.\r
+\r
+1:9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together\r
+unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.\r
+\r
+1:10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of\r
+the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.\r
+\r
+1:11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding\r
+seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is\r
+in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.\r
+\r
+1:12 And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after\r
+his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after\r
+his kind: and God saw that it was good.\r
+\r
+1:13 And the evening and the morning were the third day.\r
+\r
+1:14 And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven\r
+to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for\r
+seasons, and for days, and years: 1:15 And let them be for lights in\r
+the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was\r
+so.\r
+\r
+1:16 And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day,\r
+and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.\r
+\r
+1:17 And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light\r
+upon the earth, 1:18 And to rule over the day and over the night, and\r
+to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.\r
+\r
+1:19 And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.\r
+\r
+1:20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving\r
+creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the\r
+open firmament of heaven.\r
+\r
+1:21 And God created great whales, and every living creature that\r
+moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind,\r
+and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.\r
+\r
+1:22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill\r
+the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.\r
+\r
+1:23 And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.\r
+\r
+1:24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after\r
+his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his\r
+kind: and it was so.\r
+\r
+1:25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle\r
+after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after\r
+his kind: and God saw that it was good.\r
+\r
+1:26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness:\r
+and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl\r
+of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over\r
+every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.\r
+\r
+1:27 So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created\r
+he him; male and female created he them.\r
+\r
+1:28 And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and\r
+multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion\r
+over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every\r
+living thing that moveth upon the earth.\r
+\r
+1:29 And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed,\r
+which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which\r
+is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.\r
+\r
+1:30 And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air,\r
+and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is\r
+life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.\r
+\r
+1:31 And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was\r
+very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.\r
+\r
+2:1 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+2:2 And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and\r
+he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.\r
+\r
+2:3 And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that\r
+in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.\r
+\r
+2:4 These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when\r
+they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the\r
+heavens, 2:5 And every plant of the field before it was in the earth,\r
+and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not\r
+caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the\r
+ground.\r
+\r
+2:6 But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole\r
+face of the ground.\r
+\r
+2:7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and\r
+breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living\r
+soul.\r
+\r
+2:8 And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he\r
+put the man whom he had formed.\r
+\r
+2:9 And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is\r
+pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the\r
+midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.\r
+\r
+2:10 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence\r
+it was parted, and became into four heads.\r
+\r
+2:11 The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the\r
+whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; 2:12 And the gold of that\r
+land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.\r
+\r
+2:13 And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that\r
+compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.\r
+\r
+2:14 And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which\r
+goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.\r
+\r
+2:15 And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of\r
+Eden to dress it and to keep it.\r
+\r
+2:16 And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the\r
+garden thou mayest freely eat: 2:17 But of the tree of the knowledge\r
+of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou\r
+eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.\r
+\r
+2:18 And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be\r
+alone; I will make him an help meet for him.\r
+\r
+2:19 And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the\r
+field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see\r
+what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living\r
+creature, that was the name thereof.\r
+\r
+2:20 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air,\r
+and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an\r
+help meet for him.\r
+\r
+2:21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he\r
+slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead\r
+thereof; 2:22 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made\r
+he a woman, and brought her unto the man.\r
+\r
+2:23 And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my\r
+flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.\r
+\r
+2:24 Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall\r
+cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.\r
+\r
+2:25 And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not\r
+ashamed.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which\r
+the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said,\r
+Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? 3:2 And the woman said\r
+unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:\r
+3:3 But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,\r
+God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest\r
+ye die.\r
+\r
+3:4 And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: 3:5\r
+For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall\r
+be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.\r
+\r
+3:6 And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that\r
+it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one\r
+wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto\r
+her husband with her; and he did eat.\r
+\r
+3:7 And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they\r
+were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves\r
+aprons.\r
+\r
+3:8 And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in\r
+the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the\r
+presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.\r
+\r
+3:9 And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art\r
+thou? 3:10 And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was\r
+afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.\r
+\r
+3:11 And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten\r
+of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?\r
+3:12 And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she\r
+gave me of the tree, and I did eat.\r
+\r
+3:13 And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast\r
+done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.\r
+\r
+3:14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done\r
+this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the\r
+field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the\r
+days of thy life: 3:15 And I will put enmity between thee and the\r
+woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head,\r
+and thou shalt bruise his heel.\r
+\r
+3:16 Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and\r
+thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy\r
+desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.\r
+\r
+3:17 And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice\r
+of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee,\r
+saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake;\r
+in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; 3:18 Thorns\r
+also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the\r
+herb of the field; 3:19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread,\r
+till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for\r
+dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.\r
+\r
+3:20 And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother\r
+of all living.\r
+\r
+3:21 Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of\r
+skins, and clothed them.\r
+\r
+3:22 And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to\r
+know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also\r
+of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever: 3:23 Therefore the\r
+LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground\r
+from whence he was taken.\r
+\r
+3:24 So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden\r
+of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep\r
+the way of the tree of life.\r
+\r
+4:1 And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and\r
+said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:2 And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of\r
+sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.\r
+\r
+4:3 And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the\r
+fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:4 And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of\r
+the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his\r
+offering: 4:5 But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect.\r
+And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.\r
+\r
+4:6 And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy\r
+countenance fallen? 4:7 If thou doest well, shalt thou not be\r
+accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto\r
+thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.\r
+\r
+4:8 And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when\r
+they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother,\r
+and slew him.\r
+\r
+4:9 And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he\r
+said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper? 4:10 And he said, What\r
+hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from\r
+the ground.\r
+\r
+4:11 And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her\r
+mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand; 4:12 When thou\r
+tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her\r
+strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.\r
+\r
+4:13 And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can\r
+bear.\r
+\r
+4:14 Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the\r
+earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and\r
+a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one\r
+that findeth me shall slay me.\r
+\r
+4:15 And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain,\r
+vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark\r
+upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.\r
+\r
+4:16 And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the\r
+land of Nod, on the east of Eden.\r
+\r
+4:17 And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he\r
+builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his\r
+son, Enoch.\r
+\r
+4:18 And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad begat Mehujael: and\r
+Mehujael begat Methusael: and Methusael begat Lamech.\r
+\r
+4:19 And Lamech took unto him two wives: the name of the one was Adah,\r
+and the name of the other Zillah.\r
+\r
+4:20 And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents,\r
+and of such as have cattle.\r
+\r
+4:21 And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all such\r
+as handle the harp and organ.\r
+\r
+4:22 And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructer of every\r
+artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubalcain was Naamah.\r
+\r
+4:23 And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice;\r
+ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to\r
+my wounding, and a young man to my hurt.\r
+\r
+4:24 If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and\r
+sevenfold.\r
+\r
+4:25 And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his\r
+name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead\r
+of Abel, whom Cain slew.\r
+\r
+4:26 And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his\r
+name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:1 This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God\r
+created man, in the likeness of God made he him; 5:2 Male and female\r
+created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the\r
+day when they were created.\r
+\r
+5:3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his\r
+own likeness, and after his image; and called his name Seth: 5:4 And\r
+the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years:\r
+and he begat sons and daughters: 5:5 And all the days that Adam lived\r
+were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:6 And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos: 5:7 And\r
+Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and\r
+begat sons and daughters: 5:8 And all the days of Seth were nine\r
+hundred and twelve years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:9 And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan: 5:10 And Enos lived\r
+after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons\r
+and daughters: 5:11 And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and\r
+five years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:12 And Cainan lived seventy years and begat Mahalaleel: 5:13 And\r
+Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years,\r
+and begat sons and daughters: 5:14 And all the days of Cainan were\r
+nine hundred and ten years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:15 And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared: 5:16\r
+And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty\r
+years, and begat sons and daughters: 5:17 And all the days of\r
+Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:18 And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and he begat\r
+Enoch: 5:19 And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years,\r
+and begat sons and daughters: 5:20 And all the days of Jared were nine\r
+hundred sixty and two years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: 5:22\r
+And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred\r
+years, and begat sons and daughters: 5:23 And all the days of Enoch\r
+were three hundred sixty and five years: 5:24 And Enoch walked with\r
+God: and he was not; for God took him.\r
+\r
+5:25 And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat\r
+Lamech.\r
+\r
+5:26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty\r
+and two years, and begat sons and daughters: 5:27 And all the days of\r
+Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:28 And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a\r
+son: 5:29 And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort\r
+us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground\r
+which the LORD hath cursed.\r
+\r
+5:30 And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five\r
+years, and begat sons and daughters: 5:31 And all the days of Lamech\r
+were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died.\r
+\r
+5:32 And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham,\r
+and Japheth.\r
+\r
+6:1 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the\r
+earth, and daughters were born unto them, 6:2 That the sons of God saw\r
+the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of\r
+all which they chose.\r
+\r
+6:3 And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for\r
+that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty\r
+years.\r
+\r
+6:4 There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that,\r
+when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare\r
+children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of\r
+renown.\r
+\r
+6:5 And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and\r
+that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil\r
+continually.\r
+\r
+6:6 And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it\r
+grieved him at his heart.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the\r
+face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and\r
+the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.\r
+\r
+6:8 But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:9 These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect\r
+in his generations, and Noah walked with God.\r
+\r
+6:10 And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.\r
+\r
+6:11 The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled\r
+with violence.\r
+\r
+6:12 And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for\r
+all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.\r
+\r
+6:13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me;\r
+for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I\r
+will destroy them with the earth.\r
+\r
+6:14 Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the\r
+ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.\r
+\r
+6:15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length\r
+of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty\r
+cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.\r
+\r
+6:16 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou\r
+finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side\r
+thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.\r
+\r
+6:17 And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the\r
+earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under\r
+heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.\r
+\r
+6:18 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come\r
+into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives\r
+with thee.\r
+\r
+6:19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt\r
+thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be\r
+male and female.\r
+\r
+6:20 Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of\r
+every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort\r
+shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.\r
+\r
+6:21 And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt\r
+gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.\r
+\r
+6:22 Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did\r
+he.\r
+\r
+7:1 And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the\r
+ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.\r
+\r
+7:2 Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male\r
+and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and\r
+his female.\r
+\r
+7:3 Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to\r
+keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.\r
+\r
+7:4 For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth\r
+forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have\r
+made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+7:5 And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.\r
+\r
+7:6 And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was\r
+upon the earth.\r
+\r
+7:7 And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives\r
+with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.\r
+\r
+7:8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls,\r
+and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth, 7:9 There went in two\r
+and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had\r
+commanded Noah.\r
+\r
+7:10 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the\r
+flood were upon the earth.\r
+\r
+7:11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month,\r
+the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains\r
+of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.\r
+\r
+7:12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.\r
+\r
+7:13 In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth,\r
+the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons\r
+with them, into the ark; 7:14 They, and every beast after his kind,\r
+and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that\r
+creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind,\r
+every bird of every sort.\r
+\r
+7:15 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all\r
+flesh, wherein is the breath of life.\r
+\r
+7:16 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as\r
+God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in.\r
+\r
+7:17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters\r
+increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.\r
+\r
+7:18 And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the\r
+earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.\r
+\r
+7:19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the\r
+high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.\r
+\r
+7:20 Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains\r
+were covered.\r
+\r
+7:21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and\r
+of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth\r
+upon the earth, and every man: 7:22 All in whose nostrils was the\r
+breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.\r
+\r
+7:23 And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face\r
+of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the\r
+fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah\r
+only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.\r
+\r
+7:24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty\r
+days.\r
+\r
+8:1 And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the\r
+cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over\r
+the earth, and the waters asswaged; 8:2 The fountains also of the deep\r
+and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was\r
+restrained; 8:3 And the waters returned from off the earth\r
+continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the\r
+waters were abated.\r
+\r
+8:4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of\r
+the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.\r
+\r
+8:5 And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the\r
+tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the\r
+mountains seen.\r
+\r
+8:6 And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the\r
+window of the ark which he had made: 8:7 And he sent forth a raven,\r
+which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+8:8 Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were\r
+abated from off the face of the ground; 8:9 But the dove found no rest\r
+for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for\r
+the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his\r
+hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.\r
+\r
+8:10 And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the\r
+dove out of the ark; 8:11 And the dove came in to him in the evening;\r
+and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that\r
+the waters were abated from off the earth.\r
+\r
+8:12 And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove;\r
+which returned not again unto him any more.\r
+\r
+8:13 And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the\r
+first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from\r
+off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked,\r
+and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.\r
+\r
+8:14 And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the\r
+month, was the earth dried.\r
+\r
+8:15 And God spake unto Noah, saying, 8:16 Go forth of the ark, thou,\r
+and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee.\r
+\r
+8:17 Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of\r
+all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing\r
+that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the\r
+earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.\r
+\r
+8:18 And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons'\r
+wives with him: 8:19 Every beast, every creeping thing, and every\r
+fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went\r
+forth out of the ark.\r
+\r
+8:20 And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean\r
+beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the\r
+altar.\r
+\r
+8:21 And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his\r
+heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for\r
+the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I\r
+again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.\r
+\r
+8:22 While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and\r
+heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease.\r
+\r
+9:1 And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be\r
+fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.\r
+\r
+9:2 And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast\r
+of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, upon all that moveth\r
+upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into your hand are\r
+they delivered.\r
+\r
+9:3 Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you; even as the\r
+green herb have I given you all things.\r
+\r
+9:4 But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall\r
+ye not eat.\r
+\r
+9:5 And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of\r
+every beast will I require it, and at the hand of man; at the hand of\r
+every man's brother will I require the life of man.\r
+\r
+9:6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in\r
+the image of God made he man.\r
+\r
+9:7 And you, be ye fruitful, and multiply; bring forth abundantly in\r
+the earth, and multiply therein.\r
+\r
+9:8 And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, 9:9 And\r
+I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after\r
+you; 9:10 And with every living creature that is with you, of the\r
+fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from\r
+all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth.\r
+\r
+9:11 And I will establish my covenant with you, neither shall all\r
+flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall\r
+there any more be a flood to destroy the earth.\r
+\r
+9:12 And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make\r
+between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for\r
+perpetual generations: 9:13 I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall\r
+be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth.\r
+\r
+9:14 And it shall come to pass, when I bring a cloud over the earth,\r
+that the bow shall be seen in the cloud: 9:15 And I will remember my\r
+covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all\r
+flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all\r
+flesh.\r
+\r
+9:16 And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it, that\r
+I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living\r
+creature of all flesh that is upon the earth.\r
+\r
+9:17 And God said unto Noah, This is the token of the covenant, which\r
+I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.\r
+\r
+9:18 And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and\r
+Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan.\r
+\r
+9:19 These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth\r
+overspread.\r
+\r
+9:20 And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard:\r
+9:21 And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered\r
+within his tent.\r
+\r
+9:22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father,\r
+and told his two brethren without.\r
+\r
+9:23 And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their\r
+shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their\r
+father; and their faces were backward, and they saw not their father's\r
+nakedness.\r
+\r
+9:24 And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had\r
+done unto him.\r
+\r
+9:25 And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be\r
+unto his brethren.\r
+\r
+9:26 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be\r
+his servant.\r
+\r
+9:27 God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of\r
+Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.\r
+\r
+9:28 And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years.\r
+\r
+9:29 And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and\r
+he died.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and\r
+Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood.\r
+\r
+10:2 The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and\r
+Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.\r
+\r
+10:3 And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.\r
+\r
+10:4 And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and\r
+Dodanim.\r
+\r
+10:5 By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands;\r
+every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.\r
+\r
+10:6 And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan.\r
+\r
+10:7 And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah,\r
+and Sabtechah: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan.\r
+\r
+10:8 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth.\r
+\r
+10:9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD: wherefore it is said,\r
+Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and\r
+Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.\r
+\r
+10:11 Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the\r
+city Rehoboth, and Calah, 10:12 And Resen between Nineveh and Calah:\r
+the same is a great city.\r
+\r
+10:13 And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim,\r
+10:14 And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) and\r
+Caphtorim.\r
+\r
+10:15 And Canaan begat Sidon his first born, and Heth, 10:16 And the\r
+Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite, 10:17 And the Hivite,\r
+and the Arkite, and the Sinite, 10:18 And the Arvadite, and the\r
+Zemarite, and the Hamathite: and afterward were the families of the\r
+Canaanites spread abroad.\r
+\r
+10:19 And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest\r
+to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and\r
+Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha.\r
+\r
+10:20 These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their\r
+tongues, in their countries, and in their nations.\r
+\r
+10:21 Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the\r
+brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.\r
+\r
+10:22 The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud,\r
+and Aram.\r
+\r
+10:23 And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash.\r
+\r
+10:24 And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber.\r
+\r
+10:25 And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for\r
+in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan.\r
+\r
+10:26 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and\r
+Jerah, 10:27 And Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, 10:28 And Obal, and\r
+Abimael, and Sheba, 10:29 And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these\r
+were the sons of Joktan.\r
+\r
+10:30 And their dwelling was from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar a\r
+mount of the east.\r
+\r
+10:31 These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their\r
+tongues, in their lands, after their nations.\r
+\r
+10:32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their\r
+generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided\r
+in the earth after the flood.\r
+\r
+11:1 And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.\r
+\r
+11:2 And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they\r
+found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.\r
+\r
+11:3 And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn\r
+them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for\r
+morter.\r
+\r
+11:4 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose\r
+top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be\r
+scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the\r
+children of men builded.\r
+\r
+11:6 And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all\r
+one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be\r
+restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.\r
+\r
+11:7 Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that\r
+they may not understand one another's speech.\r
+\r
+11:8 So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of\r
+all the earth: and they left off to build the city.\r
+\r
+11:9 Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did\r
+there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the\r
+LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.\r
+\r
+11:10 These are the generations of Shem: Shem was an hundred years\r
+old, and begat Arphaxad two years after the flood: 11:11 And Shem\r
+lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred years, and begat sons and\r
+daughters.\r
+\r
+11:12 And Arphaxad lived five and thirty years, and begat Salah: 11:13\r
+And Arphaxad lived after he begat Salah four hundred and three years,\r
+and begat sons and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:14 And Salah lived thirty years, and begat Eber: 11:15 And Salah\r
+lived after he begat Eber four hundred and three years, and begat sons\r
+and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and begat Peleg: 11:17 And\r
+Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred and thirty years, and\r
+begat sons and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begat Reu: 11:19 And Peleg\r
+lived after he begat Reu two hundred and nine years, and begat sons\r
+and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:20 And Reu lived two and thirty years, and begat Serug: 11:21 And\r
+Reu lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven years, and begat\r
+sons and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:22 And Serug lived thirty years, and begat Nahor: 11:23 And Serug\r
+lived after he begat Nahor two hundred years, and begat sons and\r
+daughters.\r
+\r
+11:24 And Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and begat Terah: 11:25\r
+And Nahor lived after he begat Terah an hundred and nineteen years,\r
+and begat sons and daughters.\r
+\r
+11:26 And Terah lived seventy years, and begat Abram, Nahor, and\r
+Haran.\r
+\r
+11:27 Now these are the generations of Terah: Terah begat Abram,\r
+Nahor, and Haran; and Haran begat Lot.\r
+\r
+11:28 And Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his\r
+nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees.\r
+\r
+11:29 And Abram and Nahor took them wives: the name of Abram's wife\r
+was Sarai; and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of\r
+Haran, the father of Milcah, and the father of Iscah.\r
+\r
+11:30 But Sarai was barren; she had no child.\r
+\r
+11:31 And Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran his son's\r
+son, and Sarai his daughter in law, his son Abram's wife; and they\r
+went forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of\r
+Canaan; and they came unto Haran, and dwelt there.\r
+\r
+11:32 And the days of Terah were two hundred and five years: and Terah\r
+died in Haran.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country,\r
+and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I\r
+will shew thee: 12:2 And I will make of thee a great nation, and I\r
+will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a\r
+blessing: 12:3 And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him\r
+that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be\r
+blessed.\r
+\r
+12:4 So Abram departed, as the LORD had spoken unto him; and Lot went\r
+with him: and Abram was seventy and five years old when he departed\r
+out of Haran.\r
+\r
+12:5 And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all\r
+their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had\r
+gotten in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of Canaan;\r
+and into the land of Canaan they came.\r
+\r
+12:6 And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Sichem, unto\r
+the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land.\r
+\r
+12:7 And the LORD appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I\r
+give this land: and there builded he an altar unto the LORD, who\r
+appeared unto him.\r
+\r
+12:8 And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of Bethel,\r
+and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Hai on the east:\r
+and there he builded an altar unto the LORD, and called upon the name\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:9 And Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.\r
+\r
+12:10 And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into\r
+Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was grievous in the land.\r
+\r
+12:11 And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt,\r
+that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou art a\r
+fair woman to look upon: 12:12 Therefore it shall come to pass, when\r
+the Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his wife:\r
+and they will kill me, but they will save thee alive.\r
+\r
+12:13 Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister: that it may be well with\r
+me for thy sake; and my soul shall live because of thee.\r
+\r
+12:14 And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the\r
+Egyptians beheld the woman that she was very fair.\r
+\r
+12:15 The princes also of Pharaoh saw her, and commended her before\r
+Pharaoh: and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house.\r
+\r
+12:16 And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and\r
+oxen, and he asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she asses,\r
+and camels.\r
+\r
+12:17 And the LORD plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues\r
+because of Sarai Abram's wife.\r
+\r
+12:18 And Pharaoh called Abram and said, What is this that thou hast\r
+done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? 12:19\r
+Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so I might have taken her to me to\r
+wife: now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way.\r
+\r
+12:20 And Pharaoh commanded his men concerning him: and they sent him\r
+away, and his wife, and all that he had.\r
+\r
+13:1 And Abram went up out of Egypt, he, and his wife, and all that he\r
+had, and Lot with him, into the south.\r
+\r
+13:2 And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.\r
+\r
+13:3 And he went on his journeys from the south even to Bethel, unto\r
+the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and\r
+Hai; 13:4 Unto the place of the altar, which he had make there at the\r
+first: and there Abram called on the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:5 And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks, and herds, and\r
+tents.\r
+\r
+13:6 And the land was not able to bear them, that they might dwell\r
+together: for their substance was great, so that they could not dwell\r
+together.\r
+\r
+13:7 And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and\r
+the herdmen of Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite\r
+dwelled then in the land.\r
+\r
+13:8 And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no strife, I pray thee,\r
+between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+13:9 Is not the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee,\r
+from me: if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right;\r
+or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left.\r
+\r
+13:10 And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan,\r
+that it was well watered every where, before the LORD destroyed Sodom\r
+and Gomorrah, even as the garden of the LORD, like the land of Egypt,\r
+as thou comest unto Zoar.\r
+\r
+13:11 Then Lot chose him all the plain of Jordan; and Lot journeyed\r
+east: and they separated themselves the one from the other.\r
+\r
+13:12 Abram dwelled in the land of Canaan, and Lot dwelled in the\r
+cities of the plain, and pitched his tent toward Sodom.\r
+\r
+13:13 But the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the LORD\r
+exceedingly.\r
+\r
+13:14 And the LORD said unto Abram, after that Lot was separated from\r
+him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place where thou art\r
+northward, and southward, and eastward, and westward: 13:15 For all\r
+the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+13:16 And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth: so that if a\r
+man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be\r
+numbered.\r
+\r
+13:17 Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the\r
+breadth of it; for I will give it unto thee.\r
+\r
+13:18 Then Abram removed his tent, and came and dwelt in the plain of\r
+Mamre, which is in Hebron, and built there an altar unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:1 And it came to pass in the days of Amraphel king of Shinar,\r
+Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of\r
+nations; 14:2 That these made war with Bera king of Sodom, and with\r
+Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, and Shemeber king of\r
+Zeboiim, and the king of Bela, which is Zoar.\r
+\r
+14:3 All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which is\r
+the salt sea.\r
+\r
+14:4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year\r
+they rebelled.\r
+\r
+14:5 And in the fourteenth year came Chedorlaomer, and the kings that\r
+were with him, and smote the Rephaims in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the\r
+Zuzims in Ham, and the Emins in Shaveh Kiriathaim, 14:6 And the\r
+Horites in their mount Seir, unto Elparan, which is by the wilderness.\r
+\r
+14:7 And they returned, and came to Enmishpat, which is Kadesh, and\r
+smote all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that\r
+dwelt in Hazezontamar.\r
+\r
+14:8 And there went out the king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah,\r
+and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela\r
+(the same is Zoar;) and they joined battle with them in the vale of\r
+Siddim; 14:9 With Chedorlaomer the king of Elam, and with Tidal king\r
+of nations, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar;\r
+four kings with five.\r
+\r
+14:10 And the vale of Siddim was full of slimepits; and the kings of\r
+Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and fell there; and they that remained fled\r
+to the mountain.\r
+\r
+14:11 And they took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their\r
+victuals, and went their way.\r
+\r
+14:12 And they took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who dwelt in Sodom,\r
+and his goods, and departed.\r
+\r
+14:13 And there came one that had escaped, and told Abram the Hebrew;\r
+for he dwelt in the plain of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and\r
+brother of Aner: and these were confederate with Abram.\r
+\r
+14:14 And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, he\r
+armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hundred and\r
+eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan.\r
+\r
+14:15 And he divided himself against them, he and his servants, by\r
+night, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the\r
+left hand of Damascus.\r
+\r
+14:16 And he brought back all the goods, and also brought again his\r
+brother Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people.\r
+\r
+14:17 And the king of Sodom went out to meet him after his return from\r
+the slaughter of Chedorlaomer, and of the kings that were with him, at\r
+the valley of Shaveh, which is the king's dale.\r
+\r
+14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and\r
+he was the priest of the most high God.\r
+\r
+14:19 And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high\r
+God, possessor of heaven and earth: 14:20 And blessed be the most high\r
+God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he gave him\r
+tithes of all.\r
+\r
+14:21 And the king of Sodom said unto Abram, Give me the persons, and\r
+take the goods to thyself.\r
+\r
+14:22 And Abram said to the king of Sodom, I have lift up mine hand\r
+unto the LORD, the most high God, the possessor of heaven and earth,\r
+14:23 That I will not take from a thread even to a shoelatchet, and\r
+that I will not take any thing that is thine, lest thou shouldest say,\r
+I have made Abram rich: 14:24 Save only that which the young men have\r
+eaten, and the portion of the men which went with me, Aner, Eshcol,\r
+and Mamre; let them take their portion.\r
+\r
+15:1 After these things the word of the LORD came unto Abram in a\r
+vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield, and thy exceeding\r
+great reward.\r
+\r
+15:2 And Abram said, LORD God, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go\r
+childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus?\r
+15:3 And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo,\r
+one born in my house is mine heir.\r
+\r
+15:4 And, behold, the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, This\r
+shall not be thine heir; but he that shall come forth out of thine own\r
+bowels shall be thine heir.\r
+\r
+15:5 And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward\r
+heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he\r
+said unto him, So shall thy seed be.\r
+\r
+15:6 And he believed in the LORD; and he counted it to him for\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+15:7 And he said unto him, I am the LORD that brought thee out of Ur\r
+of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it.\r
+\r
+15:8 And he said, LORD God, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit\r
+it? 15:9 And he said unto him, Take me an heifer of three years old,\r
+and a she goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a\r
+turtledove, and a young pigeon.\r
+\r
+15:10 And he took unto him all these, and divided them in the midst,\r
+and laid each piece one against another: but the birds divided he not.\r
+\r
+15:11 And when the fowls came down upon the carcases, Abram drove them\r
+away.\r
+\r
+15:12 And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram;\r
+and, lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him.\r
+\r
+15:13 And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be\r
+a stranger in a land that is not their's, and shall serve them; and\r
+they shall afflict them four hundred years; 15:14 And also that\r
+nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they\r
+come out with great substance.\r
+\r
+15:15 And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried\r
+in a good old age.\r
+\r
+15:16 But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again: for\r
+the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.\r
+\r
+15:17 And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was\r
+dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between\r
+those pieces.\r
+\r
+15:18 In the same day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying,\r
+Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the\r
+great river, the river Euphrates: 15:19 The Kenites, and the\r
+Kenizzites, and the Kadmonites, 15:20 And the Hittites, and the\r
+Perizzites, and the Rephaims, 15:21 And the Amorites, and the\r
+Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.\r
+\r
+16:1 Now Sarai Abram's wife bare him no children: and she had an\r
+handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.\r
+\r
+16:2 And Sarai said unto Abram, Behold now, the LORD hath restrained\r
+me from bearing: I pray thee, go in unto my maid; it may be that I may\r
+obtain children by her. And Abram hearkened to the voice of Sarai.\r
+\r
+16:3 And Sarai Abram's wife took Hagar her maid the Egyptian, after\r
+Abram had dwelt ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her\r
+husband Abram to be his wife.\r
+\r
+16:4 And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceived: and when she saw\r
+that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.\r
+\r
+16:5 And Sarai said unto Abram, My wrong be upon thee: I have given my\r
+maid into thy bosom; and when she saw that she had conceived, I was\r
+despised in her eyes: the LORD judge between me and thee.\r
+\r
+16:6 But Abram said unto Sarai, Behold, thy maid is in thine hand; do\r
+to her as it pleaseth thee. And when Sarai dealt hardly with her, she\r
+fled from her face.\r
+\r
+16:7 And the angel of the LORD found her by a fountain of water in the\r
+wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.\r
+\r
+16:8 And he said, Hagar, Sarai's maid, whence camest thou? and whither\r
+wilt thou go? And she said, I flee from the face of my mistress Sarai.\r
+\r
+16:9 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Return to thy mistress,\r
+and submit thyself under her hands.\r
+\r
+16:10 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, I will multiply thy\r
+seed exceedingly, that it shall not be numbered for multitude.\r
+\r
+16:11 And the angel of the LORD said unto her, Behold, thou art with\r
+child and shalt bear a son, and shalt call his name Ishmael; because\r
+the LORD hath heard thy affliction.\r
+\r
+16:12 And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man,\r
+and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence\r
+of all his brethren.\r
+\r
+16:13 And she called the name of the LORD that spake unto her, Thou\r
+God seest me: for she said, Have I also here looked after him that\r
+seeth me? 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold,\r
+it is between Kadesh and Bered.\r
+\r
+16:15 And Hagar bare Abram a son: and Abram called his son's name,\r
+which Hagar bare, Ishmael.\r
+\r
+16:16 And Abram was fourscore and six years old, when Hagar bare\r
+Ishmael to Abram.\r
+\r
+17:1 And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared\r
+to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me,\r
+and be thou perfect.\r
+\r
+17:2 And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will\r
+multiply thee exceedingly.\r
+\r
+17:3 And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying, 17:4\r
+As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a\r
+father of many nations.\r
+\r
+17:5 Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name\r
+shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee.\r
+\r
+17:6 And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations\r
+of thee, and kings shall come out of thee.\r
+\r
+17:7 And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed\r
+after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a\r
+God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee.\r
+\r
+17:8 And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land\r
+wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an\r
+everlasting possession; and I will be their God.\r
+\r
+17:9 And God said unto Abraham, Thou shalt keep my covenant therefore,\r
+thou, and thy seed after thee in their generations.\r
+\r
+17:10 This is my covenant, which ye shall keep, between me and you and\r
+thy seed after thee; Every man child among you shall be circumcised.\r
+\r
+17:11 And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall\r
+be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you.\r
+\r
+17:12 And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you,\r
+every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or\r
+bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed.\r
+\r
+17:13 He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy\r
+money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your\r
+flesh for an everlasting covenant.\r
+\r
+17:14 And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is\r
+not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath\r
+broken my covenant.\r
+\r
+17:15 And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt not\r
+call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be.\r
+\r
+17:16 And I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her: yea, I\r
+will bless her, and she shall be a mother of nations; kings of people\r
+shall be of her.\r
+\r
+17:17 Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his\r
+heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old?\r
+and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear? 17:18 And Abraham\r
+said unto God, O that Ishmael might live before thee! 17:19 And God\r
+said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call\r
+his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an\r
+everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.\r
+\r
+17:20 And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed\r
+him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly;\r
+twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.\r
+\r
+17:21 But my covenant will I establish with Isaac, which Sarah shall\r
+bear unto thee at this set time in the next year.\r
+\r
+17:22 And he left off talking with him, and God went up from Abraham.\r
+\r
+17:23 And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his\r
+house, and all that were bought with his money, every male among the\r
+men of Abraham's house; and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in\r
+the selfsame day, as God had said unto him.\r
+\r
+17:24 And Abraham was ninety years old and nine, when he was\r
+circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.\r
+\r
+17:25 And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old, when he was\r
+circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin.\r
+\r
+17:26 In the selfsame day was Abraham circumcised, and Ishmael his\r
+son.\r
+\r
+17:27 And all the men of his house, born in the house, and bought with\r
+money of the stranger, were circumcised with him.\r
+\r
+18:1 And the LORD appeared unto him in the plains of Mamre: and he sat\r
+in the tent door in the heat of the day; 18:2 And he lift up his eyes\r
+and looked, and, lo, three men stood by him: and when he saw them, he\r
+ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the\r
+ground, 18:3 And said, My LORD, if now I have found favour in thy\r
+sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant: 18:4 Let a little\r
+water, I pray you, be fetched, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves\r
+under the tree: 18:5 And I will fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort\r
+ye your hearts; after that ye shall pass on: for therefore are ye come\r
+to your servant. And they said, So do, as thou hast said.\r
+\r
+18:6 And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make\r
+ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes\r
+upon the hearth.\r
+\r
+18:7 And Abraham ran unto the herd, and fetcht a calf tender and good,\r
+and gave it unto a young man; and he hasted to dress it.\r
+\r
+18:8 And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed,\r
+and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree, and they\r
+did eat.\r
+\r
+18:9 And they said unto him, Where is Sarah thy wife? And he said,\r
+Behold, in the tent.\r
+\r
+18:10 And he said, I will certainly return unto thee according to the\r
+time of life; and, lo, Sarah thy wife shall have a son. And Sarah\r
+heard it in the tent door, which was behind him.\r
+\r
+18:11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age; and it\r
+ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of women.\r
+\r
+18:12 Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, After I am waxed\r
+old shall I have pleasure, my lord being old also? 18:13 And the LORD\r
+said unto Abraham, Wherefore did Sarah laugh, saying, Shall I of a\r
+surety bear a child, which am old? 18:14 Is any thing too hard for\r
+the LORD? At the time appointed I will return unto thee, according to\r
+the time of life, and Sarah shall have a son.\r
+\r
+18:15 Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid.\r
+And he said, Nay; but thou didst laugh.\r
+\r
+18:16 And the men rose up from thence, and looked toward Sodom: and\r
+Abraham went with them to bring them on the way.\r
+\r
+18:17 And the LORD said, Shall I hide from Abraham that thing which I\r
+do; 18:18 Seeing that Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty\r
+nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed in him?\r
+18:19 For I know him, that he will command his children and his\r
+household after him, and they shall keep the way of the LORD, to do\r
+justice and judgment; that the LORD may bring upon Abraham that which\r
+he hath spoken of him.\r
+\r
+18:20 And the LORD said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is\r
+great, and because their sin is very grievous; 18:21 I will go down\r
+now, and see whether they have done altogether according to the cry of\r
+it, which is come unto me; and if not, I will know.\r
+\r
+18:22 And the men turned their faces from thence, and went toward\r
+Sodom: but Abraham stood yet before the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:23 And Abraham drew near, and said, Wilt thou also destroy the\r
+righteous with the wicked? 18:24 Peradventure there be fifty\r
+righteous within the city: wilt thou also destroy and not spare the\r
+place for the fifty righteous that are therein? 18:25 That be far\r
+from thee to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the\r
+wicked: and that the righteous should be as the wicked, that be far\r
+from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? 18:26 And\r
+the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city,\r
+then I will spare all the place for their sakes.\r
+\r
+18:27 And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me\r
+to speak unto the LORD, which am but dust and ashes: 18:28\r
+Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous: wilt thou\r
+destroy all the city for lack of five? And he said, If I find there\r
+forty and five, I will not destroy it.\r
+\r
+18:29 And he spake unto him yet again, and said, Peradventure there\r
+shall be forty found there. And he said, I will not do it for forty's\r
+sake.\r
+\r
+18:30 And he said unto him, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will\r
+speak: Peradventure there shall thirty be found there. And he said, I\r
+will not do it, if I find thirty there.\r
+\r
+18:31 And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the\r
+LORD: Peradventure there shall be twenty found there. And he said, I\r
+will not destroy it for twenty's sake.\r
+\r
+18:32 And he said, Oh let not the LORD be angry, and I will speak yet\r
+but this once: Peradventure ten shall be found there. And he said, I\r
+will not destroy it for ten's sake.\r
+\r
+18:33 And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left communing with\r
+Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place.\r
+\r
+19:1 And there came two angels to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the\r
+gate of Sodom: and Lot seeing them rose up to meet them; and he bowed\r
+himself with his face toward the ground; 19:2 And he said, Behold now,\r
+my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant's house, and tarry\r
+all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on\r
+your ways. And they said, Nay; but we will abide in the street all\r
+night.\r
+\r
+19:3 And he pressed upon them greatly; and they turned in unto him,\r
+and entered into his house; and he made them a feast, and did bake\r
+unleavened bread, and they did eat.\r
+\r
+19:4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of\r
+Sodom, compassed the house round, both old and young, all the people\r
+from every quarter: 19:5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him,\r
+Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out\r
+unto us, that we may know them.\r
+\r
+19:6 And Lot went out at the door unto them, and shut the door after\r
+him, 19:7 And said, I pray you, brethren, do not so wickedly.\r
+\r
+19:8 Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let\r
+me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good\r
+in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore came they\r
+under the shadow of my roof.\r
+\r
+19:9 And they said, Stand back. And they said again, This one fellow\r
+came in to sojourn, and he will needs be a judge: now will we deal\r
+worse with thee, than with them. And they pressed sore upon the man,\r
+even Lot, and came near to break the door.\r
+\r
+19:10 But the men put forth their hand, and pulled Lot into the house\r
+to them, and shut to the door.\r
+\r
+19:11 And they smote the men that were at the door of the house with\r
+blindness, both small and great: so that they wearied themselves to\r
+find the door.\r
+\r
+19:12 And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides? son in\r
+law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the\r
+city, bring them out of this place: 19:13 For we will destroy this\r
+place, because the cry of them is waxen great before the face of the\r
+LORD; and the LORD hath sent us to destroy it.\r
+\r
+19:14 And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married\r
+his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the LORD\r
+will destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons\r
+in law.\r
+\r
+19:15 And when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot,\r
+saying, Arise, take thy wife, and thy two daughters, which are here;\r
+lest thou be consumed in the iniquity of the city.\r
+\r
+19:16 And while he lingered, the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon\r
+the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; the LORD\r
+being merciful unto him: and they brought him forth, and set him\r
+without the city.\r
+\r
+19:17 And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad,\r
+that he said, Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay\r
+thou in all the plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed.\r
+\r
+19:18 And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my LORD: 19:19 Behold now,\r
+thy servant hath found grace in thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy\r
+mercy, which thou hast shewed unto me in saving my life; and I cannot\r
+escape to the mountain, lest some evil take me, and I die: 19:20\r
+Behold now, this city is near to flee unto, and it is a little one:\r
+Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall\r
+live.\r
+\r
+19:21 And he said unto him, See, I have accepted thee concerning this\r
+thing also, that I will not overthrow this city, for the which thou\r
+hast spoken.\r
+\r
+19:22 Haste thee, escape thither; for I cannot do anything till thou\r
+be come thither. Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.\r
+\r
+19:23 The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered into Zoar.\r
+\r
+19:24 Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and\r
+fire from the LORD out of heaven; 19:25 And he overthrew those cities,\r
+and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that\r
+which grew upon the ground.\r
+\r
+19:26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a\r
+pillar of salt.\r
+\r
+19:27 And Abraham gat up early in the morning to the place where he\r
+stood before the LORD: 19:28 And he looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah,\r
+and toward all the land of the plain, and beheld, and, lo, the smoke\r
+of the country went up as the smoke of a furnace.\r
+\r
+19:29 And it came to pass, when God destroyed the cities of the plain,\r
+that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the midst of the\r
+overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in the which Lot dwelt.\r
+\r
+19:30 And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, and his\r
+two daughters with him; for he feared to dwell in Zoar: and he dwelt\r
+in a cave, he and his two daughters.\r
+\r
+19:31 And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old, and\r
+there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the manner of\r
+all the earth: 19:32 Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we\r
+will lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.\r
+\r
+19:33 And they made their father drink wine that night: and the\r
+firstborn went in, and lay with her father; and he perceived not when\r
+she lay down, nor when she arose.\r
+\r
+19:34 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the firstborn said unto\r
+the younger, Behold, I lay yesternight with my father: let us make him\r
+drink wine this night also; and go thou in, and lie with him, that we\r
+may preserve seed of our father.\r
+\r
+19:35 And they made their father drink wine that night also: and the\r
+younger arose, and lay with him; and he perceived not when she lay\r
+down, nor when she arose.\r
+\r
+19:36 Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father.\r
+\r
+19:37 And the first born bare a son, and called his name Moab: the\r
+same is the father of the Moabites unto this day.\r
+\r
+19:38 And the younger, she also bare a son, and called his name\r
+Benammi: the same is the father of the children of Ammon unto this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+20:1 And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and\r
+dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar.\r
+\r
+20:2 And Abraham said of Sarah his wife, She is my sister: and\r
+Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah.\r
+\r
+20:3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream by night, and said to him,\r
+Behold, thou art but a dead man, for the woman which thou hast taken;\r
+for she is a man's wife.\r
+\r
+20:4 But Abimelech had not come near her: and he said, LORD, wilt thou\r
+slay also a righteous nation? 20:5 Said he not unto me, She is my\r
+sister? and she, even she herself said, He is my brother: in the\r
+integrity of my heart and innocency of my hands have I done this.\r
+\r
+20:6 And God said unto him in a dream, Yea, I know that thou didst\r
+this in the integrity of thy heart; for I also withheld thee from\r
+sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her.\r
+\r
+20:7 Now therefore restore the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and\r
+he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live: and if thou restore her\r
+not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are\r
+thine.\r
+\r
+20:8 Therefore Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his\r
+servants, and told all these things in their ears: and the men were\r
+sore afraid.\r
+\r
+20:9 Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said unto him, What hast thou\r
+done unto us? and what have I offended thee, that thou hast brought on\r
+me and on my kingdom a great sin? thou hast done deeds unto me that\r
+ought not to be done.\r
+\r
+20:10 And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What sawest thou, that thou\r
+hast done this thing? 20:11 And Abraham said, Because I thought,\r
+Surely the fear of God is not in this place; and they will slay me for\r
+my wife's sake.\r
+\r
+20:12 And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my\r
+father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife.\r
+\r
+20:13 And it came to pass, when God caused me to wander from my\r
+father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness which thou\r
+shalt shew unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me,\r
+He is my brother.\r
+\r
+20:14 And Abimelech took sheep, and oxen, and menservants, and\r
+womenservants, and gave them unto Abraham, and restored him Sarah his\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+20:15 And Abimelech said, Behold, my land is before thee: dwell where\r
+it pleaseth thee.\r
+\r
+20:16 And unto Sarah he said, Behold, I have given thy brother a\r
+thousand pieces of silver: behold, he is to thee a covering of the\r
+eyes, unto all that are with thee, and with all other: thus she was\r
+reproved.\r
+\r
+20:17 So Abraham prayed unto God: and God healed Abimelech, and his\r
+wife, and his maidservants; and they bare children.\r
+\r
+20:18 For the LORD had fast closed up all the wombs of the house of\r
+Abimelech, because of Sarah Abraham's wife.\r
+\r
+21:1 And the LORD visited Sarah as he had said, and the LORD did unto\r
+Sarah as he had spoken.\r
+\r
+21:2 For Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at\r
+the set time of which God had spoken to him.\r
+\r
+21:3 And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him,\r
+whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac.\r
+\r
+21:4 And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as\r
+God had commanded him.\r
+\r
+21:5 And Abraham was an hundred years old, when his son Isaac was born\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+21:6 And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh, so that all that hear\r
+will laugh with me.\r
+\r
+21:7 And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that Sarah should\r
+have given children suck? for I have born him a son in his old age.\r
+\r
+21:8 And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great\r
+feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.\r
+\r
+21:9 And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born\r
+unto Abraham, mocking.\r
+\r
+21:10 Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her\r
+son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even\r
+with Isaac.\r
+\r
+21:11 And the thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight because of\r
+his son.\r
+\r
+21:12 And God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight\r
+because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah\r
+hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall thy\r
+seed be called.\r
+\r
+21:13 And also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation,\r
+because he is thy seed.\r
+\r
+21:14 And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a\r
+bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder,\r
+and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in\r
+the wilderness of Beersheba.\r
+\r
+21:15 And the water was spent in the bottle, and she cast the child\r
+under one of the shrubs.\r
+\r
+21:16 And she went, and sat her down over against him a good way off,\r
+as it were a bow shot: for she said, Let me not see the death of the\r
+child. And she sat over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept.\r
+\r
+21:17 And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel of God called\r
+to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar?\r
+fear not; for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.\r
+\r
+21:18 Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will\r
+make him a great nation.\r
+\r
+21:19 And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she\r
+went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink.\r
+\r
+21:20 And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the\r
+wilderness, and became an archer.\r
+\r
+21:21 And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him\r
+a wife out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+21:22 And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phichol the\r
+chief captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee\r
+in all that thou doest: 21:23 Now therefore swear unto me here by God\r
+that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my\r
+son's son: but according to the kindness that I have done unto thee,\r
+thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned.\r
+\r
+21:24 And Abraham said, I will swear.\r
+\r
+21:25 And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of a well of water, which\r
+Abimelech's servants had violently taken away.\r
+\r
+21:26 And Abimelech said, I wot not who hath done this thing; neither\r
+didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to day.\r
+\r
+21:27 And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech;\r
+and both of them made a covenant.\r
+\r
+21:28 And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves.\r
+\r
+21:29 And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean these seven ewe lambs\r
+which thou hast set by themselves? 21:30 And he said, For these seven\r
+ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be a witness unto\r
+me, that I have digged this well.\r
+\r
+21:31 Wherefore he called that place Beersheba; because there they\r
+sware both of them.\r
+\r
+21:32 Thus they made a covenant at Beersheba: then Abimelech rose up,\r
+and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the\r
+land of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+21:33 And Abraham planted a grove in Beersheba, and called there on\r
+the name of the LORD, the everlasting God.\r
+\r
+21:34 And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines' land many days.\r
+\r
+22:1 And it came to pass after these things, that God did tempt\r
+Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am.\r
+\r
+22:2 And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou\r
+lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for\r
+a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of.\r
+\r
+22:3 And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass,\r
+and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave\r
+the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place\r
+of which God had told him.\r
+\r
+22:4 Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the\r
+place afar off.\r
+\r
+22:5 And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye here with the ass;\r
+and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you.\r
+\r
+22:6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it upon\r
+Isaac his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife; and they\r
+went both of them together.\r
+\r
+22:7 And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father: and\r
+he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood:\r
+but where is the lamb for a burnt offering? 22:8 And Abraham said, My\r
+son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering: so they\r
+went both of them together.\r
+\r
+22:9 And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham\r
+built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his\r
+son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood.\r
+\r
+22:10 And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay\r
+his son.\r
+\r
+22:11 And the angel of the LORD called unto him out of heaven, and\r
+said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I.\r
+\r
+22:12 And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou\r
+any thing unto him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou\r
+hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me.\r
+\r
+22:13 And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind\r
+him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took\r
+the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his\r
+son.\r
+\r
+22:14 And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovahjireh: as it is\r
+said to this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen.\r
+\r
+22:15 And the angel of the LORD called unto Abraham out of heaven the\r
+second time, 22:16 And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD,\r
+for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son,\r
+thine only son: 22:17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in\r
+multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and\r
+as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess\r
+the gate of his enemies; 22:18 And in thy seed shall all the nations\r
+of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice.\r
+\r
+22:19 So Abraham returned unto his young men, and they rose up and\r
+went together to Beersheba; and Abraham dwelt at Beersheba.\r
+\r
+22:20 And it came to pass after these things, that it was told\r
+Abraham, saying, Behold, Milcah, she hath also born children unto thy\r
+brother Nahor; 22:21 Huz his firstborn, and Buz his brother, and\r
+Kemuel the father of Aram, 22:22 And Chesed, and Hazo, and Pildash,\r
+and Jidlaph, and Bethuel.\r
+\r
+22:23 And Bethuel begat Rebekah: these eight Milcah did bear to Nahor,\r
+Abraham's brother.\r
+\r
+22:24 And his concubine, whose name was Reumah, she bare also Tebah,\r
+and Gaham, and Thahash, and Maachah.\r
+\r
+23:1 And Sarah was an hundred and seven and twenty years old: these\r
+were the years of the life of Sarah.\r
+\r
+23:2 And Sarah died in Kirjatharba; the same is Hebron in the land of\r
+Canaan: and Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.\r
+\r
+23:3 And Abraham stood up from before his dead, and spake unto the\r
+sons of Heth, saying, 23:4 I am a stranger and a sojourner with you:\r
+give me a possession of a buryingplace with you, that I may bury my\r
+dead out of my sight.\r
+\r
+23:5 And the children of Heth answered Abraham, saying unto him, 23:6\r
+Hear us, my lord: thou art a mighty prince among us: in the choice of\r
+our sepulchres bury thy dead; none of us shall withhold from thee his\r
+sepulchre, but that thou mayest bury thy dead.\r
+\r
+23:7 And Abraham stood up, and bowed himself to the people of the\r
+land, even to the children of Heth.\r
+\r
+23:8 And he communed with them, saying, If it be your mind that I\r
+should bury my dead out of my sight; hear me, and intreat for me to\r
+Ephron the son of Zohar, 23:9 That he may give me the cave of\r
+Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end of his field; for as\r
+much money as it is worth he shall give it me for a possession of a\r
+buryingplace amongst you.\r
+\r
+23:10 And Ephron dwelt among the children of Heth: and Ephron the\r
+Hittite answered Abraham in the audience of the children of Heth, even\r
+of all that went in at the gate of his city, saying, 23:11 Nay, my\r
+lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I\r
+give it thee; in the presence of the sons of my people give I it thee:\r
+bury thy dead.\r
+\r
+23:12 And Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land.\r
+\r
+23:13 And he spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the\r
+land, saying, But if thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me: I will\r
+give thee money for the field; take it of me, and I will bury my dead\r
+there.\r
+\r
+23:14 And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, 23:15 My lord,\r
+hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver;\r
+what is that betwixt me and thee? bury therefore thy dead.\r
+\r
+23:16 And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron\r
+the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth,\r
+four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant.\r
+\r
+23:17 And the field of Ephron which was in Machpelah, which was before\r
+Mamre, the field, and the cave which was therein, and all the trees\r
+that were in the field, that were in all the borders round about, were\r
+made sure 23:18 Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the\r
+children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city.\r
+\r
+23:19 And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the\r
+field of Machpelah before Mamre: the same is Hebron in the land of\r
+Canaan.\r
+\r
+23:20 And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto\r
+Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth.\r
+\r
+24:1 And Abraham was old, and well stricken in age: and the LORD had\r
+blessed Abraham in all things.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Abraham said unto his eldest servant of his house, that ruled\r
+over all that he had, Put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh: 24:3\r
+And I will make thee swear by the LORD, the God of heaven, and the God\r
+of the earth, that thou shalt not take a wife unto my son of the\r
+daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I dwell: 24:4 But thou shalt\r
+go unto my country, and to my kindred, and take a wife unto my son\r
+Isaac.\r
+\r
+24:5 And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman will not be\r
+willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son again\r
+unto the land from whence thou camest? 24:6 And Abraham said unto\r
+him, Beware thou that thou bring not my son thither again.\r
+\r
+24:7 The LORD God of heaven, which took me from my father's house, and\r
+from the land of my kindred, and which spake unto me, and that sware\r
+unto me, saying, Unto thy seed will I give this land; he shall send\r
+his angel before thee, and thou shalt take a wife unto my son from\r
+thence.\r
+\r
+24:8 And if the woman will not be willing to follow thee, then thou\r
+shalt be clear from this my oath: only bring not my son thither again.\r
+\r
+24:9 And the servant put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his\r
+master, and sware to him concerning that matter.\r
+\r
+24:10 And the servant took ten camels of the camels of his master, and\r
+departed; for all the goods of his master were in his hand: and he\r
+arose, and went to Mesopotamia, unto the city of Nahor.\r
+\r
+24:11 And he made his camels to kneel down without the city by a well\r
+of water at the time of the evening, even the time that women go out\r
+to draw water.\r
+\r
+24:12 And he said O LORD God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send\r
+me good speed this day, and shew kindness unto my master Abraham.\r
+\r
+24:13 Behold, I stand here by the well of water; and the daughters of\r
+the men of the city come out to draw water: 24:14 And let it come to\r
+pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I\r
+pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give\r
+thy camels drink also: let the same be she that thou hast appointed\r
+for thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shewed\r
+kindness unto my master.\r
+\r
+24:15 And it came to pass, before he had done speaking, that, behold,\r
+Rebekah came out, who was born to Bethuel, son of Milcah, the wife of\r
+Nahor, Abraham's brother, with her pitcher upon her shoulder.\r
+\r
+24:16 And the damsel was very fair to look upon, a virgin, neither had\r
+any man known her: and she went down to the well, and filled her\r
+pitcher, and came up.\r
+\r
+24:17 And the servant ran to meet her, and said, Let me, I pray thee,\r
+drink a little water of thy pitcher.\r
+\r
+24:18 And she said, Drink, my lord: and she hasted, and let down her\r
+pitcher upon her hand, and gave him drink.\r
+\r
+24:19 And when she had done giving him drink, she said, I will draw\r
+water for thy camels also, until they have done drinking.\r
+\r
+24:20 And she hasted, and emptied her pitcher into the trough, and ran\r
+again unto the well to draw water, and drew for all his camels.\r
+\r
+24:21 And the man wondering at her held his peace, to wit whether the\r
+LORD had made his journey prosperous or not.\r
+\r
+24:22 And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the\r
+man took a golden earring of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets\r
+for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold; 24:23 And said, Whose\r
+daughter art thou? tell me, I pray thee: is there room in thy father's\r
+house for us to lodge in? 24:24 And she said unto him, I am the\r
+daughter of Bethuel the son of Milcah, which she bare unto Nahor.\r
+\r
+24:25 She said moreover unto him, We have both straw and provender\r
+enough, and room to lodge in.\r
+\r
+24:26 And the man bowed down his head, and worshipped the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:27 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of my master Abraham, who\r
+hath not left destitute my master of his mercy and his truth: I being\r
+in the way, the LORD led me to the house of my master's brethren.\r
+\r
+24:28 And the damsel ran, and told them of her mother's house these\r
+things.\r
+\r
+24:29 And Rebekah had a brother, and his name was Laban: and Laban ran\r
+out unto the man, unto the well.\r
+\r
+24:30 And it came to pass, when he saw the earring and bracelets upon\r
+his sister's hands, and when he heard the words of Rebekah his sister,\r
+saying, Thus spake the man unto me; that he came unto the man; and,\r
+behold, he stood by the camels at the well.\r
+\r
+24:31 And he said, Come in, thou blessed of the LORD; wherefore\r
+standest thou without? for I have prepared the house, and room for the\r
+camels.\r
+\r
+24:32 And the man came into the house: and he ungirded his camels, and\r
+gave straw and provender for the camels, and water to wash his feet,\r
+and the men's feet that were with him.\r
+\r
+24:33 And there was set meat before him to eat: but he said, I will\r
+not eat, until I have told mine errand. And he said, Speak on.\r
+\r
+24:34 And he said, I am Abraham's servant.\r
+\r
+24:35 And the LORD hath blessed my master greatly; and he is become\r
+great: and he hath given him flocks, and herds, and silver, and gold,\r
+and menservants, and maidservants, and camels, and asses.\r
+\r
+24:36 And Sarah my master's wife bare a son to my master when she was\r
+old: and unto him hath he given all that he hath.\r
+\r
+24:37 And my master made me swear, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife\r
+to my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I dwell:\r
+24:38 But thou shalt go unto my father's house, and to my kindred, and\r
+take a wife unto my son.\r
+\r
+24:39 And I said unto my master, Peradventure the woman will not\r
+follow me.\r
+\r
+24:40 And he said unto me, The LORD, before whom I walk, will send his\r
+angel with thee, and prosper thy way; and thou shalt take a wife for\r
+my son of my kindred, and of my father's house: 24:41 Then shalt thou\r
+be clear from this my oath, when thou comest to my kindred; and if\r
+they give not thee one, thou shalt be clear from my oath.\r
+\r
+24:42 And I came this day unto the well, and said, O LORD God of my\r
+master Abraham, if now thou do prosper my way which I go: 24:43\r
+Behold, I stand by the well of water; and it shall come to pass, that\r
+when the virgin cometh forth to draw water, and I say to her, Give me,\r
+I pray thee, a little water of thy pitcher to drink; 24:44 And she say\r
+to me, Both drink thou, and I will also draw for thy camels: let the\r
+same be the woman whom the LORD hath appointed out for my master's\r
+son.\r
+\r
+24:45 And before I had done speaking in mine heart, behold, Rebekah\r
+came forth with her pitcher on her shoulder; and she went down unto\r
+the well, and drew water: and I said unto her, Let me drink, I pray\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+24:46 And she made haste, and let down her pitcher from her shoulder,\r
+and said, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: so I drank,\r
+and she made the camels drink also.\r
+\r
+24:47 And I asked her, and said, Whose daughter art thou? And she\r
+said, the daughter of Bethuel, Nahor's son, whom Milcah bare unto him:\r
+and I put the earring upon her face, and the bracelets upon her hands.\r
+\r
+24:48 And I bowed down my head, and worshipped the LORD, and blessed\r
+the LORD God of my master Abraham, which had led me in the right way\r
+to take my master's brother's daughter unto his son.\r
+\r
+24:49 And now if ye will deal kindly and truly with my master, tell\r
+me: and if not, tell me; that I may turn to the right hand, or to the\r
+left.\r
+\r
+24:50 Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing proceedeth\r
+from the LORD: we cannot speak unto thee bad or good.\r
+\r
+24:51 Behold, Rebekah is before thee, take her, and go, and let her be\r
+thy master's son's wife, as the LORD hath spoken.\r
+\r
+24:52 And it came to pass, that, when Abraham's servant heard their\r
+words, he worshipped the LORD, bowing himself to the earth.\r
+\r
+24:53 And the servant brought forth jewels of silver, and jewels of\r
+gold, and raiment, and gave them to Rebekah: he gave also to her\r
+brother and to her mother precious things.\r
+\r
+24:54 And they did eat and drink, he and the men that were with him,\r
+and tarried all night; and they rose up in the morning, and he said,\r
+Send me away unto my master.\r
+\r
+24:55 And her brother and her mother said, Let the damsel abide with\r
+us a few days, at the least ten; after that she shall go.\r
+\r
+24:56 And he said unto them, Hinder me not, seeing the LORD hath\r
+prospered my way; send me away that I may go to my master.\r
+\r
+24:57 And they said, We will call the damsel, and enquire at her\r
+mouth.\r
+\r
+24:58 And they called Rebekah, and said unto her, Wilt thou go with\r
+this man? And she said, I will go.\r
+\r
+24:59 And they sent away Rebekah their sister, and her nurse, and\r
+Abraham's servant, and his men.\r
+\r
+24:60 And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her, Thou art our\r
+sister, be thou the mother of thousands of millions, and let thy seed\r
+possess the gate of those which hate them.\r
+\r
+24:61 And Rebekah arose, and her damsels, and they rode upon the\r
+camels, and followed the man: and the servant took Rebekah, and went\r
+his way.\r
+\r
+24:62 And Isaac came from the way of the well Lahairoi; for he dwelt\r
+in the south country.\r
+\r
+24:63 And Isaac went out to meditate in the field at the eventide: and\r
+he lifted up his eyes, and saw, and, behold, the camels were coming.\r
+\r
+24:64 And Rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Isaac, she\r
+lighted off the camel.\r
+\r
+24:65 For she had said unto the servant, What man is this that walketh\r
+in the field to meet us? And the servant had said, It is my master:\r
+therefore she took a vail, and covered herself.\r
+\r
+24:66 And the servant told Isaac all things that he had done.\r
+\r
+24:67 And Isaac brought her into his mother Sarah's tent, and took\r
+Rebekah, and she became his wife; and he loved her: and Isaac was\r
+comforted after his mother's death.\r
+\r
+25:1 Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah.\r
+\r
+25:2 And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and\r
+Ishbak, and Shuah.\r
+\r
+25:3 And Jokshan begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were\r
+Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim.\r
+\r
+25:4 And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Hanoch, and Abidah,\r
+and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah.\r
+\r
+25:5 And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac.\r
+\r
+25:6 But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham\r
+gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived,\r
+eastward, unto the east country.\r
+\r
+25:7 And these are the days of the years of Abraham's life which he\r
+lived, an hundred threescore and fifteen years.\r
+\r
+25:8 Then Abraham gave up the ghost, and died in a good old age, an\r
+old man, and full of years; and was gathered to his people.\r
+\r
+25:9 And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of\r
+Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, which\r
+is before Mamre; 25:10 The field which Abraham purchased of the sons\r
+of Heth: there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife.\r
+\r
+25:11 And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that God blessed\r
+his son Isaac; and Isaac dwelt by the well Lahairoi.\r
+\r
+25:12 Now these are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham's son, whom\r
+Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah's handmaid, bare unto Abraham: 25:13 And\r
+these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according\r
+to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar,\r
+and Adbeel, and Mibsam, 25:14 And Mishma, and Dumah, and Massa, 25:15\r
+Hadar, and Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah: 25:16 These are the sons\r
+of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their\r
+castles; twelve princes according to their nations.\r
+\r
+25:17 And these are the years of the life of Ishmael, an hundred and\r
+thirty and seven years: and he gave up the ghost and died; and was\r
+gathered unto his people.\r
+\r
+25:18 And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt, as\r
+thou goest toward Assyria: and he died in the presence of all his\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+25:19 And these are the generations of Isaac, Abraham's son: Abraham\r
+begat Isaac: 25:20 And Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah\r
+to wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padanaram, the sister\r
+to Laban the Syrian.\r
+\r
+25:21 And Isaac intreated the LORD for his wife, because she was\r
+barren: and the LORD was intreated of him, and Rebekah his wife\r
+conceived.\r
+\r
+25:22 And the children struggled together within her; and she said, If\r
+it be so, why am I thus? And she went to enquire of the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:23 And the LORD said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two\r
+manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and the one\r
+people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall\r
+serve the younger.\r
+\r
+25:24 And when her days to be delivered were fulfilled, behold, there\r
+were twins in her womb.\r
+\r
+25:25 And the first came out red, all over like an hairy garment; and\r
+they called his name Esau.\r
+\r
+25:26 And after that came his brother out, and his hand took hold on\r
+Esau's heel; and his name was called Jacob: and Isaac was threescore\r
+years old when she bare them.\r
+\r
+25:27 And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning hunter, a man of the\r
+field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in tents.\r
+\r
+25:28 And Isaac loved Esau, because he did eat of his venison: but\r
+Rebekah loved Jacob.\r
+\r
+25:29 And Jacob sod pottage: and Esau came from the field, and he was\r
+faint: 25:30 And Esau said to Jacob, Feed me, I pray thee, with that\r
+same red pottage; for I am faint: therefore was his name called Edom.\r
+\r
+25:31 And Jacob said, Sell me this day thy birthright.\r
+\r
+25:32 And Esau said, Behold, I am at the point to die: and what profit\r
+shall this birthright do to me? 25:33 And Jacob said, Swear to me\r
+this day; and he sware unto him: and he sold his birthright unto\r
+Jacob.\r
+\r
+25:34 Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles; and he did\r
+eat and drink, and rose up, and went his way: thus Esau despised his\r
+birthright.\r
+\r
+26:1 And there was a famine in the land, beside the first famine that\r
+was in the days of Abraham. And Isaac went unto Abimelech king of the\r
+Philistines unto Gerar.\r
+\r
+26:2 And the LORD appeared unto him, and said, Go not down into Egypt;\r
+dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of: 26:3 Sojourn in this\r
+land, and I will be with thee, and will bless thee; for unto thee, and\r
+unto thy seed, I will give all these countries, and I will perform the\r
+oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father; 26:4 And I will make thy\r
+seed to multiply as the stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed\r
+all these countries; and in thy seed shall all the nations of the\r
+earth be blessed; 26:5 Because that Abraham obeyed my voice, and kept\r
+my charge, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws.\r
+\r
+26:6 And Isaac dwelt in Gerar: 26:7 And the men of the place asked him\r
+of his wife; and he said, She is my sister: for he feared to say, She\r
+is my wife; lest, said he, the men of the place should kill me for\r
+Rebekah; because she was fair to look upon.\r
+\r
+26:8 And it came to pass, when he had been there a long time, that\r
+Abimelech king of the Philistines looked out at a window, and saw,\r
+and, behold, Isaac was sporting with Rebekah his wife.\r
+\r
+26:9 And Abimelech called Isaac, and said, Behold, of a surety she is\r
+thy wife; and how saidst thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said unto\r
+him, Because I said, Lest I die for her.\r
+\r
+26:10 And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done unto us? one of\r
+the people might lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldest\r
+have brought guiltiness upon us.\r
+\r
+26:11 And Abimelech charged all his people, saying, He that toucheth\r
+this man or his wife shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+26:12 Then Isaac sowed in that land, and received in the same year an\r
+hundredfold: and the LORD blessed him.\r
+\r
+26:13 And the man waxed great, and went forward, and grew until he\r
+became very great: 26:14 For he had possession of flocks, and\r
+possession of herds, and great store of servants: and the Philistines\r
+envied him.\r
+\r
+26:15 For all the wells which his father's servants had digged in the\r
+days of Abraham his father, the Philistines had stopped them, and\r
+filled them with earth.\r
+\r
+26:16 And Abimelech said unto Isaac, Go from us; for thou art much\r
+mightier than we.\r
+\r
+26:17 And Isaac departed thence, and pitched his tent in the valley of\r
+Gerar, and dwelt there.\r
+\r
+26:18 And Isaac digged again the wells of water, which they had digged\r
+in the days of Abraham his father; for the Philistines had stopped\r
+them after the death of Abraham: and he called their names after the\r
+names by which his father had called them.\r
+\r
+26:19 And Isaac's servants digged in the valley, and found there a\r
+well of springing water.\r
+\r
+26:20 And the herdmen of Gerar did strive with Isaac's herdmen,\r
+saying, The water is ours: and he called the name of the well Esek;\r
+because they strove with him.\r
+\r
+26:21 And they digged another well, and strove for that also: and he\r
+called the name of it Sitnah.\r
+\r
+26:22 And he removed from thence, and digged another well; and for\r
+that they strove not: and he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he\r
+said, For now the LORD hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful\r
+in the land.\r
+\r
+26:23 And he went up from thence to Beersheba.\r
+\r
+26:24 And the LORD appeared unto him the same night, and said, I am\r
+the God of Abraham thy father: fear not, for I am with thee, and will\r
+bless thee, and multiply thy seed for my servant Abraham's sake.\r
+\r
+26:25 And he builded an altar there, and called upon the name of the\r
+LORD, and pitched his tent there: and there Isaac's servants digged a\r
+well.\r
+\r
+26:26 Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Ahuzzath one of his\r
+friends, and Phichol the chief captain of his army.\r
+\r
+26:27 And Isaac said unto them, Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye\r
+hate me, and have sent me away from you? 26:28 And they said, We saw\r
+certainly that the LORD was with thee: and we said, Let there be now\r
+an oath betwixt us, even betwixt us and thee, and let us make a\r
+covenant with thee; 26:29 That thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not\r
+touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have\r
+sent thee away in peace: thou art now the blessed of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:30 And he made them a feast, and they did eat and drink.\r
+\r
+26:31 And they rose up betimes in the morning, and sware one to\r
+another: and Isaac sent them away, and they departed from him in\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+26:32 And it came to pass the same day, that Isaac's servants came,\r
+and told him concerning the well which they had digged, and said unto\r
+him, We have found water.\r
+\r
+26:33 And he called it Shebah: therefore the name of the city is\r
+Beersheba unto this day.\r
+\r
+26:34 And Esau was forty years old when he took to wife Judith the\r
+daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath the daughter of Elon the\r
+Hittite: 26:35 Which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah.\r
+\r
+27:1 And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were\r
+dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his eldest son, and said\r
+unto him, My son: and he said unto him, Behold, here am I.\r
+\r
+27:2 And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my\r
+death: 27:3 Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver\r
+and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; 27:4\r
+And make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I\r
+may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die.\r
+\r
+27:5 And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went\r
+to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.\r
+\r
+27:6 And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy\r
+father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, 27:7 Bring me venison, and\r
+make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the LORD\r
+before my death.\r
+\r
+27:8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I\r
+command thee.\r
+\r
+27:9 Go now to the flock, and fetch me from thence two good kids of\r
+the goats; and I will make them savoury meat for thy father, such as\r
+he loveth: 27:10 And thou shalt bring it to thy father, that he may\r
+eat, and that he may bless thee before his death.\r
+\r
+27:11 And Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, Behold, Esau my brother is\r
+a hairy man, and I am a smooth man: 27:12 My father peradventure will\r
+feel me, and I shall seem to him as a deceiver; and I shall bring a\r
+curse upon me, and not a blessing.\r
+\r
+27:13 And his mother said unto him, Upon me be thy curse, my son: only\r
+obey my voice, and go fetch me them.\r
+\r
+27:14 And he went, and fetched, and brought them to his mother: and\r
+his mother made savoury meat, such as his father loved.\r
+\r
+27:15 And Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest son Esau, which\r
+were with her in the house, and put them upon Jacob her younger son:\r
+27:16 And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his hands,\r
+and upon the smooth of his neck: 27:17 And she gave the savoury meat\r
+and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.\r
+\r
+27:18 And he came unto his father, and said, My father: and he said,\r
+Here am I; who art thou, my son? 27:19 And Jacob said unto his\r
+father, I am Esau thy first born; I have done according as thou badest\r
+me: arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy soul may\r
+bless me.\r
+\r
+27:20 And Isaac said unto his son, How is it that thou hast found it\r
+so quickly, my son? And he said, Because the LORD thy God brought it\r
+to me.\r
+\r
+27:21 And Isaac said unto Jacob, Come near, I pray thee, that I may\r
+feel thee, my son, whether thou be my very son Esau or not.\r
+\r
+27:22 And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he felt him, and\r
+said, The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau.\r
+\r
+27:23 And he discerned him not, because his hands were hairy, as his\r
+brother Esau's hands: so he blessed him.\r
+\r
+27:24 And he said, Art thou my very son Esau? And he said, I am.\r
+\r
+27:25 And he said, Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's\r
+venison, that my soul may bless thee. And he brought it near to him,\r
+and he did eat: and he brought him wine and he drank.\r
+\r
+27:26 And his father Isaac said unto him, Come near now, and kiss me,\r
+my son.\r
+\r
+27:27 And he came near, and kissed him: and he smelled the smell of\r
+his raiment, and blessed him, and said, See, the smell of my son is as\r
+the smell of a field which the LORD hath blessed: 27:28 Therefore God\r
+give thee of the dew of heaven, and the fatness of the earth, and\r
+plenty of corn and wine: 27:29 Let people serve thee, and nations bow\r
+down to thee: be lord over thy brethren, and let thy mother's sons bow\r
+down to thee: cursed be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be he\r
+that blesseth thee.\r
+\r
+27:30 And it came to pass, as soon as Isaac had made an end of\r
+blessing Jacob, and Jacob was yet scarce gone out from the presence of\r
+Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.\r
+\r
+27:31 And he also had made savoury meat, and brought it unto his\r
+father, and said unto his father, Let my father arise, and eat of his\r
+son's venison, that thy soul may bless me.\r
+\r
+27:32 And Isaac his father said unto him, Who art thou? And he said, I\r
+am thy son, thy firstborn Esau.\r
+\r
+27:33 And Isaac trembled very exceedingly, and said, Who? where is he\r
+that hath taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all\r
+before thou camest, and have blessed him? yea, and he shall be\r
+blessed.\r
+\r
+27:34 And when Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with a\r
+great and exceeding bitter cry, and said unto his father, Bless me,\r
+even me also, O my father.\r
+\r
+27:35 And he said, Thy brother came with subtilty, and hath taken away\r
+thy blessing.\r
+\r
+27:36 And he said, Is not he rightly named Jacob? for he hath\r
+supplanted me these two times: he took away my birthright; and,\r
+behold, now he hath taken away my blessing. And he said, Hast thou not\r
+reserved a blessing for me? 27:37 And Isaac answered and said unto\r
+Esau, Behold, I have made him thy lord, and all his brethren have I\r
+given to him for servants; and with corn and wine have I sustained\r
+him: and what shall I do now unto thee, my son? 27:38 And Esau said\r
+unto his father, Hast thou but one blessing, my father? bless me, even\r
+me also, O my father. And Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.\r
+\r
+27:39 And Isaac his father answered and said unto him, Behold, thy\r
+dwelling shall be the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven\r
+from above; 27:40 And by thy sword shalt thou live, and shalt serve\r
+thy brother; and it shall come to pass when thou shalt have the\r
+dominion, that thou shalt break his yoke from off thy neck.\r
+\r
+27:41 And Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing wherewith his\r
+father blessed him: and Esau said in his heart, The days of mourning\r
+for my father are at hand; then will I slay my brother Jacob.\r
+\r
+27:42 And these words of Esau her elder son were told to Rebekah: and\r
+she sent and called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him, Behold,\r
+thy brother Esau, as touching thee, doth comfort himself, purposing to\r
+kill thee.\r
+\r
+27:43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice; arise, flee thou to Laban\r
+my brother to Haran; 27:44 And tarry with him a few days, until thy\r
+brother's fury turn away; 27:45 Until thy brother's anger turn away\r
+from thee, and he forget that which thou hast done to him: then I will\r
+send, and fetch thee from thence: why should I be deprived also of you\r
+both in one day? 27:46 And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of my\r
+life because of the daughters of Heth: if Jacob take a wife of the\r
+daughters of Heth, such as these which are of the daughters of the\r
+land, what good shall my life do me? 28:1 And Isaac called Jacob, and\r
+blessed him, and charged him, and said unto him, Thou shalt not take a\r
+wife of the daughters of Canaan.\r
+\r
+28:2 Arise, go to Padanaram, to the house of Bethuel thy mother's\r
+father; and take thee a wife from thence of the daughers of Laban thy\r
+mother's brother.\r
+\r
+28:3 And God Almighty bless thee, and make thee fruitful, and multiply\r
+thee, that thou mayest be a multitude of people; 28:4 And give thee\r
+the blessing of Abraham, to thee, and to thy seed with thee; that thou\r
+mayest inherit the land wherein thou art a stranger, which God gave\r
+unto Abraham.\r
+\r
+28:5 And Isaac sent away Jacob: and he went to Padanaram unto Laban,\r
+son of Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebekah, Jacob's and Esau's\r
+mother.\r
+\r
+28:6 When Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob, and sent him away to\r
+Padanaram, to take him a wife from thence; and that as he blessed him\r
+he gave him a charge, saying, Thou shalt not take a wife of the\r
+daughers of Canaan; 28:7 And that Jacob obeyed his father and his\r
+mother, and was gone to Padanaram; 28:8 And Esau seeing that the\r
+daughters of Canaan pleased not Isaac his father; 28:9 Then went Esau\r
+unto Ishmael, and took unto the wives which he had Mahalath the\r
+daughter of Ishmael Abraham's son, the sister of Nebajoth, to be his\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+28:10 And Jacob went out from Beersheba, and went toward Haran.\r
+\r
+28:11 And he lighted upon a certain place, and tarried there all\r
+night, because the sun was set; and he took of the stones of that\r
+place, and put them for his pillows, and lay down in that place to\r
+sleep.\r
+\r
+28:12 And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the\r
+top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending\r
+and descending on it.\r
+\r
+28:13 And, behold, the LORD stood above it, and said, I am the LORD\r
+God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac: the land whereon thou\r
+liest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed; 28:14 And thy seed\r
+shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the\r
+west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee\r
+and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed.\r
+\r
+28:15 And, behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee in all places\r
+whither thou goest, and will bring thee again into this land; for I\r
+will not leave thee, until I have done that which I have spoken to\r
+thee of.\r
+\r
+28:16 And Jacob awaked out of his sleep, and he said, Surely the LORD\r
+is in this place; and I knew it not.\r
+\r
+28:17 And he was afraid, and said, How dreadful is this place! this is\r
+none other but the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven.\r
+\r
+28:18 And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that\r
+he had put for his pillows, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil\r
+upon the top of it.\r
+\r
+28:19 And he called the name of that place Bethel: but the name of\r
+that city was called Luz at the first.\r
+\r
+28:20 And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will\r
+keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and\r
+raiment to put on, 28:21 So that I come again to my father's house in\r
+peace; then shall the LORD be my God: 28:22 And this stone, which I\r
+have set for a pillar, shall be God's house: and of all that thou\r
+shalt give me I will surely give the tenth unto thee.\r
+\r
+29:1 Then Jacob went on his journey, and came into the land of the\r
+people of the east.\r
+\r
+29:2 And he looked, and behold a well in the field, and, lo, there\r
+were three flocks of sheep lying by it; for out of that well they\r
+watered the flocks: and a great stone was upon the well's mouth.\r
+\r
+29:3 And thither were all the flocks gathered: and they rolled the\r
+stone from the well's mouth, and watered the sheep, and put the stone\r
+again upon the well's mouth in his place.\r
+\r
+29:4 And Jacob said unto them, My brethren, whence be ye? And they\r
+said, Of Haran are we.\r
+\r
+29:5 And he said unto them, Know ye Laban the son of Nahor? And they\r
+said, We know him.\r
+\r
+29:6 And he said unto them, Is he well? And they said, He is well:\r
+and, behold, Rachel his daughter cometh with the sheep.\r
+\r
+29:7 And he said, Lo, it is yet high day, neither is it time that the\r
+cattle should be gathered together: water ye the sheep, and go and\r
+feed them.\r
+\r
+29:8 And they said, We cannot, until all the flocks be gathered\r
+together, and till they roll the stone from the well's mouth; then we\r
+water the sheep.\r
+\r
+29:9 And while he yet spake with them, Rachel came with her father's\r
+sheep; for she kept them.\r
+\r
+29:10 And it came to pass, when Jacob saw Rachel the daughter of Laban\r
+his mother's brother, and the sheep of Laban his mother's brother,\r
+that Jacob went near, and rolled the stone from the well's mouth, and\r
+watered the flock of Laban his mother's brother.\r
+\r
+29:11 And Jacob kissed Rachel, and lifted up his voice, and wept.\r
+\r
+29:12 And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father's brother, and that\r
+he was Rebekah's son: and she ran and told her father.\r
+\r
+29:13 And it came to pass, when Laban heard the tidings of Jacob his\r
+sister's son, that he ran to meet him, and embraced him, and kissed\r
+him, and brought him to his house. And he told Laban all these things.\r
+\r
+29:14 And Laban said to him, Surely thou art my bone and my flesh. And\r
+he abode with him the space of a month.\r
+\r
+29:15 And Laban said unto Jacob, Because thou art my brother,\r
+shouldest thou therefore serve me for nought? tell me, what shall thy\r
+wages be? 29:16 And Laban had two daughters: the name of the elder\r
+was Leah, and the name of the younger was Rachel.\r
+\r
+29:17 Leah was tender eyed; but Rachel was beautiful and well\r
+favoured.\r
+\r
+29:18 And Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years\r
+for Rachel thy younger daughter.\r
+\r
+29:19 And Laban said, It is better that I give her to thee, than that\r
+I should give her to another man: abide with me.\r
+\r
+29:20 And Jacob served seven years for Rachel; and they seemed unto\r
+him but a few days, for the love he had to her.\r
+\r
+29:21 And Jacob said unto Laban, Give me my wife, for my days are\r
+fulfilled, that I may go in unto her.\r
+\r
+29:22 And Laban gathered together all the men of the place, and made a\r
+feast.\r
+\r
+29:23 And it came to pass in the evening, that he took Leah his\r
+daughter, and brought her to him; and he went in unto her.\r
+\r
+29:24 And Laban gave unto his daughter Leah Zilpah his maid for an\r
+handmaid.\r
+\r
+29:25 And it came to pass, that in the morning, behold, it was Leah:\r
+and he said to Laban, What is this thou hast done unto me? did not I\r
+serve with thee for Rachel? wherefore then hast thou beguiled me?\r
+29:26 And Laban said, It must not be so done in our country, to give\r
+the younger before the firstborn.\r
+\r
+29:27 Fulfil her week, and we will give thee this also for the service\r
+which thou shalt serve with me yet seven other years.\r
+\r
+29:28 And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week: and he gave him Rachel\r
+his daughter to wife also.\r
+\r
+29:29 And Laban gave to Rachel his daughter Bilhah his handmaid to be\r
+her maid.\r
+\r
+29:30 And he went in also unto Rachel, and he loved also Rachel more\r
+than Leah, and served with him yet seven other years.\r
+\r
+29:31 And when the LORD saw that Leah was hated, he opened her womb:\r
+but Rachel was barren.\r
+\r
+29:32 And Leah conceived, and bare a son, and she called his name\r
+Reuben: for she said, Surely the LORD hath looked upon my affliction;\r
+now therefore my husband will love me.\r
+\r
+29:33 And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Because the\r
+LORD hath heard I was hated, he hath therefore given me this son also:\r
+and she called his name Simeon.\r
+\r
+29:34 And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Now this time\r
+will my husband be joined unto me, because I have born him three sons:\r
+therefore was his name called Levi.\r
+\r
+29:35 And she conceived again, and bare a son: and she said, Now will\r
+I praise the LORD: therefore she called his name Judah; and left\r
+bearing.\r
+\r
+30:1 And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel\r
+envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I\r
+die.\r
+\r
+30:2 And Jacob's anger was kindled against Rachel: and he said, Am I\r
+in God's stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb?\r
+30:3 And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she\r
+shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.\r
+\r
+30:4 And she gave him Bilhah her handmaid to wife: and Jacob went in\r
+unto her.\r
+\r
+30:5 And Bilhah conceived, and bare Jacob a son.\r
+\r
+30:6 And Rachel said, God hath judged me, and hath also heard my\r
+voice, and hath given me a son: therefore called she his name Dan.\r
+\r
+30:7 And Bilhah Rachel's maid conceived again, and bare Jacob a second\r
+son.\r
+\r
+30:8 And Rachel said, With great wrestlings have I wrestled with my\r
+sister, and I have prevailed: and she called his name Naphtali.\r
+\r
+30:9 When Leah saw that she had left bearing, she took Zilpah her\r
+maid, and gave her Jacob to wife.\r
+\r
+30:10 And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a son.\r
+\r
+30:11 And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad.\r
+\r
+30:12 And Zilpah Leah's maid bare Jacob a second son.\r
+\r
+30:13 And Leah said, Happy am I, for the daughters will call me\r
+blessed: and she called his name Asher.\r
+\r
+30:14 And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found\r
+mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then\r
+Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes.\r
+\r
+30:15 And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast taken\r
+my husband? and wouldest thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And\r
+Rachel said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to night for thy son's\r
+mandrakes.\r
+\r
+30:16 And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went\r
+out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I\r
+have hired thee with my son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that\r
+night.\r
+\r
+30:17 And God hearkened unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare Jacob\r
+the fifth son.\r
+\r
+30:18 And Leah said, God hath given me my hire, because I have given\r
+my maiden to my husband: and she called his name Issachar.\r
+\r
+30:19 And Leah conceived again, and bare Jacob the sixth son.\r
+\r
+30:20 And Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry; now will my\r
+husband dwell with me, because I have born him six sons: and she\r
+called his name Zebulun.\r
+\r
+30:21 And afterwards she bare a daughter, and called her name Dinah.\r
+\r
+30:22 And God remembered Rachel, and God hearkened to her, and opened\r
+her womb.\r
+\r
+30:23 And she conceived, and bare a son; and said, God hath taken away\r
+my reproach: 30:24 And she called his name Joseph; and said, The LORD\r
+shall add to me another son.\r
+\r
+30:25 And it came to pass, when Rachel had born Joseph, that Jacob\r
+said unto Laban, Send me away, that I may go unto mine own place, and\r
+to my country.\r
+\r
+30:26 Give me my wives and my children, for whom I have served thee,\r
+and let me go: for thou knowest my service which I have done thee.\r
+\r
+30:27 And Laban said unto him, I pray thee, if I have found favour in\r
+thine eyes, tarry: for I have learned by experience that the LORD hath\r
+blessed me for thy sake.\r
+\r
+30:28 And he said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will give it.\r
+\r
+30:29 And he said unto him, Thou knowest how I have served thee, and\r
+how thy cattle was with me.\r
+\r
+30:30 For it was little which thou hadst before I came, and it is now\r
+increased unto a multitude; and the LORD hath blessed thee since my\r
+coming: and now when shall I provide for mine own house also? 30:31\r
+And he said, What shall I give thee? And Jacob said, Thou shalt not\r
+give me any thing: if thou wilt do this thing for me, I will again\r
+feed and keep thy flock.\r
+\r
+30:32 I will pass through all thy flock to day, removing from thence\r
+all the speckled and spotted cattle, and all the brown cattle among\r
+the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats: and of such\r
+shall be my hire.\r
+\r
+30:33 So shall my righteousness answer for me in time to come, when it\r
+shall come for my hire before thy face: every one that is not speckled\r
+and spotted among the goats, and brown among the sheep, that shall be\r
+counted stolen with me.\r
+\r
+30:34 And Laban said, Behold, I would it might be according to thy\r
+word.\r
+\r
+30:35 And he removed that day the he goats that were ringstraked and\r
+spotted, and all the she goats that were speckled and spotted, and\r
+every one that had some white in it, and all the brown among the\r
+sheep, and gave them into the hand of his sons.\r
+\r
+30:36 And he set three days' journey betwixt himself and Jacob: and\r
+Jacob fed the rest of Laban's flocks.\r
+\r
+30:37 And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and\r
+chesnut tree; and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white\r
+appear which was in the rods.\r
+\r
+30:38 And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the\r
+gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that\r
+they should conceive when they came to drink.\r
+\r
+30:39 And the flocks conceived before the rods, and brought forth\r
+cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.\r
+\r
+30:40 And Jacob did separate the lambs, and set the faces of the\r
+flocks toward the ringstraked, and all the brown in the flock of\r
+Laban; and he put his own flocks by themselves, and put them not unto\r
+Laban's cattle.\r
+\r
+30:41 And it came to pass, whensoever the stronger cattle did\r
+conceive, that Jacob laid the rods before the eyes of the cattle in\r
+the gutters, that they might conceive among the rods.\r
+\r
+30:42 But when the cattle were feeble, he put them not in: so the\r
+feebler were Laban's, and the stronger Jacob's.\r
+\r
+30:43 And the man increased exceedingly, and had much cattle, and\r
+maidservants, and menservants, and camels, and asses.\r
+\r
+31:1 And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob hath taken\r
+away all that was our father's; and of that which was our father's\r
+hath he gotten all this glory.\r
+\r
+31:2 And Jacob beheld the countenance of Laban, and, behold, it was\r
+not toward him as before.\r
+\r
+31:3 And the LORD said unto Jacob, Return unto the land of thy\r
+fathers, and to thy kindred; and I will be with thee.\r
+\r
+31:4 And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field unto his\r
+flock, 31:5 And said unto them, I see your father's countenance, that\r
+it is not toward me as before; but the God of my father hath been with\r
+me.\r
+\r
+31:6 And ye know that with all my power I have served your father.\r
+\r
+31:7 And your father hath deceived me, and changed my wages ten times;\r
+but God suffered him not to hurt me.\r
+\r
+31:8 If he said thus, The speckled shall be thy wages; then all the\r
+cattle bare speckled: and if he said thus, The ringstraked shall be\r
+thy hire; then bare all the cattle ringstraked.\r
+\r
+31:9 Thus God hath taken away the cattle of your father, and given\r
+them to me.\r
+\r
+31:10 And it came to pass at the time that the cattle conceived, that\r
+I lifted up mine eyes, and saw in a dream, and, behold, the rams which\r
+leaped upon the cattle were ringstraked, speckled, and grisled.\r
+\r
+31:11 And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob:\r
+And I said, Here am I.\r
+\r
+31:12 And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which\r
+leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I\r
+have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.\r
+\r
+31:13 I am the God of Bethel, where thou anointedst the pillar, and\r
+where thou vowedst a vow unto me: now arise, get thee out from this\r
+land, and return unto the land of thy kindred.\r
+\r
+31:14 And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is there yet any\r
+portion or inheritance for us in our father's house? 31:15 Are we not\r
+counted of him strangers? for he hath sold us, and hath quite devoured\r
+also our money.\r
+\r
+31:16 For all the riches which God hath taken from our father, that is\r
+ours, and our children's: now then, whatsoever God hath said unto\r
+thee, do.\r
+\r
+31:17 Then Jacob rose up, and set his sons and his wives upon camels;\r
+31:18 And he carried away all his cattle, and all his goods which he\r
+had gotten, the cattle of his getting, which he had gotten in\r
+Padanaram, for to go to Isaac his father in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+31:19 And Laban went to shear his sheep: and Rachel had stolen the\r
+images that were her father's.\r
+\r
+31:20 And Jacob stole away unawares to Laban the Syrian, in that he\r
+told him not that he fled.\r
+\r
+31:21 So he fled with all that he had; and he rose up, and passed over\r
+the river, and set his face toward the mount Gilead.\r
+\r
+31:22 And it was told Laban on the third day that Jacob was fled.\r
+\r
+31:23 And he took his brethren with him, and pursued after him seven\r
+days' journey; and they overtook him in the mount Gilead.\r
+\r
+31:24 And God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream by night, and said\r
+unto him, Take heed that thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.\r
+\r
+31:25 Then Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the\r
+mount: and Laban with his brethren pitched in the mount of Gilead.\r
+\r
+31:26 And Laban said to Jacob, What hast thou done, that thou hast\r
+stolen away unawares to me, and carried away my daughters, as captives\r
+taken with the sword? 31:27 Wherefore didst thou flee away secretly,\r
+and steal away from me; and didst not tell me, that I might have sent\r
+thee away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp?\r
+31:28 And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou\r
+hast now done foolishly in so doing.\r
+\r
+31:29 It is in the power of my hand to do you hurt: but the God of\r
+your father spake unto me yesternight, saying, Take thou heed that\r
+thou speak not to Jacob either good or bad.\r
+\r
+31:30 And now, though thou wouldest needs be gone, because thou sore\r
+longedst after thy father's house, yet wherefore hast thou stolen my\r
+gods? 31:31 And Jacob answered and said to Laban, Because I was\r
+afraid: for I said, Peradventure thou wouldest take by force thy\r
+daughters from me.\r
+\r
+31:32 With whomsoever thou findest thy gods, let him not live: before\r
+our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and take it to thee.\r
+For Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them.\r
+\r
+31:33 And Laban went into Jacob's tent, and into Leah's tent, and into\r
+the two maidservants' tents; but he found them not. Then went he out\r
+of Leah's tent, and entered into Rachel's tent.\r
+\r
+31:34 Now Rachel had taken the images, and put them in the camel's\r
+furniture, and sat upon them. And Laban searched all the tent, but\r
+found them not.\r
+\r
+31:35 And she said to her father, Let it not displease my lord that I\r
+cannot rise up before thee; for the custom of women is upon me. And he\r
+searched but found not the images.\r
+\r
+31:36 And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban: and Jacob answered\r
+and said to Laban, What is my trespass? what is my sin, that thou hast\r
+so hotly pursued after me? 31:37 Whereas thou hast searched all my\r
+stuff, what hast thou found of all thy household stuff? set it here\r
+before my brethren and thy brethren, that they may judge betwixt us\r
+both.\r
+\r
+31:38 This twenty years have I been with thee; thy ewes and thy she\r
+goats have not cast their young, and the rams of thy flock have I not\r
+eaten.\r
+\r
+31:39 That which was torn of beasts I brought not unto thee; I bare\r
+the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it, whether stolen by\r
+day, or stolen by night.\r
+\r
+31:40 Thus I was; in the day the drought consumed me, and the frost by\r
+night; and my sleep departed from mine eyes.\r
+\r
+31:41 Thus have I been twenty years in thy house; I served thee\r
+fourteen years for thy two daughters, and six years for thy cattle:\r
+and thou hast changed my wages ten times.\r
+\r
+31:42 Except the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the fear of\r
+Isaac, had been with me, surely thou hadst sent me away now empty. God\r
+hath seen mine affliction and the labour of my hands, and rebuked thee\r
+yesternight.\r
+\r
+31:43 And Laban answered and said unto Jacob, These daughters are my\r
+daughters, and these children are my children, and these cattle are my\r
+cattle, and all that thou seest is mine: and what can I do this day\r
+unto these my daughters, or unto their children which they have born?\r
+31:44 Now therefore come thou, let us make a covenant, I and thou; and\r
+let it be for a witness between me and thee.\r
+\r
+31:45 And Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar.\r
+\r
+31:46 And Jacob said unto his brethren, Gather stones; and they took\r
+stones, and made an heap: and they did eat there upon the heap.\r
+\r
+31:47 And Laban called it Jegarsahadutha: but Jacob called it Galeed.\r
+\r
+31:48 And Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+Therefore was the name of it called Galeed; 31:49 And Mizpah; for he\r
+said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from\r
+another.\r
+\r
+31:50 If thou shalt afflict my daughters, or if thou shalt take other\r
+wives beside my daughters, no man is with us; see, God is witness\r
+betwixt me and thee.\r
+\r
+31:51 And Laban said to Jacob, Behold this heap, and behold this\r
+pillar, which I have cast betwixt me and thee: 31:52 This heap be\r
+witness, and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass over this\r
+heap to thee, and that thou shalt not pass over this heap and this\r
+pillar unto me, for harm.\r
+\r
+31:53 The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their\r
+father, judge betwixt us. And Jacob sware by the fear of his father\r
+Isaac.\r
+\r
+31:54 Then Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount, and called his\r
+brethren to eat bread: and they did eat bread, and tarried all night\r
+in the mount.\r
+\r
+31:55 And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and\r
+his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto\r
+his place.\r
+\r
+32:1 And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him.\r
+\r
+32:2 And when Jacob saw them, he said, This is God's host: and he\r
+called the name of that place Mahanaim.\r
+\r
+32:3 And Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his brother unto the\r
+land of Seir, the country of Edom.\r
+\r
+32:4 And he commanded them, saying, Thus shall ye speak unto my lord\r
+Esau; Thy servant Jacob saith thus, I have sojourned with Laban, and\r
+stayed there until now: 32:5 And I have oxen, and asses, flocks, and\r
+menservants, and womenservants: and I have sent to tell my lord, that\r
+I may find grace in thy sight.\r
+\r
+32:6 And the messengers returned to Jacob, saying, We came to thy\r
+brother Esau, and also he cometh to meet thee, and four hundred men\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+32:7 Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed: and he divided the\r
+people that was with him, and the flocks, and herds, and the camels,\r
+into two bands; 32:8 And said, If Esau come to the one company, and\r
+smite it, then the other company which is left shall escape.\r
+\r
+32:9 And Jacob said, O God of my father Abraham, and God of my father\r
+Isaac, the LORD which saidst unto me, Return unto thy country, and to\r
+thy kindred, and I will deal well with thee: 32:10 I am not worthy of\r
+the least of all the mercies, and of all the truth, which thou hast\r
+shewed unto thy servant; for with my staff I passed over this Jordan;\r
+and now I am become two bands.\r
+\r
+32:11 Deliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother, from the\r
+hand of Esau: for I fear him, lest he will come and smite me, and the\r
+mother with the children.\r
+\r
+32:12 And thou saidst, I will surely do thee good, and make thy seed\r
+as the sand of the sea, which cannot be numbered for multitude.\r
+\r
+32:13 And he lodged there that same night; and took of that which came\r
+to his hand a present for Esau his brother; 32:14 Two hundred she\r
+goats, and twenty he goats, two hundred ewes, and twenty rams, 32:15\r
+Thirty milch camels with their colts, forty kine, and ten bulls,\r
+twenty she asses, and ten foals.\r
+\r
+32:16 And he delivered them into the hand of his servants, every drove\r
+by themselves; and said unto his servants, Pass over before me, and\r
+put a space betwixt drove and drove.\r
+\r
+32:17 And he commanded the foremost, saying, When Esau my brother\r
+meeteth thee, and asketh thee, saying, Whose art thou? and whither\r
+goest thou? and whose are these before thee? 32:18 Then thou shalt\r
+say, They be thy servant Jacob's; it is a present sent unto my lord\r
+Esau: and, behold, also he is behind us.\r
+\r
+32:19 And so commanded he the second, and the third, and all that\r
+followed the droves, saying, On this manner shall ye speak unto Esau,\r
+when ye find him.\r
+\r
+32:20 And say ye moreover, Behold, thy servant Jacob is behind us. For\r
+he said, I will appease him with the present that goeth before me, and\r
+afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of me.\r
+\r
+32:21 So went the present over before him: and himself lodged that\r
+night in the company.\r
+\r
+32:22 And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and his two\r
+womenservants, and his eleven sons, and passed over the ford Jabbok.\r
+\r
+32:23 And he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent over\r
+that he had.\r
+\r
+32:24 And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him\r
+until the breaking of the day.\r
+\r
+32:25 And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched\r
+the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was out of\r
+joint, as he wrestled with him.\r
+\r
+32:26 And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I\r
+will not let thee go, except thou bless me.\r
+\r
+32:27 And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob.\r
+\r
+32:28 And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel:\r
+for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast\r
+prevailed.\r
+\r
+32:29 And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name.\r
+And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he\r
+blessed him there.\r
+\r
+32:30 And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen\r
+God face to face, and my life is preserved.\r
+\r
+32:31 And as he passed over Penuel the sun rose upon him, and he\r
+halted upon his thigh.\r
+\r
+32:32 Therefore the children of Israel eat not of the sinew which\r
+shrank, which is upon the hollow of the thigh, unto this day: because\r
+he touched the hollow of Jacob's thigh in the sinew that shrank.\r
+\r
+33:1 And Jacob lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, Esau came,\r
+and with him four hundred men. And he divided the children unto Leah,\r
+and unto Rachel, and unto the two handmaids.\r
+\r
+33:2 And he put the handmaids and their children foremost, and Leah\r
+and her children after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost.\r
+\r
+33:3 And he passed over before them, and bowed himself to the ground\r
+seven times, until he came near to his brother.\r
+\r
+33:4 And Esau ran to meet him, and embraced him, and fell on his neck,\r
+and kissed him: and they wept.\r
+\r
+33:5 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw the women and the children;\r
+and said, Who are those with thee? And he said, The children which God\r
+hath graciously given thy servant.\r
+\r
+33:6 Then the handmaidens came near, they and their children, and they\r
+bowed themselves.\r
+\r
+33:7 And Leah also with her children came near, and bowed themselves:\r
+and after came Joseph near and Rachel, and they bowed themselves.\r
+\r
+33:8 And he said, What meanest thou by all this drove which I met? And\r
+he said, These are to find grace in the sight of my lord.\r
+\r
+33:9 And Esau said, I have enough, my brother; keep that thou hast\r
+unto thyself.\r
+\r
+33:10 And Jacob said, Nay, I pray thee, if now I have found grace in\r
+thy sight, then receive my present at my hand: for therefore I have\r
+seen thy face, as though I had seen the face of God, and thou wast\r
+pleased with me.\r
+\r
+33:11 Take, I pray thee, my blessing that is brought to thee; because\r
+God hath dealt graciously with me, and because I have enough. And he\r
+urged him, and he took it.\r
+\r
+33:12 And he said, Let us take our journey, and let us go, and I will\r
+go before thee.\r
+\r
+33:13 And he said unto him, My lord knoweth that the children are\r
+tender, and the flocks and herds with young are with me: and if men\r
+should overdrive them one day, all the flock will die.\r
+\r
+33:14 Let my lord, I pray thee, pass over before his servant: and I\r
+will lead on softly, according as the cattle that goeth before me and\r
+the children be able to endure, until I come unto my lord unto Seir.\r
+\r
+33:15 And Esau said, Let me now leave with thee some of the folk that\r
+are with me. And he said, What needeth it? let me find grace in the\r
+sight of my lord.\r
+\r
+33:16 So Esau returned that day on his way unto Seir.\r
+\r
+33:17 And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built him an house, and made\r
+booths for his cattle: therefore the name of the place is called\r
+Succoth.\r
+\r
+33:18 And Jacob came to Shalem, a city of Shechem, which is in the\r
+land of Canaan, when he came from Padanaram; and pitched his tent\r
+before the city.\r
+\r
+33:19 And he bought a parcel of a field, where he had spread his tent,\r
+at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, for an hundred\r
+pieces of money.\r
+\r
+33:20 And he erected there an altar, and called it EleloheIsrael.\r
+\r
+34:1 And Dinah the daughter of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob, went\r
+out to see the daughters of the land.\r
+\r
+34:2 And when Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of the\r
+country, saw her, he took her, and lay with her, and defiled her.\r
+\r
+34:3 And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved\r
+the damsel, and spake kindly unto the damsel.\r
+\r
+34:4 And Shechem spake unto his father Hamor, saying, Get me this\r
+damsel to wife.\r
+\r
+34:5 And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter: now his\r
+sons were with his cattle in the field: and Jacob held his peace until\r
+they were come.\r
+\r
+34:6 And Hamor the father of Shechem went out unto Jacob to commune\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+34:7 And the sons of Jacob came out of the field when they heard it:\r
+and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth, because he had\r
+wrought folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter: which thing\r
+ought not to be done.\r
+\r
+34:8 And Hamor communed with them, saying, The soul of my son Shechem\r
+longeth for your daughter: I pray you give her him to wife.\r
+\r
+34:9 And make ye marriages with us, and give your daughters unto us,\r
+and take our daughters unto you.\r
+\r
+34:10 And ye shall dwell with us: and the land shall be before you;\r
+dwell and trade ye therein, and get you possessions therein.\r
+\r
+34:11 And Shechem said unto her father and unto her brethren, Let me\r
+find grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto me I will give.\r
+\r
+34:12 Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give according\r
+as ye shall say unto me: but give me the damsel to wife.\r
+\r
+34:13 And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father\r
+deceitfully, and said, because he had defiled Dinah their sister:\r
+34:14 And they said unto them, We cannot do this thing, to give our\r
+sister to one that is uncircumcised; for that were a reproach unto us:\r
+34:15 But in this will we consent unto you: If ye will be as we be,\r
+that every male of you be circumcised; 34:16 Then will we give our\r
+daughters unto you, and we will take your daughters to us, and we will\r
+dwell with you, and we will become one people.\r
+\r
+34:17 But if ye will not hearken unto us, to be circumcised; then will\r
+we take our daughter, and we will be gone.\r
+\r
+34:18 And their words pleased Hamor, and Shechem Hamor's son.\r
+\r
+34:19 And the young man deferred not to do the thing, because he had\r
+delight in Jacob's daughter: and he was more honourable than all the\r
+house of his father.\r
+\r
+34:20 And Hamor and Shechem his son came unto the gate of their city,\r
+and communed with the men of their city, saying, 34:21 These men are\r
+peaceable with us; therefore let them dwell in the land, and trade\r
+therein; for the land, behold, it is large enough for them; let us\r
+take their daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our\r
+daughters.\r
+\r
+34:22 Only herein will the men consent unto us for to dwell with us,\r
+to be one people, if every male among us be circumcised, as they are\r
+circumcised.\r
+\r
+34:23 Shall not their cattle and their substance and every beast of\r
+their's be our's? only let us consent unto them, and they will dwell\r
+with us.\r
+\r
+34:24 And unto Hamor and unto Shechem his son hearkened all that went\r
+out of the gate of his city; and every male was circumcised, all that\r
+went out of the gate of his city.\r
+\r
+34:25 And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore, that\r
+two of the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, took each\r
+man his sword, and came upon the city boldly, and slew all the males.\r
+\r
+34:26 And they slew Hamor and Shechem his son with the edge of the\r
+sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went out.\r
+\r
+34:27 The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and spoiled the city,\r
+because they had defiled their sister.\r
+\r
+34:28 They took their sheep, and their oxen, and their asses, and that\r
+which was in the city, and that which was in the field, 34:29 And all\r
+their wealth, and all their little ones, and their wives took they\r
+captive, and spoiled even all that was in the house.\r
+\r
+34:30 And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, Ye have troubled me to make\r
+me to stink among the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites\r
+and the Perizzites: and I being few in number, they shall gather\r
+themselves together against me, and slay me; and I shall be destroyed,\r
+I and my house.\r
+\r
+34:31 And they said, Should he deal with our sister as with an harlot?\r
+35:1 And God said unto Jacob, Arise, go up to Bethel, and dwell there:\r
+and make there an altar unto God, that appeared unto thee when thou\r
+fleddest from the face of Esau thy brother.\r
+\r
+35:2 Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with\r
+him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and\r
+change your garments: 35:3 And let us arise, and go up to Bethel; and\r
+I will make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the day of my\r
+distress, and was with me in the way which I went.\r
+\r
+35:4 And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their\r
+hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid\r
+them under the oak which was by Shechem.\r
+\r
+35:5 And they journeyed: and the terror of God was upon the cities\r
+that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of\r
+Jacob.\r
+\r
+35:6 So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of Canaan, that is,\r
+Bethel, he and all the people that were with him.\r
+\r
+35:7 And he built there an altar, and called the place Elbethel:\r
+because there God appeared unto him, when he fled from the face of his\r
+brother.\r
+\r
+35:8 But Deborah Rebekah's nurse died, and she was buried beneath\r
+Bethel under an oak: and the name of it was called Allonbachuth.\r
+\r
+35:9 And God appeared unto Jacob again, when he came out of Padanaram,\r
+and blessed him.\r
+\r
+35:10 And God said unto him, Thy name is Jacob: thy name shall not be\r
+called any more Jacob, but Israel shall be thy name: and he called his\r
+name Israel.\r
+\r
+35:11 And God said unto him, I am God Almighty: be fruitful and\r
+multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and\r
+kings shall come out of thy loins; 35:12 And the land which I gave\r
+Abraham and Isaac, to thee I will give it, and to thy seed after thee\r
+will I give the land.\r
+\r
+35:13 And God went up from him in the place where he talked with him.\r
+\r
+35:14 And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where he talked with him,\r
+even a pillar of stone: and he poured a drink offering thereon, and he\r
+poured oil thereon.\r
+\r
+35:15 And Jacob called the name of the place where God spake with him,\r
+Bethel.\r
+\r
+35:16 And they journeyed from Bethel; and there was but a little way\r
+to come to Ephrath: and Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour.\r
+\r
+35:17 And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that the\r
+midwife said unto her, Fear not; thou shalt have this son also.\r
+\r
+35:18 And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she\r
+died) that she called his name Benoni: but his father called him\r
+Benjamin.\r
+\r
+35:19 And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, which is\r
+Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+35:20 And Jacob set a pillar upon her grave: that is the pillar of\r
+Rachel's grave unto this day.\r
+\r
+35:21 And Israel journeyed, and spread his tent beyond the tower of\r
+Edar.\r
+\r
+35:22 And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben\r
+went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine: and Israel heard it.\r
+Now the sons of Jacob were twelve: 35:23 The sons of Leah; Reuben,\r
+Jacob's firstborn, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and\r
+Zebulun: 35:24 The sons of Rachel; Joseph, and Benjamin: 35:25 And the\r
+sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid; Dan, and Naphtali: 35:26 And the\r
+sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid: Gad, and Asher: these are the sons of\r
+Jacob, which were born to him in Padanaram.\r
+\r
+35:27 And Jacob came unto Isaac his father unto Mamre, unto the city\r
+of Arbah, which is Hebron, where Abraham and Isaac sojourned.\r
+\r
+35:28 And the days of Isaac were an hundred and fourscore years.\r
+\r
+35:29 And Isaac gave up the ghost, and died, and was gathered unto his\r
+people, being old and full of days: and his sons Esau and Jacob buried\r
+him.\r
+\r
+36:1 Now these are the generations of Esau, who is Edom.\r
+\r
+36:2 Esau took his wives of the daughters of Canaan; Adah the daughter\r
+of Elon the Hittite, and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah the daughter\r
+of Zibeon the Hivite; 36:3 And Bashemath Ishmael's daughter, sister of\r
+Nebajoth.\r
+\r
+36:4 And Adah bare to Esau Eliphaz; and Bashemath bare Reuel; 36:5 And\r
+Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah: these are the sons of\r
+Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+36:6 And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all\r
+the persons of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all\r
+his substance, which he had got in the land of Canaan; and went into\r
+the country from the face of his brother Jacob.\r
+\r
+36:7 For their riches were more than that they might dwell together;\r
+and the land wherein they were strangers could not bear them because\r
+of their cattle.\r
+\r
+36:8 Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: Esau is Edom.\r
+\r
+36:9 And these are the generations of Esau the father of the Edomites\r
+in mount Seir: 36:10 These are the names of Esau's sons; Eliphaz the\r
+son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of\r
+Esau.\r
+\r
+36:11 And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and\r
+Kenaz.\r
+\r
+36:12 And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to\r
+Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife.\r
+\r
+36:13 And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and\r
+Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife.\r
+\r
+36:14 And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the\r
+daughter of Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and\r
+Jaalam, and Korah.\r
+\r
+36:15 These were dukes of the sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the\r
+firstborn son of Esau; duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz,\r
+36:16 Duke Korah, duke Gatam, and duke Amalek: these are the dukes\r
+that came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these were the sons of Adah.\r
+\r
+36:17 And these are the sons of Reuel Esau's son; duke Nahath, duke\r
+Zerah, duke Shammah, duke Mizzah: these are the dukes that came of\r
+Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Bashemath Esau's\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+36:18 And these are the sons of Aholibamah Esau's wife; duke Jeush,\r
+duke Jaalam, duke Korah: these were the dukes that came of Aholibamah\r
+the daughter of Anah, Esau's wife.\r
+\r
+36:19 These are the sons of Esau, who is Edom, and these are their\r
+dukes.\r
+\r
+36:20 These are the sons of Seir the Horite, who inhabited the land;\r
+Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, 36:21 And Dishon, and Ezer,\r
+and Dishan: these are the dukes of the Horites, the children of Seir\r
+in the land of Edom.\r
+\r
+36:22 And the children of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; and Lotan's\r
+sister was Timna.\r
+\r
+36:23 And the children of Shobal were these; Alvan, and Manahath, and\r
+Ebal, Shepho, and Onam.\r
+\r
+36:24 And these are the children of Zibeon; both Ajah, and Anah: this\r
+was that Anah that found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed the\r
+asses of Zibeon his father.\r
+\r
+36:25 And the children of Anah were these; Dishon, and Aholibamah the\r
+daughter of Anah.\r
+\r
+36:26 And these are the children of Dishon; Hemdan, and Eshban, and\r
+Ithran, and Cheran.\r
+\r
+36:27 The children of Ezer are these; Bilhan, and Zaavan, and Akan.\r
+\r
+36:28 The children of Dishan are these; Uz, and Aran.\r
+\r
+36:29 These are the dukes that came of the Horites; duke Lotan, duke\r
+Shobal, duke Zibeon, duke Anah, 36:30 Duke Dishon, duke Ezer, duke\r
+Dishan: these are the dukes that came of Hori, among their dukes in\r
+the land of Seir.\r
+\r
+36:31 And these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before\r
+there reigned any king over the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+36:32 And Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom: and the name of his\r
+city was Dinhabah.\r
+\r
+36:33 And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+36:34 And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of Temani reigned in his\r
+stead.\r
+\r
+36:35 And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, who smote Midian in\r
+the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his city was\r
+Avith.\r
+\r
+36:36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+36:37 And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+36:38 And Saul died, and Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in his\r
+stead.\r
+\r
+36:39 And Baalhanan the son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his\r
+stead: and the name of his city was Pau; and his wife's name was\r
+Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab.\r
+\r
+36:40 And these are the names of the dukes that came of Esau,\r
+according to their families, after their places, by their names; duke\r
+Timnah, duke Alvah, duke Jetheth, 36:41 Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah,\r
+duke Pinon, 36:42 Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, 36:43 Duke\r
+Magdiel, duke Iram: these be the dukes of Edom, according to their\r
+habitations in the land of their possession: he is Esau the father of\r
+the Edomites.\r
+\r
+37:1 And Jacob dwelt in the land wherein his father was a stranger, in\r
+the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+37:2 These are the generations of Jacob. Joseph, being seventeen years\r
+old, was feeding the flock with his brethren; and the lad was with the\r
+sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives: and\r
+Joseph brought unto his father their evil report.\r
+\r
+37:3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he\r
+was the son of his old age: and he made him a coat of many colours.\r
+\r
+37:4 And when his brethren saw that their father loved him more than\r
+all his brethren, they hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto\r
+him.\r
+\r
+37:5 And Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told it his brethren: and they\r
+hated him yet the more.\r
+\r
+37:6 And he said unto them, Hear, I pray you, this dream which I have\r
+dreamed: 37:7 For, behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and,\r
+lo, my sheaf arose, and also stood upright; and, behold, your sheaves\r
+stood round about, and made obeisance to my sheaf.\r
+\r
+37:8 And his brethren said to him, Shalt thou indeed reign over us? or\r
+shalt thou indeed have dominion over us? And they hated him yet the\r
+more for his dreams, and for his words.\r
+\r
+37:9 And he dreamed yet another dream, and told it his brethren, and\r
+said, Behold, I have dreamed a dream more; and, behold, the sun and\r
+the moon and the eleven stars made obeisance to me.\r
+\r
+37:10 And he told it to his father, and to his brethren: and his\r
+father rebuked him, and said unto him, What is this dream that thou\r
+hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to\r
+bow down ourselves to thee to the earth? 37:11 And his brethren\r
+envied him; but his father observed the saying.\r
+\r
+37:12 And his brethren went to feed their father's flock in Shechem.\r
+\r
+37:13 And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the flock\r
+in Shechem? come, and I will send thee unto them. And he said to him,\r
+Here am I.\r
+\r
+37:14 And he said to him, Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with\r
+thy brethren, and well with the flocks; and bring me word again. So he\r
+sent him out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to Shechem.\r
+\r
+37:15 And a certain man found him, and, behold, he was wandering in\r
+the field: and the man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? 37:16\r
+And he said, I seek my brethren: tell me, I pray thee, where they feed\r
+their flocks.\r
+\r
+37:17 And the man said, They are departed hence; for I heard them say,\r
+Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his brethren, and found\r
+them in Dothan.\r
+\r
+37:18 And when they saw him afar off, even before he came near unto\r
+them, they conspired against him to slay him.\r
+\r
+37:19 And they said one to another, Behold, this dreamer cometh.\r
+\r
+37:20 Come now therefore, and let us slay him, and cast him into some\r
+pit, and we will say, Some evil beast hath devoured him: and we shall\r
+see what will become of his dreams.\r
+\r
+37:21 And Reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands;\r
+and said, Let us not kill him.\r
+\r
+37:22 And Reuben said unto them, Shed no blood, but cast him into this\r
+pit that is in the wilderness, and lay no hand upon him; that he might\r
+rid him out of their hands, to deliver him to his father again.\r
+\r
+37:23 And it came to pass, when Joseph was come unto his brethren,\r
+that they stript Joseph out of his coat, his coat of many colours that\r
+was on him; 37:24 And they took him, and cast him into a pit: and the\r
+pit was empty, there was no water in it.\r
+\r
+37:25 And they sat down to eat bread: and they lifted up their eyes\r
+and looked, and, behold, a company of Ishmeelites came from Gilead\r
+with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry\r
+it down to Egypt.\r
+\r
+37:26 And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay\r
+our brother, and conceal his blood? 37:27 Come, and let us sell him\r
+to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our\r
+brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content.\r
+\r
+37:28 Then there passed by Midianites merchantmen; and they drew and\r
+lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmeelites\r
+for twenty pieces of silver: and they brought Joseph into Egypt.\r
+\r
+37:29 And Reuben returned unto the pit; and, behold, Joseph was not in\r
+the pit; and he rent his clothes.\r
+\r
+37:30 And he returned unto his brethren, and said, The child is not;\r
+and I, whither shall I go? 37:31 And they took Joseph's coat, and\r
+killed a kid of the goats, and dipped the coat in the blood; 37:32 And\r
+they sent the coat of many colours, and they brought it to their\r
+father; and said, This have we found: know now whether it be thy son's\r
+coat or no.\r
+\r
+37:33 And he knew it, and said, It is my son's coat; an evil beast\r
+hath devoured him; Joseph is without doubt rent in pieces.\r
+\r
+37:34 And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his loins,\r
+and mourned for his son many days.\r
+\r
+37:35 And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him;\r
+but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into\r
+the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him.\r
+\r
+37:36 And the Midianites sold him into Egypt unto Potiphar, an officer\r
+of Pharaoh's, and captain of the guard.\r
+\r
+38:1 And it came to pass at that time, that Judah went down from his\r
+brethren, and turned in to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah.\r
+\r
+38:2 And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name\r
+was Shuah; and he took her, and went in unto her.\r
+\r
+38:3 And she conceived, and bare a son; and he called his name Er.\r
+\r
+38:4 And she conceived again, and bare a son; and she called his name\r
+Onan.\r
+\r
+38:5 And she yet again conceived, and bare a son; and called his name\r
+Shelah: and he was at Chezib, when she bare him.\r
+\r
+38:6 And Judah took a wife for Er his firstborn, whose name was Tamar.\r
+\r
+38:7 And Er, Judah's firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD;\r
+and the LORD slew him.\r
+\r
+38:8 And Judah said unto Onan, Go in unto thy brother's wife, and\r
+marry her, and raise up seed to thy brother.\r
+\r
+38:9 And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to\r
+pass, when he went in unto his brother's wife, that he spilled it on\r
+the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother.\r
+\r
+38:10 And the thing which he did displeased the LORD: wherefore he\r
+slew him also.\r
+\r
+38:11 Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter in law, Remain a widow at\r
+thy father's house, till Shelah my son be grown: for he said, Lest\r
+peradventure he die also, as his brethren did. And Tamar went and\r
+dwelt in her father's house.\r
+\r
+38:12 And in process of time the daughter of Shuah Judah's wife died;\r
+and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheepshearers to\r
+Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite.\r
+\r
+38:13 And it was told Tamar, saying, Behold thy father in law goeth up\r
+to Timnath to shear his sheep.\r
+\r
+38:14 And she put her widow's garments off from her, and covered her\r
+with a vail, and wrapped herself, and sat in an open place, which is\r
+by the way to Timnath; for she saw that Shelah was grown, and she was\r
+not given unto him to wife.\r
+\r
+38:15 When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; because she\r
+had covered her face.\r
+\r
+38:16 And he turned unto her by the way, and said, Go to, I pray thee,\r
+let me come in unto thee; (for he knew not that she was his daughter\r
+in law.) And she said, What wilt thou give me, that thou mayest come\r
+in unto me? 38:17 And he said, I will send thee a kid from the flock.\r
+And she said, Wilt thou give me a pledge, till thou send it? 38:18\r
+And he said, What pledge shall I give thee? And she said, Thy signet,\r
+and thy bracelets, and thy staff that is in thine hand. And he gave it\r
+her, and came in unto her, and she conceived by him.\r
+\r
+38:19 And she arose, and went away, and laid by her vail from her, and\r
+put on the garments of her widowhood.\r
+\r
+38:20 And Judah sent the kid by the hand of his friend the Adullamite,\r
+to receive his pledge from the woman's hand: but he found her not.\r
+\r
+38:21 Then he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is the\r
+harlot, that was openly by the way side? And they said, There was no\r
+harlot in this place.\r
+\r
+38:22 And he returned to Judah, and said, I cannot find her; and also\r
+the men of the place said, that there was no harlot in this place.\r
+\r
+38:23 And Judah said, Let her take it to her, lest we be shamed:\r
+behold, I sent this kid, and thou hast not found her.\r
+\r
+38:24 And it came to pass about three months after, that it was told\r
+Judah, saying, Tamar thy daughter in law hath played the harlot; and\r
+also, behold, she is with child by whoredom. And Judah said, Bring her\r
+forth, and let her be burnt.\r
+\r
+38:25 When she was brought forth, she sent to her father in law,\r
+saying, By the man, whose these are, am I with child: and she said,\r
+Discern, I pray thee, whose are these, the signet, and bracelets, and\r
+staff.\r
+\r
+38:26 And Judah acknowledged them, and said, She hath been more\r
+righteous than I; because that I gave her not to Shelah my son. And he\r
+knew her again no more.\r
+\r
+38:27 And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold,\r
+twins were in her womb.\r
+\r
+38:28 And it came to pass, when she travailed, that the one put out\r
+his hand: and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a scarlet\r
+thread, saying, This came out first.\r
+\r
+38:29 And it came to pass, as he drew back his hand, that, behold, his\r
+brother came out: and she said, How hast thou broken forth? this\r
+breach be upon thee: therefore his name was called Pharez.\r
+\r
+38:30 And afterward came out his brother, that had the scarlet thread\r
+upon his hand: and his name was called Zarah.\r
+\r
+39:1 And Joseph was brought down to Egypt; and Potiphar, an officer of\r
+Pharaoh, captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him of the hands of\r
+the Ishmeelites, which had brought him down thither.\r
+\r
+39:2 And the LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man; and he\r
+was in the house of his master the Egyptian.\r
+\r
+39:3 And his master saw that the LORD was with him, and that the LORD\r
+made all that he did to prosper in his hand.\r
+\r
+39:4 And Joseph found grace in his sight, and he served him: and he\r
+made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put into his\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+39:5 And it came to pass from the time that he had made him overseer\r
+in his house, and over all that he had, that the LORD blessed the\r
+Egyptian's house for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of the LORD was\r
+upon all that he had in the house, and in the field.\r
+\r
+39:6 And he left all that he had in Joseph's hand; and he knew not\r
+ought he had, save the bread which he did eat. And Joseph was a goodly\r
+person, and well favoured.\r
+\r
+39:7 And it came to pass after these things, that his master's wife\r
+cast her eyes upon Joseph; and she said, Lie with me.\r
+\r
+39:8 But he refused, and said unto his master's wife, Behold, my\r
+master wotteth not what is with me in the house, and he hath committed\r
+all that he hath to my hand; 39:9 There is none greater in this house\r
+than I; neither hath he kept back any thing from me but thee, because\r
+thou art his wife: how then can I do this great wickedness, and sin\r
+against God? 39:10 And it came to pass, as she spake to Joseph day by\r
+day, that he hearkened not unto her, to lie by her, or to be with her.\r
+\r
+39:11 And it came to pass about this time, that Joseph went into the\r
+house to do his business; and there was none of the men of the house\r
+there within.\r
+\r
+39:12 And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie with me: and he\r
+left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got him out.\r
+\r
+39:13 And it came to pass, when she saw that he had left his garment\r
+in her hand, and was fled forth, 39:14 That she called unto the men of\r
+her house, and spake unto them, saying, See, he hath brought in an\r
+Hebrew unto us to mock us; he came in unto me to lie with me, and I\r
+cried with a loud voice: 39:15 And it came to pass, when he heard that\r
+I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment with me, and\r
+fled, and got him out.\r
+\r
+39:16 And she laid up his garment by her, until his lord came home.\r
+\r
+39:17 And she spake unto him according to these words, saying, The\r
+Hebrew servant, which thou hast brought unto us, came in unto me to\r
+mock me: 39:18 And it came to pass, as I lifted up my voice and cried,\r
+that he left his garment with me, and fled out.\r
+\r
+39:19 And it came to pass, when his master heard the words of his\r
+wife, which she spake unto him, saying, After this manner did thy\r
+servant to me; that his wrath was kindled.\r
+\r
+39:20 And Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, a\r
+place where the king's prisoners were bound: and he was there in the\r
+prison.\r
+\r
+39:21 But the LORD was with Joseph, and shewed him mercy, and gave him\r
+favour in the sight of the keeper of the prison.\r
+\r
+39:22 And the keeper of the prison committed to Joseph's hand all the\r
+prisoners that were in the prison; and whatsoever they did there, he\r
+was the doer of it.\r
+\r
+39:23 The keeper of the prison looked not to any thing that was under\r
+his hand; because the LORD was with him, and that which he did, the\r
+LORD made it to prosper.\r
+\r
+40:1 And it came to pass after these things, that the butler of the\r
+king of Egypt and his baker had offended their lord the king of Egypt.\r
+\r
+40:2 And Pharaoh was wroth against two of his officers, against the\r
+chief of the butlers, and against the chief of the bakers.\r
+\r
+40:3 And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard,\r
+into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound.\r
+\r
+40:4 And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them, and he\r
+served them: and they continued a season in ward.\r
+\r
+40:5 And they dreamed a dream both of them, each man his dream in one\r
+night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the\r
+butler and the baker of the king of Egypt, which were bound in the\r
+prison.\r
+\r
+40:6 And Joseph came in unto them in the morning, and looked upon\r
+them, and, behold, they were sad.\r
+\r
+40:7 And he asked Pharaoh's officers that were with him in the ward of\r
+his lord's house, saying, Wherefore look ye so sadly to day? 40:8 And\r
+they said unto him, We have dreamed a dream, and there is no\r
+interpreter of it. And Joseph said unto them, Do not interpretations\r
+belong to God? tell me them, I pray you.\r
+\r
+40:9 And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph, and said to him,\r
+In my dream, behold, a vine was before me; 40:10 And in the vine were\r
+three branches: and it was as though it budded, and her blossoms shot\r
+forth; and the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes: 40:11 And\r
+Pharaoh's cup was in my hand: and I took the grapes, and pressed them\r
+into Pharaoh's cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand.\r
+\r
+40:12 And Joseph said unto him, This is the interpretation of it: The\r
+three branches are three days: 40:13 Yet within three days shall\r
+Pharaoh lift up thine head, and restore thee unto thy place: and thou\r
+shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the former manner\r
+when thou wast his butler.\r
+\r
+40:14 But think on me when it shall be well with thee, and shew\r
+kindness, I pray thee, unto me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh,\r
+and bring me out of this house: 40:15 For indeed I was stolen away out\r
+of the land of the Hebrews: and here also have I done nothing that\r
+they should put me into the dungeon.\r
+\r
+40:16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he\r
+said unto Joseph, I also was in my dream, and, behold, I had three\r
+white baskets on my head: 40:17 And in the uppermost basket there was\r
+of all manner of bakemeats for Pharaoh; and the birds did eat them out\r
+of the basket upon my head.\r
+\r
+40:18 And Joseph answered and said, This is the interpretation\r
+thereof: The three baskets are three days: 40:19 Yet within three days\r
+shall Pharaoh lift up thy head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a\r
+tree; and the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee.\r
+\r
+40:20 And it came to pass the third day, which was Pharaoh's birthday,\r
+that he made a feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head\r
+of the chief butler and of the chief baker among his servants.\r
+\r
+40:21 And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership again; and\r
+he gave the cup into Pharaoh's hand: 40:22 But he hanged the chief\r
+baker: as Joseph had interpreted to them.\r
+\r
+40:23 Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but forgat him.\r
+\r
+41:1 And it came to pass at the end of two full years, that Pharaoh\r
+dreamed: and, behold, he stood by the river.\r
+\r
+41:2 And, behold, there came up out of the river seven well favoured\r
+kine and fatfleshed; and they fed in a meadow.\r
+\r
+41:3 And, behold, seven other kine came up after them out of the\r
+river, ill favoured and leanfleshed; and stood by the other kine upon\r
+the brink of the river.\r
+\r
+41:4 And the ill favoured and leanfleshed kine did eat up the seven\r
+well favoured and fat kine. So Pharaoh awoke.\r
+\r
+41:5 And he slept and dreamed the second time: and, behold, seven ears\r
+of corn came up upon one stalk, rank and good.\r
+\r
+41:6 And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind\r
+sprung up after them.\r
+\r
+41:7 And the seven thin ears devoured the seven rank and full ears.\r
+And Pharaoh awoke, and, behold, it was a dream.\r
+\r
+41:8 And it came to pass in the morning that his spirit was troubled;\r
+and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt, and all the\r
+wise men thereof: and Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none\r
+that could interpret them unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+41:9 Then spake the chief butler unto Pharaoh, saying, I do remember\r
+my faults this day: 41:10 Pharaoh was wroth with his servants, and put\r
+me in ward in the captain of the guard's house, both me and the chief\r
+baker: 41:11 And we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he; we dreamed\r
+each man according to the interpretation of his dream.\r
+\r
+41:12 And there was there with us a young man, an Hebrew, servant to\r
+the captain of the guard; and we told him, and he interpreted to us\r
+our dreams; to each man according to his dream he did interpret.\r
+\r
+41:13 And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was; me he\r
+restored unto mine office, and him he hanged.\r
+\r
+41:14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him\r
+hastily out of the dungeon: and he shaved himself, and changed his\r
+raiment, and came in unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+41:15 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I have dreamed a dream, and there\r
+is none that can interpret it: and I have heard say of thee, that thou\r
+canst understand a dream to interpret it.\r
+\r
+41:16 And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, It is not in me: God shall\r
+give Pharaoh an answer of peace.\r
+\r
+41:17 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, In my dream, behold, I stood upon\r
+the bank of the river: 41:18 And, behold, there came up out of the\r
+river seven kine, fatfleshed and well favoured; and they fed in a\r
+meadow: 41:19 And, behold, seven other kine came up after them, poor\r
+and very ill favoured and leanfleshed, such as I never saw in all the\r
+land of Egypt for badness: 41:20 And the lean and the ill favoured\r
+kine did eat up the first seven fat kine: 41:21 And when they had\r
+eaten them up, it could not be known that they had eaten them; but\r
+they were still ill favoured, as at the beginning. So I awoke.\r
+\r
+41:22 And I saw in my dream, and, behold, seven ears came up in one\r
+stalk, full and good: 41:23 And, behold, seven ears, withered, thin,\r
+and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them: 41:24 And the\r
+thin ears devoured the seven good ears: and I told this unto the\r
+magicians; but there was none that could declare it to me.\r
+\r
+41:25 And Joseph said unto Pharaoh, The dream of Pharaoh is one: God\r
+hath shewed Pharaoh what he is about to do.\r
+\r
+41:26 The seven good kine are seven years; and the seven good ears are\r
+seven years: the dream is one.\r
+\r
+41:27 And the seven thin and ill favoured kine that came up after them\r
+are seven years; and the seven empty ears blasted with the east wind\r
+shall be seven years of famine.\r
+\r
+41:28 This is the thing which I have spoken unto Pharaoh: What God is\r
+about to do he sheweth unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+41:29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all\r
+the land of Egypt: 41:30 And there shall arise after them seven years\r
+of famine; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt;\r
+and the famine shall consume the land; 41:31 And the plenty shall not\r
+be known in the land by reason of that famine following; for it shall\r
+be very grievous.\r
+\r
+41:32 And for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it is\r
+because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it\r
+to pass.\r
+\r
+41:33 Now therefore let Pharaoh look out a man discreet and wise, and\r
+set him over the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:34 Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint officers over the land,\r
+and take up the fifth part of the land of Egypt in the seven plenteous\r
+years.\r
+\r
+41:35 And let them gather all the food of those good years that come,\r
+and lay up corn under the hand of Pharaoh, and let them keep food in\r
+the cities.\r
+\r
+41:36 And that food shall be for store to the land against the seven\r
+years of famine, which shall be in the land of Egypt; that the land\r
+perish not through the famine.\r
+\r
+41:37 And the thing was good in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes\r
+of all his servants.\r
+\r
+41:38 And Pharaoh said unto his servants, Can we find such a one as\r
+this is, a man in whom the Spirit of God is? 41:39 And Pharaoh said\r
+unto Joseph, Forasmuch as God hath shewed thee all this, there is none\r
+so discreet and wise as thou art: 41:40 Thou shalt be over my house,\r
+and according unto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the\r
+throne will I be greater than thou.\r
+\r
+41:41 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, See, I have set thee over all the\r
+land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:42 And Pharaoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it upon\r
+Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in vestures of fine linen, and put a\r
+gold chain about his neck; 41:43 And he made him to ride in the second\r
+chariot which he had; and they cried before him, Bow the knee: and he\r
+made him ruler over all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:44 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, I am Pharaoh, and without thee\r
+shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:45 And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphnathpaaneah; and he gave\r
+him to wife Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On. And\r
+Joseph went out over all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:46 And Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh\r
+king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and\r
+went throughout all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:47 And in the seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by\r
+handfuls.\r
+\r
+41:48 And he gathered up all the food of the seven years, which were\r
+in the land of Egypt, and laid up the food in the cities: the food of\r
+the field, which was round about every city, laid he up in the same.\r
+\r
+41:49 And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea, very much,\r
+until he left numbering; for it was without number.\r
+\r
+41:50 And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine\r
+came, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto\r
+him.\r
+\r
+41:51 And Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh: For God,\r
+said he, hath made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house.\r
+\r
+41:52 And the name of the second called he Ephraim: For God hath\r
+caused me to be fruitful in the land of my affliction.\r
+\r
+41:53 And the seven years of plenteousness, that was in the land of\r
+Egypt, were ended.\r
+\r
+41:54 And the seven years of dearth began to come, according as Joseph\r
+had said: and the dearth was in all lands; but in all the land of\r
+Egypt there was bread.\r
+\r
+41:55 And when all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to\r
+Pharaoh for bread: and Pharaoh said unto all the Egyptians, Go unto\r
+Joseph; what he saith to you, do.\r
+\r
+41:56 And the famine was over all the face of the earth: and Joseph\r
+opened all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyptians; and the\r
+famine waxed sore in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+41:57 And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn;\r
+because that the famine was so sore in all lands.\r
+\r
+42:1 Now when Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, Jacob said unto\r
+his sons, Why do ye look one upon another? 42:2 And he said, Behold,\r
+I have heard that there is corn in Egypt: get you down thither, and\r
+buy for us from thence; that we may live, and not die.\r
+\r
+42:3 And Joseph's ten brethren went down to buy corn in Egypt.\r
+\r
+42:4 But Benjamin, Joseph's brother, Jacob sent not with his brethren;\r
+for he said, Lest peradventure mischief befall him.\r
+\r
+42:5 And the sons of Israel came to buy corn among those that came:\r
+for the famine was in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+42:6 And Joseph was the governor over the land, and he it was that\r
+sold to all the people of the land: and Joseph's brethren came, and\r
+bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth.\r
+\r
+42:7 And Joseph saw his brethren, and he knew them, but made himself\r
+strange unto them, and spake roughly unto them; and he said unto them,\r
+Whence come ye? And they said, From the land of Canaan to buy food.\r
+\r
+42:8 And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him.\r
+\r
+42:9 And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and\r
+said unto them, Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are\r
+come.\r
+\r
+42:10 And they said unto him, Nay, my lord, but to buy food are thy\r
+servants come.\r
+\r
+42:11 We are all one man's sons; we are true men, thy servants are no\r
+spies.\r
+\r
+42:12 And he said unto them, Nay, but to see the nakedness of the land\r
+ye are come.\r
+\r
+42:13 And they said, Thy servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one\r
+man in the land of Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day with\r
+our father, and one is not.\r
+\r
+42:14 And Joseph said unto them, That is it that I spake unto you,\r
+saying, Ye are spies: 42:15 Hereby ye shall be proved: By the life of\r
+Pharaoh ye shall not go forth hence, except your youngest brother come\r
+hither.\r
+\r
+42:16 Send one of you, and let him fetch your brother, and ye shall be\r
+kept in prison, that your words may be proved, whether there be any\r
+truth in you: or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies.\r
+\r
+42:17 And he put them all together into ward three days.\r
+\r
+42:18 And Joseph said unto them the third day, This do, and live; for\r
+I fear God: 42:19 If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound\r
+in the house of your prison: go ye, carry corn for the famine of your\r
+houses: 42:20 But bring your youngest brother unto me; so shall your\r
+words be verified, and ye shall not die. And they did so.\r
+\r
+42:21 And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning\r
+our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought\r
+us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us.\r
+\r
+42:22 And Reuben answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying,\r
+Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore,\r
+behold, also his blood is required.\r
+\r
+42:23 And they knew not that Joseph understood them; for he spake unto\r
+them by an interpreter.\r
+\r
+42:24 And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and returned to\r
+them again, and communed with them, and took from them Simeon, and\r
+bound him before their eyes.\r
+\r
+42:25 Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to\r
+restore every man's money into his sack, and to give them provision\r
+for the way: and thus did he unto them.\r
+\r
+42:26 And they laded their asses with the corn, and departed thence.\r
+\r
+42:27 And as one of them opened his sack to give his ass provender in\r
+the inn, he espied his money; for, behold, it was in his sack's mouth.\r
+\r
+42:28 And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; and, lo, it\r
+is even in my sack: and their heart failed them, and they were afraid,\r
+saying one to another, What is this that God hath done unto us? 42:29\r
+And they came unto Jacob their father unto the land of Canaan, and\r
+told him all that befell unto them; saying, 42:30 The man, who is the\r
+lord of the land, spake roughly to us, and took us for spies of the\r
+country.\r
+\r
+42:31 And we said unto him, We are true men; we are no spies: 42:32 We\r
+be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is not, and the youngest\r
+is this day with our father in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+42:33 And the man, the lord of the country, said unto us, Hereby shall\r
+I know that ye are true men; leave one of your brethren here with me,\r
+and take food for the famine of your households, and be gone: 42:34\r
+And bring your youngest brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are\r
+no spies, but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your\r
+brother, and ye shall traffick in the land.\r
+\r
+42:35 And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold,\r
+every man's bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and\r
+their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid.\r
+\r
+42:36 And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my\r
+children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin\r
+away: all these things are against me.\r
+\r
+42:37 And Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if I\r
+bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him\r
+to thee again.\r
+\r
+42:38 And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother\r
+is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in\r
+the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to\r
+the grave.\r
+\r
+43:1 And the famine was sore in the land.\r
+\r
+43:2 And it came to pass, when they had eaten up the corn which they\r
+had brought out of Egypt, their father said unto them, Go again, buy\r
+us a little food.\r
+\r
+43:3 And Judah spake unto him, saying, The man did solemnly protest\r
+unto us, saying, Ye shall not see my face, except your brother be with\r
+you.\r
+\r
+43:4 If thou wilt send our brother with us, we will go down and buy\r
+thee food: 43:5 But if thou wilt not send him, we will not go down:\r
+for the man said unto us, Ye shall not see my face, except your\r
+brother be with you.\r
+\r
+43:6 And Israel said, Wherefore dealt ye so ill with me, as to tell\r
+the man whether ye had yet a brother? 43:7 And they said, The man\r
+asked us straitly of our state, and of our kindred, saying, Is your\r
+father yet alive? have ye another brother? and we told him according\r
+to the tenor of these words: could we certainly know that he would\r
+say, Bring your brother down? 43:8 And Judah said unto Israel his\r
+father, Send the lad with me, and we will arise and go; that we may\r
+live, and not die, both we, and thou, and also our little ones.\r
+\r
+43:9 I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt thou require him: if I\r
+bring him not unto thee, and set him before thee, then let me bear the\r
+blame for ever: 43:10 For except we had lingered, surely now we had\r
+returned this second time.\r
+\r
+43:11 And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do\r
+this; take of the best fruits in the land in your vessels, and carry\r
+down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, and\r
+myrrh, nuts, and almonds: 43:12 And take double money in your hand;\r
+and the money that was brought again in the mouth of your sacks, carry\r
+it again in your hand; peradventure it was an oversight: 43:13 Take\r
+also your brother, and arise, go again unto the man: 43:14 And God\r
+Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your\r
+other brother, and Benjamin. If I be bereaved of my children, I am\r
+bereaved.\r
+\r
+43:15 And the men took that present, and they took double money in\r
+their hand and Benjamin; and rose up, and went down to Egypt, and\r
+stood before Joseph.\r
+\r
+43:16 And when Joseph saw Benjamin with them, he said to the ruler of\r
+his house, Bring these men home, and slay, and make ready; for these\r
+men shall dine with me at noon.\r
+\r
+43:17 And the man did as Joseph bade; and the man brought the men into\r
+Joseph's house.\r
+\r
+43:18 And the men were afraid, because they were brought into Joseph's\r
+house; and they said, Because of the money that was returned in our\r
+sacks at the first time are we brought in; that he may seek occasion\r
+against us, and fall upon us, and take us for bondmen, and our asses.\r
+\r
+43:19 And they came near to the steward of Joseph's house, and they\r
+communed with him at the door of the house, 43:20 And said, O sir, we\r
+came indeed down at the first time to buy food: 43:21 And it came to\r
+pass, when we came to the inn, that we opened our sacks, and, behold,\r
+every man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money in full\r
+weight: and we have brought it again in our hand.\r
+\r
+43:22 And other money have we brought down in our hands to buy food:\r
+we cannot tell who put our money in our sacks.\r
+\r
+43:23 And he said, Peace be to you, fear not: your God, and the God of\r
+your father, hath given you treasure in your sacks: I had your money.\r
+And he brought Simeon out unto them.\r
+\r
+43:24 And the man brought the men into Joseph's house, and gave them\r
+water, and they washed their feet; and he gave their asses provender.\r
+\r
+43:25 And they made ready the present against Joseph came at noon: for\r
+they heard that they should eat bread there.\r
+\r
+43:26 And when Joseph came home, they brought him the present which\r
+was in their hand into the house, and bowed themselves to him to the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+43:27 And he asked them of their welfare, and said, Is your father\r
+well, the old man of whom ye spake? Is he yet alive? 43:28 And they\r
+answered, Thy servant our father is in good health, he is yet alive.\r
+And they bowed down their heads, and made obeisance.\r
+\r
+43:29 And he lifted up his eyes, and saw his brother Benjamin, his\r
+mother's son, and said, Is this your younger brother, of whom ye spake\r
+unto me? And he said, God be gracious unto thee, my son.\r
+\r
+43:30 And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his\r
+brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber,\r
+and wept there.\r
+\r
+43:31 And he washed his face, and went out, and refrained himself, and\r
+said, Set on bread.\r
+\r
+43:32 And they set on for him by himself, and for them by themselves,\r
+and for the Egyptians, which did eat with him, by themselves: because\r
+the Egyptians might not eat bread with the Hebrews; for that is an\r
+abomination unto the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+43:33 And they sat before him, the firstborn according to his\r
+birthright, and the youngest according to his youth: and the men\r
+marvelled one at another.\r
+\r
+43:34 And he took and sent messes unto them from before him: but\r
+Benjamin's mess was five times so much as any of their's. And they\r
+drank, and were merry with him.\r
+\r
+44:1 And he commanded the steward of his house, saying, Fill the men's\r
+sacks with food, as much as they can carry, and put every man's money\r
+in his sack's mouth.\r
+\r
+44:2 And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the\r
+youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that\r
+Joseph had spoken.\r
+\r
+44:3 As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent away, they\r
+and their asses.\r
+\r
+44:4 And when they were gone out of the city, and not yet far off,\r
+Joseph said unto his steward, Up, follow after the men; and when thou\r
+dost overtake them, say unto them, Wherefore have ye rewarded evil for\r
+good? 44:5 Is not this it in which my lord drinketh, and whereby\r
+indeed he divineth? ye have done evil in so doing.\r
+\r
+44:6 And he overtook them, and he spake unto them these same words.\r
+\r
+44:7 And they said unto him, Wherefore saith my lord these words? God\r
+forbid that thy servants should do according to this thing: 44:8\r
+Behold, the money, which we found in our sacks' mouths, we brought\r
+again unto thee out of the land of Canaan: how then should we steal\r
+out of thy lord's house silver or gold? 44:9 With whomsoever of thy\r
+servants it be found, both let him die, and we also will be my lord's\r
+bondmen.\r
+\r
+44:10 And he said, Now also let it be according unto your words: he\r
+with whom it is found shall be my servant; and ye shall be blameless.\r
+\r
+44:11 Then they speedily took down every man his sack to the ground,\r
+and opened every man his sack.\r
+\r
+44:12 And he searched, and began at the eldest, and left at the\r
+youngest: and the cup was found in Benjamin's sack.\r
+\r
+44:13 Then they rent their clothes, and laded every man his ass, and\r
+returned to the city.\r
+\r
+44:14 And Judah and his brethren came to Joseph's house; for he was\r
+yet there: and they fell before him on the ground.\r
+\r
+44:15 And Joseph said unto them, What deed is this that ye have done?\r
+wot ye not that such a man as I can certainly divine? 44:16 And Judah\r
+said, What shall we say unto my lord? what shall we speak? or how\r
+shall we clear ourselves? God hath found out the iniquity of thy\r
+servants: behold, we are my lord's servants, both we, and he also with\r
+whom the cup is found.\r
+\r
+44:17 And he said, God forbid that I should do so: but the man in\r
+whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my servant; and as for you,\r
+get you up in peace unto your father.\r
+\r
+44:18 Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy\r
+servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's ears, and let not\r
+thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou art even as Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+44:19 My lord asked his servants, saying, Have ye a father, or a\r
+brother? 44:20 And we said unto my lord, We have a father, an old\r
+man, and a child of his old age, a little one; and his brother is\r
+dead, and he alone is left of his mother, and his father loveth him.\r
+\r
+44:21 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Bring him down unto me, that\r
+I may set mine eyes upon him.\r
+\r
+44:22 And we said unto my lord, The lad cannot leave his father: for\r
+if he should leave his father, his father would die.\r
+\r
+44:23 And thou saidst unto thy servants, Except your youngest brother\r
+come down with you, ye shall see my face no more.\r
+\r
+44:24 And it came to pass when we came up unto thy servant my father,\r
+we told him the words of my lord.\r
+\r
+44:25 And our father said, Go again, and buy us a little food.\r
+\r
+44:26 And we said, We cannot go down: if our youngest brother be with\r
+us, then will we go down: for we may not see the man's face, except\r
+our youngest brother be with us.\r
+\r
+44:27 And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my wife\r
+bare me two sons: 44:28 And the one went out from me, and I said,\r
+Surely he is torn in pieces; and I saw him not since: 44:29 And if ye\r
+take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down\r
+my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.\r
+\r
+44:30 Now therefore when I come to thy servant my father, and the lad\r
+be not with us; seeing that his life is bound up in the lad's life;\r
+44:31 It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with\r
+us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs\r
+of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave.\r
+\r
+44:32 For thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father,\r
+saying, If I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the blame to\r
+my father for ever.\r
+\r
+44:33 Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the\r
+lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren.\r
+\r
+44:34 For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me?\r
+lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father.\r
+\r
+45:1 Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood\r
+by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from me. And there\r
+stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+45:2 And he wept aloud: and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh\r
+heard.\r
+\r
+45:3 And Joseph said unto his brethren, I am Joseph; doth my father\r
+yet live? And his brethren could not answer him; for they were\r
+troubled at his presence.\r
+\r
+45:4 And Joseph said unto his brethren, Come near to me, I pray you.\r
+And they came near. And he said, I am Joseph your brother, whom ye\r
+sold into Egypt.\r
+\r
+45:5 Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves, that ye\r
+sold me hither: for God did send me before you to preserve life.\r
+\r
+45:6 For these two years hath the famine been in the land: and yet\r
+there are five years, in the which there shall neither be earing nor\r
+harvest.\r
+\r
+45:7 And God sent me before you to preserve you a posterity in the\r
+earth, and to save your lives by a great deliverance.\r
+\r
+45:8 So now it was not you that sent me hither, but God: and he hath\r
+made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler\r
+throughout all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+45:9 Haste ye, and go up to my father, and say unto him, Thus saith\r
+thy son Joseph, God hath made me lord of all Egypt: come down unto me,\r
+tarry not: 45:10 And thou shalt dwell in the land of Goshen, and thou\r
+shalt be near unto me, thou, and thy children, and thy children's\r
+children, and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou hast: 45:11\r
+And there will I nourish thee; for yet there are five years of famine;\r
+lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, come to poverty.\r
+\r
+45:12 And, behold, your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin,\r
+that it is my mouth that speaketh unto you.\r
+\r
+45:13 And ye shall tell my father of all my glory in Egypt, and of all\r
+that ye have seen; and ye shall haste and bring down my father hither.\r
+\r
+45:14 And he fell upon his brother Benjamin's neck, and wept; and\r
+Benjamin wept upon his neck.\r
+\r
+45:15 Moreover he kissed all his brethren, and wept upon them: and\r
+after that his brethren talked with him.\r
+\r
+45:16 And the fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh's house, saying,\r
+Joseph's brethren are come: and it pleased Pharaoh well, and his\r
+servants.\r
+\r
+45:17 And Pharaoh said unto Joseph, Say unto thy brethren, This do ye;\r
+lade your beasts, and go, get you unto the land of Canaan; 45:18 And\r
+take your father and your households, and come unto me: and I will\r
+give you the good of the land of Egypt, and ye shall eat the fat of\r
+the land.\r
+\r
+45:19 Now thou art commanded, this do ye; take you wagons out of the\r
+land of Egypt for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring your\r
+father, and come.\r
+\r
+45:20 Also regard not your stuff; for the good of all the land of\r
+Egypt is your's.\r
+\r
+45:21 And the children of Israel did so: and Joseph gave them wagons,\r
+according to the commandment of Pharaoh, and gave them provision for\r
+the way.\r
+\r
+45:22 To all of them he gave each man changes of raiment; but to\r
+Benjamin he gave three hundred pieces of silver, and five changes of\r
+raiment.\r
+\r
+45:23 And to his father he sent after this manner; ten asses laden\r
+with the good things of Egypt, and ten she asses laden with corn and\r
+bread and meat for his father by the way.\r
+\r
+45:24 So he sent his brethren away, and they departed: and he said\r
+unto them, See that ye fall not out by the way.\r
+\r
+45:25 And they went up out of Egypt, and came into the land of Canaan\r
+unto Jacob their father, 45:26 And told him, saying, Joseph is yet\r
+alive, and he is governor over all the land of Egypt. And Jacob's\r
+heart fainted, for he believed them not.\r
+\r
+45:27 And they told him all the words of Joseph, which he had said\r
+unto them: and when he saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry\r
+him, the spirit of Jacob their father revived: 45:28 And Israel said,\r
+It is enough; Joseph my son is yet alive: I will go and see him before\r
+I die.\r
+\r
+46:1 And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came to\r
+Beersheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father Isaac.\r
+\r
+46:2 And God spake unto Israel in the visions of the night, and said,\r
+Jacob, Jacob. And he said, Here am I.\r
+\r
+46:3 And he said, I am God, the God of thy father: fear not to go down\r
+into Egypt; for I will there make of thee a great nation: 46:4 I will\r
+go down with thee into Egypt; and I will also surely bring thee up\r
+again: and Joseph shall put his hand upon thine eyes.\r
+\r
+46:5 And Jacob rose up from Beersheba: and the sons of Israel carried\r
+Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in the\r
+wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him.\r
+\r
+46:6 And they took their cattle, and their goods, which they had\r
+gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into Egypt, Jacob, and all his\r
+seed with him: 46:7 His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his\r
+daughters, and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with\r
+him into Egypt.\r
+\r
+46:8 And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came\r
+into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.\r
+\r
+46:9 And the sons of Reuben; Hanoch, and Phallu, and Hezron, and\r
+Carmi.\r
+\r
+46:10 And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin,\r
+and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman.\r
+\r
+46:11 And the sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.\r
+\r
+46:12 And the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Pharez, and\r
+Zarah: but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And the sons of\r
+Pharez were Hezron and Hamul.\r
+\r
+46:13 And the sons of Issachar; Tola, and Phuvah, and Job, and\r
+Shimron.\r
+\r
+46:14 And the sons of Zebulun; Sered, and Elon, and Jahleel.\r
+\r
+46:15 These be the sons of Leah, which she bare unto Jacob in\r
+Padanaram, with his daughter Dinah: all the souls of his sons and his\r
+daughters were thirty and three.\r
+\r
+46:16 And the sons of Gad; Ziphion, and Haggi, Shuni, and Ezbon, Eri,\r
+and Arodi, and Areli.\r
+\r
+46:17 And the sons of Asher; Jimnah, and Ishuah, and Isui, and Beriah,\r
+and Serah their sister: and the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel.\r
+\r
+46:18 These are the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban gave to Leah his\r
+daughter, and these she bare unto Jacob, even sixteen souls.\r
+\r
+46:19 The sons of Rachel Jacob's wife; Joseph, and Benjamin.\r
+\r
+46:20 And unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh and\r
+Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+46:21 And the sons of Benjamin were Belah, and Becher, and Ashbel,\r
+Gera, and Naaman, Ehi, and Rosh, Muppim, and Huppim, and Ard.\r
+\r
+46:22 These are the sons of Rachel, which were born to Jacob: all the\r
+souls were fourteen.\r
+\r
+46:23 And the sons of Dan; Hushim.\r
+\r
+46:24 And the sons of Naphtali; Jahzeel, and Guni, and Jezer, and\r
+Shillem.\r
+\r
+46:25 These are the sons of Bilhah, which Laban gave unto Rachel his\r
+daughter, and she bare these unto Jacob: all the souls were seven.\r
+\r
+46:26 All the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt, which came out of\r
+his loins, besides Jacob's sons' wives, all the souls were threescore\r
+and six; 46:27 And the sons of Joseph, which were born him in Egypt,\r
+were two souls: all the souls of the house of Jacob, which came into\r
+Egypt, were threescore and ten.\r
+\r
+46:28 And he sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to direct his face\r
+unto Goshen; and they came into the land of Goshen.\r
+\r
+46:29 And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel\r
+his father, to Goshen, and presented himself unto him; and he fell on\r
+his neck, and wept on his neck a good while.\r
+\r
+46:30 And Israel said unto Joseph, Now let me die, since I have seen\r
+thy face, because thou art yet alive.\r
+\r
+46:31 And Joseph said unto his brethren, and unto his father's house,\r
+I will go up, and shew Pharaoh, and say unto him, My brethren, and my\r
+father's house, which were in the land of Canaan, are come unto me;\r
+46:32 And the men are shepherds, for their trade hath been to feed\r
+cattle; and they have brought their flocks, and their herds, and all\r
+that they have.\r
+\r
+46:33 And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and\r
+shall say, What is your occupation? 46:34 That ye shall say, Thy\r
+servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now,\r
+both we, and also our fathers: that ye may dwell in the land of\r
+Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+47:1 Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh, and said, My father and my\r
+brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have,\r
+are come out of the land of Canaan; and, behold, they are in the land\r
+of Goshen.\r
+\r
+47:2 And he took some of his brethren, even five men, and presented\r
+them unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+47:3 And Pharaoh said unto his brethren, What is your occupation? And\r
+they said unto Pharaoh, Thy servants are shepherds, both we, and also\r
+our fathers.\r
+\r
+47:4 They said morever unto Pharaoh, For to sojourn in the land are we\r
+come; for thy servants have no pasture for their flocks; for the\r
+famine is sore in the land of Canaan: now therefore, we pray thee, let\r
+thy servants dwell in the land of Goshen.\r
+\r
+47:5 And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy\r
+brethren are come unto thee: 47:6 The land of Egypt is before thee; in\r
+the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the\r
+land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity\r
+among them, then make them rulers over my cattle.\r
+\r
+47:7 And Joseph brought in Jacob his father, and set him before\r
+Pharaoh: and Jacob blessed Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+47:8 And Pharaoh said unto Jacob, How old art thou? 47:9 And Jacob\r
+said unto Pharaoh, The days of the years of my pilgrimage are an\r
+hundred and thirty years: few and evil have the days of the years of\r
+my life been, and have not attained unto the days of the years of the\r
+life of my fathers in the days of their pilgrimage.\r
+\r
+47:10 And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+47:11 And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a\r
+possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land\r
+of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.\r
+\r
+47:12 And Joseph nourished his father, and his brethren, and all his\r
+father's household, with bread, according to their families.\r
+\r
+47:13 And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very\r
+sore, so that the land of Egypt and all the land of Canaan fainted by\r
+reason of the famine.\r
+\r
+47:14 And Joseph gathered up all the money that was found in the land\r
+of Egypt, and in the land of Canaan, for the corn which they bought:\r
+and Joseph brought the money into Pharaoh's house.\r
+\r
+47:15 And when money failed in the land of Egypt, and in the land of\r
+Canaan, all the Egyptians came unto Joseph, and said, Give us bread:\r
+for why should we die in thy presence? for the money faileth.\r
+\r
+47:16 And Joseph said, Give your cattle; and I will give you for your\r
+cattle, if money fail.\r
+\r
+47:17 And they brought their cattle unto Joseph: and Joseph gave them\r
+bread in exchange for horses, and for the flocks, and for the cattle\r
+of the herds, and for the asses: and he fed them with bread for all\r
+their cattle for that year.\r
+\r
+47:18 When that year was ended, they came unto him the second year,\r
+and said unto him, We will not hide it from my lord, how that our\r
+money is spent; my lord also hath our herds of cattle; there is not\r
+ought left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies, and our lands:\r
+47:19 Wherefore shall we die before thine eyes, both we and our land?\r
+buy us and our land for bread, and we and our land will be servants\r
+unto Pharaoh: and give us seed, that we may live, and not die, that\r
+the land be not desolate.\r
+\r
+47:20 And Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for Pharaoh; for the\r
+Egyptians sold every man his field, because the famine prevailed over\r
+them: so the land became Pharaoh's.\r
+\r
+47:21 And as for the people, he removed them to cities from one end of\r
+the borders of Egypt even to the other end thereof.\r
+\r
+47:22 Only the land of the priests bought he not; for the priests had\r
+a portion assigned them of Pharaoh, and did eat their portion which\r
+Pharaoh gave them: wherefore they sold not their lands.\r
+\r
+47:23 Then Joseph said unto the people, Behold, I have bought you this\r
+day and your land for Pharaoh: lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall\r
+sow the land.\r
+\r
+47:24 And it shall come to pass in the increase, that ye shall give\r
+the fifth part unto Pharaoh, and four parts shall be your own, for\r
+seed of the field, and for your food, and for them of your households,\r
+and for food for your little ones.\r
+\r
+47:25 And they said, Thou hast saved our lives: let us find grace in\r
+the sight of my lord, and we will be Pharaoh's servants.\r
+\r
+47:26 And Joseph made it a law over the land of Egypt unto this day,\r
+that Pharaoh should have the fifth part, except the land of the\r
+priests only, which became not Pharaoh's.\r
+\r
+47:27 And Israel dwelt in the land of Egypt, in the country of Goshen;\r
+and they had possessions therein, and grew, and multiplied\r
+exceedingly.\r
+\r
+47:28 And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years: so the\r
+whole age of Jacob was an hundred forty and seven years.\r
+\r
+47:29 And the time drew nigh that Israel must die: and he called his\r
+son Joseph, and said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight,\r
+put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly and truly\r
+with me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt: 47:30 But I will lie with\r
+my fathers, and thou shalt carry me out of Egypt, and bury me in their\r
+buryingplace. And he said, I will do as thou hast said.\r
+\r
+47:31 And he said, Swear unto me. And he sware unto him. And Israel\r
+bowed himself upon the bed's head.\r
+\r
+48:1 And it came to pass after these things, that one told Joseph,\r
+Behold, thy father is sick: and he took with him his two sons,\r
+Manasseh and Ephraim.\r
+\r
+48:2 And one told Jacob, and said, Behold, thy son Joseph cometh unto\r
+thee: and Israel strengthened himself, and sat upon the bed.\r
+\r
+48:3 And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz\r
+in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, 48:4 And said unto me, Behold,\r
+I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee\r
+a multitude of people; and will give this land to thy seed after thee\r
+for an everlasting possession.\r
+\r
+48:5 And now thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which were born unto\r
+thee in the land of Egypt before I came unto thee into Egypt, are\r
+mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine.\r
+\r
+48:6 And thy issue, which thou begettest after them, shall be thine,\r
+and shall be called after the name of their brethren in their\r
+inheritance.\r
+\r
+48:7 And as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by me in the\r
+land of Canaan in the way, when yet there was but a little way to come\r
+unto Ephrath: and I buried her there in the way of Ephrath; the same\r
+is Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+48:8 And Israel beheld Joseph's sons, and said, Who are these? 48:9\r
+And Joseph said unto his father, They are my sons, whom God hath given\r
+me in this place. And he said, Bring them, I pray thee, unto me, and I\r
+will bless them.\r
+\r
+48:10 Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not\r
+see.\r
+\r
+And he brought them near unto him; and he kissed them, and embraced\r
+them.\r
+\r
+48:11 And Israel said unto Joseph, I had not thought to see thy face:\r
+and, lo, God hath shewed me also thy seed.\r
+\r
+48:12 And Joseph brought them out from between his knees, and he bowed\r
+himself with his face to the earth.\r
+\r
+48:13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward\r
+Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's\r
+right hand, and brought them near unto him.\r
+\r
+48:14 And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon\r
+Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon Manasseh's\r
+head, guiding his hands wittingly; for Manasseh was the firstborn.\r
+\r
+48:15 And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my fathers\r
+Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all my life long unto\r
+this day, 48:16 The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the\r
+lads; and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers\r
+Abraham and Isaac; and let them grow into a multitude in the midst of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+48:17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand upon the\r
+head of Ephraim, it displeased him: and he held up his father's hand,\r
+to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh's head.\r
+\r
+48:18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father: for this is\r
+the firstborn; put thy right hand upon his head.\r
+\r
+48:19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know it:\r
+he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but truly\r
+his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed shall\r
+become a multitude of nations.\r
+\r
+48:20 And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel\r
+bless, saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh: and he set\r
+Ephraim before Manasseh.\r
+\r
+48:21 And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be\r
+with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers.\r
+\r
+48:22 Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren,\r
+which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my\r
+bow.\r
+\r
+49:1 And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves\r
+together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last\r
+days.\r
+\r
+49:2 Gather yourselves together, and hear, ye sons of Jacob; and\r
+hearken unto Israel your father.\r
+\r
+49:3 Reuben, thou art my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my\r
+strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power: 49:4\r
+Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel; because thou wentest up to\r
+thy father's bed; then defiledst thou it: he went up to my couch.\r
+\r
+49:5 Simeon and Levi are brethren; instruments of cruelty are in their\r
+habitations.\r
+\r
+49:6 O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly,\r
+mine honour, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man,\r
+and in their selfwill they digged down a wall.\r
+\r
+49:7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it\r
+was cruel: I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel.\r
+\r
+49:8 Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy hand shall\r
+be in the neck of thine enemies; thy father's children shall bow down\r
+before thee.\r
+\r
+49:9 Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up:\r
+he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall\r
+rouse him up? 49:10 The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a\r
+lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall\r
+the gathering of the people be.\r
+\r
+49:11 Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the\r
+choice vine; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the\r
+blood of grapes: 49:12 His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth\r
+white with milk.\r
+\r
+49:13 Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea; and he shall be for\r
+an haven of ships; and his border shall be unto Zidon.\r
+\r
+49:14 Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens:\r
+49:15 And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was\r
+pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto\r
+tribute.\r
+\r
+49:16 Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+49:17 Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that\r
+biteth the horse heels, so that his rider shall fall backward.\r
+\r
+49:18 I have waited for thy salvation, O LORD.\r
+\r
+49:19 Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome at the\r
+last.\r
+\r
+49:20 Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal\r
+dainties.\r
+\r
+49:21 Naphtali is a hind let loose: he giveth goodly words.\r
+\r
+49:22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well;\r
+whose branches run over the wall: 49:23 The archers have sorely\r
+grieved him, and shot at him, and hated him: 49:24 But his bow abode\r
+in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands\r
+of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of\r
+Israel:) 49:25 Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee; and\r
+by the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above,\r
+blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and\r
+of the womb: 49:26 The blessings of thy father have prevailed above\r
+the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the\r
+everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the\r
+crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren.\r
+\r
+49:27 Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he shall devour\r
+the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.\r
+\r
+49:28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel: and this is it that\r
+their father spake unto them, and blessed them; every one according to\r
+his blessing he blessed them.\r
+\r
+49:29 And he charged them, and said unto them, I am to be gathered\r
+unto my people: bury me with my fathers in the cave that is in the\r
+field of Ephron the Hittite, 49:30 In the cave that is in the field of\r
+Machpelah, which is before Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham\r
+bought with the field of Ephron the Hittite for a possession of a\r
+buryingplace.\r
+\r
+49:31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried\r
+Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah.\r
+\r
+49:32 The purchase of the field and of the cave that is therein was\r
+from the children of Heth.\r
+\r
+49:33 And when Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons, he\r
+gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the ghost, and was\r
+gathered unto his people.\r
+\r
+50:1 And Joseph fell upon his father's face, and wept upon him, and\r
+kissed him.\r
+\r
+50:2 And Joseph commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his\r
+father: and the physicians embalmed Israel.\r
+\r
+50:3 And forty days were fulfilled for him; for so are fulfilled the\r
+days of those which are embalmed: and the Egyptians mourned for him\r
+threescore and ten days.\r
+\r
+50:4 And when the days of his mourning were past, Joseph spake unto\r
+the house of Pharaoh, saying, If now I have found grace in your eyes,\r
+speak, I pray you, in the ears of Pharaoh, saying, 50:5 My father made\r
+me swear, saying, Lo, I die: in my grave which I have digged for me in\r
+the land of Canaan, there shalt thou bury me. Now therefore let me go\r
+up, I pray thee, and bury my father, and I will come again.\r
+\r
+50:6 And Pharaoh said, Go up, and bury thy father, according as he\r
+made thee swear.\r
+\r
+50:7 And Joseph went up to bury his father: and with him went up all\r
+the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders\r
+of the land of Egypt, 50:8 And all the house of Joseph, and his\r
+brethren, and his father's house: only their little ones, and their\r
+flocks, and their herds, they left in the land of Goshen.\r
+\r
+50:9 And there went up with him both chariots and horsemen: and it was\r
+a very great company.\r
+\r
+50:10 And they came to the threshingfloor of Atad, which is beyond\r
+Jordan, and there they mourned with a great and very sore lamentation:\r
+and he made a mourning for his father seven days.\r
+\r
+50:11 And when the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the\r
+mourning in the floor of Atad, they said, This is a grievous mourning\r
+to the Egyptians: wherefore the name of it was called Abelmizraim,\r
+which is beyond Jordan.\r
+\r
+50:12 And his sons did unto him according as he commanded them: 50:13\r
+For his sons carried him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in\r
+the cave of the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the\r
+field for a possession of a buryingplace of Ephron the Hittite, before\r
+Mamre.\r
+\r
+50:14 And Joseph returned into Egypt, he, and his brethren, and all\r
+that went up with him to bury his father, after he had buried his\r
+father.\r
+\r
+50:15 And when Joseph's brethren saw that their father was dead, they\r
+said, Joseph will peradventure hate us, and will certainly requite us\r
+all the evil which we did unto him.\r
+\r
+50:16 And they sent a messenger unto Joseph, saying, Thy father did\r
+command before he died, saying, 50:17 So shall ye say unto Joseph,\r
+Forgive, I pray thee now, the trespass of thy brethren, and their sin;\r
+for they did unto thee evil: and now, we pray thee, forgive the\r
+trespass of the servants of the God of thy father. And Joseph wept\r
+when they spake unto him.\r
+\r
+50:18 And his brethren also went and fell down before his face; and\r
+they said, Behold, we be thy servants.\r
+\r
+50:19 And Joseph said unto them, Fear not: for am I in the place of\r
+God? 50:20 But as for you, ye thought evil against me; but God meant\r
+it unto good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people\r
+alive.\r
+\r
+50:21 Now therefore fear ye not: I will nourish you, and your little\r
+ones.\r
+\r
+And he comforted them, and spake kindly unto them.\r
+\r
+50:22 And Joseph dwelt in Egypt, he, and his father's house: and\r
+Joseph lived an hundred and ten years.\r
+\r
+50:23 And Joseph saw Ephraim's children of the third generation: the\r
+children also of Machir the son of Manasseh were brought up upon\r
+Joseph's knees.\r
+\r
+50:24 And Joseph said unto his brethren, I die: and God will surely\r
+visit you, and bring you out of this land unto the land which he sware\r
+to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.\r
+\r
+50:25 And Joseph took an oath of the children of Israel, saying, God\r
+will surely visit you, and ye shall carry up my bones from hence.\r
+\r
+50:26 So Joseph died, being an hundred and ten years old: and they\r
+embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Book of Moses: Called Exodus\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came\r
+into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob.\r
+\r
+1:2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, 1:3 Issachar, Zebulun, and\r
+Benjamin, 1:4 Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher.\r
+\r
+1:5 And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy\r
+souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already.\r
+\r
+1:6 And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation.\r
+\r
+1:7 And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased\r
+abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land\r
+was filled with them.\r
+\r
+1:8 Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph.\r
+\r
+1:9 And he said unto his people, Behold, the people of the children of\r
+Israel are more and mightier than we: 1:10 Come on, let us deal wisely\r
+with them; lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there\r
+falleth out any war, they join also unto our enemies, and fight\r
+against us, and so get them up out of the land.\r
+\r
+1:11 Therefore they did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with\r
+their burdens. And they built for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and\r
+Raamses.\r
+\r
+1:12 But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and\r
+grew.\r
+\r
+And they were grieved because of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:13 And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with\r
+rigour: 1:14 And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in\r
+morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all\r
+their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour.\r
+\r
+1:15 And the king of Egypt spake to the Hebrew midwives, of which the\r
+name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah: 1:16 And\r
+he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and\r
+see them upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall kill him: but\r
+if it be a daughter, then she shall live.\r
+\r
+1:17 But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt\r
+commanded them, but saved the men children alive.\r
+\r
+1:18 And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto\r
+them, Why have ye done this thing, and have saved the men children\r
+alive? 1:19 And the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew\r
+women are not as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are\r
+delivered ere the midwives come in unto them.\r
+\r
+1:20 Therefore God dealt well with the midwives: and the people\r
+multiplied, and waxed very mighty.\r
+\r
+1:21 And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he\r
+made them houses.\r
+\r
+1:22 And Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, Every son that is\r
+born ye shall cast into the river, and every daughter ye shall save\r
+alive.\r
+\r
+2:1 And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a\r
+daughter of Levi.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the woman conceived, and bare a son: and when she saw him that\r
+he was a goodly child, she hid him three months.\r
+\r
+2:3 And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of\r
+bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child\r
+therein; and she laid it in the flags by the river's brink.\r
+\r
+2:4 And his sister stood afar off, to wit what would be done to him.\r
+\r
+2:5 And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself at the\r
+river; and her maidens walked along by the river's side; and when she\r
+saw the ark among the flags, she sent her maid to fetch it.\r
+\r
+2:6 And when she had opened it, she saw the child: and, behold, the\r
+babe wept. And she had compassion on him, and said, This is one of the\r
+Hebrews' children.\r
+\r
+2:7 Then said his sister to Pharaoh's daughter, Shall I go and call to\r
+thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for\r
+thee? 2:8 And Pharaoh's daughter said to her, Go. And the maid went\r
+and called the child's mother.\r
+\r
+2:9 And Pharaoh's daughter said unto her, Take this child away, and\r
+nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages. And the women took\r
+the child, and nursed it.\r
+\r
+2:10 And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh's daughter,\r
+and he became her son. And she called his name Moses: and she said,\r
+Because I drew him out of the water.\r
+\r
+2:11 And it came to pass in those days, when Moses was grown, that he\r
+went out unto his brethren, and looked on their burdens: and he spied\r
+an Egyptian smiting an Hebrew, one of his brethren.\r
+\r
+2:12 And he looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there\r
+was no man, he slew the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand.\r
+\r
+2:13 And when he went out the second day, behold, two men of the\r
+Hebrews strove together: and he said to him that did the wrong,\r
+Wherefore smitest thou thy fellow? 2:14 And he said, Who made thee a\r
+prince and a judge over us? intendest thou to kill me, as thou\r
+killedst the Egyptian? And Moses feared, and said, Surely this thing\r
+is known.\r
+\r
+2:15 Now when Pharaoh heard this thing, he sought to slay Moses. But\r
+Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh, and dwelt in the land of Midian:\r
+and he sat down by a well.\r
+\r
+2:16 Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters: and they came and\r
+drew water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.\r
+\r
+2:17 And the shepherds came and drove them away: but Moses stood up\r
+and helped them, and watered their flock.\r
+\r
+2:18 And when they came to Reuel their father, he said, How is it that\r
+ye are come so soon to day? 2:19 And they said, An Egyptian delivered\r
+us out of the hand of the shepherds, and also drew water enough for\r
+us, and watered the flock.\r
+\r
+2:20 And he said unto his daughters, And where is he? why is it that\r
+ye have left the man? call him, that he may eat bread.\r
+\r
+2:21 And Moses was content to dwell with the man: and he gave Moses\r
+Zipporah his daughter.\r
+\r
+2:22 And she bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he\r
+said, I have been a stranger in a strange land.\r
+\r
+2:23 And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt\r
+died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and\r
+they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage.\r
+\r
+2:24 And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant\r
+with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.\r
+\r
+2:25 And God looked upon the children of Israel, and God had respect\r
+unto them.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now Moses kept the flock of Jethro his father in law, the priest\r
+of Midian: and he led the flock to the backside of the desert, and\r
+came to the mountain of God, even to Horeb.\r
+\r
+3:2 And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a flame of fire out\r
+of the midst of a bush: and he looked, and, behold, the bush burned\r
+with fire, and the bush was not consumed.\r
+\r
+3:3 And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight,\r
+why the bush is not burnt.\r
+\r
+3:4 And when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto\r
+him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. And he said,\r
+Here am I.\r
+\r
+3:5 And he said, Draw not nigh hither: put off thy shoes from off thy\r
+feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground.\r
+\r
+3:6 Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham,\r
+the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he\r
+was afraid to look upon God.\r
+\r
+3:7 And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people\r
+which are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their\r
+taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; 3:8 And I am come down to\r
+deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up\r
+out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing\r
+with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the\r
+Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and\r
+the Jebusites.\r
+\r
+3:9 Now therefore, behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come\r
+unto me: and I have also seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians\r
+oppress them.\r
+\r
+3:10 Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto Pharaoh, that thou\r
+mayest bring forth my people the children of Israel out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+3:11 And Moses said unto God, Who am I, that I should go unto Pharaoh,\r
+and that I should bring forth the children of Israel out of Egypt?\r
+3:12 And he said, Certainly I will be with thee; and this shall be a\r
+token unto thee, that I have sent thee: When thou hast brought forth\r
+the people out of Egypt, ye shall serve God upon this mountain.\r
+\r
+3:13 And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of\r
+Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me\r
+unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say\r
+unto them? 3:14 And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said,\r
+Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+3:15 And God said moreover unto Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the\r
+children of Israel, the LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham,\r
+the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you: this is\r
+my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations.\r
+\r
+3:16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and say unto them,\r
+The LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of\r
+Jacob, appeared unto me, saying, I have surely visited you, and seen\r
+that which is done to you in Egypt: 3:17 And I have said, I will bring\r
+you up out of the affliction of Egypt unto the land of the Canaanites,\r
+and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the\r
+Hivites, and the Jebusites, unto a land flowing with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+3:18 And they shall hearken to thy voice: and thou shalt come, thou\r
+and the elders of Israel, unto the king of Egypt, and ye shall say\r
+unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath met with us: and now let us\r
+go, we beseech thee, three days' journey into the wilderness, that we\r
+may sacrifice to the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+3:19 And I am sure that the king of Egypt will not let you go, no, not\r
+by a mighty hand.\r
+\r
+3:20 And I will stretch out my hand, and smite Egypt with all my\r
+wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will\r
+let you go.\r
+\r
+3:21 And I will give this people favour in the sight of the Egyptians:\r
+and it shall come to pass, that, when ye go, ye shall not go empty.\r
+\r
+3:22 But every woman shall borrow of her neighbour, and of her that\r
+sojourneth in her house, jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and\r
+raiment: and ye shall put them upon your sons, and upon your\r
+daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+4:1 And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe\r
+me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not\r
+appeared unto thee.\r
+\r
+4:2 And the LORD said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he\r
+said, A rod.\r
+\r
+4:3 And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground,\r
+and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it.\r
+\r
+4:4 And the LORD said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by\r
+the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a\r
+rod in his hand: 4:5 That they may believe that the LORD God of their\r
+fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob,\r
+hath appeared unto thee.\r
+\r
+4:6 And the LORD said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into\r
+thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it\r
+out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.\r
+\r
+4:7 And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his\r
+hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and,\r
+behold, it was turned again as his other flesh.\r
+\r
+4:8 And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither\r
+hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the\r
+voice of the latter sign.\r
+\r
+4:9 And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two\r
+signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the\r
+water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which\r
+thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.\r
+\r
+4:10 And Moses said unto the LORD, O my LORD, I am not eloquent,\r
+neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I\r
+am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.\r
+\r
+4:11 And the LORD said unto him, Who hath made man's mouth? or who\r
+maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the\r
+LORD? 4:12 Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach\r
+thee what thou shalt say.\r
+\r
+4:13 And he said, O my LORD, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him\r
+whom thou wilt send.\r
+\r
+4:14 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said,\r
+Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well.\r
+And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth\r
+thee, he will be glad in his heart.\r
+\r
+4:15 And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I\r
+will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye\r
+shall do.\r
+\r
+4:16 And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be,\r
+even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him\r
+instead of God.\r
+\r
+4:17 And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt\r
+do signs.\r
+\r
+4:18 And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said\r
+unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which\r
+are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to\r
+Moses, Go in peace.\r
+\r
+4:19 And the LORD said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt:\r
+for all the men are dead which sought thy life.\r
+\r
+4:20 And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass,\r
+and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in\r
+his hand.\r
+\r
+4:21 And the LORD said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into\r
+Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have\r
+put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let\r
+the people go.\r
+\r
+4:22 And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD, Israel is\r
+my son, even my firstborn: 4:23 And I say unto thee, Let my son go,\r
+that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will\r
+slay thy son, even thy firstborn.\r
+\r
+4:24 And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the LORD met him,\r
+and sought to kill him.\r
+\r
+4:25 Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her\r
+son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art\r
+thou to me.\r
+\r
+4:26 So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art,\r
+because of the circumcision.\r
+\r
+4:27 And the LORD said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses.\r
+And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him.\r
+\r
+4:28 And Moses told Aaron all the words of the LORD who had sent him,\r
+and all the signs which he had commanded him.\r
+\r
+4:29 And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of\r
+the children of Israel: 4:30 And Aaron spake all the words which the\r
+LORD had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+4:31 And the people believed: and when they heard that the LORD had\r
+visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their\r
+affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.\r
+\r
+5:1 And afterward Moses and Aaron went in, and told Pharaoh, Thus\r
+saith the LORD God of Israel, Let my people go, that they may hold a\r
+feast unto me in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+5:2 And Pharaoh said, Who is the LORD, that I should obey his voice to\r
+let Israel go? I know not the LORD, neither will I let Israel go.\r
+\r
+5:3 And they said, The God of the Hebrews hath met with us: let us go,\r
+we pray thee, three days' journey into the desert, and sacrifice unto\r
+the LORD our God; lest he fall upon us with pestilence, or with the\r
+sword.\r
+\r
+5:4 And the king of Egypt said unto them, Wherefore do ye, Moses and\r
+Aaron, let the people from their works? get you unto your burdens.\r
+\r
+5:5 And Pharaoh said, Behold, the people of the land now are many, and\r
+ye make them rest from their burdens.\r
+\r
+5:6 And Pharaoh commanded the same day the taskmasters of the people,\r
+and their officers, saying, 5:7 Ye shall no more give the people straw\r
+to make brick, as heretofore: let them go and gather straw for\r
+themselves.\r
+\r
+5:8 And the tale of the bricks, which they did make heretofore, ye\r
+shall lay upon them; ye shall not diminish ought thereof: for they be\r
+idle; therefore they cry, saying, Let us go and sacrifice to our God.\r
+\r
+5:9 Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour\r
+therein; and let them not regard vain words.\r
+\r
+5:10 And the taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers,\r
+and they spake to the people, saying, Thus saith Pharaoh, I will not\r
+give you straw.\r
+\r
+5:11 Go ye, get you straw where ye can find it: yet not ought of your\r
+work shall be diminished.\r
+\r
+5:12 So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of\r
+Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw.\r
+\r
+5:13 And the taskmasters hasted them, saying, Fulfil your works, your\r
+daily tasks, as when there was straw.\r
+\r
+5:14 And the officers of the children of Israel, which Pharaoh's\r
+taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, Wherefore\r
+have ye not fulfilled your task in making brick both yesterday and to\r
+day, as heretofore? 5:15 Then the officers of the children of Israel\r
+came and cried unto Pharaoh, saying, Wherefore dealest thou thus with\r
+thy servants? 5:16 There is no straw given unto thy servants, and\r
+they say to us, Make brick: and, behold, thy servants are beaten; but\r
+the fault is in thine own people.\r
+\r
+5:17 But he said, Ye are idle, ye are idle: therefore ye say, Let us\r
+go and do sacrifice to the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:18 Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given\r
+you, yet shall ye deliver the tale of bricks.\r
+\r
+5:19 And the officers of the children of Israel did see that they were\r
+in evil case, after it was said, Ye shall not minish ought from your\r
+bricks of your daily task.\r
+\r
+5:20 And they met Moses and Aaron, who stood in the way, as they came\r
+forth from Pharaoh: 5:21 And they said unto them, The LORD look upon\r
+you, and judge; because ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the\r
+eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his servants, to put a sword in\r
+their hand to slay us.\r
+\r
+5:22 And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, LORD, wherefore hast\r
+thou so evil entreated this people? why is it that thou hast sent me?\r
+5:23 For since I came to Pharaoh to speak in thy name, he hath done\r
+evil to this people; neither hast thou delivered thy people at all.\r
+\r
+6:1 Then the LORD said unto Moses, Now shalt thou see what I will do\r
+to Pharaoh: for with a strong hand shall he let them go, and with a\r
+strong hand shall he drive them out of his land.\r
+\r
+6:2 And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the LORD: 6:3\r
+And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name\r
+of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them.\r
+\r
+6:4 And I have also established my covenant with them, to give them\r
+the land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they were\r
+strangers.\r
+\r
+6:5 And I have also heard the groaning of the children of Israel, whom\r
+the Egyptians keep in bondage; and I have remembered my covenant.\r
+\r
+6:6 Wherefore say unto the children of Israel, I am the LORD, and I\r
+will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will\r
+rid you out of their bondage, and I will redeem you with a stretched\r
+out arm, and with great judgments: 6:7 And I will take you to me for a\r
+people, and I will be to you a God: and ye shall know that I am the\r
+LORD your God, which bringeth you out from under the burdens of the\r
+Egyptians.\r
+\r
+6:8 And I will bring you in unto the land, concerning the which I did\r
+swear to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; and I will give\r
+it you for an heritage: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:9 And Moses spake so unto the children of Israel: but they hearkened\r
+not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.\r
+\r
+6:10 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:11 Go in, speak unto\r
+Pharaoh king of Egypt, that he let the children of Israel go out of\r
+his land.\r
+\r
+6:12 And Moses spake before the LORD, saying, Behold, the children of\r
+Israel have not hearkened unto me; how then shall Pharaoh hear me, who\r
+am of uncircumcised lips? 6:13 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto\r
+Aaron, and gave them a charge unto the children of Israel, and unto\r
+Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out of the land\r
+of Egypt.\r
+\r
+6:14 These be the heads of their fathers' houses: The sons of Reuben\r
+the firstborn of Israel; Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi: these\r
+be the families of Reuben.\r
+\r
+6:15 And the sons of Simeon; Jemuel, and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin,\r
+and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman: these are the\r
+families of Simeon.\r
+\r
+6:16 And these are the names of the sons of Levi according to their\r
+generations; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari: and the years of the\r
+life of Levi were an hundred thirty and seven years.\r
+\r
+6:17 The sons of Gershon; Libni, and Shimi, according to their\r
+families.\r
+\r
+6:18 And the sons of Kohath; Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel:\r
+and the years of the life of Kohath were an hundred thirty and three\r
+years.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the sons of Merari; Mahali and Mushi: these are the families\r
+of Levi according to their generations.\r
+\r
+6:20 And Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife; and she\r
+bare him Aaron and Moses: and the years of the life of Amram were an\r
+hundred and thirty and seven years.\r
+\r
+6:21 And the sons of Izhar; Korah, and Nepheg, and Zichri.\r
+\r
+6:22 And the sons of Uzziel; Mishael, and Elzaphan, and Zithri.\r
+\r
+6:23 And Aaron took him Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab, sister of\r
+Naashon, to wife; and she bare him Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and\r
+Ithamar.\r
+\r
+6:24 And the sons of Korah; Assir, and Elkanah, and Abiasaph: these\r
+are the families of the Korhites.\r
+\r
+6:25 And Eleazar Aaron's son took him one of the daughters of Putiel\r
+to wife; and she bare him Phinehas: these are the heads of the fathers\r
+of the Levites according to their families.\r
+\r
+6:26 These are that Aaron and Moses, to whom the LORD said, Bring out\r
+the children of Israel from the land of Egypt according to their\r
+armies.\r
+\r
+6:27 These are they which spake to Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring out\r
+the children of Israel from Egypt: these are that Moses and Aaron.\r
+\r
+6:28 And it came to pass on the day when the LORD spake unto Moses in\r
+the land of Egypt, 6:29 That the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, I am\r
+the LORD: speak thou unto Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+6:30 And Moses said before the LORD, Behold, I am of uncircumcised\r
+lips, and how shall Pharaoh hearken unto me? 7:1 And the LORD said\r
+unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy\r
+brother shall be thy prophet.\r
+\r
+7:2 Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother\r
+shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of\r
+his land.\r
+\r
+7:3 And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and multiply my signs and my\r
+wonders in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:4 But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand\r
+upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of\r
+Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.\r
+\r
+7:5 And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I stretch\r
+forth mine hand upon Egypt, and bring out the children of Israel from\r
+among them.\r
+\r
+7:6 And Moses and Aaron did as the LORD commanded them, so did they.\r
+\r
+7:7 And Moses was fourscore years old, and Aaron fourscore and three\r
+years old, when they spake unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+7:8 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 7:9 When\r
+Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then\r
+thou shalt say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast it before Pharaoh,\r
+and it shall become a serpent.\r
+\r
+7:10 And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the\r
+LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and\r
+before his servants, and it became a serpent.\r
+\r
+7:11 Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the\r
+magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their\r
+enchantments.\r
+\r
+7:12 For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents:\r
+but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods.\r
+\r
+7:13 And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them;\r
+as the LORD had said.\r
+\r
+7:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh's heart is hardened, he\r
+refuseth to let the people go.\r
+\r
+7:15 Get thee unto Pharaoh in the morning; lo, he goeth out unto the\r
+water; and thou shalt stand by the river's brink against he come; and\r
+the rod which was turned to a serpent shalt thou take in thine hand.\r
+\r
+7:16 And thou shalt say unto him, The LORD God of the Hebrews hath\r
+sent me unto thee, saying, Let my people go, that they may serve me in\r
+the wilderness: and, behold, hitherto thou wouldest not hear.\r
+\r
+7:17 Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD:\r
+behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters\r
+which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood.\r
+\r
+7:18 And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall\r
+stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the\r
+river.\r
+\r
+7:19 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and\r
+stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams,\r
+upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of\r
+water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood\r
+throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in\r
+vessels of stone.\r
+\r
+7:20 And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted\r
+up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the sight\r
+of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that\r
+were in the river were turned to blood.\r
+\r
+7:21 And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and\r
+the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was\r
+blood throughout all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:22 And the magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments: and\r
+Pharaoh's heart was hardened, neither did he hearken unto them; as the\r
+LORD had said.\r
+\r
+7:23 And Pharaoh turned and went into his house, neither did he set\r
+his heart to this also.\r
+\r
+7:24 And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to\r
+drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river.\r
+\r
+7:25 And seven days were fulfilled, after that the LORD had smitten\r
+the river.\r
+\r
+8:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Go unto Pharaoh, and say unto him,\r
+Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.\r
+\r
+8:2 And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy\r
+borders with frogs: 8:3 And the river shall bring forth frogs\r
+abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy\r
+bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and\r
+upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs:\r
+8:4 And the frogs shall come up both on thee, and upon thy people, and\r
+upon all thy servants.\r
+\r
+8:5 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch forth thine\r
+hand with thy rod over the streams, over the rivers, and over the\r
+ponds, and cause frogs to come up upon the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:6 And Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt; and the\r
+frogs came up, and covered the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:7 And the magicians did so with their enchantments, and brought up\r
+frogs upon the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:8 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron, and said, Intreat the\r
+LORD, that he may take away the frogs from me, and from my people; and\r
+I will let the people go, that they may do sacrifice unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:9 And Moses said unto Pharaoh, Glory over me: when shall I intreat\r
+for thee, and for thy servants, and for thy people, to destroy the\r
+frogs from thee and thy houses, that they may remain in the river\r
+only? 8:10 And he said, To morrow. And he said, Be it according to\r
+thy word: that thou mayest know that there is none like unto the LORD\r
+our God.\r
+\r
+8:11 And the frogs shall depart from thee, and from thy houses, and\r
+from thy servants, and from thy people; they shall remain in the river\r
+only.\r
+\r
+8:12 And Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh: and Moses cried unto\r
+the LORD because of the frogs which he had brought against Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+8:13 And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs\r
+died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.\r
+\r
+8:14 And they gathered them together upon heaps: and the land stank.\r
+\r
+8:15 But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his\r
+heart, and hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said.\r
+\r
+8:16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy\r
+rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice\r
+throughout all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:17 And they did so; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod,\r
+and smote the dust of the earth, and it became lice in man, and in\r
+beast; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:18 And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth\r
+lice, but they could not: so there were lice upon man, and upon beast.\r
+\r
+8:19 Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This is the finger of God:\r
+and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as\r
+the LORD had said.\r
+\r
+8:20 And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and\r
+stand before Pharaoh; lo, he cometh forth to the water; and say unto\r
+him, Thus saith the LORD, Let my people go, that they may serve me.\r
+\r
+8:21 Else, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send\r
+swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people,\r
+and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of\r
+swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.\r
+\r
+8:22 And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my\r
+people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou\r
+mayest know that I am the LORD in the midst of the earth.\r
+\r
+8:23 And I will put a division between my people and thy people: to\r
+morrow shall this sign be.\r
+\r
+8:24 And the LORD did so; and there came a grievous swarm of flies\r
+into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants' houses, and into all\r
+the land of Egypt: the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of\r
+flies.\r
+\r
+8:25 And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and said, Go ye,\r
+sacrifice to your God in the land.\r
+\r
+8:26 And Moses said, It is not meet so to do; for we shall sacrifice\r
+the abomination of the Egyptians to the LORD our God: lo, shall we\r
+sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes, and will\r
+they not stone us? 8:27 We will go three days' journey into the\r
+wilderness, and sacrifice to the LORD our God, as he shall command us.\r
+\r
+8:28 And Pharaoh said, I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice to the\r
+LORD your God in the wilderness; only ye shall not go very far away:\r
+intreat for me.\r
+\r
+8:29 And Moses said, Behold, I go out from thee, and I will intreat\r
+the LORD that the swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his\r
+servants, and from his people, to morrow: but let not Pharaoh deal\r
+deceitfully any more in not letting the people go to sacrifice to the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+8:30 And Moses went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:31 And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and he removed\r
+the swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, and from his\r
+people; there remained not one.\r
+\r
+8:32 And Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also, neither would\r
+he let the people go.\r
+\r
+9:1 Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him,\r
+Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they\r
+may serve me.\r
+\r
+9:2 For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still, 9:3\r
+Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field,\r
+upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and\r
+upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.\r
+\r
+9:4 And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the\r
+cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the\r
+children's of Israel.\r
+\r
+9:5 And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD\r
+shall do this thing in the land.\r
+\r
+9:6 And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of\r
+Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.\r
+\r
+9:7 And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of\r
+the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did\r
+not let the people go.\r
+\r
+9:8 And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls\r
+of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven\r
+in the sight of Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+9:9 And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall\r
+be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast,\r
+throughout all the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+9:10 And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and\r
+Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking\r
+forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.\r
+\r
+9:11 And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the\r
+boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the\r
+Egyptians.\r
+\r
+9:12 And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not\r
+unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.\r
+\r
+9:13 And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and\r
+stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the\r
+Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.\r
+\r
+9:14 For I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and\r
+upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that\r
+there is none like me in all the earth.\r
+\r
+9:15 For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy\r
+people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth.\r
+\r
+9:16 And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to\r
+shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+9:17 As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt\r
+not let them go? 9:18 Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause\r
+it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since\r
+the foundation thereof even until now.\r
+\r
+9:19 Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast\r
+in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the\r
+field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon\r
+them, and they shall die.\r
+\r
+9:20 He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh\r
+made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses: 9:21 And he\r
+that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his\r
+cattle in the field.\r
+\r
+9:22 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward\r
+heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and\r
+upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+9:23 And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD\r
+sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the\r
+LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+9:24 So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous,\r
+such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it\r
+became a nation.\r
+\r
+9:25 And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was\r
+in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the\r
+field, and brake every tree of the field.\r
+\r
+9:26 Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were,\r
+was there no hail.\r
+\r
+9:27 And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto\r
+them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my\r
+people are wicked.\r
+\r
+9:28 Intreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty\r
+thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no\r
+longer.\r
+\r
+9:29 And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I\r
+will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall\r
+cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how\r
+that the earth is the LORD's.\r
+\r
+9:30 But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet\r
+fear the LORD God.\r
+\r
+9:31 And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in\r
+the ear, and the flax was bolled.\r
+\r
+9:32 But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not\r
+grown up.\r
+\r
+9:33 And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad\r
+his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the\r
+rain was not poured upon the earth.\r
+\r
+9:34 And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders\r
+were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his\r
+servants.\r
+\r
+9:35 And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the\r
+children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.\r
+\r
+10:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have\r
+hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew\r
+these my signs before him: 10:2 And that thou mayest tell in the ears\r
+of thy son, and of thy son's son, what things I have wrought in Egypt,\r
+and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I\r
+am the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:3 And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus\r
+saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble\r
+thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.\r
+\r
+10:4 Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will\r
+I bring the locusts into thy coast: 10:5 And they shall cover the face\r
+of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall\r
+eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you\r
+from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of\r
+the field: 10:6 And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all\r
+thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy\r
+fathers, nor thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they\r
+were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out\r
+from Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+10:7 And Pharaoh's servants said unto him, How long shall this man be\r
+a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their\r
+God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed? 10:8 And Moses and\r
+Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go,\r
+serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go? 10:9 And\r
+Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons\r
+and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go;\r
+for we must hold a feast unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:10 And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will\r
+let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.\r
+\r
+10:11 Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD; for that ye\r
+did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh's presence.\r
+\r
+10:12 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the\r
+land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of\r
+Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath\r
+left.\r
+\r
+10:13 And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and\r
+the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that\r
+night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.\r
+\r
+10:14 And the locust went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in\r
+all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there\r
+were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.\r
+\r
+10:15 For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land\r
+was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the\r
+fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any\r
+green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all\r
+the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:16 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I\r
+have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.\r
+\r
+10:17 Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and\r
+intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death\r
+only.\r
+\r
+10:18 And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:19 And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away\r
+the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one\r
+locust in all the coasts of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:20 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let\r
+the children of Israel go.\r
+\r
+10:21 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward\r
+heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even\r
+darkness which may be felt.\r
+\r
+10:22 And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was\r
+a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days: 10:23 They saw\r
+not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but\r
+all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.\r
+\r
+10:24 And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD;\r
+only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones\r
+also go with you.\r
+\r
+10:25 And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt\r
+offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+10:26 Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be\r
+left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and\r
+we know not with what we must serve the LORD, until we come thither.\r
+\r
+10:27 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them\r
+go.\r
+\r
+10:28 And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to\r
+thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou\r
+shalt die.\r
+\r
+10:29 And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again\r
+no more.\r
+\r
+11:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Yet will I bring one plague more\r
+upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt; afterwards he will let you go hence:\r
+when he shall let you go, he shall surely thrust you out hence\r
+altogether.\r
+\r
+11:2 Speak now in the ears of the people, and let every man borrow of\r
+his neighbour, and every woman of her neighbour, jewels of silver and\r
+jewels of gold.\r
+\r
+11:3 And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the\r
+Egyptians.\r
+\r
+Moreover the man Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, in the\r
+sight of Pharaoh's servants, and in the sight of the people.\r
+\r
+11:4 And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out\r
+into the midst of Egypt: 11:5 And all the firstborn in the land of\r
+Egypt shall die, from the first born of Pharaoh that sitteth upon his\r
+throne, even unto the firstborn of the maidservant that is behind the\r
+mill; and all the firstborn of beasts.\r
+\r
+11:6 And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt,\r
+such as there was none like it, nor shall be like it any more.\r
+\r
+11:7 But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move\r
+his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD\r
+doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.\r
+\r
+11:8 And all these thy servants shall come down unto me, and bow down\r
+themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that\r
+follow thee: and after that I will go out. And he went out from\r
+Pharaoh in a great anger.\r
+\r
+11:9 And the LORD said unto Moses, Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you;\r
+that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+11:10 And Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh: and\r
+the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the\r
+children of Israel go out of his land.\r
+\r
+12:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt\r
+saying, 12:2 This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it\r
+shall be the first month of the year to you.\r
+\r
+12:3 Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the\r
+tenth day of this month they shall take to them every man a lamb,\r
+according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: 12:4 And\r
+if the household be too little for the lamb, let him and his neighbour\r
+next unto his house take it according to the number of the souls;\r
+every man according to his eating shall make your count for the lamb.\r
+\r
+12:5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a male of the first year: ye\r
+shall take it out from the sheep, or from the goats: 12:6 And ye shall\r
+keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole\r
+assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening.\r
+\r
+12:7 And they shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two side\r
+posts and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat\r
+it.\r
+\r
+12:8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and\r
+unleavened bread; and with bitter herbs they shall eat it.\r
+\r
+12:9 Eat not of it raw, nor sodden at all with water, but roast with\r
+fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof.\r
+\r
+12:10 And ye shall let nothing of it remain until the morning; and\r
+that which remaineth of it until the morning ye shall burn with fire.\r
+\r
+12:11 And thus shall ye eat it; with your loins girded, your shoes on\r
+your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste:\r
+it is the LORD's passover.\r
+\r
+12:12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will\r
+smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and\r
+against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:13 And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where\r
+ye are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague\r
+shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:14 And this day shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep\r
+it a feast to the LORD throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a\r
+feast by an ordinance for ever.\r
+\r
+12:15 Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye\r
+shall put away leaven out of your houses: for whosoever eateth\r
+leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul\r
+shall be cut off from Israel.\r
+\r
+12:16 And in the first day there shall be an holy convocation, and in\r
+the seventh day there shall be an holy convocation to you; no manner\r
+of work shall be done in them, save that which every man must eat,\r
+that only may be done of you.\r
+\r
+12:17 And ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread; for in this\r
+selfsame day have I brought your armies out of the land of Egypt:\r
+therefore shall ye observe this day in your generations by an\r
+ordinance for ever.\r
+\r
+12:18 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even,\r
+ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the\r
+month at even.\r
+\r
+12:19 Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses: for\r
+whosoever eateth that which is leavened, even that soul shall be cut\r
+off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or born\r
+in the land.\r
+\r
+12:20 Ye shall eat nothing leavened; in all your habitations shall ye\r
+eat unleavened bread.\r
+\r
+12:21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel, and said unto\r
+them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and\r
+kill the passover.\r
+\r
+12:22 And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood\r
+that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side posts\r
+with the blood that is in the bason; and none of you shall go out at\r
+the door of his house until the morning.\r
+\r
+12:23 For the LORD will pass through to smite the Egyptians; and when\r
+he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, the\r
+LORD will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to\r
+come in unto your houses to smite you.\r
+\r
+12:24 And ye shall observe this thing for an ordinance to thee and to\r
+thy sons for ever.\r
+\r
+12:25 And it shall come to pass, when ye be come to the land which the\r
+LORD will give you, according as he hath promised, that ye shall keep\r
+this service.\r
+\r
+12:26 And it shall come to pass, when your children shall say unto\r
+you, What mean ye by this service? 12:27 That ye shall say, It is the\r
+sacrifice of the LORD's passover, who passed over the houses of the\r
+children of Israel in Egypt, when he smote the Egyptians, and\r
+delivered our houses. And the people bowed the head and worshipped.\r
+\r
+12:28 And the children of Israel went away, and did as the LORD had\r
+commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they.\r
+\r
+12:29 And it came to pass, that at midnight the LORD smote all the\r
+firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat\r
+on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the\r
+dungeon; and all the firstborn of cattle.\r
+\r
+12:30 And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and\r
+all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was\r
+not a house where there was not one dead.\r
+\r
+12:31 And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up,\r
+and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of\r
+Israel; and go, serve the LORD, as ye have said.\r
+\r
+12:32 Also take your flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be\r
+gone; and bless me also.\r
+\r
+12:33 And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might\r
+send them out of the land in haste; for they said, We be all dead men.\r
+\r
+12:34 And the people took their dough before it was leavened, their\r
+kneadingtroughs being bound up in their clothes upon their shoulders.\r
+\r
+12:35 And the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses;\r
+and they borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of\r
+gold, and raiment: 12:36 And the LORD gave the people favour in the\r
+sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them such things as\r
+they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+12:37 And the children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth,\r
+about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children.\r
+\r
+12:38 And a mixed multitude went up also with them; and flocks, and\r
+herds, even very much cattle.\r
+\r
+12:39 And they baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought\r
+forth out of Egypt, for it was not leavened; because they were thrust\r
+out of Egypt, and could not tarry, neither had they prepared for\r
+themselves any victual.\r
+\r
+12:40 Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in\r
+Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years.\r
+\r
+12:41 And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty\r
+years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of\r
+the LORD went out from the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:42 It is a night to be much observed unto the LORD for bringing\r
+them out from the land of Egypt: this is that night of the LORD to be\r
+observed of all the children of Israel in their generations.\r
+\r
+12:43 And the LORD said unto Moses and Aaron, This is the ordinance of\r
+the passover: There shall no stranger eat thereof: 12:44 But every\r
+man's servant that is bought for money, when thou hast circumcised\r
+him, then shall he eat thereof.\r
+\r
+12:45 A foreigner and an hired servant shall not eat thereof.\r
+\r
+12:46 In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth ought\r
+of the flesh abroad out of the house; neither shall ye break a bone\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+12:47 All the congregation of Israel shall keep it.\r
+\r
+12:48 And when a stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the\r
+passover to the LORD, let all his males be circumcised, and then let\r
+him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is born in the\r
+land: for no uncircumcised person shall eat thereof.\r
+\r
+12:49 One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger\r
+that sojourneth among you.\r
+\r
+12:50 Thus did all the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses\r
+and Aaron, so did they.\r
+\r
+12:51 And it came to pass the selfsame day, that the LORD did bring\r
+the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies.\r
+\r
+13:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 13:2 Sanctify unto me all\r
+the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of\r
+Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine.\r
+\r
+13:3 And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye\r
+came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of\r
+hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened\r
+bread be eaten.\r
+\r
+13:4 This day came ye out in the month Abib.\r
+\r
+13:5 And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of\r
+the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Hivites,\r
+and the Jebusites, which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee, a\r
+land flowing with milk and honey, that thou shalt keep this service in\r
+this month.\r
+\r
+13:6 Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh\r
+day shall be a feast to the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:7 Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days; and there shall no\r
+leavened bread be seen with thee, neither shall there be leaven seen\r
+with thee in all thy quarters.\r
+\r
+13:8 And thou shalt shew thy son in that day, saying, This is done\r
+because of that which the LORD did unto me when I came forth out of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+13:9 And it shall be for a sign unto thee upon thine hand, and for a\r
+memorial between thine eyes, that the LORD's law may be in thy mouth:\r
+for with a strong hand hath the LORD brought thee out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+13:10 Thou shalt therefore keep this ordinance in his season from year\r
+to year.\r
+\r
+13:11 And it shall be when the LORD shall bring thee into the land of\r
+the Canaanites, as he sware unto thee and to thy fathers, and shall\r
+give it thee, 13:12 That thou shalt set apart unto the LORD all that\r
+openeth the matrix, and every firstling that cometh of a beast which\r
+thou hast; the males shall be the LORD's.\r
+\r
+13:13 And every firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb; and\r
+if thou wilt not redeem it, then thou shalt break his neck: and all\r
+the firstborn of man among thy children shalt thou redeem.\r
+\r
+13:14 And it shall be when thy son asketh thee in time to come,\r
+saying, What is this? that thou shalt say unto him, By strength of\r
+hand the LORD brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage:\r
+13:15 And it came to pass, when Pharaoh would hardly let us go, that\r
+the LORD slew all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the\r
+firstborn of man, and the firstborn of beast: therefore I sacrifice to\r
+the LORD all that openeth the matrix, being males; but all the\r
+firstborn of my children I redeem.\r
+\r
+13:16 And it shall be for a token upon thine hand, and for frontlets\r
+between thine eyes: for by strength of hand the LORD brought us forth\r
+out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+13:17 And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that\r
+God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines,\r
+although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people\r
+repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt: 13:18 But God led\r
+the people about, through the way of the wilderness of the Red sea:\r
+and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+13:19 And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him: for he had straitly\r
+sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you; and\r
+ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you.\r
+\r
+13:20 And they took their journey from Succoth, and encamped in Etham,\r
+in the edge of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+13:21 And the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to\r
+lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them\r
+light; to go by day and night: 13:22 He took not away the pillar of\r
+the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+14:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 14:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth,\r
+between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall\r
+ye encamp by the sea.\r
+\r
+14:3 For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are\r
+entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in.\r
+\r
+14:4 And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after\r
+them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that\r
+the Egyptians may know that I am the LORD. And they did so.\r
+\r
+14:5 And it was told the king of Egypt that the people fled: and the\r
+heart of Pharaoh and of his servants was turned against the people,\r
+and they said, Why have we done this, that we have let Israel go from\r
+serving us? 14:6 And he made ready his chariot, and took his people\r
+with him: 14:7 And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the\r
+chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them.\r
+\r
+14:8 And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he\r
+pursued after the children of Israel: and the children of Israel went\r
+out with an high hand.\r
+\r
+14:9 But the Egyptians pursued after them, all the horses and chariots\r
+of Pharaoh, and his horsemen, and his army, and overtook them\r
+encamping by the sea, beside Pihahiroth, before Baalzephon.\r
+\r
+14:10 And when Pharaoh drew nigh, the children of Israel lifted up\r
+their eyes, and, behold, the Egyptians marched after them; and they\r
+were sore afraid: and the children of Israel cried out unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:11 And they said unto Moses, Because there were no graves in Egypt,\r
+hast thou taken us away to die in the wilderness? wherefore hast thou\r
+dealt thus with us, to carry us forth out of Egypt? 14:12 Is not this\r
+the word that we did tell thee in Egypt, saying, Let us alone, that we\r
+may serve the Egyptians? For it had been better for us to serve the\r
+Egyptians, than that we should die in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and\r
+see the salvation of the LORD, which he will shew to you to day: for\r
+the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no\r
+more for ever.\r
+\r
+14:14 The LORD shall fight for you, and ye shall hold your peace.\r
+\r
+14:15 And the LORD said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me?\r
+speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward: 14:16 But\r
+lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and\r
+divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through\r
+the midst of the sea.\r
+\r
+14:17 And I, behold, I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and\r
+they shall follow them: and I will get me honour upon Pharaoh, and\r
+upon all his host, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen.\r
+\r
+14:18 And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I have\r
+gotten me honour upon Pharaoh, upon his chariots, and upon his\r
+horsemen.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the angel of God, which went before the camp of Israel,\r
+removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from\r
+before their face, and stood behind them: 14:20 And it came between\r
+the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud\r
+and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these: so that the\r
+one came not near the other all the night.\r
+\r
+14:21 And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the LORD\r
+caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and\r
+made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided.\r
+\r
+14:22 And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon\r
+the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right\r
+hand, and on their left.\r
+\r
+14:23 And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst\r
+of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen.\r
+\r
+14:24 And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the LORD looked\r
+unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the\r
+cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, 14:25 And took off\r
+their chariot wheels, that they drave them heavily: so that the\r
+Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for the LORD\r
+fighteth for them against the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+14:26 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the\r
+sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their\r
+chariots, and upon their horsemen.\r
+\r
+14:27 And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea\r
+returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians\r
+fled against it; and the LORD overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of\r
+the sea.\r
+\r
+14:28 And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the\r
+horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after\r
+them; there remained not so much as one of them.\r
+\r
+14:29 But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of\r
+the sea; and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and\r
+on their left.\r
+\r
+14:30 Thus the LORD saved Israel that day out of the hand of the\r
+Egyptians; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore.\r
+\r
+14:31 And Israel saw that great work which the LORD did upon the\r
+Egyptians: and the people feared the LORD, and believed the LORD, and\r
+his servant Moses.\r
+\r
+15:1 Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the\r
+LORD, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath\r
+triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the\r
+sea.\r
+\r
+15:2 The LORD is my strength and song, and he is become my salvation:\r
+he is my God, and I will prepare him an habitation; my father's God,\r
+and I will exalt him.\r
+\r
+15:3 The LORD is a man of war: the LORD is his name.\r
+\r
+15:4 Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his\r
+chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea.\r
+\r
+15:5 The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a\r
+stone.\r
+\r
+15:6 Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power: thy right\r
+hand, O LORD, hath dashed in pieces the enemy.\r
+\r
+15:7 And in the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown\r
+them that rose up against thee: thou sentest forth thy wrath, which\r
+consumed them as stubble.\r
+\r
+15:8 And with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were gathered\r
+together, the floods stood upright as an heap, and the depths were\r
+congealed in the heart of the sea.\r
+\r
+15:9 The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the\r
+spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my\r
+hand shall destroy them.\r
+\r
+15:10 Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank\r
+as lead in the mighty waters.\r
+\r
+15:11 Who is like unto thee, O LORD, among the gods? who is like thee,\r
+glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders? 15:12 Thou\r
+stretchedst out thy right hand, the earth swallowed them.\r
+\r
+15:13 Thou in thy mercy hast led forth the people which thou hast\r
+redeemed: thou hast guided them in thy strength unto thy holy\r
+habitation.\r
+\r
+15:14 The people shall hear, and be afraid: sorrow shall take hold on\r
+the inhabitants of Palestina.\r
+\r
+15:15 Then the dukes of Edom shall be amazed; the mighty men of Moab,\r
+trembling shall take hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan\r
+shall melt away.\r
+\r
+15:16 Fear and dread shall fall upon them; by the greatness of thine\r
+arm they shall be as still as a stone; till thy people pass over, O\r
+LORD, till the people pass over, which thou hast purchased.\r
+\r
+15:17 Thou shalt bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of\r
+thine inheritance, in the place, O LORD, which thou hast made for thee\r
+to dwell in, in the Sanctuary, O LORD, which thy hands have\r
+established.\r
+\r
+15:18 The LORD shall reign for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+15:19 For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his\r
+horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the\r
+sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the\r
+midst of the sea.\r
+\r
+15:20 And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel\r
+in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and\r
+with dances.\r
+\r
+15:21 And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath\r
+triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the\r
+sea.\r
+\r
+15:22 So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they went out into\r
+the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness,\r
+and found no water.\r
+\r
+15:23 And when they came to Marah, they could not drink of the waters\r
+of Marah, for they were bitter: therefore the name of it was called\r
+Marah.\r
+\r
+15:24 And the people murmured against Moses, saying, What shall we\r
+drink? 15:25 And he cried unto the LORD; and the LORD shewed him a\r
+tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made\r
+sweet: there he made for them a statute and an ordinance, and there he\r
+proved them, 15:26 And said, If thou wilt diligently hearken to the\r
+voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in his\r
+sight, and wilt give ear to his commandments, and keep all his\r
+statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon thee, which I have\r
+brought upon the Egyptians: for I am the LORD that healeth thee.\r
+\r
+15:27 And they came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water, and\r
+threescore and ten palm trees: and they encamped there by the waters.\r
+\r
+16:1 And they took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation\r
+of the children of Israel came unto the wilderness of Sin, which is\r
+between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after\r
+their departing out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+16:2 And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured\r
+against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness: 16:3 And the children of\r
+Israel said unto them, Would to God we had died by the hand of the\r
+LORD in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, and when we\r
+did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into this\r
+wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger.\r
+\r
+16:4 Then said the LORD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from\r
+heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate\r
+every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or\r
+no.\r
+\r
+16:5 And it shall come to pass, that on the sixth day they shall\r
+prepare that which they bring in; and it shall be twice as much as\r
+they gather daily.\r
+\r
+16:6 And Moses and Aaron said unto all the children of Israel, At\r
+even, then ye shall know that the LORD hath brought you out from the\r
+land of Egypt: 16:7 And in the morning, then ye shall see the glory of\r
+the LORD; for that he heareth your murmurings against the LORD: and\r
+what are we, that ye murmur against us? 16:8 And Moses said, This\r
+shall be, when the LORD shall give you in the evening flesh to eat,\r
+and in the morning bread to the full; for that the LORD heareth your\r
+murmurings which ye murmur against him: and what are we? your\r
+murmurings are not against us, but against the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:9 And Moses spake unto Aaron, Say unto all the congregation of the\r
+children of Israel, Come near before the LORD: for he hath heard your\r
+murmurings.\r
+\r
+16:10 And it came to pass, as Aaron spake unto the whole congregation\r
+of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness,\r
+and, behold, the glory of the LORD appeared in the cloud.\r
+\r
+16:11 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 16:12 I have heard the\r
+murmurings of the children of Israel: speak unto them, saying, At even\r
+ye shall eat flesh, and in the morning ye shall be filled with bread;\r
+and ye shall know that I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+16:13 And it came to pass, that at even the quails came up, and\r
+covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the host.\r
+\r
+16:14 And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of\r
+the wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar\r
+frost on the ground.\r
+\r
+16:15 And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to\r
+another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said\r
+unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat.\r
+\r
+16:16 This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, Gather of it\r
+every man according to his eating, an omer for every man, according to\r
+the number of your persons; take ye every man for them which are in\r
+his tents.\r
+\r
+16:17 And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some\r
+less.\r
+\r
+16:18 And when they did mete it with an omer, he that gathered much\r
+had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they\r
+gathered every man according to his eating.\r
+\r
+16:19 And Moses said, Let no man leave of it till the morning.\r
+\r
+16:20 Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto Moses; but some of them\r
+left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses\r
+was wroth with them.\r
+\r
+16:21 And they gathered it every morning, every man according to his\r
+eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted.\r
+\r
+16:22 And it came to pass, that on the sixth day they gathered twice\r
+as much bread, two omers for one man: and all the rulers of the\r
+congregation came and told Moses.\r
+\r
+16:23 And he said unto them, This is that which the LORD hath said, To\r
+morrow is the rest of the holy sabbath unto the LORD: bake that which\r
+ye will bake to day, and seethe that ye will seethe; and that which\r
+remaineth over lay up for you to be kept until the morning.\r
+\r
+16:24 And they laid it up till the morning, as Moses bade: and it did\r
+not stink, neither was there any worm therein.\r
+\r
+16:25 And Moses said, Eat that to day; for to day is a sabbath unto\r
+the LORD: to day ye shall not find it in the field.\r
+\r
+16:26 Six days ye shall gather it; but on the seventh day, which is\r
+the sabbath, in it there shall be none.\r
+\r
+16:27 And it came to pass, that there went out some of the people on\r
+the seventh day for to gather, and they found none.\r
+\r
+16:28 And the LORD said unto Moses, How long refuse ye to keep my\r
+commandments and my laws? 16:29 See, for that the LORD hath given you\r
+the sabbath, therefore he giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two\r
+days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place\r
+on the seventh day.\r
+\r
+16:30 So the people rested on the seventh day.\r
+\r
+16:31 And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it\r
+was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers\r
+made with honey.\r
+\r
+16:32 And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commandeth,\r
+Fill an omer of it to be kept for your generations; that they may see\r
+the bread wherewith I have fed you in the wilderness, when I brought\r
+you forth from the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+16:33 And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a pot, and put an omer full of\r
+manna therein, and lay it up before the LORD, to be kept for your\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+16:34 As the LORD commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the\r
+Testimony, to be kept.\r
+\r
+16:35 And the children of Israel did eat manna forty years, until they\r
+came to a land inhabited; they did eat manna, until they came unto the\r
+borders of the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+16:36 Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah.\r
+\r
+17:1 And all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from\r
+the wilderness of Sin, after their journeys, according to the\r
+commandment of the LORD, and pitched in Rephidim: and there was no\r
+water for the people to drink.\r
+\r
+17:2 Wherefore the people did chide with Moses, and said, Give us\r
+water that we may drink. And Moses said unto them, Why chide ye with\r
+me? wherefore do ye tempt the LORD? 17:3 And the people thirsted\r
+there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said,\r
+Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill\r
+us and our children and our cattle with thirst? 17:4 And Moses cried\r
+unto the LORD, saying, What shall I do unto this people? they be\r
+almost ready to stone me.\r
+\r
+17:5 And the LORD said unto Moses, Go on before the people, and take\r
+with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod, wherewith thou smotest\r
+the river, take in thine hand, and go.\r
+\r
+17:6 Behold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb;\r
+and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it,\r
+that the people may drink. And Moses did so in the sight of the elders\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+17:7 And he called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because\r
+of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they tempted the\r
+LORD, saying, Is the LORD among us, or not? 17:8 Then came Amalek,\r
+and fought with Israel in Rephidim.\r
+\r
+17:9 And Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men, and go out, fight\r
+with Amalek: to morrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the\r
+rod of God in mine hand.\r
+\r
+17:10 So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek:\r
+and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.\r
+\r
+17:11 And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel\r
+prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.\r
+\r
+17:12 But Moses hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it\r
+under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands,\r
+the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his\r
+hands were steady until the going down of the sun.\r
+\r
+17:13 And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of\r
+the sword.\r
+\r
+17:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a\r
+book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put\r
+out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.\r
+\r
+17:15 And Moses built an altar, and called the name of it\r
+Jehovahnissi: 17:16 For he said, Because the LORD hath sworn that the\r
+LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.\r
+\r
+18:1 When Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father in law, heard of\r
+all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel his people, and that\r
+the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt; 18:2 Then Jethro, Moses'\r
+father in law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her back,\r
+18:3 And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for\r
+he said, I have been an alien in a strange land: 18:4 And the name of\r
+the other was Eliezer; for the God of my father, said he, was mine\r
+help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh: 18:5 And Jethro,\r
+Moses' father in law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into\r
+the wilderness, where he encamped at the mount of God: 18:6 And he\r
+said unto Moses, I thy father in law Jethro am come unto thee, and thy\r
+wife, and her two sons with her.\r
+\r
+18:7 And Moses went out to meet his father in law, and did obeisance,\r
+and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they\r
+came into the tent.\r
+\r
+18:8 And Moses told his father in law all that the LORD had done unto\r
+Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, and all the travail\r
+that had come upon them by the way, and how the LORD delivered them.\r
+\r
+18:9 And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the LORD had done\r
+to Israel, whom he had delivered out of the hand of the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+18:10 And Jethro said, Blessed be the LORD, who hath delivered you out\r
+of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh, who hath\r
+delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians.\r
+\r
+18:11 Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods: for in the\r
+thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them.\r
+\r
+18:12 And Jethro, Moses' father in law, took a burnt offering and\r
+sacrifices for God: and Aaron came, and all the elders of Israel, to\r
+eat bread with Moses' father in law before God.\r
+\r
+18:13 And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the\r
+people: and the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the\r
+evening.\r
+\r
+18:14 And when Moses' father in law saw all that he did to the people,\r
+he said, What is this thing that thou doest to the people? why sittest\r
+thou thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning unto\r
+even? 18:15 And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people\r
+come unto me to enquire of God: 18:16 When they have a matter, they\r
+come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them\r
+know the statutes of God, and his laws.\r
+\r
+18:17 And Moses' father in law said unto him, The thing that thou\r
+doest is not good.\r
+\r
+18:18 Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou, and this people that is\r
+with thee: for this thing is too heavy for thee; thou art not able to\r
+perform it thyself alone.\r
+\r
+18:19 Hearken now unto my voice, I will give thee counsel, and God\r
+shall be with thee: Be thou for the people to God-ward, that thou\r
+mayest bring the causes unto God: 18:20 And thou shalt teach them\r
+ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must\r
+walk, and the work that they must do.\r
+\r
+18:21 Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such\r
+as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over\r
+them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of\r
+fifties, and rulers of tens: 18:22 And let them judge the people at\r
+all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring\r
+unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be\r
+easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee.\r
+\r
+18:23 If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou\r
+shalt be able to endure, and all this people shall also go to their\r
+place in peace.\r
+\r
+18:24 So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did\r
+all that he had said.\r
+\r
+18:25 And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads\r
+over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of\r
+fifties, and rulers of tens.\r
+\r
+18:26 And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they\r
+brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.\r
+\r
+18:27 And Moses let his father in law depart; and he went his way into\r
+his own land.\r
+\r
+19:1 In the third month, when the children of Israel were gone forth\r
+out of the land of Egypt, the same day came they into the wilderness\r
+of Sinai.\r
+\r
+19:2 For they were departed from Rephidim, and were come to the desert\r
+of Sinai, and had pitched in the wilderness; and there Israel camped\r
+before the mount.\r
+\r
+19:3 And Moses went up unto God, and the LORD called unto him out of\r
+the mountain, saying, Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob, and\r
+tell the children of Israel; 19:4 Ye have seen what I did unto the\r
+Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto\r
+myself.\r
+\r
+19:5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my\r
+covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all\r
+people: for all the earth is mine: 19:6 And ye shall be unto me a\r
+kingdom of priests, and an holy nation.\r
+\r
+These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+19:7 And Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and laid\r
+before their faces all these words which the LORD commanded him.\r
+\r
+19:8 And all the people answered together, and said, All that the LORD\r
+hath spoken we will do. And Moses returned the words of the people\r
+unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:9 And the LORD said unto Moses, Lo, I come unto thee in a thick\r
+cloud, that the people may hear when I speak with thee, and believe\r
+thee for ever.\r
+\r
+And Moses told the words of the people unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:10 And the LORD said unto Moses, Go unto the people, and sanctify\r
+them to day and to morrow, and let them wash their clothes, 19:11 And\r
+be ready against the third day: for the third day the LORD will come\r
+down in the sight of all the people upon mount Sinai.\r
+\r
+19:12 And thou shalt set bounds unto the people round about, saying,\r
+Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch\r
+the border of it: whosoever toucheth the mount shall be surely put to\r
+death: 19:13 There shall not an hand touch it, but he shall surely be\r
+stoned, or shot through; whether it be beast or man, it shall not\r
+live: when the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the mount.\r
+\r
+19:14 And Moses went down from the mount unto the people, and\r
+sanctified the people; and they washed their clothes.\r
+\r
+19:15 And he said unto the people, Be ready against the third day:\r
+come not at your wives.\r
+\r
+19:16 And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there\r
+were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and\r
+the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that\r
+was in the camp trembled.\r
+\r
+19:17 And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with\r
+God; and they stood at the nether part of the mount.\r
+\r
+19:18 And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the LORD\r
+descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke\r
+of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.\r
+\r
+19:19 And when the voice of the trumpet sounded long, and waxed louder\r
+and louder, Moses spake, and God answered him by a voice.\r
+\r
+19:20 And the LORD came down upon mount Sinai, on the top of the\r
+mount: and the LORD called Moses up to the top of the mount; and Moses\r
+went up.\r
+\r
+19:21 And the LORD said unto Moses, Go down, charge the people, lest\r
+they break through unto the LORD to gaze, and many of them perish.\r
+\r
+19:22 And let the priests also, which come near to the LORD, sanctify\r
+themselves, lest the LORD break forth upon them.\r
+\r
+19:23 And Moses said unto the LORD, The people cannot come up to mount\r
+Sinai: for thou chargedst us, saying, Set bounds about the mount, and\r
+sanctify it.\r
+\r
+19:24 And the LORD said unto him, Away, get thee down, and thou shalt\r
+come up, thou, and Aaron with thee: but let not the priests and the\r
+people break through to come up unto the LORD, lest he break forth\r
+upon them.\r
+\r
+19:25 So Moses went down unto the people, and spake unto them.\r
+\r
+20:1 And God spake all these words, saying, 20:2 I am the LORD thy\r
+God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the\r
+house of bondage.\r
+\r
+20:3 Thou shalt have no other gods before me.\r
+\r
+20:4 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness\r
+of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath,\r
+or that is in the water under the earth.\r
+\r
+20:5 Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I\r
+the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the\r
+fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them\r
+that hate me; 20:6 And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love\r
+me, and keep my commandments.\r
+\r
+20:7 Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the\r
+LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.\r
+\r
+20:8 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.\r
+\r
+20:9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work: 20:10 But the\r
+seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not\r
+do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor\r
+thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy\r
+gates: 20:11 For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea,\r
+and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the\r
+LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.\r
+\r
+20:12 Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon\r
+the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.\r
+\r
+20:13 Thou shalt not kill.\r
+\r
+20:14 Thou shalt not commit adultery.\r
+\r
+20:15 Thou shalt not steal.\r
+\r
+20:16 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.\r
+\r
+20:17 Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house, thou shalt not covet\r
+thy neighbour's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his\r
+ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's.\r
+\r
+20:18 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the lightnings, and\r
+the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking: and when the\r
+people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off.\r
+\r
+20:19 And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear:\r
+but let not God speak with us, lest we die.\r
+\r
+20:20 And Moses said unto the people, Fear not: for God is come to\r
+prove you, and that his fear may be before your faces, that ye sin\r
+not.\r
+\r
+20:21 And the people stood afar off, and Moses drew near unto the\r
+thick darkness where God was.\r
+\r
+20:22 And the LORD said unto Moses, Thus thou shalt say unto the\r
+children of Israel, Ye have seen that I have talked with you from\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+20:23 Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make\r
+unto you gods of gold.\r
+\r
+20:24 An altar of earth thou shalt make unto me, and shalt sacrifice\r
+thereon thy burnt offerings, and thy peace offerings, thy sheep, and\r
+thine oxen: in all places where I record my name I will come unto\r
+thee, and I will bless thee.\r
+\r
+20:25 And if thou wilt make me an altar of stone, thou shalt not build\r
+it of hewn stone: for if thou lift up thy tool upon it, thou hast\r
+polluted it.\r
+\r
+20:26 Neither shalt thou go up by steps unto mine altar, that thy\r
+nakedness be not discovered thereon.\r
+\r
+21:1 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.\r
+\r
+21:2 If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in\r
+the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.\r
+\r
+21:3 If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were\r
+married, then his wife shall go out with him.\r
+\r
+21:4 If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons\r
+or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he\r
+shall go out by himself.\r
+\r
+21:5 And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife,\r
+and my children; I will not go out free: 21:6 Then his master shall\r
+bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or\r
+unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an\r
+aul; and he shall serve him for ever.\r
+\r
+21:7 And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not\r
+go out as the menservants do.\r
+\r
+21:8 If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself,\r
+then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation\r
+he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.\r
+\r
+21:9 And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her\r
+after the manner of daughters.\r
+\r
+21:10 If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty\r
+of marriage, shall he not diminish.\r
+\r
+21:11 And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out\r
+free without money.\r
+\r
+21:12 He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to\r
+death.\r
+\r
+21:13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand;\r
+then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.\r
+\r
+21:14 But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him\r
+with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.\r
+\r
+21:15 And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely\r
+put to death.\r
+\r
+21:16 And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found\r
+in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+21:17 And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be\r
+put to death.\r
+\r
+21:18 And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone,\r
+or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed: 21:19 If he\r
+rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote\r
+him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall\r
+cause him to be thoroughly healed.\r
+\r
+21:20 And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he\r
+die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.\r
+\r
+21:21 Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be\r
+punished: for he is his money.\r
+\r
+21:22 If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit\r
+depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely\r
+punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he\r
+shall pay as the judges determine.\r
+\r
+21:23 And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,\r
+21:24 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,\r
+21:25 Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.\r
+\r
+21:26 And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his\r
+maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.\r
+\r
+21:27 And if he smite out his manservant's tooth, or his maidservant's\r
+tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth's sake.\r
+\r
+21:28 If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall\r
+be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of\r
+the ox shall be quit.\r
+\r
+21:29 But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and\r
+it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but\r
+that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his\r
+owner also shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+21:30 If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for\r
+the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.\r
+\r
+21:31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according\r
+to this judgment shall it be done unto him.\r
+\r
+21:32 If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall\r
+give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be\r
+stoned.\r
+\r
+21:33 And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and\r
+not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; 21:34 The owner of the\r
+pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the\r
+dead beast shall be his.\r
+\r
+21:35 And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall\r
+sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also\r
+they shall divide.\r
+\r
+21:36 Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past,\r
+and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and\r
+the dead shall be his own.\r
+\r
+22:1 If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it;\r
+he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.\r
+\r
+22:2 If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die,\r
+there shall no blood be shed for him.\r
+\r
+22:3 If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him;\r
+for he should make full restitution; if he have nothing, then he shall\r
+be sold for his theft.\r
+\r
+22:4 If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be\r
+ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double.\r
+\r
+22:5 If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall\r
+put in his beast, and shall feed in another man's field; of the best\r
+of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make\r
+restitution.\r
+\r
+22:6 If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of\r
+corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed therewith; he\r
+that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.\r
+\r
+22:7 If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep,\r
+and it be stolen out of the man's house; if the thief be found, let\r
+him pay double.\r
+\r
+22:8 If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be\r
+brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his\r
+neighbour's goods.\r
+\r
+22:9 For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for\r
+sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing which another\r
+challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the\r
+judges; and whom the judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto\r
+his neighbour.\r
+\r
+22:10 If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a\r
+sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away,\r
+no man seeing it: 22:11 Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them\r
+both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour's goods; and\r
+the owner of it shall accept thereof, and he shall not make it good.\r
+\r
+22:12 And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the\r
+owner thereof.\r
+\r
+22:13 If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and\r
+he shall not make good that which was torn.\r
+\r
+22:14 And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or\r
+die, the owner thereof being not with it, he shall surely make it\r
+good.\r
+\r
+22:15 But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good:\r
+if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire.\r
+\r
+22:16 And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with\r
+her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife.\r
+\r
+22:17 If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay\r
+money according to the dowry of virgins.\r
+\r
+22:18 Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.\r
+\r
+22:19 Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+22:20 He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he\r
+shall be utterly destroyed.\r
+\r
+22:21 Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were\r
+strangers in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+22:22 Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.\r
+\r
+22:23 If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I\r
+will surely hear their cry; 22:24 And my wrath shall wax hot, and I\r
+will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your\r
+children fatherless.\r
+\r
+22:25 If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee,\r
+thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him\r
+usury.\r
+\r
+22:26 If thou at all take thy neighbour's raiment to pledge, thou\r
+shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down: 22:27 For that\r
+is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he\r
+sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will\r
+hear; for I am gracious.\r
+\r
+22:28 Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy\r
+people.\r
+\r
+22:29 Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and\r
+of thy liquors: the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou give unto me.\r
+\r
+22:30 Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep:\r
+seven days it shall be with his dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give\r
+it me.\r
+\r
+22:31 And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh\r
+that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs.\r
+\r
+23:1 Thou shalt not raise a false report: put not thine hand with the\r
+wicked to be an unrighteous witness.\r
+\r
+23:2 Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou\r
+speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment: 23:3 Neither\r
+shalt thou countenance a poor man in his cause.\r
+\r
+23:4 If thou meet thine enemy's ox or his ass going astray, thou shalt\r
+surely bring it back to him again.\r
+\r
+23:5 If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his\r
+burden, and wouldest forbear to help him, thou shalt surely help with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+23:6 Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor in his cause.\r
+\r
+23:7 Keep thee far from a false matter; and the innocent and righteous\r
+slay thou not: for I will not justify the wicked.\r
+\r
+23:8 And thou shalt take no gift: for the gift blindeth the wise, and\r
+perverteth the words of the righteous.\r
+\r
+23:9 Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger: for ye know the heart of\r
+a stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+23:10 And six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the\r
+fruits thereof: 23:11 But the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and\r
+lie still; that the poor of thy people may eat: and what they leave\r
+the beasts of the field shall eat. In like manner thou shalt deal with\r
+thy vineyard, and with thy oliveyard.\r
+\r
+23:12 Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou\r
+shalt rest: that thine ox and thine ass may rest, and the son of thy\r
+handmaid, and the stranger, may be refreshed.\r
+\r
+23:13 And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect: and\r
+make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out\r
+of thy mouth.\r
+\r
+23:14 Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year.\r
+\r
+23:15 Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread: (thou shalt eat\r
+unleavened bread seven days, as I commanded thee, in the time\r
+appointed of the month Abib; for in it thou camest out from Egypt: and\r
+none shall appear before me empty:) 23:16 And the feast of harvest,\r
+the firstfruits of thy labours, which thou hast sown in the field: and\r
+the feast of ingathering, which is in the end of the year, when thou\r
+hast gathered in thy labours out of the field.\r
+\r
+23:17 Three items in the year all thy males shall appear before the\r
+LORD God.\r
+\r
+23:18 Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened\r
+bread; neither shall the fat of my sacrifice remain until the morning.\r
+\r
+23:19 The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring into\r
+the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his\r
+mother's milk.\r
+\r
+23:20 Behold, I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way,\r
+and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared.\r
+\r
+23:21 Beware of him, and obey his voice, provoke him not; for he will\r
+not pardon your transgressions: for my name is in him.\r
+\r
+23:22 But if thou shalt indeed obey his voice, and do all that I\r
+speak; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies, and an adversary\r
+unto thine adversaries.\r
+\r
+23:23 For mine Angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the\r
+Amorites, and the Hittites, and the Perizzites, and the Canaanites,\r
+the Hivites, and the Jebusites: and I will cut them off.\r
+\r
+23:24 Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do\r
+after their works: but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite\r
+break down their images.\r
+\r
+23:25 And ye shall serve the LORD your God, and he shall bless thy\r
+bread, and thy water; and I will take sickness away from the midst of\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+23:26 There shall nothing cast their young, nor be barren, in thy\r
+land: the number of thy days I will fulfil.\r
+\r
+23:27 I will send my fear before thee, and will destroy all the people\r
+to whom thou shalt come, and I will make all thine enemies turn their\r
+backs unto thee.\r
+\r
+23:28 And I will send hornets before thee, which shall drive out the\r
+Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before thee.\r
+\r
+23:29 I will not drive them out from before thee in one year; lest the\r
+land become desolate, and the beast of the field multiply against\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+23:30 By little and little I will drive them out from before thee,\r
+until thou be increased, and inherit the land.\r
+\r
+23:31 And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of\r
+the Philistines, and from the desert unto the river: for I will\r
+deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand; and thou shalt\r
+drive them out before thee.\r
+\r
+23:32 Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods.\r
+\r
+23:33 They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin\r
+against me: for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare\r
+unto thee.\r
+\r
+24:1 And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron,\r
+Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye\r
+afar off.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come\r
+nigh; neither shall the people go up with him.\r
+\r
+24:3 And Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD, and\r
+all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and\r
+said, All the words which the LORD hath said will we do.\r
+\r
+24:4 And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD, and rose up early in\r
+the morning, and builded an altar under the hill, and twelve pillars,\r
+according to the twelve tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+24:5 And he sent young men of the children of Israel, which offered\r
+burnt offerings, and sacrificed peace offerings of oxen unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:6 And Moses took half of the blood, and put it in basons; and half\r
+of the blood he sprinkled on the altar.\r
+\r
+24:7 And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of\r
+the people: and they said, All that the LORD hath said will we do, and\r
+be obedient.\r
+\r
+24:8 And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and\r
+said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the LORD hath made with\r
+you concerning all these words.\r
+\r
+24:9 Then went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of\r
+the elders of Israel: 24:10 And they saw the God of Israel: and there\r
+was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as\r
+it were the body of heaven in his clearness.\r
+\r
+24:11 And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his\r
+hand: also they saw God, and did eat and drink.\r
+\r
+24:12 And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and\r
+be there: and I will give thee tables of stone, and a law, and\r
+commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them.\r
+\r
+24:13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up\r
+into the mount of God.\r
+\r
+24:14 And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come\r
+again unto you: and, behold, Aaron and Hur are with you: if any man\r
+have any matters to do, let him come unto them.\r
+\r
+24:15 And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount.\r
+\r
+24:16 And the glory of the LORD abode upon mount Sinai, and the cloud\r
+covered it six days: and the seventh day he called unto Moses out of\r
+the midst of the cloud.\r
+\r
+24:17 And the sight of the glory of the LORD was like devouring fire\r
+on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+24:18 And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into\r
+the mount: and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights.\r
+\r
+25:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 25:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, that they bring me an offering: of every man that\r
+giveth it willingly with his heart ye shall take my offering.\r
+\r
+25:3 And this is the offering which ye shall take of them; gold, and\r
+silver, and brass, 25:4 And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine\r
+linen, and goats' hair, 25:5 And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers'\r
+skins, and shittim wood, 25:6 Oil for the light, spices for anointing\r
+oil, and for sweet incense, 25:7 Onyx stones, and stones to be set in\r
+the ephod, and in the breastplate.\r
+\r
+25:8 And let them make me a sanctuary; that I may dwell among them.\r
+\r
+25:9 According to all that I shew thee, after the pattern of the\r
+tabernacle, and the pattern of all the instruments thereof, even so\r
+shall ye make it.\r
+\r
+25:10 And they shall make an ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a\r
+half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth\r
+thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof.\r
+\r
+25:11 And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without\r
+shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+25:12 And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in\r
+the four corners thereof; and two rings shall be in the one side of\r
+it, and two rings in the other side of it.\r
+\r
+25:13 And thou shalt make staves of shittim wood, and overlay them\r
+with gold.\r
+\r
+25:14 And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the\r
+ark, that the ark may be borne with them.\r
+\r
+25:15 The staves shall be in the rings of the ark: they shall not be\r
+taken from it.\r
+\r
+25:16 And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+25:17 And thou shalt make a mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a\r
+half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+25:18 And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt\r
+thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat.\r
+\r
+25:19 And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the\r
+other end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the cherubims on the\r
+two ends thereof.\r
+\r
+25:20 And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high,\r
+covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall look\r
+one to another; toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims\r
+be.\r
+\r
+25:21 And thou shalt put the mercy seat above upon the ark; and in the\r
+ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give thee.\r
+\r
+25:22 And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee\r
+from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubims which are\r
+upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will give thee in\r
+commandment unto the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+25:23 Thou shalt also make a table of shittim wood: two cubits shall\r
+be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit\r
+and a half the height thereof.\r
+\r
+25:24 And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, and make thereto a\r
+crown of gold round about.\r
+\r
+25:25 And thou shalt make unto it a border of an hand breadth round\r
+about, and thou shalt make a golden crown to the border thereof round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+25:26 And thou shalt make for it four rings of gold, and put the rings\r
+in the four corners that are on the four feet thereof.\r
+\r
+25:27 Over against the border shall the rings be for places of the\r
+staves to bear the table.\r
+\r
+25:28 And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them\r
+with gold, that the table may be borne with them.\r
+\r
+25:29 And thou shalt make the dishes thereof, and spoons thereof, and\r
+covers thereof, and bowls thereof, to cover withal: of pure gold shalt\r
+thou make them.\r
+\r
+25:30 And thou shalt set upon the table shewbread before me alway.\r
+\r
+25:31 And thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work\r
+shall the candlestick be made: his shaft, and his branches, his bowls,\r
+his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.\r
+\r
+25:32 And six branches shall come out of the sides of it; three\r
+branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three branches of\r
+the candlestick out of the other side: 25:33 Three bowls made like\r
+unto almonds, with a knop and a flower in one branch; and three bowls\r
+made like almonds in the other branch, with a knop and a flower: so in\r
+the six branches that come out of the candlestick.\r
+\r
+25:34 And in the candlesticks shall be four bowls made like unto\r
+almonds, with their knops and their flowers.\r
+\r
+25:35 And there shall be a knop under two branches of the same, and a\r
+knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two branches of\r
+the same, according to the six branches that proceed out of the\r
+candlestick.\r
+\r
+25:36 Their knops and their branches shall be of the same: all it\r
+shall be one beaten work of pure gold.\r
+\r
+25:37 And thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof: and they shall\r
+light the lamps thereof, that they may give light over against it.\r
+\r
+25:38 And the tongs thereof, and the snuffdishes thereof, shall be of\r
+pure gold.\r
+\r
+25:39 Of a talent of pure gold shall he make it, with all these\r
+vessels.\r
+\r
+25:40 And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was\r
+shewed thee in the mount.\r
+\r
+26:1 Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine\r
+twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of\r
+cunning work shalt thou make them.\r
+\r
+26:2 The length of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits, and\r
+the breadth of one curtain four cubits: and every one of the curtains\r
+shall have one measure.\r
+\r
+26:3 The five curtains shall be coupled together one to another; and\r
+other five curtains shall be coupled one to another.\r
+\r
+26:4 And thou shalt make loops of blue upon the edge of the one\r
+curtain from the selvedge in the coupling; and likewise shalt thou\r
+make in the uttermost edge of another curtain, in the coupling of the\r
+second.\r
+\r
+26:5 Fifty loops shalt thou make in the one curtain, and fifty loops\r
+shalt thou make in the edge of the curtain that is in the coupling of\r
+the second; that the loops may take hold one of another.\r
+\r
+26:6 And thou shalt make fifty taches of gold, and couple the curtains\r
+together with the taches: and it shall be one tabernacle.\r
+\r
+26:7 And thou shalt make curtains of goats' hair to be a covering upon\r
+the tabernacle: eleven curtains shalt thou make.\r
+\r
+26:8 The length of one curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth\r
+of one curtain four cubits: and the eleven curtains shall be all of\r
+one measure.\r
+\r
+26:9 And thou shalt couple five curtains by themselves, and six\r
+curtains by themselves, and shalt double the sixth curtain in the\r
+forefront of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+26:10 And thou shalt make fifty loops on the edge of the one curtain\r
+that is outmost in the coupling, and fifty loops in the edge of the\r
+curtain which coupleth the second.\r
+\r
+26:11 And thou shalt make fifty taches of brass, and put the taches\r
+into the loops, and couple the tent together, that it may be one.\r
+\r
+26:12 And the remnant that remaineth of the curtains of the tent, the\r
+half curtain that remaineth, shall hang over the backside of the\r
+tabernacle.\r
+\r
+26:13 And a cubit on the one side, and a cubit on the other side of\r
+that which remaineth in the length of the curtains of the tent, it\r
+shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that\r
+side, to cover it.\r
+\r
+26:14 And thou shalt make a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed\r
+red, and a covering above of badgers' skins.\r
+\r
+26:15 And thou shalt make boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood\r
+standing up.\r
+\r
+26:16 Ten cubits shall be the length of a board, and a cubit and a\r
+half shall be the breadth of one board.\r
+\r
+26:17 Two tenons shall there be in one board, set in order one against\r
+another: thus shalt thou make for all the boards of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+26:18 And thou shalt make the boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards\r
+on the south side southward.\r
+\r
+26:19 And thou shalt make forty sockets of silver under the twenty\r
+boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and two\r
+sockets under another board for his two tenons.\r
+\r
+26:20 And for the second side of the tabernacle on the north side\r
+there shall be twenty boards: 26:21 And their forty sockets of silver;\r
+two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board.\r
+\r
+26:22 And for the sides of the tabernacle westward thou shalt make six\r
+boards.\r
+\r
+26:23 And two boards shalt thou make for the corners of the tabernacle\r
+in the two sides.\r
+\r
+26:24 And they shall be coupled together beneath, and they shall be\r
+coupled together above the head of it unto one ring: thus shall it be\r
+for them both; they shall be for the two corners.\r
+\r
+26:25 And they shall be eight boards, and their sockets of silver,\r
+sixteen sockets; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under\r
+another board.\r
+\r
+26:26 And thou shalt make bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of\r
+the one side of the tabernacle, 26:27 And five bars for the boards of\r
+the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the\r
+side of the tabernacle, for the two sides westward.\r
+\r
+26:28 And the middle bar in the midst of the boards shall reach from\r
+end to end.\r
+\r
+26:29 And thou shalt overlay the boards with gold, and make their\r
+rings of gold for places for the bars: and thou shalt overlay the bars\r
+with gold.\r
+\r
+26:30 And thou shalt rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion\r
+thereof which was shewed thee in the mount.\r
+\r
+26:31 And thou shalt make a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and\r
+fine twined linen of cunning work: with cherubims shall it be made:\r
+26:32 And thou shalt hang it upon four pillars of shittim wood\r
+overlaid with gold: their hooks shall be of gold, upon the four\r
+sockets of silver.\r
+\r
+26:33 And thou shalt hang up the vail under the taches, that thou\r
+mayest bring in thither within the vail the ark of the testimony: and\r
+the vail shall divide unto you between the holy place and the most\r
+holy.\r
+\r
+26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony\r
+in the most holy place.\r
+\r
+26:35 And thou shalt set the table without the vail, and the\r
+candlestick over against the table on the side of the tabernacle\r
+toward the south: and thou shalt put the table on the north side.\r
+\r
+26:36 And thou shalt make an hanging for the door of the tent, of\r
+blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, wrought with\r
+needlework.\r
+\r
+26:37 And thou shalt make for the hanging five pillars of shittim\r
+wood, and overlay them with gold, and their hooks shall be of gold:\r
+and thou shalt cast five sockets of brass for them.\r
+\r
+27:1 And thou shalt make an altar of shittim wood, five cubits long,\r
+and five cubits broad; the altar shall be foursquare: and the height\r
+thereof shall be three cubits.\r
+\r
+27:2 And thou shalt make the horns of it upon the four corners\r
+thereof: his horns shall be of the same: and thou shalt overlay it\r
+with brass.\r
+\r
+27:3 And thou shalt make his pans to receive his ashes, and his\r
+shovels, and his basons, and his fleshhooks, and his firepans: all the\r
+vessels thereof thou shalt make of brass.\r
+\r
+27:4 And thou shalt make for it a grate of network of brass; and upon\r
+the net shalt thou make four brasen rings in the four corners thereof.\r
+\r
+27:5 And thou shalt put it under the compass of the altar beneath,\r
+that the net may be even to the midst of the altar.\r
+\r
+27:6 And thou shalt make staves for the altar, staves of shittim wood,\r
+and overlay them with brass.\r
+\r
+27:7 And the staves shall be put into the rings, and the staves shall\r
+be upon the two sides of the altar, to bear it.\r
+\r
+27:8 Hollow with boards shalt thou make it: as it was shewed thee in\r
+the mount, so shall they make it.\r
+\r
+27:9 And thou shalt make the court of the tabernacle: for the south\r
+side southward there shall be hangings for the court of fine twined\r
+linen of an hundred cubits long for one side: 27:10 And the twenty\r
+pillars thereof and their twenty sockets shall be of brass; the hooks\r
+of the pillars and their fillets shall be of silver.\r
+\r
+27:11 And likewise for the north side in length there shall be\r
+hangings of an hundred cubits long, and his twenty pillars and their\r
+twenty sockets of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets of\r
+silver.\r
+\r
+27:12 And for the breadth of the court on the west side shall be\r
+hangings of fifty cubits: their pillars ten, and their sockets ten.\r
+\r
+27:13 And the breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be\r
+fifty cubits.\r
+\r
+27:14 The hangings of one side of the gate shall be fifteen cubits:\r
+their pillars three, and their sockets three.\r
+\r
+27:15 And on the other side shall be hangings fifteen cubits: their\r
+pillars three, and their sockets three.\r
+\r
+27:16 And for the gate of the court shall be an hanging of twenty\r
+cubits, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen,\r
+wrought with needlework: and their pillars shall be four, and their\r
+sockets four.\r
+\r
+27:17 All the pillars round about the court shall be filleted with\r
+silver; their hooks shall be of silver, and their sockets of brass.\r
+\r
+27:18 The length of the court shall be an hundred cubits, and the\r
+breadth fifty every where, and the height five cubits of fine twined\r
+linen, and their sockets of brass.\r
+\r
+27:19 All the vessels of the tabernacle in all the service thereof,\r
+and all the pins thereof, and all the pins of the court, shall be of\r
+brass.\r
+\r
+27:20 And thou shalt command the children of Israel, that they bring\r
+thee pure oil olive beaten for the light, to cause the lamp to burn\r
+always.\r
+\r
+27:21 In the tabernacle of the congregation without the vail, which is\r
+before the testimony, Aaron and his sons shall order it from evening\r
+to morning before the LORD: it shall be a statute for ever unto their\r
+generations on the behalf of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+28:1 And take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him,\r
+from among the children of Israel, that he may minister unto me in the\r
+priest's office, even Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar,\r
+Aaron's sons.\r
+\r
+28:2 And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother for glory\r
+and for beauty.\r
+\r
+28:3 And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted, whom I have\r
+filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's garments\r
+to consecrate him, that he may minister unto me in the priest's\r
+office.\r
+\r
+28:4 And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate,\r
+and an ephod, and a robe, and a broidered coat, a mitre, and a girdle:\r
+and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons,\r
+that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+28:5 And they shall take gold, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and\r
+fine linen.\r
+\r
+28:6 And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of\r
+scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cunning work.\r
+\r
+28:7 It shall have the two shoulderpieces thereof joined at the two\r
+edges thereof; and so it shall be joined together.\r
+\r
+28:8 And the curious girdle of the ephod, which is upon it, shall be\r
+of the same, according to the work thereof; even of gold, of blue, and\r
+purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen.\r
+\r
+28:9 And thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names\r
+of the children of Israel: 28:10 Six of their names on one stone, and\r
+the other six names of the rest on the other stone, according to their\r
+birth.\r
+\r
+28:11 With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a\r
+signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones with the names of the\r
+children of Israel: thou shalt make them to be set in ouches of gold.\r
+\r
+28:12 And thou shalt put the two stones upon the shoulders of the\r
+ephod for stones of memorial unto the children of Israel: and Aaron\r
+shall bear their names before the LORD upon his two shoulders for a\r
+memorial.\r
+\r
+28:13 And thou shalt make ouches of gold; 28:14 And two chains of pure\r
+gold at the ends; of wreathen work shalt thou make them, and fasten\r
+the wreathen chains to the ouches.\r
+\r
+28:15 And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning\r
+work; after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it; of gold, of\r
+blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, and of fine twined linen, shalt\r
+thou make it.\r
+\r
+28:16 Foursquare it shall be being doubled; a span shall be the length\r
+thereof, and a span shall be the breadth thereof.\r
+\r
+28:17 And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of\r
+stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle:\r
+this shall be the first row.\r
+\r
+28:18 And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a\r
+diamond.\r
+\r
+28:19 And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.\r
+\r
+28:20 And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they\r
+shall be set in gold in their inclosings.\r
+\r
+28:21 And the stones shall be with the names of the children of\r
+Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a\r
+signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve\r
+tribes.\r
+\r
+28:22 And thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of\r
+wreathen work of pure gold.\r
+\r
+28:23 And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and\r
+shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate.\r
+\r
+28:24 And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two\r
+rings which are on the ends of the breastplate.\r
+\r
+28:25 And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt\r
+fasten in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the\r
+ephod before it.\r
+\r
+28:26 And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them\r
+upon the two ends of the breastplate in the border thereof, which is\r
+in the side of the ephod inward.\r
+\r
+28:27 And two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put them\r
+on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart thereof,\r
+over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of\r
+the ephod.\r
+\r
+28:28 And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto\r
+the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it may be above the\r
+curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed\r
+from the ephod.\r
+\r
+28:29 And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the\r
+breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy\r
+place, for a memorial before the LORD continually.\r
+\r
+28:30 And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and\r
+the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart, when he goeth in\r
+before the LORD: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of\r
+Israel upon his heart before the LORD continually.\r
+\r
+28:31 And thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue.\r
+\r
+28:32 And there shall be an hole in the top of it, in the midst\r
+thereof: it shall have a binding of woven work round about the hole of\r
+it, as it were the hole of an habergeon, that it be not rent.\r
+\r
+28:33 And beneath upon the hem of it thou shalt make pomegranates of\r
+blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, round about the hem thereof; and\r
+bells of gold between them round about: 28:34 A golden bell and a\r
+pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, upon the hem of the robe\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+28:35 And it shall be upon Aaron to minister: and his sound shall be\r
+heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before the LORD, and when\r
+he cometh out, that he die not.\r
+\r
+28:36 And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it,\r
+like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD.\r
+\r
+28:37 And thou shalt put it on a blue lace, that it may be upon the\r
+mitre; upon the forefront of the mitre it shall be.\r
+\r
+28:38 And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the\r
+iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow\r
+in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead,\r
+that they may be accepted before the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:39 And thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen, and thou shalt\r
+make the mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make the girdle of\r
+needlework.\r
+\r
+28:40 And for Aaron's sons thou shalt make coats, and thou shalt make\r
+for them girdles, and bonnets shalt thou make for them, for glory and\r
+for beauty.\r
+\r
+28:41 And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons\r
+with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify\r
+them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+28:42 And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their\r
+nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach: 28:43\r
+And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they come in\r
+unto the tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come near unto\r
+the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity,\r
+and die: it shall be a statute for ever unto him and his seed after\r
+him.\r
+\r
+29:1 And this is the thing that thou shalt do unto them to hallow\r
+them, to minister unto me in the priest's office: Take one young\r
+bullock, and two rams without blemish, 29:2 And unleavened bread, and\r
+cakes unleavened tempered with oil, and wafers unleavened anointed\r
+with oil: of wheaten flour shalt thou make them.\r
+\r
+29:3 And thou shalt put them into one basket, and bring them in the\r
+basket, with the bullock and the two rams.\r
+\r
+29:4 And Aaron and his sons thou shalt bring unto the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, and shalt wash them with water.\r
+\r
+29:5 And thou shalt take the garments, and put upon Aaron the coat,\r
+and the robe of the ephod, and the ephod, and the breastplate, and\r
+gird him with the curious girdle of the ephod: 29:6 And thou shalt put\r
+the mitre upon his head, and put the holy crown upon the mitre.\r
+\r
+29:7 Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his\r
+head, and anoint him.\r
+\r
+29:8 And thou shalt bring his sons, and put coats upon them.\r
+\r
+29:9 And thou shalt gird them with girdles, Aaron and his sons, and\r
+put the bonnets on them: and the priest's office shall be theirs for a\r
+perpetual statute: and thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons.\r
+\r
+29:10 And thou shalt cause a bullock to be brought before the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron and his sons shall put their\r
+hands upon the head of the bullock.\r
+\r
+29:11 And thou shalt kill the bullock before the LORD, by the door of\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+29:12 And thou shalt take of the blood of the bullock, and put it upon\r
+the horns of the altar with thy finger, and pour all the blood beside\r
+the bottom of the altar.\r
+\r
+29:13 And thou shalt take all the fat that covereth the inwards, and\r
+the caul that is above the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat\r
+that is upon them, and burn them upon the altar.\r
+\r
+29:14 But the flesh of the bullock, and his skin, and his dung, shalt\r
+thou burn with fire without the camp: it is a sin offering.\r
+\r
+29:15 Thou shalt also take one ram; and Aaron and his sons shall put\r
+their hands upon the head of the ram.\r
+\r
+29:16 And thou shalt slay the ram, and thou shalt take his blood, and\r
+sprinkle it round about upon the altar.\r
+\r
+29:17 And thou shalt cut the ram in pieces, and wash the inwards of\r
+him, and his legs, and put them unto his pieces, and unto his head.\r
+\r
+29:18 And thou shalt burn the whole ram upon the altar: it is a burnt\r
+offering unto the LORD: it is a sweet savour, an offering made by fire\r
+unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:19 And thou shalt take the other ram; and Aaron and his sons shall\r
+put their hands upon the head of the ram.\r
+\r
+29:20 Then shalt thou kill the ram, and take of his blood, and put it\r
+upon the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and upon the tip of the right\r
+ear of his sons, and upon the thumb of their right hand, and upon the\r
+great toe of their right foot, and sprinkle the blood upon the altar\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+29:21 And thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar, and of\r
+the anointing oil, and sprinkle it upon Aaron, and upon his garments,\r
+and upon his sons, and upon the garments of his sons with him: and he\r
+shall be hallowed, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons'\r
+garments with him.\r
+\r
+29:22 Also thou shalt take of the ram the fat and the rump, and the\r
+fat that covereth the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the\r
+two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, and the right shoulder;\r
+for it is a ram of consecration: 29:23 And one loaf of bread, and one\r
+cake of oiled bread, and one wafer out of the basket of the unleavened\r
+bread that is before the LORD: 29:24 And thou shalt put all in the\r
+hands of Aaron, and in the hands of his sons; and shalt wave them for\r
+a wave offering before the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:25 And thou shalt receive them of their hands, and burn them upon\r
+the altar for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour before the LORD: it\r
+is an offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:26 And thou shalt take the breast of the ram of Aaron's\r
+consecration, and wave it for a wave offering before the LORD: and it\r
+shall be thy part.\r
+\r
+29:27 And thou shalt sanctify the breast of the wave offering, and the\r
+shoulder of the heave offering, which is waved, and which is heaved\r
+up, of the ram of the consecration, even of that which is for Aaron,\r
+and of that which is for his sons: 29:28 And it shall be Aaron's and\r
+his sons' by a statute for ever from the children of Israel: for it is\r
+an heave offering: and it shall be an heave offering from the children\r
+of Israel of the sacrifice of their peace offerings, even their heave\r
+offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:29 And the holy garments of Aaron shall be his sons' after him, to\r
+be anointed therein, and to be consecrated in them.\r
+\r
+29:30 And that son that is priest in his stead shall put them on seven\r
+days, when he cometh into the tabernacle of the congregation to\r
+minister in the holy place.\r
+\r
+29:31 And thou shalt take the ram of the consecration, and seethe his\r
+flesh in the holy place.\r
+\r
+29:32 And Aaron and his sons shall eat the flesh of the ram, and the\r
+bread that is in the basket by the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+29:33 And they shall eat those things wherewith the atonement was\r
+made, to consecrate and to sanctify them: but a stranger shall not eat\r
+thereof, because they are holy.\r
+\r
+29:34 And if ought of the flesh of the consecrations, or of the bread,\r
+remain unto the morning, then thou shalt burn the remainder with fire:\r
+it shall not be eaten, because it is holy.\r
+\r
+29:35 And thus shalt thou do unto Aaron, and to his sons, according to\r
+all things which I have commanded thee: seven days shalt thou\r
+consecrate them.\r
+\r
+29:36 And thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for\r
+atonement: and thou shalt cleanse the altar, when thou hast made an\r
+atonement for it, and thou shalt anoint it, to sanctify it.\r
+\r
+29:37 Seven days thou shalt make an atonement for the altar, and\r
+sanctify it; and it shall be an altar most holy: whatsoever toucheth\r
+the altar shall be holy.\r
+\r
+29:38 Now this is that which thou shalt offer upon the altar; two\r
+lambs of the first year day by day continually.\r
+\r
+29:39 The one lamb thou shalt offer in the morning; and the other lamb\r
+thou shalt offer at even: 29:40 And with the one lamb a tenth deal of\r
+flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil; and the\r
+fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:41 And the other lamb thou shalt offer at even, and shalt do\r
+thereto according to the meat offering of the morning, and according\r
+to the drink offering thereof, for a sweet savour, an offering made by\r
+fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:42 This shall be a continual burnt offering throughout your\r
+generations at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before\r
+the LORD: where I will meet you, to speak there unto thee.\r
+\r
+29:43 And there I will meet with the children of Israel, and the\r
+tabernacle shall be sanctified by my glory.\r
+\r
+29:44 And I will sanctify the tabernacle of the congregation, and the\r
+altar: I will sanctify also both Aaron and his sons, to minister to me\r
+in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+29:45 And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will be their\r
+God.\r
+\r
+29:46 And they shall know that I am the LORD their God, that brought\r
+them forth out of the land of Egypt, that I may dwell among them: I am\r
+the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+30:1 And thou shalt make an altar to burn incense upon: of shittim\r
+wood shalt thou make it.\r
+\r
+30:2 A cubit shall be the length thereof, and a cubit the breadth\r
+thereof; foursquare shall it be: and two cubits shall be the height\r
+thereof: the horns thereof shall be of the same.\r
+\r
+30:3 And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, the top thereof, and\r
+the sides thereof round about, and the horns thereof; and thou shalt\r
+make unto it a crown of gold round about.\r
+\r
+30:4 And two golden rings shalt thou make to it under the crown of it,\r
+by the two corners thereof, upon the two sides of it shalt thou make\r
+it; and they shall be for places for the staves to bear it withal.\r
+\r
+30:5 And thou shalt make the staves of shittim wood, and overlay them\r
+with gold.\r
+\r
+30:6 And thou shalt put it before the vail that is by the ark of the\r
+testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I\r
+will meet with thee.\r
+\r
+30:7 And Aaron shall burn thereon sweet incense every morning: when he\r
+dresseth the lamps, he shall burn incense upon it.\r
+\r
+30:8 And when Aaron lighteth the lamps at even, he shall burn incense\r
+upon it, a perpetual incense before the LORD throughout your\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+30:9 Ye shall offer no strange incense thereon, nor burnt sacrifice,\r
+nor meat offering; neither shall ye pour drink offering thereon.\r
+\r
+30:10 And Aaron shall make an atonement upon the horns of it once in a\r
+year with the blood of the sin offering of atonements: once in the\r
+year shall he make atonement upon it throughout your generations: it\r
+is most holy unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:11 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 30:12 When thou takest\r
+the sum of the children of Israel after their number, then shall they\r
+give every man a ransom for his soul unto the LORD, when thou\r
+numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou\r
+numberest them.\r
+\r
+30:13 This they shall give, every one that passeth among them that are\r
+numbered, half a shekel after the shekel of the sanctuary: (a shekel\r
+is twenty gerahs:) an half shekel shall be the offering of the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:14 Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty\r
+years old and above, shall give an offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:15 The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less\r
+than half a shekel, when they give an offering unto the LORD, to make\r
+an atonement for your souls.\r
+\r
+30:16 And thou shalt take the atonement money of the children of\r
+Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation; that it may be a memorial unto the children of Israel\r
+before the LORD, to make an atonement for your souls.\r
+\r
+30:17 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 30:18 Thou shalt also\r
+make a laver of brass, and his foot also of brass, to wash withal: and\r
+thou shalt put it between the tabernacle of the congregation and the\r
+altar, and thou shalt put water therein.\r
+\r
+30:19 For Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet\r
+thereat: 30:20 When they go into the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near\r
+to the altar to minister, to burn offering made by fire unto the LORD:\r
+30:21 So they shall wash their hands and their feet, that they die\r
+not: and it shall be a statute for ever to them, even to him and to\r
+his seed throughout their generations.\r
+\r
+30:22 Moreover the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 30:23 Take thou also\r
+unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh five hundred shekels, and of\r
+sweet cinnamon half so much, even two hundred and fifty shekels, and\r
+of sweet calamus two hundred and fifty shekels, 30:24 And of cassia\r
+five hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, and of oil\r
+olive an hin: 30:25 And thou shalt make it an oil of holy ointment, an\r
+ointment compound after the art of the apothecary: it shall be an holy\r
+anointing oil.\r
+\r
+30:26 And thou shalt anoint the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+therewith, and the ark of the testimony, 30:27 And the table and all\r
+his vessels, and the candlestick and his vessels, and the altar of\r
+incense, 30:28 And the altar of burnt offering with all his vessels,\r
+and the laver and his foot.\r
+\r
+30:29 And thou shalt sanctify them, that they may be most holy:\r
+whatsoever toucheth them shall be holy.\r
+\r
+30:30 And thou shalt anoint Aaron and his sons, and consecrate them,\r
+that they may minister unto me in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+30:31 And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, This\r
+shall be an holy anointing oil unto me throughout your generations.\r
+\r
+30:32 Upon man's flesh shall it not be poured, neither shall ye make\r
+any other like it, after the composition of it: it is holy, and it\r
+shall be holy unto you.\r
+\r
+30:33 Whosoever compoundeth any like it, or whosoever putteth any of\r
+it upon a stranger, shall even be cut off from his people.\r
+\r
+30:34 And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices,\r
+stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; these sweet spices with pure\r
+frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight: 30:35 And thou\r
+shalt make it a perfume, a confection after the art of the apothecary,\r
+tempered together, pure and holy: 30:36 And thou shalt beat some of it\r
+very small, and put of it before the testimony in the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation, where I will meet with thee: it shall be unto you\r
+most holy.\r
+\r
+30:37 And as for the perfume which thou shalt make, ye shall not make\r
+to yourselves according to the composition thereof: it shall be unto\r
+thee holy for the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:38 Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, shall\r
+even be cut off from his people.\r
+\r
+31:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 31:2 See, I have called by\r
+name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah:\r
+31:3 And I have filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom, and in\r
+understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship,\r
+31:4 To devise cunning works, to work in gold, and in silver, and in\r
+brass, 31:5 And in cutting of stones, to set them, and in carving of\r
+timber, to work in all manner of workmanship.\r
+\r
+31:6 And I, behold, I have given with him Aholiab, the son of\r
+Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan: and in the hearts of all that are wise\r
+hearted I have put wisdom, that they may make all that I have\r
+commanded thee; 31:7 The tabernacle of the congregation, and the ark\r
+of the testimony, and the mercy seat that is thereupon, and all the\r
+furniture of the tabernacle, 31:8 And the table and his furniture, and\r
+the pure candlestick with all his furniture, and the altar of incense,\r
+31:9 And the altar of burnt offering with all his furniture, and the\r
+laver and his foot, 31:10 And the cloths of service, and the holy\r
+garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments of his sons, to\r
+minister in the priest's office, 31:11 And the anointing oil, and\r
+sweet incense for the holy place: according to all that I have\r
+commanded thee shall they do.\r
+\r
+31:12 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 31:13 Speak thou also\r
+unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep:\r
+for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that\r
+ye may know that I am the LORD that doth sanctify you.\r
+\r
+31:14 Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore; for it is holy unto you:\r
+every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for whosoever\r
+doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+31:15 Six days may work be done; but in the seventh is the sabbath of\r
+rest, holy to the LORD: whosoever doeth any work in the sabbath day,\r
+he shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+31:16 Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to\r
+observe the sabbath throughout their generations, for a perpetual\r
+covenant.\r
+\r
+31:17 It is a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: for\r
+in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he\r
+rested, and was refreshed.\r
+\r
+31:18 And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing\r
+with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone,\r
+written with the finger of God.\r
+\r
+32:1 And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of\r
+the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and\r
+said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for\r
+this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we\r
+wot not what is become of him.\r
+\r
+32:2 And Aaron said unto them, Break off the golden earrings, which\r
+are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters,\r
+and bring them unto me.\r
+\r
+32:3 And all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in\r
+their ears, and brought them unto Aaron.\r
+\r
+32:4 And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a\r
+graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These\r
+be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+32:5 And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it; and Aaron\r
+made proclamation, and said, To morrow is a feast to the LORD.\r
+\r
+32:6 And they rose up early on the morrow, and offered burnt\r
+offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat\r
+and to drink, and rose up to play.\r
+\r
+32:7 And the LORD said unto Moses, Go, get thee down; for thy people,\r
+which thou broughtest out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted\r
+themselves: 32:8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I\r
+commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped\r
+it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, These be thy gods, O\r
+Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+32:9 And the LORD said unto Moses, I have seen this people, and,\r
+behold, it is a stiffnecked people: 32:10 Now therefore let me alone,\r
+that my wrath may wax hot against them, and that I may consume them:\r
+and I will make of thee a great nation.\r
+\r
+32:11 And Moses besought the LORD his God, and said, LORD, why doth\r
+thy wrath wax hot against thy people, which thou hast brought forth\r
+out of the land of Egypt with great power, and with a mighty hand?\r
+32:12 Wherefore should the Egyptians speak, and say, For mischief did\r
+he bring them out, to slay them in the mountains, and to consume them\r
+from the face of the earth? Turn from thy fierce wrath, and repent of\r
+this evil against thy people.\r
+\r
+32:13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, thy servants, to whom thou\r
+swarest by thine own self, and saidst unto them, I will multiply your\r
+seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of\r
+will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit it for ever.\r
+\r
+32:14 And the LORD repented of the evil which he thought to do unto\r
+his people.\r
+\r
+32:15 And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, and the two\r
+tables of the testimony were in his hand: the tables were written on\r
+both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written.\r
+\r
+32:16 And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the\r
+writing of God, graven upon the tables.\r
+\r
+32:17 And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted,\r
+he said unto Moses, There is a noise of war in the camp.\r
+\r
+32:18 And he said, It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery,\r
+neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome: but the\r
+noise of them that sing do I hear.\r
+\r
+32:19 And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that\r
+he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he\r
+cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount.\r
+\r
+32:20 And he took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the\r
+fire, and ground it to powder, and strawed it upon the water, and made\r
+the children of Israel drink of it.\r
+\r
+32:21 And Moses said unto Aaron, What did this people unto thee, that\r
+thou hast brought so great a sin upon them? 32:22 And Aaron said, Let\r
+not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they\r
+are set on mischief.\r
+\r
+32:23 For they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us:\r
+for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of\r
+Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.\r
+\r
+32:24 And I said unto them, Whosoever hath any gold, let them break it\r
+off. So they gave it me: then I cast it into the fire, and there came\r
+out this calf.\r
+\r
+32:25 And when Moses saw that the people were naked; (for Aaron had\r
+made them naked unto their shame among their enemies:) 32:26 Then\r
+Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and said, Who is on the LORD's\r
+side? let him come unto me. And all the sons of Levi gathered\r
+themselves together unto him.\r
+\r
+32:27 And he said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Put\r
+every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate\r
+throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his\r
+companion, and every man his neighbour.\r
+\r
+32:28 And the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and\r
+there fell of the people that day about three thousand men.\r
+\r
+32:29 For Moses had said, Consecrate yourselves today to the LORD,\r
+even every man upon his son, and upon his brother; that he may bestow\r
+upon you a blessing this day.\r
+\r
+32:30 And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses said unto the\r
+people, Ye have sinned a great sin: and now I will go up unto the\r
+LORD; peradventure I shall make an atonement for your sin.\r
+\r
+32:31 And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, Oh, this people have\r
+sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold.\r
+\r
+32:32 Yet now, if thou wilt forgive their sin--; and if not, blot me,\r
+I pray thee, out of thy book which thou hast written.\r
+\r
+32:33 And the LORD said unto Moses, Whosoever hath sinned against me,\r
+him will I blot out of my book.\r
+\r
+32:34 Therefore now go, lead the people unto the place of which I have\r
+spoken unto thee: behold, mine Angel shall go before thee:\r
+nevertheless in the day when I visit I will visit their sin upon them.\r
+\r
+32:35 And the LORD plagued the people, because they made the calf,\r
+which Aaron made.\r
+\r
+33:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Depart, and go up hence, thou and\r
+the people which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt, unto\r
+the land which I sware unto Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying,\r
+Unto thy seed will I give it: 33:2 And I will send an angel before\r
+thee; and I will drive out the Canaanite, the Amorite, and the\r
+Hittite, and the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite: 33:3 Unto a\r
+land flowing with milk and honey: for I will not go up in the midst of\r
+thee; for thou art a stiffnecked people: lest I consume thee in the\r
+way.\r
+\r
+33:4 And when the people heard these evil tidings, they mourned: and\r
+no man did put on him his ornaments.\r
+\r
+33:5 For the LORD had said unto Moses, Say unto the children of\r
+Israel, Ye are a stiffnecked people: I will come up into the midst of\r
+thee in a moment, and consume thee: therefore now put off thy\r
+ornaments from thee, that I may know what to do unto thee.\r
+\r
+33:6 And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments\r
+by the mount Horeb.\r
+\r
+33:7 And Moses took the tabernacle, and pitched it without the camp,\r
+afar off from the camp, and called it the Tabernacle of the\r
+congregation. And it came to pass, that every one which sought the\r
+LORD went out unto the tabernacle of the congregation, which was\r
+without the camp.\r
+\r
+33:8 And it came to pass, when Moses went out unto the tabernacle,\r
+that all the people rose up, and stood every man at his tent door, and\r
+looked after Moses, until he was gone into the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+33:9 And it came to pass, as Moses entered into the tabernacle, the\r
+cloudy pillar descended, and stood at the door of the tabernacle, and\r
+the Lord talked with Moses.\r
+\r
+33:10 And all the people saw the cloudy pillar stand at the tabernacle\r
+door: and all the people rose up and worshipped, every man in his tent\r
+door.\r
+\r
+33:11 And the LORD spake unto Moses face to face, as a man speaketh\r
+unto his friend. And he turned again into the camp: but his servant\r
+Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the\r
+tabernacle.\r
+\r
+33:12 And Moses said unto the LORD, See, thou sayest unto me, Bring up\r
+this people: and thou hast not let me know whom thou wilt send with\r
+me. Yet thou hast said, I know thee by name, and thou hast also found\r
+grace in my sight.\r
+\r
+33:13 Now therefore, I pray thee, if I have found grace in thy sight,\r
+shew me now thy way, that I may know thee, that I may find grace in\r
+thy sight: and consider that this nation is thy people.\r
+\r
+33:14 And he said, My presence shall go with thee, and I will give\r
+thee rest.\r
+\r
+33:15 And he said unto him, If thy presence go not with me, carry us\r
+not up hence.\r
+\r
+33:16 For wherein shall it be known here that I and thy people have\r
+found grace in thy sight? is it not in that thou goest with us? so\r
+shall we be separated, I and thy people, from all the people that are\r
+upon the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+33:17 And the LORD said unto Moses, I will do this thing also that\r
+thou hast spoken: for thou hast found grace in my sight, and I know\r
+thee by name.\r
+\r
+33:18 And he said, I beseech thee, shew me thy glory.\r
+\r
+33:19 And he said, I will make all my goodness pass before thee, and I\r
+will proclaim the name of the LORD before thee; and will be gracious\r
+to whom I will be gracious, and will shew mercy on whom I will shew\r
+mercy.\r
+\r
+33:20 And he said, Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man\r
+see me, and live.\r
+\r
+33:21 And the LORD said, Behold, there is a place by me, and thou\r
+shalt stand upon a rock: 33:22 And it shall come to pass, while my\r
+glory passeth by, that I will put thee in a clift of the rock, and\r
+will cover thee with my hand while I pass by: 33:23 And I will take\r
+away mine hand, and thou shalt see my back parts: but my face shall\r
+not be seen.\r
+\r
+34:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like\r
+unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were\r
+in the first tables, which thou brakest.\r
+\r
+34:2 And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto\r
+mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me in the top of the mount.\r
+\r
+34:3 And no man shall come up with thee, neither let any man be seen\r
+throughout all the mount; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before\r
+that mount.\r
+\r
+34:4 And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses\r
+rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the\r
+LORD had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone.\r
+\r
+34:5 And the LORD descended in the cloud, and stood with him there,\r
+and proclaimed the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:6 And the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The\r
+LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in\r
+goodness and truth, 34:7 Keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving\r
+iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear\r
+the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children,\r
+and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+34:8 And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the earth, and\r
+worshipped.\r
+\r
+34:9 And he said, If now I have found grace in thy sight, O LORD, let\r
+my LORD, I pray thee, go among us; for it is a stiffnecked people; and\r
+pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for thine inheritance.\r
+\r
+34:10 And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I\r
+will do marvels, such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in\r
+any nation: and all the people among which thou art shall see the work\r
+of the LORD: for it is a terrible thing that I will do with thee.\r
+\r
+34:11 Observe thou that which I command thee this day: behold, I drive\r
+out before thee the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and\r
+the Perizzite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite.\r
+\r
+34:12 Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the\r
+inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in\r
+the midst of thee: 34:13 But ye shall destroy their altars, break\r
+their images, and cut down their groves: 34:14 For thou shalt worship\r
+no other god: for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:\r
+34:15 Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and\r
+they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods,\r
+and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice; 34:16 And thou take\r
+of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring\r
+after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods.\r
+\r
+34:17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.\r
+\r
+34:18 The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou\r
+shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the\r
+month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt.\r
+\r
+34:19 All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among\r
+thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male.\r
+\r
+34:20 But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and\r
+if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the\r
+firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before\r
+me empty.\r
+\r
+34:21 Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt\r
+rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest.\r
+\r
+34:22 And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of\r
+wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end.\r
+\r
+34:23 Thrice in the year shall all your menchildren appear before the\r
+LORD God, the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+34:24 For I will cast out the nations before thee, and enlarge thy\r
+borders: neither shall any man desire thy land, when thou shalt go up\r
+to appear before the LORD thy God thrice in the year.\r
+\r
+34:25 Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven;\r
+neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto\r
+the morning.\r
+\r
+34:26 The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring unto\r
+the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his\r
+mother's milk.\r
+\r
+34:27 And the LORD said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after\r
+the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+34:28 And he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights; he\r
+did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables\r
+the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.\r
+\r
+34:29 And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with\r
+the two tables of testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the\r
+mount, that Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he\r
+talked with him.\r
+\r
+34:30 And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold,\r
+the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come nigh him.\r
+\r
+34:31 And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rulers of the\r
+congregation returned unto him: and Moses talked with them.\r
+\r
+34:32 And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave\r
+them in commandment all that the LORD had spoken with him in mount\r
+Sinai.\r
+\r
+34:33 And till Moses had done speaking with them, he put a vail on his\r
+face.\r
+\r
+34:34 But when Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him, he\r
+took the vail off, until he came out. And he came out, and spake unto\r
+the children of Israel that which he was commanded.\r
+\r
+34:35 And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin\r
+of Moses' face shone: and Moses put the vail upon his face again,\r
+until he went in to speak with him.\r
+\r
+35:1 And Moses gathered all the congregation of the children of Israel\r
+together, and said unto them, These are the words which the LORD hath\r
+commanded, that ye should do them.\r
+\r
+35:2 Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day there shall\r
+be to you an holy day, a sabbath of rest to the LORD: whosoever doeth\r
+work therein shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+35:3 Ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the\r
+sabbath day.\r
+\r
+35:4 And Moses spake unto all the congregation of the children of\r
+Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD commanded, saying,\r
+35:5 Take ye from among you an offering unto the LORD: whosoever is of\r
+a willing heart, let him bring it, an offering of the LORD; gold, and\r
+silver, and brass, 35:6 And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine\r
+linen, and goats' hair, 35:7 And rams' skins dyed red, and badgers'\r
+skins, and shittim wood, 35:8 And oil for the light, and spices for\r
+anointing oil, and for the sweet incense, 35:9 And onyx stones, and\r
+stones to be set for the ephod, and for the breastplate.\r
+\r
+35:10 And every wise hearted among you shall come, and make all that\r
+the LORD hath commanded; 35:11 The tabernacle, his tent, and his\r
+covering, his taches, and his boards, his bars, his pillars, and his\r
+sockets, 35:12 The ark, and the staves thereof, with the mercy seat,\r
+and the vail of the covering, 35:13 The table, and his staves, and all\r
+his vessels, and the shewbread, 35:14 The candlestick also for the\r
+light, and his furniture, and his lamps, with the oil for the light,\r
+35:15 And the incense altar, and his staves, and the anointing oil,\r
+and the sweet incense, and the hanging for the door at the entering in\r
+of the tabernacle, 35:16 The altar of burnt offering, with his brasen\r
+grate, his staves, and all his vessels, the laver and his foot, 35:17\r
+The hangings of the court, his pillars, and their sockets, and the\r
+hanging for the door of the court, 35:18 The pins of the tabernacle,\r
+and the pins of the court, and their cords, 35:19 The cloths of\r
+service, to do service in the holy place, the holy garments for Aaron\r
+the priest, and the garments of his sons, to minister in the priest's\r
+office.\r
+\r
+35:20 And all the congregation of the children of Israel departed from\r
+the presence of Moses.\r
+\r
+35:21 And they came, every one whose heart stirred him up, and every\r
+one whom his spirit made willing, and they brought the LORD's offering\r
+to the work of the tabernacle of the congregation, and for all his\r
+service, and for the holy garments.\r
+\r
+35:22 And they came, both men and women, as many as were willing\r
+hearted, and brought bracelets, and earrings, and rings, and tablets,\r
+all jewels of gold: and every man that offered offered an offering of\r
+gold unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+35:23 And every man, with whom was found blue, and purple, and\r
+scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair, and red skins of rams, and\r
+badgers' skins, brought them.\r
+\r
+35:24 Every one that did offer an offering of silver and brass brought\r
+the LORD's offering: and every man, with whom was found shittim wood\r
+for any work of the service, brought it.\r
+\r
+35:25 And all the women that were wise hearted did spin with their\r
+hands, and brought that which they had spun, both of blue, and of\r
+purple, and of scarlet, and of fine linen.\r
+\r
+35:26 And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun\r
+goats' hair.\r
+\r
+35:27 And the rulers brought onyx stones, and stones to be set, for\r
+the ephod, and for the breastplate; 35:28 And spice, and oil for the\r
+light, and for the anointing oil, and for the sweet incense.\r
+\r
+35:29 The children of Israel brought a willing offering unto the LORD,\r
+every man and woman, whose heart made them willing to bring for all\r
+manner of work, which the LORD had commanded to be made by the hand of\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+35:30 And Moses said unto the children of Israel, See, the LORD hath\r
+called by name Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe\r
+of Judah; 35:31 And he hath filled him with the spirit of God, in\r
+wisdom, in understanding, and in knowledge, and in all manner of\r
+workmanship; 35:32 And to devise curious works, to work in gold, and\r
+in silver, and in brass, 35:33 And in the cutting of stones, to set\r
+them, and in carving of wood, to make any manner of cunning work.\r
+\r
+35:34 And he hath put in his heart that he may teach, both he, and\r
+Aholiab, the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan.\r
+\r
+35:35 Them hath he filled with wisdom of heart, to work all manner of\r
+work, of the engraver, and of the cunning workman, and of the\r
+embroiderer, in blue, and in purple, in scarlet, and in fine linen,\r
+and of the weaver, even of them that do any work, and of those that\r
+devise cunning work.\r
+\r
+36:1 Then wrought Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted man, in\r
+whom the LORD put wisdom and understanding to know how to work all\r
+manner of work for the service of the sanctuary, according to all that\r
+the LORD had commanded.\r
+\r
+36:2 And Moses called Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every wise hearted\r
+man, in whose heart the LORD had put wisdom, even every one whose\r
+heart stirred him up to come unto the work to do it: 36:3 And they\r
+received of Moses all the offering, which the children of Israel had\r
+brought for the work of the service of the sanctuary, to make it\r
+withal. And they brought yet unto him free offerings every morning.\r
+\r
+36:4 And all the wise men, that wrought all the work of the sanctuary,\r
+came every man from his work which they made; 36:5 And they spake unto\r
+Moses, saying, The people bring much more than enough for the service\r
+of the work, which the LORD commanded to make.\r
+\r
+36:6 And Moses gave commandment, and they caused it to be proclaimed\r
+throughout the camp, saying, Let neither man nor woman make any more\r
+work for the offering of the sanctuary. So the people were restrained\r
+from bringing.\r
+\r
+36:7 For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make\r
+it, and too much.\r
+\r
+36:8 And every wise hearted man among them that wrought the work of\r
+the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and\r
+purple, and scarlet: with cherubims of cunning work made he them.\r
+\r
+36:9 The length of one curtain was twenty and eight cubits, and the\r
+breadth of one curtain four cubits: the curtains were all of one size.\r
+\r
+36:10 And he coupled the five curtains one unto another: and the other\r
+five curtains he coupled one unto another.\r
+\r
+36:11 And he made loops of blue on the edge of one curtain from the\r
+selvedge in the coupling: likewise he made in the uttermost side of\r
+another curtain, in the coupling of the second.\r
+\r
+36:12 Fifty loops made he in one curtain, and fifty loops made he in\r
+the edge of the curtain which was in the coupling of the second: the\r
+loops held one curtain to another.\r
+\r
+36:13 And he made fifty taches of gold, and coupled the curtains one\r
+unto another with the taches: so it became one tabernacle.\r
+\r
+36:14 And he made curtains of goats' hair for the tent over the\r
+tabernacle: eleven curtains he made them.\r
+\r
+36:15 The length of one curtain was thirty cubits, and four cubits was\r
+the breadth of one curtain: the eleven curtains were of one size.\r
+\r
+36:16 And he coupled five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by\r
+themselves.\r
+\r
+36:17 And he made fifty loops upon the uttermost edge of the curtain\r
+in the coupling, and fifty loops made he upon the edge of the curtain\r
+which coupleth the second.\r
+\r
+36:18 And he made fifty taches of brass to couple the tent together,\r
+that it might be one.\r
+\r
+36:19 And he made a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and\r
+a covering of badgers' skins above that.\r
+\r
+36:20 And he made boards for the tabernacle of shittim wood, standing\r
+up.\r
+\r
+36:21 The length of a board was ten cubits, and the breadth of a board\r
+one cubit and a half.\r
+\r
+36:22 One board had two tenons, equally distant one from another: thus\r
+did he make for all the boards of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+36:23 And he made boards for the tabernacle; twenty boards for the\r
+south side southward: 36:24 And forty sockets of silver he made under\r
+the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for his two tenons, and\r
+two sockets under another board for his two tenons.\r
+\r
+36:25 And for the other side of the tabernacle, which is toward the\r
+north corner, he made twenty boards, 36:26 And their forty sockets of\r
+silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another\r
+board.\r
+\r
+36:27 And for the sides of the tabernacle westward he made six boards.\r
+\r
+36:28 And two boards made he for the corners of the tabernacle in the\r
+two sides.\r
+\r
+36:29 And they were coupled beneath, and coupled together at the head\r
+thereof, to one ring: thus he did to both of them in both the corners.\r
+\r
+36:30 And there were eight boards; and their sockets were sixteen\r
+sockets of silver, under every board two sockets.\r
+\r
+36:31 And he made bars of shittim wood; five for the boards of the one\r
+side of the tabernacle, 36:32 And five bars for the boards of the\r
+other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the\r
+tabernacle for the sides westward.\r
+\r
+36:33 And he made the middle bar to shoot through the boards from the\r
+one end to the other.\r
+\r
+36:34 And he overlaid the boards with gold, and made their rings of\r
+gold to be places for the bars, and overlaid the bars with gold.\r
+\r
+36:35 And he made a vail of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine\r
+twined linen: with cherubims made he it of cunning work.\r
+\r
+36:36 And he made thereunto four pillars of shittim wood, and overlaid\r
+them with gold: their hooks were of gold; and he cast for them four\r
+sockets of silver.\r
+\r
+36:37 And he made an hanging for the tabernacle door of blue, and\r
+purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, of needlework; 36:38 And\r
+the five pillars of it with their hooks: and he overlaid their\r
+chapiters and their fillets with gold: but their five sockets were of\r
+brass.\r
+\r
+37:1 And Bezaleel made the ark of shittim wood: two cubits and a half\r
+was the length of it, and a cubit and a half the breadth of it, and a\r
+cubit and a half the height of it: 37:2 And he overlaid it with pure\r
+gold within and without, and made a crown of gold to it round about.\r
+\r
+37:3 And he cast for it four rings of gold, to be set by the four\r
+corners of it; even two rings upon the one side of it, and two rings\r
+upon the other side of it.\r
+\r
+37:4 And he made staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with gold.\r
+\r
+37:5 And he put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, to\r
+bear the ark.\r
+\r
+37:6 And he made the mercy seat of pure gold: two cubits and a half\r
+was the length thereof, and one cubit and a half the breadth thereof.\r
+\r
+37:7 And he made two cherubims of gold, beaten out of one piece made\r
+he them, on the two ends of the mercy seat; 37:8 One cherub on the end\r
+on this side, and another cherub on the other end on that side: out of\r
+the mercy seat made he the cherubims on the two ends thereof.\r
+\r
+37:9 And the cherubims spread out their wings on high, and covered\r
+with their wings over the mercy seat, with their faces one to another;\r
+even to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims.\r
+\r
+37:10 And he made the table of shittim wood: two cubits was the length\r
+thereof, and a cubit the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the\r
+height thereof: 37:11 And he overlaid it with pure gold, and made\r
+thereunto a crown of gold round about.\r
+\r
+37:12 Also he made thereunto a border of an handbreadth round about;\r
+and made a crown of gold for the border thereof round about.\r
+\r
+37:13 And he cast for it four rings of gold, and put the rings upon\r
+the four corners that were in the four feet thereof.\r
+\r
+37:14 Over against the border were the rings, the places for the\r
+staves to bear the table.\r
+\r
+37:15 And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with\r
+gold, to bear the table.\r
+\r
+37:16 And he made the vessels which were upon the table, his dishes,\r
+and his spoons, and his bowls, and his covers to cover withal, of pure\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+37:17 And he made the candlestick of pure gold: of beaten work made he\r
+the candlestick; his shaft, and his branch, his bowls, his knops, and\r
+his flowers, were of the same: 37:18 And six branches going out of the\r
+sides thereof; three branches of the candlestick out of the one side\r
+thereof, and three branches of the candlestick out of the other side\r
+thereof: 37:19 Three bowls made after the fashion of almonds in one\r
+branch, a knop and a flower; and three bowls made like almonds in\r
+another branch, a knop and a flower: so throughout the six branches\r
+going out of the candlestick.\r
+\r
+37:20 And in the candlestick were four bowls made like almonds, his\r
+knops, and his flowers: 37:21 And a knop under two branches of the\r
+same, and a knop under two branches of the same, and a knop under two\r
+branches of the same, according to the six branches going out of it.\r
+\r
+37:22 Their knops and their branches were of the same: all of it was\r
+one beaten work of pure gold.\r
+\r
+37:23 And he made his seven lamps, and his snuffers, and his\r
+snuffdishes, of pure gold.\r
+\r
+37:24 Of a talent of pure gold made he it, and all the vessels\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+37:25 And he made the incense altar of shittim wood: the length of it\r
+was a cubit, and the breadth of it a cubit; it was foursquare; and two\r
+cubits was the height of it; the horns thereof were of the same.\r
+\r
+37:26 And he overlaid it with pure gold, both the top of it, and the\r
+sides thereof round about, and the horns of it: also he made unto it a\r
+crown of gold round about.\r
+\r
+37:27 And he made two rings of gold for it under the crown thereof, by\r
+the two corners of it, upon the two sides thereof, to be places for\r
+the staves to bear it withal.\r
+\r
+37:28 And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+37:29 And he made the holy anointing oil, and the pure incense of\r
+sweet spices, according to the work of the apothecary.\r
+\r
+38:1 And he made the altar of burnt offering of shittim wood: five\r
+cubits was the length thereof, and five cubits the breadth thereof; it\r
+was foursquare; and three cubits the height thereof.\r
+\r
+38:2 And he made the horns thereof on the four corners of it; the\r
+horns thereof were of the same: and he overlaid it with brass.\r
+\r
+38:3 And he made all the vessels of the altar, the pots, and the\r
+shovels, and the basons, and the fleshhooks, and the firepans: all the\r
+vessels thereof made he of brass.\r
+\r
+38:4 And he made for the altar a brasen grate of network under the\r
+compass thereof beneath unto the midst of it.\r
+\r
+38:5 And he cast four rings for the four ends of the grate of brass,\r
+to be places for the staves.\r
+\r
+38:6 And he made the staves of shittim wood, and overlaid them with\r
+brass.\r
+\r
+38:7 And he put the staves into the rings on the sides of the altar,\r
+to bear it withal; he made the altar hollow with boards.\r
+\r
+38:8 And he made the laver of brass, and the foot of it of brass, of\r
+the lookingglasses of the women assembling, which assembled at the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+38:9 And he made the court: on the south side southward the hangings\r
+of the court were of fine twined linen, an hundred cubits: 38:10 Their\r
+pillars were twenty, and their brasen sockets twenty; the hooks of the\r
+pillars and their fillets were of silver.\r
+\r
+38:11 And for the north side the hangings were an hundred cubits,\r
+their pillars were twenty, and their sockets of brass twenty; the\r
+hooks of the pillars and their fillets of silver.\r
+\r
+38:12 And for the west side were hangings of fifty cubits, their\r
+pillars ten, and their sockets ten; the hooks of the pillars and their\r
+fillets of silver.\r
+\r
+38:13 And for the east side eastward fifty cubits.\r
+\r
+38:14 The hangings of the one side of the gate were fifteen cubits;\r
+their pillars three, and their sockets three.\r
+\r
+38:15 And for the other side of the court gate, on this hand and that\r
+hand, were hangings of fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their\r
+sockets three.\r
+\r
+38:16 All the hangings of the court round about were of fine twined\r
+linen.\r
+\r
+38:17 And the sockets for the pillars were of brass; the hooks of the\r
+pillars and their fillets of silver; and the overlaying of their\r
+chapiters of silver; and all the pillars of the court were filleted\r
+with silver.\r
+\r
+38:18 And the hanging for the gate of the court was needlework, of\r
+blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen: and twenty\r
+cubits was the length, and the height in the breadth was five cubits,\r
+answerable to the hangings of the court.\r
+\r
+38:19 And their pillars were four, and their sockets of brass four;\r
+their hooks of silver, and the overlaying of their chapiters and their\r
+fillets of silver.\r
+\r
+38:20 And all the pins of the tabernacle, and of the court round\r
+about, were of brass.\r
+\r
+38:21 This is the sum of the tabernacle, even of the tabernacle of\r
+testimony, as it was counted, according to the commandment of Moses,\r
+for the service of the Levites, by the hand of Ithamar, son to Aaron\r
+the priest.\r
+\r
+38:22 And Bezaleel the son Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah,\r
+made all that the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+38:23 And with him was Aholiab, son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan,\r
+an engraver, and a cunning workman, and an embroiderer in blue, and in\r
+purple, and in scarlet, and fine linen.\r
+\r
+38:24 All the gold that was occupied for the work in all the work of\r
+the holy place, even the gold of the offering, was twenty and nine\r
+talents, and seven hundred and thirty shekels, after the shekel of the\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+38:25 And the silver of them that were numbered of the congregation\r
+was an hundred talents, and a thousand seven hundred and threescore\r
+and fifteen shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: 38:26 A bekah\r
+for every man, that is, half a shekel, after the shekel of the\r
+sanctuary, for every one that went to be numbered, from twenty years\r
+old and upward, for six hundred thousand and three thousand and five\r
+hundred and fifty men.\r
+\r
+38:27 And of the hundred talents of silver were cast the sockets of\r
+the sanctuary, and the sockets of the vail; an hundred sockets of the\r
+hundred talents, a talent for a socket.\r
+\r
+38:28 And of the thousand seven hundred seventy and five shekels he\r
+made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their chapiters, and filleted\r
+them.\r
+\r
+38:29 And the brass of the offering was seventy talents, and two\r
+thousand and four hundred shekels.\r
+\r
+38:30 And therewith he made the sockets to the door of the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation, and the brasen altar, and the brasen grate for\r
+it, and all the vessels of the altar, 38:31 And the sockets of the\r
+court round about, and the sockets of the court gate, and all the pins\r
+of the tabernacle, and all the pins of the court round about.\r
+\r
+39:1 And of the blue, and purple, and scarlet, they made cloths of\r
+service, to do service in the holy place, and made the holy garments\r
+for Aaron; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:2 And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and\r
+fine twined linen.\r
+\r
+39:3 And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into\r
+wires, to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet,\r
+and in the fine linen, with cunning work.\r
+\r
+39:4 They made shoulderpieces for it, to couple it together: by the\r
+two edges was it coupled together.\r
+\r
+39:5 And the curious girdle of his ephod, that was upon it, was of the\r
+same, according to the work thereof; of gold, blue, and purple, and\r
+scarlet, and fine twined linen; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:6 And they wrought onyx stones inclosed in ouches of gold, graven,\r
+as signets are graven, with the names of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+39:7 And he put them on the shoulders of the ephod, that they should\r
+be stones for a memorial to the children of Israel; as the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:8 And he made the breastplate of cunning work, like the work of the\r
+ephod; of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen.\r
+\r
+39:9 It was foursquare; they made the breastplate double: a span was\r
+the length thereof, and a span the breadth thereof, being doubled.\r
+\r
+39:10 And they set in it four rows of stones: the first row was a\r
+sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this was the first row.\r
+\r
+39:11 And the second row, an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond.\r
+\r
+39:12 And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.\r
+\r
+39:13 And the fourth row, a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper: they were\r
+inclosed in ouches of gold in their inclosings.\r
+\r
+39:14 And the stones were according to the names of the children of\r
+Israel, twelve, according to their names, like the engravings of a\r
+signet, every one with his name, according to the twelve tribes.\r
+\r
+39:15 And they made upon the breastplate chains at the ends, of\r
+wreathen work of pure gold.\r
+\r
+39:16 And they made two ouches of gold, and two gold rings; and put\r
+the two rings in the two ends of the breastplate.\r
+\r
+39:17 And they put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings on\r
+the ends of the breastplate.\r
+\r
+39:18 And the two ends of the two wreathen chains they fastened in the\r
+two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod, before\r
+it.\r
+\r
+39:19 And they made two rings of gold, and put them on the two ends of\r
+the breastplate, upon the border of it, which was on the side of the\r
+ephod inward.\r
+\r
+39:20 And they made two other golden rings, and put them on the two\r
+sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart of it, over against\r
+the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod.\r
+\r
+39:21 And they did bind the breastplate by his rings unto the rings of\r
+the ephod with a lace of blue, that it might be above the curious\r
+girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate might not be loosed from\r
+the ephod; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:22 And he made the robe of the ephod of woven work, all of blue.\r
+\r
+39:23 And there was an hole in the midst of the robe, as the hole of\r
+an habergeon, with a band round about the hole, that it should not\r
+rend.\r
+\r
+39:24 And they made upon the hems of the robe pomegranates of blue,\r
+and purple, and scarlet, and twined linen.\r
+\r
+39:25 And they made bells of pure gold, and put the bells between the\r
+pomegranates upon the hem of the robe, round about between the\r
+pomegranates; 39:26 A bell and a pomegranate, a bell and a\r
+pomegranate, round about the hem of the robe to minister in; as the\r
+LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:27 And they made coats of fine linen of woven work for Aaron, and\r
+for his sons, 39:28 And a mitre of fine linen, and goodly bonnets of\r
+fine linen, and linen breeches of fine twined linen, 39:29 And a\r
+girdle of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, of\r
+needlework; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:30 And they made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, and\r
+wrote upon it a writing, like to the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS\r
+TO THE LORD.\r
+\r
+39:31 And they tied unto it a lace of blue, to fasten it on high upon\r
+the mitre; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+39:32 Thus was all the work of the tabernacle of the tent of the\r
+congregation finished: and the children of Israel did according to all\r
+that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they.\r
+\r
+39:33 And they brought the tabernacle unto Moses, the tent, and all\r
+his furniture, his taches, his boards, his bars, and his pillars, and\r
+his sockets, 39:34 And the covering of rams' skins dyed red, and the\r
+covering of badgers' skins, and the vail of the covering, 39:35 The\r
+ark of the testimony, and the staves thereof, and the mercy seat,\r
+39:36 The table, and all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread, 39:37\r
+The pure candlestick, with the lamps thereof, even with the lamps to\r
+be set in order, and all the vessels thereof, and the oil for light,\r
+39:38 And the golden altar, and the anointing oil, and the sweet\r
+incense, and the hanging for the tabernacle door, 39:39 The brasen\r
+altar, and his grate of brass, his staves, and all his vessels, the\r
+laver and his foot, 39:40 The hangings of the court, his pillars, and\r
+his sockets, and the hanging for the court gate, his cords, and his\r
+pins, and all the vessels of the service of the tabernacle, for the\r
+tent of the congregation, 39:41 The cloths of service to do service in\r
+the holy place, and the holy garments for Aaron the priest, and his\r
+sons' garments, to minister in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+39:42 According to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so the children\r
+of Israel made all the work.\r
+\r
+39:43 And Moses did look upon all the work, and, behold, they had done\r
+it as the LORD had commanded, even so had they done it: and Moses\r
+blessed them.\r
+\r
+40:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 40:2 On the first day of\r
+the first month shalt thou set up the tabernacle of the tent of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+40:3 And thou shalt put therein the ark of the testimony, and cover\r
+the ark with the vail.\r
+\r
+40:4 And thou shalt bring in the table, and set in order the things\r
+that are to be set in order upon it; and thou shalt bring in the\r
+candlestick, and light the lamps thereof.\r
+\r
+40:5 And thou shalt set the altar of gold for the incense before the\r
+ark of the testimony, and put the hanging of the door to the\r
+tabernacle.\r
+\r
+40:6 And thou shalt set the altar of the burnt offering before the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation.\r
+\r
+40:7 And thou shalt set the laver between the tent of the congregation\r
+and the altar, and shalt put water therein.\r
+\r
+40:8 And thou shalt set up the court round about, and hang up the\r
+hanging at the court gate.\r
+\r
+40:9 And thou shalt take the anointing oil, and anoint the tabernacle,\r
+and all that is therein, and shalt hallow it, and all the vessels\r
+thereof: and it shall be holy.\r
+\r
+40:10 And thou shalt anoint the altar of the burnt offering, and all\r
+his vessels, and sanctify the altar: and it shall be an altar most\r
+holy.\r
+\r
+40:11 And thou shalt anoint the laver and his foot, and sanctify it.\r
+\r
+40:12 And thou shalt bring Aaron and his sons unto the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, and wash them with water.\r
+\r
+40:13 And thou shalt put upon Aaron the holy garments, and anoint him,\r
+and sanctify him; that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+40:14 And thou shalt bring his sons, and clothe them with coats: 40:15\r
+And thou shalt anoint them, as thou didst anoint their father, that\r
+they may minister unto me in the priest's office: for their anointing\r
+shall surely be an everlasting priesthood throughout their\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+40:16 Thus did Moses: according to all that the LORD commanded him, so\r
+did he.\r
+\r
+40:17 And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on\r
+the first day of the month, that the tabernacle was reared up.\r
+\r
+40:18 And Moses reared up the tabernacle, and fastened his sockets,\r
+and set up the boards thereof, and put in the bars thereof, and reared\r
+up his pillars.\r
+\r
+40:19 And he spread abroad the tent over the tabernacle, and put the\r
+covering of the tent above upon it; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+40:20 And he took and put the testimony into the ark, and set the\r
+staves on the ark, and put the mercy seat above upon the ark: 40:21\r
+And he brought the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the vail of the\r
+covering, and covered the ark of the testimony; as the LORD commanded\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+40:22 And he put the table in the tent of the congregation, upon the\r
+side of the tabernacle northward, without the vail.\r
+\r
+40:23 And he set the bread in order upon it before the LORD; as the\r
+LORD had commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+40:24 And he put the candlestick in the tent of the congregation, over\r
+against the table, on the side of the tabernacle southward.\r
+\r
+40:25 And he lighted the lamps before the LORD; as the LORD commanded\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+40:26 And he put the golden altar in the tent of the congregation\r
+before the vail: 40:27 And he burnt sweet incense thereon; as the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+40:28 And he set up the hanging at the door of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+40:29 And he put the altar of burnt offering by the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the tent of the congregation, and offered upon it the\r
+burnt offering and the meat offering; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+40:30 And he set the laver between the tent of the congregation and\r
+the altar, and put water there, to wash withal.\r
+\r
+40:31 And Moses and Aaron and his sons washed their hands and their\r
+feet thereat: 40:32 When they went into the tent of the congregation,\r
+and when they came near unto the altar, they washed; as the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+40:33 And he reared up the court round about the tabernacle and the\r
+altar, and set up the hanging of the court gate. So Moses finished the\r
+work.\r
+\r
+40:34 Then a cloud covered the tent of the congregation, and the glory\r
+of the LORD filled the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+40:35 And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of the\r
+congregation, because the cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the\r
+LORD filled the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+40:36 And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the\r
+children of Israel went onward in all their journeys: 40:37 But if the\r
+cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it\r
+was taken up.\r
+\r
+40:38 For the cloud of the LORD was upon the tabernacle by day, and\r
+fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel,\r
+throughout all their journeys.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Third Book of Moses: Called Leviticus\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, saying, 1:2 Speak unto the children of\r
+Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto\r
+the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the\r
+herd, and of the flock.\r
+\r
+1:3 If his offering be a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a\r
+male without blemish: he shall offer it of his own voluntary will at\r
+the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:4 And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and\r
+it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him.\r
+\r
+1:5 And he shall kill the bullock before the LORD: and the priests,\r
+Aaron's sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood round\r
+about upon the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+1:6 And he shall flay the burnt offering, and cut it into his pieces.\r
+\r
+1:7 And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar,\r
+and lay the wood in order upon the fire: 1:8 And the priests, Aaron's\r
+sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the\r
+wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: 1:9 But his inwards\r
+and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on\r
+the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a\r
+sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:10 And if his offering be of the flocks, namely, of the sheep, or of\r
+the goats, for a burnt sacrifice; he shall bring it a male without\r
+blemish.\r
+\r
+1:11 And he shall kill it on the side of the altar northward before\r
+the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall sprinkle his blood\r
+round about upon the altar.\r
+\r
+1:12 And he shall cut it into his pieces, with his head and his fat:\r
+and the priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire\r
+which is upon the altar: 1:13 But he shall wash the inwards and the\r
+legs with water: and the priest shall bring it all, and burn it upon\r
+the altar: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a\r
+sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:14 And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the LORD be of\r
+fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young\r
+pigeons.\r
+\r
+1:15 And the priest shall bring it unto the altar, and wring off his\r
+head, and burn it on the altar; and the blood thereof shall be wrung\r
+out at the side of the altar: 1:16 And he shall pluck away his crop\r
+with his feathers, and cast it beside the altar on the east part, by\r
+the place of the ashes: 1:17 And he shall cleave it with the wings\r
+thereof, but shall not divide it asunder: and the priest shall burn it\r
+upon the altar, upon the wood that is upon the fire: it is a burnt\r
+sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:1 And when any will offer a meat offering unto the LORD, his\r
+offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and\r
+put frankincense thereon: 2:2 And he shall bring it to Aaron's sons\r
+the priests: and he shall take thereout his handful of the flour\r
+thereof, and of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof;\r
+and the priest shall burn the memorial of it upon the altar, to be an\r
+offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: 2:3 And the\r
+remnant of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and his sons': it is a\r
+thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire.\r
+\r
+2:4 And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the\r
+oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, or\r
+unleavened wafers anointed with oil.\r
+\r
+2:5 And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in a pan, it shall be\r
+of fine flour unleavened, mingled with oil.\r
+\r
+2:6 Thou shalt part it in pieces, and pour oil thereon: it is a meat\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+2:7 And if thy oblation be a meat offering baken in the fryingpan, it\r
+shall be made of fine flour with oil.\r
+\r
+2:8 And thou shalt bring the meat offering that is made of these\r
+things unto the LORD: and when it is presented unto the priest, he\r
+shall bring it unto the altar.\r
+\r
+2:9 And the priest shall take from the meat offering a memorial\r
+thereof, and shall burn it upon the altar: it is an offering made by\r
+fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:10 And that which is left of the meat offering shall be Aaron's and\r
+his sons': it is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD made\r
+by fire.\r
+\r
+2:11 No meat offering, which ye shall bring unto the LORD, shall be\r
+made with leaven: for ye shall burn no leaven, nor any honey, in any\r
+offering of the LORD made by fire.\r
+\r
+2:12 As for the oblation of the firstfruits, ye shall offer them unto\r
+the LORD: but they shall not be burnt on the altar for a sweet savour.\r
+\r
+2:13 And every oblation of thy meat offering shalt thou season with\r
+salt; neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to\r
+be lacking from thy meat offering: with all thine offerings thou shalt\r
+offer salt.\r
+\r
+2:14 And if thou offer a meat offering of thy firstfruits unto the\r
+LORD, thou shalt offer for the meat offering of thy firstfruits green\r
+ears of corn dried by the fire, even corn beaten out of full ears.\r
+\r
+2:15 And thou shalt put oil upon it, and lay frankincense thereon: it\r
+is a meat offering.\r
+\r
+2:16 And the priest shall burn the memorial of it, part of the beaten\r
+corn thereof, and part of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense\r
+thereof: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:1 And if his oblation be a sacrifice of peace offering, if he offer\r
+it of the herd; whether it be a male or female, he shall offer it\r
+without blemish before the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:2 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill\r
+it at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons\r
+the priests shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about.\r
+\r
+3:3 And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an\r
+offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the\r
+inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, 3:4 And the two\r
+kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the\r
+caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away.\r
+\r
+3:5 And Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar upon the burnt\r
+sacrifice, which is upon the wood that is on the fire: it is an\r
+offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:6 And if his offering for a sacrifice of peace offering unto the\r
+LORD be of the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without\r
+blemish.\r
+\r
+3:7 If he offer a lamb for his offering, then shall he offer it before\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:8 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of his offering, and kill\r
+it before the tabernacle of the congregation: and Aaron's sons shall\r
+sprinkle the blood thereof round about upon the altar.\r
+\r
+3:9 And he shall offer of the sacrifice of the peace offering an\r
+offering made by fire unto the LORD; the fat thereof, and the whole\r
+rump, it shall he take off hard by the backbone; and the fat that\r
+covereth the inwards, and all the fat that is upon the inwards, 3:10\r
+And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon them, which is by the\r
+flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he\r
+take away.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the priest shall burn it upon the altar: it is the food of\r
+the offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:12 And if his offering be a goat, then he shall offer it before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+3:13 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of it, and kill it before\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation: and the sons of Aaron shall\r
+sprinkle the blood thereof upon the altar round about.\r
+\r
+3:14 And he shall offer thereof his offering, even an offering made by\r
+fire unto the LORD; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat\r
+that is upon the inwards, 3:15 And the two kidneys, and the fat that\r
+is upon them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver,\r
+with the kidneys, it shall he take away.\r
+\r
+3:16 And the priest shall burn them upon the altar: it is the food of\r
+the offering made by fire for a sweet savour: all the fat is the\r
+LORD's.\r
+\r
+3:17 It shall be a perpetual statute for your generations throughout\r
+all your dwellings, that ye eat neither fat nor blood.\r
+\r
+4:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 4:2 Speak unto the children\r
+of Israel, saying, If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any\r
+of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to\r
+be done, and shall do against any of them: 4:3 If the priest that is\r
+anointed do sin according to the sin of the people; then let him bring\r
+for his sin, which he hath sinned, a young bullock without blemish\r
+unto the LORD for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+4:4 And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation before the LORD; and shall lay his hand upon the\r
+bullock's head, and kill the bullock before the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:5 And the priest that is anointed shall take of the bullock's blood,\r
+and bring it to the tabernacle of the congregation: 4:6 And the priest\r
+shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle of the blood seven\r
+times before the LORD, before the vail of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+4:7 And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the\r
+altar of sweet incense before the LORD, which is in the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation; and shall pour all the blood of the bullock at the\r
+bottom of the altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:8 And he shall take off from it all the fat of the bullock for the\r
+sin offering; the fat that covereth the inwards, and all the fat that\r
+is upon the inwards, 4:9 And the two kidneys, and the fat that is upon\r
+them, which is by the flanks, and the caul above the liver, with the\r
+kidneys, it shall he take away, 4:10 As it was taken off from the\r
+bullock of the sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall burn\r
+them upon the altar of the burnt offering.\r
+\r
+4:11 And the skin of the bullock, and all his flesh, with his head,\r
+and with his legs, and his inwards, and his dung, 4:12 Even the whole\r
+bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place,\r
+where the ashes are poured out, and burn him on the wood with fire:\r
+where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt.\r
+\r
+4:13 And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance,\r
+and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done\r
+somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things\r
+which should not be done, and are guilty; 4:14 When the sin, which\r
+they have sinned against it, is known, then the congregation shall\r
+offer a young bullock for the sin, and bring him before the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:15 And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the\r
+head of the bullock before the LORD: and the bullock shall be killed\r
+before the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:16 And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock's\r
+blood to the tabernacle of the congregation: 4:17 And the priest shall\r
+dip his finger in some of the blood, and sprinkle it seven times\r
+before the LORD, even before the vail.\r
+\r
+4:18 And he shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar\r
+which is before the LORD, that is in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the\r
+altar of the burnt offering, which is at the door of the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:19 And he shall take all his fat from him, and burn it upon the\r
+altar.\r
+\r
+4:20 And he shall do with the bullock as he did with the bullock for a\r
+sin offering, so shall he do with this: and the priest shall make an\r
+atonement for them, and it shall be forgiven them.\r
+\r
+4:21 And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn\r
+him as he burned the first bullock: it is a sin offering for the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+4:22 When a ruler hath sinned, and done somewhat through ignorance\r
+against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things\r
+which should not be done, and is guilty; 4:23 Or if his sin, wherein\r
+he hath sinned, come to his knowledge; he shall bring his offering, a\r
+kid of the goats, a male without blemish: 4:24 And he shall lay his\r
+hand upon the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they\r
+kill the burnt offering before the LORD: it is a sin offering.\r
+\r
+4:25 And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with\r
+his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering,\r
+and shall pour out his blood at the bottom of the altar of burnt\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+4:26 And he shall burn all his fat upon the altar, as the fat of the\r
+sacrifice of peace offerings: and the priest shall make an atonement\r
+for him as concerning his sin, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+4:27 And if any one of the common people sin through ignorance, while\r
+he doeth somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD\r
+concerning things which ought not to be done, and be guilty; 4:28 Or\r
+if his sin, which he hath sinned, come to his knowledge: then he shall\r
+bring his offering, a kid of the goats, a female without blemish, for\r
+his sin which he hath sinned.\r
+\r
+4:29 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and\r
+slay the sin offering in the place of the burnt offering.\r
+\r
+4:30 And the priest shall take of the blood thereof with his finger,\r
+and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and shall\r
+pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar.\r
+\r
+4:31 And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat is taken\r
+away from off the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall\r
+burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour unto the LORD; and the\r
+priest shall make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+4:32 And if he bring a lamb for a sin offering, he shall bring it a\r
+female without blemish.\r
+\r
+4:33 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin offering, and\r
+slay it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+4:34 And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin offering with\r
+his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt offering,\r
+and shall pour out all the blood thereof at the bottom of the altar:\r
+4:35 And he shall take away all the fat thereof, as the fat of the\r
+lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of the peace offerings; and the\r
+priest shall burn them upon the altar, according to the offerings made\r
+by fire unto the LORD: and the priest shall make an atonement for his\r
+sin that he hath committed, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+5:1 And if a soul sin, and hear the voice of swearing, and is a\r
+witness, whether he hath seen or known of it; if he do not utter it,\r
+then he shall bear his iniquity.\r
+\r
+5:2 Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcase of\r
+an unclean beast, or a carcase of unclean cattle, or the carcase of\r
+unclean creeping things, and if it be hidden from him; he also shall\r
+be unclean, and guilty.\r
+\r
+5:3 Or if he touch the uncleanness of man, whatsoever uncleanness it\r
+be that a man shall be defiled withal, and it be hid from him; when he\r
+knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty.\r
+\r
+5:4 Or if a soul swear, pronouncing with his lips to do evil, or to do\r
+good, whatsoever it be that a man shall pronounce with an oath, and it\r
+be hid from him; when he knoweth of it, then he shall be guilty in one\r
+of these.\r
+\r
+5:5 And it shall be, when he shall be guilty in one of these things,\r
+that he shall confess that he hath sinned in that thing: 5:6 And he\r
+shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD for his sin which he\r
+hath sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a kid of the goats,\r
+for a sin offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for him\r
+concerning his sin.\r
+\r
+5:7 And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his\r
+trespass, which he hath committed, two turtledoves, or two young\r
+pigeons, unto the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a\r
+burnt offering.\r
+\r
+5:8 And he shall bring them unto the priest, who shall offer that\r
+which is for the sin offering first, and wring off his head from his\r
+neck, but shall not divide it asunder: 5:9 And he shall sprinkle of\r
+the blood of the sin offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest\r
+of the blood shall be wrung out at the bottom of the altar: it is a\r
+sin offering.\r
+\r
+5:10 And he shall offer the second for a burnt offering, according to\r
+the manner: and the priest shall make an atonement for him for his sin\r
+which he hath sinned, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+5:11 But if he be not able to bring two turtledoves, or two young\r
+pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth\r
+part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin offering; he shall put no oil\r
+upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for it is a\r
+sin offering.\r
+\r
+5:12 Then shall he bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take\r
+his handful of it, even a memorial thereof, and burn it on the altar,\r
+according to the offerings made by fire unto the LORD: it is a sin\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+5:13 And the priest shall make an atonement for him as touching his\r
+sin that he hath sinned in one of these, and it shall be forgiven him:\r
+and the remnant shall be the priest's, as a meat offering.\r
+\r
+5:14 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 5:15 If a soul commit a\r
+trespass, and sin through ignorance, in the holy things of the LORD;\r
+then he shall bring for his trespass unto the LORD a ram without\r
+blemish out of the flocks, with thy estimation by shekels of silver,\r
+after the shekel of the sanctuary, for a trespass offering.\r
+\r
+5:16 And he shall make amends for the harm that he hath done in the\r
+holy thing, and shall add the fifth part thereto, and give it unto the\r
+priest: and the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of\r
+the trespass offering, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+5:17 And if a soul sin, and commit any of these things which are\r
+forbidden to be done by the commandments of the LORD; though he wist\r
+it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity.\r
+\r
+5:18 And he shall bring a ram without blemish out of the flock, with\r
+thy estimation, for a trespass offering, unto the priest: and the\r
+priest shall make an atonement for him concerning his ignorance\r
+wherein he erred and wist it not, and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+5:19 It is a trespass offering: he hath certainly trespassed against\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:2 If a soul sin, and\r
+commit a trespass against the LORD, and lie unto his neighbour in that\r
+which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken\r
+away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbour; 6:3 Or have found\r
+that which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in\r
+any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein: 6:4 Then it shall\r
+be, because he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that\r
+which he took violently away, or the thing which he hath deceitfully\r
+gotten, or that which was delivered him to keep, or the lost thing\r
+which he found, 6:5 Or all that about which he hath sworn falsely; he\r
+shall even restore it in the principal, and shall add the fifth part\r
+more thereto, and give it unto him to whom it appertaineth, in the day\r
+of his trespass offering.\r
+\r
+6:6 And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, a ram\r
+without blemish out of the flock, with thy estimation, for a trespass\r
+offering, unto the priest: 6:7 And the priest shall make an atonement\r
+for him before the LORD: and it shall be forgiven him for any thing of\r
+all that he hath done in trespassing therein.\r
+\r
+6:8 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:9 Command Aaron and his\r
+sons, saying, This is the law of the burnt offering: It is the burnt\r
+offering, because of the burning upon the altar all night unto the\r
+morning, and the fire of the altar shall be burning in it.\r
+\r
+6:10 And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen\r
+breeches shall he put upon his flesh, and take up the ashes which the\r
+fire hath consumed with the burnt offering on the altar, and he shall\r
+put them beside the altar.\r
+\r
+6:11 And he shall put off his garments, and put on other garments, and\r
+carry forth the ashes without the camp unto a clean place.\r
+\r
+6:12 And the fire upon the altar shall be burning in it; it shall not\r
+be put out: and the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and\r
+lay the burnt offering in order upon it; and he shall burn thereon the\r
+fat of the peace offerings.\r
+\r
+6:13 The fire shall ever be burning upon the altar; it shall never go\r
+out.\r
+\r
+6:14 And this is the law of the meat offering: the sons of Aaron shall\r
+offer it before the LORD, before the altar.\r
+\r
+6:15 And he shall take of it his handful, of the flour of the meat\r
+offering, and of the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which is\r
+upon the meat offering, and shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet\r
+savour, even the memorial of it, unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:16 And the remainder thereof shall Aaron and his sons eat: with\r
+unleavened bread shall it be eaten in the holy place; in the court of\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation they shall eat it.\r
+\r
+6:17 It shall not be baken with leaven. I have given it unto them for\r
+their portion of my offerings made by fire; it is most holy, as is the\r
+sin offering, and as the trespass offering.\r
+\r
+6:18 All the males among the children of Aaron shall eat of it. It\r
+shall be a statute for ever in your generations concerning the\r
+offerings of the LORD made by fire: every one that toucheth them shall\r
+be holy.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:20 This is the offering\r
+of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer unto the LORD in the\r
+day when he is anointed; the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for\r
+a meat offering perpetual, half of it in the morning, and half thereof\r
+at night.\r
+\r
+6:21 In a pan it shall be made with oil; and when it is baken, thou\r
+shalt bring it in: and the baken pieces of the meat offering shalt\r
+thou offer for a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:22 And the priest of his sons that is anointed in his stead shall\r
+offer it: it is a statute for ever unto the LORD; it shall be wholly\r
+burnt.\r
+\r
+6:23 For every meat offering for the priest shall be wholly burnt: it\r
+shall not be eaten.\r
+\r
+6:24 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:25 Speak unto Aaron and\r
+to his sons, saying, This is the law of the sin offering: In the place\r
+where the burnt offering is killed shall the sin offering be killed\r
+before the LORD: it is most holy.\r
+\r
+6:26 The priest that offereth it for sin shall eat it: in the holy\r
+place shall it be eaten, in the court of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+6:27 Whatsoever shall touch the flesh thereof shall be holy: and when\r
+there is sprinkled of the blood thereof upon any garment, thou shalt\r
+wash that whereon it was sprinkled in the holy place.\r
+\r
+6:28 But the earthen vessel wherein it is sodden shall be broken: and\r
+if it be sodden in a brasen pot, it shall be both scoured, and rinsed\r
+in water.\r
+\r
+6:29 All the males among the priests shall eat thereof: it is most\r
+holy.\r
+\r
+6:30 And no sin offering, whereof any of the blood is brought into the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation to reconcile withal in the holy place,\r
+shall be eaten: it shall be burnt in the fire.\r
+\r
+7:1 Likewise this is the law of the trespass offering: it is most\r
+holy.\r
+\r
+7:2 In the place where they kill the burnt offering shall they kill\r
+the trespass offering: and the blood thereof shall he sprinkle round\r
+about upon the altar.\r
+\r
+7:3 And he shall offer of it all the fat thereof; the rump, and the\r
+fat that covereth the inwards, 7:4 And the two kidneys, and the fat\r
+that is on them, which is by the flanks, and the caul that is above\r
+the liver, with the kidneys, it shall he take away: 7:5 And the priest\r
+shall burn them upon the altar for an offering made by fire unto the\r
+LORD: it is a trespass offering.\r
+\r
+7:6 Every male among the priests shall eat thereof: it shall be eaten\r
+in the holy place: it is most holy.\r
+\r
+7:7 As the sin offering is, so is the trespass offering: there is one\r
+law for them: the priest that maketh atonement therewith shall have\r
+it.\r
+\r
+7:8 And the priest that offereth any man's burnt offering, even the\r
+priest shall have to himself the skin of the burnt offering which he\r
+hath offered.\r
+\r
+7:9 And all the meat offering that is baken in the oven, and all that\r
+is dressed in the fryingpan, and in the pan, shall be the priest's\r
+that offereth it.\r
+\r
+7:10 And every meat offering, mingled with oil, and dry, shall all the\r
+sons of Aaron have, one as much as another.\r
+\r
+7:11 And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he\r
+shall offer unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:12 If he offer it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the\r
+sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes mingled with oil, and\r
+unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and cakes mingled with oil, of\r
+fine flour, fried.\r
+\r
+7:13 Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread\r
+with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings.\r
+\r
+7:14 And of it he shall offer one out of the whole oblation for an\r
+heave offering unto the LORD, and it shall be the priest's that\r
+sprinkleth the blood of the peace offerings.\r
+\r
+7:15 And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for\r
+thanksgiving shall be eaten the same day that it is offered; he shall\r
+not leave any of it until the morning.\r
+\r
+7:16 But if the sacrifice of his offering be a vow, or a voluntary\r
+offering, it shall be eaten the same day that he offereth his\r
+sacrifice: and on the morrow also the remainder of it shall be eaten:\r
+7:17 But the remainder of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day\r
+shall be burnt with fire.\r
+\r
+7:18 And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings\r
+be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither\r
+shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an\r
+abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity.\r
+\r
+7:19 And the flesh that toucheth any unclean thing shall not be eaten;\r
+it shall be burnt with fire: and as for the flesh, all that be clean\r
+shall eat thereof.\r
+\r
+7:20 But the soul that eateth of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, that pertain unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon\r
+him, even that soul shall be cut off from his people.\r
+\r
+7:21 Moreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing, as the\r
+uncleanness of man, or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean\r
+thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which\r
+pertain unto the LORD, even that soul shall be cut off from his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+7:22 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 7:23 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, Ye shall eat no manner of fat, of ox, or\r
+of sheep, or of goat.\r
+\r
+7:24 And the fat of the beast that dieth of itself, and the fat of\r
+that which is torn with beasts, may be used in any other use: but ye\r
+shall in no wise eat of it.\r
+\r
+7:25 For whosoever eateth the fat of the beast, of which men offer an\r
+offering made by fire unto the LORD, even the soul that eateth it\r
+shall be cut off from his people.\r
+\r
+7:26 Moreover ye shall eat no manner of blood, whether it be of fowl\r
+or of beast, in any of your dwellings.\r
+\r
+7:27 Whatsoever soul it be that eateth any manner of blood, even that\r
+soul shall be cut off from his people.\r
+\r
+7:28 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 7:29 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, He that offereth the sacrifice of his\r
+peace offerings unto the LORD shall bring his oblation unto the LORD\r
+of the sacrifice of his peace offerings.\r
+\r
+7:30 His own hands shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire,\r
+the fat with the breast, it shall he bring, that the breast may be\r
+waved for a wave offering before the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:31 And the priest shall burn the fat upon the altar: but the breast\r
+shall be Aaron's and his sons'.\r
+\r
+7:32 And the right shoulder shall ye give unto the priest for an heave\r
+offering of the sacrifices of your peace offerings.\r
+\r
+7:33 He among the sons of Aaron, that offereth the blood of the peace\r
+offerings, and the fat, shall have the right shoulder for his part.\r
+\r
+7:34 For the wave breast and the heave shoulder have I taken of the\r
+children of Israel from off the sacrifices of their peace offerings,\r
+and have given them unto Aaron the priest and unto his sons by a\r
+statute for ever from among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:35 This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the\r
+anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire,\r
+in the day when he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the\r
+priest's office; 7:36 Which the LORD commanded to be given them of the\r
+children of Israel, in the day that he anointed them, by a statute for\r
+ever throughout their generations.\r
+\r
+7:37 This is the law of the burnt offering, of the meat offering, and\r
+of the sin offering, and of the trespass offering, and of the\r
+consecrations, and of the sacrifice of the peace offerings; 7:38 Which\r
+the LORD commanded Moses in mount Sinai, in the day that he commanded\r
+the children of Israel to offer their oblations unto the LORD, in the\r
+wilderness of Sinai.\r
+\r
+8:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 8:2 Take Aaron and his sons\r
+with him, and the garments, and the anointing oil, and a bullock for\r
+the sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of unleavened bread; 8:3\r
+And gather thou all the congregation together unto the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+8:4 And Moses did as the LORD commanded him; and the assembly was\r
+gathered together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+8:5 And Moses said unto the congregation, This is the thing which the\r
+LORD commanded to be done.\r
+\r
+8:6 And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and washed them with water.\r
+\r
+8:7 And he put upon him the coat, and girded him with the girdle, and\r
+clothed him with the robe, and put the ephod upon him, and he girded\r
+him with the curious girdle of the ephod, and bound it unto him\r
+therewith.\r
+\r
+8:8 And he put the breastplate upon him: also he put in the\r
+breastplate the Urim and the Thummim.\r
+\r
+8:9 And he put the mitre upon his head; also upon the mitre, even upon\r
+his forefront, did he put the golden plate, the holy crown; as the\r
+LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:10 And Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the tabernacle and\r
+all that was therein, and sanctified them.\r
+\r
+8:11 And he sprinkled thereof upon the altar seven times, and anointed\r
+the altar and all his vessels, both the laver and his foot, to\r
+sanctify them.\r
+\r
+8:12 And he poured of the anointing oil upon Aaron's head, and\r
+anointed him, to sanctify him.\r
+\r
+8:13 And Moses brought Aaron's sons, and put coats upon them, and\r
+girded them with girdles, and put bonnets upon them; as the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:14 And he brought the bullock for the sin offering: and Aaron and\r
+his sons laid their hands upon the head of the bullock for the sin\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+8:15 And he slew it; and Moses took the blood, and put it upon the\r
+horns of the altar round about with his finger, and purified the\r
+altar, and poured the blood at the bottom of the altar, and sanctified\r
+it, to make reconciliation upon it.\r
+\r
+8:16 And he took all the fat that was upon the inwards, and the caul\r
+above the liver, and the two kidneys, and their fat, and Moses burned\r
+it upon the altar.\r
+\r
+8:17 But the bullock, and his hide, his flesh, and his dung, he burnt\r
+with fire without the camp; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:18 And he brought the ram for the burnt offering: and Aaron and his\r
+sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram.\r
+\r
+8:19 And he killed it; and Moses sprinkled the blood upon the altar\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+8:20 And he cut the ram into pieces; and Moses burnt the head, and the\r
+pieces, and the fat.\r
+\r
+8:21 And he washed the inwards and the legs in water; and Moses burnt\r
+the whole ram upon the altar: it was a burnt sacrifice for a sweet\r
+savour, and an offering made by fire unto the LORD; as the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:22 And he brought the other ram, the ram of consecration: and Aaron\r
+and his sons laid their hands upon the head of the ram.\r
+\r
+8:23 And he slew it; and Moses took of the blood of it, and put it\r
+upon the tip of Aaron's right ear, and upon the thumb of his right\r
+hand, and upon the great toe of his right foot.\r
+\r
+8:24 And he brought Aaron's sons, and Moses put of the blood upon the\r
+tip of their right ear, and upon the thumbs of their right hands, and\r
+upon the great toes of their right feet: and Moses sprinkled the blood\r
+upon the altar round about.\r
+\r
+8:25 And he took the fat, and the rump, and all the fat that was upon\r
+the inwards, and the caul above the liver, and the two kidneys, and\r
+their fat, and the right shoulder: 8:26 And out of the basket of\r
+unleavened bread, that was before the LORD, he took one unleavened\r
+cake, and a cake of oiled bread, and one wafer, and put them on the\r
+fat, and upon the right shoulder: 8:27 And he put all upon Aaron's\r
+hands, and upon his sons' hands, and waved them for a wave offering\r
+before the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:28 And Moses took them from off their hands, and burnt them on the\r
+altar upon the burnt offering: they were consecrations for a sweet\r
+savour: it is an offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:29 And Moses took the breast, and waved it for a wave offering\r
+before the LORD: for of the ram of consecration it was Moses' part; as\r
+the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:30 And Moses took of the anointing oil, and of the blood which was\r
+upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, and upon his garments,\r
+and upon his sons, and upon his sons' garments with him; and\r
+sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons, and his sons'\r
+garments with him.\r
+\r
+8:31 And Moses said unto Aaron and to his sons, Boil the flesh at the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and there eat it with the\r
+bread that is in the basket of consecrations, as I commanded, saying,\r
+Aaron and his sons shall eat it.\r
+\r
+8:32 And that which remaineth of the flesh and of the bread shall ye\r
+burn with fire.\r
+\r
+8:33 And ye shall not go out of the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation in seven days, until the days of your consecration be at\r
+an end: for seven days shall he consecrate you.\r
+\r
+8:34 As he hath done this day, so the LORD hath commanded to do, to\r
+make an atonement for you.\r
+\r
+8:35 Therefore shall ye abide at the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation day and night seven days, and keep the charge of the\r
+LORD, that ye die not: for so I am commanded.\r
+\r
+8:36 So Aaron and his sons did all things which the LORD commanded by\r
+the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+9:1 And it came to pass on the eighth day, that Moses called Aaron and\r
+his sons, and the elders of Israel; 9:2 And he said unto Aaron, Take\r
+thee a young calf for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering,\r
+without blemish, and offer them before the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:3 And unto the children of Israel thou shalt speak, saying, Take ye\r
+a kid of the goats for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both of\r
+the first year, without blemish, for a burnt offering; 9:4 Also a\r
+bullock and a ram for peace offerings, to sacrifice before the LORD;\r
+and a meat offering mingled with oil: for to day the LORD will appear\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+9:5 And they brought that which Moses commanded before the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation: and all the congregation drew near and stood\r
+before the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:6 And Moses said, This is the thing which the LORD commanded that ye\r
+should do: and the glory of the LORD shall appear unto you.\r
+\r
+9:7 And Moses said unto Aaron, Go unto the altar, and offer thy sin\r
+offering, and thy burnt offering, and make an atonement for thyself,\r
+and for the people: and offer the offering of the people, and make an\r
+atonement for them; as the LORD commanded.\r
+\r
+9:8 Aaron therefore went unto the altar, and slew the calf of the sin\r
+offering, which was for himself.\r
+\r
+9:9 And the sons of Aaron brought the blood unto him: and he dipped\r
+his finger in the blood, and put it upon the horns of the altar, and\r
+poured out the blood at the bottom of the altar: 9:10 But the fat, and\r
+the kidneys, and the caul above the liver of the sin offering, he\r
+burnt upon the altar; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+9:11 And the flesh and the hide he burnt with fire without the camp.\r
+\r
+9:12 And he slew the burnt offering; and Aaron's sons presented unto\r
+him the blood, which he sprinkled round about upon the altar.\r
+\r
+9:13 And they presented the burnt offering unto him, with the pieces\r
+thereof, and the head: and he burnt them upon the altar.\r
+\r
+9:14 And he did wash the inwards and the legs, and burnt them upon the\r
+burnt offering on the altar.\r
+\r
+9:15 And he brought the people's offering, and took the goat, which\r
+was the sin offering for the people, and slew it, and offered it for\r
+sin, as the first.\r
+\r
+9:16 And he brought the burnt offering, and offered it according to\r
+the manner.\r
+\r
+9:17 And he brought the meat offering, and took an handful thereof,\r
+and burnt it upon the altar, beside the burnt sacrifice of the\r
+morning.\r
+\r
+9:18 He slew also the bullock and the ram for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, which was for the people: and Aaron's sons presented unto\r
+him the blood, which he sprinkled upon the altar round about, 9:19 And\r
+the fat of the bullock and of the ram, the rump, and that which\r
+covereth the inwards, and the kidneys, and the caul above the liver:\r
+9:20 And they put the fat upon the breasts, and he burnt the fat upon\r
+the altar: 9:21 And the breasts and the right shoulder Aaron waved for\r
+a wave offering before the LORD; as Moses commanded.\r
+\r
+9:22 And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the people, and blessed them,\r
+and came down from offering of the sin offering, and the burnt\r
+offering, and peace offerings.\r
+\r
+9:23 And Moses and Aaron went into the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+and came out, and blessed the people: and the glory of the LORD\r
+appeared unto all the people.\r
+\r
+9:24 And there came a fire out from before the LORD, and consumed upon\r
+the altar the burnt offering and the fat: which when all the people\r
+saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces.\r
+\r
+10:1 And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his\r
+censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, and offered\r
+strange fire before the LORD, which he commanded them not.\r
+\r
+10:2 And there went out fire from the LORD, and devoured them, and\r
+they died before the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:3 Then Moses said unto Aaron, This is it that the LORD spake,\r
+saying, I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all\r
+the people I will be glorified. And Aaron held his peace.\r
+\r
+10:4 And Moses called Mishael and Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel the\r
+uncle of Aaron, and said unto them, Come near, carry your brethren\r
+from before the sanctuary out of the camp.\r
+\r
+10:5 So they went near, and carried them in their coats out of the\r
+camp; as Moses had said.\r
+\r
+10:6 And Moses said unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar, his\r
+sons, Uncover not your heads, neither rend your clothes; lest ye die,\r
+and lest wrath come upon all the people: but let your brethren, the\r
+whole house of Israel, bewail the burning which the LORD hath kindled.\r
+\r
+10:7 And ye shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, lest ye die: for the anointing oil of the LORD is upon\r
+you. And they did according to the word of Moses.\r
+\r
+10:8 And the LORD spake unto Aaron, saying, 10:9 Do not drink wine nor\r
+strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: it shall be a statute for\r
+ever throughout your generations: 10:10 And that ye may put difference\r
+between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean; 10:11 And that\r
+ye may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the LORD\r
+hath spoken unto them by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+10:12 And Moses spake unto Aaron, and unto Eleazar and unto Ithamar,\r
+his sons that were left, Take the meat offering that remaineth of the\r
+offerings of the LORD made by fire, and eat it without leaven beside\r
+the altar: for it is most holy: 10:13 And ye shall eat it in the holy\r
+place, because it is thy due, and thy sons' due, of the sacrifices of\r
+the LORD made by fire: for so I am commanded.\r
+\r
+10:14 And the wave breast and heave shoulder shall ye eat in a clean\r
+place; thou, and thy sons, and thy daughters with thee: for they be\r
+thy due, and thy sons' due, which are given out of the sacrifices of\r
+peace offerings of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:15 The heave shoulder and the wave breast shall they bring with the\r
+offerings made by fire of the fat, to wave it for a wave offering\r
+before the LORD; and it shall be thine, and thy sons' with thee, by a\r
+statute for ever; as the LORD hath commanded.\r
+\r
+10:16 And Moses diligently sought the goat of the sin offering, and,\r
+behold, it was burnt: and he was angry with Eleazar and Ithamar, the\r
+sons of Aaron which were left alive, saying, 10:17 Wherefore have ye\r
+not eaten the sin offering in the holy place, seeing it is most holy,\r
+and God hath given it you to bear the iniquity of the congregation, to\r
+make atonement for them before the LORD? 10:18 Behold, the blood of\r
+it was not brought in within the holy place: ye should indeed have\r
+eaten it in the holy place, as I commanded.\r
+\r
+10:19 And Aaron said unto Moses, Behold, this day have they offered\r
+their sin offering and their burnt offering before the LORD; and such\r
+things have befallen me: and if I had eaten the sin offering to day,\r
+should it have been accepted in the sight of the LORD? 10:20 And when\r
+Moses heard that, he was content.\r
+\r
+11:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them,\r
+11:2 Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts\r
+which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth.\r
+\r
+11:3 Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the\r
+cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.\r
+\r
+11:4 Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or\r
+of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he cheweth the\r
+cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the\r
+hoof; he is unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:6 And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the\r
+hoof; he is unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:7 And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted,\r
+yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you.\r
+\r
+11:8 Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not\r
+touch; they are unclean to you.\r
+\r
+11:9 These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath\r
+fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them\r
+shall ye eat.\r
+\r
+11:10 And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the\r
+rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which\r
+is in the waters, they shall be an abomination unto you: 11:11 They\r
+shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their\r
+flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination.\r
+\r
+11:12 Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be\r
+an abomination unto you.\r
+\r
+11:13 And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the\r
+fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle,\r
+and the ossifrage, and the ospray, 11:14 And the vulture, and the kite\r
+after his kind; 11:15 Every raven after his kind; 11:16 And the owl,\r
+and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, 11:17\r
+And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, 11:18 And\r
+the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, 11:19 And the stork,\r
+the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.\r
+\r
+11:20 All fowls that creep, going upon all four, shall be an\r
+abomination unto you.\r
+\r
+11:21 Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth\r
+upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon\r
+the earth; 11:22 Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his\r
+kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his\r
+kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.\r
+\r
+11:23 But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet,\r
+shall be an abomination unto you.\r
+\r
+11:24 And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the\r
+carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:25 And whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash\r
+his clothes, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:26 The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and is not\r
+clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, are unclean unto you: every one\r
+that toucheth them shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+11:27 And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts\r
+that go on all four, those are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their\r
+carcase shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:28 And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes,\r
+and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:29 These also shall be unclean unto you among the creeping things\r
+that creep upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise\r
+after his kind, 11:30 And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the\r
+lizard, and the snail, and the mole.\r
+\r
+11:31 These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth\r
+touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:32 And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall,\r
+it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or\r
+skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it\r
+must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it\r
+shall be cleansed.\r
+\r
+11:33 And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth,\r
+whatsoever is in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it.\r
+\r
+11:34 Of all meat which may be eaten, that on which such water cometh\r
+shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel\r
+shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+11:35 And every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth\r
+shall be unclean; whether it be oven, or ranges for pots, they shall\r
+be broken down: for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:36 Nevertheless a fountain or pit, wherein there is plenty of\r
+water, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be\r
+unclean.\r
+\r
+11:37 And if any part of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed which\r
+is to be sown, it shall be clean.\r
+\r
+11:38 But if any water be put upon the seed, and any part of their\r
+carcase fall thereon, it shall be unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:39 And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the\r
+carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:40 And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes,\r
+and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it\r
+shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+11:41 And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth shall be\r
+an abomination; it shall not be eaten.\r
+\r
+11:42 Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all\r
+four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that\r
+creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an\r
+abomination.\r
+\r
+11:43 Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing\r
+that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them,\r
+that ye should be defiled thereby.\r
+\r
+11:44 For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify\r
+yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye\r
+defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+11:45 For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt,\r
+to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.\r
+\r
+11:46 This is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every\r
+living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that\r
+creepeth upon the earth: 11:47 To make a difference between the\r
+unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the\r
+beast that may not be eaten.\r
+\r
+12:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 12:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, If a woman have conceived seed, and born a\r
+man child: then she shall be unclean seven days; according to the days\r
+of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean.\r
+\r
+12:3 And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be\r
+circumcised.\r
+\r
+12:4 And she shall then continue in the blood of her purifying three\r
+and thirty days; she shall touch no hallowed thing, nor come into the\r
+sanctuary, until the days of her purifying be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+12:5 But if she bear a maid child, then she shall be unclean two\r
+weeks, as in her separation: and she shall continue in the blood of\r
+her purifying threescore and six days.\r
+\r
+12:6 And when the days of her purifying are fulfilled, for a son, or\r
+for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb of the first year for a burnt\r
+offering, and a young pigeon, or a turtledove, for a sin offering,\r
+unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest:\r
+12:7 Who shall offer it before the LORD, and make an atonement for\r
+her; and she shall be cleansed from the issue of her blood. This is\r
+the law for her that hath born a male or a female.\r
+\r
+12:8 And if she be not able to bring a lamb, then she shall bring two\r
+turtles, or two young pigeons; the one for the burnt offering, and the\r
+other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for\r
+her, and she shall be clean.\r
+\r
+13:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, saying, 13:2 When a man\r
+shall have in the skin of his flesh a rising, a scab, or bright spot,\r
+and it be in the skin of his flesh like the plague of leprosy; then he\r
+shall be brought unto Aaron the priest, or unto one of his sons the\r
+priests: 13:3 And the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of\r
+the flesh: and when the hair in the plague is turned white, and the\r
+plague in sight be deeper than the skin of his flesh, it is a plague\r
+of leprosy: and the priest shall look on him, and pronounce him\r
+unclean.\r
+\r
+13:4 If the bright spot be white in the skin of his flesh, and in\r
+sight be not deeper than the skin, and the hair thereof be not turned\r
+white; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague seven\r
+days: 13:5 And the priest shall look on him the seventh day: and,\r
+behold, if the plague in his sight be at a stay, and the plague spread\r
+not in the skin; then the priest shall shut him up seven days more:\r
+13:6 And the priest shall look on him again the seventh day: and,\r
+behold, if the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague spread not in\r
+the skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean: it is but a scab: and\r
+he shall wash his clothes, and be clean.\r
+\r
+13:7 But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin, after that he\r
+hath been seen of the priest for his cleansing, he shall be seen of\r
+the priest again.\r
+\r
+13:8 And if the priest see that, behold, the scab spreadeth in the\r
+skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a leprosy.\r
+\r
+13:9 When the plague of leprosy is in a man, then he shall be brought\r
+unto the priest; 13:10 And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if\r
+the rising be white in the skin, and it have turned the hair white,\r
+and there be quick raw flesh in the rising; 13:11 It is an old leprosy\r
+in the skin of his flesh, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean,\r
+and shall not shut him up: for he is unclean.\r
+\r
+13:12 And if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin, and the leprosy\r
+cover all the skin of him that hath the plague from his head even to\r
+his foot, wheresoever the priest looketh; 13:13 Then the priest shall\r
+consider: and, behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh, he\r
+shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: it is all turned\r
+white: he is clean.\r
+\r
+13:14 But when raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+13:15 And the priest shall see the raw flesh, and pronounce him to be\r
+unclean: for the raw flesh is unclean: it is a leprosy.\r
+\r
+13:16 Or if the raw flesh turn again, and be changed unto white, he\r
+shall come unto the priest; 13:17 And the priest shall see him: and,\r
+behold, if the plague be turned into white; then the priest shall\r
+pronounce him clean that hath the plague: he is clean.\r
+\r
+13:18 The flesh also, in which, even in the skin thereof, was a boil,\r
+and is healed, 13:19 And in the place of the boil there be a white\r
+rising, or a bright spot, white, and somewhat reddish, and it be\r
+shewed to the priest; 13:20 And if, when the priest seeth it, behold,\r
+it be in sight lower than the skin, and the hair thereof be turned\r
+white; the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a plague of\r
+leprosy broken out of the boil.\r
+\r
+13:21 But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white\r
+hairs therein, and if it be not lower than the skin, but be somewhat\r
+dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: 13:22 And if it\r
+spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him\r
+unclean: it is a plague.\r
+\r
+13:23 But if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not, it is\r
+a burning boil; and the priest shall pronounce him clean.\r
+\r
+13:24 Or if there be any flesh, in the skin whereof there is a hot\r
+burning, and the quick flesh that burneth have a white bright spot,\r
+somewhat reddish, or white; 13:25 Then the priest shall look upon it:\r
+and, behold, if the hair in the bright spot be turned white, and it be\r
+in sight deeper than the skin; it is a leprosy broken out of the\r
+burning: wherefore the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is the\r
+plague of leprosy.\r
+\r
+13:26 But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white\r
+hair in the bright spot, and it be no lower than the other skin, but\r
+be somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: 13:27\r
+And the priest shall look upon him the seventh day: and if it be\r
+spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him\r
+unclean: it is the plague of leprosy.\r
+\r
+13:28 And if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not in the\r
+skin, but it be somewhat dark; it is a rising of the burning, and the\r
+priest shall pronounce him clean: for it is an inflammation of the\r
+burning.\r
+\r
+13:29 If a man or woman have a plague upon the head or the beard;\r
+13:30 Then the priest shall see the plague: and, behold, if it be in\r
+sight deeper than the skin; and there be in it a yellow thin hair;\r
+then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is a dry scall, even a\r
+leprosy upon the head or beard.\r
+\r
+13:31 And if the priest look on the plague of the scall, and, behold,\r
+it be not in sight deeper than the skin, and that there is no black\r
+hair in it; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague of\r
+the scall seven days: 13:32 And in the seventh day the priest shall\r
+look on the plague: and, behold, if the scall spread not, and there be\r
+in it no yellow hair, and the scall be not in sight deeper than the\r
+skin; 13:33 He shall be shaven, but the scall shall he not shave; and\r
+the priest shall shut up him that hath the scall seven days more:\r
+13:34 And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the scall: and,\r
+behold, if the scall be not spread in the skin, nor be in sight deeper\r
+than the skin; then the priest shall pronounce him clean: and he shall\r
+wash his clothes, and be clean.\r
+\r
+13:35 But if the scall spread much in the skin after his cleansing;\r
+13:36 Then the priest shall look on him: and, behold, if the scall be\r
+spread in the skin, the priest shall not seek for yellow hair; he is\r
+unclean.\r
+\r
+13:37 But if the scall be in his sight at a stay, and that there is\r
+black hair grown up therein; the scall is healed, he is clean: and the\r
+priest shall pronounce him clean.\r
+\r
+13:38 If a man also or a woman have in the skin of their flesh bright\r
+spots, even white bright spots; 13:39 Then the priest shall look: and,\r
+behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish\r
+white; it is a freckled spot that groweth in the skin; he is clean.\r
+\r
+13:40 And the man whose hair is fallen off his head, he is bald; yet\r
+is he clean.\r
+\r
+13:41 And he that hath his hair fallen off from the part of his head\r
+toward his face, he is forehead bald: yet is he clean.\r
+\r
+13:42 And if there be in the bald head, or bald forehead, a white\r
+reddish sore; it is a leprosy sprung up in his bald head, or his bald\r
+forehead.\r
+\r
+13:43 Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the rising\r
+of the sore be white reddish in his bald head, or in his bald\r
+forehead, as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh; 13:44 He\r
+is a leprous man, he is unclean: the priest shall pronounce him\r
+utterly unclean; his plague is in his head.\r
+\r
+13:45 And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent,\r
+and his head bare, and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip, and\r
+shall cry, Unclean, unclean.\r
+\r
+13:46 All the days wherein the plague shall be in him he shall be\r
+defiled; he is unclean: he shall dwell alone; without the camp shall\r
+his habitation be.\r
+\r
+13:47 The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it be\r
+a woollen garment, or a linen garment; 13:48 Whether it be in the\r
+warp, or woof; of linen, or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in any\r
+thing made of skin; 13:49 And if the plague be greenish or reddish in\r
+the garment, or in the skin, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in\r
+any thing of skin; it is a plague of leprosy, and shall be shewed unto\r
+the priest: 13:50 And the priest shall look upon the plague, and shut\r
+up it that hath the plague seven days: 13:51 And he shall look on the\r
+plague on the seventh day: if the plague be spread in the garment,\r
+either in the warp, or in the woof, or in a skin, or in any work that\r
+is made of skin; the plague is a fretting leprosy; it is unclean.\r
+\r
+13:52 He shall therefore burn that garment, whether warp or woof, in\r
+woollen or in linen, or any thing of skin, wherein the plague is: for\r
+it is a fretting leprosy; it shall be burnt in the fire.\r
+\r
+13:53 And if the priest shall look, and, behold, the plague be not\r
+spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any\r
+thing of skin; 13:54 Then the priest shall command that they wash the\r
+thing wherein the plague is, and he shall shut it up seven days more:\r
+13:55 And the priest shall look on the plague, after that it is\r
+washed: and, behold, if the plague have not changed his colour, and\r
+the plague be not spread; it is unclean; thou shalt burn it in the\r
+fire; it is fret inward, whether it be bare within or without.\r
+\r
+13:56 And if the priest look, and, behold, the plague be somewhat dark\r
+after the washing of it; then he shall rend it out of the garment, or\r
+out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the woof: 13:57 And if\r
+it appear still in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or\r
+in any thing of skin; it is a spreading plague: thou shalt burn that\r
+wherein the plague is with fire.\r
+\r
+13:58 And the garment, either warp, or woof, or whatsoever thing of\r
+skin it be, which thou shalt wash, if the plague be departed from\r
+them, then it shall be washed the second time, and shall be clean.\r
+\r
+13:59 This is the law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woollen\r
+or linen, either in the warp, or woof, or any thing of skins, to\r
+pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean.\r
+\r
+14:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 14:2 This shall be the law\r
+of the leper in the day of his cleansing: He shall be brought unto the\r
+priest: 14:3 And the priest shall go forth out of the camp; and the\r
+priest shall look, and, behold, if the plague of leprosy be healed in\r
+the leper; 14:4 Then shall the priest command to take for him that is\r
+to be cleansed two birds alive and clean, and cedar wood, and scarlet,\r
+and hyssop: 14:5 And the priest shall command that one of the birds be\r
+killed in an earthen vessel over running water: 14:6 As for the living\r
+bird, he shall take it, and the cedar wood, and the scarlet, and the\r
+hyssop, and shall dip them and the living bird in the blood of the\r
+bird that was killed over the running water: 14:7 And he shall\r
+sprinkle upon him that is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times,\r
+and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird loose\r
+into the open field.\r
+\r
+14:8 And he that is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, and shave\r
+off all his hair, and wash himself in water, that he may be clean: and\r
+after that he shall come into the camp, and shall tarry abroad out of\r
+his tent seven days.\r
+\r
+14:9 But it shall be on the seventh day, that he shall shave all his\r
+hair off his head and his beard and his eyebrows, even all his hair he\r
+shall shave off: and he shall wash his clothes, also he shall wash his\r
+flesh in water, and he shall be clean.\r
+\r
+14:10 And on the eighth day he shall take two he lambs without\r
+blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish, and three\r
+tenth deals of fine flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and\r
+one log of oil.\r
+\r
+14:11 And the priest that maketh him clean shall present the man that\r
+is to be made clean, and those things, before the LORD, at the door of\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation: 14:12 And the priest shall take\r
+one he lamb, and offer him for a trespass offering, and the log of\r
+oil, and wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: 14:13 And he\r
+shall slay the lamb in the place where he shall kill the sin offering\r
+and the burnt offering, in the holy place: for as the sin offering is\r
+the priest's, so is the trespass offering: it is most holy: 14:14 And\r
+the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and\r
+the priest shall put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is\r
+to be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the\r
+great toe of his right foot: 14:15 And the priest shall take some of\r
+the log of oil, and pour it into the palm of his own left hand: 14:16\r
+And the priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his\r
+left hand, and shall sprinkle of the oil with his finger seven times\r
+before the LORD: 14:17 And of the rest of the oil that is in his hand\r
+shall the priest put upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to\r
+be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great\r
+toe of his right foot, upon the blood of the trespass offering: 14:18\r
+And the remnant of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall pour\r
+upon the head of him that is to be cleansed: and the priest shall make\r
+an atonement for him before the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the priest shall offer the sin offering, and make an\r
+atonement for him that is to be cleansed from his uncleanness; and\r
+afterward he shall kill the burnt offering: 14:20 And the priest shall\r
+offer the burnt offering and the meat offering upon the altar: and the\r
+priest shall make an atonement for him, and he shall be clean.\r
+\r
+14:21 And if he be poor, and cannot get so much; then he shall take\r
+one lamb for a trespass offering to be waved, to make an atonement for\r
+him, and one tenth deal of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat\r
+offering, and a log of oil; 14:22 And two turtledoves, or two young\r
+pigeons, such as he is able to get; and the one shall be a sin\r
+offering, and the other a burnt offering.\r
+\r
+14:23 And he shall bring them on the eighth day for his cleansing unto\r
+the priest, unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+before the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:24 And the priest shall take the lamb of the trespass offering, and\r
+the log of oil, and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering\r
+before the LORD: 14:25 And he shall kill the lamb of the trespass\r
+offering, and the priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass\r
+offering, and put it upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to\r
+be cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great\r
+toe of his right foot: 14:26 And the priest shall pour of the oil into\r
+the palm of his own left hand: 14:27 And the priest shall sprinkle\r
+with his right finger some of the oil that is in his left hand seven\r
+times before the LORD: 14:28 And the priest shall put of the oil that\r
+is in his hand upon the tip of the right ear of him that is to be\r
+cleansed, and upon the thumb of his right hand, and upon the great toe\r
+of his right foot, upon the place of the blood of the trespass\r
+offering: 14:29 And the rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand\r
+he shall put upon the head of him that is to be cleansed, to make an\r
+atonement for him before the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:30 And he shall offer the one of the turtledoves, or of the young\r
+pigeons, such as he can get; 14:31 Even such as he is able to get, the\r
+one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the\r
+meat offering: and the priest shall make an atonement for him that is\r
+to be cleansed before the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:32 This is the law of him in whom is the plague of leprosy, whose\r
+hand is not able to get that which pertaineth to his cleansing.\r
+\r
+14:33 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 14:34 When\r
+ye be come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a\r
+possession, and I put the plague of leprosy in a house of the land of\r
+your possession; 14:35 And he that owneth the house shall come and\r
+tell the priest, saying, It seemeth to me there is as it were a plague\r
+in the house: 14:36 Then the priest shall command that they empty the\r
+house, before the priest go into it to see the plague, that all that\r
+is in the house be not made unclean: and afterward the priest shall go\r
+in to see the house: 14:37 And he shall look on the plague, and,\r
+behold, if the plague be in the walls of the house with hollow\r
+strakes, greenish or reddish, which in sight are lower than the wall;\r
+14:38 Then the priest shall go out of the house to the door of the\r
+house, and shut up the house seven days: 14:39 And the priest shall\r
+come again the seventh day, and shall look: and, behold, if the plague\r
+be spread in the walls of the house; 14:40 Then the priest shall\r
+command that they take away the stones in which the plague is, and\r
+they shall cast them into an unclean place without the city: 14:41 And\r
+he shall cause the house to be scraped within round about, and they\r
+shall pour out the dust that they scrape off without the city into an\r
+unclean place: 14:42 And they shall take other stones, and put them in\r
+the place of those stones; and he shall take other morter, and shall\r
+plaister the house.\r
+\r
+14:43 And if the plague come again, and break out in the house, after\r
+that he hath taken away the stones, and after he hath scraped the\r
+house, and after it is plaistered; 14:44 Then the priest shall come\r
+and look, and, behold, if the plague be spread in the house, it is a\r
+fretting leprosy in the house; it is unclean.\r
+\r
+14:45 And he shall break down the house, the stones of it, and the\r
+timber thereof, and all the morter of the house; and he shall carry\r
+them forth out of the city into an unclean place.\r
+\r
+14:46 Moreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is\r
+shut up shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+14:47 And he that lieth in the house shall wash his clothes; and he\r
+that eateth in the house shall wash his clothes.\r
+\r
+14:48 And if the priest shall come in, and look upon it, and, behold,\r
+the plague hath not spread in the house, after the house was\r
+plaistered: then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because\r
+the plague is healed.\r
+\r
+14:49 And he shall take to cleanse the house two birds, and cedar\r
+wood, and scarlet, and hyssop: 14:50 And he shall kill the one of the\r
+birds in an earthen vessel over running water: 14:51 And he shall take\r
+the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird,\r
+and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water,\r
+and sprinkle the house seven times: 14:52 And he shall cleanse the\r
+house with the blood of the bird, and with the running water, and with\r
+the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and\r
+with the scarlet: 14:53 But he shall let go the living bird out of the\r
+city into the open fields, and make an atonement for the house: and it\r
+shall be clean.\r
+\r
+14:54 This is the law for all manner of plague of leprosy, and scall,\r
+14:55 And for the leprosy of a garment, and of a house, 14:56 And for\r
+a rising, and for a scab, and for a bright spot: 14:57 To teach when\r
+it is unclean, and when it is clean: this is the law of leprosy.\r
+\r
+15:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying, 15:2 Speak\r
+unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When any man hath a\r
+running issue out of his flesh, because of his issue he is unclean.\r
+\r
+15:3 And this shall be his uncleanness in his issue: whether his flesh\r
+run with his issue, or his flesh be stopped from his issue, it is his\r
+uncleanness.\r
+\r
+15:4 Every bed, whereon he lieth that hath the issue, is unclean: and\r
+every thing, whereon he sitteth, shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+15:5 And whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe\r
+himself in water, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:6 And he that sitteth on any thing whereon he sat that hath the\r
+issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be\r
+unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:7 And he that toucheth the flesh of him that hath the issue shall\r
+wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the\r
+even.\r
+\r
+15:8 And if he that hath the issue spit upon him that is clean; then\r
+he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean\r
+until the even.\r
+\r
+15:9 And what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall\r
+be unclean.\r
+\r
+15:10 And whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be\r
+unclean until the even: and he that beareth any of those things shall\r
+wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the\r
+even.\r
+\r
+15:11 And whomsoever he toucheth that hath the issue, and hath not\r
+rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe\r
+himself in water, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:12 And the vessel of earth, that he toucheth which hath the issue,\r
+shall be broken: and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water.\r
+\r
+15:13 And when he that hath an issue is cleansed of his issue; then he\r
+shall number to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his\r
+clothes, and bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean.\r
+\r
+15:14 And on the eighth day he shall take to him two turtledoves, or\r
+two young pigeons, and come before the LORD unto the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, and give them unto the priest: 15:15\r
+And the priest shall offer them, the one for a sin offering, and the\r
+other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for\r
+him before the LORD for his issue.\r
+\r
+15:16 And if any man's seed of copulation go out from him, then he\r
+shall wash all his flesh in water, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:17 And every garment, and every skin, whereon is the seed of\r
+copulation, shall be washed with water, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:18 The woman also with whom man shall lie with seed of copulation,\r
+they shall both bathe themselves in water, and be unclean until the\r
+even.\r
+\r
+15:19 And if a woman have an issue, and her issue in her flesh be\r
+blood, she shall be put apart seven days: and whosoever toucheth her\r
+shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:20 And every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be\r
+unclean: every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+15:21 And whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe\r
+himself in water, and be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:22 And whosoever toucheth any thing that she sat upon shall wash\r
+his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the\r
+even.\r
+\r
+15:23 And if it be on her bed, or on any thing whereon she sitteth,\r
+when he toucheth it, he shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+15:24 And if any man lie with her at all, and her flowers be upon him,\r
+he shall be unclean seven days; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall\r
+be unclean.\r
+\r
+15:25 And if a woman have an issue of her blood many days out of the\r
+time of her separation, or if it run beyond the time of her\r
+separation; all the days of the issue of her uncleanness shall be as\r
+the days of her separation: she shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+15:26 Every bed whereon she lieth all the days of her issue shall be\r
+unto her as the bed of her separation: and whatsoever she sitteth upon\r
+shall be unclean, as the uncleanness of her separation.\r
+\r
+15:27 And whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean, and shall\r
+wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the\r
+even.\r
+\r
+15:28 But if she be cleansed of her issue, then she shall number to\r
+herself seven days, and after that she shall be clean.\r
+\r
+15:29 And on the eighth day she shall take unto her two turtles, or\r
+two young pigeons, and bring them unto the priest, to the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+15:30 And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the\r
+other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make an atonement for\r
+her before the LORD for the issue of her uncleanness.\r
+\r
+15:31 Thus shall ye separate the children of Israel from their\r
+uncleanness; that they die not in their uncleanness, when they defile\r
+my tabernacle that is among them.\r
+\r
+15:32 This is the law of him that hath an issue, and of him whose seed\r
+goeth from him, and is defiled therewith; 15:33 And of her that is\r
+sick of her flowers, and of him that hath an issue, of the man, and of\r
+the woman, and of him that lieth with her that is unclean.\r
+\r
+16:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of\r
+Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died; 16:2 And the LORD\r
+said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all\r
+times into the holy place within the vail before the mercy seat, which\r
+is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon\r
+the mercy seat.\r
+\r
+16:3 Thus shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock\r
+for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering.\r
+\r
+16:4 He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen\r
+breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and\r
+with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these are holy garments;\r
+therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and so put them on.\r
+\r
+16:5 And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel\r
+two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+16:6 And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which is\r
+for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house.\r
+\r
+16:7 And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD\r
+at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+16:8 And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the\r
+LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat.\r
+\r
+16:9 And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD's lot fell,\r
+and offer him for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+16:10 But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall\r
+be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him, and\r
+to let him go for a scapegoat into the wilderness.\r
+\r
+16:11 And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which is\r
+for himself, and shall make an atonement for himself, and for his\r
+house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin offering which is for\r
+himself: 16:12 And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of\r
+fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet\r
+incense beaten small, and bring it within the vail: 16:13 And he shall\r
+put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the\r
+incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he\r
+die not: 16:14 And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and\r
+sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before\r
+the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven\r
+times.\r
+\r
+16:15 Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the\r
+people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as\r
+he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy\r
+seat, and before the mercy seat: 16:16 And he shall make an atonement\r
+for the holy place, because of the uncleanness of the children of\r
+Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so\r
+shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth\r
+among them in the midst of their uncleanness.\r
+\r
+16:17 And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy place, until he come\r
+out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household,\r
+and for all the congregation of Israel.\r
+\r
+16:18 And he shall go out unto the altar that is before the LORD, and\r
+make an atonement for it; and shall take of the blood of the bullock,\r
+and of the blood of the goat, and put it upon the horns of the altar\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+16:19 And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven\r
+times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+16:20 And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy place, and\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar, he shall bring the\r
+live goat: 16:21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of\r
+the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children\r
+of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting\r
+them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of\r
+a fit man into the wilderness: 16:22 And the goat shall bear upon him\r
+all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go\r
+the goat in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+16:23 And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went\r
+into the holy place, and shall leave them there: 16:24 And he shall\r
+wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments,\r
+and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering\r
+of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people.\r
+\r
+16:25 And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar.\r
+\r
+16:26 And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his\r
+clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the\r
+camp.\r
+\r
+16:27 And the bullock for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin\r
+offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy\r
+place, shall one carry forth without the camp; and they shall burn in\r
+the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung.\r
+\r
+16:28 And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his\r
+flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.\r
+\r
+16:29 And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the\r
+seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your\r
+souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country,\r
+or a stranger that sojourneth among you: 16:30 For on that day shall\r
+the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be\r
+clean from all your sins before the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:31 It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict\r
+your souls, by a statute for ever.\r
+\r
+16:32 And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall\r
+consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead,\r
+shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes, even the\r
+holy garments: 16:33 And he shall make an atonement for the holy\r
+sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for\r
+the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.\r
+\r
+16:34 And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an\r
+atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year.\r
+And he did as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+17:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 17:2 Speak unto Aaron, and\r
+unto his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them;\r
+This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, saying, 17:3 What man\r
+soever there be of the house of Israel, that killeth an ox, or lamb,\r
+or goat, in the camp, or that killeth it out of the camp, 17:4 And\r
+bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+to offer an offering unto the LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD;\r
+blood shall be imputed unto that man; he hath shed blood; and that man\r
+shall be cut off from among his people: 17:5 To the end that the\r
+children of Israel may bring their sacrifices, which they offer in the\r
+open field, even that they may bring them unto the LORD, unto the door\r
+of the tabernacle of the congregation, unto the priest, and offer them\r
+for peace offerings unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:6 And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the\r
+LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and burn the\r
+fat for a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:7 And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after\r
+whom they have gone a whoring. This shall be a statute for ever unto\r
+them throughout their generations.\r
+\r
+17:8 And thou shalt say unto them, Whatsoever man there be of the\r
+house of Israel, or of the strangers which sojourn among you, that\r
+offereth a burnt offering or sacrifice, 17:9 And bringeth it not unto\r
+the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to offer it unto the\r
+LORD; even that man shall be cut off from among his people.\r
+\r
+17:10 And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the\r
+strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I\r
+will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will\r
+cut him off from among his people.\r
+\r
+17:11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it\r
+to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is\r
+the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.\r
+\r
+17:12 Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you\r
+shall eat blood, neither shall any stranger that sojourneth among you\r
+eat blood.\r
+\r
+17:13 And whatsoever man there be of the children of Israel, or of the\r
+strangers that sojourn among you, which hunteth and catcheth any beast\r
+or fowl that may be eaten; he shall even pour out the blood thereof,\r
+and cover it with dust.\r
+\r
+17:14 For it is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for the life\r
+thereof: therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat\r
+the blood of no manner of flesh: for the life of all flesh is the\r
+blood thereof: whosoever eateth it shall be cut off.\r
+\r
+17:15 And every soul that eateth that which died of itself, or that\r
+which was torn with beasts, whether it be one of your own country, or\r
+a stranger, he shall both wash his clothes, and bathe himself in\r
+water, and be unclean until the even: then shall he be clean.\r
+\r
+17:16 But if he wash them not, nor bathe his flesh; then he shall bear\r
+his iniquity.\r
+\r
+18:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 18:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+18:3 After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye\r
+not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring\r
+you, shall ye not do: neither shall ye walk in their ordinances.\r
+\r
+18:4 Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk\r
+therein: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+18:5 Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a\r
+man do, he shall live in them: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:6 None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to\r
+uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:7 The nakedness of thy father, or the nakedness of thy mother,\r
+shalt thou not uncover: she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her\r
+nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:8 The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover: it is\r
+thy father's nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:9 The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or\r
+daughter of thy mother, whether she be born at home, or born abroad,\r
+even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover.\r
+\r
+18:10 The nakedness of thy son's daughter, or of thy daughter's\r
+daughter, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover: for theirs is\r
+thine own nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:11 The nakedness of thy father's wife's daughter, begotten of thy\r
+father, she is thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:12 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's sister: she\r
+is thy father's near kinswoman.\r
+\r
+18:13 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister: for\r
+she is thy mother's near kinswoman.\r
+\r
+18:14 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's brother,\r
+thou shalt not approach to his wife: she is thine aunt.\r
+\r
+18:15 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter in law: she\r
+is thy son's wife; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:16 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: it\r
+is thy brother's nakedness.\r
+\r
+18:17 Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her\r
+daughter, neither shalt thou take her son's daughter, or her\r
+daughter's daughter, to uncover her nakedness; for they are her near\r
+kinswomen: it is wickedness.\r
+\r
+18:18 Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister, to vex her, to\r
+uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her life time.\r
+\r
+18:19 Also thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her\r
+nakedness, as long as she is put apart for her uncleanness.\r
+\r
+18:20 Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour's wife,\r
+to defile thyself with her.\r
+\r
+18:21 And thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to\r
+Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:22 Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is\r
+abomination.\r
+\r
+18:23 Neither shalt thou lie with any beast to defile thyself\r
+therewith: neither shall any woman stand before a beast to lie down\r
+thereto: it is confusion.\r
+\r
+18:24 Defile not ye yourselves in any of these things: for in all\r
+these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you: 18:25 And\r
+the land is defiled: therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof upon\r
+it, and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants.\r
+\r
+18:26 Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and my judgments, and shall\r
+not commit any of these abominations; neither any of your own nation,\r
+nor any stranger that sojourneth among you: 18:27 (For all these\r
+abominations have the men of the land done, which were before you, and\r
+the land is defiled;) 18:28 That the land spue not you out also, when\r
+ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you.\r
+\r
+18:29 For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the\r
+souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people.\r
+\r
+18:30 Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance, that ye commit not any\r
+one of these abominable customs, which were committed before you, and\r
+that ye defile not yourselves therein: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 19:2 Speak unto all the\r
+congregation of the children of Israel, and say unto them, Ye shall be\r
+holy: for I the LORD your God am holy.\r
+\r
+19:3 Ye shall fear every man his mother, and his father, and keep my\r
+sabbaths: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:4 Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am\r
+the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:5 And if ye offer a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, ye\r
+shall offer it at your own will.\r
+\r
+19:6 It shall be eaten the same day ye offer it, and on the morrow:\r
+and if ought remain until the third day, it shall be burnt in the\r
+fire.\r
+\r
+19:7 And if it be eaten at all on the third day, it is abominable; it\r
+shall not be accepted.\r
+\r
+19:8 Therefore every one that eateth it shall bear his iniquity,\r
+because he hath profaned the hallowed thing of the LORD: and that soul\r
+shall be cut off from among his people.\r
+\r
+19:9 And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly\r
+reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings\r
+of thy harvest.\r
+\r
+19:10 And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou gather\r
+every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and\r
+stranger: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:11 Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to\r
+another.\r
+\r
+19:12 And ye shall not swear by my name falsely, neither shalt thou\r
+profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:13 Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbour, neither rob him: the wages\r
+of him that is hired shall not abide with thee all night until the\r
+morning.\r
+\r
+19:14 Thou shalt not curse the deaf, nor put a stumblingblock before\r
+the blind, but shalt fear thy God: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:15 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not\r
+respect the person of the poor, nor honor the person of the mighty:\r
+but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour.\r
+\r
+19:16 Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer among thy people:\r
+neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour; I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+19:17 Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart: thou shalt in\r
+any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him.\r
+\r
+19:18 Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children\r
+of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+19:19 Ye shall keep my statutes. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender\r
+with a diverse kind: thou shalt not sow thy field with mingled seed:\r
+neither shall a garment mingled of linen and woollen come upon thee.\r
+\r
+19:20 And whosoever lieth carnally with a woman, that is a bondmaid,\r
+betrothed to an husband, and not at all redeemed, nor freedom given\r
+her; she shall be scourged; they shall not be put to death, because\r
+she was not free.\r
+\r
+19:21 And he shall bring his trespass offering unto the LORD, unto the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the congregation, even a ram for a trespass\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+19:22 And the priest shall make an atonement for him with the ram of\r
+the trespass offering before the LORD for his sin which he hath done:\r
+and the sin which he hath done shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+19:23 And when ye shall come into the land, and shall have planted all\r
+manner of trees for food, then ye shall count the fruit thereof as\r
+uncircumcised: three years shall it be as uncircumcised unto you: it\r
+shall not be eaten of.\r
+\r
+19:24 But in the fourth year all the fruit thereof shall be holy to\r
+praise the LORD withal.\r
+\r
+19:25 And in the fifth year shall ye eat of the fruit thereof, that it\r
+may yield unto you the increase thereof: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:26 Ye shall not eat any thing with the blood: neither shall ye use\r
+enchantment, nor observe times.\r
+\r
+19:27 Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou\r
+mar the corners of thy beard.\r
+\r
+19:28 Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor\r
+print any marks upon you: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:29 Do not prostitute thy daughter, to cause her to be a whore; lest\r
+the land fall to whoredom, and the land become full of wickedness.\r
+\r
+19:30 Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+19:31 Regard not them that have familiar spirits, neither seek after\r
+wizards, to be defiled by them: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:32 Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour the face of\r
+the old man, and fear thy God: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:33 And if a stranger sojourn with thee in your land, ye shall not\r
+vex him.\r
+\r
+19:34 But the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one\r
+born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were\r
+strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+19:35 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in meteyard, in\r
+weight, or in measure.\r
+\r
+19:36 Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin, shall\r
+ye have: I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+19:37 Therefore shall ye observe all my statutes, and all my\r
+judgments, and do them: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 20:2 Again, thou shalt say\r
+to the children of Israel, Whosoever he be of the children of Israel,\r
+or of the strangers that sojourn in Israel, that giveth any of his\r
+seed unto Molech; he shall surely be put to death: the people of the\r
+land shall stone him with stones.\r
+\r
+20:3 And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off\r
+from among his people; because he hath given of his seed unto Molech,\r
+to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name.\r
+\r
+20:4 And if the people of the land do any ways hide their eyes from\r
+the man, when he giveth of his seed unto Molech, and kill him not:\r
+20:5 Then I will set my face against that man, and against his family,\r
+and will cut him off, and all that go a whoring after him, to commit\r
+whoredom with Molech, from among their people.\r
+\r
+20:6 And the soul that turneth after such as have familiar spirits,\r
+and after wizards, to go a whoring after them, I will even set my face\r
+against that soul, and will cut him off from among his people.\r
+\r
+20:7 Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy: for I am the LORD\r
+your God.\r
+\r
+20:8 And ye shall keep my statutes, and do them: I am the LORD which\r
+sanctify you.\r
+\r
+20:9 For every one that curseth his father or his mother shall be\r
+surely put to death: he hath cursed his father or his mother; his\r
+blood shall be upon him.\r
+\r
+20:10 And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife,\r
+even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour's wife, the\r
+adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+20:11 And the man that lieth with his father's wife hath uncovered his\r
+father's nakedness: both of them shall surely be put to death; their\r
+blood shall be upon them.\r
+\r
+20:12 And if a man lie with his daughter in law, both of them shall\r
+surely be put to death: they have wrought confusion; their blood shall\r
+be upon them.\r
+\r
+20:13 If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both\r
+of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to\r
+death; their blood shall be upon them.\r
+\r
+20:14 And if a man take a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they\r
+shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no\r
+wickedness among you.\r
+\r
+20:15 And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death:\r
+and ye shall slay the beast.\r
+\r
+20:16 And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto,\r
+thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to\r
+death; their blood shall be upon them.\r
+\r
+20:17 And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or\r
+his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his\r
+nakedness; it is a wicked thing; and they shall be cut off in the\r
+sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he\r
+shall bear his iniquity.\r
+\r
+20:18 And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and\r
+shall uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her fountain, and she\r
+hath uncovered the fountain of her blood: and both of them shall be\r
+cut off from among their people.\r
+\r
+20:19 And thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister,\r
+nor of thy father's sister: for he uncovereth his near kin: they shall\r
+bear their iniquity.\r
+\r
+20:20 And if a man shall lie with his uncle's wife, he hath uncovered\r
+his uncle's nakedness: they shall bear their sin; they shall die\r
+childless.\r
+\r
+20:21 And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean\r
+thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be\r
+childless.\r
+\r
+20:22 Ye shall therefore keep all my statutes, and all my judgments,\r
+and do them: that the land, whither I bring you to dwell therein, spue\r
+you not out.\r
+\r
+20:23 And ye shall not walk in the manners of the nation, which I cast\r
+out before you: for they committed all these things, and therefore I\r
+abhorred them.\r
+\r
+20:24 But I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I\r
+will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with milk and\r
+honey: I am the LORD your God, which have separated you from other\r
+people.\r
+\r
+20:25 Ye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and\r
+unclean, and between unclean fowls and clean: and ye shall not make\r
+your souls abominable by beast, or by fowl, or by any manner of living\r
+thing that creepeth on the ground, which I have separated from you as\r
+unclean.\r
+\r
+20:26 And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have\r
+severed you from other people, that ye should be mine.\r
+\r
+20:27 A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a\r
+wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with\r
+stones: their blood shall be upon them.\r
+\r
+21:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto the priests the sons of\r
+Aaron, and say unto them, There shall none be defiled for the dead\r
+among his people: 21:2 But for his kin, that is near unto him, that\r
+is, for his mother, and for his father, and for his son, and for his\r
+daughter, and for his brother.\r
+\r
+21:3 And for his sister a virgin, that is nigh unto him, which hath\r
+had no husband; for her may he be defiled.\r
+\r
+21:4 But he shall not defile himself, being a chief man among his\r
+people, to profane himself.\r
+\r
+21:5 They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they\r
+shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in their\r
+flesh.\r
+\r
+21:6 They shall be holy unto their God, and not profane the name of\r
+their God: for the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and the bread\r
+of their God, they do offer: therefore they shall be holy.\r
+\r
+21:7 They shall not take a wife that is a whore, or profane; neither\r
+shall they take a woman put away from her husband: for he is holy unto\r
+his God.\r
+\r
+21:8 Thou shalt sanctify him therefore; for he offereth the bread of\r
+thy God: he shall be holy unto thee: for I the LORD, which sanctify\r
+you, am holy.\r
+\r
+21:9 And the daughter of any priest, if she profane herself by playing\r
+the whore, she profaneth her father: she shall be burnt with fire.\r
+\r
+21:10 And he that is the high priest among his brethren, upon whose\r
+head the anointing oil was poured, and that is consecrated to put on\r
+the garments, shall not uncover his head, nor rend his clothes; 21:11\r
+Neither shall he go in to any dead body, nor defile himself for his\r
+father, or for his mother; 21:12 Neither shall he go out of the\r
+sanctuary, nor profane the sanctuary of his God; for the crown of the\r
+anointing oil of his God is upon him: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:13 And he shall take a wife in her virginity.\r
+\r
+21:14 A widow, or a divorced woman, or profane, or an harlot, these\r
+shall he not take: but he shall take a virgin of his own people to\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+21:15 Neither shall he profane his seed among his people: for I the\r
+LORD do sanctify him.\r
+\r
+21:16 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 21:17 Speak unto Aaron,\r
+saying, Whosoever he be of thy seed in their generations that hath any\r
+blemish, let him not approach to offer the bread of his God.\r
+\r
+21:18 For whatsoever man he be that hath a blemish, he shall not\r
+approach: a blind man, or a lame, or he that hath a flat nose, or any\r
+thing superfluous, 21:19 Or a man that is brokenfooted, or\r
+brokenhanded, 21:20 Or crookbackt, or a dwarf, or that hath a blemish\r
+in his eye, or be scurvy, or scabbed, or hath his stones broken; 21:21\r
+No man that hath a blemish of the seed of Aaron the priest shall come\r
+nigh to offer the offerings of the LORD made by fire: he hath a\r
+blemish; he shall not come nigh to offer the bread of his God.\r
+\r
+21:22 He shall eat the bread of his God, both of the most holy, and of\r
+the holy.\r
+\r
+21:23 Only he shall not go in unto the vail, nor come nigh unto the\r
+altar, because he hath a blemish; that he profane not my sanctuaries:\r
+for I the LORD do sanctify them.\r
+\r
+21:24 And Moses told it unto Aaron, and to his sons, and unto all the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 22:2 Speak unto Aaron and\r
+to his sons, that they separate themselves from the holy things of the\r
+children of Israel, and that they profane not my holy name in those\r
+things which they hallow unto me: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:3 Say unto them, Whosoever he be of all your seed among your\r
+generations, that goeth unto the holy things, which the children of\r
+Israel hallow unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, that\r
+soul shall be cut off from my presence: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:4 What man soever of the seed of Aaron is a leper, or hath a\r
+running issue; he shall not eat of the holy things, until he be clean.\r
+And whoso toucheth any thing that is unclean by the dead, or a man\r
+whose seed goeth from him; 22:5 Or whosoever toucheth any creeping\r
+thing, whereby he may be made unclean, or a man of whom he may take\r
+uncleanness, whatsoever uncleanness he hath; 22:6 The soul which hath\r
+touched any such shall be unclean until even, and shall not eat of the\r
+holy things, unless he wash his flesh with water.\r
+\r
+22:7 And when the sun is down, he shall be clean, and shall afterward\r
+eat of the holy things; because it is his food.\r
+\r
+22:8 That which dieth of itself, or is torn with beasts, he shall not\r
+eat to defile himself therewith; I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:9 They shall therefore keep mine ordinance, lest they bear sin for\r
+it, and die therefore, if they profane it: I the LORD do sanctify\r
+them.\r
+\r
+22:10 There shall no stranger eat of the holy thing: a sojourner of\r
+the priest, or an hired servant, shall not eat of the holy thing.\r
+\r
+22:11 But if the priest buy any soul with his money, he shall eat of\r
+it, and he that is born in his house: they shall eat of his meat.\r
+\r
+22:12 If the priest's daughter also be married unto a stranger, she\r
+may not eat of an offering of the holy things.\r
+\r
+22:13 But if the priest's daughter be a widow, or divorced, and have\r
+no child, and is returned unto her father's house, as in her youth,\r
+she shall eat of her father's meat: but there shall be no stranger eat\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+22:14 And if a man eat of the holy thing unwittingly, then he shall\r
+put the fifth part thereof unto it, and shall give it unto the priest\r
+with the holy thing.\r
+\r
+22:15 And they shall not profane the holy things of the children of\r
+Israel, which they offer unto the LORD; 22:16 Or suffer them to bear\r
+the iniquity of trespass, when they eat their holy things: for I the\r
+LORD do sanctify them.\r
+\r
+22:17 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 22:18 Speak unto Aaron,\r
+and to his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto\r
+them, Whatsoever he be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers in\r
+Israel, that will offer his oblation for all his vows, and for all his\r
+freewill offerings, which they will offer unto the LORD for a burnt\r
+offering; 22:19 Ye shall offer at your own will a male without\r
+blemish, of the beeves, of the sheep, or of the goats.\r
+\r
+22:20 But whatsoever hath a blemish, that shall ye not offer: for it\r
+shall not be acceptable for you.\r
+\r
+22:21 And whosoever offereth a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the\r
+LORD to accomplish his vow, or a freewill offering in beeves or sheep,\r
+it shall be perfect to be accepted; there shall be no blemish therein.\r
+\r
+22:22 Blind, or broken, or maimed, or having a wen, or scurvy, or\r
+scabbed, ye shall not offer these unto the LORD, nor make an offering\r
+by fire of them upon the altar unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:23 Either a bullock or a lamb that hath any thing superfluous or\r
+lacking in his parts, that mayest thou offer for a freewill offering;\r
+but for a vow it shall not be accepted.\r
+\r
+22:24 Ye shall not offer unto the LORD that which is bruised, or\r
+crushed, or broken, or cut; neither shall ye make any offering thereof\r
+in your land.\r
+\r
+22:25 Neither from a stranger's hand shall ye offer the bread of your\r
+God of any of these; because their corruption is in them, and\r
+blemishes be in them: they shall not be accepted for you.\r
+\r
+22:26 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 22:27 When a bullock, or\r
+a sheep, or a goat, is brought forth, then it shall be seven days\r
+under the dam; and from the eighth day and thenceforth it shall be\r
+accepted for an offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:28 And whether it be cow, or ewe, ye shall not kill it and her\r
+young both in one day.\r
+\r
+22:29 And when ye will offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving unto the\r
+LORD, offer it at your own will.\r
+\r
+22:30 On the same day it shall be eaten up; ye shall leave none of it\r
+until the morrow: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:31 Therefore shall ye keep my commandments, and do them: I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+22:32 Neither shall ye profane my holy name; but I will be hallowed\r
+among the children of Israel: I am the LORD which hallow you, 22:33\r
+That brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+23:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 23:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, Concerning the feasts of the\r
+LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are\r
+my feasts.\r
+\r
+23:3 Six days shall work be done: but the seventh day is the sabbath\r
+of rest, an holy convocation; ye shall do no work therein: it is the\r
+sabbath of the LORD in all your dwellings.\r
+\r
+23:4 These are the feasts of the LORD, even holy convocations, which\r
+ye shall proclaim in their seasons.\r
+\r
+23:5 In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the LORD's\r
+passover.\r
+\r
+23:6 And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of\r
+unleavened bread unto the LORD: seven days ye must eat unleavened\r
+bread.\r
+\r
+23:7 In the first day ye shall have an holy convocation: ye shall do\r
+no servile work therein.\r
+\r
+23:8 But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD seven\r
+days: in the seventh day is an holy convocation: ye shall do no\r
+servile work therein.\r
+\r
+23:9 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 23:10 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land\r
+which I give unto you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye\r
+shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest unto the\r
+priest: 23:11 And he shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be\r
+accepted for you: on the morrow after the sabbath the priest shall\r
+wave it.\r
+\r
+23:12 And ye shall offer that day when ye wave the sheaf an he lamb\r
+without blemish of the first year for a burnt offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:13 And the meat offering thereof shall be two tenth deals of fine\r
+flour mingled with oil, an offering made by fire unto the LORD for a\r
+sweet savour: and the drink offering thereof shall be of wine, the\r
+fourth part of an hin.\r
+\r
+23:14 And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched corn, nor green\r
+ears, until the selfsame day that ye have brought an offering unto\r
+your God: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations\r
+in all your dwellings.\r
+\r
+23:15 And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the sabbath,\r
+from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven\r
+sabbaths shall be complete: 23:16 Even unto the morrow after the\r
+seventh sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new\r
+meat offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:17 Ye shall bring out of your habitations two wave loaves of two\r
+tenth deals; they shall be of fine flour; they shall be baken with\r
+leaven; they are the firstfruits unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:18 And ye shall offer with the bread seven lambs without blemish of\r
+the first year, and one young bullock, and two rams: they shall be for\r
+a burnt offering unto the LORD, with their meat offering, and their\r
+drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of sweet savour unto\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:19 Then ye shall sacrifice one kid of the goats for a sin offering,\r
+and two lambs of the first year for a sacrifice of peace offerings.\r
+\r
+23:20 And the priest shall wave them with the bread of the firstfruits\r
+for a wave offering before the LORD, with the two lambs: they shall be\r
+holy to the LORD for the priest.\r
+\r
+23:21 And ye shall proclaim on the selfsame day, that it may be an\r
+holy convocation unto you: ye shall do no servile work therein: it\r
+shall be a statute for ever in all your dwellings throughout your\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+23:22 And when ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make\r
+clean riddance of the corners of thy field when thou reapest, neither\r
+shalt thou gather any gleaning of thy harvest: thou shalt leave them\r
+unto the poor, and to the stranger: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+23:23 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 23:24 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of\r
+the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets,\r
+an holy convocation.\r
+\r
+23:25 Ye shall do no servile work therein: but ye shall offer an\r
+offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:26 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 23:27 Also on the tenth\r
+day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall\r
+be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and\r
+offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:28 And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of\r
+atonement, to make an atonement for you before the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+23:29 For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that\r
+same day, he shall be cut off from among his people.\r
+\r
+23:30 And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day,\r
+the same soul will I destroy from among his people.\r
+\r
+23:31 Ye shall do no manner of work: it shall be a statute for ever\r
+throughout your generations in all your dwellings.\r
+\r
+23:32 It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict\r
+your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto\r
+even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath.\r
+\r
+23:33 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 23:34 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, The fifteenth day of this seventh month\r
+shall be the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:35 On the first day shall be an holy convocation: ye shall do no\r
+servile work therein.\r
+\r
+23:36 Seven days ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the\r
+LORD: on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye\r
+shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a solemn\r
+assembly; and ye shall do no servile work therein.\r
+\r
+23:37 These are the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be\r
+holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD, a\r
+burnt offering, and a meat offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings,\r
+every thing upon his day: 23:38 Beside the sabbaths of the LORD, and\r
+beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your\r
+freewill offerings, which ye give unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:39 Also in the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have\r
+gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD\r
+seven days: on the first day shall be a sabbath, and on the eighth day\r
+shall be a sabbath.\r
+\r
+23:40 And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly\r
+trees, branches of palm trees, and the boughs of thick trees, and\r
+willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God\r
+seven days.\r
+\r
+23:41 And ye shall keep it a feast unto the LORD seven days in the\r
+year.\r
+\r
+It shall be a statute for ever in your generations: ye shall celebrate\r
+it in the seventh month.\r
+\r
+23:42 Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are Israelites\r
+born shall dwell in booths: 23:43 That your generations may know that\r
+I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them\r
+out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+23:44 And Moses declared unto the children of Israel the feasts of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+24:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 24:2 Command the children\r
+of Israel, that they bring unto thee pure oil olive beaten for the\r
+light, to cause the lamps to burn continually.\r
+\r
+24:3 Without the vail of the testimony, in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, shall Aaron order it from the evening unto the morning\r
+before the LORD continually: it shall be a statute for ever in your\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+24:4 He shall order the lamps upon the pure candlestick before the\r
+LORD continually.\r
+\r
+24:5 And thou shalt take fine flour, and bake twelve cakes thereof:\r
+two tenth deals shall be in one cake.\r
+\r
+24:6 And thou shalt set them in two rows, six on a row, upon the pure\r
+table before the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:7 And thou shalt put pure frankincense upon each row, that it may\r
+be on the bread for a memorial, even an offering made by fire unto the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+24:8 Every sabbath he shall set it in order before the LORD\r
+continually, being taken from the children of Israel by an everlasting\r
+covenant.\r
+\r
+24:9 And it shall be Aaron's and his sons'; and they shall eat it in\r
+the holy place: for it is most holy unto him of the offerings of the\r
+LORD made by fire by a perpetual statute.\r
+\r
+24:10 And the son of an Israelitish woman, whose father was an\r
+Egyptian, went out among the children of Israel: and this son of the\r
+Israelitish woman and a man of Israel strove together in the camp;\r
+24:11 And the Israelitish woman's son blasphemed the name of the Lord,\r
+and cursed. And they brought him unto Moses: (and his mother's name\r
+was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan:) 24:12 And\r
+they put him in ward, that the mind of the LORD might be shewed them.\r
+\r
+24:13 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 24:14 Bring forth him\r
+that hath cursed without the camp; and let all that heard him lay\r
+their hands upon his head, and let all the congregation stone him.\r
+\r
+24:15 And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying,\r
+Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his sin.\r
+\r
+24:16 And he that blasphemeth the name of the LORD, he shall surely be\r
+put to death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him: as\r
+well the stranger, as he that is born in the land, when he blasphemeth\r
+the name of the Lord, shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+24:17 And he that killeth any man shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+24:18 And he that killeth a beast shall make it good; beast for beast.\r
+\r
+24:19 And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as he hath done,\r
+so shall it be done to him; 24:20 Breach for breach, eye for eye,\r
+tooth for tooth: as he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be\r
+done to him again.\r
+\r
+24:21 And he that killeth a beast, he shall restore it: and he that\r
+killeth a man, he shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+24:22 Ye shall have one manner of law, as well for the stranger, as\r
+for one of your own country: for I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+24:23 And Moses spake to the children of Israel, that they should\r
+bring forth him that had cursed out of the camp, and stone him with\r
+stones. And the children of Israel did as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+25:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses in mount Sinai, saying, 25:2 Speak\r
+unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the\r
+land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+25:3 Six years thou shalt sow thy field, and six years thou shalt\r
+prune thy vineyard, and gather in the fruit thereof; 25:4 But in the\r
+seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land, a sabbath for\r
+the LORD: thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard.\r
+\r
+25:5 That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt\r
+not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed: for it is a\r
+year of rest unto the land.\r
+\r
+25:6 And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and\r
+for thy servant, and for thy maid, and for thy hired servant, and for\r
+thy stranger that sojourneth with thee.\r
+\r
+25:7 And for thy cattle, and for the beast that are in thy land, shall\r
+all the increase thereof be meat.\r
+\r
+25:8 And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven\r
+times seven years; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall\r
+be unto thee forty and nine years.\r
+\r
+25:9 Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the\r
+tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make\r
+the trumpet sound throughout all your land.\r
+\r
+25:10 And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty\r
+throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be\r
+a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession,\r
+and ye shall return every man unto his family.\r
+\r
+25:11 A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow,\r
+neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes\r
+in it of thy vine undressed.\r
+\r
+25:12 For it is the jubile; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat\r
+the increase thereof out of the field.\r
+\r
+25:13 In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his\r
+possession.\r
+\r
+25:14 And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of\r
+thy neighbour's hand, ye shall not oppress one another: 25:15\r
+According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of\r
+thy neighbour, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he\r
+shall sell unto thee: 25:16 According to the multitude of years thou\r
+shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of\r
+years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number\r
+of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee.\r
+\r
+25:17 Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear\r
+thy God:for I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+25:18 Wherefore ye shall do my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do\r
+them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety.\r
+\r
+25:19 And the land shall yield her fruit, and ye shall eat your fill,\r
+and dwell therein in safety.\r
+\r
+25:20 And if ye shall say, What shall we eat the seventh year? behold,\r
+we shall not sow, nor gather in our increase: 25:21 Then I will\r
+command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring\r
+forth fruit for three years.\r
+\r
+25:22 And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat yet of old fruit until\r
+the ninth year; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old\r
+store.\r
+\r
+25:23 The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine, for\r
+ye are strangers and sojourners with me.\r
+\r
+25:24 And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a\r
+redemption for the land.\r
+\r
+25:25 If thy brother be waxen poor, and hath sold away some of his\r
+possession, and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he\r
+redeem that which his brother sold.\r
+\r
+25:26 And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to\r
+redeem it; 25:27 Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and\r
+restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may\r
+return unto his possession.\r
+\r
+25:28 But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is\r
+sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the\r
+year of jubile: and in the jubile it shall go out, and he shall return\r
+unto his possession.\r
+\r
+25:29 And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may\r
+redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; within a full year may\r
+he redeem it.\r
+\r
+25:30 And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year, then\r
+the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to\r
+him that bought it throughout his generations: it shall not go out in\r
+the jubile.\r
+\r
+25:31 But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about\r
+them shall be counted as the fields of the country: they may be\r
+redeemed, and they shall go out in the jubile.\r
+\r
+25:32 Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, and the houses of the\r
+cities of their possession, may the Levites redeem at any time.\r
+\r
+25:33 And if a man purchase of the Levites, then the house that was\r
+sold, and the city of his possession, shall go out in the year of\r
+jubile: for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their\r
+possession among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+25:34 But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold;\r
+for it is their perpetual possession.\r
+\r
+25:35 And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with thee;\r
+then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger, or a\r
+sojourner; that he may live with thee.\r
+\r
+25:36 Take thou no usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that\r
+thy brother may live with thee.\r
+\r
+25:37 Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy\r
+victuals for increase.\r
+\r
+25:38 I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land\r
+of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, and to be your God.\r
+\r
+25:39 And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be\r
+sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant:\r
+25:40 But as an hired servant, and as a sojourner, he shall be with\r
+thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile.\r
+\r
+25:41 And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children\r
+with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the\r
+possession of his fathers shall he return.\r
+\r
+25:42 For they are my servants, which I brought forth out of the land\r
+of Egypt: they shall not be sold as bondmen.\r
+\r
+25:43 Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy\r
+God.\r
+\r
+25:44 Both thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, which thou shalt have,\r
+shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy\r
+bondmen and bondmaids.\r
+\r
+25:45 Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among\r
+you, of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you,\r
+which they begat in your land: and they shall be your possession.\r
+\r
+25:46 And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after\r
+you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for\r
+ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule\r
+one over another with rigour.\r
+\r
+25:47 And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee, and thy brother\r
+that dwelleth by him wax poor, and sell himself unto the stranger or\r
+sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger's family: 25:48\r
+After that he is sold he may be redeemed again; one of his brethren\r
+may redeem him: 25:49 Either his uncle, or his uncle's son, may redeem\r
+him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him;\r
+or if he be able, he may redeem himself.\r
+\r
+25:50 And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that\r
+he was sold to him unto the year of jubile: and the price of his sale\r
+shall be according unto the number of years, according to the time of\r
+an hired servant shall it be with him.\r
+\r
+25:51 If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall\r
+give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was\r
+bought for.\r
+\r
+25:52 And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile, then\r
+he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give\r
+him again the price of his redemption.\r
+\r
+25:53 And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the\r
+other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight.\r
+\r
+25:54 And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out\r
+in the year of jubile, both he, and his children with him.\r
+\r
+25:55 For unto me the children of Israel are servants; they are my\r
+servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD\r
+your God.\r
+\r
+26:1 Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up\r
+a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your\r
+land, to bow down unto it: for I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+26:2 Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+26:3 If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them;\r
+26:4 Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield\r
+her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.\r
+\r
+26:5 And your threshing shall reach unto the vintage, and the vintage\r
+shall reach unto the sowing time: and ye shall eat your bread to the\r
+full, and dwell in your land safely.\r
+\r
+26:6 And I will give peace in the land, and ye shall lie down, and\r
+none shall make you afraid: and I will rid evil beasts out of the\r
+land, neither shall the sword go through your land.\r
+\r
+26:7 And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you\r
+by the sword.\r
+\r
+26:8 And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of you\r
+shall put ten thousand to flight: and your enemies shall fall before\r
+you by the sword.\r
+\r
+26:9 For I will have respect unto you, and make you fruitful, and\r
+multiply you, and establish my covenant with you.\r
+\r
+26:10 And ye shall eat old store, and bring forth the old because of\r
+the new.\r
+\r
+26:11 And I set my tabernacle among you: and my soul shall not abhor\r
+you.\r
+\r
+26:12 And I will walk among you, and will be your God, and ye shall be\r
+my people.\r
+\r
+26:13 I am the LORD your God, which brought you forth out of the land\r
+of Egypt, that ye should not be their bondmen; and I have broken the\r
+bands of your yoke, and made you go upright.\r
+\r
+26:14 But if ye will not hearken unto me, and will not do all these\r
+commandments; 26:15 And if ye shall despise my statutes, or if your\r
+soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my commandments,\r
+but that ye break my covenant: 26:16 I also will do this unto you; I\r
+will even appoint over you terror, consumption, and the burning ague,\r
+that shall consume the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart: and ye shall\r
+sow your seed in vain, for your enemies shall eat it.\r
+\r
+26:17 And I will set my face against you, and ye shall be slain before\r
+your enemies: they that hate you shall reign over you; and ye shall\r
+flee when none pursueth you.\r
+\r
+26:18 And if ye will not yet for all this hearken unto me, then I will\r
+punish you seven times more for your sins.\r
+\r
+26:19 And I will break the pride of your power; and I will make your\r
+heaven as iron, and your earth as brass: 26:20 And your strength shall\r
+be spent in vain: for your land shall not yield her increase, neither\r
+shall the trees of the land yield their fruits.\r
+\r
+26:21 And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me; I\r
+will bring seven times more plagues upon you according to your sins.\r
+\r
+26:22 I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of\r
+your children, and destroy your cattle, and make you few in number;\r
+and your high ways shall be desolate.\r
+\r
+26:23 And if ye will not be reformed by me by these things, but will\r
+walk contrary unto me; 26:24 Then will I also walk contrary unto you,\r
+and will punish you yet seven times for your sins.\r
+\r
+26:25 And I will bring a sword upon you, that shall avenge the quarrel\r
+of my covenant: and when ye are gathered together within your cities,\r
+I will send the pestilence among you; and ye shall be delivered into\r
+the hand of the enemy.\r
+\r
+26:26 And when I have broken the staff of your bread, ten women shall\r
+bake your bread in one oven, and they shall deliver you your bread\r
+again by weight: and ye shall eat, and not be satisfied.\r
+\r
+26:27 And if ye will not for all this hearken unto me, but walk\r
+contrary unto me; 26:28 Then I will walk contrary unto you also in\r
+fury; and I, even I, will chastise you seven times for your sins.\r
+\r
+26:29 And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your\r
+daughters shall ye eat.\r
+\r
+26:30 And I will destroy your high places, and cut down your images,\r
+and cast your carcases upon the carcases of your idols, and my soul\r
+shall abhor you.\r
+\r
+26:31 And I will make your cities waste, and bring your sanctuaries\r
+unto desolation, and I will not smell the savour of your sweet odours.\r
+\r
+26:32 And I will bring the land into desolation: and your enemies\r
+which dwell therein shall be astonished at it.\r
+\r
+26:33 And I will scatter you among the heathen, and will draw out a\r
+sword after you: and your land shall be desolate, and your cities\r
+waste.\r
+\r
+26:34 Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth\r
+desolate, and ye be in your enemies' land; even then shall the land\r
+rest, and enjoy her sabbaths.\r
+\r
+26:35 As long as it lieth desolate it shall rest; because it did not\r
+rest in your sabbaths, when ye dwelt upon it.\r
+\r
+26:36 And upon them that are left alive of you I will send a faintness\r
+into their hearts in the lands of their enemies; and the sound of a\r
+shaken leaf shall chase them; and they shall flee, as fleeing from a\r
+sword; and they shall fall when none pursueth.\r
+\r
+26:37 And they shall fall one upon another, as it were before a sword,\r
+when none pursueth: and ye shall have no power to stand before your\r
+enemies.\r
+\r
+26:38 And ye shall perish among the heathen, and the land of your\r
+enemies shall eat you up.\r
+\r
+26:39 And they that are left of you shall pine away in their iniquity\r
+in your enemies' lands; and also in the iniquities of their fathers\r
+shall they pine away with them.\r
+\r
+26:40 If they shall confess their iniquity, and the iniquity of their\r
+fathers, with their trespass which they trespassed against me, and\r
+that also they have walked contrary unto me; 26:41 And that I also\r
+have walked contrary unto them, and have brought them into the land of\r
+their enemies; if then their uncircumcised hearts be humbled, and they\r
+then accept of the punishment of their iniquity: 26:42 Then will I\r
+remember my covenant with Jacob, and also my covenant with Isaac, and\r
+also my covenant with Abraham will I remember; and I will remember the\r
+land.\r
+\r
+26:43 The land also shall be left of them, and shall enjoy her\r
+sabbaths, while she lieth desolate without them: and they shall accept\r
+of the punishment of their iniquity: because, even because they\r
+despised my judgments, and because their soul abhorred my statutes.\r
+\r
+26:44 And yet for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies,\r
+I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them\r
+utterly, and to break my covenant with them: for I am the LORD their\r
+God.\r
+\r
+26:45 But I will for their sakes remember the covenant of their\r
+ancestors, whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt in the sight\r
+of the heathen, that I might be their God: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:46 These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the LORD\r
+made between him and the children of Israel in mount Sinai by the hand\r
+of Moses.\r
+\r
+27:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 27:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, When a man shall make a\r
+singular vow, the persons shall be for the LORD by thy estimation.\r
+\r
+27:3 And thy estimation shall be of the male from twenty years old\r
+even unto sixty years old, even thy estimation shall be fifty shekels\r
+of silver, after the shekel of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+27:4 And if it be a female, then thy estimation shall be thirty\r
+shekels.\r
+\r
+27:5 And if it be from five years old even unto twenty years old, then\r
+thy estimation shall be of the male twenty shekels, and for the female\r
+ten shekels.\r
+\r
+27:6 And if it be from a month old even unto five years old, then thy\r
+estimation shall be of the male five shekels of silver, and for the\r
+female thy estimation shall be three shekels of silver.\r
+\r
+27:7 And if it be from sixty years old and above; if it be a male,\r
+then thy estimation shall be fifteen shekels, and for the female ten\r
+shekels.\r
+\r
+27:8 But if he be poorer than thy estimation, then he shall present\r
+himself before the priest, and the priest shall value him; according\r
+to his ability that vowed shall the priest value him.\r
+\r
+27:9 And if it be a beast, whereof men bring an offering unto the\r
+LORD, all that any man giveth of such unto the LORD shall be holy.\r
+\r
+27:10 He shall not alter it, nor change it, a good for a bad, or a bad\r
+for a good: and if he shall at all change beast for beast, then it and\r
+the exchange thereof shall be holy.\r
+\r
+27:11 And if it be any unclean beast, of which they do not offer a\r
+sacrifice unto the LORD, then he shall present the beast before the\r
+priest: 27:12 And the priest shall value it, whether it be good or\r
+bad: as thou valuest it, who art the priest, so shall it be.\r
+\r
+27:13 But if he will at all redeem it, then he shall add a fifth part\r
+thereof unto thy estimation.\r
+\r
+27:14 And when a man shall sanctify his house to be holy unto the\r
+LORD, then the priest shall estimate it, whether it be good or bad: as\r
+the priest shall estimate it, so shall it stand.\r
+\r
+27:15 And if he that sanctified it will redeem his house, then he\r
+shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto it, and\r
+it shall be his.\r
+\r
+27:16 And if a man shall sanctify unto the LORD some part of a field\r
+of his possession, then thy estimation shall be according to the seed\r
+thereof: an homer of barley seed shall be valued at fifty shekels of\r
+silver.\r
+\r
+27:17 If he sanctify his field from the year of jubile, according to\r
+thy estimation it shall stand.\r
+\r
+27:18 But if he sanctify his field after the jubile, then the priest\r
+shall reckon unto him the money according to the years that remain,\r
+even unto the year of the jubile, and it shall be abated from thy\r
+estimation.\r
+\r
+27:19 And if he that sanctified the field will in any wise redeem it,\r
+then he shall add the fifth part of the money of thy estimation unto\r
+it, and it shall be assured to him.\r
+\r
+27:20 And if he will not redeem the field, or if he have sold the\r
+field to another man, it shall not be redeemed any more.\r
+\r
+27:21 But the field, when it goeth out in the jubile, shall be holy\r
+unto the LORD, as a field devoted; the possession thereof shall be the\r
+priest's.\r
+\r
+27:22 And if a man sanctify unto the LORD a field which he hath\r
+bought, which is not of the fields of his possession; 27:23 Then the\r
+priest shall reckon unto him the worth of thy estimation, even unto\r
+the year of the jubile: and he shall give thine estimation in that\r
+day, as a holy thing unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+27:24 In the year of the jubile the field shall return unto him of\r
+whom it was bought, even to him to whom the possession of the land did\r
+belong.\r
+\r
+27:25 And all thy estimations shall be according to the shekel of the\r
+sanctuary: twenty gerahs shall be the shekel.\r
+\r
+27:26 Only the firstling of the beasts, which should be the LORD's\r
+firstling, no man shall sanctify it; whether it be ox, or sheep: it is\r
+the LORD's.\r
+\r
+27:27 And if it be of an unclean beast, then he shall redeem it\r
+according to thine estimation, and shall add a fifth part of it\r
+thereto: or if it be not redeemed, then it shall be sold according to\r
+thy estimation.\r
+\r
+27:28 Notwithstanding no devoted thing, that a man shall devote unto\r
+the LORD of all that he hath, both of man and beast, and of the field\r
+of his possession, shall be sold or redeemed: every devoted thing is\r
+most holy unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+27:29 None devoted, which shall be devoted of men, shall be redeemed;\r
+but shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+27:30 And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land,\r
+or of the fruit of the tree, is the LORD's: it is holy unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+27:31 And if a man will at all redeem ought of his tithes, he shall\r
+add thereto the fifth part thereof.\r
+\r
+27:32 And concerning the tithe of the herd, or of the flock, even of\r
+whatsoever passeth under the rod, the tenth shall be holy unto the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+27:33 He shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall he\r
+change it: and if he change it at all, then both it and the change\r
+thereof shall be holy; it shall not be redeemed.\r
+\r
+27:34 These are the commandments, which the LORD commanded Moses for\r
+the children of Israel in mount Sinai.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Fourth Book of Moses: Called Numbers\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, on the first day of the second month,\r
+in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt,\r
+saying, 1:2 Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of\r
+Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the\r
+number of their names, every male by their polls; 1:3 From twenty\r
+years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel:\r
+thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies.\r
+\r
+1:4 And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head\r
+of the house of his fathers.\r
+\r
+1:5 And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you: of\r
+the tribe of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur.\r
+\r
+1:6 Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.\r
+\r
+1:7 Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab.\r
+\r
+1:8 Of Issachar; Nethaneel the son of Zuar.\r
+\r
+1:9 Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon.\r
+\r
+1:10 Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; Elishama the son of\r
+Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.\r
+\r
+1:11 Of Benjamin; Abidan the son of Gideoni.\r
+\r
+1:12 Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.\r
+\r
+1:13 Of Asher; Pagiel the son of Ocran.\r
+\r
+1:14 Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel.\r
+\r
+1:15 Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of Enan.\r
+\r
+1:16 These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of the\r
+tribes of their fathers, heads of thousands in Israel.\r
+\r
+1:17 And Moses and Aaron took these men which are expressed by their\r
+names: 1:18 And they assembled all the congregation together on the\r
+first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after\r
+their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number\r
+of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls.\r
+\r
+1:19 As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the\r
+wilderness of Sinai.\r
+\r
+1:20 And the children of Reuben, Israel's eldest son, by their\r
+generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers,\r
+according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from\r
+twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;\r
+1:21 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Reuben,\r
+were forty and six thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+1:22 Of the children of Simeon, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, those that were numbered of\r
+them, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male\r
+from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to\r
+war; 1:23 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of\r
+Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred.\r
+\r
+1:24 Of the children of Gad, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:25 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty.\r
+\r
+1:26 Of the children of Judah, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:27 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+1:28 Of the children of Issachar, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:29 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+1:30 Of the children of Zebulun, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:31 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+1:32 Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by\r
+their generations, after their families, by the house of their\r
+fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old\r
+and upward, all that were able to go forth to war; 1:33 Those that\r
+were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty\r
+thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+1:34 Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:35 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred.\r
+\r
+1:36 Of the children of Benjamin, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:37 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+1:38 Of the children of Dan, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:39 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred.\r
+\r
+1:40 Of the children of Asher, by their generations, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of\r
+the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go\r
+forth to war; 1:41 Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe\r
+of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+1:42 Of the children of Naphtali, throughout their generations, after\r
+their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number\r
+of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to\r
+go forth to war; 1:43 Those that were numbered of them, even of the\r
+tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+1:44 These are those that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron\r
+numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: each one was\r
+for the house of his fathers.\r
+\r
+1:45 So were all those that were numbered of the children of Israel,\r
+by the house of their fathers, from twenty years old and upward, all\r
+that were able to go forth to war in Israel; 1:46 Even all they that\r
+were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five\r
+hundred and fifty.\r
+\r
+1:47 But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not\r
+numbered among them.\r
+\r
+1:48 For the LORD had spoken unto Moses, saying, 1:49 Only thou shalt\r
+not number the tribe of Levi, neither take the sum of them among the\r
+children of Israel: 1:50 But thou shalt appoint the Levites over the\r
+tabernacle of testimony, and over all the vessels thereof, and over\r
+all things that belong to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all\r
+the vessels thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp\r
+round about the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+1:51 And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take\r
+it down: and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall\r
+set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+1:52 And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by\r
+his own camp, and every man by his own standard, throughout their\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+1:53 But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of\r
+testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the\r
+children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the\r
+tabernacle of testimony.\r
+\r
+1:54 And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD\r
+commanded Moses, so did they.\r
+\r
+2:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 2:2 Every\r
+man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with\r
+the ensign of their father's house: far off about the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation shall they pitch.\r
+\r
+2:3 And on the east side toward the rising of the sun shall they of\r
+the standard of the camp of Judah pitch throughout their armies: and\r
+Nahshon the son of Amminadab shall be captain of the children of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+2:4 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were\r
+threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+2:5 And those that do pitch next unto him shall be the tribe of\r
+Issachar: and Nethaneel the son of Zuar shall be captain of the\r
+children of Issachar.\r
+\r
+2:6 And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and\r
+four thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+2:7 Then the tribe of Zebulun: and Eliab the son of Helon shall be\r
+captain of the children of Zebulun.\r
+\r
+2:8 And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and\r
+seven thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+2:9 All that were numbered in the camp of Judah were an hundred\r
+thousand and fourscore thousand and six thousand and four hundred,\r
+throughout their armies. These shall first set forth.\r
+\r
+2:10 On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben\r
+according to their armies: and the captain of the children of Reuben\r
+shall be Elizur the son of Shedeur.\r
+\r
+2:11 And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were forty\r
+and six thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+2:12 And those which pitch by him shall be the tribe of Simeon: and\r
+the captain of the children of Simeon shall be Shelumiel the son of\r
+Zurishaddai.\r
+\r
+2:13 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty\r
+and nine thousand and three hundred.\r
+\r
+2:14 Then the tribe of Gad: and the captain of the sons of Gad shall\r
+be Eliasaph the son of Reuel.\r
+\r
+2:15 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty\r
+and five thousand and six hundred and fifty.\r
+\r
+2:16 All that were numbered in the camp of Reuben were an hundred\r
+thousand and fifty and one thousand and four hundred and fifty,\r
+throughout their armies. And they shall set forth in the second rank.\r
+\r
+2:17 Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall set forward with\r
+the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camp: as they encamp, so\r
+shall they set forward, every man in his place by their standards.\r
+\r
+2:18 On the west side shall be the standard of the camp of Ephraim\r
+according to their armies: and the captain of the sons of Ephraim\r
+shall be Elishama the son of Ammihud.\r
+\r
+2:19 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty\r
+thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+2:20 And by him shall be the tribe of Manasseh: and the captain of the\r
+children of Manasseh shall be Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.\r
+\r
+2:21 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty\r
+and two thousand and two hundred.\r
+\r
+2:22 Then the tribe of Benjamin: and the captain of the sons of\r
+Benjamin shall be Abidan the son of Gideoni.\r
+\r
+2:23 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty\r
+and five thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+2:24 All that were numbered of the camp of Ephraim were an hundred\r
+thousand and eight thousand and an hundred, throughout their armies.\r
+And they shall go forward in the third rank.\r
+\r
+2:25 The standard of the camp of Dan shall be on the north side by\r
+their armies: and the captain of the children of Dan shall be Ahiezer\r
+the son of Ammishaddai.\r
+\r
+2:26 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were\r
+threescore and two thousand and seven hundred.\r
+\r
+2:27 And those that encamp by him shall be the tribe of Asher: and the\r
+captain of the children of Asher shall be Pagiel the son of Ocran.\r
+\r
+2:28 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty\r
+and one thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+2:29 Then the tribe of Naphtali: and the captain of the children of\r
+Naphtali shall be Ahira the son of Enan.\r
+\r
+2:30 And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty\r
+and three thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+2:31 All they that were numbered in the camp of Dan were an hundred\r
+thousand and fifty and seven thousand and six hundred. They shall go\r
+hindmost with their standards.\r
+\r
+2:32 These are those which were numbered of the children of Israel by\r
+the house of their fathers: all those that were numbered of the camps\r
+throughout their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand\r
+and five hundred and fifty.\r
+\r
+2:33 But the Levites were not numbered among the children of Israel;\r
+as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+2:34 And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD\r
+commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set\r
+forward, every one after their families, according to the house of\r
+their fathers.\r
+\r
+3:1 These also are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that\r
+the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai.\r
+\r
+3:2 And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn,\r
+and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.\r
+\r
+3:3 These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were\r
+anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest's office.\r
+\r
+3:4 And Nadab and Abihu died before the LORD, when they offered\r
+strange fire before the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had\r
+no children: and Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest's office\r
+in the sight of Aaron their father.\r
+\r
+3:5 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 3:6 Bring the tribe of Levi\r
+near, and present them before Aaron the priest, that they may minister\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+3:7 And they shall keep his charge, and the charge of the whole\r
+congregation before the tabernacle of the congregation, to do the\r
+service of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+3:8 And they shall keep all the instruments of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and the charge of the children of Israel, to do the\r
+service of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+3:9 And thou shalt give the Levites unto Aaron and to his sons: they\r
+are wholly given unto him out of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:10 And thou shalt appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall wait on\r
+their priest's office: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put\r
+to death.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 3:12 And I, behold, I have\r
+taken the Levites from among the children of Israel instead of all the\r
+firstborn that openeth the matrix among the children of Israel:\r
+therefore the Levites shall be mine; 3:13 Because all the firstborn\r
+are mine; for on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of\r
+Egypt I hallowed unto me all the firstborn in Israel, both man and\r
+beast: mine shall they be: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:14 And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying,\r
+3:15 Number the children of Levi after the house of their fathers, by\r
+their families: every male from a month old and upward shalt thou\r
+number them.\r
+\r
+3:16 And Moses numbered them according to the word of the LORD, as he\r
+was commanded.\r
+\r
+3:17 And these were the sons of Levi by their names; Gershon, and\r
+Kohath, and Merari.\r
+\r
+3:18 And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families;\r
+Libni, and Shimei.\r
+\r
+3:19 And the sons of Kohath by their families; Amram, and Izehar,\r
+Hebron, and Uzziel.\r
+\r
+3:20 And the sons of Merari by their families; Mahli, and Mushi. These\r
+are the families of the Levites according to the house of their\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+3:21 Of Gershon was the family of the Libnites, and the family of the\r
+Shimites: these are the families of the Gershonites.\r
+\r
+3:22 Those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all\r
+the males, from a month old and upward, even those that were numbered\r
+of them were seven thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+3:23 The families of the Gershonites shall pitch behind the tabernacle\r
+westward.\r
+\r
+3:24 And the chief of the house of the father of the Gershonites shall\r
+be Eliasaph the son of Lael.\r
+\r
+3:25 And the charge of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation shall be the tabernacle, and the tent, the covering\r
+thereof, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, 3:26 And the hangings of the court, and the curtain for\r
+the door of the court, which is by the tabernacle, and by the altar\r
+round about, and the cords of it for all the service thereof.\r
+\r
+3:27 And of Kohath was the family of the Amramites, and the family of\r
+the Izeharites, and the family of the Hebronites, and the family of\r
+the Uzzielites: these are the families of the Kohathites.\r
+\r
+3:28 In the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were\r
+eight thousand and six hundred, keeping the charge of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+3:29 The families of the sons of Kohath shall pitch on the side of the\r
+tabernacle southward.\r
+\r
+3:30 And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the\r
+Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.\r
+\r
+3:31 And their charge shall be the ark, and the table, and the\r
+candlestick, and the altars, and the vessels of the sanctuary\r
+wherewith they minister, and the hanging, and all the service thereof.\r
+\r
+3:32 And Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest shall be chief over the\r
+chief of the Levites, and have the oversight of them that keep the\r
+charge of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+3:33 Of Merari was the family of the Mahlites, and the family of the\r
+Mushites: these are the families of Merari.\r
+\r
+3:34 And those that were numbered of them, according to the number of\r
+all the males, from a month old and upward, were six thousand and two\r
+hundred.\r
+\r
+3:35 And the chief of the house of the father of the families of\r
+Merari was Zuriel the son of Abihail: these shall pitch on the side of\r
+the tabernacle northward.\r
+\r
+3:36 And under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be\r
+the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars\r
+thereof, and the sockets thereof, and all the vessels thereof, and all\r
+that serveth thereto, 3:37 And the pillars of the court round about,\r
+and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords.\r
+\r
+3:38 But those that encamp before the tabernacle toward the east, even\r
+before the tabernacle of the congregation eastward, shall be Moses,\r
+and Aaron and his sons, keeping the charge of the sanctuary for the\r
+charge of the children of Israel; and the stranger that cometh nigh\r
+shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+3:39 All that were numbered of the Levites, which Moses and Aaron\r
+numbered at the commandment of the LORD, throughout their families,\r
+all the males from a month old and upward, were twenty and two\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+3:40 And the LORD said unto Moses, Number all the firstborn of the\r
+males of the children of Israel from a month old and upward, and take\r
+the number of their names.\r
+\r
+3:41 And thou shalt take the Levites for me (I am the LORD) instead of\r
+all the firstborn among the children of Israel; and the cattle of the\r
+Levites instead of all the firstlings among the cattle of the children\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:42 And Moses numbered, as the LORD commanded him, all the firstborn\r
+among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:43 And all the firstborn males by the number of names, from a month\r
+old and upward, of those that were numbered of them, were twenty and\r
+two thousand two hundred and threescore and thirteen.\r
+\r
+3:44 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 3:45 Take the Levites\r
+instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel, and the\r
+cattle of the Levites instead of their cattle; and the Levites shall\r
+be mine: I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:46 And for those that are to be redeemed of the two hundred and\r
+threescore and thirteen of the firstborn of the children of Israel,\r
+which are more than the Levites; 3:47 Thou shalt even take five\r
+shekels apiece by the poll, after the shekel of the sanctuary shalt\r
+thou take them: (the shekel is twenty gerahs:) 3:48 And thou shalt\r
+give the money, wherewith the odd number of them is to be redeemed,\r
+unto Aaron and to his sons.\r
+\r
+3:49 And Moses took the redemption money of them that were over and\r
+above them that were redeemed by the Levites: 3:50 Of the firstborn of\r
+the children of Israel took he the money; a thousand three hundred and\r
+threescore and five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary: 3:51\r
+And Moses gave the money of them that were redeemed unto Aaron and to\r
+his sons, according to the word of the LORD, as the LORD commanded\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+4:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 4:2 Take the\r
+sum of the sons of Kohath from among the sons of Levi, after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers, 4:3 From thirty years old and\r
+upward even until fifty years old, all that enter into the host, to do\r
+the work in the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:4 This shall be the service of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation, about the most holy things: 4:5 And when the camp\r
+setteth forward, Aaron shall come, and his sons, and they shall take\r
+down the covering vail, and cover the ark of testimony with it: 4:6\r
+And shall put thereon the covering of badgers' skins, and shall spread\r
+over it a cloth wholly of blue, and shall put in the staves thereof.\r
+\r
+4:7 And upon the table of shewbread they shall spread a cloth of blue,\r
+and put thereon the dishes, and the spoons, and the bowls, and covers\r
+to cover withal: and the continual bread shall be thereon: 4:8 And\r
+they shall spread upon them a cloth of scarlet, and cover the same\r
+with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put in the staves\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+4:9 And they shall take a cloth of blue, and cover the candlestick of\r
+the light, and his lamps, and his tongs, and his snuffdishes, and all\r
+the oil vessels thereof, wherewith they minister unto it: 4:10 And\r
+they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a covering of\r
+badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar.\r
+\r
+4:11 And upon the golden altar they shall spread a cloth of blue, and\r
+cover it with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put to the\r
+staves thereof: 4:12 And they shall take all the instruments of\r
+ministry, wherewith they minister in the sanctuary, and put them in a\r
+cloth of blue, and cover them with a covering of badgers' skins, and\r
+shall put them on a bar: 4:13 And they shall take away the ashes from\r
+the altar, and spread a purple cloth thereon: 4:14 And they shall put\r
+upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it,\r
+even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all\r
+the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of\r
+badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it.\r
+\r
+4:15 And when Aaron and his sons have made an end of covering the\r
+sanctuary, and all the vessels of the sanctuary, as the camp is to set\r
+forward; after that, the sons of Kohath shall come to bear it: but\r
+they shall not touch any holy thing, lest they die. These things are\r
+the burden of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+4:16 And to the office of Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest\r
+pertaineth the oil for the light, and the sweet incense, and the daily\r
+meat offering, and the anointing oil, and the oversight of all the\r
+tabernacle, and of all that therein is, in the sanctuary, and in the\r
+vessels thereof.\r
+\r
+4:17 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron saying, 4:18 Cut ye\r
+not off the tribe of the families of the Kohathites from among the\r
+Levites: 4:19 But thus do unto them, that they may live, and not die,\r
+when they approach unto the most holy things: Aaron and his sons shall\r
+go in, and appoint them every one to his service and to his burden:\r
+4:20 But they shall not go in to see when the holy things are covered,\r
+lest they die.\r
+\r
+4:21 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 4:22 Take also the sum of\r
+the sons of Gershon, throughout the houses of their fathers, by their\r
+families; 4:23 From thirty years old and upward until fifty years old\r
+shalt thou number them; all that enter in to perform the service, to\r
+do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:24 This is the service of the families of the Gershonites, to serve,\r
+and for burdens: 4:25 And they shall bear the curtains of the\r
+tabernacle, and the tabernacle of the congregation, his covering, and\r
+the covering of the badgers' skins that is above upon it, and the\r
+hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, 4:26 And\r
+the hangings of the court, and the hanging for the door of the gate of\r
+the court, which is by the tabernacle and by the altar round about,\r
+and their cords, and all the instruments of their service, and all\r
+that is made for them: so shall they serve.\r
+\r
+4:27 At the appointment of Aaron and his sons shall be all the service\r
+of the sons of the Gershonites, in all their burdens, and in all their\r
+service: and ye shall appoint unto them in charge all their burdens.\r
+\r
+4:28 This is the service of the families of the sons of Gershon in the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation: and their charge shall be under the\r
+hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.\r
+\r
+4:29 As for the sons of Merari, thou shalt number them after their\r
+families, by the house of their fathers; 4:30 From thirty years old\r
+and upward even unto fifty years old shalt thou number them, every one\r
+that entereth into the service, to do the work of the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation.\r
+\r
+4:31 And this is the charge of their burden, according to all their\r
+service in the tabernacle of the congregation; the boards of the\r
+tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and sockets\r
+thereof, 4:32 And the pillars of the court round about, and their\r
+sockets, and their pins, and their cords, with all their instruments,\r
+and with all their service: and by name ye shall reckon the\r
+instruments of the charge of their burden.\r
+\r
+4:33 This is the service of the families of the sons of Merari,\r
+according to all their service, in the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.\r
+\r
+4:34 And Moses and Aaron and the chief of the congregation numbered\r
+the sons of the Kohathites after their families, and after the house\r
+of their fathers, 4:35 From thirty years old and upward even unto\r
+fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the\r
+work in the tabernacle of the congregation: 4:36 And those that were\r
+numbered of them by their families were two thousand seven hundred and\r
+fifty.\r
+\r
+4:37 These were they that were numbered of the families of the\r
+Kohathites, all that might do service in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, which Moses and Aaron did number according to the\r
+commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+4:38 And those that were numbered of the sons of Gershon, throughout\r
+their families, and by the house of their fathers, 4:39 From thirty\r
+years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that\r
+entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, 4:40 Even those that were numbered of them, throughout\r
+their families, by the house of their fathers, were two thousand and\r
+six hundred and thirty.\r
+\r
+4:41 These are they that were numbered of the families of the sons of\r
+Gershon, of all that might do service in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, whom Moses and Aaron did number according to the\r
+commandment of the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:42 And those that were numbered of the families of the sons of\r
+Merari, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, 4:43\r
+From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one\r
+that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, 4:44 Even those that were numbered of them after their\r
+families, were three thousand and two hundred.\r
+\r
+4:45 These be those that were numbered of the families of the sons of\r
+Merari, whom Moses and Aaron numbered according to the word of the\r
+LORD by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+4:46 All those that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron\r
+and the chief of Israel numbered, after their families, and after the\r
+house of their fathers, 4:47 From thirty years old and upward even\r
+unto fifty years old, every one that came to do the service of the\r
+ministry, and the service of the burden in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+4:48 Even those that were numbered of them, were eight thousand and\r
+five hundred and fourscore, 4:49 According to the commandment of the\r
+LORD they were numbered by the hand of Moses, every one according to\r
+his service, and according to his burden: thus were they numbered of\r
+him, as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+5:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 5:2 Command the children of\r
+Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that\r
+hath an issue, and whosoever is defiled by the dead: 5:3 Both male and\r
+female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them; that they\r
+defile not their camps, in the midst whereof I dwell.\r
+\r
+5:4 And the children of Israel did so, and put them out without the\r
+camp: as the LORD spake unto Moses, so did the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:5 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 5:6 Speak unto the children\r
+of Israel, When a man or woman shall commit any sin that men commit,\r
+to do a trespass against the LORD, and that person be guilty; 5:7 Then\r
+they shall confess their sin which they have done: and he shall\r
+recompense his trespass with the principal thereof, and add unto it\r
+the fifth part thereof, and give it unto him against whom he hath\r
+trespassed.\r
+\r
+5:8 But if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto,\r
+let the trespass be recompensed unto the LORD, even to the priest;\r
+beside the ram of the atonement, whereby an atonement shall be made\r
+for him.\r
+\r
+5:9 And every offering of all the holy things of the children of\r
+Israel, which they bring unto the priest, shall be his.\r
+\r
+5:10 And every man's hallowed things shall be his: whatsoever any man\r
+giveth the priest, it shall be his.\r
+\r
+5:11 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 5:12 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go aside, and\r
+commit a trespass against him, 5:13 And a man lie with her carnally,\r
+and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, and she\r
+be defiled, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken\r
+with the manner; 5:14 And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he\r
+be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of\r
+jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not\r
+defiled: 5:15 Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and\r
+he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of\r
+barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense\r
+thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial,\r
+bringing iniquity to remembrance.\r
+\r
+5:16 And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the LORD:\r
+5:17 And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of\r
+the dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take,\r
+and put it into the water: 5:18 And the priest shall set the woman\r
+before the LORD, and uncover the woman's head, and put the offering of\r
+memorial in her hands, which is the jealousy offering: and the priest\r
+shall have in his hand the bitter water that causeth the curse: 5:19\r
+And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say unto the woman, If\r
+no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to\r
+uncleanness with another instead of thy husband, be thou free from\r
+this bitter water that causeth the curse: 5:20 But if thou hast gone\r
+aside to another instead of thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and\r
+some man have lain with thee beside thine husband: 5:21 Then the\r
+priest shall charge the woman with an oath of cursing, and the priest\r
+shall say unto the woman, The LORD make thee a curse and an oath among\r
+thy people, when the LORD doth make thy thigh to rot, and thy belly to\r
+swell; 5:22 And this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy\r
+bowels, to make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to rot: And the\r
+woman shall say, Amen, amen.\r
+\r
+5:23 And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall\r
+blot them out with the bitter water: 5:24 And he shall cause the woman\r
+to drink the bitter water that causeth the curse: and the water that\r
+causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter.\r
+\r
+5:25 Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the\r
+woman's hand, and shall wave the offering before the LORD, and offer\r
+it upon the altar: 5:26 And the priest shall take an handful of the\r
+offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and\r
+afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water.\r
+\r
+5:27 And when he hath made her to drink the water, then it shall come\r
+to pass, that, if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her\r
+husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her,\r
+and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall rot:\r
+and the woman shall be a curse among her people.\r
+\r
+5:28 And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean; then she shall be\r
+free, and shall conceive seed.\r
+\r
+5:29 This is the law of jealousies, when a wife goeth aside to another\r
+instead of her husband, and is defiled; 5:30 Or when the spirit of\r
+jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall\r
+set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her\r
+all this law.\r
+\r
+5:31 Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity, and this woman\r
+shall bear her iniquity.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:2 Speak unto the children\r
+of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate\r
+themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the\r
+LORD: 6:3 He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and\r
+shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither\r
+shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried.\r
+\r
+6:4 All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made\r
+of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk.\r
+\r
+6:5 All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor\r
+come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he\r
+separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the\r
+locks of the hair of his head grow.\r
+\r
+6:6 All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall\r
+come at no dead body.\r
+\r
+6:7 He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his\r
+mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the\r
+consecration of his God is upon his head.\r
+\r
+6:8 All the days of his separation he is holy unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:9 And if any man die very suddenly by him, and he hath defiled the\r
+head of his consecration; then he shall shave his head in the day of\r
+his cleansing, on the seventh day shall he shave it.\r
+\r
+6:10 And on the eighth day he shall bring two turtles, or two young\r
+pigeons, to the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation: 6:11 And the priest shall offer the one for a sin\r
+offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make an atonement\r
+for him, for that he sinned by the dead, and shall hallow his head\r
+that same day.\r
+\r
+6:12 And he shall consecrate unto the LORD the days of his separation,\r
+and shall bring a lamb of the first year for a trespass offering: but\r
+the days that were before shall be lost, because his separation was\r
+defiled.\r
+\r
+6:13 And this is the law of the Nazarite, when the days of his\r
+separation are fulfilled: he shall be brought unto the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation: 6:14 And he shall offer his offering\r
+unto the LORD, one he lamb of the first year without blemish for a\r
+burnt offering, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish for\r
+a sin offering, and one ram without blemish for peace offerings, 6:15\r
+And a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mingled with\r
+oil, and wafers of unleavened bread anointed with oil, and their meat\r
+offering, and their drink offerings.\r
+\r
+6:16 And the priest shall bring them before the LORD, and shall offer\r
+his sin offering, and his burnt offering: 6:17 And he shall offer the\r
+ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, with the basket\r
+of unleavened bread: the priest shall offer also his meat offering,\r
+and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+6:18 And the Nazarite shall shave the head of his separation at the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall take the hair of\r
+the head of his separation, and put it in the fire which is under the\r
+sacrifice of the peace offerings.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the priest shall take the sodden shoulder of the ram, and one\r
+unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall\r
+put them upon the hands of the Nazarite, after the hair of his\r
+separation is shaven: 6:20 And the priest shall wave them for a wave\r
+offering before the LORD: this is holy for the priest, with the wave\r
+breast and heave shoulder: and after that the Nazarite may drink wine.\r
+\r
+6:21 This is the law of the Nazarite who hath vowed, and of his\r
+offering unto the LORD for his separation, beside that that his hand\r
+shall get: according to the vow which he vowed, so he must do after\r
+the law of his separation.\r
+\r
+6:22 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 6:23 Speak unto Aaron and\r
+unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of\r
+Israel, saying unto them, 6:24 The LORD bless thee, and keep thee:\r
+6:25 The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto\r
+thee: 6:26 The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+6:27 And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel, and I\r
+will bless them.\r
+\r
+7:1 And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the\r
+tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the\r
+instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and\r
+had anointed them, and sanctified them; 7:2 That the princes of\r
+Israel, heads of the house of their fathers, who were the princes of\r
+the tribes, and were over them that were numbered, offered: 7:3 And\r
+they brought their offering before the LORD, six covered wagons, and\r
+twelve oxen; a wagon for two of the princes, and for each one an ox:\r
+and they brought them before the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+7:4 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 7:5 Take it of them, that\r
+they may be to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation;\r
+and thou shalt give them unto the Levites, to every man according to\r
+his service.\r
+\r
+7:6 And Moses took the wagons and the oxen, and gave them unto the\r
+Levites.\r
+\r
+7:7 Two wagons and four oxen he gave unto the sons of Gershon,\r
+according to their service: 7:8 And four wagons and eight oxen he gave\r
+unto the sons of Merari, according unto their service, under the hand\r
+of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.\r
+\r
+7:9 But unto the sons of Kohath he gave none: because the service of\r
+the sanctuary belonging unto them was that they should bear upon their\r
+shoulders.\r
+\r
+7:10 And the princes offered for dedicating of the altar in the day\r
+that it was anointed, even the princes offered their offering before\r
+the altar.\r
+\r
+7:11 And the LORD said unto Moses, They shall offer their offering,\r
+each prince on his day, for the dedicating of the altar.\r
+\r
+7:12 And he that offered his offering the first day was Nahshon the\r
+son of Amminadab, of the tribe of Judah: 7:13 And his offering was one\r
+silver charger, the weight thereof was an hundred and thirty shekels,\r
+one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary;\r
+both of them were full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat\r
+offering: 7:14 One spoon of ten shekels of gold, full of incense: 7:15\r
+One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt\r
+offering: 7:16 One kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:17 And for a\r
+sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five\r
+lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nahshon the son of\r
+Amminadab.\r
+\r
+7:18 On the second day Nethaneel the son of Zuar, prince of Issachar,\r
+did offer: 7:19 He offered for his offering one silver charger, the\r
+weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of\r
+seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full\r
+of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:20 One spoon of\r
+gold of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:21 One young bullock, one ram,\r
+one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:22 One kid of the\r
+goats for a sin offering: 7:23 And for a sacrifice of peace offerings,\r
+two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this\r
+was the offering of Nethaneel the son of Zuar.\r
+\r
+7:24 On the third day Eliab the son of Helon, prince of the children\r
+of Zebulun, did offer: 7:25 His offering was one silver charger, the\r
+weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of\r
+seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full\r
+of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:26 One golden\r
+spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:27 One young bullock, one\r
+ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:28 One kid of\r
+the goats for a sin offering: 7:29 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Eliab the son of Helon.\r
+\r
+7:30 On the fourth day Elizur the son of Shedeur, prince of the\r
+children of Reuben, did offer: 7:31 His offering was one silver\r
+charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver\r
+bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of\r
+them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:32 One\r
+golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:33 One young bullock,\r
+one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:34 One\r
+kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:35 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Elizur the son of Shedeur.\r
+\r
+7:36 On the fifth day Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai, prince of the\r
+children of Simeon, did offer: 7:37 His offering was one silver\r
+charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one\r
+silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary;\r
+both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:\r
+7:38 One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:39 One young\r
+bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:\r
+7:40 One kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:41 And for a sacrifice\r
+of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of\r
+the first year: this was the offering of Shelumiel the son of\r
+Zurishaddai.\r
+\r
+7:42 On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel, prince of the\r
+children of Gad, offered: 7:43 His offering was one silver charger of\r
+the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, a silver bowl of seventy\r
+shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine\r
+flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:44 One golden spoon of\r
+ten shekels, full of incense: 7:45 One young bullock, one ram, one\r
+lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:46 One kid of the\r
+goats for a sin offering: 7:47 And for a sacrifice of peace offerings,\r
+two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this\r
+was the offering of Eliasaph the son of Deuel.\r
+\r
+7:48 On the seventh day Elishama the son of Ammihud, prince of the\r
+children of Ephraim, offered: 7:49 His offering was one silver\r
+charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one\r
+silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary;\r
+both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:\r
+7:50 One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:51 One young\r
+bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:\r
+7:52 One kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:53 And for a sacrifice\r
+of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of\r
+the first year: this was the offering of Elishama the son of Ammihud.\r
+\r
+7:54 On the eighth day offered Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur, prince of\r
+the children of Manasseh: 7:55 His offering was one silver charger of\r
+the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of\r
+seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full\r
+of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:56 One golden\r
+spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:57 One young bullock, one\r
+ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:58 One kid of\r
+the goats for a sin offering: 7:59 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.\r
+\r
+7:60 On the ninth day Abidan the son of Gideoni, prince of the\r
+children of Benjamin, offered: 7:61 His offering was one silver\r
+charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one\r
+silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary;\r
+both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:\r
+7:62 One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:63 One young\r
+bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:\r
+7:64 One kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:65 And for a sacrifice\r
+of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of\r
+the first year: this was the offering of Abidan the son of Gideoni.\r
+\r
+7:66 On the tenth day Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai, prince of the\r
+children of Dan, offered: 7:67 His offering was one silver charger,\r
+the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl\r
+of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them\r
+full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:68 One\r
+golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:69 One young bullock,\r
+one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:70 One\r
+kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:71 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.\r
+\r
+7:72 On the eleventh day Pagiel the son of Ocran, prince of the\r
+children of Asher, offered: 7:73 His offering was one silver charger,\r
+the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl\r
+of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them\r
+full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:74 One\r
+golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:75 One young bullock,\r
+one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:76 One\r
+kid of the goats for a sin offering: 7:77 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Pagiel the son of Ocran.\r
+\r
+7:78 On the twelfth day Ahira the son of Enan, prince of the children\r
+of Naphtali, offered: 7:79 His offering was one silver charger, the\r
+weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of\r
+seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full\r
+of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering: 7:80 One golden\r
+spoon of ten shekels, full of incense: 7:81 One young bullock, one\r
+ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering: 7:82 One kid of\r
+the goats for a sin offering: 7:83 And for a sacrifice of peace\r
+offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first\r
+year: this was the offering of Ahira the son of Enan.\r
+\r
+7:84 This was the dedication of the altar, in the day when it was\r
+anointed, by the princes of Israel: twelve chargers of silver, twelve\r
+silver bowls, twelve spoons of gold: 7:85 Each charger of silver\r
+weighing an hundred and thirty shekels, each bowl seventy: all the\r
+silver vessels weighed two thousand and four hundred shekels, after\r
+the shekel of the sanctuary: 7:86 The golden spoons were twelve, full\r
+of incense, weighing ten shekels apiece, after the shekel of the\r
+sanctuary: all the gold of the spoons was an hundred and twenty\r
+shekels.\r
+\r
+7:87 All the oxen for the burnt offering were twelve bullocks, the\r
+rams twelve, the lambs of the first year twelve, with their meat\r
+offering: and the kids of the goats for sin offering twelve.\r
+\r
+7:88 And all the oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings were\r
+twenty and four bullocks, the rams sixty, the he goats sixty, the\r
+lambs of the first year sixty. This was the dedication of the altar,\r
+after that it was anointed.\r
+\r
+7:89 And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him\r
+from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from\r
+between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him.\r
+\r
+8:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 8:2 Speak unto Aaron and\r
+say unto him, When thou lightest the lamps, the seven lamps shall give\r
+light over against the candlestick.\r
+\r
+8:3 And Aaron did so; he lighted the lamps thereof over against the\r
+candlestick, as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+8:4 And this work of the candlestick was of beaten gold, unto the\r
+shaft thereof, unto the flowers thereof, was beaten work: according\r
+unto the pattern which the LORD had shewed Moses, so he made the\r
+candlestick.\r
+\r
+8:5 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 8:6 Take the Levites from\r
+among the children of Israel, and cleanse them.\r
+\r
+8:7 And thus shalt thou do unto them, to cleanse them: Sprinkle water\r
+of purifying upon them, and let them shave all their flesh, and let\r
+them wash their clothes, and so make themselves clean.\r
+\r
+8:8 Then let them take a young bullock with his meat offering, even\r
+fine flour mingled with oil, and another young bullock shalt thou take\r
+for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+8:9 And thou shalt bring the Levites before the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation: and thou shalt gather the whole assembly of the children\r
+of Israel together: 8:10 And thou shalt bring the Levites before the\r
+LORD: and the children of Israel shall put their hands upon the\r
+Levites: 8:11 And Aaron shall offer the Levites before the LORD for an\r
+offering of the children of Israel, that they may execute the service\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:12 And the Levites shall lay their hands upon the heads of the\r
+bullocks: and thou shalt offer the one for a sin offering, and the\r
+other for a burnt offering, unto the LORD, to make an atonement for\r
+the Levites.\r
+\r
+8:13 And thou shalt set the Levites before Aaron, and before his sons,\r
+and offer them for an offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:14 Thus shalt thou separate the Levites from among the children of\r
+Israel: and the Levites shall be mine.\r
+\r
+8:15 And after that shall the Levites go in to do the service of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt cleanse them, and offer\r
+them for an offering.\r
+\r
+8:16 For they are wholly given unto me from among the children of\r
+Israel; instead of such as open every womb, even instead of the\r
+firstborn of all the children of Israel, have I taken them unto me.\r
+\r
+8:17 For all the firstborn of the children of Israel are mine, both\r
+man and beast: on the day that I smote every firstborn in the land of\r
+Egypt I sanctified them for myself.\r
+\r
+8:18 And I have taken the Levites for all the firstborn of the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:19 And I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and to his sons\r
+from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children\r
+of Israel in the tabernacle of the congregation, and to make an\r
+atonement for the children of Israel: that there be no plague among\r
+the children of Israel, when the children of Israel come nigh unto the\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+8:20 And Moses, and Aaron, and all the congregation of the children of\r
+Israel, did to the Levites according unto all that the LORD commanded\r
+Moses concerning the Levites, so did the children of Israel unto them.\r
+\r
+8:21 And the Levites were purified, and they washed their clothes; and\r
+Aaron offered them as an offering before the LORD; and Aaron made an\r
+atonement for them to cleanse them.\r
+\r
+8:22 And after that went the Levites in to do their service in the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation before Aaron, and before his sons: as\r
+the LORD had commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did they unto\r
+them.\r
+\r
+8:23 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 8:24 This is it that\r
+belongeth unto the Levites: from twenty and five years old and upward\r
+they shall go in to wait upon the service of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation: 8:25 And from the age of fifty years they shall cease\r
+waiting upon the service thereof, and shall serve no more: 8:26 But\r
+shall minister with their brethren in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, to keep the charge, and shall do no service. Thus shalt\r
+thou do unto the Levites touching their charge.\r
+\r
+9:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the\r
+first month of the second year after they were come out of the land of\r
+Egypt, saying, 9:2 Let the children of Israel also keep the passover\r
+at his appointed season.\r
+\r
+9:3 In the fourteenth day of this month, at even, ye shall keep it in\r
+his appointed season: according to all the rites of it, and according\r
+to all the ceremonies thereof, shall ye keep it.\r
+\r
+9:4 And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, that they should keep\r
+the passover.\r
+\r
+9:5 And they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the first\r
+month at even in the wilderness of Sinai: according to all that the\r
+LORD commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+9:6 And there were certain men, who were defiled by the dead body of a\r
+man, that they could not keep the passover on that day: and they came\r
+before Moses and before Aaron on that day: 9:7 And those men said unto\r
+him, We are defiled by the dead body of a man: wherefore are we kept\r
+back, that we may not offer an offering of the LORD in his appointed\r
+season among the children of Israel? 9:8 And Moses said unto them,\r
+Stand still, and I will hear what the LORD will command concerning\r
+you.\r
+\r
+9:9 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 9:10 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, saying, If any man of you or of your posterity\r
+shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar\r
+off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:11 The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep\r
+it, and eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.\r
+\r
+9:12 They shall leave none of it unto the morning, nor break any bone\r
+of it: according to all the ordinances of the passover they shall keep\r
+it.\r
+\r
+9:13 But the man that is clean, and is not in a journey, and\r
+forbeareth to keep the passover, even the same soul shall be cut off\r
+from among his people: because he brought not the offering of the LORD\r
+in his appointed season, that man shall bear his sin.\r
+\r
+9:14 And if a stranger shall sojourn among you, and will keep the\r
+passover unto the LORD; according to the ordinance of the passover,\r
+and according to the manner thereof, so shall he do: ye shall have one\r
+ordinance, both for the stranger, and for him that was born in the\r
+land.\r
+\r
+9:15 And on the day that the tabernacle was reared up the cloud\r
+covered the tabernacle, namely, the tent of the testimony: and at even\r
+there was upon the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire, until\r
+the morning.\r
+\r
+9:16 So it was alway: the cloud covered it by day, and the appearance\r
+of fire by night.\r
+\r
+9:17 And when the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after\r
+that the children of Israel journeyed: and in the place where the\r
+cloud abode, there the children of Israel pitched their tents.\r
+\r
+9:18 At the commandment of the LORD the children of Israel journeyed,\r
+and at the commandment of the LORD they pitched: as long as the cloud\r
+abode upon the tabernacle they rested in their tents.\r
+\r
+9:19 And when the cloud tarried long upon the tabernacle many days,\r
+then the children of Israel kept the charge of the LORD, and journeyed\r
+not.\r
+\r
+9:20 And so it was, when the cloud was a few days upon the tabernacle;\r
+according to the commandment of the LORD they abode in their tents,\r
+and according to the commandment of the LORD they journeyed.\r
+\r
+9:21 And so it was, when the cloud abode from even unto the morning,\r
+and that the cloud was taken up in the morning, then they journeyed:\r
+whether it was by day or by night that the cloud was taken up, they\r
+journeyed.\r
+\r
+9:22 Or whether it were two days, or a month, or a year, that the\r
+cloud tarried upon the tabernacle, remaining thereon, the children of\r
+Israel abode in their tents, and journeyed not: but when it was taken\r
+up, they journeyed.\r
+\r
+9:23 At the commandment of the LORD they rested in the tents, and at\r
+the commandment of the LORD they journeyed: they kept the charge of\r
+the LORD, at the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+10:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 10:2 Make thee two\r
+trumpets of silver; of a whole piece shalt thou make them: that thou\r
+mayest use them for the calling of the assembly, and for the\r
+journeying of the camps.\r
+\r
+10:3 And when they shall blow with them, all the assembly shall\r
+assemble themselves to thee at the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+10:4 And if they blow but with one trumpet, then the princes, which\r
+are heads of the thousands of Israel, shall gather themselves unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+10:5 When ye blow an alarm, then the camps that lie on the east parts\r
+shall go forward.\r
+\r
+10:6 When ye blow an alarm the second time, then the camps that lie on\r
+the south side shall take their journey: they shall blow an alarm for\r
+their journeys.\r
+\r
+10:7 But when the congregation is to be gathered together, ye shall\r
+blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm.\r
+\r
+10:8 And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow with the trumpets;\r
+and they shall be to you for an ordinance for ever throughout your\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+10:9 And if ye go to war in your land against the enemy that\r
+oppresseth you, then ye shall blow an alarm with the trumpets; and ye\r
+shall be remembered before the LORD your God, and ye shall be saved\r
+from your enemies.\r
+\r
+10:10 Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and\r
+in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over\r
+your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings;\r
+that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the LORD\r
+your God.\r
+\r
+10:11 And it came to pass on the twentieth day of the second month, in\r
+the second year, that the cloud was taken up from off the tabernacle\r
+of the testimony.\r
+\r
+10:12 And the children of Israel took their journeys out of the\r
+wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran.\r
+\r
+10:13 And they first took their journey according to the commandment\r
+of the LORD by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+10:14 In the first place went the standard of the camp of the children\r
+of Judah according to their armies: and over his host was Nahshon the\r
+son of Amminadab.\r
+\r
+10:15 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Issachar was\r
+Nethaneel the son of Zuar.\r
+\r
+10:16 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Zebulun was\r
+Eliab the son of Helon.\r
+\r
+10:17 And the tabernacle was taken down; and the sons of Gershon and\r
+the sons of Merari set forward, bearing the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+10:18 And the standard of the camp of Reuben set forward according to\r
+their armies: and over his host was Elizur the son of Shedeur.\r
+\r
+10:19 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Simeon was\r
+Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.\r
+\r
+10:20 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Gad was\r
+Eliasaph the son of Deuel.\r
+\r
+10:21 And the Kohathites set forward, bearing the sanctuary: and the\r
+other did set up the tabernacle against they came.\r
+\r
+10:22 And the standard of the camp of the children of Ephraim set\r
+forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elishama the\r
+son of Ammihud.\r
+\r
+10:23 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Manasseh was\r
+Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.\r
+\r
+10:24 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Benjamin was\r
+Abidan the son of Gideoni.\r
+\r
+10:25 And the standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward,\r
+which was the rereward of all the camps throughout their hosts: and\r
+over his host was Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.\r
+\r
+10:26 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Asher was\r
+Pagiel the son of Ocran.\r
+\r
+10:27 And over the host of the tribe of the children of Naphtali was\r
+Ahira the son of Enan.\r
+\r
+10:28 Thus were the journeyings of the children of Israel according to\r
+their armies, when they set forward.\r
+\r
+10:29 And Moses said unto Hobab, the son of Raguel the Midianite,\r
+Moses' father in law, We are journeying unto the place of which the\r
+LORD said, I will give it you: come thou with us, and we will do thee\r
+good: for the LORD hath spoken good concerning Israel.\r
+\r
+10:30 And he said unto him, I will not go; but I will depart to mine\r
+own land, and to my kindred.\r
+\r
+10:31 And he said, Leave us not, I pray thee; forasmuch as thou\r
+knowest how we are to encamp in the wilderness, and thou mayest be to\r
+us instead of eyes.\r
+\r
+10:32 And it shall be, if thou go with us, yea, it shall be, that what\r
+goodness the LORD shall do unto us, the same will we do unto thee.\r
+\r
+10:33 And they departed from the mount of the LORD three days'\r
+journey: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD went before them in\r
+the three days' journey, to search out a resting place for them.\r
+\r
+10:34 And the cloud of the LORD was upon them by day, when they went\r
+out of the camp.\r
+\r
+10:35 And it came to pass, when the ark set forward, that Moses said,\r
+Rise up, LORD, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that\r
+hate thee flee before thee.\r
+\r
+10:36 And when it rested, he said, Return, O LORD, unto the many\r
+thousands of Israel.\r
+\r
+11:1 And when the people complained, it displeased the LORD: and the\r
+LORD heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the LORD\r
+burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts\r
+of the camp.\r
+\r
+11:2 And the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto the\r
+LORD, the fire was quenched.\r
+\r
+11:3 And he called the name of the place Taberah: because the fire of\r
+the LORD burnt among them.\r
+\r
+11:4 And the mixt multitude that was among them fell a lusting: and\r
+the children of Israel also wept again, and said, Who shall give us\r
+flesh to eat? 11:5 We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt\r
+freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions,\r
+and the garlick: 11:6 But now our soul is dried away: there is nothing\r
+at all, beside this manna, before our eyes.\r
+\r
+11:7 And the manna was as coriander seed, and the colour thereof as\r
+the colour of bdellium.\r
+\r
+11:8 And the people went about, and gathered it, and ground it in\r
+mills, or beat it in a mortar, and baked it in pans, and made cakes of\r
+it: and the taste of it was as the taste of fresh oil.\r
+\r
+11:9 And when the dew fell upon the camp in the night, the manna fell\r
+upon it.\r
+\r
+11:10 Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families,\r
+every man in the door of his tent: and the anger of the LORD was\r
+kindled greatly; Moses also was displeased.\r
+\r
+11:11 And Moses said unto the LORD, Wherefore hast thou afflicted thy\r
+servant? and wherefore have I not found favour in thy sight, that thou\r
+layest the burden of all this people upon me? 11:12 Have I conceived\r
+all this people? have I begotten them, that thou shouldest say unto\r
+me, Carry them in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking\r
+child, unto the land which thou swarest unto their fathers? 11:13\r
+Whence should I have flesh to give unto all this people? for they weep\r
+unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat.\r
+\r
+11:14 I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too\r
+heavy for me.\r
+\r
+11:15 And if thou deal thus with me, kill me, I pray thee, out of\r
+hand, if I have found favour in thy sight; and let me not see my\r
+wretchedness.\r
+\r
+11:16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the\r
+elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people,\r
+and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, that they may stand there with thee.\r
+\r
+11:17 And I will come down and talk with thee there: and I will take\r
+of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they\r
+shall bear the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not\r
+thyself alone.\r
+\r
+11:18 And say thou unto the people, Sanctify yourselves against to\r
+morrow, and ye shall eat flesh: for ye have wept in the ears of the\r
+LORD, saying, Who shall give us flesh to eat? for it was well with us\r
+in Egypt: therefore the LORD will give you flesh, and ye shall eat.\r
+\r
+11:19 Ye shall not eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither\r
+ten days, nor twenty days; 11:20 But even a whole month, until it come\r
+out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto you: because that ye\r
+have despised the LORD which is among you, and have wept before him,\r
+saying, Why came we forth out of Egypt? 11:21 And Moses said, The\r
+people, among whom I am, are six hundred thousand footmen; and thou\r
+hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat a whole month.\r
+\r
+11:22 Shall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice\r
+them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them,\r
+to suffice them? 11:23 And the LORD said unto Moses, Is the LORD's\r
+hand waxed short? thou shalt see now whether my word shall come to\r
+pass unto thee or not.\r
+\r
+11:24 And Moses went out, and told the people the words of the LORD,\r
+and gathered the seventy men of the elders of the people, and set them\r
+round about the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+11:25 And the LORD came down in a cloud, and spake unto him, and took\r
+of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders:\r
+and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they\r
+prophesied, and did not cease.\r
+\r
+11:26 But there remained two of the men in the camp, the name of the\r
+one was Eldad, and the name of the other Medad: and the spirit rested\r
+upon them; and they were of them that were written, but went not out\r
+unto the tabernacle: and they prophesied in the camp.\r
+\r
+11:27 And there ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and\r
+Medad do prophesy in the camp.\r
+\r
+11:28 And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his\r
+young men, answered and said, My lord Moses, forbid them.\r
+\r
+11:29 And Moses said unto him, Enviest thou for my sake? would God\r
+that all the LORD's people were prophets, and that the LORD would put\r
+his spirit upon them! 11:30 And Moses gat him into the camp, he and\r
+the elders of Israel.\r
+\r
+11:31 And there went forth a wind from the LORD, and brought quails\r
+from the sea, and let them fall by the camp, as it were a day's\r
+journey on this side, and as it were a day's journey on the other\r
+side, round about the camp, and as it were two cubits high upon the\r
+face of the earth.\r
+\r
+11:32 And the people stood up all that day, and all that night, and\r
+all the next day, and they gathered the quails: he that gathered least\r
+gathered ten homers: and they spread them all abroad for themselves\r
+round about the camp.\r
+\r
+11:33 And while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was\r
+chewed, the wrath of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the\r
+LORD smote the people with a very great plague.\r
+\r
+11:34 And he called the name of that place Kibrothhattaavah: because\r
+there they buried the people that lusted.\r
+\r
+11:35 And the people journeyed from Kibrothhattaavah unto Hazeroth;\r
+and abode at Hazeroth.\r
+\r
+12:1 And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Ethiopian\r
+woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman.\r
+\r
+12:2 And they said, Hath the LORD indeed spoken only by Moses? hath he\r
+not spoken also by us? And the LORD heard it.\r
+\r
+12:3 (Now the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were\r
+upon the face of the earth.) 12:4 And the LORD spake suddenly unto\r
+Moses, and unto Aaron, and unto Miriam, Come out ye three unto the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation. And they three came out.\r
+\r
+12:5 And the LORD came down in the pillar of the cloud, and stood in\r
+the door of the tabernacle, and called Aaron and Miriam: and they both\r
+came forth.\r
+\r
+12:6 And he said, Hear now my words: If there be a prophet among you,\r
+I the LORD will make myself known unto him in a vision, and will speak\r
+unto him in a dream.\r
+\r
+12:7 My servant Moses is not so, who is faithful in all mine house.\r
+\r
+12:8 With him will I speak mouth to mouth, even apparently, and not in\r
+dark speeches; and the similitude of the LORD shall he behold:\r
+wherefore then were ye not afraid to speak against my servant Moses?\r
+12:9 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against them; and he\r
+departed.\r
+\r
+12:10 And the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold,\r
+Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam,\r
+and, behold, she was leprous.\r
+\r
+12:11 And Aaron said unto Moses, Alas, my lord, I beseech thee, lay\r
+not the sin upon us, wherein we have done foolishly, and wherein we\r
+have sinned.\r
+\r
+12:12 Let her not be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed\r
+when he cometh out of his mother's womb.\r
+\r
+12:13 And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, Heal her now, O God, I\r
+beseech thee.\r
+\r
+12:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, If her father had but spit in her\r
+face, should she not be ashamed seven days? let her be shut out from\r
+the camp seven days, and after that let her be received in again.\r
+\r
+12:15 And Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people\r
+journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again.\r
+\r
+12:16 And afterward the people removed from Hazeroth, and pitched in\r
+the wilderness of Paran.\r
+\r
+13:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 13:2 Send thou men, that\r
+they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of\r
+Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one\r
+a ruler among them.\r
+\r
+13:3 And Moses by the commandment of the LORD sent them from the\r
+wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+13:4 And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the\r
+son of Zaccur.\r
+\r
+13:5 Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori.\r
+\r
+13:6 Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.\r
+\r
+13:7 Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph.\r
+\r
+13:8 Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+13:9 Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu.\r
+\r
+13:10 Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi.\r
+\r
+13:11 Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi\r
+the son of Susi.\r
+\r
+13:12 Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli.\r
+\r
+13:13 Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael.\r
+\r
+13:14 Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi.\r
+\r
+13:15 Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi.\r
+\r
+13:16 These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the\r
+land.\r
+\r
+And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua.\r
+\r
+13:17 And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said unto\r
+them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain:\r
+13:18 And see the land, what it is, and the people that dwelleth\r
+therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many; 13:19 And what\r
+the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what\r
+cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong\r
+holds; 13:20 And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether\r
+there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of\r
+the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe\r
+grapes.\r
+\r
+13:21 So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of\r
+Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath.\r
+\r
+13:22 And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; where\r
+Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron\r
+was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 13:23 And they came unto\r
+the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one\r
+cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff; and they\r
+brought of the pomegranates, and of the figs.\r
+\r
+13:24 The place was called the brook Eshcol, because of the cluster of\r
+grapes which the children of Israel cut down from thence.\r
+\r
+13:25 And they returned from searching of the land after forty days.\r
+\r
+13:26 And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the\r
+congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran,\r
+to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the\r
+congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land.\r
+\r
+13:27 And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou\r
+sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the\r
+fruit of it.\r
+\r
+13:28 Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and\r
+the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the\r
+children of Anak there.\r
+\r
+13:29 The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites,\r
+and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the\r
+Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan.\r
+\r
+13:30 And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go\r
+up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it.\r
+\r
+13:31 But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up\r
+against the people; for they are stronger than we.\r
+\r
+13:32 And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had\r
+searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which\r
+we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants\r
+thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great\r
+stature.\r
+\r
+13:33 And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the\r
+giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were\r
+in their sight.\r
+\r
+14:1 And all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried; and\r
+the people wept that night.\r
+\r
+14:2 And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against\r
+Aaron: and the whole congregation said unto them, Would God that we\r
+had died in the land of Egypt! or would God we had died in this\r
+wilderness! 14:3 And wherefore hath the LORD brought us unto this\r
+land, to fall by the sword, that our wives and our children should be\r
+a prey? were it not better for us to return into Egypt? 14:4 And they\r
+said one to another, Let us make a captain, and let us return into\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+14:5 Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly\r
+of the congregation of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:6 And Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which\r
+were of them that searched the land, rent their clothes: 14:7 And they\r
+spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The\r
+land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land.\r
+\r
+14:8 If the LORD delight in us, then he will bring us into this land,\r
+and give it us; a land which floweth with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+14:9 Only rebel not ye against the LORD, neither fear ye the people of\r
+the land; for they are bread for us: their defence is departed from\r
+them, and the LORD is with us: fear them not.\r
+\r
+14:10 But all the congregation bade stone them with stones. And the\r
+glory of the LORD appeared in the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+before all the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:11 And the LORD said unto Moses, How long will this people provoke\r
+me? and how long will it be ere they believe me, for all the signs\r
+which I have shewed among them? 14:12 I will smite them with the\r
+pestilence, and disinherit them, and will make of thee a greater\r
+nation and mightier than they.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Moses said unto the LORD, Then the Egyptians shall hear it,\r
+(for thou broughtest up this people in thy might from among them;)\r
+14:14 And they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land: for they\r
+have heard that thou LORD art among this people, that thou LORD art\r
+seen face to face, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that\r
+thou goest before them, by day time in a pillar of a cloud, and in a\r
+pillar of fire by night.\r
+\r
+14:15 Now if thou shalt kill all this people as one man, then the\r
+nations which have heard the fame of thee will speak, saying, 14:16\r
+Because the LORD was not able to bring this people into the land which\r
+he sware unto them, therefore he hath slain them in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+14:17 And now, I beseech thee, let the power of my LORD be great,\r
+according as thou hast spoken, saying, 14:18 The LORD is\r
+longsuffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and\r
+transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the\r
+iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+14:19 Pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people according\r
+unto the greatness of thy mercy, and as thou hast forgiven this\r
+people, from Egypt even until now.\r
+\r
+14:20 And the LORD said, I have pardoned according to thy word: 14:21\r
+But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:22 Because all those men which have seen my glory, and my miracles,\r
+which I did in Egypt and in the wilderness, and have tempted me now\r
+these ten times, and have not hearkened to my voice; 14:23 Surely they\r
+shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither shall\r
+any of them that provoked me see it: 14:24 But my servant Caleb,\r
+because he had another spirit with him, and hath followed me fully,\r
+him will I bring into the land whereinto he went; and his seed shall\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+14:25 (Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites dwelt in the valley.)\r
+Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the wilderness by the way of the\r
+Red sea.\r
+\r
+14:26 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 14:27 How\r
+long shall I bear with this evil congregation, which murmur against\r
+me? I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel, which they\r
+murmur against me.\r
+\r
+14:28 Say unto them, As truly as I live, saith the LORD, as ye have\r
+spoken in mine ears, so will I do to you: 14:29 Your carcases shall\r
+fall in this wilderness; and all that were numbered of you, according\r
+to your whole number, from twenty years old and upward which have\r
+murmured against me.\r
+\r
+14:30 Doubtless ye shall not come into the land, concerning which I\r
+sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and\r
+Joshua the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+14:31 But your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them will\r
+I bring in, and they shall know the land which ye have despised.\r
+\r
+14:32 But as for you, your carcases, they shall fall in this\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+14:33 And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years,\r
+and bear your whoredoms, until your carcases be wasted in the\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+14:34 After the number of the days in which ye searched the land, even\r
+forty days, each day for a year, shall ye bear your iniquities, even\r
+forty years, and ye shall know my breach of promise.\r
+\r
+14:35 I the LORD have said, I will surely do it unto all this evil\r
+congregation, that are gathered together against me: in this\r
+wilderness they shall be consumed, and there they shall die.\r
+\r
+14:36 And the men, which Moses sent to search the land, who returned,\r
+and made all the congregation to murmur against him, by bringing up a\r
+slander upon the land, 14:37 Even those men that did bring up the evil\r
+report upon the land, died by the plague before the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:38 But Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which\r
+were of the men that went to search the land, lived still.\r
+\r
+14:39 And Moses told these sayings unto all the children of Israel:\r
+and the people mourned greatly.\r
+\r
+14:40 And they rose up early in the morning, and gat them up into the\r
+top of the mountain, saying, Lo, we be here, and will go up unto the\r
+place which the LORD hath promised: for we have sinned.\r
+\r
+14:41 And Moses said, Wherefore now do ye transgress the commandment\r
+of the LORD? but it shall not prosper.\r
+\r
+14:42 Go not up, for the LORD is not among you; that ye be not smitten\r
+before your enemies.\r
+\r
+14:43 For the Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and\r
+ye shall fall by the sword: because ye are turned away from the LORD,\r
+therefore the LORD will not be with you.\r
+\r
+14:44 But they presumed to go up unto the hill top: nevertheless the\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the\r
+camp.\r
+\r
+14:45 Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in\r
+that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah.\r
+\r
+15:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 15:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land\r
+of your habitations, which I give unto you, 15:3 And will make an\r
+offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, or a sacrifice in\r
+performing a vow, or in a freewill offering, or in your solemn feasts,\r
+to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the herd or of the flock:\r
+15:4 Then shall he that offereth his offering unto the LORD bring a\r
+meat offering of a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of\r
+an hin of oil.\r
+\r
+15:5 And the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering shalt\r
+thou prepare with the burnt offering or sacrifice, for one lamb.\r
+\r
+15:6 Or for a ram, thou shalt prepare for a meat offering two tenth\r
+deals of flour mingled with the third part of an hin of oil.\r
+\r
+15:7 And for a drink offering thou shalt offer the third part of an\r
+hin of wine, for a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:8 And when thou preparest a bullock for a burnt offering, or for a\r
+sacrifice in performing a vow, or peace offerings unto the LORD: 15:9\r
+Then shall he bring with a bullock a meat offering of three tenth\r
+deals of flour mingled with half an hin of oil.\r
+\r
+15:10 And thou shalt bring for a drink offering half an hin of wine,\r
+for an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:11 Thus shall it be done for one bullock, or for one ram, or for a\r
+lamb, or a kid.\r
+\r
+15:12 According to the number that ye shall prepare, so shall ye do to\r
+every one according to their number.\r
+\r
+15:13 All that are born of the country shall do these things after\r
+this manner, in offering an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour\r
+unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:14 And if a stranger sojourn with you, or whosoever be among you in\r
+your generations, and will offer an offering made by fire, of a sweet\r
+savour unto the LORD; as ye do, so he shall do.\r
+\r
+15:15 One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and\r
+also for the stranger that sojourneth with you, an ordinance for ever\r
+in your generations: as ye are, so shall the stranger be before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+15:16 One law and one manner shall be for you, and for the stranger\r
+that sojourneth with you.\r
+\r
+15:17 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 15:18 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land\r
+whither I bring you, 15:19 Then it shall be, that, when ye eat of the\r
+bread of the land, ye shall offer up an heave offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:20 Ye shall offer up a cake of the first of your dough for an heave\r
+offering: as ye do the heave offering of the threshingfloor, so shall\r
+ye heave it.\r
+\r
+15:21 Of the first of your dough ye shall give unto the LORD an heave\r
+offering in your generations.\r
+\r
+15:22 And if ye have erred, and not observed all these commandments,\r
+which the LORD hath spoken unto Moses, 15:23 Even all that the LORD\r
+hath commanded you by the hand of Moses, from the day that the LORD\r
+commanded Moses, and henceforward among your generations; 15:24 Then\r
+it shall be, if ought be committed by ignorance without the knowledge\r
+of the congregation, that all the congregation shall offer one young\r
+bullock for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour unto the LORD, with\r
+his meat offering, and his drink offering, according to the manner,\r
+and one kid of the goats for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+15:25 And the priest shall make an atonement for all the congregation\r
+of the children of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them; for it is\r
+ignorance: and they shall bring their offering, a sacrifice made by\r
+fire unto the LORD, and their sin offering before the LORD, for their\r
+ignorance: 15:26 And it shall be forgiven all the congregation of the\r
+children of Israel, and the stranger that sojourneth among them;\r
+seeing all the people were in ignorance.\r
+\r
+15:27 And if any soul sin through ignorance, then he shall bring a she\r
+goat of the first year for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+15:28 And the priest shall make an atonement for the soul that sinneth\r
+ignorantly, when he sinneth by ignorance before the LORD, to make an\r
+atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him.\r
+\r
+15:29 Ye shall have one law for him that sinneth through ignorance,\r
+both for him that is born among the children of Israel, and for the\r
+stranger that sojourneth among them.\r
+\r
+15:30 But the soul that doeth ought presumptuously, whether he be born\r
+in the land, or a stranger, the same reproacheth the LORD; and that\r
+soul shall be cut off from among his people.\r
+\r
+15:31 Because he hath despised the word of the LORD, and hath broken\r
+his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off; his iniquity\r
+shall be upon him.\r
+\r
+15:32 And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they\r
+found a man that gathered sticks upon the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+15:33 And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses\r
+and Aaron, and unto all the congregation.\r
+\r
+15:34 And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what\r
+should be done to him.\r
+\r
+15:35 And the LORD said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to\r
+death: all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the\r
+camp.\r
+\r
+15:36 And all the congregation brought him without the camp, and\r
+stoned him with stones, and he died; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+15:37 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 15:38 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and bid them that they make them fringes in the\r
+borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they\r
+put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue: 15:39 And it\r
+shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember\r
+all the commandments of the LORD, and do them; and that ye seek not\r
+after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go a\r
+whoring: 15:40 That ye may remember, and do all my commandments, and\r
+be holy unto your God.\r
+\r
+15:41 I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of\r
+Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+16:1 Now Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi,\r
+and Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On, the son of Peleth,\r
+sons of Reuben, took men: 16:2 And they rose up before Moses, with\r
+certain of the children of Israel, two hundred and fifty princes of\r
+the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of renown: 16:3 And they\r
+gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron, and said\r
+unto them, Ye take too much upon you, seeing all the congregation are\r
+holy, every one of them, and the LORD is among them: wherefore then\r
+lift ye up yourselves above the congregation of the LORD? 16:4 And\r
+when Moses heard it, he fell upon his face: 16:5 And he spake unto\r
+Korah and unto all his company, saying, Even to morrow the LORD will\r
+shew who are his, and who is holy; and will cause him to come near\r
+unto him: even him whom he hath chosen will he cause to come near unto\r
+him.\r
+\r
+16:6 This do; Take you censers, Korah, and all his company; 16:7 And\r
+put fire therein, and put incense in them before the LORD to morrow:\r
+and it shall be that the man whom the LORD doth choose, he shall be\r
+holy: ye take too much upon you, ye sons of Levi.\r
+\r
+16:8 And Moses said unto Korah, Hear, I pray you, ye sons of Levi:\r
+16:9 Seemeth it but a small thing unto you, that the God of Israel\r
+hath separated you from the congregation of Israel, to bring you near\r
+to himself to do the service of the tabernacle of the LORD, and to\r
+stand before the congregation to minister unto them? 16:10 And he\r
+hath brought thee near to him, and all thy brethren the sons of Levi\r
+with thee: and seek ye the priesthood also? 16:11 For which cause\r
+both thou and all thy company are gathered together against the LORD:\r
+and what is Aaron, that ye murmur against him? 16:12 And Moses sent\r
+to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab: which said, We will not\r
+come up: 16:13 Is it a small thing that thou hast brought us up out of\r
+a land that floweth with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness,\r
+except thou make thyself altogether a prince over us? 16:14 Moreover\r
+thou hast not brought us into a land that floweth with milk and honey,\r
+or given us inheritance of fields and vineyards: wilt thou put out the\r
+eyes of these men? we will not come up.\r
+\r
+16:15 And Moses was very wroth, and said unto the LORD, Respect not\r
+thou their offering: I have not taken one ass from them, neither have\r
+I hurt one of them.\r
+\r
+16:16 And Moses said unto Korah, Be thou and all thy company before\r
+the LORD, thou, and they, and Aaron, to morrow: 16:17 And take every\r
+man his censer, and put incense in them, and bring ye before the LORD\r
+every man his censer, two hundred and fifty censers; thou also, and\r
+Aaron, each of you his censer.\r
+\r
+16:18 And they took every man his censer, and put fire in them, and\r
+laid incense thereon, and stood in the door of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation with Moses and Aaron.\r
+\r
+16:19 And Korah gathered all the congregation against them unto the\r
+door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the glory of the LORD\r
+appeared unto all the congregation.\r
+\r
+16:20 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 16:21\r
+Separate yourselves from among this congregation, that I may consume\r
+them in a moment.\r
+\r
+16:22 And they fell upon their faces, and said, O God, the God of the\r
+spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and wilt thou be wroth with\r
+all the congregation? 16:23 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,\r
+16:24 Speak unto the congregation, saying, Get you up from about the\r
+tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram.\r
+\r
+16:25 And Moses rose up and went unto Dathan and Abiram; and the\r
+elders of Israel followed him.\r
+\r
+16:26 And he spake unto the congregation, saying, Depart, I pray you,\r
+from the tents of these wicked men, and touch nothing of their's, lest\r
+ye be consumed in all their sins.\r
+\r
+16:27 So they gat up from the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram,\r
+on every side: and Dathan and Abiram came out, and stood in the door\r
+of their tents, and their wives, and their sons, and their little\r
+children.\r
+\r
+16:28 And Moses said, Hereby ye shall know that the LORD hath sent me\r
+to do all these works; for I have not done them of mine own mind.\r
+\r
+16:29 If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be\r
+visited after the visitation of all men; then the LORD hath not sent\r
+me.\r
+\r
+16:30 But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth,\r
+and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go\r
+down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have\r
+provoked the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:31 And it came to pass, as he had made an end of speaking all these\r
+words, that the ground clave asunder that was under them: 16:32 And\r
+the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses,\r
+and all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods.\r
+\r
+16:33 They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the\r
+pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+16:34 And all Israel that were round about them fled at the cry of\r
+them: for they said, Lest the earth swallow us up also.\r
+\r
+16:35 And there came out a fire from the LORD, and consumed the two\r
+hundred and fifty men that offered incense.\r
+\r
+16:36 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 16:37 Speak unto Eleazar\r
+the son of Aaron the priest, that he take up the censers out of the\r
+burning, and scatter thou the fire yonder; for they are hallowed.\r
+\r
+16:38 The censers of these sinners against their own souls, let them\r
+make them broad plates for a covering of the altar: for they offered\r
+them before the LORD, therefore they are hallowed: and they shall be a\r
+sign unto the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+16:39 And Eleazar the priest took the brasen censers, wherewith they\r
+that were burnt had offered; and they were made broad plates for a\r
+covering of the altar: 16:40 To be a memorial unto the children of\r
+Israel, that no stranger, which is not of the seed of Aaron, come near\r
+to offer incense before the LORD; that he be not as Korah, and as his\r
+company: as the LORD said to him by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+16:41 But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of Israel\r
+murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed the\r
+people of the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:42 And it came to pass, when the congregation was gathered against\r
+Moses and against Aaron, that they looked toward the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation: and, behold, the cloud covered it, and the glory of the\r
+LORD appeared.\r
+\r
+16:43 And Moses and Aaron came before the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+16:44 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 16:45 Get you up from\r
+among this congregation, that I may consume them as in a moment. And\r
+they fell upon their faces.\r
+\r
+16:46 And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a censer, and put fire therein\r
+from off the altar, and put on incense, and go quickly unto the\r
+congregation, and make an atonement for them: for there is wrath gone\r
+out from the LORD; the plague is begun.\r
+\r
+16:47 And Aaron took as Moses commanded, and ran into the midst of the\r
+congregation; and, behold, the plague was begun among the people: and\r
+he put on incense, and made an atonement for the people.\r
+\r
+16:48 And he stood between the dead and the living; and the plague was\r
+stayed.\r
+\r
+16:49 Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand and\r
+seven hundred, beside them that died about the matter of Korah.\r
+\r
+16:50 And Aaron returned unto Moses unto the door of the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation: and the plague was stayed.\r
+\r
+17:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 17:2 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and take of every one of them a rod according to\r
+the house of their fathers, of all their princes according to the\r
+house of their fathers twelve rods: write thou every man's name upon\r
+his rod.\r
+\r
+17:3 And thou shalt write Aaron's name upon the rod of Levi: for one\r
+rod shall be for the head of the house of their fathers.\r
+\r
+17:4 And thou shalt lay them up in the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+before the testimony, where I will meet with you.\r
+\r
+17:5 And it shall come to pass, that the man's rod, whom I shall\r
+choose, shall blossom: and I will make to cease from me the murmurings\r
+of the children of Israel, whereby they murmur against you.\r
+\r
+17:6 And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, and every one of\r
+their princes gave him a rod apiece, for each prince one, according to\r
+their fathers' houses, even twelve rods: and the rod of Aaron was\r
+among their rods.\r
+\r
+17:7 And Moses laid up the rods before the LORD in the tabernacle of\r
+witness.\r
+\r
+17:8 And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the\r
+tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of\r
+Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and\r
+yielded almonds.\r
+\r
+17:9 And Moses brought out all the rods from before the LORD unto all\r
+the children of Israel: and they looked, and took every man his rod.\r
+\r
+17:10 And the LORD said unto Moses, Bring Aaron's rod again before the\r
+testimony, to be kept for a token against the rebels; and thou shalt\r
+quite take away their murmurings from me, that they die not.\r
+\r
+17:11 And Moses did so: as the LORD commanded him, so did he.\r
+\r
+17:12 And the children of Israel spake unto Moses, saying, Behold, we\r
+die, we perish, we all perish.\r
+\r
+17:13 Whosoever cometh any thing near unto the tabernacle of the LORD\r
+shall die: shall we be consumed with dying? 18:1 And the LORD said\r
+unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father's house with thee shall\r
+bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee\r
+shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.\r
+\r
+18:2 And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy\r
+father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and\r
+minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister\r
+before the tabernacle of witness.\r
+\r
+18:3 And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the\r
+tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary\r
+and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die.\r
+\r
+18:4 And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle:\r
+and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you.\r
+\r
+18:5 And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of\r
+the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+18:6 And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among\r
+the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the LORD,\r
+to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+18:7 Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's\r
+office for everything of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall\r
+serve: I have given your priest's office unto you as a service of\r
+gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.\r
+\r
+18:8 And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the\r
+charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the\r
+children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the\r
+anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever.\r
+\r
+18:9 This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the\r
+fire: every oblation of theirs, every meat offering of theirs, and\r
+every sin offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of theirs\r
+which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for\r
+thy sons.\r
+\r
+18:10 In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat\r
+it: it shall be holy unto thee.\r
+\r
+18:11 And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all\r
+the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto\r
+thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for\r
+ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it.\r
+\r
+18:12 All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of\r
+the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the\r
+LORD, them have I given thee.\r
+\r
+18:13 And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring\r
+unto the LORD, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house\r
+shall eat of it.\r
+\r
+18:14 Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine.\r
+\r
+18:15 Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they\r
+bring unto the LORD, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine:\r
+nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the\r
+firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem.\r
+\r
+18:16 And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou\r
+redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels,\r
+after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs.\r
+\r
+18:17 But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the\r
+firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt\r
+sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an\r
+offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:18 And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as\r
+the right shoulder are thine.\r
+\r
+18:19 All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children\r
+of Israel offer unto the LORD, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy\r
+daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt\r
+for ever before the LORD unto thee and to thy seed with thee.\r
+\r
+18:20 And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in\r
+their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part\r
+and thine inheritance among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+18:21 And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in\r
+Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even\r
+the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+18:22 Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die.\r
+\r
+18:23 But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a\r
+statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children\r
+of Israel they have no inheritance.\r
+\r
+18:24 But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an\r
+heave offering unto the LORD, I have given to the Levites to inherit:\r
+therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they\r
+shall have no inheritance.\r
+\r
+18:25 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 18:26 Thus speak unto the\r
+Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the\r
+tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye\r
+shall offer up an heave offering of it for the LORD, even a tenth part\r
+of the tithe.\r
+\r
+18:27 And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as\r
+though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of\r
+the winepress.\r
+\r
+18:28 Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the LORD of all\r
+your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall\r
+give thereof the LORD's heave offering to Aaron the priest.\r
+\r
+18:29 Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the\r
+LORD, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of\r
+it.\r
+\r
+18:30 Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best\r
+thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the\r
+increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress.\r
+\r
+18:31 And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for\r
+it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+18:32 And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved\r
+from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of\r
+the children of Israel, lest ye die.\r
+\r
+19:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, 19:2 This\r
+is the ordinance of the law which the LORD hath commanded, saying,\r
+Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring thee a red heifer\r
+without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke:\r
+19:3 And ye shall give her unto Eleazar the priest, that he may bring\r
+her forth without the camp, and one shall slay her before his face:\r
+19:4 And Eleazar the priest shall take of her blood with his finger,\r
+and sprinkle of her blood directly before the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation seven times: 19:5 And one shall burn the heifer in his\r
+sight; her skin, and her flesh, and her blood, with her dung, shall he\r
+burn: 19:6 And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and\r
+scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer.\r
+\r
+19:7 Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his\r
+flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp, and the\r
+priest shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+19:8 And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and\r
+bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even.\r
+\r
+19:9 And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer,\r
+and lay them up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be\r
+kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of\r
+separation: it is a purification for sin.\r
+\r
+19:10 And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his\r
+clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the\r
+children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them,\r
+for a statute for ever.\r
+\r
+19:11 He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven\r
+days.\r
+\r
+19:12 He shall purify himself with it on the third day, and on the\r
+seventh day he shall be clean: but if he purify not himself the third\r
+day, then the seventh day he shall not be clean.\r
+\r
+19:13 Whosoever toucheth the dead body of any man that is dead, and\r
+purifieth not himself, defileth the tabernacle of the LORD; and that\r
+soul shall be cut off from Israel: because the water of separation was\r
+not sprinkled upon him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet\r
+upon him.\r
+\r
+19:14 This is the law, when a man dieth in a tent: all that come into\r
+the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days.\r
+\r
+19:15 And every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it, is\r
+unclean.\r
+\r
+19:16 And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the\r
+open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be\r
+unclean seven days.\r
+\r
+19:17 And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the\r
+burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put\r
+thereto in a vessel: 19:18 And a clean person shall take hyssop, and\r
+dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the\r
+vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that\r
+touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave: 19:19 And the\r
+clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on\r
+the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and\r
+wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at\r
+even.\r
+\r
+19:20 But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself,\r
+that soul shall be cut off from among the congregation, because he\r
+hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD: the water of separation hath\r
+not been sprinkled upon him; he is unclean.\r
+\r
+19:21 And it shall be a perpetual statute unto them, that he that\r
+sprinkleth the water of separation shall wash his clothes; and he that\r
+toucheth the water of separation shall be unclean until even.\r
+\r
+19:22 And whatsoever the unclean person toucheth shall be unclean; and\r
+the soul that toucheth it shall be unclean until even.\r
+\r
+20:1 Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation,\r
+into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in\r
+Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there.\r
+\r
+20:2 And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered\r
+themselves together against Moses and against Aaron.\r
+\r
+20:3 And the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God\r
+that we had died when our brethren died before the LORD! 20:4 And why\r
+have ye brought up the congregation of the LORD into this wilderness,\r
+that we and our cattle should die there? 20:5 And wherefore have ye\r
+made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place?\r
+it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates;\r
+neither is there any water to drink.\r
+\r
+20:6 And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto\r
+the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon\r
+their faces: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto them.\r
+\r
+20:7 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 20:8 Take the rod, and\r
+gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and\r
+speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his\r
+water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so\r
+thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink.\r
+\r
+20:9 And Moses took the rod from before the LORD, as he commanded him.\r
+\r
+20:10 And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before\r
+the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch\r
+you water out of this rock? 20:11 And Moses lifted up his hand, and\r
+with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out\r
+abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also.\r
+\r
+20:12 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me\r
+not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore\r
+ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given\r
+them.\r
+\r
+20:13 This is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel\r
+strove with the LORD, and he was sanctified in them.\r
+\r
+20:14 And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom,\r
+Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath\r
+befallen us: 20:15 How our fathers went down into Egypt, and we have\r
+dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians vexed us, and our\r
+fathers: 20:16 And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice,\r
+and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt: and,\r
+behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border: 20:17\r
+Let us pass, I pray thee, through thy country: we will not pass\r
+through the fields, or through the vineyards, neither will we drink of\r
+the water of the wells: we will go by the king's high way, we will not\r
+turn to the right hand nor to the left, until we have passed thy\r
+borders.\r
+\r
+20:18 And Edom said unto him, Thou shalt not pass by me, lest I come\r
+out against thee with the sword.\r
+\r
+20:19 And the children of Israel said unto him, We will go by the high\r
+way: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for\r
+it: I will only, without doing anything else, go through on my feet.\r
+\r
+20:20 And he said, Thou shalt not go through. And Edom came out\r
+against him with much people, and with a strong hand.\r
+\r
+20:21 Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border:\r
+wherefore Israel turned away from him.\r
+\r
+20:22 And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation,\r
+journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto mount Hor.\r
+\r
+20:23 And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in mount Hor, by the\r
+coast of the land of Edom, saying, 20:24 Aaron shall be gathered unto\r
+his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given\r
+unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at\r
+the water of Meribah.\r
+\r
+20:25 Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount\r
+Hor: 20:26 And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar\r
+his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die\r
+there.\r
+\r
+20:27 And Moses did as the LORD commanded: and they went up into mount\r
+Hor in the sight of all the congregation.\r
+\r
+20:28 And Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon\r
+Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and\r
+Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount.\r
+\r
+20:29 And when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they\r
+mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:1 And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard\r
+tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against\r
+Israel, and took some of them prisoners.\r
+\r
+21:2 And Israel vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou wilt\r
+indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy\r
+their cities.\r
+\r
+21:3 And the LORD hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up\r
+the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and\r
+he called the name of the place Hormah.\r
+\r
+21:4 And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea, to\r
+compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much\r
+discouraged because of the way.\r
+\r
+21:5 And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore\r
+have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there\r
+is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this\r
+light bread.\r
+\r
+21:6 And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit\r
+the people; and much people of Israel died.\r
+\r
+21:7 Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for\r
+we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD,\r
+that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+21:8 And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set\r
+it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is\r
+bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.\r
+\r
+21:9 And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it\r
+came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the\r
+serpent of brass, he lived.\r
+\r
+21:10 And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in Oboth.\r
+\r
+21:11 And they journeyed from Oboth, and pitched at Ijeabarim, in the\r
+wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising.\r
+\r
+21:12 From thence they removed, and pitched in the valley of Zared.\r
+\r
+21:13 From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of\r
+Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of the\r
+Amorites: for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the\r
+Amorites.\r
+\r
+21:14 Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the LORD, What\r
+he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon, 21:15 And at the\r
+stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth\r
+upon the border of Moab.\r
+\r
+21:16 And from thence they went to Beer: that is the well whereof the\r
+LORD spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give\r
+them water.\r
+\r
+21:17 Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it:\r
+21:18 The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it,\r
+by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves. And from the\r
+wilderness they went to Mattanah: 21:19 And from Mattanah to Nahaliel:\r
+and from Nahaliel to Bamoth: 21:20 And from Bamoth in the valley, that\r
+is in the country of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward\r
+Jeshimon.\r
+\r
+21:21 And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites,\r
+saying, 21:22 Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn into the\r
+fields, or into the vineyards; we will not drink of the waters of the\r
+well: but we will go along by the king's high way, until we be past\r
+thy borders.\r
+\r
+21:23 And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border:\r
+but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against\r
+Israel into the wilderness: and he came to Jahaz, and fought against\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+21:24 And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed\r
+his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon: for\r
+the border of the children of Ammon was strong.\r
+\r
+21:25 And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the\r
+cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the villages thereof.\r
+\r
+21:26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who\r
+had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out\r
+of his hand, even unto Arnon.\r
+\r
+21:27 Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into Heshbon,\r
+let the city of Sihon be built and prepared: 21:28 For there is a fire\r
+gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon: it hath consumed\r
+Ar of Moab, and the lords of the high places of Arnon.\r
+\r
+21:29 Woe to thee, Moab! thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: he hath\r
+given his sons that escaped, and his daughters, into captivity unto\r
+Sihon king of the Amorites.\r
+\r
+21:30 We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, and\r
+we have laid them waste even unto Nophah, which reacheth unto Medeba.\r
+\r
+21:31 Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites.\r
+\r
+21:32 And Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and they took the villages\r
+thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there.\r
+\r
+21:33 And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the\r
+king of Bashan went out against them, he, and all his people, to the\r
+battle at Edrei.\r
+\r
+21:34 And the LORD said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered\r
+him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do\r
+to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at\r
+Heshbon.\r
+\r
+21:35 So they smote him, and his sons, and all his people, until there\r
+was none left him alive: and they possessed his land.\r
+\r
+22:1 And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains\r
+of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho.\r
+\r
+22:2 And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the\r
+Amorites.\r
+\r
+22:3 And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many:\r
+and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:4 And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company\r
+lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of\r
+the field.\r
+\r
+And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time.\r
+\r
+22:5 He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to\r
+Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his\r
+people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from\r
+Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over\r
+against me: 22:6 Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this\r
+people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail,\r
+that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for\r
+I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest\r
+is cursed.\r
+\r
+22:7 And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the\r
+rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and\r
+spake unto him the words of Balak.\r
+\r
+22:8 And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring\r
+you word again, as the LORD shall speak unto me: and the princes of\r
+Moab abode with Balaam.\r
+\r
+22:9 And God came unto Balaam, and said, What men are these with thee?\r
+22:10 And Balaam said unto God, Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab,\r
+hath sent unto me, saying, 22:11 Behold, there is a people come out of\r
+Egypt, which covereth the face of the earth: come now, curse me them;\r
+peradventure I shall be able to overcome them, and drive them out.\r
+\r
+22:12 And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou\r
+shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed.\r
+\r
+22:13 And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of\r
+Balak, Get you into your land: for the LORD refuseth to give me leave\r
+to go with you.\r
+\r
+22:14 And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and\r
+said, Balaam refuseth to come with us.\r
+\r
+22:15 And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than\r
+they.\r
+\r
+22:16 And they came to Balaam, and said to him, Thus saith Balak the\r
+son of Zippor, Let nothing, I pray thee, hinder thee from coming unto\r
+me: 22:17 For I will promote thee unto very great honour, and I will\r
+do whatsoever thou sayest unto me: come therefore, I pray thee, curse\r
+me this people.\r
+\r
+22:18 And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If\r
+Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go\r
+beyond the word of the LORD my God, to do less or more.\r
+\r
+22:19 Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I\r
+may know what the LORD will say unto me more.\r
+\r
+22:20 And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men\r
+come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I\r
+shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do.\r
+\r
+22:21 And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went\r
+with the princes of Moab.\r
+\r
+22:22 And God's anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of\r
+the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was\r
+riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him.\r
+\r
+22:23 And the ass saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and\r
+his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way,\r
+and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into\r
+the way.\r
+\r
+22:24 But the angel of the LORD stood in a path of the vineyards, a\r
+wall being on this side, and a wall on that side.\r
+\r
+22:25 And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she thrust herself\r
+unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall: and he\r
+smote her again.\r
+\r
+22:26 And the angel of the LORD went further, and stood in a narrow\r
+place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the\r
+left.\r
+\r
+22:27 And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she fell down under\r
+Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a\r
+staff.\r
+\r
+22:28 And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto\r
+Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these\r
+three times? 22:29 And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast\r
+mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I\r
+kill thee.\r
+\r
+22:30 And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which\r
+thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont\r
+to do so unto thee? And he said, Nay.\r
+\r
+22:31 Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of\r
+the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he\r
+bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face.\r
+\r
+22:32 And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou\r
+smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand\r
+thee, because thy way is perverse before me: 22:33 And the ass saw me,\r
+and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me,\r
+surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive.\r
+\r
+22:34 And Balaam said unto the angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I\r
+knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if\r
+it displease thee, I will get me back again.\r
+\r
+22:35 And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but\r
+only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So\r
+Balaam went with the princes of Balak.\r
+\r
+22:36 And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet\r
+him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in\r
+the utmost coast.\r
+\r
+22:37 And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee\r
+to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed\r
+to promote thee to honour? 22:38 And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am\r
+come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word\r
+that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak.\r
+\r
+22:39 And Balaam went with Balak, and they came unto Kirjathhuzoth.\r
+\r
+22:40 And Balak offered oxen and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the\r
+princes that were with him.\r
+\r
+22:41 And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and\r
+brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see\r
+the utmost part of the people.\r
+\r
+23:1 And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and\r
+prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams.\r
+\r
+23:2 And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered\r
+on every altar a bullock and a ram.\r
+\r
+23:3 And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I\r
+will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he\r
+sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place.\r
+\r
+23:4 And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven\r
+altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram.\r
+\r
+23:5 And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto\r
+Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.\r
+\r
+23:6 And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt\r
+sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab.\r
+\r
+23:7 And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath\r
+brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come,\r
+curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel.\r
+\r
+23:8 How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy,\r
+whom the LORD hath not defied? 23:9 For from the top of the rocks I\r
+see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell\r
+alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.\r
+\r
+23:10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth\r
+part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last\r
+end be like his! 23:11 And Balak said unto Balaam, What hast thou\r
+done unto me? I took thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou\r
+hast blessed them altogether.\r
+\r
+23:12 And he answered and said, Must I not take heed to speak that\r
+which the LORD hath put in my mouth? 23:13 And Balak said unto him,\r
+Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, from whence thou mayest\r
+see them: thou shalt see but the utmost part of them, and shalt not\r
+see them all: and curse me them from thence.\r
+\r
+23:14 And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of\r
+Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on\r
+every altar.\r
+\r
+23:15 And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offering, while\r
+I meet the LORD yonder.\r
+\r
+23:16 And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said,\r
+Go again unto Balak, and say thus.\r
+\r
+23:17 And when he came to him, behold, he stood by his burnt offering,\r
+and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said unto him, What hath\r
+the LORD spoken? 23:18 And he took up his parable, and said, Rise up,\r
+Balak, and hear; hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor: 23:19 God is not\r
+a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should\r
+repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and\r
+shall he not make it good? 23:20 Behold, I have received commandment\r
+to bless: and he hath blessed; and I cannot reverse it.\r
+\r
+23:21 He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, neither hath he seen\r
+perverseness in Israel: the LORD his God is with him, and the shout of\r
+a king is among them.\r
+\r
+23:22 God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength\r
+of an unicorn.\r
+\r
+23:23 Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there\r
+any divination against Israel: according to this time it shall be said\r
+of Jacob and of Israel, What hath God wrought! 23:24 Behold, the\r
+people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young\r
+lion: he shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drink the\r
+blood of the slain.\r
+\r
+23:25 And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless\r
+them at all.\r
+\r
+23:26 But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee,\r
+saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do? 23:27 And Balak\r
+said unto Balaam, Come, I pray thee, I will bring thee unto another\r
+place; peradventure it will please God that thou mayest curse me them\r
+from thence.\r
+\r
+23:28 And Balak brought Balaam unto the top of Peor, that looketh\r
+toward Jeshimon.\r
+\r
+23:29 And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and\r
+prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams.\r
+\r
+23:30 And Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bullock and a\r
+ram on every altar.\r
+\r
+24:1 And when Balaam saw that it pleased the LORD to bless Israel, he\r
+went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments, but he set his\r
+face toward the wilderness.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in his\r
+tents according to their tribes; and the spirit of God came upon him.\r
+\r
+24:3 And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath\r
+said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: 24:4 He hath said,\r
+which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty,\r
+falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: 24:5 How goodly are\r
+thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel! 24:6 As the\r
+valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river's side, as the\r
+trees of lign aloes which the LORD hath planted, and as cedar trees\r
+beside the waters.\r
+\r
+24:7 He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be\r
+in many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his\r
+kingdom shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+24:8 God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the\r
+strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and\r
+shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.\r
+\r
+24:9 He couched, he lay down as a lion, and as a great lion: who shall\r
+stir him up? Blessed is he that blesseth thee, and cursed is he that\r
+curseth thee.\r
+\r
+24:10 And Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he smote his\r
+hands together: and Balak said unto Balaam, I called thee to curse\r
+mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast altogether blessed them these\r
+three times.\r
+\r
+24:11 Therefore now flee thou to thy place: I thought to promote thee\r
+unto great honour; but, lo, the LORD hath kept thee back from honour.\r
+\r
+24:12 And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers\r
+which thou sentest unto me, saying, 24:13 If Balak would give me his\r
+house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of\r
+the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD\r
+saith, that will I speak? 24:14 And now, behold, I go unto my people:\r
+come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to\r
+thy people in the latter days.\r
+\r
+24:15 And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor\r
+hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: 24:16 He hath\r
+said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most\r
+High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but\r
+having his eyes open: 24:17 I shall see him, but not now: I shall\r
+behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a\r
+Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab,\r
+and destroy all the children of Sheth.\r
+\r
+24:18 And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession\r
+for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly.\r
+\r
+24:19 Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall\r
+destroy him that remaineth of the city.\r
+\r
+24:20 And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said,\r
+Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that\r
+he perish for ever.\r
+\r
+24:21 And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said,\r
+Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock.\r
+\r
+24:22 Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall\r
+carry thee away captive.\r
+\r
+24:23 And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when\r
+God doeth this! 24:24 And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim,\r
+and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall\r
+perish for ever.\r
+\r
+24:25 And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and\r
+Balak also went his way.\r
+\r
+25:1 And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit\r
+whoredom with the daughters of Moab.\r
+\r
+25:2 And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and\r
+the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.\r
+\r
+25:3 And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the\r
+LORD was kindled against Israel.\r
+\r
+25:4 And the LORD said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people,\r
+and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce\r
+anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel.\r
+\r
+25:5 And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his\r
+men that were joined unto Baalpeor.\r
+\r
+25:6 And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto\r
+his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the\r
+sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were\r
+weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+25:7 And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the\r
+priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a\r
+javelin in his hand; 25:8 And he went after the man of Israel into the\r
+tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the\r
+woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+25:9 And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+25:10 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 25:11 Phinehas, the son\r
+of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away\r
+from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among\r
+them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy.\r
+\r
+25:12 Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:\r
+25:13 And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant\r
+of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and\r
+made an atonement for the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+25:14 Now the name of the Israelite that was slain, even that was\r
+slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince\r
+of a chief house among the Simeonites.\r
+\r
+25:15 And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi,\r
+the daughter of Zur; he was head over a people, and of a chief house\r
+in Midian.\r
+\r
+25:16 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 25:17 Vex the Midianites,\r
+and smite them: 25:18 For they vex you with their wiles, wherewith\r
+they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of\r
+Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, which was\r
+slain in the day of the plague for Peor's sake.\r
+\r
+26:1 And it came to pass after the plague, that the LORD spake unto\r
+Moses and unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, saying, 26:2 Take\r
+the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, from twenty\r
+years old and upward, throughout their fathers' house, all that are\r
+able to go to war in Israel.\r
+\r
+26:3 And Moses and Eleazar the priest spake with them in the plains of\r
+Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying, 26:4 Take the sum of the people,\r
+from twenty years old and upward; as the LORD commanded Moses and the\r
+children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+26:5 Reuben, the eldest son of Israel: the children of Reuben; Hanoch,\r
+of whom cometh the family of the Hanochites: of Pallu, the family of\r
+the Palluites: 26:6 Of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Carmi,\r
+the family of the Carmites.\r
+\r
+26:7 These are the families of the Reubenites: and they that were\r
+numbered of them were forty and three thousand and seven hundred and\r
+thirty.\r
+\r
+26:8 And the sons of Pallu; Eliab.\r
+\r
+26:9 And the sons of Eliab; Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. This is\r
+that Dathan and Abiram, which were famous in the congregation, who\r
+strove against Moses and against Aaron in the company of Korah, when\r
+they strove against the LORD: 26:10 And the earth opened her mouth,\r
+and swallowed them up together with Korah, when that company died,\r
+what time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men: and they became\r
+a sign.\r
+\r
+26:11 Notwithstanding the children of Korah died not.\r
+\r
+26:12 The sons of Simeon after their families: of Nemuel, the family\r
+of the Nemuelites: of Jamin, the family of the Jaminites: of Jachin,\r
+the family of the Jachinites: 26:13 Of Zerah, the family of the\r
+Zarhites: of Shaul, the family of the Shaulites.\r
+\r
+26:14 These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty and two\r
+thousand and two hundred.\r
+\r
+26:15 The children of Gad after their families: of Zephon, the family\r
+of the Zephonites: of Haggi, the family of the Haggites: of Shuni, the\r
+family of the Shunites: 26:16 Of Ozni, the family of the Oznites: of\r
+Eri, the family of the Erites: 26:17 Of Arod, the family of the\r
+Arodites: of Areli, the family of the Arelites.\r
+\r
+26:18 These are the families of the children of Gad according to those\r
+that were numbered of them, forty thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+26:19 The sons of Judah were Er and Onan: and Er and Onan died in the\r
+land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+26:20 And the sons of Judah after their families were; of Shelah, the\r
+family of the Shelanites: of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites: of\r
+Zerah, the family of the Zarhites.\r
+\r
+26:21 And the sons of Pharez were; of Hezron, the family of the\r
+Hezronites: of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites.\r
+\r
+26:22 These are the families of Judah according to those that were\r
+numbered of them, threescore and sixteen thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+26:23 Of the sons of Issachar after their families: of Tola, the\r
+family of the Tolaites: of Pua, the family of the Punites: 26:24 Of\r
+Jashub, the family of the Jashubites: of Shimron, the family of the\r
+Shimronites.\r
+\r
+26:25 These are the families of Issachar according to those that were\r
+numbered of them, threescore and four thousand and three hundred.\r
+\r
+26:26 Of the sons of Zebulun after their families: of Sered, the\r
+family of the Sardites: of Elon, the family of the Elonites: of\r
+Jahleel, the family of the Jahleelites.\r
+\r
+26:27 These are the families of the Zebulunites according to those\r
+that were numbered of them, threescore thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+26:28 The sons of Joseph after their families were Manasseh and\r
+Ephraim.\r
+\r
+26:29 Of the sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the\r
+Machirites: and Machir begat Gilead: of Gilead come the family of the\r
+Gileadites.\r
+\r
+26:30 These are the sons of Gilead: of Jeezer, the family of the\r
+Jeezerites: of Helek, the family of the Helekites: 26:31 And of\r
+Asriel, the family of the Asrielites: and of Shechem, the family of\r
+the Shechemites: 26:32 And of Shemida, the family of the Shemidaites:\r
+and of Hepher, the family of the Hepherites.\r
+\r
+26:33 And Zelophehad the son of Hepher had no sons, but daughters: and\r
+the names of the daughters of Zelophehad were Mahlah, and Noah,\r
+Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.\r
+\r
+26:34 These are the families of Manasseh, and those that were numbered\r
+of them, fifty and two thousand and seven hundred.\r
+\r
+26:35 These are the sons of Ephraim after their families: of\r
+Shuthelah, the family of the Shuthalhites: of Becher, the family of\r
+the Bachrites: of Tahan, the family of the Tahanites.\r
+\r
+26:36 And these are the sons of Shuthelah: of Eran, the family of the\r
+Eranites.\r
+\r
+26:37 These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to those\r
+that were numbered of them, thirty and two thousand and five hundred.\r
+These are the sons of Joseph after their families.\r
+\r
+26:38 The sons of Benjamin after their families: of Bela, the family\r
+of the Belaites: of Ashbel, the family of the Ashbelites: of Ahiram,\r
+the family of the Ahiramites: 26:39 Of Shupham, the family of the\r
+Shuphamites: of Hupham, the family of the Huphamites.\r
+\r
+26:40 And the sons of Bela were Ard and Naaman: of Ard, the family of\r
+the Ardites: and of Naaman, the family of the Naamites.\r
+\r
+26:41 These are the sons of Benjamin after their families: and they\r
+that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and six\r
+hundred.\r
+\r
+26:42 These are the sons of Dan after their families: of Shuham, the\r
+family of the Shuhamites. These are the families of Dan after their\r
+families.\r
+\r
+26:43 All the families of the Shuhamites, according to those that were\r
+numbered of them, were threescore and four thousand and four hundred.\r
+\r
+26:44 Of the children of Asher after their families: of Jimna, the\r
+family of the Jimnites: of Jesui, the family of the Jesuites: of\r
+Beriah, the family of the Beriites.\r
+\r
+26:45 Of the sons of Beriah: of Heber, the family of the Heberites: of\r
+Malchiel, the family of the Malchielites.\r
+\r
+26:46 And the name of the daughter of Asher was Sarah.\r
+\r
+26:47 These are the families of the sons of Asher according to those\r
+that were numbered of them; who were fifty and three thousand and four\r
+hundred.\r
+\r
+26:48 Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the\r
+family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites: 26:49\r
+Of Jezer, the family of the Jezerites: of Shillem, the family of the\r
+Shillemites.\r
+\r
+26:50 These are the families of Naphtali according to their families:\r
+and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and\r
+four hundred.\r
+\r
+26:51 These were the numbered of the children of Israel, six hundred\r
+thousand and a thousand seven hundred and thirty.\r
+\r
+26:52 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 26:53 Unto these the land\r
+shall be divided for an inheritance according to the number of names.\r
+\r
+26:54 To many thou shalt give the more inheritance, and to few thou\r
+shalt give the less inheritance: to every one shall his inheritance be\r
+given according to those that were numbered of him.\r
+\r
+26:55 Notwithstanding the land shall be divided by lot: according to\r
+the names of the tribes of their fathers they shall inherit.\r
+\r
+26:56 According to the lot shall the possession thereof be divided\r
+between many and few.\r
+\r
+26:57 And these are they that were numbered of the Levites after their\r
+families: of Gershon, the family of the Gershonites: of Kohath, the\r
+family of the Kohathites: of Merari, the family of the Merarites.\r
+\r
+26:58 These are the families of the Levites: the family of the\r
+Libnites, the family of the Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites,\r
+the family of the Mushites, the family of the Korathites. And Kohath\r
+begat Amram.\r
+\r
+26:59 And the name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi,\r
+whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt: and she bare unto Amram Aaron\r
+and Moses, and Miriam their sister.\r
+\r
+26:60 And unto Aaron was born Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.\r
+\r
+26:61 And Nadab and Abihu died, when they offered strange fire before\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:62 And those that were numbered of them were twenty and three\r
+thousand, all males from a month old and upward: for they were not\r
+numbered among the children of Israel, because there was no\r
+inheritance given them among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+26:63 These are they that were numbered by Moses and Eleazar the\r
+priest, who numbered the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by\r
+Jordan near Jericho.\r
+\r
+26:64 But among these there was not a man of them whom Moses and Aaron\r
+the priest numbered, when they numbered the children of Israel in the\r
+wilderness of Sinai.\r
+\r
+26:65 For the LORD had said of them, They shall surely die in the\r
+wilderness. And there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son\r
+of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+27:1 Then came the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son\r
+of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of\r
+Manasseh the son of Joseph: and these are the names of his daughters;\r
+Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah.\r
+\r
+27:2 And they stood before Moses, and before Eleazar the priest, and\r
+before the princes and all the congregation, by the door of the\r
+tabernacle of the congregation, saying, 27:3 Our father died in the\r
+wilderness, and he was not in the company of them that gathered\r
+themselves together against the LORD in the company of Korah; but died\r
+in his own sin, and had no sons.\r
+\r
+27:4 Why should the name of our father be done away from among his\r
+family, because he hath no son? Give unto us therefore a possession\r
+among the brethren of our father.\r
+\r
+27:5 And Moses brought their cause before the LORD.\r
+\r
+27:6 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 27:7 The daughters of\r
+Zelophehad speak right: thou shalt surely give them a possession of an\r
+inheritance among their father's brethren; and thou shalt cause the\r
+inheritance of their father to pass unto them.\r
+\r
+27:8 And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a\r
+man die, and have no son, then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass\r
+unto his daughter.\r
+\r
+27:9 And if he have no daughter, then ye shall give his inheritance\r
+unto his brethren.\r
+\r
+27:10 And if he have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance\r
+unto his father's brethren.\r
+\r
+27:11 And if his father have no brethren, then ye shall give his\r
+inheritance unto his kinsman that is next to him of his family, and he\r
+shall possess it: and it shall be unto the children of Israel a\r
+statute of judgment, as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+27:12 And the LORD said unto Moses, Get thee up into this mount\r
+Abarim, and see the land which I have given unto the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+27:13 And when thou hast seen it, thou also shalt be gathered unto thy\r
+people, as Aaron thy brother was gathered.\r
+\r
+27:14 For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in\r
+the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before\r
+their eyes: that is the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness\r
+of Zin.\r
+\r
+27:15 And Moses spake unto the LORD, saying, 27:16 Let the LORD, the\r
+God of the spirits of all flesh, set a man over the congregation,\r
+27:17 Which may go out before them, and which may go in before them,\r
+and which may lead them out, and which may bring them in; that the\r
+congregation of the LORD be not as sheep which have no shepherd.\r
+\r
+27:18 And the LORD said unto Moses, Take thee Joshua the son of Nun, a\r
+man in whom is the spirit, and lay thine hand upon him; 27:19 And set\r
+him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation; and\r
+give him a charge in their sight.\r
+\r
+27:20 And thou shalt put some of thine honour upon him, that all the\r
+congregation of the children of Israel may be obedient.\r
+\r
+27:21 And he shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask\r
+counsel for him after the judgment of Urim before the LORD: at his\r
+word shall they go out, and at his word they shall come in, both he,\r
+and all the children of Israel with him, even all the congregation.\r
+\r
+27:22 And Moses did as the LORD commanded him: and he took Joshua, and\r
+set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation:\r
+27:23 And he laid his hands upon him, and gave him a charge, as the\r
+LORD commanded by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+28:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 28:2 Command the children\r
+of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my\r
+sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe\r
+to offer unto me in their due season.\r
+\r
+28:3 And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire\r
+which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year\r
+without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering.\r
+\r
+28:4 The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb\r
+shalt thou offer at even; 28:5 And a tenth part of an ephah of flour\r
+for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten\r
+oil.\r
+\r
+28:6 It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in mount\r
+Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:7 And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin\r
+for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine\r
+to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering.\r
+\r
+28:8 And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering\r
+of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer\r
+it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:9 And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot,\r
+and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil,\r
+and the drink offering thereof: 28:10 This is the burnt offering of\r
+every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+28:11 And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt\r
+offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs\r
+of the first year without spot; 28:12 And three tenth deals of flour\r
+for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth\r
+deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram;\r
+28:13 And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat\r
+offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a\r
+sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:14 And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a\r
+bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of\r
+an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month\r
+throughout the months of the year.\r
+\r
+28:15 And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall\r
+be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink\r
+offering.\r
+\r
+28:16 And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:17 And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days\r
+shall unleavened bread be eaten.\r
+\r
+28:18 In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no\r
+manner of servile work therein: 28:19 But ye shall offer a sacrifice\r
+made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks,\r
+and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you\r
+without blemish: 28:20 And their meat offering shall be of flour\r
+mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and\r
+two tenth deals for a ram; 28:21 A several tenth deal shalt thou offer\r
+for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs: 28:22 And one goat for a\r
+sin offering, to make an atonement for you.\r
+\r
+28:23 Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning,\r
+which is for a continual burnt offering.\r
+\r
+28:24 After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven\r
+days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto\r
+the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and\r
+his drink offering.\r
+\r
+28:25 And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye\r
+shall do no servile work.\r
+\r
+28:26 Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat\r
+offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy\r
+convocation; ye shall do no servile work: 28:27 But ye shall offer the\r
+burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks,\r
+one ram, seven lambs of the first year; 28:28 And their meat offering\r
+of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two\r
+tenth deals unto one ram, 28:29 A several tenth deal unto one lamb,\r
+throughout the seven lambs; 28:30 And one kid of the goats, to make an\r
+atonement for you.\r
+\r
+28:31 Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his\r
+meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their\r
+drink offerings.\r
+\r
+29:1 And in the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ye shall\r
+have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work: it is a day of\r
+blowing the trumpets unto you.\r
+\r
+29:2 And ye shall offer a burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the\r
+LORD; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year\r
+without blemish: 29:3 And their meat offering shall be of flour\r
+mingled with oil, three tenth deals for a bullock, and two tenth deals\r
+for a ram, 29:4 And one tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven\r
+lambs: 29:5 And one kid of the goats for a sin offering, to make an\r
+atonement for you: 29:6 Beside the burnt offering of the month, and\r
+his meat offering, and the daily burnt offering, and his meat\r
+offering, and their drink offerings, according unto their manner, for\r
+a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:7 And ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy\r
+convocation; and ye shall afflict your souls: ye shall not do any work\r
+therein: 29:8 But ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD for a\r
+sweet savour; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first\r
+year; they shall be unto you without blemish: 29:9 And their meat\r
+offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals to a\r
+bullock, and two tenth deals to one ram, 29:10 A several tenth deal\r
+for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs: 29:11 One kid of the goats\r
+for a sin offering; beside the sin offering of atonement, and the\r
+continual burnt offering, and the meat offering of it, and their drink\r
+offerings.\r
+\r
+29:12 And on the fifteenth day of the seventh month ye shall have an\r
+holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work, and ye shall keep a\r
+feast unto the LORD seven days: 29:13 And ye shall offer a burnt\r
+offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD;\r
+thirteen young bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first\r
+year; they shall be without blemish: 29:14 And their meat offering\r
+shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto every\r
+bullock of the thirteen bullocks, two tenth deals to each ram of the\r
+two rams, 29:15 And a several tenth deal to each lamb of the fourteen\r
+lambs: 29:16 And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the\r
+continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:17 And on the second day ye shall offer twelve young bullocks, two\r
+rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without spot: 29:18 And their\r
+meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the\r
+rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the\r
+manner: 29:19 And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the\r
+continual burnt offering, and the meat offering thereof, and their\r
+drink offerings.\r
+\r
+29:20 And on the third day eleven bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs\r
+of the first year without blemish; 29:21 And their meat offering and\r
+their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the\r
+lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: 29:22 And\r
+one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and\r
+his meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:23 And on the fourth day ten bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs\r
+of the first year without blemish: 29:24 Their meat offering and their\r
+drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs,\r
+shall be according to their number, after the manner: 29:25 And one\r
+kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt\r
+offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:26 And on the fifth day nine bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs\r
+of the first year without spot: 29:27 And their meat offering and\r
+their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the\r
+lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: 29:28 And\r
+one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and\r
+his meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:29 And on the sixth day eight bullocks, two rams, and fourteen\r
+lambs of the first year without blemish: 29:30 And their meat offering\r
+and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the\r
+lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: 29:31 And\r
+one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his\r
+meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:32 And on the seventh day seven bullocks, two rams, and fourteen\r
+lambs of the first year without blemish: 29:33 And their meat offering\r
+and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the\r
+lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner: 29:34 And\r
+one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his\r
+meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:35 On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly: ye shall do\r
+no servile work therein: 29:36 But ye shall offer a burnt offering, a\r
+sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one bullock,\r
+one ram, seven lambs of the first year without blemish: 29:37 Their\r
+meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullock, for the ram,\r
+and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the\r
+manner: 29:38 And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual\r
+burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering.\r
+\r
+29:39 These things ye shall do unto the LORD in your set feasts,\r
+beside your vows, and your freewill offerings, for your burnt\r
+offerings, and for your meat offerings, and for your drink offerings,\r
+and for your peace offerings.\r
+\r
+29:40 And Moses told the children of Israel according to all that the\r
+LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+30:1 And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the\r
+children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+30:2 If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his\r
+soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according\r
+to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.\r
+\r
+30:3 If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a\r
+bond, being in her father's house in her youth; 30:4 And her father\r
+hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her\r
+father shall hold his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and\r
+every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.\r
+\r
+30:5 But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not\r
+any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul,\r
+shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father\r
+disallowed her.\r
+\r
+30:6 And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered\r
+ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul; 30:7 And her\r
+husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard\r
+it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her\r
+soul shall stand.\r
+\r
+30:8 But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it;\r
+then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered\r
+with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the\r
+LORD shall forgive her.\r
+\r
+30:9 But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith\r
+they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.\r
+\r
+30:10 And if she vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a\r
+bond with an oath; 30:11 And her husband heard it, and held his peace\r
+at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and\r
+every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.\r
+\r
+30:12 But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he\r
+heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her\r
+vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband\r
+hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.\r
+\r
+30:13 Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her\r
+husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.\r
+\r
+30:14 But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to\r
+day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are\r
+upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the\r
+day that he heard them.\r
+\r
+30:15 But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard\r
+them; then he shall bear her iniquity.\r
+\r
+30:16 These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between\r
+a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in\r
+her youth in her father's house.\r
+\r
+31:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 31:2 Avenge the children\r
+of Israel of the Midianites: afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy\r
+people.\r
+\r
+31:3 And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of yourselves\r
+unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, and avenge the\r
+LORD of Midian.\r
+\r
+31:4 Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel,\r
+shall ye send to the war.\r
+\r
+31:5 So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a\r
+thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.\r
+\r
+31:6 And Moses sent them to the war, a thousand of every tribe, them\r
+and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the holy\r
+instruments, and the trumpets to blow in his hand.\r
+\r
+31:7 And they warred against the Midianites, as the LORD commanded\r
+Moses; and they slew all the males.\r
+\r
+31:8 And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that\r
+were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five\r
+kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword.\r
+\r
+31:9 And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives,\r
+and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all\r
+their flocks, and all their goods.\r
+\r
+31:10 And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all\r
+their goodly castles, with fire.\r
+\r
+31:11 And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and\r
+of beasts.\r
+\r
+31:12 And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto\r
+Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and unto the congregation of the\r
+children of Israel, unto the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by\r
+Jordan near Jericho.\r
+\r
+31:13 And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the\r
+congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp.\r
+\r
+31:14 And Moses was wroth with the officers of the host, with the\r
+captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, which came from\r
+the battle.\r
+\r
+31:15 And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?\r
+31:16 Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel\r
+of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor,\r
+and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:17 Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill\r
+every woman that hath known man by lying with him.\r
+\r
+31:18 But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying\r
+with him, keep alive for yourselves.\r
+\r
+31:19 And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath\r
+killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both\r
+yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.\r
+\r
+31:20 And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and\r
+all work of goats' hair, and all things made of wood.\r
+\r
+31:21 And Eleazar the priest said unto the men of war which went to\r
+the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commanded\r
+Moses; 31:22 Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the\r
+tin, and the lead, 31:23 Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall\r
+make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it\r
+shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth\r
+not the fire ye shall make go through the water.\r
+\r
+31:24 And ye shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and ye shall\r
+be clean, and afterward ye shall come into the camp.\r
+\r
+31:25 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 31:26 Take the sum of the\r
+prey that was taken, both of man and of beast, thou, and Eleazar the\r
+priest, and the chief fathers of the congregation: 31:27 And divide\r
+the prey into two parts; between them that took the war upon them, who\r
+went out to battle, and between all the congregation: 31:28 And levy a\r
+tribute unto the Lord of the men of war which went out to battle: one\r
+soul of five hundred, both of the persons, and of the beeves, and of\r
+the asses, and of the sheep: 31:29 Take it of their half, and give it\r
+unto Eleazar the priest, for an heave offering of the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:30 And of the children of Israel's half, thou shalt take one\r
+portion of fifty, of the persons, of the beeves, of the asses, and of\r
+the flocks, of all manner of beasts, and give them unto the Levites,\r
+which keep the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:31 And Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the LORD commanded\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+31:32 And the booty, being the rest of the prey which the men of war\r
+had caught, was six hundred thousand and seventy thousand and five\r
+thousand sheep, 31:33 And threescore and twelve thousand beeves, 31:34\r
+And threescore and one thousand asses, 31:35 And thirty and two\r
+thousand persons in all, of women that had not known man by lying with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+31:36 And the half, which was the portion of them that went out to\r
+war, was in number three hundred thousand and seven and thirty\r
+thousand and five hundred sheep: 31:37 And the LORD's tribute of the\r
+sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen.\r
+\r
+31:38 And the beeves were thirty and six thousand; of which the LORD's\r
+tribute was threescore and twelve.\r
+\r
+31:39 And the asses were thirty thousand and five hundred; of which\r
+the LORD's tribute was threescore and one.\r
+\r
+31:40 And the persons were sixteen thousand; of which the LORD's\r
+tribute was thirty and two persons.\r
+\r
+31:41 And Moses gave the tribute, which was the LORD's heave offering,\r
+unto Eleazar the priest, as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+31:42 And of the children of Israel's half, which Moses divided from\r
+the men that warred, 31:43 (Now the half that pertained unto the\r
+congregation was three hundred thousand and thirty thousand and seven\r
+thousand and five hundred sheep, 31:44 And thirty and six thousand\r
+beeves, 31:45 And thirty thousand asses and five hundred, 31:46 And\r
+sixteen thousand persons;) 31:47 Even of the children of Israel's\r
+half, Moses took one portion of fifty, both of man and of beast, and\r
+gave them unto the Levites, which kept the charge of the tabernacle of\r
+the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+31:48 And the officers which were over thousands of the host, the\r
+captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, came near unto Moses:\r
+31:49 And they said unto Moses, Thy servants have taken the sum of the\r
+men of war which are under our charge, and there lacketh not one man\r
+of us.\r
+\r
+31:50 We have therefore brought an oblation for the LORD, what every\r
+man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, chains, and bracelets, rings,\r
+earrings, and tablets, to make an atonement for our souls before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+31:51 And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of them, even all\r
+wrought jewels.\r
+\r
+31:52 And all the gold of the offering that they offered up to the\r
+LORD, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds,\r
+was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty shekels.\r
+\r
+31:53 (For the men of war had taken spoil, every man for himself.)\r
+31:54 And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains\r
+of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation, for a memorial for the children of Israel before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+32:1 Now the children of Reuben and the children of Gad had a very\r
+great multitude of cattle: and when they saw the land of Jazer, and\r
+the land of Gilead, that, behold, the place was a place for cattle;\r
+32:2 The children of Gad and the children of Reuben came and spake\r
+unto Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and unto the princes of the\r
+congregation, saying, 32:3 Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah,\r
+and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon, 32:4 Even\r
+the country which the LORD smote before the congregation of Israel, is\r
+a land for cattle, and thy servants have cattle: 32:5 Wherefore, said\r
+they, if we have found grace in thy sight, let this land be given unto\r
+thy servants for a possession, and bring us not over Jordan.\r
+\r
+32:6 And Moses said unto the children of Gad and to the children of\r
+Reuben, Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here? 32:7\r
+And wherefore discourage ye the heart of the children of Israel from\r
+going over into the land which the LORD hath given them? 32:8 Thus\r
+did your fathers, when I sent them from Kadeshbarnea to see the land.\r
+\r
+32:9 For when they went up unto the valley of Eshcol, and saw the\r
+land, they discouraged the heart of the children of Israel, that they\r
+should not go into the land which the LORD had given them.\r
+\r
+32:10 And the LORD's anger was kindled the same time, and he sware,\r
+saying, 32:11 Surely none of the men that came up out of Egypt, from\r
+twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I sware unto\r
+Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob; because they have not wholly\r
+followed me: 32:12 Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite, and\r
+Joshua the son of Nun: for they have wholly followed the LORD.\r
+\r
+32:13 And the LORD's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made\r
+them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation,\r
+that had done evil in the sight of the LORD, was consumed.\r
+\r
+32:14 And, behold, ye are risen up in your fathers' stead, an increase\r
+of sinful men, to augment yet the fierce anger of the LORD toward\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+32:15 For if ye turn away from after him, he will yet again leave them\r
+in the wilderness; and ye shall destroy all this people.\r
+\r
+32:16 And they came near unto him, and said, We will build sheepfolds\r
+here for our cattle, and cities for our little ones: 32:17 But we\r
+ourselves will go ready armed before the children of Israel, until we\r
+have brought them unto their place: and our little ones shall dwell in\r
+the fenced cities because of the inhabitants of the land.\r
+\r
+32:18 We will not return unto our houses, until the children of Israel\r
+have inherited every man his inheritance.\r
+\r
+32:19 For we will not inherit with them on yonder side Jordan, or\r
+forward; because our inheritance is fallen to us on this side Jordan\r
+eastward.\r
+\r
+32:20 And Moses said unto them, If ye will do this thing, if ye will\r
+go armed before the LORD to war, 32:21 And will go all of you armed\r
+over Jordan before the LORD, until he hath driven out his enemies from\r
+before him, 32:22 And the land be subdued before the LORD: then\r
+afterward ye shall return, and be guiltless before the LORD, and\r
+before Israel; and this land shall be your possession before the LORD.\r
+\r
+32:23 But if ye will not do so, behold, ye have sinned against the\r
+LORD: and be sure your sin will find you out.\r
+\r
+32:24 Build you cities for your little ones, and folds for your sheep;\r
+and do that which hath proceeded out of your mouth.\r
+\r
+32:25 And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben spake unto\r
+Moses, saying, Thy servants will do as my lord commandeth.\r
+\r
+32:26 Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our cattle,\r
+shall be there in the cities of Gilead: 32:27 But thy servants will\r
+pass over, every man armed for war, before the LORD to battle, as my\r
+lord saith.\r
+\r
+32:28 So concerning them Moses commanded Eleazar the priest, and\r
+Joshua the son of Nun, and the chief fathers of the tribes of the\r
+children of Israel: 32:29 And Moses said unto them, If the children of\r
+Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over Jordan, every\r
+man armed to battle, before the LORD, and the land shall be subdued\r
+before you; then ye shall give them the land of Gilead for a\r
+possession: 32:30 But if they will not pass over with you armed, they\r
+shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+32:31 And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben answered,\r
+saying, As the LORD hath said unto thy servants, so will we do.\r
+\r
+32:32 We will pass over armed before the LORD into the land of Canaan,\r
+that the possession of our inheritance on this side Jordan may be\r
+ours.\r
+\r
+32:33 And Moses gave unto them, even to the children of Gad, and to\r
+the children of Reuben, and unto half the tribe of Manasseh the son of\r
+Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of\r
+Og king of Bashan, the land, with the cities thereof in the coasts,\r
+even the cities of the country round about.\r
+\r
+32:34 And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer,\r
+32:35 And Atroth, Shophan, and Jaazer, and Jogbehah, 32:36 And\r
+Bethnimrah, and Bethharan, fenced cities: and folds for sheep.\r
+\r
+32:37 And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and Elealeh, and\r
+Kirjathaim, 32:38 And Nebo, and Baalmeon, (their names being changed,)\r
+and Shibmah: and gave other names unto the cities which they builded.\r
+\r
+32:39 And the children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead,\r
+and took it, and dispossessed the Amorite which was in it.\r
+\r
+32:40 And Moses gave Gilead unto Machir the son of Manasseh; and he\r
+dwelt therein.\r
+\r
+32:41 And Jair the son of Manasseh went and took the small towns\r
+thereof, and called them Havothjair.\r
+\r
+32:42 And Nobah went and took Kenath, and the villages thereof, and\r
+called it Nobah, after his own name.\r
+\r
+33:1 These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went\r
+forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of\r
+Moses and Aaron.\r
+\r
+33:2 And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by\r
+the commandment of the LORD: and these are their journeys according to\r
+their goings out.\r
+\r
+33:3 And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the\r
+fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the\r
+children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the\r
+Egyptians.\r
+\r
+33:4 For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had\r
+smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments.\r
+\r
+33:5 And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in\r
+Succoth.\r
+\r
+33:6 And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in\r
+the edge of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+33:7 And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pihahiroth,\r
+which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol.\r
+\r
+33:8 And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the\r
+midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in\r
+the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.\r
+\r
+33:9 And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were\r
+twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they\r
+pitched there.\r
+\r
+33:10 And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea.\r
+\r
+33:11 And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the\r
+wilderness of Sin.\r
+\r
+33:12 And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and\r
+encamped in Dophkah.\r
+\r
+33:13 And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush.\r
+\r
+33:14 And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was\r
+no water for the people to drink.\r
+\r
+33:15 And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness\r
+of Sinai.\r
+\r
+33:16 And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at\r
+Kibrothhattaavah.\r
+\r
+33:17 And they departed from Kibrothhattaavah, and encamped at\r
+Hazeroth.\r
+\r
+33:18 And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah.\r
+\r
+33:19 And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmonparez.\r
+\r
+33:20 And they departed from Rimmonparez, and pitched in Libnah.\r
+\r
+33:21 And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah.\r
+\r
+33:22 And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah.\r
+\r
+33:23 And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher.\r
+\r
+33:24 And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah.\r
+\r
+33:25 And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth.\r
+\r
+33:26 And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath.\r
+\r
+33:27 And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah.\r
+\r
+33:28 And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah.\r
+\r
+33:29 And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah.\r
+\r
+33:30 And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth.\r
+\r
+33:31 And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Benejaakan.\r
+\r
+33:32 And they removed from Benejaakan, and encamped at Horhagidgad.\r
+\r
+33:33 And they went from Horhagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah.\r
+\r
+33:34 And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah.\r
+\r
+33:35 And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Eziongaber.\r
+\r
+33:36 And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness\r
+of Zin, which is Kadesh.\r
+\r
+33:37 And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the\r
+edge of the land of Edom.\r
+\r
+33:38 And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment\r
+of the LORD, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children\r
+of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the\r
+fifth month.\r
+\r
+33:39 And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he\r
+died in mount Hor.\r
+\r
+33:40 And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the\r
+land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:41 And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah.\r
+\r
+33:42 And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon.\r
+\r
+33:43 And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth.\r
+\r
+33:44 And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ijeabarim, in the\r
+border of Moab.\r
+\r
+33:45 And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibongad.\r
+\r
+33:46 And they removed from Dibongad, and encamped in Almondiblathaim.\r
+\r
+33:47 And they removed from Almondiblathaim, and pitched in the\r
+mountains of Abarim, before Nebo.\r
+\r
+33:48 And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in\r
+the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.\r
+\r
+33:49 And they pitched by Jordan, from Bethjesimoth even unto\r
+Abelshittim in the plains of Moab.\r
+\r
+33:50 And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan\r
+near Jericho, saying, 33:51 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say\r
+unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan;\r
+33:52 Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from\r
+before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their\r
+molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places: 33:53 And\r
+ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein:\r
+for I have given you the land to possess it.\r
+\r
+33:54 And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among\r
+your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and\r
+to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's\r
+inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to\r
+the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit.\r
+\r
+33:55 But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from\r
+before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain\r
+of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and\r
+shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell.\r
+\r
+33:56 Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I\r
+thought to do unto them.\r
+\r
+34:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 34:2 Command the children\r
+of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land of Canaan;\r
+(this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even\r
+the land of Canaan with the coasts thereof:) 34:3 Then your south\r
+quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of\r
+Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea\r
+eastward: 34:4 And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent\r
+of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin: and the going forth thereof shall be\r
+from the south to Kadeshbarnea, and shall go on to Hazaraddar, and\r
+pass on to Azmon: 34:5 And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon\r
+unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea.\r
+\r
+34:6 And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea\r
+for a border: this shall be your west border.\r
+\r
+34:7 And this shall be your north border: from the great sea ye shall\r
+point out for you mount Hor: 34:8 From mount Hor ye shall point out\r
+your border unto the entrance of Hamath; and the goings forth of the\r
+border shall be to Zedad: 34:9 And the border shall go on to Ziphron,\r
+and the goings out of it shall be at Hazarenan: this shall be your\r
+north border.\r
+\r
+34:10 And ye shall point out your east border from Hazarenan to\r
+Shepham: 34:11 And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on\r
+the east side of Ain; and the border shall descend, and shall reach\r
+unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward: 34:12 And the border\r
+shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt\r
+sea: this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about.\r
+\r
+34:13 And Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying, This is the\r
+land which ye shall inherit by lot, which the LORD commanded to give\r
+unto the nine tribes, and to the half tribe: 34:14 For the tribe of\r
+the children of Reuben according to the house of their fathers, and\r
+the tribe of the children of Gad according to the house of their\r
+fathers, have received their inheritance; and half the tribe of\r
+Manasseh have received their inheritance: 34:15 The two tribes and the\r
+half tribe have received their inheritance on this side Jordan near\r
+Jericho eastward, toward the sunrising.\r
+\r
+34:16 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 34:17 These are the names\r
+of the men which shall divide the land unto you: Eleazar the priest,\r
+and Joshua the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+34:18 And ye shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land\r
+by inheritance.\r
+\r
+34:19 And the names of the men are these: Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb\r
+the son of Jephunneh.\r
+\r
+34:20 And of the tribe of the children of Simeon, Shemuel the son of\r
+Ammihud.\r
+\r
+34:21 Of the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon.\r
+\r
+34:22 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the\r
+son of Jogli.\r
+\r
+34:23 The prince of the children of Joseph, for the tribe of the\r
+children of Manasseh, Hanniel the son of Ephod.\r
+\r
+34:24 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Ephraim, Kemuel\r
+the son of Shiphtan.\r
+\r
+34:25 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Zebulun,\r
+Elizaphan the son of Parnach.\r
+\r
+34:26 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Issachar, Paltiel\r
+the son of Azzan.\r
+\r
+34:27 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Asher, Ahihud the\r
+son of Shelomi.\r
+\r
+34:28 And the prince of the tribe of the children of Naphtali, Pedahel\r
+the son of Ammihud.\r
+\r
+34:29 These are they whom the LORD commanded to divide the inheritance\r
+unto the children of Israel in the land of Canaan.\r
+\r
+35:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan\r
+near Jericho, saying, 35:2 Command the children of Israel, that they\r
+give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to\r
+dwell in; and ye shall give also unto the Levites suburbs for the\r
+cities round about them.\r
+\r
+35:3 And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of\r
+them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their\r
+beasts.\r
+\r
+35:4 And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the\r
+Levites, shall reach from the wall of the city and outward a thousand\r
+cubits round about.\r
+\r
+35:5 And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two\r
+thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the\r
+west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand\r
+cubits; and the city shall be in the midst: this shall be to them the\r
+suburbs of the cities.\r
+\r
+35:6 And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites there\r
+shall be six cities for refuge, which ye shall appoint for the\r
+manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add forty\r
+and two cities.\r
+\r
+35:7 So all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be\r
+forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with their suburbs.\r
+\r
+35:8 And the cities which ye shall give shall be of the possession of\r
+the children of Israel: from them that have many ye shall give many;\r
+but from them that have few ye shall give few: every one shall give of\r
+his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he\r
+inheriteth.\r
+\r
+35:9 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 35:10 Speak unto the\r
+children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan\r
+into the land of Canaan; 35:11 Then ye shall appoint you cities to be\r
+cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which\r
+killeth any person at unawares.\r
+\r
+35:12 And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger;\r
+that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+35:13 And of these cities which ye shall give six cities shall ye have\r
+for refuge.\r
+\r
+35:14 Ye shall give three cities on this side Jordan, and three cities\r
+shall ye give in the land of Canaan, which shall be cities of refuge.\r
+\r
+35:15 These six cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of\r
+Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that\r
+every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither.\r
+\r
+35:16 And if he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die,\r
+he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+35:17 And if he smite him with throwing a stone, wherewith he may die,\r
+and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to\r
+death.\r
+\r
+35:18 Or if he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may\r
+die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to\r
+death.\r
+\r
+35:19 The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he\r
+meeteth him, he shall slay him.\r
+\r
+35:20 But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of\r
+wait, that he die; 35:21 Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he\r
+die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a\r
+murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he\r
+meeteth him.\r
+\r
+35:22 But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon\r
+him any thing without laying of wait, 35:23 Or with any stone,\r
+wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he\r
+die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm: 35:24 Then the\r
+congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood\r
+according to these judgments: 35:25 And the congregation shall deliver\r
+the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the\r
+congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he\r
+was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest,\r
+which was anointed with the holy oil.\r
+\r
+35:26 But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of\r
+the city of his refuge, whither he was fled; 35:27 And the revenger of\r
+blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the\r
+revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood:\r
+35:28 Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge until\r
+the death of the high priest: but after the death of the high priest\r
+the slayer shall return into the land of his possession.\r
+\r
+35:29 So these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you\r
+throughout your generations in all your dwellings.\r
+\r
+35:30 Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by\r
+the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any\r
+person to cause him to die.\r
+\r
+35:31 Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a\r
+murderer, which is guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to\r
+death.\r
+\r
+35:32 And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the\r
+city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land,\r
+until the death of the priest.\r
+\r
+35:33 So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood it\r
+defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that\r
+is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.\r
+\r
+35:34 Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I\r
+dwell: for I the LORD dwell among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+36:1 And the chief fathers of the families of the children of Gilead,\r
+the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of\r
+Joseph, came near, and spake before Moses, and before the princes, the\r
+chief fathers of the children of Israel: 36:2 And they said, The LORD\r
+commanded my lord to give the land for an inheritance by lot to the\r
+children of Israel: and my lord was commanded by the LORD to give the\r
+inheritance of Zelophehad our brother unto his daughters.\r
+\r
+36:3 And if they be married to any of the sons of the other tribes of\r
+the children of Israel, then shall their inheritance be taken from the\r
+inheritance of our fathers, and shall be put to the inheritance of the\r
+tribe whereunto they are received: so shall it be taken from the lot\r
+of our inheritance.\r
+\r
+36:4 And when the jubile of the children of Israel shall be, then\r
+shall their inheritance be put unto the inheritance of the tribe\r
+whereunto they are received: so shall their inheritance be taken away\r
+from the inheritance of the tribe of our fathers.\r
+\r
+36:5 And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word\r
+of the LORD, saying, The tribe of the sons of Joseph hath said well.\r
+\r
+36:6 This is the thing which the LORD doth command concerning the\r
+daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them marry to whom they think\r
+best; only to the family of the tribe of their father shall they\r
+marry.\r
+\r
+36:7 So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove\r
+from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall\r
+keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers.\r
+\r
+36:8 And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe\r
+of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the\r
+tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man\r
+the inheritance of his fathers.\r
+\r
+36:9 Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another\r
+tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel shall\r
+keep himself to his own inheritance.\r
+\r
+36:10 Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of\r
+Zelophehad: 36:11 For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and\r
+Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's\r
+brothers' sons: 36:12 And they were married into the families of the\r
+sons of Manasseh the son of Joseph, and their inheritance remained in\r
+the tribe of the family of their father.\r
+\r
+36:13 These are the commandments and the judgments, which the LORD\r
+commanded by the hand of Moses unto the children of Israel in the\r
+plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Fifth Book of Moses: Called Deuteronomy\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side\r
+Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea,\r
+between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.\r
+\r
+1:2 (There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount\r
+Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.) 1:3 And it came to pass in the fortieth\r
+year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses\r
+spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD\r
+had given him in commandment unto them; 1:4 After he had slain Sihon\r
+the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of\r
+Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei: 1:5 On this side Jordan, in\r
+the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying, 1:6 The\r
+LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough\r
+in this mount: 1:7 Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the\r
+mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the\r
+plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea\r
+side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great\r
+river, the river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+1:8 Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land\r
+which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to\r
+give unto them and to their seed after them.\r
+\r
+1:9 And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear\r
+you myself alone: 1:10 The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and,\r
+behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.\r
+\r
+1:11 (The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many\r
+more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!) 1:12 How can\r
+I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?\r
+1:13 Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your\r
+tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.\r
+\r
+1:14 And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is\r
+good for us to do.\r
+\r
+1:15 So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made\r
+them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over\r
+hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and\r
+officers among your tribes.\r
+\r
+1:16 And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes\r
+between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his\r
+brother, and the stranger that is with him.\r
+\r
+1:17 Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the\r
+small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man;\r
+for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you,\r
+bring it unto me, and I will hear it.\r
+\r
+1:18 And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should\r
+do.\r
+\r
+1:19 And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great\r
+and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of\r
+the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to\r
+Kadeshbarnea.\r
+\r
+1:20 And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the\r
+Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us.\r
+\r
+1:21 Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and\r
+possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear\r
+not, neither be discouraged.\r
+\r
+1:22 And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send\r
+men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us\r
+word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall\r
+come.\r
+\r
+1:23 And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one\r
+of a tribe: 1:24 And they turned and went up into the mountain, and\r
+came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out.\r
+\r
+1:25 And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and\r
+brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a\r
+good land which the LORD our God doth give us.\r
+\r
+1:26 Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the\r
+commandment of the LORD your God: 1:27 And ye murmured in your tents,\r
+and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of\r
+the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to\r
+destroy us.\r
+\r
+1:28 Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart,\r
+saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great\r
+and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the\r
+Anakims there.\r
+\r
+1:29 Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them.\r
+\r
+1:30 The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you,\r
+according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes; 1:31\r
+And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God\r
+bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went,\r
+until ye came into this place.\r
+\r
+1:32 Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God, 1:33 Who\r
+went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your\r
+tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and\r
+in a cloud by day.\r
+\r
+1:34 And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and\r
+sware, saying, 1:35 Surely there shall not one of these men of this\r
+evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+1:36 Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will\r
+I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children,\r
+because he hath wholly followed the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:37 Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also\r
+shalt not go in thither.\r
+\r
+1:38 But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall\r
+go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it.\r
+\r
+1:39 Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and\r
+your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and\r
+evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they\r
+shall possess it.\r
+\r
+1:40 But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the\r
+wilderness by the way of the Red sea.\r
+\r
+1:41 Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the\r
+LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God\r
+commanded us.\r
+\r
+And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready\r
+to go up into the hill.\r
+\r
+1:42 And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither\r
+fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies.\r
+\r
+1:43 So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against\r
+the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill.\r
+\r
+1:44 And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against\r
+you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto\r
+Hormah.\r
+\r
+1:45 And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not\r
+hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you.\r
+\r
+1:46 So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye\r
+abode there.\r
+\r
+2:1 Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the\r
+way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount\r
+Seir many days.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the LORD spake unto me, saying, 2:3 Ye have compassed this\r
+mountain long enough: turn you northward.\r
+\r
+2:4 And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the\r
+coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and\r
+they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves\r
+therefore: 2:5 Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their\r
+land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount\r
+Seir unto Esau for a possession.\r
+\r
+2:6 Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall\r
+also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.\r
+\r
+2:7 For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy\r
+hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these\r
+forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked\r
+nothing.\r
+\r
+2:8 And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau,\r
+which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from\r
+Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.\r
+\r
+2:9 And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither\r
+contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land\r
+for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for\r
+a possession.\r
+\r
+2:10 The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many,\r
+and tall, as the Anakims; 2:11 Which also were accounted giants, as\r
+the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.\r
+\r
+2:12 The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of\r
+Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them,\r
+and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his\r
+possession, which the LORD gave unto them.\r
+\r
+2:13 Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we\r
+went over the brook Zered.\r
+\r
+2:14 And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were\r
+come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the\r
+generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as\r
+the LORD sware unto them.\r
+\r
+2:15 For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them\r
+from among the host, until they were consumed.\r
+\r
+2:16 So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and\r
+dead from among the people, 2:17 That the LORD spake unto me, saying,\r
+2:18 Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:\r
+2:19 And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon,\r
+distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of\r
+the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given\r
+it unto the children of Lot for a possession.\r
+\r
+2:20 (That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein\r
+in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims; 2:21 A people\r
+great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them\r
+before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead: 2:22\r
+As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he\r
+destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and\r
+dwelt in their stead even unto this day: 2:23 And the Avims which\r
+dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth\r
+out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.) 2:24 Rise\r
+ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I\r
+have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his\r
+land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle.\r
+\r
+2:25 This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of\r
+thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear\r
+report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.\r
+\r
+2:26 And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto\r
+Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying, 2:27 Let me pass\r
+through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn\r
+unto the right hand nor to the left.\r
+\r
+2:28 Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me\r
+water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my\r
+feet; 2:29 (As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the\r
+Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over\r
+Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.\r
+\r
+2:30 But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the\r
+LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that\r
+he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.\r
+\r
+2:31 And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and\r
+his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his\r
+land.\r
+\r
+2:32 Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight\r
+at Jahaz.\r
+\r
+2:33 And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him,\r
+and his sons, and all his people.\r
+\r
+2:34 And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed\r
+the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left\r
+none to remain: 2:35 Only the cattle we took for a prey unto\r
+ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.\r
+\r
+2:36 From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from\r
+the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one\r
+city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us: 2:37\r
+Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto\r
+any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains,\r
+nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.\r
+\r
+3:1 Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of\r
+Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.\r
+\r
+3:2 And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him,\r
+and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do\r
+unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at\r
+Heshbon.\r
+\r
+3:3 So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of\r
+Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to\r
+him remaining.\r
+\r
+3:4 And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city\r
+which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of\r
+Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.\r
+\r
+3:5 All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars;\r
+beside unwalled towns a great many.\r
+\r
+3:6 And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of\r
+Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every\r
+city.\r
+\r
+3:7 But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a\r
+prey to ourselves.\r
+\r
+3:8 And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the\r
+Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of\r
+Arnon unto mount Hermon; 3:9 (Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion;\r
+and the Amorites call it Shenir;) 3:10 All the cities of the plain,\r
+and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the\r
+kingdom of Og in Bashan.\r
+\r
+3:11 For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants;\r
+behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of\r
+the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four\r
+cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.\r
+\r
+3:12 And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which\r
+is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof,\r
+gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites.\r
+\r
+3:13 And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og,\r
+gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with\r
+all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.\r
+\r
+3:14 Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the\r
+coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name,\r
+Bashanhavothjair, unto this day.\r
+\r
+3:15 And I gave Gilead unto Machir.\r
+\r
+3:16 And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead\r
+even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto\r
+the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon; 3:17\r
+The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth\r
+even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah\r
+eastward.\r
+\r
+3:18 And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath\r
+given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before\r
+your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war.\r
+\r
+3:19 But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I\r
+know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I\r
+have given you; 3:20 Until the LORD have given rest unto your\r
+brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land\r
+which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall\r
+ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you.\r
+\r
+3:21 And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen\r
+all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall\r
+the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest.\r
+\r
+3:22 Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for\r
+you.\r
+\r
+3:23 And I besought the LORD at that time, saying, 3:24 O Lord GOD,\r
+thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty\r
+hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do\r
+according to thy works, and according to thy might? 3:25 I pray thee,\r
+let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that\r
+goodly mountain, and Lebanon.\r
+\r
+3:26 But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear\r
+me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto\r
+me of this matter.\r
+\r
+3:27 Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes\r
+westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it\r
+with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan.\r
+\r
+3:28 But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he\r
+shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit\r
+the land which thou shalt see.\r
+\r
+3:29 So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor.\r
+\r
+4:1 Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the\r
+judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go\r
+in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you.\r
+\r
+4:2 Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall\r
+ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the\r
+LORD your God which I command you.\r
+\r
+4:3 Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all\r
+the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them\r
+from among you.\r
+\r
+4:4 But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one\r
+of you this day.\r
+\r
+4:5 Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD\r
+my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+4:6 Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your\r
+understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these\r
+statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and\r
+understanding people.\r
+\r
+4:7 For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them,\r
+as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for? 4:8\r
+And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so\r
+righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day? 4:9 Only\r
+take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget\r
+the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy\r
+heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons'\r
+sons; 4:10 Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy\r
+God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people\r
+together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to\r
+fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that\r
+they may teach their children.\r
+\r
+4:11 And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain\r
+burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and\r
+thick darkness.\r
+\r
+4:12 And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye\r
+heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a\r
+voice.\r
+\r
+4:13 And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to\r
+perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of\r
+stone.\r
+\r
+4:14 And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and\r
+judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+4:15 Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner\r
+of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of\r
+the midst of the fire: 4:16 Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a\r
+graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or\r
+female, 4:17 The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the\r
+likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air, 4:18 The likeness\r
+of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish\r
+that is in the waters beneath the earth: 4:19 And lest thou lift up\r
+thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and\r
+the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship\r
+them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all\r
+nations under the whole heaven.\r
+\r
+4:20 But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the\r
+iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of\r
+inheritance, as ye are this day.\r
+\r
+4:21 Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware\r
+that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto\r
+that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance:\r
+4:22 But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye\r
+shall go over, and possess that good land.\r
+\r
+4:23 Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the\r
+LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or\r
+the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.\r
+\r
+4:24 For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.\r
+\r
+4:25 When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye\r
+shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves,\r
+and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do\r
+evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger: 4:26 I\r
+call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall\r
+soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to\r
+possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly\r
+be destroyed.\r
+\r
+4:27 And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be\r
+left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you.\r
+\r
+4:28 And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and\r
+stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.\r
+\r
+4:29 But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt\r
+find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul.\r
+\r
+4:30 When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon\r
+thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and\r
+shalt be obedient unto his voice; 4:31 (For the LORD thy God is a\r
+merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor\r
+forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them.\r
+\r
+4:32 For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee,\r
+since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the\r
+one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such\r
+thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it? 4:33 Did\r
+ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the\r
+fire, as thou hast heard, and live? 4:34 Or hath God assayed to go\r
+and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by\r
+temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty\r
+hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to\r
+all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?\r
+4:35 Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he\r
+is God; there is none else beside him.\r
+\r
+4:36 Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might\r
+instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou\r
+heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.\r
+\r
+4:37 And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed\r
+after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power\r
+out of Egypt; 4:38 To drive out nations from before thee greater and\r
+mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for\r
+an inheritance, as it is this day.\r
+\r
+4:39 Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the\r
+LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is\r
+none else.\r
+\r
+4:40 Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments,\r
+which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with\r
+thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon\r
+the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever.\r
+\r
+4:41 Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the\r
+sunrising; 4:42 That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill\r
+his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that\r
+fleeing unto one of these cities he might live: 4:43 Namely, Bezer in\r
+the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in\r
+Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.\r
+\r
+4:44 And this is the law which Moses set before the children of\r
+Israel: 4:45 These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the\r
+judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they\r
+came forth out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+4:46 On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the\r
+land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon, whom Moses\r
+and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of\r
+Egypt: 4:47 And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of\r
+Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan\r
+toward the sunrising; 4:48 From Aroer, which is by the bank of the\r
+river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon, 4:49 And all the\r
+plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain,\r
+under the springs of Pisgah.\r
+\r
+5:1 And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel,\r
+the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that\r
+ye may learn them, and keep, and do them.\r
+\r
+5:2 The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.\r
+\r
+5:3 The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us,\r
+even us, who are all of us here alive this day.\r
+\r
+5:4 The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the\r
+midst of the fire, 5:5 (I stood between the LORD and you at that time,\r
+to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the\r
+fire, and went not up into the mount;) saying, 5:6 I am the LORD thy\r
+God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of\r
+bondage.\r
+\r
+5:7 Thou shalt have none other gods before me.\r
+\r
+5:8 Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any\r
+thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or\r
+that is in the waters beneath the earth: 5:9 Thou shalt not bow down\r
+thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous\r
+God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the\r
+third and fourth generation of them that hate me, 5:10 And shewing\r
+mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.\r
+\r
+5:11 Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the\r
+LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.\r
+\r
+5:12 Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath\r
+commanded thee.\r
+\r
+5:13 Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work: 5:14 But the\r
+seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not\r
+do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant,\r
+nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy\r
+cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant\r
+and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou.\r
+\r
+5:15 And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and\r
+that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand\r
+and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee\r
+to keep the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+5:16 Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath\r
+commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go\r
+well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.\r
+\r
+5:17 Thou shalt not kill.\r
+\r
+5:18 Neither shalt thou commit adultery.\r
+\r
+5:19 Neither shalt thou steal.\r
+\r
+5:20 Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour.\r
+\r
+5:21 Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt\r
+thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his\r
+maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's.\r
+\r
+5:22 These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount\r
+out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness,\r
+with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two\r
+tables of stone, and delivered them unto me.\r
+\r
+5:23 And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of\r
+the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near\r
+unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders; 5:24 And\r
+ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his\r
+greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire:\r
+we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth.\r
+\r
+5:25 Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume\r
+us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall\r
+die.\r
+\r
+5:26 For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the\r
+living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and\r
+lived? 5:27 Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall\r
+say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto\r
+thee; and we will hear it, and do it.\r
+\r
+5:28 And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto\r
+me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of\r
+this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all\r
+that they have spoken.\r
+\r
+5:29 O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me,\r
+and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them,\r
+and with their children for ever! 5:30 Go say to them, Get you into\r
+your tents again.\r
+\r
+5:31 But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto\r
+thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which\r
+thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give\r
+them to possess it.\r
+\r
+5:32 Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath\r
+commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the\r
+left.\r
+\r
+5:33 Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath\r
+commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and\r
+that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.\r
+\r
+6:1 Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments,\r
+which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them\r
+in the land whither ye go to possess it: 6:2 That thou mightest fear\r
+the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which\r
+I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of\r
+thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged.\r
+\r
+6:3 Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be\r
+well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of\r
+thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and\r
+honey.\r
+\r
+6:4 Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD: 6:5 And thou shalt\r
+love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and\r
+with all thy might.\r
+\r
+6:6 And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine\r
+heart: 6:7 And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and\r
+shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou\r
+walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.\r
+\r
+6:8 And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they\r
+shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.\r
+\r
+6:9 And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy\r
+gates.\r
+\r
+6:10 And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee\r
+into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac,\r
+and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou\r
+buildedst not, 6:11 And houses full of all good things, which thou\r
+filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and\r
+olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and\r
+be full; 6:12 Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought\r
+thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.\r
+\r
+6:13 Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear\r
+by his name.\r
+\r
+6:14 Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which\r
+are round about you; 6:15 (For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among\r
+you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and\r
+destroy thee from off the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+6:16 Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in\r
+Massah.\r
+\r
+6:17 Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God,\r
+and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee.\r
+\r
+6:18 And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of\r
+the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in\r
+and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers.\r
+\r
+6:19 To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath\r
+spoken.\r
+\r
+6:20 And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean\r
+the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD\r
+our God hath commanded you? 6:21 Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We\r
+were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt\r
+with a mighty hand: 6:22 And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great\r
+and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before\r
+our eyes: 6:23 And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring\r
+us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers.\r
+\r
+6:24 And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the\r
+LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as\r
+it is at this day.\r
+\r
+6:25 And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these\r
+commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us.\r
+\r
+7:1 When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou\r
+goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the\r
+Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites,\r
+and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations\r
+greater and mightier than thou; 7:2 And when the LORD thy God shall\r
+deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy\r
+them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:\r
+7:3 Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou\r
+shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy\r
+son.\r
+\r
+7:4 For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may\r
+serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against\r
+you, and destroy thee suddenly.\r
+\r
+7:5 But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars,\r
+and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their\r
+graven images with fire.\r
+\r
+7:6 For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy\r
+God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all\r
+people that are upon the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+7:7 The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye\r
+were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all\r
+people: 7:8 But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep\r
+the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought\r
+you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of\r
+bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:9 Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God,\r
+which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his\r
+commandments to a thousand generations; 7:10 And repayeth them that\r
+hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him\r
+that hateth him, he will repay him to his face.\r
+\r
+7:11 Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and\r
+the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them.\r
+\r
+7:12 Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these\r
+judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep\r
+unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers:\r
+7:13 And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will\r
+also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn,\r
+and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks\r
+of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+7:14 Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male\r
+or female barren among you, or among your cattle.\r
+\r
+7:15 And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put\r
+none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but\r
+will lay them upon all them that hate thee.\r
+\r
+7:16 And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God\r
+shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither\r
+shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.\r
+\r
+7:17 If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I;\r
+how can I dispossess them? 7:18 Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but\r
+shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto\r
+all Egypt; 7:19 The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the\r
+signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out\r
+arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy\r
+God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid.\r
+\r
+7:20 Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until\r
+they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed.\r
+\r
+7:21 Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is\r
+among you, a mighty God and terrible.\r
+\r
+7:22 And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by\r
+little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the\r
+beasts of the field increase upon thee.\r
+\r
+7:23 But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall\r
+destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed.\r
+\r
+7:24 And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt\r
+destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to\r
+stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them.\r
+\r
+7:25 The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou\r
+shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto\r
+thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD\r
+thy God.\r
+\r
+7:26 Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest\r
+thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and\r
+thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing.\r
+\r
+8:1 All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye\r
+observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess\r
+the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.\r
+\r
+8:2 And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led\r
+thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove\r
+thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his\r
+commandments, or no.\r
+\r
+8:3 And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee\r
+with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that\r
+he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by\r
+every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live.\r
+\r
+8:4 Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell,\r
+these forty years.\r
+\r
+8:5 Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth\r
+his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee.\r
+\r
+8:6 Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to\r
+walk in his ways, and to fear him.\r
+\r
+8:7 For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of\r
+brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys\r
+and hills; 8:8 A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees,\r
+and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey; 8:9 A land wherein\r
+thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing\r
+in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou\r
+mayest dig brass.\r
+\r
+8:10 When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD\r
+thy God for the good land which he hath given thee.\r
+\r
+8:11 Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his\r
+commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command\r
+thee this day: 8:12 Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast\r
+built goodly houses, and dwelt therein; 8:13 And when thy herds and\r
+thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and\r
+all that thou hast is multiplied; 8:14 Then thine heart be lifted up,\r
+and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the\r
+land of Egypt, from the house of bondage; 8:15 Who led thee through\r
+that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and\r
+scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee\r
+forth water out of the rock of flint; 8:16 Who fed thee in the\r
+wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might\r
+humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy\r
+latter end; 8:17 And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might\r
+of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth.\r
+\r
+8:18 But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that\r
+giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant\r
+which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.\r
+\r
+8:19 And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and\r
+walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify\r
+against you this day that ye shall surely perish.\r
+\r
+8:20 As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so\r
+shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of\r
+the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+9:1 Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to\r
+possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and\r
+fenced up to heaven, 9:2 A people great and tall, the children of the\r
+Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can\r
+stand before the children of Anak! 9:3 Understand therefore this day,\r
+that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a\r
+consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down\r
+before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them\r
+quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee.\r
+\r
+9:4 Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath\r
+cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD\r
+hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of\r
+these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee.\r
+\r
+9:5 Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart,\r
+dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these\r
+nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and\r
+that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers,\r
+Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.\r
+\r
+9:6 Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this\r
+good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a\r
+stiffnecked people.\r
+\r
+9:7 Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to\r
+wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of\r
+the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been\r
+rebellious against the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:8 Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was\r
+angry with you to have destroyed you.\r
+\r
+9:9 When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone,\r
+even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I\r
+abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat\r
+bread nor drink water: 9:10 And the LORD delivered unto me two tables\r
+of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written\r
+according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount\r
+out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.\r
+\r
+9:11 And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights,\r
+that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the\r
+covenant.\r
+\r
+9:12 And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from\r
+hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have\r
+corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way\r
+which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image.\r
+\r
+9:13 Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this\r
+people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people: 9:14 Let me alone,\r
+that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven:\r
+and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they.\r
+\r
+9:15 So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned\r
+with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands.\r
+\r
+9:16 And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your\r
+God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out\r
+of the way which the LORD had commanded you.\r
+\r
+9:17 And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and\r
+brake them before your eyes.\r
+\r
+9:18 And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and\r
+forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all\r
+your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD,\r
+to provoke him to anger.\r
+\r
+9:19 For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the\r
+LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto\r
+me at that time also.\r
+\r
+9:20 And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and\r
+I prayed for Aaron also the same time.\r
+\r
+9:21 And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it\r
+with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was\r
+as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that\r
+descended out of the mount.\r
+\r
+9:22 And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye\r
+provoked the LORD to wrath.\r
+\r
+9:23 Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up\r
+and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against\r
+the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor\r
+hearkened to his voice.\r
+\r
+9:24 Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew\r
+you.\r
+\r
+9:25 Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as\r
+I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy\r
+you.\r
+\r
+9:26 I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy\r
+not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through\r
+thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a\r
+mighty hand.\r
+\r
+9:27 Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto\r
+the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their\r
+sin: 9:28 Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the\r
+LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them,\r
+and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in\r
+the wilderness.\r
+\r
+9:29 Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou\r
+broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm.\r
+\r
+10:1 At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone\r
+like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee\r
+an ark of wood.\r
+\r
+10:2 And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first\r
+tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark.\r
+\r
+10:3 And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone\r
+like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables\r
+in mine hand.\r
+\r
+10:4 And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the\r
+ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of\r
+the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave\r
+them unto me.\r
+\r
+10:5 And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the\r
+tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD\r
+commanded me.\r
+\r
+10:6 And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the\r
+children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was\r
+buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his\r
+stead.\r
+\r
+10:7 From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to\r
+Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters.\r
+\r
+10:8 At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister\r
+unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day.\r
+\r
+10:9 Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren;\r
+the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised\r
+him.\r
+\r
+10:10 And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty\r
+days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time\r
+also, and the LORD would not destroy thee.\r
+\r
+10:11 And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the\r
+people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto\r
+their fathers to give unto them.\r
+\r
+10:12 And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but\r
+to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him,\r
+and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy\r
+soul, 10:13 To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes,\r
+which I command thee this day for thy good? 10:14 Behold, the heaven\r
+and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with\r
+all that therein is.\r
+\r
+10:15 Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he\r
+chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+10:16 Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more\r
+stiffnecked.\r
+\r
+10:17 For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great\r
+God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh\r
+reward: 10:18 He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and\r
+widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.\r
+\r
+10:19 Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the\r
+land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:20 Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to\r
+him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name.\r
+\r
+10:21 He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee\r
+these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen.\r
+\r
+10:22 Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten\r
+persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of\r
+heaven for multitude.\r
+\r
+11:1 Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge,\r
+and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.\r
+\r
+11:2 And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which\r
+have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD\r
+your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm,\r
+11:3 And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of\r
+Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land; 11:4 And\r
+what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their\r
+chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as\r
+they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this\r
+day; 11:5 And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came\r
+into this place; 11:6 And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons\r
+of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and\r
+swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the\r
+substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel:\r
+11:7 But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he\r
+did.\r
+\r
+11:8 Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you\r
+this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land,\r
+whither ye go to possess it; 11:9 And that ye may prolong your days in\r
+the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and\r
+to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+11:10 For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the\r
+land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed,\r
+and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs: 11:11 But the\r
+land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and\r
+drinketh water of the rain of heaven: 11:12 A land which the LORD thy\r
+God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from\r
+the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.\r
+\r
+11:13 And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto\r
+my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your\r
+God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul,\r
+11:14 That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season,\r
+the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy\r
+corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.\r
+\r
+11:15 And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou\r
+mayest eat and be full.\r
+\r
+11:16 Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye\r
+turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them; 11:17 And then the\r
+LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that\r
+there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye\r
+perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.\r
+\r
+11:18 Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in\r
+your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be\r
+as frontlets between your eyes.\r
+\r
+11:19 And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when\r
+thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when\r
+thou liest down, and when thou risest up.\r
+\r
+11:20 And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house,\r
+and upon thy gates: 11:21 That your days may be multiplied, and the\r
+days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your\r
+fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.\r
+\r
+11:22 For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I\r
+command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his\r
+ways, and to cleave unto him; 11:23 Then will the LORD drive out all\r
+these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations\r
+and mightier than yourselves.\r
+\r
+11:24 Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be\r
+yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river\r
+Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be.\r
+\r
+11:25 There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD\r
+your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the\r
+land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you.\r
+\r
+11:26 Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse; 11:27\r
+A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I\r
+command you this day: 11:28 And a curse, if ye will not obey the\r
+commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which\r
+I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not\r
+known.\r
+\r
+11:29 And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought\r
+thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou\r
+shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount\r
+Ebal.\r
+\r
+11:30 Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun\r
+goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the\r
+champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh? 11:31 For\r
+ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD\r
+your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein.\r
+\r
+11:32 And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which\r
+I set before you this day.\r
+\r
+12:1 These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to\r
+do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to\r
+possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.\r
+\r
+12:2 Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations\r
+which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and\r
+upon the hills, and under every green tree: 12:3 And ye shall\r
+overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves\r
+with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and\r
+destroy the names of them out of that place.\r
+\r
+12:4 Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+12:5 But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of\r
+all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall\r
+ye seek, and thither thou shalt come: 12:6 And thither ye shall bring\r
+your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave\r
+offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings,\r
+and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks: 12:7 And there ye\r
+shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that\r
+ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy\r
+God hath blessed thee.\r
+\r
+12:8 Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day,\r
+every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.\r
+\r
+12:9 For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance,\r
+which the LORD your God giveth you.\r
+\r
+12:10 But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD\r
+your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all\r
+your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety; 12:11 Then there\r
+shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his\r
+name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you;\r
+your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave\r
+offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the\r
+LORD: 12:12 And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and\r
+your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your\r
+maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as\r
+he hath no part nor inheritance with you.\r
+\r
+12:13 Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in\r
+every place that thou seest: 12:14 But in the place which the LORD\r
+shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt\r
+offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.\r
+\r
+12:15 Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates,\r
+whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the\r
+LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may\r
+eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.\r
+\r
+12:16 Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth\r
+as water.\r
+\r
+12:17 Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or\r
+of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy\r
+flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill\r
+offerings, or heave offering of thine hand: 12:18 But thou must eat\r
+them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall\r
+choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and\r
+thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou\r
+shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine\r
+hands unto.\r
+\r
+12:19 Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as\r
+thou livest upon the earth.\r
+\r
+12:20 When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath\r
+promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul\r
+longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul\r
+lusteth after.\r
+\r
+12:21 If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name\r
+there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of\r
+thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee,\r
+and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.\r
+\r
+12:22 Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat\r
+them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike.\r
+\r
+12:23 Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the\r
+life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.\r
+\r
+12:24 Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as\r
+water.\r
+\r
+12:25 Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with\r
+thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the\r
+sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:26 Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt\r
+take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose: 12:27 And\r
+thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon\r
+the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall\r
+be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat\r
+the flesh.\r
+\r
+12:28 Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it\r
+may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when\r
+thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy\r
+God.\r
+\r
+12:29 When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before\r
+thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them,\r
+and dwellest in their land; 12:30 Take heed to thyself that thou be\r
+not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before\r
+thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did\r
+these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.\r
+\r
+12:31 Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every\r
+abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their\r
+gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the\r
+fire to their gods.\r
+\r
+12:32 What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt\r
+not add thereto, nor diminish from it.\r
+\r
+13:1 If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and\r
+giveth thee a sign or a wonder, 13:2 And the sign or the wonder come\r
+to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other\r
+gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them; 13:3 Thou\r
+shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of\r
+dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the\r
+LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.\r
+\r
+13:4 Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his\r
+commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+13:5 And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to\r
+death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God,\r
+which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of\r
+the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy\r
+God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from\r
+the midst of thee.\r
+\r
+13:6 If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy\r
+daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine\r
+own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other\r
+gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers; 13:7 Namely,\r
+of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee,\r
+or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the\r
+other end of the earth; 13:8 Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor\r
+hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou\r
+spare, neither shalt thou conceal him: 13:9 But thou shalt surely kill\r
+him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and\r
+afterwards the hand of all the people.\r
+\r
+13:10 And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he\r
+hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought\r
+thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.\r
+\r
+13:11 And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any\r
+such wickedness as this is among you.\r
+\r
+13:12 If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy\r
+God hath given thee to dwell there, saying, 13:13 Certain men, the\r
+children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn\r
+the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods,\r
+which ye have not known; 13:14 Then shalt thou enquire, and make\r
+search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing\r
+certain, that such abomination is wrought among you; 13:15 Thou shalt\r
+surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword,\r
+destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle\r
+thereof, with the edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+13:16 And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the\r
+street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil\r
+thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for\r
+ever; it shall not be built again.\r
+\r
+13:17 And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand:\r
+that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee\r
+mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath\r
+sworn unto thy fathers; 13:18 When thou shalt hearken to the voice of\r
+the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee\r
+this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+14:1 Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut\r
+yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.\r
+\r
+14:2 For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD\r
+hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the\r
+nations that are upon the earth.\r
+\r
+14:3 Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.\r
+\r
+14:4 These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and\r
+the goat, 14:5 The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the\r
+wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.\r
+\r
+14:6 And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft\r
+into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall\r
+eat.\r
+\r
+14:7 Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or\r
+of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and\r
+the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore\r
+they are unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+14:8 And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the\r
+cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor\r
+touch their dead carcase.\r
+\r
+14:9 These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have\r
+fins and scales shall ye eat: 14:10 And whatsoever hath not fins and\r
+scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you.\r
+\r
+14:11 Of all clean birds ye shall eat.\r
+\r
+14:12 But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the\r
+ossifrage, and the ospray, 14:13 And the glede, and the kite, and the\r
+vulture after his kind, 14:14 And every raven after his kind, 14:15\r
+And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after\r
+his kind, 14:16 The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan, 14:17\r
+And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant, 14:18 And the\r
+stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.\r
+\r
+14:19 And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they\r
+shall not be eaten.\r
+\r
+14:20 But of all clean fowls ye may eat.\r
+\r
+14:21 Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt\r
+give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or\r
+thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto\r
+the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.\r
+\r
+14:22 Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the\r
+field bringeth forth year by year.\r
+\r
+14:23 And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which\r
+he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy\r
+wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy\r
+flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.\r
+\r
+14:24 And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able\r
+to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy\r
+God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath\r
+blessed thee: 14:25 Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up\r
+the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD\r
+thy God shall choose: 14:26 And thou shalt bestow that money for\r
+whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for\r
+wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and\r
+thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice,\r
+thou, and thine household, 14:27 And the Levite that is within thy\r
+gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance\r
+with thee.\r
+\r
+14:28 At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe\r
+of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:\r
+14:29 And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with\r
+thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are\r
+within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the\r
+LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou\r
+doest.\r
+\r
+15:1 At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.\r
+\r
+15:2 And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that\r
+lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact\r
+it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the\r
+LORD's release.\r
+\r
+15:3 Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is\r
+thine with thy brother thine hand shall release; 15:4 Save when there\r
+shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in\r
+the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to\r
+possess it: 15:5 Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the\r
+LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command\r
+thee this day.\r
+\r
+15:6 For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou\r
+shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou\r
+shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.\r
+\r
+15:7 If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within\r
+any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou\r
+shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor\r
+brother: 15:8 But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt\r
+surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.\r
+\r
+15:9 Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying,\r
+The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be\r
+evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry\r
+unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee.\r
+\r
+15:10 Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved\r
+when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy\r
+God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest\r
+thine hand unto.\r
+\r
+15:11 For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I\r
+command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy\r
+brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.\r
+\r
+15:12 And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold\r
+unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou\r
+shalt let him go free from thee.\r
+\r
+15:13 And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let\r
+him go away empty: 15:14 Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy\r
+flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that\r
+wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.\r
+\r
+15:15 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of\r
+Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee\r
+this thing to day.\r
+\r
+15:16 And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from\r
+thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with\r
+thee; 15:17 Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear\r
+unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy\r
+maidservant thou shalt do likewise.\r
+\r
+15:18 It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away\r
+free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee,\r
+in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in\r
+all that thou doest.\r
+\r
+15:19 All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock\r
+thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with\r
+the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep.\r
+\r
+15:20 Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the\r
+place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household.\r
+\r
+15:21 And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind,\r
+or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy\r
+God.\r
+\r
+15:22 Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean\r
+person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart.\r
+\r
+15:23 Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it\r
+upon the ground as water.\r
+\r
+16:1 Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD\r
+thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth\r
+out of Egypt by night.\r
+\r
+16:2 Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy\r
+God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall\r
+choose to place his name there.\r
+\r
+16:3 Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou\r
+eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou\r
+camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest\r
+remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all\r
+the days of thy life.\r
+\r
+16:4 And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy\r
+coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which\r
+thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the\r
+morning.\r
+\r
+16:5 Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates,\r
+which the LORD thy God giveth thee: 16:6 But at the place which the\r
+LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt\r
+sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the\r
+season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+16:7 And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy\r
+God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy\r
+tents.\r
+\r
+16:8 Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day\r
+shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work\r
+therein.\r
+\r
+16:9 Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the\r
+seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the\r
+corn.\r
+\r
+16:10 And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God\r
+with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt\r
+give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed\r
+thee: 16:11 And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and\r
+thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant,\r
+and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the\r
+fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the\r
+LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.\r
+\r
+16:12 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and\r
+thou shalt observe and do these statutes.\r
+\r
+16:13 Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after\r
+that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: 16:14 And thou shalt\r
+rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy\r
+manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the\r
+fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.\r
+\r
+16:15 Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God\r
+in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God\r
+shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine\r
+hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.\r
+\r
+16:16 Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD\r
+thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened\r
+bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and\r
+they shall not appear before the LORD empty: 16:17 Every man shall\r
+give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God\r
+which he hath given thee.\r
+\r
+16:18 Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which\r
+the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall\r
+judge the people with just judgment.\r
+\r
+16:19 Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons,\r
+neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and\r
+pervert the words of the righteous.\r
+\r
+16:20 That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou\r
+mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.\r
+\r
+16:21 Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the\r
+altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee.\r
+\r
+16:22 Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God\r
+hateth.\r
+\r
+17:1 Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or\r
+sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an\r
+abomination unto the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+17:2 If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the\r
+LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness\r
+in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant, 17:3\r
+And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the\r
+sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not\r
+commanded; 17:4 And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and\r
+enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain,\r
+that such abomination is wrought in Israel: 17:5 Then shalt thou bring\r
+forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing,\r
+unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with\r
+stones, till they die.\r
+\r
+17:6 At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that\r
+is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he\r
+shall not be put to death.\r
+\r
+17:7 The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to\r
+death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put\r
+the evil away from among you.\r
+\r
+17:8 If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between\r
+blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke,\r
+being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise,\r
+and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;\r
+17:9 And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the\r
+judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew\r
+thee the sentence of judgment: 17:10 And thou shalt do according to\r
+the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose\r
+shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that\r
+they inform thee: 17:11 According to the sentence of the law which\r
+they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall\r
+tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence\r
+which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.\r
+\r
+17:12 And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken\r
+unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy\r
+God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put\r
+away the evil from Israel.\r
+\r
+17:13 And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more\r
+presumptuously.\r
+\r
+17:14 When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth\r
+thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I\r
+will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;\r
+17:15 Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy\r
+God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over\r
+thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy\r
+brother.\r
+\r
+17:16 But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the\r
+people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses:\r
+forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return\r
+no more that way.\r
+\r
+17:17 Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn\r
+not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+17:18 And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom,\r
+that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which\r
+is before the priests the Levites: 17:19 And it shall be with him, and\r
+he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to\r
+fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these\r
+statutes, to do them: 17:20 That his heart be not lifted up above his\r
+brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the\r
+right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in\r
+his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.\r
+\r
+18:1 The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no\r
+part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the\r
+LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.\r
+\r
+18:2 Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren:\r
+the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.\r
+\r
+18:3 And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them\r
+that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give\r
+unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.\r
+\r
+18:4 The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil,\r
+and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.\r
+\r
+18:5 For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to\r
+stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.\r
+\r
+18:6 And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel,\r
+where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the\r
+place which the LORD shall choose; 18:7 Then he shall minister in the\r
+name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which\r
+stand there before the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:8 They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of\r
+the sale of his patrimony.\r
+\r
+18:9 When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth\r
+thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+18:10 There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son\r
+or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or\r
+an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.\r
+\r
+18:11 Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard,\r
+or a necromancer.\r
+\r
+18:12 For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD:\r
+and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out\r
+from before thee.\r
+\r
+18:13 Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+18:14 For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto\r
+observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy\r
+God hath not suffered thee so to do.\r
+\r
+18:15 The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the\r
+midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall\r
+hearken; 18:16 According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy\r
+God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again\r
+the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any\r
+more, that I die not.\r
+\r
+18:17 And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they\r
+have spoken.\r
+\r
+18:18 I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like\r
+unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto\r
+them all that I shall command him.\r
+\r
+18:19 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto\r
+my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.\r
+\r
+18:20 But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name,\r
+which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the\r
+name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.\r
+\r
+18:21 And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which\r
+the LORD hath not spoken? 18:22 When a prophet speaketh in the name\r
+of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the\r
+thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it\r
+presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.\r
+\r
+19:1 When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the\r
+LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in\r
+their cities, and in their houses; 19:2 Thou shalt separate three\r
+cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God\r
+giveth thee to possess it.\r
+\r
+19:3 Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land,\r
+which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that\r
+every slayer may flee thither.\r
+\r
+19:4 And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither,\r
+that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he\r
+hated not in time past; 19:5 As when a man goeth into the wood with\r
+his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe\r
+to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and\r
+lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of\r
+those cities, and live: 19:6 Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the\r
+slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is\r
+long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he\r
+hated him not in time past.\r
+\r
+19:7 Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three\r
+cities for thee.\r
+\r
+19:8 And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto\r
+thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto\r
+thy fathers; 19:9 If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do\r
+them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to\r
+walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee,\r
+beside these three: 19:10 That innocent blood be not shed in thy land,\r
+which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be\r
+upon thee.\r
+\r
+19:11 But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and\r
+rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth\r
+into one of these cities: 19:12 Then the elders of his city shall send\r
+and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of\r
+blood, that he may die.\r
+\r
+19:13 Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt\r
+of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.\r
+\r
+19:14 Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of\r
+old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in\r
+the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.\r
+\r
+19:15 One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or\r
+for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two\r
+witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be\r
+established.\r
+\r
+19:16 If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against\r
+him that which is wrong; 19:17 Then both the men, between whom the\r
+controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and\r
+the judges, which shall be in those days; 19:18 And the judges shall\r
+make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false\r
+witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother; 19:19 Then\r
+shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother:\r
+so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.\r
+\r
+19:20 And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall\r
+henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.\r
+\r
+19:21 And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye\r
+for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.\r
+\r
+20:1 When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest\r
+horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of\r
+them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of\r
+the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+20:2 And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the\r
+priest shall approach and speak unto the people, 20:3 And shall say\r
+unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against\r
+your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble,\r
+neither be ye terrified because of them; 20:4 For the LORD your God is\r
+he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save\r
+you.\r
+\r
+20:5 And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is\r
+there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him\r
+go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man\r
+dedicate it.\r
+\r
+20:6 And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet\r
+eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in\r
+the battle, and another man eat of it.\r
+\r
+20:7 And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not\r
+taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the\r
+battle, and another man take her.\r
+\r
+20:8 And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they\r
+shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him\r
+go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well\r
+as his heart.\r
+\r
+20:9 And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking\r
+unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+20:10 When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then\r
+proclaim peace unto it.\r
+\r
+20:11 And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto\r
+thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein\r
+shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.\r
+\r
+20:12 And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war\r
+against thee, then thou shalt besiege it: 20:13 And when the LORD thy\r
+God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male\r
+thereof with the edge of the sword: 20:14 But the women, and the\r
+little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the\r
+spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the\r
+spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.\r
+\r
+20:15 Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off\r
+from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.\r
+\r
+20:16 But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth\r
+give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that\r
+breatheth: 20:17 But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the\r
+Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the\r
+Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:\r
+20:18 That they teach you not to do after all their abominations,\r
+which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the\r
+LORD your God.\r
+\r
+20:19 When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war\r
+against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by\r
+forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou\r
+shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to\r
+employ them in the siege: 20:20 Only the trees which thou knowest that\r
+they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and\r
+thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee,\r
+until it be subdued.\r
+\r
+21:1 If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth\r
+thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath\r
+slain him: 21:2 Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and\r
+they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is\r
+slain: 21:3 And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the\r
+slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which\r
+hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke; 21:4\r
+And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough\r
+valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the\r
+heifer's neck there in the valley: 21:5 And the priests the sons of\r
+Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to\r
+minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their\r
+word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried: 21:6 And all\r
+the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash\r
+their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley: 21:7 And\r
+they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither\r
+have our eyes seen it.\r
+\r
+21:8 Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast\r
+redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's\r
+charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.\r
+\r
+21:9 So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among\r
+you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:10 When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD\r
+thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them\r
+captive, 21:11 And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and\r
+hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife; 21:12\r
+Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her\r
+head, and pare her nails; 21:13 And she shall put the raiment of her\r
+captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail\r
+her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go\r
+in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.\r
+\r
+21:14 And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt\r
+let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for\r
+money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast\r
+humbled her.\r
+\r
+21:15 If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and\r
+they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if\r
+the firstborn son be hers that was hated: 21:16 Then it shall be, when\r
+he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make\r
+the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is\r
+indeed the firstborn: 21:17 But he shall acknowledge the son of the\r
+hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he\r
+hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the\r
+firstborn is his.\r
+\r
+21:18 If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey\r
+the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when\r
+they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them: 21:19 Then shall\r
+his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the\r
+elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place; 21:20 And they\r
+shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and\r
+rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a\r
+drunkard.\r
+\r
+21:21 And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he\r
+die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall\r
+hear, and fear.\r
+\r
+21:22 And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to\r
+be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: 21:23 His body shall not\r
+remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him\r
+that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be\r
+not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.\r
+\r
+22:1 Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and\r
+hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto\r
+thy brother.\r
+\r
+22:2 And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him\r
+not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be\r
+with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it\r
+to him again.\r
+\r
+22:3 In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do\r
+with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he\r
+hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest\r
+not hide thyself.\r
+\r
+22:4 Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the\r
+way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift\r
+them up again.\r
+\r
+22:5 The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man,\r
+neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are\r
+abomination unto the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+22:6 If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree,\r
+or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam\r
+sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam\r
+with the young: 22:7 But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and\r
+take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou\r
+mayest prolong thy days.\r
+\r
+22:8 When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement\r
+for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man\r
+fall from thence.\r
+\r
+22:9 Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit\r
+of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be\r
+defiled.\r
+\r
+22:10 Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.\r
+\r
+22:11 Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and\r
+linen together.\r
+\r
+22:12 Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy\r
+vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself.\r
+\r
+22:13 If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her, 22:14\r
+And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name\r
+upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found\r
+her not a maid: 22:15 Then shall the father of the damsel, and her\r
+mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto\r
+the elders of the city in the gate: 22:16 And the damsel's father\r
+shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife,\r
+and he hateth her; 22:17 And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech\r
+against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these\r
+are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the\r
+cloth before the elders of the city.\r
+\r
+22:18 And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise\r
+him; 22:19 And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver,\r
+and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought\r
+up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he\r
+may not put her away all his days.\r
+\r
+22:20 But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not\r
+found for the damsel: 22:21 Then they shall bring out the damsel to\r
+the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone\r
+her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in\r
+Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put\r
+evil away from among you.\r
+\r
+22:22 If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then\r
+they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and\r
+the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.\r
+\r
+22:23 If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a\r
+man find her in the city, and lie with her; 22:24 Then ye shall bring\r
+them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with\r
+stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the\r
+city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so\r
+thou shalt put away evil from among you.\r
+\r
+22:25 But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man\r
+force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall\r
+die.\r
+\r
+22:26 But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the\r
+damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his\r
+neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter: 22:27 For he found\r
+her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none\r
+to save her.\r
+\r
+22:28 If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed,\r
+and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found; 22:29 Then\r
+the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty\r
+shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled\r
+her, he may not put her away all his days.\r
+\r
+22:30 A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his\r
+father's skirt.\r
+\r
+23:1 He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut\r
+off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:2 A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even\r
+to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:3 An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of\r
+the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the\r
+congregation of the LORD for ever: 23:4 Because they met you not with\r
+bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and\r
+because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of\r
+Mesopotamia, to curse thee.\r
+\r
+23:5 Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but\r
+the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because\r
+the LORD thy God loved thee.\r
+\r
+23:6 Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days\r
+for ever.\r
+\r
+23:7 Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou\r
+shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.\r
+\r
+23:8 The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the\r
+congregation of the LORD in their third generation.\r
+\r
+23:9 When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee\r
+from every wicked thing.\r
+\r
+23:10 If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of\r
+uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of\r
+the camp, he shall not come within the camp: 23:11 But it shall be,\r
+when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the\r
+sun is down, he shall come into the camp again.\r
+\r
+23:12 Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou\r
+shalt go forth abroad: 23:13 And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy\r
+weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou\r
+shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh\r
+from thee: 23:14 For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy\r
+camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee;\r
+therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in\r
+thee, and turn away from thee.\r
+\r
+23:15 Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is\r
+escaped from his master unto thee: 23:16 He shall dwell with thee,\r
+even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy\r
+gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.\r
+\r
+23:17 There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a\r
+sodomite of the sons of Israel.\r
+\r
+23:18 Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog,\r
+into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these\r
+are abomination unto the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+23:19 Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money,\r
+usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury: 23:20\r
+Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou\r
+shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all\r
+that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+23:21 When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not\r
+slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee;\r
+and it would be sin in thee.\r
+\r
+23:22 But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.\r
+\r
+23:23 That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform;\r
+even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD\r
+thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.\r
+\r
+23:24 When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest\r
+eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any\r
+in thy vessel.\r
+\r
+23:25 When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then\r
+thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a\r
+sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn.\r
+\r
+24:1 When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to\r
+pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some\r
+uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and\r
+give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.\r
+\r
+24:2 And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be\r
+another man's wife.\r
+\r
+24:3 And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of\r
+divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his\r
+house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife;\r
+24:4 Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again\r
+to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination\r
+before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the\r
+LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.\r
+\r
+24:5 When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war,\r
+neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at\r
+home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.\r
+\r
+24:6 No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge:\r
+for he taketh a man's life to pledge.\r
+\r
+24:7 If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of\r
+Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief\r
+shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.\r
+\r
+24:8 Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently,\r
+and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you:\r
+as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do.\r
+\r
+24:9 Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after\r
+that ye were come forth out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+24:10 When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go\r
+into his house to fetch his pledge.\r
+\r
+24:11 Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend\r
+shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.\r
+\r
+24:12 And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:\r
+24:13 In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun\r
+goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and\r
+it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+24:14 Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy,\r
+whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy\r
+land within thy gates: 24:15 At his day thou shalt give him his hire,\r
+neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his\r
+heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin\r
+unto thee.\r
+\r
+24:16 The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither\r
+shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be\r
+put to death for his own sin.\r
+\r
+24:17 Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the\r
+fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge: 24:18 But thou shalt\r
+remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God\r
+redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.\r
+\r
+24:19 When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast\r
+forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it\r
+shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that\r
+the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.\r
+\r
+24:20 When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the\r
+boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and\r
+for the widow.\r
+\r
+24:21 When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not\r
+glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless,\r
+and for the widow.\r
+\r
+24:22 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of\r
+Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.\r
+\r
+25:1 If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto\r
+judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the\r
+righteous, and condemn the wicked.\r
+\r
+25:2 And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that\r
+the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his\r
+face, according to his fault, by a certain number.\r
+\r
+25:3 Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should\r
+exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother\r
+should seem vile unto thee.\r
+\r
+25:4 Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn.\r
+\r
+25:5 If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no\r
+child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger:\r
+her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to\r
+wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her.\r
+\r
+25:6 And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall\r
+succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not\r
+put out of Israel.\r
+\r
+25:7 And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his\r
+brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My\r
+husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in\r
+Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.\r
+\r
+25:8 Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him:\r
+and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her; 25:9 Then\r
+shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders,\r
+and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall\r
+answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build\r
+up his brother's house.\r
+\r
+25:10 And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that\r
+hath his shoe loosed.\r
+\r
+25:11 When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the\r
+one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him\r
+that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the\r
+secrets: 25:12 Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not\r
+pity her.\r
+\r
+25:13 Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a\r
+small.\r
+\r
+25:14 Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and\r
+a small.\r
+\r
+25:15 But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and\r
+just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the\r
+land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.\r
+\r
+25:16 For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are\r
+an abomination unto the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+25:17 Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come\r
+forth out of Egypt; 25:18 How he met thee by the way, and smote the\r
+hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou\r
+wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.\r
+\r
+25:19 Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee\r
+rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD\r
+thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt\r
+blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not\r
+forget it.\r
+\r
+26:1 And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the\r
+LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and\r
+dwellest therein; 26:2 That thou shalt take of the first of all the\r
+fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD\r
+thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto\r
+the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there.\r
+\r
+26:3 And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days,\r
+and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am\r
+come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to\r
+give us.\r
+\r
+26:4 And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set\r
+it down before the altar of the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+26:5 And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian\r
+ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and\r
+sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty,\r
+and populous: 26:6 And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted\r
+us, and laid upon us hard bondage: 26:7 And when we cried unto the\r
+LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our\r
+affliction, and our labour, and our oppression: 26:8 And the LORD\r
+brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an\r
+outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and\r
+with wonders: 26:9 And he hath brought us into this place, and hath\r
+given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+26:10 And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land,\r
+which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the\r
+LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God: 26:11 And thou\r
+shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given\r
+unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the\r
+stranger that is among you.\r
+\r
+26:12 When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine\r
+increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given\r
+it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that\r
+they may eat within thy gates, and be filled; 26:13 Then thou shalt\r
+say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things\r
+out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto\r
+the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all\r
+thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed\r
+thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.\r
+\r
+26:14 I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken\r
+away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for\r
+the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and\r
+have done according to all that thou hast commanded me.\r
+\r
+26:15 Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy\r
+people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest\r
+unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+26:16 This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these\r
+statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all\r
+thine heart, and with all thy soul.\r
+\r
+26:17 Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk\r
+in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his\r
+judgments, and to hearken unto his voice: 26:18 And the LORD hath\r
+avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised\r
+thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments; 26:19 And to\r
+make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in\r
+name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the\r
+LORD thy God, as he hath spoken.\r
+\r
+27:1 And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying,\r
+Keep all the commandments which I command you this day.\r
+\r
+27:2 And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto\r
+the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee\r
+up great stones, and plaister them with plaister: 27:3 And thou shalt\r
+write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over,\r
+that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth\r
+thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy\r
+fathers hath promised thee.\r
+\r
+27:4 Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall\r
+set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and\r
+thou shalt plaister them with plaister.\r
+\r
+27:5 And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an\r
+altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them.\r
+\r
+27:6 Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones:\r
+and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God:\r
+27:7 And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and\r
+rejoice before the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+27:8 And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law\r
+very plainly.\r
+\r
+27:9 And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel,\r
+saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the\r
+people of the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+27:10 Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do\r
+his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day.\r
+\r
+27:11 And Moses charged the people the same day, saying, 27:12 These\r
+shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come\r
+over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph,\r
+and Benjamin: 27:13 And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse;\r
+Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.\r
+\r
+27:14 And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel\r
+with a loud voice, 27:15 Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or\r
+molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of\r
+the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people\r
+shall answer and say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:16 Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And\r
+all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:17 Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the\r
+people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:18 Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And\r
+all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:19 Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger,\r
+fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:20 Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he\r
+uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:21 Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the\r
+people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:22 Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his\r
+father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say,\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+27:23 Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the\r
+people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:24 Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the\r
+people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:25 Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And\r
+all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+27:26 Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do\r
+them. And all the people shall say, Amen.\r
+\r
+28:1 And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto\r
+the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his\r
+commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will\r
+set thee on high above all nations of the earth: 28:2 And all these\r
+blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken\r
+unto the voice of the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+28:3 Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in\r
+the field.\r
+\r
+28:4 Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy\r
+ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the\r
+flocks of thy sheep.\r
+\r
+28:5 Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.\r
+\r
+28:6 Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou\r
+be when thou goest out.\r
+\r
+28:7 The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to\r
+be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way,\r
+and flee before thee seven ways.\r
+\r
+28:8 The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses,\r
+and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee\r
+in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.\r
+\r
+28:9 The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he\r
+hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD\r
+thy God, and walk in his ways.\r
+\r
+28:10 And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by\r
+the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.\r
+\r
+28:11 And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of\r
+thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy\r
+ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+28:12 The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to\r
+give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work\r
+of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt\r
+not borrow.\r
+\r
+28:13 And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and\r
+thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou\r
+hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command\r
+thee this day, to observe and to do them: 28:14 And thou shalt not go\r
+aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the\r
+right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.\r
+\r
+28:15 But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the\r
+voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and\r
+his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses\r
+shall come upon thee, and overtake thee: 28:16 Cursed shalt thou be in\r
+the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.\r
+\r
+28:17 Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store.\r
+\r
+28:18 Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy\r
+land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.\r
+\r
+28:19 Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou\r
+be when thou goest out.\r
+\r
+28:20 The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in\r
+all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be\r
+destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of\r
+thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me.\r
+\r
+28:21 The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he\r
+have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess\r
+it.\r
+\r
+28:22 The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever,\r
+and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the\r
+sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee\r
+until thou perish.\r
+\r
+28:23 And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the\r
+earth that is under thee shall be iron.\r
+\r
+28:24 The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from\r
+heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.\r
+\r
+28:25 The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies:\r
+thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before\r
+them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.\r
+\r
+28:26 And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and\r
+unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away.\r
+\r
+28:27 The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the\r
+emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not\r
+be healed.\r
+\r
+28:28 The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and\r
+astonishment of heart: 28:29 And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the\r
+blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and\r
+thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall\r
+save thee.\r
+\r
+28:30 Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her:\r
+thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou\r
+shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof.\r
+\r
+28:31 Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not\r
+eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy\r
+face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto\r
+thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them.\r
+\r
+28:32 Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people,\r
+and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day\r
+long; and there shall be no might in thine hand.\r
+\r
+28:33 The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which\r
+thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed\r
+alway: 28:34 So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes\r
+which thou shalt see.\r
+\r
+28:35 The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a\r
+sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the\r
+top of thy head.\r
+\r
+28:36 The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set\r
+over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have\r
+known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.\r
+\r
+28:37 And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword,\r
+among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee.\r
+\r
+28:38 Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather\r
+but little in; for the locust shall consume it.\r
+\r
+28:39 Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither\r
+drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat\r
+them.\r
+\r
+28:40 Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou\r
+shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his\r
+fruit.\r
+\r
+28:41 Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy\r
+them; for they shall go into captivity.\r
+\r
+28:42 All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume.\r
+\r
+28:43 The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very\r
+high; and thou shalt come down very low.\r
+\r
+28:44 He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall\r
+be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.\r
+\r
+28:45 Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue\r
+thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou\r
+hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his\r
+commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee: 28:46 And they\r
+shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+28:47 Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and\r
+with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things; 28:48\r
+Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send\r
+against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want\r
+of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he\r
+have destroyed thee.\r
+\r
+28:49 The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the\r
+end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue\r
+thou shalt not understand; 28:50 A nation of fierce countenance, which\r
+shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:\r
+28:51 And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy\r
+land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either\r
+corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy\r
+sheep, until he have destroyed thee.\r
+\r
+28:52 And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and\r
+fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy\r
+land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy\r
+land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.\r
+\r
+28:53 And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy\r
+sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in\r
+the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall\r
+distress thee: 28:54 So that the man that is tender among you, and\r
+very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward\r
+the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he\r
+shall leave: 28:55 So that he will not give to any of them of the\r
+flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left\r
+him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall\r
+distress thee in all thy gates.\r
+\r
+28:56 The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not\r
+adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness\r
+and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom,\r
+and toward her son, and toward her daughter, 28:57 And toward her\r
+young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her\r
+children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all\r
+things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy\r
+shall distress thee in thy gates.\r
+\r
+28:58 If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that\r
+are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and\r
+fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD; 28:59 Then the LORD will make thy\r
+plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues,\r
+and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.\r
+\r
+28:60 Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt,\r
+which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee.\r
+\r
+28:61 Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in\r
+the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou\r
+be destroyed.\r
+\r
+28:62 And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars\r
+of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of\r
+the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+28:63 And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to\r
+do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to\r
+destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from\r
+off the land whither thou goest to possess it.\r
+\r
+28:64 And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one\r
+end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other\r
+gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and\r
+stone.\r
+\r
+28:65 And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall\r
+the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a\r
+trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind: 28:66 And\r
+thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and\r
+night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life: 28:67 In the morning\r
+thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say,\r
+Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou\r
+shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.\r
+\r
+28:68 And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by\r
+the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again:\r
+and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and\r
+bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.\r
+\r
+29:1 These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded\r
+Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside\r
+the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.\r
+\r
+29:2 And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have\r
+seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto\r
+Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land; 29:3 The\r
+great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those\r
+great miracles: 29:4 Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to\r
+perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.\r
+\r
+29:5 And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes\r
+are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy\r
+foot.\r
+\r
+29:6 Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong\r
+drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+29:7 And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and\r
+Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote\r
+them: 29:8 And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto\r
+the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+29:9 Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye\r
+may prosper in all that ye do.\r
+\r
+29:10 Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your\r
+captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the\r
+men of Israel, 29:11 Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger\r
+that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy\r
+water: 29:12 That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy\r
+God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this\r
+day: 29:13 That he may establish thee to day for a people unto\r
+himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto\r
+thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and\r
+to Jacob.\r
+\r
+29:14 Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;\r
+29:15 But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD\r
+our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day: 29:16\r
+(For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came\r
+through the nations which ye passed by; 29:17 And ye have seen their\r
+abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which\r
+were among them:) 29:18 Lest there should be among you man, or woman,\r
+or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD\r
+our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should\r
+be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood; 29:19 And it come\r
+to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless\r
+himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the\r
+imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst: 29:20 The\r
+LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his\r
+jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are\r
+written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out\r
+his name from under heaven.\r
+\r
+29:21 And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes\r
+of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are\r
+written in this book of the law: 29:22 So that the generation to come\r
+of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that\r
+shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of\r
+that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it; 29:23\r
+And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning,\r
+that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like\r
+the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the\r
+LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath: 29:24 Even all nations\r
+shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what\r
+meaneth the heat of this great anger? 29:25 Then men shall say,\r
+Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their\r
+fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the\r
+land of Egypt: 29:26 For they went and served other gods, and\r
+worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given\r
+unto them: 29:27 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this\r
+land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:\r
+29:28 And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in\r
+wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as\r
+it is this day.\r
+\r
+29:29 The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things\r
+which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that\r
+we may do all the words of this law.\r
+\r
+30:1 And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon\r
+thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and\r
+thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD\r
+thy God hath driven thee, 30:2 And shalt return unto the LORD thy God,\r
+and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this\r
+day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy\r
+soul; 30:3 That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and\r
+have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all\r
+the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee.\r
+\r
+30:4 If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven,\r
+from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he\r
+fetch thee: 30:5 And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land\r
+which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do\r
+thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers.\r
+\r
+30:6 And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart\r
+of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with\r
+all thy soul, that thou mayest live.\r
+\r
+30:7 And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine\r
+enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee.\r
+\r
+30:8 And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all\r
+his commandments which I command thee this day.\r
+\r
+30:9 And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of\r
+thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle,\r
+and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again\r
+rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers: 30:10 If\r
+thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his\r
+commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the\r
+law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and\r
+with all thy soul.\r
+\r
+30:11 For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not\r
+hidden from thee, neither is it far off.\r
+\r
+30:12 It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up\r
+for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do\r
+it? 30:13 Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who\r
+shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear\r
+it, and do it? 30:14 But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy\r
+mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.\r
+\r
+30:15 See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death\r
+and evil; 30:16 In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy\r
+God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his\r
+statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and\r
+the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+30:17 But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but\r
+shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them; 30:18 I\r
+denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye\r
+shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over\r
+Jordan to go to possess it.\r
+\r
+30:19 I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I\r
+have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore\r
+choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live: 30:20 That thou\r
+mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and\r
+that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length\r
+of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware\r
+unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.\r
+\r
+31:1 And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.\r
+\r
+31:2 And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this\r
+day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto\r
+me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.\r
+\r
+31:3 The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will\r
+destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them:\r
+and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.\r
+\r
+31:4 And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og,\r
+kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.\r
+\r
+31:5 And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do\r
+unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded\r
+you.\r
+\r
+31:6 Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them:\r
+for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not\r
+fail thee, nor forsake thee.\r
+\r
+31:7 And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of\r
+all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with\r
+this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers\r
+to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.\r
+\r
+31:8 And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with\r
+thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither\r
+be dismayed.\r
+\r
+31:9 And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the\r
+sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto\r
+all the elders of Israel.\r
+\r
+31:10 And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven\r
+years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of\r
+tabernacles, 31:11 When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD\r
+thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law\r
+before all Israel in their hearing.\r
+\r
+31:12 Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy\r
+stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they\r
+may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words\r
+of this law: 31:13 And that their children, which have not known any\r
+thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye\r
+live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.\r
+\r
+31:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that\r
+thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and\r
+Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+31:15 And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud:\r
+and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+31:16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy\r
+fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods\r
+of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and\r
+will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.\r
+\r
+31:17 Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I\r
+will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall\r
+be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that\r
+they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because\r
+our God is not among us? 31:18 And I will surely hide my face in that\r
+day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are\r
+turned unto other gods.\r
+\r
+31:19 Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the\r
+children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a\r
+witness for me against the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+31:20 For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware\r
+unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall\r
+have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn\r
+unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my\r
+covenant.\r
+\r
+31:21 And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are\r
+befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness;\r
+for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I\r
+know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have\r
+brought them into the land which I sware.\r
+\r
+31:22 Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+31:23 And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong\r
+and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel\r
+into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.\r
+\r
+31:24 And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the\r
+words of this law in a book, until they were finished, 31:25 That\r
+Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the\r
+LORD, saying, 31:26 Take this book of the law, and put it in the side\r
+of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there\r
+for a witness against thee.\r
+\r
+31:27 For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am\r
+yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD;\r
+and how much more after my death? 31:28 Gather unto me all the elders\r
+of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in\r
+their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.\r
+\r
+31:29 For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt\r
+yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you;\r
+and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil\r
+in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of\r
+your hands.\r
+\r
+31:30 And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel\r
+the words of this song, until they were ended.\r
+\r
+32:1 Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the\r
+words of my mouth.\r
+\r
+32:2 My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the\r
+dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon\r
+the grass: 32:3 Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe\r
+ye greatness unto our God.\r
+\r
+32:4 He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are\r
+judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.\r
+\r
+32:5 They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his\r
+children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.\r
+\r
+32:6 Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not\r
+he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and\r
+established thee? 32:7 Remember the days of old, consider the years\r
+of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy\r
+elders, and they will tell thee.\r
+\r
+32:8 When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when\r
+he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people\r
+according to the number of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+32:9 For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his\r
+inheritance.\r
+\r
+32:10 He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling\r
+wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the\r
+apple of his eye.\r
+\r
+32:11 As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young,\r
+spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:\r
+32:12 So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+32:13 He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might\r
+eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of\r
+the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock; 32:14 Butter of kine, and\r
+milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and\r
+goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure\r
+blood of the grape.\r
+\r
+32:15 But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art\r
+grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which\r
+made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.\r
+\r
+32:16 They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with\r
+abominations provoked they him to anger.\r
+\r
+32:17 They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew\r
+not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.\r
+\r
+32:18 Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast\r
+forgotten God that formed thee.\r
+\r
+32:19 And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the\r
+provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.\r
+\r
+32:20 And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what\r
+their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children\r
+in whom is no faith.\r
+\r
+32:21 They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they\r
+have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to\r
+jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to\r
+anger with a foolish nation.\r
+\r
+32:22 For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the\r
+lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on\r
+fire the foundations of the mountains.\r
+\r
+32:23 I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+32:24 They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat,\r
+and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon\r
+them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.\r
+\r
+32:25 The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the\r
+young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray\r
+hairs.\r
+\r
+32:26 I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the\r
+remembrance of them to cease from among men: 32:27 Were it not that I\r
+feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave\r
+themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and\r
+the LORD hath not done all this.\r
+\r
+32:28 For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any\r
+understanding in them.\r
+\r
+32:29 O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they\r
+would consider their latter end! 32:30 How should one chase a\r
+thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had\r
+sold them, and the LORD had shut them up? 32:31 For their rock is not\r
+as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.\r
+\r
+32:32 For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of\r
+Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:\r
+32:33 Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of\r
+asps.\r
+\r
+32:34 Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my\r
+treasures? 32:35 To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot\r
+shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and\r
+the things that shall come upon them make haste.\r
+\r
+32:36 For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his\r
+servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none\r
+shut up, or left.\r
+\r
+32:37 And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they\r
+trusted, 32:38 Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank\r
+the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and\r
+be your protection.\r
+\r
+32:39 See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I\r
+kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that\r
+can deliver out of my hand.\r
+\r
+32:40 For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.\r
+\r
+32:41 If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on\r
+judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward\r
+them that hate me.\r
+\r
+32:42 I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall\r
+devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the\r
+captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.\r
+\r
+32:43 Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the\r
+blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries,\r
+and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.\r
+\r
+32:44 And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears\r
+of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+32:45 And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:\r
+32:46 And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which\r
+I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to\r
+observe to do, all the words of this law.\r
+\r
+32:47 For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and\r
+through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye\r
+go over Jordan to possess it.\r
+\r
+32:48 And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying, 32:49\r
+Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in\r
+the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of\r
+Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:\r
+32:50 And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto\r
+thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered\r
+unto his people: 32:51 Because ye trespassed against me among the\r
+children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness\r
+of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+32:52 Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go\r
+thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:1 And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed\r
+the children of Israel before his death.\r
+\r
+33:2 And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto\r
+them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands\r
+of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them.\r
+\r
+33:3 Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and\r
+they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words.\r
+\r
+33:4 Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the\r
+congregation of Jacob.\r
+\r
+33:5 And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the\r
+tribes of Israel were gathered together.\r
+\r
+33:6 Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few.\r
+\r
+33:7 And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the\r
+voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be\r
+sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies.\r
+\r
+33:8 And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy\r
+holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst\r
+strive at the waters of Meribah; 33:9 Who said unto his father and to\r
+his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his\r
+brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word,\r
+and kept thy covenant.\r
+\r
+33:10 They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they\r
+shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine\r
+altar.\r
+\r
+33:11 Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands;\r
+smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them\r
+that hate him, that they rise not again.\r
+\r
+33:12 And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in\r
+safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he\r
+shall dwell between his shoulders.\r
+\r
+33:13 And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the\r
+precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth\r
+beneath, 33:14 And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun,\r
+and for the precious things put forth by the moon, 33:15 And for the\r
+chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of\r
+the lasting hills, 33:16 And for the precious things of the earth and\r
+fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush:\r
+let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the\r
+head of him that was separated from his brethren.\r
+\r
+33:17 His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns\r
+are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people\r
+together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of\r
+Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+33:18 And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and,\r
+Issachar, in thy tents.\r
+\r
+33:19 They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall\r
+offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the\r
+abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand.\r
+\r
+33:20 And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he\r
+dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head.\r
+\r
+33:21 And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a\r
+portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of\r
+the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments\r
+with Israel.\r
+\r
+33:22 And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from\r
+Bashan.\r
+\r
+33:23 And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and\r
+full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the\r
+south.\r
+\r
+33:24 And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let\r
+him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil.\r
+\r
+33:25 Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy\r
+strength be.\r
+\r
+33:26 There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the\r
+heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky.\r
+\r
+33:27 The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the\r
+everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee;\r
+and shall say, Destroy them.\r
+\r
+33:28 Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob\r
+shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop\r
+down dew.\r
+\r
+33:29 Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved\r
+by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy\r
+excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou\r
+shalt tread upon their high places.\r
+\r
+34:1 And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of\r
+Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD\r
+shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan, 34:2 And all Naphtali,\r
+and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto\r
+the utmost sea, 34:3 And the south, and the plain of the valley of\r
+Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.\r
+\r
+34:4 And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto\r
+Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy\r
+seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not\r
+go over thither.\r
+\r
+34:5 So Moses the servant of the LORD died there in the land of Moab,\r
+according to the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:6 And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against\r
+Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.\r
+\r
+34:7 And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his\r
+eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.\r
+\r
+34:8 And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab\r
+thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.\r
+\r
+34:9 And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for\r
+Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel\r
+hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+34:10 And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses,\r
+whom the LORD knew face to face, 34:11 In all the signs and the\r
+wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to\r
+Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land, 34:12 And in\r
+all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed\r
+in the sight of all Israel.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Joshua\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now after the death of Moses the servant of the LORD it came to\r
+pass, that the LORD spake unto Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' minister,\r
+saying, 1:2 Moses my servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over\r
+this Jordan, thou, and all this people, unto the land which I do give\r
+to them, even to the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:3 Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon, that have\r
+I given unto you, as I said unto Moses.\r
+\r
+1:4 From the wilderness and this Lebanon even unto the great river,\r
+the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the great\r
+sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast.\r
+\r
+1:5 There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days\r
+of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee: I will not\r
+fail thee, nor forsake thee.\r
+\r
+1:6 Be strong and of a good courage: for unto this people shalt thou\r
+divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers\r
+to give them.\r
+\r
+1:7 Only be thou strong and very courageous, that thou mayest observe\r
+to do according to all the law, which Moses my servant commanded thee:\r
+turn not from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayest\r
+prosper withersoever thou goest.\r
+\r
+1:8 This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou\r
+shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do\r
+according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy\r
+way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success.\r
+\r
+1:9 Have not I commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not\r
+afraid, neither be thou dismayed: for the LORD thy God is with thee\r
+whithersoever thou goest.\r
+\r
+1:10 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying, 1:11\r
+Pass through the host, and command the people, saying, Prepare you\r
+victuals; for within three days ye shall pass over this Jordan, to go\r
+in to possess the land, which the LORD your God giveth you to possess\r
+it.\r
+\r
+1:12 And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to half the tribe\r
+of Manasseh, spake Joshua, saying, 1:13 Remember the word which Moses\r
+the servant of the LORD commanded you, saying, The LORD your God hath\r
+given you rest, and hath given you this land.\r
+\r
+1:14 Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle, shall remain in\r
+the land which Moses gave you on this side Jordan; but ye shall pass\r
+before your brethren armed, all the mighty men of valour, and help\r
+them; 1:15 Until the LORD have given your brethren rest, as he hath\r
+given you, and they also have possessed the land which the LORD your\r
+God giveth them: then ye shall return unto the land of your\r
+possession, and enjoy it, which Moses the LORD's servant gave you on\r
+this side Jordan toward the sunrising.\r
+\r
+1:16 And they answered Joshua, saying, All that thou commandest us we\r
+will do, and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go.\r
+\r
+1:17 According as we hearkened unto Moses in all things, so will we\r
+hearken unto thee: only the LORD thy God be with thee, as he was with\r
+Moses.\r
+\r
+1:18 Whosoever he be that doth rebel against thy commandment, and will\r
+not hearken unto thy words in all that thou commandest him, he shall\r
+be put to death: only be strong and of a good courage.\r
+\r
+2:1 And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to spy\r
+secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they went, and\r
+came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged there.\r
+\r
+2:2 And it was told the king of Jericho, saying, Behold, there came\r
+men in hither to night of the children of Israel to search out the\r
+country.\r
+\r
+2:3 And the king of Jericho sent unto Rahab, saying, Bring forth the\r
+men that are come to thee, which are entered into thine house: for\r
+they be come to search out all the country.\r
+\r
+2:4 And the woman took the two men, and hid them, and said thus, There\r
+came men unto me, but I wist not whence they were: 2:5 And it came to\r
+pass about the time of shutting of the gate, when it was dark, that\r
+the men went out: whither the men went I wot not: pursue after them\r
+quickly; for ye shall overtake them.\r
+\r
+2:6 But she had brought them up to the roof of the house, and hid them\r
+with the stalks of flax, which she had laid in order upon the roof.\r
+\r
+2:7 And the men pursued after them the way to Jordan unto the fords:\r
+and as soon as they which pursued after them were gone out, they shut\r
+the gate.\r
+\r
+2:8 And before they were laid down, she came up unto them upon the\r
+roof; 2:9 And she said unto the men, I know that the LORD hath given\r
+you the land, and that your terror is fallen upon us, and that all the\r
+inhabitants of the land faint because of you.\r
+\r
+2:10 For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea\r
+for you, when ye came out of Egypt; and what ye did unto the two kings\r
+of the Amorites, that were on the other side Jordan, Sihon and Og,\r
+whom ye utterly destroyed.\r
+\r
+2:11 And as soon as we had heard these things, our hearts did melt,\r
+neither did there remain any more courage in any man, because of you:\r
+for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above, and in earth\r
+beneath.\r
+\r
+2:12 Now therefore, I pray you, swear unto me by the LORD, since I\r
+have shewed you kindness, that ye will also shew kindness unto my\r
+father's house, and give me a true token: 2:13 And that ye will save\r
+alive my father, and my mother, and my brethren, and my sisters, and\r
+all that they have, and deliver our lives from death.\r
+\r
+2:14 And the men answered her, Our life for yours, if ye utter not\r
+this our business. And it shall be, when the LORD hath given us the\r
+land, that we will deal kindly and truly with thee.\r
+\r
+2:15 Then she let them down by a cord through the window: for her\r
+house was upon the town wall, and she dwelt upon the wall.\r
+\r
+2:16 And she said unto them, Get you to the mountain, lest the\r
+pursuers meet you; and hide yourselves there three days, until the\r
+pursuers be returned: and afterward may ye go your way.\r
+\r
+2:17 And the men said unto her, We will be blameless of this thine\r
+oath which thou hast made us swear.\r
+\r
+2:18 Behold, when we come into the land, thou shalt bind this line of\r
+scarlet thread in the window which thou didst let us down by: and thou\r
+shalt bring thy father, and thy mother, and thy brethren, and all thy\r
+father's household, home unto thee.\r
+\r
+2:19 And it shall be, that whosoever shall go out of the doors of thy\r
+house into the street, his blood shall be upon his head, and we will\r
+be guiltless: and whosoever shall be with thee in the house, his blood\r
+shall be on our head, if any hand be upon him.\r
+\r
+2:20 And if thou utter this our business, then we will be quit of\r
+thine oath which thou hast made us to swear.\r
+\r
+2:21 And she said, According unto your words, so be it. And she sent\r
+them away, and they departed: and she bound the scarlet line in the\r
+window.\r
+\r
+2:22 And they went, and came unto the mountain, and abode there three\r
+days, until the pursuers were returned: and the pursuers sought them\r
+throughout all the way, but found them not.\r
+\r
+2:23 So the two men returned, and descended from the mountain, and\r
+passed over, and came to Joshua the son of Nun, and told him all\r
+things that befell them: 2:24 And they said unto Joshua, Truly the\r
+LORD hath delivered into our hands all the land; for even all the\r
+inhabitants of the country do faint because of us.\r
+\r
+3:1 And Joshua rose early in the morning; and they removed from\r
+Shittim, and came to Jordan, he and all the children of Israel, and\r
+lodged there before they passed over.\r
+\r
+3:2 And it came to pass after three days, that the officers went\r
+through the host; 3:3 And they commanded the people, saying, When ye\r
+see the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and the priests the\r
+Levites bearing it, then ye shall remove from your place, and go after\r
+it.\r
+\r
+3:4 Yet there shall be a space between you and it, about two thousand\r
+cubits by measure: come not near unto it, that ye may know the way by\r
+which ye must go: for ye have not passed this way heretofore.\r
+\r
+3:5 And Joshua said unto the people, Sanctify yourselves: for to\r
+morrow the LORD will do wonders among you.\r
+\r
+3:6 And Joshua spake unto the priests, saying, Take up the ark of the\r
+covenant, and pass over before the people. And they took up the ark of\r
+the covenant, and went before the people.\r
+\r
+3:7 And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day will I begin to magnify\r
+thee in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that, as I was\r
+with Moses, so I will be with thee.\r
+\r
+3:8 And thou shalt command the priests that bear the ark of the\r
+covenant, saying, When ye are come to the brink of the water of\r
+Jordan, ye shall stand still in Jordan.\r
+\r
+3:9 And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, Come hither, and hear\r
+the words of the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+3:10 And Joshua said, Hereby ye shall know that the living God is\r
+among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before you the\r
+Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Hivites, and the Perizzites, and\r
+the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Jebusites.\r
+\r
+3:11 Behold, the ark of the covenant of the LORD of all the earth\r
+passeth over before you into Jordan.\r
+\r
+3:12 Now therefore take you twelve men out of the tribes of Israel,\r
+out of every tribe a man.\r
+\r
+3:13 And it shall come to pass, as soon as the soles of the feet of\r
+the priests that bear the ark of the LORD, the LORD of all the earth,\r
+shall rest in the waters of Jordan, that the waters of Jordan shall be\r
+cut off from the waters that come down from above; and they shall\r
+stand upon an heap.\r
+\r
+3:14 And it came to pass, when the people removed from their tents, to\r
+pass over Jordan, and the priests bearing the ark of the covenant\r
+before the people; 3:15 And as they that bare the ark were come unto\r
+Jordan, and the feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in\r
+the brim of the water, (for Jordan overfloweth all his banks all the\r
+time of harvest,) 3:16 That the waters which came down from above\r
+stood and rose up upon an heap very far from the city Adam, that is\r
+beside Zaretan: and those that came down toward the sea of the plain,\r
+even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the people passed\r
+over right against Jericho.\r
+\r
+3:17 And the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD\r
+stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan, and all the\r
+Israelites passed over on dry ground, until all the people were passed\r
+clean over Jordan.\r
+\r
+4:1 And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over\r
+Jordan, that the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, 4:2 Take you twelve\r
+men out of the people, out of every tribe a man, 4:3 And command ye\r
+them, saying, Take you hence out of the midst of Jordan, out of the\r
+place where the priests' feet stood firm, twelve stones, and ye shall\r
+carry them over with you, and leave them in the lodging place, where\r
+ye shall lodge this night.\r
+\r
+4:4 Then Joshua called the twelve men, whom he had prepared of the\r
+children of Israel, out of every tribe a man: 4:5 And Joshua said unto\r
+them, Pass over before the ark of the LORD your God into the midst of\r
+Jordan, and take you up every man of you a stone upon his shoulder,\r
+according unto the number of the tribes of the children of Israel: 4:6\r
+That this may be a sign among you, that when your children ask their\r
+fathers in time to come, saying, What mean ye by these stones? 4:7\r
+Then ye shall answer them, That the waters of Jordan were cut off\r
+before the ark of the covenant of the LORD; when it passed over\r
+Jordan, the waters of Jordan were cut off: and these stones shall be\r
+for a memorial unto the children of Israel for ever.\r
+\r
+4:8 And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up\r
+twelve stones out of the midst of Jordan, as the LORD spake unto\r
+Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of\r
+Israel, and carried them over with them unto the place where they\r
+lodged, and laid them down there.\r
+\r
+4:9 And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan, in the\r
+place where the feet of the priests which bare the ark of the covenant\r
+stood: and they are there unto this day.\r
+\r
+4:10 For the priests which bare the ark stood in the midst of Jordan,\r
+until everything was finished that the LORD commanded Joshua to speak\r
+unto the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua: and the\r
+people hasted and passed over.\r
+\r
+4:11 And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over,\r
+that the ark of the LORD passed over, and the priests, in the presence\r
+of the people.\r
+\r
+4:12 And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and half the\r
+tribe of Manasseh, passed over armed before the children of Israel, as\r
+Moses spake unto them: 4:13 About forty thousand prepared for war\r
+passed over before the LORD unto battle, to the plains of Jericho.\r
+\r
+4:14 On that day the LORD magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel;\r
+and they feared him, as they feared Moses, all the days of his life.\r
+\r
+4:15 And the LORD spake unto Joshua, saying, 4:16 Command the priests\r
+that bear the ark of the testimony, that they come up out of Jordan.\r
+\r
+4:17 Joshua therefore commanded the priests, saying, Come ye up out of\r
+Jordan.\r
+\r
+4:18 And it came to pass, when the priests that bare the ark of the\r
+covenant of the LORD were come up out of the midst of Jordan, and the\r
+soles of the priests' feet were lifted up unto the dry land, that the\r
+waters of Jordan returned unto their place, and flowed over all his\r
+banks, as they did before.\r
+\r
+4:19 And the people came up out of Jordan on the tenth day of the\r
+first month, and encamped in Gilgal, in the east border of Jericho.\r
+\r
+4:20 And those twelve stones, which they took out of Jordan, did\r
+Joshua pitch in Gilgal.\r
+\r
+4:21 And he spake unto the children of Israel, saying, When your\r
+children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying, What mean\r
+these stones? 4:22 Then ye shall let your children know, saying,\r
+Israel came over this Jordan on dry land.\r
+\r
+4:23 For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before\r
+you, until ye were passed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red\r
+sea, which he dried up from before us, until we were gone over: 4:24\r
+That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the LORD, that\r
+it is mighty: that ye might fear the LORD your God for ever.\r
+\r
+5:1 And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites, which\r
+were on the side of Jordan westward, and all the kings of the\r
+Canaanites, which were by the sea, heard that the LORD had dried up\r
+the waters of Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we were\r
+passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them\r
+any more, because of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:2 At that time the LORD said unto Joshua, Make thee sharp knives,\r
+and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time.\r
+\r
+5:3 And Joshua made him sharp knives, and circumcised the children of\r
+Israel at the hill of the foreskins.\r
+\r
+5:4 And this is the cause why Joshua did circumcise: All the people\r
+that came out of Egypt, that were males, even all the men of war, died\r
+in the wilderness by the way, after they came out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+5:5 Now all the people that came out were circumcised: but all the\r
+people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth\r
+out of Egypt, them they had not circumcised.\r
+\r
+5:6 For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness,\r
+till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt,\r
+were consumed, because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: unto\r
+whom the LORD sware that he would not shew them the land, which the\r
+LORD sware unto their fathers that he would give us, a land that\r
+floweth with milk and honey.\r
+\r
+5:7 And their children, whom he raised up in their stead, them Joshua\r
+circumcised: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not\r
+circumcised them by the way.\r
+\r
+5:8 And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the\r
+people, that they abode in their places in the camp, till they were\r
+whole.\r
+\r
+5:9 And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the\r
+reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of the place is\r
+called Gilgal unto this day.\r
+\r
+5:10 And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the\r
+passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of\r
+Jericho.\r
+\r
+5:11 And they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow after\r
+the passover, unleavened cakes, and parched corn in the selfsame day.\r
+\r
+5:12 And the manna ceased on the morrow after they had eaten of the\r
+old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any\r
+more; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year.\r
+\r
+5:13 And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted\r
+up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against\r
+him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and\r
+said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries? 5:14 And he\r
+said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And\r
+Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto\r
+him, What saith my Lord unto his servant? 5:15 And the captain of the\r
+LORD's host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for\r
+the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so.\r
+\r
+6:1 Now Jericho was straitly shut up because of the children of\r
+Israel: none went out, and none came in.\r
+\r
+6:2 And the LORD said unto Joshua, See, I have given into thine hand\r
+Jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+6:3 And ye shall compass the city, all ye men of war, and go round\r
+about the city once. Thus shalt thou do six days.\r
+\r
+6:4 And seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of\r
+rams' horns: and the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven\r
+times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets.\r
+\r
+6:5 And it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with\r
+the ram's horn, and when ye hear the sound of the trumpet, all the\r
+people shall shout with a great shout; and the wall of the city shall\r
+fall down flat, and the people shall ascend up every man straight\r
+before him.\r
+\r
+6:6 And Joshua the son of Nun called the priests, and said unto them,\r
+Take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven\r
+trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:7 And he said unto the people, Pass on, and compass the city, and\r
+let him that is armed pass on before the ark of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:8 And it came to pass, when Joshua had spoken unto the people, that\r
+the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rams' horns passed on\r
+before the LORD, and blew with the trumpets: and the ark of the\r
+covenant of the LORD followed them.\r
+\r
+6:9 And the armed men went before the priests that blew with the\r
+trumpets, and the rereward came after the ark, the priests going on,\r
+and blowing with the trumpets.\r
+\r
+6:10 And Joshua had commanded the people, saying, Ye shall not shout,\r
+nor make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out\r
+of your mouth, until the day I bid you shout; then shall ye shout.\r
+\r
+6:11 So the ark of the LORD compassed the city, going about it once:\r
+and they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp.\r
+\r
+6:12 And Joshua rose early in the morning, and the priests took up the\r
+ark of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:13 And seven priests bearing seven trumpets of rams' horns before\r
+the ark of the LORD went on continually, and blew with the trumpets:\r
+and the armed men went before them; but the rereward came after the\r
+ark of the LORD, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the second day they compassed the city once, and returned\r
+into the camp: so they did six days.\r
+\r
+6:15 And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early\r
+about the dawning of the day, and compassed the city after the same\r
+manner seven times: only on that day they compassed the city seven\r
+times.\r
+\r
+6:16 And it came to pass at the seventh time, when the priests blew\r
+with the trumpets, Joshua said unto the people, Shout; for the LORD\r
+hath given you the city.\r
+\r
+6:17 And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that are\r
+therein, to the LORD: only Rahab the harlot shall live, she and all\r
+that are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers that we\r
+sent.\r
+\r
+6:18 And ye, in any wise keep yourselves from the accursed thing, lest\r
+ye make yourselves accursed, when ye take of the accursed thing, and\r
+make the camp of Israel a curse, and trouble it.\r
+\r
+6:19 But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are\r
+consecrated unto the LORD: they shall come into the treasury of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+6:20 So the people shouted when the priests blew with the trumpets:\r
+and it came to pass, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet,\r
+and the people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell down\r
+flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight\r
+before him, and they took the city.\r
+\r
+6:21 And they utterly destroyed all that was in the city, both man and\r
+woman, young and old, and ox, and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the\r
+sword.\r
+\r
+6:22 But Joshua had said unto the two men that had spied out the\r
+country, Go into the harlot's house, and bring out thence the woman,\r
+and all that she hath, as ye sware unto her.\r
+\r
+6:23 And the young men that were spies went in, and brought out Rahab,\r
+and her father, and her mother, and her brethren, and all that she\r
+had; and they brought out all her kindred, and left them without the\r
+camp of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:24 And they burnt the city with fire, and all that was therein: only\r
+the silver, and the gold, and the vessels of brass and of iron, they\r
+put into the treasury of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:25 And Joshua saved Rahab the harlot alive, and her father's\r
+household, and all that she had; and she dwelleth in Israel even unto\r
+this day; because she hid the messengers, which Joshua sent to spy out\r
+Jericho.\r
+\r
+6:26 And Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man\r
+before the LORD, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho: he\r
+shall lay the foundation thereof in his firstborn, and in his youngest\r
+son shall he set up the gates of it.\r
+\r
+6:27 So the LORD was with Joshua; and his fame was noised throughout\r
+all the country.\r
+\r
+7:1 But the children of Israel committed a trespass in the accursed\r
+thing: for Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of\r
+Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, took of the accursed thing: and the\r
+anger of the LORD was kindled against the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:2 And Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which is beside Bethaven,\r
+on the east of Bethel, and spake unto them, saying, Go up and view the\r
+country.\r
+\r
+And the men went up and viewed Ai.\r
+\r
+7:3 And they returned to Joshua, and said unto him, Let not all the\r
+people go up; but let about two or three thousand men go up and smite\r
+Ai; and make not all the people to labour thither; for they are but\r
+few.\r
+\r
+7:4 So there went up thither of the people about three thousand men:\r
+and they fled before the men of Ai.\r
+\r
+7:5 And the men of Ai smote of them about thirty and six men: for they\r
+chased them from before the gate even unto Shebarim, and smote them in\r
+the going down: wherefore the hearts of the people melted, and became\r
+as water.\r
+\r
+7:6 And Joshua rent his clothes, and fell to the earth upon his face\r
+before the ark of the LORD until the eventide, he and the elders of\r
+Israel, and put dust upon their heads.\r
+\r
+7:7 And Joshua said, Alas, O LORD God, wherefore hast thou at all\r
+brought this people over Jordan, to deliver us into the hand of the\r
+Amorites, to destroy us? would to God we had been content, and dwelt\r
+on the other side Jordan! 7:8 O LORD, what shall I say, when Israel\r
+turneth their backs before their enemies! 7:9 For the Canaanites and\r
+all the inhabitants of the land shall hear of it, and shall environ us\r
+round, and cut off our name from the earth: and what wilt thou do unto\r
+thy great name? 7:10 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Get thee up;\r
+wherefore liest thou thus upon thy face? 7:11 Israel hath sinned, and\r
+they have also transgressed my covenant which I commanded them: for\r
+they have even taken of the accursed thing, and have also stolen, and\r
+dissembled also, and they have put it even among their own stuff.\r
+\r
+7:12 Therefore the children of Israel could not stand before their\r
+enemies, but turned their backs before their enemies, because they\r
+were accursed: neither will I be with you any more, except ye destroy\r
+the accursed from among you.\r
+\r
+7:13 Up, sanctify the people, and say, Sanctify yourselves against to\r
+morrow: for thus saith the LORD God of Israel, There is an accursed\r
+thing in the midst of thee, O Israel: thou canst not stand before\r
+thine enemies, until ye take away the accursed thing from among you.\r
+\r
+7:14 In the morning therefore ye shall be brought according to your\r
+tribes: and it shall be, that the tribe which the LORD taketh shall\r
+come according to the families thereof; and the family which the LORD\r
+shall take shall come by households; and the household which the LORD\r
+shall take shall come man by man.\r
+\r
+7:15 And it shall be, that he that is taken with the accursed thing\r
+shall be burnt with fire, he and all that he hath: because he hath\r
+transgressed the covenant of the LORD, and because he hath wrought\r
+folly in Israel.\r
+\r
+7:16 So Joshua rose up early in the morning, and brought Israel by\r
+their tribes; and the tribe of Judah was taken: 7:17 And he brought\r
+the family of Judah; and he took the family of the Zarhites: and he\r
+brought the family of the Zarhites man by man; and Zabdi was taken:\r
+7:18 And he brought his household man by man; and Achan, the son of\r
+Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of Judah, was\r
+taken.\r
+\r
+7:19 And Joshua said unto Achan, My son, give, I pray thee, glory to\r
+the LORD God of Israel, and make confession unto him; and tell me now\r
+what thou hast done; hide it not from me.\r
+\r
+7:20 And Achan answered Joshua, and said, Indeed I have sinned against\r
+the LORD God of Israel, and thus and thus have I done: 7:21 When I saw\r
+among the spoils a goodly Babylonish garment, and two hundred shekels\r
+of silver, and a wedge of gold of fifty shekels weight, then I coveted\r
+them, and took them; and, behold, they are hid in the earth in the\r
+midst of my tent, and the silver under it.\r
+\r
+7:22 So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran unto the tent; and,\r
+behold, it was hid in his tent, and the silver under it.\r
+\r
+7:23 And they took them out of the midst of the tent, and brought them\r
+unto Joshua, and unto all the children of Israel, and laid them out\r
+before the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:24 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah,\r
+and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons,\r
+and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his\r
+tent, and all that he had: and they brought them unto the valley of\r
+Achor.\r
+\r
+7:25 And Joshua said, Why hast thou troubled us? the LORD shall\r
+trouble thee this day. And all Israel stoned him with stones, and\r
+burned them with fire, after they had stoned them with stones.\r
+\r
+7:26 And they raised over him a great heap of stones unto this day. So\r
+the LORD turned from the fierceness of his anger. Wherefore the name\r
+of that place was called, The valley of Achor, unto this day.\r
+\r
+8:1 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear not, neither be thou dismayed:\r
+take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai: see, I\r
+have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city,\r
+and his land: 8:2 And thou shalt do to Ai and her king as thou didst\r
+unto Jericho and her king: only the spoil thereof, and the cattle\r
+thereof, shall ye take for a prey unto yourselves: lay thee an ambush\r
+for the city behind it.\r
+\r
+8:3 So Joshua arose, and all the people of war, to go up against Ai:\r
+and Joshua chose out thirty thousand mighty men of valour, and sent\r
+them away by night.\r
+\r
+8:4 And he commanded them, saying, Behold, ye shall lie in wait\r
+against the city, even behind the city: go not very far from the city,\r
+but be ye all ready: 8:5 And I, and all the people that are with me,\r
+will approach unto the city: and it shall come to pass, when they come\r
+out against us, as at the first, that we will flee before them, 8:6\r
+(For they will come out after us) till we have drawn them from the\r
+city; for they will say, They flee before us, as at the first:\r
+therefore we will flee before them.\r
+\r
+8:7 Then ye shall rise up from the ambush, and seize upon the city:\r
+for the LORD your God will deliver it into your hand.\r
+\r
+8:8 And it shall be, when ye have taken the city, that ye shall set\r
+the city on fire: according to the commandment of the LORD shall ye\r
+do. See, I have commanded you.\r
+\r
+8:9 Joshua therefore sent them forth: and they went to lie in ambush,\r
+and abode between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of Ai: but Joshua\r
+lodged that night among the people.\r
+\r
+8:10 And Joshua rose up early in the morning, and numbered the people,\r
+and went up, he and the elders of Israel, before the people to Ai.\r
+\r
+8:11 And all the people, even the people of war that were with him,\r
+went up, and drew nigh, and came before the city, and pitched on the\r
+north side of Ai: now there was a valley between them and Ai.\r
+\r
+8:12 And he took about five thousand men, and set them to lie in\r
+ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city.\r
+\r
+8:13 And when they had set the people, even all the host that was on\r
+the north of the city, and their liers in wait on the west of the\r
+city, Joshua went that night into the midst of the valley.\r
+\r
+8:14 And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that they hasted\r
+and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against Israel to\r
+battle, he and all his people, at a time appointed, before the plain;\r
+but he wist not that there were liers in ambush against him behind the\r
+city.\r
+\r
+8:15 And Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before\r
+them, and fled by the way of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+8:16 And all the people that were in Ai were called together to pursue\r
+after them: and they pursued after Joshua, and were drawn away from\r
+the city.\r
+\r
+8:17 And there was not a man left in Ai or Bethel, that went not out\r
+after Israel: and they left the city open, and pursued after Israel.\r
+\r
+8:18 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Stretch out the spear that is in\r
+thy hand toward Ai; for I will give it into thine hand. And Joshua\r
+stretched out the spear that he had in his hand toward the city.\r
+\r
+8:19 And the ambush arose quickly out of their place, and they ran as\r
+soon as he had stretched out his hand: and they entered into the city,\r
+and took it, and hasted and set the city on fire.\r
+\r
+8:20 And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold,\r
+the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to\r
+flee this way or that way: and the people that fled to the wilderness\r
+turned back upon the pursuers.\r
+\r
+8:21 And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the\r
+city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned again,\r
+and slew the men of Ai.\r
+\r
+8:22 And the other issued out of the city against them; so they were\r
+in the midst of Israel, some on this side, and some on that side: and\r
+they smote them, so that they let none of them remain or escape.\r
+\r
+8:23 And the king of Ai they took alive, and brought him to Joshua.\r
+\r
+8:24 And it came to pass, when Israel had made an end of slaying all\r
+the inhabitants of Ai in the field, in the wilderness wherein they\r
+chased them, and when they were all fallen on the edge of the sword,\r
+until they were consumed, that all the Israelites returned unto Ai,\r
+and smote it with the edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+8:25 And so it was, that all that fell that day, both of men and\r
+women, were twelve thousand, even all the men of Ai.\r
+\r
+8:26 For Joshua drew not his hand back, wherewith he stretched out the\r
+spear, until he had utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai.\r
+\r
+8:27 Only the cattle and the spoil of that city Israel took for a prey\r
+unto themselves, according unto the word of the LORD which he\r
+commanded Joshua.\r
+\r
+8:28 And Joshua burnt Ai, and made it an heap for ever, even a\r
+desolation unto this day.\r
+\r
+8:29 And the king of Ai he hanged on a tree until eventide: and as\r
+soon as the sun was down, Joshua commanded that they should take his\r
+carcase down from the tree, and cast it at the entering of the gate of\r
+the city, and raise thereon a great heap of stones, that remaineth\r
+unto this day.\r
+\r
+8:30 Then Joshua built an altar unto the LORD God of Israel in mount\r
+Ebal, 8:31 As Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of\r
+Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of\r
+whole stones, over which no man hath lift up any iron: and they\r
+offered thereon burnt offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace\r
+offerings.\r
+\r
+8:32 And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses,\r
+which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:33 And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their judges,\r
+stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the\r
+Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, as well the\r
+stranger, as he that was born among them; half of them over against\r
+mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount Ebal; as Moses the\r
+servant of the LORD had commanded before, that they should bless the\r
+people of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:34 And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings and\r
+cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the law.\r
+\r
+8:35 There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua\r
+read not before all the congregation of Israel, with the women, and\r
+the little ones, and the strangers that were conversant among them.\r
+\r
+9:1 And it came to pass, when all the kings which were on this side\r
+Jordan, in the hills, and in the valleys, and in all the coasts of the\r
+great sea over against Lebanon, the Hittite, and the Amorite, the\r
+Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard thereof;\r
+9:2 That they gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and\r
+with Israel, with one accord.\r
+\r
+9:3 And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done unto\r
+Jericho and to Ai, 9:4 They did work wilily, and went and made as if\r
+they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses, and\r
+wine bottles, old, and rent, and bound up; 9:5 And old shoes and\r
+clouted upon their feet, and old garments upon them; and all the bread\r
+of their provision was dry and mouldy.\r
+\r
+9:6 And they went to Joshua unto the camp at Gilgal, and said unto\r
+him, and to the men of Israel, We be come from a far country: now\r
+therefore make ye a league with us.\r
+\r
+9:7 And the men of Israel said unto the Hivites, Peradventure ye dwell\r
+among us; and how shall we make a league with you? 9:8 And they said\r
+unto Joshua, We are thy servants. And Joshua said unto them, Who are\r
+ye? and from whence come ye? 9:9 And they said unto him, From a very\r
+far country thy servants are come because of the name of the LORD thy\r
+God: for we have heard the fame of him, and all that he did in Egypt,\r
+9:10 And all that he did to the two kings of the Amorites, that were\r
+beyond Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon, and to Og king of Bashan,\r
+which was at Ashtaroth.\r
+\r
+9:11 Wherefore our elders and all the inhabitants of our country spake\r
+to us, saying, Take victuals with you for the journey, and go to meet\r
+them, and say unto them, We are your servants: therefore now make ye a\r
+league with us.\r
+\r
+9:12 This our bread we took hot for our provision out of our houses on\r
+the day we came forth to go unto you; but now, behold, it is dry, and\r
+it is mouldy: 9:13 And these bottles of wine, which we filled, were\r
+new; and, behold, they be rent: and these our garments and our shoes\r
+are become old by reason of the very long journey.\r
+\r
+9:14 And the men took of their victuals, and asked not counsel at the\r
+mouth of the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:15 And Joshua made peace with them, and made a league with them, to\r
+let them live: and the princes of the congregation sware unto them.\r
+\r
+9:16 And it came to pass at the end of three days after they had made\r
+a league with them, that they heard that they were their neighbours,\r
+and that they dwelt among them.\r
+\r
+9:17 And the children of Israel journeyed, and came unto their cities\r
+on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, and Chephirah, and\r
+Beeroth, and Kirjathjearim.\r
+\r
+9:18 And the children of Israel smote them not, because the princes of\r
+the congregation had sworn unto them by the LORD God of Israel. And\r
+all the congregation murmured against the princes.\r
+\r
+9:19 But all the princes said unto all the congregation, We have sworn\r
+unto them by the LORD God of Israel: now therefore we may not touch\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:20 This we will do to them; we will even let them live, lest wrath\r
+be upon us, because of the oath which we sware unto them.\r
+\r
+9:21 And the princes said unto them, Let them live; but let them be\r
+hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation; as the\r
+princes had promised them.\r
+\r
+9:22 And Joshua called for them, and he spake unto them, saying,\r
+Wherefore have ye beguiled us, saying, We are very far from you; when\r
+ye dwell among us? 9:23 Now therefore ye are cursed, and there shall\r
+none of you be freed from being bondmen, and hewers of wood and\r
+drawers of water for the house of my God.\r
+\r
+9:24 And they answered Joshua, and said, Because it was certainly told\r
+thy servants, how that the LORD thy God commanded his servant Moses to\r
+give you all the land, and to destroy all the inhabitants of the land\r
+from before you, therefore we were sore afraid of our lives because of\r
+you, and have done this thing.\r
+\r
+9:25 And now, behold, we are in thine hand: as it seemeth good and\r
+right unto thee to do unto us, do.\r
+\r
+9:26 And so did he unto them, and delivered them out of the hand of\r
+the children of Israel, that they slew them not.\r
+\r
+9:27 And Joshua made them that day hewers of wood and drawers of water\r
+for the congregation, and for the altar of the LORD, even unto this\r
+day, in the place which he should choose.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now it came to pass, when Adonizedec king of Jerusalem had heard\r
+how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done\r
+to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how\r
+the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among\r
+them; 10:2 That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city,\r
+as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and\r
+all the men thereof were mighty.\r
+\r
+10:3 Wherefore Adonizedec king of Jerusalem, sent unto Hoham king of\r
+Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of\r
+Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying, 10:4 Come up unto me,\r
+and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with\r
+Joshua and with the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem,\r
+the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king\r
+of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all\r
+their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it.\r
+\r
+10:6 And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal,\r
+saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly,\r
+and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell\r
+in the mountains are gathered together against us.\r
+\r
+10:7 So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war\r
+with him, and all the mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+10:8 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have\r
+delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand\r
+before thee.\r
+\r
+10:9 Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal\r
+all night.\r
+\r
+10:10 And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with\r
+a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth\r
+up to Bethhoron, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.\r
+\r
+10:11 And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were\r
+in the going down to Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones\r
+from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which\r
+died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with\r
+the sword.\r
+\r
+10:12 Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered\r
+up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the\r
+sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in\r
+the valley of Ajalon.\r
+\r
+10:13 And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people\r
+had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the\r
+book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and\r
+hasted not to go down about a whole day.\r
+\r
+10:14 And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the\r
+LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+10:15 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to\r
+Gilgal.\r
+\r
+10:16 But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at\r
+Makkedah.\r
+\r
+10:17 And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in\r
+a cave at Makkedah.\r
+\r
+10:18 And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave,\r
+and set men by it for to keep them: 10:19 And stay ye not, but pursue\r
+after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to\r
+enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them\r
+into your hand.\r
+\r
+10:20 And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had\r
+made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they\r
+were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into\r
+fenced cities.\r
+\r
+10:21 And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in\r
+peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:22 Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out\r
+those five kings unto me out of the cave.\r
+\r
+10:23 And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out\r
+of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of\r
+Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.\r
+\r
+10:24 And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto\r
+Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto\r
+the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put\r
+your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put\r
+their feet upon the necks of them.\r
+\r
+10:25 And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong\r
+and of good courage: for thus shall the LORD do to all your enemies\r
+against whom ye fight.\r
+\r
+10:26 And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them\r
+on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening.\r
+\r
+10:27 And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun,\r
+that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast\r
+them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in\r
+the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day.\r
+\r
+10:28 And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of\r
+the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all\r
+the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the\r
+king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho.\r
+\r
+10:29 Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto\r
+Libnah, and fought against Libnah: 10:30 And the LORD delivered it\r
+also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it\r
+with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he\r
+let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto\r
+the king of Jericho.\r
+\r
+10:31 And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto\r
+Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it: 10:32 And the\r
+LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the\r
+second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls\r
+that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah.\r
+\r
+10:33 Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua\r
+smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.\r
+\r
+10:34 And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with\r
+him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it: 10:35 And\r
+they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and\r
+all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day,\r
+according to all that he had done to Lachish.\r
+\r
+10:36 And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto\r
+Hebron; and they fought against it: 10:37 And they took it, and smote\r
+it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the\r
+cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none\r
+remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed\r
+it utterly, and all the souls that were therein.\r
+\r
+10:38 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and\r
+fought against it: 10:39 And he took it, and the king thereof, and all\r
+the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword,\r
+and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none\r
+remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the\r
+king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king.\r
+\r
+10:40 So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south,\r
+and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none\r
+remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of\r
+Israel commanded.\r
+\r
+10:41 And Joshua smote them from Kadeshbarnea even unto Gaza, and all\r
+the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon.\r
+\r
+10:42 And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time,\r
+because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel.\r
+\r
+10:43 And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to\r
+Gilgal.\r
+\r
+11:1 And it came to pass, when Jabin king of Hazor had heard those\r
+things, that he sent to Jobab king of Madon, and to the king of\r
+Shimron, and to the king of Achshaph, 11:2 And to the kings that were\r
+on the north of the mountains, and of the plains south of Chinneroth,\r
+and in the valley, and in the borders of Dor on the west, 11:3 And to\r
+the Canaanite on the east and on the west, and to the Amorite, and the\r
+Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Jebusite in the mountains, and to\r
+the Hivite under Hermon in the land of Mizpeh.\r
+\r
+11:4 And they went out, they and all their hosts with them, much\r
+people, even as the sand that is upon the sea shore in multitude, with\r
+horses and chariots very many.\r
+\r
+11:5 And when all these kings were met together, they came and pitched\r
+together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel.\r
+\r
+11:6 And the LORD said unto Joshua, Be not afraid because of them: for\r
+to morrow about this time will I deliver them up all slain before\r
+Israel: thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots with\r
+fire.\r
+\r
+11:7 So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against them\r
+by the waters of Merom suddenly; and they fell upon them.\r
+\r
+11:8 And the LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel, who smote\r
+them, and chased them unto great Zidon, and unto Misrephothmaim, and\r
+unto the valley of Mizpeh eastward; and they smote them, until they\r
+left them none remaining.\r
+\r
+11:9 And Joshua did unto them as the LORD bade him: he houghed their\r
+horses, and burnt their chariots with fire.\r
+\r
+11:10 And Joshua at that time turned back, and took Hazor, and smote\r
+the king thereof with the sword: for Hazor beforetime was the head of\r
+all those kingdoms.\r
+\r
+11:11 And they smote all the souls that were therein with the edge of\r
+the sword, utterly destroying them: there was not any left to breathe:\r
+and he burnt Hazor with fire.\r
+\r
+11:12 And all the cities of those kings, and all the kings of them,\r
+did Joshua take, and smote them with the edge of the sword, and he\r
+utterly destroyed them, as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded.\r
+\r
+11:13 But as for the cities that stood still in their strength, Israel\r
+burned none of them, save Hazor only; that did Joshua burn.\r
+\r
+11:14 And all the spoil of these cities, and the cattle, the children\r
+of Israel took for a prey unto themselves; but every man they smote\r
+with the edge of the sword, until they had destroyed them, neither\r
+left they any to breathe.\r
+\r
+11:15 As the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so did Moses command\r
+Joshua, and so did Joshua; he left nothing undone of all that the LORD\r
+commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+11:16 So Joshua took all that land, the hills, and all the south\r
+country, and all the land of Goshen, and the valley, and the plain,\r
+and the mountain of Israel, and the valley of the same; 11:17 Even\r
+from the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir, even unto Baalgad in the\r
+valley of Lebanon under mount Hermon: and all their kings he took, and\r
+smote them, and slew them.\r
+\r
+11:18 Joshua made war a long time with all those kings.\r
+\r
+11:19 There was not a city that made peace with the children of\r
+Israel, save the Hivites the inhabitants of Gibeon: all other they\r
+took in battle.\r
+\r
+11:20 For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, that they should\r
+come against Israel in battle, that he might destroy them utterly, and\r
+that they might have no favour, but that he might destroy them, as the\r
+LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+11:21 And at that time came Joshua, and cut off the Anakims from the\r
+mountains, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the\r
+mountains of Judah, and from all the mountains of Israel: Joshua\r
+destroyed them utterly with their cities.\r
+\r
+11:22 There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the children\r
+of Israel: only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there remained.\r
+\r
+11:23 So Joshua took the whole land, according to all that the LORD\r
+said unto Moses; and Joshua gave it for an inheritance unto Israel\r
+according to their divisions by their tribes. And the land rested from\r
+war.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of Israel\r
+smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan toward the\r
+rising of the sun, from the river Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the\r
+plain on the east: 12:2 Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in\r
+Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river\r
+Arnon, and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even\r
+unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;\r
+12:3 And from the plain to the sea of Chinneroth on the east, and unto\r
+the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to\r
+Bethjeshimoth; and from the south, under Ashdothpisgah: 12:4 And the\r
+coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants,\r
+that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, 12:5 And reigned in mount\r
+Hermon, and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, unto the border of the\r
+Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon\r
+king of Heshbon.\r
+\r
+12:6 Them did Moses the servant of the LORD and the children of Israel\r
+smite: and Moses the servant of the LORD gave it for a possession unto\r
+the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+12:7 And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and the\r
+children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, from Baalgad\r
+in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to\r
+Seir; which Joshua gave unto the tribes of Israel for a possession\r
+according to their divisions; 12:8 In the mountains, and in the\r
+valleys, and in the plains, and in the springs, and in the wilderness,\r
+and in the south country; the Hittites, the Amorites, and the\r
+Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: 12:9 The\r
+king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;\r
+12:10 The king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one; 12:11 The\r
+king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one; 12:12 The king of\r
+Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one; 12:13 The king of Debir, one; the\r
+king of Geder, one; 12:14 The king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad,\r
+one; 12:15 The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one; 12:16\r
+The king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one; 12:17 The king of\r
+Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one; 12:18 The king of Aphek, one;\r
+the king of Lasharon, one; 12:19 The king of Madon, one; the king of\r
+Hazor, one; 12:20 The king of Shimronmeron, one; the king of Achshaph,\r
+one; 12:21 The king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one; 12:22\r
+The king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one; 12:23 The\r
+king of Dor in the coast of Dor, one; the king of the nations of\r
+Gilgal, one; 12:24 The king of Tirzah, one: all the kings thirty and\r
+one.\r
+\r
+13:1 Now Joshua was old and stricken in years; and the LORD said unto\r
+him, Thou art old and stricken in years, and there remaineth yet very\r
+much land to be possessed.\r
+\r
+13:2 This is the land that yet remaineth: all the borders of the\r
+Philistines, and all Geshuri, 13:3 From Sihor, which is before Egypt,\r
+even unto the borders of Ekron northward, which is counted to the\r
+Canaanite: five lords of the Philistines; the Gazathites, and the\r
+Ashdothites, the Eshkalonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites; also\r
+the Avites: 13:4 From the south, all the land of the Canaanites, and\r
+Mearah that is beside the Sidonians unto Aphek, to the borders of the\r
+Amorites: 13:5 And the land of the Giblites, and all Lebanon, toward\r
+the sunrising, from Baalgad under mount Hermon unto the entering into\r
+Hamath.\r
+\r
+13:6 All the inhabitants of the hill country from Lebanon unto\r
+Misrephothmaim, and all the Sidonians, them will I drive out from\r
+before the children of Israel: only divide thou it by lot unto the\r
+Israelites for an inheritance, as I have commanded thee.\r
+\r
+13:7 Now therefore divide this land for an inheritance unto the nine\r
+tribes, and the half tribe of Manasseh, 13:8 With whom the Reubenites\r
+and the Gadites have received their inheritance, which Moses gave\r
+them, beyond Jordan eastward, even as Moses the servant of the LORD\r
+gave them; 13:9 From Aroer, that is upon the bank of the river Arnon,\r
+and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the plain of\r
+Medeba unto Dibon; 13:10 And all the cities of Sihon king of the\r
+Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, unto the border of the children of\r
+Ammon; 13:11 And Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and\r
+Maachathites, and all mount Hermon, and all Bashan unto Salcah; 13:12\r
+All the kingdom of Og in Bashan, which reigned in Ashtaroth and in\r
+Edrei, who remained of the remnant of the giants: for these did Moses\r
+smite, and cast them out.\r
+\r
+13:13 Nevertheless the children of Israel expelled not the Geshurites,\r
+nor the Maachathites: but the Geshurites and the Maachathites dwell\r
+among the Israelites until this day.\r
+\r
+13:14 Only unto the tribes of Levi he gave none inheritance; the\r
+sacrifices of the LORD God of Israel made by fire are their\r
+inheritance, as he said unto them.\r
+\r
+13:15 And Moses gave unto the tribe of the children of Reuben\r
+inheritance according to their families.\r
+\r
+13:16 And their coast was from Aroer, that is on the bank of the river\r
+Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all the\r
+plain by Medeba; 13:17 Heshbon, and all her cities that are in the\r
+plain; Dibon, and Bamothbaal, and Bethbaalmeon, 13:18 And Jahaza, and\r
+Kedemoth, and Mephaath, 13:19 And Kirjathaim, and Sibmah, and\r
+Zarethshahar in the mount of the valley, 13:20 And Bethpeor, and\r
+Ashdothpisgah, and Bethjeshimoth, 13:21 And all the cities of the\r
+plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, which\r
+reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses smote with the princes of Midian, Evi,\r
+and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, which were dukes of Sihon,\r
+dwelling in the country.\r
+\r
+13:22 Balaam also the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the children of\r
+Israel slay with the sword among them that were slain by them.\r
+\r
+13:23 And the border of the children of Reuben was Jordan, and the\r
+border thereof. This was the inheritance of the children of Reuben\r
+after their families, the cities and the villages thereof.\r
+\r
+13:24 And Moses gave inheritance unto the tribe of Gad, even unto the\r
+children of Gad according to their families.\r
+\r
+13:25 And their coast was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and\r
+half the land of the children of Ammon, unto Aroer that is before\r
+Rabbah; 13:26 And from Heshbon unto Ramathmizpeh, and Betonim; and\r
+from Mahanaim unto the border of Debir; 13:27 And in the valley,\r
+Betharam, and Bethnimrah, and Succoth, and Zaphon, the rest of the\r
+kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon, Jordan and his border, even unto the\r
+edge of the sea of Chinnereth on the other side Jordan eastward.\r
+\r
+13:28 This is the inheritance of the children of Gad after their\r
+families, the cities, and their villages.\r
+\r
+13:29 And Moses gave inheritance unto the half tribe of Manasseh: and\r
+this was the possession of the half tribe of the children of Manasseh\r
+by their families.\r
+\r
+13:30 And their coast was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom\r
+of Og king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan,\r
+threescore cities: 13:31 And half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei,\r
+cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were pertaining unto the\r
+children of Machir the son of Manasseh, even to the one half of the\r
+children of Machir by their families.\r
+\r
+13:32 These are the countries which Moses did distribute for\r
+inheritance in the plains of Moab, on the other side Jordan, by\r
+Jericho, eastward.\r
+\r
+13:33 But unto the tribe of Levi Moses gave not any inheritance: the\r
+LORD God of Israel was their inheritance, as he said unto them.\r
+\r
+14:1 And these are the countries which the children of Israel\r
+inherited in the land of Canaan, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua\r
+the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the\r
+children of Israel, distributed for inheritance to them.\r
+\r
+14:2 By lot was their inheritance, as the LORD commanded by the hand\r
+of Moses, for the nine tribes, and for the half tribe.\r
+\r
+14:3 For Moses had given the inheritance of two tribes and an half\r
+tribe on the other side Jordan: but unto the Levites he gave none\r
+inheritance among them.\r
+\r
+14:4 For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim:\r
+therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the land, save cities\r
+to dwell in, with their suburbs for their cattle and for their\r
+substance.\r
+\r
+14:5 As the LORD commanded Moses, so the children of Israel did, and\r
+they divided the land.\r
+\r
+14:6 Then the children of Judah came unto Joshua in Gilgal: and Caleb\r
+the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite said unto him, Thou knowest the\r
+thing that the LORD said unto Moses the man of God concerning me and\r
+thee in Kadeshbarnea.\r
+\r
+14:7 Forty years old was I when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me\r
+from Kadeshbarnea to espy out the land; and I brought him word again\r
+as it was in mine heart.\r
+\r
+14:8 Nevertheless my brethren that went up with me made the heart of\r
+the people melt: but I wholly followed the LORD my God.\r
+\r
+14:9 And Moses sware on that day, saying, Surely the land whereon thy\r
+feet have trodden shall be thine inheritance, and thy children's for\r
+ever, because thou hast wholly followed the LORD my God.\r
+\r
+14:10 And now, behold, the LORD hath kept me alive, as he said, these\r
+forty and five years, even since the LORD spake this word unto Moses,\r
+while the children of Israel wandered in the wilderness: and now, lo,\r
+I am this day fourscore and five years old.\r
+\r
+14:11 As yet I am as strong this day as I was in the day that Moses\r
+sent me: as my strength was then, even so is my strength now, for war,\r
+both to go out, and to come in.\r
+\r
+14:12 Now therefore give me this mountain, whereof the LORD spake in\r
+that day; for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims were there,\r
+and that the cities were great and fenced: if so be the LORD will be\r
+with me, then I shall be able to drive them out, as the LORD said.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh\r
+Hebron for an inheritance.\r
+\r
+14:14 Hebron therefore became the inheritance of Caleb the son of\r
+Jephunneh the Kenezite unto this day, because that he wholly followed\r
+the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:15 And the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba; which Arba was a\r
+great man among the Anakims. And the land had rest from war.\r
+\r
+15:1 This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah by\r
+their families; even to the border of Edom the wilderness of Zin\r
+southward was the uttermost part of the south coast.\r
+\r
+15:2 And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea, from\r
+the bay that looketh southward: 15:3 And it went out to the south side\r
+to Maalehacrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the\r
+south side unto Kadeshbarnea, and passed along to Hezron, and went up\r
+to Adar, and fetched a compass to Karkaa: 15:4 From thence it passed\r
+toward Azmon, and went out unto the river of Egypt; and the goings out\r
+of that coast were at the sea: this shall be your south coast.\r
+\r
+15:5 And the east border was the salt sea, even unto the end of\r
+Jordan.\r
+\r
+And their border in the north quarter was from the bay of the sea at\r
+the uttermost part of Jordan: 15:6 And the border went up to\r
+Bethhogla, and passed along by the north of Betharabah; and the border\r
+went up to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben: 15:7 And the border\r
+went up toward Debir from the valley of Achor, and so northward,\r
+looking toward Gilgal, that is before the going up to Adummim, which\r
+is on the south side of the river: and the border passed toward the\r
+waters of Enshemesh, and the goings out thereof were at Enrogel: 15:8\r
+And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom unto the\r
+south side of the Jebusite; the same is Jerusalem: and the border went\r
+up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the valley of Hinnom\r
+westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward:\r
+15:9 And the border was drawn from the top of the hill unto the\r
+fountain of the water of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of mount\r
+Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah, which is Kirjathjearim:\r
+15:10 And the border compassed from Baalah westward unto mount Seir,\r
+and passed along unto the side of mount Jearim, which is Chesalon, on\r
+the north side, and went down to Bethshemesh, and passed on to Timnah:\r
+15:11 And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: and\r
+the border was drawn to Shicron, and passed along to mount Baalah, and\r
+went out unto Jabneel; and the goings out of the border were at the\r
+sea.\r
+\r
+15:12 And the west border was to the great sea, and the coast thereof.\r
+\r
+This is the coast of the children of Judah round about according to\r
+their families.\r
+\r
+15:13 And unto Caleb the son of Jephunneh he gave a part among the\r
+children of Judah, according to the commandment of the LORD to Joshua,\r
+even the city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron.\r
+\r
+15:14 And Caleb drove thence the three sons of Anak, Sheshai, and\r
+Ahiman, and Talmai, the children of Anak.\r
+\r
+15:15 And he went up thence to the inhabitants of Debir: and the name\r
+of Debir before was Kirjathsepher.\r
+\r
+15:16 And Caleb said, He that smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to\r
+him will I give Achsah my daughter to wife.\r
+\r
+15:17 And Othniel the son of Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, took it: and\r
+he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife.\r
+\r
+15:18 And it came to pass, as she came unto him, that she moved him to\r
+ask of her father a field: and she lighted off her ass; and Caleb said\r
+unto her, What wouldest thou? 15:19 Who answered, Give me a blessing;\r
+for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of water.\r
+And he gave her the upper springs, and the nether springs.\r
+\r
+15:20 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Judah\r
+according to their families.\r
+\r
+15:21 And the uttermost cities of the tribe of the children of Judah\r
+toward the coast of Edom southward were Kabzeel, and Eder, and Jagur,\r
+15:22 And Kinah, and Dimonah, and Adadah, 15:23 And Kedesh, and Hazor,\r
+and Ithnan, 15:24 Ziph, and Telem, and Bealoth, 15:25 And Hazor,\r
+Hadattah, and Kerioth, and Hezron, which is Hazor, 15:26 Amam, and\r
+Shema, and Moladah, 15:27 And Hazargaddah, and Heshmon, and Bethpalet,\r
+15:28 And Hazarshual, and Beersheba, and Bizjothjah, 15:29 Baalah, and\r
+Iim, and Azem, 15:30 And Eltolad, and Chesil, and Hormah, 15:31 And\r
+Ziklag, and Madmannah, and Sansannah, 15:32 And Lebaoth, and Shilhim,\r
+and Ain, and Rimmon: all the cities are twenty and nine, with their\r
+villages: 15:33 And in the valley, Eshtaol, and Zoreah, and Ashnah,\r
+15:34 And Zanoah, and Engannim, Tappuah, and Enam, 15:35 Jarmuth, and\r
+Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah, 15:36 And Sharaim, and Adithaim, and\r
+Gederah, and Gederothaim; fourteen cities with their villages: 15:37\r
+Zenan, and Hadashah, and Migdalgad, 15:38 And Dilean, and Mizpeh, and\r
+Joktheel, 15:39 Lachish, and Bozkath, and Eglon, 15:40 And Cabbon, and\r
+Lahmam, and Kithlish, 15:41 And Gederoth, Bethdagon, and Naamah, and\r
+Makkedah; sixteen cities with their villages: 15:42 Libnah, and Ether,\r
+and Ashan, 15:43 And Jiphtah, and Ashnah, and Nezib, 15:44 And Keilah,\r
+and Achzib, and Mareshah; nine cities with their villages: 15:45\r
+Ekron, with her towns and her villages: 15:46 From Ekron even unto the\r
+sea, all that lay near Ashdod, with their villages: 15:47 Ashdod with\r
+her towns and her villages, Gaza with her towns and her villages, unto\r
+the river of Egypt, and the great sea, and the border thereof: 15:48\r
+And in the mountains, Shamir, and Jattir, and Socoh, 15:49 And Dannah,\r
+and Kirjathsannah, which is Debir, 15:50 And Anab, and Eshtemoh, and\r
+Anim, 15:51 And Goshen, and Holon, and Giloh; eleven cities with their\r
+villages: 15:52 Arab, and Dumah, and Eshean, 15:53 And Janum, and\r
+Bethtappuah, and Aphekah, 15:54 And Humtah, and Kirjatharba, which is\r
+Hebron, and Zior; nine cities with their villages: 15:55 Maon, Carmel,\r
+and Ziph, and Juttah, 15:56 And Jezreel, and Jokdeam, and Zanoah,\r
+15:57 Cain, Gibeah, and Timnah; ten cities with their villages: 15:58\r
+Halhul, Bethzur, and Gedor, 15:59 And Maarath, and Bethanoth, and\r
+Eltekon; six cities with their villages: 15:60 Kirjathbaal, which is\r
+Kirjathjearim, and Rabbah; two cities with their villages: 15:61 In\r
+the wilderness, Betharabah, Middin, and Secacah, 15:62 And Nibshan,\r
+and the city of Salt, and Engedi; six cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+15:63 As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children\r
+of Judah could not drive them out; but the Jebusites dwell with the\r
+children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day.\r
+\r
+16:1 And the lot of the children of Joseph fell from Jordan by\r
+Jericho, unto the water of Jericho on the east, to the wilderness that\r
+goeth up from Jericho throughout mount Bethel, 16:2 And goeth out from\r
+Bethel to Luz, and passeth along unto the borders of Archi to Ataroth,\r
+16:3 And goeth down westward to the coast of Japhleti, unto the coast\r
+of Bethhoron the nether, and to Gezer; and the goings out thereof are\r
+at the sea.\r
+\r
+16:4 So the children of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim, took their\r
+inheritance.\r
+\r
+16:5 And the border of the children of Ephraim according to their\r
+families was thus: even the border of their inheritance on the east\r
+side was Atarothaddar, unto Bethhoron the upper; 16:6 And the border\r
+went out toward the sea to Michmethah on the north side; and the\r
+border went about eastward unto Taanathshiloh, and passed by it on the\r
+east to Janohah; 16:7 And it went down from Janohah to Ataroth, and to\r
+Naarath, and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan.\r
+\r
+16:8 The border went out from Tappuah westward unto the river Kanah;\r
+and the goings out thereof were at the sea. This is the inheritance of\r
+the tribe of the children of Ephraim by their families.\r
+\r
+16:9 And the separate cities for the children of Ephraim were among\r
+the inheritance of the children of Manasseh, all the cities with their\r
+villages.\r
+\r
+16:10 And they drave not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer: but\r
+the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, and serve\r
+under tribute.\r
+\r
+17:1 There was also a lot for the tribe of Manasseh; for he was the\r
+firstborn of Joseph; to wit, for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the\r
+father of Gilead: because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead\r
+and Bashan.\r
+\r
+17:2 There was also a lot for the rest of the children of Manasseh by\r
+their families; for the children of Abiezer, and for the children of\r
+Helek, and for the children of Asriel, and for the children of\r
+Shechem, and for the children of Hepher, and for the children of\r
+Shemida: these were the male children of Manasseh the son of Joseph by\r
+their families.\r
+\r
+17:3 But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of\r
+Machir, the son of Manasseh, had no sons, but daughters: and these are\r
+the names of his daughters, Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and\r
+Tirzah.\r
+\r
+17:4 And they came near before Eleazar the priest, and before Joshua\r
+the son of Nun, and before the princes, saying, The LORD commanded\r
+Moses to give us an inheritance among our brethren. Therefore\r
+according to the commandment of the LORD he gave them an inheritance\r
+among the brethren of their father.\r
+\r
+17:5 And there fell ten portions to Manasseh, beside the land of\r
+Gilead and Bashan, which were on the other side Jordan; 17:6 Because\r
+the daughters of Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons: and the\r
+rest of Manasseh's sons had the land of Gilead.\r
+\r
+17:7 And the coast of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, that\r
+lieth before Shechem; and the border went along on the right hand unto\r
+the inhabitants of Entappuah.\r
+\r
+17:8 Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah: but Tappuah on the border\r
+of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim; 17:9 And the coast\r
+descended unto the river Kanah, southward of the river: these cities\r
+of Ephraim are among the cities of Manasseh: the coast of Manasseh\r
+also was on the north side of the river, and the outgoings of it were\r
+at the sea: 17:10 Southward it was Ephraim's, and northward it was\r
+Manasseh's, and the sea is his border; and they met together in Asher\r
+on the north, and in Issachar on the east.\r
+\r
+17:11 And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Bethshean and her\r
+towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and her\r
+towns, and the inhabitants of Endor and her towns, and the inhabitants\r
+of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and her\r
+towns, even three countries.\r
+\r
+17:12 Yet the children of Manasseh could not drive out the inhabitants\r
+of those cities; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.\r
+\r
+17:13 Yet it came to pass, when the children of Israel were waxen\r
+strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, but did not utterly\r
+drive them out.\r
+\r
+17:14 And the children of Joseph spake unto Joshua, saying, Why hast\r
+thou given me but one lot and one portion to inherit, seeing I am a\r
+great people, forasmuch as the LORD hath blessed me hitherto? 17:15\r
+And Joshua answered them, If thou be a great people, then get thee up\r
+to the wood country, and cut down for thyself there in the land of the\r
+Perizzites and of the giants, if mount Ephraim be too narrow for thee.\r
+\r
+17:16 And the children of Joseph said, The hill is not enough for us:\r
+and all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley have\r
+chariots of iron, both they who are of Bethshean and her towns, and\r
+they who are of the valley of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+17:17 And Joshua spake unto the house of Joseph, even to Ephraim and\r
+to Manasseh, saying, Thou art a great people, and hast great power:\r
+thou shalt not have one lot only: 17:18 But the mountain shall be\r
+thine; for it is a wood, and thou shalt cut it down: and the outgoings\r
+of it shall be thine: for thou shalt drive out the Canaanites, though\r
+they have iron chariots, and though they be strong.\r
+\r
+18:1 And the whole congregation of the children of Israel assembled\r
+together at Shiloh, and set up the tabernacle of the congregation\r
+there. And the land was subdued before them.\r
+\r
+18:2 And there remained among the children of Israel seven tribes,\r
+which had not yet received their inheritance.\r
+\r
+18:3 And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, How long are ye\r
+slack to go to possess the land, which the LORD God of your fathers\r
+hath given you? 18:4 Give out from among you three men for each\r
+tribe: and I will send them, and they shall rise, and go through the\r
+land, and describe it according to the inheritance of them; and they\r
+shall come again to me.\r
+\r
+18:5 And they shall divide it into seven parts: Judah shall abide in\r
+their coast on the south, and the house of Joseph shall abide in their\r
+coasts on the north.\r
+\r
+18:6 Ye shall therefore describe the land into seven parts, and bring\r
+the description hither to me, that I may cast lots for you here before\r
+the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+18:7 But the Levites have no part among you; for the priesthood of the\r
+LORD is their inheritance: and Gad, and Reuben, and half the tribe of\r
+Manasseh, have received their inheritance beyond Jordan on the east,\r
+which Moses the servant of the LORD gave them.\r
+\r
+18:8 And the men arose, and went away: and Joshua charged them that\r
+went to describe the land, saying, Go and walk through the land, and\r
+describe it, and come again to me, that I may here cast lots for you\r
+before the LORD in Shiloh.\r
+\r
+18:9 And the men went and passed through the land, and described it by\r
+cities into seven parts in a book, and came again to Joshua to the\r
+host at Shiloh.\r
+\r
+18:10 And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the LORD: and\r
+there Joshua divided the land unto the children of Israel according to\r
+their divisions.\r
+\r
+18:11 And the lot of the tribe of the children of Benjamin came up\r
+according to their families: and the coast of their lot came forth\r
+between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph.\r
+\r
+18:12 And their border on the north side was from Jordan; and the\r
+border went up to the side of Jericho on the north side, and went up\r
+through the mountains westward; and the goings out thereof were at the\r
+wilderness of Bethaven.\r
+\r
+18:13 And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the side of\r
+Luz, which is Bethel, southward; and the border descended to\r
+Atarothadar, near the hill that lieth on the south side of the nether\r
+Bethhoron.\r
+\r
+18:14 And the border was drawn thence, and compassed the corner of the\r
+sea southward, from the hill that lieth before Bethhoron southward;\r
+and the goings out thereof were at Kirjathbaal, which is\r
+Kirjathjearim, a city of the children of Judah: this was the west\r
+quarter.\r
+\r
+18:15 And the south quarter was from the end of Kirjathjearim, and the\r
+border went out on the west, and went out to the well of waters of\r
+Nephtoah: 18:16 And the border came down to the end of the mountain\r
+that lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the\r
+valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of\r
+Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to Enrogel,\r
+18:17 And was drawn from the north, and went forth to Enshemesh, and\r
+went forth toward Geliloth, which is over against the going up of\r
+Adummim, and descended to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben, 18:18\r
+And passed along toward the side over against Arabah northward, and\r
+went down unto Arabah: 18:19 And the border passed along to the side\r
+of Bethhoglah northward: and the outgoings of the border were at the\r
+north bay of the salt sea at the south end of Jordan: this was the\r
+south coast.\r
+\r
+18:20 And Jordan was the border of it on the east side. This was the\r
+inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the coasts thereof round\r
+about, according to their families.\r
+\r
+18:21 Now the cities of the tribe of the children of Benjamin\r
+according to their families were Jericho, and Bethhoglah, and the\r
+valley of Keziz, 18:22 And Betharabah, and Zemaraim, and Bethel, 18:23\r
+And Avim, and Pharah, and Ophrah, 18:24 And Chepharhaammonai, and\r
+Ophni, and Gaba; twelve cities with their villages: 18:25 Gibeon, and\r
+Ramah, and Beeroth, 18:26 And Mizpeh, and Chephirah, and Mozah, 18:27\r
+And Rekem, and Irpeel, and Taralah, 18:28 And Zelah, Eleph, and\r
+Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath, and Kirjath; fourteen cities with\r
+their villages. This is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin\r
+according to their families.\r
+\r
+19:1 And the second lot came forth to Simeon, even for the tribe of\r
+the children of Simeon according to their families: and their\r
+inheritance was within the inheritance of the children of Judah.\r
+\r
+19:2 And they had in their inheritance Beersheba, and Sheba, and\r
+Moladah, 19:3 And Hazarshual, and Balah, and Azem, 19:4 And Eltolad,\r
+and Bethul, and Hormah, 19:5 And Ziklag, and Bethmarcaboth, and\r
+Hazarsusah, 19:6 And Bethlebaoth, and Sharuhen; thirteen cities and\r
+their villages: 19:7 Ain, Remmon, and Ether, and Ashan; four cities\r
+and their villages: 19:8 And all the villages that were round about\r
+these cities to Baalathbeer, Ramath of the south. This is the\r
+inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their\r
+families.\r
+\r
+19:9 Out of the portion of the children of Judah was the inheritance\r
+of the children of Simeon: for the part of the children of Judah was\r
+too much for them: therefore the children of Simeon had their\r
+inheritance within the inheritance of them.\r
+\r
+19:10 And the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun according\r
+to their families: and the border of their inheritance was unto Sarid:\r
+19:11 And their border went up toward the sea, and Maralah, and\r
+reached to Dabbasheth, and reached to the river that is before\r
+Jokneam; 19:12 And turned from Sarid eastward toward the sunrising\r
+unto the border of Chislothtabor, and then goeth out to Daberath, and\r
+goeth up to Japhia, 19:13 And from thence passeth on along on the east\r
+to Gittahhepher, to Ittahkazin, and goeth out to Remmonmethoar to\r
+Neah; 19:14 And the border compasseth it on the north side to\r
+Hannathon: and the outgoings thereof are in the valley of Jiphthahel:\r
+19:15 And Kattath, and Nahallal, and Shimron, and Idalah, and\r
+Bethlehem: twelve cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:16 This is the inheritance of the children of Zebulun according to\r
+their families, these cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:17 And the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of\r
+Issachar according to their families.\r
+\r
+19:18 And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and Shunem,\r
+19:19 And Haphraim, and Shihon, and Anaharath, 19:20 And Rabbith, and\r
+Kishion, and Abez, 19:21 And Remeth, and Engannim, and Enhaddah, and\r
+Bethpazzez; 19:22 And the coast reacheth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and\r
+Bethshemesh; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan: sixteen\r
+cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:23 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Issachar\r
+according to their families, the cities and their villages.\r
+\r
+19:24 And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of\r
+Asher according to their families.\r
+\r
+19:25 And their border was Helkath, and Hali, and Beten, and Achshaph,\r
+19:26 And Alammelech, and Amad, and Misheal; and reacheth to Carmel\r
+westward, and to Shihorlibnath; 19:27 And turneth toward the sunrising\r
+to Bethdagon, and reacheth to Zebulun, and to the valley of Jiphthahel\r
+toward the north side of Bethemek, and Neiel, and goeth out to Cabul\r
+on the left hand, 19:28 And Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon, and Kanah,\r
+even unto great Zidon; 19:29 And then the coast turneth to Ramah, and\r
+to the strong city Tyre; and the coast turneth to Hosah; and the\r
+outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib: 19:30 Ummah\r
+also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:31 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Asher\r
+according to their families, these cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:32 The sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali, even for the\r
+children of Naphtali according to their families.\r
+\r
+19:33 And their coast was from Heleph, from Allon to Zaanannim, and\r
+Adami, Nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakum; and the outgoings thereof were\r
+at Jordan: 19:34 And then the coast turneth westward to Aznothtabor,\r
+and goeth out from thence to Hukkok, and reacheth to Zebulun on the\r
+south side, and reacheth to Asher on the west side, and to Judah upon\r
+Jordan toward the sunrising.\r
+\r
+19:35 And the fenced cities are Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rakkath, and\r
+Chinnereth, 19:36 And Adamah, and Ramah, and Hazor, 19:37 And Kedesh,\r
+and Edrei, and Enhazor, 19:38 And Iron, and Migdalel, Horem, and\r
+Bethanath, and Bethshemesh; nineteen cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:39 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Naphtali\r
+according to their families, the cities and their villages.\r
+\r
+19:40 And the seventh lot came out for the tribe of the children of\r
+Dan according to their families.\r
+\r
+19:41 And the coast of their inheritance was Zorah, and Eshtaol, and\r
+Irshemesh, 19:42 And Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Jethlah, 19:43 And\r
+Elon, and Thimnathah, and Ekron, 19:44 And Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and\r
+Baalath, 19:45 And Jehud, and Beneberak, and Gathrimmon, 19:46 And\r
+Mejarkon, and Rakkon, with the border before Japho.\r
+\r
+19:47 And the coast of the children of Dan went out too little for\r
+them: therefore the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem,\r
+and took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and possessed\r
+it, and dwelt therein, and called Leshem, Dan, after the name of Dan\r
+their father.\r
+\r
+19:48 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Dan\r
+according to their families, these cities with their villages.\r
+\r
+19:49 When they had made an end of dividing the land for inheritance\r
+by their coasts, the children of Israel gave an inheritance to Joshua\r
+the son of Nun among them: 19:50 According to the word of the LORD\r
+they gave him the city which he asked, even Timnathserah in mount\r
+Ephraim: and he built the city, and dwelt therein.\r
+\r
+19:51 These are the inheritances, which Eleazar the priest, and Joshua\r
+the son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes of the\r
+children of Israel, divided for an inheritance by lot in Shiloh before\r
+the LORD, at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. So they\r
+made an end of dividing the country.\r
+\r
+20:1 The LORD also spake unto Joshua, saying, 20:2 Speak to the\r
+children of Israel, saying, Appoint out for you cities of refuge,\r
+whereof I spake unto you by the hand of Moses: 20:3 That the slayer\r
+that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and\r
+they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood.\r
+\r
+20:4 And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand\r
+at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause\r
+in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the\r
+city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them.\r
+\r
+20:5 And if the avenger of blood pursue after him, then they shall not\r
+deliver the slayer up into his hand; because he smote his neighbour\r
+unwittingly, and hated him not beforetime.\r
+\r
+20:6 And he shall dwell in that city, until he stand before the\r
+congregation for judgment, and until the death of the high priest that\r
+shall be in those days: then shall the slayer return, and come unto\r
+his own city, and unto his own house, unto the city from whence he\r
+fled.\r
+\r
+20:7 And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, and\r
+Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjatharba, which is Hebron, in the\r
+mountain of Judah.\r
+\r
+20:8 And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned\r
+Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and\r
+Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of\r
+the tribe of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+20:9 These were the cities appointed for all the children of Israel,\r
+and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever\r
+killeth any person at unawares might flee thither, and not die by the\r
+hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.\r
+\r
+21:1 Then came near the heads of the fathers of the Levites unto\r
+Eleazar the priest, and unto Joshua the son of Nun, and unto the heads\r
+of the fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel; 21:2 And they\r
+spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The LORD\r
+commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the\r
+suburbs thereof for our cattle.\r
+\r
+21:3 And the children of Israel gave unto the Levites out of their\r
+inheritance, at the commandment of the LORD, these cities and their\r
+suburbs.\r
+\r
+21:4 And the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites: and the\r
+children of Aaron the priest, which were of the Levites, had by lot\r
+out of the tribe of Judah, and out of the tribe of Simeon, and out of\r
+the tribe of Benjamin, thirteen cities.\r
+\r
+21:5 And the rest of the children of Kohath had by lot out of the\r
+families of the tribe of Ephraim, and out of the tribe of Dan, and out\r
+of the half tribe of Manasseh, ten cities.\r
+\r
+21:6 And the children of Gershon had by lot out of the families of the\r
+tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe\r
+of Naphtali, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen\r
+cities.\r
+\r
+21:7 The children of Merari by their families had out of the tribe of\r
+Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun,\r
+twelve cities.\r
+\r
+21:8 And the children of Israel gave by lot unto the Levites these\r
+cities with their suburbs, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+21:9 And they gave out of the tribe of the children of Judah, and out\r
+of the tribe of the children of Simeon, these cities which are here\r
+mentioned by name.\r
+\r
+21:10 Which the children of Aaron, being of the families of the\r
+Kohathites, who were of the children of Levi, had: for theirs was the\r
+first lot.\r
+\r
+21:11 And they gave them the city of Arba the father of Anak, which\r
+city is Hebron, in the hill country of Judah, with the suburbs thereof\r
+round about it.\r
+\r
+21:12 But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, gave they\r
+to Caleb the son of Jephunneh for his possession.\r
+\r
+21:13 Thus they gave to the children of Aaron the priest Hebron with\r
+her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Libnah with\r
+her suburbs, 21:14 And Jattir with her suburbs, and Eshtemoa with her\r
+suburbs, 21:15 And Holon with her suburbs, and Debir with her suburbs,\r
+21:16 And Ain with her suburbs, and Juttah with her suburbs, and\r
+Bethshemesh with her suburbs; nine cities out of those two tribes.\r
+\r
+21:17 And out of the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon with her suburbs, Geba\r
+with her suburbs, 21:18 Anathoth with her suburbs, and Almon with her\r
+suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:19 All the cities of the children of Aaron, the priests, were\r
+thirteen cities with their suburbs.\r
+\r
+21:20 And the families of the children of Kohath, the Levites which\r
+remained of the children of Kohath, even they had the cities of their\r
+lot out of the tribe of Ephraim.\r
+\r
+21:21 For they gave them Shechem with her suburbs in mount Ephraim, to\r
+be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Gezer with her suburbs, 21:22\r
+And Kibzaim with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs; four\r
+cities.\r
+\r
+21:23 And out of the tribe of Dan, Eltekeh with her suburbs, Gibbethon\r
+with her suburbs, 21:24 Aijalon with her suburbs, Gathrimmon with her\r
+suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:25 And out of the half tribe of Manasseh, Tanach with her suburbs,\r
+and Gathrimmon with her suburbs; two cities.\r
+\r
+21:26 All the cities were ten with their suburbs for the families of\r
+the children of Kohath that remained.\r
+\r
+21:27 And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the\r
+Levites, out of the other half tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in\r
+Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and\r
+Beeshterah with her suburbs; two cities.\r
+\r
+21:28 And out of the tribe of Issachar, Kishon with her suburbs,\r
+Dabareh with her suburbs, 21:29 Jarmuth with her suburbs, Engannim\r
+with her suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:30 And out of the tribe of Asher, Mishal with her suburbs, Abdon\r
+with her suburbs, 21:31 Helkath with her suburbs, and Rehob with her\r
+suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:32 And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with her\r
+suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Hammothdor with\r
+her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs; three cities.\r
+\r
+21:33 All the cities of the Gershonites according to their families\r
+were thirteen cities with their suburbs.\r
+\r
+21:34 And unto the families of the children of Merari, the rest of the\r
+Levites, out of the tribe of Zebulun, Jokneam with her suburbs, and\r
+Kartah with her suburbs, 21:35 Dimnah with her suburbs, Nahalal with\r
+her suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:36 And out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer with her suburbs, and\r
+Jahazah with her suburbs, 21:37 Kedemoth with her suburbs, and\r
+Mephaath with her suburbs; four cities.\r
+\r
+21:38 And out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs,\r
+to be a city of refuge for the slayer; and Mahanaim with her suburbs,\r
+21:39 Heshbon with her suburbs, Jazer with her suburbs; four cities in\r
+all.\r
+\r
+21:40 So all the cities for the children of Merari by their families,\r
+which were remaining of the families of the Levites, were by their lot\r
+twelve cities.\r
+\r
+21:41 All the cities of the Levites within the possession of the\r
+children of Israel were forty and eight cities with their suburbs.\r
+\r
+21:42 These cities were every one with their suburbs round about them:\r
+thus were all these cities.\r
+\r
+21:43 And the LORD gave unto Israel all the land which he sware to\r
+give unto their fathers; and they possessed it, and dwelt therein.\r
+\r
+21:44 And the LORD gave them rest round about, according to all that\r
+he sware unto their fathers: and there stood not a man of all their\r
+enemies before them; the LORD delivered all their enemies into their\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+21:45 There failed not ought of any good thing which the LORD had\r
+spoken unto the house of Israel; all came to pass.\r
+\r
+22:1 Then Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half\r
+tribe of Manasseh, 22:2 And said unto them, Ye have kept all that\r
+Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you, and have obeyed my voice\r
+in all that I commanded you: 22:3 Ye have not left your brethren these\r
+many days unto this day, but have kept the charge of the commandment\r
+of the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+22:4 And now the LORD your God hath given rest unto your brethren, as\r
+he promised them: therefore now return ye, and get you unto your\r
+tents, and unto the land of your possession, which Moses the servant\r
+of the LORD gave you on the other side Jordan.\r
+\r
+22:5 But take diligent heed to do the commandment and the law, which\r
+Moses the servant of the LORD charged you, to love the LORD your God,\r
+and to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and to\r
+cleave unto him, and to serve him with all your heart and with all\r
+your soul.\r
+\r
+22:6 So Joshua blessed them, and sent them away: and they went unto\r
+their tents.\r
+\r
+22:7 Now to the one half of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given\r
+possession in Bashan: but unto the other half thereof gave Joshua\r
+among their brethren on this side Jordan westward. And when Joshua\r
+sent them away also unto their tents, then he blessed them, 22:8 And\r
+he spake unto them, saying, Return with much riches unto your tents,\r
+and with very much cattle, with silver, and with gold, and with brass,\r
+and with iron, and with very much raiment: divide the spoil of your\r
+enemies with your brethren.\r
+\r
+22:9 And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half\r
+tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children of Israel\r
+out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go unto the country\r
+of Gilead, to the land of their possession, whereof they were\r
+possessed, according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+22:10 And when they came unto the borders of Jordan, that are in the\r
+land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the\r
+half tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by Jordan, a great altar\r
+to see to.\r
+\r
+22:11 And the children of Israel heard say, Behold, the children of\r
+Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh have\r
+built an altar over against the land of Canaan, in the borders of\r
+Jordan, at the passage of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:12 And when the children of Israel heard of it, the whole\r
+congregation of the children of Israel gathered themselves together at\r
+Shiloh, to go up to war against them.\r
+\r
+22:13 And the children of Israel sent unto the children of Reuben, and\r
+to the children of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, into the\r
+land of Gilead, Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, 22:14 And with\r
+him ten princes, of each chief house a prince throughout all the\r
+tribes of Israel; and each one was an head of the house of their\r
+fathers among the thousands of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:15 And they came unto the children of Reuben, and to the children\r
+of Gad, and to the half tribe of Manasseh, unto the land of Gilead,\r
+and they spake with them, saying, 22:16 Thus saith the whole\r
+congregation of the LORD, What trespass is this that ye have committed\r
+against the God of Israel, to turn away this day from following the\r
+LORD, in that ye have builded you an altar, that ye might rebel this\r
+day against the LORD? 22:17 Is the iniquity of Peor too little for\r
+us, from which we are not cleansed until this day, although there was\r
+a plague in the congregation of the LORD, 22:18 But that ye must turn\r
+away this day from following the LORD? and it will be, seeing ye rebel\r
+to day against the LORD, that to morrow he will be wroth with the\r
+whole congregation of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:19 Notwithstanding, if the land of your possession be unclean, then\r
+pass ye over unto the land of the possession of the LORD, wherein the\r
+LORD's tabernacle dwelleth, and take possession among us: but rebel\r
+not against the LORD, nor rebel against us, in building you an altar\r
+beside the altar of the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+22:20 Did not Achan the son of Zerah commit a trespass in the accursed\r
+thing, and wrath fell on all the congregation of Israel? and that man\r
+perished not alone in his iniquity.\r
+\r
+22:21 Then the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and the half\r
+tribe of Manasseh answered, and said unto the heads of the thousands\r
+of Israel, 22:22 The LORD God of gods, the LORD God of gods, he\r
+knoweth, and Israel he shall know; if it be in rebellion, or if in\r
+transgression against the LORD, (save us not this day,) 22:23 That we\r
+have built us an altar to turn from following the LORD, or if to offer\r
+thereon burnt offering or meat offering, or if to offer peace\r
+offerings thereon, let the LORD himself require it; 22:24 And if we\r
+have not rather done it for fear of this thing, saying, In time to\r
+come your children might speak unto our children, saying, What have ye\r
+to do with the LORD God of Israel? 22:25 For the LORD hath made\r
+Jordan a border between us and you, ye children of Reuben and children\r
+of Gad; ye have no part in the LORD: so shall your children make our\r
+children cease from fearing the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:26 Therefore we said, Let us now prepare to build us an altar, not\r
+for burnt offering, nor for sacrifice: 22:27 But that it may be a\r
+witness between us, and you, and our generations after us, that we\r
+might do the service of the LORD before him with our burnt offerings,\r
+and with our sacrifices, and with our peace offerings; that your\r
+children may not say to our children in time to come, Ye have no part\r
+in the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:28 Therefore said we, that it shall be, when they should so say to\r
+us or to our generations in time to come, that we may say again,\r
+Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made,\r
+not for burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices; but it is a witness\r
+between us and you.\r
+\r
+22:29 God forbid that we should rebel against the LORD, and turn this\r
+day from following the LORD, to build an altar for burnt offerings,\r
+for meat offerings, or for sacrifices, beside the altar of the LORD\r
+our God that is before his tabernacle.\r
+\r
+22:30 And when Phinehas the priest, and the princes of the\r
+congregation and heads of the thousands of Israel which were with him,\r
+heard the words that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad\r
+and the children of Manasseh spake, it pleased them.\r
+\r
+22:31 And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest said unto the\r
+children of Reuben, and to the children of Gad, and to the children of\r
+Manasseh, This day we perceive that the LORD is among us, because ye\r
+have not committed this trespass against the LORD: now ye have\r
+delivered the children of Israel out of the hand of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:32 And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, and the princes,\r
+returned from the children of Reuben, and from the children of Gad,\r
+out of the land of Gilead, unto the land of Canaan, to the children of\r
+Israel, and brought them word again.\r
+\r
+22:33 And the thing pleased the children of Israel; and the children\r
+of Israel blessed God, and did not intend to go up against them in\r
+battle, to destroy the land wherein the children of Reuben and Gad\r
+dwelt.\r
+\r
+22:34 And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called the\r
+altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is God.\r
+\r
+23:1 And it came to pass a long time after that the LORD had given\r
+rest unto Israel from all their enemies round about, that Joshua waxed\r
+old and stricken in age.\r
+\r
+23:2 And Joshua called for all Israel, and for their elders, and for\r
+their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers, and said\r
+unto them, I am old and stricken in age: 23:3 And ye have seen all\r
+that the LORD your God hath done unto all these nations because of\r
+you; for the LORD your God is he that hath fought for you.\r
+\r
+23:4 Behold, I have divided unto you by lot these nations that remain,\r
+to be an inheritance for your tribes, from Jordan, with all the\r
+nations that I have cut off, even unto the great sea westward.\r
+\r
+23:5 And the LORD your God, he shall expel them from before you, and\r
+drive them from out of your sight; and ye shall possess their land, as\r
+the LORD your God hath promised unto you.\r
+\r
+23:6 Be ye therefore very courageous to keep and to do all that is\r
+written in the book of the law of Moses, that ye turn not aside\r
+therefrom to the right hand or to the left; 23:7 That ye come not\r
+among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention\r
+of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve\r
+them, nor bow yourselves unto them: 23:8 But cleave unto the LORD your\r
+God, as ye have done unto this day.\r
+\r
+23:9 For the LORD hath driven out from before you great nations and\r
+strong: but as for you, no man hath been able to stand before you unto\r
+this day.\r
+\r
+23:10 One man of you shall chase a thousand: for the LORD your God, he\r
+it is that fighteth for you, as he hath promised you.\r
+\r
+23:11 Take good heed therefore unto yourselves, that ye love the LORD\r
+your God.\r
+\r
+23:12 Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant\r
+of these nations, even these that remain among you, and shall make\r
+marriages with them, and go in unto them, and they to you: 23:13 Know\r
+for a certainty that the LORD your God will no more drive out any of\r
+these nations from before you; but they shall be snares and traps unto\r
+you, and scourges in your sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye\r
+perish from off this good land which the LORD your God hath given you.\r
+\r
+23:14 And, behold, this day I am going the way of all the earth: and\r
+ye know in all your hearts and in all your souls, that not one thing\r
+hath failed of all the good things which the LORD your God spake\r
+concerning you; all are come to pass unto you, and not one thing hath\r
+failed thereof.\r
+\r
+23:15 Therefore it shall come to pass, that as all good things are\r
+come upon you, which the LORD your God promised you; so shall the LORD\r
+bring upon you all evil things, until he have destroyed you from off\r
+this good land which the LORD your God hath given you.\r
+\r
+23:16 When ye have transgressed the covenant of the LORD your God,\r
+which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed\r
+yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the LORD be kindled\r
+against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which\r
+he hath given unto you.\r
+\r
+24:1 And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and\r
+called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their\r
+judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before\r
+God.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Joshua said unto all the people, Thus saith the LORD God of\r
+Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time,\r
+even Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nachor: and they\r
+served other gods.\r
+\r
+24:3 And I took your father Abraham from the other side of the flood,\r
+and led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and multiplied his\r
+seed, and gave him Isaac.\r
+\r
+24:4 And I gave unto Isaac Jacob and Esau: and I gave unto Esau mount\r
+Seir, to possess it; but Jacob and his children went down into Egypt.\r
+\r
+24:5 I sent Moses also and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt, according to\r
+that which I did among them: and afterward I brought you out.\r
+\r
+24:6 And I brought your fathers out of Egypt: and ye came unto the\r
+sea; and the Egyptians pursued after your fathers with chariots and\r
+horsemen unto the Red sea.\r
+\r
+24:7 And when they cried unto the LORD, he put darkness between you\r
+and the Egyptians, and brought the sea upon them, and covered them;\r
+and your eyes have seen what I have done in Egypt: and ye dwelt in the\r
+wilderness a long season.\r
+\r
+24:8 And I brought you into the land of the Amorites, which dwelt on\r
+the other side Jordan; and they fought with you: and I gave them into\r
+your hand, that ye might possess their land; and I destroyed them from\r
+before you.\r
+\r
+24:9 Then Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and warred\r
+against Israel, and sent and called Balaam the son of Beor to curse\r
+you: 24:10 But I would not hearken unto Balaam; therefore he blessed\r
+you still: so I delivered you out of his hand.\r
+\r
+24:11 And you went over Jordan, and came unto Jericho: and the men of\r
+Jericho fought against you, the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the\r
+Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Girgashites, the Hivites, and\r
+the Jebusites; and I delivered them into your hand.\r
+\r
+24:12 And I sent the hornet before you, which drave them out from\r
+before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; but not with thy\r
+sword, nor with thy bow.\r
+\r
+24:13 And I have given you a land for which ye did not labour, and\r
+cities which ye built not, and ye dwell in them; of the vineyards and\r
+oliveyards which ye planted not do ye eat.\r
+\r
+24:14 Now therefore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in\r
+truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other\r
+side of the flood, and in Egypt; and serve ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:15 And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this\r
+day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served\r
+that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites,\r
+in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+24:16 And the people answered and said, God forbid that we should\r
+forsake the LORD, to serve other gods; 24:17 For the LORD our God, he\r
+it is that brought us up and our fathers out of the land of Egypt,\r
+from the house of bondage, and which did those great signs in our\r
+sight, and preserved us in all the way wherein we went, and among all\r
+the people through whom we passed: 24:18 And the LORD drave out from\r
+before us all the people, even the Amorites which dwelt in the land:\r
+therefore will we also serve the LORD; for he is our God.\r
+\r
+24:19 And Joshua said unto the people, Ye cannot serve the LORD: for\r
+he is an holy God; he is a jealous God; he will not forgive your\r
+transgressions nor your sins.\r
+\r
+24:20 If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will\r
+turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you\r
+good.\r
+\r
+24:21 And the people said unto Joshua, Nay; but we will serve the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+24:22 And Joshua said unto the people, Ye are witnesses against\r
+yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve him. And they\r
+said, We are witnesses.\r
+\r
+24:23 Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are\r
+among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+24:24 And the people said unto Joshua, The LORD our God will we serve,\r
+and his voice will we obey.\r
+\r
+24:25 So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and set them\r
+a statute and an ordinance in Shechem.\r
+\r
+24:26 And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and\r
+took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the\r
+sanctuary of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:27 And Joshua said unto all the people, Behold, this stone shall be\r
+a witness unto us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which\r
+he spake unto us: it shall be therefore a witness unto you, lest ye\r
+deny your God.\r
+\r
+24:28 So Joshua let the people depart, every man unto his inheritance.\r
+\r
+24:29 And it came to pass after these things, that Joshua the son of\r
+Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an hundred and ten years\r
+old.\r
+\r
+24:30 And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in\r
+Timnathserah, which is in mount Ephraim, on the north side of the hill\r
+of Gaash.\r
+\r
+24:31 And Israel served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the\r
+days of the elders that overlived Joshua, and which had known all the\r
+works of the LORD, that he had done for Israel.\r
+\r
+24:32 And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up\r
+out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in a parcel of ground which\r
+Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for an hundred\r
+pieces of silver: and it became the inheritance of the children of\r
+Joseph.\r
+\r
+24:33 And Eleazar the son of Aaron died; and they buried him in a hill\r
+that pertained to Phinehas his son, which was given him in mount\r
+Ephraim.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Judges\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass, that the children\r
+of Israel asked the LORD, saying, Who shall go up for us against the\r
+Canaanites first, to fight against them? 1:2 And the LORD said, Judah\r
+shall go up: behold, I have delivered the land into his hand.\r
+\r
+1:3 And Judah said unto Simeon his brother, Come up with me into my\r
+lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go\r
+with thee into thy lot. So Simeon went with him.\r
+\r
+1:4 And Judah went up; and the LORD delivered the Canaanites and the\r
+Perizzites into their hand: and they slew of them in Bezek ten\r
+thousand men.\r
+\r
+1:5 And they found Adonibezek in Bezek: and they fought against him,\r
+and they slew the Canaanites and the Perizzites.\r
+\r
+1:6 But Adonibezek fled; and they pursued after him, and caught him,\r
+and cut off his thumbs and his great toes.\r
+\r
+1:7 And Adonibezek said, Threescore and ten kings, having their thumbs\r
+and their great toes cut off, gathered their meat under my table: as I\r
+have done, so God hath requited me. And they brought him to Jerusalem,\r
+and there he died.\r
+\r
+1:8 Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had\r
+taken it, and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and set the city\r
+on fire.\r
+\r
+1:9 And afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the\r
+Canaanites, that dwelt in the mountain, and in the south, and in the\r
+valley.\r
+\r
+1:10 And Judah went against the Canaanites that dwelt in Hebron: (now\r
+the name of Hebron before was Kirjatharba:) and they slew Sheshai, and\r
+Ahiman, and Talmai.\r
+\r
+1:11 And from thence he went against the inhabitants of Debir: and the\r
+name of Debir before was Kirjathsepher: 1:12 And Caleb said, He that\r
+smiteth Kirjathsepher, and taketh it, to him will I give Achsah my\r
+daughter to wife.\r
+\r
+1:13 And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother, took it:\r
+and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife.\r
+\r
+1:14 And it came to pass, when she came to him, that she moved him to\r
+ask of her father a field: and she lighted from off her ass; and Caleb\r
+said unto her, What wilt thou? 1:15 And she said unto him, Give me a\r
+blessing: for thou hast given me a south land; give me also springs of\r
+water. And Caleb gave her the upper springs and the nether springs.\r
+\r
+1:16 And the children of the Kenite, Moses' father in law, went up out\r
+of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the\r
+wilderness of Judah, which lieth in the south of Arad; and they went\r
+and dwelt among the people.\r
+\r
+1:17 And Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they slew the\r
+Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. And the\r
+name of the city was called Hormah.\r
+\r
+1:18 Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon with the\r
+coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof.\r
+\r
+1:19 And the LORD was with Judah; and he drave out the inhabitants of\r
+the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley,\r
+because they had chariots of iron.\r
+\r
+1:20 And they gave Hebron unto Caleb, as Moses said: and he expelled\r
+thence the three sons of Anak.\r
+\r
+1:21 And the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that\r
+inhabited Jerusalem; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of\r
+Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day.\r
+\r
+1:22 And the house of Joseph, they also went up against Bethel: and\r
+the LORD was with them.\r
+\r
+1:23 And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. (Now the name of\r
+the city before was Luz.) 1:24 And the spies saw a man come forth out\r
+of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the\r
+entrance into the city, and we will shew thee mercy.\r
+\r
+1:25 And when he shewed them the entrance into the city, they smote\r
+the city with the edge of the sword; but they let go the man and all\r
+his family.\r
+\r
+1:26 And the man went into the land of the Hittites, and built a city,\r
+and called the name thereof Luz: which is the name thereof unto this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+1:27 Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants of Bethshean and\r
+her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and\r
+her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and her towns, nor the\r
+inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns: but the Canaanites would dwell\r
+in that land.\r
+\r
+1:28 And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the\r
+Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out.\r
+\r
+1:29 Neither did Ephraim drive out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer;\r
+but the Canaanites dwelt in Gezer among them.\r
+\r
+1:30 Neither did Zebulun drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, nor the\r
+inhabitants of Nahalol; but the Canaanites dwelt among them, and\r
+became tributaries.\r
+\r
+1:31 Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor the\r
+inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor\r
+of Aphik, nor of Rehob: 1:32 But the Asherites dwelt among the\r
+Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land: for they did not drive them\r
+out.\r
+\r
+1:33 Neither did Naphtali drive out the inhabitants of Bethshemesh,\r
+nor the inhabitants of Bethanath; but he dwelt among the Canaanites,\r
+the inhabitants of the land: nevertheless the inhabitants of\r
+Bethshemesh and of Bethanath became tributaries unto them.\r
+\r
+1:34 And the Amorites forced the children of Dan into the mountain:\r
+for they would not suffer them to come down to the valley: 1:35 But\r
+the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim:\r
+yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became\r
+tributaries.\r
+\r
+1:36 And the coast of the Amorites was from the going up to Akrabbim,\r
+from the rock, and upward.\r
+\r
+2:1 And an angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal to Bochim, and said,\r
+I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you unto the land\r
+which I sware unto your fathers; and I said, I will never break my\r
+covenant with you.\r
+\r
+2:2 And ye shall make no league with the inhabitants of this land; ye\r
+shall throw down their altars: but ye have not obeyed my voice: why\r
+have ye done this? 2:3 Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them\r
+out from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and\r
+their gods shall be a snare unto you.\r
+\r
+2:4 And it came to pass, when the angel of the LORD spake these words\r
+unto all the children of Israel, that the people lifted up their\r
+voice, and wept.\r
+\r
+2:5 And they called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed\r
+there unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:6 And when Joshua had let the people go, the children of Israel went\r
+every man unto his inheritance to possess the land.\r
+\r
+2:7 And the people served the LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the\r
+days of the elders that outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great\r
+works of the LORD, that he did for Israel.\r
+\r
+2:8 And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD, died, being an\r
+hundred and ten years old.\r
+\r
+2:9 And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in\r
+Timnathheres, in the mount of Ephraim, on the north side of the hill\r
+Gaash.\r
+\r
+2:10 And also all that generation were gathered unto their fathers:\r
+and there arose another generation after them, which knew not the\r
+LORD, nor yet the works which he had done for Israel.\r
+\r
+2:11 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and\r
+served Baalim: 2:12 And they forsook the LORD God of their fathers,\r
+which brought them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods,\r
+of the gods of the people that were round about them, and bowed\r
+themselves unto them, and provoked the LORD to anger.\r
+\r
+2:13 And they forsook the LORD, and served Baal and Ashtaroth.\r
+\r
+2:14 And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he\r
+delivered them into the hands of spoilers that spoiled them, and he\r
+sold them into the hands of their enemies round about, so that they\r
+could not any longer stand before their enemies.\r
+\r
+2:15 Whithersoever they went out, the hand of the LORD was against\r
+them for evil, as the LORD had said, and as the LORD had sworn unto\r
+them: and they were greatly distressed.\r
+\r
+2:16 Nevertheless the LORD raised up judges, which delivered them out\r
+of the hand of those that spoiled them.\r
+\r
+2:17 And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a\r
+whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them: they turned\r
+quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the\r
+commandments of the LORD; but they did not so.\r
+\r
+2:18 And when the LORD raised them up judges, then the LORD was with\r
+the judge, and delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all the\r
+days of the judge: for it repented the LORD because of their groanings\r
+by reason of them that oppressed them and vexed them.\r
+\r
+2:19 And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned,\r
+and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other\r
+gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from\r
+their own doings, nor from their stubborn way.\r
+\r
+2:20 And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel; and he said,\r
+Because that this people hath transgressed my covenant which I\r
+commanded their fathers, and have not hearkened unto my voice; 2:21 I\r
+also will not henceforth drive out any from before them of the nations\r
+which Joshua left when he died: 2:22 That through them I may prove\r
+Israel, whether they will keep the way of the LORD to walk therein, as\r
+their fathers did keep it, or not.\r
+\r
+2:23 Therefore the LORD left those nations, without driving them out\r
+hastily; neither delivered he them into the hand of Joshua.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now these are the nations which the LORD left, to prove Israel by\r
+them, even as many of Israel as had not known all the wars of Canaan;\r
+3:2 Only that the generations of the children of Israel might know, to\r
+teach them war, at the least such as before knew nothing thereof; 3:3\r
+Namely, five lords of the Philistines, and all the Canaanites, and the\r
+Sidonians, and the Hivites that dwelt in mount Lebanon, from mount\r
+Baalhermon unto the entering in of Hamath.\r
+\r
+3:4 And they were to prove Israel by them, to know whether they would\r
+hearken unto the commandments of the LORD, which he commanded their\r
+fathers by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+3:5 And the children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites, Hittites,\r
+and Amorites, and Perizzites, and Hivites, and Jebusites: 3:6 And they\r
+took their daughters to be their wives, and gave their daughters to\r
+their sons, and served their gods.\r
+\r
+3:7 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and\r
+forgat the LORD their God, and served Baalim and the groves.\r
+\r
+3:8 Therefore the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he\r
+sold them into the hand of Chushanrishathaim king of Mesopotamia: and\r
+the children of Israel served Chushanrishathaim eight years.\r
+\r
+3:9 And when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD\r
+raised up a deliverer to the children of Israel, who delivered them,\r
+even Othniel the son of Kenaz, Caleb's younger brother.\r
+\r
+3:10 And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he judged Israel,\r
+and went out to war: and the LORD delivered Chushanrishathaim king of\r
+Mesopotamia into his hand; and his hand prevailed against\r
+Chushanrishathaim.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the land had rest forty years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz\r
+died.\r
+\r
+3:12 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the\r
+LORD: and the LORD strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel,\r
+because they had done evil in the sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:13 And he gathered unto him the children of Ammon and Amalek, and\r
+went and smote Israel, and possessed the city of palm trees.\r
+\r
+3:14 So the children of Israel served Eglon the king of Moab eighteen\r
+years.\r
+\r
+3:15 But when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, the LORD\r
+raised them up a deliverer, Ehud the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a man\r
+lefthanded: and by him the children of Israel sent a present unto\r
+Eglon the king of Moab.\r
+\r
+3:16 But Ehud made him a dagger which had two edges, of a cubit\r
+length; and he did gird it under his raiment upon his right thigh.\r
+\r
+3:17 And he brought the present unto Eglon king of Moab: and Eglon was\r
+a very fat man.\r
+\r
+3:18 And when he had made an end to offer the present, he sent away\r
+the people that bare the present.\r
+\r
+3:19 But he himself turned again from the quarries that were by\r
+Gilgal, and said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king: who said,\r
+Keep silence. And all that stood by him went out from him.\r
+\r
+3:20 And Ehud came unto him; and he was sitting in a summer parlour,\r
+which he had for himself alone. And Ehud said, I have a message from\r
+God unto thee.\r
+\r
+And he arose out of his seat.\r
+\r
+3:21 And Ehud put forth his left hand, and took the dagger from his\r
+right thigh, and thrust it into his belly: 3:22 And the haft also went\r
+in after the blade; and the fat closed upon the blade, so that he\r
+could not draw the dagger out of his belly; and the dirt came out.\r
+\r
+3:23 Then Ehud went forth through the porch, and shut the doors of the\r
+parlour upon him, and locked them.\r
+\r
+3:24 When he was gone out, his servants came; and when they saw that,\r
+behold, the doors of the parlour were locked, they said, Surely he\r
+covereth his feet in his summer chamber.\r
+\r
+3:25 And they tarried till they were ashamed: and, behold, he opened\r
+not the doors of the parlour; therefore they took a key, and opened\r
+them: and, behold, their lord was fallen down dead on the earth.\r
+\r
+3:26 And Ehud escaped while they tarried, and passed beyond the\r
+quarries, and escaped unto Seirath.\r
+\r
+3:27 And it came to pass, when he was come, that he blew a trumpet in\r
+the mountain of Ephraim, and the children of Israel went down with him\r
+from the mount, and he before them.\r
+\r
+3:28 And he said unto them, Follow after me: for the LORD hath\r
+delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand. And they went down\r
+after him, and took the fords of Jordan toward Moab, and suffered not\r
+a man to pass over.\r
+\r
+3:29 And they slew of Moab at that time about ten thousand men, all\r
+lusty, and all men of valour; and there escaped not a man.\r
+\r
+3:30 So Moab was subdued that day under the hand of Israel. And the\r
+land had rest fourscore years.\r
+\r
+3:31 And after him was Shamgar the son of Anath, which slew of the\r
+Philistines six hundred men with an ox goad: and he also delivered\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+4:1 And the children of Israel again did evil in the sight of the\r
+LORD, when Ehud was dead.\r
+\r
+4:2 And the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Canaan, that\r
+reigned in Hazor; the captain of whose host was Sisera, which dwelt in\r
+Harosheth of the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+4:3 And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD: for he had nine\r
+hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+4:4 And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lapidoth, she judged Israel\r
+at that time.\r
+\r
+4:5 And she dwelt under the palm tree of Deborah between Ramah and\r
+Bethel in mount Ephraim: and the children of Israel came up to her for\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+4:6 And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of\r
+Kedeshnaphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the LORD God of Israel\r
+commanded, saying, Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and take with thee\r
+ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and of the children of\r
+Zebulun? 4:7 And I will draw unto thee to the river Kishon Sisera,\r
+the captain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude; and\r
+I will deliver him into thine hand.\r
+\r
+4:8 And Barak said unto her, If thou wilt go with me, then I will go:\r
+but if thou wilt not go with me, then I will not go.\r
+\r
+4:9 And she said, I will surely go with thee: notwithstanding the\r
+journey that thou takest shall not be for thine honour; for the LORD\r
+shall sell Sisera into the hand of a woman. And Deborah arose, and\r
+went with Barak to Kedesh.\r
+\r
+4:10 And Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and he went up\r
+with ten thousand men at his feet: and Deborah went up with him.\r
+\r
+4:11 Now Heber the Kenite, which was of the children of Hobab the\r
+father in law of Moses, had severed himself from the Kenites, and\r
+pitched his tent unto the plain of Zaanaim, which is by Kedesh.\r
+\r
+4:12 And they shewed Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was gone up\r
+to mount Tabor.\r
+\r
+4:13 And Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hundred\r
+chariots of iron, and all the people that were with him, from\r
+Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon.\r
+\r
+4:14 And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this is the day in which the\r
+LORD hath delivered Sisera into thine hand: is not the LORD gone out\r
+before thee? So Barak went down from mount Tabor, and ten thousand men\r
+after him.\r
+\r
+4:15 And the LORD discomfited Sisera, and all his chariots, and all\r
+his host, with the edge of the sword before Barak; so that Sisera\r
+lighted down off his chariot, and fled away on his feet.\r
+\r
+4:16 But Barak pursued after the chariots, and after the host, unto\r
+Harosheth of the Gentiles: and all the host of Sisera fell upon the\r
+edge of the sword; and there was not a man left.\r
+\r
+4:17 Howbeit Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife\r
+of Heber the Kenite: for there was peace between Jabin the king of\r
+Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.\r
+\r
+4:18 And Jael went out to meet Sisera, and said unto him, Turn in, my\r
+lord, turn in to me; fear not. And when he had turned in unto her into\r
+the tent, she covered him with a mantle.\r
+\r
+4:19 And he said unto her, Give me, I pray thee, a little water to\r
+drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him\r
+drink, and covered him.\r
+\r
+4:20 Again he said unto her, Stand in the door of the tent, and it\r
+shall be, when any man doth come and enquire of thee, and say, Is\r
+there any man here? that thou shalt say, No.\r
+\r
+4:21 Then Jael Heber's wife took a nail of the tent, and took an\r
+hammer in her hand, and went softly unto him, and smote the nail into\r
+his temples, and fastened it into the ground: for he was fast asleep\r
+and weary. So he died.\r
+\r
+4:22 And, behold, as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael came out to meet him,\r
+and said unto him, Come, and I will shew thee the man whom thou\r
+seekest. And when he came into her tent, behold, Sisera lay dead, and\r
+the nail was in his temples.\r
+\r
+4:23 So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+4:24 And the hand of the children of Israel prospered, and prevailed\r
+against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed Jabin king\r
+of Canaan.\r
+\r
+5:1 Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam on that day,\r
+saying, 5:2 Praise ye the LORD for the avenging of Israel, when the\r
+people willingly offered themselves.\r
+\r
+5:3 Hear, O ye kings; give ear, O ye princes; I, even I, will sing\r
+unto the LORD; I will sing praise to the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:4 LORD, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of\r
+the field of Edom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the\r
+clouds also dropped water.\r
+\r
+5:5 The mountains melted from before the LORD, even that Sinai from\r
+before the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:6 In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the\r
+highways were unoccupied, and the travellers walked through byways.\r
+\r
+5:7 The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in Israel,\r
+until that I Deborah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel.\r
+\r
+5:8 They chose new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield\r
+or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel? 5:9 My heart is toward\r
+the governors of Israel, that offered themselves willingly among the\r
+people. Bless ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:10 Speak, ye that ride on white asses, ye that sit in judgment, and\r
+walk by the way.\r
+\r
+5:11 They that are delivered from the noise of archers in the places\r
+of drawing water, there shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the\r
+LORD, even the righteous acts toward the inhabitants of his villages\r
+in Israel: then shall the people of the LORD go down to the gates.\r
+\r
+5:12 Awake, awake, Deborah: awake, awake, utter a song: arise, Barak,\r
+and lead thy captivity captive, thou son of Abinoam.\r
+\r
+5:13 Then he made him that remaineth have dominion over the nobles\r
+among the people: the LORD made me have dominion over the mighty.\r
+\r
+5:14 Out of Ephraim was there a root of them against Amalek; after\r
+thee, Benjamin, among thy people; out of Machir came down governors,\r
+and out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer.\r
+\r
+5:15 And the princes of Issachar were with Deborah; even Issachar, and\r
+also Barak: he was sent on foot into the valley. For the divisions of\r
+Reuben there were great thoughts of heart.\r
+\r
+5:16 Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of\r
+the flocks? For the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+5:17 Gilead abode beyond Jordan: and why did Dan remain in ships?\r
+Asher continued on the sea shore, and abode in his breaches.\r
+\r
+5:18 Zebulun and Naphtali were a people that jeoparded their lives\r
+unto the death in the high places of the field.\r
+\r
+5:19 The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan in\r
+Taanach by the waters of Megiddo; they took no gain of money.\r
+\r
+5:20 They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought\r
+against Sisera.\r
+\r
+5:21 The river of Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the\r
+river Kishon. O my soul, thou hast trodden down strength.\r
+\r
+5:22 Then were the horsehoofs broken by the means of the pransings,\r
+the pransings of their mighty ones.\r
+\r
+5:23 Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the\r
+inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the LORD, to\r
+the help of the LORD against the mighty.\r
+\r
+5:24 Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be,\r
+blessed shall she be above women in the tent.\r
+\r
+5:25 He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter\r
+in a lordly dish.\r
+\r
+5:26 She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's\r
+hammer; and with the hammer she smote Sisera, she smote off his head,\r
+when she had pierced and stricken through his temples.\r
+\r
+5:27 At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay down: at her feet he bowed,\r
+he fell: where he bowed, there he fell down dead.\r
+\r
+5:28 The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through\r
+the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the\r
+wheels of his chariots? 5:29 Her wise ladies answered her, yea, she\r
+returned answer to herself, 5:30 Have they not sped? have they not\r
+divided the prey; to every man a damsel or two; to Sisera a prey of\r
+divers colours, a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers\r
+colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that\r
+take the spoil? 5:31 So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let\r
+them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And\r
+the land had rest forty years.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and\r
+the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.\r
+\r
+6:2 And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of\r
+the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in\r
+the mountains, and caves, and strong holds.\r
+\r
+6:3 And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up,\r
+and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up\r
+against them; 6:4 And they encamped against them, and destroyed the\r
+increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no\r
+sustenance for Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass.\r
+\r
+6:5 For they came up with their cattle and their tents, and they came\r
+as grasshoppers for multitude; for both they and their camels were\r
+without number: and they entered into the land to destroy it.\r
+\r
+6:6 And Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites; and\r
+the children of Israel cried unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:7 And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto the\r
+LORD because of the Midianites, 6:8 That the LORD sent a prophet unto\r
+the children of Israel, which said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God\r
+of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of\r
+the house of bondage; 6:9 And I delivered you out of the hand of the\r
+Egyptians, and out of the hand of all that oppressed you, and drave\r
+them out from before you, and gave you their land; 6:10 And I said\r
+unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the Amorites,\r
+in whose land ye dwell: but ye have not obeyed my voice.\r
+\r
+6:11 And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak which\r
+was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son\r
+Gideon threshed wheat by the winepress, to hide it from the\r
+Midianites.\r
+\r
+6:12 And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him,\r
+The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour.\r
+\r
+6:13 And Gideon said unto him, Oh my Lord, if the LORD be with us, why\r
+then is all this befallen us? and where be all his miracles which our\r
+fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt?\r
+but now the LORD hath forsaken us, and delivered us into the hands of\r
+the Midianites.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the LORD looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and\r
+thou shalt save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: have not I\r
+sent thee? 6:15 And he said unto him, Oh my Lord, wherewith shall I\r
+save Israel? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the\r
+least in my father's house.\r
+\r
+6:16 And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou\r
+shalt smite the Midianites as one man.\r
+\r
+6:17 And he said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight,\r
+then shew me a sign that thou talkest with me.\r
+\r
+6:18 Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring\r
+forth my present, and set it before thee. And he said, I will tarry\r
+until thou come again.\r
+\r
+6:19 And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid, and unleavened cakes of\r
+an ephah of flour: the flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth\r
+in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak, and presented it.\r
+\r
+6:20 And the angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the\r
+unleavened cakes, and lay them upon this rock, and pour out the broth.\r
+And he did so.\r
+\r
+6:21 Then the angel of the LORD put forth the end of the staff that\r
+was in his hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and\r
+there rose up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the\r
+unleavened cakes. Then the angel of the LORD departed out of his\r
+sight.\r
+\r
+6:22 And when Gideon perceived that he was an angel of the LORD,\r
+Gideon said, Alas, O LORD God! for because I have seen an angel of the\r
+LORD face to face.\r
+\r
+6:23 And the LORD said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou\r
+shalt not die.\r
+\r
+6:24 Then Gideon built an altar there unto the LORD, and called it\r
+Jehovahshalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.\r
+\r
+6:25 And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him,\r
+Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven\r
+years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and\r
+cut down the grove that is by it: 6:26 And build an altar unto the\r
+LORD thy God upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place, and take\r
+the second bullock, and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the\r
+grove which thou shalt cut down.\r
+\r
+6:27 Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as the LORD had\r
+said unto him: and so it was, because he feared his father's\r
+household, and the men of the city, that he could not do it by day,\r
+that he did it by night.\r
+\r
+6:28 And when the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold,\r
+the altar of Baal was cast down, and the grove was cut down that was\r
+by it, and the second bullock was offered upon the altar that was\r
+built.\r
+\r
+6:29 And they said one to another, Who hath done this thing? And when\r
+they enquired and asked, they said, Gideon the son of Joash hath done\r
+this thing.\r
+\r
+6:30 Then the men of the city said unto Joash, Bring out thy son, that\r
+he may die: because he hath cast down the altar of Baal, and because\r
+he hath cut down the grove that was by it.\r
+\r
+6:31 And Joash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for\r
+Baal? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to\r
+death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for\r
+himself, because one hath cast down his altar.\r
+\r
+6:32 Therefore on that day he called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal\r
+plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar.\r
+\r
+6:33 Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of\r
+the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the\r
+valley of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+6:34 But the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a\r
+trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered after him.\r
+\r
+6:35 And he sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; who also was\r
+gathered after him: and he sent messengers unto Asher, and unto\r
+Zebulun, and unto Naphtali; and they came up to meet them.\r
+\r
+6:36 And Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by mine hand,\r
+as thou hast said, 6:37 Behold, I will put a fleece of wool in the\r
+floor; and if the dew be on the fleece only, and it be dry upon all\r
+the earth beside, then shall I know that thou wilt save Israel by mine\r
+hand, as thou hast said.\r
+\r
+6:38 And it was so: for he rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the\r
+fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece, a bowl full of\r
+water.\r
+\r
+6:39 And Gideon said unto God, Let not thine anger be hot against me,\r
+and I will speak but this once: let me prove, I pray thee, but this\r
+once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon\r
+all the ground let there be dew.\r
+\r
+6:40 And God did so that night: for it was dry upon the fleece only,\r
+and there was dew on all the ground.\r
+\r
+7:1 Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the people that were with\r
+him, rose up early, and pitched beside the well of Harod: so that the\r
+host of the Midianites were on the north side of them, by the hill of\r
+Moreh, in the valley.\r
+\r
+7:2 And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people that are with thee are\r
+too many for me to give the Midianites into their hands, lest Israel\r
+vaunt themselves against me, saying, Mine own hand hath saved me.\r
+\r
+7:3 Now therefore go to, proclaim in the ears of the people, saying,\r
+Whosoever is fearful and afraid, let him return and depart early from\r
+mount Gilead. And there returned of the people twenty and two\r
+thousand; and there remained ten thousand.\r
+\r
+7:4 And the LORD said unto Gideon, The people are yet too many; bring\r
+them down unto the water, and I will try them for thee there: and it\r
+shall be, that of whom I say unto thee, This shall go with thee, the\r
+same shall go with thee; and of whomsoever I say unto thee, This shall\r
+not go with thee, the same shall not go.\r
+\r
+7:5 So he brought down the people unto the water: and the LORD said\r
+unto Gideon, Every one that lappeth of the water with his tongue, as a\r
+dog lappeth, him shalt thou set by himself; likewise every one that\r
+boweth down upon his knees to drink.\r
+\r
+7:6 And the number of them that lapped, putting their hand to their\r
+mouth, were three hundred men: but all the rest of the people bowed\r
+down upon their knees to drink water.\r
+\r
+7:7 And the LORD said unto Gideon, By the three hundred men that\r
+lapped will I save you, and deliver the Midianites into thine hand:\r
+and let all the other people go every man unto his place.\r
+\r
+7:8 So the people took victuals in their hand, and their trumpets: and\r
+he sent all the rest of Israel every man unto his tent, and retained\r
+those three hundred men: and the host of Midian was beneath him in the\r
+valley.\r
+\r
+7:9 And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him,\r
+Arise, get thee down unto the host; for I have delivered it into thine\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+7:10 But if thou fear to go down, go thou with Phurah thy servant down\r
+to the host: 7:11 And thou shalt hear what they say; and afterward\r
+shall thine hands be strengthened to go down unto the host. Then went\r
+he down with Phurah his servant unto the outside of the armed men that\r
+were in the host.\r
+\r
+7:12 And the Midianites and the Amalekites and all the children of the\r
+east lay along in the valley like grasshoppers for multitude; and\r
+their camels were without number, as the sand by the sea side for\r
+multitude.\r
+\r
+7:13 And when Gideon was come, behold, there was a man that told a\r
+dream unto his fellow, and said, Behold, I dreamed a dream, and, lo, a\r
+cake of barley bread tumbled into the host of Midian, and came unto a\r
+tent, and smote it that it fell, and overturned it, that the tent lay\r
+along.\r
+\r
+7:14 And his fellow answered and said, This is nothing else save the\r
+sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel: for into his hand\r
+hath God delivered Midian, and all the host.\r
+\r
+7:15 And it was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and\r
+the interpretation thereof, that he worshipped, and returned into the\r
+host of Israel, and said, Arise; for the LORD hath delivered into your\r
+hand the host of Midian.\r
+\r
+7:16 And he divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he\r
+put a trumpet in every man's hand, with empty pitchers, and lamps\r
+within the pitchers.\r
+\r
+7:17 And he said unto them, Look on me, and do likewise: and, behold,\r
+when I come to the outside of the camp, it shall be that, as I do, so\r
+shall ye do.\r
+\r
+7:18 When I blow with a trumpet, I and all that are with me, then blow\r
+ye the trumpets also on every side of all the camp, and say, The sword\r
+of the LORD, and of Gideon.\r
+\r
+7:19 So Gideon, and the hundred men that were with him, came unto the\r
+outside of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch; and they had\r
+but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and brake the\r
+pitchers that were in their hands.\r
+\r
+7:20 And the three companies blew the trumpets, and brake the\r
+pitchers, and held the lamps in their left hands, and the trumpets in\r
+their right hands to blow withal: and they cried, The sword of the\r
+LORD, and of Gideon.\r
+\r
+7:21 And they stood every man in his place round about the camp; and\r
+all the host ran, and cried, and fled.\r
+\r
+7:22 And the three hundred blew the trumpets, and the LORD set every\r
+man's sword against his fellow, even throughout all the host: and the\r
+host fled to Bethshittah in Zererath, and to the border of\r
+Abelmeholah, unto Tabbath.\r
+\r
+7:23 And the men of Israel gathered themselves together out of\r
+Naphtali, and out of Asher, and out of all Manasseh, and pursued after\r
+the Midianites.\r
+\r
+7:24 And Gideon sent messengers throughout all mount Ephraim, saying,\r
+come down against the Midianites, and take before them the waters unto\r
+Bethbarah and Jordan. Then all the men of Ephraim gathered themselves\r
+together, and took the waters unto Bethbarah and Jordan.\r
+\r
+7:25 And they took two princes of the Midianites, Oreb and Zeeb; and\r
+they slew Oreb upon the rock Oreb, and Zeeb they slew at the winepress\r
+of Zeeb, and pursued Midian, and brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to\r
+Gideon on the other side Jordan.\r
+\r
+8:1 And the men of Ephraim said unto him, Why hast thou served us\r
+thus, that thou calledst us not, when thou wentest to fight with the\r
+Midianites? And they did chide with him sharply.\r
+\r
+8:2 And he said unto them, What have I done now in comparison of you?\r
+Is not the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage\r
+of Abiezer? 8:3 God hath delivered into your hands the princes of\r
+Midian, Oreb and Zeeb: and what was I able to do in comparison of you?\r
+Then their anger was abated toward him, when he had said that.\r
+\r
+8:4 And Gideon came to Jordan, and passed over, he, and the three\r
+hundred men that were with him, faint, yet pursuing them.\r
+\r
+8:5 And he said unto the men of Succoth, Give, I pray you, loaves of\r
+bread unto the people that follow me; for they be faint, and I am\r
+pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, kings of Midian.\r
+\r
+8:6 And the princes of Succoth said, Are the hands of Zebah and\r
+Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thine army?\r
+8:7 And Gideon said, Therefore when the LORD hath delivered Zebah and\r
+Zalmunna into mine hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns\r
+of the wilderness and with briers.\r
+\r
+8:8 And he went up thence to Penuel, and spake unto them likewise: and\r
+the men of Penuel answered him as the men of Succoth had answered him.\r
+\r
+8:9 And he spake also unto the men of Penuel, saying, When I come\r
+again in peace, I will break down this tower.\r
+\r
+8:10 Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor, and their hosts with them,\r
+about fifteen thousand men, all that were left of all the hosts of the\r
+children of the east: for there fell an hundred and twenty thousand\r
+men that drew sword.\r
+\r
+8:11 And Gideon went up by the way of them that dwelt in tents on the\r
+east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and smote the host; for the host was\r
+secure.\r
+\r
+8:12 And when Zebah and Zalmunna fled, he pursued after them, and took\r
+the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and discomfited all the\r
+host.\r
+\r
+8:13 And Gideon the son of Joash returned from battle before the sun\r
+was up, 8:14 And caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and\r
+enquired of him: and he described unto him the princes of Succoth, and\r
+the elders thereof, even threescore and seventeen men.\r
+\r
+8:15 And he came unto the men of Succoth, and said, Behold Zebah and\r
+Zalmunna, with whom ye did upbraid me, saying, Are the hands of Zebah\r
+and Zalmunna now in thine hand, that we should give bread unto thy men\r
+that are weary? 8:16 And he took the elders of the city, and thorns\r
+of the wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of\r
+Succoth.\r
+\r
+8:17 And he beat down the tower of Penuel, and slew the men of the\r
+city.\r
+\r
+8:18 Then said he unto Zebah and Zalmunna, What manner of men were\r
+they whom ye slew at Tabor? And they answered, As thou art, so were\r
+they; each one resembled the children of a king.\r
+\r
+8:19 And he said, They were my brethren, even the sons of my mother:\r
+as the LORD liveth, if ye had saved them alive, I would not slay you.\r
+\r
+8:20 And he said unto Jether his firstborn, Up, and slay them. But the\r
+youth drew not his sword: for he feared, because he was yet a youth.\r
+\r
+8:21 Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, Rise thou, and fall upon us: for as\r
+the man is, so is his strength. And Gideon arose, and slew Zebah and\r
+Zalmunna, and took away the ornaments that were on their camels'\r
+necks.\r
+\r
+8:22 Then the men of Israel said unto Gideon, Rule thou over us, both\r
+thou, and thy son, and thy son's son also: for thou hast delivered us\r
+from the hand of Midian.\r
+\r
+8:23 And Gideon said unto them, I will not rule over you, neither\r
+shall my son rule over you: the LORD shall rule over you.\r
+\r
+8:24 And Gideon said unto them, I would desire a request of you, that\r
+ye would give me every man the earrings of his prey. (For they had\r
+golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.) 8:25 And they\r
+answered, We will willingly give them. And they spread a garment, and\r
+did cast therein every man the earrings of his prey.\r
+\r
+8:26 And the weight of the golden earrings that he requested was a\r
+thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold; beside ornaments, and\r
+collars, and purple raiment that was on the kings of Midian, and\r
+beside the chains that were about their camels' necks.\r
+\r
+8:27 And Gideon made an ephod thereof, and put it in his city, even in\r
+Ophrah: and all Israel went thither a whoring after it: which thing\r
+became a snare unto Gideon, and to his house.\r
+\r
+8:28 Thus was Midian subdued before the children of Israel, so that\r
+they lifted up their heads no more. And the country was in quietness\r
+forty years in the days of Gideon.\r
+\r
+8:29 And Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and dwelt in his own house.\r
+\r
+8:30 And Gideon had threescore and ten sons of his body begotten: for\r
+he had many wives.\r
+\r
+8:31 And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a son,\r
+whose name he called Abimelech.\r
+\r
+8:32 And Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and was\r
+buried in the sepulchre of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the\r
+Abiezrites.\r
+\r
+8:33 And it came to pass, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the\r
+children of Israel turned again, and went a whoring after Baalim, and\r
+made Baalberith their god.\r
+\r
+8:34 And the children of Israel remembered not the LORD their God, who\r
+had delivered them out of the hands of all their enemies on every\r
+side: 8:35 Neither shewed they kindness to the house of Jerubbaal,\r
+namely, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shewed unto\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+9:1 And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem unto his\r
+mother's brethren, and communed with them, and with all the family of\r
+the house of his mother's father, saying, 9:2 Speak, I pray you, in\r
+the ears of all the men of Shechem, Whether is better for you, either\r
+that all the sons of Jerubbaal, which are threescore and ten persons,\r
+reign over you, or that one reign over you? remember also that I am\r
+your bone and your flesh.\r
+\r
+9:3 And his mother's brethren spake of him in the ears of all the men\r
+of Shechem all these words: and their hearts inclined to follow\r
+Abimelech; for they said, He is our brother.\r
+\r
+9:4 And they gave him threescore and ten pieces of silver out of the\r
+house of Baalberith, wherewith Abimelech hired vain and light persons,\r
+which followed him.\r
+\r
+9:5 And he went unto his father's house at Ophrah, and slew his\r
+brethren the sons of Jerubbaal, being threescore and ten persons, upon\r
+one stone: notwithstanding yet Jotham the youngest son of Jerubbaal\r
+was left; for he hid himself.\r
+\r
+9:6 And all the men of Shechem gathered together, and all the house of\r
+Millo, and went, and made Abimelech king, by the plain of the pillar\r
+that was in Shechem.\r
+\r
+9:7 And when they told it to Jotham, he went and stood in the top of\r
+mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said unto them,\r
+Hearken unto me, ye men of Shechem, that God may hearken unto you.\r
+\r
+9:8 The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and\r
+they said unto the olive tree, Reign thou over us.\r
+\r
+9:9 But the olive tree said unto them, Should I leave my fatness,\r
+wherewith by me they honour God and man, and go to be promoted over\r
+the trees? 9:10 And the trees said to the fig tree, Come thou, and\r
+reign over us.\r
+\r
+9:11 But the fig tree said unto them, Should I forsake my sweetness,\r
+and my good fruit, and go to be promoted over the trees? 9:12 Then\r
+said the trees unto the vine, Come thou, and reign over us.\r
+\r
+9:13 And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which\r
+cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees? 9:14 Then\r
+said all the trees unto the bramble, Come thou, and reign over us.\r
+\r
+9:15 And the bramble said unto the trees, If in truth ye anoint me\r
+king over you, then come and put your trust in my shadow: and if not,\r
+let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+9:16 Now therefore, if ye have done truly and sincerely, in that ye\r
+have made Abimelech king, and if ye have dealt well with Jerubbaal and\r
+his house, and have done unto him according to the deserving of his\r
+hands; 9:17 (For my father fought for you, and adventured his life\r
+far, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian: 9:18 And ye are\r
+risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons,\r
+threescore and ten persons, upon one stone, and have made Abimelech,\r
+the son of his maidservant, king over the men of Shechem, because he\r
+is your brother;) 9:19 If ye then have dealt truly and sincerely with\r
+Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice ye in Abimelech,\r
+and let him also rejoice in you: 9:20 But if not, let fire come out\r
+from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo;\r
+and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of\r
+Millo, and devour Abimelech.\r
+\r
+9:21 And Jotham ran away, and fled, and went to Beer, and dwelt there,\r
+for fear of Abimelech his brother.\r
+\r
+9:22 When Abimelech had reigned three years over Israel, 9:23 Then God\r
+sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the\r
+men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech: 9:24 That the\r
+cruelty done to the threescore and ten sons of Jerubbaal might come,\r
+and their blood be laid upon Abimelech their brother, which slew them;\r
+and upon the men of Shechem, which aided him in the killing of his\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+9:25 And the men of Shechem set liers in wait for him in the top of\r
+the mountains, and they robbed all that came along that way by them:\r
+and it was told Abimelech.\r
+\r
+9:26 And Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brethren, and went over to\r
+Shechem: and the men of Shechem put their confidence in him.\r
+\r
+9:27 And they went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards,\r
+and trode the grapes, and made merry, and went into the house of their\r
+god, and did eat and drink, and cursed Abimelech.\r
+\r
+9:28 And Gaal the son of Ebed said, Who is Abimelech, and who is\r
+Shechem, that we should serve him? is not he the son of Jerubbaal? and\r
+Zebul his officer? serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem: for\r
+why should we serve him? 9:29 And would to God this people were under\r
+my hand! then would I remove Abimelech. And he said to Abimelech,\r
+Increase thine army, and come out.\r
+\r
+9:30 And when Zebul the ruler of the city heard the words of Gaal the\r
+son of Ebed, his anger was kindled.\r
+\r
+9:31 And he sent messengers unto Abimelech privily, saying, Behold,\r
+Gaal the son of Ebed and his brethren be come to Shechem; and, behold,\r
+they fortify the city against thee.\r
+\r
+9:32 Now therefore up by night, thou and the people that is with thee,\r
+and lie in wait in the field: 9:33 And it shall be, that in the\r
+morning, as soon as the sun is up, thou shalt rise early, and set upon\r
+the city: and, behold, when he and the people that is with him come\r
+out against thee, then mayest thou do to them as thou shalt find\r
+occasion.\r
+\r
+9:34 And Abimelech rose up, and all the people that were with him, by\r
+night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies.\r
+\r
+9:35 And Gaal the son of Ebed went out, and stood in the entering of\r
+the gate of the city: and Abimelech rose up, and the people that were\r
+with him, from lying in wait.\r
+\r
+9:36 And when Gaal saw the people, he said to Zebul, Behold, there\r
+come people down from the top of the mountains. And Zebul said unto\r
+him, Thou seest the shadow of the mountains as if they were men.\r
+\r
+9:37 And Gaal spake again, and said, See there come people down by the\r
+middle of the land, and another company come along by the plain of\r
+Meonenim.\r
+\r
+9:38 Then said Zebul unto him, Where is now thy mouth, wherewith thou\r
+saidst, Who is Abimelech, that we should serve him? is not this the\r
+people that thou hast despised? go out, I pray now, and fight with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:39 And Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with\r
+Abimelech.\r
+\r
+9:40 And Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and many were\r
+overthrown and wounded, even unto the entering of the gate.\r
+\r
+9:41 And Abimelech dwelt at Arumah: and Zebul thrust out Gaal and his\r
+brethren, that they should not dwell in Shechem.\r
+\r
+9:42 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people went out into\r
+the field; and they told Abimelech.\r
+\r
+9:43 And he took the people, and divided them into three companies,\r
+and laid wait in the field, and looked, and, behold, the people were\r
+come forth out of the city; and he rose up against them, and smote\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:44 And Abimelech, and the company that was with him, rushed forward,\r
+and stood in the entering of the gate of the city: and the two other\r
+companies ran upon all the people that were in the fields, and slew\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:45 And Abimelech fought against the city all that day; and he took\r
+the city, and slew the people that was therein, and beat down the\r
+city, and sowed it with salt.\r
+\r
+9:46 And when all the men of the tower of Shechem heard that, they\r
+entered into an hold of the house of the god Berith.\r
+\r
+9:47 And it was told Abimelech, that all the men of the tower of\r
+Shechem were gathered together.\r
+\r
+9:48 And Abimelech gat him up to mount Zalmon, he and all the people\r
+that were with him; and Abimelech took an axe in his hand, and cut\r
+down a bough from the trees, and took it, and laid it on his shoulder,\r
+and said unto the people that were with him, What ye have seen me do,\r
+make haste, and do as I have done.\r
+\r
+9:49 And all the people likewise cut down every man his bough, and\r
+followed Abimelech, and put them to the hold, and set the hold on fire\r
+upon them; so that all the men of the tower of Shechem died also,\r
+about a thousand men and women.\r
+\r
+9:50 Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and\r
+took it.\r
+\r
+9:51 But there was a strong tower within the city, and thither fled\r
+all the men and women, and all they of the city, and shut it to them,\r
+and gat them up to the top of the tower.\r
+\r
+9:52 And Abimelech came unto the tower, and fought against it, and\r
+went hard unto the door of the tower to burn it with fire.\r
+\r
+9:53 And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech's\r
+head, and all to brake his skull.\r
+\r
+9:54 Then he called hastily unto the young man his armourbearer, and\r
+said unto him, Draw thy sword, and slay me, that men say not of me, A\r
+women slew him. And his young man thrust him through, and he died.\r
+\r
+9:55 And when the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was dead, they\r
+departed every man unto his place.\r
+\r
+9:56 Thus God rendered the wickedness of Abimelech, which he did unto\r
+his father, in slaying his seventy brethren: 9:57 And all the evil of\r
+the men of Shechem did God render upon their heads: and upon them came\r
+the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal.\r
+\r
+10:1 And after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel Tola the son of\r
+Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of Issachar; and he dwelt in Shamir in\r
+mount Ephraim.\r
+\r
+10:2 And he judged Israel twenty and three years, and died, and was\r
+buried in Shamir.\r
+\r
+10:3 And after him arose Jair, a Gileadite, and judged Israel twenty\r
+and two years.\r
+\r
+10:4 And he had thirty sons that rode on thirty ass colts, and they\r
+had thirty cities, which are called Havothjair unto this day, which\r
+are in the land of Gilead.\r
+\r
+10:5 And Jair died, and was buried in Camon.\r
+\r
+10:6 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the\r
+LORD, and served Baalim, and Ashtaroth, and the gods of Syria, and the\r
+gods of Zidon, and the gods of Moab, and the gods of the children of\r
+Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and forsook the LORD, and\r
+served not him.\r
+\r
+10:7 And the anger of the LORD was hot against Israel, and he sold\r
+them into the hands of the Philistines, and into the hands of the\r
+children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+10:8 And that year they vexed and oppressed the children of Israel:\r
+eighteen years, all the children of Israel that were on the other side\r
+Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which is in Gilead.\r
+\r
+10:9 Moreover the children of Ammon passed over Jordan to fight also\r
+against Judah, and against Benjamin, and against the house of Ephraim;\r
+so that Israel was sore distressed.\r
+\r
+10:10 And the children of Israel cried unto the LORD, saying, We have\r
+sinned against thee, both because we have forsaken our God, and also\r
+served Baalim.\r
+\r
+10:11 And the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Did not I deliver\r
+you from the Egyptians, and from the Amorites, from the children of\r
+Ammon, and from the Philistines? 10:12 The Zidonians also, and the\r
+Amalekites, and the Maonites, did oppress you; and ye cried to me, and\r
+I delivered you out of their hand.\r
+\r
+10:13 Yet ye have forsaken me, and served other gods: wherefore I will\r
+deliver you no more.\r
+\r
+10:14 Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver\r
+you in the time of your tribulation.\r
+\r
+10:15 And the children of Israel said unto the LORD, We have sinned:\r
+do thou unto us whatsoever seemeth good unto thee; deliver us only, we\r
+pray thee, this day.\r
+\r
+10:16 And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served\r
+the LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:17 Then the children of Ammon were gathered together, and encamped\r
+in Gilead. And the children of Israel assembled themselves together,\r
+and encamped in Mizpeh.\r
+\r
+10:18 And the people and princes of Gilead said one to another, What\r
+man is he that will begin to fight against the children of Ammon? he\r
+shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.\r
+\r
+11:1 Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a mighty man of valour, and he was\r
+the son of an harlot: and Gilead begat Jephthah.\r
+\r
+11:2 And Gilead's wife bare him sons; and his wife's sons grew up, and\r
+they thrust out Jephthah, and said unto him, Thou shalt not inherit in\r
+our father's house; for thou art the son of a strange woman.\r
+\r
+11:3 Then Jephthah fled from his brethren, and dwelt in the land of\r
+Tob: and there were gathered vain men to Jephthah, and went out with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+11:4 And it came to pass in process of time, that the children of\r
+Ammon made war against Israel.\r
+\r
+11:5 And it was so, that when the children of Ammon made war against\r
+Israel, the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah out of the land of\r
+Tob: 11:6 And they said unto Jephthah, Come, and be our captain, that\r
+we may fight with the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:7 And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, Did not ye hate me,\r
+and expel me out of my father's house? and why are ye come unto me now\r
+when ye are in distress? 11:8 And the elders of Gilead said unto\r
+Jephthah, Therefore we turn again to thee now, that thou mayest go\r
+with us, and fight against the children of Ammon, and be our head over\r
+all the inhabitants of Gilead.\r
+\r
+11:9 And Jephthah said unto the elders of Gilead, If ye bring me home\r
+again to fight against the children of Ammon, and the LORD deliver\r
+them before me, shall I be your head? 11:10 And the elders of Gilead\r
+said unto Jephthah, The LORD be witness between us, if we do not so\r
+according to thy words.\r
+\r
+11:11 Then Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people\r
+made him head and captain over them: and Jephthah uttered all his\r
+words before the LORD in Mizpeh.\r
+\r
+11:12 And Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of\r
+Ammon, saying, What hast thou to do with me, that thou art come\r
+against me to fight in my land? 11:13 And the king of the children of\r
+Ammon answered unto the messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took\r
+away my land, when they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto\r
+Jabbok, and unto Jordan: now therefore restore those lands again\r
+peaceably.\r
+\r
+11:14 And Jephthah sent messengers again unto the king of the children\r
+of Ammon: 11:15 And said unto him, Thus saith Jephthah, Israel took\r
+not away the land of Moab, nor the land of the children of Ammon:\r
+11:16 But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the\r
+wilderness unto the Red sea, and came to Kadesh; 11:17 Then Israel\r
+sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying, Let me, I pray thee,\r
+pass through thy land: but the king of Edom would not hearken thereto.\r
+And in like manner they sent unto the king of Moab: but he would not\r
+consent: and Israel abode in Kadesh.\r
+\r
+11:18 Then they went along through the wilderness, and compassed the\r
+land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side of the\r
+land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, but came not\r
+within the border of Moab: for Arnon was the border of Moab.\r
+\r
+11:19 And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, the\r
+king of Heshbon; and Israel said unto him, Let us pass, we pray thee,\r
+through thy land into my place.\r
+\r
+11:20 But Sihon trusted not Israel to pass through his coast: but\r
+Sihon gathered all his people together, and pitched in Jahaz, and\r
+fought against Israel.\r
+\r
+11:21 And the LORD God of Israel delivered Sihon and all his people\r
+into the hand of Israel, and they smote them: so Israel possessed all\r
+the land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that country.\r
+\r
+11:22 And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Arnon\r
+even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan.\r
+\r
+11:23 So now the LORD God of Israel hath dispossessed the Amorites\r
+from before his people Israel, and shouldest thou possess it? 11:24\r
+Wilt not thou possess that which Chemosh thy god giveth thee to\r
+possess? So whomsoever the LORD our God shall drive out from before\r
+us, them will we possess.\r
+\r
+11:25 And now art thou any thing better than Balak the son of Zippor,\r
+king of Moab? did he ever strive against Israel, or did he ever fight\r
+against them, 11:26 While Israel dwelt in Heshbon and her towns, and\r
+in Aroer and her towns, and in all the cities that be along by the\r
+coasts of Arnon, three hundred years? why therefore did ye not recover\r
+them within that time? 11:27 Wherefore I have not sinned against\r
+thee, but thou doest me wrong to war against me: the LORD the Judge be\r
+judge this day between the children of Israel and the children of\r
+Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:28 Howbeit the king of the children of Ammon hearkened not unto the\r
+words of Jephthah which he sent him.\r
+\r
+11:29 Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed\r
+over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from\r
+Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:30 And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou shalt\r
+without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, 11:31 Then\r
+it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to\r
+meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall\r
+surely be the LORD's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering.\r
+\r
+11:32 So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight\r
+against them; and the LORD delivered them into his hands.\r
+\r
+11:33 And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith,\r
+even twenty cities, and unto the plain of the vineyards, with a very\r
+great slaughter. Thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+11:34 And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his\r
+daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she\r
+was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter.\r
+\r
+11:35 And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes,\r
+and said, Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou\r
+art one of them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the\r
+LORD, and I cannot go back.\r
+\r
+11:36 And she said unto him, My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth\r
+unto the LORD, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of\r
+thy mouth; forasmuch as the LORD hath taken vengeance for thee of\r
+thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:37 And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let\r
+me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and\r
+bewail my virginity, I and my fellows.\r
+\r
+11:38 And he said, Go. And he sent her away for two months: and she\r
+went with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the\r
+mountains.\r
+\r
+11:39 And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned\r
+unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had\r
+vowed: and she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel, 11:40 That\r
+the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah\r
+the Gileadite four days in a year.\r
+\r
+12:1 And the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together, and went\r
+northward, and said unto Jephthah, Wherefore passedst thou over to\r
+fight against the children of Ammon, and didst not call us to go with\r
+thee? we will burn thine house upon thee with fire.\r
+\r
+12:2 And Jephthah said unto them, I and my people were at great strife\r
+with the children of Ammon; and when I called you, ye delivered me not\r
+out of their hands.\r
+\r
+12:3 And when I saw that ye delivered me not, I put my life in my\r
+hands, and passed over against the children of Ammon, and the LORD\r
+delivered them into my hand: wherefore then are ye come up unto me\r
+this day, to fight against me? 12:4 Then Jephthah gathered together\r
+all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim: and the men of Gilead\r
+smote Ephraim, because they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of\r
+Ephraim among the Ephraimites, and among the Manassites.\r
+\r
+12:5 And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the\r
+Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were\r
+escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him,\r
+Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; 12:6 Then said they unto him,\r
+Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to\r
+pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages\r
+of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and\r
+two thousand.\r
+\r
+12:7 And Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then died Jephthah the\r
+Gileadite, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead.\r
+\r
+12:8 And after him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel.\r
+\r
+12:9 And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters, whom he sent\r
+abroad, and took in thirty daughters from abroad for his sons. And he\r
+judged Israel seven years.\r
+\r
+12:10 Then died Ibzan, and was buried at Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+12:11 And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged Israel; and he judged\r
+Israel ten years.\r
+\r
+12:12 And Elon the Zebulonite died, and was buried in Aijalon in the\r
+country of Zebulun.\r
+\r
+12:13 And after him Abdon the son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, judged\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+12:14 And he had forty sons and thirty nephews, that rode on\r
+threescore and ten ass colts: and he judged Israel eight years.\r
+\r
+12:15 And Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite died, and was buried\r
+in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the mount of the Amalekites.\r
+\r
+13:1 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the\r
+LORD; and the LORD delivered them into the hand of the Philistines\r
+forty years.\r
+\r
+13:2 And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the family of the\r
+Danites, whose name was Manoah; and his wife was barren, and bare not.\r
+\r
+13:3 And the angel of the LORD appeared unto the woman, and said unto\r
+her, Behold now, thou art barren, and bearest not: but thou shalt\r
+conceive, and bear a son.\r
+\r
+13:4 Now therefore beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine nor strong\r
+drink, and eat not any unclean thing: 13:5 For, lo, thou shalt\r
+conceive, and bear a son; and no razor shall come on his head: for the\r
+child shall be a Nazarite unto God from the womb: and he shall begin\r
+to deliver Israel out of the hand of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+13:6 Then the woman came and told her husband, saying, A man of God\r
+came unto me, and his countenance was like the countenance of an angel\r
+of God, very terrible: but I asked him not whence he was, neither told\r
+he me his name: 13:7 But he said unto me, Behold, thou shalt conceive,\r
+and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat\r
+any unclean thing: for the child shall be a Nazarite to God from the\r
+womb to the day of his death.\r
+\r
+13:8 Then Manoah intreated the LORD, and said, O my Lord, let the man\r
+of God which thou didst send come again unto us, and teach us what we\r
+shall do unto the child that shall be born.\r
+\r
+13:9 And God hearkened to the voice of Manoah; and the angel of God\r
+came again unto the woman as she sat in the field: but Manoah her\r
+husband was not with her.\r
+\r
+13:10 And the woman made haste, and ran, and shewed her husband, and\r
+said unto him, Behold, the man hath appeared unto me, that came unto\r
+me the other day.\r
+\r
+13:11 And Manoah arose, and went after his wife, and came to the man,\r
+and said unto him, Art thou the man that spakest unto the woman? And\r
+he said, I am.\r
+\r
+13:12 And Manoah said, Now let thy words come to pass. How shall we\r
+order the child, and how shall we do unto him? 13:13 And the angel of\r
+the LORD said unto Manoah, Of all that I said unto the woman let her\r
+beware.\r
+\r
+13:14 She may not eat of any thing that cometh of the vine, neither\r
+let her drink wine or strong drink, nor eat any unclean thing: all\r
+that I commanded her let her observe.\r
+\r
+13:15 And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, I pray thee, let us\r
+detain thee, until we shall have made ready a kid for thee.\r
+\r
+13:16 And the angel of the LORD said unto Manoah, Though thou detain\r
+me, I will not eat of thy bread: and if thou wilt offer a burnt\r
+offering, thou must offer it unto the LORD. For Manoah knew not that\r
+he was an angel of the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:17 And Manoah said unto the angel of the LORD, What is thy name,\r
+that when thy sayings come to pass we may do thee honour? 13:18 And\r
+the angel of the LORD said unto him, Why askest thou thus after my\r
+name, seeing it is secret? 13:19 So Manoah took a kid with a meat\r
+offering, and offered it upon a rock unto the LORD: and the angel did\r
+wonderously; and Manoah and his wife looked on.\r
+\r
+13:20 For it came to pass, when the flame went up toward heaven from\r
+off the altar, that the angel of the LORD ascended in the flame of the\r
+altar. And Manoah and his wife looked on it, and fell on their faces\r
+to the ground.\r
+\r
+13:21 But the angel of the LORD did no more appear to Manoah and to\r
+his wife. Then Manoah knew that he was an angel of the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:22 And Manoah said unto his wife, We shall surely die, because we\r
+have seen God.\r
+\r
+13:23 But his wife said unto him, If the LORD were pleased to kill us,\r
+he would not have received a burnt offering and a meat offering at our\r
+hands, neither would he have shewed us all these things, nor would as\r
+at this time have told us such things as these.\r
+\r
+13:24 And the woman bare a son, and called his name Samson: and the\r
+child grew, and the LORD blessed him.\r
+\r
+13:25 And the Spirit of the LORD began to move him at times in the\r
+camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol.\r
+\r
+14:1 And Samson went down to Timnath, and saw a woman in Timnath of\r
+the daughters of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+14:2 And he came up, and told his father and his mother, and said, I\r
+have seen a woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines: now\r
+therefore get her for me to wife.\r
+\r
+14:3 Then his father and his mother said unto him, Is there never a\r
+woman among the daughters of thy brethren, or among all my people,\r
+that thou goest to take a wife of the uncircumcised Philistines? And\r
+Samson said unto his father, Get her for me; for she pleaseth me well.\r
+\r
+14:4 But his father and his mother knew not that it was of the LORD,\r
+that he sought an occasion against the Philistines: for at that time\r
+the Philistines had dominion over Israel.\r
+\r
+14:5 Then went Samson down, and his father and his mother, to Timnath,\r
+and came to the vineyards of Timnath: and, behold, a young lion roared\r
+against him.\r
+\r
+14:6 And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and he rent\r
+him as he would have rent a kid, and he had nothing in his hand: but\r
+he told not his father or his mother what he had done.\r
+\r
+14:7 And he went down, and talked with the woman; and she pleased\r
+Samson well.\r
+\r
+14:8 And after a time he returned to take her, and he turned aside to\r
+see the carcase of the lion: and, behold, there was a swarm of bees\r
+and honey in the carcase of the lion.\r
+\r
+14:9 And he took thereof in his hands, and went on eating, and came to\r
+his father and mother, and he gave them, and they did eat: but he told\r
+not them that he had taken the honey out of the carcase of the lion.\r
+\r
+14:10 So his father went down unto the woman: and Samson made there a\r
+feast; for so used the young men to do.\r
+\r
+14:11 And it came to pass, when they saw him, that they brought thirty\r
+companions to be with him.\r
+\r
+14:12 And Samson said unto them, I will now put forth a riddle unto\r
+you: if ye can certainly declare it me within the seven days of the\r
+feast, and find it out, then I will give you thirty sheets and thirty\r
+change of garments: 14:13 But if ye cannot declare it me, then shall\r
+ye give me thirty sheets and thirty change of garments. And they said\r
+unto him, Put forth thy riddle, that we may hear it.\r
+\r
+14:14 And he said unto them, Out of the eater came forth meat, and out\r
+of the strong came forth sweetness. And they could not in three days\r
+expound the riddle.\r
+\r
+14:15 And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they said unto\r
+Samson's wife, Entice thy husband, that he may declare unto us the\r
+riddle, lest we burn thee and thy father's house with fire: have ye\r
+called us to take that we have? is it not so? 14:16 And Samson's wife\r
+wept before him, and said, Thou dost but hate me, and lovest me not:\r
+thou hast put forth a riddle unto the children of my people, and hast\r
+not told it me. And he said unto her, Behold, I have not told it my\r
+father nor my mother, and shall I tell it thee? 14:17 And she wept\r
+before him the seven days, while their feast lasted: and it came to\r
+pass on the seventh day, that he told her, because she lay sore upon\r
+him: and she told the riddle to the children of her people.\r
+\r
+14:18 And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before\r
+the sun went down, What is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger\r
+than a lion? and he said unto them, If ye had not plowed with my\r
+heifer, ye had not found out my riddle.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him, and he went down to\r
+Ashkelon, and slew thirty men of them, and took their spoil, and gave\r
+change of garments unto them which expounded the riddle. And his anger\r
+was kindled, and he went up to his father's house.\r
+\r
+14:20 But Samson's wife was given to his companion, whom he had used\r
+as his friend.\r
+\r
+15:1 But it came to pass within a while after, in the time of wheat\r
+harvest, that Samson visited his wife with a kid; and he said, I will\r
+go in to my wife into the chamber. But her father would not suffer him\r
+to go in.\r
+\r
+15:2 And her father said, I verily thought that thou hadst utterly\r
+hated her; therefore I gave her to thy companion: is not her younger\r
+sister fairer than she? take her, I pray thee, instead of her.\r
+\r
+15:3 And Samson said concerning them, Now shall I be more blameless\r
+than the Philistines, though I do them a displeasure.\r
+\r
+15:4 And Samson went and caught three hundred foxes, and took\r
+firebrands, and turned tail to tail, and put a firebrand in the midst\r
+between two tails.\r
+\r
+15:5 And when he had set the brands on fire, he let them go into the\r
+standing corn of the Philistines, and burnt up both the shocks, and\r
+also the standing corn, with the vineyards and olives.\r
+\r
+15:6 Then the Philistines said, Who hath done this? And they answered,\r
+Samson, the son in law of the Timnite, because he had taken his wife,\r
+and given her to his companion. And the Philistines came up, and burnt\r
+her and her father with fire.\r
+\r
+15:7 And Samson said unto them, Though ye have done this, yet will I\r
+be avenged of you, and after that I will cease.\r
+\r
+15:8 And he smote them hip and thigh with a great slaughter: and he\r
+went down and dwelt in the top of the rock Etam.\r
+\r
+15:9 Then the Philistines went up, and pitched in Judah, and spread\r
+themselves in Lehi.\r
+\r
+15:10 And the men of Judah said, Why are ye come up against us? And\r
+they answered, To bind Samson are we come up, to do to him as he hath\r
+done to us.\r
+\r
+15:11 Then three thousand men of Judah went to the top of the rock\r
+Etam, and said to Samson, Knowest thou not that the Philistines are\r
+rulers over us? what is this that thou hast done unto us? And he said\r
+unto them, As they did unto me, so have I done unto them.\r
+\r
+15:12 And they said unto him, We are come down to bind thee, that we\r
+may deliver thee into the hand of the Philistines. And Samson said\r
+unto them, Swear unto me, that ye will not fall upon me yourselves.\r
+\r
+15:13 And they spake unto him, saying, No; but we will bind thee fast,\r
+and deliver thee into their hand: but surely we will not kill thee.\r
+And they bound him with two new cords, and brought him up from the\r
+rock.\r
+\r
+15:14 And when he came unto Lehi, the Philistines shouted against him:\r
+and the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him, and the cords that\r
+were upon his arms became as flax that was burnt with fire, and his\r
+bands loosed from off his hands.\r
+\r
+15:15 And he found a new jawbone of an ass, and put forth his hand,\r
+and took it, and slew a thousand men therewith.\r
+\r
+15:16 And Samson said, With the jawbone of an ass, heaps upon heaps,\r
+with the jaw of an ass have I slain a thousand men.\r
+\r
+15:17 And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking, that\r
+he cast away the jawbone out of his hand, and called that place\r
+Ramathlehi.\r
+\r
+15:18 And he was sore athirst, and called on the LORD, and said, Thou\r
+hast given this great deliverance into the hand of thy servant: and\r
+now shall I die for thirst, and fall into the hand of the\r
+uncircumcised? 15:19 But God clave an hollow place that was in the\r
+jaw, and there came water thereout; and when he had drunk, his spirit\r
+came again, and he revived: wherefore he called the name thereof\r
+Enhakkore, which is in Lehi unto this day.\r
+\r
+15:20 And he judged Israel in the days of the Philistines twenty\r
+years.\r
+\r
+16:1 Then went Samson to Gaza, and saw there an harlot, and went in\r
+unto her.\r
+\r
+16:2 And it was told the Gazites, saying, Samson is come hither. And\r
+they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the gate of\r
+the city, and were quiet all the night, saying, In the morning, when\r
+it is day, we shall kill him.\r
+\r
+16:3 And Samson lay till midnight, and arose at midnight, and took the\r
+doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and went away with\r
+them, bar and all, and put them upon his shoulders, and carried them\r
+up to the top of an hill that is before Hebron.\r
+\r
+16:4 And it came to pass afterward, that he loved a woman in the\r
+valley of Sorek, whose name was Delilah.\r
+\r
+16:5 And the lords of the Philistines came up unto her, and said unto\r
+her, Entice him, and see wherein his great strength lieth, and by what\r
+means we may prevail against him, that we may bind him to afflict him;\r
+and we will give thee every one of us eleven hundred pieces of silver.\r
+\r
+16:6 And Delilah said to Samson, Tell me, I pray thee, wherein thy\r
+great strength lieth, and wherewith thou mightest be bound to afflict\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+16:7 And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs\r
+that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.\r
+\r
+16:8 Then the lords of the Philistines brought up to her seven green\r
+withs which had not been dried, and she bound him with them.\r
+\r
+16:9 Now there were men lying in wait, abiding with her in the\r
+chamber.\r
+\r
+And she said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he\r
+brake the withs, as a thread of tow is broken when it toucheth the\r
+fire. So his strength was not known.\r
+\r
+16:10 And Delilah said unto Samson, Behold, thou hast mocked me, and\r
+told me lies: now tell me, I pray thee, wherewith thou mightest be\r
+bound.\r
+\r
+16:11 And he said unto her, If they bind me fast with new ropes that\r
+never were occupied, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.\r
+\r
+16:12 Delilah therefore took new ropes, and bound him therewith, and\r
+said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And there were\r
+liers in wait abiding in the chamber. And he brake them from off his\r
+arms like a thread.\r
+\r
+16:13 And Delilah said unto Samson, Hitherto thou hast mocked me, and\r
+told me lies: tell me wherewith thou mightest be bound. And he said\r
+unto her, If thou weavest the seven locks of my head with the web.\r
+\r
+16:14 And she fastened it with the pin, and said unto him, The\r
+Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awaked out of his sleep, and\r
+went away with the pin of the beam, and with the web.\r
+\r
+16:15 And she said unto him, How canst thou say, I love thee, when\r
+thine heart is not with me? thou hast mocked me these three times, and\r
+hast not told me wherein thy great strength lieth.\r
+\r
+16:16 And it came to pass, when she pressed him daily with her words,\r
+and urged him, so that his soul was vexed unto death; 16:17 That he\r
+told her all his heart, and said unto her, There hath not come a razor\r
+upon mine head; for I have been a Nazarite unto God from my mother's\r
+womb: if I be shaven, then my strength will go from me, and I shall\r
+become weak, and be like any other man.\r
+\r
+16:18 And when Delilah saw that he had told her all his heart, she\r
+sent and called for the lords of the Philistines, saying, Come up this\r
+once, for he hath shewed me all his heart. Then the lords of the\r
+Philistines came up unto her, and brought money in their hand.\r
+\r
+16:19 And she made him sleep upon her knees; and she called for a man,\r
+and she caused him to shave off the seven locks of his head; and she\r
+began to afflict him, and his strength went from him.\r
+\r
+16:20 And she said, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he awoke\r
+out of his sleep, and said, I will go out as at other times before,\r
+and shake myself. And he wist not that the LORD was departed from him.\r
+\r
+16:21 But the Philistines took him, and put out his eyes, and brought\r
+him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetters of brass; and he did\r
+grind in the prison house.\r
+\r
+16:22 Howbeit the hair of his head began to grow again after he was\r
+shaven.\r
+\r
+16:23 Then the lords of the Philistines gathered them together for to\r
+offer a great sacrifice unto Dagon their god, and to rejoice: for they\r
+said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand.\r
+\r
+16:24 And when the people saw him, they praised their god: for they\r
+said, Our god hath delivered into our hands our enemy, and the\r
+destroyer of our country, which slew many of us.\r
+\r
+16:25 And it came to pass, when their hearts were merry, that they\r
+said, Call for Samson, that he may make us sport. And they called for\r
+Samson out of the prison house; and he made them sport: and they set\r
+him between the pillars.\r
+\r
+16:26 And Samson said unto the lad that held him by the hand, Suffer\r
+me that I may feel the pillars whereupon the house standeth, that I\r
+may lean upon them.\r
+\r
+16:27 Now the house was full of men and women; and all the lords of\r
+the Philistines were there; and there were upon the roof about three\r
+thousand men and women, that beheld while Samson made sport.\r
+\r
+16:28 And Samson called unto the LORD, and said, O Lord God, remember\r
+me, I pray thee, and strengthen me, I pray thee, only this once, O\r
+God, that I may be at once avenged of the Philistines for my two eyes.\r
+\r
+16:29 And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars upon which the\r
+house stood, and on which it was borne up, of the one with his right\r
+hand, and of the other with his left.\r
+\r
+16:30 And Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And he bowed\r
+himself with all his might; and the house fell upon the lords, and\r
+upon all the people that were therein. So the dead which he slew at\r
+his death were more than they which he slew in his life.\r
+\r
+16:31 Then his brethren and all the house of his father came down, and\r
+took him, and brought him up, and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol\r
+in the buryingplace of Manoah his father. And he judged Israel twenty\r
+years.\r
+\r
+17:1 And there was a man of mount Ephraim, whose name was Micah.\r
+\r
+17:2 And he said unto his mother, The eleven hundred shekels of silver\r
+that were taken from thee, about which thou cursedst, and spakest of\r
+also in mine ears, behold, the silver is with me; I took it. And his\r
+mother said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my son.\r
+\r
+17:3 And when he had restored the eleven hundred shekels of silver to\r
+his mother, his mother said, I had wholly dedicated the silver unto\r
+the LORD from my hand for my son, to make a graven image and a molten\r
+image: now therefore I will restore it unto thee.\r
+\r
+17:4 Yet he restored the money unto his mother; and his mother took\r
+two hundred shekels of silver, and gave them to the founder, who made\r
+thereof a graven image and a molten image: and they were in the house\r
+of Micah.\r
+\r
+17:5 And the man Micah had an house of gods, and made an ephod, and\r
+teraphim, and consecrated one of his sons, who became his priest.\r
+\r
+17:6 In those days there was no king in Israel, but every man did that\r
+which was right in his own eyes.\r
+\r
+17:7 And there was a young man out of Bethlehemjudah of the family of\r
+Judah, who was a Levite, and he sojourned there.\r
+\r
+17:8 And the man departed out of the city from Bethlehemjudah to\r
+sojourn where he could find a place: and he came to mount Ephraim to\r
+the house of Micah, as he journeyed.\r
+\r
+17:9 And Micah said unto him, Whence comest thou? And he said unto\r
+him, I am a Levite of Bethlehemjudah, and I go to sojourn where I may\r
+find a place.\r
+\r
+17:10 And Micah said unto him, Dwell with me, and be unto me a father\r
+and a priest, and I will give thee ten shekels of silver by the year,\r
+and a suit of apparel, and thy victuals. So the Levite went in.\r
+\r
+17:11 And the Levite was content to dwell with the man; and the young\r
+man was unto him as one of his sons.\r
+\r
+17:12 And Micah consecrated the Levite; and the young man became his\r
+priest, and was in the house of Micah.\r
+\r
+17:13 Then said Micah, Now know I that the LORD will do me good,\r
+seeing I have a Levite to my priest.\r
+\r
+18:1 In those days there was no king in Israel: and in those days the\r
+tribe of the Danites sought them an inheritance to dwell in; for unto\r
+that day all their inheritance had not fallen unto them among the\r
+tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+18:2 And the children of Dan sent of their family five men from their\r
+coasts, men of valour, from Zorah, and from Eshtaol, to spy out the\r
+land, and to search it; and they said unto them, Go, search the land:\r
+who when they came to mount Ephraim, to the house of Micah, they\r
+lodged there.\r
+\r
+18:3 When they were by the house of Micah, they knew the voice of the\r
+young man the Levite: and they turned in thither, and said unto him,\r
+Who brought thee hither? and what makest thou in this place? and what\r
+hast thou here? 18:4 And he said unto them, Thus and thus dealeth\r
+Micah with me, and hath hired me, and I am his priest.\r
+\r
+18:5 And they said unto him, Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God, that\r
+we may know whether our way which we go shall be prosperous.\r
+\r
+18:6 And the priest said unto them, Go in peace: before the LORD is\r
+your way wherein ye go.\r
+\r
+18:7 Then the five men departed, and came to Laish, and saw the people\r
+that were therein, how they dwelt careless, after the manner of the\r
+Zidonians, quiet and secure; and there was no magistrate in the land,\r
+that might put them to shame in any thing; and they were far from the\r
+Zidonians, and had no business with any man.\r
+\r
+18:8 And they came unto their brethren to Zorah and Eshtaol: and their\r
+brethren said unto them, What say ye? 18:9 And they said, Arise, that\r
+we may go up against them: for we have seen the land, and, behold, it\r
+is very good: and are ye still? be not slothful to go, and to enter to\r
+possess the land.\r
+\r
+18:10 When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a large\r
+land: for God hath given it into your hands; a place where there is no\r
+want of any thing that is in the earth.\r
+\r
+18:11 And there went from thence of the family of the Danites, out of\r
+Zorah and out of Eshtaol, six hundred men appointed with weapons of\r
+war.\r
+\r
+18:12 And they went up, and pitched in Kirjathjearim, in Judah:\r
+wherefore they called that place Mahanehdan unto this day: behold, it\r
+is behind Kirjathjearim.\r
+\r
+18:13 And they passed thence unto mount Ephraim, and came unto the\r
+house of Micah.\r
+\r
+18:14 Then answered the five men that went to spy out the country of\r
+Laish, and said unto their brethren, Do ye know that there is in these\r
+houses an ephod, and teraphim, and a graven image, and a molten image?\r
+now therefore consider what ye have to do.\r
+\r
+18:15 And they turned thitherward, and came to the house of the young\r
+man the Levite, even unto the house of Micah, and saluted him.\r
+\r
+18:16 And the six hundred men appointed with their weapons of war,\r
+which were of the children of Dan, stood by the entering of the gate.\r
+\r
+18:17 And the five men that went to spy out the land went up, and came\r
+in thither, and took the graven image, and the ephod, and the\r
+teraphim, and the molten image: and the priest stood in the entering\r
+of the gate with the six hundred men that were appointed with weapons\r
+of war.\r
+\r
+18:18 And these went into Micah's house, and fetched the carved image,\r
+the ephod, and the teraphim, and the molten image. Then said the\r
+priest unto them, What do ye? 18:19 And they said unto him, Hold thy\r
+peace, lay thine hand upon thy mouth, and go with us, and be to us a\r
+father and a priest: is it better for thee to be a priest unto the\r
+house of one man, or that thou be a priest unto a tribe and a family\r
+in Israel? 18:20 And the priest's heart was glad, and he took the\r
+ephod, and the teraphim, and the graven image, and went in the midst\r
+of the people.\r
+\r
+18:21 So they turned and departed, and put the little ones and the\r
+cattle and the carriage before them.\r
+\r
+18:22 And when they were a good way from the house of Micah, the men\r
+that were in the houses near to Micah's house were gathered together,\r
+and overtook the children of Dan.\r
+\r
+18:23 And they cried unto the children of Dan. And they turned their\r
+faces, and said unto Micah, What aileth thee, that thou comest with\r
+such a company? 18:24 And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I\r
+made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? and\r
+what is this that ye say unto me, What aileth thee? 18:25 And the\r
+children of Dan said unto him, Let not thy voice be heard among us,\r
+lest angry fellows run upon thee, and thou lose thy life, with the\r
+lives of thy household.\r
+\r
+18:26 And the children of Dan went their way: and when Micah saw that\r
+they were too strong for him, he turned and went back unto his house.\r
+\r
+18:27 And they took the things which Micah had made, and the priest\r
+which he had, and came unto Laish, unto a people that were at quiet\r
+and secure: and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and burnt\r
+the city with fire.\r
+\r
+18:28 And there was no deliverer, because it was far from Zidon, and\r
+they had no business with any man; and it was in the valley that lieth\r
+by Bethrehob. And they built a city, and dwelt therein.\r
+\r
+18:29 And they called the name of the city Dan, after the name of Dan\r
+their father, who was born unto Israel: howbeit the name of the city\r
+was Laish at the first.\r
+\r
+18:30 And the children of Dan set up the graven image: and Jonathan,\r
+the son of Gershom, the son of Manasseh, he and his sons were priests\r
+to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity of the land.\r
+\r
+18:31 And they set them up Micah's graven image, which he made, all\r
+the time that the house of God was in Shiloh.\r
+\r
+19:1 And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in\r
+Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of\r
+mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehemjudah.\r
+\r
+19:2 And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away\r
+from him unto her father's house to Bethlehemjudah, and was there four\r
+whole months.\r
+\r
+19:3 And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto\r
+her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple\r
+of asses: and she brought him into her father's house: and when the\r
+father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.\r
+\r
+19:4 And his father in law, the damsel's father, retained him; and he\r
+abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged\r
+there.\r
+\r
+19:5 And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in\r
+the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel's father said\r
+unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and\r
+afterward go your way.\r
+\r
+19:6 And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together:\r
+for the damsel's father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray\r
+thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.\r
+\r
+19:7 And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him:\r
+therefore he lodged there again.\r
+\r
+19:8 And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart; and\r
+the damsel's father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they\r
+tarried until afternoon, and they did eat both of them.\r
+\r
+19:9 And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and\r
+his servant, his father in law, the damsel's father, said unto him,\r
+Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all\r
+night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart\r
+may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou\r
+mayest go home.\r
+\r
+19:10 But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and\r
+departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there\r
+were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.\r
+\r
+19:11 And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the\r
+servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in\r
+into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.\r
+\r
+19:12 And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into\r
+the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will\r
+pass over to Gibeah.\r
+\r
+19:13 And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one\r
+of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.\r
+\r
+19:14 And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down\r
+upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.\r
+\r
+19:15 And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah:\r
+and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for\r
+there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.\r
+\r
+19:16 And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the\r
+field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in\r
+Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.\r
+\r
+19:17 And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in\r
+the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and\r
+whence comest thou? 19:18 And he said unto him, We are passing from\r
+Bethlehemjudah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and\r
+I went to Bethlehemjudah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD;\r
+and there is no man that receiveth me to house.\r
+\r
+19:19 Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there\r
+is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young\r
+man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.\r
+\r
+19:20 And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy\r
+wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.\r
+\r
+19:21 So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the\r
+asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.\r
+\r
+19:22 Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of\r
+the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and\r
+beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man,\r
+saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may\r
+know him.\r
+\r
+19:23 And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and\r
+said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly;\r
+seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.\r
+\r
+19:24 Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I\r
+will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth\r
+good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing.\r
+\r
+19:25 But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his\r
+concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and\r
+abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to\r
+spring, they let her go.\r
+\r
+19:26 Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at\r
+the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light.\r
+\r
+19:27 And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the\r
+house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his\r
+concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were\r
+upon the threshold.\r
+\r
+19:28 And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none\r
+answered.\r
+\r
+Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him\r
+unto his place.\r
+\r
+19:29 And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid\r
+hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into\r
+twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.\r
+\r
+19:30 And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed\r
+done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of\r
+the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and\r
+speak your minds.\r
+\r
+20:1 Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation\r
+was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the\r
+land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh.\r
+\r
+20:2 And the chief of all the people, even of all the tribes of\r
+Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God,\r
+four hundred thousand footmen that drew sword.\r
+\r
+20:3 (Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel\r
+were gone up to Mizpeh.) Then said the children of Israel, Tell us,\r
+how was this wickedness? 20:4 And the Levite, the husband of the\r
+woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that\r
+belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge.\r
+\r
+20:5 And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round\r
+about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine\r
+have they forced, that she is dead.\r
+\r
+20:6 And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her\r
+throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have\r
+committed lewdness and folly in Israel.\r
+\r
+20:7 Behold, ye are all children of Israel; give here your advice and\r
+counsel.\r
+\r
+20:8 And all the people arose as one man, saying, We will not any of\r
+us go to his tent, neither will we any of us turn into his house.\r
+\r
+20:9 But now this shall be the thing which we will do to Gibeah; we\r
+will go up by lot against it; 20:10 And we will take ten men of an\r
+hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and an hundred of a\r
+thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand, to fetch victual for the\r
+people, that they may do, when they come to Gibeah of Benjamin,\r
+according to all the folly that they have wrought in Israel.\r
+\r
+20:11 So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit\r
+together as one man.\r
+\r
+20:12 And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of\r
+Benjamin, saying, What wickedness is this that is done among you?\r
+20:13 Now therefore deliver us the men, the children of Belial, which\r
+are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death, and put away evil from\r
+Israel. But the children of Benjamin would not hearken to the voice of\r
+their brethren the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+20:14 But the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of\r
+the cities unto Gibeah, to go out to battle against the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+20:15 And the children of Benjamin were numbered at that time out of\r
+the cities twenty and six thousand men that drew sword, beside the\r
+inhabitants of Gibeah, which were numbered seven hundred chosen men.\r
+\r
+20:16 Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men\r
+lefthanded; every one could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not\r
+miss.\r
+\r
+20:17 And the men of Israel, beside Benjamin, were numbered four\r
+hundred thousand men that drew sword: all these were men of war.\r
+\r
+20:18 And the children of Israel arose, and went up to the house of\r
+God, and asked counsel of God, and said, Which of us shall go up first\r
+to the battle against the children of Benjamin? And the LORD said,\r
+Judah shall go up first.\r
+\r
+20:19 And the children of Israel rose up in the morning, and encamped\r
+against Gibeah.\r
+\r
+20:20 And the men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin; and\r
+the men of Israel put themselves in array to fight against them at\r
+Gibeah.\r
+\r
+20:21 And the children of Benjamin came forth out of Gibeah, and\r
+destroyed down to the ground of the Israelites that day twenty and two\r
+thousand men.\r
+\r
+20:22 And the people the men of Israel encouraged themselves, and set\r
+their battle again in array in the place where they put themselves in\r
+array the first day.\r
+\r
+20:23 (And the children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD\r
+until even, and asked counsel of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up again\r
+to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother? And the LORD\r
+said, Go up against him.) 20:24 And the children of Israel came near\r
+against the children of Benjamin the second day.\r
+\r
+20:25 And Benjamin went forth against them out of Gibeah the second\r
+day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again\r
+eighteen thousand men; all these drew the sword.\r
+\r
+20:26 Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up,\r
+and came unto the house of God, and wept, and sat there before the\r
+LORD, and fasted that day until even, and offered burnt offerings and\r
+peace offerings before the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:27 And the children of Israel enquired of the LORD, (for the ark of\r
+the covenant of God was there in those days, 20:28 And Phinehas, the\r
+son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days,)\r
+saying, Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of\r
+Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease? And the LORD said, Go up; for\r
+to morrow I will deliver them into thine hand.\r
+\r
+20:29 And Israel set liers in wait round about Gibeah.\r
+\r
+20:30 And the children of Israel went up against the children of\r
+Benjamin on the third day, and put themselves in array against Gibeah,\r
+as at other times.\r
+\r
+20:31 And the children of Benjamin went out against the people, and\r
+were drawn away from the city; and they began to smite of the people,\r
+and kill, as at other times, in the highways, of which one goeth up to\r
+the house of God, and the other to Gibeah in the field, about thirty\r
+men of Israel.\r
+\r
+20:32 And the children of Benjamin said, They are smitten down before\r
+us, as at the first. But the children of Israel said, Let us flee, and\r
+draw them from the city unto the highways.\r
+\r
+20:33 And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put\r
+themselves in array at Baaltamar: and the liers in wait of Israel came\r
+forth out of their places, even out of the meadows of Gibeah.\r
+\r
+20:34 And there came against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all\r
+Israel, and the battle was sore: but they knew not that evil was near\r
+them.\r
+\r
+20:35 And the LORD smote Benjamin before Israel: and the children of\r
+Israel destroyed of the Benjamites that day twenty and five thousand\r
+and an hundred men: all these drew the sword.\r
+\r
+20:36 So the children of Benjamin saw that they were smitten: for the\r
+men of Israel gave place to the Benjamites, because they trusted unto\r
+the liers in wait which they had set beside Gibeah.\r
+\r
+20:37 And the liers in wait hasted, and rushed upon Gibeah; and the\r
+liers in wait drew themselves along, and smote all the city with the\r
+edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+20:38 Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel and\r
+the liers in wait, that they should make a great flame with smoke rise\r
+up out of the city.\r
+\r
+20:39 And when the men of Israel retired in the battle, Benjamin began\r
+to smite and kill of the men of Israel about thirty persons: for they\r
+said, Surely they are smitten down before us, as in the first battle.\r
+\r
+20:40 But when the flame began to arise up out of the city with a\r
+pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them, and, behold, the\r
+flame of the city ascended up to heaven.\r
+\r
+20:41 And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of Benjamin\r
+were amazed: for they saw that evil was come upon them.\r
+\r
+20:42 Therefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel unto\r
+the way of the wilderness; but the battle overtook them; and them\r
+which came out of the cities they destroyed in the midst of them.\r
+\r
+20:43 Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them,\r
+and trode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward the\r
+sunrising.\r
+\r
+20:44 And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were\r
+men of valour.\r
+\r
+20:45 And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of\r
+Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men;\r
+and pursued hard after them unto Gidom, and slew two thousand men of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+20:46 So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five\r
+thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of valour.\r
+\r
+20:47 But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the\r
+rock Rimmon, and abode in the rock Rimmon four months.\r
+\r
+20:48 And the men of Israel turned again upon the children of\r
+Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men\r
+of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand: also they set\r
+on fire all the cities that they came to.\r
+\r
+21:1 Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall\r
+not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.\r
+\r
+21:2 And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till\r
+even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore; 21:3 And\r
+said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that\r
+there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel? 21:4 And it came\r
+to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an\r
+altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.\r
+\r
+21:5 And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the\r
+tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the LORD?\r
+For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the\r
+LORD to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death.\r
+\r
+21:6 And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their\r
+brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day.\r
+\r
+21:7 How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have\r
+sworn by the LORD that we will not give them of our daughters to\r
+wives? 21:8 And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel\r
+that came not up to Mizpeh to the LORD? And, behold, there came none\r
+to the camp from Jabeshgilead to the assembly.\r
+\r
+21:9 For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the\r
+inhabitants of Jabeshgilead there.\r
+\r
+21:10 And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the\r
+valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants\r
+of Jabeshgilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the\r
+children.\r
+\r
+21:11 And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy\r
+every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.\r
+\r
+21:12 And they found among the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead four\r
+hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male:\r
+and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of\r
+Canaan.\r
+\r
+21:13 And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of\r
+Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto\r
+them.\r
+\r
+21:14 And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives\r
+which they had saved alive of the women of Jabeshgilead: and yet so\r
+they sufficed them not.\r
+\r
+21:15 And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the LORD\r
+had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:16 Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for\r
+wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of\r
+Benjamin? 21:17 And they said, There must be an inheritance for them\r
+that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+21:18 Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the\r
+children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife\r
+to Benjamin.\r
+\r
+21:19 Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the LORD in Shiloh\r
+yearly in a place which is on the north side of Bethel, on the east\r
+side of the highway that goeth up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the\r
+south of Lebonah.\r
+\r
+21:20 Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go\r
+and lie in wait in the vineyards; 21:21 And see, and, behold, if the\r
+daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of\r
+the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of\r
+Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.\r
+\r
+21:22 And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto\r
+us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them\r
+for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the\r
+war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be\r
+guilty.\r
+\r
+21:23 And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives,\r
+according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and\r
+they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the\r
+cities, and dwelt in them.\r
+\r
+21:24 And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every\r
+man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence\r
+every man to his inheritance.\r
+\r
+21:25 In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that\r
+which was right in his own eyes.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Ruth\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there\r
+was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehemjudah went to\r
+sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.\r
+\r
+1:2 And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife\r
+Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of\r
+Bethlehemjudah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued\r
+there.\r
+\r
+1:3 And Elimelech Naomi's husband died; and she was left, and her two\r
+sons.\r
+\r
+1:4 And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one\r
+was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelled there\r
+about ten years.\r
+\r
+1:5 And Mahlon and Chilion died also both of them; and the woman was\r
+left of her two sons and her husband.\r
+\r
+1:6 Then she arose with her daughters in law, that she might return\r
+from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how\r
+that the LORD had visited his people in giving them bread.\r
+\r
+1:7 Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she was, and her\r
+two daughters in law with her; and they went on the way to return unto\r
+the land of Judah.\r
+\r
+1:8 And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to\r
+her mother's house: the LORD deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt\r
+with the dead, and with me.\r
+\r
+1:9 The LORD grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house\r
+of her husband. Then she kissed them; and they lifted up their voice,\r
+and wept.\r
+\r
+1:10 And they said unto her, Surely we will return with thee unto thy\r
+people.\r
+\r
+1:11 And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me?\r
+are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your\r
+husbands? 1:12 Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too\r
+old to have an husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should have\r
+an husband also to night, and should also bear sons; 1:13 Would ye\r
+tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them from\r
+having husbands? nay, my daughters; for it grieveth me much for your\r
+sakes that the hand of the LORD is gone out against me.\r
+\r
+1:14 And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed\r
+her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her.\r
+\r
+1:15 And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her\r
+people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law.\r
+\r
+1:16 And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from\r
+following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where\r
+thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God\r
+my God: 1:17 Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried:\r
+the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and\r
+me.\r
+\r
+1:18 When she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, then\r
+she left speaking unto her.\r
+\r
+1:19 So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. And it came to\r
+pass, when they were come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved\r
+about them, and they said, Is this Naomi? 1:20 And she said unto\r
+them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt\r
+very bitterly with me.\r
+\r
+1:21 I went out full and the LORD hath brought me home again empty:\r
+why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me,\r
+and the Almighty hath afflicted me? 1:22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth\r
+the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of\r
+the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of\r
+barley harvest.\r
+\r
+2:1 And Naomi had a kinsman of her husband's, a mighty man of wealth,\r
+of the family of Elimelech; and his name was Boaz.\r
+\r
+2:2 And Ruth the Moabitess said unto Naomi, Let me now go to the\r
+field, and glean ears of corn after him in whose sight I shall find\r
+grace.\r
+\r
+And she said unto her, Go, my daughter.\r
+\r
+2:3 And she went, and came, and gleaned in the field after the\r
+reapers: and her hap was to light on a part of the field belonging\r
+unto Boaz, who was of the kindred of Elimelech.\r
+\r
+2:4 And, behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said unto the reapers,\r
+The LORD be with you. And they answered him, The LORD bless thee.\r
+\r
+2:5 Then said Boaz unto his servant that was set over the reapers,\r
+Whose damsel is this? 2:6 And the servant that was set over the\r
+reapers answered and said, It is the Moabitish damsel that came back\r
+with Naomi out of the country of Moab: 2:7 And she said, I pray you,\r
+let me glean and gather after the reapers among the sheaves: so she\r
+came, and hath continued even from the morning until now, that she\r
+tarried a little in the house.\r
+\r
+2:8 Then said Boaz unto Ruth, Hearest thou not, my daughter? Go not to\r
+glean in another field, neither go from hence, but abide here fast by\r
+my maidens: 2:9 Let thine eyes be on the field that they do reap, and\r
+go thou after them: have I not charged the young men that they shall\r
+not touch thee? and when thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and\r
+drink of that which the young men have drawn.\r
+\r
+2:10 Then she fell on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, and\r
+said unto him, Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou\r
+shouldest take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stranger? 2:11 And Boaz\r
+answered and said unto her, It hath fully been shewed me, all that\r
+thou hast done unto thy mother in law since the death of thine\r
+husband: and how thou hast left thy father and thy mother, and the\r
+land of thy nativity, and art come unto a people which thou knewest\r
+not heretofore.\r
+\r
+2:12 The LORD recompense thy work, and a full reward be given thee of\r
+the LORD God of Israel, under whose wings thou art come to trust.\r
+\r
+2:13 Then she said, Let me find favour in thy sight, my lord; for that\r
+thou hast comforted me, and for that thou hast spoken friendly unto\r
+thine handmaid, though I be not like unto one of thine handmaidens.\r
+\r
+2:14 And Boaz said unto her, At mealtime come thou hither, and eat of\r
+the bread, and dip thy morsel in the vinegar. And she sat beside the\r
+reapers: and he reached her parched corn, and she did eat, and was\r
+sufficed, and left.\r
+\r
+2:15 And when she was risen up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men,\r
+saying, Let her glean even among the sheaves, and reproach her not:\r
+2:16 And let fall also some of the handfuls of purpose for her, and\r
+leave them, that she may glean them, and rebuke her not.\r
+\r
+2:17 So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had\r
+gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley.\r
+\r
+2:18 And she took it up, and went into the city: and her mother in law\r
+saw what she had gleaned: and she brought forth, and gave to her that\r
+she had reserved after she was sufficed.\r
+\r
+2:19 And her mother in law said unto her, Where hast thou gleaned to\r
+day? and where wroughtest thou? blessed be he that did take knowledge\r
+of thee. And she shewed her mother in law with whom she had wrought,\r
+and said, The man's name with whom I wrought to day is Boaz.\r
+\r
+2:20 And Naomi said unto her daughter in law, Blessed be he of the\r
+LORD, who hath not left off his kindness to the living and to the\r
+dead. And Naomi said unto her, The man is near of kin unto us, one of\r
+our next kinsmen.\r
+\r
+2:21 And Ruth the Moabitess said, He said unto me also, Thou shalt\r
+keep fast by my young men, until they have ended all my harvest.\r
+\r
+2:22 And Naomi said unto Ruth her daughter in law, It is good, my\r
+daughter, that thou go out with his maidens, that they meet thee not\r
+in any other field.\r
+\r
+2:23 So she kept fast by the maidens of Boaz to glean unto the end of\r
+barley harvest and of wheat harvest; and dwelt with her mother in law.\r
+\r
+3:1 Then Naomi her mother in law said unto her, My daughter, shall I\r
+not seek rest for thee, that it may be well with thee? 3:2 And now is\r
+not Boaz of our kindred, with whose maidens thou wast? Behold, he\r
+winnoweth barley to night in the threshingfloor.\r
+\r
+3:3 Wash thyself therefore, and anoint thee, and put thy raiment upon\r
+thee, and get thee down to the floor: but make not thyself known unto\r
+the man, until he shall have done eating and drinking.\r
+\r
+3:4 And it shall be, when he lieth down, that thou shalt mark the\r
+place where he shall lie, and thou shalt go in, and uncover his feet,\r
+and lay thee down; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do.\r
+\r
+3:5 And she said unto her, All that thou sayest unto me I will do.\r
+\r
+3:6 And she went down unto the floor, and did according to all that\r
+her mother in law bade her.\r
+\r
+3:7 And when Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was merry, he\r
+went to lie down at the end of the heap of corn: and she came softly,\r
+and uncovered his feet, and laid her down.\r
+\r
+3:8 And it came to pass at midnight, that the man was afraid, and\r
+turned himself: and, behold, a woman lay at his feet.\r
+\r
+3:9 And he said, Who art thou? And she answered, I am Ruth thine\r
+handmaid: spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid; for thou art\r
+a near kinsman.\r
+\r
+3:10 And he said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my daughter: for thou\r
+hast shewed more kindness in the latter end than at the beginning,\r
+inasmuch as thou followedst not young men, whether poor or rich.\r
+\r
+3:11 And now, my daughter, fear not; I will do to thee all that thou\r
+requirest: for all the city of my people doth know that thou art a\r
+virtuous woman.\r
+\r
+3:12 And now it is true that I am thy near kinsman: howbeit there is a\r
+kinsman nearer than I.\r
+\r
+3:13 Tarry this night, and it shall be in the morning, that if he will\r
+perform unto thee the part of a kinsman, well; let him do the\r
+kinsman's part: but if he will not do the part of a kinsman to thee,\r
+then will I do the part of a kinsman to thee, as the LORD liveth: lie\r
+down until the morning.\r
+\r
+3:14 And she lay at his feet until the morning: and she rose up before\r
+one could know another. And he said, Let it not be known that a woman\r
+came into the floor.\r
+\r
+3:15 Also he said, Bring the vail that thou hast upon thee, and hold\r
+it.\r
+\r
+And when she held it, he measured six measures of barley, and laid it\r
+on her: and she went into the city.\r
+\r
+3:16 And when she came to her mother in law, she said, Who art thou,\r
+my daughter? And she told her all that the man had done to her.\r
+\r
+3:17 And she said, These six measures of barley gave he me; for he\r
+said to me, Go not empty unto thy mother in law.\r
+\r
+3:18 Then said she, Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the\r
+matter will fall: for the man will not be in rest, until he have\r
+finished the thing this day.\r
+\r
+4:1 Then went Boaz up to the gate, and sat him down there: and,\r
+behold, the kinsman of whom Boaz spake came by; unto whom he said, Ho,\r
+such a one! turn aside, sit down here. And he turned aside, and sat\r
+down.\r
+\r
+4:2 And he took ten men of the elders of the city, and said, Sit ye\r
+down here. And they sat down.\r
+\r
+4:3 And he said unto the kinsman, Naomi, that is come again out of the\r
+country of Moab, selleth a parcel of land, which was our brother\r
+Elimelech's: 4:4 And I thought to advertise thee, saying, Buy it\r
+before the inhabitants, and before the elders of my people. If thou\r
+wilt redeem it, redeem it: but if thou wilt not redeem it, then tell\r
+me, that I may know: for there is none to redeem it beside thee; and I\r
+am after thee. And he said, I will redeem it.\r
+\r
+4:5 Then said Boaz, What day thou buyest the field of the hand of\r
+Naomi, thou must buy it also of Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the\r
+dead, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance.\r
+\r
+4:6 And the kinsman said, I cannot redeem it for myself, lest I mar\r
+mine own inheritance: redeem thou my right to thyself; for I cannot\r
+redeem it.\r
+\r
+4:7 Now this was the manner in former time in Israel concerning\r
+redeeming and concerning changing, for to confirm all things; a man\r
+plucked off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour: and this was a\r
+testimony in Israel.\r
+\r
+4:8 Therefore the kinsman said unto Boaz, Buy it for thee. So he drew\r
+off his shoe.\r
+\r
+4:9 And Boaz said unto the elders, and unto all the people, Ye are\r
+witnesses this day, that I have bought all that was Elimelech's, and\r
+all that was Chilion's and Mahlon's, of the hand of Naomi.\r
+\r
+4:10 Moreover Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, have I purchased\r
+to be my wife, to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance,\r
+that the name of the dead be not cut off from among his brethren, and\r
+from the gate of his place: ye are witnesses this day.\r
+\r
+4:11 And all the people that were in the gate, and the elders, said,\r
+We are witnesses. The LORD make the woman that is come into thine\r
+house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the house of\r
+Israel: and do thou worthily in Ephratah, and be famous in Bethlehem:\r
+4:12 And let thy house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bare\r
+unto Judah, of the seed which the LORD shall give thee of this young\r
+woman.\r
+\r
+4:13 So Boaz took Ruth, and she was his wife: and when he went in unto\r
+her, the LORD gave her conception, and she bare a son.\r
+\r
+4:14 And the women said unto Naomi, Blessed be the LORD, which hath\r
+not left thee this day without a kinsman, that his name may be famous\r
+in Israel.\r
+\r
+4:15 And he shall be unto thee a restorer of thy life, and a nourisher\r
+of thine old age: for thy daughter in law, which loveth thee, which is\r
+better to thee than seven sons, hath born him.\r
+\r
+4:16 And Naomi took the child, and laid it in her bosom, and became\r
+nurse unto it.\r
+\r
+4:17 And the women her neighbours gave it a name, saying, There is a\r
+son born to Naomi; and they called his name Obed: he is the father of\r
+Jesse, the father of David.\r
+\r
+4:18 Now these are the generations of Pharez: Pharez begat Hezron,\r
+4:19 And Hezron begat Ram, and Ram begat Amminadab, 4:20 And Amminadab\r
+begat Nahshon, and Nahshon begat Salmon, 4:21 And Salmon begat Boaz,\r
+and Boaz begat Obed, 4:22 And Obed begat Jesse, and Jesse begat David.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Book of Samuel\r
+\r
+Otherwise Called:\r
+\r
+The First Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now there was a certain man of Ramathaimzophim, of mount Ephraim,\r
+and his name was Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the\r
+son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephrathite: 1:2 And he had two wives;\r
+the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah:\r
+and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children.\r
+\r
+1:3 And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to\r
+sacrifice unto the LORD of hosts in Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli,\r
+Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the LORD, were there.\r
+\r
+1:4 And when the time was that Elkanah offered, he gave to Peninnah\r
+his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions: 1:5 But\r
+unto Hannah he gave a worthy portion; for he loved Hannah: but the\r
+LORD had shut up her womb.\r
+\r
+1:6 And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret,\r
+because the LORD had shut up her womb.\r
+\r
+1:7 And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of\r
+the LORD, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat.\r
+\r
+1:8 Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou?\r
+and why eatest thou not? and why is thy heart grieved? am not I better\r
+to thee than ten sons? 1:9 So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in\r
+Shiloh, and after they had drunk. Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat\r
+by a post of the temple of the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:10 And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the LORD, and\r
+wept sore.\r
+\r
+1:11 And she vowed a vow, and said, O LORD of hosts, if thou wilt\r
+indeed look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and remember me, and\r
+not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid a man\r
+child, then I will give him unto the LORD all the days of his life,\r
+and there shall no razor come upon his head.\r
+\r
+1:12 And it came to pass, as she continued praying before the LORD,\r
+that Eli marked her mouth.\r
+\r
+1:13 Now Hannah, she spake in her heart; only her lips moved, but her\r
+voice was not heard: therefore Eli thought she had been drunken.\r
+\r
+1:14 And Eli said unto her, How long wilt thou be drunken? put away\r
+thy wine from thee.\r
+\r
+1:15 And Hannah answered and said, No, my lord, I am a woman of a\r
+sorrowful spirit: I have drunk neither wine nor strong drink, but have\r
+poured out my soul before the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:16 Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial: for out of the\r
+abundance of my complaint and grief have I spoken hitherto.\r
+\r
+1:17 Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace: and the God of Israel\r
+grant thee thy petition that thou hast asked of him.\r
+\r
+1:18 And she said, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. So the\r
+woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.\r
+\r
+1:19 And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the\r
+LORD, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew\r
+Hannah his wife; and the LORD remembered her.\r
+\r
+1:20 Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after\r
+Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel,\r
+saying, Because I have asked him of the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:21 And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the\r
+LORD the yearly sacrifice, and his vow.\r
+\r
+1:22 But Hannah went not up; for she said unto her husband, I will not\r
+go up until the child be weaned, and then I will bring him, that he\r
+may appear before the LORD, and there abide for ever.\r
+\r
+1:23 And Elkanah her husband said unto her, Do what seemeth thee good;\r
+tarry until thou have weaned him; only the LORD establish his word. So\r
+the woman abode, and gave her son suck until she weaned him.\r
+\r
+1:24 And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three\r
+bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought\r
+him unto the house of the LORD in Shiloh: and the child was young.\r
+\r
+1:25 And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli.\r
+\r
+1:26 And she said, Oh my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, I am the\r
+woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:27 For this child I prayed; and the LORD hath given me my petition\r
+which I asked of him: 1:28 Therefore also I have lent him to the LORD;\r
+as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the LORD. And he worshipped\r
+the LORD there.\r
+\r
+2:1 And Hannah prayed, and said, My heart rejoiceth in the LORD, mine\r
+horn is exalted in the LORD: my mouth is enlarged over mine enemies;\r
+because I rejoice in thy salvation.\r
+\r
+2:2 There is none holy as the LORD: for there is none beside thee:\r
+neither is there any rock like our God.\r
+\r
+2:3 Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of\r
+your mouth: for the LORD is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are\r
+weighed.\r
+\r
+2:4 The bows of the mighty men are broken, and they that stumbled are\r
+girded with strength.\r
+\r
+2:5 They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they\r
+that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she\r
+that hath many children is waxed feeble.\r
+\r
+2:6 The LORD killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave,\r
+and bringeth up.\r
+\r
+2:7 The LORD maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and\r
+lifteth up.\r
+\r
+2:8 He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar\r
+from the dunghill, to set them among princes, and to make them inherit\r
+the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the LORD's, and\r
+he hath set the world upon them.\r
+\r
+2:9 He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be\r
+silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail.\r
+\r
+2:10 The adversaries of the LORD shall be broken to pieces; out of\r
+heaven shall he thunder upon them: the LORD shall judge the ends of\r
+the earth; and he shall give strength unto his king, and exalt the\r
+horn of his anointed.\r
+\r
+2:11 And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. And the child did\r
+minister unto the LORD before Eli the priest.\r
+\r
+2:12 Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:13 And the priest's custom with the people was, that, when any man\r
+offered sacrifice, the priest's servant came, while the flesh was in\r
+seething, with a fleshhook of three teeth in his hand; 2:14 And he\r
+struck it into the pan, or kettle, or caldron, or pot; all that the\r
+fleshhook brought up the priest took for himself. So they did in\r
+Shiloh unto all the Israelites that came thither.\r
+\r
+2:15 Also before they burnt the fat, the priest's servant came, and\r
+said to the man that sacrificed, Give flesh to roast for the priest;\r
+for he will not have sodden flesh of thee, but raw.\r
+\r
+2:16 And if any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat\r
+presently, and then take as much as thy soul desireth; then he would\r
+answer him, Nay; but thou shalt give it me now: and if not, I will\r
+take it by force.\r
+\r
+2:17 Wherefore the sin of the young men was very great before the\r
+LORD: for men abhorred the offering of the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:18 But Samuel ministered before the LORD, being a child, girded with\r
+a linen ephod.\r
+\r
+2:19 Moreover his mother made him a little coat, and brought it to him\r
+from year to year, when she came up with her husband to offer the\r
+yearly sacrifice.\r
+\r
+2:20 And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The LORD give\r
+thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the LORD. And\r
+they went unto their own home.\r
+\r
+2:21 And the LORD visited Hannah, so that she conceived, and bare\r
+three sons and two daughters. And the child Samuel grew before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+2:22 Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all\r
+Israel; and how they lay with the women that assembled at the door of\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+2:23 And he said unto them, Why do ye such things? for I hear of your\r
+evil dealings by all this people.\r
+\r
+2:24 Nay, my sons; for it is no good report that I hear: ye make the\r
+LORD's people to transgress.\r
+\r
+2:25 If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if\r
+a man sin against the LORD, who shall intreat for him? Notwithstanding\r
+they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the LORD\r
+would slay them.\r
+\r
+2:26 And the child Samuel grew on, and was in favour both with the\r
+LORD, and also with men.\r
+\r
+2:27 And there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus\r
+saith the LORD, Did I plainly appear unto the house of thy father,\r
+when they were in Egypt in Pharaoh's house? 2:28 And did I choose him\r
+out of all the tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer upon mine\r
+altar, to burn incense, to wear an ephod before me? and did I give\r
+unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the\r
+children of Israel? 2:29 Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice and at\r
+mine offering, which I have commanded in my habitation; and honourest\r
+thy sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the chiefest of all the\r
+offerings of Israel my people? 2:30 Wherefore the LORD God of Israel\r
+saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father,\r
+should walk before me for ever: but now the LORD saith, Be it far from\r
+me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me\r
+shall be lightly esteemed.\r
+\r
+2:31 Behold, the days come, that I will cut off thine arm, and the arm\r
+of thy father's house, that there shall not be an old man in thine\r
+house.\r
+\r
+2:32 And thou shalt see an enemy in my habitation, in all the wealth\r
+which God shall give Israel: and there shall not be an old man in\r
+thine house for ever.\r
+\r
+2:33 And the man of thine, whom I shall not cut off from mine altar,\r
+shall be to consume thine eyes, and to grieve thine heart: and all the\r
+increase of thine house shall die in the flower of their age.\r
+\r
+2:34 And this shall be a sign unto thee, that shall come upon thy two\r
+sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die both of them.\r
+\r
+2:35 And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according\r
+to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a\r
+sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever.\r
+\r
+2:36 And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine\r
+house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel\r
+of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests'\r
+offices, that I may eat a piece of bread.\r
+\r
+3:1 And the child Samuel ministered unto the LORD before Eli. And the\r
+word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision.\r
+\r
+3:2 And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his\r
+place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; 3:3 And\r
+ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the LORD, where the ark\r
+of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; 3:4 That the LORD\r
+called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I.\r
+\r
+3:5 And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me.\r
+And he said, I called not; lie down again. And he went and lay down.\r
+\r
+3:6 And the LORD called yet again, Samuel. And Samuel arose and went\r
+to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And he answered,\r
+I called not, my son; lie down again.\r
+\r
+3:7 Now Samuel did not yet know the LORD, neither was the word of the\r
+LORD yet revealed unto him.\r
+\r
+3:8 And the LORD called Samuel again the third time. And he arose and\r
+went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And Eli\r
+perceived that the LORD had called the child.\r
+\r
+3:9 Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down: and it shall be, if\r
+he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak, LORD; for thy servant\r
+heareth. So Samuel went and lay down in his place.\r
+\r
+3:10 And the LORD came, and stood, and called as at other times,\r
+Samuel, Samuel. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the LORD said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel,\r
+at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle.\r
+\r
+3:12 In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have\r
+spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end.\r
+\r
+3:13 For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the\r
+iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and\r
+he restrained them not.\r
+\r
+3:14 And therefore I have sworn unto the house of Eli, that the\r
+iniquity of Eli's house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor\r
+offering for ever.\r
+\r
+3:15 And Samuel lay until the morning, and opened the doors of the\r
+house of the LORD. And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision.\r
+\r
+3:16 Then Eli called Samuel, and said, Samuel, my son. And he\r
+answered, Here am I.\r
+\r
+3:17 And he said, What is the thing that the LORD hath said unto thee?\r
+I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if\r
+thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee.\r
+\r
+3:18 And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him. And he\r
+said, It is the LORD: let him do what seemeth him good.\r
+\r
+3:19 And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him, and did let none of\r
+his words fall to the ground.\r
+\r
+3:20 And all Israel from Dan even to Beersheba knew that Samuel was\r
+established to be a prophet of the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:21 And the LORD appeared again in Shiloh: for the LORD revealed\r
+himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:1 And the word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out\r
+against the Philistines to battle, and pitched beside Ebenezer: and\r
+the Philistines pitched in Aphek.\r
+\r
+4:2 And the Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and\r
+when they joined battle, Israel was smitten before the Philistines:\r
+and they slew of the army in the field about four thousand men.\r
+\r
+4:3 And when the people were come into the camp, the elders of Israel\r
+said, Wherefore hath the LORD smitten us to day before the\r
+Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of\r
+Shiloh unto us, that, when it cometh among us, it may save us out of\r
+the hand of our enemies.\r
+\r
+4:4 So the people sent to Shiloh, that they might bring from thence\r
+the ark of the covenant of the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth between\r
+the cherubims: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were\r
+there with the ark of the covenant of God.\r
+\r
+4:5 And when the ark of the covenant of the LORD came into the camp,\r
+all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again.\r
+\r
+4:6 And when the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said,\r
+What meaneth the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews?\r
+And they understood that the ark of the LORD was come into the camp.\r
+\r
+4:7 And the Philistines were afraid, for they said, God is come into\r
+the camp. And they said, Woe unto us! for there hath not been such a\r
+thing heretofore.\r
+\r
+4:8 Woe unto us! who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty\r
+Gods? these are the Gods that smote the Egyptians with all the plagues\r
+in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+4:9 Be strong and quit yourselves like men, O ye Philistines, that ye\r
+be not servants unto the Hebrews, as they have been to you: quit\r
+yourselves like men, and fight.\r
+\r
+4:10 And the Philistines fought, and Israel was smitten, and they fled\r
+every man into his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for\r
+there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen.\r
+\r
+4:11 And the ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and\r
+Phinehas, were slain.\r
+\r
+4:12 And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to\r
+Shiloh the same day with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his\r
+head.\r
+\r
+4:13 And when he came, lo, Eli sat upon a seat by the wayside\r
+watching: for his heart trembled for the ark of God. And when the man\r
+came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out.\r
+\r
+4:14 And when Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, What meaneth\r
+the noise of this tumult? And the man came in hastily, and told Eli.\r
+\r
+4:15 Now Eli was ninety and eight years old; and his eyes were dim,\r
+that he could not see.\r
+\r
+4:16 And the man said unto Eli, I am he that came out of the army, and\r
+I fled to day out of the army. And he said, What is there done, my\r
+son? 4:17 And the messenger answered and said, Israel is fled before\r
+the Philistines, and there hath been also a great slaughter among the\r
+people, and thy two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the\r
+ark of God is taken.\r
+\r
+4:18 And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that\r
+he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his\r
+neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had\r
+judged Israel forty years.\r
+\r
+4:19 And his daughter in law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to\r
+be delivered: and when she heard the tidings that the ark of God was\r
+taken, and that her father in law and her husband were dead, she bowed\r
+herself and travailed; for her pains came upon her.\r
+\r
+4:20 And about the time of her death the women that stood by her said\r
+unto her, Fear not; for thou hast born a son. But she answered not,\r
+neither did she regard it.\r
+\r
+4:21 And she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed\r
+from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her\r
+father in law and her husband.\r
+\r
+4:22 And she said, The glory is departed from Israel: for the ark of\r
+God is taken.\r
+\r
+5:1 And the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from\r
+Ebenezer unto Ashdod.\r
+\r
+5:2 When the Philistines took the ark of God, they brought it into the\r
+house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon.\r
+\r
+5:3 And when they of Ashdod arose early on the morrow, behold, Dagon\r
+was fallen upon his face to the earth before the ark of the LORD. And\r
+they took Dagon, and set him in his place again.\r
+\r
+5:4 And when they arose early on the morrow morning, behold, Dagon was\r
+fallen upon his face to the ground before the ark of the LORD; and the\r
+head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off upon the\r
+threshold; only the stump of Dagon was left to him.\r
+\r
+5:5 Therefore neither the priests of Dagon, nor any that come into\r
+Dagon's house, tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod unto this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+5:6 But the hand of the LORD was heavy upon them of Ashdod, and he\r
+destroyed them, and smote them with emerods, even Ashdod and the\r
+coasts thereof.\r
+\r
+5:7 And when the men of Ashdod saw that it was so, they said, The ark\r
+of the God of Israel shall not abide with us: for his hand is sore\r
+upon us, and upon Dagon our god.\r
+\r
+5:8 They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines\r
+unto them, and said, What shall we do with the ark of the God of\r
+Israel? And they answered, Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried\r
+about unto Gath. And they carried the ark of the God of Israel about\r
+thither.\r
+\r
+5:9 And it was so, that, after they had carried it about, the hand of\r
+the LORD was against the city with a very great destruction: and he\r
+smote the men of the city, both small and great, and they had emerods\r
+in their secret parts.\r
+\r
+5:10 Therefore they sent the ark of God to Ekron. And it came to pass,\r
+as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried out, saying,\r
+They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel to us, to slay us\r
+and our people.\r
+\r
+5:11 So they sent and gathered together all the lords of the\r
+Philistines, and said, Send away the ark of the God of Israel, and let\r
+it go again to his own place, that it slay us not, and our people: for\r
+there was a deadly destruction throughout all the city; the hand of\r
+God was very heavy there.\r
+\r
+5:12 And the men that died not were smitten with the emerods: and the\r
+cry of the city went up to heaven.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines\r
+seven months.\r
+\r
+6:2 And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners,\r
+saying, What shall we do to the ark of the LORD? tell us wherewith we\r
+shall send it to his place.\r
+\r
+6:3 And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send\r
+it not empty; but in any wise return him a trespass offering: then ye\r
+shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not\r
+removed from you.\r
+\r
+6:4 Then said they, What shall be the trespass offering which we shall\r
+return to him? They answered, Five golden emerods, and five golden\r
+mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines: for one\r
+plague was on you all, and on your lords.\r
+\r
+6:5 Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your\r
+mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of\r
+Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from\r
+off your gods, and from off your land.\r
+\r
+6:6 Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and\r
+Pharaoh hardened their hearts? when he had wrought wonderfully among\r
+them, did they not let the people go, and they departed? 6:7 Now\r
+therefore make a new cart, and take two milch kine, on which there\r
+hath come no yoke, and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their\r
+calves home from them: 6:8 And take the ark of the LORD, and lay it\r
+upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a\r
+trespass offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away,\r
+that it may go.\r
+\r
+6:9 And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to\r
+Bethshemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we\r
+shall know that it is not his hand that smote us: it was a chance that\r
+happened to us.\r
+\r
+6:10 And the men did so; and took two milch kine, and tied them to the\r
+cart, and shut up their calves at home: 6:11 And they laid the ark of\r
+the LORD upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the\r
+images of their emerods.\r
+\r
+6:12 And the kine took the straight way to the way of Bethshemesh, and\r
+went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to\r
+the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went\r
+after them unto the border of Bethshemesh.\r
+\r
+6:13 And they of Bethshemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the\r
+valley: and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced\r
+to see it.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the cart came into the field of Joshua, a Bethshemite, and\r
+stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of\r
+the cart, and offered the kine a burnt offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:15 And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD, and the coffer\r
+that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the\r
+great stone: and the men of Bethshemesh offered burnt offerings and\r
+sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:16 And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they\r
+returned to Ekron the same day.\r
+\r
+6:17 And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines returned\r
+for a trespass offering unto the LORD; for Ashdod one, for Gaza one,\r
+for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one; 6:18 And the golden\r
+mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines\r
+belonging to the five lords, both of fenced cities, and of country\r
+villages, even unto the great stone of Abel, whereon they set down the\r
+ark of the LORD: which stone remaineth unto this day in the field of\r
+Joshua, the Bethshemite.\r
+\r
+6:19 And he smote the men of Bethshemesh, because they had looked into\r
+the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and\r
+threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had\r
+smitten many of the people with a great slaughter.\r
+\r
+6:20 And the men of Bethshemesh said, Who is able to stand before this\r
+holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us? 6:21 And they sent\r
+messengers to the inhabitants of Kirjathjearim, saying, The\r
+Philistines have brought again the ark of the LORD; come ye down, and\r
+fetch it up to you.\r
+\r
+7:1 And the men of Kirjathjearim came, and fetched up the ark of the\r
+LORD, and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill, and\r
+sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:2 And it came to pass, while the ark abode in Kirjathjearim, that\r
+the time was long; for it was twenty years: and all the house of\r
+Israel lamented after the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:3 And Samuel spake unto all the house of Israel, saying, If ye do\r
+return unto the LORD with all your hearts, then put away the strange\r
+gods and Ashtaroth from among you, and prepare your hearts unto the\r
+LORD, and serve him only: and he will deliver you out of the hand of\r
+the Philistines.\r
+\r
+7:4 Then the children of Israel did put away Baalim and Ashtaroth, and\r
+served the LORD only.\r
+\r
+7:5 And Samuel said, Gather all Israel to Mizpeh, and I will pray for\r
+you unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:6 And they gathered together to Mizpeh, and drew water, and poured\r
+it out before the LORD, and fasted on that day, and said there, We\r
+have sinned against the LORD. And Samuel judged the children of Israel\r
+in Mizpeh.\r
+\r
+7:7 And when the Philistines heard that the children of Israel were\r
+gathered together to Mizpeh, the lords of the Philistines went up\r
+against Israel. And when the children of Israel heard it, they were\r
+afraid of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+7:8 And the children of Israel said to Samuel, Cease not to cry unto\r
+the LORD our God for us, that he will save us out of the hand of the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+7:9 And Samuel took a sucking lamb, and offered it for a burnt\r
+offering wholly unto the LORD: and Samuel cried unto the LORD for\r
+Israel; and the LORD heard him.\r
+\r
+7:10 And as Samuel was offering up the burnt offering, the Philistines\r
+drew near to battle against Israel: but the LORD thundered with a\r
+great thunder on that day upon the Philistines, and discomfited them;\r
+and they were smitten before Israel.\r
+\r
+7:11 And the men of Israel went out of Mizpeh, and pursued the\r
+Philistines, and smote them, until they came under Bethcar.\r
+\r
+7:12 Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and\r
+called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, Hitherto hath the LORD helped\r
+us.\r
+\r
+7:13 So the Philistines were subdued, and they came no more into the\r
+coast of Israel: and the hand of the LORD was against the Philistines\r
+all the days of Samuel.\r
+\r
+7:14 And the cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel were\r
+restored to Israel, from Ekron even unto Gath; and the coasts thereof\r
+did Israel deliver out of the hands of the Philistines. And there was\r
+peace between Israel and the Amorites.\r
+\r
+7:15 And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his life.\r
+\r
+7:16 And he went from year to year in circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal,\r
+and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places.\r
+\r
+7:17 And his return was to Ramah; for there was his house; and there\r
+he judged Israel; and there he built an altar unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:1 And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made his sons\r
+judges over Israel.\r
+\r
+8:2 Now the name of his firstborn was Joel; and the name of his\r
+second, Abiah: they were judges in Beersheba.\r
+\r
+8:3 And his sons walked not in his ways, but turned aside after lucre,\r
+and took bribes, and perverted judgment.\r
+\r
+8:4 Then all the elders of Israel gathered themselves together, and\r
+came to Samuel unto Ramah, 8:5 And said unto him, Behold, thou art\r
+old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us\r
+like all the nations.\r
+\r
+8:6 But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to\r
+judge us. And Samuel prayed unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:7 And the LORD said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the\r
+people in all that they say unto thee: for they have not rejected\r
+thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not reign over them.\r
+\r
+8:8 According to all the works which they have done since the day that\r
+I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have\r
+forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.\r
+\r
+8:9 Now therefore hearken unto their voice: howbeit yet protest\r
+solemnly unto them, and shew them the manner of the king that shall\r
+reign over them.\r
+\r
+8:10 And Samuel told all the words of the LORD unto the people that\r
+asked of him a king.\r
+\r
+8:11 And he said, This will be the manner of the king that shall reign\r
+over you: He will take your sons, and appoint them for himself, for\r
+his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run before his\r
+chariots.\r
+\r
+8:12 And he will appoint him captains over thousands, and captains\r
+over fifties; and will set them to ear his ground, and to reap his\r
+harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and instruments of his\r
+chariots.\r
+\r
+8:13 And he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be\r
+cooks, and to be bakers.\r
+\r
+8:14 And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your\r
+oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants.\r
+\r
+8:15 And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards,\r
+and give to his officers, and to his servants.\r
+\r
+8:16 And he will take your menservants, and your maidservants, and\r
+your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work.\r
+\r
+8:17 He will take the tenth of your sheep: and ye shall be his\r
+servants.\r
+\r
+8:18 And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye\r
+shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you in that day.\r
+\r
+8:19 Nevertheless the people refused to obey the voice of Samuel; and\r
+they said, Nay; but we will have a king over us; 8:20 That we also may\r
+be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out\r
+before us, and fight our battles.\r
+\r
+8:21 And Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he rehearsed\r
+them in the ears of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:22 And the LORD said to Samuel, Hearken unto their voice, and make\r
+them a king. And Samuel said unto the men of Israel, Go ye every man\r
+unto his city.\r
+\r
+9:1 Now there was a man of Benjamin, whose name was Kish, the son of\r
+Abiel, the son of Zeror, the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a\r
+Benjamite, a mighty man of power.\r
+\r
+9:2 And he had a son, whose name was Saul, a choice young man, and a\r
+goodly: and there was not among the children of Israel a goodlier\r
+person than he: from his shoulders and upward he was higher than any\r
+of the people.\r
+\r
+9:3 And the asses of Kish Saul's father were lost. And Kish said to\r
+Saul his son, Take now one of the servants with thee, and arise, go\r
+seek the asses.\r
+\r
+9:4 And he passed through mount Ephraim, and passed through the land\r
+of Shalisha, but they found them not: then they passed through the\r
+land of Shalim, and there they were not: and he passed through the\r
+land of the Benjamites, but they found them not.\r
+\r
+9:5 And when they were come to the land of Zuph, Saul said to his\r
+servant that was with him, Come, and let us return; lest my father\r
+leave caring for the asses, and take thought for us.\r
+\r
+9:6 And he said unto him, Behold now, there is in this city a man of\r
+God, and he is an honourable man; all that he saith cometh surely to\r
+pass: now let us go thither; peradventure he can shew us our way that\r
+we should go.\r
+\r
+9:7 Then said Saul to his servant, But, behold, if we go, what shall\r
+we bring the man? for the bread is spent in our vessels, and there is\r
+not a present to bring to the man of God: what have we? 9:8 And the\r
+servant answered Saul again, and said, Behold, I have here at hand the\r
+fourth part of a shekel of silver: that will I give to the man of God,\r
+to tell us our way.\r
+\r
+9:9 (Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God, thus he\r
+spake, Come, and let us go to the seer: for he that is now called a\r
+Prophet was beforetime called a Seer.) 9:10 Then said Saul to his\r
+servant, Well said; come, let us go. So they went unto the city where\r
+the man of God was.\r
+\r
+9:11 And as they went up the hill to the city, they found young\r
+maidens going out to draw water, and said unto them, Is the seer here?\r
+9:12 And they answered them, and said, He is; behold, he is before\r
+you: make haste now, for he came to day to the city; for there is a\r
+sacrifice of the people to day in the high place: 9:13 As soon as ye\r
+be come into the city, ye shall straightway find him, before he go up\r
+to the high place to eat: for the people will not eat until he come,\r
+because he doth bless the sacrifice; and afterwards they eat that be\r
+bidden. Now therefore get you up; for about this time ye shall find\r
+him.\r
+\r
+9:14 And they went up into the city: and when they were come into the\r
+city, behold, Samuel came out against them, for to go up to the high\r
+place.\r
+\r
+9:15 Now the LORD had told Samuel in his ear a day before Saul came,\r
+saying, 9:16 To morrow about this time I will send thee a man out of\r
+the land of Benjamin, and thou shalt anoint him to be captain over my\r
+people Israel, that he may save my people out of the hand of the\r
+Philistines: for I have looked upon my people, because their cry is\r
+come unto me.\r
+\r
+9:17 And when Samuel saw Saul, the LORD said unto him, Behold the man\r
+whom I spake to thee of! this same shall reign over my people.\r
+\r
+9:18 Then Saul drew near to Samuel in the gate, and said, Tell me, I\r
+pray thee, where the seer's house is.\r
+\r
+9:19 And Samuel answered Saul, and said, I am the seer: go up before\r
+me unto the high place; for ye shall eat with me to day, and to morrow\r
+I will let thee go, and will tell thee all that is in thine heart.\r
+\r
+9:20 And as for thine asses that were lost three days ago, set not thy\r
+mind on them; for they are found. And on whom is all the desire of\r
+Israel? Is it not on thee, and on all thy father's house? 9:21 And\r
+Saul answered and said, Am not I a Benjamite, of the smallest of the\r
+tribes of Israel? and my family the least of all the families of the\r
+tribe of Benjamin? wherefore then speakest thou so to me? 9:22 And\r
+Samuel took Saul and his servant, and brought them into the parlour,\r
+and made them sit in the chiefest place among them that were bidden,\r
+which were about thirty persons.\r
+\r
+9:23 And Samuel said unto the cook, Bring the portion which I gave\r
+thee, of which I said unto thee, Set it by thee.\r
+\r
+9:24 And the cook took up the shoulder, and that which was upon it,\r
+and set it before Saul. And Samuel said, Behold that which is left!\r
+set it before thee, and eat: for unto this time hath it been kept for\r
+thee since I said, I have invited the people. So Saul did eat with\r
+Samuel that day.\r
+\r
+9:25 And when they were come down from the high place into the city,\r
+Samuel communed with Saul upon the top of the house.\r
+\r
+9:26 And they arose early: and it came to pass about the spring of the\r
+day, that Samuel called Saul to the top of the house, saying, Up, that\r
+I may send thee away. And Saul arose, and they went out both of them,\r
+he and Samuel, abroad.\r
+\r
+9:27 And as they were going down to the end of the city, Samuel said\r
+to Saul, Bid the servant pass on before us, (and he passed on), but\r
+stand thou still a while, that I may shew thee the word of God.\r
+\r
+10:1 Then Samuel took a vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and\r
+kissed him, and said, Is it not because the LORD hath anointed thee to\r
+be captain over his inheritance? 10:2 When thou art departed from me\r
+to day, then thou shalt find two men by Rachel's sepulchre in the\r
+border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will say unto thee, The asses\r
+which thou wentest to seek are found: and, lo, thy father hath left\r
+the care of the asses, and sorroweth for you, saying, What shall I do\r
+for my son? 10:3 Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou\r
+shalt come to the plain of Tabor, and there shall meet thee three men\r
+going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three kids, and another\r
+carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine:\r
+10:4 And they will salute thee, and give thee two loaves of bread;\r
+which thou shalt receive of their hands.\r
+\r
+10:5 After that thou shalt come to the hill of God, where is the\r
+garrison of the Philistines: and it shall come to pass, when thou art\r
+come thither to the city, that thou shalt meet a company of prophets\r
+coming down from the high place with a psaltery, and a tabret, and a\r
+pipe, and a harp, before them; and they shall prophesy: 10:6 And the\r
+Spirit of the LORD will come upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with\r
+them, and shalt be turned into another man.\r
+\r
+10:7 And let it be, when these signs are come unto thee, that thou do\r
+as occasion serve thee; for God is with thee.\r
+\r
+10:8 And thou shalt go down before me to Gilgal; and, behold, I will\r
+come down unto thee, to offer burnt offerings, and to sacrifice\r
+sacrifices of peace offerings: seven days shalt thou tarry, till I\r
+come to thee, and shew thee what thou shalt do.\r
+\r
+10:9 And it was so, that when he had turned his back to go from\r
+Samuel, God gave him another heart: and all those signs came to pass\r
+that day.\r
+\r
+10:10 And when they came thither to the hill, behold, a company of\r
+prophets met him; and the Spirit of God came upon him, and he\r
+prophesied among them.\r
+\r
+10:11 And it came to pass, when all that knew him beforetime saw that,\r
+behold, he prophesied among the prophets, then the people said one to\r
+another, What is this that is come unto the son of Kish? Is Saul also\r
+among the prophets? 10:12 And one of the same place answered and\r
+said, But who is their father? Therefore it became a proverb, Is Saul\r
+also among the prophets? 10:13 And when he had made an end of\r
+prophesying, he came to the high place.\r
+\r
+10:14 And Saul's uncle said unto him and to his servant, Whither went\r
+ye? And he said, To seek the asses: and when we saw that they were no\r
+where, we came to Samuel.\r
+\r
+10:15 And Saul's uncle said, Tell me, I pray thee, what Samuel said\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+10:16 And Saul said unto his uncle, He told us plainly that the asses\r
+were found. But of the matter of the kingdom, whereof Samuel spake, he\r
+told him not.\r
+\r
+10:17 And Samuel called the people together unto the LORD to Mizpeh;\r
+10:18 And said unto the children of Israel, Thus saith the LORD God of\r
+Israel, I brought up Israel out of Egypt, and delivered you out of the\r
+hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all kingdoms, and of\r
+them that oppressed you: 10:19 And ye have this day rejected your God,\r
+who himself saved you out of all your adversities and your\r
+tribulations; and ye have said unto him, Nay, but set a king over us.\r
+Now therefore present yourselves before the LORD by your tribes, and\r
+by your thousands.\r
+\r
+10:20 And when Samuel had caused all the tribes of Israel to come\r
+near, the tribe of Benjamin was taken.\r
+\r
+10:21 When he had caused the tribe of Benjamin to come near by their\r
+families, the family of Matri was taken, and Saul the son of Kish was\r
+taken: and when they sought him, he could not be found.\r
+\r
+10:22 Therefore they enquired of the LORD further, if the man should\r
+yet come thither. And the LORD answered, Behold he hath hid himself\r
+among the stuff.\r
+\r
+10:23 And they ran and fetched him thence: and when he stood among the\r
+people, he was higher than any of the people from his shoulders and\r
+upward.\r
+\r
+10:24 And Samuel said to all the people, See ye him whom the LORD hath\r
+chosen, that there is none like him among all the people? And all the\r
+people shouted, and said, God save the king.\r
+\r
+10:25 Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote\r
+it in a book, and laid it up before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the\r
+people away, every man to his house.\r
+\r
+10:26 And Saul also went home to Gibeah; and there went with him a\r
+band of men, whose hearts God had touched.\r
+\r
+10:27 But the children of Belial said, How shall this man save us? And\r
+they despised him, and brought no presents. But he held his peace.\r
+\r
+11:1 Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against\r
+Jabeshgilead: and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a\r
+covenant with us, and we will serve thee.\r
+\r
+11:2 And Nahash the Ammonite answered them, On this condition will I\r
+make a covenant with you, that I may thrust out all your right eyes,\r
+and lay it for a reproach upon all Israel.\r
+\r
+11:3 And the elders of Jabesh said unto him, Give us seven days'\r
+respite, that we may send messengers unto all the coasts of Israel:\r
+and then, if there be no man to save us, we will come out to thee.\r
+\r
+11:4 Then came the messengers to Gibeah of Saul, and told the tidings\r
+in the ears of the people: and all the people lifted up their voices,\r
+and wept.\r
+\r
+11:5 And, behold, Saul came after the herd out of the field; and Saul\r
+said, What aileth the people that they weep? And they told him the\r
+tidings of the men of Jabesh.\r
+\r
+11:6 And the Spirit of God came upon Saul when he heard those tidings,\r
+and his anger was kindled greatly.\r
+\r
+11:7 And he took a yoke of oxen, and hewed them in pieces, and sent\r
+them throughout all the coasts of Israel by the hands of messengers,\r
+saying, Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so\r
+shall it be done unto his oxen. And the fear of the LORD fell on the\r
+people, and they came out with one consent.\r
+\r
+11:8 And when he numbered them in Bezek, the children of Israel were\r
+three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand.\r
+\r
+11:9 And they said unto the messengers that came, Thus shall ye say\r
+unto the men of Jabeshgilead, To morrow, by that time the sun be hot,\r
+ye shall have help. And the messengers came and shewed it to the men\r
+of Jabesh; and they were glad.\r
+\r
+11:10 Therefore the men of Jabesh said, To morrow we will come out\r
+unto you, and ye shall do with us all that seemeth good unto you.\r
+\r
+11:11 And it was so on the morrow, that Saul put the people in three\r
+companies; and they came into the midst of the host in the morning\r
+watch, and slew the Ammonites until the heat of the day: and it came\r
+to pass, that they which remained were scattered, so that two of them\r
+were not left together.\r
+\r
+11:12 And the people said unto Samuel, Who is he that said, Shall Saul\r
+reign over us? bring the men, that we may put them to death.\r
+\r
+11:13 And Saul said, There shall not a man be put to death this day:\r
+for to day the LORD hath wrought salvation in Israel.\r
+\r
+11:14 Then said Samuel to the people, Come, and let us go to Gilgal,\r
+and renew the kingdom there.\r
+\r
+11:15 And all the people went to Gilgal; and there they made Saul king\r
+before the LORD in Gilgal; and there they sacrificed sacrifices of\r
+peace offerings before the LORD; and there Saul and all the men of\r
+Israel rejoiced greatly.\r
+\r
+12:1 And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto\r
+your voice in all that ye said unto me, and have made a king over you.\r
+\r
+12:2 And now, behold, the king walketh before you: and I am old and\r
+grayheaded; and, behold, my sons are with you: and I have walked\r
+before you from my childhood unto this day.\r
+\r
+12:3 Behold, here I am: witness against me before the LORD, and before\r
+his anointed: whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or\r
+whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed? or of whose hand have I\r
+received any bribe to blind mine eyes therewith? and I will restore it\r
+you.\r
+\r
+12:4 And they said, Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us,\r
+neither hast thou taken ought of any man's hand.\r
+\r
+12:5 And he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and his\r
+anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found ought in my hand.\r
+And they answered, He is witness.\r
+\r
+12:6 And Samuel said unto the people, It is the LORD that advanced\r
+Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:7 Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the\r
+LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to\r
+your fathers.\r
+\r
+12:8 When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto the\r
+LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, which brought forth your\r
+fathers out of Egypt, and made them dwell in this place.\r
+\r
+12:9 And when they forgat the LORD their God, he sold them into the\r
+hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the\r
+Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought\r
+against them.\r
+\r
+12:10 And they cried unto the LORD, and said, We have sinned, because\r
+we have forsaken the LORD, and have served Baalim and Ashtaroth: but\r
+now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve thee.\r
+\r
+12:11 And the LORD sent Jerubbaal, and Bedan, and Jephthah, and\r
+Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every\r
+side, and ye dwelled safe.\r
+\r
+12:12 And when ye saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon\r
+came against you, ye said unto me, Nay; but a king shall reign over\r
+us: when the LORD your God was your king.\r
+\r
+12:13 Now therefore behold the king whom ye have chosen, and whom ye\r
+have desired! and, behold, the LORD hath set a king over you.\r
+\r
+12:14 If ye will fear the LORD, and serve him, and obey his voice, and\r
+not rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall both ye and\r
+also the king that reigneth over you continue following the LORD your\r
+God: 12:15 But if ye will not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel\r
+against the commandment of the LORD, then shall the hand of the LORD\r
+be against you, as it was against your fathers.\r
+\r
+12:16 Now therefore stand and see this great thing, which the LORD\r
+will do before your eyes.\r
+\r
+12:17 Is it not wheat harvest to day? I will call unto the LORD, and\r
+he shall send thunder and rain; that ye may perceive and see that your\r
+wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of the LORD, in\r
+asking you a king.\r
+\r
+12:18 So Samuel called unto the LORD; and the LORD sent thunder and\r
+rain that day: and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel.\r
+\r
+12:19 And all the people said unto Samuel, Pray for thy servants unto\r
+the LORD thy God, that we die not: for we have added unto all our sins\r
+this evil, to ask us a king.\r
+\r
+12:20 And Samuel said unto the people, Fear not: ye have done all this\r
+wickedness: yet turn not aside from following the LORD, but serve the\r
+LORD with all your heart; 12:21 And turn ye not aside: for then should\r
+ye go after vain things, which cannot profit nor deliver; for they are\r
+vain.\r
+\r
+12:22 For the LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's\r
+sake: because it hath pleased the LORD to make you his people.\r
+\r
+12:23 Moreover as for me, God forbid that I should sin against the\r
+LORD in ceasing to pray for you: but I will teach you the good and the\r
+right way: 12:24 Only fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all\r
+your heart: for consider how great things he hath done for you.\r
+\r
+12:25 But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye\r
+and your king.\r
+\r
+13:1 Saul reigned one year; and when he had reigned two years over\r
+Israel, 13:2 Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel; whereof two\r
+thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in mount Bethel, and a\r
+thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin: and the rest of the\r
+people he sent every man to his tent.\r
+\r
+13:3 And Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines that was in\r
+Geba, and the Philistines heard of it. And Saul blew the trumpet\r
+throughout all the land, saying, Let the Hebrews hear.\r
+\r
+13:4 And all Israel heard say that Saul had smitten a garrison of the\r
+Philistines, and that Israel also was had in abomination with the\r
+Philistines. And the people were called together after Saul to Gilgal.\r
+\r
+13:5 And the Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with\r
+Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and\r
+people as the sand which is on the sea shore in multitude: and they\r
+came up, and pitched in Michmash, eastward from Bethaven.\r
+\r
+13:6 When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait, (for the\r
+people were distressed,) then the people did hide themselves in caves,\r
+and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits.\r
+\r
+13:7 And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad and\r
+Gilead. As for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed\r
+him trembling.\r
+\r
+13:8 And he tarried seven days, according to the set time that Samuel\r
+had appointed: but Samuel came not to Gilgal; and the people were\r
+scattered from him.\r
+\r
+13:9 And Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace\r
+offerings. And he offered the burnt offering.\r
+\r
+13:10 And it came to pass, that as soon as he had made an end of\r
+offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to\r
+meet him, that he might salute him.\r
+\r
+13:11 And Samuel said, What hast thou done? And Saul said, Because I\r
+saw that the people were scattered from me, and that thou camest not\r
+within the days appointed, and that the Philistines gathered\r
+themselves together at Michmash; 13:12 Therefore said I, The\r
+Philistines will come down now upon me to Gilgal, and I have not made\r
+supplication unto the LORD: I forced myself therefore, and offered a\r
+burnt offering.\r
+\r
+13:13 And Samuel said to Saul, Thou hast done foolishly: thou hast not\r
+kept the commandment of the LORD thy God, which he commanded thee: for\r
+now would the LORD have established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever.\r
+\r
+13:14 But now thy kingdom shall not continue: the LORD hath sought him\r
+a man after his own heart, and the LORD hath commanded him to be\r
+captain over his people, because thou hast not kept that which the\r
+LORD commanded thee.\r
+\r
+13:15 And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah of\r
+Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present with him,\r
+about six hundred men.\r
+\r
+13:16 And Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present\r
+with them, abode in Gibeah of Benjamin: but the Philistines encamped\r
+in Michmash.\r
+\r
+13:17 And the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in\r
+three companies: one company turned unto the way that leadeth to\r
+Ophrah, unto the land of Shual: 13:18 And another company turned the\r
+way to Bethhoron: and another company turned to the way of the border\r
+that looketh to the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness.\r
+\r
+13:19 Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel:\r
+for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears:\r
+13:20 But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen\r
+every man his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock.\r
+\r
+13:21 Yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and\r
+for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads.\r
+\r
+13:22 So it came to pass in the day of battle, that there was neither\r
+sword nor spear found in the hand of any of the people that were with\r
+Saul and Jonathan: but with Saul and with Jonathan his son was there\r
+found.\r
+\r
+13:23 And the garrison of the Philistines went out to the passage of\r
+Michmash.\r
+\r
+14:1 Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul\r
+said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over\r
+to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told\r
+not his father.\r
+\r
+14:2 And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a\r
+pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him\r
+were about six hundred men; 14:3 And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub,\r
+Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's\r
+priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that\r
+Jonathan was gone.\r
+\r
+14:4 And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over\r
+unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one\r
+side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was\r
+Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.\r
+\r
+14:5 The forefront of the one was situate northward over against\r
+Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah.\r
+\r
+14:6 And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come,\r
+and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be\r
+that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD\r
+to save by many or by few.\r
+\r
+14:7 And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine\r
+heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.\r
+\r
+14:8 Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and\r
+we will discover ourselves unto them.\r
+\r
+14:9 If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we\r
+will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.\r
+\r
+14:10 But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for\r
+the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign\r
+unto us.\r
+\r
+14:11 And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the\r
+Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth\r
+out of the holes where they had hid themselves.\r
+\r
+14:12 And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his\r
+armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing.\r
+And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the\r
+LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and\r
+his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his\r
+armourbearer slew after him.\r
+\r
+14:14 And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer\r
+made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land,\r
+which a yoke of oxen might plow.\r
+\r
+14:15 And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all\r
+the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and\r
+the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling.\r
+\r
+14:16 And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and,\r
+behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one\r
+another.\r
+\r
+14:17 Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now,\r
+and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold,\r
+Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.\r
+\r
+14:18 And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the\r
+ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:19 And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the\r
+noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased:\r
+and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand.\r
+\r
+14:20 And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled\r
+themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's\r
+sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.\r
+\r
+14:21 Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that\r
+time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round\r
+about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with\r
+Saul and Jonathan.\r
+\r
+14:22 Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount\r
+Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also\r
+followed hard after them in the battle.\r
+\r
+14:23 So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over\r
+unto Bethaven.\r
+\r
+14:24 And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had\r
+adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food\r
+until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the\r
+people tasted any food.\r
+\r
+14:25 And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey\r
+upon the ground.\r
+\r
+14:26 And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey\r
+dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared\r
+the oath.\r
+\r
+14:27 But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with\r
+the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his\r
+hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth;\r
+and his eyes were enlightened.\r
+\r
+14:28 Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly\r
+charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth\r
+any food this day. And the people were faint.\r
+\r
+14:29 Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I\r
+pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a\r
+little of this honey.\r
+\r
+14:30 How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of\r
+the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been\r
+now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines? 14:31 And they\r
+smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the\r
+people were very faint.\r
+\r
+14:32 And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen,\r
+and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them\r
+with the blood.\r
+\r
+14:33 Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the\r
+LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have\r
+transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day.\r
+\r
+14:34 And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say\r
+unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep,\r
+and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating\r
+with the blood.\r
+\r
+And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and\r
+slew them there.\r
+\r
+14:35 And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first\r
+altar that he built unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:36 And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night,\r
+and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of\r
+them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said\r
+the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.\r
+\r
+14:37 And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the\r
+Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he\r
+answered him not that day.\r
+\r
+14:38 And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people:\r
+and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.\r
+\r
+14:39 For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in\r
+Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among\r
+all the people that answered him.\r
+\r
+14:40 Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and\r
+Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto\r
+Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.\r
+\r
+14:41 Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect\r
+lot.\r
+\r
+And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped.\r
+\r
+14:42 And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And\r
+Jonathan was taken.\r
+\r
+14:43 Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And\r
+Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the\r
+end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.\r
+\r
+14:44 And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt\r
+surely die, Jonathan.\r
+\r
+14:45 And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath\r
+wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD\r
+liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for\r
+he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan,\r
+that he died not.\r
+\r
+14:46 Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the\r
+Philistines went to their own place.\r
+\r
+14:47 So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his\r
+enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of\r
+Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against\r
+the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.\r
+\r
+14:48 And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered\r
+Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them.\r
+\r
+14:49 Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua:\r
+and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the\r
+firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal: 14:50 And the\r
+name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name\r
+of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle.\r
+\r
+14:51 And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was\r
+the son of Abiel.\r
+\r
+14:52 And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of\r
+Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took\r
+him unto him.\r
+\r
+15:1 Samuel also said unto Saul, The LORD sent me to anoint thee to be\r
+king over his people, over Israel: now therefore hearken thou unto the\r
+voice of the words of the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:2 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I remember that which Amalek did to\r
+Israel, how he laid wait for him in the way, when he came up from\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+15:3 Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have,\r
+and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling,\r
+ox and sheep, camel and ass.\r
+\r
+15:4 And Saul gathered the people together, and numbered them in\r
+Telaim, two hundred thousand footmen, and ten thousand men of Judah.\r
+\r
+15:5 And Saul came to a city of Amalek, and laid wait in the valley.\r
+\r
+15:6 And Saul said unto the Kenites, Go, depart, get you down from\r
+among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed\r
+kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of\r
+Egypt. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.\r
+\r
+15:7 And Saul smote the Amalekites from Havilah until thou comest to\r
+Shur, that is over against Egypt.\r
+\r
+15:8 And he took Agag the king of the Amalekites alive, and utterly\r
+destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+15:9 But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep,\r
+and of the oxen, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was\r
+good, and would not utterly destroy them: but every thing that was\r
+vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.\r
+\r
+15:10 Then came the word of the LORD unto Samuel, saying, 15:11 It\r
+repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king: for he is turned back\r
+from following me, and hath not performed my commandments. And it\r
+grieved Samuel; and he cried unto the LORD all night.\r
+\r
+15:12 And when Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning, it was\r
+told Samuel, saying, Saul came to Carmel, and, behold, he set him up a\r
+place, and is gone about, and passed on, and gone down to Gilgal.\r
+\r
+15:13 And Samuel came to Saul: and Saul said unto him, Blessed be thou\r
+of the LORD: I have performed the commandment of the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:14 And Samuel said, What meaneth then this bleating of the sheep in\r
+mine ears, and the lowing of the oxen which I hear? 15:15 And Saul\r
+said, They have brought them from the Amalekites: for the people\r
+spared the best of the sheep and of the oxen, to sacrifice unto the\r
+LORD thy God; and the rest we have utterly destroyed.\r
+\r
+15:16 Then Samuel said unto Saul, Stay, and I will tell thee what the\r
+LORD hath said to me this night. And he said unto him, Say on.\r
+\r
+15:17 And Samuel said, When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast\r
+thou not made the head of the tribes of Israel, and the LORD anointed\r
+thee king over Israel? 15:18 And the LORD sent thee on a journey, and\r
+said, Go and utterly destroy the sinners the Amalekites, and fight\r
+against them until they be consumed.\r
+\r
+15:19 Wherefore then didst thou not obey the voice of the LORD, but\r
+didst fly upon the spoil, and didst evil in the sight of the LORD?\r
+15:20 And Saul said unto Samuel, Yea, I have obeyed the voice of the\r
+LORD, and have gone the way which the LORD sent me, and have brought\r
+Agag the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the Amalekites.\r
+\r
+15:21 But the people took of the spoil, sheep and oxen, the chief of\r
+the things which should have been utterly destroyed, to sacrifice unto\r
+the LORD thy God in Gilgal.\r
+\r
+15:22 And Samuel said, Hath the LORD as great delight in burnt\r
+offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold,\r
+to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams.\r
+\r
+15:23 For rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is\r
+as iniquity and idolatry. Because thou hast rejected the word of the\r
+LORD, he hath also rejected thee from being king.\r
+\r
+15:24 And Saul said unto Samuel, I have sinned: for I have\r
+transgressed the commandment of the LORD, and thy words: because I\r
+feared the people, and obeyed their voice.\r
+\r
+15:25 Now therefore, I pray thee, pardon my sin, and turn again with\r
+me, that I may worship the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:26 And Samuel said unto Saul, I will not return with thee: for thou\r
+hast rejected the word of the LORD, and the LORD hath rejected thee\r
+from being king over Israel.\r
+\r
+15:27 And as Samuel turned about to go away, he laid hold upon the\r
+skirt of his mantle, and it rent.\r
+\r
+15:28 And Samuel said unto him, The LORD hath rent the kingdom of\r
+Israel from thee this day, and hath given it to a neighbour of thine,\r
+that is better than thou.\r
+\r
+15:29 And also the Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent: for he\r
+is not a man, that he should repent.\r
+\r
+15:30 Then he said, I have sinned: yet honour me now, I pray thee,\r
+before the elders of my people, and before Israel, and turn again with\r
+me, that I may worship the LORD thy God.\r
+\r
+15:31 So Samuel turned again after Saul; and Saul worshipped the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:32 Then said Samuel, Bring ye hither to me Agag the king of the\r
+Amalekites. And Agag came unto him delicately. And Agag said, Surely\r
+the bitterness of death is past.\r
+\r
+15:33 And Samuel said, As the sword hath made women childless, so\r
+shall thy mother be childless among women. And Samuel hewed Agag in\r
+pieces before the LORD in Gilgal.\r
+\r
+15:34 Then Samuel went to Ramah; and Saul went up to his house to\r
+Gibeah of Saul.\r
+\r
+15:35 And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death:\r
+nevertheless Samuel mourned for Saul: and the LORD repented that he\r
+had made Saul king over Israel.\r
+\r
+16:1 And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul,\r
+seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn\r
+with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I\r
+have provided me a king among his sons.\r
+\r
+16:2 And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me.\r
+And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to\r
+sacrifice to the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:3 And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou\r
+shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee.\r
+\r
+16:4 And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem.\r
+And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest\r
+thou peaceably? 16:5 And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice\r
+unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice.\r
+And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the\r
+sacrifice.\r
+\r
+16:6 And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on\r
+Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD's anointed is before him.\r
+\r
+16:7 But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on\r
+the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD\r
+seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but\r
+the LORD looketh on the heart.\r
+\r
+16:8 Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And\r
+he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this.\r
+\r
+16:9 Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the\r
+LORD chosen this.\r
+\r
+16:10 Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And\r
+Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these.\r
+\r
+16:11 And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he\r
+said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the\r
+sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not\r
+sit down till he come hither.\r
+\r
+16:12 And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of\r
+a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said,\r
+Arise, anoint him: for this is he.\r
+\r
+16:13 Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst\r
+of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that\r
+day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.\r
+\r
+16:14 But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil\r
+spirit from the LORD troubled him.\r
+\r
+16:15 And Saul's servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit\r
+from God troubleth thee.\r
+\r
+16:16 Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to\r
+seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come\r
+to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall\r
+play with his hand, and thou shalt be well.\r
+\r
+16:17 And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can\r
+play well, and bring him to me.\r
+\r
+16:18 Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen\r
+a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a\r
+mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a\r
+comely person, and the LORD is with him.\r
+\r
+16:19 Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me\r
+David thy son, which is with the sheep.\r
+\r
+16:20 And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine,\r
+and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul.\r
+\r
+16:21 And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him\r
+greatly; and he became his armourbearer.\r
+\r
+16:22 And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand\r
+before me; for he hath found favour in my sight.\r
+\r
+16:23 And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon\r
+Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was\r
+refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.\r
+\r
+17:1 Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle, and\r
+were gathered together at Shochoh, which belongeth to Judah, and\r
+pitched between Shochoh and Azekah, in Ephesdammim.\r
+\r
+17:2 And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and\r
+pitched by the valley of Elah, and set the battle in array against the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+17:3 And the Philistines stood on a mountain on the one side, and\r
+Israel stood on a mountain on the other side: and there was a valley\r
+between them.\r
+\r
+17:4 And there went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines,\r
+named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span.\r
+\r
+17:5 And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed\r
+with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand\r
+shekels of brass.\r
+\r
+17:6 And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass\r
+between his shoulders.\r
+\r
+17:7 And the staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and his\r
+spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron: and one bearing a\r
+shield went before him.\r
+\r
+17:8 And he stood and cried unto the armies of Israel, and said unto\r
+them, Why are ye come out to set your battle in array? am not I a\r
+Philistine, and ye servants to Saul? choose you a man for you, and let\r
+him come down to me.\r
+\r
+17:9 If he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be\r
+your servants: but if I prevail against him, and kill him, then shall\r
+ye be our servants, and serve us.\r
+\r
+17:10 And the Philistine said, I defy the armies of Israel this day;\r
+give me a man, that we may fight together.\r
+\r
+17:11 When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine,\r
+they were dismayed, and greatly afraid.\r
+\r
+17:12 Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehemjudah,\r
+whose name was Jesse; and he had eight sons: and the man went among\r
+men for an old man in the days of Saul.\r
+\r
+17:13 And the three eldest sons of Jesse went and followed Saul to the\r
+battle: and the names of his three sons that went to the battle were\r
+Eliab the firstborn, and next unto him Abinadab, and the third\r
+Shammah.\r
+\r
+17:14 And David was the youngest: and the three eldest followed Saul.\r
+\r
+17:15 But David went and returned from Saul to feed his father's sheep\r
+at Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+17:16 And the Philistine drew near morning and evening, and presented\r
+himself forty days.\r
+\r
+17:17 And Jesse said unto David his son, Take now for thy brethren an\r
+ephah of this parched corn, and these ten loaves, and run to the camp\r
+of thy brethren; 17:18 And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of\r
+their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge.\r
+\r
+17:19 Now Saul, and they, and all the men of Israel, were in the\r
+valley of Elah, fighting with the Philistines.\r
+\r
+17:20 And David rose up early in the morning, and left the sheep with\r
+a keeper, and took, and went, as Jesse had commanded him; and he came\r
+to the trench, as the host was going forth to the fight, and shouted\r
+for the battle.\r
+\r
+17:21 For Israel and the Philistines had put the battle in array, army\r
+against army.\r
+\r
+17:22 And David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the\r
+carriage, and ran into the army, and came and saluted his brethren.\r
+\r
+17:23 And as he talked with them, behold, there came up the champion,\r
+the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, out of the armies of the\r
+Philistines, and spake according to the same words: and David heard\r
+them.\r
+\r
+17:24 And all the men of Israel, when they saw the man, fled from him,\r
+and were sore afraid.\r
+\r
+17:25 And the men of Israel said, Have ye seen this man that is come\r
+up? surely to defy Israel is he come up: and it shall be, that the\r
+man who killeth him, the king will enrich him with great riches, and\r
+will give him his daughter, and make his father's house free in\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+17:26 And David spake to the men that stood by him, saying, What shall\r
+be done to the man that killeth this Philistine, and taketh away the\r
+reproach from Israel? for who is this uncircumcised Philistine, that\r
+he should defy the armies of the living God? 17:27 And the people\r
+answered him after this manner, saying, So shall it be done to the man\r
+that killeth him.\r
+\r
+17:28 And Eliab his eldest brother heard when he spake unto the men;\r
+and Eliab's anger was kindled against David, and he said, Why camest\r
+thou down hither? and with whom hast thou left those few sheep in the\r
+wilderness? I know thy pride, and the naughtiness of thine heart; for\r
+thou art come down that thou mightest see the battle.\r
+\r
+17:29 And David said, What have I now done? Is there not a cause?\r
+17:30 And he turned from him toward another, and spake after the same\r
+manner: and the people answered him again after the former manner.\r
+\r
+17:31 And when the words were heard which David spake, they rehearsed\r
+them before Saul: and he sent for him.\r
+\r
+17:32 And David said to Saul, Let no man's heart fail because of him;\r
+thy servant will go and fight with this Philistine.\r
+\r
+17:33 And Saul said to David, Thou art not able to go against this\r
+Philistine to fight with him: for thou art but a youth, and he a man\r
+of war from his youth.\r
+\r
+17:34 And David said unto Saul, Thy servant kept his father's sheep,\r
+and there came a lion, and a bear, and took a lamb out of the flock:\r
+17:35 And I went out after him, and smote him, and delivered it out of\r
+his mouth: and when he arose against me, I caught him by his beard,\r
+and smote him, and slew him.\r
+\r
+17:36 Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear: and this\r
+uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them, seeing he hath\r
+defied the armies of the living God.\r
+\r
+17:37 David said moreover, The LORD that delivered me out of the paw\r
+of the lion, and out of the paw of the bear, he will deliver me out of\r
+the hand of this Philistine. And Saul said unto David, Go, and the\r
+LORD be with thee.\r
+\r
+17:38 And Saul armed David with his armour, and he put an helmet of\r
+brass upon his head; also he armed him with a coat of mail.\r
+\r
+17:39 And David girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to\r
+go; for he had not proved it. And David said unto Saul, I cannot go\r
+with these; for I have not proved them. And David put them off him.\r
+\r
+17:40 And he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth\r
+stones out of the brook, and put them in a shepherd's bag which he\r
+had, even in a scrip; and his sling was in his hand: and he drew near\r
+to the Philistine.\r
+\r
+17:41 And the Philistine came on and drew near unto David; and the man\r
+that bare the shield went before him.\r
+\r
+17:42 And when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he\r
+disdained him: for he was but a youth, and ruddy, and of a fair\r
+countenance.\r
+\r
+17:43 And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that thou comest\r
+to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.\r
+\r
+17:44 And the Philistine said to David, Come to me, and I will give\r
+thy flesh unto the fowls of the air, and to the beasts of the field.\r
+\r
+17:45 Then said David to the Philistine, Thou comest to me with a\r
+sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to thee in the\r
+name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom thou\r
+hast defied.\r
+\r
+17:46 This day will the LORD deliver thee into mine hand; and I will\r
+smite thee, and take thine head from thee; and I will give the\r
+carcases of the host of the Philistines this day unto the fowls of the\r
+air, and to the wild beasts of the earth; that all the earth may know\r
+that there is a God in Israel.\r
+\r
+17:47 And all this assembly shall know that the LORD saveth not with\r
+sword and spear: for the battle is the LORD's, and he will give you\r
+into our hands.\r
+\r
+17:48 And it came to pass, when the Philistine arose, and came, and\r
+drew nigh to meet David, that David hastened, and ran toward the army\r
+to meet the Philistine.\r
+\r
+17:49 And David put his hand in his bag, and took thence a stone, and\r
+slang it, and smote the Philistine in his forehead, that the stone\r
+sunk into his forehead; and he fell upon his face to the earth.\r
+\r
+17:50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a\r
+stone, and smote the Philistine, and slew him; but there was no sword\r
+in the hand of David.\r
+\r
+17:51 Therefore David ran, and stood upon the Philistine, and took his\r
+sword, and drew it out of the sheath thereof, and slew him, and cut\r
+off his head therewith. And when the Philistines saw their champion\r
+was dead, they fled.\r
+\r
+17:52 And the men of Israel and of Judah arose, and shouted, and\r
+pursued the Philistines, until thou come to the valley, and to the\r
+gates of Ekron.\r
+\r
+And the wounded of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim,\r
+even unto Gath, and unto Ekron.\r
+\r
+17:53 And the children of Israel returned from chasing after the\r
+Philistines, and they spoiled their tents.\r
+\r
+17:54 And David took the head of the Philistine, and brought it to\r
+Jerusalem; but he put his armour in his tent.\r
+\r
+17:55 And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said\r
+unto Abner, the captain of the host, Abner, whose son is this youth?\r
+And Abner said, As thy soul liveth, O king, I cannot tell.\r
+\r
+17:56 And the king said, Enquire thou whose son the stripling is.\r
+\r
+17:57 And as David returned from the slaughter of the Philistine,\r
+Abner took him, and brought him before Saul with the head of the\r
+Philistine in his hand.\r
+\r
+17:58 And Saul said to him, Whose son art thou, thou young man? And\r
+David answered, I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite.\r
+\r
+18:1 And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto\r
+Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and\r
+Jonathan loved him as his own soul.\r
+\r
+18:2 And Saul took him that day, and would let him go no more home to\r
+his father's house.\r
+\r
+18:3 Then Jonathan and David made a covenant, because he loved him as\r
+his own soul.\r
+\r
+18:4 And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and\r
+gave it to David, and his garments, even to his sword, and to his bow,\r
+and to his girdle.\r
+\r
+18:5 And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, and behaved\r
+himself wisely: and Saul set him over the men of war, and he was\r
+accepted in the sight of all the people, and also in the sight of\r
+Saul's servants.\r
+\r
+18:6 And it came to pass as they came, when David was returned from\r
+the slaughter of the Philistine, that the women came out of all cities\r
+of Israel, singing and dancing, to meet king Saul, with tabrets, with\r
+joy, and with instruments of musick.\r
+\r
+18:7 And the women answered one another as they played, and said, Saul\r
+hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands.\r
+\r
+18:8 And Saul was very wroth, and the saying displeased him; and he\r
+said, They have ascribed unto David ten thousands, and to me they have\r
+ascribed but thousands: and what can he have more but the kingdom?\r
+18:9 And Saul eyed David from that day and forward.\r
+\r
+18:10 And it came to pass on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God\r
+came upon Saul, and he prophesied in the midst of the house: and David\r
+played with his hand, as at other times: and there was a javelin in\r
+Saul's hand.\r
+\r
+18:11 And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even\r
+to the wall with it. And David avoided out of his presence twice.\r
+\r
+18:12 And Saul was afraid of David, because the LORD was with him, and\r
+was departed from Saul.\r
+\r
+18:13 Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain\r
+over a thousand; and he went out and came in before the people.\r
+\r
+18:14 And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways; and the LORD\r
+was with him.\r
+\r
+18:15 Wherefore when Saul saw that he behaved himself very wisely, he\r
+was afraid of him.\r
+\r
+18:16 But all Israel and Judah loved David, because he went out and\r
+came in before them.\r
+\r
+18:17 And Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will\r
+I give thee to wife: only be thou valiant for me, and fight the LORD's\r
+battles.\r
+\r
+For Saul said, Let not mine hand be upon him, but let the hand of the\r
+Philistines be upon him.\r
+\r
+18:18 And David said unto Saul, Who am I? and what is my life, or my\r
+father's family in Israel, that I should be son in law to the king?\r
+18:19 But it came to pass at the time when Merab Saul's daughter\r
+should have been given to David, that she was given unto Adriel the\r
+Meholathite to wife.\r
+\r
+18:20 And Michal Saul's daughter loved David: and they told Saul, and\r
+the thing pleased him.\r
+\r
+18:21 And Saul said, I will give him her, that she may be a snare to\r
+him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him.\r
+Wherefore Saul said to David, Thou shalt this day be my son in law in\r
+the one of the twain.\r
+\r
+18:22 And Saul commanded his servants, saying, Commune with David\r
+secretly, and say, Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his\r
+servants love thee: now therefore be the king's son in law.\r
+\r
+18:23 And Saul's servants spake those words in the ears of David. And\r
+David said, Seemeth it to you a light thing to be a king's son in law,\r
+seeing that I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed? 18:24 And the\r
+servants of Saul told him, saying, On this manner spake David.\r
+\r
+18:25 And Saul said, Thus shall ye say to David, The king desireth not\r
+any dowry, but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to be avenged\r
+of the king's enemies. But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand\r
+of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+18:26 And when his servants told David these words, it pleased David\r
+well to be the king's son in law: and the days were not expired.\r
+\r
+18:27 Wherefore David arose and went, he and his men, and slew of the\r
+Philistines two hundred men; and David brought their foreskins, and\r
+they gave them in full tale to the king, that he might be the king's\r
+son in law. And Saul gave him Michal his daughter to wife.\r
+\r
+18:28 And Saul saw and knew that the LORD was with David, and that\r
+Michal Saul's daughter loved him.\r
+\r
+18:29 And Saul was yet the more afraid of David; and Saul became\r
+David's enemy continually.\r
+\r
+18:30 Then the princes of the Philistines went forth: and it came to\r
+pass, after they went forth, that David behaved himself more wisely\r
+than all the servants of Saul; so that his name was much set by.\r
+\r
+19:1 And Saul spake to Jonathan his son, and to all his servants, that\r
+they should kill David.\r
+\r
+19:2 But Jonathan Saul's son delighted much in David: and Jonathan\r
+told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now\r
+therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and\r
+abide in a secret place, and hide thyself: 19:3 And I will go out and\r
+stand beside my father in the field where thou art, and I will commune\r
+with my father of thee; and what I see, that I will tell thee.\r
+\r
+19:4 And Jonathan spake good of David unto Saul his father, and said\r
+unto him, Let not the king sin against his servant, against David;\r
+because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his works have\r
+been to thee-ward very good: 19:5 For he did put his life in his hand,\r
+and slew the Philistine, and the LORD wrought a great salvation for\r
+all Israel: thou sawest it, and didst rejoice: wherefore then wilt\r
+thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause? 19:6\r
+And Saul hearkened unto the voice of Jonathan: and Saul sware, As the\r
+LORD liveth, he shall not be slain.\r
+\r
+19:7 And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan shewed him all those\r
+things.\r
+\r
+And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in\r
+times past.\r
+\r
+19:8 And there was war again: and David went out, and fought with the\r
+Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter; and they fled from\r
+him.\r
+\r
+19:9 And the evil spirit from the LORD was upon Saul, as he sat in his\r
+house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand.\r
+\r
+19:10 And Saul sought to smite David even to the wall with the\r
+javelin: but he slipped away out of Saul's presence, and he smote the\r
+javelin into the wall: and David fled, and escaped that night.\r
+\r
+19:11 Saul also sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and\r
+to slay him in the morning: and Michal David's wife told him, saying,\r
+If thou save not thy life to night, to morrow thou shalt be slain.\r
+\r
+19:12 So Michal let David down through a window: and he went, and\r
+fled, and escaped.\r
+\r
+19:13 And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed, and put a\r
+pillow of goats' hair for his bolster, and covered it with a cloth.\r
+\r
+19:14 And when Saul sent messengers to take David, she said, He is\r
+sick.\r
+\r
+19:15 And Saul sent the messengers again to see David, saying, Bring\r
+him up to me in the bed, that I may slay him.\r
+\r
+19:16 And when the messengers were come in, behold, there was an image\r
+in the bed, with a pillow of goats' hair for his bolster.\r
+\r
+19:17 And Saul said unto Michal, Why hast thou deceived me so, and\r
+sent away mine enemy, that he is escaped? And Michal answered Saul, He\r
+said unto me, Let me go; why should I kill thee? 19:18 So David fled,\r
+and escaped, and came to Samuel to Ramah, and told him all that Saul\r
+had done to him. And he and Samuel went and dwelt in Naioth.\r
+\r
+19:19 And it was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is at Naioth in\r
+Ramah.\r
+\r
+19:20 And Saul sent messengers to take David: and when they saw the\r
+company of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel standing as appointed\r
+over them, the Spirit of God was upon the messengers of Saul, and they\r
+also prophesied.\r
+\r
+19:21 And when it was told Saul, he sent other messengers, and they\r
+prophesied likewise. And Saul sent messengers again the third time,\r
+and they prophesied also.\r
+\r
+19:22 Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that is in\r
+Sechu: and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? And one\r
+said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah.\r
+\r
+19:23 And he went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God\r
+was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to\r
+Naioth in Ramah.\r
+\r
+19:24 And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before\r
+Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that\r
+night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets? 20:1 And\r
+David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan,\r
+What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy\r
+father, that he seeketh my life? 20:2 And he said unto him, God\r
+forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either\r
+great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father\r
+hide this thing from me? it is not so.\r
+\r
+20:3 And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth\r
+that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan\r
+know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as\r
+thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.\r
+\r
+20:4 Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I\r
+will even do it for thee.\r
+\r
+20:5 And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon,\r
+and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go,\r
+that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.\r
+\r
+20:6 If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked\r
+leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a\r
+yearly sacrifice there for all the family.\r
+\r
+20:7 If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if\r
+he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.\r
+\r
+20:8 Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast\r
+brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee:\r
+notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why\r
+shouldest thou bring me to thy father? 20:9 And Jonathan said, Far be\r
+it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my\r
+father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee? 20:10 Then\r
+said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father\r
+answer thee roughly? 20:11 And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and\r
+let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the\r
+field.\r
+\r
+20:12 And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have\r
+sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and,\r
+behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee,\r
+and shew it thee; 20:13 The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but\r
+if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and\r
+send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with\r
+thee, as he hath been with my father.\r
+\r
+20:14 And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of\r
+the LORD, that I die not: 20:15 But also thou shalt not cut off thy\r
+kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off\r
+the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+20:16 So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let\r
+the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.\r
+\r
+20:17 And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him:\r
+for he loved him as he loved his own soul.\r
+\r
+20:18 Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou\r
+shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.\r
+\r
+20:19 And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down\r
+quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the\r
+business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel.\r
+\r
+20:20 And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I\r
+shot at a mark.\r
+\r
+20:21 And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows.\r
+If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side\r
+of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no\r
+hurt; as the LORD liveth.\r
+\r
+20:22 But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are\r
+beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.\r
+\r
+20:23 And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of,\r
+behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.\r
+\r
+20:24 So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was\r
+come, the king sat him down to eat meat.\r
+\r
+20:25 And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a\r
+seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side,\r
+and David's place was empty.\r
+\r
+20:26 Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought,\r
+Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.\r
+\r
+20:27 And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of\r
+the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan\r
+his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither\r
+yesterday, nor to day? 20:28 And Jonathan answered Saul, David\r
+earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem: 20:29 And he said, Let\r
+me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and\r
+my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found\r
+favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my\r
+brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.\r
+\r
+20:30 Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto\r
+him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that\r
+thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the\r
+confusion of thy mother's nakedness? 20:31 For as long as the son of\r
+Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy\r
+kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely\r
+die.\r
+\r
+20:32 And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him,\r
+Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done? 20:33 And Saul cast a\r
+javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was\r
+determined of his father to slay David.\r
+\r
+20:34 So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no\r
+meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David,\r
+because his father had done him shame.\r
+\r
+20:35 And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into\r
+the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.\r
+\r
+20:36 And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I\r
+shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.\r
+\r
+20:37 And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which\r
+Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the\r
+arrow beyond thee? 20:38 And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make\r
+speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and\r
+came to his master.\r
+\r
+20:39 But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the\r
+matter.\r
+\r
+20:40 And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him,\r
+Go, carry them to the city.\r
+\r
+20:41 And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place\r
+toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed\r
+himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with\r
+another, until David exceeded.\r
+\r
+20:42 And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have\r
+sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between\r
+me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose\r
+and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.\r
+\r
+21:1 Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest: and Ahimelech was\r
+afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why art thou alone,\r
+and no man with thee? 21:2 And David said unto Ahimelech the priest,\r
+The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no\r
+man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I\r
+have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such\r
+a place.\r
+\r
+21:3 Now therefore what is under thine hand? give me five loaves of\r
+bread in mine hand, or what there is present.\r
+\r
+21:4 And the priest answered David, and said, There is no common bread\r
+under mine hand, but there is hallowed bread; if the young men have\r
+kept themselves at least from women.\r
+\r
+21:5 And David answered the priest, and said unto him, Of a truth\r
+women have been kept from us about these three days, since I came out,\r
+and the vessels of the young men are holy, and the bread is in a\r
+manner common, yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel.\r
+\r
+21:6 So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread\r
+there but the shewbread, that was taken from before the LORD, to put\r
+hot bread in the day when it was taken away.\r
+\r
+21:7 Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day,\r
+detained before the LORD; and his name was Doeg, an Edomite, the\r
+chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul.\r
+\r
+21:8 And David said unto Ahimelech, And is there not here under thine\r
+hand spear or sword? for I have neither brought my sword nor my\r
+weapons with me, because the king's business required haste.\r
+\r
+21:9 And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom\r
+thou slewest in the valley of Elah, behold, it is here wrapped in a\r
+cloth behind the ephod: if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is\r
+no other save that here. And David said, There is none like that; give\r
+it me.\r
+\r
+21:10 And David arose and fled that day for fear of Saul, and went to\r
+Achish the king of Gath.\r
+\r
+21:11 And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the\r
+king of the land? did they not sing one to another of him in dances,\r
+saying, Saul hath slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands?\r
+21:12 And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore afraid\r
+of Achish the king of Gath.\r
+\r
+21:13 And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself\r
+mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let\r
+his spittle fall down upon his beard.\r
+\r
+21:14 Then said Achish unto his servants, Lo, ye see the man is mad:\r
+wherefore then have ye brought him to me? 21:15 Have I need of mad\r
+men, that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my\r
+presence? shall this fellow come into my house? 22:1 David therefore\r
+departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his\r
+brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither\r
+to him.\r
+\r
+22:2 And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in\r
+debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto\r
+him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about\r
+four hundred men.\r
+\r
+22:3 And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the\r
+king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth,\r
+and be with you, till I know what God will do for me.\r
+\r
+22:4 And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with\r
+him all the while that David was in the hold.\r
+\r
+22:5 And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold;\r
+depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and\r
+came into the forest of Hareth.\r
+\r
+22:6 When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were\r
+with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his\r
+spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;) 22:7\r
+Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye\r
+Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and\r
+vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of\r
+hundreds; 22:8 That all of you have conspired against me, and there is\r
+none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of\r
+Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto\r
+me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait,\r
+as at this day? 22:9 Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set\r
+over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to\r
+Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.\r
+\r
+22:10 And he enquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and\r
+gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.\r
+\r
+22:11 Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of\r
+Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and\r
+they came all of them to the king.\r
+\r
+22:12 And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered,\r
+Here I am, my lord.\r
+\r
+22:13 And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou\r
+and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword,\r
+and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to\r
+lie in wait, as at this day? 22:14 Then Ahimelech answered the king,\r
+and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David,\r
+which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is\r
+honourable in thine house? 22:15 Did I then begin to enquire of God\r
+for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his\r
+servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew\r
+nothing of all this, less or more.\r
+\r
+22:16 And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and\r
+all thy father's house.\r
+\r
+22:17 And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn,\r
+and slay the priests of the LORD: because their hand also is with\r
+David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me.\r
+But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall\r
+upon the priests of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:18 And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests.\r
+And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on\r
+that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod.\r
+\r
+22:19 And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the\r
+sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and\r
+asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+22:20 And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named\r
+Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David.\r
+\r
+22:21 And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD's\r
+priests.\r
+\r
+22:22 And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the\r
+Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned\r
+the death of all the persons of thy father's house.\r
+\r
+22:23 Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life\r
+seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.\r
+\r
+23:1 Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight\r
+against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors.\r
+\r
+23:2 Therefore David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and\r
+smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite\r
+the Philistines, and save Keilah.\r
+\r
+23:3 And David's men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in\r
+Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of\r
+the Philistines? 23:4 Then David enquired of the LORD yet again. And\r
+the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will\r
+deliver the Philistines into thine hand.\r
+\r
+23:5 So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the\r
+Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a\r
+great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.\r
+\r
+23:6 And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to\r
+David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.\r
+\r
+23:7 And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul\r
+said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by\r
+entering into a town that hath gates and bars.\r
+\r
+23:8 And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to\r
+Keilah, to besiege David and his men.\r
+\r
+23:9 And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him;\r
+and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.\r
+\r
+23:10 Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath\r
+certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the\r
+city for my sake.\r
+\r
+23:11 Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul\r
+come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech\r
+thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down.\r
+\r
+23:12 Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men\r
+into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up.\r
+\r
+23:13 Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and\r
+departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it\r
+was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go\r
+forth.\r
+\r
+23:14 And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained\r
+in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every\r
+day, but God delivered him not into his hand.\r
+\r
+23:15 And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David\r
+was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood.\r
+\r
+23:16 And Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood,\r
+and strengthened his hand in God.\r
+\r
+23:17 And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father\r
+shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall\r
+be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.\r
+\r
+23:18 And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in\r
+the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.\r
+\r
+23:19 Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not\r
+David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of\r
+Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon? 23:20 Now therefore, O\r
+king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down;\r
+and our part shall be to deliver him into the king's hand.\r
+\r
+23:21 And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion\r
+on me.\r
+\r
+23:22 Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where\r
+his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he\r
+dealeth very subtilly.\r
+\r
+23:23 See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places\r
+where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty,\r
+and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the\r
+land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+23:24 And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his\r
+men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of\r
+Jeshimon.\r
+\r
+23:25 Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David;\r
+wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of\r
+Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the\r
+wilderness of Maon.\r
+\r
+23:26 And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his\r
+men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for\r
+fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round\r
+about to take them.\r
+\r
+23:27 But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and\r
+come; for the Philistines have invaded the land.\r
+\r
+23:28 Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went\r
+against the Philistines: therefore they called that place\r
+Selahammahlekoth.\r
+\r
+23:29 And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at\r
+Engedi.\r
+\r
+24:1 And it came to pass, when Saul was returned from following the\r
+Philistines, that it was told him, saying, Behold, David is in the\r
+wilderness of Engedi.\r
+\r
+24:2 Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and\r
+went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild goats.\r
+\r
+24:3 And he came to the sheepcotes by the way, where was a cave; and\r
+Saul went in to cover his feet: and David and his men remained in the\r
+sides of the cave.\r
+\r
+24:4 And the men of David said unto him, Behold the day of which the\r
+LORD said unto thee, Behold, I will deliver thine enemy into thine\r
+hand, that thou mayest do to him as it shall seem good unto thee. Then\r
+David arose, and cut off the skirt of Saul's robe privily.\r
+\r
+24:5 And it came to pass afterward, that David's heart smote him,\r
+because he had cut off Saul's skirt.\r
+\r
+24:6 And he said unto his men, The LORD forbid that I should do this\r
+thing unto my master, the LORD's anointed, to stretch forth mine hand\r
+against him, seeing he is the anointed of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:7 So David stayed his servants with these words, and suffered them\r
+not to rise against Saul. But Saul rose up out of the cave, and went\r
+on his way.\r
+\r
+24:8 David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave, and cried\r
+after Saul, saying, My lord the king. And when Saul looked behind him,\r
+David stooped with his face to the earth, and bowed himself.\r
+\r
+24:9 And David said to Saul, Wherefore hearest thou men's words,\r
+saying, Behold, David seeketh thy hurt? 24:10 Behold, this day thine\r
+eyes have seen how that the LORD had delivered thee to day into mine\r
+hand in the cave: and some bade me kill thee: but mine eye spared\r
+thee; and I said, I will not put forth mine hand against my lord; for\r
+he is the LORD's anointed.\r
+\r
+24:11 Moreover, my father, see, yea, see the skirt of thy robe in my\r
+hand: for in that I cut off the skirt of thy robe, and killed thee\r
+not, know thou and see that there is neither evil nor transgression in\r
+mine hand, and I have not sinned against thee; yet thou huntest my\r
+soul to take it.\r
+\r
+24:12 The LORD judge between me and thee, and the LORD avenge me of\r
+thee: but mine hand shall not be upon thee.\r
+\r
+24:13 As saith the proverb of the ancients, Wickedness proceedeth from\r
+the wicked: but mine hand shall not be upon thee.\r
+\r
+24:14 After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom dost thou\r
+pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea.\r
+\r
+24:15 The LORD therefore be judge, and judge between me and thee, and\r
+see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of thine hand.\r
+\r
+24:16 And it came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking\r
+these words unto Saul, that Saul said, Is this thy voice, my son\r
+David? And Saul lifted up his voice, and wept.\r
+\r
+24:17 And he said to David, Thou art more righteous than I: for thou\r
+hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil.\r
+\r
+24:18 And thou hast shewed this day how that thou hast dealt well with\r
+me: forasmuch as when the LORD had delivered me into thine hand, thou\r
+killedst me not.\r
+\r
+24:19 For if a man find his enemy, will he let him go well away?\r
+wherefore the LORD reward thee good for that thou hast done unto me\r
+this day.\r
+\r
+24:20 And now, behold, I know well that thou shalt surely be king, and\r
+that the kingdom of Israel shall be established in thine hand.\r
+\r
+24:21 Swear now therefore unto me by the LORD, that thou wilt not cut\r
+off my seed after me, and that thou wilt not destroy my name out of my\r
+father's house.\r
+\r
+24:22 And David sware unto Saul. And Saul went home; but David and his\r
+men gat them up unto the hold.\r
+\r
+25:1 And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together,\r
+and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David\r
+arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran.\r
+\r
+25:2 And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel;\r
+and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a\r
+thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.\r
+\r
+25:3 Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife\r
+Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful\r
+countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he\r
+was of the house of Caleb.\r
+\r
+25:4 And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep.\r
+\r
+25:5 And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young\r
+men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name:\r
+25:6 And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be\r
+both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that\r
+thou hast.\r
+\r
+25:7 And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds\r
+which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing\r
+unto them, all the while they were in Carmel.\r
+\r
+25:8 Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the\r
+young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give,\r
+I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to\r
+thy son David.\r
+\r
+25:9 And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to\r
+all those words in the name of David, and ceased.\r
+\r
+25:10 And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and\r
+who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break\r
+away every man from his master.\r
+\r
+25:11 Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I\r
+have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not\r
+whence they be? 25:12 So David's young men turned their way, and went\r
+again, and came and told him all those sayings.\r
+\r
+25:13 And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And\r
+they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his\r
+sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two\r
+hundred abode by the stuff.\r
+\r
+25:14 But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying,\r
+Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our\r
+master; and he railed on them.\r
+\r
+25:15 But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt,\r
+neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them,\r
+when we were in the fields: 25:16 They were a wall unto us both by\r
+night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep.\r
+\r
+25:17 Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is\r
+determined against our master, and against all his household: for he\r
+is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him.\r
+\r
+25:18 Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two\r
+bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of\r
+parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred\r
+cakes of figs, and laid them on asses.\r
+\r
+25:19 And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come\r
+after you. But she told not her husband Nabal.\r
+\r
+25:20 And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the\r
+covert on the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against\r
+her; and she met them.\r
+\r
+25:21 Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this\r
+fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that\r
+pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good.\r
+\r
+25:22 So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of\r
+all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against\r
+the wall.\r
+\r
+25:23 And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass,\r
+and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground,\r
+25:24 And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let\r
+this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine\r
+audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid.\r
+\r
+25:25 Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even\r
+Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is\r
+with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom\r
+thou didst send.\r
+\r
+25:26 Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul\r
+liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed\r
+blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine\r
+enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal.\r
+\r
+25:27 And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my\r
+lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord.\r
+\r
+25:28 I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the\r
+LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord\r
+fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee\r
+all thy days.\r
+\r
+25:29 Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the\r
+soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy\r
+God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out\r
+of the middle of a sling.\r
+\r
+25:30 And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my\r
+lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee,\r
+and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel; 25:31 That this shall\r
+be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that\r
+thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself:\r
+but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember\r
+thine handmaid.\r
+\r
+25:32 And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel,\r
+which sent thee this day to meet me: 25:33 And blessed be thy advice,\r
+and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed\r
+blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand.\r
+\r
+25:34 For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath\r
+kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to\r
+meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning\r
+light any that pisseth against the wall.\r
+\r
+25:35 So David received of her hand that which she had brought him,\r
+and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have\r
+hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.\r
+\r
+25:36 And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his\r
+house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within\r
+him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or\r
+more, until the morning light.\r
+\r
+25:37 But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out\r
+of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died\r
+within him, and he became as a stone.\r
+\r
+25:38 And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote\r
+Nabal, that he died.\r
+\r
+25:39 And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be\r
+the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of\r
+Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned\r
+the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed\r
+with Abigail, to take her to him to wife.\r
+\r
+25:40 And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel,\r
+they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to\r
+him to wife.\r
+\r
+25:41 And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and\r
+said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the\r
+servants of my lord.\r
+\r
+25:42 And Abigail hasted, and arose and rode upon an ass, with five\r
+damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers\r
+of David, and became his wife.\r
+\r
+25:43 David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of\r
+them his wives.\r
+\r
+25:44 But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti\r
+the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.\r
+\r
+26:1 And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David\r
+hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon? 26:2\r
+Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, having three\r
+thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek David in the\r
+wilderness of Ziph.\r
+\r
+26:3 And Saul pitched in the hill of Hachilah, which is before\r
+Jeshimon, by the way. But David abode in the wilderness, and he saw\r
+that Saul came after him into the wilderness.\r
+\r
+26:4 David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come\r
+in very deed.\r
+\r
+26:5 And David arose, and came to the place where Saul had pitched:\r
+and David beheld the place where Saul lay, and Abner the son of Ner,\r
+the captain of his host: and Saul lay in the trench, and the people\r
+pitched round about him.\r
+\r
+26:6 Then answered David and said to Ahimelech the Hittite, and to\r
+Abishai the son of Zeruiah, brother to Joab, saying, Who will go down\r
+with me to Saul to the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+26:7 So David and Abishai came to the people by night: and, behold,\r
+Saul lay sleeping within the trench, and his spear stuck in the ground\r
+at his bolster: but Abner and the people lay round about him.\r
+\r
+26:8 Then said Abishai to David, God hath delivered thine enemy into\r
+thine hand this day: now therefore let me smite him, I pray thee, with\r
+the spear even to the earth at once, and I will not smite him the\r
+second time.\r
+\r
+26:9 And David said to Abishai, Destroy him not: for who can stretch\r
+forth his hand against the LORD's anointed, and be guiltless? 26:10\r
+David said furthermore, As the LORD liveth, the LORD shall smite him;\r
+or his day shall come to die; or he shall descend into battle, and\r
+perish.\r
+\r
+26:11 The LORD forbid that I should stretch forth mine hand against\r
+the LORD's anointed: but, I pray thee, take thou now the spear that is\r
+at his bolster, and the cruse of water, and let us go.\r
+\r
+26:12 So David took the spear and the cruse of water from Saul's\r
+bolster; and they gat them away, and no man saw it, nor knew it,\r
+neither awaked: for they were all asleep; because a deep sleep from\r
+the LORD was fallen upon them.\r
+\r
+26:13 Then David went over to the other side, and stood on the top of\r
+an hill afar off; a great space being between them: 26:14 And David\r
+cried to the people, and to Abner the son of Ner, saying, Answerest\r
+thou not, Abner? Then Abner answered and said, Who art thou that\r
+criest to the king? 26:15 And David said to Abner, Art not thou a\r
+valiant man? and who is like to thee in Israel? wherefore then hast\r
+thou not kept thy lord the king? for there came one of the people in\r
+to destroy the king thy lord.\r
+\r
+26:16 This thing is not good that thou hast done. As the LORD liveth,\r
+ye are worthy to die, because ye have not kept your master, the LORD's\r
+anointed.\r
+\r
+And now see where the king's spear is, and the cruse of water that was\r
+at his bolster.\r
+\r
+26:17 And Saul knew David's voice, and said, Is this thy voice, my son\r
+David? And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O king.\r
+\r
+26:18 And he said, Wherefore doth my lord thus pursue after his\r
+servant? for what have I done? or what evil is in mine hand? 26:19\r
+Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his\r
+servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept\r
+an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before\r
+the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the\r
+inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods.\r
+\r
+26:20 Now therefore, let not my blood fall to the earth before the\r
+face of the LORD: for the king of Israel is come out to seek a flea,\r
+as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains.\r
+\r
+26:21 Then said Saul, I have sinned: return, my son David: for I will\r
+no more do thee harm, because my soul was precious in thine eyes this\r
+day: behold, I have played the fool, and have erred exceedingly.\r
+\r
+26:22 And David answered and said, Behold the king's spear! and let\r
+one of the young men come over and fetch it.\r
+\r
+26:23 The LORD render to every man his righteousness and his\r
+faithfulness; for the LORD delivered thee into my hand to day, but I\r
+would not stretch forth mine hand against the LORD's anointed.\r
+\r
+26:24 And, behold, as thy life was much set by this day in mine eyes,\r
+so let my life be much set by in the eyes of the LORD, and let him\r
+deliver me out of all tribulation.\r
+\r
+26:25 Then Saul said to David, Blessed be thou, my son David: thou\r
+shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail. So David\r
+went on his way, and Saul returned to his place.\r
+\r
+27:1 And David said in his heart, I shall now perish one day by the\r
+hand of Saul: there is nothing better for me than that I should\r
+speedily escape into the land of the Philistines; and Saul shall\r
+despair of me, to seek me any more in any coast of Israel: so shall I\r
+escape out of his hand.\r
+\r
+27:2 And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred men that\r
+were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of Gath.\r
+\r
+27:3 And David dwelt with Achish at Gath, he and his men, every man\r
+with his household, even David with his two wives, Ahinoam the\r
+Jezreelitess, and Abigail the Carmelitess, Nabal's wife.\r
+\r
+27:4 And it was told Saul that David was fled to Gath: and he sought\r
+no more again for him.\r
+\r
+27:5 And David said unto Achish, If I have now found grace in thine\r
+eyes, let them give me a place in some town in the country, that I may\r
+dwell there: for why should thy servant dwell in the royal city with\r
+thee? 27:6 Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: wherefore Ziklag\r
+pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day.\r
+\r
+27:7 And the time that David dwelt in the country of the Philistines\r
+was a full year and four months.\r
+\r
+27:8 And David and his men went up, and invaded the Geshurites, and\r
+the Gezrites, and the Amalekites: for those nations were of old the\r
+inhabitants of the land, as thou goest to Shur, even unto the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+27:9 And David smote the land, and left neither man nor woman alive,\r
+and took away the sheep, and the oxen, and the asses, and the camels,\r
+and the apparel, and returned, and came to Achish.\r
+\r
+27:10 And Achish said, Whither have ye made a road to day? And David\r
+said, Against the south of Judah, and against the south of the\r
+Jerahmeelites, and against the south of the Kenites.\r
+\r
+27:11 And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to\r
+Gath, saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David, and\r
+so will be his manner all the while he dwelleth in the country of the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+27:12 And Achish believed David, saying, He hath made his people\r
+Israel utterly to abhor him; therefore he shall be my servant for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+28:1 And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered\r
+their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish\r
+said unto David, Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me\r
+to battle, thou and thy men.\r
+\r
+28:2 And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant\r
+can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of\r
+mine head for ever.\r
+\r
+28:3 Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried\r
+him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that\r
+had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.\r
+\r
+28:4 And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and\r
+pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they\r
+pitched in Gilboa.\r
+\r
+28:5 And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and\r
+his heart greatly trembled.\r
+\r
+28:6 And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not,\r
+neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.\r
+\r
+28:7 Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that hath a\r
+familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his\r
+servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar\r
+spirit at Endor.\r
+\r
+28:8 And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he\r
+went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and\r
+he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring\r
+me him up, whom I shall name unto thee.\r
+\r
+28:9 And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath\r
+done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the\r
+wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my\r
+life, to cause me to die? 28:10 And Saul sware to her by the LORD,\r
+saying, As the LORD liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee\r
+for this thing.\r
+\r
+28:11 Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he\r
+said, Bring me up Samuel.\r
+\r
+28:12 And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and\r
+the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou\r
+art Saul.\r
+\r
+28:13 And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou?\r
+And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth.\r
+\r
+28:14 And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old\r
+man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived\r
+that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and\r
+bowed himself.\r
+\r
+28:15 And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring\r
+me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines\r
+make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no\r
+more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called\r
+thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do.\r
+\r
+28:16 Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the\r
+LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? 28:17 And the\r
+LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the\r
+kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to\r
+David: 28:18 Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the LORD, nor\r
+executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the LORD done\r
+this thing unto thee this day.\r
+\r
+28:19 Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with thee into the\r
+hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with\r
+me: the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of\r
+the Philistines.\r
+\r
+28:20 Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore\r
+afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in\r
+him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night.\r
+\r
+28:21 And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled,\r
+and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I\r
+have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which\r
+thou spakest unto me.\r
+\r
+28:22 Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of\r
+thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat,\r
+that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way.\r
+\r
+28:23 But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants,\r
+together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their\r
+voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed.\r
+\r
+28:24 And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and\r
+killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened\r
+bread thereof: 28:25 And she brought it before Saul, and before his\r
+servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that\r
+night.\r
+\r
+29:1 Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to Aphek:\r
+and the Israelites pitched by a fountain which is in Jezreel.\r
+\r
+29:2 And the lords of the Philistines passed on by hundreds, and by\r
+thousands: but David and his men passed on in the rereward with\r
+Achish.\r
+\r
+29:3 Then said the princes of the Philistines, What do these Hebrews\r
+here? And Achish said unto the princes of the Philistines, Is not\r
+this David, the servant of Saul the king of Israel, which hath been\r
+with me these days, or these years, and I have found no fault in him\r
+since he fell unto me unto this day? 29:4 And the princes of the\r
+Philistines were wroth with him; and the princes of the Philistines\r
+said unto him, Make this fellow return, that he may go again to his\r
+place which thou hast appointed him, and let him not go down with us\r
+to battle, lest in the battle he be an adversary to us: for wherewith\r
+should he reconcile himself unto his master? should it not be with the\r
+heads of these men? 29:5 Is not this David, of whom they sang one to\r
+another in dances, saying, Saul slew his thousands, and David his ten\r
+thousands? 29:6 Then Achish called David, and said unto him, Surely,\r
+as the LORD liveth, thou hast been upright, and thy going out and thy\r
+coming in with me in the host is good in my sight: for I have not\r
+found evil in thee since the day of thy coming unto me unto this day:\r
+nevertheless the lords favour thee not.\r
+\r
+29:7 Wherefore now return, and go in peace, that thou displease not\r
+the lords of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+29:8 And David said unto Achish, But what have I done? and what hast\r
+thou found in thy servant so long as I have been with thee unto this\r
+day, that I may not go fight against the enemies of my lord the king?\r
+29:9 And Achish answered and said to David, I know that thou art good\r
+in my sight, as an angel of God: notwithstanding the princes of the\r
+Philistines have said, He shall not go up with us to the battle.\r
+\r
+29:10 Wherefore now rise up early in the morning with thy master's\r
+servants that are come with thee: and as soon as ye be up early in the\r
+morning, and have light, depart.\r
+\r
+29:11 So David and his men rose up early to depart in the morning, to\r
+return into the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines went up\r
+to Jezreel.\r
+\r
+30:1 And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag\r
+on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and\r
+Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire; 30:2 And had\r
+taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either\r
+great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way.\r
+\r
+30:3 So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned\r
+with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, were\r
+taken captives.\r
+\r
+30:4 Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their\r
+voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.\r
+\r
+30:5 And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the\r
+Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite.\r
+\r
+30:6 And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning\r
+him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his\r
+sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD\r
+his God.\r
+\r
+30:7 And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray\r
+thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the\r
+ephod to David.\r
+\r
+30:8 And David enquired at the LORD, saying, Shall I pursue after this\r
+troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou\r
+shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all.\r
+\r
+30:9 So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and\r
+came to the brook Besor, where those that were left behind stayed.\r
+\r
+30:10 But David pursued, he and four hundred men: for two hundred\r
+abode behind, which were so faint that they could not go over the\r
+brook Besor.\r
+\r
+30:11 And they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to\r
+David, and gave him bread, and he did eat; and they made him drink\r
+water; 30:12 And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two\r
+clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to\r
+him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and\r
+three nights.\r
+\r
+30:13 And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art\r
+thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite;\r
+and my master left me, because three days agone I fell sick.\r
+\r
+30:14 We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites, and upon\r
+the coast which belongeth to Judah, and upon the south of Caleb; and\r
+we burned Ziklag with fire.\r
+\r
+30:15 And David said to him, Canst thou bring me down to this company?\r
+And he said, Swear unto me by God, that thou wilt neither kill me, nor\r
+deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee down to\r
+this company.\r
+\r
+30:16 And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread\r
+abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because\r
+of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the\r
+Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.\r
+\r
+30:17 And David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of\r
+the next day: and there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred\r
+young men, which rode upon camels, and fled.\r
+\r
+30:18 And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away:\r
+and David rescued his two wives.\r
+\r
+30:19 And there was nothing lacking to them, neither small nor great,\r
+neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil, nor any thing that they had\r
+taken to them: David recovered all.\r
+\r
+30:20 And David took all the flocks and the herds, which they drave\r
+before those other cattle, and said, This is David's spoil.\r
+\r
+30:21 And David came to the two hundred men, which were so faint that\r
+they could not follow David, whom they had made also to abide at the\r
+brook Besor: and they went forth to meet David, and to meet the people\r
+that were with him: and when David came near to the people, he saluted\r
+them.\r
+\r
+30:22 Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those\r
+that went with David, and said, Because they went not with us, we will\r
+not give them ought of the spoil that we have recovered, save to every\r
+man his wife and his children, that they may lead them away, and\r
+depart.\r
+\r
+30:23 Then said David, Ye shall not do so, my brethren, with that\r
+which the LORD hath given us, who hath preserved us, and delivered the\r
+company that came against us into our hand.\r
+\r
+30:24 For who will hearken unto you in this matter? but as his part is\r
+that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by\r
+the stuff: they shall part alike.\r
+\r
+30:25 And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute\r
+and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.\r
+\r
+30:26 And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto the\r
+elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present for you\r
+of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD; 30:27 To them which were in\r
+Bethel, and to them which were in south Ramoth, and to them which were\r
+in Jattir, 30:28 And to them which were in Aroer, and to them which\r
+were in Siphmoth, and to them which were in Eshtemoa, 30:29 And to\r
+them which were in Rachal, and to them which were in the cities of the\r
+Jerahmeelites, and to them which were in the cities of the Kenites,\r
+30:30 And to them which were in Hormah, and to them which were in\r
+Chorashan, and to them which were in Athach, 30:31 And to them which\r
+were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men\r
+were wont to haunt.\r
+\r
+31:1 Now the Philistines fought against Israel: and the men of Israel\r
+fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa.\r
+\r
+31:2 And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons;\r
+and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchishua,\r
+Saul's sons.\r
+\r
+31:3 And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him;\r
+and he was sore wounded of the archers.\r
+\r
+31:4 Then said Saul unto his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust\r
+me through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me\r
+through, and abuse me. But his armourbearer would not; for he was sore\r
+afraid. Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.\r
+\r
+31:5 And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell\r
+likewise upon his sword, and died with him.\r
+\r
+31:6 So Saul died, and his three sons, and his armourbearer, and all\r
+his men, that same day together.\r
+\r
+31:7 And when the men of Israel that were on the other side of the\r
+valley, and they that were on the other side Jordan, saw that the men\r
+of Israel fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, they forsook the\r
+cities, and fled; and the Philistines came and dwelt in them.\r
+\r
+31:8 And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to\r
+strip the slain, that they found Saul and his three sons fallen in\r
+mount Gilboa.\r
+\r
+31:9 And they cut off his head, and stripped off his armour, and sent\r
+into the land of the Philistines round about, to publish it in the\r
+house of their idols, and among the people.\r
+\r
+31:10 And they put his armour in the house of Ashtaroth: and they\r
+fastened his body to the wall of Bethshan.\r
+\r
+31:11 And when the inhabitants of Jabeshgilead heard of that which the\r
+Philistines had done to Saul; 31:12 All the valiant men arose, and\r
+went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons\r
+from the wall of Bethshan, and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.\r
+\r
+31:13 And they took their bones, and buried them under a tree at\r
+Jabesh, and fasted seven days.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Book of Samuel\r
+\r
+Otherwise Called:\r
+\r
+The Second Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now it came to pass after the death of Saul, when David was\r
+returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites, and David had abode two\r
+days in Ziklag; 1:2 It came even to pass on the third day, that,\r
+behold, a man came out of the camp from Saul with his clothes rent,\r
+and earth upon his head: and so it was, when he came to David, that he\r
+fell to the earth, and did obeisance.\r
+\r
+1:3 And David said unto him, From whence comest thou? And he said unto\r
+him, Out of the camp of Israel am I escaped.\r
+\r
+1:4 And David said unto him, How went the matter? I pray thee, tell\r
+me.\r
+\r
+And he answered, That the people are fled from the battle, and many of\r
+the people also are fallen and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are\r
+dead also.\r
+\r
+1:5 And David said unto the young man that told him, How knowest thou\r
+that Saul and Jonathan his son be dead? 1:6 And the young man that\r
+told him said, As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa, behold, Saul\r
+leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the chariots and horsemen followed\r
+hard after him.\r
+\r
+1:7 And when he looked behind him, he saw me, and called unto me. And\r
+I answered, Here am I.\r
+\r
+1:8 And he said unto me, Who art thou? And I answered him, I am an\r
+Amalekite.\r
+\r
+1:9 He said unto me again, Stand, I pray thee, upon me, and slay me:\r
+for anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in me.\r
+\r
+1:10 So I stood upon him, and slew him, because I was sure that he\r
+could not live after that he was fallen: and I took the crown that was\r
+upon his head, and the bracelet that was on his arm, and have brought\r
+them hither unto my lord.\r
+\r
+1:11 Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise\r
+all the men that were with him: 1:12 And they mourned, and wept, and\r
+fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the\r
+people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were\r
+fallen by the sword.\r
+\r
+1:13 And David said unto the young man that told him, Whence art thou?\r
+And he answered, I am the son of a stranger, an Amalekite.\r
+\r
+1:14 And David said unto him, How wast thou not afraid to stretch\r
+forth thine hand to destroy the LORD's anointed? 1:15 And David\r
+called one of the young men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him. And\r
+he smote him that he died.\r
+\r
+1:16 And David said unto him, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thy\r
+mouth hath testified against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD's\r
+anointed.\r
+\r
+1:17 And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over\r
+Jonathan his son: 1:18 (Also he bade them teach the children of Judah\r
+the use of the bow: behold, it is written in the book of Jasher.)\r
+1:19 The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places: how are the\r
+mighty fallen! 1:20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the\r
+streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice,\r
+lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.\r
+\r
+1:21 Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew, neither let there be\r
+rain, upon you, nor fields of offerings: for there the shield of the\r
+mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not\r
+been anointed with oil.\r
+\r
+1:22 From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, the bow\r
+of Jonathan turned not back, and the sword of Saul returned not empty.\r
+\r
+1:23 Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in\r
+their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they\r
+were stronger than lions.\r
+\r
+1:24 Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in\r
+scarlet, with other delights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your\r
+apparel.\r
+\r
+1:25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! O Jonathan,\r
+thou wast slain in thine high places.\r
+\r
+1:26 I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast\r
+thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of\r
+women.\r
+\r
+1:27 How are the mighty fallen, and the weapons of war perished! 2:1\r
+And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD,\r
+saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD\r
+said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he\r
+said, Unto Hebron.\r
+\r
+2:2 So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the\r
+Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal's wife the Carmelite.\r
+\r
+2:3 And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with\r
+his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron.\r
+\r
+2:4 And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over\r
+the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That the men of\r
+Jabeshgilead were they that buried Saul.\r
+\r
+2:5 And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabeshgilead, and said\r
+unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this\r
+kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him.\r
+\r
+2:6 And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you: and I also will\r
+requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing.\r
+\r
+2:7 Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant:\r
+for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have\r
+anointed me king over them.\r
+\r
+2:8 But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, took Ishbosheth\r
+the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim; 2:9 And made him\r
+king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over\r
+Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.\r
+\r
+2:10 Ishbosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign\r
+over Israel, and reigned two years. But the house of Judah followed\r
+David.\r
+\r
+2:11 And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of\r
+Judah was seven years and six months.\r
+\r
+2:12 And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son\r
+of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon.\r
+\r
+2:13 And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out,\r
+and met together by the pool of Gibeon: and they sat down, the one on\r
+the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool.\r
+\r
+2:14 And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play\r
+before us. And Joab said, Let them arise.\r
+\r
+2:15 Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin,\r
+which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the\r
+servants of David.\r
+\r
+2:16 And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his\r
+sword in his fellow's side; so they fell down together: wherefore that\r
+place was called Helkathhazzurim, which is in Gibeon.\r
+\r
+2:17 And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten,\r
+and the men of Israel, before the servants of David.\r
+\r
+2:18 And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai,\r
+and Asahel: and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe.\r
+\r
+2:19 And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in going he turned not to the\r
+right hand nor to the left from following Abner.\r
+\r
+2:20 Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel? And he\r
+answered, I am.\r
+\r
+2:21 And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to\r
+thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his\r
+armour.\r
+\r
+But Asahel would not turn aside from following of him.\r
+\r
+2:22 And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following\r
+me: wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I\r
+hold up my face to Joab thy brother? 2:23 Howbeit he refused to turn\r
+aside: wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him\r
+under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell\r
+down there, and died in the same place: and it came to pass, that as\r
+many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.\r
+\r
+2:24 Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner: and the sun went down\r
+when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth before Giah by\r
+the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.\r
+\r
+2:25 And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after\r
+Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill.\r
+\r
+2:26 Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for\r
+ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end?\r
+how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from\r
+following their brethren? 2:27 And Joab said, As God liveth, unless\r
+thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up\r
+every one from following his brother.\r
+\r
+2:28 So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and\r
+pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more.\r
+\r
+2:29 And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain,\r
+and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to\r
+Mahanaim.\r
+\r
+2:30 And Joab returned from following Abner: and when he had gathered\r
+all the people together, there lacked of David's servants nineteen men\r
+and Asahel.\r
+\r
+2:31 But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner's\r
+men, so that three hundred and threescore men died.\r
+\r
+2:32 And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his\r
+father, which was in Bethlehem. And Joab and his men went all night,\r
+and they came to Hebron at break of day.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now there was long war between the house of Saul and the house of\r
+David: but David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul\r
+waxed weaker and weaker.\r
+\r
+3:2 And unto David were sons born in Hebron: and his firstborn was\r
+Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; 3:3 And his second, Chileab, of\r
+Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite; and the third, Absalom the\r
+son of Maacah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur; 3:4 And the\r
+fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith; and the fifth, Shephatiah the son\r
+of Abital; 3:5 And the sixth, Ithream, by Eglah David's wife. These\r
+were born to David in Hebron.\r
+\r
+3:6 And it came to pass, while there was war between the house of Saul\r
+and the house of David, that Abner made himself strong for the house\r
+of Saul.\r
+\r
+3:7 And Saul had a concubine, whose name was Rizpah, the daughter of\r
+Aiah: and Ishbosheth said to Abner, Wherefore hast thou gone in unto\r
+my father's concubine? 3:8 Then was Abner very wroth for the words of\r
+Ishbosheth, and said, Am I a dog's head, which against Judah do shew\r
+kindness this day unto the house of Saul thy father, to his brethren,\r
+and to his friends, and have not delivered thee into the hand of\r
+David, that thou chargest me to day with a fault concerning this\r
+woman? 3:9 So do God to Abner, and more also, except, as the LORD\r
+hath sworn to David, even so I do to him; 3:10 To translate the\r
+kingdom from the house of Saul, and to set up the throne of David over\r
+Israel and over Judah, from Dan even to Beersheba.\r
+\r
+3:11 And he could not answer Abner a word again, because he feared\r
+him.\r
+\r
+3:12 And Abner sent messengers to David on his behalf, saying, Whose\r
+is the land? saying also, Make thy league with me, and, behold, my\r
+hand shall be with thee, to bring about all Israel unto thee.\r
+\r
+3:13 And he said, Well; I will make a league with thee: but one thing\r
+I require of thee, that is, Thou shalt not see my face, except thou\r
+first bring Michal Saul's daughter, when thou comest to see my face.\r
+\r
+3:14 And David sent messengers to Ishbosheth Saul's son, saying,\r
+Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to me for an hundred\r
+foreskins of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+3:15 And Ishbosheth sent, and took her from her husband, even from\r
+Phaltiel the son of Laish.\r
+\r
+3:16 And her husband went with her along weeping behind her to\r
+Bahurim.\r
+\r
+Then said Abner unto him, Go, return. And he returned.\r
+\r
+3:17 And Abner had communication with the elders of Israel, saying, Ye\r
+sought for David in times past to be king over you: 3:18 Now then do\r
+it: for the LORD hath spoken of David, saying, By the hand of my\r
+servant David I will save my people Israel out of the hand of the\r
+Philistines, and out of the hand of all their enemies.\r
+\r
+3:19 And Abner also spake in the ears of Benjamin: and Abner went also\r
+to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to\r
+Israel, and that seemed good to the whole house of Benjamin.\r
+\r
+3:20 So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. And\r
+David made Abner and the men that were with him a feast.\r
+\r
+3:21 And Abner said unto David, I will arise and go, and will gather\r
+all Israel unto my lord the king, that they may make a league with\r
+thee, and that thou mayest reign over all that thine heart desireth.\r
+And David sent Abner away; and he went in peace.\r
+\r
+3:22 And, behold, the servants of David and Joab came from pursuing a\r
+troop, and brought in a great spoil with them: but Abner was not with\r
+David in Hebron; for he had sent him away, and he was gone in peace.\r
+\r
+3:23 When Joab and all the host that was with him were come, they told\r
+Joab, saying, Abner the son of Ner came to the king, and he hath sent\r
+him away, and he is gone in peace.\r
+\r
+3:24 Then Joab came to the king, and said, What hast thou done?\r
+behold, Abner came unto thee; why is it that thou hast sent him away,\r
+and he is quite gone? 3:25 Thou knowest Abner the son of Ner, that he\r
+came to deceive thee, and to know thy going out and thy coming in, and\r
+to know all that thou doest.\r
+\r
+3:26 And when Joab was come out from David, he sent messengers after\r
+Abner, which brought him again from the well of Sirah: but David knew\r
+it not.\r
+\r
+3:27 And when Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him aside in the\r
+gate to speak with him quietly, and smote him there under the fifth\r
+rib, that he died, for the blood of Asahel his brother.\r
+\r
+3:28 And afterward when David heard it, he said, I and my kingdom are\r
+guiltless before the LORD for ever from the blood of Abner the son of\r
+Ner: 3:29 Let it rest on the head of Joab, and on all his father's\r
+house; and let there not fail from the house of Joab one that hath an\r
+issue, or that is a leper, or that leaneth on a staff, or that falleth\r
+on the sword, or that lacketh bread.\r
+\r
+3:30 So Joab, and Abishai his brother slew Abner, because he had slain\r
+their brother Asahel at Gibeon in the battle.\r
+\r
+3:31 And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him,\r
+Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before\r
+Abner. And king David himself followed the bier.\r
+\r
+3:32 And they buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up his\r
+voice, and wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people wept.\r
+\r
+3:33 And the king lamented over Abner, and said, Died Abner as a fool\r
+dieth? 3:34 Thy hands were not bound, nor thy feet put into fetters:\r
+as a man falleth before wicked men, so fellest thou. And all the\r
+people wept again over him.\r
+\r
+3:35 And when all the people came to cause David to eat meat while it\r
+was yet day, David sware, saying, So do God to me, and more also, if I\r
+taste bread, or ought else, till the sun be down.\r
+\r
+3:36 And all the people took notice of it, and it pleased them: as\r
+whatsoever the king did pleased all the people.\r
+\r
+3:37 For all the people and all Israel understood that day that it was\r
+not of the king to slay Abner the son of Ner.\r
+\r
+3:38 And the king said unto his servants, Know ye not that there is a\r
+prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel? 3:39 And I am this\r
+day weak, though anointed king; and these men the sons of Zeruiah be\r
+too hard for me: the LORD shall reward the doer of evil according to\r
+his wickedness.\r
+\r
+4:1 And when Saul's son heard that Abner was dead in Hebron, his hands\r
+were feeble, and all the Israelites were troubled.\r
+\r
+4:2 And Saul's son had two men that were captains of bands: the name\r
+of the one was Baanah, and the name of the other Rechab, the sons of\r
+Rimmon a Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin: (for Beeroth also\r
+was reckoned to Benjamin.\r
+\r
+4:3 And the Beerothites fled to Gittaim, and were sojourners there\r
+until this day.) 4:4 And Jonathan, Saul's son, had a son that was\r
+lame of his feet. He was five years old when the tidings came of Saul\r
+and Jonathan out of Jezreel, and his nurse took him up, and fled: and\r
+it came to pass, as she made haste to flee, that he fell, and became\r
+lame. And his name was Mephibosheth.\r
+\r
+4:5 And the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, Rechab and Baanah, went,\r
+and came about the heat of the day to the house of Ishbosheth, who lay\r
+on a bed at noon.\r
+\r
+4:6 And they came thither into the midst of the house, as though they\r
+would have fetched wheat; and they smote him under the fifth rib: and\r
+Rechab and Baanah his brother escaped.\r
+\r
+4:7 For when they came into the house, he lay on his bed in his\r
+bedchamber, and they smote him, and slew him, and beheaded him, and\r
+took his head, and gat them away through the plain all night.\r
+\r
+4:8 And they brought the head of Ishbosheth unto David to Hebron, and\r
+said to the king, Behold the head of Ishbosheth the son of Saul thine\r
+enemy, which sought thy life; and the LORD hath avenged my lord the\r
+king this day of Saul, and of his seed.\r
+\r
+4:9 And David answered Rechab and Baanah his brother, the sons of\r
+Rimmon the Beerothite, and said unto them, As the LORD liveth, who\r
+hath redeemed my soul out of all adversity, 4:10 When one told me,\r
+saying, Behold, Saul is dead, thinking to have brought good tidings, I\r
+took hold of him, and slew him in Ziklag, who thought that I would\r
+have given him a reward for his tidings: 4:11 How much more, when\r
+wicked men have slain a righteous person in his own house upon his\r
+bed? shall I not therefore now require his blood of your hand, and\r
+take you away from the earth? 4:12 And David commanded his young men,\r
+and they slew them, and cut off their hands and their feet, and hanged\r
+them up over the pool in Hebron. But they took the head of Ishbosheth,\r
+and buried it in the sepulchre of Abner in Hebron.\r
+\r
+5:1 Then came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and\r
+spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.\r
+\r
+5:2 Also in time past, when Saul was king over us, thou wast he that\r
+leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD said to thee, Thou\r
+shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be a captain over Israel.\r
+\r
+5:3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king\r
+David made a league with them in Hebron before the LORD: and they\r
+anointed David king over Israel.\r
+\r
+5:4 David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+forty years.\r
+\r
+5:5 In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in\r
+Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah.\r
+\r
+5:6 And the king and his men went to Jerusalem unto the Jebusites, the\r
+inhabitants of the land: which spake unto David, saying, Except thou\r
+take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in hither:\r
+thinking, David cannot come in hither.\r
+\r
+5:7 Nevertheless David took the strong hold of Zion: the same is the\r
+city of David.\r
+\r
+5:8 And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter,\r
+and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind that are hated\r
+of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain. Wherefore they said,\r
+The blind and the lame shall not come into the house.\r
+\r
+5:9 So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And\r
+David built round about from Millo and inward.\r
+\r
+5:10 And David went on, and grew great, and the LORD God of hosts was\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+5:11 And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees,\r
+and carpenters, and masons: and they built David an house.\r
+\r
+5:12 And David perceived that the LORD had established him king over\r
+Israel, and that he had exalted his kingdom for his people Israel's\r
+sake.\r
+\r
+5:13 And David took him more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem,\r
+after he was come from Hebron: and there were yet sons and daughters\r
+born to David.\r
+\r
+5:14 And these be the names of those that were born unto him in\r
+Jerusalem; Shammuah, and Shobab, and Nathan, and Solomon, 5:15 Ibhar\r
+also, and Elishua, and Nepheg, and Japhia, 5:16 And Elishama, and\r
+Eliada, and Eliphalet.\r
+\r
+5:17 But when the Philistines heard that they had anointed David king\r
+over Israel, all the Philistines came up to seek David; and David\r
+heard of it, and went down to the hold.\r
+\r
+5:18 The Philistines also came and spread themselves in the valley of\r
+Rephaim.\r
+\r
+5:19 And David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up to the\r
+Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD said\r
+unto David, Go up: for I will doubtless deliver the Philistines into\r
+thine hand.\r
+\r
+5:20 And David came to Baalperazim, and David smote them there, and\r
+said, The LORD hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the\r
+breach of waters. Therefore he called the name of that place\r
+Baalperazim.\r
+\r
+5:21 And there they left their images, and David and his men burned\r
+them.\r
+\r
+5:22 And the Philistines came up yet again, and spread themselves in\r
+the valley of Rephaim.\r
+\r
+5:23 And when David enquired of the LORD, he said, Thou shalt not go\r
+up; but fetch a compass behind them, and come upon them over against\r
+the mulberry trees.\r
+\r
+5:24 And let it be, when thou hearest the sound of a going in the tops\r
+of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt bestir thyself: for then\r
+shall the LORD go out before thee, to smite the host of the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+5:25 And David did so, as the LORD had commanded him; and smote the\r
+Philistines from Geba until thou come to Gazer.\r
+\r
+6:1 Again, David gathered together all the chosen men of Israel,\r
+thirty thousand.\r
+\r
+6:2 And David arose, and went with all the people that were with him\r
+from Baale of Judah, to bring up from thence the ark of God, whose\r
+name is called by the name of the LORD of hosts that dwelleth between\r
+the cherubims.\r
+\r
+6:3 And they set the ark of God upon a new cart, and brought it out of\r
+the house of Abinadab that was in Gibeah: and Uzzah and Ahio, the sons\r
+of Abinadab, drave the new cart.\r
+\r
+6:4 And they brought it out of the house of Abinadab which was at\r
+Gibeah, accompanying the ark of God: and Ahio went before the ark.\r
+\r
+6:5 And David and all the house of Israel played before the LORD on\r
+all manner of instruments made of fir wood, even on harps, and on\r
+psalteries, and on timbrels, and on cornets, and on cymbals.\r
+\r
+6:6 And when they came to Nachon's threshingfloor, Uzzah put forth his\r
+hand to the ark of God, and took hold of it; for the oxen shook it.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzzah; and God smote\r
+him there for his error; and there he died by the ark of God.\r
+\r
+6:8 And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach upon\r
+Uzzah: and he called the name of the place Perezuzzah to this day.\r
+\r
+6:9 And David was afraid of the LORD that day, and said, How shall the\r
+ark of the LORD come to me? 6:10 So David would not remove the ark of\r
+the LORD unto him into the city of David: but David carried it aside\r
+into the house of Obededom the Gittite.\r
+\r
+6:11 And the ark of the LORD continued in the house of Obededom the\r
+Gittite three months: and the LORD blessed Obededom, and all his\r
+household.\r
+\r
+6:12 And it was told king David, saying, The LORD hath blessed the\r
+house of Obededom, and all that pertaineth unto him, because of the\r
+ark of God. So David went and brought up the ark of God from the house\r
+of Obededom into the city of David with gladness.\r
+\r
+6:13 And it was so, that when they that bare the ark of the LORD had\r
+gone six paces, he sacrificed oxen and fatlings.\r
+\r
+6:14 And David danced before the LORD with all his might; and David\r
+was girded with a linen ephod.\r
+\r
+6:15 So David and all the house of Israel brought up the ark of the\r
+LORD with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet.\r
+\r
+6:16 And as the ark of the LORD came into the city of David, Michal\r
+Saul's daughter looked through a window, and saw king David leaping\r
+and dancing before the LORD; and she despised him in her heart.\r
+\r
+6:17 And they brought in the ark of the LORD, and set it in his place,\r
+in the midst of the tabernacle that David had pitched for it: and\r
+David offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:18 And as soon as David had made an end of offering burnt offerings\r
+and peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the LORD of\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+6:19 And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude\r
+of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread,\r
+and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine. So all the people\r
+departed every one to his house.\r
+\r
+6:20 Then David returned to bless his household. And Michal the\r
+daughter of Saul came out to meet David, and said, How glorious was\r
+the king of Israel to day, who uncovered himself to day in the eyes of\r
+the handmaids of his servants, as one of the vain fellows shamelessly\r
+uncovereth himself! 6:21 And David said unto Michal, It was before\r
+the LORD, which chose me before thy father, and before all his house,\r
+to appoint me ruler over the people of the LORD, over Israel:\r
+therefore will I play before the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:22 And I will yet be more vile than thus, and will be base in mine\r
+own sight: and of the maidservants which thou hast spoken of, of them\r
+shall I be had in honour.\r
+\r
+6:23 Therefore Michal the daughter of Saul had no child unto the day\r
+of her death.\r
+\r
+7:1 And it came to pass, when the king sat in his house, and the LORD\r
+had given him rest round about from all his enemies; 7:2 That the king\r
+said unto Nathan the prophet, See now, I dwell in an house of cedar,\r
+but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains.\r
+\r
+7:3 And Nathan said to the king, Go, do all that is in thine heart;\r
+for the LORD is with thee.\r
+\r
+7:4 And it came to pass that night, that the word of the LORD came\r
+unto Nathan, saying, 7:5 Go and tell my servant David, Thus saith the\r
+LORD, Shalt thou build me an house for me to dwell in? 7:6 Whereas I\r
+have not dwelt in any house since the time that I brought up the\r
+children of Israel out of Egypt, even to this day, but have walked in\r
+a tent and in a tabernacle.\r
+\r
+7:7 In all the places wherein I have walked with all the children of\r
+Israel spake I a word with any of the tribes of Israel, whom I\r
+commanded to feed my people Israel, saying, Why build ye not me an\r
+house of cedar? 7:8 Now therefore so shalt thou say unto my servant\r
+David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I took thee from the sheepcote,\r
+from following the sheep, to be ruler over my people, over Israel: 7:9\r
+And I was with thee whithersoever thou wentest, and have cut off all\r
+thine enemies out of thy sight, and have made thee a great name, like\r
+unto the name of the great men that are in the earth.\r
+\r
+7:10 Moreover I will appoint a place for my people Israel, and will\r
+plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no\r
+more; neither shall the children of wickedness afflict them any more,\r
+as beforetime, 7:11 And as since the time that I commanded judges to\r
+be over my people Israel, and have caused thee to rest from all thine\r
+enemies. Also the LORD telleth thee that he will make thee an house.\r
+\r
+7:12 And when thy days be fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy\r
+fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, which shall proceed out of\r
+thy bowels, and I will establish his kingdom.\r
+\r
+7:13 He shall build an house for my name, and I will stablish the\r
+throne of his kingdom for ever.\r
+\r
+7:14 I will be his father, and he shall be my son. If he commit\r
+iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men, and with the stripes\r
+of the children of men: 7:15 But my mercy shall not depart away from\r
+him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee.\r
+\r
+7:16 And thine house and thy kingdom shall be established for ever\r
+before thee: thy throne shall be established for ever.\r
+\r
+7:17 According to all these words, and according to all this vision,\r
+so did Nathan speak unto David.\r
+\r
+7:18 Then went king David in, and sat before the LORD, and he said,\r
+Who am I, O Lord GOD? and what is my house, that thou hast brought me\r
+hitherto? 7:19 And this was yet a small thing in thy sight, O Lord\r
+GOD; but thou hast spoken also of thy servant's house for a great\r
+while to come. And is this the manner of man, O Lord GOD? 7:20 And\r
+what can David say more unto thee? for thou, Lord GOD, knowest thy\r
+servant.\r
+\r
+7:21 For thy word's sake, and according to thine own heart, hast thou\r
+done all these great things, to make thy servant know them.\r
+\r
+7:22 Wherefore thou art great, O LORD God: for there is none like\r
+thee, neither is there any God beside thee, according to all that we\r
+have heard with our ears.\r
+\r
+7:23 And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like\r
+Israel, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make\r
+him a name, and to do for you great things and terrible, for thy land,\r
+before thy people, which thou redeemedst to thee from Egypt, from the\r
+nations and their gods? 7:24 For thou hast confirmed to thyself thy\r
+people Israel to be a people unto thee for ever: and thou, LORD, art\r
+become their God.\r
+\r
+7:25 And now, O LORD God, the word that thou hast spoken concerning\r
+thy servant, and concerning his house, establish it for ever, and do\r
+as thou hast said.\r
+\r
+7:26 And let thy name be magnified for ever, saying, The LORD of hosts\r
+is the God over Israel: and let the house of thy servant David be\r
+established before thee.\r
+\r
+7:27 For thou, O LORD of hosts, God of Israel, hast revealed to thy\r
+servant, saying, I will build thee an house: therefore hath thy\r
+servant found in his heart to pray this prayer unto thee.\r
+\r
+7:28 And now, O Lord GOD, thou art that God, and thy words be true,\r
+and thou hast promised this goodness unto thy servant: 7:29 Therefore\r
+now let it please thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may\r
+continue for ever before thee: for thou, O Lord GOD, hast spoken it:\r
+and with thy blessing let the house of thy servant be blessed for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+8:1 And after this it came to pass that David smote the Philistines,\r
+and subdued them: and David took Methegammah out of the hand of the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+8:2 And he smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting them\r
+down to the ground; even with two lines measured he to put to death,\r
+and with one full line to keep alive. And so the Moabites became\r
+David's servants, and brought gifts.\r
+\r
+8:3 David smote also Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he\r
+went to recover his border at the river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+8:4 And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven hundred\r
+horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: and David houghed all the\r
+chariot horses, but reserved of them for an hundred chariots.\r
+\r
+8:5 And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer king of\r
+Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men.\r
+\r
+8:6 Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus: and the Syrians\r
+became servants to David, and brought gifts. And the LORD preserved\r
+David whithersoever he went.\r
+\r
+8:7 And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of\r
+Hadadezer, and brought them to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+8:8 And from Betah, and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, king David\r
+took exceeding much brass.\r
+\r
+8:9 When Toi king of Hamath heard that David had smitten all the host\r
+of Hadadezer, 8:10 Then Toi sent Joram his son unto king David, to\r
+salute him, and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer,\r
+and smitten him: for Hadadezer had wars with Toi. And Joram brought\r
+with him vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of brass:\r
+8:11 Which also king David did dedicate unto the LORD, with the silver\r
+and gold that he had dedicated of all nations which he subdued; 8:12\r
+Of Syria, and of Moab, and of the children of Ammon, and of the\r
+Philistines, and of Amalek, and of the spoil of Hadadezer, son of\r
+Rehob, king of Zobah.\r
+\r
+8:13 And David gat him a name when he returned from smiting of the\r
+Syrians in the valley of salt, being eighteen thousand men.\r
+\r
+8:14 And he put garrisons in Edom; throughout all Edom put he\r
+garrisons, and all they of Edom became David's servants. And the LORD\r
+preserved David whithersoever he went.\r
+\r
+8:15 And David reigned over all Israel; and David executed judgment\r
+and justice unto all his people.\r
+\r
+8:16 And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat\r
+the son of Ahilud was recorder; 8:17 And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and\r
+Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were the priests; and Seraiah was the\r
+scribe; 8:18 And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over both the\r
+Cherethites and the Pelethites; and David's sons were chief rulers.\r
+\r
+9:1 And David said, Is there yet any that is left of the house of\r
+Saul, that I may shew him kindness for Jonathan's sake? 9:2 And there\r
+was of the house of Saul a servant whose name was Ziba. And when they\r
+had called him unto David, the king said unto him, Art thou Ziba? And\r
+he said, Thy servant is he.\r
+\r
+9:3 And the king said, Is there not yet any of the house of Saul, that\r
+I may shew the kindness of God unto him? And Ziba said unto the king,\r
+Jonathan hath yet a son, which is lame on his feet.\r
+\r
+9:4 And the king said unto him, Where is he? And Ziba said unto the\r
+king, Behold, he is in the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, in\r
+Lodebar.\r
+\r
+9:5 Then king David sent, and fetched him out of the house of Machir,\r
+the son of Ammiel, from Lodebar.\r
+\r
+9:6 Now when Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, was\r
+come unto David, he fell on his face, and did reverence. And David\r
+said, Mephibosheth. And he answered, Behold thy servant! 9:7 And\r
+David said unto him, Fear not: for I will surely shew thee kindness\r
+for Jonathan thy father's sake, and will restore thee all the land of\r
+Saul thy father; and thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.\r
+\r
+9:8 And he bowed himself, and said, What is thy servant, that thou\r
+shouldest look upon such a dead dog as I am? 9:9 Then the king called\r
+to Ziba, Saul's servant, and said unto him, I have given unto thy\r
+master's son all that pertained to Saul and to all his house.\r
+\r
+9:10 Thou therefore, and thy sons, and thy servants, shall till the\r
+land for him, and thou shalt bring in the fruits, that thy master's\r
+son may have food to eat: but Mephibosheth thy master's son shall eat\r
+bread alway at my table. Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty\r
+servants.\r
+\r
+9:11 Then said Ziba unto the king, According to all that my lord the\r
+king hath commanded his servant, so shall thy servant do. As for\r
+Mephibosheth, said the king, he shall eat at my table, as one of the\r
+king's sons.\r
+\r
+9:12 And Mephibosheth had a young son, whose name was Micha. And all\r
+that dwelt in the house of Ziba were servants unto Mephibosheth.\r
+\r
+9:13 So Mephibosheth dwelt in Jerusalem: for he did eat continually at\r
+the king's table; and was lame on both his feet.\r
+\r
+10:1 And it came to pass after this, that the king of the children of\r
+Ammon died, and Hanun his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+10:2 Then said David, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of\r
+Nahash, as his father shewed kindness unto me. And David sent to\r
+comfort him by the hand of his servants for his father. And David's\r
+servants came into the land of the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+10:3 And the princes of the children of Ammon said unto Hanun their\r
+lord, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath\r
+sent comforters unto thee? hath not David rather sent his servants\r
+unto thee, to search the city, and to spy it out, and to overthrow it?\r
+10:4 Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved off the one\r
+half of their beards, and cut off their garments in the middle, even\r
+to their buttocks, and sent them away.\r
+\r
+10:5 When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because the\r
+men were greatly ashamed: and the king said, Tarry at Jericho until\r
+your beards be grown, and then return.\r
+\r
+10:6 And when the children of Ammon saw that they stank before David,\r
+the children of Ammon sent and hired the Syrians of Bethrehob and the\r
+Syrians of Zoba, twenty thousand footmen, and of king Maacah a\r
+thousand men, and of Ishtob twelve thousand men.\r
+\r
+10:7 And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the\r
+mighty men.\r
+\r
+10:8 And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array\r
+at the entering in of the gate: and the Syrians of Zoba, and of Rehob,\r
+and Ishtob, and Maacah, were by themselves in the field.\r
+\r
+10:9 When Joab saw that the front of the battle was against him before\r
+and behind, he chose of all the choice men of Israel, and put them in\r
+array against the Syrians: 10:10 And the rest of the people he\r
+delivered into the hand of Abishai his brother, that he might put them\r
+in array against the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+10:11 And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou\r
+shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee,\r
+then I will come and help thee.\r
+\r
+10:12 Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our people, and\r
+for the cities of our God: and the LORD do that which seemeth him\r
+good.\r
+\r
+10:13 And Joab drew nigh, and the people that were with him, unto the\r
+battle against the Syrians: and they fled before him.\r
+\r
+10:14 And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled,\r
+then fled they also before Abishai, and entered into the city. So Joab\r
+returned from the children of Ammon, and came to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+10:15 And when the Syrians saw that they were smitten before Israel,\r
+they gathered themselves together.\r
+\r
+10:16 And Hadarezer sent, and brought out the Syrians that were beyond\r
+the river: and they came to Helam; and Shobach the captain of the host\r
+of Hadarezer went before them.\r
+\r
+10:17 And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, and\r
+passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves\r
+in array against David, and fought with him.\r
+\r
+10:18 And the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew the men of\r
+seven hundred chariots of the Syrians, and forty thousand horsemen,\r
+and smote Shobach the captain of their host, who died there.\r
+\r
+10:19 And when all the kings that were servants to Hadarezer saw that\r
+they were smitten before Israel, they made peace with Israel, and\r
+served them. So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any\r
+more.\r
+\r
+11:1 And it came to pass, after the year was expired, at the time when\r
+kings go forth to battle, that David sent Joab, and his servants with\r
+him, and all Israel; and they destroyed the children of Ammon, and\r
+besieged Rabbah. But David tarried still at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+11:2 And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off\r
+his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the\r
+roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful\r
+to look upon.\r
+\r
+11:3 And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, Is not\r
+this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?\r
+11:4 And David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in unto\r
+him, and he lay with her; for she was purified from her uncleanness:\r
+and she returned unto her house.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the woman conceived, and sent and told David, and said, I am\r
+with child.\r
+\r
+11:6 And David sent to Joab, saying, Send me Uriah the Hittite. And\r
+Joab sent Uriah to David.\r
+\r
+11:7 And when Uriah was come unto him, David demanded of him how Joab\r
+did, and how the people did, and how the war prospered.\r
+\r
+11:8 And David said to Uriah, Go down to thy house, and wash thy feet.\r
+And Uriah departed out of the king's house, and there followed him a\r
+mess of meat from the king.\r
+\r
+11:9 But Uriah slept at the door of the king's house with all the\r
+servants of his lord, and went not down to his house.\r
+\r
+11:10 And when they had told David, saying, Uriah went not down unto\r
+his house, David said unto Uriah, Camest thou not from thy journey?\r
+why then didst thou not go down unto thine house? 11:11 And Uriah\r
+said unto David, The ark, and Israel, and Judah, abide in tents; and\r
+my lord Joab, and the servants of my lord, are encamped in the open\r
+fields; shall I then go into mine house, to eat and to drink, and to\r
+lie with my wife? as thou livest, and as thy soul liveth, I will not\r
+do this thing.\r
+\r
+11:12 And David said to Uriah, Tarry here to day also, and to morrow I\r
+will let thee depart. So Uriah abode in Jerusalem that day, and the\r
+morrow.\r
+\r
+11:13 And when David had called him, he did eat and drink before him;\r
+and he made him drunk: and at even he went out to lie on his bed with\r
+the servants of his lord, but went not down to his house.\r
+\r
+11:14 And it came to pass in the morning, that David wrote a letter to\r
+Joab, and sent it by the hand of Uriah.\r
+\r
+11:15 And he wrote in the letter, saying, Set ye Uriah in the\r
+forefront of the hottest battle, and retire ye from him, that he may\r
+be smitten, and die.\r
+\r
+11:16 And it came to pass, when Joab observed the city, that he\r
+assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant men were.\r
+\r
+11:17 And the men of the city went out, and fought with Joab: and\r
+there fell some of the people of the servants of David; and Uriah the\r
+Hittite died also.\r
+\r
+11:18 Then Joab sent and told David all the things concerning the war;\r
+11:19 And charged the messenger, saying, When thou hast made an end of\r
+telling the matters of the war unto the king, 11:20 And if so be that\r
+the king's wrath arise, and he say unto thee, Wherefore approached ye\r
+so nigh unto the city when ye did fight? knew ye not that they would\r
+shoot from the wall? 11:21 Who smote Abimelech the son of\r
+Jerubbesheth? did not a woman cast a piece of a millstone upon him\r
+from the wall, that he died in Thebez? why went ye nigh the wall? then\r
+say thou, Thy servant Uriah the Hittite is dead also.\r
+\r
+11:22 So the messenger went, and came and shewed David all that Joab\r
+had sent him for.\r
+\r
+11:23 And the messenger said unto David, Surely the men prevailed\r
+against us, and came out unto us into the field, and we were upon them\r
+even unto the entering of the gate.\r
+\r
+11:24 And the shooters shot from off the wall upon thy servants; and\r
+some of the king's servants be dead, and thy servant Uriah the Hittite\r
+is dead also.\r
+\r
+11:25 Then David said unto the messenger, Thus shalt thou say unto\r
+Joab, Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth one\r
+as well as another: make thy battle more strong against the city, and\r
+overthrow it: and encourage thou him.\r
+\r
+11:26 And when the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah her husband was\r
+dead, she mourned for her husband.\r
+\r
+11:27 And when the mourning was past, David sent and fetched her to\r
+his house, and she became his wife, and bare him a son. But the thing\r
+that David had done displeased the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:1 And the LORD sent Nathan unto David. And he came unto him, and\r
+said unto him, There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the\r
+other poor.\r
+\r
+12:2 The rich man had exceeding many flocks and herds: 12:3 But the\r
+poor man had nothing, save one little ewe lamb, which he had bought\r
+and nourished up: and it grew up together with him, and with his\r
+children; it did eat of his own meat, and drank of his own cup, and\r
+lay in his bosom, and was unto him as a daughter.\r
+\r
+12:4 And there came a traveller unto the rich man, and he spared to\r
+take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring\r
+man that was come unto him; but took the poor man's lamb, and dressed\r
+it for the man that was come to him.\r
+\r
+12:5 And David's anger was greatly kindled against the man; and he\r
+said to Nathan, As the LORD liveth, the man that hath done this thing\r
+shall surely die: 12:6 And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because\r
+he did this thing, and because he had no pity.\r
+\r
+12:7 And Nathan said to David, Thou art the man. Thus saith the LORD\r
+God of Israel, I anointed thee king over Israel, and I delivered thee\r
+out of the hand of Saul; 12:8 And I gave thee thy master's house, and\r
+thy master's wives into thy bosom, and gave thee the house of Israel\r
+and of Judah; and if that had been too little, I would moreover have\r
+given unto thee such and such things.\r
+\r
+12:9 Wherefore hast thou despised the commandment of the LORD, to do\r
+evil in his sight? thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite with the sword,\r
+and hast taken his wife to be thy wife, and hast slain him with the\r
+sword of the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+12:10 Now therefore the sword shall never depart from thine house;\r
+because thou hast despised me, and hast taken the wife of Uriah the\r
+Hittite to be thy wife.\r
+\r
+12:11 Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will raise up evil against thee\r
+out of thine own house, and I will take thy wives before thine eyes,\r
+and give them unto thy neighbour, and he shall lie with thy wives in\r
+the sight of this sun.\r
+\r
+12:12 For thou didst it secretly: but I will do this thing before all\r
+Israel, and before the sun.\r
+\r
+12:13 And David said unto Nathan, I have sinned against the LORD. And\r
+Nathan said unto David, The LORD also hath put away thy sin; thou\r
+shalt not die.\r
+\r
+12:14 Howbeit, because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to\r
+the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto\r
+thee shall surely die.\r
+\r
+12:15 And Nathan departed unto his house. And the LORD struck the\r
+child that Uriah's wife bare unto David, and it was very sick.\r
+\r
+12:16 David therefore besought God for the child; and David fasted,\r
+and went in, and lay all night upon the earth.\r
+\r
+12:17 And the elders of his house arose, and went to him, to raise him\r
+up from the earth: but he would not, neither did he eat bread with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+12:18 And it came to pass on the seventh day, that the child died. And\r
+the servants of David feared to tell him that the child was dead: for\r
+they said, Behold, while the child was yet alive, we spake unto him,\r
+and he would not hearken unto our voice: how will he then vex himself,\r
+if we tell him that the child is dead? 12:19 But when David saw that\r
+his servants whispered, David perceived that the child was dead:\r
+therefore David said unto his servants, Is the child dead? And they\r
+said, He is dead.\r
+\r
+12:20 Then David arose from the earth, and washed, and anointed\r
+himself, and changed his apparel, and came into the house of the LORD,\r
+and worshipped: then he came to his own house; and when he required,\r
+they set bread before him, and he did eat.\r
+\r
+12:21 Then said his servants unto him, What thing is this that thou\r
+hast done? thou didst fast and weep for the child, while it was alive;\r
+but when the child was dead, thou didst rise and eat bread.\r
+\r
+12:22 And he said, While the child was yet alive, I fasted and wept:\r
+for I said, Who can tell whether GOD will be gracious to me, that the\r
+child may live? 12:23 But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast?\r
+can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he shall not return\r
+to me.\r
+\r
+12:24 And David comforted Bathsheba his wife, and went in unto her,\r
+and lay with her: and she bare a son, and he called his name Solomon:\r
+and the LORD loved him.\r
+\r
+12:25 And he sent by the hand of Nathan the prophet; and he called his\r
+name Jedidiah, because of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:26 And Joab fought against Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and\r
+took the royal city.\r
+\r
+12:27 And Joab sent messengers to David, and said, I have fought\r
+against Rabbah, and have taken the city of waters.\r
+\r
+12:28 Now therefore gather the rest of the people together, and encamp\r
+against the city, and take it: lest I take the city, and it be called\r
+after my name.\r
+\r
+12:29 And David gathered all the people together, and went to Rabbah,\r
+and fought against it, and took it.\r
+\r
+12:30 And he took their king's crown from off his head, the weight\r
+whereof was a talent of gold with the precious stones: and it was set\r
+on David's head. And he brought forth the spoil of the city in great\r
+abundance.\r
+\r
+12:31 And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them\r
+under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and\r
+made them pass through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the\r
+cities of the children of Ammon. So David and all the people returned\r
+unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:1 And it came to pass after this, that Absalom the son of David had\r
+a fair sister, whose name was Tamar; and Amnon the son of David loved\r
+her.\r
+\r
+13:2 And Amnon was so vexed, that he fell sick for his sister Tamar;\r
+for she was a virgin; and Amnon thought it hard for him to do anything\r
+to her.\r
+\r
+13:3 But Amnon had a friend, whose name was Jonadab, the son of\r
+Shimeah David's brother: and Jonadab was a very subtil man.\r
+\r
+13:4 And he said unto him, Why art thou, being the king's son, lean\r
+from day to day? wilt thou not tell me? And Amnon said unto him, I\r
+love Tamar, my brother Absalom's sister.\r
+\r
+13:5 And Jonadab said unto him, Lay thee down on thy bed, and make\r
+thyself sick: and when thy father cometh to see thee, say unto him, I\r
+pray thee, let my sister Tamar come, and give me meat, and dress the\r
+meat in my sight, that I may see it, and eat it at her hand.\r
+\r
+13:6 So Amnon lay down, and made himself sick: and when the king was\r
+come to see him, Amnon said unto the king, I pray thee, let Tamar my\r
+sister come, and make me a couple of cakes in my sight, that I may eat\r
+at her hand.\r
+\r
+13:7 Then David sent home to Tamar, saying, Go now to thy brother\r
+Amnon's house, and dress him meat.\r
+\r
+13:8 So Tamar went to her brother Amnon's house; and he was laid down.\r
+And she took flour, and kneaded it, and made cakes in his sight, and\r
+did bake the cakes.\r
+\r
+13:9 And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but he\r
+refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they\r
+went out every man from him.\r
+\r
+13:10 And Amnon said unto Tamar, Bring the meat into the chamber, that\r
+I may eat of thine hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had made,\r
+and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother.\r
+\r
+13:11 And when she had brought them unto him to eat, he took hold of\r
+her, and said unto her, Come lie with me, my sister.\r
+\r
+13:12 And she answered him, Nay, my brother, do not force me; for no\r
+such thing ought to be done in Israel: do not thou this folly.\r
+\r
+13:13 And I, whither shall I cause my shame to go? and as for thee,\r
+thou shalt be as one of the fools in Israel. Now therefore, I pray\r
+thee, speak unto the king; for he will not withhold me from thee.\r
+\r
+13:14 Howbeit he would not hearken unto her voice: but, being stronger\r
+than she, forced her, and lay with her.\r
+\r
+13:15 Then Amnon hated her exceedingly; so that the hatred wherewith\r
+he hated her was greater than the love wherewith he had loved her. And\r
+Amnon said unto her, Arise, be gone.\r
+\r
+13:16 And she said unto him, There is no cause: this evil in sending\r
+me away is greater than the other that thou didst unto me. But he\r
+would not hearken unto her.\r
+\r
+13:17 Then he called his servant that ministered unto him, and said,\r
+Put now this woman out from me, and bolt the door after her.\r
+\r
+13:18 And she had a garment of divers colours upon her: for with such\r
+robes were the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled. Then his\r
+servant brought her out, and bolted the door after her.\r
+\r
+13:19 And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers\r
+colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on\r
+crying.\r
+\r
+13:20 And Absalom her brother said unto her, Hath Amnon thy brother\r
+been with thee? but hold now thy peace, my sister: he is thy brother;\r
+regard not this thing. So Tamar remained desolate in her brother\r
+Absalom's house.\r
+\r
+13:21 But when king David heard of all these things, he was very\r
+wroth.\r
+\r
+13:22 And Absalom spake unto his brother Amnon neither good nor bad:\r
+for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced his sister Tamar.\r
+\r
+13:23 And it came to pass after two full years, that Absalom had\r
+sheepshearers in Baalhazor, which is beside Ephraim: and Absalom\r
+invited all the king's sons.\r
+\r
+13:24 And Absalom came to the king, and said, Behold now, thy servant\r
+hath sheepshearers; let the king, I beseech thee, and his servants go\r
+with thy servant.\r
+\r
+13:25 And the king said to Absalom, Nay, my son, let us not all now\r
+go, lest we be chargeable unto thee. And he pressed him: howbeit he\r
+would not go, but blessed him.\r
+\r
+13:26 Then said Absalom, If not, I pray thee, let my brother Amnon go\r
+with us. And the king said unto him, Why should he go with thee?\r
+13:27 But Absalom pressed him, that he let Amnon and all the king's\r
+sons go with him.\r
+\r
+13:28 Now Absalom had commanded his servants, saying, Mark ye now when\r
+Amnon's heart is merry with wine, and when I say unto you, Smite\r
+Amnon; then kill him, fear not: have not I commanded you? be\r
+courageous, and be valiant.\r
+\r
+13:29 And the servants of Absalom did unto Amnon as Absalom had\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+Then all the king's sons arose, and every man gat him up upon his\r
+mule, and fled.\r
+\r
+13:30 And it came to pass, while they were in the way, that tidings\r
+came to David, saying, Absalom hath slain all the king's sons, and\r
+there is not one of them left.\r
+\r
+13:31 Then the king arose, and tare his garments, and lay on the\r
+earth; and all his servants stood by with their clothes rent.\r
+\r
+13:32 And Jonadab, the son of Shimeah David's brother, answered and\r
+said, Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men\r
+the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead: for by the appointment of\r
+Absalom this hath been determined from the day that he forced his\r
+sister Tamar.\r
+\r
+13:33 Now therefore let not my lord the king take the thing to his\r
+heart, to think that all the king's sons are dead: for Amnon only is\r
+dead.\r
+\r
+13:34 But Absalom fled. And the young man that kept the watch lifted\r
+up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came much people by the\r
+way of the hill side behind him.\r
+\r
+13:35 And Jonadab said unto the king, Behold, the king's sons come: as\r
+thy servant said, so it is.\r
+\r
+13:36 And it came to pass, as soon as he had made an end of speaking,\r
+that, behold, the king's sons came, and lifted up their voice and\r
+wept: and the king also and all his servants wept very sore.\r
+\r
+13:37 But Absalom fled, and went to Talmai, the son of Ammihud, king\r
+of Geshur. And David mourned for his son every day.\r
+\r
+13:38 So Absalom fled, and went to Geshur, and was there three years.\r
+\r
+13:39 And the soul of king David longed to go forth unto Absalom: for\r
+he was comforted concerning Amnon, seeing he was dead.\r
+\r
+14:1 Now Joab the son of Zeruiah perceived that the king's heart was\r
+toward Absalom.\r
+\r
+14:2 And Joab sent to Tekoah, and fetched thence a wise woman, and\r
+said unto her, I pray thee, feign thyself to be a mourner, and put on\r
+now mourning apparel, and anoint not thyself with oil, but be as a\r
+woman that had a long time mourned for the dead: 14:3 And come to the\r
+king, and speak on this manner unto him. So Joab put the words in her\r
+mouth.\r
+\r
+14:4 And when the woman of Tekoah spake to the king, she fell on her\r
+face to the ground, and did obeisance, and said, Help, O king.\r
+\r
+14:5 And the king said unto her, What aileth thee? And she answered, I\r
+am indeed a widow woman, and mine husband is dead.\r
+\r
+14:6 And thy handmaid had two sons, and they two strove together in\r
+the field, and there was none to part them, but the one smote the\r
+other, and slew him.\r
+\r
+14:7 And, behold, the whole family is risen against thine handmaid,\r
+and they said, Deliver him that smote his brother, that we may kill\r
+him, for the life of his brother whom he slew; and we will destroy the\r
+heir also: and so they shall quench my coal which is left, and shall\r
+not leave to my husband neither name nor remainder upon the earth.\r
+\r
+14:8 And the king said unto the woman, Go to thine house, and I will\r
+give charge concerning thee.\r
+\r
+14:9 And the woman of Tekoah said unto the king, My lord, O king, the\r
+iniquity be on me, and on my father's house: and the king and his\r
+throne be guiltless.\r
+\r
+14:10 And the king said, Whoever saith ought unto thee, bring him to\r
+me, and he shall not touch thee any more.\r
+\r
+14:11 Then said she, I pray thee, let the king remember the LORD thy\r
+God, that thou wouldest not suffer the revengers of blood to destroy\r
+any more, lest they destroy my son. And he said, As the LORD liveth,\r
+there shall not one hair of thy son fall to the earth.\r
+\r
+14:12 Then the woman said, Let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak one\r
+word unto my lord the king. And he said, Say on.\r
+\r
+14:13 And the woman said, Wherefore then hast thou thought such a\r
+thing against the people of God? for the king doth speak this thing as\r
+one which is faulty, in that the king doth not fetch home again his\r
+banished.\r
+\r
+14:14 For we must needs die, and are as water spilt on the ground,\r
+which cannot be gathered up again; neither doth God respect any\r
+person: yet doth he devise means, that his banished be not expelled\r
+from him.\r
+\r
+14:15 Now therefore that I am come to speak of this thing unto my lord\r
+the king, it is because the people have made me afraid: and thy\r
+handmaid said, I will now speak unto the king; it may be that the king\r
+will perform the request of his handmaid.\r
+\r
+14:16 For the king will hear, to deliver his handmaid out of the hand\r
+of the man that would destroy me and my son together out of the\r
+inheritance of God.\r
+\r
+14:17 Then thine handmaid said, The word of my lord the king shall now\r
+be comfortable: for as an angel of God, so is my lord the king to\r
+discern good and bad: therefore the LORD thy God will be with thee.\r
+\r
+14:18 Then the king answered and said unto the woman, Hide not from\r
+me, I pray thee, the thing that I shall ask thee. And the woman said,\r
+Let my lord the king now speak.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the king said, Is not the hand of Joab with thee in all\r
+this? And the woman answered and said, As thy soul liveth, my lord\r
+the king, none can turn to the right hand or to the left from ought\r
+that my lord the king hath spoken: for thy servant Joab, he bade me,\r
+and he put all these words in the mouth of thine handmaid: 14:20 To\r
+fetch about this form of speech hath thy servant Joab done this thing:\r
+and my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of an angel of God, to\r
+know all things that are in the earth.\r
+\r
+14:21 And the king said unto Joab, Behold now, I have done this thing:\r
+go therefore, bring the young man Absalom again.\r
+\r
+14:22 And Joab fell to the ground on his face, and bowed himself, and\r
+thanked the king: and Joab said, To day thy servant knoweth that I\r
+have found grace in thy sight, my lord, O king, in that the king hath\r
+fulfilled the request of his servant.\r
+\r
+14:23 So Joab arose and went to Geshur, and brought Absalom to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+14:24 And the king said, Let him turn to his own house, and let him\r
+not see my face. So Absalom returned to his own house, and saw not the\r
+king's face.\r
+\r
+14:25 But in all Israel there was none to be so much praised as\r
+Absalom for his beauty: from the sole of his foot even to the crown of\r
+his head there was no blemish in him.\r
+\r
+14:26 And when he polled his head, (for it was at every year's end\r
+that he polled it: because the hair was heavy on him, therefore he\r
+polled it:) he weighed the hair of his head at two hundred shekels\r
+after the king's weight.\r
+\r
+14:27 And unto Absalom there were born three sons, and one daughter,\r
+whose name was Tamar: she was a woman of a fair countenance.\r
+\r
+14:28 So Absalom dwelt two full years in Jerusalem, and saw not the\r
+king's face.\r
+\r
+14:29 Therefore Absalom sent for Joab, to have sent him to the king;\r
+but he would not come to him: and when he sent again the second time,\r
+he would not come.\r
+\r
+14:30 Therefore he said unto his servants, See, Joab's field is near\r
+mine, and he hath barley there; go and set it on fire. And Absalom's\r
+servants set the field on fire.\r
+\r
+14:31 Then Joab arose, and came to Absalom unto his house, and said\r
+unto him, Wherefore have thy servants set my field on fire? 14:32 And\r
+Absalom answered Joab, Behold, I sent unto thee, saying, Come hither,\r
+that I may send thee to the king, to say, Wherefore am I come from\r
+Geshur? it had been good for me to have been there still: now\r
+therefore let me see the king's face; and if there be any iniquity in\r
+me, let him kill me.\r
+\r
+14:33 So Joab came to the king, and told him: and when he had called\r
+for Absalom, he came to the king, and bowed himself on his face to the\r
+ground before the king: and the king kissed Absalom.\r
+\r
+15:1 And it came to pass after this, that Absalom prepared him\r
+chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him.\r
+\r
+15:2 And Absalom rose up early, and stood beside the way of the gate:\r
+and it was so, that when any man that had a controversy came to the\r
+king for judgment, then Absalom called unto him, and said, Of what\r
+city art thou? And he said, Thy servant is of one of the tribes of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+15:3 And Absalom said unto him, See, thy matters are good and right;\r
+but there is no man deputed of the king to hear thee.\r
+\r
+15:4 Absalom said moreover, Oh that I were made judge in the land,\r
+that every man which hath any suit or cause might come unto me, and I\r
+would do him justice! 15:5 And it was so, that when any man came nigh\r
+to him to do him obeisance, he put forth his hand, and took him, and\r
+kissed him.\r
+\r
+15:6 And on this manner did Absalom to all Israel that came to the\r
+king for judgment: so Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:7 And it came to pass after forty years, that Absalom said unto the\r
+king, I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow, which I have vowed unto\r
+the LORD, in Hebron.\r
+\r
+15:8 For thy servant vowed a vow while I abode at Geshur in Syria,\r
+saying, If the LORD shall bring me again indeed to Jerusalem, then I\r
+will serve the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:9 And the king said unto him, Go in peace. So he arose, and went to\r
+Hebron.\r
+\r
+15:10 But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel,\r
+saying, As soon as ye hear the sound of the trumpet, then ye shall\r
+say, Absalom reigneth in Hebron.\r
+\r
+15:11 And with Absalom went two hundred men out of Jerusalem, that\r
+were called; and they went in their simplicity, and they knew not any\r
+thing.\r
+\r
+15:12 And Absalom sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's\r
+counsellor, from his city, even from Giloh, while he offered\r
+sacrifices. And the conspiracy was strong; for the people increased\r
+continually with Absalom.\r
+\r
+15:13 And there came a messenger to David, saying, The hearts of the\r
+men of Israel are after Absalom.\r
+\r
+15:14 And David said unto all his servants that were with him at\r
+Jerusalem, Arise, and let us flee; for we shall not else escape from\r
+Absalom: make speed to depart, lest he overtake us suddenly, and bring\r
+evil upon us, and smite the city with the edge of the sword.\r
+\r
+15:15 And the king's servants said unto the king, Behold, thy servants\r
+are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint.\r
+\r
+15:16 And the king went forth, and all his household after him. And\r
+the king left ten women, which were concubines, to keep the house.\r
+\r
+15:17 And the king went forth, and all the people after him, and\r
+tarried in a place that was far off.\r
+\r
+15:18 And all his servants passed on beside him; and all the\r
+Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites, six hundred\r
+men which came after him from Gath, passed on before the king.\r
+\r
+15:19 Then said the king to Ittai the Gittite, Wherefore goest thou\r
+also with us? return to thy place, and abide with the king: for thou\r
+art a stranger, and also an exile.\r
+\r
+15:20 Whereas thou camest but yesterday, should I this day make thee\r
+go up and down with us? seeing I go whither I may, return thou, and\r
+take back thy brethren: mercy and truth be with thee.\r
+\r
+15:21 And Ittai answered the king, and said, As the LORD liveth, and\r
+as my lord the king liveth, surely in what place my lord the king\r
+shall be, whether in death or life, even there also will thy servant\r
+be.\r
+\r
+15:22 And David said to Ittai, Go and pass over. And Ittai the Gittite\r
+passed over, and all his men, and all the little ones that were with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+15:23 And all the country wept with a loud voice, and all the people\r
+passed over: the king also himself passed over the brook Kidron, and\r
+all the people passed over, toward the way of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+15:24 And lo Zadok also, and all the Levites were with him, bearing\r
+the ark of the covenant of God: and they set down the ark of God; and\r
+Abiathar went up, until all the people had done passing out of the\r
+city.\r
+\r
+15:25 And the king said unto Zadok, Carry back the ark of God into the\r
+city: if I shall find favour in the eyes of the LORD, he will bring me\r
+again, and shew me both it, and his habitation: 15:26 But if he thus\r
+say, I have no delight in thee; behold, here am I, let him do to me as\r
+seemeth good unto him.\r
+\r
+15:27 The king said also unto Zadok the priest, Art not thou a seer?\r
+return into the city in peace, and your two sons with you, Ahimaaz thy\r
+son, and Jonathan the son of Abiathar.\r
+\r
+15:28 See, I will tarry in the plain of the wilderness, until there\r
+come word from you to certify me.\r
+\r
+15:29 Zadok therefore and Abiathar carried the ark of God again to\r
+Jerusalem: and they tarried there.\r
+\r
+15:30 And David went up by the ascent of mount Olivet, and wept as he\r
+went up, and had his head covered, and he went barefoot: and all the\r
+people that was with him covered every man his head, and they went up,\r
+weeping as they went up.\r
+\r
+15:31 And one told David, saying, Ahithophel is among the conspirators\r
+with Absalom. And David said, O LORD, I pray thee, turn the counsel of\r
+Ahithophel into foolishness.\r
+\r
+15:32 And it came to pass, that when David was come to the top of the\r
+mount, where he worshipped God, behold, Hushai the Archite came to\r
+meet him with his coat rent, and earth upon his head: 15:33 Unto whom\r
+David said, If thou passest on with me, then thou shalt be a burden\r
+unto me: 15:34 But if thou return to the city, and say unto Absalom, I\r
+will be thy servant, O king; as I have been thy father's servant\r
+hitherto, so will I now also be thy servant: then mayest thou for me\r
+defeat the counsel of Ahithophel.\r
+\r
+15:35 And hast thou not there with thee Zadok and Abiathar the\r
+priests? therefore it shall be, that what thing soever thou shalt\r
+hear out of the king's house, thou shalt tell it to Zadok and Abiathar\r
+the priests.\r
+\r
+15:36 Behold, they have there with them their two sons, Ahimaaz\r
+Zadok's son, and Jonathan Abiathar's son; and by them ye shall send\r
+unto me every thing that ye can hear.\r
+\r
+15:37 So Hushai David's friend came into the city, and Absalom came\r
+into Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+16:1 And when David was a little past the top of the hill, behold,\r
+Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth met him, with a couple of asses\r
+saddled, and upon them two hundred loaves of bread, and an hundred\r
+bunches of raisins, and an hundred of summer fruits, and a bottle of\r
+wine.\r
+\r
+16:2 And the king said unto Ziba, What meanest thou by these? And Ziba\r
+said, The asses be for the king's household to ride on; and the bread\r
+and summer fruit for the young men to eat; and the wine, that such as\r
+be faint in the wilderness may drink.\r
+\r
+16:3 And the king said, And where is thy master's son? And Ziba said\r
+unto the king, Behold, he abideth at Jerusalem: for he said, To day\r
+shall the house of Israel restore me the kingdom of my father.\r
+\r
+16:4 Then said the king to Ziba, Behold, thine are all that pertained\r
+unto Mephibosheth. And Ziba said, I humbly beseech thee that I may\r
+find grace in thy sight, my lord, O king.\r
+\r
+16:5 And when king David came to Bahurim, behold, thence came out a\r
+man of the family of the house of Saul, whose name was Shimei, the son\r
+of Gera: he came forth, and cursed still as he came.\r
+\r
+16:6 And he cast stones at David, and at all the servants of king\r
+David: and all the people and all the mighty men were on his right\r
+hand and on his left.\r
+\r
+16:7 And thus said Shimei when he cursed, Come out, come out, thou\r
+bloody man, and thou man of Belial: 16:8 The LORD hath returned upon\r
+thee all the blood of the house of Saul, in whose stead thou hast\r
+reigned; and the LORD hath delivered the kingdom into the hand of\r
+Absalom thy son: and, behold, thou art taken in thy mischief, because\r
+thou art a bloody man.\r
+\r
+16:9 Then said Abishai the son of Zeruiah unto the king, Why should\r
+this dead dog curse my lord the king? let me go over, I pray thee, and\r
+take off his head.\r
+\r
+16:10 And the king said, What have I to do with you, ye sons of\r
+Zeruiah? so let him curse, because the LORD hath said unto him, Curse\r
+David. Who shall then say, Wherefore hast thou done so? 16:11 And\r
+David said to Abishai, and to all his servants, Behold, my son, which\r
+came forth of my bowels, seeketh my life: how much more now may this\r
+Benjamite do it? let him alone, and let him curse; for the LORD hath\r
+bidden him.\r
+\r
+16:12 It may be that the LORD will look on mine affliction, and that\r
+the LORD will requite me good for his cursing this day.\r
+\r
+16:13 And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on\r
+the hill's side over against him, and cursed as he went, and threw\r
+stones at him, and cast dust.\r
+\r
+16:14 And the king, and all the people that were with him, came weary,\r
+and refreshed themselves there.\r
+\r
+16:15 And Absalom, and all the people the men of Israel, came to\r
+Jerusalem, and Ahithophel with him.\r
+\r
+16:16 And it came to pass, when Hushai the Archite, David's friend,\r
+was come unto Absalom, that Hushai said unto Absalom, God save the\r
+king, God save the king.\r
+\r
+16:17 And Absalom said to Hushai, Is this thy kindness to thy friend?\r
+why wentest thou not with thy friend? 16:18 And Hushai said unto\r
+Absalom, Nay; but whom the LORD, and this people, and all the men of\r
+Israel, choose, his will I be, and with him will I abide.\r
+\r
+16:19 And again, whom should I serve? should I not serve in the\r
+presence of his son? as I have served in thy father's presence, so\r
+will I be in thy presence.\r
+\r
+16:20 Then said Absalom to Ahithophel, Give counsel among you what we\r
+shall do.\r
+\r
+16:21 And Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Go in unto thy father's\r
+concubines, which he hath left to keep the house; and all Israel shall\r
+hear that thou art abhorred of thy father: then shall the hands of all\r
+that are with thee be strong.\r
+\r
+16:22 So they spread Absalom a tent upon the top of the house; and\r
+Absalom went in unto his father's concubines in the sight of all\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+16:23 And the counsel of Ahithophel, which he counselled in those\r
+days, was as if a man had enquired at the oracle of God: so was all\r
+the counsel of Ahithophel both with David and with Absalom.\r
+\r
+17:1 Moreover Ahithophel said unto Absalom, Let me now choose out\r
+twelve thousand men, and I will arise and pursue after David this\r
+night: 17:2 And I will come upon him while he is weary and weak\r
+handed, and will make him afraid: and all the people that are with him\r
+shall flee; and I will smite the king only: 17:3 And I will bring back\r
+all the people unto thee: the man whom thou seekest is as if all\r
+returned: so all the people shall be in peace.\r
+\r
+17:4 And the saying pleased Absalom well, and all the elders of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+17:5 Then said Absalom, Call now Hushai the Archite also, and let us\r
+hear likewise what he saith.\r
+\r
+17:6 And when Hushai was come to Absalom, Absalom spake unto him,\r
+saying, Ahithophel hath spoken after this manner: shall we do after\r
+his saying? if not; speak thou.\r
+\r
+17:7 And Hushai said unto Absalom, The counsel that Ahithophel hath\r
+given is not good at this time.\r
+\r
+17:8 For, said Hushai, thou knowest thy father and his men, that they\r
+be mighty men, and they be chafed in their minds, as a bear robbed of\r
+her whelps in the field: and thy father is a man of war, and will not\r
+lodge with the people.\r
+\r
+17:9 Behold, he is hid now in some pit, or in some other place: and it\r
+will come to pass, when some of them be overthrown at the first, that\r
+whosoever heareth it will say, There is a slaughter among the people\r
+that follow Absalom.\r
+\r
+17:10 And he also that is valiant, whose heart is as the heart of a\r
+lion, shall utterly melt: for all Israel knoweth that thy father is a\r
+mighty man, and they which be with him are valiant men.\r
+\r
+17:11 Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto\r
+thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for\r
+multitude; and that thou go to battle in thine own person.\r
+\r
+17:12 So shall we come upon him in some place where he shall be found,\r
+and we will light upon him as the dew falleth on the ground: and of\r
+him and of all the men that are with him there shall not be left so\r
+much as one.\r
+\r
+17:13 Moreover, if he be gotten into a city, then shall all Israel\r
+bring ropes to that city, and we will draw it into the river, until\r
+there be not one small stone found there.\r
+\r
+17:14 And Absalom and all the men of Israel said, The counsel of\r
+Hushai the Archite is better than the counsel of Ahithophel. For the\r
+LORD had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel, to the\r
+intent that the LORD might bring evil upon Absalom.\r
+\r
+17:15 Then said Hushai unto Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, Thus\r
+and thus did Ahithophel counsel Absalom and the elders of Israel; and\r
+thus and thus have I counselled.\r
+\r
+17:16 Now therefore send quickly, and tell David, saying, Lodge not\r
+this night in the plains of the wilderness, but speedily pass over;\r
+lest the king be swallowed up, and all the people that are with him.\r
+\r
+17:17 Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed by Enrogel; for they might not\r
+be seen to come into the city: and a wench went and told them; and\r
+they went and told king David.\r
+\r
+17:18 Nevertheless a lad saw them, and told Absalom: but they went\r
+both of them away quickly, and came to a man's house in Bahurim, which\r
+had a well in his court; whither they went down.\r
+\r
+17:19 And the woman took and spread a covering over the well's mouth,\r
+and spread ground corn thereon; and the thing was not known.\r
+\r
+17:20 And when Absalom's servants came to the woman to the house, they\r
+said, Where is Ahimaaz and Jonathan? And the woman said unto them,\r
+They be gone over the brook of water. And when they had sought and\r
+could not find them, they returned to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+17:21 And it came to pass, after they were departed, that they came up\r
+out of the well, and went and told king David, and said unto David,\r
+Arise, and pass quickly over the water: for thus hath Ahithophel\r
+counselled against you.\r
+\r
+17:22 Then David arose, and all the people that were with him, and\r
+they passed over Jordan: by the morning light there lacked not one of\r
+them that was not gone over Jordan.\r
+\r
+17:23 And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he\r
+saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, to his\r
+city, and put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died,\r
+and was buried in the sepulchre of his father.\r
+\r
+17:24 Then David came to Mahanaim. And Absalom passed over Jordan, he\r
+and all the men of Israel with him.\r
+\r
+17:25 And Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab:\r
+which Amasa was a man's son, whose name was Ithra an Israelite, that\r
+went in to Abigail the daughter of Nahash, sister to Zeruiah Joab's\r
+mother.\r
+\r
+17:26 So Israel and Absalom pitched in the land of Gilead.\r
+\r
+17:27 And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shobi\r
+the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and Machir the\r
+son of Ammiel of Lodebar, and Barzillai the Gileadite of Rogelim,\r
+17:28 Brought beds, and basons, and earthen vessels, and wheat, and\r
+barley, and flour, and parched corn, and beans, and lentiles, and\r
+parched pulse, 17:29 And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of\r
+kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for\r
+they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+18:1 And David numbered the people that were with him, and set\r
+captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds over them.\r
+\r
+18:2 And David sent forth a third part of the people under the hand of\r
+Joab, and a third part under the hand of Abishai the son of Zeruiah,\r
+Joab's brother, and a third part under the hand of Ittai the Gittite.\r
+And the king said unto the people, I will surely go forth with you\r
+myself also.\r
+\r
+18:3 But the people answered, Thou shalt not go forth: for if we flee\r
+away, they will not care for us; neither if half of us die, will they\r
+care for us: but now thou art worth ten thousand of us: therefore now\r
+it is better that thou succour us out of the city.\r
+\r
+18:4 And the king said unto them, What seemeth you best I will do. And\r
+the king stood by the gate side, and all the people came out by\r
+hundreds and by thousands.\r
+\r
+18:5 And the king commanded Joab and Abishai and Ittai, saying, Deal\r
+gently for my sake with the young man, even with Absalom. And all the\r
+people heard when the king gave all the captains charge concerning\r
+Absalom.\r
+\r
+18:6 So the people went out into the field against Israel: and the\r
+battle was in the wood of Ephraim; 18:7 Where the people of Israel\r
+were slain before the servants of David, and there was there a great\r
+slaughter that day of twenty thousand men.\r
+\r
+18:8 For the battle was there scattered over the face of all the\r
+country: and the wood devoured more people that day than the sword\r
+devoured.\r
+\r
+18:9 And Absalom met the servants of David. And Absalom rode upon a\r
+mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his\r
+head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the heaven\r
+and the earth; and the mule that was under him went away.\r
+\r
+18:10 And a certain man saw it, and told Joab, and said, Behold, I saw\r
+Absalom hanged in an oak.\r
+\r
+18:11 And Joab said unto the man that told him, And, behold, thou\r
+sawest him, and why didst thou not smite him there to the ground? and\r
+I would have given thee ten shekels of silver, and a girdle.\r
+\r
+18:12 And the man said unto Joab, Though I should receive a thousand\r
+shekels of silver in mine hand, yet would I not put forth mine hand\r
+against the king's son: for in our hearing the king charged thee and\r
+Abishai and Ittai, saying, Beware that none touch the young man\r
+Absalom.\r
+\r
+18:13 Otherwise I should have wrought falsehood against mine own life:\r
+for there is no matter hid from the king, and thou thyself wouldest\r
+have set thyself against me.\r
+\r
+18:14 Then said Joab, I may not tarry thus with thee. And he took\r
+three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom,\r
+while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak.\r
+\r
+18:15 And ten young men that bare Joab's armour compassed about and\r
+smote Absalom, and slew him.\r
+\r
+18:16 And Joab blew the trumpet, and the people returned from pursuing\r
+after Israel: for Joab held back the people.\r
+\r
+18:17 And they took Absalom, and cast him into a great pit in the\r
+wood, and laid a very great heap of stones upon him: and all Israel\r
+fled every one to his tent.\r
+\r
+18:18 Now Absalom in his lifetime had taken and reared up for himself\r
+a pillar, which is in the king's dale: for he said, I have no son to\r
+keep my name in remembrance: and he called the pillar after his own\r
+name: and it is called unto this day, Absalom's place.\r
+\r
+18:19 Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok, Let me now run, and bear the\r
+king tidings, how that the LORD hath avenged him of his enemies.\r
+\r
+18:20 And Joab said unto him, Thou shalt not bear tidings this day,\r
+but thou shalt bear tidings another day: but this day thou shalt bear\r
+no tidings, because the king's son is dead.\r
+\r
+18:21 Then said Joab to Cushi, Go tell the king what thou hast seen.\r
+And Cushi bowed himself unto Joab, and ran.\r
+\r
+18:22 Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok yet again to Joab, But\r
+howsoever, let me, I pray thee, also run after Cushi. And Joab said,\r
+Wherefore wilt thou run, my son, seeing that thou hast no tidings\r
+ready? 18:23 But howsoever, said he, let me run. And he said unto\r
+him, Run. Then Ahimaaz ran by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi.\r
+\r
+18:24 And David sat between the two gates: and the watchman went up to\r
+the roof over the gate unto the wall, and lifted up his eyes, and\r
+looked, and behold a man running alone.\r
+\r
+18:25 And the watchman cried, and told the king. And the king said, If\r
+he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth. And he came apace, and\r
+drew near.\r
+\r
+18:26 And the watchman saw another man running: and the watchman\r
+called unto the porter, and said, Behold another man running alone.\r
+And the king said, He also bringeth tidings.\r
+\r
+18:27 And the watchman said, Me thinketh the running of the foremost\r
+is like the running of Ahimaaz the son of Zadok. And the king said, He\r
+is a good man, and cometh with good tidings.\r
+\r
+18:28 And Ahimaaz called, and said unto the king, All is well. And he\r
+fell down to the earth upon his face before the king, and said,\r
+Blessed be the LORD thy God, which hath delivered up the men that\r
+lifted up their hand against my lord the king.\r
+\r
+18:29 And the king said, Is the young man Absalom safe? And Ahimaaz\r
+answered, When Joab sent the king's servant, and me thy servant, I saw\r
+a great tumult, but I knew not what it was.\r
+\r
+18:30 And the king said unto him, Turn aside, and stand here. And he\r
+turned aside, and stood still.\r
+\r
+18:31 And, behold, Cushi came; and Cushi said, Tidings, my lord the\r
+king: for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up\r
+against thee.\r
+\r
+18:32 And the king said unto Cushi, Is the young man Absalom safe? And\r
+Cushi answered, The enemies of my lord the king, and all that rise\r
+against thee to do thee hurt, be as that young man is.\r
+\r
+18:33 And the king was much moved, and went up to the chamber over the\r
+gate, and wept: and as he went, thus he said, O my son Absalom, my\r
+son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son,\r
+my son! 19:1 And it was told Joab, Behold, the king weepeth and\r
+mourneth for Absalom.\r
+\r
+19:2 And the victory that day was turned into mourning unto all the\r
+people: for the people heard say that day how the king was grieved for\r
+his son.\r
+\r
+19:3 And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as\r
+people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle.\r
+\r
+19:4 But the king covered his face, and the king cried with a loud\r
+voice, O my son Absalom, O Absalom, my son, my son! 19:5 And Joab\r
+came into the house to the king, and said, Thou hast shamed this day\r
+the faces of all thy servants, which this day have saved thy life, and\r
+the lives of thy sons and of thy daughters, and the lives of thy\r
+wives, and the lives of thy concubines; 19:6 In that thou lovest thine\r
+enemies, and hatest thy friends. For thou hast declared this day, that\r
+thou regardest neither princes nor servants: for this day I perceive,\r
+that if Absalom had lived, and all we had died this day, then it had\r
+pleased thee well.\r
+\r
+19:7 Now therefore arise, go forth, and speak comfortably unto thy\r
+servants: for I swear by the LORD, if thou go not forth, there will\r
+not tarry one with thee this night: and that will be worse unto thee\r
+than all the evil that befell thee from thy youth until now.\r
+\r
+19:8 Then the king arose, and sat in the gate. And they told unto all\r
+the people, saying, Behold, the king doth sit in the gate. And all the\r
+people came before the king: for Israel had fled every man to his\r
+tent.\r
+\r
+19:9 And all the people were at strife throughout all the tribes of\r
+Israel, saying, The king saved us out of the hand of our enemies, and\r
+he delivered us out of the hand of the Philistines; and now he is fled\r
+out of the land for Absalom.\r
+\r
+19:10 And Absalom, whom we anointed over us, is dead in battle. Now\r
+therefore why speak ye not a word of bringing the king back? 19:11\r
+And king David sent to Zadok and to Abiathar the priests, saying,\r
+Speak unto the elders of Judah, saying, Why are ye the last to bring\r
+the king back to his house? seeing the speech of all Israel is come to\r
+the king, even to his house.\r
+\r
+19:12 Ye are my brethren, ye are my bones and my flesh: wherefore then\r
+are ye the last to bring back the king? 19:13 And say ye to Amasa,\r
+Art thou not of my bone, and of my flesh? God do so to me, and more\r
+also, if thou be not captain of the host before me continually in the\r
+room of Joab.\r
+\r
+19:14 And he bowed the heart of all the men of Judah, even as the\r
+heart of one man; so that they sent this word unto the king, Return\r
+thou, and all thy servants.\r
+\r
+19:15 So the king returned, and came to Jordan. And Judah came to\r
+Gilgal, to go to meet the king, to conduct the king over Jordan.\r
+\r
+19:16 And Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite, which was of Bahurim,\r
+hasted and came down with the men of Judah to meet king David.\r
+\r
+19:17 And there were a thousand men of Benjamin with him, and Ziba the\r
+servant of the house of Saul, and his fifteen sons and his twenty\r
+servants with him; and they went over Jordan before the king.\r
+\r
+19:18 And there went over a ferry boat to carry over the king's\r
+household, and to do what he thought good. And Shimei the son of Gera\r
+fell down before the king, as he was come over Jordan; 19:19 And said\r
+unto the king, Let not my lord impute iniquity unto me, neither do\r
+thou remember that which thy servant did perversely the day that my\r
+lord the king went out of Jerusalem, that the king should take it to\r
+his heart.\r
+\r
+19:20 For thy servant doth know that I have sinned: therefore, behold,\r
+I am come the first this day of all the house of Joseph to go down to\r
+meet my lord the king.\r
+\r
+19:21 But Abishai the son of Zeruiah answered and said, Shall not\r
+Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed the LORD's\r
+anointed? 19:22 And David said, What have I to do with you, ye sons\r
+of Zeruiah, that ye should this day be adversaries unto me? shall\r
+there any man be put to death this day in Israel? for do not I know\r
+that I am this day king over Israel? 19:23 Therefore the king said\r
+unto Shimei, Thou shalt not die. And the king sware unto him.\r
+\r
+19:24 And Mephibosheth the son of Saul came down to meet the king, and\r
+had neither dressed his feet, nor trimmed his beard, nor washed his\r
+clothes, from the day the king departed until the day he came again in\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+19:25 And it came to pass, when he was come to Jerusalem to meet the\r
+king, that the king said unto him, Wherefore wentest not thou with me,\r
+Mephibosheth? 19:26 And he answered, My lord, O king, my servant\r
+deceived me: for thy servant said, I will saddle me an ass, that I may\r
+ride thereon, and go to the king; because thy servant is lame.\r
+\r
+19:27 And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my\r
+lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in\r
+thine eyes.\r
+\r
+19:28 For all of my father's house were but dead men before my lord\r
+the king: yet didst thou set thy servant among them that did eat at\r
+thine own table. What right therefore have I yet to cry any more unto\r
+the king? 19:29 And the king said unto him, Why speakest thou any\r
+more of thy matters? I have said, Thou and Ziba divide the land.\r
+\r
+19:30 And Mephibosheth said unto the king, Yea, let him take all,\r
+forasmuch as my lord the king is come again in peace unto his own\r
+house.\r
+\r
+19:31 And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim, and went\r
+over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan.\r
+\r
+19:32 Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old: and\r
+he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at Mahanaim; for\r
+he was a very great man.\r
+\r
+19:33 And the king said unto Barzillai, Come thou over with me, and I\r
+will feed thee with me in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+19:34 And Barzillai said unto the king, How long have I to live, that\r
+I should go up with the king unto Jerusalem? 19:35 I am this day\r
+fourscore years old: and can I discern between good and evil? can thy\r
+servant taste what I eat or what I drink? can I hear any more the\r
+voice of singing men and singing women? wherefore then should thy\r
+servant be yet a burden unto my lord the king? 19:36 Thy servant will\r
+go a little way over Jordan with the king: and why should the king\r
+recompense it me with such a reward? 19:37 Let thy servant, I pray\r
+thee, turn back again, that I may die in mine own city, and be buried\r
+by the grave of my father and of my mother. But behold thy servant\r
+Chimham; let him go over with my lord the king; and do to him what\r
+shall seem good unto thee.\r
+\r
+19:38 And the king answered, Chimham shall go over with me, and I will\r
+do to him that which shall seem good unto thee: and whatsoever thou\r
+shalt require of me, that will I do for thee.\r
+\r
+19:39 And all the people went over Jordan. And when the king was come\r
+over, the king kissed Barzillai, and blessed him; and he returned unto\r
+his own place.\r
+\r
+19:40 Then the king went on to Gilgal, and Chimham went on with him:\r
+and all the people of Judah conducted the king, and also half the\r
+people of Israel.\r
+\r
+19:41 And, behold, all the men of Israel came to the king, and said\r
+unto the king, Why have our brethren the men of Judah stolen thee\r
+away, and have brought the king, and his household, and all David's\r
+men with him, over Jordan? 19:42 And all the men of Judah answered\r
+the men of Israel, Because the king is near of kin to us: wherefore\r
+then be ye angry for this matter? have we eaten at all of the king's\r
+cost? or hath he given us any gift? 19:43 And the men of Israel\r
+answered the men of Judah, and said, We have ten parts in the king,\r
+and we have also more right in David than ye: why then did ye despise\r
+us, that our advice should not be first had in bringing back our king?\r
+And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer than the words of the\r
+men of Israel.\r
+\r
+20:1 And there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was\r
+Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew a trumpet, and\r
+said, We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son\r
+of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel.\r
+\r
+20:2 So every man of Israel went up from after David, and followed\r
+Sheba the son of Bichri: but the men of Judah clave unto their king,\r
+from Jordan even to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+20:3 And David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the\r
+ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put\r
+them in ward, and fed them, but went not in unto them. So they were\r
+shut up unto the day of their death, living in widowhood.\r
+\r
+20:4 Then said the king to Amasa, Assemble me the men of Judah within\r
+three days, and be thou here present.\r
+\r
+20:5 So Amasa went to assemble the men of Judah: but he tarried longer\r
+than the set time which he had appointed him.\r
+\r
+20:6 And David said to Abishai, Now shall Sheba the son of Bichri do\r
+us more harm than did Absalom: take thou thy lord's servants, and\r
+pursue after him, lest he get him fenced cities, and escape us.\r
+\r
+20:7 And there went out after him Joab's men, and the Cherethites, and\r
+the Pelethites, and all the mighty men: and they went out of\r
+Jerusalem, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.\r
+\r
+20:8 When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa went\r
+before them. And Joab's garment that he had put on was girded unto\r
+him, and upon it a girdle with a sword fastened upon his loins in the\r
+sheath thereof; and as he went forth it fell out.\r
+\r
+20:9 And Joab said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab\r
+took Amasa by the beard with the right hand to kiss him.\r
+\r
+20:10 But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab's hand: so\r
+he smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed out his bowels to\r
+the ground, and struck him not again; and he died. So Joab and Abishai\r
+his brother pursued after Sheba the son of Bichri.\r
+\r
+20:11 And one of Joab's men stood by him, and said, He that favoureth\r
+Joab, and he that is for David, let him go after Joab.\r
+\r
+20:12 And Amasa wallowed in blood in the midst of the highway. And\r
+when the man saw that all the people stood still, he removed Amasa out\r
+of the highway into the field, and cast a cloth upon him, when he saw\r
+that every one that came by him stood still.\r
+\r
+20:13 When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on\r
+after Joab, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.\r
+\r
+20:14 And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, and to\r
+Bethmaachah, and all the Berites: and they were gathered together, and\r
+went also after him.\r
+\r
+20:15 And they came and besieged him in Abel of Bethmaachah, and they\r
+cast up a bank against the city, and it stood in the trench: and all\r
+the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down.\r
+\r
+20:16 Then cried a wise woman out of the city, Hear, hear; say, I pray\r
+you, unto Joab, Come near hither, that I may speak with thee.\r
+\r
+20:17 And when he was come near unto her, the woman said, Art thou\r
+Joab? And he answered, I am he. Then she said unto him, Hear the\r
+words of thine handmaid. And he answered, I do hear.\r
+\r
+20:18 Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time,\r
+saying, They shall surely ask counsel at Abel: and so they ended the\r
+matter.\r
+\r
+20:19 I am one of them that are peaceable and faithful in Israel: thou\r
+seekest to destroy a city and a mother in Israel: why wilt thou\r
+swallow up the inheritance of the LORD? 20:20 And Joab answered and\r
+said, Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or\r
+destroy.\r
+\r
+20:21 The matter is not so: but a man of mount Ephraim, Sheba the son\r
+of Bichri by name, hath lifted up his hand against the king, even\r
+against David: deliver him only, and I will depart from the city. And\r
+the woman said unto Joab, Behold, his head shall be thrown to thee\r
+over the wall.\r
+\r
+20:22 Then the woman went unto all the people in her wisdom. And they\r
+cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and cast it out to Joab.\r
+And he blew a trumpet, and they retired from the city, every man to\r
+his tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem unto the king.\r
+\r
+20:23 Now Joab was over all the host of Israel: and Benaiah the son of\r
+Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites: 20:24 And\r
+Adoram was over the tribute: and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was\r
+recorder: 20:25 And Sheva was scribe: and Zadok and Abiathar were the\r
+priests: 20:26 And Ira also the Jairite was a chief ruler about David.\r
+\r
+21:1 Then there was a famine in the days of David three years, year\r
+after year; and David enquired of the LORD. And the LORD answered, It\r
+is for Saul, and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites.\r
+\r
+21:2 And the king called the Gibeonites, and said unto them; (now the\r
+Gibeonites were not of the children of Israel, but of the remnant of\r
+the Amorites; and the children of Israel had sworn unto them: and Saul\r
+sought to slay them in his zeal to the children of Israel and Judah.)\r
+21:3 Wherefore David said unto the Gibeonites, What shall I do for\r
+you? and wherewith shall I make the atonement, that ye may bless the\r
+inheritance of the LORD? 21:4 And the Gibeonites said unto him, We\r
+will have no silver nor gold of Saul, nor of his house; neither for us\r
+shalt thou kill any man in Israel. And he said, What ye shall say,\r
+that will I do for you.\r
+\r
+21:5 And they answered the king, The man that consumed us, and that\r
+devised against us that we should be destroyed from remaining in any\r
+of the coasts of Israel, 21:6 Let seven men of his sons be delivered\r
+unto us, and we will hang them up unto the LORD in Gibeah of Saul,\r
+whom the LORD did choose. And the king said, I will give them.\r
+\r
+21:7 But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan the son of\r
+Saul, because of the LORD's oath that was between them, between David\r
+and Jonathan the son of Saul.\r
+\r
+21:8 But the king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah,\r
+whom she bare unto Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of\r
+Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the son of\r
+Barzillai the Meholathite: 21:9 And he delivered them into the hands\r
+of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the hill before the LORD:\r
+and they fell all seven together, and were put to death in the days of\r
+harvest, in the first days, in the beginning of barley harvest.\r
+\r
+21:10 And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it\r
+for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water\r
+dropped upon them out of heaven, and suffered neither the birds of the\r
+air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.\r
+\r
+21:11 And it was told David what Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, the\r
+concubine of Saul, had done.\r
+\r
+21:12 And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones of\r
+Jonathan his son from the men of Jabeshgilead, which had stolen them\r
+from the street of Bethshan, where the Philistines had hanged them,\r
+when the Philistines had slain Saul in Gilboa: 21:13 And he brought up\r
+from thence the bones of Saul and the bones of Jonathan his son; and\r
+they gathered the bones of them that were hanged.\r
+\r
+21:14 And the bones of Saul and Jonathan his son buried they in the\r
+country of Benjamin in Zelah, in the sepulchre of Kish his father: and\r
+they performed all that the king commanded. And after that God was\r
+intreated for the land.\r
+\r
+21:15 Moreover the Philistines had yet war again with Israel; and\r
+David went down, and his servants with him, and fought against the\r
+Philistines: and David waxed faint.\r
+\r
+21:16 And Ishbibenob, which was of the sons of the giant, the weight\r
+of whose spear weighed three hundred shekels of brass in weight, he\r
+being girded with a new sword, thought to have slain David.\r
+\r
+21:17 But Abishai the son of Zeruiah succoured him, and smote the\r
+Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David sware unto him,\r
+saying, Thou shalt go no more out with us to battle, that thou quench\r
+not the light of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:18 And it came to pass after this, that there was again a battle\r
+with the Philistines at Gob: then Sibbechai the Hushathite slew Saph,\r
+which was of the sons of the giant.\r
+\r
+21:19 And there was again a battle in Gob with the Philistines, where\r
+Elhanan the son of Jaareoregim, a Bethlehemite, slew the brother of\r
+Goliath the Gittite, the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's\r
+beam.\r
+\r
+21:20 And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great\r
+stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six\r
+toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the giant.\r
+\r
+21:21 And when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimeah the\r
+brother of David slew him.\r
+\r
+21:22 These four were born to the giant in Gath, and fell by the hand\r
+of David, and by the hand of his servants.\r
+\r
+22:1 And David spake unto the LORD the words of this song in the day\r
+that the LORD had delivered him out of the hand of all his enemies,\r
+and out of the hand of Saul: 22:2 And he said, The LORD is my rock,\r
+and my fortress, and my deliverer; 22:3 The God of my rock; in him\r
+will I trust: he is my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my high\r
+tower, and my refuge, my saviour; thou savest me from violence.\r
+\r
+22:4 I will call on the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I\r
+be saved from mine enemies.\r
+\r
+22:5 When the waves of death compassed me, the floods of ungodly men\r
+made me afraid; 22:6 The sorrows of hell compassed me about; the\r
+snares of death prevented me; 22:7 In my distress I called upon the\r
+LORD, and cried to my God: and he did hear my voice out of his temple,\r
+and my cry did enter into his ears.\r
+\r
+22:8 Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations of heaven\r
+moved and shook, because he was wroth.\r
+\r
+22:9 There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his\r
+mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it.\r
+\r
+22:10 He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and darkness was under\r
+his feet.\r
+\r
+22:11 And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: and he was seen upon the\r
+wings of the wind.\r
+\r
+22:12 And he made darkness pavilions round about him, dark waters, and\r
+thick clouds of the skies.\r
+\r
+22:13 Through the brightness before him were coals of fire kindled.\r
+\r
+22:14 The LORD thundered from heaven, and the most High uttered his\r
+voice.\r
+\r
+22:15 And he sent out arrows, and scattered them; lightning, and\r
+discomfited them.\r
+\r
+22:16 And the channels of the sea appeared, the foundations of the\r
+world were discovered, at the rebuking of the LORD, at the blast of\r
+the breath of his nostrils.\r
+\r
+22:17 He sent from above, he took me; he drew me out of many waters;\r
+22:18 He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them that hated\r
+me: for they were too strong for me.\r
+\r
+22:19 They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my\r
+stay.\r
+\r
+22:20 He brought me forth also into a large place: he delivered me,\r
+because he delighted in me.\r
+\r
+22:21 The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness: according to\r
+the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me.\r
+\r
+22:22 For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly\r
+departed from my God.\r
+\r
+22:23 For all his judgments were before me: and as for his statutes, I\r
+did not depart from them.\r
+\r
+22:24 I was also upright before him, and have kept myself from mine\r
+iniquity.\r
+\r
+22:25 Therefore the LORD hath recompensed me according to my\r
+righteousness; according to my cleanness in his eye sight.\r
+\r
+22:26 With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful, and with the\r
+upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright.\r
+\r
+22:27 With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward\r
+thou wilt shew thyself unsavoury.\r
+\r
+22:28 And the afflicted people thou wilt save: but thine eyes are upon\r
+the haughty, that thou mayest bring them down.\r
+\r
+22:29 For thou art my lamp, O LORD: and the LORD will lighten my\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+22:30 For by thee I have run through a troop: by my God have I leaped\r
+over a wall.\r
+\r
+22:31 As for God, his way is perfect; the word of the LORD is tried:\r
+he is a buckler to all them that trust in him.\r
+\r
+22:32 For who is God, save the LORD? and who is a rock, save our God?\r
+22:33 God is my strength and power: and he maketh my way perfect.\r
+\r
+22:34 He maketh my feet like hinds' feet: and setteth me upon my high\r
+places.\r
+\r
+22:35 He teacheth my hands to war; so that a bow of steel is broken by\r
+mine arms.\r
+\r
+22:36 Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy\r
+gentleness hath made me great.\r
+\r
+22:37 Thou hast enlarged my steps under me; so that my feet did not\r
+slip.\r
+\r
+22:38 I have pursued mine enemies, and destroyed them; and turned not\r
+again until I had consumed them.\r
+\r
+22:39 And I have consumed them, and wounded them, that they could not\r
+arise: yea, they are fallen under my feet.\r
+\r
+22:40 For thou hast girded me with strength to battle: them that rose\r
+up against me hast thou subdued under me.\r
+\r
+22:41 Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies, that I might\r
+destroy them that hate me.\r
+\r
+22:42 They looked, but there was none to save; even unto the LORD, but\r
+he answered them not.\r
+\r
+22:43 Then did I beat them as small as the dust of the earth, I did\r
+stamp them as the mire of the street, and did spread them abroad.\r
+\r
+22:44 Thou also hast delivered me from the strivings of my people,\r
+thou hast kept me to be head of the heathen: a people which I knew not\r
+shall serve me.\r
+\r
+22:45 Strangers shall submit themselves unto me: as soon as they hear,\r
+they shall be obedient unto me.\r
+\r
+22:46 Strangers shall fade away, and they shall be afraid out of their\r
+close places.\r
+\r
+22:47 The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and exalted be the God\r
+of the rock of my salvation.\r
+\r
+22:48 It is God that avengeth me, and that bringeth down the people\r
+under me.\r
+\r
+22:49 And that bringeth me forth from mine enemies: thou also hast\r
+lifted me up on high above them that rose up against me: thou hast\r
+delivered me from the violent man.\r
+\r
+22:50 Therefore I will give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the\r
+heathen, and I will sing praises unto thy name.\r
+\r
+22:51 He is the tower of salvation for his king: and sheweth mercy to\r
+his anointed, unto David, and to his seed for evermore.\r
+\r
+23:1 Now these be the last words of David. David the son of Jesse\r
+said, and the man who was raised up on high, the anointed of the God\r
+of Jacob, and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said, 23:2 The Spirit of\r
+the LORD spake by me, and his word was in my tongue.\r
+\r
+23:3 The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that\r
+ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.\r
+\r
+23:4 And he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth,\r
+even a morning without clouds; as the tender grass springing out of\r
+the earth by clear shining after rain.\r
+\r
+23:5 Although my house be not so with God; yet he hath made with me an\r
+everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure: for this is all\r
+my salvation, and all my desire, although he make it not to grow.\r
+\r
+23:6 But the sons of Belial shall be all of them as thorns thrust\r
+away, because they cannot be taken with hands: 23:7 But the man that\r
+shall touch them must be fenced with iron and the staff of a spear;\r
+and they shall be utterly burned with fire in the same place.\r
+\r
+23:8 These be the names of the mighty men whom David had: The\r
+Tachmonite that sat in the seat, chief among the captains; the same\r
+was Adino the Eznite: he lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom\r
+he slew at one time.\r
+\r
+23:9 And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo the Ahohite, one of the\r
+three mighty men with David, when they defied the Philistines that\r
+were there gathered together to battle, and the men of Israel were\r
+gone away: 23:10 He arose, and smote the Philistines until his hand\r
+was weary, and his hand clave unto the sword: and the LORD wrought a\r
+great victory that day; and the people returned after him only to\r
+spoil.\r
+\r
+23:11 And after him was Shammah the son of Agee the Hararite. And the\r
+Philistines were gathered together into a troop, where was a piece of\r
+ground full of lentiles: and the people fled from the Philistines.\r
+\r
+23:12 But he stood in the midst of the ground, and defended it, and\r
+slew the Philistines: and the LORD wrought a great victory.\r
+\r
+23:13 And three of the thirty chief went down, and came to David in\r
+the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam: and the troop of the\r
+Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim.\r
+\r
+23:14 And David was then in an hold, and the garrison of the\r
+Philistines was then in Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+23:15 And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of\r
+the water of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate! 23:16 And\r
+the three mighty men brake through the host of the Philistines, and\r
+drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and\r
+took it, and brought it to David: nevertheless he would not drink\r
+thereof, but poured it out unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:17 And he said, Be it far from me, O LORD, that I should do this:\r
+is not this the blood of the men that went in jeopardy of their lives?\r
+therefore he would not drink it. These things did these three mighty\r
+men.\r
+\r
+23:18 And Abishai, the brother of Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was chief\r
+among three. And he lifted up his spear against three hundred, and\r
+slew them, and had the name among three.\r
+\r
+23:19 Was he not most honourable of three? therefore he was their\r
+captain: howbeit he attained not unto the first three.\r
+\r
+23:20 And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man, of\r
+Kabzeel, who had done many acts, he slew two lionlike men of Moab: he\r
+went down also and slew a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow:\r
+23:21 And he slew an Egyptian, a goodly man: and the Egyptian had a\r
+spear in his hand; but he went down to him with a staff, and plucked\r
+the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear.\r
+\r
+23:22 These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name\r
+among three mighty men.\r
+\r
+23:23 He was more honourable than the thirty, but he attained not to\r
+the first three. And David set him over his guard.\r
+\r
+23:24 Asahel the brother of Joab was one of the thirty; Elhanan the\r
+son of Dodo of Bethlehem, 23:25 Shammah the Harodite, Elika the\r
+Harodite, 23:26 Helez the Paltite, Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite,\r
+23:27 Abiezer the Anethothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite, 23:28 Zalmon\r
+the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, 23:29 Heleb the son of Baanah,\r
+a Netophathite, Ittai the son of Ribai out of Gibeah of the children\r
+of Benjamin, 23:30 Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai of the brooks of\r
+Gaash, 23:31 Abialbon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite, 23:32\r
+Eliahba the Shaalbonite, of the sons of Jashen, Jonathan, 23:33\r
+Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam the son of Sharar the Hararite, 23:34\r
+Eliphelet the son of Ahasbai, the son of the Maachathite, Eliam the\r
+son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, 23:35 Hezrai the Carmelite, Paarai the\r
+Arbite, 23:36 Igal the son of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite, 23:37\r
+Zelek the Ammonite, Nahari the Beerothite, armourbearer to Joab the\r
+son of Zeruiah, 23:38 Ira an Ithrite, Gareb an Ithrite, 23:39 Uriah\r
+the Hittite: thirty and seven in all.\r
+\r
+24:1 And again the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and\r
+he moved David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah.\r
+\r
+24:2 For the king said to Joab the captain of the host, which was with\r
+him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to\r
+Beersheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the number of the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+24:3 And Joab said unto the king, Now the LORD thy God add unto the\r
+people, how many soever they be, an hundredfold, and that the eyes of\r
+my lord the king may see it: but why doth my lord the king delight in\r
+this thing? 24:4 Notwithstanding the king's word prevailed against\r
+Joab, and against the captains of the host. And Joab and the captains\r
+of the host went out from the presence of the king, to number the\r
+people of Israel.\r
+\r
+24:5 And they passed over Jordan, and pitched in Aroer, on the right\r
+side of the city that lieth in the midst of the river of Gad, and\r
+toward Jazer: 24:6 Then they came to Gilead, and to the land of\r
+Tahtimhodshi; and they came to Danjaan, and about to Zidon, 24:7 And\r
+came to the strong hold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites,\r
+and of the Canaanites: and they went out to the south of Judah, even\r
+to Beersheba.\r
+\r
+24:8 So when they had gone through all the land, they came to\r
+Jerusalem at the end of nine months and twenty days.\r
+\r
+24:9 And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people unto the\r
+king: and there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiant men that\r
+drew the sword; and the men of Judah were five hundred thousand men.\r
+\r
+24:10 And David's heart smote him after that he had numbered the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+And David said unto the LORD, I have sinned greatly in that I have\r
+done: and now, I beseech thee, O LORD, take away the iniquity of thy\r
+servant; for I have done very foolishly.\r
+\r
+24:11 For when David was up in the morning, the word of the LORD came\r
+unto the prophet Gad, David's seer, saying, 24:12 Go and say unto\r
+David, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things; choose thee one\r
+of them, that I may do it unto thee.\r
+\r
+24:13 So Gad came to David, and told him, and said unto him, Shall\r
+seven years of famine come unto thee in thy land? or wilt thou flee\r
+three months before thine enemies, while they pursue thee? or that\r
+there be three days' pestilence in thy land? now advise, and see what\r
+answer I shall return to him that sent me.\r
+\r
+24:14 And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let us fall now\r
+into the hand of the LORD; for his mercies are great: and let me not\r
+fall into the hand of man.\r
+\r
+24:15 So the LORD sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even\r
+to the time appointed: and there died of the people from Dan even to\r
+Beersheba seventy thousand men.\r
+\r
+24:16 And when the angel stretched out his hand upon Jerusalem to\r
+destroy it, the LORD repented him of the evil, and said to the angel\r
+that destroyed the people, It is enough: stay now thine hand. And the\r
+angel of the LORD was by the threshingplace of Araunah the Jebusite.\r
+\r
+24:17 And David spake unto the LORD when he saw the angel that smote\r
+the people, and said, Lo, I have sinned, and I have done wickedly: but\r
+these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray thee, be\r
+against me, and against my father's house.\r
+\r
+24:18 And Gad came that day to David, and said unto him, Go up, rear\r
+an altar unto the LORD in the threshingfloor of Araunah the Jebusite.\r
+\r
+24:19 And David, according to the saying of Gad, went up as the LORD\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+24:20 And Araunah looked, and saw the king and his servants coming on\r
+toward him: and Araunah went out, and bowed himself before the king on\r
+his face upon the ground.\r
+\r
+24:21 And Araunah said, Wherefore is my lord the king come to his\r
+servant? And David said, To buy the threshingfloor of thee, to build\r
+an altar unto the LORD, that the plague may be stayed from the people.\r
+\r
+24:22 And Araunah said unto David, Let my lord the king take and offer\r
+up what seemeth good unto him: behold, here be oxen for burnt\r
+sacrifice, and threshing instruments and other instruments of the oxen\r
+for wood.\r
+\r
+24:23 All these things did Araunah, as a king, give unto the king. And\r
+Araunah said unto the king, The LORD thy God accept thee.\r
+\r
+24:24 And the king said unto Araunah, Nay; but I will surely buy it of\r
+thee at a price: neither will I offer burnt offerings unto the LORD my\r
+God of that which doth cost me nothing. So David bought the\r
+threshingfloor and the oxen for fifty shekels of silver.\r
+\r
+24:25 And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt\r
+offerings and peace offerings. So the LORD was intreated for the land,\r
+and the plague was stayed from Israel.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+Commonly Called:\r
+\r
+The Third Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now king David was old and stricken in years; and they covered\r
+him with clothes, but he gat no heat.\r
+\r
+1:2 Wherefore his servants said unto him, Let there be sought for my\r
+lord the king a young virgin: and let her stand before the king, and\r
+let her cherish him, and let her lie in thy bosom, that my lord the\r
+king may get heat.\r
+\r
+1:3 So they sought for a fair damsel throughout all the coasts of\r
+Israel, and found Abishag a Shunammite, and brought her to the king.\r
+\r
+1:4 And the damsel was very fair, and cherished the king, and\r
+ministered to him: but the king knew her not.\r
+\r
+1:5 Then Adonijah the son of Haggith exalted himself, saying, I will\r
+be king: and he prepared him chariots and horsemen, and fifty men to\r
+run before him.\r
+\r
+1:6 And his father had not displeased him at any time in saying, Why\r
+hast thou done so? and he also was a very goodly man; and his mother\r
+bare him after Absalom.\r
+\r
+1:7 And he conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah, and with Abiathar\r
+the priest: and they following Adonijah helped him.\r
+\r
+1:8 But Zadok the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and Nathan\r
+the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and the mighty men which belonged to\r
+David, were not with Adonijah.\r
+\r
+1:9 And Adonijah slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle by the stone of\r
+Zoheleth, which is by Enrogel, and called all his brethren the king's\r
+sons, and all the men of Judah the king's servants: 1:10 But Nathan\r
+the prophet, and Benaiah, and the mighty men, and Solomon his brother,\r
+he called not.\r
+\r
+1:11 Wherefore Nathan spake unto Bathsheba the mother of Solomon,\r
+saying, Hast thou not heard that Adonijah the son of Haggith doth\r
+reign, and David our lord knoweth it not? 1:12 Now therefore come,\r
+let me, I pray thee, give thee counsel, that thou mayest save thine\r
+own life, and the life of thy son Solomon.\r
+\r
+1:13 Go and get thee in unto king David, and say unto him, Didst not\r
+thou, my lord, O king, swear unto thine handmaid, saying, Assuredly\r
+Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne?\r
+why then doth Adonijah reign? 1:14 Behold, while thou yet talkest\r
+there with the king, I also will come in after thee, and confirm thy\r
+words.\r
+\r
+1:15 And Bathsheba went in unto the king into the chamber: and the\r
+king was very old; and Abishag the Shunammite ministered unto the\r
+king.\r
+\r
+1:16 And Bathsheba bowed, and did obeisance unto the king. And the\r
+king said, What wouldest thou? 1:17 And she said unto him, My lord,\r
+thou swarest by the LORD thy God unto thine handmaid, saying,\r
+Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign after me, and he shall sit upon\r
+my throne.\r
+\r
+1:18 And now, behold, Adonijah reigneth; and now, my lord the king,\r
+thou knowest it not: 1:19 And he hath slain oxen and fat cattle and\r
+sheep in abundance, and hath called all the sons of the king, and\r
+Abiathar the priest, and Joab the captain of the host: but Solomon thy\r
+servant hath he not called.\r
+\r
+1:20 And thou, my lord, O king, the eyes of all Israel are upon thee,\r
+that thou shouldest tell them who shall sit on the throne of my lord\r
+the king after him.\r
+\r
+1:21 Otherwise it shall come to pass, when my lord the king shall\r
+sleep with his fathers, that I and my son Solomon shall be counted\r
+offenders.\r
+\r
+1:22 And, lo, while she yet talked with the king, Nathan the prophet\r
+also came in.\r
+\r
+1:23 And they told the king, saying, Behold Nathan the prophet. And\r
+when he was come in before the king, he bowed himself before the king\r
+with his face to the ground.\r
+\r
+1:24 And Nathan said, My lord, O king, hast thou said, Adonijah shall\r
+reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne? 1:25 For he is gone\r
+down this day, and hath slain oxen and fat cattle and sheep in\r
+abundance, and hath called all the king's sons, and the captains of\r
+the host, and Abiathar the priest; and, behold, they eat and drink\r
+before him, and say, God save king Adonijah.\r
+\r
+1:26 But me, even me thy servant, and Zadok the priest, and Benaiah\r
+the son of Jehoiada, and thy servant Solomon, hath he not called.\r
+\r
+1:27 Is this thing done by my lord the king, and thou hast not shewed\r
+it unto thy servant, who should sit on the throne of my lord the king\r
+after him? 1:28 Then king David answered and said, Call me Bathsheba.\r
+And she came into the king's presence, and stood before the king.\r
+\r
+1:29 And the king sware, and said, As the LORD liveth, that hath\r
+redeemed my soul out of all distress, 1:30 Even as I sware unto thee\r
+by the LORD God of Israel, saying, Assuredly Solomon thy son shall\r
+reign after me, and he shall sit upon my throne in my stead; even so\r
+will I certainly do this day.\r
+\r
+1:31 Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the earth, and did\r
+reverence to the king, and said, Let my lord king David live for ever.\r
+\r
+1:32 And king David said, Call me Zadok the priest, and Nathan the\r
+prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada. And they came before the\r
+king.\r
+\r
+1:33 The king also said unto them, Take with you the servants of your\r
+lord, and cause Solomon my son to ride upon mine own mule, and bring\r
+him down to Gihon: 1:34 And let Zadok the priest and Nathan the\r
+prophet anoint him there king over Israel: and blow ye with the\r
+trumpet, and say, God save king Solomon.\r
+\r
+1:35 Then ye shall come up after him, that he may come and sit upon my\r
+throne; for he shall be king in my stead: and I have appointed him to\r
+be ruler over Israel and over Judah.\r
+\r
+1:36 And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada answered the king, and said,\r
+Amen: the LORD God of my lord the king say so too.\r
+\r
+1:37 As the LORD hath been with my lord the king, even so be he with\r
+Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord king\r
+David.\r
+\r
+1:38 So Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the son\r
+of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, went down, and\r
+caused Solomon to ride upon king David's mule, and brought him to\r
+Gihon.\r
+\r
+1:39 And Zadok the priest took an horn of oil out of the tabernacle,\r
+and anointed Solomon. And they blew the trumpet; and all the people\r
+said, God save king Solomon.\r
+\r
+1:40 And all the people came up after him, and the people piped with\r
+pipes, and rejoiced with great joy, so that the earth rent with the\r
+sound of them.\r
+\r
+1:41 And Adonijah and all the guests that were with him heard it as\r
+they had made an end of eating. And when Joab heard the sound of the\r
+trumpet, he said, Wherefore is this noise of the city being in an\r
+uproar? 1:42 And while he yet spake, behold, Jonathan the son of\r
+Abiathar the priest came; and Adonijah said unto him, Come in; for\r
+thou art a valiant man, and bringest good tidings.\r
+\r
+1:43 And Jonathan answered and said to Adonijah, Verily our lord king\r
+David hath made Solomon king.\r
+\r
+1:44 And the king hath sent with him Zadok the priest, and Nathan the\r
+prophet, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the Cherethites, and the\r
+Pelethites, and they have caused him to ride upon the king's mule:\r
+1:45 And Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet have anointed him\r
+king in Gihon: and they are come up from thence rejoicing, so that the\r
+city rang again. This is the noise that ye have heard.\r
+\r
+1:46 And also Solomon sitteth on the throne of the kingdom.\r
+\r
+1:47 And moreover the king's servants came to bless our lord king\r
+David, saying, God make the name of Solomon better than thy name, and\r
+make his throne greater than thy throne. And the king bowed himself\r
+upon the bed.\r
+\r
+1:48 And also thus said the king, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel,\r
+which hath given one to sit on my throne this day, mine eyes even\r
+seeing it.\r
+\r
+1:49 And all the guests that were with Adonijah were afraid, and rose\r
+up, and went every man his way.\r
+\r
+1:50 And Adonijah feared because of Solomon, and arose, and went, and\r
+caught hold on the horns of the altar.\r
+\r
+1:51 And it was told Solomon, saying, Behold, Adonijah feareth king\r
+Solomon: for, lo, he hath caught hold on the horns of the altar,\r
+saying, Let king Solomon swear unto me today that he will not slay his\r
+servant with the sword.\r
+\r
+1:52 And Solomon said, If he will shew himself a worthy man, there\r
+shall not an hair of him fall to the earth: but if wickedness shall be\r
+found in him, he shall die.\r
+\r
+1:53 So king Solomon sent, and they brought him down from the altar.\r
+And he came and bowed himself to king Solomon: and Solomon said unto\r
+him, Go to thine house.\r
+\r
+2:1 Now the days of David drew nigh that he should die; and he charged\r
+Solomon his son, saying, 2:2 I go the way of all the earth: be thou\r
+strong therefore, and shew thyself a man; 2:3 And keep the charge of\r
+the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, to keep his statutes, and his\r
+commandments, and his judgments, and his testimonies, as it is written\r
+in the law of Moses, that thou mayest prosper in all that thou doest,\r
+and whithersoever thou turnest thyself: 2:4 That the LORD may continue\r
+his word which he spake concerning me, saying, If thy children take\r
+heed to their way, to walk before me in truth with all their heart and\r
+with all their soul, there shall not fail thee (said he) a man on the\r
+throne of Israel.\r
+\r
+2:5 Moreover thou knowest also what Joab the son of Zeruiah did to me,\r
+and what he did to the two captains of the hosts of Israel, unto Abner\r
+the son of Ner, and unto Amasa the son of Jether, whom he slew, and\r
+shed the blood of war in peace, and put the blood of war upon his\r
+girdle that was about his loins, and in his shoes that were on his\r
+feet.\r
+\r
+2:6 Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go\r
+down to the grave in peace.\r
+\r
+2:7 But shew kindness unto the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and\r
+let them be of those that eat at thy table: for so they came to me\r
+when I fled because of Absalom thy brother.\r
+\r
+2:8 And, behold, thou hast with thee Shimei the son of Gera, a\r
+Benjamite of Bahurim, which cursed me with a grievous curse in the day\r
+when I went to Mahanaim: but he came down to meet me at Jordan, and I\r
+sware to him by the LORD, saying, I will not put thee to death with\r
+the sword.\r
+\r
+2:9 Now therefore hold him not guiltless: for thou art a wise man, and\r
+knowest what thou oughtest to do unto him; but his hoar head bring\r
+thou down to the grave with blood.\r
+\r
+2:10 So David slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of\r
+David.\r
+\r
+2:11 And the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years:\r
+seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned\r
+he in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:12 Then sat Solomon upon the throne of David his father; and his\r
+kingdom was established greatly.\r
+\r
+2:13 And Adonijah the son of Haggith came to Bathsheba the mother of\r
+Solomon. And she said, Comest thou peaceably? And he said, Peaceably.\r
+\r
+2:14 He said moreover, I have somewhat to say unto thee. And she said,\r
+Say on.\r
+\r
+2:15 And he said, Thou knowest that the kingdom was mine, and that all\r
+Israel set their faces on me, that I should reign: howbeit the kingdom\r
+is turned about, and is become my brother's: for it was his from the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+2:16 And now I ask one petition of thee, deny me not. And she said\r
+unto him, Say on.\r
+\r
+2:17 And he said, Speak, I pray thee, unto Solomon the king, (for he\r
+will not say thee nay,) that he give me Abishag the Shunammite to\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+2:18 And Bathsheba said, Well; I will speak for thee unto the king.\r
+\r
+2:19 Bathsheba therefore went unto king Solomon, to speak unto him for\r
+Adonijah. And the king rose up to meet her, and bowed himself unto\r
+her, and sat down on his throne, and caused a seat to be set for the\r
+king's mother; and she sat on his right hand.\r
+\r
+2:20 Then she said, I desire one small petition of thee; I pray thee,\r
+say me not nay. And the king said unto her, Ask on, my mother: for I\r
+will not say thee nay.\r
+\r
+2:21 And she said, Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah thy\r
+brother to wife.\r
+\r
+2:22 And king Solomon answered and said unto his mother, And why dost\r
+thou ask Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? ask for him the kingdom\r
+also; for he is mine elder brother; even for him, and for Abiathar the\r
+priest, and for Joab the son of Zeruiah.\r
+\r
+2:23 Then king Solomon sware by the LORD, saying, God do so to me, and\r
+more also, if Adonijah have not spoken this word against his own life.\r
+\r
+2:24 Now therefore, as the LORD liveth, which hath established me, and\r
+set me on the throne of David my father, and who hath made me an\r
+house, as he promised, Adonijah shall be put to death this day.\r
+\r
+2:25 And king Solomon sent by the hand of Benaiah the son of Jehoiada;\r
+and he fell upon him that he died.\r
+\r
+2:26 And unto Abiathar the priest said the king, Get thee to Anathoth,\r
+unto thine own fields; for thou art worthy of death: but I will not at\r
+this time put thee to death, because thou barest the ark of the LORD\r
+God before David my father, and because thou hast been afflicted in\r
+all wherein my father was afflicted.\r
+\r
+2:27 So Solomon thrust out Abiathar from being priest unto the LORD;\r
+that he might fulfil the word of the LORD, which he spake concerning\r
+the house of Eli in Shiloh.\r
+\r
+2:28 Then tidings came to Joab: for Joab had turned after Adonijah,\r
+though he turned not after Absalom. And Joab fled unto the tabernacle\r
+of the LORD, and caught hold on the horns of the altar.\r
+\r
+2:29 And it was told king Solomon that Joab was fled unto the\r
+tabernacle of the LORD; and, behold, he is by the altar. Then Solomon\r
+sent Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, saying, Go, fall upon him.\r
+\r
+2:30 And Benaiah came to the tabernacle of the LORD, and said unto\r
+him, Thus saith the king, Come forth. And he said, Nay; but I will die\r
+here. And Benaiah brought the king word again, saying, Thus said Joab,\r
+and thus he answered me.\r
+\r
+2:31 And the king said unto him, Do as he hath said, and fall upon\r
+him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the innocent blood,\r
+which Joab shed, from me, and from the house of my father.\r
+\r
+2:32 And the LORD shall return his blood upon his own head, who fell\r
+upon two men more righteous and better than he, and slew them with the\r
+sword, my father David not knowing thereof, to wit, Abner the son of\r
+Ner, captain of the host of Israel, and Amasa the son of Jether,\r
+captain of the host of Judah.\r
+\r
+2:33 Their blood shall therefore return upon the head of Joab, and\r
+upon the head of his seed for ever: but upon David, and upon his seed,\r
+and upon his house, and upon his throne, shall there be peace for ever\r
+from the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:34 So Benaiah the son of Jehoiada went up, and fell upon him, and\r
+slew him: and he was buried in his own house in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+2:35 And the king put Benaiah the son of Jehoiada in his room over the\r
+host: and Zadok the priest did the king put in the room of Abiathar.\r
+\r
+2:36 And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Build\r
+thee an house in Jerusalem, and dwell there, and go not forth thence\r
+any whither.\r
+\r
+2:37 For it shall be, that on the day thou goest out, and passest over\r
+the brook Kidron, thou shalt know for certain that thou shalt surely\r
+die: thy blood shall be upon thine own head.\r
+\r
+2:38 And Shimei said unto the king, The saying is good: as my lord the\r
+king hath said, so will thy servant do. And Shimei dwelt in Jerusalem\r
+many days.\r
+\r
+2:39 And it came to pass at the end of three years, that two of the\r
+servants of Shimei ran away unto Achish son of Maachah king of Gath.\r
+And they told Shimei, saying, Behold, thy servants be in Gath.\r
+\r
+2:40 And Shimei arose, and saddled his ass, and went to Gath to Achish\r
+to seek his servants: and Shimei went, and brought his servants from\r
+Gath.\r
+\r
+2:41 And it was told Solomon that Shimei had gone from Jerusalem to\r
+Gath, and was come again.\r
+\r
+2:42 And the king sent and called for Shimei, and said unto him, Did I\r
+not make thee to swear by the LORD, and protested unto thee, saying,\r
+Know for a certain, on the day thou goest out, and walkest abroad any\r
+whither, that thou shalt surely die? and thou saidst unto me, The word\r
+that I have heard is good.\r
+\r
+2:43 Why then hast thou not kept the oath of the LORD, and the\r
+commandment that I have charged thee with? 2:44 The king said\r
+moreover to Shimei, Thou knowest all the wickedness which thine heart\r
+is privy to, that thou didst to David my father: therefore the LORD\r
+shall return thy wickedness upon thine own head; 2:45 And king Solomon\r
+shall be blessed, and the throne of David shall be established before\r
+the LORD for ever.\r
+\r
+2:46 So the king commanded Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; which went\r
+out, and fell upon him, that he died. And the kingdom was established\r
+in the hand of Solomon.\r
+\r
+3:1 And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took\r
+Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the city of David, until he\r
+had made an end of building his own house, and the house of the LORD,\r
+and the wall of Jerusalem round about.\r
+\r
+3:2 Only the people sacrificed in high places, because there was no\r
+house built unto the name of the LORD, until those days.\r
+\r
+3:3 And Solomon loved the LORD, walking in the statutes of David his\r
+father: only he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places.\r
+\r
+3:4 And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the\r
+great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon\r
+that altar.\r
+\r
+3:5 In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and\r
+God said, Ask what I shall give thee.\r
+\r
+3:6 And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my\r
+father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and\r
+in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast\r
+kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to\r
+sit on his throne, as it is this day.\r
+\r
+3:7 And now, O LORD my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of\r
+David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out\r
+or come in.\r
+\r
+3:8 And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast\r
+chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for\r
+multitude.\r
+\r
+3:9 Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy\r
+people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to\r
+judge this thy so great a people? 3:10 And the speech pleased the\r
+LORD, that Solomon had asked this thing.\r
+\r
+3:11 And God said unto him, Because thou hast asked this thing, and\r
+hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for\r
+thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for\r
+thyself understanding to discern judgment; 3:12 Behold, I have done\r
+according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an\r
+understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee,\r
+neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee.\r
+\r
+3:13 And I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked, both\r
+riches, and honour: so that there shall not be any among the kings\r
+like unto thee all thy days.\r
+\r
+3:14 And if thou wilt walk in my ways, to keep my statutes and my\r
+commandments, as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy\r
+days.\r
+\r
+3:15 And Solomon awoke; and, behold, it was a dream. And he came to\r
+Jerusalem, and stood before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and\r
+offered up burnt offerings, and offered peace offerings, and made a\r
+feast to all his servants.\r
+\r
+3:16 Then came there two women, that were harlots, unto the king, and\r
+stood before him.\r
+\r
+3:17 And the one woman said, O my lord, I and this woman dwell in one\r
+house; and I was delivered of a child with her in the house.\r
+\r
+3:18 And it came to pass the third day after that I was delivered,\r
+that this woman was delivered also: and we were together; there was no\r
+stranger with us in the house, save we two in the house.\r
+\r
+3:19 And this woman's child died in the night; because she overlaid\r
+it.\r
+\r
+3:20 And she arose at midnight, and took my son from beside me, while\r
+thine handmaid slept, and laid it in her bosom, and laid her dead\r
+child in my bosom.\r
+\r
+3:21 And when I rose in the morning to give my child suck, behold, it\r
+was dead: but when I had considered it in the morning, behold, it was\r
+not my son, which I did bear.\r
+\r
+3:22 And the other woman said, Nay; but the living is my son, and the\r
+dead is thy son. And this said, No; but the dead is thy son, and the\r
+living is my son. Thus they spake before the king.\r
+\r
+3:23 Then said the king, The one saith, This is my son that liveth,\r
+and thy son is the dead: and the other saith, Nay; but thy son is the\r
+dead, and my son is the living.\r
+\r
+3:24 And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword\r
+before the king.\r
+\r
+3:25 And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half\r
+to the one, and half to the other.\r
+\r
+3:26 Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king,\r
+for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her\r
+the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it\r
+be neither mine nor thine, but divide it.\r
+\r
+3:27 Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and\r
+in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof.\r
+\r
+3:28 And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged;\r
+and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in\r
+him, to do judgment.\r
+\r
+4:1 So king Solomon was king over all Israel.\r
+\r
+4:2 And these were the princes which he had; Azariah the son of Zadok\r
+the priest, 4:3 Elihoreph and Ahiah, the sons of Shisha, scribes;\r
+Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud, the recorder.\r
+\r
+4:4 And Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the host: and Zadok and\r
+Abiathar were the priests: 4:5 And Azariah the son of Nathan was over\r
+the officers: and Zabud the son of Nathan was principal officer, and\r
+the king's friend: 4:6 And Ahishar was over the household: and\r
+Adoniram the son of Abda was over the tribute.\r
+\r
+4:7 And Solomon had twelve officers over all Israel, which provided\r
+victuals for the king and his household: each man his month in a year\r
+made provision.\r
+\r
+4:8 And these are their names: The son of Hur, in mount Ephraim: 4:9\r
+The son of Dekar, in Makaz, and in Shaalbim, and Bethshemesh, and\r
+Elonbethhanan: 4:10 The son of Hesed, in Aruboth; to him pertained\r
+Sochoh, and all the land of Hepher: 4:11 The son of Abinadab, in all\r
+the region of Dor; which had Taphath the daughter of Solomon to wife:\r
+4:12 Baana the son of Ahilud; to him pertained Taanach and Megiddo,\r
+and all Bethshean, which is by Zartanah beneath Jezreel, from\r
+Bethshean to Abelmeholah, even unto the place that is beyond Jokneam:\r
+4:13 The son of Geber, in Ramothgilead; to him pertained the towns of\r
+Jair the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead; to him also pertained\r
+the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, threescore great cities with\r
+walls and brasen bars: 4:14 Ahinadab the son of Iddo had Mahanaim:\r
+4:15 Ahimaaz was in Naphtali; he also took Basmath the daughter of\r
+Solomon to wife: 4:16 Baanah the son of Hushai was in Asher and in\r
+Aloth: 4:17 Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah, in Issachar: 4:18 Shimei\r
+the son of Elah, in Benjamin: 4:19 Geber the son of Uri was in the\r
+country of Gilead, in the country of Sihon king of the Amorites, and\r
+of Og king of Bashan; and he was the only officer which was in the\r
+land.\r
+\r
+4:20 Judah and Israel were many, as the sand which is by the sea in\r
+multitude, eating and drinking, and making merry.\r
+\r
+4:21 And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river unto the\r
+land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt: they brought\r
+presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.\r
+\r
+4:22 And Solomon's provision for one day was thirty measures of fine\r
+flour, and threescore measures of meal, 4:23 Ten fat oxen, and twenty\r
+oxen out of the pastures, and an hundred sheep, beside harts, and\r
+roebucks, and fallowdeer, and fatted fowl.\r
+\r
+4:24 For he had dominion over all the region on this side the river,\r
+from Tiphsah even to Azzah, over all the kings on this side the river:\r
+and he had peace on all sides round about him.\r
+\r
+4:25 And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his vine and\r
+under his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of\r
+Solomon.\r
+\r
+4:26 And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots,\r
+and twelve thousand horsemen.\r
+\r
+4:27 And those officers provided victual for king Solomon, and for all\r
+that came unto king Solomon's table, every man in his month: they\r
+lacked nothing.\r
+\r
+4:28 Barley also and straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they\r
+unto the place where the officers were, every man according to his\r
+charge.\r
+\r
+4:29 And God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding exceeding much, and\r
+largeness of heart, even as the sand that is on the sea shore.\r
+\r
+4:30 And Solomon's wisdom excelled the wisdom of all the children of\r
+the east country, and all the wisdom of Egypt.\r
+\r
+4:31 For he was wiser than all men; than Ethan the Ezrahite, and\r
+Heman, and Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol: and his fame was in\r
+all nations round about.\r
+\r
+4:32 And he spake three thousand proverbs: and his songs were a\r
+thousand and five.\r
+\r
+4:33 And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon\r
+even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake also of\r
+beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes.\r
+\r
+4:34 And there came of all people to hear the wisdom of Solomon, from\r
+all kings of the earth, which had heard of his wisdom.\r
+\r
+5:1 And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants unto Solomon; for he had\r
+heard that they had anointed him king in the room of his father: for\r
+Hiram was ever a lover of David.\r
+\r
+5:2 And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying, 5:3 Thou knowest how that David\r
+my father could not build an house unto the name of the LORD his God\r
+for the wars which were about him on every side, until the LORD put\r
+them under the soles of his feet.\r
+\r
+5:4 But now the LORD my God hath given me rest on every side, so that\r
+there is neither adversary nor evil occurrent.\r
+\r
+5:5 And, behold, I purpose to build an house unto the name of the LORD\r
+my God, as the LORD spake unto David my father, saying, Thy son, whom\r
+I will set upon thy throne in thy room, he shall build an house unto\r
+my name.\r
+\r
+5:6 Now therefore command thou that they hew me cedar trees out of\r
+Lebanon; and my servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee\r
+will I give hire for thy servants according to all that thou shalt\r
+appoint: for thou knowest that there is not among us any that can\r
+skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians.\r
+\r
+5:7 And it came to pass, when Hiram heard the words of Solomon, that\r
+he rejoiced greatly, and said, Blessed be the LORD this day, which\r
+hath given unto David a wise son over this great people.\r
+\r
+5:8 And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have considered the things\r
+which thou sentest to me for: and I will do all thy desire concerning\r
+timber of cedar, and concerning timber of fir.\r
+\r
+5:9 My servants shall bring them down from Lebanon unto the sea: and I\r
+will convey them by sea in floats unto the place that thou shalt\r
+appoint me, and will cause them to be discharged there, and thou shalt\r
+receive them: and thou shalt accomplish my desire, in giving food for\r
+my household.\r
+\r
+5:10 So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all\r
+his desire.\r
+\r
+5:11 And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for food\r
+to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave Solomon\r
+to Hiram year by year.\r
+\r
+5:12 And the LORD gave Solomon wisdom, as he promised him: and there\r
+was peace between Hiram and Solomon; and they two made a league\r
+together.\r
+\r
+5:13 And king Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel; and the levy\r
+was thirty thousand men.\r
+\r
+5:14 And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses: a\r
+month they were in Lebanon, and two months at home: and Adoniram was\r
+over the levy.\r
+\r
+5:15 And Solomon had threescore and ten thousand that bare burdens,\r
+and fourscore thousand hewers in the mountains; 5:16 Beside the chief\r
+of Solomon's officers which were over the work, three thousand and\r
+three hundred, which ruled over the people that wrought in the work.\r
+\r
+5:17 And the king commanded, and they brought great stones, costly\r
+stones, and hewed stones, to lay the foundation of the house.\r
+\r
+5:18 And Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders did hew them, and the\r
+stonesquarers: so they prepared timber and stones to build the house.\r
+\r
+6:1 And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after\r
+the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the\r
+fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is\r
+the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:2 And the house which king Solomon built for the LORD, the length\r
+thereof was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits,\r
+and the height thereof thirty cubits.\r
+\r
+6:3 And the porch before the temple of the house, twenty cubits was\r
+the length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten\r
+cubits was the breadth thereof before the house.\r
+\r
+6:4 And for the house he made windows of narrow lights.\r
+\r
+6:5 And against the wall of the house he built chambers round about,\r
+against the walls of the house round about, both of the temple and of\r
+the oracle: and he made chambers round about: 6:6 The nethermost\r
+chamber was five cubits broad, and the middle was six cubits broad,\r
+and the third was seven cubits broad: for without in the wall of the\r
+house he made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be\r
+fastened in the walls of the house.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the house, when it was in building, was built of stone made\r
+ready before it was brought thither: so that there was neither hammer\r
+nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in\r
+building.\r
+\r
+6:8 The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the\r
+house: and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber,\r
+and out of the middle into the third.\r
+\r
+6:9 So he built the house, and finished it; and covered the house with\r
+beams and boards of cedar.\r
+\r
+6:10 And then he built chambers against all the house, five cubits\r
+high: and they rested on the house with timber of cedar.\r
+\r
+6:11 And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, saying, 6:12 Concerning\r
+this house which thou art in building, if thou wilt walk in my\r
+statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments to\r
+walk in them; then will I perform my word with thee, which I spake\r
+unto David thy father: 6:13 And I will dwell among the children of\r
+Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel.\r
+\r
+6:14 So Solomon built the house, and finished it.\r
+\r
+6:15 And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar,\r
+both the floor of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he\r
+covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the\r
+house with planks of fir.\r
+\r
+6:16 And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the house, both the\r
+floor and the walls with boards of cedar: he even built them for it\r
+within, even for the oracle, even for the most holy place.\r
+\r
+6:17 And the house, that is, the temple before it, was forty cubits\r
+long.\r
+\r
+6:18 And the cedar of the house within was carved with knops and open\r
+flowers: all was cedar; there was no stone seen.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to set there the\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:20 And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in length, and\r
+twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in the height thereof: and\r
+he overlaid it with pure gold; and so covered the altar which was of\r
+cedar.\r
+\r
+6:21 So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure gold: and he made\r
+a partition by the chains of gold before the oracle; and he overlaid\r
+it with gold.\r
+\r
+6:22 And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished\r
+all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle he overlaid\r
+with gold.\r
+\r
+6:23 And within the oracle he made two cherubims of olive tree, each\r
+ten cubits high.\r
+\r
+6:24 And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub, and five cubits\r
+the other wing of the cherub: from the uttermost part of the one wing\r
+unto the uttermost part of the other were ten cubits.\r
+\r
+6:25 And the other cherub was ten cubits: both the cherubims were of\r
+one measure and one size.\r
+\r
+6:26 The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and so was it of the\r
+other cherub.\r
+\r
+6:27 And he set the cherubims within the inner house: and they\r
+stretched forth the wings of the cherubims, so that the wing of the\r
+one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the\r
+other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the\r
+house.\r
+\r
+6:28 And he overlaid the cherubims with gold.\r
+\r
+6:29 And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved\r
+figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and\r
+without.\r
+\r
+6:30 And the floors of the house he overlaid with gold, within and\r
+without.\r
+\r
+6:31 And for the entering of the oracle he made doors of olive tree:\r
+the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall.\r
+\r
+6:32 The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them\r
+carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid\r
+them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims, and upon the palm\r
+trees.\r
+\r
+6:33 So also made he for the door of the temple posts of olive tree, a\r
+fourth part of the wall.\r
+\r
+6:34 And the two doors were of fir tree: the two leaves of the one\r
+door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding.\r
+\r
+6:35 And he carved thereon cherubims and palm trees and open flowers:\r
+and covered them with gold fitted upon the carved work.\r
+\r
+6:36 And he built the inner court with three rows of hewed stone, and\r
+a row of cedar beams.\r
+\r
+6:37 In the fourth year was the foundation of the house of the LORD\r
+laid, in the month Zif: 6:38 And in the eleventh year, in the month\r
+Bul, which is the eighth month, was the house finished throughout all\r
+the parts thereof, and according to all the fashion of it. So was he\r
+seven years in building it.\r
+\r
+7:1 But Solomon was building his own house thirteen years, and he\r
+finished all his house.\r
+\r
+7:2 He built also the house of the forest of Lebanon; the length\r
+thereof was an hundred cubits, and the breadth thereof fifty cubits,\r
+and the height thereof thirty cubits, upon four rows of cedar pillars,\r
+with cedar beams upon the pillars.\r
+\r
+7:3 And it was covered with cedar above upon the beams, that lay on\r
+forty five pillars, fifteen in a row.\r
+\r
+7:4 And there were windows in three rows, and light was against light\r
+in three ranks.\r
+\r
+7:5 And all the doors and posts were square, with the windows: and\r
+light was against light in three ranks.\r
+\r
+7:6 And he made a porch of pillars; the length thereof was fifty\r
+cubits, and the breadth thereof thirty cubits: and the porch was\r
+before them: and the other pillars and the thick beam were before\r
+them.\r
+\r
+7:7 Then he made a porch for the throne where he might judge, even the\r
+porch of judgment: and it was covered with cedar from one side of the\r
+floor to the other.\r
+\r
+7:8 And his house where he dwelt had another court within the porch,\r
+which was of the like work. Solomon made also an house for Pharaoh's\r
+daughter, whom he had taken to wife, like unto this porch.\r
+\r
+7:9 All these were of costly stones, according to the measures of\r
+hewed stones, sawed with saws, within and without, even from the\r
+foundation unto the coping, and so on the outside toward the great\r
+court.\r
+\r
+7:10 And the foundation was of costly stones, even great stones,\r
+stones of ten cubits, and stones of eight cubits.\r
+\r
+7:11 And above were costly stones, after the measures of hewed stones,\r
+and cedars.\r
+\r
+7:12 And the great court round about was with three rows of hewed\r
+stones, and a row of cedar beams, both for the inner court of the\r
+house of the LORD, and for the porch of the house.\r
+\r
+7:13 And king Solomon sent and fetched Hiram out of Tyre.\r
+\r
+7:14 He was a widow's son of the tribe of Naphtali, and his father was\r
+a man of Tyre, a worker in brass: and he was filled with wisdom, and\r
+understanding, and cunning to work all works in brass. And he came to\r
+king Solomon, and wrought all his work.\r
+\r
+7:15 For he cast two pillars of brass, of eighteen cubits high apiece:\r
+and a line of twelve cubits did compass either of them about.\r
+\r
+7:16 And he made two chapiters of molten brass, to set upon the tops\r
+of the pillars: the height of the one chapiter was five cubits, and\r
+the height of the other chapiter was five cubits: 7:17 And nets of\r
+checker work, and wreaths of chain work, for the chapiters which were\r
+upon the top of the pillars; seven for the one chapiter, and seven for\r
+the other chapiter.\r
+\r
+7:18 And he made the pillars, and two rows round about upon the one\r
+network, to cover the chapiters that were upon the top, with\r
+pomegranates: and so did he for the other chapiter.\r
+\r
+7:19 And the chapiters that were upon the top of the pillars were of\r
+lily work in the porch, four cubits.\r
+\r
+7:20 And the chapiters upon the two pillars had pomegranates also\r
+above, over against the belly which was by the network: and the\r
+pomegranates were two hundred in rows round about upon the other\r
+chapiter.\r
+\r
+7:21 And he set up the pillars in the porch of the temple: and he set\r
+up the right pillar, and called the name thereof Jachin: and he set up\r
+the left pillar, and called the name thereof Boaz.\r
+\r
+7:22 And upon the top of the pillars was lily work: so was the work of\r
+the pillars finished.\r
+\r
+7:23 And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the\r
+other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a\r
+line of thirty cubits did compass it round about.\r
+\r
+7:24 And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing\r
+it, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about: the knops were\r
+cast in two rows, when it was cast.\r
+\r
+7:25 It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and\r
+three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and\r
+three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them,\r
+and all their hinder parts were inward.\r
+\r
+7:26 And it was an hand breadth thick, and the brim thereof was\r
+wrought like the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies: it contained\r
+two thousand baths.\r
+\r
+7:27 And he made ten bases of brass; four cubits was the length of one\r
+base, and four cubits the breadth thereof, and three cubits the height\r
+of it.\r
+\r
+7:28 And the work of the bases was on this manner: they had borders,\r
+and the borders were between the ledges: 7:29 And on the borders that\r
+were between the ledges were lions, oxen, and cherubims: and upon the\r
+ledges there was a base above: and beneath the lions and oxen were\r
+certain additions made of thin work.\r
+\r
+7:30 And every base had four brasen wheels, and plates of brass: and\r
+the four corners thereof had undersetters: under the laver were\r
+undersetters molten, at the side of every addition.\r
+\r
+7:31 And the mouth of it within the chapiter and above was a cubit:\r
+but the mouth thereof was round after the work of the base, a cubit\r
+and an half: and also upon the mouth of it were gravings with their\r
+borders, foursquare, not round.\r
+\r
+7:32 And under the borders were four wheels; and the axletrees of the\r
+wheels were joined to the base: and the height of a wheel was a cubit\r
+and half a cubit.\r
+\r
+7:33 And the work of the wheels was like the work of a chariot wheel:\r
+their axletrees, and their naves, and their felloes, and their spokes,\r
+were all molten.\r
+\r
+7:34 And there were four undersetters to the four corners of one base:\r
+and the undersetters were of the very base itself.\r
+\r
+7:35 And in the top of the base was there a round compass of half a\r
+cubit high: and on the top of the base the ledges thereof and the\r
+borders thereof were of the same.\r
+\r
+7:36 For on the plates of the ledges thereof, and on the borders\r
+thereof, he graved cherubims, lions, and palm trees, according to the\r
+proportion of every one, and additions round about.\r
+\r
+7:37 After this manner he made the ten bases: all of them had one\r
+casting, one measure, and one size.\r
+\r
+7:38 Then made he ten lavers of brass: one laver contained forty\r
+baths: and every laver was four cubits: and upon every one of the ten\r
+bases one laver.\r
+\r
+7:39 And he put five bases on the right side of the house, and five on\r
+the left side of the house: and he set the sea on the right side of\r
+the house eastward over against the south.\r
+\r
+7:40 And Hiram made the lavers, and the shovels, and the basons. So\r
+Hiram made an end of doing all the work that he made king Solomon for\r
+the house of the LORD: 7:41 The two pillars, and the two bowls of the\r
+chapiters that were on the top of the two pillars; and the two\r
+networks, to cover the two bowls of the chapiters which were upon the\r
+top of the pillars; 7:42 And four hundred pomegranates for the two\r
+networks, even two rows of pomegranates for one network, to cover the\r
+two bowls of the chapiters that were upon the pillars; 7:43 And the\r
+ten bases, and ten lavers on the bases; 7:44 And one sea, and twelve\r
+oxen under the sea; 7:45 And the pots, and the shovels, and the\r
+basons: and all these vessels, which Hiram made to king Solomon for\r
+the house of the LORD, were of bright brass.\r
+\r
+7:46 In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground\r
+between Succoth and Zarthan.\r
+\r
+7:47 And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were\r
+exceeding many: neither was the weight of the brass found out.\r
+\r
+7:48 And Solomon made all the vessels that pertained unto the house of\r
+the LORD: the altar of gold, and the table of gold, whereupon the\r
+shewbread was, 7:49 And the candlesticks of pure gold, five on the\r
+right side, and five on the left, before the oracle, with the flowers,\r
+and the lamps, and the tongs of gold, 7:50 And the bowls, and the\r
+snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons, and the censers of pure\r
+gold; and the hinges of gold, both for the doors of the inner house,\r
+the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, to wit, of the\r
+temple.\r
+\r
+7:51 So was ended all the work that king Solomon made for the house of\r
+the LORD. And Solomon brought in the things which David his father had\r
+dedicated; even the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, did he put\r
+among the treasures of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:1 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of\r
+the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto\r
+king Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the\r
+covenant of the LORD out of the city of David, which is Zion.\r
+\r
+8:2 And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto king Solomon\r
+at the feast in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month.\r
+\r
+8:3 And all the elders of Israel came, and the priests took up the\r
+ark.\r
+\r
+8:4 And they brought up the ark of the LORD, and the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle,\r
+even those did the priests and the Levites bring up.\r
+\r
+8:5 And king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel, that were\r
+assembled unto him, were with him before the ark, sacrificing sheep\r
+and oxen, that could not be told nor numbered for multitude.\r
+\r
+8:6 And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD\r
+unto his place, into the oracle of the house, to the most holy place,\r
+even under the wings of the cherubims.\r
+\r
+8:7 For the cherubims spread forth their two wings over the place of\r
+the ark, and the cherubims covered the ark and the staves thereof\r
+above.\r
+\r
+8:8 And they drew out the staves, that the ends of the staves were\r
+seen out in the holy place before the oracle, and they were not seen\r
+without: and there they are unto this day.\r
+\r
+8:9 There was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone, which\r
+Moses put there at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the\r
+children of Israel, when they came out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:10 And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy\r
+place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, 8:11 So that the\r
+priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud: for the\r
+glory of the LORD had filled the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:12 Then spake Solomon, The LORD said that he would dwell in the\r
+thick darkness.\r
+\r
+8:13 I have surely built thee an house to dwell in, a settled place\r
+for thee to abide in for ever.\r
+\r
+8:14 And the king turned his face about, and blessed all the\r
+congregation of Israel: (and all the congregation of Israel stood;)\r
+8:15 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which spake with\r
+his mouth unto David my father, and hath with his hand fulfilled it,\r
+saying, 8:16 Since the day that I brought forth my people Israel out\r
+of Egypt, I chose no city out of all the tribes of Israel to build an\r
+house, that my name might be therein; but I chose David to be over my\r
+people Israel.\r
+\r
+8:17 And it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for\r
+the name of the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:18 And the LORD said unto David my father, Whereas it was in thine\r
+heart to build an house unto my name, thou didst well that it was in\r
+thine heart.\r
+\r
+8:19 Nevertheless thou shalt not build the house; but thy son that\r
+shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the house unto my\r
+name.\r
+\r
+8:20 And the LORD hath performed his word that he spake, and I am\r
+risen up in the room of David my father, and sit on the throne of\r
+Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built an house for the name of\r
+the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:21 And I have set there a place for the ark, wherein is the covenant\r
+of the LORD, which he made with our fathers, when he brought them out\r
+of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:22 And Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of\r
+all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward\r
+heaven: 8:23 And he said, LORD God of Israel, there is no God like\r
+thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and\r
+mercy with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart:\r
+8:24 Who hast kept with thy servant David my father that thou\r
+promisedst him: thou spakest also with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled\r
+it with thine hand, as it is this day.\r
+\r
+8:25 Therefore now, LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David my\r
+father that thou promisedst him, saying, There shall not fail thee a\r
+man in my sight to sit on the throne of Israel; so that thy children\r
+take heed to their way, that they walk before me as thou hast walked\r
+before me.\r
+\r
+8:26 And now, O God of Israel, let thy word, I pray thee, be verified,\r
+which thou spakest unto thy servant David my father.\r
+\r
+8:27 But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and\r
+heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I\r
+have builded? 8:28 Yet have thou respect unto the prayer of thy\r
+servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to hearken unto the\r
+cry and to the prayer, which thy servant prayeth before thee to day:\r
+8:29 That thine eyes may be open toward this house night and day, even\r
+toward the place of which thou hast said, My name shall be there: that\r
+thou mayest hearken unto the prayer which thy servant shall make\r
+toward this place.\r
+\r
+8:30 And hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant, and of thy\r
+people Israel, when they shall pray toward this place: and hear thou\r
+in heaven thy dwelling place: and when thou hearest, forgive.\r
+\r
+8:31 If any man trespass against his neighbour, and an oath be laid\r
+upon him to cause him to swear, and the oath come before thine altar\r
+in this house: 8:32 Then hear thou in heaven, and do, and judge thy\r
+servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his way upon his head; and\r
+justifying the righteous, to give him according to his righteousness.\r
+\r
+8:33 When thy people Israel be smitten down before the enemy, because\r
+they have sinned against thee, and shall turn again to thee, and\r
+confess thy name, and pray, and make supplication unto thee in this\r
+house: 8:34 Then hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy\r
+people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest\r
+unto their fathers.\r
+\r
+8:35 When heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have\r
+sinned against thee; if they pray toward this place, and confess thy\r
+name, and turn from their sin, when thou afflictest them: 8:36 Then\r
+hear thou in heaven, and forgive the sin of thy servants, and of thy\r
+people Israel, that thou teach them the good way wherein they should\r
+walk, and give rain upon thy land, which thou hast given to thy people\r
+for an inheritance.\r
+\r
+8:37 If there be in the land famine, if there be pestilence, blasting,\r
+mildew, locust, or if there be caterpiller; if their enemy besiege\r
+them in the land of their cities; whatsoever plague, whatsoever\r
+sickness there be; 8:38 What prayer and supplication soever be made by\r
+any man, or by all thy people Israel, which shall know every man the\r
+plague of his own heart, and spread forth his hands toward this house:\r
+8:39 Then hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and do,\r
+and give to every man according to his ways, whose heart thou knowest;\r
+(for thou, even thou only, knowest the hearts of all the children of\r
+men;) 8:40 That they may fear thee all the days that they live in the\r
+land which thou gavest unto our fathers.\r
+\r
+8:41 Moreover concerning a stranger, that is not of thy people Israel,\r
+but cometh out of a far country for thy name's sake; 8:42 (For they\r
+shall hear of thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and of thy\r
+stretched out arm;) when he shall come and pray toward this house;\r
+8:43 Hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place, and do according to all\r
+that the stranger calleth to thee for: that all people of the earth\r
+may know thy name, to fear thee, as do thy people Israel; and that\r
+they may know that this house, which I have builded, is called by thy\r
+name.\r
+\r
+8:44 If thy people go out to battle against their enemy, whithersoever\r
+thou shalt send them, and shall pray unto the LORD toward the city\r
+which thou hast chosen, and toward the house that I have built for thy\r
+name: 8:45 Then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their\r
+supplication, and maintain their cause.\r
+\r
+8:46 If they sin against thee, (for there is no man that sinneth not,)\r
+and thou be angry with them, and deliver them to the enemy, so that\r
+they carry them away captives unto the land of the enemy, far or near;\r
+8:47 Yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they\r
+were carried captives, and repent, and make supplication unto thee in\r
+the land of them that carried them captives, saying, We have sinned,\r
+and have done perversely, we have committed wickedness; 8:48 And so\r
+return unto thee with all their heart, and with all their soul, in the\r
+land of their enemies, which led them away captive, and pray unto thee\r
+toward their land, which thou gavest unto their fathers, the city\r
+which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name:\r
+8:49 Then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy\r
+dwelling place, and maintain their cause, 8:50 And forgive thy people\r
+that have sinned against thee, and all their transgressions wherein\r
+they have transgressed against thee, and give them compassion before\r
+them who carried them captive, that they may have compassion on them:\r
+8:51 For they be thy people, and thine inheritance, which thou\r
+broughtest forth out of Egypt, from the midst of the furnace of iron:\r
+8:52 That thine eyes may be open unto the supplication of thy servant,\r
+and unto the supplication of thy people Israel, to hearken unto them\r
+in all that they call for unto thee.\r
+\r
+8:53 For thou didst separate them from among all the people of the\r
+earth, to be thine inheritance, as thou spakest by the hand of Moses\r
+thy servant, when thou broughtest our fathers out of Egypt, O LORD\r
+God.\r
+\r
+8:54 And it was so, that when Solomon had made an end of praying all\r
+this prayer and supplication unto the LORD, he arose from before the\r
+altar of the LORD, from kneeling on his knees with his hands spread up\r
+to heaven.\r
+\r
+8:55 And he stood, and blessed all the congregation of Israel with a\r
+loud voice, saying, 8:56 Blessed be the LORD, that hath given rest\r
+unto his people Israel, according to all that he promised: there hath\r
+not failed one word of all his good promise, which he promised by the\r
+hand of Moses his servant.\r
+\r
+8:57 The LORD our God be with us, as he was with our fathers: let him\r
+not leave us, nor forsake us: 8:58 That he may incline our hearts unto\r
+him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments, and his\r
+statutes, and his judgments, which he commanded our fathers.\r
+\r
+8:59 And let these my words, wherewith I have made supplication before\r
+the LORD, be nigh unto the LORD our God day and night, that he\r
+maintain the cause of his servant, and the cause of his people Israel\r
+at all times, as the matter shall require: 8:60 That all the people of\r
+the earth may know that the LORD is God, and that there is none else.\r
+\r
+8:61 Let your heart therefore be perfect with the LORD our God, to\r
+walk in his statutes, and to keep his commandments, as at this day.\r
+\r
+8:62 And the king, and all Israel with him, offered sacrifice before\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:63 And Solomon offered a sacrifice of peace offerings, which he\r
+offered unto the LORD, two and twenty thousand oxen, and an hundred\r
+and twenty thousand sheep. So the king and all the children of Israel\r
+dedicated the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:64 The same day did the king hallow the middle of the court that was\r
+before the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings,\r
+and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace offerings: because the\r
+brasen altar that was before the LORD was too little to receive the\r
+burnt offerings, and meat offerings, and the fat of the peace\r
+offerings.\r
+\r
+8:65 And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a\r
+great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of\r
+Egypt, before the LORD our God, seven days and seven days, even\r
+fourteen days.\r
+\r
+8:66 On the eighth day he sent the people away: and they blessed the\r
+king, and went unto their tents joyful and glad of heart for all the\r
+goodness that the LORD had done for David his servant, and for Israel\r
+his people.\r
+\r
+9:1 And it came to pass, when Solomon had finished the building of the\r
+house of the LORD, and the king's house, and all Solomon's desire\r
+which he was pleased to do, 9:2 That the LORD appeared to Solomon the\r
+second time, as he had appeared unto him at Gibeon.\r
+\r
+9:3 And the LORD said unto him, I have heard thy prayer and thy\r
+supplication, that thou hast made before me: I have hallowed this\r
+house, which thou hast built, to put my name there for ever; and mine\r
+eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually.\r
+\r
+9:4 And if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father walked, in\r
+integrity of heart, and in uprightness, to do according to all that I\r
+have commanded thee, and wilt keep my statutes and my judgments: 9:5\r
+Then I will establish the throne of thy kingdom upon Israel for ever,\r
+as I promised to David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a\r
+man upon the throne of Israel.\r
+\r
+9:6 But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye or your\r
+children, and will not keep my commandments and my statutes which I\r
+have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and worship them:\r
+9:7 Then will I cut off Israel out of the land which I have given\r
+them; and this house, which I have hallowed for my name, will I cast\r
+out of my sight; and Israel shall be a proverb and a byword among all\r
+people: 9:8 And at this house, which is high, every one that passeth\r
+by it shall be astonished, and shall hiss; and they shall say, Why\r
+hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and to this house? 9:9 And\r
+they shall answer, Because they forsook the LORD their God, who\r
+brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken\r
+hold upon other gods, and have worshipped them, and served them:\r
+therefore hath the LORD brought upon them all this evil.\r
+\r
+9:10 And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, when Solomon had\r
+built the two houses, the house of the LORD, and the king's house,\r
+9:11 (Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with cedar\r
+trees and fir trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,) that\r
+then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.\r
+\r
+9:12 And Hiram came out from Tyre to see the cities which Solomon had\r
+given him; and they pleased him not.\r
+\r
+9:13 And he said, What cities are these which thou hast given me, my\r
+brother? And he called them the land of Cabul unto this day.\r
+\r
+9:14 And Hiram sent to the king sixscore talents of gold.\r
+\r
+9:15 And this is the reason of the levy which king Solomon raised; for\r
+to build the house of the LORD, and his own house, and Millo, and the\r
+wall of Jerusalem, and Hazor, and Megiddo, and Gezer.\r
+\r
+9:16 For Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up, and taken Gezer, and burnt\r
+it with fire, and slain the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and\r
+given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon's wife.\r
+\r
+9:17 And Solomon built Gezer, and Bethhoron the nether, 9:18 And\r
+Baalath, and Tadmor in the wilderness, in the land, 9:19 And all the\r
+cities of store that Solomon had, and cities for his chariots, and\r
+cities for his horsemen, and that which Solomon desired to build in\r
+Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and in all the land of his dominion.\r
+\r
+9:20 And all the people that were left of the Amorites, Hittites,\r
+Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, which were not of the children of\r
+Israel, 9:21 Their children that were left after them in the land,\r
+whom the children of Israel also were not able utterly to destroy,\r
+upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bondservice unto this day.\r
+\r
+9:22 But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no bondmen: but\r
+they were men of war, and his servants, and his princes, and his\r
+captains, and rulers of his chariots, and his horsemen.\r
+\r
+9:23 These were the chief of the officers that were over Solomon's\r
+work, five hundred and fifty, which bare rule over the people that\r
+wrought in the work.\r
+\r
+9:24 But Pharaoh's daughter came up out of the city of David unto her\r
+house which Solomon had built for her: then did he build Millo.\r
+\r
+9:25 And three times in a year did Solomon offer burnt offerings and\r
+peace offerings upon the altar which he built unto the LORD, and he\r
+burnt incense upon the altar that was before the LORD. So he finished\r
+the house.\r
+\r
+9:26 And king Solomon made a navy of ships in Eziongeber, which is\r
+beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red sea, in the land of Edom.\r
+\r
+9:27 And Hiram sent in the navy his servants, shipmen that had\r
+knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon.\r
+\r
+9:28 And they came to Ophir, and fetched from thence gold, four\r
+hundred and twenty talents, and brought it to king Solomon.\r
+\r
+10:1 And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon\r
+concerning the name of the LORD, she came to prove him with hard\r
+questions.\r
+\r
+10:2 And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels\r
+that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when\r
+she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+10:3 And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not any thing\r
+hid from the king, which he told her not.\r
+\r
+10:4 And when the queen of Sheba had seen all Solomon's wisdom, and\r
+the house that he had built, 10:5 And the meat of his table, and the\r
+sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and\r
+their apparel, and his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went up\r
+unto the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her.\r
+\r
+10:6 And she said to the king, It was a true report that I heard in\r
+mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom.\r
+\r
+10:7 Howbeit I believed not the words, until I came, and mine eyes had\r
+seen it: and, behold, the half was not told me: thy wisdom and\r
+prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard.\r
+\r
+10:8 Happy are thy men, happy are these thy servants, which stand\r
+continually before thee, and that hear thy wisdom.\r
+\r
+10:9 Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee, to set thee\r
+on the throne of Israel: because the LORD loved Israel for ever,\r
+therefore made he thee king, to do judgment and justice.\r
+\r
+10:10 And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and\r
+of spices very great store, and precious stones: there came no more\r
+such abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to\r
+king Solomon.\r
+\r
+10:11 And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir,\r
+brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug trees, and precious\r
+stones.\r
+\r
+10:12 And the king made of the almug trees pillars for the house of\r
+the LORD, and for the king's house, harps also and psalteries for\r
+singers: there came no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day.\r
+\r
+10:13 And king Solomon gave unto the queen of Sheba all her desire,\r
+whatsoever she asked, beside that which Solomon gave her of his royal\r
+bounty.\r
+\r
+So she turned and went to her own country, she and her servants.\r
+\r
+10:14 Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six\r
+hundred threescore and six talents of gold, 10:15 Beside that he had\r
+of the merchantmen, and of the traffick of the spice merchants, and of\r
+all the kings of Arabia, and of the governors of the country.\r
+\r
+10:16 And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six\r
+hundred shekels of gold went to one target.\r
+\r
+10:17 And he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three pound of\r
+gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the\r
+forest of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+10:18 Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it\r
+with the best gold.\r
+\r
+10:19 The throne had six steps, and the top of the throne was round\r
+behind: and there were stays on either side on the place of the seat,\r
+and two lions stood beside the stays.\r
+\r
+10:20 And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other\r
+upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom.\r
+\r
+10:21 And all king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all\r
+the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold;\r
+none were of silver: it was nothing accounted of in the days of\r
+Solomon.\r
+\r
+10:22 For the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish with the navy of\r
+Hiram: once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold,\r
+and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.\r
+\r
+10:23 So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth for riches\r
+and for wisdom.\r
+\r
+10:24 And all the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which\r
+God had put in his heart.\r
+\r
+10:25 And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and\r
+vessels of gold, and garments, and armour, and spices, horses, and\r
+mules, a rate year by year.\r
+\r
+10:26 And Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen: and he had\r
+a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen,\r
+whom he bestowed in the cities for chariots, and with the king at\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+10:27 And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and\r
+cedars made he to be as the sycomore trees that are in the vale, for\r
+abundance.\r
+\r
+10:28 And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the\r
+king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price.\r
+\r
+10:29 And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred\r
+shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so for\r
+all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they\r
+bring them out by their means.\r
+\r
+11:1 But king Solomon loved many strange women, together with the\r
+daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites,\r
+Zidonians, and Hittites: 11:2 Of the nations concerning which the LORD\r
+said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither\r
+shall they come in unto you: for surely they will turn away your heart\r
+after their gods: Solomon clave unto these in love.\r
+\r
+11:3 And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred\r
+concubines: and his wives turned away his heart.\r
+\r
+11:4 For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned\r
+away his heart after other gods: and his heart was not perfect with\r
+the LORD his God, as was the heart of David his father.\r
+\r
+11:5 For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians,\r
+and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites.\r
+\r
+11:6 And Solomon did evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully\r
+after the LORD, as did David his father.\r
+\r
+11:7 Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination\r
+of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the\r
+abomination of the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:8 And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt\r
+incense and sacrificed unto their gods.\r
+\r
+11:9 And the LORD was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned\r
+from the LORD God of Israel, which had appeared unto him twice, 11:10\r
+And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go\r
+after other gods: but he kept not that which the LORD commanded.\r
+\r
+11:11 Wherefore the LORD said unto Solomon, Forasmuch as this is done\r
+of thee, and thou hast not kept my covenant and my statutes, which I\r
+have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and\r
+will give it to thy servant.\r
+\r
+11:12 Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it for David thy\r
+father's sake: but I will rend it out of the hand of thy son.\r
+\r
+11:13 Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; but will give one\r
+tribe to thy son for David my servant's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake\r
+which I have chosen.\r
+\r
+11:14 And the LORD stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the\r
+Edomite: he was of the king's seed in Edom.\r
+\r
+11:15 For it came to pass, when David was in Edom, and Joab the\r
+captain of the host was gone up to bury the slain, after he had\r
+smitten every male in Edom; 11:16 (For six months did Joab remain\r
+there with all Israel, until he had cut off every male in Edom:) 11:17\r
+That Hadad fled, he and certain Edomites of his father's servants with\r
+him, to go into Egypt; Hadad being yet a little child.\r
+\r
+11:18 And they arose out of Midian, and came to Paran: and they took\r
+men with them out of Paran, and they came to Egypt, unto Pharaoh king\r
+of Egypt; which gave him an house, and appointed him victuals, and\r
+gave him land.\r
+\r
+11:19 And Hadad found great favour in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he\r
+gave him to wife the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes\r
+the queen.\r
+\r
+11:20 And the sister of Tahpenes bare him Genubath his son, whom\r
+Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh's house: and Genubath was in Pharaoh's\r
+household among the sons of Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+11:21 And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers,\r
+and that Joab the captain of the host was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh,\r
+Let me depart, that I may go to mine own country.\r
+\r
+11:22 Then Pharaoh said unto him, But what hast thou lacked with me,\r
+that, behold, thou seekest to go to thine own country? And he\r
+answered, Nothing: howbeit let me go in any wise.\r
+\r
+11:23 And God stirred him up another adversary, Rezon the son of\r
+Eliadah, which fled from his lord Hadadezer king of Zobah: 11:24 And\r
+he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a band, when David\r
+slew them of Zobah: and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and\r
+reigned in Damascus.\r
+\r
+11:25 And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon,\r
+beside the mischief that Hadad did: and he abhorred Israel, and\r
+reigned over Syria.\r
+\r
+11:26 And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephrathite of Zereda,\r
+Solomon's servant, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman, even\r
+he lifted up his hand against the king.\r
+\r
+11:27 And this was the cause that he lifted up his hand against the\r
+king: Solomon built Millo, and repaired the breaches of the city of\r
+David his father.\r
+\r
+11:28 And the man Jeroboam was a mighty man of valour: and Solomon\r
+seeing the young man that he was industrious, he made him ruler over\r
+all the charge of the house of Joseph.\r
+\r
+11:29 And it came to pass at that time when Jeroboam went out of\r
+Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him in the way;\r
+and he had clad himself with a new garment; and they two were alone in\r
+the field: 11:30 And Ahijah caught the new garment that was on him,\r
+and rent it in twelve pieces: 11:31 And he said to Jeroboam, Take thee\r
+ten pieces: for thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, Behold, I will\r
+rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes\r
+to thee: 11:32 (But he shall have one tribe for my servant David's\r
+sake, and for Jerusalem's sake, the city which I have chosen out of\r
+all the tribes of Israel:) 11:33 Because that they have forsaken me,\r
+and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh\r
+the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon,\r
+and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine\r
+eyes, and to keep my statutes and my judgments, as did David his\r
+father.\r
+\r
+11:34 Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand: but I\r
+will make him prince all the days of his life for David my servant's\r
+sake, whom I chose, because he kept my commandments and my statutes:\r
+11:35 But I will take the kingdom out of his son's hand, and will give\r
+it unto thee, even ten tribes.\r
+\r
+11:36 And unto his son will I give one tribe, that David my servant\r
+may have a light alway before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have\r
+chosen me to put my name there.\r
+\r
+11:37 And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign according to all that\r
+thy soul desireth, and shalt be king over Israel.\r
+\r
+11:38 And it shall be, if thou wilt hearken unto all that I command\r
+thee, and wilt walk in my ways, and do that is right in my sight, to\r
+keep my statutes and my commandments, as David my servant did; that I\r
+will be with thee, and build thee a sure house, as I built for David,\r
+and will give Israel unto thee.\r
+\r
+11:39 And I will for this afflict the seed of David, but not for ever.\r
+\r
+11:40 Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam. And Jeroboam arose,\r
+and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt\r
+until the death of Solomon.\r
+\r
+11:41 And the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and\r
+his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon?\r
+11:42 And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel\r
+was forty years.\r
+\r
+11:43 And Solomon slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city\r
+of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+12:1 And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for all Israel were come to Shechem\r
+to make him king.\r
+\r
+12:2 And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was yet\r
+in Egypt, heard of it, (for he was fled from the presence of king\r
+Solomon, and Jeroboam dwelt in Egypt;) 12:3 That they sent and called\r
+him. And Jeroboam and all the congregation of Israel came, and spake\r
+unto Rehoboam, saying, 12:4 Thy father made our yoke grievous: now\r
+therefore make thou the grievous service of thy father, and his heavy\r
+yoke which he put upon us, lighter, and we will serve thee.\r
+\r
+12:5 And he said unto them, Depart yet for three days, then come again\r
+to me. And the people departed.\r
+\r
+12:6 And king Rehoboam consulted with the old men, that stood before\r
+Solomon his father while he yet lived, and said, How do ye advise that\r
+I may answer this people? 12:7 And they spake unto him, saying, If\r
+thou wilt be a servant unto this people this day, and wilt serve them,\r
+and answer them, and speak good words to them, then they will be thy\r
+servants for ever.\r
+\r
+12:8 But he forsook the counsel of the old men, which they had given\r
+him, and consulted with the young men that were grown up with him, and\r
+which stood before him: 12:9 And he said unto them, What counsel give\r
+ye that we may answer this people, who have spoken to me, saying, Make\r
+the yoke which thy father did put upon us lighter? 12:10 And the\r
+young men that were grown up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus\r
+shalt thou speak unto this people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy\r
+father made our yoke heavy, but make thou it lighter unto us; thus\r
+shalt thou say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my\r
+father's loins.\r
+\r
+12:11 And now whereas my father did lade you with a heavy yoke, I will\r
+add to your yoke: my father hath chastised you with whips, but I will\r
+chastise you with scorpions.\r
+\r
+12:12 So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day,\r
+as the king had appointed, saying, Come to me again the third day.\r
+\r
+12:13 And the king answered the people roughly, and forsook the old\r
+men's counsel that they gave him; 12:14 And spake to them after the\r
+counsel of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, and\r
+I will add to your yoke: my father also chastised you with whips, but\r
+I will chastise you with scorpions.\r
+\r
+12:15 Wherefore the king hearkened not unto the people; for the cause\r
+was from the LORD, that he might perform his saying, which the LORD\r
+spake by Ahijah the Shilonite unto Jeroboam the son of Nebat.\r
+\r
+12:16 So when all Israel saw that the king hearkened not unto them,\r
+the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in David?\r
+neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: to your tents, O\r
+Israel: now see to thine own house, David. So Israel departed unto\r
+their tents.\r
+\r
+12:17 But as for the children of Israel which dwelt in the cities of\r
+Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them.\r
+\r
+12:18 Then king Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the tribute; and\r
+all Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. Therefore king\r
+Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:19 So Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day.\r
+\r
+12:20 And it came to pass, when all Israel heard that Jeroboam was\r
+come again, that they sent and called him unto the congregation, and\r
+made him king over all Israel: there was none that followed the house\r
+of David, but the tribe of Judah only.\r
+\r
+12:21 And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he assembled all the\r
+house of Judah, with the tribe of Benjamin, an hundred and fourscore\r
+thousand chosen men, which were warriors, to fight against the house\r
+of Israel, to bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam the son of Solomon.\r
+\r
+12:22 But the word of God came unto Shemaiah the man of God, saying,\r
+12:23 Speak unto Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and unto\r
+all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the remnant of the people,\r
+saying, 12:24 Thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not go up, nor fight\r
+against your brethren the children of Israel: return every man to his\r
+house; for this thing is from me. They hearkened therefore to the word\r
+of the LORD, and returned to depart, according to the word of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+12:25 Then Jeroboam built Shechem in mount Ephraim, and dwelt therein;\r
+and went out from thence, and built Penuel.\r
+\r
+12:26 And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now shall the kingdom return to\r
+the house of David: 12:27 If this people go up to do sacrifice in the\r
+house of the LORD at Jerusalem, then shall the heart of this people\r
+turn again unto their lord, even unto Rehoboam king of Judah, and they\r
+shall kill me, and go again to Rehoboam king of Judah.\r
+\r
+12:28 Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold,\r
+and said unto them, It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem:\r
+behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:29 And he set the one in Bethel, and the other put he in Dan.\r
+\r
+12:30 And this thing became a sin: for the people went to worship\r
+before the one, even unto Dan.\r
+\r
+12:31 And he made an house of high places, and made priests of the\r
+lowest of the people, which were not of the sons of Levi.\r
+\r
+12:32 And Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the\r
+fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast that is in Judah, and\r
+he offered upon the altar. So did he in Bethel, sacrificing unto the\r
+calves that he had made: and he placed in Bethel the priests of the\r
+high places which he had made.\r
+\r
+12:33 So he offered upon the altar which he had made in Bethel the\r
+fifteenth day of the eighth month, even in the month which he had\r
+devised of his own heart; and ordained a feast unto the children of\r
+Israel: and he offered upon the altar, and burnt incense.\r
+\r
+13:1 And, behold, there came a man of God out of Judah by the word of\r
+the LORD unto Bethel: and Jeroboam stood by the altar to burn incense.\r
+\r
+13:2 And he cried against the altar in the word of the LORD, and said,\r
+O altar, altar, thus saith the LORD; Behold, a child shall be born\r
+unto the house of David, Josiah by name; and upon thee shall he offer\r
+the priests of the high places that burn incense upon thee, and men's\r
+bones shall be burnt upon thee.\r
+\r
+13:3 And he gave a sign the same day, saying, This is the sign which\r
+the LORD hath spoken; Behold, the altar shall be rent, and the ashes\r
+that are upon it shall be poured out.\r
+\r
+13:4 And it came to pass, when king Jeroboam heard the saying of the\r
+man of God, which had cried against the altar in Bethel, that he put\r
+forth his hand from the altar, saying, Lay hold on him. And his hand,\r
+which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it\r
+in again to him.\r
+\r
+13:5 The altar also was rent, and the ashes poured out from the altar,\r
+according to the sign which the man of God had given by the word of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:6 And the king answered and said unto the man of God, Intreat now\r
+the face of the LORD thy God, and pray for me, that my hand may be\r
+restored me again. And the man of God besought the LORD, and the\r
+king's hand was restored him again, and became as it was before.\r
+\r
+13:7 And the king said unto the man of God, Come home with me, and\r
+refresh thyself, and I will give thee a reward.\r
+\r
+13:8 And the man of God said unto the king, If thou wilt give me half\r
+thine house, I will not go in with thee, neither will I eat bread nor\r
+drink water in this place: 13:9 For so was it charged me by the word\r
+of the LORD, saying, Eat no bread, nor drink water, nor turn again by\r
+the same way that thou camest.\r
+\r
+13:10 So he went another way, and returned not by the way that he came\r
+to Bethel.\r
+\r
+13:11 Now there dwelt an old prophet in Bethel; and his sons came and\r
+told him all the works that the man of God had done that day in\r
+Bethel: the words which he had spoken unto the king, them they told\r
+also to their father.\r
+\r
+13:12 And their father said unto them, What way went he? For his sons\r
+had seen what way the man of God went, which came from Judah.\r
+\r
+13:13 And he said unto his sons, Saddle me the ass. So they saddled\r
+him the ass: and he rode thereon, 13:14 And went after the man of God,\r
+and found him sitting under an oak: and he said unto him, Art thou the\r
+man of God that camest from Judah? And he said, I am.\r
+\r
+13:15 Then he said unto him, Come home with me, and eat bread.\r
+\r
+13:16 And he said, I may not return with thee, nor go in with thee:\r
+neither will I eat bread nor drink water with thee in this place:\r
+13:17 For it was said to me by the word of the LORD, Thou shalt eat no\r
+bread nor drink water there, nor turn again to go by the way that thou\r
+camest.\r
+\r
+13:18 He said unto him, I am a prophet also as thou art; and an angel\r
+spake unto me by the word of the LORD, saying, Bring him back with\r
+thee into thine house, that he may eat bread and drink water. But he\r
+lied unto him.\r
+\r
+13:19 So he went back with him, and did eat bread in his house, and\r
+drank water.\r
+\r
+13:20 And it came to pass, as they sat at the table, that the word of\r
+the LORD came unto the prophet that brought him back: 13:21 And he\r
+cried unto the man of God that came from Judah, saying, Thus saith the\r
+LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast disobeyed the mouth of the LORD, and hast\r
+not kept the commandment which the LORD thy God commanded thee, 13:22\r
+But camest back, and hast eaten bread and drunk water in the place, of\r
+the which the Lord did say to thee, Eat no bread, and drink no water;\r
+thy carcase shall not come unto the sepulchre of thy fathers.\r
+\r
+13:23 And it came to pass, after he had eaten bread, and after he had\r
+drunk, that he saddled for him the ass, to wit, for the prophet whom\r
+he had brought back.\r
+\r
+13:24 And when he was gone, a lion met him by the way, and slew him:\r
+and his carcase was cast in the way, and the ass stood by it, the lion\r
+also stood by the carcase.\r
+\r
+13:25 And, behold, men passed by, and saw the carcase cast in the way,\r
+and the lion standing by the carcase: and they came and told it in the\r
+city where the old prophet dwelt.\r
+\r
+13:26 And when the prophet that brought him back from the way heard\r
+thereof, he said, It is the man of God, who was disobedient unto the\r
+word of the LORD: therefore the LORD hath delivered him unto the lion,\r
+which hath torn him, and slain him, according to the word of the LORD,\r
+which he spake unto him.\r
+\r
+13:27 And he spake to his sons, saying, Saddle me the ass. And they\r
+saddled him.\r
+\r
+13:28 And he went and found his carcase cast in the way, and the ass\r
+and the lion standing by the carcase: the lion had not eaten the\r
+carcase, nor torn the ass.\r
+\r
+13:29 And the prophet took up the carcase of the man of God, and laid\r
+it upon the ass, and brought it back: and the old prophet came to the\r
+city, to mourn and to bury him.\r
+\r
+13:30 And he laid his carcase in his own grave; and they mourned over\r
+him, saying, Alas, my brother! 13:31 And it came to pass, after he\r
+had buried him, that he spake to his sons, saying, When I am dead,\r
+then bury me in the sepulchre wherein the man of God is buried; lay my\r
+bones beside his bones: 13:32 For the saying which he cried by the\r
+word of the LORD against the altar in Bethel, and against all the\r
+houses of the high places which are in the cities of Samaria, shall\r
+surely come to pass.\r
+\r
+13:33 After this thing Jeroboam returned not from his evil way, but\r
+made again of the lowest of the people priests of the high places:\r
+whosoever would, he consecrated him, and he became one of the priests\r
+of the high places.\r
+\r
+13:34 And this thing became sin unto the house of Jeroboam, even to\r
+cut it off, and to destroy it from off the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+14:1 At that time Abijah the son of Jeroboam fell sick.\r
+\r
+14:2 And Jeroboam said to his wife, Arise, I pray thee, and disguise\r
+thyself, that thou be not known to be the wife of Jeroboam; and get\r
+thee to Shiloh: behold, there is Ahijah the prophet, which told me\r
+that I should be king over this people.\r
+\r
+14:3 And take with thee ten loaves, and cracknels, and a cruse of\r
+honey, and go to him: he shall tell thee what shall become of the\r
+child.\r
+\r
+14:4 And Jeroboam's wife did so, and arose, and went to Shiloh, and\r
+came to the house of Ahijah. But Ahijah could not see; for his eyes\r
+were set by reason of his age.\r
+\r
+14:5 And the LORD said unto Ahijah, Behold, the wife of Jeroboam\r
+cometh to ask a thing of thee for her son; for he is sick: thus and\r
+thus shalt thou say unto her: for it shall be, when she cometh in,\r
+that she shall feign herself to be another woman.\r
+\r
+14:6 And it was so, when Ahijah heard the sound of her feet, as she\r
+came in at the door, that he said, Come in, thou wife of Jeroboam; why\r
+feignest thou thyself to be another? for I am sent to thee with heavy\r
+tidings.\r
+\r
+14:7 Go, tell Jeroboam, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Forasmuch\r
+as I exalted thee from among the people, and made thee prince over my\r
+people Israel, 14:8 And rent the kingdom away from the house of David,\r
+and gave it thee: and yet thou hast not been as my servant David, who\r
+kept my commandments, and who followed me with all his heart, to do\r
+that only which was right in mine eyes; 14:9 But hast done evil above\r
+all that were before thee: for thou hast gone and made thee other\r
+gods, and molten images, to provoke me to anger, and hast cast me\r
+behind thy back: 14:10 Therefore, behold, I will bring evil upon the\r
+house of Jeroboam, and will cut off from Jeroboam him that pisseth\r
+against the wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, and will\r
+take away the remnant of the house of Jeroboam, as a man taketh away\r
+dung, till it be all gone.\r
+\r
+14:11 Him that dieth of Jeroboam in the city shall the dogs eat; and\r
+him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat: for the\r
+LORD hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+14:12 Arise thou therefore, get thee to thine own house: and when thy\r
+feet enter into the city, the child shall die.\r
+\r
+14:13 And all Israel shall mourn for him, and bury him: for he only of\r
+Jeroboam shall come to the grave, because in him there is found some\r
+good thing toward the LORD God of Israel in the house of Jeroboam.\r
+\r
+14:14 Moreover the LORD shall raise him up a king over Israel, who\r
+shall cut off the house of Jeroboam that day: but what? even now.\r
+\r
+14:15 For the LORD shall smite Israel, as a reed is shaken in the\r
+water, and he shall root up Israel out of this good land, which he\r
+gave to their fathers, and shall scatter them beyond the river,\r
+because they have made their groves, provoking the LORD to anger.\r
+\r
+14:16 And he shall give Israel up because of the sins of Jeroboam, who\r
+did sin, and who made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+14:17 And Jeroboam's wife arose, and departed, and came to Tirzah: and\r
+when she came to the threshold of the door, the child died; 14:18 And\r
+they buried him; and all Israel mourned for him, according to the word\r
+of the LORD, which he spake by the hand of his servant Ahijah the\r
+prophet.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how he warred, and how he\r
+reigned, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the\r
+kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:20 And the days which Jeroboam reigned were two and twenty years:\r
+and he slept with his fathers, and Nadab his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+14:21 And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned in Judah. Rehoboam was\r
+forty and one years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD did choose out\r
+of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his mother's\r
+name was Naamah an Ammonitess.\r
+\r
+14:22 And Judah did evil in the sight of the LORD, and they provoked\r
+him to jealousy with their sins which they had committed, above all\r
+that their fathers had done.\r
+\r
+14:23 For they also built them high places, and images, and groves, on\r
+every high hill, and under every green tree.\r
+\r
+14:24 And there were also sodomites in the land: and they did\r
+according to all the abominations of the nations which the LORD cast\r
+out before the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:25 And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, that\r
+Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem: 14:26 And he took\r
+away the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the\r
+king's house; he even took away all: and he took away all the shields\r
+of gold which Solomon had made.\r
+\r
+14:27 And king Rehoboam made in their stead brasen shields, and\r
+committed them unto the hands of the chief of the guard, which kept\r
+the door of the king's house.\r
+\r
+14:28 And it was so, when the king went into the house of the LORD,\r
+that the guard bare them, and brought them back into the guard\r
+chamber.\r
+\r
+14:29 Now the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+14:30 And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all their days.\r
+\r
+14:31 And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried with his\r
+fathers in the city of David. And his mother's name was Naamah an\r
+Ammonitess. And Abijam his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:1 Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam the son of Nebat\r
+reigned Abijam over Judah.\r
+\r
+15:2 Three years reigned he in Jerusalem. and his mother's name was\r
+Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom.\r
+\r
+15:3 And he walked in all the sins of his father, which he had done\r
+before him: and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as\r
+the heart of David his father.\r
+\r
+15:4 Nevertheless for David's sake did the LORD his God give him a\r
+lamp in Jerusalem, to set up his son after him, and to establish\r
+Jerusalem: 15:5 Because David did that which was right in the eyes of\r
+the LORD, and turned not aside from any thing that he commanded him\r
+all the days of his life, save only in the matter of Uriah the\r
+Hittite.\r
+\r
+15:6 And there was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all the days of\r
+his life.\r
+\r
+15:7 Now the rest of the acts of Abijam, and all that he did, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? And\r
+there was war between Abijam and Jeroboam.\r
+\r
+15:8 And Abijam slept with his fathers; and they buried him in the\r
+city of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:9 And in the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel reigned Asa\r
+over Judah.\r
+\r
+15:10 And forty and one years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his\r
+mother's name was Maachah, the daughter of Abishalom.\r
+\r
+15:11 And Asa did that which was right in the eyes of the LORD, as did\r
+David his father.\r
+\r
+15:12 And he took away the sodomites out of the land, and removed all\r
+the idols that his fathers had made.\r
+\r
+15:13 And also Maachah his mother, even her he removed from being\r
+queen, because she had made an idol in a grove; and Asa destroyed her\r
+idol, and burnt it by the brook Kidron.\r
+\r
+15:14 But the high places were not removed: nevertheless Asa's heart\r
+was perfect with the LORD all his days.\r
+\r
+15:15 And he brought in the things which his father had dedicated, and\r
+the things which himself had dedicated, into the house of the LORD,\r
+silver, and gold, and vessels.\r
+\r
+15:16 And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all\r
+their days.\r
+\r
+15:17 And Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah, and built\r
+Ramah, that he might not suffer any to go out or come in to Asa king\r
+of Judah.\r
+\r
+15:18 Then Asa took all the silver and the gold that were left in the\r
+treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king's\r
+house, and delivered them into the hand of his servants: and king Asa\r
+sent them to Benhadad, the son of Tabrimon, the son of Hezion, king of\r
+Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, 15:19 There is a league between\r
+me and thee, and between my father and thy father: behold, I have sent\r
+unto thee a present of silver and gold; come and break thy league with\r
+Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me.\r
+\r
+15:20 So Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of\r
+the hosts which he had against the cities of Israel, and smote Ijon,\r
+and Dan, and Abelbethmaachah, and all Cinneroth, with all the land of\r
+Naphtali.\r
+\r
+15:21 And it came to pass, when Baasha heard thereof, that he left off\r
+building of Ramah, and dwelt in Tirzah.\r
+\r
+15:22 Then king Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah; none was\r
+exempted: and they took away the stones of Ramah, and the timber\r
+thereof, wherewith Baasha had builded; and king Asa built with them\r
+Geba of Benjamin, and Mizpah.\r
+\r
+15:23 The rest of all the acts of Asa, and all his might, and all that\r
+he did, and the cities which he built, are they not written in the\r
+book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? Nevertheless in the time\r
+of his old age he was diseased in his feet.\r
+\r
+15:24 And Asa slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers\r
+in the city of David his father: and Jehoshaphat his son reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+15:25 And Nadab the son of Jeroboam began to reign over Israel in the\r
+second year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned over Israel two years.\r
+\r
+15:26 And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way\r
+of his father, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+15:27 And Baasha the son of Ahijah, of the house of Issachar,\r
+conspired against him; and Baasha smote him at Gibbethon, which\r
+belonged to the Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel laid siege to\r
+Gibbethon.\r
+\r
+15:28 Even in the third year of Asa king of Judah did Baasha slay him,\r
+and reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:29 And it came to pass, when he reigned, that he smote all the\r
+house of Jeroboam; he left not to Jeroboam any that breathed, until he\r
+had destroyed him, according unto the saying of the LORD, which he\r
+spake by his servant Ahijah the Shilonite: 15:30 Because of the sins\r
+of Jeroboam which he sinned, and which he made Israel sin, by his\r
+provocation wherewith he provoked the LORD God of Israel to anger.\r
+\r
+15:31 Now the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all that he did, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?\r
+15:32 And there was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel all\r
+their days.\r
+\r
+15:33 In the third year of Asa king of Judah began Baasha the son of\r
+Ahijah to reign over all Israel in Tirzah, twenty and four years.\r
+\r
+15:34 And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way\r
+of Jeroboam, and in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+16:1 Then the word of the LORD came to Jehu the son of Hanani against\r
+Baasha, saying, 16:2 Forasmuch as I exalted thee out of the dust, and\r
+made thee prince over my people Israel; and thou hast walked in the\r
+way of Jeroboam, and hast made my people Israel to sin, to provoke me\r
+to anger with their sins; 16:3 Behold, I will take away the posterity\r
+of Baasha, and the posterity of his house; and will make thy house\r
+like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat.\r
+\r
+16:4 Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat; and him\r
+that dieth of his in the fields shall the fowls of the air eat.\r
+\r
+16:5 Now the rest of the acts of Baasha, and what he did, and his\r
+might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings\r
+of Israel? 16:6 So Baasha slept with his fathers, and was buried in\r
+Tirzah: and Elah his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+16:7 And also by the hand of the prophet Jehu the son of Hanani came\r
+the word of the LORD against Baasha, and against his house, even for\r
+all the evil that he did in the sight of the LORD, in provoking him to\r
+anger with the work of his hands, in being like the house of Jeroboam;\r
+and because he killed him.\r
+\r
+16:8 In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah began Elah the\r
+son of Baasha to reign over Israel in Tirzah, two years.\r
+\r
+16:9 And his servant Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired\r
+against him, as he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house\r
+of Arza steward of his house in Tirzah.\r
+\r
+16:10 And Zimri went in and smote him, and killed him, in the twenty\r
+and seventh year of Asa king of Judah, and reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+16:11 And it came to pass, when he began to reign, as soon as he sat\r
+on his throne, that he slew all the house of Baasha: he left him not\r
+one that pisseth against a wall, neither of his kinsfolks, nor of his\r
+friends.\r
+\r
+16:12 Thus did Zimri destroy all the house of Baasha, according to the\r
+word of the LORD, which he spake against Baasha by Jehu the prophet.\r
+\r
+16:13 For all the sins of Baasha, and the sins of Elah his son, by\r
+which they sinned, and by which they made Israel to sin, in provoking\r
+the LORD God of Israel to anger with their vanities.\r
+\r
+16:14 Now the rest of the acts of Elah, and all that he did, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?\r
+16:15 In the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah did Zimri\r
+reign seven days in Tirzah. And the people were encamped against\r
+Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines.\r
+\r
+16:16 And the people that were encamped heard say, Zimri hath\r
+conspired, and hath also slain the king: wherefore all Israel made\r
+Omri, the captain of the host, king over Israel that day in the camp.\r
+\r
+16:17 And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with him, and\r
+they besieged Tirzah.\r
+\r
+16:18 And it came to pass, when Zimri saw that the city was taken,\r
+that he went into the palace of the king's house, and burnt the king's\r
+house over him with fire, and died.\r
+\r
+16:19 For his sins which he sinned in doing evil in the sight of the\r
+LORD, in walking in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin which he did,\r
+to make Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+16:20 Now the rest of the acts of Zimri, and his treason that he\r
+wrought, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the\r
+kings of Israel? 16:21 Then were the people of Israel divided into\r
+two parts: half of the people followed Tibni the son of Ginath, to\r
+make him king; and half followed Omri.\r
+\r
+16:22 But the people that followed Omri prevailed against the people\r
+that followed Tibni the son of Ginath: so Tibni died, and Omri\r
+reigned.\r
+\r
+16:23 In the thirty and first year of Asa king of Judah began Omri to\r
+reign over Israel, twelve years: six years reigned he in Tirzah.\r
+\r
+16:24 And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two talents of\r
+silver, and built on the hill, and called the name of the city which\r
+he built, after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill, Samaria.\r
+\r
+16:25 But Omri wrought evil in the eyes of the LORD, and did worse\r
+than all that were before him.\r
+\r
+16:26 For he walked in all the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and\r
+in his sin wherewith he made Israel to sin, to provoke the LORD God of\r
+Israel to anger with their vanities.\r
+\r
+16:27 Now the rest of the acts of Omri which he did, and his might\r
+that he shewed, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of\r
+the kings of Israel? 16:28 So Omri slept with his fathers, and was\r
+buried in Samaria: and Ahab his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+16:29 And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa king of Judah began\r
+Ahab the son of Omri to reign over Israel: and Ahab the son of Omri\r
+reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years.\r
+\r
+16:30 And Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the sight of the LORD above\r
+all that were before him.\r
+\r
+16:31 And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to\r
+walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took to wife\r
+Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonians, and went and\r
+served Baal, and worshipped him.\r
+\r
+16:32 And he reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which\r
+he had built in Samaria.\r
+\r
+16:33 And Ahab made a grove; and Ahab did more to provoke the LORD God\r
+of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him.\r
+\r
+16:34 In his days did Hiel the Bethelite build Jericho: he laid the\r
+foundation thereof in Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gates\r
+thereof in his youngest son Segub, according to the word of the LORD,\r
+which he spake by Joshua the son of Nun.\r
+\r
+17:1 And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the inhabitants of Gilead,\r
+said unto Ahab, As the LORD God of Israel liveth, before whom I stand,\r
+there shall not be dew nor rain these years, but according to my word.\r
+\r
+17:2 And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, 17:3 Get thee\r
+hence, and turn thee eastward, and hide thyself by the brook Cherith,\r
+that is before Jordan.\r
+\r
+17:4 And it shall be, that thou shalt drink of the brook; and I have\r
+commanded the ravens to feed thee there.\r
+\r
+17:5 So he went and did according unto the word of the LORD: for he\r
+went and dwelt by the brook Cherith, that is before Jordan.\r
+\r
+17:6 And the ravens brought him bread and flesh in the morning, and\r
+bread and flesh in the evening; and he drank of the brook.\r
+\r
+17:7 And it came to pass after a while, that the brook dried up,\r
+because there had been no rain in the land.\r
+\r
+17:8 And the word of the LORD came unto him, saying, 17:9 Arise, get\r
+thee to Zarephath, which belongeth to Zidon, and dwell there: behold,\r
+I have commanded a widow woman there to sustain thee.\r
+\r
+17:10 So he arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came to the gate\r
+of the city, behold, the widow woman was there gathering of sticks:\r
+and he called to her, and said, Fetch me, I pray thee, a little water\r
+in a vessel, that I may drink.\r
+\r
+17:11 And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said,\r
+Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thine hand.\r
+\r
+17:12 And she said, As the LORD thy God liveth, I have not a cake, but\r
+an handful of meal in a barrel, and a little oil in a cruse: and,\r
+behold, I am gathering two sticks, that I may go in and dress it for\r
+me and my son, that we may eat it, and die.\r
+\r
+17:13 And Elijah said unto her, Fear not; go and do as thou hast said:\r
+but make me thereof a little cake first, and bring it unto me, and\r
+after make for thee and for thy son.\r
+\r
+17:14 For thus saith the LORD God of Israel, The barrel of meal shall\r
+not waste, neither shall the cruse of oil fail, until the day that the\r
+LORD sendeth rain upon the earth.\r
+\r
+17:15 And she went and did according to the saying of Elijah: and she,\r
+and he, and her house, did eat many days.\r
+\r
+17:16 And the barrel of meal wasted not, neither did the cruse of oil\r
+fail, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by Elijah.\r
+\r
+17:17 And it came to pass after these things, that the son of the\r
+woman, the mistress of the house, fell sick; and his sickness was so\r
+sore, that there was no breath left in him.\r
+\r
+17:18 And she said unto Elijah, What have I to do with thee, O thou\r
+man of God? art thou come unto me to call my sin to remembrance, and\r
+to slay my son? 17:19 And he said unto her, Give me thy son. And he\r
+took him out of her bosom, and carried him up into a loft, where he\r
+abode, and laid him upon his own bed.\r
+\r
+17:20 And he cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, hast thou\r
+also brought evil upon the widow with whom I sojourn, by slaying her\r
+son? 17:21 And he stretched himself upon the child three times, and\r
+cried unto the LORD, and said, O LORD my God, I pray thee, let this\r
+child's soul come into him again.\r
+\r
+17:22 And the LORD heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the\r
+child came into him again, and he revived.\r
+\r
+17:23 And Elijah took the child, and brought him down out of the\r
+chamber into the house, and delivered him unto his mother: and Elijah\r
+said, See, thy son liveth.\r
+\r
+17:24 And the woman said to Elijah, Now by this I know that thou art a\r
+man of God, and that the word of the LORD in thy mouth is truth.\r
+\r
+18:1 And it came to pass after many days, that the word of the LORD\r
+came to Elijah in the third year, saying, Go, shew thyself unto Ahab;\r
+and I will send rain upon the earth.\r
+\r
+18:2 And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there was a sore\r
+famine in Samaria.\r
+\r
+18:3 And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house.\r
+(Now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly: 18:4 For it was so, when Jezebel\r
+cut off the prophets of the LORD, that Obadiah took an hundred\r
+prophets, and hid them by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and\r
+water.) 18:5 And Ahab said unto Obadiah, Go into the land, unto all\r
+fountains of water, and unto all brooks: peradventure we may find\r
+grass to save the horses and mules alive, that we lose not all the\r
+beasts.\r
+\r
+18:6 So they divided the land between them to pass throughout it: Ahab\r
+went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself.\r
+\r
+18:7 And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he\r
+knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord\r
+Elijah? 18:8 And he answered him, I am: go, tell thy lord, Behold,\r
+Elijah is here.\r
+\r
+18:9 And he said, What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy\r
+servant into the hand of Ahab, to slay me? 18:10 As the LORD thy God\r
+liveth, there is no nation or kingdom, whither my lord hath not sent\r
+to seek thee: and when they said, He is not there; he took an oath of\r
+the kingdom and nation, that they found thee not.\r
+\r
+18:11 And now thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here.\r
+\r
+18:12 And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that\r
+the Spirit of the LORD shall carry thee whither I know not; and so\r
+when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me:\r
+but I thy servant fear the LORD from my youth.\r
+\r
+18:13 Was it not told my lord what I did when Jezebel slew the\r
+prophets of the LORD, how I hid an hundred men of the LORD's prophets\r
+by fifty in a cave, and fed them with bread and water? 18:14 And now\r
+thou sayest, Go, tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is here: and he shall\r
+slay me.\r
+\r
+18:15 And Elijah said, As the LORD of hosts liveth, before whom I\r
+stand, I will surely shew myself unto him to day.\r
+\r
+18:16 So Obadiah went to meet Ahab, and told him: and Ahab went to\r
+meet Elijah.\r
+\r
+18:17 And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto\r
+him, Art thou he that troubleth Israel? 18:18 And he answered, I have\r
+not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father's house, in that ye have\r
+forsaken the commandments of the LORD, and thou hast followed Baalim.\r
+\r
+18:19 Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount\r
+Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the\r
+prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel's table.\r
+\r
+18:20 So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered the\r
+prophets together unto mount Carmel.\r
+\r
+18:21 And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye\r
+between two opinions? if the LORD be God, follow him: but if Baal,\r
+then follow him. And the people answered him not a word.\r
+\r
+18:22 Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only, remain a\r
+prophet of the LORD; but Baal's prophets are four hundred and fifty\r
+men.\r
+\r
+18:23 Let them therefore give us two bullocks; and let them choose one\r
+bullock for themselves, and cut it in pieces, and lay it on wood, and\r
+put no fire under: and I will dress the other bullock, and lay it on\r
+wood, and put no fire under: 18:24 And call ye on the name of your\r
+gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that\r
+answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and\r
+said, It is well spoken.\r
+\r
+18:25 And Elijah said unto the prophets of Baal, Choose you one\r
+bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call\r
+on the name of your gods, but put no fire under.\r
+\r
+18:26 And they took the bullock which was given them, and they dressed\r
+it, and called on the name of Baal from morning even until noon,\r
+saying, O Baal, hear us. But there was no voice, nor any that\r
+answered. And they leaped upon the altar which was made.\r
+\r
+18:27 And it came to pass at noon, that Elijah mocked them, and said,\r
+Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing,\r
+or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be\r
+awaked.\r
+\r
+18:28 And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with\r
+knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them.\r
+\r
+18:29 And it came to pass, when midday was past, and they prophesied\r
+until the time of the offering of the evening sacrifice, that there\r
+was neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded.\r
+\r
+18:30 And Elijah said unto all the people, Come near unto me. And all\r
+the people came near unto him. And he repaired the altar of the LORD\r
+that was broken down.\r
+\r
+18:31 And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the\r
+tribes of the sons of Jacob, unto whom the word of the LORD came,\r
+saying, Israel shall be thy name: 18:32 And with the stones he built\r
+an altar in the name of the LORD: and he made a trench about the\r
+altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed.\r
+\r
+18:33 And he put the wood in order, and cut the bullock in pieces, and\r
+laid him on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, and pour\r
+it on the burnt sacrifice, and on the wood.\r
+\r
+18:34 And he said, Do it the second time. And they did it the second\r
+time.\r
+\r
+And he said, Do it the third time. And they did it the third time.\r
+\r
+18:35 And the water ran round about the altar; and he filled the\r
+trench also with water.\r
+\r
+18:36 And it came to pass at the time of the offering of the evening\r
+sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet came near, and said, LORD God of\r
+Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, let it be known this day that thou art\r
+God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all\r
+these things at thy word.\r
+\r
+18:37 Hear me, O LORD, hear me, that this people may know that thou\r
+art the LORD God, and that thou hast turned their heart back again.\r
+\r
+18:38 Then the fire of the LORD fell, and consumed the burnt\r
+sacrifice, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust, and licked up\r
+the water that was in the trench.\r
+\r
+18:39 And when all the people saw it, they fell on their faces: and\r
+they said, The LORD, he is the God; the LORD, he is the God.\r
+\r
+18:40 And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not\r
+one of them escape. And they took them: and Elijah brought them down\r
+to the brook Kishon, and slew them there.\r
+\r
+18:41 And Elijah said unto Ahab, Get thee up, eat and drink; for there\r
+is a sound of abundance of rain.\r
+\r
+18:42 So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to the\r
+top of Carmel; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and put his\r
+face between his knees, 18:43 And said to his servant, Go up now, look\r
+toward the sea. And he went up, and looked, and said, There is\r
+nothing. And he said, Go again seven times.\r
+\r
+18:44 And it came to pass at the seventh time, that he said, Behold,\r
+there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man's hand. And he\r
+said, Go up, say unto Ahab, Prepare thy chariot, and get thee down\r
+that the rain stop thee not.\r
+\r
+18:45 And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was black\r
+with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab rode, and\r
+went to Jezreel.\r
+\r
+18:46 And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah; and he girded up his\r
+loins, and ran before Ahab to the entrance of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+19:1 And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and withal how he\r
+had slain all the prophets with the sword.\r
+\r
+19:2 Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah, saying, So let the\r
+gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of\r
+one of them by to morrow about this time.\r
+\r
+19:3 And when he saw that, he arose, and went for his life, and came\r
+to Beersheba, which belongeth to Judah, and left his servant there.\r
+\r
+19:4 But he himself went a day's journey into the wilderness, and came\r
+and sat down under a juniper tree: and he requested for himself that\r
+he might die; and said, It is enough; now, O LORD, take away my life;\r
+for I am not better than my fathers.\r
+\r
+19:5 And as he lay and slept under a juniper tree, behold, then an\r
+angel touched him, and said unto him, Arise and eat.\r
+\r
+19:6 And he looked, and, behold, there was a cake baken on the coals,\r
+and a cruse of water at his head. And he did eat and drink, and laid\r
+him down again.\r
+\r
+19:7 And the angel of the LORD came again the second time, and touched\r
+him, and said, Arise and eat; because the journey is too great for\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+19:8 And he arose, and did eat and drink, and went in the strength of\r
+that meat forty days and forty nights unto Horeb the mount of God.\r
+\r
+19:9 And he came thither unto a cave, and lodged there; and, behold,\r
+the word of the LORD came to him, and he said unto him, What doest\r
+thou here, Elijah? 19:10 And he said, I have been very jealous for\r
+the LORD God of hosts: for the children of Israel have forsaken thy\r
+covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the\r
+sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it\r
+away.\r
+\r
+19:11 And he said, Go forth, and stand upon the mount before the LORD.\r
+\r
+And, behold, the LORD passed by, and a great and strong wind rent the\r
+mountains, and brake in pieces the rocks before the LORD; but the LORD\r
+was not in the wind: and after the wind an earthquake; but the LORD\r
+was not in the earthquake: 19:12 And after the earthquake a fire; but\r
+the LORD was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice.\r
+\r
+19:13 And it was so, when Elijah heard it, that he wrapped his face in\r
+his mantle, and went out, and stood in the entering in of the cave.\r
+And, behold, there came a voice unto him, and said, What doest thou\r
+here, Elijah? 19:14 And he said, I have been very jealous for the\r
+LORD God of hosts: because the children of Israel have forsaken thy\r
+covenant, thrown down thine altars, and slain thy prophets with the\r
+sword; and I, even I only, am left; and they seek my life, to take it\r
+away.\r
+\r
+19:15 And the LORD said unto him, Go, return on thy way to the\r
+wilderness of Damascus: and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be king\r
+over Syria: 19:16 And Jehu the son of Nimshi shalt thou anoint to be\r
+king over Israel: and Elisha the son of Shaphat of Abelmeholah shalt\r
+thou anoint to be prophet in thy room.\r
+\r
+19:17 And it shall come to pass, that him that escapeth the sword of\r
+Hazael shall Jehu slay: and him that escapeth from the sword of Jehu\r
+shall Elisha slay.\r
+\r
+19:18 Yet I have left me seven thousand in Israel, all the knees which\r
+have not bowed unto Baal, and every mouth which hath not kissed him.\r
+\r
+19:19 So he departed thence, and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, who\r
+was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the\r
+twelfth: and Elijah passed by him, and cast his mantle upon him.\r
+\r
+19:20 And he left the oxen, and ran after Elijah, and said, Let me, I\r
+pray thee, kiss my father and my mother, and then I will follow thee.\r
+And he said unto him, Go back again: for what have I done to thee?\r
+19:21 And he returned back from him, and took a yoke of oxen, and slew\r
+them, and boiled their flesh with the instruments of the oxen, and\r
+gave unto the people, and they did eat. Then he arose, and went after\r
+Elijah, and ministered unto him.\r
+\r
+20:1 And Benhadad the king of Syria gathered all his host together:\r
+and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and\r
+chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and warred against it.\r
+\r
+20:2 And he sent messengers to Ahab king of Israel into the city, and\r
+said unto him, Thus saith Benhadad, 20:3 Thy silver and thy gold is\r
+mine; thy wives also and thy children, even the goodliest, are mine.\r
+\r
+20:4 And the king of Israel answered and said, My lord, O king,\r
+according to thy saying, I am thine, and all that I have.\r
+\r
+20:5 And the messengers came again, and said, Thus speaketh Benhadad,\r
+saying, Although I have sent unto thee, saying, Thou shalt deliver me\r
+thy silver, and thy gold, and thy wives, and thy children; 20:6 Yet I\r
+will send my servants unto thee to morrow about this time, and they\r
+shall search thine house, and the houses of thy servants; and it shall\r
+be, that whatsoever is pleasant in thine eyes, they shall put it in\r
+their hand, and take it away.\r
+\r
+20:7 Then the king of Israel called all the elders of the land, and\r
+said, Mark, I pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief: for he\r
+sent unto me for my wives, and for my children, and for my silver, and\r
+for my gold; and I denied him not.\r
+\r
+20:8 And all the elders and all the people said unto him, Hearken not\r
+unto him, nor consent.\r
+\r
+20:9 Wherefore he said unto the messengers of Benhadad, Tell my lord\r
+the king, All that thou didst send for to thy servant at the first I\r
+will do: but this thing I may not do. And the messengers departed, and\r
+brought him word again.\r
+\r
+20:10 And Benhadad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me,\r
+and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for\r
+all the people that follow me.\r
+\r
+20:11 And the king of Israel answered and said, Tell him, Let not him\r
+that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off.\r
+\r
+20:12 And it came to pass, when Ben-hadad heard this message, as he\r
+was drinking, he and the kings in the pavilions, that he said unto his\r
+servants, Set yourselves in array. And they set themselves in array\r
+against the city.\r
+\r
+20:13 And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel,\r
+saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou seen all this great multitude?\r
+behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt\r
+know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:14 And Ahab said, By whom? And he said, Thus saith the LORD, Even\r
+by the young men of the princes of the provinces. Then he said, Who\r
+shall order the battle? And he answered, Thou.\r
+\r
+20:15 Then he numbered the young men of the princes of the provinces,\r
+and they were two hundred and thirty two: and after them he numbered\r
+all the people, even all the children of Israel, being seven thousand.\r
+\r
+20:16 And they went out at noon. But Benhadad was drinking himself\r
+drunk in the pavilions, he and the kings, the thirty and two kings\r
+that helped him.\r
+\r
+20:17 And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out\r
+first; and Benhadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men\r
+come out of Samaria.\r
+\r
+20:18 And he said, Whether they be come out for peace, take them\r
+alive; or whether they be come out for war, take them alive.\r
+\r
+20:19 So these young men of the princes of the provinces came out of\r
+the city, and the army which followed them.\r
+\r
+20:20 And they slew every one his man: and the Syrians fled; and\r
+Israel pursued them: and Benhadad the king of Syria escaped on an\r
+horse with the horsemen.\r
+\r
+20:21 And the king of Israel went out, and smote the horses and\r
+chariots, and slew the Syrians with a great slaughter.\r
+\r
+20:22 And the prophet came to the king of Israel, and said unto him,\r
+Go, strengthen thyself, and mark, and see what thou doest: for at the\r
+return of the year the king of Syria will come up against thee.\r
+\r
+20:23 And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods\r
+are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let\r
+us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger\r
+than they.\r
+\r
+20:24 And do this thing, Take the kings away, every man out of his\r
+place, and put captains in their rooms: 20:25 And number thee an army,\r
+like the army that thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for\r
+chariot: and we will fight against them in the plain, and surely we\r
+shall be stronger than they. And he hearkened unto their voice, and\r
+did so.\r
+\r
+20:26 And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Benhadad\r
+numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against Israel.\r
+\r
+20:27 And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present,\r
+and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them\r
+like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country.\r
+\r
+20:28 And there came a man of God, and spake unto the king of Israel,\r
+and said, Thus saith the LORD, Because the Syrians have said, The LORD\r
+is God of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, therefore will\r
+I deliver all this great multitude into thine hand, and ye shall know\r
+that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:29 And they pitched one over against the other seven days. And so\r
+it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined: and the\r
+children of Israel slew of the Syrians an hundred thousand footmen in\r
+one day.\r
+\r
+20:30 But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and there a wall fell\r
+upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. And Benhadad\r
+fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber.\r
+\r
+20:31 And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that\r
+the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings: let us, I pray\r
+thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out\r
+to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life.\r
+\r
+20:32 So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their\r
+heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said, Thy servant Benhadad\r
+saith, I pray thee, let me live. And he said, Is he yet alive? he is\r
+my brother.\r
+\r
+20:33 Now the men did diligently observe whether any thing would come\r
+from him, and did hastily catch it: and they said, Thy brother\r
+Benhadad. Then he said, Go ye, bring him. Then Benhadad came forth to\r
+him; and he caused him to come up into the chariot.\r
+\r
+20:34 And Ben-hadad said unto him, The cities, which my father took\r
+from thy father, I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee\r
+in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria. Then said Ahab, I will send\r
+thee away with this covenant. So he made a covenant with him, and sent\r
+him away.\r
+\r
+20:35 And a certain man of the sons of the prophets said unto his\r
+neighbour in the word of the LORD, Smite me, I pray thee. And the man\r
+refused to smite him.\r
+\r
+20:36 Then said he unto him, Because thou hast not obeyed the voice of\r
+the LORD, behold, as soon as thou art departed from me, a lion shall\r
+slay thee.\r
+\r
+And as soon as he was departed from him, a lion found him, and slew\r
+him.\r
+\r
+20:37 Then he found another man, and said, Smite me, I pray thee. And\r
+the man smote him, so that in smiting he wounded him.\r
+\r
+20:38 So the prophet departed, and waited for the king by the way, and\r
+disguised himself with ashes upon his face.\r
+\r
+20:39 And as the king passed by, he cried unto the king: and he said,\r
+Thy servant went out into the midst of the battle; and, behold, a man\r
+turned aside, and brought a man unto me, and said, Keep this man: if\r
+by any means he be missing, then shall thy life be for his life, or\r
+else thou shalt pay a talent of silver.\r
+\r
+20:40 And as thy servant was busy here and there, he was gone. And the\r
+king of Israel said unto him, So shall thy judgment be; thyself hast\r
+decided it.\r
+\r
+20:41 And he hasted, and took the ashes away from his face; and the\r
+king of Israel discerned him that he was of the prophets.\r
+\r
+20:42 And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Because thou hast let\r
+go out of thy hand a man whom I appointed to utter destruction,\r
+therefore thy life shall go for his life, and thy people for his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+20:43 And the king of Israel went to his house heavy and displeased,\r
+and came to Samaria.\r
+\r
+21:1 And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the\r
+Jezreelite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, hard by the palace of\r
+Ahab king of Samaria.\r
+\r
+21:2 And Ahab spake unto Naboth, saying, Give me thy vineyard, that I\r
+may have it for a garden of herbs, because it is near unto my house:\r
+and I will give thee for it a better vineyard than it; or, if it seem\r
+good to thee, I will give thee the worth of it in money.\r
+\r
+21:3 And Naboth said to Ahab, The LORD forbid it me, that I should\r
+give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee.\r
+\r
+21:4 And Ahab came into his house heavy and displeased because of the\r
+word which Naboth the Jezreelite had spoken to him: for he had said, I\r
+will not give thee the inheritance of my fathers. And he laid him down\r
+upon his bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no bread.\r
+\r
+21:5 But Jezebel his wife came to him, and said unto him, Why is thy\r
+spirit so sad, that thou eatest no bread? 21:6 And he said unto her,\r
+Because I spake unto Naboth the Jezreelite, and said unto him, Give me\r
+thy vineyard for money; or else, if it please thee, I will give thee\r
+another vineyard for it: and he answered, I will not give thee my\r
+vineyard.\r
+\r
+21:7 And Jezebel his wife said unto him, Dost thou now govern the\r
+kingdom of Israel? arise, and eat bread, and let thine heart be merry:\r
+I will give thee the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.\r
+\r
+21:8 So she wrote letters in Ahab's name, and sealed them with his\r
+seal, and sent the letters unto the elders and to the nobles that were\r
+in his city, dwelling with Naboth.\r
+\r
+21:9 And she wrote in the letters, saying, Proclaim a fast, and set\r
+Naboth on high among the people: 21:10 And set two men, sons of\r
+Belial, before him, to bear witness against him, saying, Thou didst\r
+blaspheme God and the king. And then carry him out, and stone him,\r
+that he may die.\r
+\r
+21:11 And the men of his city, even the elders and the nobles who were\r
+the inhabitants in his city, did as Jezebel had sent unto them, and as\r
+it was written in the letters which she had sent unto them.\r
+\r
+21:12 They proclaimed a fast, and set Naboth on high among the people.\r
+\r
+21:13 And there came in two men, children of Belial, and sat before\r
+him: and the men of Belial witnessed against him, even against Naboth,\r
+in the presence of the people, saying, Naboth did blaspheme God and\r
+the king. Then they carried him forth out of the city, and stoned him\r
+with stones, that he died.\r
+\r
+21:14 Then they sent to Jezebel, saying, Naboth is stoned, and is\r
+dead.\r
+\r
+21:15 And it came to pass, when Jezebel heard that Naboth was stoned,\r
+and was dead, that Jezebel said to Ahab, Arise, take possession of the\r
+vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused to give thee for\r
+money: for Naboth is not alive, but dead.\r
+\r
+21:16 And it came to pass, when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, that\r
+Ahab rose up to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to\r
+take possession of it.\r
+\r
+21:17 And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying,\r
+21:18 Arise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, which is in Samaria:\r
+behold, he is in the vineyard of Naboth, whither he is gone down to\r
+possess it.\r
+\r
+21:19 And thou shalt speak unto him, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast\r
+thou killed, and also taken possession? And thou shalt speak unto him,\r
+saying, Thus saith the LORD, In the place where dogs licked the blood\r
+of Naboth shall dogs lick thy blood, even thine.\r
+\r
+21:20 And Ahab said to Elijah, Hast thou found me, O mine enemy? And\r
+he answered, I have found thee: because thou hast sold thyself to work\r
+evil in the sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:21 Behold, I will bring evil upon thee, and will take away thy\r
+posterity, and will cut off from Ahab him that pisseth against the\r
+wall, and him that is shut up and left in Israel, 21:22 And will make\r
+thine house like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and like the\r
+house of Baasha the son of Ahijah, for the provocation wherewith thou\r
+hast provoked me to anger, and made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+21:23 And of Jezebel also spake the LORD, saying, The dogs shall eat\r
+Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+21:24 Him that dieth of Ahab in the city the dogs shall eat; and him\r
+that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat.\r
+\r
+21:25 But there was none like unto Ahab, which did sell himself to\r
+work wickedness in the sight of the LORD, whom Jezebel his wife\r
+stirred up.\r
+\r
+21:26 And he did very abominably in following idols, according to all\r
+things as did the Amorites, whom the LORD cast out before the children\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:27 And it came to pass, when Ahab heard those words, that he rent\r
+his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his flesh, and fasted, and lay in\r
+sackcloth, and went softly.\r
+\r
+21:28 And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying,\r
+21:29 Seest thou how Ahab humbleth himself before me? because he\r
+humbleth himself before me, I will not bring the evil in his days: but\r
+in his son's days will I bring the evil upon his house.\r
+\r
+22:1 And they continued three years without war between Syria and\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+22:2 And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king\r
+of Judah came down to the king of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:3 And the king of Israel said unto his servants, Know ye that\r
+Ramoth in Gilead is ours, and we be still, and take it not out of the\r
+hand of the king of Syria? 22:4 And he said unto Jehoshaphat, Wilt\r
+thou go with me to battle to Ramothgilead? And Jehoshaphat said to the\r
+king of Israel, I am as thou art, my people as thy people, my horses\r
+as thy horses.\r
+\r
+22:5 And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray\r
+thee, at the word of the LORD to day.\r
+\r
+22:6 Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets together, about\r
+four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall I go against Ramothgilead\r
+to battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for the LORD\r
+shall deliver it into the hand of the king.\r
+\r
+22:7 And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD\r
+besides, that we might enquire of him? 22:8 And the king of Israel\r
+said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, Micaiah the son of Imlah,\r
+by whom we may enquire of the LORD: but I hate him; for he doth not\r
+prophesy good concerning me, but evil. And Jehoshaphat said, Let not\r
+the king say so.\r
+\r
+22:9 Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, Hasten\r
+hither Micaiah the son of Imlah.\r
+\r
+22:10 And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat\r
+each on his throne, having put on their robes, in a void place in the\r
+entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets prophesied\r
+before them.\r
+\r
+22:11 And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah made him horns of iron: and he\r
+said, Thus saith the LORD, With these shalt thou push the Syrians,\r
+until thou have consumed them.\r
+\r
+22:12 And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to\r
+Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the\r
+king's hand.\r
+\r
+22:13 And the messenger that was gone to call Micaiah spake unto him,\r
+saying, Behold now, the words of the prophets declare good unto the\r
+king with one mouth: let thy word, I pray thee, be like the word of\r
+one of them, and speak that which is good.\r
+\r
+22:14 And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, what the LORD saith unto\r
+me, that will I speak.\r
+\r
+22:15 So he came to the king. And the king said unto him, Micaiah,\r
+shall we go against Ramothgilead to battle, or shall we forbear? And\r
+he answered him, Go, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into\r
+the hand of the king.\r
+\r
+22:16 And the king said unto him, How many times shall I adjure thee\r
+that thou tell me nothing but that which is true in the name of the\r
+LORD? 22:17 And he said, I saw all Israel scattered upon the hills,\r
+as sheep that have not a shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no\r
+master: let them return every man to his house in peace.\r
+\r
+22:18 And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell\r
+thee that he would prophesy no good concerning me, but evil? 22:19\r
+And he said, Hear thou therefore the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD\r
+sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing by him on\r
+his right hand and on his left.\r
+\r
+22:20 And the LORD said, Who shall persuade Ahab, that he may go up\r
+and fall at Ramothgilead? And one said on this manner, and another\r
+said on that manner.\r
+\r
+22:21 And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and\r
+said, I will persuade him.\r
+\r
+22:22 And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? And he said, I will go\r
+forth, and I will be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his prophets.\r
+And he said, Thou shalt persude him, and prevail also: go forth, and\r
+do so.\r
+\r
+22:23 Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the\r
+mouth of all these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil\r
+concerning thee.\r
+\r
+22:24 But Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah went near, and smote Micaiah\r
+on the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from me\r
+to speak unto thee? 22:25 And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see in\r
+that day, when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself.\r
+\r
+22:26 And the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, and carry him back\r
+unto Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son; 22:27\r
+And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and feed\r
+him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until I\r
+come in peace.\r
+\r
+22:28 And Micaiah said, If thou return at all in peace, the LORD hath\r
+not spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, O people, every one of you.\r
+\r
+22:29 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up\r
+to Ramothgilead.\r
+\r
+22:30 And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise\r
+myself, and enter into the battle; but put thou on thy robes. And the\r
+king of Israel disguised himself, and went into the battle.\r
+\r
+22:31 But the king of Syria commanded his thirty and two captains that\r
+had rule over his chariots, saying, Fight neither with small nor\r
+great, save only with the king of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:32 And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw\r
+Jehoshaphat, that they said, Surely it is the king of Israel. And they\r
+turned aside to fight against him: and Jehoshaphat cried out.\r
+\r
+22:33 And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots perceived\r
+that it was not the king of Israel, that they turned back from\r
+pursuing him.\r
+\r
+22:34 And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of\r
+Israel between the joints of the harness: wherefore he said unto the\r
+driver of his chariot, Turn thine hand, and carry me out of the host;\r
+for I am wounded.\r
+\r
+22:35 And the battle increased that day: and the king was stayed up in\r
+his chariot against the Syrians, and died at even: and the blood ran\r
+out of the wound into the midst of the chariot.\r
+\r
+22:36 And there went a proclamation throughout the host about the\r
+going down of the sun, saying, Every man to his city, and every man to\r
+his own country.\r
+\r
+22:37 So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried\r
+the king in Samaria.\r
+\r
+22:38 And one washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria; and the dogs\r
+licked up his blood; and they washed his armour; according unto the\r
+word of the LORD which he spake.\r
+\r
+22:39 Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all that he did, and the\r
+ivory house which he made, and all the cities that he built, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?\r
+22:40 So Ahab slept with his fathers; and Ahaziah his son reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+22:41 And Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the\r
+fourth year of Ahab king of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:42 Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to\r
+reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his\r
+mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.\r
+\r
+22:43 And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not\r
+aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the LORD:\r
+nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people\r
+offered and burnt incense yet in the high places.\r
+\r
+22:44 And Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:45 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, and his might that he\r
+shewed, and how he warred, are they not written in the book of the\r
+chronicles of the kings of Judah? 22:46 And the remnant of the\r
+sodomites, which remained in the days of his father Asa, he took out\r
+of the land.\r
+\r
+22:47 There was then no king in Edom: a deputy was king.\r
+\r
+22:48 Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but\r
+they went not; for the ships were broken at Eziongeber.\r
+\r
+22:49 Then said Ahaziah the son of Ahab unto Jehoshaphat, Let my\r
+servants go with thy servants in the ships. But Jehoshaphat would not.\r
+\r
+22:50 And Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his\r
+fathers in the city of David his father: and Jehoram his son reigned\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+22:51 Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria\r
+the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two\r
+years over Israel.\r
+\r
+22:52 And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in the way\r
+of his father, and in the way of his mother, and in the way of\r
+Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin: 22:53 For he served\r
+Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger the LORD God of\r
+Israel, according to all that his father had done.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+Commonly Called:\r
+\r
+The Fourth Book of the Kings\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Then Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab.\r
+\r
+1:2 And Ahaziah fell down through a lattice in his upper chamber that\r
+was in Samaria, and was sick: and he sent messengers, and said unto\r
+them, Go, enquire of Baalzebub the god of Ekron whether I shall\r
+recover of this disease.\r
+\r
+1:3 But the angel of the LORD said to Elijah the Tishbite, Arise, go\r
+up to meet the messengers of the king of Samaria, and say unto them,\r
+Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that ye go to enquire\r
+of Baalzebub the god of Ekron? 1:4 Now therefore thus saith the LORD,\r
+Thou shalt not come down from that bed on which thou art gone up, but\r
+shalt surely die. And Elijah departed.\r
+\r
+1:5 And when the messengers turned back unto him, he said unto them,\r
+Why are ye now turned back? 1:6 And they said unto him, There came a\r
+man up to meet us, and said unto us, Go, turn again unto the king that\r
+sent you, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Is it not because\r
+there is not a God in Israel, that thou sendest to enquire of\r
+Baalzebub the god of Ekron? therefore thou shalt not come down from\r
+that bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die.\r
+\r
+1:7 And he said unto them, What manner of man was he which came up to\r
+meet you, and told you these words? 1:8 And they answered him, He was\r
+an hairy man, and girt with a girdle of leather about his loins. And\r
+he said, It is Elijah the Tishbite.\r
+\r
+1:9 Then the king sent unto him a captain of fifty with his fifty. And\r
+he went up to him: and, behold, he sat on the top of an hill. And he\r
+spake unto him, Thou man of God, the king hath said, Come down.\r
+\r
+1:10 And Elijah answered and said to the captain of fifty, If I be a\r
+man of God, then let fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and\r
+thy fifty.\r
+\r
+And there came down fire from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty.\r
+\r
+1:11 Again also he sent unto him another captain of fifty with his\r
+fifty.\r
+\r
+And he answered and said unto him, O man of God, thus hath the king\r
+said, Come down quickly.\r
+\r
+1:12 And Elijah answered and said unto them, If I be a man of God, let\r
+fire come down from heaven, and consume thee and thy fifty. And the\r
+fire of God came down from heaven, and consumed him and his fifty.\r
+\r
+1:13 And he sent again a captain of the third fifty with his fifty.\r
+And the third captain of fifty went up, and came and fell on his knees\r
+before Elijah, and besought him, and said unto him, O man of God, I\r
+pray thee, let my life, and the life of these fifty thy servants, be\r
+precious in thy sight.\r
+\r
+1:14 Behold, there came fire down from heaven, and burnt up the two\r
+captains of the former fifties with their fifties: therefore let my\r
+life now be precious in thy sight.\r
+\r
+1:15 And the angel of the LORD said unto Elijah, Go down with him: be\r
+not afraid of him. And he arose, and went down with him unto the king.\r
+\r
+1:16 And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast\r
+sent messengers to enquire of Baalzebub the god of Ekron, is it not\r
+because there is no God in Israel to enquire of his word? therefore\r
+thou shalt not come down off that bed on which thou art gone up, but\r
+shalt surely die.\r
+\r
+1:17 So he died according to the word of the LORD which Elijah had\r
+spoken.\r
+\r
+And Jehoram reigned in his stead in the second year of Jehoram the son\r
+of Jehoshaphat king of Judah; because he had no son.\r
+\r
+1:18 Now the rest of the acts of Ahaziah which he did, are they not\r
+written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 2:1 And\r
+it came to pass, when the LORD would take up Elijah into heaven by a\r
+whirlwind, that Elijah went with Elisha from Gilgal.\r
+\r
+2:2 And Elijah said unto Elisha, Tarry here, I pray thee; for the LORD\r
+hath sent me to Bethel. And Elisha said unto him, As the LORD liveth,\r
+and as thy soul liveth, I will not leave thee. So they went down to\r
+Bethel.\r
+\r
+2:3 And the sons of the prophets that were at Bethel came forth to\r
+Elisha, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the LORD will take away\r
+thy master from thy head to day? And he said, Yea, I know it; hold ye\r
+your peace.\r
+\r
+2:4 And Elijah said unto him, Elisha, tarry here, I pray thee; for the\r
+LORD hath sent me to Jericho. And he said, As the LORD liveth, and as\r
+thy soul liveth, I will not leave thee. So they came to Jericho.\r
+\r
+2:5 And the sons of the prophets that were at Jericho came to Elisha,\r
+and said unto him, Knowest thou that the LORD will take away thy\r
+master from thy head to day? And he answered, Yea, I know it; hold ye\r
+your peace.\r
+\r
+2:6 And Elijah said unto him, Tarry, I pray thee, here; for the LORD\r
+hath sent me to Jordan. And he said, As the LORD liveth, and as thy\r
+soul liveth, I will not leave thee. And they two went on.\r
+\r
+2:7 And fifty men of the sons of the prophets went, and stood to view\r
+afar off: and they two stood by Jordan.\r
+\r
+2:8 And Elijah took his mantle, and wrapped it together, and smote the\r
+waters, and they were divided hither and thither, so that they two\r
+went over on dry ground.\r
+\r
+2:9 And it came to pass, when they were gone over, that Elijah said\r
+unto Elisha, Ask what I shall do for thee, before I be taken away from\r
+thee. And Elisha said, I pray thee, let a double portion of thy spirit\r
+be upon me.\r
+\r
+2:10 And he said, Thou hast asked a hard thing: nevertheless, if thou\r
+see me when I am taken from thee, it shall be so unto thee; but if\r
+not, it shall not be so.\r
+\r
+2:11 And it came to pass, as they still went on, and talked, that,\r
+behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and\r
+parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+2:12 And Elisha saw it, and he cried, My father, my father, the\r
+chariot of Israel, and the horsemen thereof. And he saw him no more:\r
+and he took hold of his own clothes, and rent them in two pieces.\r
+\r
+2:13 He took up also the mantle of Elijah that fell from him, and went\r
+back, and stood by the bank of Jordan; 2:14 And he took the mantle of\r
+Elijah that fell from him, and smote the waters, and said, Where is\r
+the LORD God of Elijah? and when he also had smitten the waters, they\r
+parted hither and thither: and Elisha went over.\r
+\r
+2:15 And when the sons of the prophets which were to view at Jericho\r
+saw him, they said, The spirit of Elijah doth rest on Elisha. And they\r
+came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him.\r
+\r
+2:16 And they said unto him, Behold now, there be with thy servants\r
+fifty strong men; let them go, we pray thee, and seek thy master: lest\r
+peradventure the Spirit of the LORD hath taken him up, and cast him\r
+upon some mountain, or into some valley. And he said, Ye shall not\r
+send.\r
+\r
+2:17 And when they urged him till he was ashamed, he said, Send. They\r
+sent therefore fifty men; and they sought three days, but found him\r
+not.\r
+\r
+2:18 And when they came again to him, (for he tarried at Jericho,) he\r
+said unto them, Did I not say unto you, Go not? 2:19 And the men of\r
+the city said unto Elisha, Behold, I pray thee, the situation of this\r
+city is pleasant, as my lord seeth: but the water is naught, and the\r
+ground barren.\r
+\r
+2:20 And he said, Bring me a new cruse, and put salt therein. And they\r
+brought it to him.\r
+\r
+2:21 And he went forth unto the spring of the waters, and cast the\r
+salt in there, and said, Thus saith the LORD, I have healed these\r
+waters; there shall not be from thence any more death or barren land.\r
+\r
+2:22 So the waters were healed unto this day, according to the saying\r
+of Elisha which he spake.\r
+\r
+2:23 And he went up from thence unto Bethel: and as he was going up by\r
+the way, there came forth little children out of the city, and mocked\r
+him, and said unto him, Go up, thou bald head; go up, thou bald head.\r
+\r
+2:24 And he turned back, and looked on them, and cursed them in the\r
+name of the LORD. And there came forth two she bears out of the wood,\r
+and tare forty and two children of them.\r
+\r
+2:25 And he went from thence to mount Carmel, and from thence he\r
+returned to Samaria.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now Jehoram the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria\r
+the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned twelve\r
+years.\r
+\r
+3:2 And he wrought evil in the sight of the LORD; but not like his\r
+father, and like his mother: for he put away the image of Baal that\r
+his father had made.\r
+\r
+3:3 Nevertheless he cleaved unto the sins of Jeroboam the son of\r
+Nebat, which made Israel to sin; he departed not therefrom.\r
+\r
+3:4 And Mesha king of Moab was a sheepmaster, and rendered unto the\r
+king of Israel an hundred thousand lambs, and an hundred thousand\r
+rams, with the wool.\r
+\r
+3:5 But it came to pass, when Ahab was dead, that the king of Moab\r
+rebelled against the king of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:6 And king Jehoram went out of Samaria the same time, and numbered\r
+all Israel.\r
+\r
+3:7 And he went and sent to Jehoshaphat the king of Judah, saying, The\r
+king of Moab hath rebelled against me: wilt thou go with me against\r
+Moab to battle? And he said, I will go up: I am as thou art, my people\r
+as thy people, and my horses as thy horses.\r
+\r
+3:8 And he said, Which way shall we go up? And he answered, The way\r
+through the wilderness of Edom.\r
+\r
+3:9 So the king of Israel went, and the king of Judah, and the king of\r
+Edom: and they fetched a compass of seven days' journey: and there was\r
+no water for the host, and for the cattle that followed them.\r
+\r
+3:10 And the king of Israel said, Alas! that the LORD hath called\r
+these three kings together, to deliver them into the hand of Moab!\r
+3:11 But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD,\r
+that we may enquire of the LORD by him? And one of the king of\r
+Israel's servants answered and said, Here is Elisha the son of\r
+Shaphat, which poured water on the hands of Elijah.\r
+\r
+3:12 And Jehoshaphat said, The word of the LORD is with him. So the\r
+king of Israel and Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom went down to him.\r
+\r
+3:13 And Elisha said unto the king of Israel, What have I to do with\r
+thee? get thee to the prophets of thy father, and to the prophets of\r
+thy mother.\r
+\r
+And the king of Israel said unto him, Nay: for the LORD hath called\r
+these three kings together, to deliver them into the hand of Moab.\r
+\r
+3:14 And Elisha said, As the LORD of hosts liveth, before whom I\r
+stand, surely, were it not that I regard the presence of Jehoshaphat\r
+the king of Judah, I would not look toward thee, nor see thee.\r
+\r
+3:15 But now bring me a minstrel. And it came to pass, when the\r
+minstrel played, that the hand of the LORD came upon him.\r
+\r
+3:16 And he said, Thus saith the LORD, Make this valley full of\r
+ditches.\r
+\r
+3:17 For thus saith the LORD, Ye shall not see wind, neither shall ye\r
+see rain; yet that valley shall be filled with water, that ye may\r
+drink, both ye, and your cattle, and your beasts.\r
+\r
+3:18 And this is but a light thing in the sight of the LORD: he will\r
+deliver the Moabites also into your hand.\r
+\r
+3:19 And ye shall smite every fenced city, and every choice city, and\r
+shall fell every good tree, and stop all wells of water, and mar every\r
+good piece of land with stones.\r
+\r
+3:20 And it came to pass in the morning, when the meat offering was\r
+offered, that, behold, there came water by the way of Edom, and the\r
+country was filled with water.\r
+\r
+3:21 And when all the Moabites heard that the kings were come up to\r
+fight against them, they gathered all that were able to put on armour,\r
+and upward, and stood in the border.\r
+\r
+3:22 And they rose up early in the morning, and the sun shone upon the\r
+water, and the Moabites saw the water on the other side as red as\r
+blood: 3:23 And they said, This is blood: the kings are surely slain,\r
+and they have smitten one another: now therefore, Moab, to the spoil.\r
+\r
+3:24 And when they came to the camp of Israel, the Israelites rose up\r
+and smote the Moabites, so that they fled before them: but they went\r
+forward smiting the Moabites, even in their country.\r
+\r
+3:25 And they beat down the cities, and on every good piece of land\r
+cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the\r
+wells of water, and felled all the good trees: only in Kirharaseth\r
+left they the stones thereof; howbeit the slingers went about it, and\r
+smote it.\r
+\r
+3:26 And when the king of Moab saw that the battle was too sore for\r
+him, he took with him seven hundred men that drew swords, to break\r
+through even unto the king of Edom: but they could not.\r
+\r
+3:27 Then he took his eldest son that should have reigned in his\r
+stead, and offered him for a burnt offering upon the wall. And there\r
+was great indignation against Israel: and they departed from him, and\r
+returned to their own land.\r
+\r
+4:1 Now there cried a certain woman of the wives of the sons of the\r
+prophets unto Elisha, saying, Thy servant my husband is dead; and thou\r
+knowest that thy servant did fear the LORD: and the creditor is come\r
+to take unto him my two sons to be bondmen.\r
+\r
+4:2 And Elisha said unto her, What shall I do for thee? tell me, what\r
+hast thou in the house? And she said, Thine handmaid hath not any\r
+thing in the house, save a pot of oil.\r
+\r
+4:3 Then he said, Go, borrow thee vessels abroad of all thy\r
+neighbours, even empty vessels; borrow not a few.\r
+\r
+4:4 And when thou art come in, thou shalt shut the door upon thee and\r
+upon thy sons, and shalt pour out into all those vessels, and thou\r
+shalt set aside that which is full.\r
+\r
+4:5 So she went from him, and shut the door upon her and upon her\r
+sons, who brought the vessels to her; and she poured out.\r
+\r
+4:6 And it came to pass, when the vessels were full, that she said\r
+unto her son, Bring me yet a vessel. And he said unto her, There is\r
+not a vessel more. And the oil stayed.\r
+\r
+4:7 Then she came and told the man of God. And he said, Go, sell the\r
+oil, and pay thy debt, and live thou and thy children of the rest.\r
+\r
+4:8 And it fell on a day, that Elisha passed to Shunem, where was a\r
+great woman; and she constrained him to eat bread. And so it was, that\r
+as oft as he passed by, he turned in thither to eat bread.\r
+\r
+4:9 And she said unto her husband, Behold now, I perceive that this is\r
+an holy man of God, which passeth by us continually.\r
+\r
+4:10 Let us make a little chamber, I pray thee, on the wall; and let\r
+us set for him there a bed, and a table, and a stool, and a\r
+candlestick: and it shall be, when he cometh to us, that he shall turn\r
+in thither.\r
+\r
+4:11 And it fell on a day, that he came thither, and he turned into\r
+the chamber, and lay there.\r
+\r
+4:12 And he said to Gehazi his servant, Call this Shunammite. And when\r
+he had called her, she stood before him.\r
+\r
+4:13 And he said unto him, Say now unto her, Behold, thou hast been\r
+careful for us with all this care; what is to be done for thee?\r
+wouldest thou be spoken for to the king, or to the captain of the\r
+host? And she answered, I dwell among mine own people.\r
+\r
+4:14 And he said, What then is to be done for her? And Gehazi\r
+answered, Verily she hath no child, and her husband is old.\r
+\r
+4:15 And he said, Call her. And when he had called her, she stood in\r
+the door.\r
+\r
+4:16 And he said, About this season, according to the time of life,\r
+thou shalt embrace a son. And she said, Nay, my lord, thou man of God,\r
+do not lie unto thine handmaid.\r
+\r
+4:17 And the woman conceived, and bare a son at that season that\r
+Elisha had said unto her, according to the time of life.\r
+\r
+4:18 And when the child was grown, it fell on a day, that he went out\r
+to his father to the reapers.\r
+\r
+4:19 And he said unto his father, My head, my head. And he said to a\r
+lad, Carry him to his mother.\r
+\r
+4:20 And when he had taken him, and brought him to his mother, he sat\r
+on her knees till noon, and then died.\r
+\r
+4:21 And she went up, and laid him on the bed of the man of God, and\r
+shut the door upon him, and went out.\r
+\r
+4:22 And she called unto her husband, and said, Send me, I pray thee,\r
+one of the young men, and one of the asses, that I may run to the man\r
+of God, and come again.\r
+\r
+4:23 And he said, Wherefore wilt thou go to him to day? it is neither\r
+new moon, nor sabbath. And she said, It shall be well.\r
+\r
+4:24 Then she saddled an ass, and said to her servant, Drive, and go\r
+forward; slack not thy riding for me, except I bid thee.\r
+\r
+4:25 So she went and came unto the man of God to mount Carmel. And it\r
+came to pass, when the man of God saw her afar off, that he said to\r
+Gehazi his servant, Behold, yonder is that Shunammite: 4:26 Run now, I\r
+pray thee, to meet her, and say unto her, Is it well with thee? is it\r
+well with thy husband? is it well with the child? And she answered, It\r
+is well: 4:27 And when she came to the man of God to the hill, she\r
+caught him by the feet: but Gehazi came near to thrust her away. And\r
+the man of God said, Let her alone; for her soul is vexed within her:\r
+and the LORD hath hid it from me, and hath not told me.\r
+\r
+4:28 Then she said, Did I desire a son of my lord? did I not say, Do\r
+not deceive me? 4:29 Then he said to Gehazi, Gird up thy loins, and\r
+take my staff in thine hand, and go thy way: if thou meet any man,\r
+salute him not; and if any salute thee, answer him not again: and lay\r
+my staff upon the face of the child.\r
+\r
+4:30 And the mother of the child said, As the LORD liveth, and as thy\r
+soul liveth, I will not leave thee. And he arose, and followed her.\r
+\r
+4:31 And Gehazi passed on before them, and laid the staff upon the\r
+face of the child; but there was neither voice, nor hearing. Wherefore\r
+he went again to meet him, and told him, saying, The child is not\r
+awaked.\r
+\r
+4:32 And when Elisha was come into the house, behold, the child was\r
+dead, and laid upon his bed.\r
+\r
+4:33 He went in therefore, and shut the door upon them twain, and\r
+prayed unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:34 And he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon\r
+his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands:\r
+and stretched himself upon the child; and the flesh of the child waxed\r
+warm.\r
+\r
+4:35 Then he returned, and walked in the house to and fro; and went\r
+up, and stretched himself upon him: and the child sneezed seven times,\r
+and the child opened his eyes.\r
+\r
+4:36 And he called Gehazi, and said, Call this Shunammite. So he\r
+called her. And when she was come in unto him, he said, Take up thy\r
+son.\r
+\r
+4:37 Then she went in, and fell at his feet, and bowed herself to the\r
+ground, and took up her son, and went out.\r
+\r
+4:38 And Elisha came again to Gilgal: and there was a dearth in the\r
+land; and the sons of the prophets were sitting before him: and he\r
+said unto his servant, Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for\r
+the sons of the prophets.\r
+\r
+4:39 And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild\r
+vine, and gathered thereof wild gourds his lap full, and came and\r
+shred them into the pot of pottage: for they knew them not.\r
+\r
+4:40 So they poured out for the men to eat. And it came to pass, as\r
+they were eating of the pottage, that they cried out, and said, O thou\r
+man of God, there is death in the pot. And they could not eat thereof.\r
+\r
+4:41 But he said, Then bring meal. And he cast it into the pot; and he\r
+said, Pour out for the people, that they may eat. And there was no\r
+harm in the pot.\r
+\r
+4:42 And there came a man from Baalshalisha, and brought the man of\r
+God bread of the firstfruits, twenty loaves of barley, and full ears\r
+of corn in the husk thereof. And he said, Give unto the people, that\r
+they may eat.\r
+\r
+4:43 And his servitor said, What, should I set this before an hundred\r
+men? He said again, Give the people, that they may eat: for thus\r
+saith the LORD, They shall eat, and shall leave thereof.\r
+\r
+4:44 So he set it before them, and they did eat, and left thereof,\r
+according to the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:1 Now Naaman, captain of the host of the king of Syria, was a great\r
+man with his master, and honourable, because by him the LORD had given\r
+deliverance unto Syria: he was also a mighty man in valour, but he was\r
+a leper.\r
+\r
+5:2 And the Syrians had gone out by companies, and had brought away\r
+captive out of the land of Israel a little maid; and she waited on\r
+Naaman's wife.\r
+\r
+5:3 And she said unto her mistress, Would God my lord were with the\r
+prophet that is in Samaria! for he would recover him of his leprosy.\r
+\r
+5:4 And one went in, and told his lord, saying, Thus and thus said the\r
+maid that is of the land of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:5 And the king of Syria said, Go to, go, and I will send a letter\r
+unto the king of Israel. And he departed, and took with him ten\r
+talents of silver, and six thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of\r
+raiment.\r
+\r
+5:6 And he brought the letter to the king of Israel, saying, Now when\r
+this letter is come unto thee, behold, I have therewith sent Naaman my\r
+servant to thee, that thou mayest recover him of his leprosy.\r
+\r
+5:7 And it came to pass, when the king of Israel had read the letter,\r
+that he rent his clothes, and said, Am I God, to kill and to make\r
+alive, that this man doth send unto me to recover a man of his\r
+leprosy? wherefore consider, I pray you, and see how he seeketh a\r
+quarrel against me.\r
+\r
+5:8 And it was so, when Elisha the man of God had heard that the king\r
+of Israel had rent his clothes, that he sent to the king, saying,\r
+Wherefore hast thou rent thy clothes? let him come now to me, and he\r
+shall know that there is a prophet in Israel.\r
+\r
+5:9 So Naaman came with his horses and with his chariot, and stood at\r
+the door of the house of Elisha.\r
+\r
+5:10 And Elisha sent a messenger unto him, saying, Go and wash in\r
+Jordan seven times, and thy flesh shall come again to thee, and thou\r
+shalt be clean.\r
+\r
+5:11 But Naaman was wroth, and went away, and said, Behold, I thought,\r
+He will surely come out to me, and stand, and call on the name of the\r
+LORD his God, and strike his hand over the place, and recover the\r
+leper.\r
+\r
+5:12 Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all\r
+the waters of Israel? may I not wash in them, and be clean? So he\r
+turned and went away in a rage.\r
+\r
+5:13 And his servants came near, and spake unto him, and said, My\r
+father, if the prophet had bid thee do some great thing, wouldest thou\r
+not have done it? how much rather then, when he saith to thee, Wash,\r
+and be clean? 5:14 Then went he down, and dipped himself seven times\r
+in Jordan, according to the saying of the man of God: and his flesh\r
+came again like unto the flesh of a little child, and he was clean.\r
+\r
+5:15 And he returned to the man of God, he and all his company, and\r
+came, and stood before him: and he said, Behold, now I know that there\r
+is no God in all the earth, but in Israel: now therefore, I pray thee,\r
+take a blessing of thy servant.\r
+\r
+5:16 But he said, As the LORD liveth, before whom I stand, I will\r
+receive none. And he urged him to take it; but he refused.\r
+\r
+5:17 And Naaman said, Shall there not then, I pray thee, be given to\r
+thy servant two mules' burden of earth? for thy servant will\r
+henceforth offer neither burnt offering nor sacrifice unto other gods,\r
+but unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:18 In this thing the LORD pardon thy servant, that when my master\r
+goeth into the house of Rimmon to worship there, and he leaneth on my\r
+hand, and I bow myself in the house of Rimmon: when I bow down myself\r
+in the house of Rimmon, the LORD pardon thy servant in this thing.\r
+\r
+5:19 And he said unto him, Go in peace. So he departed from him a\r
+little way.\r
+\r
+5:20 But Gehazi, the servant of Elisha the man of God, said, Behold,\r
+my master hath spared Naaman this Syrian, in not receiving at his\r
+hands that which he brought: but, as the LORD liveth, I will run after\r
+him, and take somewhat of him.\r
+\r
+5:21 So Gehazi followed after Naaman. And when Naaman saw him running\r
+after him, he lighted down from the chariot to meet him, and said, Is\r
+all well? 5:22 And he said, All is well. My master hath sent me,\r
+saying, Behold, even now there be come to me from mount Ephraim two\r
+young men of the sons of the prophets: give them, I pray thee, a\r
+talent of silver, and two changes of garments.\r
+\r
+5:23 And Naaman said, Be content, take two talents. And he urged him,\r
+and bound two talents of silver in two bags, with two changes of\r
+garments, and laid them upon two of his servants; and they bare them\r
+before him.\r
+\r
+5:24 And when he came to the tower, he took them from their hand, and\r
+bestowed them in the house: and he let the men go, and they departed.\r
+\r
+5:25 But he went in, and stood before his master. And Elisha said unto\r
+him, Whence comest thou, Gehazi? And he said, Thy servant went no\r
+whither.\r
+\r
+5:26 And he said unto him, Went not mine heart with thee, when the man\r
+turned again from his chariot to meet thee? Is it a time to receive\r
+money, and to receive garments, and oliveyards, and vineyards, and\r
+sheep, and oxen, and menservants, and maidservants? 5:27 The leprosy\r
+therefore of Naaman shall cleave unto thee, and unto thy seed for\r
+ever. And he went out from his presence a leper as white as snow.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the sons of the prophets said unto Elisha, Behold now, the\r
+place where we dwell with thee is too strait for us.\r
+\r
+6:2 Let us go, we pray thee, unto Jordan, and take thence every man a\r
+beam, and let us make us a place there, where we may dwell. And he\r
+answered, Go ye.\r
+\r
+6:3 And one said, Be content, I pray thee, and go with thy servants.\r
+And he answered, I will go.\r
+\r
+6:4 So he went with them. And when they came to Jordan, they cut down\r
+wood.\r
+\r
+6:5 But as one was felling a beam, the axe head fell into the water:\r
+and he cried, and said, Alas, master! for it was borrowed.\r
+\r
+6:6 And the man of God said, Where fell it? And he shewed him the\r
+place.\r
+\r
+And he cut down a stick, and cast it in thither; and the iron did\r
+swim.\r
+\r
+6:7 Therefore said he, Take it up to thee. And he put out his hand,\r
+and took it.\r
+\r
+6:8 Then the king of Syria warred against Israel, and took counsel\r
+with his servants, saying, In such and such a place shall be my camp.\r
+\r
+6:9 And the man of God sent unto the king of Israel, saying, Beware\r
+that thou pass not such a place; for thither the Syrians are come\r
+down.\r
+\r
+6:10 And the king of Israel sent to the place which the man of God\r
+told him and warned him of, and saved himself there, not once nor\r
+twice.\r
+\r
+6:11 Therefore the heart of the king of Syria was sore troubled for\r
+this thing; and he called his servants, and said unto them, Will ye\r
+not shew me which of us is for the king of Israel? 6:12 And one of\r
+his servants said, None, my lord, O king: but Elisha, the prophet that\r
+is in Israel, telleth the king of Israel the words that thou speakest\r
+in thy bedchamber.\r
+\r
+6:13 And he said, Go and spy where he is, that I may send and fetch\r
+him.\r
+\r
+And it was told him, saying, Behold, he is in Dothan.\r
+\r
+6:14 Therefore sent he thither horses, and chariots, and a great host:\r
+and they came by night, and compassed the city about.\r
+\r
+6:15 And when the servant of the man of God was risen early, and gone\r
+forth, behold, an host compassed the city both with horses and\r
+chariots. And his servant said unto him, Alas, my master! how shall we\r
+do? 6:16 And he answered, Fear not: for they that be with us are more\r
+than they that be with them.\r
+\r
+6:17 And Elisha prayed, and said, LORD, I pray thee, open his eyes,\r
+that he may see. And the LORD opened the eyes of the young man; and he\r
+saw: and, behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire\r
+round about Elisha.\r
+\r
+6:18 And when they came down to him, Elisha prayed unto the LORD, and\r
+said, Smite this people, I pray thee, with blindness. And he smote\r
+them with blindness according to the word of Elisha.\r
+\r
+6:19 And Elisha said unto them, This is not the way, neither is this\r
+the city: follow me, and I will bring you to the man whom ye seek. But\r
+he led them to Samaria.\r
+\r
+6:20 And it came to pass, when they were come into Samaria, that\r
+Elisha said, LORD, open the eyes of these men, that they may see. And\r
+the LORD opened their eyes, and they saw; and, behold, they were in\r
+the midst of Samaria.\r
+\r
+6:21 And the king of Israel said unto Elisha, when he saw them, My\r
+father, shall I smite them? shall I smite them? 6:22 And he answered,\r
+Thou shalt not smite them: wouldest thou smite those whom thou hast\r
+taken captive with thy sword and with thy bow? set bread and water\r
+before them, that they may eat and drink, and go to their master.\r
+\r
+6:23 And he prepared great provision for them: and when they had eaten\r
+and drunk, he sent them away, and they went to their master. So the\r
+bands of Syria came no more into the land of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:24 And it came to pass after this, that Benhadad king of Syria\r
+gathered all his host, and went up, and besieged Samaria.\r
+\r
+6:25 And there was a great famine in Samaria: and, behold, they\r
+besieged it, until an ass's head was sold for fourscore pieces of\r
+silver, and the fourth part of a cab of dove's dung for five pieces of\r
+silver.\r
+\r
+6:26 And as the king of Israel was passing by upon the wall, there\r
+cried a woman unto him, saying, Help, my lord, O king.\r
+\r
+6:27 And he said, If the LORD do not help thee, whence shall I help\r
+thee? out of the barnfloor, or out of the winepress? 6:28 And the\r
+king said unto her, What aileth thee? And she answered, This woman\r
+said unto me, Give thy son, that we may eat him to day, and we will\r
+eat my son to morrow.\r
+\r
+6:29 So we boiled my son, and did eat him: and I said unto her on the\r
+next day, Give thy son, that we may eat him: and she hath hid her son.\r
+\r
+6:30 And it came to pass, when the king heard the words of the woman,\r
+that he rent his clothes; and he passed by upon the wall, and the\r
+people looked, and, behold, he had sackcloth within upon his flesh.\r
+\r
+6:31 Then he said, God do so and more also to me, if the head of\r
+Elisha the son of Shaphat shall stand on him this day.\r
+\r
+6:32 But Elisha sat in his house, and the elders sat with him; and the\r
+king sent a man from before him: but ere the messenger came to him, he\r
+said to the elders, See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to\r
+take away mine head? look, when the messenger cometh, shut the door,\r
+and hold him fast at the door: is not the sound of his master's feet\r
+behind him? 6:33 And while he yet talked with them, behold, the\r
+messenger came down unto him: and he said, Behold, this evil is of the\r
+LORD; what should I wait for the LORD any longer? 7:1 Then Elisha\r
+said, Hear ye the word of the LORD; Thus saith the LORD, To morrow\r
+about this time shall a measure of fine flour be sold for a shekel,\r
+and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gate of Samaria.\r
+\r
+7:2 Then a lord on whose hand the king leaned answered the man of God,\r
+and said, Behold, if the LORD would make windows in heaven, might this\r
+thing be? And he said, Behold, thou shalt see it with thine eyes, but\r
+shalt not eat thereof.\r
+\r
+7:3 And there were four leprous men at the entering in of the gate:\r
+and they said one to another, Why sit we here until we die? 7:4 If we\r
+say, We will enter into the city, then the famine is in the city, and\r
+we shall die there: and if we sit still here, we die also. Now\r
+therefore come, and let us fall unto the host of the Syrians: if they\r
+save us alive, we shall live; and if they kill us, we shall but die.\r
+\r
+7:5 And they rose up in the twilight, to go unto the camp of the\r
+Syrians: and when they were come to the uttermost part of the camp of\r
+Syria, behold, there was no man there.\r
+\r
+7:6 For the LORD had made the host of the Syrians to hear a noise of\r
+chariots, and a noise of horses, even the noise of a great host: and\r
+they said one to another, Lo, the king of Israel hath hired against us\r
+the kings of the Hittites, and the kings of the Egyptians, to come\r
+upon us.\r
+\r
+7:7 Wherefore they arose and fled in the twilight, and left their\r
+tents, and their horses, and their asses, even the camp as it was, and\r
+fled for their life.\r
+\r
+7:8 And when these lepers came to the uttermost part of the camp, they\r
+went into one tent, and did eat and drink, and carried thence silver,\r
+and gold, and raiment, and went and hid it; and came again, and\r
+entered into another tent, and carried thence also, and went and hid\r
+it.\r
+\r
+7:9 Then they said one to another, We do not well: this day is a day\r
+of good tidings, and we hold our peace: if we tarry till the morning\r
+light, some mischief will come upon us: now therefore come, that we\r
+may go and tell the king's household.\r
+\r
+7:10 So they came and called unto the porter of the city: and they\r
+told them, saying, We came to the camp of the Syrians, and, behold,\r
+there was no man there, neither voice of man, but horses tied, and\r
+asses tied, and the tents as they were.\r
+\r
+7:11 And he called the porters; and they told it to the king's house\r
+within.\r
+\r
+7:12 And the king arose in the night, and said unto his servants, I\r
+will now shew you what the Syrians have done to us. They know that we\r
+be hungry; therefore are they gone out of the camp to hide themselves\r
+in the field, saying, When they come out of the city, we shall catch\r
+them alive, and get into the city.\r
+\r
+7:13 And one of his servants answered and said, Let some take, I pray\r
+thee, five of the horses that remain, which are left in the city,\r
+(behold, they are as all the multitude of Israel that are left in it:\r
+behold, I say, they are even as all the multitude of the Israelites\r
+that are consumed:) and let us send and see.\r
+\r
+7:14 They took therefore two chariot horses; and the king sent after\r
+the host of the Syrians, saying, Go and see.\r
+\r
+7:15 And they went after them unto Jordan: and, lo, all the way was\r
+full of garments and vessels, which the Syrians had cast away in their\r
+haste. And the messengers returned, and told the king.\r
+\r
+7:16 And the people went out, and spoiled the tents of the Syrians. So\r
+a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of\r
+barley for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:17 And the king appointed the lord on whose hand he leaned to have\r
+the charge of the gate: and the people trode upon him in the gate, and\r
+he died, as the man of God had said, who spake when the king came down\r
+to him.\r
+\r
+7:18 And it came to pass as the man of God had spoken to the king,\r
+saying, Two measures of barley for a shekel, and a measure of fine\r
+flour for a shekel, shall be to morrow about this time in the gate of\r
+Samaria: 7:19 And that lord answered the man of God, and said, Now,\r
+behold, if the LORD should make windows in heaven, might such a thing\r
+be? And he said, Behold, thou shalt see it with thine eyes, but shalt\r
+not eat thereof.\r
+\r
+7:20 And so it fell out unto him: for the people trode upon him in the\r
+gate, and he died.\r
+\r
+8:1 Then spake Elisha unto the woman, whose son he had restored to\r
+life, saying, Arise, and go thou and thine household, and sojourn\r
+wheresoever thou canst sojourn: for the LORD hath called for a famine;\r
+and it shall also come upon the land seven years.\r
+\r
+8:2 And the woman arose, and did after the saying of the man of God:\r
+and she went with her household, and sojourned in the land of the\r
+Philistines seven years.\r
+\r
+8:3 And it came to pass at the seven years' end, that the woman\r
+returned out of the land of the Philistines: and she went forth to cry\r
+unto the king for her house and for her land.\r
+\r
+8:4 And the king talked with Gehazi the servant of the man of God,\r
+saying, Tell me, I pray thee, all the great things that Elisha hath\r
+done.\r
+\r
+8:5 And it came to pass, as he was telling the king how he had\r
+restored a dead body to life, that, behold, the woman, whose son he\r
+had restored to life, cried to the king for her house and for her\r
+land. And Gehazi said, My lord, O king, this is the woman, and this is\r
+her son, whom Elisha restored to life.\r
+\r
+8:6 And when the king asked the woman, she told him. So the king\r
+appointed unto her a certain officer, saying, Restore all that was\r
+hers, and all the fruits of the field since the day that she left the\r
+land, even until now.\r
+\r
+8:7 And Elisha came to Damascus; and Benhadad the king of Syria was\r
+sick; and it was told him, saying, The man of God is come hither.\r
+\r
+8:8 And the king said unto Hazael, Take a present in thine hand, and\r
+go, meet the man of God, and enquire of the LORD by him, saying, Shall\r
+I recover of this disease? 8:9 So Hazael went to meet him, and took a\r
+present with him, even of every good thing of Damascus, forty camels'\r
+burden, and came and stood before him, and said, Thy son Benhadad king\r
+of Syria hath sent me to thee, saying, Shall I recover of this\r
+disease? 8:10 And Elisha said unto him, Go, say unto him, Thou mayest\r
+certainly recover: howbeit the LORD hath shewed me that he shall\r
+surely die.\r
+\r
+8:11 And he settled his countenance stedfastly, until he was ashamed:\r
+and the man of God wept.\r
+\r
+8:12 And Hazael said, Why weepeth my lord? And he answered, Because I\r
+know the evil that thou wilt do unto the children of Israel: their\r
+strong holds wilt thou set on fire, and their young men wilt thou slay\r
+with the sword, and wilt dash their children, and rip up their women\r
+with child.\r
+\r
+8:13 And Hazael said, But what, is thy servant a dog, that he should\r
+do this great thing? And Elisha answered, The LORD hath shewed me that\r
+thou shalt be king over Syria.\r
+\r
+8:14 So he departed from Elisha, and came to his master; who said to\r
+him, What said Elisha to thee? And he answered, He told me that thou\r
+shouldest surely recover.\r
+\r
+8:15 And it came to pass on the morrow, that he took a thick cloth,\r
+and dipped it in water, and spread it on his face, so that he died:\r
+and Hazael reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+8:16 And in the fifth year of Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel,\r
+Jehoshaphat being then king of Judah, Jehoram the son of Je hoshaphat\r
+king of Judah began to reign.\r
+\r
+8:17 Thirty and two years old was he when he began to reign; and he\r
+reigned eight years in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+8:18 And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, as did the house\r
+of Ahab: for the daughter of Ahab was his wife: and he did evil in the\r
+sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:19 Yet the LORD would not destroy Judah for David his servant's\r
+sake, as he promised him to give him alway a light, and to his\r
+children.\r
+\r
+8:20 In his days Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah, and made\r
+a king over themselves.\r
+\r
+8:21 So Joram went over to Zair, and all the chariots with him: and he\r
+rose by night, and smote the Edomites which compassed him about, and\r
+the captains of the chariots: and the people fled into their tents.\r
+\r
+8:22 Yet Edom revolted from under the hand of Judah unto this day.\r
+Then Libnah revolted at the same time.\r
+\r
+8:23 And the rest of the acts of Joram, and all that he did, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? 8:24\r
+And Joram slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in\r
+the city of David: and Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+8:25 In the twelfth year of Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel did\r
+Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah begin to reign.\r
+\r
+8:26 Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign; and\r
+he reigned one year in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Athaliah,\r
+the daughter of Omri king of Israel.\r
+\r
+8:27 And he walked in the way of the house of Ahab, and did evil in\r
+the sight of the LORD, as did the house of Ahab: for he was the son in\r
+law of the house of Ahab.\r
+\r
+8:28 And he went with Joram the son of Ahab to the war against Hazael\r
+king of Syria in Ramothgilead; and the Syrians wounded Joram.\r
+\r
+8:29 And king Joram went back to be healed in Jezreel of the wounds\r
+which the Syrians had given him at Ramah, when he fought against\r
+Hazael king of Syria. And Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah\r
+went down to see Joram the son of Ahab in Jezreel, because he was\r
+sick.\r
+\r
+9:1 And Elisha the prophet called one of the children of the prophets,\r
+and said unto him, Gird up thy loins, and take this box of oil in\r
+thine hand, and go to Ramothgilead: 9:2 And when thou comest thither,\r
+look out there Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi, and go\r
+in, and make him arise up from among his brethren, and carry him to an\r
+inner chamber; 9:3 Then take the box of oil, and pour it on his head,\r
+and say, Thus saith the LORD, I have anointed thee king over Israel.\r
+Then open the door, and flee, and tarry not.\r
+\r
+9:4 So the young man, even the young man the prophet, went to\r
+Ramothgilead.\r
+\r
+9:5 And when he came, behold, the captains of the host were sitting;\r
+and he said, I have an errand to thee, O captain. And Jehu said, Unto\r
+which of all us? And he said, To thee, O captain.\r
+\r
+9:6 And he arose, and went into the house; and he poured the oil on\r
+his head, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I have\r
+anointed thee king over the people of the LORD, even over Israel.\r
+\r
+9:7 And thou shalt smite the house of Ahab thy master, that I may\r
+avenge the blood of my servants the prophets, and the blood of all the\r
+servants of the LORD, at the hand of Jezebel.\r
+\r
+9:8 For the whole house of Ahab shall perish: and I will cut off from\r
+Ahab him that pisseth against the wall, and him that is shut up and\r
+left in Israel: 9:9 And I will make the house of Ahab like the house\r
+of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha the son of\r
+Ahijah: 9:10 And the dogs shall eat Jezebel in the portion of Jezreel,\r
+and there shall be none to bury her. And he opened the door, and fled.\r
+\r
+9:11 Then Jehu came forth to the servants of his lord: and one said\r
+unto him, Is all well? wherefore came this mad fellow to thee? And he\r
+said unto them, Ye know the man, and his communication.\r
+\r
+9:12 And they said, It is false; tell us now. And he said, Thus and\r
+thus spake he to me, saying, Thus saith the LORD, I have anointed thee\r
+king over Israel.\r
+\r
+9:13 Then they hasted, and took every man his garment, and put it\r
+under him on the top of the stairs, and blew with trumpets, saying,\r
+Jehu is king.\r
+\r
+9:14 So Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi conspired\r
+against Joram. (Now Joram had kept Ramothgilead, he and all Israel,\r
+because of Hazael king of Syria.\r
+\r
+9:15 But king Joram was returned to be healed in Jezreel of the wounds\r
+which the Syrians had given him, when he fought with Hazael king of\r
+Syria.) And Jehu said, If it be your minds, then let none go forth\r
+nor escape out of the city to go to tell it in Jezreel.\r
+\r
+9:16 So Jehu rode in a chariot, and went to Jezreel; for Joram lay\r
+there.\r
+\r
+And Ahaziah king of Judah was come down to see Joram.\r
+\r
+9:17 And there stood a watchman on the tower in Jezreel, and he spied\r
+the company of Jehu as he came, and said, I see a company. And Joram\r
+said, Take an horseman, and send to meet them, and let him say, Is it\r
+peace? 9:18 So there went one on horseback to meet him, and said,\r
+Thus saith the king, Is it peace? And Jehu said, What hast thou to do\r
+with peace? turn thee behind me. And the watchman told, saying, The\r
+messenger came to them, but he cometh not again.\r
+\r
+9:19 Then he sent out a second on horseback, which came to them, and\r
+said, Thus saith the king, Is it peace? And Jehu answered, What hast\r
+thou to do with peace? turn thee behind me.\r
+\r
+9:20 And the watchman told, saying, He came even unto them, and cometh\r
+not again: and the driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of\r
+Nimshi; for he driveth furiously.\r
+\r
+9:21 And Joram said, Make ready. And his chariot was made ready. And\r
+Joram king of Israel and Ahaziah king of Judah went out, each in his\r
+chariot, and they went out against Jehu, and met him in the portion of\r
+Naboth the Jezreelite.\r
+\r
+9:22 And it came to pass, when Joram saw Jehu, that he said, Is it\r
+peace, Jehu? And he answered, What peace, so long as the whoredoms of\r
+thy mother Jezebel and her witchcrafts are so many? 9:23 And Joram\r
+turned his hands, and fled, and said to Ahaziah, There is treachery, O\r
+Ahaziah.\r
+\r
+9:24 And Jehu drew a bow with his full strength, and smote Jehoram\r
+between his arms, and the arrow went out at his heart, and he sunk\r
+down in his chariot.\r
+\r
+9:25 Then said Jehu to Bidkar his captain, Take up, and cast him in\r
+the portion of the field of Naboth the Jezreelite: for remember how\r
+that, when I and thou rode together after Ahab his father, the LORD\r
+laid this burden upon him; 9:26 Surely I have seen yesterday the blood\r
+of Naboth, and the blood of his sons, saith the LORD; and I will\r
+requite thee in this plat, saith the LORD. Now therefore take and cast\r
+him into the plat of ground, according to the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:27 But when Ahaziah the king of Judah saw this, he fled by the way\r
+of the garden house. And Jehu followed after him, and said, Smite him\r
+also in the chariot. And they did so at the going up to Gur, which is\r
+by Ibleam.\r
+\r
+And he fled to Megiddo, and died there.\r
+\r
+9:28 And his servants carried him in a chariot to Jerusalem, and\r
+buried him in his sepulchre with his fathers in the city of David.\r
+\r
+9:29 And in the eleventh year of Joram the son of Ahab began Ahaziah\r
+to reign over Judah.\r
+\r
+9:30 And when Jehu was come to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it; and she\r
+painted her face, and tired her head, and looked out at a window.\r
+\r
+9:31 And as Jehu entered in at the gate, she said, Had Zimri peace,\r
+who slew his master? 9:32 And he lifted up his face to the window,\r
+and said, Who is on my side? who? And there looked out to him two or\r
+three eunuchs.\r
+\r
+9:33 And he said, Throw her down. So they threw her down: and some of\r
+her blood was sprinkled on the wall, and on the horses: and he trode\r
+her under foot.\r
+\r
+9:34 And when he was come in, he did eat and drink, and said, Go, see\r
+now this cursed woman, and bury her: for she is a king's daughter.\r
+\r
+9:35 And they went to bury her: but they found no more of her than the\r
+skull, and the feet, and the palms of her hands.\r
+\r
+9:36 Wherefore they came again, and told him. And he said, This is the\r
+word of the LORD, which he spake by his servant Elijah the Tishbite,\r
+saying, In the portion of Jezreel shall dogs eat the flesh of Jezebel:\r
+9:37 And the carcase of Jezebel shall be as dung upon the face of the\r
+field in the portion of Jezreel; so that they shall not say, This is\r
+Jezebel.\r
+\r
+10:1 And Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria. And Jehu wrote letters, and\r
+sent to Samaria, unto the rulers of Jezreel, to the elders, and to\r
+them that brought up Ahab's children, saying, 10:2 Now as soon as this\r
+letter cometh to you, seeing your master's sons are with you, and\r
+there are with you chariots and horses, a fenced city also, and\r
+armour; 10:3 Look even out the best and meetest of your master's sons,\r
+and set him on his father's throne, and fight for your master's house.\r
+\r
+10:4 But they were exceedingly afraid, and said, Behold, two kings\r
+stood not before him: how then shall we stand? 10:5 And he that was\r
+over the house, and he that was over the city, the elders also, and\r
+the bringers up of the children, sent to Jehu, saying, We are thy\r
+servants, and will do all that thou shalt bid us; we will not make any\r
+king: do thou that which is good in thine eyes.\r
+\r
+10:6 Then he wrote a letter the second time to them, saying, If ye be\r
+mine, and if ye will hearken unto my voice, take ye the heads of the\r
+men your master's sons, and come to me to Jezreel by to morrow this\r
+time. Now the king's sons, being seventy persons, were with the great\r
+men of the city, which brought them up.\r
+\r
+10:7 And it came to pass, when the letter came to them, that they took\r
+the king's sons, and slew seventy persons, and put their heads in\r
+baskets, and sent him them to Jezreel.\r
+\r
+10:8 And there came a messenger, and told him, saying, They have\r
+brought the heads of the king's sons. And he said, Lay ye them in two\r
+heaps at the entering in of the gate until the morning.\r
+\r
+10:9 And it came to pass in the morning, that he went out, and stood,\r
+and said to all the people, Ye be righteous: behold, I conspired\r
+against my master, and slew him: but who slew all these? 10:10 Know\r
+now that there shall fall unto the earth nothing of the word of the\r
+LORD, which the LORD spake concerning the house of Ahab: for the LORD\r
+hath done that which he spake by his servant Elijah.\r
+\r
+10:11 So Jehu slew all that remained of the house of Ahab in Jezreel,\r
+and all his great men, and his kinsfolks, and his priests, until he\r
+left him none remaining.\r
+\r
+10:12 And he arose and departed, and came to Samaria. And as he was at\r
+the shearing house in the way, 10:13 Jehu met with the brethren of\r
+Ahaziah king of Judah, and said, Who are ye? And they answered, We are\r
+the brethren of Ahaziah; and we go down to salute the children of the\r
+king and the children of the queen.\r
+\r
+10:14 And he said, Take them alive. And they took them alive, and slew\r
+them at the pit of the shearing house, even two and forty men; neither\r
+left he any of them.\r
+\r
+10:15 And when he was departed thence, he lighted on Jehonadab the son\r
+of Rechab coming to meet him: and he saluted him, and said to him, Is\r
+thine heart right, as my heart is with thy heart? And Jehonadab\r
+answered, It is. If it be, give me thine hand. And he gave him his\r
+hand; and he took him up to him into the chariot.\r
+\r
+10:16 And he said, Come with me, and see my zeal for the LORD. So they\r
+made him ride in his chariot.\r
+\r
+10:17 And when he came to Samaria, he slew all that remained unto Ahab\r
+in Samaria, till he had destroyed him, according to the saying of the\r
+LORD, which he spake to Elijah.\r
+\r
+10:18 And Jehu gathered all the people together, and said unto them,\r
+Ahab served Baal a little; but Jehu shall serve him much.\r
+\r
+10:19 Now therefore call unto me all the prophets of Baal, all his\r
+servants, and all his priests; let none be wanting: for I have a great\r
+sacrifice to do to Baal; whosoever shall be wanting, he shall not\r
+live. But Jehu did it in subtilty, to the intent that he might destroy\r
+the worshippers of Baal.\r
+\r
+10:20 And Jehu said, Proclaim a solemn assembly for Baal. And they\r
+proclaimed it.\r
+\r
+10:21 And Jehu sent through all Israel: and all the worshippers of\r
+Baal came, so that there was not a man left that came not. And they\r
+came into the house of Baal; and the house of Baal was full from one\r
+end to another.\r
+\r
+10:22 And he said unto him that was over the vestry, Bring forth\r
+vestments for all the worshippers of Baal. And he brought them forth\r
+vestments.\r
+\r
+10:23 And Jehu went, and Jehonadab the son of Rechab, into the house\r
+of Baal, and said unto the worshippers of Baal, Search, and look that\r
+there be here with you none of the servants of the LORD, but the\r
+worshippers of Baal only.\r
+\r
+10:24 And when they went in to offer sacrifices and burnt offerings,\r
+Jehu appointed fourscore men without, and said, If any of the men whom\r
+I have brought into your hands escape, he that letteth him go, his\r
+life shall be for the life of him.\r
+\r
+10:25 And it came to pass, as soon as he had made an end of offering\r
+the burnt offering, that Jehu said to the guard and to the captains,\r
+Go in, and slay them; let none come forth. And they smote them with\r
+the edge of the sword; and the guard and the captains cast them out,\r
+and went to the city of the house of Baal.\r
+\r
+10:26 And they brought forth the images out of the house of Baal, and\r
+burned them.\r
+\r
+10:27 And they brake down the image of Baal, and brake down the house\r
+of Baal, and made it a draught house unto this day.\r
+\r
+10:28 Thus Jehu destroyed Baal out of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:29 Howbeit from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made\r
+Israel to sin, Jehu departed not from after them, to wit, the golden\r
+calves that were in Bethel, and that were in Dan.\r
+\r
+10:30 And the LORD said unto Jehu, Because thou hast done well in\r
+executing that which is right in mine eyes, and hast done unto the\r
+house of Ahab according to all that was in mine heart, thy children of\r
+the fourth generation shall sit on the throne of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:31 But Jehu took no heed to walk in the law of the LORD God of\r
+Israel with all his heart: for he departed not from the sins of\r
+Jeroboam, which made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+10:32 In those days the LORD began to cut Israel short: and Hazael\r
+smote them in all the coasts of Israel; 10:33 From Jordan eastward,\r
+all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, and the Reubenites, and the\r
+Manassites, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, even Gilead and\r
+Bashan.\r
+\r
+10:34 Now the rest of the acts of Jehu, and all that he did, and all\r
+his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the\r
+kings of Israel? 10:35 And Jehu slept with his fathers: and they\r
+buried him in Samaria. And Jehoahaz his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+10:36 And the time that Jehu reigned over Israel in Samaria was twenty\r
+and eight years.\r
+\r
+11:1 And when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was\r
+dead, she arose and destroyed all the seed royal.\r
+\r
+11:2 But Jehosheba, the daughter of king Joram, sister of Ahaziah,\r
+took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him from among the king's\r
+sons which were slain; and they hid him, even him and his nurse, in\r
+the bedchamber from Athaliah, so that he was not slain.\r
+\r
+11:3 And he was with her hid in the house of the LORD six years. And\r
+Athaliah did reign over the land.\r
+\r
+11:4 And the seventh year Jehoiada sent and fetched the rulers over\r
+hundreds, with the captains and the guard, and brought them to him\r
+into the house of the LORD, and made a covenant with them, and took an\r
+oath of them in the house of the LORD, and shewed them the king's son.\r
+\r
+11:5 And he commanded them, saying, This is the thing that ye shall\r
+do; A third part of you that enter in on the sabbath shall even be\r
+keepers of the watch of the king's house; 11:6 And a third part shall\r
+be at the gate of Sur; and a third part at the gate behind the guard:\r
+so shall ye keep the watch of the house, that it be not broken down.\r
+\r
+11:7 And two parts of all you that go forth on the sabbath, even they\r
+shall keep the watch of the house of the LORD about the king.\r
+\r
+11:8 And ye shall compass the king round about, every man with his\r
+weapons in his hand: and he that cometh within the ranges, let him be\r
+slain: and be ye with the king as he goeth out and as he cometh in.\r
+\r
+11:9 And the captains over the hundreds did according to all things\r
+that Jehoiada the priest commanded: and they took every man his men\r
+that were to come in on the sabbath, with them that should go out on\r
+the sabbath, and came to Jehoiada the priest.\r
+\r
+11:10 And to the captains over hundreds did the priest give king\r
+David's spears and shields, that were in the temple of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:11 And the guard stood, every man with his weapons in his hand,\r
+round about the king, from the right corner of the temple to the left\r
+corner of the temple, along by the altar and the temple.\r
+\r
+11:12 And he brought forth the king's son, and put the crown upon him,\r
+and gave him the testimony; and they made him king, and anointed him;\r
+and they clapped their hands, and said, God save the king.\r
+\r
+11:13 And when Athaliah heard the noise of the guard and of the\r
+people, she came to the people into the temple of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:14 And when she looked, behold, the king stood by a pillar, as the\r
+manner was, and the princes and the trumpeters by the king, and all\r
+the people of the land rejoiced, and blew with trumpets: and Athaliah\r
+rent her clothes, and cried, Treason, Treason.\r
+\r
+11:15 But Jehoiada the priest commanded the captains of the hundreds,\r
+the officers of the host, and said unto them, Have her forth without\r
+the ranges: and him that followeth her kill with the sword. For the\r
+priest had said, Let her not be slain in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:16 And they laid hands on her; and she went by the way by the which\r
+the horses came into the king's house: and there was she slain.\r
+\r
+11:17 And Jehoiada made a covenant between the LORD and the king and\r
+the people, that they should be the LORD's people; between the king\r
+also and the people.\r
+\r
+11:18 And all the people of the land went into the house of Baal, and\r
+brake it down; his altars and his images brake they in pieces\r
+thoroughly, and slew Mattan the priest of Baal before the altars. And\r
+the priest appointed officers over the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:19 And he took the rulers over hundreds, and the captains, and the\r
+guard, and all the people of the land; and they brought down the king\r
+from the house of the LORD, and came by the way of the gate of the\r
+guard to the king's house. And he sat on the throne of the kings.\r
+\r
+11:20 And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was in\r
+quiet: and they slew Athaliah with the sword beside the king's house.\r
+\r
+11:21 Seven years old was Jehoash when he began to reign.\r
+\r
+12:1 In the seventh year of Jehu Jehoash began to reign; and forty\r
+years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Zibiah of\r
+Beersheba.\r
+\r
+12:2 And Jehoash did that which was right in the sight of the LORD all\r
+his days wherein Jehoiada the priest instructed him.\r
+\r
+12:3 But the high places were not taken away: the people still\r
+sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places.\r
+\r
+12:4 And Jehoash said to the priests, All the money of the dedicated\r
+things that is brought into the house of the LORD, even the money of\r
+every one that passeth the account, the money that every man is set\r
+at, and all the money that cometh into any man's heart to bring into\r
+the house of the LORD, 12:5 Let the priests take it to them, every man\r
+of his acquaintance: and let them repair the breaches of the house,\r
+wheresoever any breach shall be found.\r
+\r
+12:6 But it was so, that in the three and twentieth year of king\r
+Jehoash the priests had not repaired the breaches of the house.\r
+\r
+12:7 Then king Jehoash called for Jehoiada the priest, and the other\r
+priests, and said unto them, Why repair ye not the breaches of the\r
+house? now therefore receive no more money of your acquaintance, but\r
+deliver it for the breaches of the house.\r
+\r
+12:8 And the priests consented to receive no more money of the people,\r
+neither to repair the breaches of the house.\r
+\r
+12:9 But Jehoiada the priest took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid\r
+of it, and set it beside the altar, on the right side as one cometh\r
+into the house of the LORD: and the priests that kept the door put\r
+therein all the money that was brought into the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:10 And it was so, when they saw that there was much money in the\r
+chest, that the king's scribe and the high priest came up, and they\r
+put up in bags, and told the money that was found in the house of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+12:11 And they gave the money, being told, into the hands of them that\r
+did the work, that had the oversight of the house of the LORD: and\r
+they laid it out to the carpenters and builders, that wrought upon the\r
+house of the LORD, 12:12 And to masons, and hewers of stone, and to\r
+buy timber and hewed stone to repair the breaches of the house of the\r
+LORD, and for all that was laid out for the house to repair it.\r
+\r
+12:13 Howbeit there were not made for the house of the LORD bowls of\r
+silver, snuffers, basons, trumpets, any vessels of gold, or vessels of\r
+silver, of the money that was brought into the house of the LORD:\r
+12:14 But they gave that to the workmen, and repaired therewith the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:15 Moreover they reckoned not with the men, into whose hand they\r
+delivered the money to be bestowed on workmen: for they dealt\r
+faithfully.\r
+\r
+12:16 The trespass money and sin money was not brought into the house\r
+of the LORD: it was the priests'.\r
+\r
+12:17 Then Hazael king of Syria went up, and fought against Gath, and\r
+took it: and Hazael set his face to go up to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:18 And Jehoash king of Judah took all the hallowed things that\r
+Jehoshaphat, and Jehoram, and Ahaziah, his fathers, kings of Judah,\r
+had dedicated, and his own hallowed things, and all the gold that was\r
+found in the treasures of the house of the LORD, and in the king's\r
+house, and sent it to Hazael king of Syria: and he went away from\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:19 And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did, are they\r
+not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+12:20 And his servants arose, and made a conspiracy, and slew Joash in\r
+the house of Millo, which goeth down to Silla.\r
+\r
+12:21 For Jozachar the son of Shimeath, and Jehozabad the son of\r
+Shomer, his servants, smote him, and he died; and they buried him with\r
+his fathers in the city of David: and Amaziah his son reigned in his\r
+stead.\r
+\r
+13:1 In the three and twentieth year of Joash the son of Ahaziah king\r
+of Judah Jehoahaz the son of Jehu began to reign over Israel in\r
+Samaria, and reigned seventeen years.\r
+\r
+13:2 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and\r
+followed the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, which made Israel to\r
+sin; he departed not therefrom.\r
+\r
+13:3 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he\r
+delivered them into the hand of Hazael king of Syria, and into the\r
+hand of Benhadad the son of Hazael, all their days.\r
+\r
+13:4 And Jehoahaz besought the LORD, and the LORD hearkened unto him:\r
+for he saw the oppression of Israel, because the king of Syria\r
+oppressed them.\r
+\r
+13:5 (And the LORD gave Israel a saviour, so that they went out from\r
+under the hand of the Syrians: and the children of Israel dwelt in\r
+their tents, as beforetime.\r
+\r
+13:6 Nevertheless they departed not from the sins of the house of\r
+Jeroboam, who made Israel sin, but walked therein: and there remained\r
+the grove also in Samaria.) 13:7 Neither did he leave of the people\r
+to Jehoahaz but fifty horsemen, and ten chariots, and ten thousand\r
+footmen; for the king of Syria had destroyed them, and had made them\r
+like the dust by threshing.\r
+\r
+13:8 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz, and all that he did, and\r
+his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the\r
+kings of Israel? 13:9 And Jehoahaz slept with his fathers; and they\r
+buried him in Samaria: and Joash his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+13:10 In the thirty and seventh year of Joash king of Judah began\r
+Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz to reign over Israel in Samaria, and\r
+reigned sixteen years.\r
+\r
+13:11 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD; he\r
+departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made\r
+Israel sin: but he walked therein.\r
+\r
+13:12 And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did, and his\r
+might wherewith he fought against Amaziah king of Judah, are they not\r
+written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 13:13\r
+And Joash slept with his fathers; and Jeroboam sat upon his throne:\r
+and Joash was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+13:14 Now Elisha was fallen sick of his sickness whereof he died. And\r
+Joash the king of Israel came down unto him, and wept over his face,\r
+and said, O my father, my father, the chariot of Israel, and the\r
+horsemen thereof.\r
+\r
+13:15 And Elisha said unto him, Take bow and arrows. And he took unto\r
+him bow and arrows.\r
+\r
+13:16 And he said to the king of Israel, Put thine hand upon the bow.\r
+And he put his hand upon it: and Elisha put his hands upon the king's\r
+hands.\r
+\r
+13:17 And he said, Open the window eastward. And he opened it. Then\r
+Elisha said, Shoot. And he shot. And he said, The arrow of the LORD's\r
+deliverance, and the arrow of deliverance from Syria: for thou shalt\r
+smite the Syrians in Aphek, till thou have consumed them.\r
+\r
+13:18 And he said, Take the arrows. And he took them. And he said unto\r
+the king of Israel, Smite upon the ground. And he smote thrice, and\r
+stayed.\r
+\r
+13:19 And the man of God was wroth with him, and said, Thou shouldest\r
+have smitten five or six times; then hadst thou smitten Syria till\r
+thou hadst consumed it: whereas now thou shalt smite Syria but thrice.\r
+\r
+13:20 And Elisha died, and they buried him. And the bands of the\r
+Moabites invaded the land at the coming in of the year.\r
+\r
+13:21 And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold,\r
+they spied a band of men; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of\r
+Elisha: and when the man was let down, and touched the bones of\r
+Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet.\r
+\r
+13:22 But Hazael king of Syria oppressed Israel all the days of\r
+Jehoahaz.\r
+\r
+13:23 And the LORD was gracious unto them, and had compassion on them,\r
+and had respect unto them, because of his covenant with Abraham,\r
+Isaac, and Jacob, and would not destroy them, neither cast he them\r
+from his presence as yet.\r
+\r
+13:24 So Hazael king of Syria died; and Benhadad his son reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+13:25 And Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz took again out of the hand of\r
+Benhadad the son of Hazael the cities, which he had taken out of the\r
+hand of Jehoahaz his father by war. Three times did Joash beat him,\r
+and recovered the cities of Israel.\r
+\r
+14:1 In the second year of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel\r
+reigned Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah.\r
+\r
+14:2 He was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and\r
+reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+14:3 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, yet not\r
+like David his father: he did according to all things as Joash his\r
+father did.\r
+\r
+14:4 Howbeit the high places were not taken away: as yet the people\r
+did sacrifice and burnt incense on the high places.\r
+\r
+14:5 And it came to pass, as soon as the kingdom was confirmed in his\r
+hand, that he slew his servants which had slain the king his father.\r
+\r
+14:6 But the children of the murderers he slew not: according unto\r
+that which is written in the book of the law of Moses, wherein the\r
+LORD commanded, saying, The fathers shall not be put to death for the\r
+children, nor the children be put to death for the fathers; but every\r
+man shall be put to death for his own sin.\r
+\r
+14:7 He slew of Edom in the valley of salt ten thousand, and took\r
+Selah by war, and called the name of it Joktheel unto this day.\r
+\r
+14:8 Then Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash, the son of Jehoahaz son\r
+of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, Come, let us look one another in the\r
+face.\r
+\r
+14:9 And Jehoash the king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah,\r
+saying, The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in\r
+Lebanon, saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife: and there passed\r
+by a wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trode down the thistle.\r
+\r
+14:10 Thou hast indeed smitten Edom, and thine heart hath lifted thee\r
+up: glory of this, and tarry at home: for why shouldest thou meddle to\r
+thy hurt, that thou shouldest fall, even thou, and Judah with thee?\r
+14:11 But Amaziah would not hear. Therefore Jehoash king of Israel\r
+went up; and he and Amaziah king of Judah looked one another in the\r
+face at Bethshemesh, which belongeth to Judah.\r
+\r
+14:12 And Judah was put to the worse before Israel; and they fled\r
+every man to their tents.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Jehoash king of Israel took Amaziah king of Judah, the son\r
+of Jehoash the son of Ahaziah, at Bethshemesh, and came to Jerusalem,\r
+and brake down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim unto the\r
+corner gate, four hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+14:14 And he took all the gold and silver, and all the vessels that\r
+were found in the house of the LORD, and in the treasures of the\r
+king's house, and hostages, and returned to Samaria.\r
+\r
+14:15 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoash which he did, and his might,\r
+and how he fought with Amaziah king of Judah, are they not written in\r
+the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 14:16 And Jehoash\r
+slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria with the kings of\r
+Israel; and Jeroboam his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+14:17 And Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah lived after the death\r
+of Jehoash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel fifteen years.\r
+\r
+14:18 And the rest of the acts of Amaziah, are they not written in the\r
+book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? 14:19 Now they made a\r
+conspiracy against him in Jerusalem: and he fled to Lachish; but they\r
+sent after him to Lachish, and slew him there.\r
+\r
+14:20 And they brought him on horses: and he was buried at Jerusalem\r
+with his fathers in the city of David.\r
+\r
+14:21 And all the people of Judah took Azariah, which was sixteen\r
+years old, and made him king instead of his father Amaziah.\r
+\r
+14:22 He built Elath, and restored it to Judah, after that the king\r
+slept with his fathers.\r
+\r
+14:23 In the fifteenth year of Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah\r
+Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel began to reign in Samaria,\r
+and reigned forty and one years.\r
+\r
+14:24 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he\r
+departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made\r
+Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+14:25 He restored the coast of Israel from the entering of Hamath unto\r
+the sea of the plain, according to the word of the LORD God of Israel,\r
+which he spake by the hand of his servant Jonah, the son of Amittai,\r
+the prophet, which was of Gathhepher.\r
+\r
+14:26 For the LORD saw the affliction of Israel, that it was very\r
+bitter: for there was not any shut up, nor any left, nor any helper\r
+for Israel.\r
+\r
+14:27 And the LORD said not that he would blot out the name of Israel\r
+from under heaven: but he saved them by the hand of Jeroboam the son\r
+of Joash.\r
+\r
+14:28 Now the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, and all that he did, and\r
+his might, how he warred, and how he recovered Damascus, and Hamath,\r
+which belonged to Judah, for Israel, are they not written in the book\r
+of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 14:29 And Jeroboam slept\r
+with his fathers, even with the kings of Israel; and Zachariah his son\r
+reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:1 In the twenty and seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel began\r
+Azariah son of Amaziah king of Judah to reign.\r
+\r
+15:2 Sixteen years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+two and fifty years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jecholiah\r
+of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:3 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his father Amaziah had done; 15:4 Save that the\r
+high places were not removed: the people sacrificed and burnt incense\r
+still on the high places.\r
+\r
+15:5 And the LORD smote the king, so that he was a leper unto the day\r
+of his death, and dwelt in a several house. And Jotham the king's son\r
+was over the house, judging the people of the land.\r
+\r
+15:6 And the rest of the acts of Azariah, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+15:7 So Azariah slept with his fathers; and they buried him with his\r
+fathers in the city of David: and Jotham his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:8 In the thirty and eighth year of Azariah king of Judah did\r
+Zachariah the son of Jeroboam reign over Israel in Samaria six months.\r
+\r
+15:9 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, as his\r
+fathers had done: he departed not from the sins of Jeroboam the son of\r
+Nebat, who made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+15:10 And Shallum the son of Jabesh conspired against him, and smote\r
+him before the people, and slew him, and reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:11 And the rest of the acts of Zachariah, behold, they are written\r
+in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:12 This was the word of the LORD which he spake unto Jehu, saying,\r
+Thy sons shall sit on the throne of Israel unto the fourth generation.\r
+And so it came to pass.\r
+\r
+15:13 Shallum the son of Jabesh began to reign in the nine and\r
+thirtieth year of Uzziah king of Judah; and he reigned a full month in\r
+Samaria.\r
+\r
+15:14 For Menahem the son of Gadi went up from Tirzah, and came to\r
+Samaria, and smote Shallum the son of Jabesh in Samaria, and slew him,\r
+and reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:15 And the rest of the acts of Shallum, and his conspiracy which he\r
+made, behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the\r
+kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:16 Then Menahem smote Tiphsah, and all that were therein, and the\r
+coasts thereof from Tirzah: because they opened not to him, therefore\r
+he smote it; and all the women therein that were with child he ripped\r
+up.\r
+\r
+15:17 In the nine and thirtieth year of Azariah king of Judah began\r
+Menahem the son of Gadi to reign over Israel, and reigned ten years in\r
+Samaria.\r
+\r
+15:18 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he\r
+departed not all his days from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat,\r
+who made Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+15:19 And Pul the king of Assyria came against the land: and Menahem\r
+gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him\r
+to confirm the kingdom in his hand.\r
+\r
+15:20 And Menahem exacted the money of Israel, even of all the mighty\r
+men of wealth, of each man fifty shekels of silver, to give to the\r
+king of Assyria. So the king of Assyria turned back, and stayed not\r
+there in the land.\r
+\r
+15:21 And the rest of the acts of Menahem, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?\r
+15:22 And Menahem slept with his fathers; and Pekahiah his son reigned\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+15:23 In the fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah Pekahiah the son\r
+of Menahem began to reign over Israel in Samaria, and reigned two\r
+years.\r
+\r
+15:24 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he\r
+departed not from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made\r
+Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+15:25 But Pekah the son of Remaliah, a captain of his, conspired\r
+against him, and smote him in Samaria, in the palace of the king's\r
+house, with Argob and Arieh, and with him fifty men of the Gileadites:\r
+and he killed him, and reigned in his room.\r
+\r
+15:26 And the rest of the acts of Pekahiah, and all that he did,\r
+behold, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+15:27 In the two and fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah Pekah the\r
+son of Remaliah began to reign over Israel in Samaria, and reigned\r
+twenty years.\r
+\r
+15:28 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he\r
+departed not from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made\r
+Israel to sin.\r
+\r
+15:29 In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of\r
+Assyria, and took Ijon, and Abelbethmaachah, and Janoah, and Kedesh,\r
+and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and\r
+carried them captive to Assyria.\r
+\r
+15:30 And Hoshea the son of Elah made a conspiracy against Pekah the\r
+son of Remaliah, and smote him, and slew him, and reigned in his\r
+stead, in the twentieth year of Jotham the son of Uzziah.\r
+\r
+15:31 And the rest of the acts of Pekah, and all that he did, behold,\r
+they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:32 In the second year of Pekah the son of Remaliah king of Israel\r
+began Jotham the son of Uzziah king of Judah to reign.\r
+\r
+15:33 Five and twenty years old was he when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jerusha,\r
+the daughter of Zadok.\r
+\r
+15:34 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD: he did\r
+according to all that his father Uzziah had done.\r
+\r
+15:35 Howbeit the high places were not removed: the people sacrificed\r
+and burned incense still in the high places. He built the higher gate\r
+of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:36 Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+15:37 In those days the LORD began to send against Judah Rezin the\r
+king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah.\r
+\r
+15:38 And Jotham slept with his fathers, and was buried with his\r
+fathers in the city of David his father: and Ahaz his son reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+16:1 In the seventeenth year of Pekah the son of Remaliah Ahaz the son\r
+of Jotham king of Judah began to reign.\r
+\r
+16:2 Twenty years old was Ahaz when he began to reign, and reigned\r
+sixteen years in Jerusalem, and did not that which was right in the\r
+sight of the LORD his God, like David his father.\r
+\r
+16:3 But he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, yea, and made\r
+his son to pass through the fire, according to the abominations of the\r
+heathen, whom the LORD cast out from before the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+16:4 And he sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places, and on\r
+the hills, and under every green tree.\r
+\r
+16:5 Then Rezin king of Syria and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel\r
+came up to Jerusalem to war: and they besieged Ahaz, but could not\r
+overcome him.\r
+\r
+16:6 At that time Rezin king of Syria recovered Elath to Syria, and\r
+drave the Jews from Elath: and the Syrians came to Elath, and dwelt\r
+there unto this day.\r
+\r
+16:7 So Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglathpileser king of Assyria,\r
+saying, I am thy servant and thy son: come up, and save me out of the\r
+hand of the king of Syria, and out of the hand of the king of Israel,\r
+which rise up against me.\r
+\r
+16:8 And Ahaz took the silver and gold that was found in the house of\r
+the LORD, and in the treasures of the king's house, and sent it for a\r
+present to the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+16:9 And the king of Assyria hearkened unto him: for the king of\r
+Assyria went up against Damascus, and took it, and carried the people\r
+of it captive to Kir, and slew Rezin.\r
+\r
+16:10 And king Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglathpileser king of\r
+Assyria, and saw an altar that was at Damascus: and king Ahaz sent to\r
+Urijah the priest the fashion of the altar, and the pattern of it,\r
+according to all the workmanship thereof.\r
+\r
+16:11 And Urijah the priest built an altar according to all that king\r
+Ahaz had sent from Damascus: so Urijah the priest made it against king\r
+Ahaz came from Damascus.\r
+\r
+16:12 And when the king was come from Damascus, the king saw the\r
+altar: and the king approached to the altar, and offered thereon.\r
+\r
+16:13 And he burnt his burnt offering and his meat offering, and\r
+poured his drink offering, and sprinkled the blood of his peace\r
+offerings, upon the altar.\r
+\r
+16:14 And he brought also the brasen altar, which was before the LORD,\r
+from the forefront of the house, from between the altar and the house\r
+of the LORD, and put it on the north side of the altar.\r
+\r
+16:15 And king Ahaz commanded Urijah the priest, saying, Upon the\r
+great altar burn the morning burnt offering, and the evening meat\r
+offering, and the king's burnt sacrifice, and his meat offering, with\r
+the burnt offering of all the people of the land, and their meat\r
+offering, and their drink offerings; and sprinkle upon it all the\r
+blood of the burnt offering, and all the blood of the sacrifice: and\r
+the brasen altar shall be for me to enquire by.\r
+\r
+16:16 Thus did Urijah the priest, according to all that king Ahaz\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+16:17 And king Ahaz cut off the borders of the bases, and removed the\r
+laver from off them; and took down the sea from off the brasen oxen\r
+that were under it, and put it upon the pavement of stones.\r
+\r
+16:18 And the covert for the sabbath that they had built in the house,\r
+and the king's entry without, turned he from the house of the LORD for\r
+the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+16:19 Now the rest of the acts of Ahaz which he did, are they not\r
+written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? 16:20\r
+And Ahaz slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in\r
+the city of David: and Hezekiah his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+17:1 In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah began Hoshea the son of\r
+Elah to reign in Samaria over Israel nine years.\r
+\r
+17:2 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, but not\r
+as the kings of Israel that were before him.\r
+\r
+17:3 Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria; and Hoshea\r
+became his servant, and gave him presents.\r
+\r
+17:4 And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had\r
+sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the\r
+king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of\r
+Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison.\r
+\r
+17:5 Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and\r
+went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.\r
+\r
+17:6 In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Samaria, and\r
+carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in Halah and in\r
+Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.\r
+\r
+17:7 For so it was, that the children of Israel had sinned against the\r
+LORD their God, which had brought them up out of the land of Egypt,\r
+from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other\r
+gods, 17:8 And walked in the statutes of the heathen, whom the LORD\r
+cast out from before the children of Israel, and of the kings of\r
+Israel, which they had made.\r
+\r
+17:9 And the children of Israel did secretly those things that were\r
+not right against the LORD their God, and they built them high places\r
+in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced\r
+city.\r
+\r
+17:10 And they set them up images and groves in every high hill, and\r
+under every green tree: 17:11 And there they burnt incense in all the\r
+high places, as did the heathen whom the LORD carried away before\r
+them; and wrought wicked things to provoke the LORD to anger: 17:12\r
+For they served idols, whereof the LORD had said unto them, Ye shall\r
+not do this thing.\r
+\r
+17:13 Yet the LORD testified against Israel, and against Judah, by all\r
+the prophets, and by all the seers, saying, Turn ye from your evil\r
+ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the\r
+law which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my\r
+servants the prophets.\r
+\r
+17:14 Notwithstanding they would not hear, but hardened their necks,\r
+like to the neck of their fathers, that did not believe in the LORD\r
+their God.\r
+\r
+17:15 And they rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made\r
+with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified against\r
+them; and they followed vanity, and became vain, and went after the\r
+heathen that were round about them, concerning whom the LORD had\r
+charged them, that they should not do like them.\r
+\r
+17:16 And they left all the commandments of the LORD their God, and\r
+made them molten images, even two calves, and made a grove, and\r
+worshipped all the host of heaven, and served Baal.\r
+\r
+17:17 And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through\r
+the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and sold themselves to\r
+do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.\r
+\r
+17:18 Therefore the LORD was very angry with Israel, and removed them\r
+out of his sight: there was none left but the tribe of Judah only.\r
+\r
+17:19 Also Judah kept not the commandments of the LORD their God, but\r
+walked in the statutes of Israel which they made.\r
+\r
+17:20 And the LORD rejected all the seed of Israel, and afflicted\r
+them, and delivered them into the hand of spoilers, until he had cast\r
+them out of his sight.\r
+\r
+17:21 For he rent Israel from the house of David; and they made\r
+Jeroboam the son of Nebat king: and Jeroboam drave Israel from\r
+following the LORD, and made them sin a great sin.\r
+\r
+17:22 For the children of Israel walked in all the sins of Jeroboam\r
+which he did; they departed not from them; 17:23 Until the LORD\r
+removed Israel out of his sight, as he had said by all his servants\r
+the prophets. So was Israel carried away out of their own land to\r
+Assyria unto this day.\r
+\r
+17:24 And the king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and from\r
+Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sepharvaim, and placed\r
+them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel: and\r
+they possessed Samaria, and dwelt in the cities thereof.\r
+\r
+17:25 And so it was at the beginning of their dwelling there, that\r
+they feared not the LORD: therefore the LORD sent lions among them,\r
+which slew some of them.\r
+\r
+17:26 Wherefore they spake to the king of Assyria, saying, The nations\r
+which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Samaria, know not\r
+the manner of the God of the land: therefore he hath sent lions among\r
+them, and, behold, they slay them, because they know not the manner of\r
+the God of the land.\r
+\r
+17:27 Then the king of Assyria commanded, saying, Carry thither one of\r
+the priests whom ye brought from thence; and let them go and dwell\r
+there, and let him teach them the manner of the God of the land.\r
+\r
+17:28 Then one of the priests whom they had carried away from Samaria\r
+came and dwelt in Bethel, and taught them how they should fear the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+17:29 Howbeit every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the\r
+houses of the high places which the Samaritans had made, every nation\r
+in their cities wherein they dwelt.\r
+\r
+17:30 And the men of Babylon made Succothbenoth, and the men of Cuth\r
+made Nergal, and the men of Hamath made Ashima, 17:31 And the Avites\r
+made Nibhaz and Tartak, and the Sepharvites burnt their children in\r
+fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim.\r
+\r
+17:32 So they feared the LORD, and made unto themselves of the lowest\r
+of them priests of the high places, which sacrificed for them in the\r
+houses of the high places.\r
+\r
+17:33 They feared the LORD, and served their own gods, after the\r
+manner of the nations whom they carried away from thence.\r
+\r
+17:34 Unto this day they do after the former manners: they fear not\r
+the LORD, neither do they after their statutes, or after their\r
+ordinances, or after the law and commandment which the LORD commanded\r
+the children of Jacob, whom he named Israel; 17:35 With whom the LORD\r
+had made a covenant, and charged them, saying, Ye shall not fear other\r
+gods, nor bow yourselves to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to\r
+them: 17:36 But the LORD, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt\r
+with great power and a stretched out arm, him shall ye fear, and him\r
+shall ye worship, and to him shall ye do sacrifice.\r
+\r
+17:37 And the statutes, and the ordinances, and the law, and the\r
+commandment, which he wrote for you, ye shall observe to do for\r
+evermore; and ye shall not fear other gods.\r
+\r
+17:38 And the covenant that I have made with you ye shall not forget;\r
+neither shall ye fear other gods.\r
+\r
+17:39 But the LORD your God ye shall fear; and he shall deliver you\r
+out of the hand of all your enemies.\r
+\r
+17:40 Howbeit they did not hearken, but they did after their former\r
+manner.\r
+\r
+17:41 So these nations feared the LORD, and served their graven\r
+images, both their children, and their children's children: as did\r
+their fathers, so do they unto this day.\r
+\r
+18:1 Now it came to pass in the third year of Hoshea son of Elah king\r
+of Israel, that Hezekiah the son of Ahaz king of Judah began to reign.\r
+\r
+18:2 Twenty and five years old was he when he began to reign; and he\r
+reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was\r
+Abi, the daughter of Zachariah.\r
+\r
+18:3 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that David his father did.\r
+\r
+18:4 He removed the high places, and brake the images, and cut down\r
+the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen serpent that Moses had\r
+made: for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to\r
+it: and he called it Nehushtan.\r
+\r
+18:5 He trusted in the LORD God of Israel; so that after him was none\r
+like him among all the kings of Judah, nor any that were before him.\r
+\r
+18:6 For he clave to the LORD, and departed not from following him,\r
+but kept his commandments, which the LORD commanded Moses.\r
+\r
+18:7 And the LORD was with him; and he prospered whithersoever he went\r
+forth: and he rebelled against the king of Assyria, and served him\r
+not.\r
+\r
+18:8 He smote the Philistines, even unto Gaza, and the borders\r
+thereof, from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city.\r
+\r
+18:9 And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Hezekiah, which\r
+was the seventh year of Hoshea son of Elah king of Israel, that\r
+Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against Samaria, and besieged it.\r
+\r
+18:10 And at the end of three years they took it: even in the sixth\r
+year of Hezekiah, that is in the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel,\r
+Samaria was taken.\r
+\r
+18:11 And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria, and\r
+put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the\r
+cities of the Medes: 18:12 Because they obeyed not the voice of the\r
+LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the\r
+servant of the LORD commanded, and would not hear them, nor do them.\r
+\r
+18:13 Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib king\r
+of Assyria come up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took\r
+them.\r
+\r
+18:14 And Hezekiah king of Judah sent to the king of Assyria to\r
+Lachish, saying, I have offended; return from me: that which thou\r
+puttest on me will I bear. And the king of Assyria appointed unto\r
+Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty\r
+talents of gold.\r
+\r
+18:15 And Hezekiah gave him all the silver that was found in the house\r
+of the LORD, and in the treasures of the king's house.\r
+\r
+18:16 At that time did Hezekiah cut off the gold from the doors of the\r
+temple of the LORD, and from the pillars which Hezekiah king of Judah\r
+had overlaid, and gave it to the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+18:17 And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and Rabshakeh\r
+from Lachish to king Hezekiah with a great host against Jerusalem. And\r
+they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up, they\r
+came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the\r
+highway of the fuller's field.\r
+\r
+18:18 And when they had called to the king, there came out to them\r
+Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the household, and Shebna\r
+the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder.\r
+\r
+18:19 And Rabshakeh said unto them, Speak ye now to Hezekiah, Thus\r
+saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this\r
+wherein thou trustest? 18:20 Thou sayest, (but they are but vain\r
+words,) I have counsel and strength for the war. Now on whom dost thou\r
+trust, that thou rebellest against me? 18:21 Now, behold, thou\r
+trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, even upon Egypt, on\r
+which if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it: so is\r
+Pharaoh king of Egypt unto all that trust on him.\r
+\r
+18:22 But if ye say unto me, We trust in the LORD our God: is not that\r
+he, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and\r
+hath said to Judah and Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar\r
+in Jerusalem? 18:23 Now therefore, I pray thee, give pledges to my\r
+lord the king of Assyria, and I will deliver thee two thousand horses,\r
+if thou be able on thy part to set riders upon them.\r
+\r
+18:24 How then wilt thou turn away the face of one captain of the\r
+least of my master's servants, and put thy trust on Egypt for chariots\r
+and for horsemen? 18:25 Am I now come up without the LORD against\r
+this place to destroy it? The LORD said to me, Go up against this\r
+land, and destroy it.\r
+\r
+18:26 Then said Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, and Shebna, and Joah, unto\r
+Rabshakeh, Speak, I pray thee, to thy servants in the Syrian language;\r
+for we understand it: and talk not with us in the Jews' language in\r
+the ears of the people that are on the wall.\r
+\r
+18:27 But Rabshakeh said unto them, Hath my master sent me to thy\r
+master, and to thee, to speak these words? hath he not sent me to the\r
+men which sit on the wall, that they may eat their own dung, and drink\r
+their own piss with you? 18:28 Then Rabshakeh stood and cried with a\r
+loud voice in the Jews' language, and spake, saying, Hear the word of\r
+the great king, the king of Assyria: 18:29 Thus saith the king, Let\r
+not Hezekiah deceive you: for he shall not be able to deliver you out\r
+of his hand: 18:30 Neither let Hezekiah make you trust in the LORD,\r
+saying, The LORD will surely deliver us, and this city shall not be\r
+delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+18:31 Hearken not to Hezekiah: for thus saith the king of Assyria,\r
+Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to me, and then\r
+eat ye every man of his own vine, and every one of his fig tree, and\r
+drink ye every one the waters of his cistern: 18:32 Until I come and\r
+take you away to a land like your own land, a land of corn and wine, a\r
+land of bread and vineyards, a land of oil olive and of honey, that ye\r
+may live, and not die: and hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he\r
+persuadeth you, saying, The LORD will deliver us.\r
+\r
+18:33 Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered at all his land\r
+out of the hand of the king of Assyria? 18:34 Where are the gods of\r
+Hamath, and of Arpad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim, Hena, and\r
+Ivah? have they delivered Samaria out of mine hand? 18:35 Who are\r
+they among all the gods of the countries, that have delivered their\r
+country out of mine hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out\r
+of mine hand? 18:36 But the people held their peace, and answered him\r
+not a word: for the king's commandment was, saying, Answer him not.\r
+\r
+18:37 Then came Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, which was over the\r
+household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the\r
+recorder, to Hezekiah with their clothes rent, and told him the words\r
+of Rabshakeh.\r
+\r
+19:1 And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent\r
+his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:2 And he sent Eliakim, which was over the household, and Shebna the\r
+scribe, and the elders of the priests, covered with sackcloth, to\r
+Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz.\r
+\r
+19:3 And they said unto him, Thus saith Hezekiah, This day is a day of\r
+trouble, and of rebuke, and blasphemy; for the children are come to\r
+the birth, and there is not strength to bring forth.\r
+\r
+19:4 It may be the LORD thy God will hear all the words of Rabshakeh,\r
+whom the king of Assyria his master hath sent to reproach the living\r
+God; and will reprove the words which the LORD thy God hath heard:\r
+wherefore lift up thy prayer for the remnant that are left.\r
+\r
+19:5 So the servants of king Hezekiah came to Isaiah.\r
+\r
+19:6 And Isaiah said unto them, Thus shall ye say to your master, Thus\r
+saith the LORD, Be not afraid of the words which thou hast heard, with\r
+which the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed me.\r
+\r
+19:7 Behold, I will send a blast upon him, and he shall hear a rumour,\r
+and shall return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the\r
+sword in his own land.\r
+\r
+19:8 So Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring\r
+against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish.\r
+\r
+19:9 And when he heard say of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, Behold, he is\r
+come out to fight against thee: he sent messengers again unto\r
+Hezekiah, saying, 19:10 Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of Judah,\r
+saying, Let not thy God in whom thou trustest deceive thee, saying,\r
+Jerusalem shall not be delivered into the hand of the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+19:11 Behold, thou hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to\r
+all lands, by destroying them utterly: and shalt thou be delivered?\r
+19:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers\r
+have destroyed; as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of\r
+Eden which were in Thelasar? 19:13 Where is the king of Hamath, and\r
+the king of Arpad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, of Hena,\r
+and Ivah? 19:14 And Hezekiah received the letter of the hand of the\r
+messengers, and read it: and Hezekiah went up into the house of the\r
+LORD, and spread it before the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:15 And Hezekiah prayed before the LORD, and said, O LORD God of\r
+Israel, which dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even\r
+thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth; thou hast made heaven\r
+and earth.\r
+\r
+19:16 LORD, bow down thine ear, and hear: open, LORD, thine eyes, and\r
+see: and hear the words of Sennacherib, which hath sent him to\r
+reproach the living God.\r
+\r
+19:17 Of a truth, LORD, the kings of Assyria have destroyed the\r
+nations and their lands, 19:18 And have cast their gods into the fire:\r
+for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone:\r
+therefore they have destroyed them.\r
+\r
+19:19 Now therefore, O LORD our God, I beseech thee, save thou us out\r
+of his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art\r
+the LORD God, even thou only.\r
+\r
+19:20 Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent to Hezekiah, saying, Thus saith\r
+the LORD God of Israel, That which thou hast prayed to me against\r
+Sennacherib king of Assyria I have heard.\r
+\r
+19:21 This is the word that the LORD hath spoken concerning him; The\r
+virgin the daughter of Zion hath despised thee, and laughed thee to\r
+scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem hath shaken her head at thee.\r
+\r
+19:22 Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast\r
+thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against\r
+the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+19:23 By thy messengers thou hast reproached the LORD, and hast said,\r
+With the multitude of my chariots I am come up to the height of the\r
+mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will cut down the tall cedar\r
+trees thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into\r
+the lodgings of his borders, and into the forest of his Carmel.\r
+\r
+19:24 I have digged and drunk strange waters, and with the sole of my\r
+feet have I dried up all the rivers of besieged places.\r
+\r
+19:25 Hast thou not heard long ago how I have done it, and of ancient\r
+times that I have formed it? now have I brought it to pass, that thou\r
+shouldest be to lay waste fenced cities into ruinous heaps.\r
+\r
+19:26 Therefore their inhabitants were of small power, they were\r
+dismayed and confounded; they were as the grass of the field, and as\r
+the green herb, as the grass on the house tops, and as corn blasted\r
+before it be grown up.\r
+\r
+19:27 But I know thy abode, and thy going out, and thy coming in, and\r
+thy rage against me.\r
+\r
+19:28 Because thy rage against me and thy tumult is come up into mine\r
+ears, therefore I will put my hook in thy nose, and my bridle in thy\r
+lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest.\r
+\r
+19:29 And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such\r
+things as grow of themselves, and in the second year that which\r
+springeth of the same; and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and\r
+plant vineyards, and eat the fruits thereof.\r
+\r
+19:30 And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall yet\r
+again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.\r
+\r
+19:31 For out of Jerusalem shall go forth a remnant, and they that\r
+escape out of mount Zion: the zeal of the LORD of hosts shall do this.\r
+\r
+19:32 Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He\r
+shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come\r
+before it with shield, nor cast a bank against it.\r
+\r
+19:33 By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall\r
+not come into this city, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:34 For I will defend this city, to save it, for mine own sake, and\r
+for my servant David's sake.\r
+\r
+19:35 And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the LORD went\r
+out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and\r
+five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they\r
+were all dead corpses.\r
+\r
+19:36 So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned,\r
+and dwelt at Nineveh.\r
+\r
+19:37 And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of\r
+Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with\r
+the sword: and they escaped into the land of Armenia. And Esarhaddon\r
+his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+20:1 In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And the prophet\r
+Isaiah the son of Amoz came to him, and said unto him, Thus saith the\r
+LORD, Set thine house in order; for thou shalt die, and not live.\r
+\r
+20:2 Then he turned his face to the wall, and prayed unto the LORD,\r
+saying, 20:3 I beseech thee, O LORD, remember now how I have walked\r
+before thee in truth and with a perfect heart, and have done that\r
+which is good in thy sight. And Hezekiah wept sore.\r
+\r
+20:4 And it came to pass, afore Isaiah was gone out into the middle\r
+court, that the word of the LORD came to him, saying, 20:5 Turn again,\r
+and tell Hezekiah the captain of my people, Thus saith the LORD, the\r
+God of David thy father, I have heard thy prayer, I have seen thy\r
+tears: behold, I will heal thee: on the third day thou shalt go up\r
+unto the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:6 And I will add unto thy days fifteen years; and I will deliver\r
+thee and this city out of the hand of the king of Assyria; and I will\r
+defend this city for mine own sake, and for my servant David's sake.\r
+\r
+20:7 And Isaiah said, Take a lump of figs. And they took and laid it\r
+on the boil, and he recovered.\r
+\r
+20:8 And Hezekiah said unto Isaiah, What shall be the sign that the\r
+LORD will heal me, and that I shall go up into the house of the LORD\r
+the third day? 20:9 And Isaiah said, This sign shalt thou have of the\r
+LORD, that the LORD will do the thing that he hath spoken: shall the\r
+shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten degrees? 20:10 And\r
+Hezekiah answered, It is a light thing for the shadow to go down ten\r
+degrees: nay, but let the shadow return backward ten degrees.\r
+\r
+20:11 And Isaiah the prophet cried unto the LORD: and he brought the\r
+shadow ten degrees backward, by which it had gone down in the dial of\r
+Ahaz.\r
+\r
+20:12 At that time Berodachbaladan, the son of Baladan, king of\r
+Babylon, sent letters and a present unto Hezekiah: for he had heard\r
+that Hezekiah had been sick.\r
+\r
+20:13 And Hezekiah hearkened unto them, and shewed them all the house\r
+of his precious things, the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and\r
+the precious ointment, and all the house of his armour, and all that\r
+was found in his treasures: there was nothing in his house, nor in all\r
+his dominion, that Hezekiah shewed them not.\r
+\r
+20:14 Then came Isaiah the prophet unto king Hezekiah, and said unto\r
+him, What said these men? and from whence came they unto thee? And\r
+Hezekiah said, They are come from a far country, even from Babylon.\r
+\r
+20:15 And he said, What have they seen in thine house? And Hezekiah\r
+answered, All the things that are in mine house have they seen: there\r
+is nothing among my treasures that I have not shewed them.\r
+\r
+20:16 And Isaiah said unto Hezekiah, Hear the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:17 Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that\r
+which thy fathers have laid up in store unto this day, shall be\r
+carried into Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:18 And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt\r
+beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace\r
+of the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+20:19 Then said Hezekiah unto Isaiah, Good is the word of the LORD\r
+which thou hast spoken. And he said, Is it not good, if peace and\r
+truth be in my days? 20:20 And the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and\r
+all his might, and how he made a pool, and a conduit, and brought\r
+water into the city, are they not written in the book of the\r
+chronicles of the kings of Judah? 20:21 And Hezekiah slept with his\r
+fathers: and Manasseh his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+21:1 Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and reigned\r
+fifty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Hephzibah.\r
+\r
+21:2 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, after\r
+the abominations of the heathen, whom the LORD cast out before the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:3 For he built up again the high places which Hezekiah his father\r
+had destroyed; and he reared up altars for Baal, and made a grove, as\r
+did Ahab king of Israel; and worshipped all the host of heaven, and\r
+served them.\r
+\r
+21:4 And he built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the LORD\r
+said, In Jerusalem will I put my name.\r
+\r
+21:5 And he built altars for all the host of heaven in the two courts\r
+of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:6 And he made his son pass through the fire, and observed times,\r
+and used enchantments, and dealt with familiar spirits and wizards: he\r
+wrought much wickedness in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to\r
+anger.\r
+\r
+21:7 And he set a graven image of the grove that he had made in the\r
+house, of which the LORD said to David, and to Solomon his son, In\r
+this house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all tribes of\r
+Israel, will I put my name for ever: 21:8 Neither will I make the feet\r
+of Israel move any more out of the land which I gave their fathers;\r
+only if they will observe to do according to all that I have commanded\r
+them, and according to all the law that my servant Moses commanded\r
+them.\r
+\r
+21:9 But they hearkened not: and Manasseh seduced them to do more evil\r
+than did the nations whom the LORD destroyed before the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+21:10 And the LORD spake by his servants the prophets, saying, 21:11\r
+Because Manasseh king of Judah hath done these abominations, and hath\r
+done wickedly above all that the Amorites did, which were before him,\r
+and hath made Judah also to sin with his idols: 21:12 Therefore thus\r
+saith the LORD God of Israel, Behold, I am bringing such evil upon\r
+Jerusalem and Judah, that whosoever heareth of it, both his ears shall\r
+tingle.\r
+\r
+21:13 And I will stretch over Jerusalem the line of Samaria, and the\r
+plummet of the house of Ahab: and I will wipe Jerusalem as a man\r
+wipeth a dish, wiping it, and turning it upside down.\r
+\r
+21:14 And I will forsake the remnant of mine inheritance, and deliver\r
+them into the hand of their enemies; and they shall become a prey and\r
+a spoil to all their enemies; 21:15 Because they have done that which\r
+was evil in my sight, and have provoked me to anger, since the day\r
+their fathers came forth out of Egypt, even unto this day.\r
+\r
+21:16 Moreover Manasseh shed innocent blood very much, till he had\r
+filled Jerusalem from one end to another; beside his sin wherewith he\r
+made Judah to sin, in doing that which was evil in the sight of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+21:17 Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and all that he did, and\r
+his sin that he sinned, are they not written in the book of the\r
+chronicles of the kings of Judah? 21:18 And Manasseh slept with his\r
+fathers, and was buried in the garden of his own house, in the garden\r
+of Uzza: and Amon his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+21:19 Amon was twenty and two years old when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned two years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Meshullemeth, the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah.\r
+\r
+21:20 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, as his\r
+father Manasseh did.\r
+\r
+21:21 And he walked in all the way that his father walked in, and\r
+served the idols that his father served, and worshipped them: 21:22\r
+And he forsook the LORD God of his fathers, and walked not in the way\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:23 And the servants of Amon conspired against him, and slew the\r
+king in his own house.\r
+\r
+21:24 And the people of the land slew all them that had conspired\r
+against king Amon; and the people of the land made Josiah his son king\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+21:25 Now the rest of the acts of Amon which he did, are they not\r
+written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? 21:26\r
+And he was buried in his sepulchre in the garden of Uzza: and Josiah\r
+his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+22:1 Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+thirty and one years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jedidah,\r
+the daughter of Adaiah of Boscath.\r
+\r
+22:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, and\r
+walked in all the way of David his father, and turned not aside to the\r
+right hand or to the left.\r
+\r
+22:3 And it came to pass in the eighteenth year of king Josiah, that\r
+the king sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the\r
+scribe, to the house of the LORD, saying, 22:4 Go up to Hilkiah the\r
+high priest, that he may sum the silver which is brought into the\r
+house of the LORD, which the keepers of the door have gathered of the\r
+people: 22:5 And let them deliver it into the hand of the doers of the\r
+work, that have the oversight of the house of the LORD: and let them\r
+give it to the doers of the work which is in the house of the LORD, to\r
+repair the breaches of the house, 22:6 Unto carpenters, and builders,\r
+and masons, and to buy timber and hewn stone to repair the house.\r
+\r
+22:7 Howbeit there was no reckoning made with them of the money that\r
+was delivered into their hand, because they dealt faithfully.\r
+\r
+22:8 And Hilkiah the high priest said unto Shaphan the scribe, I have\r
+found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah gave\r
+the book to Shaphan, and he read it.\r
+\r
+22:9 And Shaphan the scribe came to the king, and brought the king\r
+word again, and said, Thy servants have gathered the money that was\r
+found in the house, and have delivered it into the hand of them that\r
+do the work, that have the oversight of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:10 And Shaphan the scribe shewed the king, saying, Hilkiah the\r
+priest hath delivered me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king.\r
+\r
+22:11 And it came to pass, when the king had heard the words of the\r
+book of the law, that he rent his clothes.\r
+\r
+22:12 And the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam the son of\r
+Shaphan, and Achbor the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the scribe, and\r
+Asahiah a servant of the king's, saying, 22:13 Go ye, enquire of the\r
+LORD for me, and for the people, and for all Judah, concerning the\r
+words of this book that is found: for great is the wrath of the LORD\r
+that is kindled against us, because our fathers have not hearkened\r
+unto the words of this book, to do according unto all that which is\r
+written concerning us.\r
+\r
+22:14 So Hilkiah the priest, and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaphan, and\r
+Asahiah, went unto Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son\r
+of Tikvah, the son of Harhas, keeper of the wardrobe; (now she dwelt\r
+in Jerusalem in the college;) and they communed with her.\r
+\r
+22:15 And she said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Tell\r
+the man that sent you to me, 22:16 Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will\r
+bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof, even all\r
+the words of the book which the king of Judah hath read: 22:17 Because\r
+they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that\r
+they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands;\r
+therefore my wrath shall be kindled against this place, and shall not\r
+be quenched.\r
+\r
+22:18 But to the king of Judah which sent you to enquire of the LORD,\r
+thus shall ye say to him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, As\r
+touching the words which thou hast heard; 22:19 Because thine heart\r
+was tender, and thou hast humbled thyself before the LORD, when thou\r
+heardest what I spake against this place, and against the inhabitants\r
+thereof, that they should become a desolation and a curse, and hast\r
+rent thy clothes, and wept before me; I also have heard thee, saith\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:20 Behold therefore, I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou\r
+shalt be gathered into thy grave in peace; and thine eyes shall not\r
+see all the evil which I will bring upon this place. And they brought\r
+the king word again.\r
+\r
+23:1 And the king sent, and they gathered unto him all the elders of\r
+Judah and of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+23:2 And the king went up into the house of the LORD, and all the men\r
+of Judah and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem with him, and the\r
+priests, and the prophets, and all the people, both small and great:\r
+and he read in their ears all the words of the book of the covenant\r
+which was found in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:3 And the king stood by a pillar, and made a covenant before the\r
+LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep his commandments and his\r
+testimonies and his statutes with all their heart and all their soul,\r
+to perform the words of this covenant that were written in this book.\r
+And all the people stood to the covenant.\r
+\r
+23:4 And the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, and the priests\r
+of the second order, and the keepers of the door, to bring forth out\r
+of the temple of the LORD all the vessels that were made for Baal, and\r
+for the grove, and for all the host of heaven: and he burned them\r
+without Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron, and carried the ashes of\r
+them unto Bethel.\r
+\r
+23:5 And he put down the idolatrous priests, whom the kings of Judah\r
+had ordained to burn incense in the high places in the cities of\r
+Judah, and in the places round about Jerusalem; them also that burned\r
+incense unto Baal, to the sun, and to the moon, and to the planets,\r
+and to all the host of heaven.\r
+\r
+23:6 And he brought out the grove from the house of the LORD, without\r
+Jerusalem, unto the brook Kidron, and burned it at the brook Kidron,\r
+and stamped it small to powder, and cast the powder thereof upon the\r
+graves of the children of the people.\r
+\r
+23:7 And he brake down the houses of the sodomites, that were by the\r
+house of the LORD, where the women wove hangings for the grove.\r
+\r
+23:8 And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and\r
+defiled the high places where the priests had burned incense, from\r
+Geba to Beersheba, and brake down the high places of the gates that\r
+were in the entering in of the gate of Joshua the governor of the\r
+city, which were on a man's left hand at the gate of the city.\r
+\r
+23:9 Nevertheless the priests of the high places came not up to the\r
+altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, but they did eat of the unleavened\r
+bread among their brethren.\r
+\r
+23:10 And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children\r
+of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass\r
+through the fire to Molech.\r
+\r
+23:11 And he took away the horses that the kings of Judah had given to\r
+the sun, at the entering in of the house of the LORD, by the chamber\r
+of Nathanmelech the chamberlain, which was in the suburbs, and burned\r
+the chariots of the sun with fire.\r
+\r
+23:12 And the altars that were on the top of the upper chamber of\r
+Ahaz, which the kings of Judah had made, and the altars which Manasseh\r
+had made in the two courts of the house of the LORD, did the king beat\r
+down, and brake them down from thence, and cast the dust of them into\r
+the brook Kidron.\r
+\r
+23:13 And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were on\r
+the right hand of the mount of corruption, which Solomon the king of\r
+Israel had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Zidonians, and\r
+for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcom the\r
+abomination of the children of Ammon, did the king defile.\r
+\r
+23:14 And he brake in pieces the images, and cut down the groves, and\r
+filled their places with the bones of men.\r
+\r
+23:15 Moreover the altar that was at Bethel, and the high place which\r
+Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin, had made, both that\r
+altar and the high place he brake down, and burned the high place, and\r
+stamped it small to powder, and burned the grove.\r
+\r
+23:16 And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were\r
+there in the mount, and sent, and took the bones out of the\r
+sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and polluted it, according\r
+to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who\r
+proclaimed these words.\r
+\r
+23:17 Then he said, What title is that that I see? And the men of the\r
+city told him, It is the sepulchre of the man of God, which came from\r
+Judah, and proclaimed these things that thou hast done against the\r
+altar of Bethel.\r
+\r
+23:18 And he said, Let him alone; let no man move his bones. So they\r
+let his bones alone, with the bones of the prophet that came out of\r
+Samaria.\r
+\r
+23:19 And all the houses also of the high places that were in the\r
+cities of Samaria, which the kings of Israel had made to provoke the\r
+Lord to anger, Josiah took away, and did to them according to all the\r
+acts that he had done in Bethel.\r
+\r
+23:20 And he slew all the priests of the high places that were there\r
+upon the altars, and burned men's bones upon them, and returned to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+23:21 And the king commanded all the people, saying, Keep the passover\r
+unto the LORD your God, as it is written in the book of this covenant.\r
+\r
+23:22 Surely there was not holden such a passover from the days of the\r
+judges that judged Israel, nor in all the days of the kings of Israel,\r
+nor of the kings of Judah; 23:23 But in the eighteenth year of king\r
+Josiah, wherein this passover was holden to the LORD in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+23:24 Moreover the workers with familiar spirits, and the wizards, and\r
+the images, and the idols, and all the abominations that were spied in\r
+the land of Judah and in Jerusalem, did Josiah put away, that he might\r
+perform the words of the law which were written in the book that\r
+Hilkiah the priest found in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:25 And like unto him was there no king before him, that turned to\r
+the LORD with all his heart, and with all his soul, and with all his\r
+might, according to all the law of Moses; neither after him arose\r
+there any like him.\r
+\r
+23:26 Notwithstanding the LORD turned not from the fierceness of his\r
+great wrath, wherewith his anger was kindled against Judah, because of\r
+all the provocations that Manasseh had provoked him withal.\r
+\r
+23:27 And the LORD said, I will remove Judah also out of my sight, as\r
+I have removed Israel, and will cast off this city Jerusalem which I\r
+have chosen, and the house of which I said, My name shall be there.\r
+\r
+23:28 Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+23:29 In his days Pharaohnechoh king of Egypt went up against the king\r
+of Assyria to the river Euphrates: and king Josiah went against him;\r
+and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him.\r
+\r
+23:30 And his servants carried him in a chariot dead from Megiddo, and\r
+brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own sepulchre. And the\r
+people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and anointed him,\r
+and made him king in his father's stead.\r
+\r
+23:31 Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign;\r
+and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Hamutal, the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.\r
+\r
+23:32 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his fathers had done.\r
+\r
+23:33 And Pharaohnechoh put him in bands at Riblah in the land of\r
+Hamath, that he might not reign in Jerusalem; and put the land to a\r
+tribute of an hundred talents of silver, and a talent of gold.\r
+\r
+23:34 And Pharaohnechoh made Eliakim the son of Josiah king in the\r
+room of Josiah his father, and turned his name to Jehoiakim, and took\r
+Jehoahaz away: and he came to Egypt, and died there.\r
+\r
+23:35 And Jehoiakim gave the silver and the gold to Pharaoh; but he\r
+taxed the land to give the money according to the commandment of\r
+Pharaoh: he exacted the silver and the gold of the people of the land,\r
+of every one according to his taxation, to give it unto Pharaohnechoh.\r
+\r
+23:36 Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign;\r
+and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Zebudah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.\r
+\r
+23:37 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his fathers had done.\r
+\r
+24:1 In his days Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up, and Jehoiakim\r
+became his servant three years: then he turned and rebelled against\r
+him.\r
+\r
+24:2 And the LORD sent against him bands of the Chaldees, and bands of\r
+the Syrians, and bands of the Moabites, and bands of the children of\r
+Ammon, and sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the\r
+word of the LORD, which he spake by his servants the prophets.\r
+\r
+24:3 Surely at the commandment of the LORD came this upon Judah, to\r
+remove them out of his sight, for the sins of Manasseh, according to\r
+all that he did; 24:4 And also for the innocent blood that he shed:\r
+for he filled Jerusalem with innocent blood; which the LORD would not\r
+pardon.\r
+\r
+24:5 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and all that he did, are\r
+they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?\r
+24:6 So Jehoiakim slept with his fathers: and Jehoiachin his son\r
+reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+24:7 And the king of Egypt came not again any more out of his land:\r
+for the king of Babylon had taken from the river of Egypt unto the\r
+river Euphrates all that pertained to the king of Egypt.\r
+\r
+24:8 Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned in Jerusalem three months. And his mother's name was Nehushta,\r
+the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+24:9 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his father had done.\r
+\r
+24:10 At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came\r
+up against Jerusalem, and the city was besieged.\r
+\r
+24:11 And Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came against the city, and\r
+his servants did besiege it.\r
+\r
+24:12 And Jehoiachin the king of Judah went out to the king of\r
+Babylon, he, and his mother, and his servants, and his princes, and\r
+his officers: and the king of Babylon took him in the eighth year of\r
+his reign.\r
+\r
+24:13 And he carried out thence all the treasures of the house of the\r
+LORD, and the treasures of the king's house, and cut in pieces all the\r
+vessels of gold which Solomon king of Israel had made in the temple of\r
+the LORD, as the LORD had said.\r
+\r
+24:14 And he carried away all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and all\r
+the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the\r
+craftsmen and smiths: none remained, save the poorest sort of the\r
+people of the land.\r
+\r
+24:15 And he carried away Jehoiachin to Babylon, and the king's\r
+mother, and the king's wives, and his officers, and the mighty of the\r
+land, those carried he into captivity from Jerusalem to Babylon.\r
+\r
+24:16 And all the men of might, even seven thousand, and craftsmen and\r
+smiths a thousand, all that were strong and apt for war, even them the\r
+king of Babylon brought captive to Babylon.\r
+\r
+24:17 And the king of Babylon made Mattaniah his father's brother king\r
+in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah.\r
+\r
+24:18 Zedekiah was twenty and one years old when he began to reign,\r
+and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Hamutal, the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.\r
+\r
+24:19 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that Jehoiakim had done.\r
+\r
+24:20 For through the anger of the LORD it came to pass in Jerusalem\r
+and Judah, until he had cast them out from his presence, that Zedekiah\r
+rebelled against the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+25:1 And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth\r
+month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of\r
+Babylon came, he, and all his host, against Jerusalem, and pitched\r
+against it; and they built forts against it round about.\r
+\r
+25:2 And the city was besieged unto the eleventh year of king\r
+Zedekiah.\r
+\r
+25:3 And on the ninth day of the fourth month the famine prevailed in\r
+the city, and there was no bread for the people of the land.\r
+\r
+25:4 And the city was broken up, and all the men of war fled by night\r
+by the way of the gate between two walls, which is by the king's\r
+garden: (now the Chaldees were against the city round about:) and the\r
+king went the way toward the plain.\r
+\r
+25:5 And the army of the Chaldees pursued after the king, and overtook\r
+him in the plains of Jericho: and all his army were scattered from\r
+him.\r
+\r
+25:6 So they took the king, and brought him up to the king of Babylon\r
+to Riblah; and they gave judgment upon him.\r
+\r
+25:7 And they slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes, and put out\r
+the eyes of Zedekiah, and bound him with fetters of brass, and carried\r
+him to Babylon.\r
+\r
+25:8 And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which is\r
+the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, came\r
+Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon,\r
+unto Jerusalem: 25:9 And he burnt the house of the LORD, and the\r
+king's house, and all the houses of Jerusalem, and every great man's\r
+house burnt he with fire.\r
+\r
+25:10 And all the army of the Chaldees, that were with the captain of\r
+the guard, brake down the walls of Jerusalem round about.\r
+\r
+25:11 Now the rest of the people that were left in the city, and the\r
+fugitives that fell away to the king of Babylon, with the remnant of\r
+the multitude, did Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carry away.\r
+\r
+25:12 But the captain of the guard left of the door of the poor of the\r
+land to be vinedressers and husbandmen.\r
+\r
+25:13 And the pillars of brass that were in the house of the LORD, and\r
+the bases, and the brasen sea that was in the house of the LORD, did\r
+the Chaldees break in pieces, and carried the brass of them to\r
+Babylon.\r
+\r
+25:14 And the pots, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and the spoons,\r
+and all the vessels of brass wherewith they ministered, took they\r
+away.\r
+\r
+25:15 And the firepans, and the bowls, and such things as were of\r
+gold, in gold, and of silver, in silver, the captain of the guard took\r
+away.\r
+\r
+25:16 The two pillars, one sea, and the bases which Solomon had made\r
+for the house of the LORD; the brass of all these vessels was without\r
+weight.\r
+\r
+25:17 The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, and the\r
+chapiter upon it was brass: and the height of the chapiter three\r
+cubits; and the wreathen work, and pomegranates upon the chapiter\r
+round about, all of brass: and like unto these had the second pillar\r
+with wreathen work.\r
+\r
+25:18 And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and\r
+Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the door: 25:19\r
+And out of the city he took an officer that was set over the men of\r
+war, and five men of them that were in the king's presence, which were\r
+found in the city, and the principal scribe of the host, which\r
+mustered the people of the land, and threescore men of the people of\r
+the land that were found in the city: 25:20 And Nebuzaradan captain of\r
+the guard took these, and brought them to the king of Babylon to\r
+Riblah: 25:21 And the king of Babylon smote them, and slew them at\r
+Riblah in the land of Hamath. So Judah was carried away out of their\r
+land.\r
+\r
+25:22 And as for the people that remained in the land of Judah, whom\r
+Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had left, even over them he made\r
+Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, ruler.\r
+\r
+25:23 And when all the captains of the armies, they and their men,\r
+heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah governor, there came\r
+to Gedaliah to Mizpah, even Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and Johanan\r
+the son of Careah, and Seraiah the son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite,\r
+and Jaazaniah the son of a Maachathite, they and their men.\r
+\r
+25:24 And Gedaliah sware to them, and to their men, and said unto\r
+them, Fear not to be the servants of the Chaldees: dwell in the land,\r
+and serve the king of Babylon; and it shall be well with you.\r
+\r
+25:25 But it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son\r
+of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, came, and ten\r
+men with him, and smote Gedaliah, that he died, and the Jews and the\r
+Chaldees that were with him at Mizpah.\r
+\r
+25:26 And all the people, both small and great, and the captains of\r
+the armies, arose, and came to Egypt: for they were afraid of the\r
+Chaldees.\r
+\r
+25:27 And it came to pass in the seven and thirtieth year of the\r
+captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the\r
+seven and twentieth day of the month, that Evilmerodach king of\r
+Babylon in the year that he began to reign did lift up the head of\r
+Jehoiachin king of Judah out of prison; 25:28 And he spake kindly to\r
+him, and set his throne above the throne of the kings that were with\r
+him in Babylon; 25:29 And changed his prison garments: and he did eat\r
+bread continually before him all the days of his life.\r
+\r
+25:30 And his allowance was a continual allowance given him of the\r
+king, a daily rate for every day, all the days of his life.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Book of the Chronicles\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Adam, Sheth, Enosh, 1:2 Kenan, Mahalaleel, Jered, 1:3 Henoch,\r
+Methuselah, Lamech, 1:4 Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.\r
+\r
+1:5 The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and\r
+Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.\r
+\r
+1:6 And the sons of Gomer; Ashchenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.\r
+\r
+1:7 And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim.\r
+\r
+1:8 The sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.\r
+\r
+1:9 And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabta, and Raamah,\r
+and Sabtecha. And the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan.\r
+\r
+1:10 And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be mighty upon the earth.\r
+\r
+1:11 And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and Naphtuhim,\r
+1:12 And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (of whom came the Philistines,) and\r
+Caphthorim.\r
+\r
+1:13 And Canaan begat Zidon his firstborn, and Heth, 1:14 The Jebusite\r
+also, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite, 1:15 And the Hivite, and\r
+the Arkite, and the Sinite, 1:16 And the Arvadite, and the Zemarite,\r
+and the Hamathite.\r
+\r
+1:17 The sons of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and\r
+Aram, and Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Meshech.\r
+\r
+1:18 And Arphaxad begat Shelah, and Shelah begat Eber.\r
+\r
+1:19 And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg;\r
+because in his days the earth was divided: and his brother's name was\r
+Joktan.\r
+\r
+1:20 And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and\r
+Jerah, 1:21 Hadoram also, and Uzal, and Diklah, 1:22 And Ebal, and\r
+Abimael, and Sheba, 1:23 And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab. All these\r
+were the sons of Joktan.\r
+\r
+1:24 Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah, 1:25 Eber, Peleg, Reu, 1:26 Serug, Nahor,\r
+Terah, 1:27 Abram; the same is Abraham.\r
+\r
+1:28 The sons of Abraham; Isaac, and Ishmael.\r
+\r
+1:29 These are their generations: The firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth;\r
+then Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, 1:30 Mishma, and Dumah, Massa,\r
+Hadad, and Tema, 1:31 Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the sons\r
+of Ishmael.\r
+\r
+1:32 Now the sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine: she bare Zimran,\r
+and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. And the\r
+sons of Jokshan; Sheba, and Dedan.\r
+\r
+1:33 And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Henoch, and Abida,\r
+and Eldaah. All these are the sons of Keturah.\r
+\r
+1:34 And Abraham begat Isaac. The sons of Isaac; Esau and Israel.\r
+\r
+1:35 The sons of Esau; Eliphaz, Reuel, and Jeush, and Jaalam, and\r
+Korah.\r
+\r
+1:36 The sons of Eliphaz; Teman, and Omar, Zephi, and Gatam, Kenaz,\r
+and Timna, and Amalek.\r
+\r
+1:37 The sons of Reuel; Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah.\r
+\r
+1:38 And the sons of Seir; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah,\r
+and Dishon, and Ezar, and Dishan.\r
+\r
+1:39 And the sons of Lotan; Hori, and Homam: and Timna was Lotan's\r
+sister.\r
+\r
+1:40 The sons of Shobal; Alian, and Manahath, and Ebal, Shephi, and\r
+Onam.\r
+\r
+and the sons of Zibeon; Aiah, and Anah.\r
+\r
+1:41 The sons of Anah; Dishon. And the sons of Dishon; Amram, and\r
+Eshban, and Ithran, and Cheran.\r
+\r
+1:42 The sons of Ezer; Bilhan, and Zavan, and Jakan. The sons of\r
+Dishan; Uz, and Aran.\r
+\r
+1:43 Now these are the kings that reigned in the land of Edom before\r
+any king reigned over the children of Israel; Bela the son of Beor:\r
+and the name of his city was Dinhabah.\r
+\r
+1:44 And when Bela was dead, Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+1:45 And when Jobab was dead, Husham of the land of the Temanites\r
+reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+1:46 And when Husham was dead, Hadad the son of Bedad, which smote\r
+Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of his\r
+city was Avith.\r
+\r
+1:47 And when Hadad was dead, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+1:48 And when Samlah was dead, Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+1:49 And when Shaul was dead, Baalhanan the son of Achbor reigned in\r
+his stead.\r
+\r
+1:50 And when Baalhanan was dead, Hadad reigned in his stead: and the\r
+name of his city was Pai; and his wife's name was Mehetabel, the\r
+daughter of Matred, the daughter of Mezahab.\r
+\r
+1:51 Hadad died also. And the dukes of Edom were; duke Timnah, duke\r
+Aliah, duke Jetheth, 1:52 Duke Aholibamah, duke Elah, duke Pinon, 1:53\r
+Duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke Mibzar, 1:54 Duke Magdiel, duke Iram.\r
+These are the dukes of Edom.\r
+\r
+2:1 These are the sons of Israel; Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah,\r
+Issachar, and Zebulun, 2:2 Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad,\r
+and Asher.\r
+\r
+2:3 The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah: which three were born\r
+unto him of the daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, the\r
+firstborn of Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he slew\r
+him.\r
+\r
+2:4 And Tamar his daughter in law bore him Pharez and Zerah. All the\r
+sons of Judah were five.\r
+\r
+2:5 The sons of Pharez; Hezron, and Hamul.\r
+\r
+2:6 And the sons of Zerah; Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol,\r
+and Dara: five of them in all.\r
+\r
+2:7 And the sons of Carmi; Achar, the troubler of Israel, who\r
+transgressed in the thing accursed.\r
+\r
+2:8 And the sons of Ethan; Azariah.\r
+\r
+2:9 The sons also of Hezron, that were born unto him; Jerahmeel, and\r
+Ram, and Chelubai.\r
+\r
+2:10 And Ram begat Amminadab; and Amminadab begat Nahshon, prince of\r
+the children of Judah; 2:11 And Nahshon begat Salma, and Salma begat\r
+Boaz, 2:12 And Boaz begat Obed, and Obed begat Jesse, 2:13 And Jesse\r
+begat his firstborn Eliab, and Abinadab the second, and Shimma the\r
+third, 2:14 Nethaneel the fourth, Raddai the fifth, 2:15 Ozem the\r
+sixth, David the seventh: 2:16 Whose sisters were Zeruiah, and\r
+Abigail. And the sons of Zeruiah; Abishai, and Joab, and Asahel,\r
+three.\r
+\r
+2:17 And Abigail bare Amasa: and the father of Amasa was Jether the\r
+Ishmeelite.\r
+\r
+2:18 And Caleb the son of Hezron begat children of Azubah his wife,\r
+and of Jerioth: her sons are these; Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon.\r
+\r
+2:19 And when Azubah was dead, Caleb took unto him Ephrath, which bare\r
+him Hur.\r
+\r
+2:20 And Hur begat Uri, and Uri begat Bezaleel.\r
+\r
+2:21 And afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father\r
+of Gilead, whom he married when he was threescore years old; and she\r
+bare him Segub.\r
+\r
+2:22 And Segub begat Jair, who had three and twenty cities in the land\r
+of Gilead.\r
+\r
+2:23 And he took Geshur, and Aram, with the towns of Jair, from them,\r
+with Kenath, and the towns thereof, even threescore cities. All these\r
+belonged to the sons of Machir the father of Gilead.\r
+\r
+2:24 And after that Hezron was dead in Calebephratah, then Abiah\r
+Hezron's wife bare him Ashur the father of Tekoa.\r
+\r
+2:25 And the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of Hezron were, Ram the\r
+firstborn, and Bunah, and Oren, and Ozem, and Ahijah.\r
+\r
+2:26 Jerahmeel had also another wife, whose name was Atarah; she was\r
+the mother of Onam.\r
+\r
+2:27 And the sons of Ram the firstborn of Jerahmeel were, Maaz, and\r
+Jamin, and Eker.\r
+\r
+2:28 And the sons of Onam were, Shammai, and Jada. And the sons of\r
+Shammai; Nadab and Abishur.\r
+\r
+2:29 And the name of the wife of Abishur was Abihail, and she bare him\r
+Ahban, and Molid.\r
+\r
+2:30 And the sons of Nadab; Seled, and Appaim: but Seled died without\r
+children.\r
+\r
+2:31 And the sons of Appaim; Ishi. And the sons of Ishi; Sheshan. And\r
+the children of Sheshan; Ahlai.\r
+\r
+2:32 And the sons of Jada the brother of Shammai; Jether, and\r
+Jonathan: and Jether died without children.\r
+\r
+2:33 And the sons of Jonathan; Peleth, and Zaza. These were the sons\r
+of Jerahmeel.\r
+\r
+2:34 Now Sheshan had no sons, but daughters. And Sheshan had a\r
+servant, an Egyptian, whose name was Jarha.\r
+\r
+2:35 And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant to wife; and\r
+she bare him Attai.\r
+\r
+2:36 And Attai begat Nathan, and Nathan begat Zabad, 2:37 And Zabad\r
+begat Ephlal, and Ephlal begat Obed, 2:38 And Obed begat Jehu, and\r
+Jehu begat Azariah, 2:39 And Azariah begat Helez, and Helez begat\r
+Eleasah, 2:40 And Eleasah begat Sisamai, and Sisamai begat Shallum,\r
+2:41 And Shallum begat Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begat Elishama.\r
+\r
+2:42 Now the sons of Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel were, Mesha his\r
+firstborn, which was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah the\r
+father of Hebron.\r
+\r
+2:43 And the sons of Hebron; Korah, and Tappuah, and Rekem, and Shema.\r
+\r
+2:44 And Shema begat Raham, the father of Jorkoam: and Rekem begat\r
+Shammai.\r
+\r
+2:45 And the son of Shammai was Maon: and Maon was the father of\r
+Bethzur.\r
+\r
+2:46 And Ephah, Caleb's concubine, bare Haran, and Moza, and Gazez:\r
+and Haran begat Gazez.\r
+\r
+2:47 And the sons of Jahdai; Regem, and Jotham, and Gesham, and Pelet,\r
+and Ephah, and Shaaph.\r
+\r
+2:48 Maachah, Caleb's concubine, bare Sheber, and Tirhanah.\r
+\r
+2:49 She bare also Shaaph the father of Madmannah, Sheva the father of\r
+Machbenah, and the father of Gibea: and the daughter of Caleb was\r
+Achsa.\r
+\r
+2:50 These were the sons of Caleb the son of Hur, the firstborn of\r
+Ephratah; Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim.\r
+\r
+2:51 Salma the father of Bethlehem, Hareph the father of Bethgader.\r
+\r
+2:52 And Shobal the father of Kirjathjearim had sons; Haroeh, and half\r
+of the Manahethites.\r
+\r
+2:53 And the families of Kirjathjearim; the Ithrites, and the Puhites,\r
+and the Shumathites, and the Mishraites; of them came the Zareathites,\r
+and the Eshtaulites, 2:54 The sons of Salma; Bethlehem, and the\r
+Netophathites, Ataroth, the house of Joab, and half of the\r
+Manahethites, the Zorites.\r
+\r
+2:55 And the families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez; the\r
+Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and Suchathites. These are the Kenites\r
+that came of Hemath, the father of the house of Rechab.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now these were the sons of David, which were born unto him in\r
+Hebron; the firstborn Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the second\r
+Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess: 3:2 The third, Absalom the son of\r
+Maachah the daughter of Talmai king of Geshur: the fourth, Adonijah\r
+the son of Haggith: 3:3 The fifth, Shephatiah of Abital: the sixth,\r
+Ithream by Eglah his wife.\r
+\r
+3:4 These six were born unto him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven\r
+years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three\r
+years.\r
+\r
+3:5 And these were born unto him in Jerusalem; Shimea, and Shobab, and\r
+Nathan, and Solomon, four, of Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel: 3:6\r
+Ibhar also, and Elishama, and Eliphelet, 3:7 And Nogah, and Nepheg,\r
+and Japhia, 3:8 And Elishama, and Eliada, and Eliphelet, nine.\r
+\r
+3:9 These were all the sons of David, beside the sons of the\r
+concubines, and Tamar their sister.\r
+\r
+3:10 And Solomon's son was Rehoboam, Abia his son, Asa his son,\r
+Jehoshaphat his son, 3:11 Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his\r
+son, 3:12 Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son, 3:13 Ahaz\r
+his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son, 3:14 Amon his son, Josiah\r
+his son.\r
+\r
+3:15 And the sons of Josiah were, the firstborn Johanan, the second\r
+Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum.\r
+\r
+3:16 And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son, Zedekiah his son.\r
+\r
+3:17 And the sons of Jeconiah; Assir, Salathiel his son, 3:18\r
+Malchiram also, and Pedaiah, and Shenazar, Jecamiah, Hoshama, and\r
+Nedabiah.\r
+\r
+3:19 And the sons of Pedaiah were, Zerubbabel, and Shimei: and the\r
+sons of Zerubbabel; Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their\r
+sister: 3:20 And Hashubah, and Ohel, and Berechiah, and Hasadiah,\r
+Jushabhesed, five.\r
+\r
+3:21 And the sons of Hananiah; Pelatiah, and Jesaiah: the sons of\r
+Rephaiah, the sons of Arnan, the sons of Obadiah, the sons of\r
+Shechaniah.\r
+\r
+3:22 And the sons of Shechaniah; Shemaiah: and the sons of Shemaiah;\r
+Hattush, and Igeal, and Bariah, and Neariah, and Shaphat, six.\r
+\r
+3:23 And the sons of Neariah; Elioenai, and Hezekiah, and Azrikam,\r
+three.\r
+\r
+3:24 And the sons of Elioenai were, Hodaiah, and Eliashib, and\r
+Pelaiah, and Akkub, and Johanan, and Dalaiah, and Anani, seven.\r
+\r
+4:1 The sons of Judah; Pharez, Hezron, and Carmi, and Hur, and Shobal.\r
+\r
+4:2 And Reaiah the son of Shobal begat Jahath; and Jahath begat\r
+Ahumai, and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites.\r
+\r
+4:3 And these were of the father of Etam; Jezreel, and Ishma, and\r
+Idbash: and the name of their sister was Hazelelponi: 4:4 And Penuel\r
+the father of Gedor, and Ezer the father of Hushah. These are the sons\r
+of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah, the father of Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+4:5 And Ashur the father of Tekoa had two wives, Helah and Naarah.\r
+\r
+4:6 And Naarah bare him Ahuzam, and Hepher, and Temeni, and\r
+Haahashtari.\r
+\r
+These were the sons of Naarah.\r
+\r
+4:7 And the sons of Helah were, Zereth, and Jezoar, and Ethnan.\r
+\r
+4:8 And Coz begat Anub, and Zobebah, and the families of Aharhel the\r
+son of Harum.\r
+\r
+4:9 And Jabez was more honourable than his brethren: and his mother\r
+called his name Jabez, saying, Because I bare him with sorrow.\r
+\r
+4:10 And Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that thou\r
+wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thine hand\r
+might be with me, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it\r
+may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested.\r
+\r
+4:11 And Chelub the brother of Shuah begat Mehir, which was the father\r
+of Eshton.\r
+\r
+4:12 And Eshton begat Bethrapha, and Paseah, and Tehinnah the father\r
+of Irnahash. These are the men of Rechah.\r
+\r
+4:13 And the sons of Kenaz; Othniel, and Seraiah: and the sons of\r
+Othniel; Hathath.\r
+\r
+4:14 And Meonothai begat Ophrah: and Seraiah begat Joab, the father of\r
+the valley of Charashim; for they were craftsmen.\r
+\r
+4:15 And the sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh; Iru, Elah, and Naam:\r
+and the sons of Elah, even Kenaz.\r
+\r
+4:16 And the sons of Jehaleleel; Ziph, and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asareel.\r
+\r
+4:17 And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and\r
+Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of\r
+Eshtemoa.\r
+\r
+4:18 And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber\r
+the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are\r
+the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took.\r
+\r
+4:19 And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham, the father\r
+of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maachathite.\r
+\r
+4:20 And the sons of Shimon were, Amnon, and Rinnah, Benhanan, and\r
+Tilon.\r
+\r
+And the sons of Ishi were, Zoheth, and Benzoheth.\r
+\r
+4:21 The sons of Shelah the son of Judah were, Er the father of Lecah,\r
+and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of\r
+them that wrought fine linen, of the house of Ashbea, 4:22 And Jokim,\r
+and the men of Chozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had the dominion in\r
+Moab, and Jashubilehem. And these are ancient things.\r
+\r
+4:23 These were the potters, and those that dwelt among plants and\r
+hedges: there they dwelt with the king for his work.\r
+\r
+4:24 The sons of Simeon were, Nemuel, and Jamin, Jarib, Zerah, and\r
+Shaul: 4:25 Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, Mishma his son.\r
+\r
+4:26 And the sons of Mishma; Hamuel his son, Zacchur his son, Shimei\r
+his son.\r
+\r
+4:27 And Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters: but his brethren\r
+had not many children, neither did all their family multiply, like to\r
+the children of Judah.\r
+\r
+4:28 And they dwelt at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual, 4:29\r
+And at Bilhah, and at Ezem, and at Tolad, 4:30 And at Bethuel, and at\r
+Hormah, and at Ziklag, 4:31 And at Bethmarcaboth, and Hazarsusim, and\r
+at Bethbirei, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities unto the reign\r
+of David.\r
+\r
+4:32 And their villages were, Etam, and Ain, Rimmon, and Tochen, and\r
+Ashan, five cities: 4:33 And all their villages that were round about\r
+the same cities, unto Baal. These were their habitations, and their\r
+genealogy.\r
+\r
+4:34 And Meshobab, and Jamlech, and Joshah, the son of Amaziah, 4:35\r
+And Joel, and Jehu the son of Josibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of\r
+Asiel, 4:36 And Elioenai, and Jaakobah, and Jeshohaiah, and Asaiah,\r
+and Adiel, and Jesimiel, and Benaiah, 4:37 And Ziza the son of Shiphi,\r
+the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of\r
+Shemaiah; 4:38 These mentioned by their names were princes in their\r
+families: and the house of their fathers increased greatly.\r
+\r
+4:39 And they went to the entrance of Gedor, even unto the east side\r
+of the valley, to seek pasture for their flocks.\r
+\r
+4:40 And they found fat pasture and good, and the land was wide, and\r
+quiet, and peaceable; for they of Ham had dwelt there of old.\r
+\r
+4:41 And these written by name came in the days of Hezekiah king of\r
+Judah, and smote their tents, and the habitations that were found\r
+there, and destroyed them utterly unto this day, and dwelt in their\r
+rooms: because there was pasture there for their flocks.\r
+\r
+4:42 And some of them, even of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men,\r
+went to mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah, and Neariah,\r
+and Rephaiah, and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi.\r
+\r
+4:43 And they smote the rest of the Amalekites that were escaped, and\r
+dwelt there unto this day.\r
+\r
+5:1 Now the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel, (for he was the\r
+firstborn; but forasmuch as he defiled his father's bed, his\r
+birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph the son of Israel: and\r
+the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright.\r
+\r
+5:2 For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief\r
+ruler; but the birthright was Joseph's:) 5:3 The sons, I say, of\r
+Reuben the firstborn of Israel were, Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and\r
+Carmi.\r
+\r
+5:4 The sons of Joel; Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son,\r
+5:5 Micah his son, Reaia his son, Baal his son, 5:6 Beerah his son,\r
+whom Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria carried away captive: he was\r
+prince of the Reubenites.\r
+\r
+5:7 And his brethren by their families, when the genealogy of their\r
+generations was reckoned, were the chief, Jeiel, and Zechariah, 5:8\r
+And Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, who dwelt\r
+in Aroer, even unto Nebo and Baalmeon: 5:9 And eastward he inhabited\r
+unto the entering in of the wilderness from the river Euphrates:\r
+because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead.\r
+\r
+5:10 And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, who\r
+fell by their hand: and they dwelt in their tents throughout all the\r
+east land of Gilead.\r
+\r
+5:11 And the children of Gad dwelt over against them, in the land of\r
+Bashan unto Salcah: 5:12 Joel the chief, and Shapham the next, and\r
+Jaanai, and Shaphat in Bashan.\r
+\r
+5:13 And their brethren of the house of their fathers were, Michael,\r
+and Meshullam, and Sheba, and Jorai, and Jachan, and Zia, and Heber,\r
+seven.\r
+\r
+5:14 These are the children of Abihail the son of Huri, the son of\r
+Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai,\r
+the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz; 5:15 Ahi the son of Abdiel, the son\r
+of Guni, chief of the house of their fathers.\r
+\r
+5:16 And they dwelt in Gilead in Bashan, and in her towns, and in all\r
+the suburbs of Sharon, upon their borders.\r
+\r
+5:17 All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king\r
+of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:18 The sons of Reuben, and the Gadites, and half the tribe of\r
+Manasseh, of valiant men, men able to bear buckler and sword, and to\r
+shoot with bow, and skilful in war, were four and forty thousand seven\r
+hundred and threescore, that went out to the war.\r
+\r
+5:19 And they made war with the Hagarites, with Jetur, and Nephish,\r
+and Nodab.\r
+\r
+5:20 And they were helped against them, and the Hagarites were\r
+delivered into their hand, and all that were with them: for they cried\r
+to God in the battle, and he was intreated of them; because they put\r
+their trust in him.\r
+\r
+5:21 And they took away their cattle; of their camels fifty thousand,\r
+and of sheep two hundred and fifty thousand, and of asses two\r
+thousand, and of men an hundred thousand.\r
+\r
+5:22 For there fell down many slain, because the war was of God. And\r
+they dwelt in their steads until the captivity.\r
+\r
+5:23 And the children of the half tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land:\r
+they increased from Bashan unto Baalhermon and Senir, and unto mount\r
+Hermon.\r
+\r
+5:24 And these were the heads of the house of their fathers, even\r
+Epher, and Ishi, and Eliel, and Azriel, and Jeremiah, and Hodaviah,\r
+and Jahdiel, mighty men of valour, famous men, and heads of the house\r
+of their fathers.\r
+\r
+5:25 And they transgressed against the God of their fathers, and went\r
+a whoring after the gods of the people of the land, whom God destroyed\r
+before them.\r
+\r
+5:26 And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of\r
+Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he\r
+carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half\r
+tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara,\r
+and to the river Gozan, unto this day.\r
+\r
+6:1 The sons of Levi; Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.\r
+\r
+6:2 And the sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.\r
+\r
+6:3 And the children of Amram; Aaron, and Moses, and Miriam. The sons\r
+also of Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.\r
+\r
+6:4 Eleazar begat Phinehas, Phinehas begat Abishua, 6:5 And Abishua\r
+begat Bukki, and Bukki begat Uzzi, 6:6 And Uzzi begat Zerahiah, and\r
+Zerahiah begat Meraioth, 6:7 Meraioth begat Amariah, and Amariah begat\r
+Ahitub, 6:8 And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Ahimaaz, 6:9 And\r
+Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Johanan, 6:10 And Johanan\r
+begat Azariah, (he it is that executed the priest's office in the\r
+temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem:) 6:11 And Azariah begat\r
+Amariah, and Amariah begat Ahitub, 6:12 And Ahitub begat Zadok, and\r
+Zadok begat Shallum, 6:13 And Shallum begat Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begat\r
+Azariah, 6:14 And Azariah begat Seraiah, and Seraiah begat Jehozadak,\r
+6:15 And Jehozadak went into captivity, when the LORD carried away\r
+Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar.\r
+\r
+6:16 The sons of Levi; Gershom, Kohath, and Merari.\r
+\r
+6:17 And these be the names of the sons of Gershom; Libni, and Shimei.\r
+\r
+6:18 And the sons of Kohath were, Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and\r
+Uzziel.\r
+\r
+6:19 The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. And these are the families\r
+of the Levites according to their fathers.\r
+\r
+6:20 Of Gershom; Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son, 6:21\r
+Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeaterai his son.\r
+\r
+6:22 The sons of Kohath; Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his\r
+son, 6:23 Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son,\r
+6:24 Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his son.\r
+\r
+6:25 And the sons of Elkanah; Amasai, and Ahimoth.\r
+\r
+6:26 As for Elkanah: the sons of Elkanah; Zophai his son, and Nahath\r
+his son, 6:27 Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son.\r
+\r
+6:28 And the sons of Samuel; the firstborn Vashni, and Abiah.\r
+\r
+6:29 The sons of Merari; Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzza\r
+his son, 6:30 Shimea his son, Haggiah his son, Asaiah his son.\r
+\r
+6:31 And these are they whom David set over the service of song in the\r
+house of the LORD, after that the ark had rest.\r
+\r
+6:32 And they ministered before the dwelling place of the tabernacle\r
+of the congregation with singing, until Solomon had built the house of\r
+the LORD in Jerusalem: and then they waited on their office according\r
+to their order.\r
+\r
+6:33 And these are they that waited with their children. Of the sons\r
+of the Kohathites: Heman a singer, the son of Joel, the son of\r
+Shemuel, 6:34 The son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of\r
+Eliel, the son of Toah, 6:35 The son of Zuph, the son of Elkanah, the\r
+son of Mahath, the son of Amasai, 6:36 The son of Elkanah, the son of\r
+Joel, the son of Azariah, the son of Zephaniah, 6:37 The son of\r
+Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, 6:38\r
+The son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+6:39 And his brother Asaph, who stood on his right hand, even Asaph\r
+the son of Berachiah, the son of Shimea, 6:40 The son of Michael, the\r
+son of Baaseiah, the son of Malchiah, 6:41 The son of Ethni, the son\r
+of Zerah, the son of Adaiah, 6:42 The son of Ethan, the son of Zimmah,\r
+the son of Shimei, 6:43 The son of Jahath, the son of Gershom, the son\r
+of Levi.\r
+\r
+6:44 And their brethren the sons of Merari stood on the left hand:\r
+Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the son of Malluch, 6:45 The\r
+son of Hashabiah, the son of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, 6:46 The son\r
+of Amzi, the son of Bani, the son of Shamer, 6:47 The son of Mahli,\r
+the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son of Levi.\r
+\r
+6:48 Their brethren also the Levites were appointed unto all manner of\r
+service of the tabernacle of the house of God.\r
+\r
+6:49 But Aaron and his sons offered upon the altar of the burnt\r
+offering, and on the altar of incense, and were appointed for all the\r
+work of the place most holy, and to make an atonement for Israel,\r
+according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded.\r
+\r
+6:50 And these are the sons of Aaron; Eleazar his son, Phinehas his\r
+son, Abishua his son, 6:51 Bukki his son, Uzzi his son, Zerahiah his\r
+son, 6:52 Meraioth his son, Amariah his son, Ahitub his son, 6:53\r
+Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son.\r
+\r
+6:54 Now these are their dwelling places throughout their castles in\r
+their coasts, of the sons of Aaron, of the families of the Kohathites:\r
+for theirs was the lot.\r
+\r
+6:55 And they gave them Hebron in the land of Judah, and the suburbs\r
+thereof round about it.\r
+\r
+6:56 But the fields of the city, and the villages thereof, they gave\r
+to Caleb the son of Jephunneh.\r
+\r
+6:57 And to the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of Judah, namely,\r
+Hebron, the city of refuge, and Libnah with her suburbs, and Jattir,\r
+and Eshtemoa, with their suburbs, 6:58 And Hilen with her suburbs,\r
+Debir with her suburbs, 6:59 And Ashan with her suburbs, and\r
+Bethshemesh with her suburbs: 6:60 And out of the tribe of Benjamin;\r
+Geba with her suburbs, and Alemeth with her suburbs, and Anathoth with\r
+her suburbs. All their cities throughout their families were thirteen\r
+cities.\r
+\r
+6:61 And unto the sons of Kohath, which were left of the family of\r
+that tribe, were cities given out of the half tribe, namely, out of\r
+the half tribe of Manasseh, by lot, ten cities.\r
+\r
+6:62 And to the sons of Gershom throughout their families out of the\r
+tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe\r
+of Naphtali, and out of the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen\r
+cities.\r
+\r
+6:63 Unto the sons of Merari were given by lot, throughout their\r
+families, out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and\r
+out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities.\r
+\r
+6:64 And the children of Israel gave to the Levites these cities with\r
+their suburbs.\r
+\r
+6:65 And they gave by lot out of the tribe of the children of Judah,\r
+and out of the tribe of the children of Simeon, and out of the tribe\r
+of the children of Benjamin, these cities, which are called by their\r
+names.\r
+\r
+6:66 And the residue of the families of the sons of Kohath had cities\r
+of their coasts out of the tribe of Ephraim.\r
+\r
+6:67 And they gave unto them, of the cities of refuge, Shechem in\r
+mount Ephraim with her suburbs; they gave also Gezer with her suburbs,\r
+6:68 And Jokmeam with her suburbs, and Bethhoron with her suburbs,\r
+6:69 And Aijalon with her suburbs, and Gathrimmon with her suburbs:\r
+6:70 And out of the half tribe of Manasseh; Aner with her suburbs, and\r
+Bileam with her suburbs, for the family of the remnant of the sons of\r
+Kohath.\r
+\r
+6:71 Unto the sons of Gershom were given out of the family of the half\r
+tribe of Manasseh, Golan in Bashan with her suburbs, and Ashtaroth\r
+with her suburbs: 6:72 And out of the tribe of Issachar; Kedesh with\r
+her suburbs, Daberath with her suburbs, 6:73 And Ramoth with her\r
+suburbs, and Anem with her suburbs: 6:74 And out of the tribe of\r
+Asher; Mashal with her suburbs, and Abdon with her suburbs, 6:75 And\r
+Hukok with her suburbs, and Rehob with her suburbs: 6:76 And out of\r
+the tribe of Naphtali; Kedesh in Galilee with her suburbs, and Hammon\r
+with her suburbs, and Kirjathaim with her suburbs.\r
+\r
+6:77 Unto the rest of the children of Merari were given out of the\r
+tribe of Zebulun, Rimmon with her suburbs, Tabor with her suburbs:\r
+6:78 And on the other side Jordan by Jericho, on the east side of\r
+Jordan, were given them out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the\r
+wilderness with her suburbs, and Jahzah with her suburbs, 6:79\r
+Kedemoth also with her suburbs, and Mephaath with her suburbs: 6:80\r
+And out of the tribe of Gad; Ramoth in Gilead with her suburbs, and\r
+Mahanaim with her suburbs, 6:81 And Heshbon with her suburbs, and\r
+Jazer with her suburbs.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now the sons of Issachar were, Tola, and Puah, Jashub, and\r
+Shimrom, four.\r
+\r
+7:2 And the sons of Tola; Uzzi, and Rephaiah, and Jeriel, and Jahmai,\r
+and Jibsam, and Shemuel, heads of their father's house, to wit, of\r
+Tola: they were valiant men of might in their generations; whose\r
+number was in the days of David two and twenty thousand and six\r
+hundred.\r
+\r
+7:3 And the sons of Uzzi; Izrahiah: and the sons of Izrahiah; Michael,\r
+and Obadiah, and Joel, Ishiah, five: all of them chief men.\r
+\r
+7:4 And with them, by their generations, after the house of their\r
+fathers, were bands of soldiers for war, six and thirty thousand men:\r
+for they had many wives and sons.\r
+\r
+7:5 And their brethren among all the families of Issachar were valiant\r
+men of might, reckoned in all by their genealogies fourscore and seven\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+7:6 The sons of Benjamin; Bela, and Becher, and Jediael, three.\r
+\r
+7:7 And the sons of Bela; Ezbon, and Uzzi, and Uzziel, and Jerimoth,\r
+and Iri, five; heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of\r
+valour; and were reckoned by their genealogies twenty and two thousand\r
+and thirty and four.\r
+\r
+7:8 And the sons of Becher; Zemira, and Joash, and Eliezer, and\r
+Elioenai, and Omri, and Jerimoth, and Abiah, and Anathoth, and\r
+Alameth. All these are the sons of Becher.\r
+\r
+7:9 And the number of them, after their genealogy by their\r
+generations, heads of the house of their fathers, mighty men of\r
+valour, was twenty thousand and two hundred.\r
+\r
+7:10 The sons also of Jediael; Bilhan: and the sons of Bilhan; Jeush,\r
+and Benjamin, and Ehud, and Chenaanah, and Zethan, and Tharshish, and\r
+Ahishahar.\r
+\r
+7:11 All these the sons of Jediael, by the heads of their fathers,\r
+mighty men of valour, were seventeen thousand and two hundred\r
+soldiers, fit to go out for war and battle.\r
+\r
+7:12 Shuppim also, and Huppim, the children of Ir, and Hushim, the\r
+sons of Aher.\r
+\r
+7:13 The sons of Naphtali; Jahziel, and Guni, and Jezer, and Shallum,\r
+the sons of Bilhah.\r
+\r
+7:14 The sons of Manasseh; Ashriel, whom she bare: (but his concubine\r
+the Aramitess bare Machir the father of Gilead: 7:15 And Machir took\r
+to wife the sister of Huppim and Shuppim, whose sister's name was\r
+Maachah;) and the name of the second was Zelophehad: and Zelophehad\r
+had daughters.\r
+\r
+7:16 And Maachah the wife of Machir bare a son, and she called his\r
+name Peresh; and the name of his brother was Sheresh; and his sons\r
+were Ulam and Rakem.\r
+\r
+7:17 And the sons of Ulam; Bedan. These were the sons of Gilead, the\r
+son of Machir, the son of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+7:18 And his sister Hammoleketh bare Ishod, and Abiezer, and Mahalah.\r
+\r
+7:19 And the sons of Shemidah were, Ahian, and Shechem, and Likhi, and\r
+Aniam.\r
+\r
+7:20 And the sons of Ephraim; Shuthelah, and Bered his son, and Tahath\r
+his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son, 7:21 And Zabad his\r
+son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead, whom the men of Gath\r
+that were born in that land slew, because they came down to take away\r
+their cattle.\r
+\r
+7:22 And Ephraim their father mourned many days, and his brethren came\r
+to comfort him.\r
+\r
+7:23 And when he went in to his wife, she conceived, and bare a son,\r
+and he called his name Beriah, because it went evil with his house.\r
+\r
+7:24 (And his daughter was Sherah, who built Bethhoron the nether, and\r
+the upper, and Uzzensherah.) 7:25 And Rephah was his son, also\r
+Resheph, and Telah his son, and Tahan his son.\r
+\r
+7:26 Laadan his son, Ammihud his son, Elishama his son.\r
+\r
+7:27 Non his son, Jehoshuah his son.\r
+\r
+7:28 And their possessions and habitations were, Bethel and the towns\r
+thereof, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with the towns\r
+thereof; Shechem also and the towns thereof, unto Gaza and the towns\r
+thereof: 7:29 And by the borders of the children of Manasseh,\r
+Bethshean and her towns, Taanach and her towns, Megiddo and her towns,\r
+Dor and her towns. In these dwelt the children of Joseph the son of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+7:30 The sons of Asher; Imnah, and Isuah, and Ishuai, and Beriah, and\r
+Serah their sister.\r
+\r
+7:31 And the sons of Beriah; Heber, and Malchiel, who is the father of\r
+Birzavith.\r
+\r
+7:32 And Heber begat Japhlet, and Shomer, and Hotham, and Shua their\r
+sister.\r
+\r
+7:33 And the sons of Japhlet; Pasach, and Bimhal, and Ashvath. These\r
+are the children of Japhlet.\r
+\r
+7:34 And the sons of Shamer; Ahi, and Rohgah, Jehubbah, and Aram.\r
+\r
+7:35 And the sons of his brother Helem; Zophah, and Imna, and Shelesh,\r
+and Amal.\r
+\r
+7:36 The sons of Zophah; Suah, and Harnepher, and Shual, and Beri, and\r
+Imrah, 7:37 Bezer, and Hod, and Shamma, and Shilshah, and Ithran, and\r
+Beera.\r
+\r
+7:38 And the sons of Jether; Jephunneh, and Pispah, and Ara.\r
+\r
+7:39 And the sons of Ulla; Arah, and Haniel, and Rezia.\r
+\r
+7:40 All these were the children of Asher, heads of their father's\r
+house, choice and mighty men of valour, chief of the princes. And the\r
+number throughout the genealogy of them that were apt to the war and\r
+to battle was twenty and six thousand men.\r
+\r
+8:1 Now Benjamin begat Bela his firstborn, Ashbel the second, and\r
+Aharah the third, 8:2 Nohah the fourth, and Rapha the fifth.\r
+\r
+8:3 And the sons of Bela were, Addar, and Gera, and Abihud, 8:4 And\r
+Abishua, and Naaman, and Ahoah, 8:5 And Gera, and Shephuphan, and\r
+Huram.\r
+\r
+8:6 And these are the sons of Ehud: these are the heads of the fathers\r
+of the inhabitants of Geba, and they removed them to Manahath: 8:7 And\r
+Naaman, and Ahiah, and Gera, he removed them, and begat Uzza, and\r
+Ahihud.\r
+\r
+8:8 And Shaharaim begat children in the country of Moab, after he had\r
+sent them away; Hushim and Baara were his wives.\r
+\r
+8:9 And he begat of Hodesh his wife, Jobab, and Zibia, and Mesha, and\r
+Malcham, 8:10 And Jeuz, and Shachia, and Mirma. These were his sons,\r
+heads of the fathers.\r
+\r
+8:11 And of Hushim he begat Abitub, and Elpaal.\r
+\r
+8:12 The sons of Elpaal; Eber, and Misham, and Shamed, who built Ono,\r
+and Lod, with the towns thereof: 8:13 Beriah also, and Shema, who were\r
+heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Aijalon, who drove away the\r
+inhabitants of Gath: 8:14 And Ahio, Shashak, and Jeremoth, 8:15 And\r
+Zebadiah, and Arad, and Ader, 8:16 And Michael, and Ispah, and Joha,\r
+the sons of Beriah; 8:17 And Zebadiah, and Meshullam, and Hezeki, and\r
+Heber, 8:18 Ishmerai also, and Jezliah, and Jobab, the sons of Elpaal;\r
+8:19 And Jakim, and Zichri, and Zabdi, 8:20 And Elienai, and Zilthai,\r
+and Eliel, 8:21 And Adaiah, and Beraiah, and Shimrath, the sons of\r
+Shimhi; 8:22 And Ishpan, and Heber, and Eliel, 8:23 And Abdon, and\r
+Zichri, and Hanan, 8:24 And Hananiah, and Elam, and Antothijah, 8:25\r
+And Iphedeiah, and Penuel, the sons of Shashak; 8:26 And Shamsherai,\r
+and Shehariah, and Athaliah, 8:27 And Jaresiah, and Eliah, and Zichri,\r
+the sons of Jeroham.\r
+\r
+8:28 These were heads of the fathers, by their generations, chief men.\r
+\r
+These dwelt in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+8:29 And at Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon; whose wife's name was\r
+Maachah: 8:30 And his firstborn son Abdon, and Zur, and Kish, and\r
+Baal, and Nadab, 8:31 And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zacher.\r
+\r
+8:32 And Mikloth begat Shimeah. And these also dwelt with their\r
+brethren in Jerusalem, over against them.\r
+\r
+8:33 And Ner begat Kish, and Kish begat Saul, and Saul begat Jonathan,\r
+and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal.\r
+\r
+8:34 And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begat Micah.\r
+\r
+8:35 And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tarea, and\r
+Ahaz.\r
+\r
+8:36 And Ahaz begat Jehoadah; and Jehoadah begat Alemeth, and\r
+Azmaveth, and Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza, 8:37 And Moza begat Binea:\r
+Rapha was his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son: 8:38 And Azel had\r
+six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and\r
+Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan. All these were the sons of Azel.\r
+\r
+8:39 And the sons of Eshek his brother were, Ulam his firstborn,\r
+Jehush the second, and Eliphelet the third.\r
+\r
+8:40 And the sons of Ulam were mighty men of valour, archers, and had\r
+many sons, and sons' sons, an hundred and fifty. All these are of the\r
+sons of Benjamin.\r
+\r
+9:1 So all Israel were reckoned by genealogies; and, behold, they were\r
+written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah, who were carried\r
+away to Babylon for their transgression.\r
+\r
+9:2 Now the first inhabitants that dwelt in their possessions in their\r
+cities were, the Israelites, the priests, Levites, and the Nethinims.\r
+\r
+9:3 And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the\r
+children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim, and Manasseh;\r
+9:4 Uthai the son of Ammihud, the son of Omri, the son of Imri, the\r
+son of Bani, of the children of Pharez the son of Judah.\r
+\r
+9:5 And of the Shilonites; Asaiah the firstborn, and his sons.\r
+\r
+9:6 And of the sons of Zerah; Jeuel, and their brethren, six hundred\r
+and ninety.\r
+\r
+9:7 And of the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son\r
+of Hodaviah, the son of Hasenuah, 9:8 And Ibneiah the son of Jeroham,\r
+and Elah the son of Uzzi, the son of Michri, and Meshullam the son of\r
+Shephathiah, the son of Reuel, the son of Ibnijah; 9:9 And their\r
+brethren, according to their generations, nine hundred and fifty and\r
+six. All these men were chief of the fathers in the house of their\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+9:10 And of the priests; Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib, and Jachin, 9:11 And\r
+Azariah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok,\r
+the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the ruler of the house of God;\r
+9:12 And Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of Pashur, the son of\r
+Malchijah, and Maasiai the son of Adiel, the son of Jahzerah, the son\r
+of Meshullam, the son of Meshillemith, the son of Immer; 9:13 And\r
+their brethren, heads of the house of their fathers, a thousand and\r
+seven hundred and threescore; very able men for the work of the\r
+service of the house of God.\r
+\r
+9:14 And of the Levites; Shemaiah the son of Hasshub, the son of\r
+Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, of the sons of Merari; 9:15 And\r
+Bakbakkar, Heresh, and Galal, and Mattaniah the son of Micah, the son\r
+of Zichri, the son of Asaph; 9:16 And Obadiah the son of Shemaiah, the\r
+son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun, and Berechiah the son of Asa, the\r
+son of Elkanah, that dwelt in the villages of the Netophathites.\r
+\r
+9:17 And the porters were, Shallum, and Akkub, and Talmon, and Ahiman,\r
+and their brethren: Shallum was the chief; 9:18 Who hitherto waited in\r
+the king's gate eastward: they were porters in the companies of the\r
+children of Levi.\r
+\r
+9:19 And Shallum the son of Kore, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of\r
+Korah, and his brethren, of the house of his father, the Korahites,\r
+were over the work of the service, keepers of the gates of the\r
+tabernacle: and their fathers, being over the host of the LORD, were\r
+keepers of the entry.\r
+\r
+9:20 And Phinehas the son of Eleazar was the ruler over them in time\r
+past, and the LORD was with him.\r
+\r
+9:21 And Zechariah the son of Meshelemiah was porter of the door of\r
+the tabernacle of the congregation.\r
+\r
+9:22 All these which were chosen to be porters in the gates were two\r
+hundred and twelve. These were reckoned by their genealogy in their\r
+villages, whom David and Samuel the seer did ordain in their set\r
+office.\r
+\r
+9:23 So they and their children had the oversight of the gates of the\r
+house of the LORD, namely, the house of the tabernacle, by wards.\r
+\r
+9:24 In four quarters were the porters, toward the east, west, north,\r
+and south.\r
+\r
+9:25 And their brethren, which were in their villages, were to come\r
+after seven days from time to time with them.\r
+\r
+9:26 For these Levites, the four chief porters, were in their set\r
+office, and were over the chambers and treasuries of the house of God.\r
+\r
+9:27 And they lodged round about the house of God, because the charge\r
+was upon them, and the opening thereof every morning pertained to\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:28 And certain of them had the charge of the ministering vessels,\r
+that they should bring them in and out by tale.\r
+\r
+9:29 Some of them also were appointed to oversee the vessels, and all\r
+the instruments of the sanctuary, and the fine flour, and the wine,\r
+and the oil, and the frankincense, and the spices.\r
+\r
+9:30 And some of the sons of the priests made the ointment of the\r
+spices.\r
+\r
+9:31 And Mattithiah, one of the Levites, who was the firstborn of\r
+Shallum the Korahite, had the set office over the things that were\r
+made in the pans.\r
+\r
+9:32 And other of their brethren, of the sons of the Kohathites, were\r
+over the shewbread, to prepare it every sabbath.\r
+\r
+9:33 And these are the singers, chief of the fathers of the Levites,\r
+who remaining in the chambers were free: for they were employed in\r
+that work day and night.\r
+\r
+9:34 These chief fathers of the Levites were chief throughout their\r
+generations; these dwelt at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:35 And in Gibeon dwelt the father of Gibeon, Jehiel, whose wife's\r
+name was Maachah: 9:36 And his firstborn son Abdon, then Zur, and\r
+Kish, and Baal, and Ner, and Nadab.\r
+\r
+9:37 And Gedor, and Ahio, and Zechariah, and Mikloth.\r
+\r
+9:38 And Mikloth begat Shimeam. And they also dwelt with their\r
+brethren at Jerusalem, over against their brethren.\r
+\r
+9:39 And Ner begat Kish; and Kish begat Saul; and Saul begat Jonathan,\r
+and Malchishua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal.\r
+\r
+9:40 And the son of Jonathan was Meribbaal: and Meribbaal begat Micah.\r
+\r
+9:41 And the sons of Micah were, Pithon, and Melech, and Tahrea, and\r
+Ahaz.\r
+\r
+9:42 And Ahaz begat Jarah; and Jarah begat Alemeth, and Azmaveth, and\r
+Zimri; and Zimri begat Moza; 9:43 And Moza begat Binea; and Rephaiah\r
+his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son.\r
+\r
+9:44 And Azel had six sons, whose names are these, Azrikam, Bocheru,\r
+and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan: these were the sons\r
+of Azel.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of Israel\r
+fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa.\r
+\r
+10:2 And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his sons;\r
+and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the\r
+sons of Saul.\r
+\r
+10:3 And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him,\r
+and he was wounded of the archers.\r
+\r
+10:4 Then said Saul to his armourbearer, Draw thy sword, and thrust me\r
+through therewith; lest these uncircumcised come and abuse me. But his\r
+armourbearer would not; for he was sore afraid. So Saul took a sword,\r
+and fell upon it.\r
+\r
+10:5 And when his armourbearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell\r
+likewise on the sword, and died.\r
+\r
+10:6 So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died\r
+together.\r
+\r
+10:7 And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw that\r
+they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they forsook\r
+their cities, and fled: and the Philistines came and dwelt in them.\r
+\r
+10:8 And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines came to\r
+strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in mount\r
+Gilboa.\r
+\r
+10:9 And when they had stripped him, they took his head, and his\r
+armour, and sent into the land of the Philistines round about, to\r
+carry tidings unto their idols, and to the people.\r
+\r
+10:10 And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastened\r
+his head in the temple of Dagon.\r
+\r
+10:11 And when all Jabeshgilead heard all that the Philistines had\r
+done to Saul, 10:12 They arose, all the valiant men, and took away the\r
+body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh,\r
+and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh, and fasted seven days.\r
+\r
+10:13 So Saul died for his transgression which he committed against\r
+the LORD, even against the word of the LORD, which he kept not, and\r
+also for asking counsel of one that had a familiar spirit, to enquire\r
+of it; 10:14 And enquired not of the LORD: therefore he slew him, and\r
+turned the kingdom unto David the son of Jesse.\r
+\r
+11:1 Then all Israel gathered themselves to David unto Hebron, saying,\r
+Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh.\r
+\r
+11:2 And moreover in time past, even when Saul was king, thou wast he\r
+that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and the LORD thy God said\r
+unto thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be ruler\r
+over my people Israel.\r
+\r
+11:3 Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron;\r
+and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the LORD; and\r
+they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of the\r
+LORD by Samuel.\r
+\r
+11:4 And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where\r
+the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come\r
+hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city\r
+of David.\r
+\r
+11:6 And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be\r
+chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was\r
+chief.\r
+\r
+11:7 And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city\r
+of David.\r
+\r
+11:8 And he built the city round about, even from Millo round about:\r
+and Joab repaired the rest of the city.\r
+\r
+11:9 So David waxed greater and greater: for the LORD of hosts was\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+11:10 These also are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who\r
+strengthened themselves with him in his kingdom, and with all Israel,\r
+to make him king, according to the word of the LORD concerning Israel.\r
+\r
+11:11 And this is the number of the mighty men whom David had;\r
+Jashobeam, an Hachmonite, the chief of the captains: he lifted up his\r
+spear against three hundred slain by him at one time.\r
+\r
+11:12 And after him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was\r
+one of the three mighties.\r
+\r
+11:13 He was with David at Pasdammim, and there the Philistines were\r
+gathered together to battle, where was a parcel of ground full of\r
+barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.\r
+\r
+11:14 And they set themselves in the midst of that parcel, and\r
+delivered it, and slew the Philistines; and the LORD saved them by a\r
+great deliverance.\r
+\r
+11:15 Now three of the thirty captains went down to the rock to David,\r
+into the cave of Adullam; and the host of the Philistines encamped in\r
+the valley of Rephaim.\r
+\r
+11:16 And David was then in the hold, and the Philistines' garrison\r
+was then at Bethlehem.\r
+\r
+11:17 And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me drink of\r
+the water of the well of Bethlehem, that is at the gate! 11:18 And\r
+the three brake through the host of the Philistines, and drew water\r
+out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and\r
+brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it\r
+out to the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:19 And said, My God forbid it me, that I should do this thing:\r
+shall I drink the blood of these men that have put their lives in\r
+jeopardy? for with the jeopardy of their lives they brought it.\r
+Therefore he would not drink it.\r
+\r
+These things did these three mightiest.\r
+\r
+11:20 And Abishai the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three: for\r
+lifting up his spear against three hundred, he slew them, and had a\r
+name among the three.\r
+\r
+11:21 Of the three, he was more honourable than the two; for he was\r
+their captain: howbeit he attained not to the first three.\r
+\r
+11:22 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of\r
+Kabzeel, who had done many acts; he slew two lionlike men of Moab:\r
+also he went down and slew a lion in a pit in a snowy day.\r
+\r
+11:23 And he slew an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits\r
+high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and\r
+he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the\r
+Egyptian's hand, and slew him with his own spear.\r
+\r
+11:24 These things did Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and had the name\r
+among the three mighties.\r
+\r
+11:25 Behold, he was honourable among the thirty, but attained not to\r
+the first three: and David set him over his guard.\r
+\r
+11:26 Also the valiant men of the armies were, Asahel the brother of\r
+Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem, 11:27 Shammoth the\r
+Harorite, Helez the Pelonite, 11:28 Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite,\r
+Abiezer the Antothite, 11:29 Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the\r
+Ahohite, 11:30 Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the\r
+Netophathite, 11:31 Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah, that pertained\r
+to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite, 11:32 Hurai of\r
+the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite, 11:33 Azmaveth the\r
+Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite, 11:34 The sons of Hashem the\r
+Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shage the Hararite, 11:35 Ahiam the son\r
+of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur, 11:36 Hepher the\r
+Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite, 11:37 Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai\r
+the son of Ezbai, 11:38 Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of\r
+Haggeri, 11:39 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the\r
+armourbearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah, 11:40 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb\r
+the Ithrite, 11:41 Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai, 11:42\r
+Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a captain of the Reubenites, and\r
+thirty with him, 11:43 Hanan the son of Maachah, and Joshaphat the\r
+Mithnite, 11:44 Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jehiel the sons of\r
+Hothan the Aroerite, 11:45 Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his\r
+brother, the Tizite, 11:46 Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and\r
+Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite, 11:47 Eliel,\r
+and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now these are they that came to David to Ziklag, while he yet\r
+kept himself close because of Saul the son of Kish: and they were\r
+among the mighty men, helpers of the war.\r
+\r
+12:2 They were armed with bows, and could use both the right hand and\r
+the left in hurling stones and shooting arrows out of a bow, even of\r
+Saul's brethren of Benjamin.\r
+\r
+12:3 The chief was Ahiezer, then Joash, the sons of Shemaah the\r
+Gibeathite; and Jeziel, and Pelet, the sons of Azmaveth; and Berachah,\r
+and Jehu the Antothite.\r
+\r
+12:4 And Ismaiah the Gibeonite, a mighty man among the thirty, and\r
+over the thirty; and Jeremiah, and Jahaziel, and Johanan, and Josabad\r
+the Gederathite, 12:5 Eluzai, and Jerimoth, and Bealiah, and\r
+Shemariah, and Shephatiah the Haruphite, 12:6 Elkanah, and Jesiah, and\r
+Azareel, and Joezer, and Jashobeam, the Korhites, 12:7 And Joelah, and\r
+Zebadiah, the sons of Jeroham of Gedor.\r
+\r
+12:8 And of the Gadites there separated themselves unto David into the\r
+hold to the wilderness men of might, and men of war fit for the\r
+battle, that could handle shield and buckler, whose faces were like\r
+the faces of lions, and were as swift as the roes upon the mountains;\r
+12:9 Ezer the first, Obadiah the second, Eliab the third, 12:10\r
+Mishmannah the fourth, Jeremiah the fifth, 12:11 Attai the sixth,\r
+Eliel the seventh, 12:12 Johanan the eighth, Elzabad the ninth, 12:13\r
+Jeremiah the tenth, Machbanai the eleventh.\r
+\r
+12:14 These were of the sons of Gad, captains of the host: one of the\r
+least was over an hundred, and the greatest over a thousand.\r
+\r
+12:15 These are they that went over Jordan in the first month, when it\r
+had overflown all his banks; and they put to flight all them of the\r
+valleys, both toward the east, and toward the west.\r
+\r
+12:16 And there came of the children of Benjamin and Judah to the hold\r
+unto David.\r
+\r
+12:17 And David went out to meet them, and answered and said unto\r
+them, If ye be come peaceably unto me to help me, mine heart shall be\r
+knit unto you: but if ye be come to betray me to mine enemies, seeing\r
+there is no wrong in mine hands, the God of our fathers look thereon,\r
+and rebuke it.\r
+\r
+12:18 Then the spirit came upon Amasai, who was chief of the captains,\r
+and he said, Thine are we, David, and on thy side, thou son of Jesse:\r
+peace, peace be unto thee, and peace be to thine helpers; for thy God\r
+helpeth thee.\r
+\r
+Then David received them, and made them captains of the band.\r
+\r
+12:19 And there fell some of Manasseh to David, when he came with the\r
+Philistines against Saul to battle: but they helped them not: for the\r
+lords of the Philistines upon advisement sent him away, saying, He\r
+will fall to his master Saul to the jeopardy of our heads.\r
+\r
+12:20 As he went to Ziklag, there fell to him of Manasseh, Adnah, and\r
+Jozabad, and Jediael, and Michael, and Jozabad, and Elihu, and\r
+Zilthai, captains of the thousands that were of Manasseh.\r
+\r
+12:21 And they helped David against the band of the rovers: for they\r
+were all mighty men of valour, and were captains in the host.\r
+\r
+12:22 For at that time day by day there came to David to help him,\r
+until it was a great host, like the host of God.\r
+\r
+12:23 And these are the numbers of the bands that were ready armed to\r
+the war, and came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to\r
+him, according to the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:24 The children of Judah that bare shield and spear were six\r
+thousand and eight hundred, ready armed to the war.\r
+\r
+12:25 Of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour for the war,\r
+seven thousand and one hundred.\r
+\r
+12:26 Of the children of Levi four thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+12:27 And Jehoiada was the leader of the Aaronites, and with him were\r
+three thousand and seven hundred; 12:28 And Zadok, a young man mighty\r
+of valour, and of his father's house twenty and two captains.\r
+\r
+12:29 And of the children of Benjamin, the kindred of Saul, three\r
+thousand: for hitherto the greatest part of them had kept the ward of\r
+the house of Saul.\r
+\r
+12:30 And of the children of Ephraim twenty thousand and eight\r
+hundred, mighty men of valour, famous throughout the house of their\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+12:31 And of the half tribe of Manasseh eighteen thousand, which were\r
+expressed by name, to come and make David king.\r
+\r
+12:32 And of the children of Issachar, which were men that had\r
+understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do; the heads\r
+of them were two hundred; and all their brethren were at their\r
+commandment.\r
+\r
+12:33 Of Zebulun, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, with\r
+all instruments of war, fifty thousand, which could keep rank: they\r
+were not of double heart.\r
+\r
+12:34 And of Naphtali a thousand captains, and with them with shield\r
+and spear thirty and seven thousand.\r
+\r
+12:35 And of the Danites expert in war twenty and eight thousand and\r
+six hundred.\r
+\r
+12:36 And of Asher, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, forty\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+12:37 And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the\r
+Gadites, and of the half tribe of Manasseh, with all manner of\r
+instruments of war for the battle, an hundred and twenty thousand.\r
+\r
+12:38 All these men of war, that could keep rank, came with a perfect\r
+heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel: and all the rest\r
+also of Israel were of one heart to make David king.\r
+\r
+12:39 And there they were with David three days, eating and drinking:\r
+for their brethren had prepared for them.\r
+\r
+12:40 Moreover they that were nigh them, even unto Issachar and\r
+Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread on asses, and on camels, and on\r
+mules, and on oxen, and meat, meal, cakes of figs, and bunches of\r
+raisins, and wine, and oil, and oxen, and sheep abundantly: for there\r
+was joy in Israel.\r
+\r
+13:1 And David consulted with the captains of thousands and hundreds,\r
+and with every leader.\r
+\r
+13:2 And David said unto all the congregation of Israel, If it seem\r
+good unto you, and that it be of the LORD our God, let us send abroad\r
+unto our brethren every where, that are left in all the land of\r
+Israel, and with them also to the priests and Levites which are in\r
+their cities and suburbs, that they may gather themselves unto us:\r
+13:3 And let us bring again the ark of our God to us: for we enquired\r
+not at it in the days of Saul.\r
+\r
+13:4 And all the congregation said that they would do so: for the\r
+thing was right in the eyes of all the people.\r
+\r
+13:5 So David gathered all Israel together, from Shihor of Egypt even\r
+unto the entering of Hemath, to bring the ark of God from\r
+Kirjathjearim.\r
+\r
+13:6 And David went up, and all Israel, to Baalah, that is, to\r
+Kirjathjearim, which belonged to Judah, to bring up thence the ark of\r
+God the LORD, that dwelleth between the cherubims, whose name is\r
+called on it.\r
+\r
+13:7 And they carried the ark of God in a new cart out of the house of\r
+Abinadab: and Uzza and Ahio drave the cart.\r
+\r
+13:8 And David and all Israel played before God with all their might,\r
+and with singing, and with harps, and with psalteries, and with\r
+timbrels, and with cymbals, and with trumpets.\r
+\r
+13:9 And when they came unto the threshingfloor of Chidon, Uzza put\r
+forth his hand to hold the ark; for the oxen stumbled.\r
+\r
+13:10 And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Uzza, and he smote\r
+him, because he put his hand to the ark: and there he died before God.\r
+\r
+13:11 And David was displeased, because the LORD had made a breach\r
+upon Uzza: wherefore that place is called Perezuzza to this day.\r
+\r
+13:12 And David was afraid of God that day, saying, How shall I bring\r
+the ark of God home to me? 13:13 So David brought not the ark home to\r
+himself to the city of David, but carried it aside into the house of\r
+Obededom the Gittite.\r
+\r
+13:14 And the ark of God remained with the family of Obededom in his\r
+house three months. And the LORD blessed the house of Obededom, and\r
+all that he had.\r
+\r
+14:1 Now Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and timber of\r
+cedars, with masons and carpenters, to build him an house.\r
+\r
+14:2 And David perceived that the LORD had confirmed him king over\r
+Israel, for his kingdom was lifted up on high, because of his people\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+14:3 And David took more wives at Jerusalem: and David begat more sons\r
+and daughters.\r
+\r
+14:4 Now these are the names of his children which he had in\r
+Jerusalem; Shammua, and Shobab, Nathan, and Solomon, 14:5 And Ibhar,\r
+and Elishua, and Elpalet, 14:6 And Nogah, and Nepheg, and Japhia, 14:7\r
+And Elishama, and Beeliada, and Eliphalet.\r
+\r
+14:8 And when the Philistines heard that David was anointed king over\r
+all Israel, all the Philistines went up to seek David. And David heard\r
+of it, and went out against them.\r
+\r
+14:9 And the Philistines came and spread themselves in the valley of\r
+Rephaim.\r
+\r
+14:10 And David enquired of God, saying, Shall I go up against the\r
+Philistines? And wilt thou deliver them into mine hand? And the LORD\r
+said unto him, Go up; for I will deliver them into thine hand.\r
+\r
+14:11 So they came up to Baalperazim; and David smote them there. Then\r
+David said, God hath broken in upon mine enemies by mine hand like the\r
+breaking forth of waters: therefore they called the name of that place\r
+Baalperazim.\r
+\r
+14:12 And when they had left their gods there, David gave a\r
+commandment, and they were burned with fire.\r
+\r
+14:13 And the Philistines yet again spread themselves abroad in the\r
+valley.\r
+\r
+14:14 Therefore David enquired again of God; and God said unto him, Go\r
+not up after them; turn away from them, and come upon them over\r
+against the mulberry trees.\r
+\r
+14:15 And it shall be, when thou shalt hear a sound of going in the\r
+tops of the mulberry trees, that then thou shalt go out to battle: for\r
+God is gone forth before thee to smite the host of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+14:16 David therefore did as God commanded him: and they smote the\r
+host of the Philistines from Gibeon even to Gazer.\r
+\r
+14:17 And the fame of David went out into all lands; and the LORD\r
+brought the fear of him upon all nations.\r
+\r
+15:1 And David made him houses in the city of David, and prepared a\r
+place for the ark of God, and pitched for it a tent.\r
+\r
+15:2 Then David said, None ought to carry the ark of God but the\r
+Levites: for them hath the LORD chosen to carry the ark of God, and to\r
+minister unto him for ever.\r
+\r
+15:3 And David gathered all Israel together to Jerusalem, to bring up\r
+the ark of the LORD unto his place, which he had prepared for it.\r
+\r
+15:4 And David assembled the children of Aaron, and the Levites: 15:5\r
+Of the sons of Kohath; Uriel the chief, and his brethren an hundred\r
+and twenty: 15:6 Of the sons of Merari; Asaiah the chief, and his\r
+brethren two hundred and twenty: 15:7 Of the sons of Gershom; Joel the\r
+chief and his brethren an hundred and thirty: 15:8 Of the sons of\r
+Elizaphan; Shemaiah the chief, and his brethren two hundred: 15:9 Of\r
+the sons of Hebron; Eliel the chief, and his brethren fourscore: 15:10\r
+Of the sons of Uzziel; Amminadab the chief, and his brethren an\r
+hundred and twelve.\r
+\r
+15:11 And David called for Zadok and Abiathar the priests, and for the\r
+Levites, for Uriel, Asaiah, and Joel, Shemaiah, and Eliel, and\r
+Amminadab, 15:12 And said unto them, Ye are the chief of the fathers\r
+of the Levites: sanctify yourselves, both ye and your brethren, that\r
+ye may bring up the ark of the LORD God of Israel unto the place that\r
+I have prepared for it.\r
+\r
+15:13 For because ye did it not at the first, the LORD our God made a\r
+breach upon us, for that we sought him not after the due order.\r
+\r
+15:14 So the priests and the Levites sanctified themselves to bring up\r
+the ark of the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:15 And the children of the Levites bare the ark of God upon their\r
+shoulders with the staves thereon, as Moses commanded according to the\r
+word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:16 And David spake to the chief of the Levites to appoint their\r
+brethren to be the singers with instruments of musick, psalteries and\r
+harps and cymbals, sounding, by lifting up the voice with joy.\r
+\r
+15:17 So the Levites appointed Heman the son of Joel; and of his\r
+brethren, Asaph the son of Berechiah; and of the sons of Merari their\r
+brethren, Ethan the son of Kushaiah; 15:18 And with them their\r
+brethren of the second degree, Zechariah, Ben, and Jaaziel, and\r
+Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, Eliab, and Benaiah, and Maaseiah,\r
+and Mattithiah, and Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel,\r
+the porters.\r
+\r
+15:19 So the singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, were appointed to sound\r
+with cymbals of brass; 15:20 And Zechariah, and Aziel, and\r
+Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Unni, and Eliab, and Maaseiah, and\r
+Benaiah, with psalteries on Alamoth; 15:21 And Mattithiah, and\r
+Elipheleh, and Mikneiah, and Obededom, and Jeiel, and Azaziah, with\r
+harps on the Sheminith to excel.\r
+\r
+15:22 And Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, was for song: he instructed\r
+about the song, because he was skilful.\r
+\r
+15:23 And Berechiah and Elkanah were doorkeepers for the ark.\r
+\r
+15:24 And Shebaniah, and Jehoshaphat, and Nethaneel, and Amasai, and\r
+Zechariah, and Benaiah, and Eliezer, the priests, did blow with the\r
+trumpets before the ark of God: and Obededom and Jehiah were\r
+doorkeepers for the ark.\r
+\r
+15:25 So David, and the elders of Israel, and the captains over\r
+thousands, went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of\r
+the house of Obededom with joy.\r
+\r
+15:26 And it came to pass, when God helped the Levites that bare the\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD, that they offered seven bullocks and\r
+seven rams.\r
+\r
+15:27 And David was clothed with a robe of fine linen, and all the\r
+Levites that bare the ark, and the singers, and Chenaniah the master\r
+of the song with the singers: David also had upon him an ephod of\r
+linen.\r
+\r
+15:28 Thus all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant of the LORD\r
+with shouting, and with sound of the cornet, and with trumpets, and\r
+with cymbals, making a noise with psalteries and harps.\r
+\r
+15:29 And it came to pass, as the ark of the covenant of the LORD came\r
+to the city of David, that Michal, the daughter of Saul looking out at\r
+a window saw king David dancing and playing: and she despised him in\r
+her heart.\r
+\r
+16:1 So they brought the ark of God, and set it in the midst of the\r
+tent that David had pitched for it: and they offered burnt sacrifices\r
+and peace offerings before God.\r
+\r
+16:2 And when David had made an end of offering the burnt offerings\r
+and the peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+16:3 And he dealt to every one of Israel, both man and woman, to every\r
+one a loaf of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine.\r
+\r
+16:4 And he appointed certain of the Levites to minister before the\r
+ark of the LORD, and to record, and to thank and praise the LORD God\r
+of Israel: 16:5 Asaph the chief, and next to him Zechariah, Jeiel, and\r
+Shemiramoth, and Jehiel, and Mattithiah, and Eliab, and Benaiah, and\r
+Obededom: and Jeiel with psalteries and with harps; but Asaph made a\r
+sound with cymbals; 16:6 Benaiah also and Jahaziel the priests with\r
+trumpets continually before the ark of the covenant of God.\r
+\r
+16:7 Then on that day David delivered first this psalm to thank the\r
+LORD into the hand of Asaph and his brethren.\r
+\r
+16:8 Give thanks unto the LORD, call upon his name, make known his\r
+deeds among the people.\r
+\r
+16:9 Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him, talk ye of all his wondrous\r
+works.\r
+\r
+16:10 Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that\r
+seek the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:11 Seek the LORD and his strength, seek his face continually.\r
+\r
+16:12 Remember his marvellous works that he hath done, his wonders,\r
+and the judgments of his mouth; 16:13 O ye seed of Israel his servant,\r
+ye children of Jacob, his chosen ones.\r
+\r
+16:14 He is the LORD our God; his judgments are in all the earth.\r
+\r
+16:15 Be ye mindful always of his covenant; the word which he\r
+commanded to a thousand generations; 16:16 Even of the covenant which\r
+he made with Abraham, and of his oath unto Isaac; 16:17 And hath\r
+confirmed the same to Jacob for a law, and to Israel for an\r
+everlasting covenant, 16:18 Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of\r
+Canaan, the lot of your inheritance; 16:19 When ye were but few, even\r
+a few, and strangers in it.\r
+\r
+16:20 And when they went from nation to nation, and from one kingdom\r
+to another people; 16:21 He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he\r
+reproved kings for their sakes, 16:22 Saying, Touch not mine anointed,\r
+and do my prophets no harm.\r
+\r
+16:23 Sing unto the LORD, all the earth; shew forth from day to day\r
+his salvation.\r
+\r
+16:24 Declare his glory among the heathen; his marvellous works among\r
+all nations.\r
+\r
+16:25 For great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised: he also is to\r
+be feared above all gods.\r
+\r
+16:26 For all the gods of the people are idols: but the LORD made the\r
+heavens.\r
+\r
+16:27 Glory and honour are in his presence; strength and gladness are\r
+in his place.\r
+\r
+16:28 Give unto the LORD, ye kindreds of the people, give unto the\r
+LORD glory and strength.\r
+\r
+16:29 Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an\r
+offering, and come before him: worship the LORD in the beauty of\r
+holiness.\r
+\r
+16:30 Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable,\r
+that it be not moved.\r
+\r
+16:31 Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice: and let men\r
+say among the nations, The LORD reigneth.\r
+\r
+16:32 Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof: let the fields\r
+rejoice, and all that is therein.\r
+\r
+16:33 Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of the\r
+LORD, because he cometh to judge the earth.\r
+\r
+16:34 O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good; for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+16:35 And say ye, Save us, O God of our salvation, and gather us\r
+together, and deliver us from the heathen, that we may give thanks to\r
+thy holy name, and glory in thy praise.\r
+\r
+16:36 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel for ever and ever. And all the\r
+people said, Amen, and praised the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:37 So he left there before the ark of the covenant of the LORD\r
+Asaph and his brethren, to minister before the ark continually, as\r
+every day's work required: 16:38 And Obededom with their brethren,\r
+threescore and eight; Obededom also the son of Jeduthun and Hosah to\r
+be porters: 16:39 And Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests,\r
+before the tabernacle of the LORD in the high place that was at\r
+Gibeon, 16:40 To offer burnt offerings unto the LORD upon the altar of\r
+the burnt offering continually morning and evening, and to do\r
+according to all that is written in the law of the LORD, which he\r
+commanded Israel; 16:41 And with them Heman and Jeduthun, and the rest\r
+that were chosen, who were expressed by name, to give thanks to the\r
+LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever; 16:42 And with them Heman\r
+and Jeduthun with trumpets and cymbals for those that should make a\r
+sound, and with musical instruments of God. And the sons of Jeduthun\r
+were porters.\r
+\r
+16:43 And all the people departed every man to his house: and David\r
+returned to bless his house.\r
+\r
+17:1 Now it came to pass, as David sat in his house, that David said\r
+to Nathan the prophet, Lo, I dwell in an house of cedars, but the ark\r
+of the covenant of the LORD remaineth under curtains.\r
+\r
+17:2 Then Nathan said unto David, Do all that is in thine heart; for\r
+God is with thee.\r
+\r
+17:3 And it came to pass the same night, that the word of God came to\r
+Nathan, saying, 17:4 Go and tell David my servant, Thus saith the\r
+LORD, Thou shalt not build me an house to dwell in: 17:5 For I have\r
+not dwelt in an house since the day that I brought up Israel unto this\r
+day; but have gone from tent to tent, and from one tabernacle to\r
+another.\r
+\r
+17:6 Wheresoever I have walked with all Israel, spake I a word to any\r
+of the judges of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people, saying,\r
+Why have ye not built me an house of cedars? 17:7 Now therefore thus\r
+shalt thou say unto my servant David, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, I\r
+took thee from the sheepcote, even from following the sheep, that thou\r
+shouldest be ruler over my people Israel: 17:8 And I have been with\r
+thee whithersoever thou hast walked, and have cut off all thine\r
+enemies from before thee, and have made thee a name like the name of\r
+the great men that are in the earth.\r
+\r
+17:9 Also I will ordain a place for my people Israel, and will plant\r
+them, and they shall dwell in their place, and shall be moved no more;\r
+neither shall the children of wickedness waste them any more, as at\r
+the beginning, 17:10 And since the time that I commanded judges to be\r
+over my people Israel. Moreover I will subdue all thine enemies.\r
+Furthermore I tell thee that the LORD will build thee an house.\r
+\r
+17:11 And it shall come to pass, when thy days be expired that thou\r
+must go to be with thy fathers, that I will raise up thy seed after\r
+thee, which shall be of thy sons; and I will establish his kingdom.\r
+\r
+17:12 He shall build me an house, and I will stablish his throne for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+17:13 I will be his father, and he shall be my son: and I will not\r
+take my mercy away from him, as I took it from him that was before\r
+thee: 17:14 But I will settle him in mine house and in my kingdom for\r
+ever: and his throne shall be established for evermore.\r
+\r
+17:15 According to all these words, and according to all this vision,\r
+so did Nathan speak unto David.\r
+\r
+17:16 And David the king came and sat before the LORD, and said, Who\r
+am I, O LORD God, and what is mine house, that thou hast brought me\r
+hitherto? 17:17 And yet this was a small thing in thine eyes, O God;\r
+for thou hast also spoken of thy servant's house for a great while to\r
+come, and hast regarded me according to the estate of a man of high\r
+degree, O LORD God.\r
+\r
+17:18 What can David speak more to thee for the honour of thy servant?\r
+for thou knowest thy servant.\r
+\r
+17:19 O LORD, for thy servant's sake, and according to thine own\r
+heart, hast thou done all this greatness, in making known all these\r
+great things.\r
+\r
+17:20 O LORD, there is none like thee, neither is there any God beside\r
+thee, according to all that we have heard with our ears.\r
+\r
+17:21 And what one nation in the earth is like thy people Israel, whom\r
+God went to redeem to be his own people, to make thee a name of\r
+greatness and terribleness, by driving out nations from before thy\r
+people whom thou hast redeemed out of Egypt? 17:22 For thy people\r
+Israel didst thou make thine own people for ever; and thou, LORD,\r
+becamest their God.\r
+\r
+17:23 Therefore now, LORD, let the thing that thou hast spoken\r
+concerning thy servant and concerning his house be established for\r
+ever, and do as thou hast said.\r
+\r
+17:24 Let it even be established, that thy name may be magnified for\r
+ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God of Israel, even a God to\r
+Israel: and let the house of David thy servant be established before\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+17:25 For thou, O my God, hast told thy servant that thou wilt build\r
+him an house: therefore thy servant hath found in his heart to pray\r
+before thee.\r
+\r
+17:26 And now, LORD, thou art God, and hast promised this goodness\r
+unto thy servant: 17:27 Now therefore let it please thee to bless the\r
+house of thy servant, that it may be before thee for ever: for thou\r
+blessest, O LORD, and it shall be blessed for ever.\r
+\r
+18:1 Now after this it came to pass, that David smote the Philistines,\r
+and subdued them, and took Gath and her towns out of the hand of the\r
+Philistines.\r
+\r
+18:2 And he smote Moab; and the Moabites became David's servants, and\r
+brought gifts.\r
+\r
+18:3 And David smote Hadarezer king of Zobah unto Hamath, as he went\r
+to stablish his dominion by the river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+18:4 And David took from him a thousand chariots, and seven thousand\r
+horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen: David also houghed all the\r
+chariot horses, but reserved of them an hundred chariots.\r
+\r
+18:5 And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadarezer king of\r
+Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men.\r
+\r
+18:6 Then David put garrisons in Syriadamascus; and the Syrians became\r
+David's servants, and brought gifts. Thus the LORD preserved David\r
+whithersoever he went.\r
+\r
+18:7 And David took the shields of gold that were on the servants of\r
+Hadarezer, and brought them to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+18:8 Likewise from Tibhath, and from Chun, cities of Hadarezer,\r
+brought David very much brass, wherewith Solomon made the brasen sea,\r
+and the pillars, and the vessels of brass.\r
+\r
+18:9 Now when Tou king of Hamath heard how David had smitten all the\r
+host of Hadarezer king of Zobah; 18:10 He sent Hadoram his son to king\r
+David, to enquire of his welfare, and to congratulate him, because he\r
+had fought against Hadarezer, and smitten him; (for Hadarezer had war\r
+with Tou;) and with him all manner of vessels of gold and silver and\r
+brass.\r
+\r
+18:11 Them also king David dedicated unto the LORD, with the silver\r
+and the gold that he brought from all these nations; from Edom, and\r
+from Moab, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines,\r
+and from Amalek.\r
+\r
+18:12 Moreover Abishai the son of Zeruiah slew of the Edomites in the\r
+valley of salt eighteen thousand.\r
+\r
+18:13 And he put garrisons in Edom; and all the Edomites became\r
+David's servants. Thus the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went.\r
+\r
+18:14 So David reigned over all Israel, and executed judgment and\r
+justice among all his people.\r
+\r
+18:15 And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the host; and Jehoshaphat\r
+the son of Ahilud, recorder.\r
+\r
+18:16 And Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Abimelech the son of Abiathar,\r
+were the priests; and Shavsha was scribe; 18:17 And Benaiah the son of\r
+Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and the Pelethites; and the sons of\r
+David were chief about the king.\r
+\r
+19:1 Now it came to pass after this, that Nahash the king of the\r
+children of Ammon died, and his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+19:2 And David said, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of\r
+Nahash, because his father shewed kindness to me. And David sent\r
+messengers to comfort him concerning his father. So the servants of\r
+David came into the land of the children of Ammon to Hanun, to comfort\r
+him.\r
+\r
+19:3 But the princes of the children of Ammon said to Hanun, Thinkest\r
+thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters\r
+unto thee? are not his servants come unto thee for to search, and to\r
+overthrow, and to spy out the land? 19:4 Wherefore Hanun took David's\r
+servants, and shaved them, and cut off their garments in the midst\r
+hard by their buttocks, and sent them away.\r
+\r
+19:5 Then there went certain, and told David how the men were served.\r
+And he sent to meet them: for the men were greatly ashamed. And the\r
+king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then\r
+return.\r
+\r
+19:6 And when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves\r
+odious to David, Hanun and the children of Ammon sent a thousand\r
+talents of silver to hire them chariots and horsemen out of\r
+Mesopotamia, and out of Syriamaachah, and out of Zobah.\r
+\r
+19:7 So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots, and the king of\r
+Maachah and his people; who came and pitched before Medeba. And the\r
+children of Ammon gathered themselves together from their cities, and\r
+came to battle.\r
+\r
+19:8 And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the\r
+mighty men.\r
+\r
+19:9 And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array\r
+before the gate of the city: and the kings that were come were by\r
+themselves in the field.\r
+\r
+19:10 Now when Joab saw that the battle was set against him before and\r
+behind, he chose out of all the choice of Israel, and put them in\r
+array against the Syrians.\r
+\r
+19:11 And the rest of the people he delivered unto the hand of Abishai\r
+his brother, and they set themselves in array against the children of\r
+Ammon.\r
+\r
+19:12 And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou\r
+shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee,\r
+then I will help thee.\r
+\r
+19:13 Be of good courage, and let us behave ourselves valiantly for\r
+our people, and for the cities of our God: and let the LORD do that\r
+which is good in his sight.\r
+\r
+19:14 So Joab and the people that were with him drew nigh before the\r
+Syrians unto the battle; and they fled before him.\r
+\r
+19:15 And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled,\r
+they likewise fled before Abishai his brother, and entered into the\r
+city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+19:16 And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before\r
+Israel, they sent messengers, and drew forth the Syrians that were\r
+beyond the river: and Shophach the captain of the host of Hadarezer\r
+went before them.\r
+\r
+19:17 And it was told David; and he gathered all Israel, and passed\r
+over Jordan, and came upon them, and set the battle in array against\r
+them. So when David had put the battle in array against the Syrians,\r
+they fought with him.\r
+\r
+19:18 But the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew of the\r
+Syrians seven thousand men which fought in chariots, and forty\r
+thousand footmen, and killed Shophach the captain of the host.\r
+\r
+19:19 And when the servants of Hadarezer saw that they were put to the\r
+worse before Israel, they made peace with David, and became his\r
+servants: neither would the Syrians help the children of Ammon any\r
+more.\r
+\r
+20:1 And it came to pass, that after the year was expired, at the time\r
+that kings go out to battle, Joab led forth the power of the army, and\r
+wasted the country of the children of Ammon, and came and besieged\r
+Rabbah. But David tarried at Jerusalem. And Joab smote Rabbah, and\r
+destroyed it.\r
+\r
+20:2 And David took the crown of their king from off his head, and\r
+found it to weigh a talent of gold, and there were precious stones in\r
+it; and it was set upon David's head: and he brought also exceeding\r
+much spoil out of the city.\r
+\r
+20:3 And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with\r
+saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David\r
+with all the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and all the\r
+people returned to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+20:4 And it came to pass after this, that there arose war at Gezer\r
+with the Philistines; at which time Sibbechai the Hushathite slew\r
+Sippai, that was of the children of the giant: and they were subdued.\r
+\r
+20:5 And there was war again with the Philistines; and Elhanan the son\r
+of Jair slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite, whose spear\r
+staff was like a weaver's beam.\r
+\r
+20:6 And yet again there was war at Gath, where was a man of great\r
+stature, whose fingers and toes were four and twenty, six on each\r
+hand, and six on each foot and he also was the son of the giant.\r
+\r
+20:7 But when he defied Israel, Jonathan the son of Shimea David's\r
+brother slew him.\r
+\r
+20:8 These were born unto the giant in Gath; and they fell by the hand\r
+of David, and by the hand of his servants.\r
+\r
+21:1 And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+21:2 And David said to Joab and to the rulers of the people, Go,\r
+number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring the number of them\r
+to me, that I may know it.\r
+\r
+21:3 And Joab answered, The LORD make his people an hundred times so\r
+many more as they be: but, my lord the king, are they not all my\r
+lord's servants? why then doth my lord require this thing? why will\r
+he be a cause of trespass to Israel? 21:4 Nevertheless the king's\r
+word prevailed against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed, and went\r
+throughout all Israel, and came to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+21:5 And Joab gave the sum of the number of the people unto David. And\r
+all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and an hundred thousand\r
+men that drew sword: and Judah was four hundred threescore and ten\r
+thousand men that drew sword.\r
+\r
+21:6 But Levi and Benjamin counted he not among them: for the king's\r
+word was abominable to Joab.\r
+\r
+21:7 And God was displeased with this thing; therefore he smote\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+21:8 And David said unto God, I have sinned greatly, because I have\r
+done this thing: but now, I beseech thee, do away the iniquity of thy\r
+servant; for I have done very foolishly.\r
+\r
+21:9 And the LORD spake unto Gad, David's seer, saying, 21:10 Go and\r
+tell David, saying, Thus saith the LORD, I offer thee three things:\r
+choose thee one of them, that I may do it unto thee.\r
+\r
+21:11 So Gad came to David, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD,\r
+Choose thee 21:12 Either three years' famine; or three months to be\r
+destroyed before thy foes, while that the sword of thine enemies\r
+overtaketh thee; or else three days the sword of the LORD, even the\r
+pestilence, in the land, and the angel of the LORD destroying\r
+throughout all the coasts of Israel. Now therefore advise thyself what\r
+word I shall bring again to him that sent me.\r
+\r
+21:13 And David said unto Gad, I am in a great strait: let me fall now\r
+into the hand of the LORD; for very great are his mercies: but let me\r
+not fall into the hand of man.\r
+\r
+21:14 So the LORD sent pestilence upon Israel: and there fell of\r
+Israel seventy thousand men.\r
+\r
+21:15 And God sent an angel unto Jerusalem to destroy it: and as he\r
+was destroying, the LORD beheld, and he repented him of the evil, and\r
+said to the angel that destroyed, It is enough, stay now thine hand.\r
+And the angel of the LORD stood by the threshingfloor of Ornan the\r
+Jebusite.\r
+\r
+21:16 And David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the LORD\r
+stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his\r
+hand stretched out over Jerusalem. Then David and the elders of\r
+Israel, who were clothed in sackcloth, fell upon their faces.\r
+\r
+21:17 And David said unto God, Is it not I that commanded the people\r
+to be numbered? even I it is that have sinned and done evil indeed;\r
+but as for these sheep, what have they done? let thine hand, I pray\r
+thee, O LORD my God, be on me, and on my father's house; but not on\r
+thy people, that they should be plagued.\r
+\r
+21:18 Then the angel of the LORD commanded Gad to say to David, that\r
+David should go up, and set up an altar unto the LORD in the\r
+threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite.\r
+\r
+21:19 And David went up at the saying of Gad, which he spake in the\r
+name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:20 And Ornan turned back, and saw the angel; and his four sons with\r
+him hid themselves. Now Ornan was threshing wheat.\r
+\r
+21:21 And as David came to Ornan, Ornan looked and saw David, and went\r
+out of the threshingfloor, and bowed himself to David with his face to\r
+the ground.\r
+\r
+21:22 Then David said to Ornan, Grant me the place of this\r
+threshingfloor, that I may build an altar therein unto the LORD: thou\r
+shalt grant it me for the full price: that the plague may be stayed\r
+from the people.\r
+\r
+21:23 And Ornan said unto David, Take it to thee, and let my lord the\r
+king do that which is good in his eyes: lo, I give thee the oxen also\r
+for burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for wood, and the\r
+wheat for the meat offering; I give it all.\r
+\r
+21:24 And king David said to Ornan, Nay; but I will verily buy it for\r
+the full price: for I will not take that which is thine for the LORD,\r
+nor offer burnt offerings without cost.\r
+\r
+21:25 So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold\r
+by weight.\r
+\r
+21:26 And David built there an altar unto the LORD, and offered burnt\r
+offerings and peace offerings, and called upon the LORD; and he\r
+answered him from heaven by fire upon the altar of burnt offering.\r
+\r
+21:27 And the LORD commanded the angel; and he put up his sword again\r
+into the sheath thereof.\r
+\r
+21:28 At that time when David saw that the LORD had answered him in\r
+the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite, then he sacrificed there.\r
+\r
+21:29 For the tabernacle of the LORD, which Moses made in the\r
+wilderness, and the altar of the burnt offering, were at that season\r
+in the high place at Gibeon.\r
+\r
+21:30 But David could not go before it to enquire of God: for he was\r
+afraid because of the sword of the angel of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:1 Then David said, This is the house of the LORD God, and this is\r
+the altar of the burnt offering for Israel.\r
+\r
+22:2 And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in\r
+the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build\r
+the house of God.\r
+\r
+22:3 And David prepared iron in abundance for the nails for the doors\r
+of the gates, and for the joinings; and brass in abundance without\r
+weight; 22:4 Also cedar trees in abundance: for the Zidonians and they\r
+of Tyre brought much cedar wood to David.\r
+\r
+22:5 And David said, Solomon my son is young and tender, and the house\r
+that is to be builded for the LORD must be exceeding magnifical, of\r
+fame and of glory throughout all countries: I will therefore now make\r
+preparation for it. So David prepared abundantly before his death.\r
+\r
+22:6 Then he called for Solomon his son, and charged him to build an\r
+house for the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:7 And David said to Solomon, My son, as for me, it was in my mind\r
+to build an house unto the name of the LORD my God: 22:8 But the word\r
+of the LORD came to me, saying, Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and\r
+hast made great wars: thou shalt not build an house unto my name,\r
+because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in my sight.\r
+\r
+22:9 Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest;\r
+and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about: for his\r
+name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel\r
+in his days.\r
+\r
+22:10 He shall build an house for my name; and he shall be my son, and\r
+I will be his father; and I will establish the throne of his kingdom\r
+over Israel for ever.\r
+\r
+22:11 Now, my son, the LORD be with thee; and prosper thou, and build\r
+the house of the LORD thy God, as he hath said of thee.\r
+\r
+22:12 Only the LORD give thee wisdom and understanding, and give thee\r
+charge concerning Israel, that thou mayest keep the law of the LORD\r
+thy God.\r
+\r
+22:13 Then shalt thou prosper, if thou takest heed to fulfil the\r
+statutes and judgments which the LORD charged Moses with concerning\r
+Israel: be strong, and of good courage; dread not, nor be dismayed.\r
+\r
+22:14 Now, behold, in my trouble I have prepared for the house of the\r
+LORD an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand\r
+talents of silver; and of brass and iron without weight; for it is in\r
+abundance: timber also and stone have I prepared; and thou mayest add\r
+thereto.\r
+\r
+22:15 Moreover there are workmen with thee in abundance, hewers and\r
+workers of stone and timber, and all manner of cunning men for every\r
+manner of work.\r
+\r
+22:16 Of the gold, the silver, and the brass, and the iron, there is\r
+no number. Arise therefore, and be doing, and the LORD be with thee.\r
+\r
+22:17 David also commanded all the princes of Israel to help Solomon\r
+his son, saying, 22:18 Is not the LORD your God with you? and hath he\r
+not given you rest on every side? for he hath given the inhabitants of\r
+the land into mine hand; and the land is subdued before the LORD, and\r
+before his people.\r
+\r
+22:19 Now set your heart and your soul to seek the LORD your God;\r
+arise therefore, and build ye the sanctuary of the LORD God, to bring\r
+the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and the holy vessels of God, into\r
+the house that is to be built to the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:1 So when David was old and full of days, he made Solomon his son\r
+king over Israel.\r
+\r
+23:2 And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the\r
+priests and the Levites.\r
+\r
+23:3 Now the Levites were numbered from the age of thirty years and\r
+upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and\r
+eight thousand.\r
+\r
+23:4 Of which, twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work\r
+of the house of the LORD; and six thousand were officers and judges:\r
+23:5 Moreover four thousand were porters; and four thousand praised\r
+the LORD with the instruments which I made, said David, to praise\r
+therewith.\r
+\r
+23:6 And David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi,\r
+namely, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.\r
+\r
+23:7 Of the Gershonites were, Laadan, and Shimei.\r
+\r
+23:8 The sons of Laadan; the chief was Jehiel, and Zetham, and Joel,\r
+three.\r
+\r
+23:9 The sons of Shimei; Shelomith, and Haziel, and Haran, three.\r
+These were the chief of the fathers of Laadan.\r
+\r
+23:10 And the sons of Shimei were, Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and\r
+Beriah.\r
+\r
+These four were the sons of Shimei.\r
+\r
+23:11 And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and\r
+Beriah had not many sons; therefore they were in one reckoning,\r
+according to their father's house.\r
+\r
+23:12 The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.\r
+\r
+23:13 The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and Aaron was separated,\r
+that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons for\r
+ever, to burn incense before the LORD, to minister unto him, and to\r
+bless in his name for ever.\r
+\r
+23:14 Now concerning Moses the man of God, his sons were named of the\r
+tribe of Levi.\r
+\r
+23:15 The sons of Moses were, Gershom, and Eliezer.\r
+\r
+23:16 Of the sons of Gershom, Shebuel was the chief.\r
+\r
+23:17 And the sons of Eliezer were, Rehabiah the chief. And Eliezer\r
+had none other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many.\r
+\r
+23:18 Of the sons of Izhar; Shelomith the chief.\r
+\r
+23:19 Of the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second,\r
+Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.\r
+\r
+23:20 Of the sons of Uzziel; Micah the first and Jesiah the second.\r
+\r
+23:21 The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. The sons of Mahli;\r
+Eleazar, and Kish.\r
+\r
+23:22 And Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters: and their\r
+brethren the sons of Kish took them.\r
+\r
+23:23 The sons of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jeremoth, three.\r
+\r
+23:24 These were the sons of Levi after the house of their fathers;\r
+even the chief of the fathers, as they were counted by number of names\r
+by their polls, that did the work for the service of the house of the\r
+LORD, from the age of twenty years and upward.\r
+\r
+23:25 For David said, The LORD God of Israel hath given rest unto his\r
+people, that they may dwell in Jerusalem for ever: 23:26 And also unto\r
+the Levites; they shall no more carry the tabernacle, nor any vessels\r
+of it for the service thereof.\r
+\r
+23:27 For by the last words of David the Levites were numbered from\r
+twenty years old and above: 23:28 Because their office was to wait on\r
+the sons of Aaron for the service of the house of the LORD, in the\r
+courts, and in the chambers, and in the purifying of all holy things,\r
+and the work of the service of the house of God; 23:29 Both for the\r
+shewbread, and for the fine flour for meat offering, and for the\r
+unleavened cakes, and for that which is baked in the pan, and for that\r
+which is fried, and for all manner of measure and size; 23:30 And to\r
+stand every morning to thank and praise the LORD, and likewise at\r
+even: 23:31 And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the LORD in the\r
+sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number,\r
+according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the\r
+LORD: 23:32 And that they should keep the charge of the tabernacle of\r
+the congregation, and the charge of the holy place, and the charge of\r
+the sons of Aaron their brethren, in the service of the house of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+24:1 Now these are the divisions of the sons of Aaron. The sons of\r
+Aaron; Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.\r
+\r
+24:2 But Nadab and Abihu died before their father, and had no\r
+children: therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office.\r
+\r
+24:3 And David distributed them, both Zadok of the sons of Eleazar,\r
+and Ahimelech of the sons of Ithamar, according to their offices in\r
+their service.\r
+\r
+24:4 And there were more chief men found of the sons of Eleazar than\r
+of the sons of Ithamar, and thus were they divided. Among the sons of\r
+Eleazar there were sixteen chief men of the house of their fathers,\r
+and eight among the sons of Ithamar according to the house of their\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+24:5 Thus were they divided by lot, one sort with another; for the\r
+governors of the sanctuary, and governors of the house of God, were of\r
+the sons of Eleazar, and of the sons of Ithamar.\r
+\r
+24:6 And Shemaiah the son of Nethaneel the scribe, one of the Levites,\r
+wrote them before the king, and the princes, and Zadok the priest, and\r
+Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, and before the chief of the fathers of\r
+the priests and Levites: one principal household being taken for\r
+Eleazar, and one taken for Ithamar.\r
+\r
+24:7 Now the first lot came forth to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah,\r
+24:8 The third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, 24:9 The fifth to\r
+Malchijah, the sixth to Mijamin, 24:10 The seventh to Hakkoz, the\r
+eighth to Abijah, 24:11 The ninth to Jeshuah, the tenth to Shecaniah,\r
+24:12 The eleventh to Eliashib, the twelfth to Jakim, 24:13 The\r
+thirteenth to Huppah, the fourteenth to Jeshebeab, 24:14 The fifteenth\r
+to Bilgah, the sixteenth to Immer, 24:15 The seventeenth to Hezir, the\r
+eighteenth to Aphses, 24:16 The nineteenth to Pethahiah, the twentieth\r
+to Jehezekel, 24:17 The one and twentieth to Jachin, the two and\r
+twentieth to Gamul, 24:18 The three and twentieth to Delaiah, the four\r
+and twentieth to Maaziah.\r
+\r
+24:19 These were the orderings of them in their service to come into\r
+the house of the LORD, according to their manner, under Aaron their\r
+father, as the LORD God of Israel had commanded him.\r
+\r
+24:20 And the rest of the sons of Levi were these: Of the sons of\r
+Amram; Shubael: of the sons of Shubael; Jehdeiah.\r
+\r
+24:21 Concerning Rehabiah: of the sons of Rehabiah, the first was\r
+Isshiah.\r
+\r
+24:22 Of the Izharites; Shelomoth: of the sons of Shelomoth; Jahath.\r
+\r
+24:23 And the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second,\r
+Jahaziel the third, Jekameam the fourth.\r
+\r
+24:24 Of the sons of Uzziel; Michah: of the sons of Michah; Shamir.\r
+\r
+24:25 The brother of Michah was Isshiah: of the sons of Isshiah;\r
+Zechariah.\r
+\r
+24:26 The sons of Merari were Mahli and Mushi: the sons of Jaaziah;\r
+Beno.\r
+\r
+24:27 The sons of Merari by Jaaziah; Beno, and Shoham, and Zaccur, and\r
+Ibri.\r
+\r
+24:28 Of Mahli came Eleazar, who had no sons.\r
+\r
+24:29 Concerning Kish: the son of Kish was Jerahmeel.\r
+\r
+24:30 The sons also of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jerimoth. These\r
+were the sons of the Levites after the house of their fathers.\r
+\r
+24:31 These likewise cast lots over against their brethren the sons of\r
+Aaron in the presence of David the king, and Zadok, and Ahimelech, and\r
+the chief of the fathers of the priests and Levites, even the\r
+principal fathers over against their younger brethren.\r
+\r
+25:1 Moreover David and the captains of the host separated to the\r
+service of the sons of Asaph, and of Heman, and of Jeduthun, who\r
+should prophesy with harps, with psalteries, and with cymbals: and the\r
+number of the workmen according to their service was: 25:2 Of the sons\r
+of Asaph; Zaccur, and Joseph, and Nethaniah, and Asarelah, the sons of\r
+Asaph under the hands of Asaph, which prophesied according to the\r
+order of the king.\r
+\r
+25:3 Of Jeduthun: the sons of Jeduthun; Gedaliah, and Zeri, and\r
+Jeshaiah, Hashabiah, and Mattithiah, six, under the hands of their\r
+father Jeduthun, who prophesied with a harp, to give thanks and to\r
+praise the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:4 Of Heman: the sons of Heman: Bukkiah, Mattaniah, Uzziel, Shebuel,\r
+and Jerimoth, Hananiah, Hanani, Eliathah, Giddalti, and Romamtiezer,\r
+Joshbekashah, Mallothi, Hothir, and Mahazioth: 25:5 All these were the\r
+sons of Heman the king's seer in the words of God, to lift up the\r
+horn. And God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three daughters.\r
+\r
+25:6 All these were under the hands of their father for song in the\r
+house of the LORD, with cymbals, psalteries, and harps, for the\r
+service of the house of God, according to the king's order to Asaph,\r
+Jeduthun, and Heman.\r
+\r
+25:7 So the number of them, with their brethren that were instructed\r
+in the songs of the LORD, even all that were cunning, was two hundred\r
+fourscore and eight.\r
+\r
+25:8 And they cast lots, ward against ward, as well the small as the\r
+great, the teacher as the scholar.\r
+\r
+25:9 Now the first lot came forth for Asaph to Joseph: the second to\r
+Gedaliah, who with his brethren and sons were twelve: 25:10 The third\r
+to Zaccur, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:11 The\r
+fourth to Izri, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:12 The\r
+fifth to Nethaniah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:13\r
+The sixth to Bukkiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve:\r
+25:14 The seventh to Jesharelah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were\r
+twelve: 25:15 The eighth to Jeshaiah, he, his sons, and his brethren,\r
+were twelve: 25:16 The ninth to Mattaniah, he, his sons, and his\r
+brethren, were twelve: 25:17 The tenth to Shimei, he, his sons, and\r
+his brethren, were twelve: 25:18 The eleventh to Azareel, he, his\r
+sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:19 The twelfth to Hashabiah,\r
+he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:20 The thirteenth to\r
+Shubael, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:21 The\r
+fourteenth to Mattithiah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve:\r
+25:22 The fifteenth to Jeremoth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were\r
+twelve: 25:23 The sixteenth to Hananiah, he, his sons, and his\r
+brethren, were twelve: 25:24 The seventeenth to Joshbekashah, he, his\r
+sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:25 The eighteenth to Hanani,\r
+he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:26 The nineteenth to\r
+Mallothi, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:27 The\r
+twentieth to Eliathah, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve:\r
+25:28 The one and twentieth to Hothir, he, his sons, and his brethren,\r
+were twelve: 25:29 The two and twentieth to Giddalti, he, his sons,\r
+and his brethren, were twelve: 25:30 The three and twentieth to\r
+Mahazioth, he, his sons, and his brethren, were twelve: 25:31 The four\r
+and twentieth to Romamtiezer, he, his sons, and his brethren, were\r
+twelve.\r
+\r
+26:1 Concerning the divisions of the porters: Of the Korhites was\r
+Meshelemiah the son of Kore, of the sons of Asaph.\r
+\r
+26:2 And the sons of Meshelemiah were, Zechariah the firstborn,\r
+Jediael the second, Zebadiah the third, Jathniel the fourth, 26:3 Elam\r
+the fifth, Jehohanan the sixth, Elioenai the seventh.\r
+\r
+26:4 Moreover the sons of Obededom were, Shemaiah the firstborn,\r
+Jehozabad the second, Joah the third, and Sacar the fourth, and\r
+Nethaneel the fifth.\r
+\r
+26:5 Ammiel the sixth, Issachar the seventh, Peulthai the eighth: for\r
+God blessed him.\r
+\r
+26:6 Also unto Shemaiah his son were sons born, that ruled throughout\r
+the house of their father: for they were mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+26:7 The sons of Shemaiah; Othni, and Rephael, and Obed, Elzabad,\r
+whose brethren were strong men, Elihu, and Semachiah.\r
+\r
+26:8 All these of the sons of Obededom: they and their sons and their\r
+brethren, able men for strength for the service, were threescore and\r
+two of Obededom.\r
+\r
+26:9 And Meshelemiah had sons and brethren, strong men, eighteen.\r
+\r
+26:10 Also Hosah, of the children of Merari, had sons; Simri the\r
+chief, (for though he was not the firstborn, yet his father made him\r
+the chief;) 26:11 Hilkiah the second, Tebaliah the third, Zechariah\r
+the fourth: all the sons and brethren of Hosah were thirteen.\r
+\r
+26:12 Among these were the divisions of the porters, even among the\r
+chief men, having wards one against another, to minister in the house\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:13 And they cast lots, as well the small as the great, according to\r
+the house of their fathers, for every gate.\r
+\r
+26:14 And the lot eastward fell to Shelemiah. Then for Zechariah his\r
+son, a wise counsellor, they cast lots; and his lot came out\r
+northward.\r
+\r
+26:15 To Obededom southward; and to his sons the house of Asuppim.\r
+\r
+26:16 To Shuppim and Hosah the lot came forth westward, with the gate\r
+Shallecheth, by the causeway of the going up, ward against ward.\r
+\r
+26:17 Eastward were six Levites, northward four a day, southward four\r
+a day, and toward Asuppim two and two.\r
+\r
+26:18 At Parbar westward, four at the causeway, and two at Parbar.\r
+\r
+26:19 These are the divisions of the porters among the sons of Kore,\r
+and among the sons of Merari.\r
+\r
+26:20 And of the Levites, Ahijah was over the treasures of the house\r
+of God, and over the treasures of the dedicated things.\r
+\r
+26:21 As concerning the sons of Laadan; the sons of the Gershonite\r
+Laadan, chief fathers, even of Laadan the Gershonite, were Jehieli.\r
+\r
+26:22 The sons of Jehieli; Zetham, and Joel his brother, which were\r
+over the treasures of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:23 Of the Amramites, and the Izharites, the Hebronites, and the\r
+Uzzielites: 26:24 And Shebuel the son of Gershom, the son of Moses,\r
+was ruler of the treasures.\r
+\r
+26:25 And his brethren by Eliezer; Rehabiah his son, and Jeshaiah his\r
+son, and Joram his son, and Zichri his son, and Shelomith his son.\r
+\r
+26:26 Which Shelomith and his brethren were over all the treasures of\r
+the dedicated things, which David the king, and the chief fathers, the\r
+captains over thousands and hundreds, and the captains of the host,\r
+had dedicated.\r
+\r
+26:27 Out of the spoils won in battles did they dedicate to maintain\r
+the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:28 And all that Samuel the seer, and Saul the son of Kish, and\r
+Abner the son of Ner, and Joab the son of Zeruiah, had dedicated; and\r
+whosoever had dedicated any thing, it was under the hand of Shelomith,\r
+and of his brethren.\r
+\r
+26:29 Of the Izharites, Chenaniah and his sons were for the outward\r
+business over Israel, for officers and judges.\r
+\r
+26:30 And of the Hebronites, Hashabiah and his brethren, men of\r
+valour, a thousand and seven hundred, were officers among them of\r
+Israel on this side Jordan westward in all the business of the LORD,\r
+and in the service of the king.\r
+\r
+26:31 Among the Hebronites was Jerijah the chief, even among the\r
+Hebronites, according to the generations of his fathers. In the\r
+fortieth year of the reign of David they were sought for, and there\r
+were found among them mighty men of valour at Jazer of Gilead.\r
+\r
+26:32 And his brethren, men of valour, were two thousand and seven\r
+hundred chief fathers, whom king David made rulers over the\r
+Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, for every\r
+matter pertaining to God, and affairs of the king.\r
+\r
+27:1 Now the children of Israel after their number, to wit, the chief\r
+fathers and captains of thousands and hundreds, and their officers\r
+that served the king in any matter of the courses, which came in and\r
+went out month by month throughout all the months of the year, of\r
+every course were twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:2 Over the first course for the first month was Jashobeam the son\r
+of Zabdiel: and in his course were twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:3 Of the children of Perez was the chief of all the captains of the\r
+host for the first month.\r
+\r
+27:4 And over the course of the second month was Dodai an Ahohite, and\r
+of his course was Mikloth also the ruler: in his course likewise were\r
+twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:5 The third captain of the host for the third month was Benaiah the\r
+son of Jehoiada, a chief priest: and in his course were twenty and\r
+four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:6 This is that Benaiah, who was mighty among the thirty, and above\r
+the thirty: and in his course was Ammizabad his son.\r
+\r
+27:7 The fourth captain for the fourth month was Asahel the brother of\r
+Joab, and Zebadiah his son after him: and in his course were twenty\r
+and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:8 The fifth captain for the fifth month was Shamhuth the Izrahite:\r
+and in his course were twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:9 The sixth captain for the sixth month was Ira the son of Ikkesh\r
+the Tekoite: and in his course were twenty and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:10 The seventh captain for the seventh month was Helez the\r
+Pelonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty\r
+and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:11 The eighth captain for the eighth month was Sibbecai the\r
+Hushathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+27:12 The ninth captain for the ninth month was Abiezer the\r
+Anetothite, of the Benjamites: and in his course were twenty and four\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+27:13 The tenth captain for the tenth month was Maharai the\r
+Netophathite, of the Zarhites: and in his course were twenty and four\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+27:14 The eleventh captain for the eleventh month was Benaiah the\r
+Pirathonite, of the children of Ephraim: and in his course were twenty\r
+and four thousand.\r
+\r
+27:15 The twelfth captain for the twelfth month was Heldai the\r
+Netophathite, of Othniel: and in his course were twenty and four\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+27:16 Furthermore over the tribes of Israel: the ruler of the\r
+Reubenites was Eliezer the son of Zichri: of the Simeonites,\r
+Shephatiah the son of Maachah: 27:17 Of the Levites, Hashabiah the son\r
+of Kemuel: of the Aaronites, Zadok: 27:18 Of Judah, Elihu, one of the\r
+brethren of David: of Issachar, Omri the son of Michael: 27:19 Of\r
+Zebulun, Ishmaiah the son of Obadiah: of Naphtali, Jerimoth the son of\r
+Azriel: 27:20 Of the children of Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Azaziah:\r
+of the half tribe of Manasseh, Joel the son of Pedaiah: 27:21 Of the\r
+half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son of Zechariah: of\r
+Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner: 27:22 Of Dan, Azareel the son of\r
+Jeroham. These were the princes of the tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+27:23 But David took not the number of them from twenty years old and\r
+under: because the LORD had said he would increase Israel like to the\r
+stars of the heavens.\r
+\r
+27:24 Joab the son of Zeruiah began to number, but he finished not,\r
+because there fell wrath for it against Israel; neither was the number\r
+put in the account of the chronicles of king David.\r
+\r
+27:25 And over the king's treasures was Azmaveth the son of Adiel: and\r
+over the storehouses in the fields, in the cities, and in the\r
+villages, and in the castles, was Jehonathan the son of Uzziah: 27:26\r
+And over them that did the work of the field for tillage of the ground\r
+was Ezri the son of Chelub: 27:27 And over the vineyards was Shimei\r
+the Ramathite: over the increase of the vineyards for the wine cellars\r
+was Zabdi the Shiphmite: 27:28 And over the olive trees and the\r
+sycomore trees that were in the low plains was Baalhanan the Gederite:\r
+and over the cellars of oil was Joash: 27:29 And over the herds that\r
+fed in Sharon was Shitrai the Sharonite: and over the herds that were\r
+in the valleys was Shaphat the son of Adlai: 27:30 Over the camels\r
+also was Obil the Ishmaelite: and over the asses was Jehdeiah the\r
+Meronothite: 27:31 And over the flocks was Jaziz the Hagerite. All\r
+these were the rulers of the substance which was king David's.\r
+\r
+27:32 Also Jonathan David's uncle was a counsellor, a wise man, and a\r
+scribe: and Jehiel the son of Hachmoni was with the king's sons: 27:33\r
+And Ahithophel was the king's counsellor: and Hushai the Archite was\r
+the king's companion: 27:34 And after Ahithophel was Jehoiada the son\r
+of Benaiah, and Abiathar: and the general of the king's army was Joab.\r
+\r
+28:1 And David assembled all the princes of Israel, the princes of the\r
+tribes, and the captains of the companies that ministered to the king\r
+by course, and the captains over the thousands, and captains over the\r
+hundreds, and the stewards over all the substance and possession of\r
+the king, and of his sons, with the officers, and with the mighty men,\r
+and with all the valiant men, unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+28:2 Then David the king stood up upon his feet, and said, Hear me, my\r
+brethren, and my people: As for me, I had in mine heart to build an\r
+house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the\r
+footstool of our God, and had made ready for the building: 28:3 But\r
+God said unto me, Thou shalt not build an house for my name, because\r
+thou hast been a man of war, and hast shed blood.\r
+\r
+28:4 Howbeit the LORD God of Israel chose me before all the house of\r
+my father to be king over Israel for ever: for he hath chosen Judah to\r
+be the ruler; and of the house of Judah, the house of my father; and\r
+among the sons of my father he liked me to make me king over all\r
+Israel: 28:5 And of all my sons, (for the LORD hath given me many\r
+sons,) he hath chosen Solomon my son to sit upon the throne of the\r
+kingdom of the LORD over Israel.\r
+\r
+28:6 And he said unto me, Solomon thy son, he shall build my house and\r
+my courts: for I have chosen him to be my son, and I will be his\r
+father.\r
+\r
+28:7 Moreover I will establish his kingdom for ever, if he be constant\r
+to do my commandments and my judgments, as at this day.\r
+\r
+28:8 Now therefore in the sight of all Israel the congregation of the\r
+LORD, and in the audience of our God, keep and seek for all the\r
+commandments of the LORD your God: that ye may possess this good land,\r
+and leave it for an inheritance for your children after you for ever.\r
+\r
+28:9 And thou, Solomon my son, know thou the God of thy father, and\r
+serve him with a perfect heart and with a willing mind: for the LORD\r
+searcheth all hearts, and understandeth all the imaginations of the\r
+thoughts: if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou\r
+forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever.\r
+\r
+28:10 Take heed now; for the LORD hath chosen thee to build an house\r
+for the sanctuary: be strong, and do it.\r
+\r
+28:11 Then David gave to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch, and\r
+of the houses thereof, and of the treasuries thereof, and of the upper\r
+chambers thereof, and of the inner parlours thereof, and of the place\r
+of the mercy seat, 28:12 And the pattern of all that he had by the\r
+spirit, of the courts of the house of the LORD, and of all the\r
+chambers round about, of the treasuries of the house of God, and of\r
+the treasuries of the dedicated things: 28:13 Also for the courses of\r
+the priests and the Levites, and for all the work of the service of\r
+the house of the LORD, and for all the vessels of service in the house\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:14 He gave of gold by weight for things of gold, for all\r
+instruments of all manner of service; silver also for all instruments\r
+of silver by weight, for all instruments of every kind of service:\r
+28:15 Even the weight for the candlesticks of gold, and for their\r
+lamps of gold, by weight for every candlestick, and for the lamps\r
+thereof: and for the candlesticks of silver by weight, both for the\r
+candlestick, and also for the lamps thereof, according to the use of\r
+every candlestick.\r
+\r
+28:16 And by weight he gave gold for the tables of shewbread, for\r
+every table; and likewise silver for the tables of silver: 28:17 Also\r
+pure gold for the fleshhooks, and the bowls, and the cups: and for the\r
+golden basons he gave gold by weight for every bason; and likewise\r
+silver by weight for every bason of silver: 28:18 And for the altar of\r
+incense refined gold by weight; and gold for the pattern of the\r
+chariot of the cherubims, that spread out their wings, and covered the\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:19 All this, said David, the LORD made me understand in writing by\r
+his hand upon me, even all the works of this pattern.\r
+\r
+28:20 And David said to Solomon his son, Be strong and of good\r
+courage, and do it: fear not, nor be dismayed: for the LORD God, even\r
+my God, will be with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee,\r
+until thou hast finished all the work for the service of the house of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:21 And, behold, the courses of the priests and the Levites, even\r
+they shall be with thee for all the service of the house of God: and\r
+there shall be with thee for all manner of workmanship every willing\r
+skilful man, for any manner of service: also the princes and all the\r
+people will be wholly at thy commandment.\r
+\r
+29:1 Furthermore David the king said unto all the congregation,\r
+Solomon my son, whom alone God hath chosen, is yet young and tender,\r
+and the work is great: for the palace is not for man, but for the LORD\r
+God.\r
+\r
+29:2 Now I have prepared with all my might for the house of my God the\r
+gold for things to be made of gold, and the silver for things of\r
+silver, and the brass for things of brass, the iron for things of\r
+iron, and wood for things of wood; onyx stones, and stones to be set,\r
+glistering stones, and of divers colours, and all manner of precious\r
+stones, and marble stones in abundance.\r
+\r
+29:3 Moreover, because I have set my affection to the house of my God,\r
+I have of mine own proper good, of gold and silver, which I have given\r
+to the house of my God, over and above all that I have prepared for\r
+the holy house.\r
+\r
+29:4 Even three thousand talents of gold, of the gold of Ophir, and\r
+seven thousand talents of refined silver, to overlay the walls of the\r
+houses withal: 29:5 The gold for things of gold, and the silver for\r
+things of silver, and for all manner of work to be made by the hands\r
+of artificers. And who then is willing to consecrate his service this\r
+day unto the LORD? 29:6 Then the chief of the fathers and princes of\r
+the tribes of Israel and the captains of thousands and of hundreds,\r
+with the rulers of the king's work, offered willingly, 29:7 And gave\r
+for the service of the house of God of gold five thousand talents and\r
+ten thousand drams, and of silver ten thousand talents, and of brass\r
+eighteen thousand talents, and one hundred thousand talents of iron.\r
+\r
+29:8 And they with whom precious stones were found gave them to the\r
+treasure of the house of the LORD, by the hand of Jehiel the\r
+Gershonite.\r
+\r
+29:9 Then the people rejoiced, for that they offered willingly,\r
+because with perfect heart they offered willingly to the LORD: and\r
+David the king also rejoiced with great joy.\r
+\r
+29:10 Wherefore David blessed the LORD before all the congregation:\r
+and David said, Blessed be thou, LORD God of Israel our father, for\r
+ever and ever.\r
+\r
+29:11 Thine, O LORD is the greatness, and the power, and the glory,\r
+and the victory, and the majesty: for all that is in the heaven and in\r
+the earth is thine; thine is the kingdom, O LORD, and thou art exalted\r
+as head above all.\r
+\r
+29:12 Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all;\r
+and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to make\r
+great, and to give strength unto all.\r
+\r
+29:13 Now therefore, our God, we thank thee, and praise thy glorious\r
+name.\r
+\r
+29:14 But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to\r
+offer so willingly after this sort? for all things come of thee, and\r
+of thine own have we given thee.\r
+\r
+29:15 For we are strangers before thee, and sojourners, as were all\r
+our fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none\r
+abiding.\r
+\r
+29:16 O LORD our God, all this store that we have prepared to build\r
+thee an house for thine holy name cometh of thine hand, and is all\r
+thine own.\r
+\r
+29:17 I know also, my God, that thou triest the heart, and hast\r
+pleasure in uprightness. As for me, in the uprightness of mine heart I\r
+have willingly offered all these things: and now have I seen with joy\r
+thy people, which are present here, to offer willingly unto thee.\r
+\r
+29:18 O LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel, our fathers, keep\r
+this for ever in the imagination of the thoughts of the heart of thy\r
+people, and prepare their heart unto thee: 29:19 And give unto Solomon\r
+my son a perfect heart, to keep thy commandments, thy testimonies, and\r
+thy statutes, and to do all these things, and to build the palace, for\r
+the which I have made provision.\r
+\r
+29:20 And David said to all the congregation, Now bless the LORD your\r
+God.\r
+\r
+And all the congregation blessed the LORD God of their fathers, and\r
+bowed down their heads, and worshipped the LORD, and the king.\r
+\r
+29:21 And they sacrificed sacrifices unto the LORD, and offered burnt\r
+offerings unto the LORD, on the morrow after that day, even a thousand\r
+bullocks, a thousand rams, and a thousand lambs, with their drink\r
+offerings, and sacrifices in abundance for all Israel: 29:22 And did\r
+eat and drink before the LORD on that day with great gladness. And\r
+they made Solomon the son of David king the second time, and anointed\r
+him unto the LORD to be the chief governor, and Zadok to be priest.\r
+\r
+29:23 Then Solomon sat on the throne of the LORD as king instead of\r
+David his father, and prospered; and all Israel obeyed him.\r
+\r
+29:24 And all the princes, and the mighty men, and all the sons\r
+likewise of king David, submitted themselves unto Solomon the king.\r
+\r
+29:25 And the LORD magnified Solomon exceedingly in the sight of all\r
+Israel, and bestowed upon him such royal majesty as had not been on\r
+any king before him in Israel.\r
+\r
+29:26 Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all Israel.\r
+\r
+29:27 And the time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; seven\r
+years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+29:28 And he died in a good old age, full of days, riches, and honour:\r
+and Solomon his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+29:29 Now the acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are\r
+written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the\r
+prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer, 29:30 With all his reign and\r
+his might, and the times that went over him, and over Israel, and over\r
+all the kingdoms of the countries.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Book of the Chronicles\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 And Solomon the son of David was strengthened in his kingdom, and\r
+the LORD his God was with him, and magnified him exceedingly.\r
+\r
+1:2 Then Solomon spake unto all Israel, to the captains of thousands\r
+and of hundreds, and to the judges, and to every governor in all\r
+Israel, the chief of the fathers.\r
+\r
+1:3 So Solomon, and all the congregation with him, went to the high\r
+place that was at Gibeon; for there was the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation of God, which Moses the servant of the LORD had made in\r
+the wilderness.\r
+\r
+1:4 But the ark of God had David brought up from Kirjathjearim to the\r
+place which David had prepared for it: for he had pitched a tent for\r
+it at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:5 Moreover the brasen altar, that Bezaleel the son of Uri, the son\r
+of Hur, had made, he put before the tabernacle of the LORD: and\r
+Solomon and the congregation sought unto it.\r
+\r
+1:6 And Solomon went up thither to the brasen altar before the LORD,\r
+which was at the tabernacle of the congregation, and offered a\r
+thousand burnt offerings upon it.\r
+\r
+1:7 In that night did God appear unto Solomon, and said unto him, Ask\r
+what I shall give thee.\r
+\r
+1:8 And Solomon said unto God, Thou hast shewed great mercy unto David\r
+my father, and hast made me to reign in his stead.\r
+\r
+1:9 Now, O LORD God, let thy promise unto David my father be\r
+established: for thou hast made me king over a people like the dust of\r
+the earth in multitude.\r
+\r
+1:10 Give me now wisdom and knowledge, that I may go out and come in\r
+before this people: for who can judge this thy people, that is so\r
+great? 1:11 And God said to Solomon, Because this was in thine heart,\r
+and thou hast not asked riches, wealth, or honour, nor the life of\r
+thine enemies, neither yet hast asked long life; but hast asked wisdom\r
+and knowledge for thyself, that thou mayest judge my people, over whom\r
+I have made thee king: 1:12 Wisdom and knowledge is granted unto thee;\r
+and I will give thee riches, and wealth, and honour, such as none of\r
+the kings have had that have been before thee, neither shall there any\r
+after thee have the like.\r
+\r
+1:13 Then Solomon came from his journey to the high place that was at\r
+Gibeon to Jerusalem, from before the tabernacle of the congregation,\r
+and reigned over Israel.\r
+\r
+1:14 And Solomon gathered chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand\r
+and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, which he\r
+placed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:15 And the king made silver and gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as\r
+stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the\r
+vale for abundance.\r
+\r
+1:16 And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the\r
+king's merchants received the linen yarn at a price.\r
+\r
+1:17 And they fetched up, and brought forth out of Egypt a chariot for\r
+six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty:\r
+and so brought they out horses for all the kings of the Hittites, and\r
+for the kings of Syria, by their means.\r
+\r
+2:1 And Solomon determined to build an house for the name of the LORD,\r
+and an house for his kingdom.\r
+\r
+2:2 And Solomon told out threescore and ten thousand men to bear\r
+burdens, and fourscore thousand to hew in the mountain, and three\r
+thousand and six hundred to oversee them.\r
+\r
+2:3 And Solomon sent to Huram the king of Tyre, saying, As thou didst\r
+deal with David my father, and didst send him cedars to build him an\r
+house to dwell therein, even so deal with me.\r
+\r
+2:4 Behold, I build an house to the name of the LORD my God, to\r
+dedicate it to him, and to burn before him sweet incense, and for the\r
+continual shewbread, and for the burnt offerings morning and evening,\r
+on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn feasts of the\r
+LORD our God. This is an ordinance for ever to Israel.\r
+\r
+2:5 And the house which I build is great: for great is our God above\r
+all gods.\r
+\r
+2:6 But who is able to build him an house, seeing the heaven and\r
+heaven of heavens cannot contain him? who am I then, that I should\r
+build him an house, save only to burn sacrifice before him? 2:7 Send\r
+me now therefore a man cunning to work in gold, and in silver, and in\r
+brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and that can\r
+skill to grave with the cunning men that are with me in Judah and in\r
+Jerusalem, whom David my father did provide.\r
+\r
+2:8 Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of\r
+Lebanon: for I know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in\r
+Lebanon; and, behold, my servants shall be with thy servants, 2:9 Even\r
+to prepare me timber in abundance: for the house which I am about to\r
+build shall be wonderful great.\r
+\r
+2:10 And, behold, I will give to thy servants, the hewers that cut\r
+timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand\r
+measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty\r
+thousand baths of oil.\r
+\r
+2:11 Then Huram the king of Tyre answered in writing, which he sent to\r
+Solomon, Because the LORD hath loved his people, he hath made thee\r
+king over them.\r
+\r
+2:12 Huram said moreover, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, that made\r
+heaven and earth, who hath given to David the king a wise son, endued\r
+with prudence and understanding, that might build an house for the\r
+LORD, and an house for his kingdom.\r
+\r
+2:13 And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, of\r
+Huram my father's, 2:14 The son of a woman of the daughters of Dan,\r
+and his father was a man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold, and in\r
+silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in\r
+blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson; also to grave any manner of\r
+graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him, with\r
+thy cunning men, and with the cunning men of my lord David thy father.\r
+\r
+2:15 Now therefore the wheat, and the barley, the oil, and the wine,\r
+which my lord hath spoken of, let him send unto his servants: 2:16 And\r
+we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much as thou shalt need: and we\r
+will bring it to thee in floats by sea to Joppa; and thou shalt carry\r
+it up to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:17 And Solomon numbered all the strangers that were in the land of\r
+Israel, after the numbering wherewith David his father had numbered\r
+them; and they were found an hundred and fifty thousand and three\r
+thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+2:18 And he set threescore and ten thousand of them to be bearers of\r
+burdens, and fourscore thousand to be hewers in the mountain, and\r
+three thousand and six hundred overseers to set the people a work.\r
+\r
+3:1 Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in\r
+mount Moriah, where the Lord appeared unto David his father, in the\r
+place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the\r
+Jebusite.\r
+\r
+3:2 And he began to build in the second day of the second month, in\r
+the fourth year of his reign.\r
+\r
+3:3 Now these are the things wherein Solomon was instructed for the\r
+building of the house of God. The length by cubits after the first\r
+measure was threescore cubits, and the breadth twenty cubits.\r
+\r
+3:4 And the porch that was in the front of the house, the length of it\r
+was according to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the\r
+height was an hundred and twenty: and he overlaid it within with pure\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+3:5 And the greater house he cieled with fir tree, which he overlaid\r
+with fine gold, and set thereon palm trees and chains.\r
+\r
+3:6 And he garnished the house with precious stones for beauty: and\r
+the gold was gold of Parvaim.\r
+\r
+3:7 He overlaid also the house, the beams, the posts, and the walls\r
+thereof, and the doors thereof, with gold; and graved cherubims on the\r
+walls.\r
+\r
+3:8 And he made the most holy house, the length whereof was according\r
+to the breadth of the house, twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof\r
+twenty cubits: and he overlaid it with fine gold, amounting to six\r
+hundred talents.\r
+\r
+3:9 And the weight of the nails was fifty shekels of gold. And he\r
+overlaid the upper chambers with gold.\r
+\r
+3:10 And in the most holy house he made two cherubims of image work,\r
+and overlaid them with gold.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the wings of the cherubims were twenty cubits long: one wing\r
+of the one cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house:\r
+and the other wing was likewise five cubits, reaching to the wing of\r
+the other cherub.\r
+\r
+3:12 And one wing of the other cherub was five cubits, reaching to the\r
+wall of the house: and the other wing was five cubits also, joining to\r
+the wing of the other cherub.\r
+\r
+3:13 The wings of these cherubims spread themselves forth twenty\r
+cubits: and they stood on their feet, and their faces were inward.\r
+\r
+3:14 And he made the vail of blue, and purple, and crimson, and fine\r
+linen, and wrought cherubims thereon.\r
+\r
+3:15 Also he made before the house two pillars of thirty and five\r
+cubits high, and the chapiter that was on the top of each of them was\r
+five cubits.\r
+\r
+3:16 And he made chains, as in the oracle, and put them on the heads\r
+of the pillars; and made an hundred pomegranates, and put them on the\r
+chains.\r
+\r
+3:17 And he reared up the pillars before the temple, one on the right\r
+hand, and the other on the left; and called the name of that on the\r
+right hand Jachin, and the name of that on the left Boaz.\r
+\r
+4:1 Moreover he made an altar of brass, twenty cubits the length\r
+thereof, and twenty cubits the breadth thereof, and ten cubits the\r
+height thereof.\r
+\r
+4:2 Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round\r
+in compass, and five cubits the height thereof; and a line of thirty\r
+cubits did compass it round about.\r
+\r
+4:3 And under it was the similitude of oxen, which did compass it\r
+round about: ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about. Two rows\r
+of oxen were cast, when it was cast.\r
+\r
+4:4 It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and\r
+three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and\r
+three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them,\r
+and all their hinder parts were inward.\r
+\r
+4:5 And the thickness of it was an handbreadth, and the brim of it\r
+like the work of the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies; and it\r
+received and held three thousand baths.\r
+\r
+4:6 He made also ten lavers, and put five on the right hand, and five\r
+on the left, to wash in them: such things as they offered for the\r
+burnt offering they washed in them; but the sea was for the priests to\r
+wash in.\r
+\r
+4:7 And he made ten candlesticks of gold according to their form, and\r
+set them in the temple, five on the right hand, and five on the left.\r
+\r
+4:8 He made also ten tables, and placed them in the temple, five on\r
+the right side, and five on the left. And he made an hundred basons of\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+4:9 Furthermore he made the court of the priests, and the great court,\r
+and doors for the court, and overlaid the doors of them with brass.\r
+\r
+4:10 And he set the sea on the right side of the east end, over\r
+against the south.\r
+\r
+4:11 And Huram made the pots, and the shovels, and the basons. And\r
+Huram finished the work that he was to make for king Solomon for the\r
+house of God; 4:12 To wit, the two pillars, and the pommels, and the\r
+chapiters which were on the top of the two pillars, and the two\r
+wreaths to cover the two pommels of the chapiters which were on the\r
+top of the pillars; 4:13 And four hundred pomegranates on the two\r
+wreaths; two rows of pomegranates on each wreath, to cover the two\r
+pommels of the chapiters which were upon the pillars.\r
+\r
+4:14 He made also bases, and lavers made he upon the bases; 4:15 One\r
+sea, and twelve oxen under it.\r
+\r
+4:16 The pots also, and the shovels, and the fleshhooks, and all their\r
+instruments, did Huram his father make to king Solomon for the house\r
+of the LORD of bright brass.\r
+\r
+4:17 In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay ground\r
+between Succoth and Zeredathah.\r
+\r
+4:18 Thus Solomon made all these vessels in great abundance: for the\r
+weight of the brass could not be found out.\r
+\r
+4:19 And Solomon made all the vessels that were for the house of God,\r
+the golden altar also, and the tables whereon the shewbread was set;\r
+4:20 Moreover the candlesticks with their lamps, that they should burn\r
+after the manner before the oracle, of pure gold; 4:21 And the\r
+flowers, and the lamps, and the tongs, made he of gold, and that\r
+perfect gold; 4:22 And the snuffers, and the basons, and the spoons,\r
+and the censers, of pure gold: and the entry of the house, the inner\r
+doors thereof for the most holy place, and the doors of the house of\r
+the temple, were of gold.\r
+\r
+5:1 Thus all the work that Solomon made for the house of the LORD was\r
+finished: and Solomon brought in all the things that David his father\r
+had dedicated; and the silver, and the gold, and all the instruments,\r
+put he among the treasures of the house of God.\r
+\r
+5:2 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of\r
+the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, unto\r
+Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out of the\r
+city of David, which is Zion.\r
+\r
+5:3 Wherefore all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto the king\r
+in the feast which was in the seventh month.\r
+\r
+5:4 And all the elders of Israel came; and the Levites took up the\r
+ark.\r
+\r
+5:5 And they brought up the ark, and the tabernacle of the\r
+congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle,\r
+these did the priests and the Levites bring up.\r
+\r
+5:6 Also king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel that were\r
+assembled unto him before the ark, sacrificed sheep and oxen, which\r
+could not be told nor numbered for multitude.\r
+\r
+5:7 And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD\r
+unto his place, to the oracle of the house, into the most holy place,\r
+even under the wings of the cherubims: 5:8 For the cherubims spread\r
+forth their wings over the place of the ark, and the cherubims covered\r
+the ark and the staves thereof above.\r
+\r
+5:9 And they drew out the staves of the ark, that the ends of the\r
+staves were seen from the ark before the oracle; but they were not\r
+seen without. And there it is unto this day.\r
+\r
+5:10 There was nothing in the ark save the two tables which Moses put\r
+therein at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant with the children of\r
+Israel, when they came out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+5:11 And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy\r
+place: (for all the priests that were present were sanctified, and did\r
+not then wait by course: 5:12 Also the Levites which were the singers,\r
+all of them of Asaph, of Heman, of Jeduthun, with their sons and their\r
+brethren, being arrayed in white linen, having cymbals and psalteries\r
+and harps, stood at the east end of the altar, and with them an\r
+hundred and twenty priests sounding with trumpets:) 5:13 It came even\r
+to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound\r
+to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they lifted up\r
+their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of musick,\r
+and praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth\r
+for ever: that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house\r
+of the LORD; 5:14 So that the priests could not stand to minister by\r
+reason of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD had filled the house of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+6:1 Then said Solomon, The LORD hath said that he would dwell in the\r
+thick darkness.\r
+\r
+6:2 But I have built an house of habitation for thee, and a place for\r
+thy dwelling for ever.\r
+\r
+6:3 And the king turned his face, and blessed the whole congregation\r
+of Israel: and all the congregation of Israel stood.\r
+\r
+6:4 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, who hath with his\r
+hands fulfilled that which he spake with his mouth to my father David,\r
+saying, 6:5 Since the day that I brought forth my people out of the\r
+land of Egypt I chose no city among all the tribes of Israel to build\r
+an house in, that my name might be there; neither chose I any man to\r
+be a ruler over my people Israel: 6:6 But I have chosen Jerusalem,\r
+that my name might be there; and have chosen David to be over my\r
+people Israel.\r
+\r
+6:7 Now it was in the heart of David my father to build an house for\r
+the name of the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:8 But the LORD said to David my father, Forasmuch as it was in thine\r
+heart to build an house for my name, thou didst well in that it was in\r
+thine heart: 6:9 Notwithstanding thou shalt not build the house; but\r
+thy son which shall come forth out of thy loins, he shall build the\r
+house for my name.\r
+\r
+6:10 The LORD therefore hath performed his word that he hath spoken:\r
+for I am risen up in the room of David my father, and am set on the\r
+throne of Israel, as the LORD promised, and have built the house for\r
+the name of the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:11 And in it have I put the ark, wherein is the covenant of the\r
+LORD, that he made with the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:12 And he stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all\r
+the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands: 6:13 For\r
+Solomon had made a brasen scaffold of five cubits long, and five\r
+cubits broad, and three cubits high, and had set it in the midst of\r
+the court: and upon it he stood, and kneeled down upon his knees\r
+before all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands\r
+toward heaven.\r
+\r
+6:14 And said, O LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee in the\r
+heaven, nor in the earth; which keepest covenant, and shewest mercy\r
+unto thy servants, that walk before thee with all their hearts: 6:15\r
+Thou which hast kept with thy servant David my father that which thou\r
+hast promised him; and spakest with thy mouth, and hast fulfilled it\r
+with thine hand, as it is this day.\r
+\r
+6:16 Now therefore, O LORD God of Israel, keep with thy servant David\r
+my father that which thou hast promised him, saying, There shall not\r
+fail thee a man in my sight to sit upon the throne of Israel; yet so\r
+that thy children take heed to their way to walk in my law, as thou\r
+hast walked before me.\r
+\r
+6:17 Now then, O LORD God of Israel, let thy word be verified, which\r
+thou hast spoken unto thy servant David.\r
+\r
+6:18 But will God in very deed dwell with men on the earth? behold,\r
+heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less\r
+this house which I have built! 6:19 Have respect therefore to the\r
+prayer of thy servant, and to his supplication, O LORD my God, to\r
+hearken unto the cry and the prayer which thy servant prayeth before\r
+thee: 6:20 That thine eyes may be open upon this house day and night,\r
+upon the place whereof thou hast said that thou wouldest put thy name\r
+there; to hearken unto the prayer which thy servant prayeth toward\r
+this place.\r
+\r
+6:21 Hearken therefore unto the supplications of thy servant, and of\r
+thy people Israel, which they shall make toward this place: hear thou\r
+from thy dwelling place, even from heaven; and when thou hearest,\r
+forgive.\r
+\r
+6:22 If a man sin against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him\r
+to make him swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house;\r
+6:23 Then hear thou from heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, by\r
+requiting the wicked, by recompensing his way upon his own head; and\r
+by justifying the righteous, by giving him according to his\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+6:24 And if thy people Israel be put to the worse before the enemy,\r
+because they have sinned against thee; and shall return and confess\r
+thy name, and pray and make supplication before thee in this house;\r
+6:25 Then hear thou from the heavens, and forgive the sin of thy\r
+people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest to\r
+them and to their fathers.\r
+\r
+6:26 When the heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they\r
+have sinned against thee; yet if they pray toward this place, and\r
+confess thy name, and turn from their sin, when thou dost afflict\r
+them; 6:27 Then hear thou from heaven, and forgive the sin of thy\r
+servants, and of thy people Israel, when thou hast taught them the\r
+good way, wherein they should walk; and send rain upon thy land, which\r
+thou hast given unto thy people for an inheritance.\r
+\r
+6:28 If there be dearth in the land, if there be pestilence, if there\r
+be blasting, or mildew, locusts, or caterpillers; if their enemies\r
+besiege them in the cities of their land; whatsoever sore or\r
+whatsoever sickness there be: 6:29 Then what prayer or what\r
+supplication soever shall be made of any man, or of all thy people\r
+Israel, when every one shall know his own sore and his own grief, and\r
+shall spread forth his hands in this house: 6:30 Then hear thou from\r
+heaven thy dwelling place, and forgive, and render unto every man\r
+according unto all his ways, whose heart thou knowest; (for thou only\r
+knowest the hearts of the children of men:) 6:31 That they may fear\r
+thee, to walk in thy ways, so long as they live in the land which thou\r
+gavest unto our fathers.\r
+\r
+6:32 Moreover concerning the stranger, which is not of thy people\r
+Israel, but is come from a far country for thy great name's sake, and\r
+thy mighty hand, and thy stretched out arm; if they come and pray in\r
+this house; 6:33 Then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy\r
+dwelling place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to\r
+thee for; that all people of the earth may know thy name, and fear\r
+thee, as doth thy people Israel, and may know that this house which I\r
+have built is called by thy name.\r
+\r
+6:34 If thy people go out to war against their enemies by the way that\r
+thou shalt send them, and they pray unto thee toward this city which\r
+thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name; 6:35\r
+Then hear thou from the heavens their prayer and their supplication,\r
+and maintain their cause.\r
+\r
+6:36 If they sin against thee, (for there is no man which sinneth\r
+not,) and thou be angry with them, and deliver them over before their\r
+enemies, and they carry them away captives unto a land far off or\r
+near; 6:37 Yet if they bethink themselves in the land whither they are\r
+carried captive, and turn and pray unto thee in the land of their\r
+captivity, saying, We have sinned, we have done amiss, and have dealt\r
+wickedly; 6:38 If they return to thee with all their heart and with\r
+all their soul in the land of their captivity, whither they have\r
+carried them captives, and pray toward their land, which thou gavest\r
+unto their fathers, and toward the city which thou hast chosen, and\r
+toward the house which I have built for thy name: 6:39 Then hear thou\r
+from the heavens, even from thy dwelling place, their prayer and their\r
+supplications, and maintain their cause, and forgive thy people which\r
+have sinned against thee.\r
+\r
+6:40 Now, my God, let, I beseech thee, thine eyes be open, and let\r
+thine ears be attent unto the prayer that is made in this place.\r
+\r
+6:41 Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou,\r
+and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed\r
+with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness.\r
+\r
+6:42 O LORD God, turn not away the face of thine anointed: remember\r
+the mercies of David thy servant.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now when Solomon had made an end of praying, the fire came down\r
+from heaven, and consumed the burnt offering and the sacrifices; and\r
+the glory of the LORD filled the house.\r
+\r
+7:2 And the priests could not enter into the house of the LORD,\r
+because the glory of the LORD had filled the LORD's house.\r
+\r
+7:3 And when all the children of Israel saw how the fire came down,\r
+and the glory of the LORD upon the house, they bowed themselves with\r
+their faces to the ground upon the pavement, and worshipped, and\r
+praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+7:4 Then the king and all the people offered sacrifices before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+7:5 And king Solomon offered a sacrifice of twenty and two thousand\r
+oxen, and an hundred and twenty thousand sheep: so the king and all\r
+the people dedicated the house of God.\r
+\r
+7:6 And the priests waited on their offices: the Levites also with\r
+instruments of musick of the LORD, which David the king had made to\r
+praise the LORD, because his mercy endureth for ever, when David\r
+praised by their ministry; and the priests sounded trumpets before\r
+them, and all Israel stood.\r
+\r
+7:7 Moreover Solomon hallowed the middle of the court that was before\r
+the house of the LORD: for there he offered burnt offerings, and the\r
+fat of the peace offerings, because the brasen altar which Solomon had\r
+made was not able to receive the burnt offerings, and the meat\r
+offerings, and the fat.\r
+\r
+7:8 Also at the same time Solomon kept the feast seven days, and all\r
+Israel with him, a very great congregation, from the entering in of\r
+Hamath unto the river of Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:9 And in the eighth day they made a solemn assembly: for they kept\r
+the dedication of the altar seven days, and the feast seven days.\r
+\r
+7:10 And on the three and twentieth day of the seventh month he sent\r
+the people away into their tents, glad and merry in heart for the\r
+goodness that the LORD had shewed unto David, and to Solomon, and to\r
+Israel his people.\r
+\r
+7:11 Thus Solomon finished the house of the LORD, and the king's\r
+house: and all that came into Solomon's heart to make in the house of\r
+the LORD, and in his own house, he prosperously effected.\r
+\r
+7:12 And the LORD appeared to Solomon by night, and said unto him, I\r
+have heard thy prayer, and have chosen this place to myself for an\r
+house of sacrifice.\r
+\r
+7:13 If I shut up heaven that there be no rain, or if I command the\r
+locusts to devour the land, or if I send pestilence among my people;\r
+7:14 If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble\r
+themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked\r
+ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and\r
+will heal their land.\r
+\r
+7:15 Now mine eyes shall be open, and mine ears attent unto the prayer\r
+that is made in this place.\r
+\r
+7:16 For now have I chosen and sanctified this house, that my name may\r
+be there for ever: and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there\r
+perpetually.\r
+\r
+7:17 And as for thee, if thou wilt walk before me, as David thy father\r
+walked, and do according to all that I have commanded thee, and shalt\r
+observe my statutes and my judgments; 7:18 Then will I stablish the\r
+throne of thy kingdom, according as I have covenanted with David thy\r
+father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man to be ruler in Israel.\r
+\r
+7:19 But if ye turn away, and forsake my statutes and my commandments,\r
+which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and\r
+worship them; 7:20 Then will I pluck them up by the roots out of my\r
+land which I have given them; and this house, which I have sanctified\r
+for my name, will I cast out of my sight, and will make it to be a\r
+proverb and a byword among all nations.\r
+\r
+7:21 And this house, which is high, shall be an astonishment to every\r
+one that passeth by it; so that he shall say, Why hath the LORD done\r
+thus unto this land, and unto this house? 7:22 And it shall be\r
+answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which\r
+brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other\r
+gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought\r
+all this evil upon them.\r
+\r
+8:1 And it came to pass at the end of twenty years, wherein Solomon\r
+had built the house of the LORD, and his own house, 8:2 That the\r
+cities which Huram had restored to Solomon, Solomon built them, and\r
+caused the children of Israel to dwell there.\r
+\r
+8:3 And Solomon went to Hamathzobah, and prevailed against it.\r
+\r
+8:4 And he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all the store cities,\r
+which he built in Hamath.\r
+\r
+8:5 Also he built Bethhoron the upper, and Bethhoron the nether,\r
+fenced cities, with walls, gates, and bars; 8:6 And Baalath, and all\r
+the store cities that Solomon had, and all the chariot cities, and the\r
+cities of the horsemen, and all that Solomon desired to build in\r
+Jerusalem, and in Lebanon, and throughout all the land of his\r
+dominion.\r
+\r
+8:7 As for all the people that were left of the Hittites, and the\r
+Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites,\r
+which were not of Israel, 8:8 But of their children, who were left\r
+after them in the land, whom the children of Israel consumed not, them\r
+did Solomon make to pay tribute until this day.\r
+\r
+8:9 But of the children of Israel did Solomon make no servants for his\r
+work; but they were men of war, and chief of his captains, and\r
+captains of his chariots and horsemen.\r
+\r
+8:10 And these were the chief of king Solomon's officers, even two\r
+hundred and fifty, that bare rule over the people.\r
+\r
+8:11 And Solomon brought up the daughter of Pharaoh out of the city of\r
+David unto the house that he had built for her: for he said, My wife\r
+shall not dwell in the house of David king of Israel, because the\r
+places are holy, whereunto the ark of the LORD hath come.\r
+\r
+8:12 Then Solomon offered burnt offerings unto the LORD on the altar\r
+of the LORD, which he had built before the porch, 8:13 Even after a\r
+certain rate every day, offering according to the commandment of\r
+Moses, on the sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the solemn\r
+feasts, three times in the year, even in the feast of unleavened\r
+bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles.\r
+\r
+8:14 And he appointed, according to the order of David his father, the\r
+courses of the priests to their service, and the Levites to their\r
+charges, to praise and minister before the priests, as the duty of\r
+every day required: the porters also by their courses at every gate:\r
+for so had David the man of God commanded.\r
+\r
+8:15 And they departed not from the commandment of the king unto the\r
+priests and Levites concerning any matter, or concerning the\r
+treasures.\r
+\r
+8:16 Now all the work of Solomon was prepared unto the day of the\r
+foundation of the house of the LORD, and until it was finished. So the\r
+house of the LORD was perfected.\r
+\r
+8:17 Then went Solomon to Eziongeber, and to Eloth, at the sea side in\r
+the land of Edom.\r
+\r
+8:18 And Huram sent him by the hands of his servants ships, and\r
+servants that had knowledge of the sea; and they went with the\r
+servants of Solomon to Ophir, and took thence four hundred and fifty\r
+talents of gold, and brought them to king Solomon.\r
+\r
+9:1 And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon, she came\r
+to prove Solomon with hard questions at Jerusalem, with a very great\r
+company, and camels that bare spices, and gold in abundance, and\r
+precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with\r
+him of all that was in her heart.\r
+\r
+9:2 And Solomon told her all her questions: and there was nothing hid\r
+from Solomon which he told her not.\r
+\r
+9:3 And when the queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, and\r
+the house that he had built, 9:4 And the meat of his table, and the\r
+sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and\r
+their apparel; his cupbearers also, and their apparel; and his ascent\r
+by which he went up into the house of the LORD; there was no more\r
+spirit in her.\r
+\r
+9:5 And she said to the king, It was a true report which I heard in\r
+mine own land of thine acts, and of thy wisdom: 9:6 Howbeit I believed\r
+not their words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold,\r
+the one half of the greatness of thy wisdom was not told me: for thou\r
+exceedest the fame that I heard.\r
+\r
+9:7 Happy are thy men, and happy are these thy servants, which stand\r
+continually before thee, and hear thy wisdom.\r
+\r
+9:8 Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee to set thee\r
+on his throne, to be king for the LORD thy God: because thy God loved\r
+Israel, to establish them for ever, therefore made he thee king over\r
+them, to do judgment and justice.\r
+\r
+9:9 And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and\r
+of spices great abundance, and precious stones: neither was there any\r
+such spice as the queen of Sheba gave king Solomon.\r
+\r
+9:10 And the servants also of Huram, and the servants of Solomon,\r
+which brought gold from Ophir, brought algum trees and precious\r
+stones.\r
+\r
+9:11 And the king made of the algum trees terraces to the house of the\r
+LORD, and to the king's palace, and harps and psalteries for singers:\r
+and there were none such seen before in the land of Judah.\r
+\r
+9:12 And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire,\r
+whatsoever she asked, beside that which she had brought unto the king.\r
+So she turned, and went away to her own land, she and her servants.\r
+\r
+9:13 Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six\r
+hundred and threescore and six talents of gold; 9:14 Beside that which\r
+chapmen and merchants brought. And all the kings of Arabia and\r
+governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon.\r
+\r
+9:15 And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six\r
+hundred shekels of beaten gold went to one target.\r
+\r
+9:16 And three hundred shields made he of beaten gold: three hundred\r
+shekels of gold went to one shield. And the king put them in the house\r
+of the forest of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+9:17 Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it\r
+with pure gold.\r
+\r
+9:18 And there were six steps to the throne, with a footstool of gold,\r
+which were fastened to the throne, and stays on each side of the\r
+sitting place, and two lions standing by the stays: 9:19 And twelve\r
+lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps.\r
+There was not the like made in any kingdom.\r
+\r
+9:20 And all the drinking vessels of king Solomon were of gold, and\r
+all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure\r
+gold: none were of silver; it was not any thing accounted of in the\r
+days of Solomon.\r
+\r
+9:21 For the king's ships went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram:\r
+every three years once came the ships of Tarshish bringing gold, and\r
+silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.\r
+\r
+9:22 And king Solomon passed all the kings of the earth in riches and\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+9:23 And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to\r
+hear his wisdom, that God had put in his heart.\r
+\r
+9:24 And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and\r
+vessels of gold, and raiment, harness, and spices, horses, and mules,\r
+a rate year by year.\r
+\r
+9:25 And Solomon had four thousand stalls for horses and chariots, and\r
+twelve thousand horsemen; whom he bestowed in the chariot cities, and\r
+with the king at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:26 And he reigned over all the kings from the river even unto the\r
+land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt.\r
+\r
+9:27 And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar trees\r
+made he as the sycomore trees that are in the low plains in abundance.\r
+\r
+9:28 And they brought unto Solomon horses out of Egypt, and out of all\r
+lands.\r
+\r
+9:29 Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, first and last, are they not\r
+written in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the prophecy of\r
+Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of Iddo the seer against\r
+Jeroboam the son of Nebat? 9:30 And Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over\r
+all Israel forty years.\r
+\r
+9:31 And Solomon slept with his fathers, and he was buried in the city\r
+of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+10:1 And Rehoboam went to Shechem: for to Shechem were all Israel come\r
+to make him king.\r
+\r
+10:2 And it came to pass, when Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who was in\r
+Egypt, whither he fled from the presence of Solomon the king, heard\r
+it, that Jeroboam returned out of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:3 And they sent and called him. So Jeroboam and all Israel came and\r
+spake to Rehoboam, saying, 10:4 Thy father made our yoke grievous: now\r
+therefore ease thou somewhat the grievous servitude of thy father, and\r
+his heavy yoke that he put upon us, and we will serve thee.\r
+\r
+10:5 And he said unto them, Come again unto me after three days. And\r
+the people departed.\r
+\r
+10:6 And king Rehoboam took counsel with the old men that had stood\r
+before Solomon his father while he yet lived, saying, What counsel\r
+give ye me to return answer to this people? 10:7 And they spake unto\r
+him, saying, If thou be kind to this people, and please them, and\r
+speak good words to them, they will be thy servants for ever.\r
+\r
+10:8 But he forsook the counsel which the old men gave him, and took\r
+counsel with the young men that were brought up with him, that stood\r
+before him.\r
+\r
+10:9 And he said unto them, What advice give ye that we may return\r
+answer to this people, which have spoken to me, saying, Ease somewhat\r
+the yoke that thy father did put upon us? 10:10 And the young men\r
+that were brought up with him spake unto him, saying, Thus shalt thou\r
+answer the people that spake unto thee, saying, Thy father made our\r
+yoke heavy, but make thou it somewhat lighter for us; thus shalt thou\r
+say unto them, My little finger shall be thicker than my father's\r
+loins.\r
+\r
+10:11 For whereas my father put a heavy yoke upon you, I will put more\r
+to your yoke: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise\r
+you with scorpions.\r
+\r
+10:12 So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam on the third\r
+day, as the king bade, saying, Come again to me on the third day.\r
+\r
+10:13 And the king answered them roughly; and king Rehoboam forsook\r
+the counsel of the old men, 10:14 And answered them after the advice\r
+of the young men, saying, My father made your yoke heavy, but I will\r
+add thereto: my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise\r
+you with scorpions.\r
+\r
+10:15 So the king hearkened not unto the people: for the cause was of\r
+God, that the LORD might perform his word, which he spake by the hand\r
+of Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat.\r
+\r
+10:16 And when all Israel saw that the king would not hearken unto\r
+them, the people answered the king, saying, What portion have we in\r
+David? and we have none inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to\r
+your tents, O Israel: and now, David, see to thine own house. So all\r
+Israel went to their tents.\r
+\r
+10:17 But as for the children of Israel that dwelt in the cities of\r
+Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them.\r
+\r
+10:18 Then king Rehoboam sent Hadoram that was over the tribute; and\r
+the children of Israel stoned him with stones, that he died. But king\r
+Rehoboam made speed to get him up to his chariot, to flee to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+10:19 And Israel rebelled against the house of David unto this day.\r
+\r
+11:1 And when Rehoboam was come to Jerusalem, he gathered of the house\r
+of Judah and Benjamin an hundred and fourscore thousand chosen men,\r
+which were warriors, to fight against Israel, that he might bring the\r
+kingdom again to Rehoboam.\r
+\r
+11:2 But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying,\r
+11:3 Speak unto Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all\r
+Israel in Judah and Benjamin, saying, 11:4 Thus saith the LORD, Ye\r
+shall not go up, nor fight against your brethren: return every man to\r
+his house: for this thing is done of me. And they obeyed the words of\r
+the LORD, and returned from going against Jeroboam.\r
+\r
+11:5 And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for defence in\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+11:6 He built even Bethlehem, and Etam, and Tekoa, 11:7 And Bethzur,\r
+and Shoco, and Adullam, 11:8 And Gath, and Mareshah, and Ziph, 11:9\r
+And Adoraim, and Lachish, and Azekah, 11:10 And Zorah, and Aijalon,\r
+and Hebron, which are in Judah and in Benjamin fenced cities.\r
+\r
+11:11 And he fortified the strong holds, and put captains in them, and\r
+store of victual, and of oil and wine.\r
+\r
+11:12 And in every several city he put shields and spears, and made\r
+them exceeding strong, having Judah and Benjamin on his side.\r
+\r
+11:13 And the priests and the Levites that were in all Israel resorted\r
+to him out of all their coasts.\r
+\r
+11:14 For the Levites left their suburbs and their possession, and\r
+came to Judah and Jerusalem: for Jeroboam and his sons had cast them\r
+off from executing the priest's office unto the LORD: 11:15 And he\r
+ordained him priests for the high places, and for the devils, and for\r
+the calves which he had made.\r
+\r
+11:16 And after them out of all the tribes of Israel such as set their\r
+hearts to seek the LORD God of Israel came to Jerusalem, to sacrifice\r
+unto the LORD God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+11:17 So they strengthened the kingdom of Judah, and made Rehoboam the\r
+son of Solomon strong, three years: for three years they walked in the\r
+way of David and Solomon.\r
+\r
+11:18 And Rehoboam took him Mahalath the daughter of Jerimoth the son\r
+of David to wife, and Abihail the daughter of Eliab the son of Jesse;\r
+11:19 Which bare him children; Jeush, and Shamariah, and Zaham.\r
+\r
+11:20 And after her he took Maachah the daughter of Absalom; which\r
+bare him Abijah, and Attai, and Ziza, and Shelomith.\r
+\r
+11:21 And Rehoboam loved Maachah the daughter of Absalom above all his\r
+wives and his concubines: (for he took eighteen wives, and threescore\r
+concubines; and begat twenty and eight sons, and threescore\r
+daughters.) 11:22 And Rehoboam made Abijah the son of Maachah the\r
+chief, to be ruler among his brethren: for he thought to make him\r
+king.\r
+\r
+11:23 And he dealt wisely, and dispersed of all his children\r
+throughout all the countries of Judah and Benjamin, unto every fenced\r
+city: and he gave them victual in abundance. And he desired many\r
+wives.\r
+\r
+12:1 And it came to pass, when Rehoboam had established the kingdom,\r
+and had strengthened himself, he forsook the law of the LORD, and all\r
+Israel with him.\r
+\r
+12:2 And it came to pass, that in the fifth year of king Rehoboam\r
+Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had\r
+transgressed against the LORD, 12:3 With twelve hundred chariots, and\r
+threescore thousand horsemen: and the people were without number that\r
+came with him out of Egypt; the Lubims, the Sukkiims, and the\r
+Ethiopians.\r
+\r
+12:4 And he took the fenced cities which pertained to Judah, and came\r
+to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:5 Then came Shemaiah the prophet to Rehoboam, and to the princes of\r
+Judah, that were gathered together to Jerusalem because of Shishak,\r
+and said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, Ye have forsaken me, and\r
+therefore have I also left you in the hand of Shishak.\r
+\r
+12:6 Whereupon the princes of Israel and the king humbled themselves;\r
+and they said, The LORD is righteous.\r
+\r
+12:7 And when the LORD saw that they humbled themselves, the word of\r
+the LORD came to Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled themselves;\r
+therefore I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some\r
+deliverance; and my wrath shall not be poured out upon Jerusalem by\r
+the hand of Shishak.\r
+\r
+12:8 Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that they may know my\r
+service, and the service of the kingdoms of the countries.\r
+\r
+12:9 So Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, and took away\r
+the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the\r
+king's house; he took all: he carried away also the shields of gold\r
+which Solomon had made.\r
+\r
+12:10 Instead of which king Rehoboam made shields of brass, and\r
+committed them to the hands of the chief of the guard, that kept the\r
+entrance of the king's house.\r
+\r
+12:11 And when the king entered into the house of the LORD, the guard\r
+came and fetched them, and brought them again into the guard chamber.\r
+\r
+12:12 And when he humbled himself, the wrath of the LORD turned from\r
+him, that he would not destroy him altogether: and also in Judah\r
+things went well.\r
+\r
+12:13 So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in Jerusalem, and reigned:\r
+for Rehoboam was one and forty years old when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD had\r
+chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And his\r
+mother's name was Naamah an Ammonitess.\r
+\r
+12:14 And he did evil, because he prepared not his heart to seek the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+12:15 Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, are they not written\r
+in the book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the seer concerning\r
+genealogies? And there were wars between Rehoboam and Jeroboam\r
+continually.\r
+\r
+12:16 And Rehoboam slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city\r
+of David: and Abijah his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+13:1 Now in the eighteenth year of king Jeroboam began Abijah to reign\r
+over Judah.\r
+\r
+13:2 He reigned three years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was\r
+Michaiah the daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was war between\r
+Abijah and Jeroboam.\r
+\r
+13:3 And Abijah set the battle in array with an army of valiant men of\r
+war, even four hundred thousand chosen men: Jeroboam also set the\r
+battle in array against him with eight hundred thousand chosen men,\r
+being mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+13:4 And Abijah stood up upon mount Zemaraim, which is in mount\r
+Ephraim, and said, Hear me, thou Jeroboam, and all Israel; 13:5 Ought\r
+ye not to know that the LORD God of Israel gave the kingdom over\r
+Israel to David for ever, even to him and to his sons by a covenant of\r
+salt? 13:6 Yet Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the servant of Solomon the\r
+son of David, is risen up, and hath rebelled against his lord.\r
+\r
+13:7 And there are gathered unto him vain men, the children of Belial,\r
+and have strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the son of Solomon,\r
+when Rehoboam was young and tenderhearted, and could not withstand\r
+them.\r
+\r
+13:8 And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the hand\r
+of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with\r
+your golden calves, which Jeroboam made you for gods.\r
+\r
+13:9 Have ye not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron,\r
+and the Levites, and have made you priests after the manner of the\r
+nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself\r
+with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them\r
+that are no gods.\r
+\r
+13:10 But as for us, the LORD is our God, and we have not forsaken\r
+him; and the priests, which minister unto the LORD, are the sons of\r
+Aaron, and the Levites wait upon their business: 13:11 And they burn\r
+unto the LORD every morning and every evening burnt sacrifices and\r
+sweet incense: the shewbread also set they in order upon the pure\r
+table; and the candlestick of gold with the lamps thereof, to burn\r
+every evening: for we keep the charge of the LORD our God; but ye have\r
+forsaken him.\r
+\r
+13:12 And, behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his\r
+priests with sounding trumpets to cry alarm against you. O children of\r
+Israel, fight ye not against the LORD God of your fathers; for ye\r
+shall not prosper.\r
+\r
+13:13 But Jeroboam caused an ambushment to come about behind them: so\r
+they were before Judah, and the ambushment was behind them.\r
+\r
+13:14 And when Judah looked back, behold, the battle was before and\r
+behind: and they cried unto the LORD, and the priests sounded with the\r
+trumpets.\r
+\r
+13:15 Then the men of Judah gave a shout: and as the men of Judah\r
+shouted, it came to pass, that God smote Jeroboam and all Israel\r
+before Abijah and Judah.\r
+\r
+13:16 And the children of Israel fled before Judah: and God delivered\r
+them into their hand.\r
+\r
+13:17 And Abijah and his people slew them with a great slaughter: so\r
+there fell down slain of Israel five hundred thousand chosen men.\r
+\r
+13:18 Thus the children of Israel were brought under at that time, and\r
+the children of Judah prevailed, because they relied upon the LORD God\r
+of their fathers.\r
+\r
+13:19 And Abijah pursued after Jeroboam, and took cities from him,\r
+Bethel with the towns thereof, and Jeshanah with the towns thereof,\r
+and Ephraim with the towns thereof.\r
+\r
+13:20 Neither did Jeroboam recover strength again in the days of\r
+Abijah: and the LORD struck him, and he died.\r
+\r
+13:21 But Abijah waxed mighty, and married fourteen wives, and begat\r
+twenty and two sons, and sixteen daughters.\r
+\r
+13:22 And the rest of the acts of Abijah, and his ways, and his\r
+sayings, are written in the story of the prophet Iddo.\r
+\r
+14:1 So Abijah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city\r
+of David: and Asa his son reigned in his stead. In his days the land\r
+was quiet ten years.\r
+\r
+14:2 And Asa did that which was good and right in the eyes of the LORD\r
+his God: 14:3 For he took away the altars of the strange gods, and the\r
+high places, and brake down the images, and cut down the groves: 14:4\r
+And commanded Judah to seek the LORD God of their fathers, and to do\r
+the law and the commandment.\r
+\r
+14:5 Also he took away out of all the cities of Judah the high places\r
+and the images: and the kingdom was quiet before him.\r
+\r
+14:6 And he built fenced cities in Judah: for the land had rest, and\r
+he had no war in those years; because the LORD had given him rest.\r
+\r
+14:7 Therefore he said unto Judah, Let us build these cities, and make\r
+about them walls, and towers, gates, and bars, while the land is yet\r
+before us; because we have sought the LORD our God, we have sought\r
+him, and he hath given us rest on every side. So they built and\r
+prospered.\r
+\r
+14:8 And Asa had an army of men that bare targets and spears, out of\r
+Judah three hundred thousand; and out of Benjamin, that bare shields\r
+and drew bows, two hundred and fourscore thousand: all these were\r
+mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+14:9 And there came out against them Zerah the Ethiopian with an host\r
+of a thousand thousand, and three hundred chariots; and came unto\r
+Mareshah.\r
+\r
+14:10 Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in array\r
+in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.\r
+\r
+14:11 And Asa cried unto the LORD his God, and said, LORD, it is\r
+nothing with thee to help, whether with many, or with them that have\r
+no power: help us, O LORD our God; for we rest on thee, and in thy\r
+name we go against this multitude. O LORD, thou art our God; let no\r
+man prevail against thee.\r
+\r
+14:12 So the LORD smote the Ethiopians before Asa, and before Judah;\r
+and the Ethiopians fled.\r
+\r
+14:13 And Asa and the people that were with him pursued them unto\r
+Gerar: and the Ethiopians were overthrown, that they could not recover\r
+themselves; for they were destroyed before the LORD, and before his\r
+host; and they carried away very much spoil.\r
+\r
+14:14 And they smote all the cities round about Gerar; for the fear of\r
+the LORD came upon them: and they spoiled all the cities; for there\r
+was exceeding much spoil in them.\r
+\r
+14:15 They smote also the tents of cattle, and carried away sheep and\r
+camels in abundance, and returned to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:1 And the Spirit of God came upon Azariah the son of Oded: 15:2 And\r
+he went out to meet Asa, and said unto him, Hear ye me, Asa, and all\r
+Judah and Benjamin; The LORD is with you, while ye be with him; and if\r
+ye seek him, he will be found of you; but if ye forsake him, he will\r
+forsake you.\r
+\r
+15:3 Now for a long season Israel hath been without the true God, and\r
+without a teaching priest, and without law.\r
+\r
+15:4 But when they in their trouble did turn unto the LORD God of\r
+Israel, and sought him, he was found of them.\r
+\r
+15:5 And in those times there was no peace to him that went out, nor\r
+to him that came in, but great vexations were upon all the inhabitants\r
+of the countries.\r
+\r
+15:6 And nation was destroyed of nation, and city of city: for God did\r
+vex them with all adversity.\r
+\r
+15:7 Be ye strong therefore, and let not your hands be weak: for your\r
+work shall be rewarded.\r
+\r
+15:8 And when Asa heard these words, and the prophecy of Oded the\r
+prophet, he took courage, and put away the abominable idols out of all\r
+the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had\r
+taken from mount Ephraim, and renewed the altar of the LORD, that was\r
+before the porch of the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:9 And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and the strangers with\r
+them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon: for they fell to\r
+him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God\r
+was with him.\r
+\r
+15:10 So they gathered themselves together at Jerusalem in the third\r
+month, in the fifteenth year of the reign of Asa.\r
+\r
+15:11 And they offered unto the LORD the same time, of the spoil which\r
+they had brought, seven hundred oxen and seven thousand sheep.\r
+\r
+15:12 And they entered into a covenant to seek the LORD God of their\r
+fathers with all their heart and with all their soul; 15:13 That\r
+whosoever would not seek the LORD God of Israel should be put to\r
+death, whether small or great, whether man or woman.\r
+\r
+15:14 And they sware unto the LORD with a loud voice, and with\r
+shouting, and with trumpets, and with cornets.\r
+\r
+15:15 And all Judah rejoiced at the oath: for they had sworn with all\r
+their heart, and sought him with their whole desire; and he was found\r
+of them: and the LORD gave them rest round about.\r
+\r
+15:16 And also concerning Maachah the mother of Asa the king, he\r
+removed her from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove:\r
+and Asa cut down her idol, and stamped it, and burnt it at the brook\r
+Kidron.\r
+\r
+15:17 But the high places were not taken away out of Israel:\r
+nevertheless the heart of Asa was perfect all his days.\r
+\r
+15:18 And he brought into the house of God the things that his father\r
+had dedicated, and that he himself had dedicated, silver, and gold,\r
+and vessels.\r
+\r
+15:19 And there was no more war unto the five and thirtieth year of\r
+the reign of Asa.\r
+\r
+16:1 In the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa Baasha king of\r
+Israel came up against Judah, and built Ramah, to the intent that he\r
+might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah.\r
+\r
+16:2 Then Asa brought out silver and gold out of the treasures of the\r
+house of the LORD and of the king's house, and sent to Benhadad king\r
+of Syria, that dwelt at Damascus, saying, 16:3 There is a league\r
+between me and thee, as there was between my father and thy father:\r
+behold, I have sent thee silver and gold; go, break thy league with\r
+Baasha king of Israel, that he may depart from me.\r
+\r
+16:4 And Benhadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the captains of\r
+his armies against the cities of Israel; and they smote Ijon, and Dan,\r
+and Abelmaim, and all the store cities of Naphtali.\r
+\r
+16:5 And it came to pass, when Baasha heard it, that he left off\r
+building of Ramah, and let his work cease.\r
+\r
+16:6 Then Asa the king took all Judah; and they carried away the\r
+stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha was\r
+building; and he built therewith Geba and Mizpah.\r
+\r
+16:7 And at that time Hanani the seer came to Asa king of Judah, and\r
+said unto him, Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not\r
+relied on the LORD thy God, therefore is the host of the king of Syria\r
+escaped out of thine hand.\r
+\r
+16:8 Were not the Ethiopians and the Lubims a huge host, with very\r
+many chariots and horsemen? yet, because thou didst rely on the LORD,\r
+he delivered them into thine hand.\r
+\r
+16:9 For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro throughout the whole\r
+earth, to shew himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is\r
+perfect toward him. Herein thou hast done foolishly: therefore from\r
+henceforth thou shalt have wars.\r
+\r
+16:10 Then Asa was wroth with the seer, and put him in a prison house;\r
+for he was in a rage with him because of this thing. And Asa oppressed\r
+some of the people the same time.\r
+\r
+16:11 And, behold, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, they are\r
+written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.\r
+\r
+16:12 And Asa in the thirty and ninth year of his reign was diseased\r
+in his feet, until his disease was exceeding great: yet in his disease\r
+he sought not to the LORD, but to the physicians.\r
+\r
+16:13 And Asa slept with his fathers, and died in the one and fortieth\r
+year of his reign.\r
+\r
+16:14 And they buried him in his own sepulchres, which he had made for\r
+himself in the city of David, and laid him in the bed which was filled\r
+with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the\r
+apothecaries' art: and they made a very great burning for him.\r
+\r
+17:1 And Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead, and strengthened\r
+himself against Israel.\r
+\r
+17:2 And he placed forces in all the fenced cities of Judah, and set\r
+garrisons in the land of Judah, and in the cities of Ephraim, which\r
+Asa his father had taken.\r
+\r
+17:3 And the LORD was with Jehoshaphat, because he walked in the first\r
+ways of his father David, and sought not unto Baalim; 17:4 But sought\r
+to the Lord God of his father, and walked in his commandments, and not\r
+after the doings of Israel.\r
+\r
+17:5 Therefore the LORD stablished the kingdom in his hand; and all\r
+Judah brought to Jehoshaphat presents; and he had riches and honour in\r
+abundance.\r
+\r
+17:6 And his heart was lifted up in the ways of the LORD: moreover he\r
+took away the high places and groves out of Judah.\r
+\r
+17:7 Also in the third year of his reign he sent to his princes, even\r
+to Benhail, and to Obadiah, and to Zechariah, and to Nethaneel, and to\r
+Michaiah, to teach in the cities of Judah.\r
+\r
+17:8 And with them he sent Levites, even Shemaiah, and Nethaniah, and\r
+Zebadiah, and Asahel, and Shemiramoth, and Jehonathan, and Adonijah,\r
+and Tobijah, and Tobadonijah, Levites; and with them Elishama and\r
+Jehoram, priests.\r
+\r
+17:9 And they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law of the LORD\r
+with them, and went about throughout all the cities of Judah, and\r
+taught the people.\r
+\r
+17:10 And the fear of the LORD fell upon all the kingdoms of the lands\r
+that were round about Judah, so that they made no war against\r
+Jehoshaphat.\r
+\r
+17:11 Also some of the Philistines brought Jehoshaphat presents, and\r
+tribute silver; and the Arabians brought him flocks, seven thousand\r
+and seven hundred rams, and seven thousand and seven hundred he goats.\r
+\r
+17:12 And Jehoshaphat waxed great exceedingly; and he built in Judah\r
+castles, and cities of store.\r
+\r
+17:13 And he had much business in the cities of Judah: and the men of\r
+war, mighty men of valour, were in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+17:14 And these are the numbers of them according to the house of\r
+their fathers: Of Judah, the captains of thousands; Adnah the chief,\r
+and with him mighty men of valour three hundred thousand.\r
+\r
+17:15 And next to him was Jehohanan the captain, and with him two\r
+hundred and fourscore thousand.\r
+\r
+17:16 And next him was Amasiah the son of Zichri, who willingly\r
+offered himself unto the LORD; and with him two hundred thousand\r
+mighty men of valour.\r
+\r
+17:17 And of Benjamin; Eliada a mighty man of valour, and with him\r
+armed men with bow and shield two hundred thousand.\r
+\r
+17:18 And next him was Jehozabad, and with him an hundred and\r
+fourscore thousand ready prepared for the war.\r
+\r
+17:19 These waited on the king, beside those whom the king put in the\r
+fenced cities throughout all Judah.\r
+\r
+18:1 Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honour in abundance, and joined\r
+affinity with Ahab.\r
+\r
+18:2 And after certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. And Ahab\r
+killed sheep and oxen for him in abundance, and for the people that he\r
+had with him, and persuaded him to go up with him to Ramothgilead.\r
+\r
+18:3 And Ahab king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat king of Judah, Wilt\r
+thou go with me to Ramothgilead? And he answered him, I am as thou\r
+art, and my people as thy people; and we will be with thee in the war.\r
+\r
+18:4 And Jehoshaphat said unto the king of Israel, Enquire, I pray\r
+thee, at the word of the LORD to day.\r
+\r
+18:5 Therefore the king of Israel gathered together of prophets four\r
+hundred men, and said unto them, Shall we go to Ramothgilead to\r
+battle, or shall I forbear? And they said, Go up; for God will deliver\r
+it into the king's hand.\r
+\r
+18:6 But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD\r
+besides, that we might enquire of him? 18:7 And the king of Israel\r
+said unto Jehoshaphat, There is yet one man, by whom we may enquire of\r
+the LORD: but I hate him; for he never prophesied good unto me, but\r
+always evil: the same is Micaiah the son of Imla. And Jehoshaphat\r
+said, Let not the king say so.\r
+\r
+18:8 And the king of Israel called for one of his officers, and said,\r
+Fetch quickly Micaiah the son of Imla.\r
+\r
+18:9 And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah sat either\r
+of them on his throne, clothed in their robes, and they sat in a void\r
+place at the entering in of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets\r
+prophesied before them.\r
+\r
+18:10 And Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah had made him horns of iron,\r
+and said, Thus saith the LORD, With these thou shalt push Syria until\r
+they be consumed.\r
+\r
+18:11 And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, Go up to\r
+Ramothgilead, and prosper: for the LORD shall deliver it into the hand\r
+of the king.\r
+\r
+18:12 And the messenger that went to call Micaiah spake to him,\r
+saying, Behold, the words of the prophets declare good to the king\r
+with one assent; let thy word therefore, I pray thee, be like one of\r
+their's, and speak thou good.\r
+\r
+18:13 And Micaiah said, As the LORD liveth, even what my God saith,\r
+that will I speak.\r
+\r
+18:14 And when he was come to the king, the king said unto him,\r
+Micaiah, shall we go to Ramothgilead to battle, or shall I forbear?\r
+And he said, Go ye up, and prosper, and they shall be delivered into\r
+your hand.\r
+\r
+18:15 And the king said to him, How many times shall I adjure thee\r
+that thou say nothing but the truth to me in the name of the LORD?\r
+18:16 Then he said, I did see all Israel scattered upon the mountains,\r
+as sheep that have no shepherd: and the LORD said, These have no\r
+master; let them return therefore every man to his house in peace.\r
+\r
+18:17 And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, Did I not tell thee\r
+that he would not prophesy good unto me, but evil? 18:18 Again he\r
+said, Therefore hear the word of the LORD; I saw the LORD sitting upon\r
+his throne, and all the host of heaven standing on his right hand and\r
+on his left.\r
+\r
+18:19 And the LORD said, Who shall entice Ahab king of Israel, that he\r
+may go up and fall at Ramothgilead? And one spake saying after this\r
+manner, and another saying after that manner.\r
+\r
+18:20 Then there came out a spirit, and stood before the LORD, and\r
+said, I will entice him. And the LORD said unto him, Wherewith? 18:21\r
+And he said, I will go out, and be a lying spirit in the mouth of all\r
+his prophets. And the Lord said, Thou shalt entice him, and thou shalt\r
+also prevail: go out, and do even so.\r
+\r
+18:22 Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the\r
+mouth of these thy prophets, and the LORD hath spoken evil against\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+18:23 Then Zedekiah the son of Chenaanah came near, and smote Micaiah\r
+upon the cheek, and said, Which way went the Spirit of the LORD from\r
+me to speak unto thee? 18:24 And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see\r
+on that day when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself.\r
+\r
+18:25 Then the king of Israel said, Take ye Micaiah, and carry him\r
+back to Amon the governor of the city, and to Joash the king's son;\r
+18:26 And say, Thus saith the king, Put this fellow in the prison, and\r
+feed him with bread of affliction and with water of affliction, until\r
+I return in peace.\r
+\r
+18:27 And Micaiah said, If thou certainly return in peace, then hath\r
+not the LORD spoken by me. And he said, Hearken, all ye people.\r
+\r
+18:28 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah went up\r
+to Ramothgilead.\r
+\r
+18:29 And the king of Israel said unto Jehoshaphat, I will disguise\r
+myself, and I will go to the battle; but put thou on thy robes. So the\r
+king of Israel disguised himself; and they went to the battle.\r
+\r
+18:30 Now the king of Syria had commanded the captains of the chariots\r
+that were with him, saying, Fight ye not with small or great, save\r
+only with the king of Israel.\r
+\r
+18:31 And it came to pass, when the captains of the chariots saw\r
+Jehoshaphat, that they said, It is the king of Israel. Therefore they\r
+compassed about him to fight: but Jehoshaphat cried out, and the LORD\r
+helped him; and God moved them to depart from him.\r
+\r
+18:32 For it came to pass, that, when the captains of the chariots\r
+perceived that it was not the king of Israel, they turned back again\r
+from pursuing him.\r
+\r
+18:33 And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of\r
+Israel between the joints of the harness: therefore he said to his\r
+chariot man, Turn thine hand, that thou mayest carry me out of the\r
+host; for I am wounded.\r
+\r
+18:34 And the battle increased that day: howbeit the king of Israel\r
+stayed himself up in his chariot against the Syrians until the even:\r
+and about the time of the sun going down he died.\r
+\r
+19:1 And Jehoshaphat the king of Judah returned to his house in peace\r
+to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+19:2 And Jehu the son of Hanani the seer went out to meet him, and\r
+said to king Jehoshaphat, Shouldest thou help the ungodly, and love\r
+them that hate the LORD? therefore is wrath upon thee from before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+19:3 Nevertheless there are good things found in thee, in that thou\r
+hast taken away the groves out of the land, and hast prepared thine\r
+heart to seek God.\r
+\r
+19:4 And Jehoshaphat dwelt at Jerusalem: and he went out again through\r
+the people from Beersheba to mount Ephraim, and brought them back unto\r
+the LORD God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+19:5 And he set judges in the land throughout all the fenced cities of\r
+Judah, city by city, 19:6 And said to the judges, Take heed what ye\r
+do: for ye judge not for man, but for the LORD, who is with you in the\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+19:7 Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you; take heed and\r
+do it: for there is no iniquity with the LORD our God, nor respect of\r
+persons, nor taking of gifts.\r
+\r
+19:8 Moreover in Jerusalem did Jehoshaphat set of the Levites, and of\r
+the priests, and of the chief of the fathers of Israel, for the\r
+judgment of the LORD, and for controversies, when they returned to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+19:9 And he charged them, saying, Thus shall ye do in the fear of the\r
+LORD, faithfully, and with a perfect heart.\r
+\r
+19:10 And what cause soever shall come to you of your brethren that\r
+dwell in your cities, between blood and blood, between law and\r
+commandment, statutes and judgments, ye shall even warn them that they\r
+trespass not against the LORD, and so wrath come upon you, and upon\r
+your brethren: this do, and ye shall not trespass.\r
+\r
+19:11 And, behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters\r
+of the LORD; and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house\r
+of Judah, for all the king's matters: also the Levites shall be\r
+officers before you. Deal courageously, and the LORD shall be with the\r
+good.\r
+\r
+20:1 It came to pass after this also, that the children of Moab, and\r
+the children of Ammon, and with them other beside the Ammonites, came\r
+against Jehoshaphat to battle.\r
+\r
+20:2 Then there came some that told Jehoshaphat, saying, There cometh\r
+a great multitude against thee from beyond the sea on this side Syria;\r
+and, behold, they be in Hazazontamar, which is Engedi.\r
+\r
+20:3 And Jehoshaphat feared, and set himself to seek the LORD, and\r
+proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah.\r
+\r
+20:4 And Judah gathered themselves together, to ask help of the LORD:\r
+even out of all the cities of Judah they came to seek the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:5 And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation of Judah and Jerusalem,\r
+in the house of the LORD, before the new court, 20:6 And said, O LORD\r
+God of our fathers, art not thou God in heaven? and rulest not thou\r
+over all the kingdoms of the heathen? and in thine hand is there not\r
+power and might, so that none is able to withstand thee? 20:7 Art not\r
+thou our God, who didst drive out the inhabitants of this land before\r
+thy people Israel, and gavest it to the seed of Abraham thy friend for\r
+ever? 20:8 And they dwelt therein, and have built thee a sanctuary\r
+therein for thy name, saying, 20:9 If, when evil cometh upon us, as\r
+the sword, judgment, or pestilence, or famine, we stand before this\r
+house, and in thy presence, (for thy name is in this house,) and cry\r
+unto thee in our affliction, then thou wilt hear and help.\r
+\r
+20:10 And now, behold, the children of Ammon and Moab and mount Seir,\r
+whom thou wouldest not let Israel invade, when they came out of the\r
+land of Egypt, but they turned from them, and destroyed them not;\r
+20:11 Behold, I say, how they reward us, to come to cast us out of thy\r
+possession, which thou hast given us to inherit.\r
+\r
+20:12 O our God, wilt thou not judge them? for we have no might\r
+against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we\r
+what to do: but our eyes are upon thee.\r
+\r
+20:13 And all Judah stood before the LORD, with their little ones,\r
+their wives, and their children.\r
+\r
+20:14 Then upon Jahaziel the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the\r
+son of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, a Levite of the sons of Asaph,\r
+came the Spirit of the LORD in the midst of the congregation; 20:15\r
+And he said, Hearken ye, all Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem,\r
+and thou king Jehoshaphat, Thus saith the LORD unto you, Be not afraid\r
+nor dismayed by reason of this great multitude; for the battle is not\r
+yours, but God's.\r
+\r
+20:16 To morrow go ye down against them: behold, they come up by the\r
+cliff of Ziz; and ye shall find them at the end of the brook, before\r
+the wilderness of Jeruel.\r
+\r
+20:17 Ye shall not need to fight in this battle: set yourselves, stand\r
+ye still, and see the salvation of the LORD with you, O Judah and\r
+Jerusalem: fear not, nor be dismayed; to morrow go out against them:\r
+for the LORD will be with you.\r
+\r
+20:18 And Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his face to the ground: and\r
+all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem fell before the LORD,\r
+worshipping the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:19 And the Levites, of the children of the Kohathites, and of the\r
+children of the Korhites, stood up to praise the LORD God of Israel\r
+with a loud voice on high.\r
+\r
+20:20 And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into the\r
+wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat stood and\r
+said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusalem; Believe in\r
+the LORD your God, so shall ye be established; believe his prophets,\r
+so shall ye prosper.\r
+\r
+20:21 And when he had consulted with the people, he appointed singers\r
+unto the LORD, and that should praise the beauty of holiness, as they\r
+went out before the army, and to say, Praise the LORD; for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+20:22 And when they began to sing and to praise, the LORD set\r
+ambushments against the children of Ammon, Moab, and mount Seir, which\r
+were come against Judah; and they were smitten.\r
+\r
+20:23 For the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against the\r
+inhabitants of mount Seir, utterly to slay and destroy them: and when\r
+they had made an end of the inhabitants of Seir, every one helped to\r
+destroy another.\r
+\r
+20:24 And when Judah came toward the watch tower in the wilderness,\r
+they looked unto the multitude, and, behold, they were dead bodies\r
+fallen to the earth, and none escaped.\r
+\r
+20:25 And when Jehoshaphat and his people came to take away the spoil\r
+of them, they found among them in abundance both riches with the dead\r
+bodies, and precious jewels, which they stripped off for themselves,\r
+more than they could carry away: and they were three days in gathering\r
+of the spoil, it was so much.\r
+\r
+20:26 And on the fourth day they assembled themselves in the valley of\r
+Berachah; for there they blessed the LORD: therefore the name of the\r
+same place was called, The valley of Berachah, unto this day.\r
+\r
+20:27 Then they returned, every man of Judah and Jerusalem, and\r
+Jehoshaphat in the forefront of them, to go again to Jerusalem with\r
+joy; for the LORD had made them to rejoice over their enemies.\r
+\r
+20:28 And they came to Jerusalem with psalteries and harps and\r
+trumpets unto the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:29 And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms of those countries,\r
+when they had heard that the LORD fought against the enemies of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+20:30 So the realm of Jehoshaphat was quiet: for his God gave him rest\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+20:31 And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah: he was thirty and five years\r
+old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty and five years in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.\r
+\r
+20:32 And he walked in the way of Asa his father, and departed not\r
+from it, doing that which was right in the sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:33 Howbeit the high places were not taken away: for as yet the\r
+people had not prepared their hearts unto the God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+20:34 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold,\r
+they are written in the book of Jehu the son of Hanani, who is\r
+mentioned in the book of the kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+20:35 And after this did Jehoshaphat king of Judah join himself with\r
+Ahaziah king of Israel, who did very wickedly: 20:36 And he joined\r
+himself with him to make ships to go to Tarshish: and they made the\r
+ships in Eziongaber.\r
+\r
+20:37 Then Eliezer the son of Dodavah of Mareshah prophesied against\r
+Jehoshaphat, saying, Because thou hast joined thyself with Ahaziah,\r
+the LORD hath broken thy works. And the ships were broken, that they\r
+were not able to go to Tarshish.\r
+\r
+21:1 Now Jehoshaphat slept with his fathers, and was buried with his\r
+fathers in the city of David. And Jehoram his son reigned in his\r
+stead.\r
+\r
+21:2 And he had brethren the sons of Jehoshaphat, Azariah, and Jehiel,\r
+and Zechariah, and Azariah, and Michael, and Shephatiah: all these\r
+were the sons of Jehoshaphat king of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:3 And their father gave them great gifts of silver, and of gold,\r
+and of precious things, with fenced cities in Judah: but the kingdom\r
+gave he to Jehoram; because he was the firstborn.\r
+\r
+21:4 Now when Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he\r
+strengthened himself, and slew all his brethren with the sword, and\r
+divers also of the princes of Israel.\r
+\r
+21:5 Jehoram was thirty and two years old when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+21:6 And he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, like as did the\r
+house of Ahab: for he had the daughter of Ahab to wife: and he wrought\r
+that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD.\r
+\r
+21:7 Howbeit the LORD would not destroy the house of David, because of\r
+the covenant that he had made with David, and as he promised to give a\r
+light to him and to his sons for ever.\r
+\r
+21:8 In his days the Edomites revolted from under the dominion of\r
+Judah, and made themselves a king.\r
+\r
+21:9 Then Jehoram went forth with his princes, and all his chariots\r
+with him: and he rose up by night, and smote the Edomites which\r
+compassed him in, and the captains of the chariots.\r
+\r
+21:10 So the Edomites revolted from under the hand of Judah unto this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+The same time also did Libnah revolt from under his hand; because he\r
+had forsaken the LORD God of his fathers.\r
+\r
+21:11 Moreover he made high places in the mountains of Judah and\r
+caused the inhabitants of Jerusalem to commit fornication, and\r
+compelled Judah thereto.\r
+\r
+21:12 And there came a writing to him from Elijah the prophet, saying,\r
+Thus saith the LORD God of David thy father, Because thou hast not\r
+walked in the ways of Jehoshaphat thy father, nor in the ways of Asa\r
+king of Judah, 21:13 But hast walked in the way of the kings of\r
+Israel, and hast made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to go a\r
+whoring, like to the whoredoms of the house of Ahab, and also hast\r
+slain thy brethren of thy father's house, which were better than\r
+thyself: 21:14 Behold, with a great plague will the LORD smite thy\r
+people, and thy children, and thy wives, and all thy goods: 21:15 And\r
+thou shalt have great sickness by disease of thy bowels, until thy\r
+bowels fall out by reason of the sickness day by day.\r
+\r
+21:16 Moreover the LORD stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the\r
+Philistines, and of the Arabians, that were near the Ethiopians: 21:17\r
+And they came up into Judah, and brake into it, and carried away all\r
+the substance that was found in the king's house, and his sons also,\r
+and his wives; so that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz,\r
+the youngest of his sons.\r
+\r
+21:18 And after all this the LORD smote him in his bowels with an\r
+incurable disease.\r
+\r
+21:19 And it came to pass, that in process of time, after the end of\r
+two years, his bowels fell out by reason of his sickness: so he died\r
+of sore diseases. And his people made no burning for him, like the\r
+burning of his fathers.\r
+\r
+21:20 Thirty and two years old was he when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned in Jerusalem eight years, and departed without being desired.\r
+Howbeit they buried him in the city of David, but not in the\r
+sepulchres of the kings.\r
+\r
+22:1 And the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son\r
+king in his stead: for the band of men that came with the Arabians to\r
+the camp had slain all the eldest. So Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king\r
+of Judah reigned.\r
+\r
+22:2 Forty and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned one year in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Athaliah\r
+the daughter of Omri.\r
+\r
+22:3 He also walked in the ways of the house of Ahab: for his mother\r
+was his counsellor to do wickedly.\r
+\r
+22:4 Wherefore he did evil in the sight of the LORD like the house of\r
+Ahab: for they were his counsellors after the death of his father to\r
+his destruction.\r
+\r
+22:5 He walked also after their counsel, and went with Jehoram the son\r
+of Ahab king of Israel to war against Hazael king of Syria at\r
+Ramothgilead: and the Syrians smote Joram.\r
+\r
+22:6 And he returned to be healed in Jezreel because of the wounds\r
+which were given him at Ramah, when he fought with Hazael king of\r
+Syria. And Azariah the son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to see\r
+Jehoram the son of Ahab at Jezreel, because he was sick.\r
+\r
+22:7 And the destruction of Ahaziah was of God by coming to Joram: for\r
+when he was come, he went out with Jehoram against Jehu the son of\r
+Nimshi, whom the LORD had anointed to cut off the house of Ahab.\r
+\r
+22:8 And it came to pass, that, when Jehu was executing judgment upon\r
+the house of Ahab, and found the princes of Judah, and the sons of the\r
+brethren of Ahaziah, that ministered to Ahaziah, he slew them.\r
+\r
+22:9 And he sought Ahaziah: and they caught him, (for he was hid in\r
+Samaria,) and brought him to Jehu: and when they had slain him, they\r
+buried him: Because, said they, he is the son of Jehoshaphat, who\r
+sought the LORD with all his heart. So the house of Ahaziah had no\r
+power to keep still the kingdom.\r
+\r
+22:10 But when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was\r
+dead, she arose and destroyed all the seed royal of the house of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+22:11 But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son\r
+of Ahaziah, and stole him from among the king's sons that were slain,\r
+and put him and his nurse in a bedchamber. So Jehoshabeath, the\r
+daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest, (for she\r
+was the sister of Ahaziah,) hid him from Athaliah, so that she slew\r
+him not.\r
+\r
+22:12 And he was with them hid in the house of God six years: and\r
+Athaliah reigned over the land.\r
+\r
+23:1 And in the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took\r
+the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the\r
+son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of\r
+Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him.\r
+\r
+23:2 And they went about in Judah, and gathered the Levites out of all\r
+the cities of Judah, and the chief of the fathers of Israel, and they\r
+came to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+23:3 And all the congregation made a covenant with the king in the\r
+house of God. And he said unto them, Behold, the king's son shall\r
+reign, as the LORD hath said of the sons of David.\r
+\r
+23:4 This is the thing that ye shall do; A third part of you entering\r
+on the sabbath, of the priests and of the Levites, shall be porters of\r
+the doors; 23:5 And a third part shall be at the king's house; and a\r
+third part at the gate of the foundation: and all the people shall be\r
+in the courts of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:6 But let none come into the house of the LORD, save the priests,\r
+and they that minister of the Levites; they shall go in, for they are\r
+holy: but all the people shall keep the watch of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:7 And the Levites shall compass the king round about, every man\r
+with his weapons in his hand; and whosoever else cometh into the\r
+house, he shall be put to death: but be ye with the king when he\r
+cometh in, and when he goeth out.\r
+\r
+23:8 So the Levites and all Judah did according to all things that\r
+Jehoiada the priest had commanded, and took every man his men that\r
+were to come in on the sabbath, with them that were to go out on the\r
+sabbath: for Jehoiada the priest dismissed not the courses.\r
+\r
+23:9 Moreover Jehoiada the priest delivered to the captains of\r
+hundreds spears, and bucklers, and shields, that had been king\r
+David's, which were in the house of God.\r
+\r
+23:10 And he set all the people, every man having his weapon in his\r
+hand, from the right side of the temple to the left side of the\r
+temple, along by the altar and the temple, by the king round about.\r
+\r
+23:11 Then they brought out the king's son, and put upon him the\r
+crown, and gave him the testimony, and made him king. And Jehoiada and\r
+his sons anointed him, and said, God save the king.\r
+\r
+23:12 Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the people running and\r
+praising the king, she came to the people into the house of the LORD:\r
+23:13 And she looked, and, behold, the king stood at his pillar at the\r
+entering in, and the princes and the trumpets by the king: and all the\r
+people of the land rejoiced, and sounded with trumpets, also the\r
+singers with instruments of musick, and such as taught to sing praise.\r
+Then Athaliah rent her clothes, and said, Treason, Treason.\r
+\r
+23:14 Then Jehoiada the priest brought out the captains of hundreds\r
+that were set over the host, and said unto them, Have her forth of the\r
+ranges: and whoso followeth her, let him be slain with the sword. For\r
+the priest said, Slay her not in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:15 So they laid hands on her; and when she was come to the entering\r
+of the horse gate by the king's house, they slew her there.\r
+\r
+23:16 And Jehoiada made a covenant between him, and between all the\r
+people, and between the king, that they should be the LORD's people.\r
+\r
+23:17 Then all the people went to the house of Baal, and brake it\r
+down, and brake his altars and his images in pieces, and slew Mattan\r
+the priest of Baal before the altars.\r
+\r
+23:18 Also Jehoiada appointed the offices of the house of the LORD by\r
+the hand of the priests the Levites, whom David had distributed in the\r
+house of the LORD, to offer the burnt offerings of the LORD, as it is\r
+written in the law of Moses, with rejoicing and with singing, as it\r
+was ordained by David.\r
+\r
+23:19 And he set the porters at the gates of the house of the LORD,\r
+that none which was unclean in any thing should enter in.\r
+\r
+23:20 And he took the captains of hundreds, and the nobles, and the\r
+governors of the people, and all the people of the land, and brought\r
+down the king from the house of the LORD: and they came through the\r
+high gate into the king's house, and set the king upon the throne of\r
+the kingdom.\r
+\r
+23:21 And all the people of the land rejoiced: and the city was quiet,\r
+after that they had slain Athaliah with the sword.\r
+\r
+24:1 Joash was seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+forty years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Zibiah of\r
+Beersheba.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Joash did that which was right in the sight of the LORD all\r
+the days of Jehoiada the priest.\r
+\r
+24:3 And Jehoiada took for him two wives; and he begat sons and\r
+daughters.\r
+\r
+24:4 And it came to pass after this, that Joash was minded to repair\r
+the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:5 And he gathered together the priests and the Levites, and said to\r
+them, Go out unto the cities of Judah, and gather of all Israel money\r
+to repair the house of your God from year to year, and see that ye\r
+hasten the matter. Howbeit the Levites hastened it not.\r
+\r
+24:6 And the king called for Jehoiada the chief, and said unto him,\r
+Why hast thou not required of the Levites to bring in out of Judah and\r
+out of Jerusalem the collection, according to the commandment of Moses\r
+the servant of the LORD, and of the congregation of Israel, for the\r
+tabernacle of witness? 24:7 For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked\r
+woman, had broken up the house of God; and also all the dedicated\r
+things of the house of the LORD did they bestow upon Baalim.\r
+\r
+24:8 And at the king's commandment they made a chest, and set it\r
+without at the gate of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:9 And they made a proclamation through Judah and Jerusalem, to\r
+bring in to the LORD the collection that Moses the servant of God laid\r
+upon Israel in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+24:10 And all the princes and all the people rejoiced, and brought in,\r
+and cast into the chest, until they had made an end.\r
+\r
+24:11 Now it came to pass, that at what time the chest was brought\r
+unto the king's office by the hand of the Levites, and when they saw\r
+that there was much money, the king's scribe and the high priest's\r
+officer came and emptied the chest, and took it, and carried it to his\r
+place again. Thus they did day by day, and gathered money in\r
+abundance.\r
+\r
+24:12 And the king and Jehoiada gave it to such as did the work of the\r
+service of the house of the LORD, and hired masons and carpenters to\r
+repair the house of the LORD, and also such as wrought iron and brass\r
+to mend the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:13 So the workmen wrought, and the work was perfected by them, and\r
+they set the house of God in his state, and strengthened it.\r
+\r
+24:14 And when they had finished it, they brought the rest of the\r
+money before the king and Jehoiada, whereof were made vessels for the\r
+house of the LORD, even vessels to minister, and to offer withal, and\r
+spoons, and vessels of gold and silver. And they offered burnt\r
+offerings in the house of the LORD continually all the days of\r
+Jehoiada.\r
+\r
+24:15 But Jehoiada waxed old, and was full of days when he died; an\r
+hundred and thirty years old was he when he died.\r
+\r
+24:16 And they buried him in the city of David among the kings,\r
+because he had done good in Israel, both toward God, and toward his\r
+house.\r
+\r
+24:17 Now after the death of Jehoiada came the princes of Judah, and\r
+made obeisance to the king. Then the king hearkened unto them.\r
+\r
+24:18 And they left the house of the LORD God of their fathers, and\r
+served groves and idols: and wrath came upon Judah and Jerusalem for\r
+this their trespass.\r
+\r
+24:19 Yet he sent prophets to them, to bring them again unto the LORD;\r
+and they testified against them: but they would not give ear.\r
+\r
+24:20 And the Spirit of God came upon Zechariah the son of Jehoiada\r
+the priest, which stood above the people, and said unto them, Thus\r
+saith God, Why transgress ye the commandments of the LORD, that ye\r
+cannot prosper? because ye have forsaken the LORD, he hath also\r
+forsaken you.\r
+\r
+24:21 And they conspired against him, and stoned him with stones at\r
+the commandment of the king in the court of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+24:22 Thus Joash the king remembered not the kindness which Jehoiada\r
+his father had done to him, but slew his son. And when he died, he\r
+said, The LORD look upon it, and require it.\r
+\r
+24:23 And it came to pass at the end of the year, that the host of\r
+Syria came up against him: and they came to Judah and Jerusalem, and\r
+destroyed all the princes of the people from among the people, and\r
+sent all the spoil of them unto the king of Damascus.\r
+\r
+24:24 For the army of the Syrians came with a small company of men,\r
+and the LORD delivered a very great host into their hand, because they\r
+had forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. So they executed judgment\r
+against Joash.\r
+\r
+24:25 And when they were departed from him, (for they left him in\r
+great diseases,) his own servants conspired against him for the blood\r
+of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, and slew him on his bed, and he\r
+died: and they buried him in the city of David, but they buried him\r
+not in the sepulchres of the kings.\r
+\r
+24:26 And these are they that conspired against him; Zabad the son of\r
+Shimeath an Ammonitess, and Jehozabad the son of Shimrith a Moabitess.\r
+\r
+24:27 Now concerning his sons, and the greatness of the burdens laid\r
+upon him, and the repairing of the house of God, behold, they are\r
+written in the story of the book of the kings. And Amaziah his son\r
+reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+25:1 Amaziah was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned twenty and nine years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name\r
+was Jehoaddan of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+25:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, but not\r
+with a perfect heart.\r
+\r
+25:3 Now it came to pass, when the kingdom was established to him,\r
+that he slew his servants that had killed the king his father.\r
+\r
+25:4 But he slew not their children, but did as it is written in the\r
+law in the book of Moses, where the LORD commanded, saying, The\r
+fathers shall not die for the children, neither shall the children die\r
+for the fathers, but every man shall die for his own sin.\r
+\r
+25:5 Moreover Amaziah gathered Judah together, and made them captains\r
+over thousands, and captains over hundreds, according to the houses of\r
+their fathers, throughout all Judah and Benjamin: and he numbered them\r
+from twenty years old and above, and found them three hundred thousand\r
+choice men, able to go forth to war, that could handle spear and\r
+shield.\r
+\r
+25:6 He hired also an hundred thousand mighty men of valour out of\r
+Israel for an hundred talents of silver.\r
+\r
+25:7 But there came a man of God to him, saying, O king, let not the\r
+army of Israel go with thee; for the LORD is not with Israel, to wit,\r
+with all the children of Ephraim.\r
+\r
+25:8 But if thou wilt go, do it; be strong for the battle: God shall\r
+make thee fall before the enemy: for God hath power to help, and to\r
+cast down.\r
+\r
+25:9 And Amaziah said to the man of God, But what shall we do for the\r
+hundred talents which I have given to the army of Israel? And the man\r
+of God answered, The LORD is able to give thee much more than this.\r
+\r
+25:10 Then Amaziah separated them, to wit, the army that was come to\r
+him out of Ephraim, to go home again: wherefore their anger was\r
+greatly kindled against Judah, and they returned home in great anger.\r
+\r
+25:11 And Amaziah strengthened himself, and led forth his people, and\r
+went to the valley of salt, and smote of the children of Seir ten\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+25:12 And other ten thousand left alive did the children of Judah\r
+carry away captive, and brought them unto the top of the rock, and\r
+cast them down from the top of the rock, that they all were broken in\r
+pieces.\r
+\r
+25:13 But the soldiers of the army which Amaziah sent back, that they\r
+should not go with him to battle, fell upon the cities of Judah, from\r
+Samaria even unto Bethhoron, and smote three thousand of them, and\r
+took much spoil.\r
+\r
+25:14 Now it came to pass, after that Amaziah was come from the\r
+slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought the gods of the children of\r
+Seir, and set them up to be his gods, and bowed down himself before\r
+them, and burned incense unto them.\r
+\r
+25:15 Wherefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against Amaziah, and\r
+he sent unto him a prophet, which said unto him, Why hast thou sought\r
+after the gods of the people, which could not deliver their own people\r
+out of thine hand? 25:16 And it came to pass, as he talked with him,\r
+that the king said unto him, Art thou made of the king's counsel?\r
+forbear; why shouldest thou be smitten? Then the prophet forbare, and\r
+said, I know that God hath determined to destroy thee, because thou\r
+hast done this, and hast not hearkened unto my counsel.\r
+\r
+25:17 Then Amaziah king of Judah took advice, and sent to Joash, the\r
+son of Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, Come, let us\r
+see one another in the face.\r
+\r
+25:18 And Joash king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, saying,\r
+The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in Lebanon,\r
+saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife: and there passed by a\r
+wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trode down the thistle.\r
+\r
+25:19 Thou sayest, Lo, thou hast smitten the Edomites; and thine heart\r
+lifteth thee up to boast: abide now at home; why shouldest thou meddle\r
+to thine hurt, that thou shouldest fall, even thou, and Judah with\r
+thee? 25:20 But Amaziah would not hear; for it came of God, that he\r
+might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they sought\r
+after the gods of Edom.\r
+\r
+25:21 So Joash the king of Israel went up; and they saw one another in\r
+the face, both he and Amaziah king of Judah, at Bethshemesh, which\r
+belongeth to Judah.\r
+\r
+25:22 And Judah was put to the worse before Israel, and they fled\r
+every man to his tent.\r
+\r
+25:23 And Joash the king of Israel took Amaziah king of Judah, the son\r
+of Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, at Bethshemesh, and brought him to\r
+Jerusalem, and brake down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of\r
+Ephraim to the corner gate, four hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+25:24 And he took all the gold and the silver, and all the vessels\r
+that were found in the house of God with Obededom, and the treasures\r
+of the king's house, the hostages also, and returned to Samaria.\r
+\r
+25:25 And Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah lived after the death\r
+of Joash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel fifteen years.\r
+\r
+25:26 Now the rest of the acts of Amaziah, first and last, behold, are\r
+they not written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel? 25:27\r
+Now after the time that Amaziah did turn away from following the LORD\r
+they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem; and he fled to\r
+Lachish: but they sent to Lachish after him, and slew him there.\r
+\r
+25:28 And they brought him upon horses, and buried him with his\r
+fathers in the city of Judah.\r
+\r
+26:1 Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years\r
+old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah.\r
+\r
+26:2 He built Eloth, and restored it to Judah, after that the king\r
+slept with his fathers.\r
+\r
+26:3 Sixteen years old was Uzziah when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned fifty and two years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was\r
+Jecoliah of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+26:4 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his father Amaziah did.\r
+\r
+26:5 And he sought God in the days of Zechariah, who had understanding\r
+in the visions of God: and as long as he sought the LORD, God made him\r
+to prosper.\r
+\r
+26:6 And he went forth and warred against the Philistines, and brake\r
+down the wall of Gath, and the wall of Jabneh, and the wall of Ashdod,\r
+and built cities about Ashdod, and among the Philistines.\r
+\r
+26:7 And God helped him against the Philistines, and against the\r
+Arabians that dwelt in Gurbaal, and the Mehunims.\r
+\r
+26:8 And the Ammonites gave gifts to Uzziah: and his name spread\r
+abroad even to the entering in of Egypt; for he strengthened himself\r
+exceedingly.\r
+\r
+26:9 Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and\r
+at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified\r
+them.\r
+\r
+26:10 Also he built towers in the desert, and digged many wells: for\r
+he had much cattle, both in the low country, and in the plains:\r
+husbandmen also, and vine dressers in the mountains, and in Carmel:\r
+for he loved husbandry.\r
+\r
+26:11 Moreover Uzziah had an host of fighting men, that went out to\r
+war by bands, according to the number of their account by the hand of\r
+Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the ruler, under the hand of Hananiah,\r
+one of the king's captains.\r
+\r
+26:12 The whole number of the chief of the fathers of the mighty men\r
+of valour were two thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+26:13 And under their hand was an army, three hundred thousand and\r
+seven thousand and five hundred, that made war with mighty power, to\r
+help the king against the enemy.\r
+\r
+26:14 And Uzziah prepared for them throughout all the host shields,\r
+and spears, and helmets, and habergeons, and bows, and slings to cast\r
+stones.\r
+\r
+26:15 And he made in Jerusalem engines, invented by cunning men, to be\r
+on the towers and upon the bulwarks, to shoot arrows and great stones\r
+withal.\r
+\r
+And his name spread far abroad; for he was marvellously helped, till\r
+he was strong.\r
+\r
+26:16 But when he was strong, his heart was lifted up to his\r
+destruction: for he transgressed against the LORD his God, and went\r
+into the temple of the LORD to burn incense upon the altar of incense.\r
+\r
+26:17 And Azariah the priest went in after him, and with him fourscore\r
+priests of the LORD, that were valiant men: 26:18 And they withstood\r
+Uzziah the king, and said unto him, It appertaineth not unto thee,\r
+Uzziah, to burn incense unto the LORD, but to the priests the sons of\r
+Aaron, that are consecrated to burn incense: go out of the sanctuary;\r
+for thou hast trespassed; neither shall it be for thine honour from\r
+the LORD God.\r
+\r
+26:19 Then Uzziah was wroth, and had a censer in his hand to burn\r
+incense: and while he was wroth with the priests, the leprosy even\r
+rose up in his forehead before the priests in the house of the LORD,\r
+from beside the incense altar.\r
+\r
+26:20 And Azariah the chief priest, and all the priests, looked upon\r
+him, and, behold, he was leprous in his forehead, and they thrust him\r
+out from thence; yea, himself hasted also to go out, because the LORD\r
+had smitten him.\r
+\r
+26:21 And Uzziah the king was a leper unto the day of his death, and\r
+dwelt in a several house, being a leper; for he was cut off from the\r
+house of the LORD: and Jotham his son was over the king's house,\r
+judging the people of the land.\r
+\r
+26:22 Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first and last, did Isaiah\r
+the prophet, the son of Amoz, write.\r
+\r
+26:23 So Uzziah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his\r
+fathers in the field of the burial which belonged to the kings; for\r
+they said, He is a leper: and Jotham his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+27:1 Jotham was twenty and five years old when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was\r
+Jerushah, the daughter of Zadok.\r
+\r
+27:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that his father Uzziah did: howbeit he entered not\r
+into the temple of the LORD. And the people did yet corruptly.\r
+\r
+27:3 He built the high gate of the house of the LORD, and on the wall\r
+of Ophel he built much.\r
+\r
+27:4 Moreover he built cities in the mountains of Judah, and in the\r
+forests he built castles and towers.\r
+\r
+27:5 He fought also with the king of the Ammonites, and prevailed\r
+against them. And the children of Ammon gave him the same year an\r
+hundred talents of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, and ten\r
+thousand of barley. So much did the children of Ammon pay unto him,\r
+both the second year, and the third.\r
+\r
+27:6 So Jotham became mighty, because he prepared his ways before the\r
+LORD his God.\r
+\r
+27:7 Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his wars, and his\r
+ways, lo, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+27:8 He was five and twenty years old when he began to reign, and\r
+reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+27:9 And Jotham slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the\r
+city of David: and Ahaz his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+28:1 Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+sixteen years in Jerusalem: but he did not that which was right in the\r
+sight of the LORD, like David his father: 28:2 For he walked in the\r
+ways of the kings of Israel, and made also molten images for Baalim.\r
+\r
+28:3 Moreover he burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and\r
+burnt his children in the fire, after the abominations of the heathen\r
+whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+28:4 He sacrificed also and burnt incense in the high places, and on\r
+the hills, and under every green tree.\r
+\r
+28:5 Wherefore the LORD his God delivered him into the hand of the\r
+king of Syria; and they smote him, and carried away a great multitude\r
+of them captives, and brought them to Damascus. And he was also\r
+delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who smote him with a\r
+great slaughter.\r
+\r
+28:6 For Pekah the son of Remaliah slew in Judah an hundred and twenty\r
+thousand in one day, which were all valiant men; because they had\r
+forsaken the LORD God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+28:7 And Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, slew Maaseiah the king's\r
+son, and Azrikam the governor of the house, and Elkanah that was next\r
+to the king.\r
+\r
+28:8 And the children of Israel carried away captive of their brethren\r
+two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away\r
+much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria.\r
+\r
+28:9 But a prophet of the LORD was there, whose name was Oded: and he\r
+went out before the host that came to Samaria, and said unto them,\r
+Behold, because the LORD God of your fathers was wroth with Judah, he\r
+hath delivered them into your hand, and ye have slain them in a rage\r
+that reacheth up unto heaven.\r
+\r
+28:10 And now ye purpose to keep under the children of Judah and\r
+Jerusalem for bondmen and bondwomen unto you: but are there not with\r
+you, even with you, sins against the LORD your God? 28:11 Now hear me\r
+therefore, and deliver the captives again, which ye have taken captive\r
+of your brethren: for the fierce wrath of the LORD is upon you.\r
+\r
+28:12 Then certain of the heads of the children of Ephraim, Azariah\r
+the son of Johanan, Berechiah the son of Meshillemoth, and Jehizkiah\r
+the son of Shallum, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, stood up against them\r
+that came from the war, 28:13 And said unto them, Ye shall not bring\r
+in the captives hither: for whereas we have offended against the LORD\r
+already, ye intend to add more to our sins and to our trespass: for\r
+our trespass is great, and there is fierce wrath against Israel.\r
+\r
+28:14 So the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the\r
+princes and all the congregation.\r
+\r
+28:15 And the men which were expressed by name rose up, and took the\r
+captives, and with the spoil clothed all that were naked among them,\r
+and arrayed them, and shod them, and gave them to eat and to drink,\r
+and anointed them, and carried all the feeble of them upon asses, and\r
+brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brethren:\r
+then they returned to Samaria.\r
+\r
+28:16 At that time did king Ahaz send unto the kings of Assyria to\r
+help him.\r
+\r
+28:17 For again the Edomites had come and smitten Judah, and carried\r
+away captives.\r
+\r
+28:18 The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the low country,\r
+and of the south of Judah, and had taken Bethshemesh, and Ajalon, and\r
+Gederoth, and Shocho with the villages thereof, and Timnah with the\r
+villages thereof, Gimzo also and the villages thereof: and they dwelt\r
+there.\r
+\r
+28:19 For the LORD brought Judah low because of Ahaz king of Israel;\r
+for he made Judah naked, and transgressed sore against the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:20 And Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria came unto him, and\r
+distressed him, but strengthened him not.\r
+\r
+28:21 For Ahaz took away a portion out of the house of the LORD, and\r
+out of the house of the king, and of the princes, and gave it unto the\r
+king of Assyria: but he helped him not.\r
+\r
+28:22 And in the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against\r
+the LORD: this is that king Ahaz.\r
+\r
+28:23 For he sacrificed unto the gods of Damascus, which smote him:\r
+and he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them,\r
+therefore will I sacrifice to them, that they may help me. But they\r
+were the ruin of him, and of all Israel.\r
+\r
+28:24 And Ahaz gathered together the vessels of the house of God, and\r
+cut in pieces the vessels of the house of God, and shut up the doors\r
+of the house of the LORD, and he made him altars in every corner of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+28:25 And in every several city of Judah he made high places to burn\r
+incense unto other gods, and provoked to anger the LORD God of his\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+28:26 Now the rest of his acts and of all his ways, first and last,\r
+behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.\r
+\r
+28:27 And Ahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the\r
+city, even in Jerusalem: but they brought him not into the sepulchres\r
+of the kings of Israel: and Hezekiah his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+29:1 Hezekiah began to reign when he was five and twenty years old,\r
+and he reigned nine and twenty years in Jerusalem. And his mother's\r
+name was Abijah, the daughter of Zechariah.\r
+\r
+29:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD,\r
+according to all that David his father had done.\r
+\r
+29:3 He in the first year of his reign, in the first month, opened the\r
+doors of the house of the LORD, and repaired them.\r
+\r
+29:4 And he brought in the priests and the Levites, and gathered them\r
+together into the east street, 29:5 And said unto them, Hear me, ye\r
+Levites, sanctify now yourselves, and sanctify the house of the LORD\r
+God of your fathers, and carry forth the filthiness out of the holy\r
+place.\r
+\r
+29:6 For our fathers have trespassed, and done that which was evil in\r
+the eyes of the LORD our God, and have forsaken him, and have turned\r
+away their faces from the habitation of the LORD, and turned their\r
+backs.\r
+\r
+29:7 Also they have shut up the doors of the porch, and put out the\r
+lamps, and have not burned incense nor offered burnt offerings in the\r
+holy place unto the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+29:8 Wherefore the wrath of the LORD was upon Judah and Jerusalem, and\r
+he hath delivered them to trouble, to astonishment, and to hissing, as\r
+ye see with your eyes.\r
+\r
+29:9 For, lo, our fathers have fallen by the sword, and our sons and\r
+our daughters and our wives are in captivity for this.\r
+\r
+29:10 Now it is in mine heart to make a covenant with the LORD God of\r
+Israel, that his fierce wrath may turn away from us.\r
+\r
+29:11 My sons, be not now negligent: for the LORD hath chosen you to\r
+stand before him, to serve him, and that ye should minister unto him,\r
+and burn incense.\r
+\r
+29:12 Then the Levites arose, Mahath the son of Amasai, and Joel the\r
+son of Azariah, of the sons of the Kohathites: and of the sons of\r
+Merari, Kish the son of Abdi, and Azariah the son of Jehalelel: and of\r
+the Gershonites; Joah the son of Zimmah, and Eden the son of Joah:\r
+29:13 And of the sons of Elizaphan; Shimri, and Jeiel: and of the sons\r
+of Asaph; Zechariah, and Mattaniah: 29:14 And of the sons of Heman;\r
+Jehiel, and Shimei: and of the sons of Jeduthun; Shemaiah, and Uzziel.\r
+\r
+29:15 And they gathered their brethren, and sanctified themselves, and\r
+came, according to the commandment of the king, by the words of the\r
+LORD, to cleanse the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:16 And the priests went into the inner part of the house of the\r
+LORD, to cleanse it, and brought out all the uncleanness that they\r
+found in the temple of the LORD into the court of the house of the\r
+LORD. And the Levites took it, to carry it out abroad into the brook\r
+Kidron.\r
+\r
+29:17 Now they began on the first day of the first month to sanctify,\r
+and on the eighth day of the month came they to the porch of the LORD:\r
+so they sanctified the house of the LORD in eight days; and in the\r
+sixteenth day of the first month they made an end.\r
+\r
+29:18 Then they went in to Hezekiah the king, and said, We have\r
+cleansed all the house of the LORD, and the altar of burnt offering,\r
+with all the vessels thereof, and the shewbread table, with all the\r
+vessels thereof.\r
+\r
+29:19 Moreover all the vessels, which king Ahaz in his reign did cast\r
+away in his transgression, have we prepared and sanctified, and,\r
+behold, they are before the altar of the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:20 Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and gathered the rulers of\r
+the city, and went up to the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:21 And they brought seven bullocks, and seven rams, and seven\r
+lambs, and seven he goats, for a sin offering for the kingdom, and for\r
+the sanctuary, and for Judah. And he commanded the priests the sons of\r
+Aaron to offer them on the altar of the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:22 So they killed the bullocks, and the priests received the blood,\r
+and sprinkled it on the altar: likewise, when they had killed the\r
+rams, they sprinkled the blood upon the altar: they killed also the\r
+lambs, and they sprinkled the blood upon the altar.\r
+\r
+29:23 And they brought forth the he goats for the sin offering before\r
+the king and the congregation; and they laid their hands upon them:\r
+29:24 And the priests killed them, and they made reconciliation with\r
+their blood upon the altar, to make an atonement for all Israel: for\r
+the king commanded that the burnt offering and the sin offering should\r
+be made for all Israel.\r
+\r
+29:25 And he set the Levites in the house of the LORD with cymbals,\r
+with psalteries, and with harps, according to the commandment of\r
+David, and of Gad the king's seer, and Nathan the prophet: for so was\r
+the commandment of the LORD by his prophets.\r
+\r
+29:26 And the Levites stood with the instruments of David, and the\r
+priests with the trumpets.\r
+\r
+29:27 And Hezekiah commanded to offer the burnt offering upon the\r
+altar.\r
+\r
+And when the burnt offering began, the song of the LORD began also\r
+with the trumpets, and with the instruments ordained by David king of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+29:28 And all the congregation worshipped, and the singers sang, and\r
+the trumpeters sounded: and all this continued until the burnt\r
+offering was finished.\r
+\r
+29:29 And when they had made an end of offering, the king and all that\r
+were present with him bowed themselves, and worshipped.\r
+\r
+29:30 Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes commanded the Levites\r
+to sing praise unto the LORD with the words of David, and of Asaph the\r
+seer. And they sang praises with gladness, and they bowed their heads\r
+and worshipped.\r
+\r
+29:31 Then Hezekiah answered and said, Now ye have consecrated\r
+yourselves unto the LORD, come near and bring sacrifices and thank\r
+offerings into the house of the LORD. And the congregation brought in\r
+sacrifices and thank offerings; and as many as were of a free heart\r
+burnt offerings.\r
+\r
+29:32 And the number of the burnt offerings, which the congregation\r
+brought, was threescore and ten bullocks, an hundred rams, and two\r
+hundred lambs: all these were for a burnt offering to the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:33 And the consecrated things were six hundred oxen and three\r
+thousand sheep.\r
+\r
+29:34 But the priests were too few, so that they could not flay all\r
+the burnt offerings: wherefore their brethren the Levites did help\r
+them, till the work was ended, and until the other priests had\r
+sanctified themselves: for the Levites were more upright in heart to\r
+sanctify themselves than the priests.\r
+\r
+29:35 And also the burnt offerings were in abundance, with the fat of\r
+the peace offerings, and the drink offerings for every burnt offering.\r
+So the service of the house of the LORD was set in order.\r
+\r
+29:36 And Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the people, that God had prepared\r
+the people: for the thing was done suddenly.\r
+\r
+30:1 And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also\r
+to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the\r
+LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+30:2 For the king had taken counsel, and his princes, and all the\r
+congregation in Jerusalem, to keep the passover in the second month.\r
+\r
+30:3 For they could not keep it at that time, because the priests had\r
+not sanctified themselves sufficiently, neither had the people\r
+gathered themselves together to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+30:4 And the thing pleased the king and all the congregation.\r
+\r
+30:5 So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all\r
+Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the\r
+passover unto the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem: for they had not\r
+done it of a long time in such sort as it was written.\r
+\r
+30:6 So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes\r
+throughout all Israel and Judah, and according to the commandment of\r
+the king, saying, Ye children of Israel, turn again unto the LORD God\r
+of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and he will return to the remnant of\r
+you, that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria.\r
+\r
+30:7 And be not ye like your fathers, and like your brethren, which\r
+trespassed against the LORD God of their fathers, who therefore gave\r
+them up to desolation, as ye see.\r
+\r
+30:8 Now be ye not stiffnecked, as your fathers were, but yield\r
+yourselves unto the LORD, and enter into his sanctuary, which he hath\r
+sanctified for ever: and serve the LORD your God, that the fierceness\r
+of his wrath may turn away from you.\r
+\r
+30:9 For if ye turn again unto the LORD, your brethren and your\r
+children shall find compassion before them that lead them captive, so\r
+that they shall come again into this land: for the LORD your God is\r
+gracious and merciful, and will not turn away his face from you, if ye\r
+return unto him.\r
+\r
+30:10 So the posts passed from city to city through the country of\r
+Ephraim and Manasseh even unto Zebulun: but they laughed them to\r
+scorn, and mocked them.\r
+\r
+30:11 Nevertheless divers of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled\r
+themselves, and came to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+30:12 Also in Judah the hand of God was to give them one heart to do\r
+the commandment of the king and of the princes, by the word of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+30:13 And there assembled at Jerusalem much people to keep the feast\r
+of unleavened bread in the second month, a very great congregation.\r
+\r
+30:14 And they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem,\r
+and all the altars for incense took they away, and cast them into the\r
+brook Kidron.\r
+\r
+30:15 Then they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the\r
+second month: and the priests and the Levites were ashamed, and\r
+sanctified themselves, and brought in the burnt offerings into the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:16 And they stood in their place after their manner, according to\r
+the law of Moses the man of God: the priests sprinkled the blood,\r
+which they received of the hand of the Levites.\r
+\r
+30:17 For there were many in the congregation that were not\r
+sanctified: therefore the Levites had the charge of the killing of the\r
+passovers for every one that was not clean, to sanctify them unto the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+30:18 For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim, and\r
+Manasseh, Issachar, and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did\r
+they eat the passover otherwise than it was written. But Hezekiah\r
+prayed for them, saying, The good LORD pardon every one 30:19 That\r
+prepareth his heart to seek God, the LORD God of his fathers, though\r
+he be not cleansed according to the purification of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+30:20 And the LORD hearkened to Hezekiah, and healed the people.\r
+\r
+30:21 And the children of Israel that were present at Jerusalem kept\r
+the feast of unleavened bread seven days with great gladness: and the\r
+Levites and the priests praised the LORD day by day, singing with loud\r
+instruments unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:22 And Hezekiah spake comfortably unto all the Levites that taught\r
+the good knowledge of the LORD: and they did eat throughout the feast\r
+seven days, offering peace offerings, and making confession to the\r
+LORD God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+30:23 And the whole assembly took counsel to keep other seven days:\r
+and they kept other seven days with gladness.\r
+\r
+30:24 For Hezekiah king of Judah did give to the congregation a\r
+thousand bullocks and seven thousand sheep; and the princes gave to\r
+the congregation a thousand bullocks and ten thousand sheep: and a\r
+great number of priests sanctified themselves.\r
+\r
+30:25 And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the\r
+Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the\r
+strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in\r
+Judah, rejoiced.\r
+\r
+30:26 So there was great joy in Jerusalem: for since the time of\r
+Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+30:27 Then the priests the Levites arose and blessed the people: and\r
+their voice was heard, and their prayer came up to his holy dwelling\r
+place, even unto heaven.\r
+\r
+31:1 Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went\r
+out to the cities of Judah, and brake the images in pieces, and cut\r
+down the groves, and threw down the high places and the altars out of\r
+all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had\r
+utterly destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned,\r
+every man to his possession, into their own cities.\r
+\r
+31:2 And Hezekiah appointed the courses of the priests and the Levites\r
+after their courses, every man according to his service, the priests\r
+and Levites for burnt offerings and for peace offerings, to minister,\r
+and to give thanks, and to praise in the gates of the tents of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+31:3 He appointed also the king's portion of his substance for the\r
+burnt offerings, to wit, for the morning and evening burnt offerings,\r
+and the burnt offerings for the sabbaths, and for the new moons, and\r
+for the set feasts, as it is written in the law of the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:4 Moreover he commanded the people that dwelt in Jerusalem to give\r
+the portion of the priests and the Levites, that they might be\r
+encouraged in the law of the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:5 And as soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of\r
+Israel brought in abundance the firstfruits of corn, wine, and oil,\r
+and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all\r
+things brought they in abundantly.\r
+\r
+31:6 And concerning the children of Israel and Judah, that dwelt in\r
+the cities of Judah, they also brought in the tithe of oxen and sheep,\r
+and the tithe of holy things which were consecrated unto the LORD\r
+their God, and laid them by heaps.\r
+\r
+31:7 In the third month they began to lay the foundation of the heaps,\r
+and finished them in the seventh month.\r
+\r
+31:8 And when Hezekiah and the princes came and saw the heaps, they\r
+blessed the LORD, and his people Israel.\r
+\r
+31:9 Then Hezekiah questioned with the priests and the Levites\r
+concerning the heaps.\r
+\r
+31:10 And Azariah the chief priest of the house of Zadok answered him,\r
+and said, Since the people began to bring the offerings into the house\r
+of the LORD, we have had enough to eat, and have left plenty: for the\r
+LORD hath blessed his people; and that which is left is this great\r
+store.\r
+\r
+31:11 Then Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the\r
+LORD; and they prepared them, 31:12 And brought in the offerings and\r
+the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully: over which Cononiah\r
+the Levite was ruler, and Shimei his brother was the next.\r
+\r
+31:13 And Jehiel, and Azaziah, and Nahath, and Asahel, and Jerimoth,\r
+and Jozabad, and Eliel, and Ismachiah, and Mahath, and Benaiah, were\r
+overseers under the hand of Cononiah and Shimei his brother, at the\r
+commandment of Hezekiah the king, and Azariah the ruler of the house\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+31:14 And Kore the son of Imnah the Levite, the porter toward the\r
+east, was over the freewill offerings of God, to distribute the\r
+oblations of the LORD, and the most holy things.\r
+\r
+31:15 And next him were Eden, and Miniamin, and Jeshua, and Shemaiah,\r
+Amariah, and Shecaniah, in the cities of the priests, in their set\r
+office, to give to their brethren by courses, as well to the great as\r
+to the small: 31:16 Beside their genealogy of males, from three years\r
+old and upward, even unto every one that entereth into the house of\r
+the LORD, his daily portion for their service in their charges\r
+according to their courses; 31:17 Both to the genealogy of the priests\r
+by the house of their fathers, and the Levites from twenty years old\r
+and upward, in their charges by their courses; 31:18 And to the\r
+genealogy of all their little ones, their wives, and their sons, and\r
+their daughters, through all the congregation: for in their set office\r
+they sanctified themselves in holiness: 31:19 Also of the sons of\r
+Aaron the priests, which were in the fields of the suburbs of their\r
+cities, in every several city, the men that were expressed by name, to\r
+give portions to all the males among the priests, and to all that were\r
+reckoned by genealogies among the Levites.\r
+\r
+31:20 And thus did Hezekiah throughout all Judah, and wrought that\r
+which was good and right and truth before the LORD his God.\r
+\r
+31:21 And in every work that he began in the service of the house of\r
+God, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did\r
+it with all his heart, and prospered.\r
+\r
+32:1 After these things, and the establishment thereof, Sennacherib\r
+king of Assyria came, and entered into Judah, and encamped against the\r
+fenced cities, and thought to win them for himself.\r
+\r
+32:2 And when Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib was come, and that he was\r
+purposed to fight against Jerusalem, 32:3 He took counsel with his\r
+princes and his mighty men to stop the waters of the fountains which\r
+were without the city: and they did help him.\r
+\r
+32:4 So there was gathered much people together, who stopped all the\r
+fountains, and the brook that ran through the midst of the land,\r
+saying, Why should the kings of Assyria come, and find much water?\r
+32:5 Also he strengthened himself, and built up all the wall that was\r
+broken, and raised it up to the towers, and another wall without, and\r
+repaired Millo in the city of David, and made darts and shields in\r
+abundance.\r
+\r
+32:6 And he set captains of war over the people, and gathered them\r
+together to him in the street of the gate of the city, and spake\r
+comfortably to them, saying, 32:7 Be strong and courageous, be not\r
+afraid nor dismayed for the king of Assyria, nor for all the multitude\r
+that is with him: for there be more with us than with him: 32:8 With\r
+him is an arm of flesh; but with us is the LORD our God to help us,\r
+and to fight our battles. And the people rested themselves upon the\r
+words of Hezekiah king of Judah.\r
+\r
+32:9 After this did Sennacherib king of Assyria send his servants to\r
+Jerusalem, (but he himself laid siege against Lachish, and all his\r
+power with him,) unto Hezekiah king of Judah, and unto all Judah that\r
+were at Jerusalem, saying, 32:10 Thus saith Sennacherib king of\r
+Assyria, Whereon do ye trust, that ye abide in the siege in Jerusalem?\r
+32:11 Doth not Hezekiah persuade you to give over yourselves to die by\r
+famine and by thirst, saying, The LORD our God shall deliver us out of\r
+the hand of the king of Assyria? 32:12 Hath not the same Hezekiah\r
+taken away his high places and his altars, and commanded Judah and\r
+Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall worship before one altar, and burn incense\r
+upon it? 32:13 Know ye not what I and my fathers have done unto all\r
+the people of other lands? were the gods of the nations of those lands\r
+any ways able to deliver their lands out of mine hand? 32:14 Who was\r
+there among all the gods of those nations that my fathers utterly\r
+destroyed, that could deliver his people out of mine hand, that your\r
+God should be able to deliver you out of mine hand? 32:15 Now\r
+therefore let not Hezekiah deceive you, nor persuade you on this\r
+manner, neither yet believe him: for no god of any nation or kingdom\r
+was able to deliver his people out of mine hand, and out of the hand\r
+of my fathers: how much less shall your God deliver you out of mine\r
+hand? 32:16 And his servants spake yet more against the LORD God, and\r
+against his servant Hezekiah.\r
+\r
+32:17 He wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to\r
+speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands\r
+have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God\r
+of Hezekiah deliver his people out of mine hand.\r
+\r
+32:18 Then they cried with a loud voice in the Jews' speech unto the\r
+people of Jerusalem that were on the wall, to affright them, and to\r
+trouble them; that they might take the city.\r
+\r
+32:19 And they spake against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods\r
+of the people of the earth, which were the work of the hands of man.\r
+\r
+32:20 And for this cause Hezekiah the king, and the prophet Isaiah the\r
+son of Amoz, prayed and cried to heaven.\r
+\r
+32:21 And the LORD sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of\r
+valour, and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of\r
+Assyria. So he returned with shame of face to his own land. And when\r
+he was come into the house of his god, they that came forth of his own\r
+bowels slew him there with the sword.\r
+\r
+32:22 Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem\r
+from the hand of Sennacherib the king of Assyria, and from the hand of\r
+all other, and guided them on every side.\r
+\r
+32:23 And many brought gifts unto the LORD to Jerusalem, and presents\r
+to Hezekiah king of Judah: so that he was magnified in the sight of\r
+all nations from thenceforth.\r
+\r
+32:24 In those days Hezekiah was sick to the death, and prayed unto\r
+the LORD: and he spake unto him, and he gave him a sign.\r
+\r
+32:25 But Hezekiah rendered not again according to the benefit done\r
+unto him; for his heart was lifted up: therefore there was wrath upon\r
+him, and upon Judah and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+32:26 Notwithstanding Hezekiah humbled himself for the pride of his\r
+heart, both he and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the wrath of\r
+the LORD came not upon them in the days of Hezekiah.\r
+\r
+32:27 And Hezekiah had exceeding much riches and honour: and he made\r
+himself treasuries for silver, and for gold, and for precious stones,\r
+and for spices, and for shields, and for all manner of pleasant\r
+jewels; 32:28 Storehouses also for the increase of corn, and wine, and\r
+oil; and stalls for all manner of beasts, and cotes for flocks.\r
+\r
+32:29 Moreover he provided him cities, and possessions of flocks and\r
+herds in abundance: for God had given him substance very much.\r
+\r
+32:30 This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon,\r
+and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David.\r
+And Hezekiah prospered in all his works.\r
+\r
+32:31 Howbeit in the business of the ambassadors of the princes of\r
+Babylon, who sent unto him to enquire of the wonder that was done in\r
+the land, God left him, to try him, that he might know all that was in\r
+his heart.\r
+\r
+32:32 Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his goodness, behold,\r
+they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz,\r
+and in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.\r
+\r
+32:33 And Hezekiah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the\r
+chiefest of the sepulchres of the sons of David: and all Judah and the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem did him honour at his death. And Manasseh his\r
+son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+33:1 Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned fifty and five years in Jerusalem: 33:2 But did that which was\r
+evil in the sight of the LORD, like unto the abominations of the\r
+heathen, whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:3 For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had\r
+broken down, and he reared up altars for Baalim, and made groves, and\r
+worshipped all the host of heaven, and served them.\r
+\r
+33:4 Also he built altars in the house of the LORD, whereof the LORD\r
+had said, In Jerusalem shall my name be for ever.\r
+\r
+33:5 And he built altars for all the host of heaven in the two courts\r
+of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+33:6 And he caused his children to pass through the fire in the valley\r
+of the son of Hinnom: also he observed times, and used enchantments,\r
+and used witchcraft, and dealt with a familiar spirit, and with\r
+wizards: he wrought much evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him\r
+to anger.\r
+\r
+33:7 And he set a carved image, the idol which he had made, in the\r
+house of God, of which God had said to David and to Solomon his son,\r
+In this house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen before all the\r
+tribes of Israel, will I put my name for ever: 33:8 Neither will I any\r
+more remove the foot of Israel from out of the land which I have\r
+appointed for your fathers; so that they will take heed to do all that\r
+I have commanded them, according to the whole law and the statutes and\r
+the ordinances by the hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+33:9 So Manasseh made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem to err,\r
+and to do worse than the heathen, whom the LORD had destroyed before\r
+the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:10 And the LORD spake to Manasseh, and to his people: but they\r
+would not hearken.\r
+\r
+33:11 Wherefore the LORD brought upon them the captains of the host of\r
+the king of Assyria, which took Manasseh among the thorns, and bound\r
+him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon.\r
+\r
+33:12 And when he was in affliction, he besought the LORD his God, and\r
+humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers, 33:13 And\r
+prayed unto him: and he was intreated of him, and heard his\r
+supplication, and brought him again to Jerusalem into his kingdom.\r
+Then Manasseh knew that the LORD he was God.\r
+\r
+33:14 Now after this he built a wall without the city of David, on the\r
+west side of Gihon, in the valley, even to the entering in at the fish\r
+gate, and compassed about Ophel, and raised it up a very great height,\r
+and put captains of war in all the fenced cities of Judah.\r
+\r
+33:15 And he took away the strange gods, and the idol out of the house\r
+of the LORD, and all the altars that he had built in the mount of the\r
+house of the LORD, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city.\r
+\r
+33:16 And he repaired the altar of the LORD, and sacrificed thereon\r
+peace offerings and thank offerings, and commanded Judah to serve the\r
+LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:17 Nevertheless the people did sacrifice still in the high places,\r
+yet unto the LORD their God only.\r
+\r
+33:18 Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and his prayer unto his\r
+God, and the words of the seers that spake to him in the name of the\r
+LORD God of Israel, behold, they are written in the book of the kings\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+33:19 His prayer also, and how God was intreated of him, and all his\r
+sins, and his trespass, and the places wherein he built high places,\r
+and set up groves and graven images, before he was humbled: behold,\r
+they are written among the sayings of the seers.\r
+\r
+33:20 So Manasseh slept with his fathers, and they buried him in his\r
+own house: and Amon his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+33:21 Amon was two and twenty years old when he began to reign, and\r
+reigned two years in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+33:22 But he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, as did\r
+Manasseh his father: for Amon sacrificed unto all the carved images\r
+which Manasseh his father had made, and served them; 33:23 And humbled\r
+not himself before the LORD, as Manasseh his father had humbled\r
+himself; but Amon trespassed more and more.\r
+\r
+33:24 And his servants conspired against him, and slew him in his own\r
+house.\r
+\r
+33:25 But the people of the land slew all them that had conspired\r
+against king Amon; and the people of the land made Josiah his son king\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+34:1 Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he reigned\r
+in Jerusalem one and thirty years.\r
+\r
+34:2 And he did that which was right in the sight of the LORD, and\r
+walked in the ways of David his father, and declined neither to the\r
+right hand, nor to the left.\r
+\r
+34:3 For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he\r
+began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth\r
+year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and\r
+the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images.\r
+\r
+34:4 And they brake down the altars of Baalim in his presence; and the\r
+images, that were on high above them, he cut down; and the groves, and\r
+the carved images, and the molten images, he brake in pieces, and made\r
+dust of them, and strowed it upon the graves of them that had\r
+sacrificed unto them.\r
+\r
+34:5 And he burnt the bones of the priests upon their altars, and\r
+cleansed Judah and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+34:6 And so did he in the cities of Manasseh, and Ephraim, and Simeon,\r
+even unto Naphtali, with their mattocks round about.\r
+\r
+34:7 And when he had broken down the altars and the groves, and had\r
+beaten the graven images into powder, and cut down all the idols\r
+throughout all the land of Israel, he returned to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+34:8 Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged the\r
+land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah\r
+the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to\r
+repair the house of the LORD his God.\r
+\r
+34:9 And when they came to Hilkiah the high priest, they delivered the\r
+money that was brought into the house of God, which the Levites that\r
+kept the doors had gathered of the hand of Manasseh and Ephraim, and\r
+of all the remnant of Israel, and of all Judah and Benjamin; and they\r
+returned to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+34:10 And they put it in the hand of the workmen that had the\r
+oversight of the house of the LORD, and they gave it to the workmen\r
+that wrought in the house of the LORD, to repair and amend the house:\r
+34:11 Even to the artificers and builders gave they it, to buy hewn\r
+stone, and timber for couplings, and to floor the houses which the\r
+kings of Judah had destroyed.\r
+\r
+34:12 And the men did the work faithfully: and the overseers of them\r
+were Jahath and Obadiah, the Levites, of the sons of Merari; and\r
+Zechariah and Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to set it\r
+forward; and other of the Levites, all that could skill of instruments\r
+of musick.\r
+\r
+34:13 Also they were over the bearers of burdens, and were overseers\r
+of all that wrought the work in any manner of service: and of the\r
+Levites there were scribes, and officers, and porters.\r
+\r
+34:14 And when they brought out the money that was brought into the\r
+house of the LORD, Hilkiah the priest found a book of the law of the\r
+LORD given by Moses.\r
+\r
+34:15 And Hilkiah answered and said to Shaphan the scribe, I have\r
+found the book of the law in the house of the LORD. And Hilkiah\r
+delivered the book to Shaphan.\r
+\r
+34:16 And Shaphan carried the book to the king, and brought the king\r
+word back again, saying, All that was committed to thy servants, they\r
+do it.\r
+\r
+34:17 And they have gathered together the money that was found in the\r
+house of the LORD, and have delivered it into the hand of the\r
+overseers, and to the hand of the workmen.\r
+\r
+34:18 Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, Hilkiah the\r
+priest hath given me a book. And Shaphan read it before the king.\r
+\r
+34:19 And it came to pass, when the king had heard the words of the\r
+law, that he rent his clothes.\r
+\r
+34:20 And the king commanded Hilkiah, and Ahikam the son of Shaphan,\r
+and Abdon the son of Micah, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah a\r
+servant of the king's, saying, 34:21 Go, enquire of the LORD for me,\r
+and for them that are left in Israel and in Judah, concerning the\r
+words of the book that is found: for great is the wrath of the LORD\r
+that is poured out upon us, because our fathers have not kept the word\r
+of the LORD, to do after all that is written in this book.\r
+\r
+34:22 And Hilkiah, and they that the king had appointed, went to\r
+Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvath, the son\r
+of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe; (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in the\r
+college:) and they spake to her to that effect.\r
+\r
+34:23 And she answered them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Tell\r
+ye the man that sent you to me, 34:24 Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I\r
+will bring evil upon this place, and upon the inhabitants thereof,\r
+even all the curses that are written in the book which they have read\r
+before the king of Judah: 34:25 Because they have forsaken me, and\r
+have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to\r
+anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be\r
+poured out upon this place, and shall not be quenched.\r
+\r
+34:26 And as for the king of Judah, who sent you to enquire of the\r
+LORD, so shall ye say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel\r
+concerning the words which thou hast heard; 34:27 Because thine heart\r
+was tender, and thou didst humble thyself before God, when thou\r
+heardest his words against this place, and against the inhabitants\r
+thereof, and humbledst thyself before me, and didst rend thy clothes,\r
+and weep before me; I have even heard thee also, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:28 Behold, I will gather thee to thy fathers, and thou shalt be\r
+gathered to thy grave in peace, neither shall thine eyes see all the\r
+evil that I will bring upon this place, and upon the inhabitants of\r
+the same. So they brought the king word again.\r
+\r
+34:29 Then the king sent and gathered together all the elders of Judah\r
+and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+34:30 And the king went up into the house of the LORD, and all the men\r
+of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the priests, and the\r
+Levites, and all the people, great and small: and he read in their\r
+ears all the words of the book of the covenant that was found in the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:31 And the king stood in his place, and made a covenant before the\r
+LORD, to walk after the LORD, and to keep his commandments, and his\r
+testimonies, and his statutes, with all his heart, and with all his\r
+soul, to perform the words of the covenant which are written in this\r
+book.\r
+\r
+34:32 And he caused all that were present in Jerusalem and Benjamin to\r
+stand to it. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem did according to the\r
+covenant of God, the God of their fathers.\r
+\r
+34:33 And Josiah took away all the abominations out of all the\r
+countries that pertained to the children of Israel, and made all that\r
+were present in Israel to serve, even to serve the LORD their God. And\r
+all his days they departed not from following the LORD, the God of\r
+their fathers.\r
+\r
+35:1 Moreover Josiah kept a passover unto the LORD in Jerusalem: and\r
+they killed the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.\r
+\r
+35:2 And he set the priests in their charges, and encouraged them to\r
+the service of the house of the LORD, 35:3 And said unto the Levites\r
+that taught all Israel, which were holy unto the LORD, Put the holy\r
+ark in the house which Solomon the son of David king of Israel did\r
+build; it shall not be a burden upon your shoulders: serve now the\r
+LORD your God, and his people Israel, 35:4 And prepare yourselves by\r
+the houses of your fathers, after your courses, according to the\r
+writing of David king of Israel, and according to the writing of\r
+Solomon his son.\r
+\r
+35:5 And stand in the holy place according to the divisions of the\r
+families of the fathers of your brethren the people, and after the\r
+division of the families of the Levites.\r
+\r
+35:6 So kill the passover, and sanctify yourselves, and prepare your\r
+brethren, that they may do according to the word of the LORD by the\r
+hand of Moses.\r
+\r
+35:7 And Josiah gave to the people, of the flock, lambs and kids, all\r
+for the passover offerings, for all that were present, to the number\r
+of thirty thousand, and three thousand bullocks: these were of the\r
+king's substance.\r
+\r
+35:8 And his princes gave willingly unto the people, to the priests,\r
+and to the Levites: Hilkiah and Zechariah and Jehiel, rulers of the\r
+house of God, gave unto the priests for the passover offerings two\r
+thousand and six hundred small cattle and three hundred oxen.\r
+\r
+35:9 Conaniah also, and Shemaiah and Nethaneel, his brethren, and\r
+Hashabiah and Jeiel and Jozabad, chief of the Levites, gave unto the\r
+Levites for passover offerings five thousand small cattle, and five\r
+hundred oxen.\r
+\r
+35:10 So the service was prepared, and the priests stood in their\r
+place, and the Levites in their courses, according to the king's\r
+commandment.\r
+\r
+35:11 And they killed the passover, and the priests sprinkled the\r
+blood from their hands, and the Levites flayed them.\r
+\r
+35:12 And they removed the burnt offerings, that they might give\r
+according to the divisions of the families of the people, to offer\r
+unto the LORD, as it is written in the book of Moses. And so did they\r
+with the oxen.\r
+\r
+35:13 And they roasted the passover with fire according to the\r
+ordinance: but the other holy offerings sod they in pots, and in\r
+caldrons, and in pans, and divided them speedily among all the people.\r
+\r
+35:14 And afterward they made ready for themselves, and for the\r
+priests: because the priests the sons of Aaron were busied in offering\r
+of burnt offerings and the fat until night; therefore the Levites\r
+prepared for themselves, and for the priests the sons of Aaron.\r
+\r
+35:15 And the singers the sons of Asaph were in their place, according\r
+to the commandment of David, and Asaph, and Heman, and Jeduthun the\r
+king's seer; and the porters waited at every gate; they might not\r
+depart from their service; for their brethren the Levites prepared for\r
+them.\r
+\r
+35:16 So all the service of the LORD was prepared the same day, to\r
+keep the passover, and to offer burnt offerings upon the altar of the\r
+LORD, according to the commandment of king Josiah.\r
+\r
+35:17 And the children of Israel that were present kept the passover\r
+at that time, and the feast of unleavened bread seven days.\r
+\r
+35:18 And there was no passover like to that kept in Israel from the\r
+days of Samuel the prophet; neither did all the kings of Israel keep\r
+such a passover as Josiah kept, and the priests, and the Levites, and\r
+all Judah and Israel that were present, and the inhabitants of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+35:19 In the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah was this passover\r
+kept.\r
+\r
+35:20 After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Necho king\r
+of Egypt came up to fight against Charchemish by Euphrates: and Josiah\r
+went out against him.\r
+\r
+35:21 But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, What have I to do with\r
+thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but\r
+against the house wherewith I have war: for God commanded me to make\r
+haste: forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he\r
+destroy thee not.\r
+\r
+35:22 Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but\r
+disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not\r
+unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight in\r
+the valley of Megiddo.\r
+\r
+35:23 And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his\r
+servants, Have me away; for I am sore wounded.\r
+\r
+35:24 His servants therefore took him out of that chariot, and put him\r
+in the second chariot that he had; and they brought him to Jerusalem,\r
+and he died, and was buried in one of the sepulchres of his fathers.\r
+And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah.\r
+\r
+35:25 And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah: and all the singing men and\r
+the singing women spake of Josiah in their lamentations to this day,\r
+and made them an ordinance in Israel: and, behold, they are written in\r
+the lamentations.\r
+\r
+35:26 Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and his goodness, according\r
+to that which was written in the law of the LORD, 35:27 And his deeds,\r
+first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of\r
+Israel and Judah.\r
+\r
+36:1 Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and\r
+made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:2 Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign,\r
+and he reigned three months in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:3 And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and condemned\r
+the land in an hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold.\r
+\r
+36:4 And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah\r
+and Jerusalem, and turned his name to Jehoiakim. And Necho took\r
+Jehoahaz his brother, and carried him to Egypt.\r
+\r
+36:5 Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign,\r
+and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem: and he did that which was\r
+evil in the sight of the LORD his God.\r
+\r
+36:6 Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and bound him\r
+in fetters, to carry him to Babylon.\r
+\r
+36:7 Nebuchadnezzar also carried of the vessels of the house of the\r
+LORD to Babylon, and put them in his temple at Babylon.\r
+\r
+36:8 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations which\r
+he did, and that which was found in him, behold, they are written in\r
+the book of the kings of Israel and Judah: and Jehoiachin his son\r
+reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+36:9 Jehoiachin was eight years old when he began to reign, and he\r
+reigned three months and ten days in Jerusalem: and he did that which\r
+was evil in the sight of the LORD.\r
+\r
+36:10 And when the year was expired, king Nebuchadnezzar sent, and\r
+brought him to Babylon, with the goodly vessels of the house of the\r
+LORD, and made Zedekiah his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:11 Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign,\r
+and reigned eleven years in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:12 And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD his God,\r
+and humbled not himself before Jeremiah the prophet speaking from the\r
+mouth of the LORD.\r
+\r
+36:13 And he also rebelled against king Nebuchadnezzar, who had made\r
+him swear by God: but he stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart\r
+from turning unto the LORD God of Israel.\r
+\r
+36:14 Moreover all the chief of the priests, and the people,\r
+transgressed very much after all the abominations of the heathen; and\r
+polluted the house of the LORD which he had hallowed in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:15 And the LORD God of their fathers sent to them by his\r
+messengers, rising up betimes, and sending; because he had compassion\r
+on his people, and on his dwelling place: 36:16 But they mocked the\r
+messengers of God, and despised his words, and misused his prophets,\r
+until the wrath of the LORD arose against his people, till there was\r
+no remedy.\r
+\r
+36:17 Therefore he brought upon them the king of the Chaldees, who\r
+slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary,\r
+and had no compassion upon young man or maiden, old man, or him that\r
+stooped for age: he gave them all into his hand.\r
+\r
+36:18 And all the vessels of the house of God, great and small, and\r
+the treasures of the house of the LORD, and the treasures of the king,\r
+and of his princes; all these he brought to Babylon.\r
+\r
+36:19 And they burnt the house of God, and brake down the wall of\r
+Jerusalem, and burnt all the palaces thereof with fire, and destroyed\r
+all the goodly vessels thereof.\r
+\r
+36:20 And them that had escaped from the sword carried he away to\r
+Babylon; where they were servants to him and his sons until the reign\r
+of the kingdom of Persia: 36:21 To fulfil the word of the LORD by the\r
+mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths: for as\r
+long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath, to fulfil threescore and\r
+ten years.\r
+\r
+36:22 Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of\r
+the LORD spoken by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, the\r
+LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a\r
+proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing,\r
+saying, 36:23 Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, All the kingdoms of the\r
+earth hath the LORD God of heaven given me; and he hath charged me to\r
+build him an house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Who is there among\r
+you of all his people? The LORD his God be with him, and let him go up.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Ezra\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of\r
+the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the LORD stirred\r
+up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, that he made a proclamation\r
+throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying, 1:2\r
+Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, The LORD God of heaven hath given me\r
+all the kingdoms of the earth; and he hath charged me to build him an\r
+house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah.\r
+\r
+1:3 Who is there among you of all his people? his God be with him, and\r
+let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of\r
+the LORD God of Israel, (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:4 And whosoever remaineth in any place where he sojourneth, let the\r
+men of his place help him with silver, and with gold, and with goods,\r
+and with beasts, beside the freewill offering for the house of God\r
+that is in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:5 Then rose up the chief of the fathers of Judah and Benjamin, and\r
+the priests, and the Levites, with all them whose spirit God had\r
+raised, to go up to build the house of the LORD which is in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:6 And all they that were about them strengthened their hands with\r
+vessels of silver, with gold, with goods, and with beasts, and with\r
+precious things, beside all that was willingly offered.\r
+\r
+1:7 Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the\r
+LORD, which Nebuchadnezzar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had\r
+put them in the house of his gods; 1:8 Even those did Cyrus king of\r
+Persia bring forth by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and\r
+numbered them unto Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah.\r
+\r
+1:9 And this is the number of them: thirty chargers of gold, a\r
+thousand chargers of silver, nine and twenty knives, 1:10 Thirty\r
+basons of gold, silver basons of a second sort four hundred and ten,\r
+and other vessels a thousand.\r
+\r
+1:11 All the vessels of gold and of silver were five thousand and four\r
+hundred. All these did Sheshbazzar bring up with them of the captivity\r
+that were brought up from Babylon unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:1 Now these are the children of the province that went up out of the\r
+captivity, of those which had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar\r
+the king of Babylon had carried away unto Babylon, and came again unto\r
+Jerusalem and Judah, every one unto his city; 2:2 Which came with\r
+Zerubbabel: Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan,\r
+Mizpar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah. The number of the men of the people of\r
+Israel: 2:3 The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy\r
+and two.\r
+\r
+2:4 The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two.\r
+\r
+2:5 The children of Arah, seven hundred seventy and five.\r
+\r
+2:6 The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab,\r
+two thousand eight hundred and twelve.\r
+\r
+2:7 The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four.\r
+\r
+2:8 The children of Zattu, nine hundred forty and five.\r
+\r
+2:9 The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore.\r
+\r
+2:10 The children of Bani, six hundred forty and two.\r
+\r
+2:11 The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+2:12 The children of Azgad, a thousand two hundred twenty and two.\r
+\r
+2:13 The children of Adonikam, six hundred sixty and six.\r
+\r
+2:14 The children of Bigvai, two thousand fifty and six.\r
+\r
+2:15 The children of Adin, four hundred fifty and four.\r
+\r
+2:16 The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight.\r
+\r
+2:17 The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+2:18 The children of Jorah, an hundred and twelve.\r
+\r
+2:19 The children of Hashum, two hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+2:20 The children of Gibbar, ninety and five.\r
+\r
+2:21 The children of Bethlehem, an hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+2:22 The men of Netophah, fifty and six.\r
+\r
+2:23 The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+2:24 The children of Azmaveth, forty and two.\r
+\r
+2:25 The children of Kirjatharim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven\r
+hundred and forty and three.\r
+\r
+2:26 The children of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one.\r
+\r
+2:27 The men of Michmas, an hundred twenty and two.\r
+\r
+2:28 The men of Bethel and Ai, two hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+2:29 The children of Nebo, fifty and two.\r
+\r
+2:30 The children of Magbish, an hundred fifty and six.\r
+\r
+2:31 The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and\r
+four.\r
+\r
+2:32 The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty.\r
+\r
+2:33 The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and\r
+five.\r
+\r
+2:34 The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five.\r
+\r
+2:35 The children of Senaah, three thousand and six hundred and\r
+thirty.\r
+\r
+2:36 The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua,\r
+nine hundred seventy and three.\r
+\r
+2:37 The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two.\r
+\r
+2:38 The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven.\r
+\r
+2:39 The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen.\r
+\r
+2:40 The Levites: the children of Jeshua and Kadmiel, of the children\r
+of Hodaviah, seventy and four.\r
+\r
+2:41 The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+2:42 The children of the porters: the children of Shallum, the\r
+children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the\r
+children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, in all an hundred thirty\r
+and nine.\r
+\r
+2:43 The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hasupha, the\r
+children of Tabbaoth, 2:44 The children of Keros, the children of\r
+Siaha, the children of Padon, 2:45 The children of Lebanah, the\r
+children of Hagabah, the children of Akkub, 2:46 The children of\r
+Hagab, the children of Shalmai, the children of Hanan, 2:47 The\r
+children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, the children of Reaiah,\r
+2:48 The children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, the children of\r
+Gazzam, 2:49 The children of Uzza, the children of Paseah, the\r
+children of Besai, 2:50 The children of Asnah, the children of\r
+Mehunim, the children of Nephusim, 2:51 The children of Bakbuk, the\r
+children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, 2:52 The children of\r
+Bazluth, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, 2:53 The\r
+children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Thamah,\r
+2:54 The children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha.\r
+\r
+2:55 The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the\r
+children of Sophereth, the children of Peruda, 2:56 The children of\r
+Jaalah, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 2:57 The\r
+children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of\r
+Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Ami.\r
+\r
+2:58 All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were\r
+three hundred ninety and two.\r
+\r
+2:59 And these were they which went up from Telmelah, Telharsa,\r
+Cherub, Addan, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's\r
+house, and their seed, whether they were of Israel: 2:60 The children\r
+of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six\r
+hundred fifty and two.\r
+\r
+2:61 And of the children of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the\r
+children of Koz, the children of Barzillai; which took a wife of the\r
+daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name:\r
+2:62 These sought their register among those that were reckoned by\r
+genealogy, but they were not found: therefore were they, as polluted,\r
+put from the priesthood.\r
+\r
+2:63 And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the\r
+most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and with\r
+Thummim.\r
+\r
+2:64 The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three\r
+hundred and threescore, 2:65 Beside their servants and their maids, of\r
+whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven: and\r
+there were among them two hundred singing men and singing women.\r
+\r
+2:66 Their horses were seven hundred thirty and six; their mules, two\r
+hundred forty and five; 2:67 Their camels, four hundred thirty and\r
+five; their asses, six thousand seven hundred and twenty.\r
+\r
+2:68 And some of the chief of the fathers, when they came to the house\r
+of the LORD which is at Jerusalem, offered freely for the house of God\r
+to set it up in his place: 2:69 They gave after their ability unto the\r
+treasure of the work threescore and one thousand drams of gold, and\r
+five thousand pound of silver, and one hundred priests' garments.\r
+\r
+2:70 So the priests, and the Levites, and some of the people, and the\r
+singers, and the porters, and the Nethinims, dwelt in their cities,\r
+and all Israel in their cities.\r
+\r
+3:1 And when the seventh month was come, and the children of Israel\r
+were in the cities, the people gathered themselves together as one man\r
+to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+3:2 Then stood up Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his brethren the\r
+priests, and Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and his brethren, and\r
+builded the altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings\r
+thereon, as it is written in the law of Moses the man of God.\r
+\r
+3:3 And they set the altar upon his bases; for fear was upon them\r
+because of the people of those countries: and they offered burnt\r
+offerings thereon unto the LORD, even burnt offerings morning and\r
+evening.\r
+\r
+3:4 They kept also the feast of tabernacles, as it is written, and\r
+offered the daily burnt offerings by number, according to the custom,\r
+as the duty of every day required; 3:5 And afterward offered the\r
+continual burnt offering, both of the new moons, and of all the set\r
+feasts of the LORD that were consecrated, and of every one that\r
+willingly offered a freewill offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:6 From the first day of the seventh month began they to offer burnt\r
+offerings unto the LORD. But the foundation of the temple of the LORD\r
+was not yet laid.\r
+\r
+3:7 They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpenters; and\r
+meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of Tyre, to\r
+bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa, according to the\r
+grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia.\r
+\r
+3:8 Now in the second year of their coming unto the house of God at\r
+Jerusalem, in the second month, began Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel,\r
+and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and the remnant of their brethren the\r
+priests and the Levites, and all they that were come out of the\r
+captivity unto Jerusalem; and appointed the Levites, from twenty years\r
+old and upward, to set forward the work of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:9 Then stood Jeshua with his sons and his brethren, Kadmiel and his\r
+sons, the sons of Judah, together, to set forward the workmen in the\r
+house of God: the sons of Henadad, with their sons and their brethren\r
+the Levites.\r
+\r
+3:10 And when the builders laid the foundation of the temple of the\r
+LORD, they set the priests in their apparel with trumpets, and the\r
+Levites the sons of Asaph with cymbals, to praise the LORD, after the\r
+ordinance of David king of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:11 And they sang together by course in praising and giving thanks\r
+unto the LORD; because he is good, for his mercy endureth for ever\r
+toward Israel.\r
+\r
+And all the people shouted with a great shout, when they praised the\r
+LORD, because the foundation of the house of the LORD was laid.\r
+\r
+3:12 But many of the priests and Levites and chief of the fathers, who\r
+were ancient men, that had seen the first house, when the foundation\r
+of this house was laid before their eyes, wept with a loud voice; and\r
+many shouted aloud for joy: 3:13 So that the people could not discern\r
+the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of the\r
+people: for the people shouted with a loud shout, and the noise was\r
+heard afar off.\r
+\r
+4:1 Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the\r
+children of the captivity builded the temple unto the LORD God of\r
+Israel; 4:2 Then they came to Zerubbabel, and to the chief of the\r
+fathers, and said unto them, Let us build with you: for we seek your\r
+God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of\r
+Esarhaddon king of Assur, which brought us up hither.\r
+\r
+4:3 But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the\r
+fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to\r
+build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto\r
+the LORD God of Israel, as king Cyrus the king of Persia hath\r
+commanded us.\r
+\r
+4:4 Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of\r
+Judah, and troubled them in building, 4:5 And hired counsellors\r
+against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king\r
+of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia.\r
+\r
+4:6 And in the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign,\r
+wrote they unto him an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+4:7 And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel,\r
+and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and\r
+the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and\r
+interpreted in the Syrian tongue.\r
+\r
+4:8 Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter\r
+against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort: 4:9 Then wrote\r
+Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their\r
+companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the\r
+Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the\r
+Dehavites, and the Elamites, 4:10 And the rest of the nations whom the\r
+great and noble Asnapper brought over, and set in the cities of\r
+Samaria, and the rest that are on this side the river, and at such a\r
+time.\r
+\r
+4:11 This is the copy of the letter that they sent unto him, even unto\r
+Artaxerxes the king; Thy servants the men on this side the river, and\r
+at such a time.\r
+\r
+4:12 Be it known unto the king, that the Jews which came up from thee\r
+to us are come unto Jerusalem, building the rebellious and the bad\r
+city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined the foundations.\r
+\r
+4:13 Be it known now unto the king, that, if this city be builded, and\r
+the walls set up again, then will they not pay toll, tribute, and\r
+custom, and so thou shalt endamage the revenue of the kings.\r
+\r
+4:14 Now because we have maintenance from the king's palace, and it\r
+was not meet for us to see the king's dishonour, therefore have we\r
+sent and certified the king; 4:15 That search may be made in the book\r
+of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the\r
+records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful\r
+unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the\r
+same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed.\r
+\r
+4:16 We certify the king that, if this city be builded again, and the\r
+walls thereof set up, by this means thou shalt have no portion on this\r
+side the river.\r
+\r
+4:17 Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to\r
+Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in\r
+Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a\r
+time.\r
+\r
+4:18 The letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before\r
+me.\r
+\r
+4:19 And I commanded, and search hath been made, and it is found that\r
+this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that\r
+rebellion and sedition have been made therein.\r
+\r
+4:20 There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, which have\r
+ruled over all countries beyond the river; and toll, tribute, and\r
+custom, was paid unto them.\r
+\r
+4:21 Give ye now commandment to cause these men to cease, and that\r
+this city be not builded, until another commandment shall be given\r
+from me.\r
+\r
+4:22 Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should damage grow\r
+to the hurt of the kings? 4:23 Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes'\r
+letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their\r
+companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made\r
+them to cease by force and power.\r
+\r
+4:24 Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem.\r
+So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of\r
+Persia.\r
+\r
+5:1 Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son of\r
+Iddo, prophesied unto the Jews that were in Judah and Jerusalem in the\r
+name of the God of Israel, even unto them.\r
+\r
+5:2 Then rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son\r
+of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem:\r
+and with them were the prophets of God helping them.\r
+\r
+5:3 At the same time came to them Tatnai, governor on this side the\r
+river, and Shetharboznai and their companions, and said thus unto\r
+them, Who hath commanded you to build this house, and to make up this\r
+wall? 5:4 Then said we unto them after this manner, What are the\r
+names of the men that make this building? 5:5 But the eye of their\r
+God was upon the elders of the Jews, that they could not cause them to\r
+cease, till the matter came to Darius: and then they returned answer\r
+by letter concerning this matter.\r
+\r
+5:6 The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this side the\r
+river, and Shetharboznai and his companions the Apharsachites, which\r
+were on this side the river, sent unto Darius the king: 5:7 They sent\r
+a letter unto him, wherein was written thus; Unto Darius the king, all\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+5:8 Be it known unto the king, that we went into the province of\r
+Judea, to the house of the great God, which is builded with great\r
+stones, and timber is laid in the walls, and this work goeth fast on,\r
+and prospereth in their hands.\r
+\r
+5:9 Then asked we those elders, and said unto them thus, Who commanded\r
+you to build this house, and to make up these walls? 5:10 We asked\r
+their names also, to certify thee, that we might write the names of\r
+the men that were the chief of them.\r
+\r
+5:11 And thus they returned us answer, saying, We are the servants of\r
+the God of heaven and earth, and build the house that was builded\r
+these many years ago, which a great king of Israel builded and set up.\r
+\r
+5:12 But after that our fathers had provoked the God of heaven unto\r
+wrath, he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of\r
+Babylon, the Chaldean, who destroyed this house, and carried the\r
+people away into Babylon.\r
+\r
+5:13 But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon the same king\r
+Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God.\r
+\r
+5:14 And the vessels also of gold and silver of the house of God,\r
+which Nebuchadnezzar took out of the temple that was in Jerusalem, and\r
+brought them into the temple of Babylon, those did Cyrus the king take\r
+out of the temple of Babylon, and they were delivered unto one, whose\r
+name was Sheshbazzar, whom he had made governor; 5:15 And said unto\r
+him, Take these vessels, go, carry them into the temple that is in\r
+Jerusalem, and let the house of God be builded in his place.\r
+\r
+5:16 Then came the same Sheshbazzar, and laid the foundation of the\r
+house of God which is in Jerusalem: and since that time even until now\r
+hath it been in building, and yet it is not finished.\r
+\r
+5:17 Now therefore, if it seem good to the king, let there be search\r
+made in the king's treasure house, which is there at Babylon, whether\r
+it be so, that a decree was made of Cyrus the king to build this house\r
+of God at Jerusalem, and let the king send his pleasure to us\r
+concerning this matter.\r
+\r
+6:1 Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the\r
+house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon.\r
+\r
+6:2 And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the\r
+province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written:\r
+6:3 In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a\r
+decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be\r
+builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the\r
+foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore\r
+cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; 6:4 With three rows\r
+of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be\r
+given out of the king's house: 6:5 And also let the golden and silver\r
+vessels of the house of God, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of\r
+the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be\r
+restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem,\r
+every one to his place, and place them in the house of God.\r
+\r
+6:6 Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai,\r
+and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be\r
+ye far from thence: 6:7 Let the work of this house of God alone; let\r
+the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house\r
+of God in his place.\r
+\r
+6:8 Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these\r
+Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king's goods,\r
+even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto\r
+these men, that they be not hindered.\r
+\r
+6:9 And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams,\r
+and lambs, for the burnt offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt,\r
+wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests which are\r
+at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: 6:10 That\r
+they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and\r
+pray for the life of the king, and of his sons.\r
+\r
+6:11 Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word,\r
+let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be\r
+hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this.\r
+\r
+6:12 And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all\r
+kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy\r
+this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree;\r
+let it be done with speed.\r
+\r
+6:13 Then Tatnai, governor on this side the river, Shetharboznai, and\r
+their companions, according to that which Darius the king had sent, so\r
+they did speedily.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through\r
+the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo.\r
+And they builded, and finished it, according to the commandment of the\r
+God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius,\r
+and Artaxerxes king of Persia.\r
+\r
+6:15 And this house was finished on the third day of the month Adar,\r
+which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king.\r
+\r
+6:16 And the children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the\r
+rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this\r
+house of God with joy.\r
+\r
+6:17 And offered at the dedication of this house of God an hundred\r
+bullocks, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering\r
+for all Israel, twelve he goats, according to the number of the tribes\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+6:18 And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in\r
+their courses, for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is\r
+written in the book of Moses.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the children of the captivity kept the passover upon the\r
+fourteenth day of the first month.\r
+\r
+6:20 For the priests and the Levites were purified together, all of\r
+them were pure, and killed the passover for all the children of the\r
+captivity, and for their brethren the priests, and for themselves.\r
+\r
+6:21 And the children of Israel, which were come again out of\r
+captivity, and all such as had separated themselves unto them from the\r
+filthiness of the heathen of the land, to seek the LORD God of Israel,\r
+did eat, 6:22 And kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with\r
+joy: for the LORD had made them joyful, and turned the heart of the\r
+king of Assyria unto them, to strengthen their hands in the work of\r
+the house of God, the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia,\r
+Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah, 7:2\r
+The son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub, 7:3 The son\r
+of Amariah, the son of Azariah, the son of Meraioth, 7:4 The son of\r
+Zerahiah, the son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki, 7:5 The son of Abishua,\r
+the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the chief\r
+priest: 7:6 This Ezra went up from Babylon; and he was a ready scribe\r
+in the law of Moses, which the LORD God of Israel had given: and the\r
+king granted him all his request, according to the hand of the LORD\r
+his God upon him.\r
+\r
+7:7 And there went up some of the children of Israel, and of the\r
+priests, and the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and the\r
+Nethinims, unto Jerusalem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king.\r
+\r
+7:8 And he came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the\r
+seventh year of the king.\r
+\r
+7:9 For upon the first day of the first month began he to go up from\r
+Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth month came he to Jerusalem,\r
+according to the good hand of his God upon him.\r
+\r
+7:10 For Ezra had prepared his heart to seek the law of the LORD, and\r
+to do it, and to teach in Israel statutes and judgments.\r
+\r
+7:11 Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave\r
+unto Ezra the priest, the scribe, even a scribe of the words of the\r
+commandments of the LORD, and of his statutes to Israel.\r
+\r
+7:12 Artaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the\r
+law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time.\r
+\r
+7:13 I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of\r
+his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their own\r
+freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee.\r
+\r
+7:14 Forasmuch as thou art sent of the king, and of his seven\r
+counsellors, to enquire concerning Judah and Jerusalem, according to\r
+the law of thy God which is in thine hand; 7:15 And to carry the\r
+silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely\r
+offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation is in Jerusalem, 7:16\r
+And all the silver and gold that thou canst find in all the province\r
+of Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people, and of the\r
+priests, offering willingly for the house of their God which is in\r
+Jerusalem: 7:17 That thou mayest buy speedily with this money\r
+bullocks, rams, lambs, with their meat offerings and their drink\r
+offerings, and offer them upon the altar of the house of your God\r
+which is in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+7:18 And whatsoever shall seem good to thee, and to thy brethren, to\r
+do with the rest of the silver and the gold, that do after the will of\r
+your God.\r
+\r
+7:19 The vessels also that are given thee for the service of the house\r
+of thy God, those deliver thou before the God of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+7:20 And whatsoever more shall be needful for the house of thy God,\r
+which thou shalt have occasion to bestow, bestow it out of the king's\r
+treasure house.\r
+\r
+7:21 And I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the\r
+treasurers which are beyond the river, that whatsoever Ezra the\r
+priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of\r
+you, it be done speedily, 7:22 Unto an hundred talents of silver, and\r
+to an hundred measures of wheat, and to an hundred baths of wine, and\r
+to an hundred baths of oil, and salt without prescribing how much.\r
+\r
+7:23 Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be\r
+diligently done for the house of the God of heaven: for why should\r
+there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons? 7:24 Also\r
+we certify you, that touching any of the priests and Levites, singers,\r
+porters, Nethinims, or ministers of this house of God, it shall not be\r
+lawful to impose toll, tribute, or custom, upon them.\r
+\r
+7:25 And thou, Ezra, after the wisdom of thy God, that is in thine\r
+hand, set magistrates and judges, which may judge all the people that\r
+are beyond the river, all such as know the laws of thy God; and teach\r
+ye them that know them not.\r
+\r
+7:26 And whosoever will not do the law of thy God, and the law of the\r
+king, let judgment be executed speedily upon him, whether it be unto\r
+death, or to banishment, or to confiscation of goods, or to\r
+imprisonment.\r
+\r
+7:27 Blessed be the LORD God of our fathers, which hath put such a\r
+thing as this in the king's heart, to beautify the house of the LORD\r
+which is in Jerusalem: 7:28 And hath extended mercy unto me before the\r
+king, and his counsellors, and before all the king's mighty princes.\r
+And I was strengthened as the hand of the LORD my God was upon me, and\r
+I gathered together out of Israel chief men to go up with me.\r
+\r
+8:1 These are now the chief of their fathers, and this is the\r
+genealogy of them that went up with me from Babylon, in the reign of\r
+Artaxerxes the king.\r
+\r
+8:2 Of the sons of Phinehas; Gershom: of the sons of Ithamar; Daniel:\r
+of the sons of David; Hattush.\r
+\r
+8:3 Of the sons of Shechaniah, of the sons of Pharosh; Zechariah: and\r
+with him were reckoned by genealogy of the males an hundred and fifty.\r
+\r
+8:4 Of the sons of Pahathmoab; Elihoenai the son of Zerahiah, and with\r
+him two hundred males.\r
+\r
+8:5 Of the sons of Shechaniah; the son of Jahaziel, and with him three\r
+hundred males.\r
+\r
+8:6 Of the sons also of Adin; Ebed the son of Jonathan, and with him\r
+fifty males.\r
+\r
+8:7 And of the sons of Elam; Jeshaiah the son of Athaliah, and with\r
+him seventy males.\r
+\r
+8:8 And of the sons of Shephatiah; Zebadiah the son of Michael, and\r
+with him fourscore males.\r
+\r
+8:9 Of the sons of Joab; Obadiah the son of Jehiel, and with him two\r
+hundred and eighteen males.\r
+\r
+8:10 And of the sons of Shelomith; the son of Josiphiah, and with him\r
+an hundred and threescore males.\r
+\r
+8:11 And of the sons of Bebai; Zechariah the son of Bebai, and with\r
+him twenty and eight males.\r
+\r
+8:12 And of the sons of Azgad; Johanan the son of Hakkatan, and with\r
+him an hundred and ten males.\r
+\r
+8:13 And of the last sons of Adonikam, whose names are these,\r
+Eliphelet, Jeiel, and Shemaiah, and with them threescore males.\r
+\r
+8:14 Of the sons also of Bigvai; Uthai, and Zabbud, and with them\r
+seventy males.\r
+\r
+8:15 And I gathered them together to the river that runneth to Ahava;\r
+and there abode we in tents three days: and I viewed the people, and\r
+the priests, and found there none of the sons of Levi.\r
+\r
+8:16 Then sent I for Eliezer, for Ariel, for Shemaiah, and for\r
+Elnathan, and for Jarib, and for Elnathan, and for Nathan, and for\r
+Zechariah, and for Meshullam, chief men; also for Joiarib, and for\r
+Elnathan, men of understanding.\r
+\r
+8:17 And I sent them with commandment unto Iddo the chief at the place\r
+Casiphia, and I told them what they should say unto Iddo, and to his\r
+brethren the Nethinims, at the place Casiphia, that they should bring\r
+unto us ministers for the house of our God.\r
+\r
+8:18 And by the good hand of our God upon us they brought us a man of\r
+understanding, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of\r
+Israel; and Sherebiah, with his sons and his brethren, eighteen; 8:19\r
+And Hashabiah, and with him Jeshaiah of the sons of Merari, his\r
+brethren and their sons, twenty; 8:20 Also of the Nethinims, whom\r
+David and the princes had appointed for the service of the Levites,\r
+two hundred and twenty Nethinims: all of them were expressed by name.\r
+\r
+8:21 Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river of Ahava, that we\r
+might afflict ourselves before our God, to seek of him a right way for\r
+us, and for our little ones, and for all our substance.\r
+\r
+8:22 For I was ashamed to require of the king a band of soldiers and\r
+horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way: because we had\r
+spoken unto the king, saying, The hand of our God is upon all them for\r
+good that seek him; but his power and his wrath is against all them\r
+that forsake him.\r
+\r
+8:23 So we fasted and besought our God for this: and he was intreated\r
+of us.\r
+\r
+8:24 Then I separated twelve of the chief of the priests, Sherebiah,\r
+Hashabiah, and ten of their brethren with them, 8:25 And weighed unto\r
+them the silver, and the gold, and the vessels, even the offering of\r
+the house of our God, which the king, and his counsellors, and his\r
+lords, and all Israel there present, had offered: 8:26 I even weighed\r
+unto their hand six hundred and fifty talents of silver, and silver\r
+vessels an hundred talents, and of gold an hundred talents; 8:27 Also\r
+twenty basons of gold, of a thousand drams; and two vessels of fine\r
+copper, precious as gold.\r
+\r
+8:28 And I said unto them, Ye are holy unto the LORD; the vessels are\r
+holy also; and the silver and the gold are a freewill offering unto\r
+the LORD God of your fathers.\r
+\r
+8:29 Watch ye, and keep them, until ye weigh them before the chief of\r
+the priests and the Levites, and chief of the fathers of Israel, at\r
+Jerusalem, in the chambers of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:30 So took the priests and the Levites the weight of the silver, and\r
+the gold, and the vessels, to bring them to Jerusalem unto the house\r
+of our God.\r
+\r
+8:31 Then we departed from the river of Ahava on the twelfth day of\r
+the first month, to go unto Jerusalem: and the hand of our God was\r
+upon us, and he delivered us from the hand of the enemy, and of such\r
+as lay in wait by the way.\r
+\r
+8:32 And we came to Jerusalem, and abode there three days.\r
+\r
+8:33 Now on the fourth day was the silver and the gold and the vessels\r
+weighed in the house of our God by the hand of Meremoth the son of\r
+Uriah the priest; and with him was Eleazar the son of Phinehas; and\r
+with them was Jozabad the son of Jeshua, and Noadiah the son of\r
+Binnui, Levites; 8:34 By number and by weight of every one: and all\r
+the weight was written at that time.\r
+\r
+8:35 Also the children of those that had been carried away, which were\r
+come out of the captivity, offered burnt offerings unto the God of\r
+Israel, twelve bullocks for all Israel, ninety and six rams, seventy\r
+and seven lambs, twelve he goats for a sin offering: all this was a\r
+burnt offering unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:36 And they delivered the king's commissions unto the king's\r
+lieutenants, and to the governors on this side the river: and they\r
+furthered the people, and the house of God.\r
+\r
+9:1 Now when these things were done, the princes came to me, saying,\r
+The people of Israel, and the priests, and the Levites, have not\r
+separated themselves from the people of the lands, doing according to\r
+their abominations, even of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the\r
+Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians,\r
+and the Amorites.\r
+\r
+9:2 For they have taken of their daughters for themselves, and for\r
+their sons: so that the holy seed have mingled themselves with the\r
+people of those lands: yea, the hand of the princes and rulers hath\r
+been chief in this trespass.\r
+\r
+9:3 And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and my mantle, and\r
+plucked off the hair of my head and of my beard, and sat down\r
+astonied.\r
+\r
+9:4 Then were assembled unto me every one that trembled at the words\r
+of the God of Israel, because of the transgression of those that had\r
+been carried away; and I sat astonied until the evening sacrifice.\r
+\r
+9:5 And at the evening sacrifice I arose up from my heaviness; and\r
+having rent my garment and my mantle, I fell upon my knees, and spread\r
+out my hands unto the LORD my God, 9:6 And said, O my God, I am\r
+ashamed and blush to lift up my face to thee, my God: for our\r
+iniquities are increased over our head, and our trespass is grown up\r
+unto the heavens.\r
+\r
+9:7 Since the days of our fathers have we been in a great trespass\r
+unto this day; and for our iniquities have we, our kings, and our\r
+priests, been delivered into the hand of the kings of the lands, to\r
+the sword, to captivity, and to a spoil, and to confusion of face, as\r
+it is this day.\r
+\r
+9:8 And now for a little space grace hath been shewed from the LORD\r
+our God, to leave us a remnant to escape, and to give us a nail in his\r
+holy place, that our God may lighten our eyes, and give us a little\r
+reviving in our bondage.\r
+\r
+9:9 For we were bondmen; yet our God hath not forsaken us in our\r
+bondage, but hath extended mercy unto us in the sight of the kings of\r
+Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to\r
+repair the desolations thereof, and to give us a wall in Judah and in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:10 And now, O our God, what shall we say after this? for we have\r
+forsaken thy commandments, 9:11 Which thou hast commanded by thy\r
+servants the prophets, saying, The land, unto which ye go to possess\r
+it, is an unclean land with the filthiness of the people of the lands,\r
+with their abominations, which have filled it from one end to another\r
+with their uncleanness.\r
+\r
+9:12 Now therefore give not your daughters unto their sons, neither\r
+take their daughters unto your sons, nor seek their peace or their\r
+wealth for ever: that ye may be strong, and eat the good of the land,\r
+and leave it for an inheritance to your children for ever.\r
+\r
+9:13 And after all that is come upon us for our evil deeds, and for\r
+our great trespass, seeing that thou our God hast punished us less\r
+than our iniquities deserve, and hast given us such deliverance as\r
+this; 9:14 Should we again break thy commandments, and join in\r
+affinity with the people of these abominations? wouldest not thou be\r
+angry with us till thou hadst consumed us, so that there should be no\r
+remnant nor escaping? 9:15 O LORD God of Israel, thou art righteous:\r
+for we remain yet escaped, as it is this day: behold, we are before\r
+thee in our trespasses: for we cannot stand before thee because of\r
+this.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now when Ezra had prayed, and when he had confessed, weeping and\r
+casting himself down before the house of God, there assembled unto him\r
+out of Israel a very great congregation of men and women and children:\r
+for the people wept very sore.\r
+\r
+10:2 And Shechaniah the son of Jehiel, one of the sons of Elam,\r
+answered and said unto Ezra, We have trespassed against our God, and\r
+have taken strange wives of the people of the land: yet now there is\r
+hope in Israel concerning this thing.\r
+\r
+10:3 Now therefore let us make a covenant with our God to put away all\r
+the wives, and such as are born of them, according to the counsel of\r
+my lord, and of those that tremble at the commandment of our God; and\r
+let it be done according to the law.\r
+\r
+10:4 Arise; for this matter belongeth unto thee: we also will be with\r
+thee: be of good courage, and do it.\r
+\r
+10:5 Then arose Ezra, and made the chief priests, the Levites, and all\r
+Israel, to swear that they should do according to this word. And they\r
+sware.\r
+\r
+10:6 Then Ezra rose up from before the house of God, and went into the\r
+chamber of Johanan the son of Eliashib: and when he came thither, he\r
+did eat no bread, nor drink water: for he mourned because of the\r
+transgression of them that had been carried away.\r
+\r
+10:7 And they made proclamation throughout Judah and Jerusalem unto\r
+all the children of the captivity, that they should gather themselves\r
+together unto Jerusalem; 10:8 And that whosoever would not come within\r
+three days, according to the counsel of the princes and the elders,\r
+all his substance should be forfeited, and himself separated from the\r
+congregation of those that had been carried away.\r
+\r
+10:9 Then all the men of Judah and Benjamin gathered themselves\r
+together unto Jerusalem within three days. It was the ninth month, on\r
+the twentieth day of the month; and all the people sat in the street\r
+of the house of God, trembling because of this matter, and for the\r
+great rain.\r
+\r
+10:10 And Ezra the priest stood up, and said unto them, Ye have\r
+transgressed, and have taken strange wives, to increase the trespass\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+10:11 Now therefore make confession unto the LORD God of your fathers,\r
+and do his pleasure: and separate yourselves from the people of the\r
+land, and from the strange wives.\r
+\r
+10:12 Then all the congregation answered and said with a loud voice,\r
+As thou hast said, so must we do.\r
+\r
+10:13 But the people are many, and it is a time of much rain, and we\r
+are not able to stand without, neither is this a work of one day or\r
+two: for we are many that have transgressed in this thing.\r
+\r
+10:14 Let now our rulers of all the congregation stand, and let all\r
+them which have taken strange wives in our cities come at appointed\r
+times, and with them the elders of every city, and the judges thereof,\r
+until the fierce wrath of our God for this matter be turned from us.\r
+\r
+10:15 Only Jonathan the son of Asahel and Jahaziah the son of Tikvah\r
+were employed about this matter: and Meshullam and Shabbethai the\r
+Levite helped them.\r
+\r
+10:16 And the children of the captivity did so. And Ezra the priest,\r
+with certain chief of the fathers, after the house of their fathers,\r
+and all of them by their names, were separated, and sat down in the\r
+first day of the tenth month to examine the matter.\r
+\r
+10:17 And they made an end with all the men that had taken strange\r
+wives by the first day of the first month.\r
+\r
+10:18 And among the sons of the priests there were found that had\r
+taken strange wives: namely, of the sons of Jeshua the son of Jozadak,\r
+and his brethren; Maaseiah, and Eliezer, and Jarib, and Gedaliah.\r
+\r
+10:19 And they gave their hands that they would put away their wives;\r
+and being guilty, they offered a ram of the flock for their trespass.\r
+\r
+10:20 And of the sons of Immer; Hanani, and Zebadiah.\r
+\r
+10:21 And of the sons of Harim; Maaseiah, and Elijah, and Shemaiah,\r
+and Jehiel, and Uzziah.\r
+\r
+10:22 And of the sons of Pashur; Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael,\r
+Nethaneel, Jozabad, and Elasah.\r
+\r
+10:23 Also of the Levites; Jozabad, and Shimei, and Kelaiah, (the same\r
+is Kelita,) Pethahiah, Judah, and Eliezer.\r
+\r
+10:24 Of the singers also; Eliashib: and of the porters; Shallum, and\r
+Telem, and Uri.\r
+\r
+10:25 Moreover of Israel: of the sons of Parosh; Ramiah, and Jeziah,\r
+and Malchiah, and Miamin, and Eleazar, and Malchijah, and Benaiah.\r
+\r
+10:26 And of the sons of Elam; Mattaniah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, and\r
+Abdi, and Jeremoth, and Eliah.\r
+\r
+10:27 And of the sons of Zattu; Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah, and\r
+Jeremoth, and Zabad, and Aziza.\r
+\r
+10:28 Of the sons also of Bebai; Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai, and\r
+Athlai.\r
+\r
+10:29 And of the sons of Bani; Meshullam, Malluch, and Adaiah, Jashub,\r
+and Sheal, and Ramoth.\r
+\r
+10:30 And of the sons of Pahathmoab; Adna, and Chelal, Benaiah,\r
+Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezaleel, and Binnui, and Manasseh.\r
+\r
+10:31 And of the sons of Harim; Eliezer, Ishijah, Malchiah, Shemaiah,\r
+Shimeon, 10:32 Benjamin, Malluch, and Shemariah.\r
+\r
+10:33 Of the sons of Hashum; Mattenai, Mattathah, Zabad, Eliphelet,\r
+Jeremai, Manasseh, and Shimei.\r
+\r
+10:34 Of the sons of Bani; Maadai, Amram, and Uel, 10:35 Benaiah,\r
+Bedeiah, Chelluh, 10:36 Vaniah, Meremoth, Eliashib, 10:37 Mattaniah,\r
+Mattenai, and Jaasau, 10:38 And Bani, and Binnui, Shimei, 10:39 And\r
+Shelemiah, and Nathan, and Adaiah, 10:40 Machnadebai, Shashai, Sharai,\r
+10:41 Azareel, and Shelemiah, Shemariah, 10:42 Shallum, Amariah, and\r
+Joseph.\r
+\r
+10:43 Of the sons of Nebo; Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jadau,\r
+and Joel, Benaiah.\r
+\r
+10:44 All these had taken strange wives: and some of them had wives by\r
+whom they had children.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Nehemiah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah. And it came to pass\r
+in the month Chisleu, in the twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the\r
+palace, 1:2 That Hanani, one of my brethren, came, he and certain men\r
+of Judah; and I asked them concerning the Jews that had escaped, which\r
+were left of the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:3 And they said unto me, The remnant that are left of the captivity\r
+there in the province are in great affliction and reproach: the wall\r
+of Jerusalem also is broken down, and the gates thereof are burned\r
+with fire.\r
+\r
+1:4 And it came to pass, when I heard these words, that I sat down and\r
+wept, and mourned certain days, and fasted, and prayed before the God\r
+of heaven, 1:5 And said, I beseech thee, O LORD God of heaven, the\r
+great and terrible God, that keepeth covenant and mercy for them that\r
+love him and observe his commandments: 1:6 Let thine ear now be\r
+attentive, and thine eyes open, that thou mayest hear the prayer of\r
+thy servant, which I pray before thee now, day and night, for the\r
+children of Israel thy servants, and confess the sins of the children\r
+of Israel, which we have sinned against thee: both I and my father's\r
+house have sinned.\r
+\r
+1:7 We have dealt very corruptly against thee, and have not kept the\r
+commandments, nor the statutes, nor the judgments, which thou\r
+commandedst thy servant Moses.\r
+\r
+1:8 Remember, I beseech thee, the word that thou commandedst thy\r
+servant Moses, saying, If ye transgress, I will scatter you abroad\r
+among the nations: 1:9 But if ye turn unto me, and keep my\r
+commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the\r
+uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and\r
+will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name\r
+there.\r
+\r
+1:10 Now these are thy servants and thy people, whom thou hast\r
+redeemed by thy great power, and by thy strong hand.\r
+\r
+1:11 O LORD, I beseech thee, let now thine ear be attentive to the\r
+prayer of thy servant, and to the prayer of thy servants, who desire\r
+to fear thy name: and prosper, I pray thee, thy servant this day, and\r
+grant him mercy in the sight of this man. For I was the king's\r
+cupbearer.\r
+\r
+2:1 And it came to pass in the month Nisan, in the twentieth year of\r
+Artaxerxes the king, that wine was before him: and I took up the wine,\r
+and gave it unto the king. Now I had not been beforetime sad in his\r
+presence.\r
+\r
+2:2 Wherefore the king said unto me, Why is thy countenance sad,\r
+seeing thou art not sick? this is nothing else but sorrow of heart.\r
+Then I was very sore afraid, 2:3 And said unto the king, Let the king\r
+live for ever: why should not my countenance be sad, when the city,\r
+the place of my fathers' sepulchres, lieth waste, and the gates\r
+thereof are consumed with fire? 2:4 Then the king said unto me, For\r
+what dost thou make request? So I prayed to the God of heaven.\r
+\r
+2:5 And I said unto the king, If it please the king, and if thy\r
+servant have found favour in thy sight, that thou wouldest send me\r
+unto Judah, unto the city of my fathers' sepulchres, that I may build\r
+it.\r
+\r
+2:6 And the king said unto me, (the queen also sitting by him,) For\r
+how long shall thy journey be? and when wilt thou return? So it\r
+pleased the king to send me; and I set him a time.\r
+\r
+2:7 Moreover I said unto the king, If it please the king, let letters\r
+be given me to the governors beyond the river, that they may convey me\r
+over till I come into Judah; 2:8 And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of\r
+the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the\r
+gates of the palace which appertained to the house, and for the wall\r
+of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into. And the king\r
+granted me, according to the good hand of my God upon me.\r
+\r
+2:9 Then I came to the governors beyond the river, and gave them the\r
+king's letters. Now the king had sent captains of the army and\r
+horsemen with me.\r
+\r
+2:10 When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the\r
+Ammonite, heard of it, it grieved them exceedingly that there was come\r
+a man to seek the welfare of the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+2:11 So I came to Jerusalem, and was there three days.\r
+\r
+2:12 And I arose in the night, I and some few men with me; neither\r
+told I any man what my God had put in my heart to do at Jerusalem:\r
+neither was there any beast with me, save the beast that I rode upon.\r
+\r
+2:13 And I went out by night by the gate of the valley, even before\r
+the dragon well, and to the dung port, and viewed the walls of\r
+Jerusalem, which were broken down, and the gates thereof were consumed\r
+with fire.\r
+\r
+2:14 Then I went on to the gate of the fountain, and to the king's\r
+pool: but there was no place for the beast that was under me to pass.\r
+\r
+2:15 Then went I up in the night by the brook, and viewed the wall,\r
+and turned back, and entered by the gate of the valley, and so\r
+returned.\r
+\r
+2:16 And the rulers knew not whither I went, or what I did; neither\r
+had I as yet told it to the Jews, nor to the priests, nor to the\r
+nobles, nor to the rulers, nor to the rest that did the work.\r
+\r
+2:17 Then said I unto them, Ye see the distress that we are in, how\r
+Jerusalem lieth waste, and the gates thereof are burned with fire:\r
+come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be no more a\r
+reproach.\r
+\r
+2:18 Then I told them of the hand of my God which was good upon me; as\r
+also the king's words that he had spoken unto me. And they said, Let\r
+us rise up and build. So they strengthened their hands for this good\r
+work.\r
+\r
+2:19 But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the\r
+Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian, heard it, they laughed us to scorn,\r
+and despised us, and said, What is this thing that ye do? will ye\r
+rebel against the king? 2:20 Then answered I them, and said unto\r
+them, The God of heaven, he will prosper us; therefore we his servants\r
+will arise and build: but ye have no portion, nor right, nor memorial,\r
+in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+3:1 Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his brethren the\r
+priests, and they builded the sheep gate; they sanctified it, and set\r
+up the doors of it; even unto the tower of Meah they sanctified it,\r
+unto the tower of Hananeel.\r
+\r
+3:2 And next unto him builded the men of Jericho. And next to them\r
+builded Zaccur the son of Imri.\r
+\r
+3:3 But the fish gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who also laid\r
+the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof,\r
+and the bars thereof.\r
+\r
+3:4 And next unto them repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah, the son of\r
+Koz. And next unto them repaired Meshullam the son of Berechiah, the\r
+son of Meshezabeel. And next unto them repaired Zadok the son of\r
+Baana.\r
+\r
+3:5 And next unto them the Tekoites repaired; but their nobles put not\r
+their necks to the work of their LORD.\r
+\r
+3:6 Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and\r
+Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set\r
+up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.\r
+\r
+3:7 And next unto them repaired Melatiah the Gibeonite, and Jadon the\r
+Meronothite, the men of Gibeon, and of Mizpah, unto the throne of the\r
+governor on this side the river.\r
+\r
+3:8 Next unto him repaired Uzziel the son of Harhaiah, of the\r
+goldsmiths.\r
+\r
+Next unto him also repaired Hananiah the son of one of the\r
+apothecaries, and they fortified Jerusalem unto the broad wall.\r
+\r
+3:9 And next unto them repaired Rephaiah the son of Hur, the ruler of\r
+the half part of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+3:10 And next unto them repaired Jedaiah the son of Harumaph, even\r
+over against his house. And next unto him repaired Hattush the son of\r
+Hashabniah.\r
+\r
+3:11 Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hashub the son of Pahathmoab,\r
+repaired the other piece, and the tower of the furnaces.\r
+\r
+3:12 And next unto him repaired Shallum the son of Halohesh, the ruler\r
+of the half part of Jerusalem, he and his daughters.\r
+\r
+3:13 The valley gate repaired Hanun, and the inhabitants of Zanoah;\r
+they built it, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and\r
+the bars thereof, and a thousand cubits on the wall unto the dung\r
+gate.\r
+\r
+3:14 But the dung gate repaired Malchiah the son of Rechab, the ruler\r
+of part of Bethhaccerem; he built it, and set up the doors thereof,\r
+the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.\r
+\r
+3:15 But the gate of the fountain repaired Shallun the son of\r
+Colhozeh, the ruler of part of Mizpah; he built it, and covered it,\r
+and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof,\r
+and the wall of the pool of Siloah by the king's garden, and unto the\r
+stairs that go down from the city of David.\r
+\r
+3:16 After him repaired Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, the ruler of the\r
+half part of Bethzur, unto the place over against the sepulchres of\r
+David, and to the pool that was made, and unto the house of the\r
+mighty.\r
+\r
+3:17 After him repaired the Levites, Rehum the son of Bani. Next unto\r
+him repaired Hashabiah, the ruler of the half part of Keilah, in his\r
+part.\r
+\r
+3:18 After him repaired their brethren, Bavai the son of Henadad, the\r
+ruler of the half part of Keilah.\r
+\r
+3:19 And next to him repaired Ezer the son of Jeshua, the ruler of\r
+Mizpah, another piece over against the going up to the armoury at the\r
+turning of the wall.\r
+\r
+3:20 After him Baruch the son of Zabbai earnestly repaired the other\r
+piece, from the turning of the wall unto the door of the house of\r
+Eliashib the high priest.\r
+\r
+3:21 After him repaired Meremoth the son of Urijah the son of Koz\r
+another piece, from the door of the house of Eliashib even to the end\r
+of the house of Eliashib.\r
+\r
+3:22 And after him repaired the priests, the men of the plain.\r
+\r
+3:23 After him repaired Benjamin and Hashub over against their house.\r
+\r
+After him repaired Azariah the son of Maaseiah the son of Ananiah by\r
+his house.\r
+\r
+3:24 After him repaired Binnui the son of Henadad another piece, from\r
+the house of Azariah unto the turning of the wall, even unto the\r
+corner.\r
+\r
+3:25 Palal the son of Uzai, over against the turning of the wall, and\r
+the tower which lieth out from the king's high house, that was by the\r
+court of the prison. After him Pedaiah the son of Parosh.\r
+\r
+3:26 Moreover the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel, unto the place over\r
+against the water gate toward the east, and the tower that lieth out.\r
+\r
+3:27 After them the Tekoites repaired another piece, over against the\r
+great tower that lieth out, even unto the wall of Ophel.\r
+\r
+3:28 From above the horse gate repaired the priests, every one over\r
+against his house.\r
+\r
+3:29 After them repaired Zadok the son of Immer over against his\r
+house.\r
+\r
+After him repaired also Shemaiah the son of Shechaniah, the keeper of\r
+the east gate.\r
+\r
+3:30 After him repaired Hananiah the son of Shelemiah, and Hanun the\r
+sixth son of Zalaph, another piece. After him repaired Meshullam the\r
+son of Berechiah over against his chamber.\r
+\r
+3:31 After him repaired Malchiah the goldsmith's son unto the place of\r
+the Nethinims, and of the merchants, over against the gate Miphkad,\r
+and to the going up of the corner.\r
+\r
+3:32 And between the going up of the corner unto the sheep gate\r
+repaired the goldsmiths and the merchants.\r
+\r
+4:1 But it came to pass, that when Sanballat heard that we builded the\r
+wall, he was wroth, and took great indignation, and mocked the Jews.\r
+\r
+4:2 And he spake before his brethren and the army of Samaria, and\r
+said, What do these feeble Jews? will they fortify themselves? will\r
+they sacrifice? will they make an end in a day? will they revive the\r
+stones out of the heaps of the rubbish which are burned? 4:3 Now\r
+Tobiah the Ammonite was by him, and he said, Even that which they\r
+build, if a fox go up, he shall even break down their stone wall.\r
+\r
+4:4 Hear, O our God; for we are despised: and turn their reproach upon\r
+their own head, and give them for a prey in the land of captivity: 4:5\r
+And cover not their iniquity, and let not their sin be blotted out\r
+from before thee: for they have provoked thee to anger before the\r
+builders.\r
+\r
+4:6 So built we the wall; and all the wall was joined together unto\r
+the half thereof: for the people had a mind to work.\r
+\r
+4:7 But it came to pass, that when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and the\r
+Arabians, and the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites, heard that the walls\r
+of Jerusalem were made up, and that the breaches began to be stopped,\r
+then they were very wroth, 4:8 And conspired all of them together to\r
+come and to fight against Jerusalem, and to hinder it.\r
+\r
+4:9 Nevertheless we made our prayer unto our God, and set a watch\r
+against them day and night, because of them.\r
+\r
+4:10 And Judah said, The strength of the bearers of burdens is\r
+decayed, and there is much rubbish; so that we are not able to build\r
+the wall.\r
+\r
+4:11 And our adversaries said, They shall not know, neither see, till\r
+we come in the midst among them, and slay them, and cause the work to\r
+cease.\r
+\r
+4:12 And it came to pass, that when the Jews which dwelt by them came,\r
+they said unto us ten times, From all places whence ye shall return\r
+unto us they will be upon you.\r
+\r
+4:13 Therefore set I in the lower places behind the wall, and on the\r
+higher places, I even set the people after their families with their\r
+swords, their spears, and their bows.\r
+\r
+4:14 And I looked, and rose up, and said unto the nobles, and to the\r
+rulers, and to the rest of the people, Be not ye afraid of them:\r
+remember the LORD, which is great and terrible, and fight for your\r
+brethren, your sons, and your daughters, your wives, and your houses.\r
+\r
+4:15 And it came to pass, when our enemies heard that it was known\r
+unto us, and God had brought their counsel to nought, that we returned\r
+all of us to the wall, every one unto his work.\r
+\r
+4:16 And it came to pass from that time forth, that the half of my\r
+servants wrought in the work, and the other half of them held both the\r
+spears, the shields, and the bows, and the habergeons; and the rulers\r
+were behind all the house of Judah.\r
+\r
+4:17 They which builded on the wall, and they that bare burdens, with\r
+those that laded, every one with one of his hands wrought in the work,\r
+and with the other hand held a weapon.\r
+\r
+4:18 For the builders, every one had his sword girded by his side, and\r
+so builded. And he that sounded the trumpet was by me.\r
+\r
+4:19 And I said unto the nobles, and to the rulers, and to the rest of\r
+the people, The work is great and large, and we are separated upon the\r
+wall, one far from another.\r
+\r
+4:20 In what place therefore ye hear the sound of the trumpet, resort\r
+ye thither unto us: our God shall fight for us.\r
+\r
+4:21 So we laboured in the work: and half of them held the spears from\r
+the rising of the morning till the stars appeared.\r
+\r
+4:22 Likewise at the same time said I unto the people, Let every one\r
+with his servant lodge within Jerusalem, that in the night they may be\r
+a guard to us, and labour on the day.\r
+\r
+4:23 So neither I, nor my brethren, nor my servants, nor the men of\r
+the guard which followed me, none of us put off our clothes, saving\r
+that every one put them off for washing.\r
+\r
+5:1 And there was a great cry of the people and of their wives against\r
+their brethren the Jews.\r
+\r
+5:2 For there were that said, We, our sons, and our daughters, are\r
+many: therefore we take up corn for them, that we may eat, and live.\r
+\r
+5:3 Some also there were that said, We have mortgaged our lands,\r
+vineyards, and houses, that we might buy corn, because of the dearth.\r
+\r
+5:4 There were also that said, We have borrowed money for the king's\r
+tribute, and that upon our lands and vineyards.\r
+\r
+5:5 Yet now our flesh is as the flesh of our brethren, our children as\r
+their children: and, lo, we bring into bondage our sons and our\r
+daughters to be servants, and some of our daughters are brought unto\r
+bondage already: neither is it in our power to redeem them; for other\r
+men have our lands and vineyards.\r
+\r
+5:6 And I was very angry when I heard their cry and these words.\r
+\r
+5:7 Then I consulted with myself, and I rebuked the nobles, and the\r
+rulers, and said unto them, Ye exact usury, every one of his brother.\r
+And I set a great assembly against them.\r
+\r
+5:8 And I said unto them, We after our ability have redeemed our\r
+brethren the Jews, which were sold unto the heathen; and will ye even\r
+sell your brethren? or shall they be sold unto us? Then held they\r
+their peace, and found nothing to answer.\r
+\r
+5:9 Also I said, It is not good that ye do: ought ye not to walk in\r
+the fear of our God because of the reproach of the heathen our\r
+enemies? 5:10 I likewise, and my brethren, and my servants, might\r
+exact of them money and corn: I pray you, let us leave off this usury.\r
+\r
+5:11 Restore, I pray you, to them, even this day, their lands, their\r
+vineyards, their oliveyards, and their houses, also the hundredth part\r
+of the money, and of the corn, the wine, and the oil, that ye exact of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+5:12 Then said they, We will restore them, and will require nothing of\r
+them; so will we do as thou sayest. Then I called the priests, and\r
+took an oath of them, that they should do according to this promise.\r
+\r
+5:13 Also I shook my lap, and said, So God shake out every man from\r
+his house, and from his labour, that performeth not this promise, even\r
+thus be he shaken out, and emptied. And all the congregation said,\r
+Amen, and praised the LORD. And the people did according to this\r
+promise.\r
+\r
+5:14 Moreover from the time that I was appointed to be their governor\r
+in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year even unto the two and\r
+thirtieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and my\r
+brethren have not eaten the bread of the governor.\r
+\r
+5:15 But the former governors that had been before me were chargeable\r
+unto the people, and had taken of them bread and wine, beside forty\r
+shekels of silver; yea, even their servants bare rule over the people:\r
+but so did not I, because of the fear of God.\r
+\r
+5:16 Yea, also I continued in the work of this wall, neither bought we\r
+any land: and all my servants were gathered thither unto the work.\r
+\r
+5:17 Moreover there were at my table an hundred and fifty of the Jews\r
+and rulers, beside those that came unto us from among the heathen that\r
+are about us.\r
+\r
+5:18 Now that which was prepared for me daily was one ox and six\r
+choice sheep; also fowls were prepared for me, and once in ten days\r
+store of all sorts of wine: yet for all this required not I the bread\r
+of the governor, because the bondage was heavy upon this people.\r
+\r
+5:19 Think upon me, my God, for good, according to all that I have\r
+done for this people.\r
+\r
+6:1 Now it came to pass when Sanballat, and Tobiah, and Geshem the\r
+Arabian, and the rest of our enemies, heard that I had builded the\r
+wall, and that there was no breach left therein; (though at that time\r
+I had not set up the doors upon the gates;) 6:2 That Sanballat and\r
+Geshem sent unto me, saying, Come, let us meet together in some one of\r
+the villages in the plain of Ono. But they thought to do me mischief.\r
+\r
+6:3 And I sent messengers unto them, saying, I am doing a great work,\r
+so that I cannot come down: why should the work cease, whilst I leave\r
+it, and come down to you? 6:4 Yet they sent unto me four times after\r
+this sort; and I answered them after the same manner.\r
+\r
+6:5 Then sent Sanballat his servant unto me in like manner the fifth\r
+time with an open letter in his hand; 6:6 Wherein was written, It is\r
+reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the\r
+Jews think to rebel: for which cause thou buildest the wall, that thou\r
+mayest be their king, according to these words.\r
+\r
+6:7 And thou hast also appointed prophets to preach of thee at\r
+Jerusalem, saying, There is a king in Judah: and now shall it be\r
+reported to the king according to these words. Come now therefore, and\r
+let us take counsel together.\r
+\r
+6:8 Then I sent unto him, saying, There are no such things done as\r
+thou sayest, but thou feignest them out of thine own heart.\r
+\r
+6:9 For they all made us afraid, saying, Their hands shall be weakened\r
+from the work, that it be not done. Now therefore, O God, strengthen\r
+my hands.\r
+\r
+6:10 Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah the son of Delaiah\r
+the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut up; and he said, Let us meet\r
+together in the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the\r
+doors of the temple: for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the\r
+night will they come to slay thee.\r
+\r
+6:11 And I said, Should such a man as I flee? and who is there, that,\r
+being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life? I will not\r
+go in.\r
+\r
+6:12 And, lo, I perceived that God had not sent him; but that he\r
+pronounced this prophecy against me: for Tobiah and Sanballat had\r
+hired him.\r
+\r
+6:13 Therefore was he hired, that I should be afraid, and do so, and\r
+sin, and that they might have matter for an evil report, that they\r
+might reproach me.\r
+\r
+6:14 My God, think thou upon Tobiah and Sanballat according to these\r
+their works, and on the prophetess Noadiah, and the rest of the\r
+prophets, that would have put me in fear.\r
+\r
+6:15 So the wall was finished in the twenty and fifth day of the month\r
+Elul, in fifty and two days.\r
+\r
+6:16 And it came to pass, that when all our enemies heard thereof, and\r
+all the heathen that were about us saw these things, they were much\r
+cast down in their own eyes: for they perceived that this work was\r
+wrought of our God.\r
+\r
+6:17 Moreover in those days the nobles of Judah sent many letters unto\r
+Tobiah, and the letters of Tobiah came unto them.\r
+\r
+6:18 For there were many in Judah sworn unto him, because he was the\r
+son in law of Shechaniah the son of Arah; and his son Johanan had\r
+taken the daughter of Meshullam the son of Berechiah.\r
+\r
+6:19 Also they reported his good deeds before me, and uttered my words\r
+to him. And Tobiah sent letters to put me in fear.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now it came to pass, when the wall was built, and I had set up the\r
+doors, and the porters and the singers and the Levites were appointed,\r
+7:2 That I gave my brother Hanani, and Hananiah the ruler of the\r
+palace, charge over Jerusalem: for he was a faithful man, and feared\r
+God above many.\r
+\r
+7:3 And I said unto them, Let not the gates of Jerusalem be opened\r
+until the sun be hot; and while they stand by, let them shut the\r
+doors, and bar them: and appoint watches of the inhabitants of\r
+Jerusalem, every one in his watch, and every one to be over against\r
+his house.\r
+\r
+7:4 Now the city was large and great: but the people were few therein,\r
+and the houses were not builded.\r
+\r
+7:5 And my God put into mine heart to gather together the nobles, and\r
+the rulers, and the people, that they might be reckoned by genealogy.\r
+And I found a register of the genealogy of them which came up at the\r
+first, and found written therein, 7:6 These are the children of the\r
+province, that went up out of the captivity, of those that had been\r
+carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried\r
+away, and came again to Jerusalem and to Judah, every one unto his\r
+city; 7:7 Who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah,\r
+Raamiah, Nahamani, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum,\r
+Baanah. The number, I say, of the men of the people of Israel was\r
+this; 7:8 The children of Parosh, two thousand an hundred seventy and\r
+two.\r
+\r
+7:9 The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy and two.\r
+\r
+7:10 The children of Arah, six hundred fifty and two.\r
+\r
+7:11 The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab,\r
+two thousand and eight hundred and eighteen.\r
+\r
+7:12 The children of Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and four.\r
+\r
+7:13 The children of Zattu, eight hundred forty and five.\r
+\r
+7:14 The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and threescore.\r
+\r
+7:15 The children of Binnui, six hundred forty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:16 The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:17 The children of Azgad, two thousand three hundred twenty and two.\r
+\r
+7:18 The children of Adonikam, six hundred threescore and seven.\r
+\r
+7:19 The children of Bigvai, two thousand threescore and seven.\r
+\r
+7:20 The children of Adin, six hundred fifty and five.\r
+\r
+7:21 The children of Ater of Hezekiah, ninety and eight.\r
+\r
+7:22 The children of Hashum, three hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:23 The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty and four.\r
+\r
+7:24 The children of Hariph, an hundred and twelve.\r
+\r
+7:25 The children of Gibeon, ninety and five.\r
+\r
+7:26 The men of Bethlehem and Netophah, an hundred fourscore and\r
+eight.\r
+\r
+7:27 The men of Anathoth, an hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:28 The men of Bethazmaveth, forty and two.\r
+\r
+7:29 The men of Kirjathjearim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred\r
+forty and three.\r
+\r
+7:30 The men of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred twenty and one.\r
+\r
+7:31 The men of Michmas, an hundred and twenty and two.\r
+\r
+7:32 The men of Bethel and Ai, an hundred twenty and three.\r
+\r
+7:33 The men of the other Nebo, fifty and two.\r
+\r
+7:34 The children of the other Elam, a thousand two hundred fifty and\r
+four.\r
+\r
+7:35 The children of Harim, three hundred and twenty.\r
+\r
+7:36 The children of Jericho, three hundred forty and five.\r
+\r
+7:37 The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty and\r
+one.\r
+\r
+7:38 The children of Senaah, three thousand nine hundred and thirty.\r
+\r
+7:39 The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua,\r
+nine hundred seventy and three.\r
+\r
+7:40 The children of Immer, a thousand fifty and two.\r
+\r
+7:41 The children of Pashur, a thousand two hundred forty and seven.\r
+\r
+7:42 The children of Harim, a thousand and seventeen.\r
+\r
+7:43 The Levites: the children of Jeshua, of Kadmiel, and of the\r
+children of Hodevah, seventy and four.\r
+\r
+7:44 The singers: the children of Asaph, an hundred forty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:45 The porters: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the\r
+children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the\r
+children of Shobai, an hundred thirty and eight.\r
+\r
+7:46 The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the children of Hashupha,\r
+the children of Tabbaoth, 7:47 The children of Keros, the children of\r
+Sia, the children of Padon, 7:48 The children of Lebana, the children\r
+of Hagaba, the children of Shalmai, 7:49 The children of Hanan, the\r
+children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, 7:50 The children of\r
+Reaiah, the children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, 7:51 The\r
+children of Gazzam, the children of Uzza, the children of Phaseah,\r
+7:52 The children of Besai, the children of Meunim, the children of\r
+Nephishesim, 7:53 The children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the\r
+children of Harhur, 7:54 The children of Bazlith, the children of\r
+Mehida, the children of Harsha, 7:55 The children of Barkos, the\r
+children of Sisera, the children of Tamah, 7:56 The children of\r
+Neziah, the children of Hatipha.\r
+\r
+7:57 The children of Solomon's servants: the children of Sotai, the\r
+children of Sophereth, the children of Perida, 7:58 The children of\r
+Jaala, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 7:59 The\r
+children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of\r
+Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of Amon.\r
+\r
+7:60 All the Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants, were\r
+three hundred ninety and two.\r
+\r
+7:61 And these were they which went up also from Telmelah, Telharesha,\r
+Cherub, Addon, and Immer: but they could not shew their father's\r
+house, nor their seed, whether they were of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:62 The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of\r
+Nekoda, six hundred forty and two.\r
+\r
+7:63 And of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz,\r
+the children of Barzillai, which took one of the daughters of\r
+Barzillai the Gileadite to wife, and was called after their name.\r
+\r
+7:64 These sought their register among those that were reckoned by\r
+genealogy, but it was not found: therefore were they, as polluted, put\r
+from the priesthood.\r
+\r
+7:65 And the Tirshatha said unto them, that they should not eat of the\r
+most holy things, till there stood up a priest with Urim and Thummim.\r
+\r
+7:66 The whole congregation together was forty and two thousand three\r
+hundred and threescore, 7:67 Beside their manservants and their\r
+maidservants, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty\r
+and seven: and they had two hundred forty and five singing men and\r
+singing women.\r
+\r
+7:68 Their horses, seven hundred thirty and six: their mules, two\r
+hundred forty and five: 7:69 Their camels, four hundred thirty and\r
+five: six thousand seven hundred and twenty asses.\r
+\r
+7:70 And some of the chief of the fathers gave unto the work. The\r
+Tirshatha gave to the treasure a thousand drams of gold, fifty basons,\r
+five hundred and thirty priests' garments.\r
+\r
+7:71 And some of the chief of the fathers gave to the treasure of the\r
+work twenty thousand drams of gold, and two thousand and two hundred\r
+pound of silver.\r
+\r
+7:72 And that which the rest of the people gave was twenty thousand\r
+drams of gold, and two thousand pound of silver, and threescore and\r
+seven priests' garments.\r
+\r
+7:73 So the priests, and the Levites, and the porters, and the\r
+singers, and some of the people, and the Nethinims, and all Israel,\r
+dwelt in their cities; and when the seventh month came, the children\r
+of Israel were in their cities.\r
+\r
+8:1 And all the people gathered themselves together as one man into\r
+the street that was before the water gate; and they spake unto Ezra\r
+the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which the LORD had\r
+commanded to Israel.\r
+\r
+8:2 And Ezra the priest brought the law before the congregation both\r
+of men and women, and all that could hear with understanding, upon the\r
+first day of the seventh month.\r
+\r
+8:3 And he read therein before the street that was before the water\r
+gate from the morning until midday, before the men and the women, and\r
+those that could understand; and the ears of all the people were\r
+attentive unto the book of the law.\r
+\r
+8:4 And Ezra the scribe stood upon a pulpit of wood, which they had\r
+made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and\r
+Anaiah, and Urijah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and\r
+on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchiah, and Hashum, and\r
+Hashbadana, Zechariah, and Meshullam.\r
+\r
+8:5 And Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people; (for he\r
+was above all the people;) and when he opened it, all the people stood\r
+up: 8:6 And Ezra blessed the LORD, the great God. And all the people\r
+answered, Amen, Amen, with lifting up their hands: and they bowed\r
+their heads, and worshipped the LORD with their faces to the ground.\r
+\r
+8:7 Also Jeshua, and Bani, and Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai,\r
+Hodijah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the\r
+Levites, caused the people to understand the law: and the people stood\r
+in their place.\r
+\r
+8:8 So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave\r
+the sense, and caused them to understand the reading.\r
+\r
+8:9 And Nehemiah, which is the Tirshatha, and Ezra the priest the\r
+scribe, and the Levites that taught the people, said unto all the\r
+people, This day is holy unto the LORD your God; mourn not, nor weep.\r
+For all the people wept, when they heard the words of the law.\r
+\r
+8:10 Then he said unto them, Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the\r
+sweet, and send portions unto them for whom nothing is prepared: for\r
+this day is holy unto our LORD: neither be ye sorry; for the joy of\r
+the LORD is your strength.\r
+\r
+8:11 So the Levites stilled all the people, saying, Hold your peace,\r
+for the day is holy; neither be ye grieved.\r
+\r
+8:12 And all the people went their way to eat, and to drink, and to\r
+send portions, and to make great mirth, because they had understood\r
+the words that were declared unto them.\r
+\r
+8:13 And on the second day were gathered together the chief of the\r
+fathers of all the people, the priests, and the Levites, unto Ezra the\r
+scribe, even to understand the words of the law.\r
+\r
+8:14 And they found written in the law which the LORD had commanded by\r
+Moses, that the children of Israel should dwell in booths in the feast\r
+of the seventh month: 8:15 And that they should publish and proclaim\r
+in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the\r
+mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle\r
+branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make\r
+booths, as it is written.\r
+\r
+8:16 So the people went forth, and brought them, and made themselves\r
+booths, every one upon the roof of his house, and in their courts, and\r
+in the courts of the house of God, and in the street of the water\r
+gate, and in the street of the gate of Ephraim.\r
+\r
+8:17 And all the congregation of them that were come again out of the\r
+captivity made booths, and sat under the booths: for since the days of\r
+Jeshua the son of Nun unto that day had not the children of Israel\r
+done so. And there was very great gladness.\r
+\r
+8:18 Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in\r
+the book of the law of God. And they kept the feast seven days; and on\r
+the eighth day was a solemn assembly, according unto the manner.\r
+\r
+9:1 Now in the twenty and fourth day of this month the children of\r
+Israel were assembled with fasting, and with sackclothes, and earth\r
+upon them.\r
+\r
+9:2 And the seed of Israel separated themselves from all strangers,\r
+and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+9:3 And they stood up in their place, and read in the book of the law\r
+of the LORD their God one fourth part of the day; and another fourth\r
+part they confessed, and worshipped the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+9:4 Then stood up upon the stairs, of the Levites, Jeshua, and Bani,\r
+Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah, Bani, and Chenani, and cried\r
+with a loud voice unto the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+9:5 Then the Levites, Jeshua, and Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabniah,\r
+Sherebiah, Hodijah, Shebaniah, and Pethahiah, said, Stand up and bless\r
+the LORD your God for ever and ever: and blessed be thy glorious name,\r
+which is exalted above all blessing and praise.\r
+\r
+9:6 Thou, even thou, art LORD alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven\r
+of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all things that are\r
+therein, the seas, and all that is therein, and thou preservest them\r
+all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee.\r
+\r
+9:7 Thou art the LORD the God, who didst choose Abram, and broughtest\r
+him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gavest him the name of\r
+Abraham; 9:8 And foundest his heart faithful before thee, and madest a\r
+covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites,\r
+the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Jebusites, and the\r
+Girgashites, to give it, I say, to his seed, and hast performed thy\r
+words; for thou art righteous: 9:9 And didst see the affliction of our\r
+fathers in Egypt, and heardest their cry by the Red sea; 9:10 And\r
+shewedst signs and wonders upon Pharaoh, and on all his servants, and\r
+on all the people of his land: for thou knewest that they dealt\r
+proudly against them. So didst thou get thee a name, as it is this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+9:11 And thou didst divide the sea before them, so that they went\r
+through the midst of the sea on the dry land; and their persecutors\r
+thou threwest into the deeps, as a stone into the mighty waters.\r
+\r
+9:12 Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in\r
+the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein\r
+they should go.\r
+\r
+9:13 Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them\r
+from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good\r
+statutes and commandments: 9:14 And madest known unto them thy holy\r
+sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the\r
+hand of Moses thy servant: 9:15 And gavest them bread from heaven for\r
+their hunger, and broughtest forth water for them out of the rock for\r
+their thirst, and promisedst them that they should go in to possess\r
+the land which thou hadst sworn to give them.\r
+\r
+9:16 But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened their necks,\r
+and hearkened not to thy commandments, 9:17 And refused to obey,\r
+neither were mindful of thy wonders that thou didst among them; but\r
+hardened their necks, and in their rebellion appointed a captain to\r
+return to their bondage: but thou art a God ready to pardon, gracious\r
+and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and forsookest\r
+them not.\r
+\r
+9:18 Yea, when they had made them a molten calf, and said, This is thy\r
+God that brought thee up out of Egypt, and had wrought great\r
+provocations; 9:19 Yet thou in thy manifold mercies forsookest them\r
+not in the wilderness: the pillar of the cloud departed not from them\r
+by day, to lead them in the way; neither the pillar of fire by night,\r
+to shew them light, and the way wherein they should go.\r
+\r
+9:20 Thou gavest also thy good spirit to instruct them, and\r
+withheldest not thy manna from their mouth, and gavest them water for\r
+their thirst.\r
+\r
+9:21 Yea, forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so\r
+that they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet\r
+swelled not.\r
+\r
+9:22 Moreover thou gavest them kingdoms and nations, and didst divide\r
+them into corners: so they possessed the land of Sihon, and the land\r
+of the king of Heshbon, and the land of Og king of Bashan.\r
+\r
+9:23 Their children also multipliedst thou as the stars of heaven, and\r
+broughtest them into the land, concerning which thou hadst promised to\r
+their fathers, that they should go in to possess it.\r
+\r
+9:24 So the children went in and possessed the land, and thou\r
+subduedst before them the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, and\r
+gavest them into their hands, with their kings, and the people of the\r
+land, that they might do with them as they would.\r
+\r
+9:25 And they took strong cities, and a fat land, and possessed houses\r
+full of all goods, wells digged, vineyards, and oliveyards, and fruit\r
+trees in abundance: so they did eat, and were filled, and became fat,\r
+and delighted themselves in thy great goodness.\r
+\r
+9:26 Nevertheless they were disobedient, and rebelled against thee,\r
+and cast thy law behind their backs, and slew thy prophets which\r
+testified against them to turn them to thee, and they wrought great\r
+provocations.\r
+\r
+9:27 Therefore thou deliveredst them into the hand of their enemies,\r
+who vexed them: and in the time of their trouble, when they cried unto\r
+thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and according to thy manifold\r
+mercies thou gavest them saviours, who saved them out of the hand of\r
+their enemies.\r
+\r
+9:28 But after they had rest, they did evil again before thee:\r
+therefore leftest thou them in the land of their enemies, so that they\r
+had the dominion over them: yet when they returned, and cried unto\r
+thee, thou heardest them from heaven; and many times didst thou\r
+deliver them according to thy mercies; 9:29 And testifiedst against\r
+them, that thou mightest bring them again unto thy law: yet they dealt\r
+proudly, and hearkened not unto thy commandments, but sinned against\r
+thy judgments, (which if a man do, he shall live in them;) and\r
+withdrew the shoulder, and hardened their neck, and would not hear.\r
+\r
+9:30 Yet many years didst thou forbear them, and testifiedst against\r
+them by thy spirit in thy prophets: yet would they not give ear:\r
+therefore gavest thou them into the hand of the people of the lands.\r
+\r
+9:31 Nevertheless for thy great mercies' sake thou didst not utterly\r
+consume them, nor forsake them; for thou art a gracious and merciful\r
+God.\r
+\r
+9:32 Now therefore, our God, the great, the mighty, and the terrible\r
+God, who keepest covenant and mercy, let not all the trouble seem\r
+little before thee, that hath come upon us, on our kings, on our\r
+princes, and on our priests, and on our prophets, and on our fathers,\r
+and on all thy people, since the time of the kings of Assyria unto\r
+this day.\r
+\r
+9:33 Howbeit thou art just in all that is brought upon us; for thou\r
+hast done right, but we have done wickedly: 9:34 Neither have our\r
+kings, our princes, our priests, nor our fathers, kept thy law, nor\r
+hearkened unto thy commandments and thy testimonies, wherewith thou\r
+didst testify against them.\r
+\r
+9:35 For they have not served thee in their kingdom, and in thy great\r
+goodness that thou gavest them, and in the large and fat land which\r
+thou gavest before them, neither turned they from their wicked works.\r
+\r
+9:36 Behold, we are servants this day, and for the land that thou\r
+gavest unto our fathers to eat the fruit thereof and the good thereof,\r
+behold, we are servants in it: 9:37 And it yieldeth much increase unto\r
+the kings whom thou hast set over us because of our sins: also they\r
+have dominion over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their pleasure,\r
+and we are in great distress.\r
+\r
+9:38 And because of all this we make a sure covenant, and write it;\r
+and our princes, Levites, and priests, seal unto it.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now those that sealed were, Nehemiah, the Tirshatha, the son of\r
+Hachaliah, and Zidkijah, 10:2 Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah, 10:3 Pashur,\r
+Amariah, Malchijah, 10:4 Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch, 10:5 Harim,\r
+Meremoth, Obadiah, 10:6 Daniel, Ginnethon, Baruch, 10:7 Meshullam,\r
+Abijah, Mijamin, 10:8 Maaziah, Bilgai, Shemaiah: these were the\r
+priests.\r
+\r
+10:9 And the Levites: both Jeshua the son of Azaniah, Binnui of the\r
+sons of Henadad, Kadmiel; 10:10 And their brethren, Shebaniah,\r
+Hodijah, Kelita, Pelaiah, Hanan, 10:11 Micha, Rehob, Hashabiah, 10:12\r
+Zaccur, Sherebiah, Shebaniah, 10:13 Hodijah, Bani, Beninu.\r
+\r
+10:14 The chief of the people; Parosh, Pahathmoab, Elam, Zatthu, Bani,\r
+10:15 Bunni, Azgad, Bebai, 10:16 Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin, 10:17 Ater,\r
+Hizkijah, Azzur, 10:18 Hodijah, Hashum, Bezai, 10:19 Hariph, Anathoth,\r
+Nebai, 10:20 Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir, 10:21 Meshezabeel, Zadok,\r
+Jaddua, 10:22 Pelatiah, Hanan, Anaiah, 10:23 Hoshea, Hananiah, Hashub,\r
+10:24 Hallohesh, Pileha, Shobek, 10:25 Rehum, Hashabnah, Maaseiah,\r
+10:26 And Ahijah, Hanan, Anan, 10:27 Malluch, Harim, Baanah.\r
+\r
+10:28 And the rest of the people, the priests, the Levites, the\r
+porters, the singers, the Nethinims, and all they that had separated\r
+themselves from the people of the lands unto the law of God, their\r
+wives, their sons, and their daughters, every one having knowledge,\r
+and having understanding; 10:29 They clave to their brethren, their\r
+nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God's\r
+law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and\r
+do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and his judgments and\r
+his statutes; 10:30 And that we would not give our daughters unto the\r
+people of the land, not take their daughters for our sons: 10:31 And\r
+if the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath\r
+day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the sabbath, or on\r
+the holy day: and that we would leave the seventh year, and the\r
+exaction of every debt.\r
+\r
+10:32 Also we made ordinances for us, to charge ourselves yearly with\r
+the third part of a shekel for the service of the house of our God;\r
+10:33 For the shewbread, and for the continual meat offering, and for\r
+the continual burnt offering, of the sabbaths, of the new moons, for\r
+the set feasts, and for the holy things, and for the sin offerings to\r
+make an atonement for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our\r
+God.\r
+\r
+10:34 And we cast the lots among the priests, the Levites, and the\r
+people, for the wood offering, to bring it into the house of our God,\r
+after the houses of our fathers, at times appointed year by year, to\r
+burn upon the altar of the LORD our God, as it is written in the law:\r
+10:35 And to bring the firstfruits of our ground, and the firstfruits\r
+of all fruit of all trees, year by year, unto the house of the LORD:\r
+10:36 Also the firstborn of our sons, and of our cattle, as it is\r
+written in the law, and the firstlings of our herds and of our flocks,\r
+to bring to the house of our God, unto the priests that minister in\r
+the house of our God: 10:37 And that we should bring the firstfruits\r
+of our dough, and our offerings, and the fruit of all manner of trees,\r
+of wine and of oil, unto the priests, to the chambers of the house of\r
+our God; and the tithes of our ground unto the Levites, that the same\r
+Levites might have the tithes in all the cities of our tillage.\r
+\r
+10:38 And the priest the son of Aaron shall be with the Levites, when\r
+the Levites take tithes: and the Levites shall bring up the tithe of\r
+the tithes unto the house of our God, to the chambers, into the\r
+treasure house.\r
+\r
+10:39 For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring\r
+the offering of the corn, of the new wine, and the oil, unto the\r
+chambers, where are the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests that\r
+minister, and the porters, and the singers: and we will not forsake\r
+the house of our God.\r
+\r
+11:1 And the rulers of the people dwelt at Jerusalem: the rest of the\r
+people also cast lots, to bring one of ten to dwell in Jerusalem the\r
+holy city, and nine parts to dwell in other cities.\r
+\r
+11:2 And the people blessed all the men, that willingly offered\r
+themselves to dwell at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+11:3 Now these are the chief of the province that dwelt in Jerusalem:\r
+but in the cities of Judah dwelt every one in his possession in their\r
+cities, to wit, Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the\r
+Nethinims, and the children of Solomon's servants.\r
+\r
+11:4 And at Jerusalem dwelt certain of the children of Judah, and of\r
+the children of Benjamin. Of the children of Judah; Athaiah the son of\r
+Uzziah, the son of Zechariah, the son of Amariah, the son of\r
+Shephatiah, the son of Mahalaleel, of the children of Perez; 11:5 And\r
+Maaseiah the son of Baruch, the son of Colhozeh, the son of Hazaiah,\r
+the son of Adaiah, the son of Joiarib, the son of Zechariah, the son\r
+of Shiloni.\r
+\r
+11:6 All the sons of Perez that dwelt at Jerusalem were four hundred\r
+threescore and eight valiant men.\r
+\r
+11:7 And these are the sons of Benjamin; Sallu the son of Meshullam,\r
+the son of Joed, the son of Pedaiah, the son of Kolaiah, the son of\r
+Maaseiah, the son of Ithiel, the son of Jesaiah.\r
+\r
+11:8 And after him Gabbai, Sallai, nine hundred twenty and eight.\r
+\r
+11:9 And Joel the son of Zichri was their overseer: and Judah the son\r
+of Senuah was second over the city.\r
+\r
+11:10 Of the priests: Jedaiah the son of Joiarib, Jachin.\r
+\r
+11:11 Seraiah the son of Hilkiah, the son of Meshullam, the son of\r
+Zadok, the son of Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, was the ruler of the\r
+house of God.\r
+\r
+11:12 And their brethren that did the work of the house were eight\r
+hundred twenty and two: and Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of\r
+Pelaliah, the son of Amzi, the son of Zechariah, the son of Pashur,\r
+the son of Malchiah.\r
+\r
+11:13 And his brethren, chief of the fathers, two hundred forty and\r
+two: and Amashai the son of Azareel, the son of Ahasai, the son of\r
+Meshillemoth, the son of Immer, 11:14 And their brethren, mighty men\r
+of valour, an hundred twenty and eight: and their overseer was\r
+Zabdiel, the son of one of the great men.\r
+\r
+11:15 Also of the Levites: Shemaiah the son of Hashub, the son of\r
+Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Bunni; 11:16 And Shabbethai\r
+and Jozabad, of the chief of the Levites, had the oversight of the\r
+outward business of the house of God.\r
+\r
+11:17 And Mattaniah the son of Micha, the son of Zabdi, the son of\r
+Asaph, was the principal to begin the thanksgiving in prayer: and\r
+Bakbukiah the second among his brethren, and Abda the son of Shammua,\r
+the son of Galal, the son of Jeduthun.\r
+\r
+11:18 All the Levites in the holy city were two hundred fourscore and\r
+four.\r
+\r
+11:19 Moreover the porters, Akkub, Talmon, and their brethren that\r
+kept the gates, were an hundred seventy and two.\r
+\r
+11:20 And the residue of Israel, of the priests, and the Levites, were\r
+in all the cities of Judah, every one in his inheritance.\r
+\r
+11:21 But the Nethinims dwelt in Ophel: and Ziha and Gispa were over\r
+the Nethinims.\r
+\r
+11:22 The overseer also of the Levites at Jerusalem was Uzzi the son\r
+of Bani, the son of Hashabiah, the son of Mattaniah, the son of Micha.\r
+Of the sons of Asaph, the singers were over the business of the house\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+11:23 For it was the king's commandment concerning them, that a\r
+certain portion should be for the singers, due for every day.\r
+\r
+11:24 And Pethahiah the son of Meshezabeel, of the children of Zerah\r
+the son of Judah, was at the king's hand in all matters concerning the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+11:25 And for the villages, with their fields, some of the children of\r
+Judah dwelt at Kirjatharba, and in the villages thereof, and at Dibon,\r
+and in the villages thereof, and at Jekabzeel, and in the villages\r
+thereof, 11:26 And at Jeshua, and at Moladah, and at Bethphelet, 11:27\r
+And at Hazarshual, and at Beersheba, and in the villages thereof,\r
+11:28 And at Ziklag, and at Mekonah, and in the villages thereof,\r
+11:29 And at Enrimmon, and at Zareah, and at Jarmuth, 11:30 Zanoah,\r
+Adullam, and in their villages, at Lachish, and the fields thereof, at\r
+Azekah, and in the villages thereof. And they dwelt from Beersheba\r
+unto the valley of Hinnom.\r
+\r
+11:31 The children also of Benjamin from Geba dwelt at Michmash, and\r
+Aija, and Bethel, and in their villages.\r
+\r
+11:32 And at Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah, 11:33 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim,\r
+11:34 Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat, 11:35 Lod, and Ono, the valley of\r
+craftsmen.\r
+\r
+11:36 And of the Levites were divisions in Judah, and in Benjamin.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now these are the priests and the Levites that went up with\r
+Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua: Seraiah, Jeremiah, Ezra,\r
+12:2 Amariah, Malluch, Hattush, 12:3 Shechaniah, Rehum, Meremoth, 12:4\r
+Iddo, Ginnetho, Abijah, 12:5 Miamin, Maadiah, Bilgah, 12:6 Shemaiah,\r
+and Joiarib, Jedaiah, 12:7 Sallu, Amok, Hilkiah, Jedaiah. These were\r
+the chief of the priests and of their brethren in the days of Jeshua.\r
+\r
+12:8 Moreover the Levites: Jeshua, Binnui, Kadmiel, Sherebiah, Judah,\r
+and Mattaniah, which was over the thanksgiving, he and his brethren.\r
+\r
+12:9 Also Bakbukiah and Unni, their brethren, were over against them\r
+in the watches.\r
+\r
+12:10 And Jeshua begat Joiakim, Joiakim also begat Eliashib, and\r
+Eliashib begat Joiada, 12:11 And Joiada begat Jonathan, and Jonathan\r
+begat Jaddua.\r
+\r
+12:12 And in the days of Joiakim were priests, the chief of the\r
+fathers: of Seraiah, Meraiah; of Jeremiah, Hananiah; 12:13 Of Ezra,\r
+Meshullam; of Amariah, Jehohanan; 12:14 Of Melicu, Jonathan; of\r
+Shebaniah, Joseph; 12:15 Of Harim, Adna; of Meraioth, Helkai; 12:16 Of\r
+Iddo, Zechariah; of Ginnethon, Meshullam; 12:17 Of Abijah, Zichri; of\r
+Miniamin, of Moadiah, Piltai: 12:18 Of Bilgah, Shammua; of Shemaiah,\r
+Jehonathan; 12:19 And of Joiarib, Mattenai; of Jedaiah, Uzzi; 12:20 Of\r
+Sallai, Kallai; of Amok, Eber; 12:21 Of Hilkiah, Hashabiah; of\r
+Jedaiah, Nethaneel.\r
+\r
+12:22 The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and\r
+Jaddua, were recorded chief of the fathers: also the priests, to the\r
+reign of Darius the Persian.\r
+\r
+12:23 The sons of Levi, the chief of the fathers, were written in the\r
+book of the chronicles, even until the days of Johanan the son of\r
+Eliashib.\r
+\r
+12:24 And the chief of the Levites: Hashabiah, Sherebiah, and Jeshua\r
+the son of Kadmiel, with their brethren over against them, to praise\r
+and to give thanks, according to the commandment of David the man of\r
+God, ward over against ward.\r
+\r
+12:25 Mattaniah, and Bakbukiah, Obadiah, Meshullam, Talmon, Akkub,\r
+were porters keeping the ward at the thresholds of the gates.\r
+\r
+12:26 These were in the days of Joiakim the son of Jeshua, the son of\r
+Jozadak, and in the days of Nehemiah the governor, and of Ezra the\r
+priest, the scribe.\r
+\r
+12:27 And at the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem they sought the\r
+Levites out of all their places, to bring them to Jerusalem, to keep\r
+the dedication with gladness, both with thanksgivings, and with\r
+singing, with cymbals, psalteries, and with harps.\r
+\r
+12:28 And the sons of the singers gathered themselves together, both\r
+out of the plain country round about Jerusalem, and from the villages\r
+of Netophathi; 12:29 Also from the house of Gilgal, and out of the\r
+fields of Geba and Azmaveth: for the singers had builded them villages\r
+round about Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:30 And the priests and the Levites purified themselves, and\r
+purified the people, and the gates, and the wall.\r
+\r
+12:31 Then I brought up the princes of Judah upon the wall, and\r
+appointed two great companies of them that gave thanks, whereof one\r
+went on the right hand upon the wall toward the dung gate: 12:32 And\r
+after them went Hoshaiah, and half of the princes of Judah, 12:33 And\r
+Azariah, Ezra, and Meshullam, 12:34 Judah, and Benjamin, and Shemaiah,\r
+and Jeremiah, 12:35 And certain of the priests' sons with trumpets;\r
+namely, Zechariah the son of Jonathan, the son of Shemaiah, the son of\r
+Mattaniah, the son of Michaiah, the son of Zaccur, the son of Asaph:\r
+12:36 And his brethren, Shemaiah, and Azarael, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai,\r
+Nethaneel, and Judah, Hanani, with the musical instruments of David\r
+the man of God, and Ezra the scribe before them.\r
+\r
+12:37 And at the fountain gate, which was over against them, they went\r
+up by the stairs of the city of David, at the going up of the wall,\r
+above the house of David, even unto the water gate eastward.\r
+\r
+12:38 And the other company of them that gave thanks went over against\r
+them, and I after them, and the half of the people upon the wall, from\r
+beyond the tower of the furnaces even unto the broad wall; 12:39 And\r
+from above the gate of Ephraim, and above the old gate, and above the\r
+fish gate, and the tower of Hananeel, and the tower of Meah, even unto\r
+the sheep gate: and they stood still in the prison gate.\r
+\r
+12:40 So stood the two companies of them that gave thanks in the house\r
+of God, and I, and the half of the rulers with me: 12:41 And the\r
+priests; Eliakim, Maaseiah, Miniamin, Michaiah, Elioenai, Zechariah,\r
+and Hananiah, with trumpets; 12:42 And Maaseiah, and Shemaiah, and\r
+Eleazar, and Uzzi, and Jehohanan, and Malchijah, and Elam, and Ezer.\r
+And the singers sang loud, with Jezrahiah their overseer.\r
+\r
+12:43 Also that day they offered great sacrifices, and rejoiced: for\r
+God had made them rejoice with great joy: the wives also and the\r
+children rejoiced: so that the joy of Jerusalem was heard even afar\r
+off.\r
+\r
+12:44 And at that time were some appointed over the chambers for the\r
+treasures, for the offerings, for the firstfruits, and for the tithes,\r
+to gather into them out of the fields of the cities the portions of\r
+the law for the priests and Levites: for Judah rejoiced for the\r
+priests and for the Levites that waited.\r
+\r
+12:45 And both the singers and the porters kept the ward of their God,\r
+and the ward of the purification, according to the commandment of\r
+David, and of Solomon his son.\r
+\r
+12:46 For in the days of David and Asaph of old there were chief of\r
+the singers, and songs of praise and thanksgiving unto God.\r
+\r
+12:47 And all Israel in the days of Zerubbabel, and in the days of\r
+Nehemiah, gave the portions of the singers and the porters, every day\r
+his portion: and they sanctified holy things unto the Levites; and the\r
+Levites sanctified them unto the children of Aaron.\r
+\r
+13:1 On that day they read in the book of Moses in the audience of the\r
+people; and therein was found written, that the Ammonite and the\r
+Moabite should not come into the congregation of God for ever; 13:2\r
+Because they met not the children of Israel with bread and with water,\r
+but hired Balaam against them, that he should curse them: howbeit our\r
+God turned the curse into a blessing.\r
+\r
+13:3 Now it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they\r
+separated from Israel all the mixed multitude.\r
+\r
+13:4 And before this, Eliashib the priest, having the oversight of the\r
+chamber of the house of our God, was allied unto Tobiah: 13:5 And he\r
+had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid the\r
+meat offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the tithes of\r
+the corn, the new wine, and the oil, which was commanded to be given\r
+to the Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and the offerings of\r
+the priests.\r
+\r
+13:6 But in all this time was not I at Jerusalem: for in the two and\r
+thirtieth year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon came I unto the king, and\r
+after certain days obtained I leave of the king: 13:7 And I came to\r
+Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah, in\r
+preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God.\r
+\r
+13:8 And it grieved me sore: therefore I cast forth all the household\r
+stuff to Tobiah out of the chamber.\r
+\r
+13:9 Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers: and thither\r
+brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat\r
+offering and the frankincense.\r
+\r
+13:10 And I perceived that the portions of the Levites had not been\r
+given them: for the Levites and the singers, that did the work, were\r
+fled every one to his field.\r
+\r
+13:11 Then contended I with the rulers, and said, Why is the house of\r
+God forsaken? And I gathered them together, and set them in their\r
+place.\r
+\r
+13:12 Then brought all Judah the tithe of the corn and the new wine\r
+and the oil unto the treasuries.\r
+\r
+13:13 And I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest,\r
+and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah: and next to them\r
+was Hanan the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah: for they were\r
+counted faithful, and their office was to distribute unto their\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+13:14 Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good\r
+deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the offices\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+13:15 In those days saw I in Judah some treading wine presses on the\r
+sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and lading asses; as also wine,\r
+grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into\r
+Jerusalem on the sabbath day: and I testified against them in the day\r
+wherein they sold victuals.\r
+\r
+13:16 There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, which brought fish, and\r
+all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children of\r
+Judah, and in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:17 Then I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them,\r
+What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day?\r
+13:18 Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this\r
+evil upon us, and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel\r
+by profaning the sabbath.\r
+\r
+13:19 And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to\r
+be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut,\r
+and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and\r
+some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be\r
+brought in on the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+13:20 So the merchants and sellers of all kind of ware lodged without\r
+Jerusalem once or twice.\r
+\r
+13:21 Then I testified against them, and said unto them, Why lodge ye\r
+about the wall? if ye do so again, I will lay hands on you. From that\r
+time forth came they no more on the sabbath.\r
+\r
+13:22 And I commanded the Levites that they should cleanse themselves,\r
+and that they should come and keep the gates, to sanctify the sabbath\r
+day.\r
+\r
+Remember me, O my God, concerning this also, and spare me according to\r
+the greatness of thy mercy.\r
+\r
+13:23 In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod,\r
+of Ammon, and of Moab: 13:24 And their children spake half in the\r
+speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but\r
+according to the language of each people.\r
+\r
+13:25 And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of\r
+them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying,\r
+Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their\r
+daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves.\r
+\r
+13:26 Did not Solomon king of Israel sin by these things? yet among\r
+many nations was there no king like him, who was beloved of his God,\r
+and God made him king over all Israel: nevertheless even him did\r
+outlandish women cause to sin.\r
+\r
+13:27 Shall we then hearken unto you to do all this great evil, to\r
+transgress against our God in marrying strange wives? 13:28 And one\r
+of the sons of Joiada, the son of Eliashib the high priest, was son in\r
+law to Sanballat the Horonite: therefore I chased him from me.\r
+\r
+13:29 Remember them, O my God, because they have defiled the\r
+priesthood, and the covenant of the priesthood, and of the Levites.\r
+\r
+13:30 Thus cleansed I them from all strangers, and appointed the wards\r
+of the priests and the Levites, every one in his business; 13:31 And\r
+for the wood offering, at times appointed, and for the firstfruits.\r
+Remember me, O my God, for good.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Esther\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now it came to pass in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus\r
+which reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and\r
+seven and twenty provinces:) 1:2 That in those days, when the king\r
+Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Shushan the\r
+palace, 1:3 In the third year of his reign, he made a feast unto all\r
+his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the\r
+nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him: 1:4 When he\r
+shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honour of his\r
+excellent majesty many days, even an hundred and fourscore days.\r
+\r
+1:5 And when these days were expired, the king made a feast unto all\r
+the people that were present in Shushan the palace, both unto great\r
+and small, seven days, in the court of the garden of the king's\r
+palace; 1:6 Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with\r
+cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble:\r
+the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and blue,\r
+and white, and black, marble.\r
+\r
+1:7 And they gave them drink in vessels of gold, (the vessels being\r
+diverse one from another,) and royal wine in abundance, according to\r
+the state of the king.\r
+\r
+1:8 And the drinking was according to the law; none did compel: for so\r
+the king had appointed to all the officers of his house, that they\r
+should do according to every man's pleasure.\r
+\r
+1:9 Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal\r
+house which belonged to king Ahasuerus.\r
+\r
+1:10 On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with\r
+wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha,\r
+Zethar, and Carcas, the seven chamberlains that served in the presence\r
+of Ahasuerus the king, 1:11 To bring Vashti the queen before the king\r
+with the crown royal, to shew the people and the princes her beauty:\r
+for she was fair to look on.\r
+\r
+1:12 But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king's commandment by\r
+his chamberlains: therefore was the king very wroth, and his anger\r
+burned in him.\r
+\r
+1:13 Then the king said to the wise men, which knew the times, (for so\r
+was the king's manner toward all that knew law and judgment: 1:14 And\r
+the next unto him was Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres,\r
+Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, which saw\r
+the king's face, and which sat the first in the kingdom;) 1:15 What\r
+shall we do unto the queen Vashti according to law, because she hath\r
+not performed the commandment of the king Ahasuerus by the\r
+chamberlains? 1:16 And Memucan answered before the king and the\r
+princes, Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but\r
+also to all the princes, and to all the people that are in all the\r
+provinces of the king Ahasuerus.\r
+\r
+1:17 For this deed of the queen shall come abroad unto all women, so\r
+that they shall despise their husbands in their eyes, when it shall be\r
+reported, The king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought\r
+in before him, but she came not.\r
+\r
+1:18 Likewise shall the ladies of Persia and Media say this day unto\r
+all the king's princes, which have heard of the deed of the queen.\r
+Thus shall there arise too much contempt and wrath.\r
+\r
+1:19 If it please the king, let there go a royal commandment from him,\r
+and let it be written among the laws of the Persians and the Medes,\r
+that it be not altered, That Vashti come no more before king\r
+Ahasuerus; and let the king give her royal estate unto another that is\r
+better than she.\r
+\r
+1:20 And when the king's decree which he shall make shall be published\r
+throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give\r
+to their husbands honour, both to great and small.\r
+\r
+1:21 And the saying pleased the king and the princes; and the king did\r
+according to the word of Memucan: 1:22 For he sent letters into all\r
+the king's provinces, into every province according to the writing\r
+thereof, and to every people after their language, that every man\r
+should bear rule in his own house, and that it should be published\r
+according to the language of every people.\r
+\r
+2:1 After these things, when the wrath of king Ahasuerus was appeased,\r
+he remembered Vashti, and what she had done, and what was decreed\r
+against her.\r
+\r
+2:2 Then said the king's servants that ministered unto him, Let there\r
+be fair young virgins sought for the king: 2:3 And let the king\r
+appoint officers in all the provinces of his kingdom, that they may\r
+gather together all the fair young virgins unto Shushan the palace, to\r
+the house of the women, unto the custody of Hege the king's\r
+chamberlain, keeper of the women; and let their things for\r
+purification be given them: 2:4 And let the maiden which pleaseth the\r
+king be queen instead of Vashti.\r
+\r
+And the thing pleased the king; and he did so.\r
+\r
+2:5 Now in Shushan the palace there was a certain Jew, whose name was\r
+Mordecai, the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a\r
+Benjamite; 2:6 Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the\r
+captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah,\r
+whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away.\r
+\r
+2:7 And he brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter:\r
+for she had neither father nor mother, and the maid was fair and\r
+beautiful; whom Mordecai, when her father and mother were dead, took\r
+for his own daughter.\r
+\r
+2:8 So it came to pass, when the king's commandment and his decree was\r
+heard, and when many maidens were gathered together unto Shushan the\r
+palace, to the custody of Hegai, that Esther was brought also unto the\r
+king's house, to the custody of Hegai, keeper of the women.\r
+\r
+2:9 And the maiden pleased him, and she obtained kindness of him; and\r
+he speedily gave her her things for purification, with such things as\r
+belonged to her, and seven maidens, which were meet to be given her,\r
+out of the king's house: and he preferred her and her maids unto the\r
+best place of the house of the women.\r
+\r
+2:10 Esther had not shewed her people nor her kindred: for Mordecai\r
+had charged her that she should not shew it.\r
+\r
+2:11 And Mordecai walked every day before the court of the women's\r
+house, to know how Esther did, and what should become of her.\r
+\r
+2:12 Now when every maid's turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus,\r
+after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the\r
+women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, to\r
+wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours,\r
+and with other things for the purifying of the women;) 2:13 Then thus\r
+came every maiden unto the king; whatsoever she desired was given her\r
+to go with her out of the house of the women unto the king's house.\r
+\r
+2:14 In the evening she went, and on the morrow she returned into the\r
+second house of the women, to the custody of Shaashgaz, the king's\r
+chamberlain, which kept the concubines: she came in unto the king no\r
+more, except the king delighted in her, and that she were called by\r
+name.\r
+\r
+2:15 Now when the turn of Esther, the daughter of Abihail the uncle of\r
+Mordecai, who had taken her for his daughter, was come to go in unto\r
+the king, she required nothing but what Hegai the king's chamberlain,\r
+the keeper of the women, appointed. And Esther obtained favour in the\r
+sight of all them that looked upon her.\r
+\r
+2:16 So Esther was taken unto king Ahasuerus into his house royal in\r
+the tenth month, which is the month Tebeth, in the seventh year of his\r
+reign.\r
+\r
+2:17 And the king loved Esther above all the women, and she obtained\r
+grace and favour in his sight more than all the virgins; so that he\r
+set the royal crown upon her head, and made her queen instead of\r
+Vashti.\r
+\r
+2:18 Then the king made a great feast unto all his princes and his\r
+servants, even Esther's feast; and he made a release to the provinces,\r
+and gave gifts, according to the state of the king.\r
+\r
+2:19 And when the virgins were gathered together the second time, then\r
+Mordecai sat in the king's gate.\r
+\r
+2:20 Esther had not yet shewed her kindred nor her people; as Mordecai\r
+had charged her: for Esther did the commandment of Mordecai, like as\r
+when she was brought up with him.\r
+\r
+2:21 In those days, while Mordecai sat in the king's gate, two of the\r
+king's chamberlains, Bigthan and Teresh, of those which kept the door,\r
+were wroth, and sought to lay hands on the king Ahasuerus.\r
+\r
+2:22 And the thing was known to Mordecai, who told it unto Esther the\r
+queen; and Esther certified the king thereof in Mordecai's name.\r
+\r
+2:23 And when inquisition was made of the matter, it was found out;\r
+therefore they were both hanged on a tree: and it was written in the\r
+book of the chronicles before the king.\r
+\r
+3:1 After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of\r
+Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all\r
+the princes that were with him.\r
+\r
+3:2 And all the king's servants, that were in the king's gate, bowed,\r
+and reverenced Haman: for the king had so commanded concerning him.\r
+But Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence.\r
+\r
+3:3 Then the king's servants, which were in the king's gate, said unto\r
+Mordecai, Why transgressest thou the king's commandment? 3:4 Now it\r
+came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not\r
+unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai's matters\r
+would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew.\r
+\r
+3:5 And when Haman saw that Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence,\r
+then was Haman full of wrath.\r
+\r
+3:6 And he thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone; for they had\r
+shewed him the people of Mordecai: wherefore Haman sought to destroy\r
+all the Jews that were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus, even\r
+the people of Mordecai.\r
+\r
+3:7 In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year\r
+of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from\r
+day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is,\r
+the month Adar.\r
+\r
+3:8 And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people\r
+scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces\r
+of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither\r
+keep they the king's laws: therefore it is not for the king's profit\r
+to suffer them.\r
+\r
+3:9 If it please the king, let it be written that they may be\r
+destroyed: and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver to the hands\r
+of those that have the charge of the business, to bring it into the\r
+king's treasuries.\r
+\r
+3:10 And the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman\r
+the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, the Jews' enemy.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the king said unto Haman, The silver is given to thee, the\r
+people also, to do with them as it seemeth good to thee.\r
+\r
+3:12 Then were the king's scribes called on the thirteenth day of the\r
+first month, and there was written according to all that Haman had\r
+commanded unto the king's lieutenants, and to the governors that were\r
+over every province, and to the rulers of every people of every\r
+province according to the writing thereof, and to every people after\r
+their language; in the name of king Ahasuerus was it written, and\r
+sealed with the king's ring.\r
+\r
+3:13 And the letters were sent by posts into all the king's provinces,\r
+to destroy, to kill, and to cause to perish, all Jews, both young and\r
+old, little children and women, in one day, even upon the thirteenth\r
+day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar, and to take the\r
+spoil of them for a prey.\r
+\r
+3:14 The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every\r
+province was published unto all people, that they should be ready\r
+against that day.\r
+\r
+3:15 The posts went out, being hastened by the king's commandment, and\r
+the decree was given in Shushan the palace. And the king and Haman sat\r
+down to drink; but the city Shushan was perplexed.\r
+\r
+4:1 When Mordecai perceived all that was done, Mordecai rent his\r
+clothes, and put on sackcloth with ashes, and went out into the midst\r
+of the city, and cried with a loud and a bitter cry; 4:2 And came even\r
+before the king's gate: for none might enter into the king's gate\r
+clothed with sackcloth.\r
+\r
+4:3 And in every province, whithersoever the king's commandment and\r
+his decree came, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting,\r
+and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes.\r
+\r
+4:4 So Esther's maids and her chamberlains came and told it her. Then\r
+was the queen exceedingly grieved; and she sent raiment to clothe\r
+Mordecai, and to take away his sackcloth from him: but he received it\r
+not.\r
+\r
+4:5 Then called Esther for Hatach, one of the king's chamberlains,\r
+whom he had appointed to attend upon her, and gave him a commandment\r
+to Mordecai, to know what it was, and why it was.\r
+\r
+4:6 So Hatach went forth to Mordecai unto the street of the city,\r
+which was before the king's gate.\r
+\r
+4:7 And Mordecai told him of all that had happened unto him, and of\r
+the sum of the money that Haman had promised to pay to the king's\r
+treasuries for the Jews, to destroy them.\r
+\r
+4:8 Also he gave him the copy of the writing of the decree that was\r
+given at Shushan to destroy them, to shew it unto Esther, and to\r
+declare it unto her, and to charge her that she should go in unto the\r
+king, to make supplication unto him, and to make request before him\r
+for her people.\r
+\r
+4:9 And Hatach came and told Esther the words of Mordecai.\r
+\r
+4:10 Again Esther spake unto Hatach, and gave him commandment unto\r
+Mordecai; 4:11 All the king's servants, and the people of the king's\r
+provinces, do know, that whosoever, whether man or women, shall come\r
+unto the king into the inner court, who is not called, there is one\r
+law of his to put him to death, except such to whom the king shall\r
+hold out the golden sceptre, that he may live: but I have not been\r
+called to come in unto the king these thirty days.\r
+\r
+4:12 And they told to Mordecai Esther's words.\r
+\r
+4:13 Then Mordecai commanded to answer Esther, Think not with thyself\r
+that thou shalt escape in the king's house, more than all the Jews.\r
+\r
+4:14 For if thou altogether holdest thy peace at this time, then shall\r
+there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another\r
+place; but thou and thy father's house shall be destroyed: and who\r
+knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this?\r
+4:15 Then Esther bade them return Mordecai this answer, 4:16 Go,\r
+gather together all the Jews that are present in Shushan, and fast ye\r
+for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day: I also and\r
+my maidens will fast likewise; and so will I go in unto the king,\r
+which is not according to the law: and if I perish, I perish.\r
+\r
+4:17 So Mordecai went his way, and did according to all that Esther\r
+had commanded him.\r
+\r
+5:1 Now it came to pass on the third day, that Esther put on her royal\r
+apparel, and stood in the inner court of the king's house, over\r
+against the king's house: and the king sat upon his royal throne in\r
+the royal house, over against the gate of the house.\r
+\r
+5:2 And it was so, when the king saw Esther the queen standing in the\r
+court, that she obtained favour in his sight: and the king held out to\r
+Esther the golden sceptre that was in his hand. So Esther drew near,\r
+and touched the top of the sceptre.\r
+\r
+5:3 Then said the king unto her, What wilt thou, queen Esther? and\r
+what is thy request? it shall be even given thee to the half of the\r
+kingdom.\r
+\r
+5:4 And Esther answered, If it seem good unto the king, let the king\r
+and Haman come this day unto the banquet that I have prepared for him.\r
+\r
+5:5 Then the king said, Cause Haman to make haste, that he may do as\r
+Esther hath said. So the king and Haman came to the banquet that\r
+Esther had prepared.\r
+\r
+5:6 And the king said unto Esther at the banquet of wine, What is thy\r
+petition? and it shall be granted thee: and what is thy request? even\r
+to the half of the kingdom it shall be performed.\r
+\r
+5:7 Then answered Esther, and said, My petition and my request is; 5:8\r
+If I have found favour in the sight of the king, and if it please the\r
+king to grant my petition, and to perform my request, let the king and\r
+Haman come to the banquet that I shall prepare for them, and I will do\r
+to morrow as the king hath said.\r
+\r
+5:9 Then went Haman forth that day joyful and with a glad heart: but\r
+when Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor\r
+moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.\r
+\r
+5:10 Nevertheless Haman refrained himself: and when he came home, he\r
+sent and called for his friends, and Zeresh his wife.\r
+\r
+5:11 And Haman told them of the glory of his riches, and the multitude\r
+of his children, and all the things wherein the king had promoted him,\r
+and how he had advanced him above the princes and servants of the\r
+king.\r
+\r
+5:12 Haman said moreover, Yea, Esther the queen did let no man come in\r
+with the king unto the banquet that she had prepared but myself; and\r
+to morrow am I invited unto her also with the king.\r
+\r
+5:13 Yet all this availeth me nothing, so long as I see Mordecai the\r
+Jew sitting at the king's gate.\r
+\r
+5:14 Then said Zeresh his wife and all his friends unto him, Let a\r
+gallows be made of fifty cubits high, and to morrow speak thou unto\r
+the king that Mordecai may be hanged thereon: then go thou in merrily\r
+with the king unto the banquet. And the thing pleased Haman; and he\r
+caused the gallows to be made.\r
+\r
+6:1 On that night could not the king sleep, and he commanded to bring\r
+the book of records of the chronicles; and they were read before the\r
+king.\r
+\r
+6:2 And it was found written, that Mordecai had told of Bigthana and\r
+Teresh, two of the king's chamberlains, the keepers of the door, who\r
+sought to lay hand on the king Ahasuerus.\r
+\r
+6:3 And the king said, What honour and dignity hath been done to\r
+Mordecai for this? Then said the king's servants that ministered unto\r
+him, There is nothing done for him.\r
+\r
+6:4 And the king said, Who is in the court? Now Haman was come into\r
+the outward court of the king's house, to speak unto the king to hang\r
+Mordecai on the gallows that he had prepared for him.\r
+\r
+6:5 And the king's servants said unto him, Behold, Haman standeth in\r
+the court. And the king said, Let him come in.\r
+\r
+6:6 So Haman came in. And the king said unto him, What shall be done\r
+unto the man whom the king delighteth to honour? Now Haman thought in\r
+his heart, To whom would the king delight to do honour more than to\r
+myself? 6:7 And Haman answered the king, For the man whom the king\r
+delighteth to honour, 6:8 Let the royal apparel be brought which the\r
+king useth to wear, and the horse that the king rideth upon, and the\r
+crown royal which is set upon his head: 6:9 And let this apparel and\r
+horse be delivered to the hand of one of the king's most noble\r
+princes, that they may array the man withal whom the king delighteth\r
+to honour, and bring him on horseback through the street of the city,\r
+and proclaim before him, Thus shall it be done to the man whom the\r
+king delighteth to honour.\r
+\r
+6:10 Then the king said to Haman, Make haste, and take the apparel and\r
+the horse, as thou hast said, and do even so to Mordecai the Jew, that\r
+sitteth at the king's gate: let nothing fail of all that thou hast\r
+spoken.\r
+\r
+6:11 Then took Haman the apparel and the horse, and arrayed Mordecai,\r
+and brought him on horseback through the street of the city, and\r
+proclaimed before him, Thus shall it be done unto the man whom the\r
+king delighteth to honour.\r
+\r
+6:12 And Mordecai came again to the king's gate. But Haman hasted to\r
+his house mourning, and having his head covered.\r
+\r
+6:13 And Haman told Zeresh his wife and all his friends every thing\r
+that had befallen him. Then said his wise men and Zeresh his wife unto\r
+him, If Mordecai be of the seed of the Jews, before whom thou hast\r
+begun to fall, thou shalt not prevail against him, but shalt surely\r
+fall before him.\r
+\r
+6:14 And while they were yet talking with him, came the king's\r
+chamberlains, and hasted to bring Haman unto the banquet that Esther\r
+had prepared.\r
+\r
+7:1 So the king and Haman came to banquet with Esther the queen.\r
+\r
+7:2 And the king said again unto Esther on the second day at the\r
+banquet of wine, What is thy petition, queen Esther? and it shall be\r
+granted thee: and what is thy request? and it shall be performed, even\r
+to the half of the kingdom.\r
+\r
+7:3 Then Esther the queen answered and said, If I have found favour in\r
+thy sight, O king, and if it please the king, let my life be given me\r
+at my petition, and my people at my request: 7:4 For we are sold, I\r
+and my people, to be destroyed, to be slain, and to perish. But if we\r
+had been sold for bondmen and bondwomen, I had held my tongue,\r
+although the enemy could not countervail the king's damage.\r
+\r
+7:5 Then the king Ahasuerus answered and said unto Esther the queen,\r
+Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so?\r
+7:6 And Esther said, The adversary and enemy is this wicked Haman.\r
+Then Haman was afraid before the king and the queen.\r
+\r
+7:7 And the king arising from the banquet of wine in his wrath went\r
+into the palace garden: and Haman stood up to make request for his\r
+life to Esther the queen; for he saw that there was evil determined\r
+against him by the king.\r
+\r
+7:8 Then the king returned out of the palace garden into the place of\r
+the banquet of wine; and Haman was fallen upon the bed whereon Esther\r
+was. Then said the king, Will he force the queen also before me in the\r
+house? As the word went out of king's mouth, they covered Haman's\r
+face.\r
+\r
+7:9 And Harbonah, one of the chamberlains, said before the king,\r
+Behold also, the gallows fifty cubits high, which Haman had made for\r
+Mordecai, who spoken good for the king, standeth in the house of\r
+Haman. Then the king said, Hang him thereon.\r
+\r
+7:10 So they hanged Haman on the gallows that he had prepared for\r
+Mordecai. Then was the king's wrath pacified.\r
+\r
+8:1 On that day did the king Ahasuerus give the house of Haman the\r
+Jews' enemy unto Esther the queen. And Mordecai came before the king;\r
+for Esther had told what he was unto her.\r
+\r
+8:2 And the king took off his ring, which he had taken from Haman, and\r
+gave it unto Mordecai. And Esther set Mordecai over the house of\r
+Haman.\r
+\r
+8:3 And Esther spake yet again before the king, and fell down at his\r
+feet, and besought him with tears to put away the mischief of Haman\r
+the Agagite, and his device that he had devised against the Jews.\r
+\r
+8:4 Then the king held out the golden sceptre toward Esther. So Esther\r
+arose, and stood before the king, 8:5 And said, If it please the king,\r
+and if I have favour in his sight, and the thing seem right before the\r
+king, and I be pleasing in his eyes, let it be written to reverse the\r
+letters devised by Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, which he\r
+wrote to destroy the Jews which are in all the king's provinces: 8:6\r
+For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people?\r
+or how can I endure to see the destruction of my kindred? 8:7 Then\r
+the king Ahasuerus said unto Esther the queen and to Mordecai the Jew,\r
+Behold, I have given Esther the house of Haman, and him they have\r
+hanged upon the gallows, because he laid his hand upon the Jews.\r
+\r
+8:8 Write ye also for the Jews, as it liketh you, in the king's name,\r
+and seal it with the king's ring: for the writing which is written in\r
+the king's name, and sealed with the king's ring, may no man reverse.\r
+\r
+8:9 Then were the king's scribes called at that time in the third\r
+month, that is, the month Sivan, on the three and twentieth day\r
+thereof; and it was written according to all that Mordecai commanded\r
+unto the Jews, and to the lieutenants, and the deputies and rulers of\r
+the provinces which are from India unto Ethiopia, an hundred twenty\r
+and seven provinces, unto every province according to the writing\r
+thereof, and unto every people after their language, and to the Jews\r
+according to their writing, and according to their language.\r
+\r
+8:10 And he wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the\r
+king's ring, and sent letters by posts on horseback, and riders on\r
+mules, camels, and young dromedaries: 8:11 Wherein the king granted\r
+the Jews which were in every city to gather themselves together, and\r
+to stand for their life, to destroy, to slay and to cause to perish,\r
+all the power of the people and province that would assault them, both\r
+little ones and women, and to take the spoil of them for a prey, 8:12\r
+Upon one day in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, namely, upon the\r
+thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month Adar.\r
+\r
+8:13 The copy of the writing for a commandment to be given in every\r
+province was published unto all people, and that the Jews should be\r
+ready against that day to avenge themselves on their enemies.\r
+\r
+8:14 So the posts that rode upon mules and camels went out, being\r
+hastened and pressed on by the king's commandment. And the decree was\r
+given at Shushan the palace.\r
+\r
+8:15 And Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal\r
+apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a\r
+garment of fine linen and purple: and the city of Shushan rejoiced and\r
+was glad.\r
+\r
+8:16 The Jews had light, and gladness, and joy, and honour.\r
+\r
+8:17 And in every province, and in every city, whithersoever the\r
+king's commandment and his decree came, the Jews had joy and gladness,\r
+a feast and a good day. And many of the people of the land became\r
+Jews; for the fear of the Jews fell upon them.\r
+\r
+9:1 Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the\r
+thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree\r
+drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the\r
+Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the\r
+contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;) 9:2 The\r
+Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the\r
+provinces of the king Ahasuerus, to lay hand on such as sought their\r
+hurt: and no man could withstand them; for the fear of them fell upon\r
+all people.\r
+\r
+9:3 And all the rulers of the provinces, and the lieutenants, and the\r
+deputies, and officers of the king, helped the Jews; because the fear\r
+of Mordecai fell upon them.\r
+\r
+9:4 For Mordecai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out\r
+throughout all the provinces: for this man Mordecai waxed greater and\r
+greater.\r
+\r
+9:5 Thus the Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the\r
+sword, and slaughter, and destruction, and did what they would unto\r
+those that hated them.\r
+\r
+9:6 And in Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred\r
+men.\r
+\r
+9:7 And Parshandatha, and Dalphon, and Aspatha, 9:8 And Poratha, and\r
+Adalia, and Aridatha, 9:9 And Parmashta, and Arisai, and Aridai, and\r
+Vajezatha, 9:10 The ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the enemy\r
+of the Jews, slew they; but on the spoil laid they not their hand.\r
+\r
+9:11 On that day the number of those that were slain in Shushan the\r
+palace was brought before the king.\r
+\r
+9:12 And the king said unto Esther the queen, The Jews have slain and\r
+destroyed five hundred men in Shushan the palace, and the ten sons of\r
+Haman; what have they done in the rest of the king's provinces? now\r
+what is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: or what is thy\r
+request further? and it shall be done.\r
+\r
+9:13 Then said Esther, If it please the king, let it be granted to the\r
+Jews which are in Shushan to do to morrow also according unto this\r
+day's decree, and let Haman's ten sons be hanged upon the gallows.\r
+\r
+9:14 And the king commanded it so to be done: and the decree was given\r
+at Shushan; and they hanged Haman's ten sons.\r
+\r
+9:15 For the Jews that were in Shushan gathered themselves together on\r
+the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and slew three hundred men\r
+at Shushan; but on the prey they laid not their hand.\r
+\r
+9:16 But the other Jews that were in the king's provinces gathered\r
+themselves together, and stood for their lives, and had rest from\r
+their enemies, and slew of their foes seventy and five thousand, but\r
+they laid not their hands on the prey, 9:17 On the thirteenth day of\r
+the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of the same rested they, and\r
+made it a day of feasting and gladness.\r
+\r
+9:18 But the Jews that were at Shushan assembled together on the\r
+thirteenth day thereof, and on the fourteenth thereof; and on the\r
+fifteenth day of the same they rested, and made it a day of feasting\r
+and gladness.\r
+\r
+9:19 Therefore the Jews of the villages, that dwelt in the unwalled\r
+towns, made the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and\r
+feasting, and a good day, and of sending portions one to another.\r
+\r
+9:20 And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the\r
+Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh\r
+and far, 9:21 To stablish this among them, that they should keep the\r
+fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same,\r
+yearly, 9:22 As the days wherein the Jews rested from their enemies,\r
+and the month which was turned unto them from sorrow to joy, and from\r
+mourning into a good day: that they should make them days of feasting\r
+and joy, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the\r
+poor.\r
+\r
+9:23 And the Jews undertook to do as they had begun, and as Mordecai\r
+had written unto them; 9:24 Because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the\r
+Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised against the Jews to\r
+destroy them, and had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them, and\r
+to destroy them; 9:25 But when Esther came before the king, he\r
+commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against\r
+the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons\r
+should be hanged on the gallows.\r
+\r
+9:26 Wherefore they called these days Purim after the name of Pur.\r
+\r
+Therefore for all the words of this letter, and of that which they had\r
+seen concerning this matter, and which had come unto them, 9:27 The\r
+Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all\r
+such as joined themselves unto them, so as it should not fail, that\r
+they would keep these two days according to their writing, and\r
+according to their appointed time every year; 9:28 And that these days\r
+should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every\r
+family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim\r
+should not fail from among the Jews, nor the memorial of them perish\r
+from their seed.\r
+\r
+9:29 Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the\r
+Jew, wrote with all authority, to confirm this second letter of Purim.\r
+\r
+9:30 And he sent the letters unto all the Jews, to the hundred twenty\r
+and seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace\r
+and truth, 9:31 To confirm these days of Purim in their times\r
+appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had\r
+enjoined them, and as they had decreed for themselves and for their\r
+seed, the matters of the fastings and their cry.\r
+\r
+9:32 And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it\r
+was written in the book.\r
+\r
+10:1 And the king Ahasuerus laid a tribute upon the land, and upon the\r
+isles of the sea.\r
+\r
+10:2 And all the acts of his power and of his might, and the\r
+declaration of the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto the king advanced\r
+him, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings\r
+of Media and Persia? 10:3 For Mordecai the Jew was next unto king\r
+Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and accepted of the multitude of\r
+his brethren, seeking the wealth of his people, and speaking peace to\r
+all his seed.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Job\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that\r
+man was perfect and upright, and one that feared God, and eschewed evil.\r
+\r
+1:2 And there were born unto him seven sons and three daughters.\r
+\r
+1:3 His substance also was seven thousand sheep, and three thousand\r
+camels, and five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred she asses, and\r
+a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the\r
+men of the east.\r
+\r
+1:4 And his sons went and feasted in their houses, every one his day;\r
+and sent and called for their three sisters to eat and to drink with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+1:5 And it was so, when the days of their feasting were gone about,\r
+that Job sent and sanctified them, and rose up early in the morning,\r
+and offered burnt offerings according to the number of them all: for\r
+Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed God in their\r
+hearts. Thus did Job continually.\r
+\r
+1:6 Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present\r
+themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them.\r
+\r
+1:7 And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan\r
+answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and\r
+from walking up and down in it.\r
+\r
+1:8 And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job,\r
+that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright\r
+man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? 1:9 Then Satan\r
+answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? 1:10 Hast\r
+not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all\r
+that he hath on every side? thou hast blessed the work of his hands,\r
+and his substance is increased in the land.\r
+\r
+1:11 But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he\r
+will curse thee to thy face.\r
+\r
+1:12 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy\r
+power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth\r
+from the presence of the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:13 And there was a day when his sons and his daughters were eating\r
+and drinking wine in their eldest brother's house: 1:14 And there came\r
+a messenger unto Job, and said, The oxen were plowing, and the asses\r
+feeding beside them: 1:15 And the Sabeans fell upon them, and took\r
+them away; yea, they have slain the servants with the edge of the\r
+sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.\r
+\r
+1:16 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The\r
+fire of God is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and\r
+the servants, and consumed them; and I only am escaped alone to tell\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+1:17 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, The\r
+Chaldeans made out three bands, and fell upon the camels, and have\r
+carried them away, yea, and slain the servants with the edge of the\r
+sword; and I only am escaped alone to tell thee.\r
+\r
+1:18 While he was yet speaking, there came also another, and said, Thy\r
+sons and thy daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eldest\r
+brother's house: 1:19 And, behold, there came a great wind from the\r
+wilderness, and smote the four corners of the house, and it fell upon\r
+the young men, and they are dead; and I only am escaped alone to tell\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+1:20 Then Job arose, and rent his mantle, and shaved his head, and\r
+fell down upon the ground, and worshipped, 1:21 And said, Naked came I\r
+out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return thither: the LORD\r
+gave, and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:22 In all this Job sinned not, nor charged God foolishly.\r
+\r
+2:1 Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present\r
+themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present\r
+himself before the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan\r
+answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and\r
+from walking up and down in it.\r
+\r
+2:3 And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job,\r
+that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright\r
+man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth\r
+fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy\r
+him without cause.\r
+\r
+2:4 And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all\r
+that a man hath will he give for his life.\r
+\r
+2:5 But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh,\r
+and he will curse thee to thy face.\r
+\r
+2:6 And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but\r
+save his life.\r
+\r
+2:7 So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job\r
+with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown.\r
+\r
+2:8 And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat\r
+down among the ashes.\r
+\r
+2:9 Then said his wife unto him, Dost thou still retain thine\r
+integrity? curse God, and die.\r
+\r
+2:10 But he said unto her, Thou speakest as one of the foolish women\r
+speaketh. What? shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we\r
+not receive evil? In all this did not Job sin with his lips.\r
+\r
+2:11 Now when Job's three friends heard of all this evil that was come\r
+upon him, they came every one from his own place; Eliphaz the\r
+Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite: for they\r
+had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him and to\r
+comfort him.\r
+\r
+2:12 And when they lifted up their eyes afar off, and knew him not,\r
+they lifted up their voice, and wept; and they rent every one his\r
+mantle, and sprinkled dust upon their heads toward heaven.\r
+\r
+2:13 So they sat down with him upon the ground seven days and seven\r
+nights, and none spake a word unto him: for they saw that his grief\r
+was very great.\r
+\r
+3:1 After this opened Job his mouth, and cursed his day.\r
+\r
+3:2 And Job spake, and said, 3:3 Let the day perish wherein I was\r
+born, and the night in which it was said, There is a man child\r
+conceived.\r
+\r
+3:4 Let that day be darkness; let not God regard it from above,\r
+neither let the light shine upon it.\r
+\r
+3:5 Let darkness and the shadow of death stain it; let a cloud dwell\r
+upon it; let the blackness of the day terrify it.\r
+\r
+3:6 As for that night, let darkness seize upon it; let it not be\r
+joined unto the days of the year, let it not come into the number of\r
+the months.\r
+\r
+3:7 Lo, let that night be solitary, let no joyful voice come therein.\r
+\r
+3:8 Let them curse it that curse the day, who are ready to raise up\r
+their mourning.\r
+\r
+3:9 Let the stars of the twilight thereof be dark; let it look for\r
+light, but have none; neither let it see the dawning of the day: 3:10\r
+Because it shut not up the doors of my mother's womb, nor hid sorrow\r
+from mine eyes.\r
+\r
+3:11 Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost\r
+when I came out of the belly? 3:12 Why did the knees prevent me? or\r
+why the breasts that I should suck? 3:13 For now should I have lain\r
+still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest,\r
+3:14 With kings and counsellors of the earth, which build desolate\r
+places for themselves; 3:15 Or with princes that had gold, who filled\r
+their houses with silver: 3:16 Or as an hidden untimely birth I had\r
+not been; as infants which never saw light.\r
+\r
+3:17 There the wicked cease from troubling; and there the weary be at\r
+rest.\r
+\r
+3:18 There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the\r
+oppressor.\r
+\r
+3:19 The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his\r
+master.\r
+\r
+3:20 Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto\r
+the bitter in soul; 3:21 Which long for death, but it cometh not; and\r
+dig for it more than for hid treasures; 3:22 Which rejoice\r
+exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? 3:23 Why is\r
+light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in?\r
+3:24 For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured\r
+out like the waters.\r
+\r
+3:25 For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that\r
+which I was afraid of is come unto me.\r
+\r
+3:26 I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet\r
+trouble came.\r
+\r
+4:1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said, 4:2 If we assay to\r
+commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? but who can withhold himself\r
+from speaking? 4:3 Behold, thou hast instructed many, and thou hast\r
+strengthened the weak hands.\r
+\r
+4:4 Thy words have upholden him that was falling, and thou hast\r
+strengthened the feeble knees.\r
+\r
+4:5 But now it is come upon thee, and thou faintest; it toucheth thee,\r
+and thou art troubled.\r
+\r
+4:6 Is not this thy fear, thy confidence, thy hope, and the\r
+uprightness of thy ways? 4:7 Remember, I pray thee, who ever\r
+perished, being innocent? or where were the righteous cut off? 4:8\r
+Even as I have seen, they that plow iniquity, and sow wickedness, reap\r
+the same.\r
+\r
+4:9 By the blast of God they perish, and by the breath of his nostrils\r
+are they consumed.\r
+\r
+4:10 The roaring of the lion, and the voice of the fierce lion, and\r
+the teeth of the young lions, are broken.\r
+\r
+4:11 The old lion perisheth for lack of prey, and the stout lion's\r
+whelps are scattered abroad.\r
+\r
+4:12 Now a thing was secretly brought to me, and mine ear received a\r
+little thereof.\r
+\r
+4:13 In thoughts from the visions of the night, when deep sleep\r
+falleth on men, 4:14 Fear came upon me, and trembling, which made all\r
+my bones to shake.\r
+\r
+4:15 Then a spirit passed before my face; the hair of my flesh stood\r
+up: 4:16 It stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof: an\r
+image was before mine eyes, there was silence, and I heard a voice,\r
+saying, 4:17 Shall mortal man be more just than God? shall a man be\r
+more pure than his maker? 4:18 Behold, he put no trust in his\r
+servants; and his angels he charged with folly: 4:19 How much less in\r
+them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust,\r
+which are crushed before the moth? 4:20 They are destroyed from\r
+morning to evening: they perish for ever without any regarding it.\r
+\r
+4:21 Doth not their excellency which is in them go away? they die,\r
+even without wisdom.\r
+\r
+5:1 Call now, if there be any that will answer thee; and to which of\r
+the saints wilt thou turn? 5:2 For wrath killeth the foolish man, and\r
+envy slayeth the silly one.\r
+\r
+5:3 I have seen the foolish taking root: but suddenly I cursed his\r
+habitation.\r
+\r
+5:4 His children are far from safety, and they are crushed in the\r
+gate, neither is there any to deliver them.\r
+\r
+5:5 Whose harvest the hungry eateth up, and taketh it even out of the\r
+thorns, and the robber swalloweth up their substance.\r
+\r
+5:6 Although affliction cometh not forth of the dust, neither doth\r
+trouble spring out of the ground; 5:7 Yet man is born unto trouble, as\r
+the sparks fly upward.\r
+\r
+5:8 I would seek unto God, and unto God would I commit my cause: 5:9\r
+Which doeth great things and unsearchable; marvellous things without\r
+number: 5:10 Who giveth rain upon the earth, and sendeth waters upon\r
+the fields: 5:11 To set up on high those that be low; that those which\r
+mourn may be exalted to safety.\r
+\r
+5:12 He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands\r
+cannot perform their enterprise.\r
+\r
+5:13 He taketh the wise in their own craftiness: and the counsel of\r
+the froward is carried headlong.\r
+\r
+5:14 They meet with darkness in the day time, and grope in the noonday\r
+as in the night.\r
+\r
+5:15 But he saveth the poor from the sword, from their mouth, and from\r
+the hand of the mighty.\r
+\r
+5:16 So the poor hath hope, and iniquity stoppeth her mouth.\r
+\r
+5:17 Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth: therefore despise\r
+not thou the chastening of the Almighty: 5:18 For he maketh sore, and\r
+bindeth up: he woundeth, and his hands make whole.\r
+\r
+5:19 He shall deliver thee in six troubles: yea, in seven there shall\r
+no evil touch thee.\r
+\r
+5:20 In famine he shall redeem thee from death: and in war from the\r
+power of the sword.\r
+\r
+5:21 Thou shalt be hid from the scourge of the tongue: neither shalt\r
+thou be afraid of destruction when it cometh.\r
+\r
+5:22 At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh: neither shalt thou be\r
+afraid of the beasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+5:23 For thou shalt be in league with the stones of the field: and the\r
+beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee.\r
+\r
+5:24 And thou shalt know that thy tabernacle shall be in peace; and\r
+thou shalt visit thy habitation, and shalt not sin.\r
+\r
+5:25 Thou shalt know also that thy seed shall be great, and thine\r
+offspring as the grass of the earth.\r
+\r
+5:26 Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age, like as a shock of\r
+corn cometh in in his season.\r
+\r
+5:27 Lo this, we have searched it, so it is; hear it, and know thou it\r
+for thy good.\r
+\r
+6:1 But Job answered and said, 6:2 Oh that my grief were throughly\r
+weighed, and my calamity laid in the balances together! 6:3 For now\r
+it would be heavier than the sand of the sea: therefore my words are\r
+swallowed up.\r
+\r
+6:4 For the arrows of the Almighty are within me, the poison whereof\r
+drinketh up my spirit: the terrors of God do set themselves in array\r
+against me.\r
+\r
+6:5 Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass? or loweth the ox over\r
+his fodder? 6:6 Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or\r
+is there any taste in the white of an egg? 6:7 The things that my\r
+soul refused to touch are as my sorrowful meat.\r
+\r
+6:8 Oh that I might have my request; and that God would grant me the\r
+thing that I long for! 6:9 Even that it would please God to destroy\r
+me; that he would let loose his hand, and cut me off! 6:10 Then\r
+should I yet have comfort; yea, I would harden myself in sorrow: let\r
+him not spare; for I have not concealed the words of the Holy One.\r
+\r
+6:11 What is my strength, that I should hope? and what is mine end,\r
+that I should prolong my life? 6:12 Is my strength the strength of\r
+stones? or is my flesh of brass? 6:13 Is not my help in me? and is\r
+wisdom driven quite from me? 6:14 To him that is afflicted pity\r
+should be shewed from his friend; but he forsaketh the fear of the\r
+Almighty.\r
+\r
+6:15 My brethren have dealt deceitfully as a brook, and as the stream\r
+of brooks they pass away; 6:16 Which are blackish by reason of the\r
+ice, and wherein the snow is hid: 6:17 What time they wax warm, they\r
+vanish: when it is hot, they are consumed out of their place.\r
+\r
+6:18 The paths of their way are turned aside; they go to nothing, and\r
+perish.\r
+\r
+6:19 The troops of Tema looked, the companies of Sheba waited for\r
+them.\r
+\r
+6:20 They were confounded because they had hoped; they came thither,\r
+and were ashamed.\r
+\r
+6:21 For now ye are nothing; ye see my casting down, and are afraid.\r
+\r
+6:22 Did I say, Bring unto me? or, Give a reward for me of your\r
+substance? 6:23 Or, Deliver me from the enemy's hand? or, Redeem me\r
+from the hand of the mighty? 6:24 Teach me, and I will hold my\r
+tongue: and cause me to understand wherein I have erred.\r
+\r
+6:25 How forcible are right words! but what doth your arguing reprove?\r
+6:26 Do ye imagine to reprove words, and the speeches of one that is\r
+desperate, which are as wind? 6:27 Yea, ye overwhelm the fatherless,\r
+and ye dig a pit for your friend.\r
+\r
+6:28 Now therefore be content, look upon me; for it is evident unto\r
+you if I lie.\r
+\r
+6:29 Return, I pray you, let it not be iniquity; yea, return again, my\r
+righteousness is in it.\r
+\r
+6:30 Is there iniquity in my tongue? cannot my taste discern perverse\r
+things? 7:1 Is there not an appointed time to man upon earth? are not\r
+his days also like the days of an hireling? 7:2 As a servant\r
+earnestly desireth the shadow, and as an hireling looketh for the\r
+reward of his work: 7:3 So am I made to possess months of vanity, and\r
+wearisome nights are appointed to me.\r
+\r
+7:4 When I lie down, I say, When shall I arise, and the night be gone?\r
+and I am full of tossings to and fro unto the dawning of the day.\r
+\r
+7:5 My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust; my skin is\r
+broken, and become loathsome.\r
+\r
+7:6 My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle, and are spent without\r
+hope.\r
+\r
+7:7 O remember that my life is wind: mine eye shall no more see good.\r
+\r
+7:8 The eye of him that hath seen me shall see me no more: thine eyes\r
+are upon me, and I am not.\r
+\r
+7:9 As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down\r
+to the grave shall come up no more.\r
+\r
+7:10 He shall return no more to his house, neither shall his place\r
+know him any more.\r
+\r
+7:11 Therefore I will not refrain my mouth; I will speak in the\r
+anguish of my spirit; I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.\r
+\r
+7:12 Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me? 7:13\r
+When I say, My bed shall comfort me, my couch shall ease my\r
+complaints; 7:14 Then thou scarest me with dreams, and terrifiest me\r
+through visions: 7:15 So that my soul chooseth strangling, and death\r
+rather than my life.\r
+\r
+7:16 I loathe it; I would not live alway: let me alone; for my days\r
+are vanity.\r
+\r
+7:17 What is man, that thou shouldest magnify him? and that thou\r
+shouldest set thine heart upon him? 7:18 And that thou shouldest\r
+visit him every morning, and try him every moment? 7:19 How long wilt\r
+thou not depart from me, nor let me alone till I swallow down my\r
+spittle? 7:20 I have sinned; what shall I do unto thee, O thou\r
+preserver of men? why hast thou set me as a mark against thee, so\r
+that I am a burden to myself? 7:21 And why dost thou not pardon my\r
+transgression, and take away my iniquity? for now shall I sleep in the\r
+dust; and thou shalt seek me in the morning, but I shall not be.\r
+\r
+8:1 Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, 8:2 How long wilt thou\r
+speak these things? and how long shall the words of thy mouth be like\r
+a strong wind? 8:3 Doth God pervert judgment? or doth the Almighty\r
+pervert justice? 8:4 If thy children have sinned against him, and he\r
+have cast them away for their transgression; 8:5 If thou wouldest seek\r
+unto God betimes, and make thy supplication to the Almighty; 8:6 If\r
+thou wert pure and upright; surely now he would awake for thee, and\r
+make the habitation of thy righteousness prosperous.\r
+\r
+8:7 Though thy beginning was small, yet thy latter end should greatly\r
+increase.\r
+\r
+8:8 For enquire, I pray thee, of the former age, and prepare thyself\r
+to the search of their fathers: 8:9 (For we are but of yesterday, and\r
+know nothing, because our days upon earth are a shadow:) 8:10 Shall\r
+not they teach thee, and tell thee, and utter words out of their\r
+heart? 8:11 Can the rush grow up without mire? can the flag grow\r
+without water? 8:12 Whilst it is yet in his greenness, and not cut\r
+down, it withereth before any other herb.\r
+\r
+8:13 So are the paths of all that forget God; and the hypocrite's hope\r
+shall perish: 8:14 Whose hope shall be cut off, and whose trust shall\r
+be a spider's web.\r
+\r
+8:15 He shall lean upon his house, but it shall not stand: he shall\r
+hold it fast, but it shall not endure.\r
+\r
+8:16 He is green before the sun, and his branch shooteth forth in his\r
+garden.\r
+\r
+8:17 His roots are wrapped about the heap, and seeth the place of\r
+stones.\r
+\r
+8:18 If he destroy him from his place, then it shall deny him, saying,\r
+I have not seen thee.\r
+\r
+8:19 Behold, this is the joy of his way, and out of the earth shall\r
+others grow.\r
+\r
+8:20 Behold, God will not cast away a perfect man, neither will he\r
+help the evil doers: 8:21 Till he fill thy mouth with laughing, and\r
+thy lips with rejoicing.\r
+\r
+8:22 They that hate thee shall be clothed with shame; and the dwelling\r
+place of the wicked shall come to nought.\r
+\r
+9:1 Then Job answered and said, 9:2 I know it is so of a truth: but\r
+how should man be just with God? 9:3 If he will contend with him, he\r
+cannot answer him one of a thousand.\r
+\r
+9:4 He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength: who hath hardened\r
+himself against him, and hath prospered? 9:5 Which removeth the\r
+mountains, and they know not: which overturneth them in his anger.\r
+\r
+9:6 Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof\r
+tremble.\r
+\r
+9:7 Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not; and sealeth up the\r
+stars.\r
+\r
+9:8 Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves\r
+of the sea.\r
+\r
+9:9 Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of\r
+the south.\r
+\r
+9:10 Which doeth great things past finding out; yea, and wonders\r
+without number.\r
+\r
+9:11 Lo, he goeth by me, and I see him not: he passeth on also, but I\r
+perceive him not.\r
+\r
+9:12 Behold, he taketh away, who can hinder him? who will say unto\r
+him, What doest thou? 9:13 If God will not withdraw his anger, the\r
+proud helpers do stoop under him.\r
+\r
+9:14 How much less shall I answer him, and choose out my words to\r
+reason with him? 9:15 Whom, though I were righteous, yet would I not\r
+answer, but I would make supplication to my judge.\r
+\r
+9:16 If I had called, and he had answered me; yet would I not believe\r
+that he had hearkened unto my voice.\r
+\r
+9:17 For he breaketh me with a tempest, and multiplieth my wounds\r
+without cause.\r
+\r
+9:18 He will not suffer me to take my breath, but filleth me with\r
+bitterness.\r
+\r
+9:19 If I speak of strength, lo, he is strong: and if of judgment, who\r
+shall set me a time to plead? 9:20 If I justify myself, mine own\r
+mouth shall condemn me: if I say, I am perfect, it shall also prove me\r
+perverse.\r
+\r
+9:21 Though I were perfect, yet would I not know my soul: I would\r
+despise my life.\r
+\r
+9:22 This is one thing, therefore I said it, He destroyeth the perfect\r
+and the wicked.\r
+\r
+9:23 If the scourge slay suddenly, he will laugh at the trial of the\r
+innocent.\r
+\r
+9:24 The earth is given into the hand of the wicked: he covereth the\r
+faces of the judges thereof; if not, where, and who is he? 9:25 Now\r
+my days are swifter than a post: they flee away, they see no good.\r
+\r
+9:26 They are passed away as the swift ships: as the eagle that\r
+hasteth to the prey.\r
+\r
+9:27 If I say, I will forget my complaint, I will leave off my\r
+heaviness, and comfort myself: 9:28 I am afraid of all my sorrows, I\r
+know that thou wilt not hold me innocent.\r
+\r
+9:29 If I be wicked, why then labour I in vain? 9:30 If I wash myself\r
+with snow water, and make my hands never so clean; 9:31 Yet shalt thou\r
+plunge me in the ditch, and mine own clothes shall abhor me.\r
+\r
+9:32 For he is not a man, as I am, that I should answer him, and we\r
+should come together in judgment.\r
+\r
+9:33 Neither is there any daysman betwixt us, that might lay his hand\r
+upon us both.\r
+\r
+9:34 Let him take his rod away from me, and let not his fear terrify\r
+me: 9:35 Then would I speak, and not fear him; but it is not so with\r
+me.\r
+\r
+10:1 My soul is weary of my life; I will leave my complaint upon\r
+myself; I will speak in the bitterness of my soul.\r
+\r
+10:2 I will say unto God, Do not condemn me; shew me wherefore thou\r
+contendest with me.\r
+\r
+10:3 Is it good unto thee that thou shouldest oppress, that thou\r
+shouldest despise the work of thine hands, and shine upon the counsel\r
+of the wicked? 10:4 Hast thou eyes of flesh? or seest thou as man\r
+seeth? 10:5 Are thy days as the days of man? are thy years as man's\r
+days, 10:6 That thou enquirest after mine iniquity, and searchest\r
+after my sin? 10:7 Thou knowest that I am not wicked; and there is\r
+none that can deliver out of thine hand.\r
+\r
+10:8 Thine hands have made me and fashioned me together round about;\r
+yet thou dost destroy me.\r
+\r
+10:9 Remember, I beseech thee, that thou hast made me as the clay; and\r
+wilt thou bring me into dust again? 10:10 Hast thou not poured me out\r
+as milk, and curdled me like cheese? 10:11 Thou hast clothed me with\r
+skin and flesh, and hast fenced me with bones and sinews.\r
+\r
+10:12 Thou hast granted me life and favour, and thy visitation hath\r
+preserved my spirit.\r
+\r
+10:13 And these things hast thou hid in thine heart: I know that this\r
+is with thee.\r
+\r
+10:14 If I sin, then thou markest me, and thou wilt not acquit me from\r
+mine iniquity.\r
+\r
+10:15 If I be wicked, woe unto me; and if I be righteous, yet will I\r
+not lift up my head. I am full of confusion; therefore see thou mine\r
+affliction; 10:16 For it increaseth. Thou huntest me as a fierce lion:\r
+and again thou shewest thyself marvellous upon me.\r
+\r
+10:17 Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine\r
+indignation upon me; changes and war are against me.\r
+\r
+10:18 Wherefore then hast thou brought me forth out of the womb? Oh\r
+that I had given up the ghost, and no eye had seen me! 10:19 I should\r
+have been as though I had not been; I should have been carried from\r
+the womb to the grave.\r
+\r
+10:20 Are not my days few? cease then, and let me alone, that I may\r
+take comfort a little, 10:21 Before I go whence I shall not return,\r
+even to the land of darkness and the shadow of death; 10:22 A land of\r
+darkness, as darkness itself; and of the shadow of death, without any\r
+order, and where the light is as darkness.\r
+\r
+11:1 Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, 11:2 Should not\r
+the multitude of words be answered? and should a man full of talk be\r
+justified? 11:3 Should thy lies make men hold their peace? and when\r
+thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed? 11:4 For thou hast\r
+said, My doctrine is pure, and I am clean in thine eyes.\r
+\r
+11:5 But oh that God would speak, and open his lips against thee; 11:6\r
+And that he would shew thee the secrets of wisdom, that they are\r
+double to that which is! Know therefore that God exacteth of thee less\r
+than thine iniquity deserveth.\r
+\r
+11:7 Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the\r
+Almighty unto perfection? 11:8 It is as high as heaven; what canst\r
+thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know? 11:9 The measure\r
+thereof is longer than the earth, and broader than the sea.\r
+\r
+11:10 If he cut off, and shut up, or gather together, then who can\r
+hinder him? 11:11 For he knoweth vain men: he seeth wickedness also;\r
+will he not then consider it? 11:12 For vain men would be wise,\r
+though man be born like a wild ass's colt.\r
+\r
+11:13 If thou prepare thine heart, and stretch out thine hands toward\r
+him; 11:14 If iniquity be in thine hand, put it far away, and let not\r
+wickedness dwell in thy tabernacles.\r
+\r
+11:15 For then shalt thou lift up thy face without spot; yea, thou\r
+shalt be stedfast, and shalt not fear: 11:16 Because thou shalt forget\r
+thy misery, and remember it as waters that pass away: 11:17 And thine\r
+age shall be clearer than the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou\r
+shalt be as the morning.\r
+\r
+11:18 And thou shalt be secure, because there is hope; yea, thou shalt\r
+dig about thee, and thou shalt take thy rest in safety.\r
+\r
+11:19 Also thou shalt lie down, and none shall make thee afraid; yea,\r
+many shall make suit unto thee.\r
+\r
+11:20 But the eyes of the wicked shall fail, and they shall not\r
+escape, and their hope shall be as the giving up of the ghost.\r
+\r
+12:1 And Job answered and said, 12:2 No doubt but ye are the people,\r
+and wisdom shall die with you.\r
+\r
+12:3 But I have understanding as well as you; I am not inferior to\r
+you: yea, who knoweth not such things as these? 12:4 I am as one\r
+mocked of his neighbour, who calleth upon God, and he answereth him:\r
+the just upright man is laughed to scorn.\r
+\r
+12:5 He that is ready to slip with his feet is as a lamp despised in\r
+the thought of him that is at ease.\r
+\r
+12:6 The tabernacles of robbers prosper, and they that provoke God are\r
+secure; into whose hand God bringeth abundantly.\r
+\r
+12:7 But ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls\r
+of the air, and they shall tell thee: 12:8 Or speak to the earth, and\r
+it shall teach thee: and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+12:9 Who knoweth not in all these that the hand of the LORD hath\r
+wrought this? 12:10 In whose hand is the soul of every living thing,\r
+and the breath of all mankind.\r
+\r
+12:11 Doth not the ear try words? and the mouth taste his meat? 12:12\r
+With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding.\r
+\r
+12:13 With him is wisdom and strength, he hath counsel and\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+12:14 Behold, he breaketh down, and it cannot be built again: he\r
+shutteth up a man, and there can be no opening.\r
+\r
+12:15 Behold, he withholdeth the waters, and they dry up: also he\r
+sendeth them out, and they overturn the earth.\r
+\r
+12:16 With him is strength and wisdom: the deceived and the deceiver\r
+are his.\r
+\r
+12:17 He leadeth counsellors away spoiled, and maketh the judges\r
+fools.\r
+\r
+12:18 He looseth the bond of kings, and girdeth their loins with a\r
+girdle.\r
+\r
+12:19 He leadeth princes away spoiled, and overthroweth the mighty.\r
+\r
+12:20 He removeth away the speech of the trusty, and taketh away the\r
+understanding of the aged.\r
+\r
+12:21 He poureth contempt upon princes, and weakeneth the strength of\r
+the mighty.\r
+\r
+12:22 He discovereth deep things out of darkness, and bringeth out to\r
+light the shadow of death.\r
+\r
+12:23 He increaseth the nations, and destroyeth them: he enlargeth the\r
+nations, and straiteneth them again.\r
+\r
+12:24 He taketh away the heart of the chief of the people of the\r
+earth, and causeth them to wander in a wilderness where there is no\r
+way.\r
+\r
+12:25 They grope in the dark without light, and he maketh them to\r
+stagger like a drunken man.\r
+\r
+13:1 Lo, mine eye hath seen all this, mine ear hath heard and\r
+understood it.\r
+\r
+13:2 What ye know, the same do I know also: I am not inferior unto\r
+you.\r
+\r
+13:3 Surely I would speak to the Almighty, and I desire to reason with\r
+God.\r
+\r
+13:4 But ye are forgers of lies, ye are all physicians of no value.\r
+\r
+13:5 O that ye would altogether hold your peace! and it should be your\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+13:6 Hear now my reasoning, and hearken to the pleadings of my lips.\r
+\r
+13:7 Will ye speak wickedly for God? and talk deceitfully for him?\r
+13:8 Will ye accept his person? will ye contend for God? 13:9 Is it\r
+good that he should search you out? or as one man mocketh another, do\r
+ye so mock him? 13:10 He will surely reprove you, if ye do secretly\r
+accept persons.\r
+\r
+13:11 Shall not his excellency make you afraid? and his dread fall\r
+upon you? 13:12 Your remembrances are like unto ashes, your bodies to\r
+bodies of clay.\r
+\r
+13:13 Hold your peace, let me alone, that I may speak, and let come on\r
+me what will.\r
+\r
+13:14 Wherefore do I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in\r
+mine hand? 13:15 Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him: but I\r
+will maintain mine own ways before him.\r
+\r
+13:16 He also shall be my salvation: for an hypocrite shall not come\r
+before him.\r
+\r
+13:17 Hear diligently my speech, and my declaration with your ears.\r
+\r
+13:18 Behold now, I have ordered my cause; I know that I shall be\r
+justified.\r
+\r
+13:19 Who is he that will plead with me? for now, if I hold my tongue,\r
+I shall give up the ghost.\r
+\r
+13:20 Only do not two things unto me: then will I not hide myself from\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+13:21 Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me\r
+afraid.\r
+\r
+13:22 Then call thou, and I will answer: or let me speak, and answer\r
+thou me.\r
+\r
+13:23 How many are mine iniquities and sins? make me to know my\r
+transgression and my sin.\r
+\r
+13:24 Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and holdest me for thine enemy?\r
+13:25 Wilt thou break a leaf driven to and fro? and wilt thou pursue\r
+the dry stubble? 13:26 For thou writest bitter things against me, and\r
+makest me to possess the iniquities of my youth.\r
+\r
+13:27 Thou puttest my feet also in the stocks, and lookest narrowly\r
+unto all my paths; thou settest a print upon the heels of my feet.\r
+\r
+13:28 And he, as a rotten thing, consumeth, as a garment that is moth\r
+eaten.\r
+\r
+14:1 Man that is born of a woman is of few days and full of trouble.\r
+\r
+14:2 He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down: he fleeth also as\r
+a shadow, and continueth not.\r
+\r
+14:3 And doth thou open thine eyes upon such an one, and bringest me\r
+into judgment with thee? 14:4 Who can bring a clean thing out of an\r
+unclean? not one.\r
+\r
+14:5 Seeing his days are determined, the number of his months are with\r
+thee, thou hast appointed his bounds that he cannot pass; 14:6 Turn\r
+from him, that he may rest, till he shall accomplish, as an hireling,\r
+his day.\r
+\r
+14:7 For there is hope of a tree, if it be cut down, that it will\r
+sprout again, and that the tender branch thereof will not cease.\r
+\r
+14:8 Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock\r
+thereof die in the ground; 14:9 Yet through the scent of water it will\r
+bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant.\r
+\r
+14:10 But man dieth, and wasteth away: yea, man giveth up the ghost,\r
+and where is he? 14:11 As the waters fail from the sea, and the flood\r
+decayeth and drieth up: 14:12 So man lieth down, and riseth not: till\r
+the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of\r
+their sleep.\r
+\r
+14:13 O that thou wouldest hide me in the grave, that thou wouldest\r
+keep me secret, until thy wrath be past, that thou wouldest appoint me\r
+a set time, and remember me! 14:14 If a man die, shall he live again?\r
+all the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come.\r
+\r
+14:15 Thou shalt call, and I will answer thee: thou wilt have a desire\r
+to the work of thine hands.\r
+\r
+14:16 For now thou numberest my steps: dost thou not watch over my\r
+sin? 14:17 My transgression is sealed up in a bag, and thou sewest up\r
+mine iniquity.\r
+\r
+14:18 And surely the mountains falling cometh to nought, and the rock\r
+is removed out of his place.\r
+\r
+14:19 The waters wear the stones: thou washest away the things which\r
+grow out of the dust of the earth; and thou destroyest the hope of\r
+man.\r
+\r
+14:20 Thou prevailest for ever against him, and he passeth: thou\r
+changest his countenance, and sendest him away.\r
+\r
+14:21 His sons come to honour, and he knoweth it not; and they are\r
+brought low, but he perceiveth it not of them.\r
+\r
+14:22 But his flesh upon him shall have pain, and his soul within him\r
+shall mourn.\r
+\r
+15:1 Then answered Eliphaz the Temanite, and said, 15:2 Should a wise\r
+man utter vain knowledge, and fill his belly with the east wind? 15:3\r
+Should he reason with unprofitable talk? or with speeches wherewith he\r
+can do no good? 15:4 Yea, thou castest off fear, and restrainest\r
+prayer before God.\r
+\r
+15:5 For thy mouth uttereth thine iniquity, and thou choosest the\r
+tongue of the crafty.\r
+\r
+15:6 Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I: yea, thine own lips\r
+testify against thee.\r
+\r
+15:7 Art thou the first man that was born? or wast thou made before\r
+the hills? 15:8 Hast thou heard the secret of God? and dost thou\r
+restrain wisdom to thyself? 15:9 What knowest thou, that we know not?\r
+what understandest thou, which is not in us? 15:10 With us are both\r
+the grayheaded and very aged men, much elder than thy father.\r
+\r
+15:11 Are the consolations of God small with thee? is there any secret\r
+thing with thee? 15:12 Why doth thine heart carry thee away? and what\r
+do thy eyes wink at, 15:13 That thou turnest thy spirit against God,\r
+and lettest such words go out of thy mouth? 15:14 What is man, that\r
+he should be clean? and he which is born of a woman, that he should be\r
+righteous? 15:15 Behold, he putteth no trust in his saints; yea, the\r
+heavens are not clean in his sight.\r
+\r
+15:16 How much more abominable and filthy is man, which drinketh\r
+iniquity like water? 15:17 I will shew thee, hear me; and that which\r
+I have seen I will declare; 15:18 Which wise men have told from their\r
+fathers, and have not hid it: 15:19 Unto whom alone the earth was\r
+given, and no stranger passed among them.\r
+\r
+15:20 The wicked man travaileth with pain all his days, and the number\r
+of years is hidden to the oppressor.\r
+\r
+15:21 A dreadful sound is in his ears: in prosperity the destroyer\r
+shall come upon him.\r
+\r
+15:22 He believeth not that he shall return out of darkness, and he is\r
+waited for of the sword.\r
+\r
+15:23 He wandereth abroad for bread, saying, Where is it? he knoweth\r
+that the day of darkness is ready at his hand.\r
+\r
+15:24 Trouble and anguish shall make him afraid; they shall prevail\r
+against him, as a king ready to the battle.\r
+\r
+15:25 For he stretcheth out his hand against God, and strengtheneth\r
+himself against the Almighty.\r
+\r
+15:26 He runneth upon him, even on his neck, upon the thick bosses of\r
+his bucklers: 15:27 Because he covereth his face with his fatness, and\r
+maketh collops of fat on his flanks.\r
+\r
+15:28 And he dwelleth in desolate cities, and in houses which no man\r
+inhabiteth, which are ready to become heaps.\r
+\r
+15:29 He shall not be rich, neither shall his substance continue,\r
+neither shall he prolong the perfection thereof upon the earth.\r
+\r
+15:30 He shall not depart out of darkness; the flame shall dry up his\r
+branches, and by the breath of his mouth shall he go away.\r
+\r
+15:31 Let not him that is deceived trust in vanity: for vanity shall\r
+be his recompence.\r
+\r
+15:32 It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall\r
+not be green.\r
+\r
+15:33 He shall shake off his unripe grape as the vine, and shall cast\r
+off his flower as the olive.\r
+\r
+15:34 For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate, and fire\r
+shall consume the tabernacles of bribery.\r
+\r
+15:35 They conceive mischief, and bring forth vanity, and their belly\r
+prepareth deceit.\r
+\r
+16:1 Then Job answered and said, 16:2 I have heard many such things:\r
+miserable comforters are ye all.\r
+\r
+16:3 Shall vain words have an end? or what emboldeneth thee that thou\r
+answerest? 16:4 I also could speak as ye do: if your soul were in my\r
+soul's stead, I could heap up words against you, and shake mine head\r
+at you.\r
+\r
+16:5 But I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my\r
+lips should asswage your grief.\r
+\r
+16:6 Though I speak, my grief is not asswaged: and though I forbear,\r
+what am I eased? 16:7 But now he hath made me weary: thou hast made\r
+desolate all my company.\r
+\r
+16:8 And thou hast filled me with wrinkles, which is a witness against\r
+me: and my leanness rising up in me beareth witness to my face.\r
+\r
+16:9 He teareth me in his wrath, who hateth me: he gnasheth upon me\r
+with his teeth; mine enemy sharpeneth his eyes upon me.\r
+\r
+16:10 They have gaped upon me with their mouth; they have smitten me\r
+upon the cheek reproachfully; they have gathered themselves together\r
+against me.\r
+\r
+16:11 God hath delivered me to the ungodly, and turned me over into\r
+the hands of the wicked.\r
+\r
+16:12 I was at ease, but he hath broken me asunder: he hath also taken\r
+me by my neck, and shaken me to pieces, and set me up for his mark.\r
+\r
+16:13 His archers compass me round about, he cleaveth my reins\r
+asunder, and doth not spare; he poureth out my gall upon the ground.\r
+\r
+16:14 He breaketh me with breach upon breach, he runneth upon me like\r
+a giant.\r
+\r
+16:15 I have sewed sackcloth upon my skin, and defiled my horn in the\r
+dust.\r
+\r
+16:16 My face is foul with weeping, and on my eyelids is the shadow of\r
+death; 16:17 Not for any injustice in mine hands: also my prayer is\r
+pure.\r
+\r
+16:18 O earth, cover not thou my blood, and let my cry have no place.\r
+\r
+16:19 Also now, behold, my witness is in heaven, and my record is on\r
+high.\r
+\r
+16:20 My friends scorn me: but mine eye poureth out tears unto God.\r
+\r
+16:21 O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man pleadeth for\r
+his neighbour! 16:22 When a few years are come, then I shall go the\r
+way whence I shall not return.\r
+\r
+17:1 My breath is corrupt, my days are extinct, the graves are ready\r
+for me.\r
+\r
+17:2 Are there not mockers with me? and doth not mine eye continue in\r
+their provocation? 17:3 Lay down now, put me in a surety with thee;\r
+who is he that will strike hands with me? 17:4 For thou hast hid\r
+their heart from understanding: therefore shalt thou not exalt them.\r
+\r
+17:5 He that speaketh flattery to his friends, even the eyes of his\r
+children shall fail.\r
+\r
+17:6 He hath made me also a byword of the people; and aforetime I was\r
+as a tabret.\r
+\r
+17:7 Mine eye also is dim by reason of sorrow, and all my members are\r
+as a shadow.\r
+\r
+17:8 Upright men shall be astonied at this, and the innocent shall\r
+stir up himself against the hypocrite.\r
+\r
+17:9 The righteous also shall hold on his way, and he that hath clean\r
+hands shall be stronger and stronger.\r
+\r
+17:10 But as for you all, do ye return, and come now: for I cannot\r
+find one wise man among you.\r
+\r
+17:11 My days are past, my purposes are broken off, even the thoughts\r
+of my heart.\r
+\r
+17:12 They change the night into day: the light is short because of\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+17:13 If I wait, the grave is mine house: I have made my bed in the\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+17:14 I have said to corruption, Thou art my father: to the worm, Thou\r
+art my mother, and my sister.\r
+\r
+17:15 And where is now my hope? as for my hope, who shall see it?\r
+17:16 They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest\r
+together is in the dust.\r
+\r
+18:1 Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and said, 18:2 How long will it\r
+be ere ye make an end of words? mark, and afterwards we will speak.\r
+\r
+18:3 Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your\r
+sight? 18:4 He teareth himself in his anger: shall the earth be\r
+forsaken for thee? and shall the rock be removed out of his place?\r
+18:5 Yea, the light of the wicked shall be put out, and the spark of\r
+his fire shall not shine.\r
+\r
+18:6 The light shall be dark in his tabernacle, and his candle shall\r
+be put out with him.\r
+\r
+18:7 The steps of his strength shall be straitened, and his own\r
+counsel shall cast him down.\r
+\r
+18:8 For he is cast into a net by his own feet, and he walketh upon a\r
+snare.\r
+\r
+18:9 The gin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall prevail\r
+against him.\r
+\r
+18:10 The snare is laid for him in the ground, and a trap for him in\r
+the way.\r
+\r
+18:11 Terrors shall make him afraid on every side, and shall drive him\r
+to his feet.\r
+\r
+18:12 His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be\r
+ready at his side.\r
+\r
+18:13 It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of\r
+death shall devour his strength.\r
+\r
+18:14 His confidence shall be rooted out of his tabernacle, and it\r
+shall bring him to the king of terrors.\r
+\r
+18:15 It shall dwell in his tabernacle, because it is none of his:\r
+brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation.\r
+\r
+18:16 His roots shall be dried up beneath, and above shall his branch\r
+be cut off.\r
+\r
+18:17 His remembrance shall perish from the earth, and he shall have\r
+no name in the street.\r
+\r
+18:18 He shall be driven from light into darkness, and chased out of\r
+the world.\r
+\r
+18:19 He shall neither have son nor nephew among his people, nor any\r
+remaining in his dwellings.\r
+\r
+18:20 They that come after him shall be astonied at his day, as they\r
+that went before were affrighted.\r
+\r
+18:21 Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, and this is the\r
+place of him that knoweth not God.\r
+\r
+19:1 Then Job answered and said, 19:2 How long will ye vex my soul,\r
+and break me in pieces with words? 19:3 These ten times have ye\r
+reproached me: ye are not ashamed that ye make yourselves strange to\r
+me.\r
+\r
+19:4 And be it indeed that I have erred, mine error remaineth with\r
+myself.\r
+\r
+19:5 If indeed ye will magnify yourselves against me, and plead\r
+against me my reproach: 19:6 Know now that God hath overthrown me, and\r
+hath compassed me with his net.\r
+\r
+19:7 Behold, I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard: I cry aloud, but\r
+there is no judgment.\r
+\r
+19:8 He hath fenced up my way that I cannot pass, and he hath set\r
+darkness in my paths.\r
+\r
+19:9 He hath stripped me of my glory, and taken the crown from my\r
+head.\r
+\r
+19:10 He hath destroyed me on every side, and I am gone: and mine hope\r
+hath he removed like a tree.\r
+\r
+19:11 He hath also kindled his wrath against me, and he counteth me\r
+unto him as one of his enemies.\r
+\r
+19:12 His troops come together, and raise up their way against me, and\r
+encamp round about my tabernacle.\r
+\r
+19:13 He hath put my brethren far from me, and mine acquaintance are\r
+verily estranged from me.\r
+\r
+19:14 My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends have forgotten\r
+me.\r
+\r
+19:15 They that dwell in mine house, and my maids, count me for a\r
+stranger: I am an alien in their sight.\r
+\r
+19:16 I called my servant, and he gave me no answer; I intreated him\r
+with my mouth.\r
+\r
+19:17 My breath is strange to my wife, though I intreated for the\r
+children's sake of mine own body.\r
+\r
+19:18 Yea, young children despised me; I arose, and they spake against\r
+me.\r
+\r
+19:19 All my inward friends abhorred me: and they whom I loved are\r
+turned against me.\r
+\r
+19:20 My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped\r
+with the skin of my teeth.\r
+\r
+19:21 Have pity upon me, have pity upon me, O ye my friends; for the\r
+hand of God hath touched me.\r
+\r
+19:22 Why do ye persecute me as God, and are not satisfied with my\r
+flesh? 19:23 Oh that my words were now written! oh that they were\r
+printed in a book! 19:24 That they were graven with an iron pen and\r
+lead in the rock for ever! 19:25 For I know that my redeemer liveth,\r
+and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth: 19:26 And\r
+though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I\r
+see God: 19:27 Whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall\r
+behold, and not another; though my reins be consumed within me.\r
+\r
+19:28 But ye should say, Why persecute we him, seeing the root of the\r
+matter is found in me? 19:29 Be ye afraid of the sword: for wrath\r
+bringeth the punishments of the sword, that ye may know there is a\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+20:1 Then answered Zophar the Naamathite, and said, 20:2 Therefore do\r
+my thoughts cause me to answer, and for this I make haste.\r
+\r
+20:3 I have heard the check of my reproach, and the spirit of my\r
+understanding causeth me to answer.\r
+\r
+20:4 Knowest thou not this of old, since man was placed upon earth,\r
+20:5 That the triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the\r
+hypocrite but for a moment? 20:6 Though his excellency mount up to\r
+the heavens, and his head reach unto the clouds; 20:7 Yet he shall\r
+perish for ever like his own dung: they which have seen him shall say,\r
+Where is he? 20:8 He shall fly away as a dream, and shall not be\r
+found: yea, he shall be chased away as a vision of the night.\r
+\r
+20:9 The eye also which saw him shall see him no more; neither shall\r
+his place any more behold him.\r
+\r
+20:10 His children shall seek to please the poor, and his hands shall\r
+restore their goods.\r
+\r
+20:11 His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie down\r
+with him in the dust.\r
+\r
+20:12 Though wickedness be sweet in his mouth, though he hide it under\r
+his tongue; 20:13 Though he spare it, and forsake it not; but keep it\r
+still within his mouth: 20:14 Yet his meat in his bowels is turned, it\r
+is the gall of asps within him.\r
+\r
+20:15 He hath swallowed down riches, and he shall vomit them up again:\r
+God shall cast them out of his belly.\r
+\r
+20:16 He shall suck the poison of asps: the viper's tongue shall slay\r
+him.\r
+\r
+20:17 He shall not see the rivers, the floods, the brooks of honey and\r
+butter.\r
+\r
+20:18 That which he laboured for shall he restore, and shall not\r
+swallow it down: according to his substance shall the restitution be,\r
+and he shall not rejoice therein.\r
+\r
+20:19 Because he hath oppressed and hath forsaken the poor; because he\r
+hath violently taken away an house which he builded not; 20:20 Surely\r
+he shall not feel quietness in his belly, he shall not save of that\r
+which he desired.\r
+\r
+20:21 There shall none of his meat be left; therefore shall no man\r
+look for his goods.\r
+\r
+20:22 In the fulness of his sufficiency he shall be in straits: every\r
+hand of the wicked shall come upon him.\r
+\r
+20:23 When he is about to fill his belly, God shall cast the fury of\r
+his wrath upon him, and shall rain it upon him while he is eating.\r
+\r
+20:24 He shall flee from the iron weapon, and the bow of steel shall\r
+strike him through.\r
+\r
+20:25 It is drawn, and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering\r
+sword cometh out of his gall: terrors are upon him.\r
+\r
+20:26 All darkness shall be hid in his secret places: a fire not blown\r
+shall consume him; it shall go ill with him that is left in his\r
+tabernacle.\r
+\r
+20:27 The heaven shall reveal his iniquity; and the earth shall rise\r
+up against him.\r
+\r
+20:28 The increase of his house shall depart, and his goods shall flow\r
+away in the day of his wrath.\r
+\r
+20:29 This is the portion of a wicked man from God, and the heritage\r
+appointed unto him by God.\r
+\r
+21:1 But Job answered and said, 21:2 Hear diligently my speech, and\r
+let this be your consolations.\r
+\r
+21:3 Suffer me that I may speak; and after that I have spoken, mock\r
+on.\r
+\r
+21:4 As for me, is my complaint to man? and if it were so, why should\r
+not my spirit be troubled? 21:5 Mark me, and be astonished, and lay\r
+your hand upon your mouth.\r
+\r
+21:6 Even when I remember I am afraid, and trembling taketh hold on my\r
+flesh.\r
+\r
+21:7 Wherefore do the wicked live, become old, yea, are mighty in\r
+power? 21:8 Their seed is established in their sight with them, and\r
+their offspring before their eyes.\r
+\r
+21:9 Their houses are safe from fear, neither is the rod of God upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+21:10 Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and\r
+casteth not her calf.\r
+\r
+21:11 They send forth their little ones like a flock, and their\r
+children dance.\r
+\r
+21:12 They take the timbrel and harp, and rejoice at the sound of the\r
+organ.\r
+\r
+21:13 They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the\r
+grave.\r
+\r
+21:14 Therefore they say unto God, Depart from us; for we desire not\r
+the knowledge of thy ways.\r
+\r
+21:15 What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? and what profit\r
+should we have, if we pray unto him? 21:16 Lo, their good is not in\r
+their hand: the counsel of the wicked is far from me.\r
+\r
+21:17 How oft is the candle of the wicked put out! and how oft cometh\r
+their destruction upon them! God distributeth sorrows in his anger.\r
+\r
+21:18 They are as stubble before the wind, and as chaff that the storm\r
+carrieth away.\r
+\r
+21:19 God layeth up his iniquity for his children: he rewardeth him,\r
+and he shall know it.\r
+\r
+21:20 His eyes shall see his destruction, and he shall drink of the\r
+wrath of the Almighty.\r
+\r
+21:21 For what pleasure hath he in his house after him, when the\r
+number of his months is cut off in the midst? 21:22 Shall any teach\r
+God knowledge? seeing he judgeth those that are high.\r
+\r
+21:23 One dieth in his full strength, being wholly at ease and quiet.\r
+\r
+21:24 His breasts are full of milk, and his bones are moistened with\r
+marrow.\r
+\r
+21:25 And another dieth in the bitterness of his soul, and never\r
+eateth with pleasure.\r
+\r
+21:26 They shall lie down alike in the dust, and the worms shall cover\r
+them.\r
+\r
+21:27 Behold, I know your thoughts, and the devices which ye\r
+wrongfully imagine against me.\r
+\r
+21:28 For ye say, Where is the house of the prince? and where are the\r
+dwelling places of the wicked? 21:29 Have ye not asked them that go\r
+by the way? and do ye not know their tokens, 21:30 That the wicked is\r
+reserved to the day of destruction? they shall be brought forth to the\r
+day of wrath.\r
+\r
+21:31 Who shall declare his way to his face? and who shall repay him\r
+what he hath done? 21:32 Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and\r
+shall remain in the tomb.\r
+\r
+21:33 The clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man\r
+shall draw after him, as there are innumerable before him.\r
+\r
+21:34 How then comfort ye me in vain, seeing in your answers there\r
+remaineth falsehood? 22:1 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and\r
+said, 22:2 Can a man be profitable unto God, as he that is wise may be\r
+profitable unto himself? 22:3 Is it any pleasure to the Almighty,\r
+that thou art righteous? or is it gain to him, that thou makest thy\r
+ways perfect? 22:4 Will he reprove thee for fear of thee? will he\r
+enter with thee into judgment? 22:5 Is not thy wickedness great? and\r
+thine iniquities infinite? 22:6 For thou hast taken a pledge from thy\r
+brother for nought, and stripped the naked of their clothing.\r
+\r
+22:7 Thou hast not given water to the weary to drink, and thou hast\r
+withholden bread from the hungry.\r
+\r
+22:8 But as for the mighty man, he had the earth; and the honourable\r
+man dwelt in it.\r
+\r
+22:9 Thou hast sent widows away empty, and the arms of the fatherless\r
+have been broken.\r
+\r
+22:10 Therefore snares are round about thee, and sudden fear troubleth\r
+thee; 22:11 Or darkness, that thou canst not see; and abundance of\r
+waters cover thee.\r
+\r
+22:12 Is not God in the height of heaven? and behold the height of the\r
+stars, how high they are! 22:13 And thou sayest, How doth God know?\r
+can he judge through the dark cloud? 22:14 Thick clouds are a\r
+covering to him, that he seeth not; and he walketh in the circuit of\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+22:15 Hast thou marked the old way which wicked men have trodden?\r
+22:16 Which were cut down out of time, whose foundation was overflown\r
+with a flood: 22:17 Which said unto God, Depart from us: and what can\r
+the Almighty do for them? 22:18 Yet he filled their houses with good\r
+things: but the counsel of the wicked is far from me.\r
+\r
+22:19 The righteous see it, and are glad: and the innocent laugh them\r
+to scorn.\r
+\r
+22:20 Whereas our substance is not cut down, but the remnant of them\r
+the fire consumeth.\r
+\r
+22:21 Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace: thereby good\r
+shall come unto thee.\r
+\r
+22:22 Receive, I pray thee, the law from his mouth, and lay up his\r
+words in thine heart.\r
+\r
+22:23 If thou return to the Almighty, thou shalt be built up, thou\r
+shalt put away iniquity far from thy tabernacles.\r
+\r
+22:24 Then shalt thou lay up gold as dust, and the gold of Ophir as\r
+the stones of the brooks.\r
+\r
+22:25 Yea, the Almighty shall be thy defence, and thou shalt have\r
+plenty of silver.\r
+\r
+22:26 For then shalt thou have thy delight in the Almighty, and shalt\r
+lift up thy face unto God.\r
+\r
+22:27 Thou shalt make thy prayer unto him, and he shall hear thee, and\r
+thou shalt pay thy vows.\r
+\r
+22:28 Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established unto\r
+thee: and the light shall shine upon thy ways.\r
+\r
+22:29 When men are cast down, then thou shalt say, There is lifting\r
+up; and he shall save the humble person.\r
+\r
+22:30 He shall deliver the island of the innocent: and it is delivered\r
+by the pureness of thine hands.\r
+\r
+23:1 Then Job answered and said, 23:2 Even to day is my complaint\r
+bitter: my stroke is heavier than my groaning.\r
+\r
+23:3 Oh that I knew where I might find him! that I might come even to\r
+his seat! 23:4 I would order my cause before him, and fill my mouth\r
+with arguments.\r
+\r
+23:5 I would know the words which he would answer me, and understand\r
+what he would say unto me.\r
+\r
+23:6 Will he plead against me with his great power? No; but he would\r
+put strength in me.\r
+\r
+23:7 There the righteous might dispute with him; so should I be\r
+delivered for ever from my judge.\r
+\r
+23:8 Behold, I go forward, but he is not there; and backward, but I\r
+cannot perceive him: 23:9 On the left hand, where he doth work, but I\r
+cannot behold him: he hideth himself on the right hand, that I cannot\r
+see him: 23:10 But he knoweth the way that I take: when he hath tried\r
+me, I shall come forth as gold.\r
+\r
+23:11 My foot hath held his steps, his way have I kept, and not\r
+declined.\r
+\r
+23:12 Neither have I gone back from the commandment of his lips; I\r
+have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food.\r
+\r
+23:13 But he is in one mind, and who can turn him? and what his soul\r
+desireth, even that he doeth.\r
+\r
+23:14 For he performeth the thing that is appointed for me: and many\r
+such things are with him.\r
+\r
+23:15 Therefore am I troubled at his presence: when I consider, I am\r
+afraid of him.\r
+\r
+23:16 For God maketh my heart soft, and the Almighty troubleth me:\r
+23:17 Because I was not cut off before the darkness, neither hath he\r
+covered the darkness from my face.\r
+\r
+24:1 Why, seeing times are not hidden from the Almighty, do they that\r
+know him not see his days? 24:2 Some remove the landmarks; they\r
+violently take away flocks, and feed thereof.\r
+\r
+24:3 They drive away the ass of the fatherless, they take the widow's\r
+ox for a pledge.\r
+\r
+24:4 They turn the needy out of the way: the poor of the earth hide\r
+themselves together.\r
+\r
+24:5 Behold, as wild asses in the desert, go they forth to their work;\r
+rising betimes for a prey: the wilderness yieldeth food for them and\r
+for their children.\r
+\r
+24:6 They reap every one his corn in the field: and they gather the\r
+vintage of the wicked.\r
+\r
+24:7 They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no\r
+covering in the cold.\r
+\r
+24:8 They are wet with the showers of the mountains, and embrace the\r
+rock for want of a shelter.\r
+\r
+24:9 They pluck the fatherless from the breast, and take a pledge of\r
+the poor.\r
+\r
+24:10 They cause him to go naked without clothing, and they take away\r
+the sheaf from the hungry; 24:11 Which make oil within their walls,\r
+and tread their winepresses, and suffer thirst.\r
+\r
+24:12 Men groan from out of the city, and the soul of the wounded\r
+crieth out: yet God layeth not folly to them.\r
+\r
+24:13 They are of those that rebel against the light; they know not\r
+the ways thereof, nor abide in the paths thereof.\r
+\r
+24:14 The murderer rising with the light killeth the poor and needy,\r
+and in the night is as a thief.\r
+\r
+24:15 The eye also of the adulterer waiteth for the twilight, saying,\r
+No eye shall see me: and disguiseth his face.\r
+\r
+24:16 In the dark they dig through houses, which they had marked for\r
+themselves in the daytime: they know not the light.\r
+\r
+24:17 For the morning is to them even as the shadow of death: if one\r
+know them, they are in the terrors of the shadow of death.\r
+\r
+24:18 He is swift as the waters; their portion is cursed in the earth:\r
+he beholdeth not the way of the vineyards.\r
+\r
+24:19 Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave\r
+those which have sinned.\r
+\r
+24:20 The womb shall forget him; the worm shall feed sweetly on him;\r
+he shall be no more remembered; and wickedness shall be broken as a\r
+tree.\r
+\r
+24:21 He evil entreateth the barren that beareth not: and doeth not\r
+good to the widow.\r
+\r
+24:22 He draweth also the mighty with his power: he riseth up, and no\r
+man is sure of life.\r
+\r
+24:23 Though it be given him to be in safety, whereon he resteth; yet\r
+his eyes are upon their ways.\r
+\r
+24:24 They are exalted for a little while, but are gone and brought\r
+low; they are taken out of the way as all other, and cut off as the\r
+tops of the ears of corn.\r
+\r
+24:25 And if it be not so now, who will make me a liar, and make my\r
+speech nothing worth? 25:1 Then answered Bildad the Shuhite, and\r
+said, 25:2 Dominion and fear are with him, he maketh peace in his high\r
+places.\r
+\r
+25:3 Is there any number of his armies? and upon whom doth not his\r
+light arise? 25:4 How then can man be justified with God? or how can\r
+he be clean that is born of a woman? 25:5 Behold even to the moon,\r
+and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his sight.\r
+\r
+25:6 How much less man, that is a worm? and the son of man, which is a\r
+worm? 26:1 But Job answered and said, 26:2 How hast thou helped him\r
+that is without power? how savest thou the arm that hath no strength?\r
+26:3 How hast thou counselled him that hath no wisdom? and how hast\r
+thou plentifully declared the thing as it is? 26:4 To whom hast thou\r
+uttered words? and whose spirit came from thee? 26:5 Dead things are\r
+formed from under the waters, and the inhabitants thereof.\r
+\r
+26:6 Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering.\r
+\r
+26:7 He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the\r
+earth upon nothing.\r
+\r
+26:8 He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is\r
+not rent under them.\r
+\r
+26:9 He holdeth back the face of his throne, and spreadeth his cloud\r
+upon it.\r
+\r
+26:10 He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and\r
+night come to an end.\r
+\r
+26:11 The pillars of heaven tremble and are astonished at his reproof.\r
+\r
+26:12 He divideth the sea with his power, and by his understanding he\r
+smiteth through the proud.\r
+\r
+26:13 By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath\r
+formed the crooked serpent.\r
+\r
+26:14 Lo, these are parts of his ways: but how little a portion is\r
+heard of him? but the thunder of his power who can understand? 27:1\r
+Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, 27:2 As God liveth, who\r
+hath taken away my judgment; and the Almighty, who hath vexed my soul;\r
+27:3 All the while my breath is in me, and the spirit of God is in my\r
+nostrils; 27:4 My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter\r
+deceit.\r
+\r
+27:5 God forbid that I should justify you: till I die I will not\r
+remove mine integrity from me.\r
+\r
+27:6 My righteousness I hold fast, and will not let it go: my heart\r
+shall not reproach me so long as I live.\r
+\r
+27:7 Let mine enemy be as the wicked, and he that riseth up against me\r
+as the unrighteous.\r
+\r
+27:8 For what is the hope of the hypocrite, though he hath gained,\r
+when God taketh away his soul? 27:9 Will God hear his cry when\r
+trouble cometh upon him? 27:10 Will he delight himself in the\r
+Almighty? will he always call upon God? 27:11 I will teach you by the\r
+hand of God: that which is with the Almighty will I not conceal.\r
+\r
+27:12 Behold, all ye yourselves have seen it; why then are ye thus\r
+altogether vain? 27:13 This is the portion of a wicked man with God,\r
+and the heritage of oppressors, which they shall receive of the\r
+Almighty.\r
+\r
+27:14 If his children be multiplied, it is for the sword: and his\r
+offspring shall not be satisfied with bread.\r
+\r
+27:15 Those that remain of him shall be buried in death: and his\r
+widows shall not weep.\r
+\r
+27:16 Though he heap up silver as the dust, and prepare raiment as the\r
+clay; 27:17 He may prepare it, but the just shall put it on, and the\r
+innocent shall divide the silver.\r
+\r
+27:18 He buildeth his house as a moth, and as a booth that the keeper\r
+maketh.\r
+\r
+27:19 The rich man shall lie down, but he shall not be gathered: he\r
+openeth his eyes, and he is not.\r
+\r
+27:20 Terrors take hold on him as waters, a tempest stealeth him away\r
+in the night.\r
+\r
+27:21 The east wind carrieth him away, and he departeth: and as a\r
+storm hurleth him out of his place.\r
+\r
+27:22 For God shall cast upon him, and not spare: he would fain flee\r
+out of his hand.\r
+\r
+27:23 Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of his\r
+place.\r
+\r
+28:1 Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold where\r
+they fine it.\r
+\r
+28:2 Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass is molten out of the\r
+stone.\r
+\r
+28:3 He setteth an end to darkness, and searcheth out all perfection:\r
+the stones of darkness, and the shadow of death.\r
+\r
+28:4 The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even the waters\r
+forgotten of the foot: they are dried up, they are gone away from men.\r
+\r
+28:5 As for the earth, out of it cometh bread: and under it is turned\r
+up as it were fire.\r
+\r
+28:6 The stones of it are the place of sapphires: and it hath dust of\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+28:7 There is a path which no fowl knoweth, and which the vulture's\r
+eye hath not seen: 28:8 The lion's whelps have not trodden it, nor the\r
+fierce lion passed by it.\r
+\r
+28:9 He putteth forth his hand upon the rock; he overturneth the\r
+mountains by the roots.\r
+\r
+28:10 He cutteth out rivers among the rocks; and his eye seeth every\r
+precious thing.\r
+\r
+28:11 He bindeth the floods from overflowing; and the thing that is\r
+hid bringeth he forth to light.\r
+\r
+28:12 But where shall wisdom be found? and where is the place of\r
+understanding? 28:13 Man knoweth not the price thereof; neither is it\r
+found in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+28:14 The depth saith, It is not in me: and the sea saith, It is not\r
+with me.\r
+\r
+28:15 It cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed\r
+for the price thereof.\r
+\r
+28:16 It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious\r
+onyx, or the sapphire.\r
+\r
+28:17 The gold and the crystal cannot equal it: and the exchange of it\r
+shall not be for jewels of fine gold.\r
+\r
+28:18 No mention shall be made of coral, or of pearls: for the price\r
+of wisdom is above rubies.\r
+\r
+28:19 The topaz of Ethiopia shall not equal it, neither shall it be\r
+valued with pure gold.\r
+\r
+28:20 Whence then cometh wisdom? and where is the place of\r
+understanding? 28:21 Seeing it is hid from the eyes of all living,\r
+and kept close from the fowls of the air.\r
+\r
+28:22 Destruction and death say, We have heard the fame thereof with\r
+our ears.\r
+\r
+28:23 God understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+28:24 For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the\r
+whole heaven; 28:25 To make the weight for the winds; and he weigheth\r
+the waters by measure.\r
+\r
+28:26 When he made a decree for the rain, and a way for the lightning\r
+of the thunder: 28:27 Then did he see it, and declare it; he prepared\r
+it, yea, and searched it out.\r
+\r
+28:28 And unto man he said, Behold, the fear of the LORD, that is\r
+wisdom; and to depart from evil is understanding.\r
+\r
+29:1 Moreover Job continued his parable, and said, 29:2 Oh that I were\r
+as in months past, as in the days when God preserved me; 29:3 When his\r
+candle shined upon my head, and when by his light I walked through\r
+darkness; 29:4 As I was in the days of my youth, when the secret of\r
+God was upon my tabernacle; 29:5 When the Almighty was yet with me,\r
+when my children were about me; 29:6 When I washed my steps with\r
+butter, and the rock poured me out rivers of oil; 29:7 When I went out\r
+to the gate through the city, when I prepared my seat in the street!\r
+29:8 The young men saw me, and hid themselves: and the aged arose, and\r
+stood up.\r
+\r
+29:9 The princes refrained talking, and laid their hand on their\r
+mouth.\r
+\r
+29:10 The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to the\r
+roof of their mouth.\r
+\r
+29:11 When the ear heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw\r
+me, it gave witness to me: 29:12 Because I delivered the poor that\r
+cried, and the fatherless, and him that had none to help him.\r
+\r
+29:13 The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me: and I\r
+caused the widow's heart to sing for joy.\r
+\r
+29:14 I put on righteousness, and it clothed me: my judgment was as a\r
+robe and a diadem.\r
+\r
+29:15 I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the lame.\r
+\r
+29:16 I was a father to the poor: and the cause which I knew not I\r
+searched out.\r
+\r
+29:17 And I brake the jaws of the wicked, and plucked the spoil out of\r
+his teeth.\r
+\r
+29:18 Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my\r
+days as the sand.\r
+\r
+29:19 My root was spread out by the waters, and the dew lay all night\r
+upon my branch.\r
+\r
+29:20 My glory was fresh in me, and my bow was renewed in my hand.\r
+\r
+29:21 Unto me men gave ear, and waited, and kept silence at my\r
+counsel.\r
+\r
+29:22 After my words they spake not again; and my speech dropped upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+29:23 And they waited for me as for the rain; and they opened their\r
+mouth wide as for the latter rain.\r
+\r
+29:24 If I laughed on them, they believed it not; and the light of my\r
+countenance they cast not down.\r
+\r
+29:25 I chose out their way, and sat chief, and dwelt as a king in the\r
+army, as one that comforteth the mourners.\r
+\r
+30:1 But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose\r
+fathers I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock.\r
+\r
+30:2 Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom\r
+old age was perished? 30:3 For want and famine they were solitary;\r
+fleeing into the wilderness in former time desolate and waste.\r
+\r
+30:4 Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their\r
+meat.\r
+\r
+30:5 They were driven forth from among men, (they cried after them as\r
+after a thief;) 30:6 To dwell in the cliffs of the valleys, in caves\r
+of the earth, and in the rocks.\r
+\r
+30:7 Among the bushes they brayed; under the nettles they were\r
+gathered together.\r
+\r
+30:8 They were children of fools, yea, children of base men: they were\r
+viler than the earth.\r
+\r
+30:9 And now am I their song, yea, I am their byword.\r
+\r
+30:10 They abhor me, they flee far from me, and spare not to spit in\r
+my face.\r
+\r
+30:11 Because he hath loosed my cord, and afflicted me, they have also\r
+let loose the bridle before me.\r
+\r
+30:12 Upon my right hand rise the youth; they push away my feet, and\r
+they raise up against me the ways of their destruction.\r
+\r
+30:13 They mar my path, they set forward my calamity, they have no\r
+helper.\r
+\r
+30:14 They came upon me as a wide breaking in of waters: in the\r
+desolation they rolled themselves upon me.\r
+\r
+30:15 Terrors are turned upon me: they pursue my soul as the wind: and\r
+my welfare passeth away as a cloud.\r
+\r
+30:16 And now my soul is poured out upon me; the days of affliction\r
+have taken hold upon me.\r
+\r
+30:17 My bones are pierced in me in the night season: and my sinews\r
+take no rest.\r
+\r
+30:18 By the great force of my disease is my garment changed: it\r
+bindeth me about as the collar of my coat.\r
+\r
+30:19 He hath cast me into the mire, and I am become like dust and\r
+ashes.\r
+\r
+30:20 I cry unto thee, and thou dost not hear me: I stand up, and thou\r
+regardest me not.\r
+\r
+30:21 Thou art become cruel to me: with thy strong hand thou opposest\r
+thyself against me.\r
+\r
+30:22 Thou liftest me up to the wind; thou causest me to ride upon it,\r
+and dissolvest my substance.\r
+\r
+30:23 For I know that thou wilt bring me to death, and to the house\r
+appointed for all living.\r
+\r
+30:24 Howbeit he will not stretch out his hand to the grave, though\r
+they cry in his destruction.\r
+\r
+30:25 Did not I weep for him that was in trouble? was not my soul\r
+grieved for the poor? 30:26 When I looked for good, then evil came\r
+unto me: and when I waited for light, there came darkness.\r
+\r
+30:27 My bowels boiled, and rested not: the days of affliction\r
+prevented me.\r
+\r
+30:28 I went mourning without the sun: I stood up, and I cried in the\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+30:29 I am a brother to dragons, and a companion to owls.\r
+\r
+30:30 My skin is black upon me, and my bones are burned with heat.\r
+\r
+30:31 My harp also is turned to mourning, and my organ into the voice\r
+of them that weep.\r
+\r
+31:1 I made a covenant with mine eyes; why then should I think upon a\r
+maid? 31:2 For what portion of God is there from above? and what\r
+inheritance of the Almighty from on high? 31:3 Is not destruction to\r
+the wicked? and a strange punishment to the workers of iniquity? 31:4\r
+Doth not he see my ways, and count all my steps? 31:5 If I have\r
+walked with vanity, or if my foot hath hasted to deceit; 31:6 Let me\r
+be weighed in an even balance that God may know mine integrity.\r
+\r
+31:7 If my step hath turned out of the way, and mine heart walked\r
+after mine eyes, and if any blot hath cleaved to mine hands; 31:8 Then\r
+let me sow, and let another eat; yea, let my offspring be rooted out.\r
+\r
+31:9 If mine heart have been deceived by a woman, or if I have laid\r
+wait at my neighbour's door; 31:10 Then let my wife grind unto\r
+another, and let others bow down upon her.\r
+\r
+31:11 For this is an heinous crime; yea, it is an iniquity to be\r
+punished by the judges.\r
+\r
+31:12 For it is a fire that consumeth to destruction, and would root\r
+out all mine increase.\r
+\r
+31:13 If I did despise the cause of my manservant or of my\r
+maidservant, when they contended with me; 31:14 What then shall I do\r
+when God riseth up? and when he visiteth, what shall I answer him?\r
+31:15 Did not he that made me in the womb make him? and did not one\r
+fashion us in the womb? 31:16 If I have withheld the poor from their\r
+desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; 31:17 Or have\r
+eaten my morsel myself alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten\r
+thereof; 31:18 (For from my youth he was brought up with me, as with a\r
+father, and I have guided her from my mother's womb;) 31:19 If I have\r
+seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering;\r
+31:20 If his loins have not blessed me, and if he were not warmed with\r
+the fleece of my sheep; 31:21 If I have lifted up my hand against the\r
+fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate: 31:22 Then let mine arm\r
+fall from my shoulder blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone.\r
+\r
+31:23 For destruction from God was a terror to me, and by reason of\r
+his highness I could not endure.\r
+\r
+31:24 If I have made gold my hope, or have said to the fine gold, Thou\r
+art my confidence; 31:25 If I rejoice because my wealth was great, and\r
+because mine hand had gotten much; 31:26 If I beheld the sun when it\r
+shined, or the moon walking in brightness; 31:27 And my heart hath\r
+been secretly enticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand: 31:28 This\r
+also were an iniquity to be punished by the judge: for I should have\r
+denied the God that is above.\r
+\r
+31:29 If I rejoice at the destruction of him that hated me, or lifted\r
+up myself when evil found him: 31:30 Neither have I suffered my mouth\r
+to sin by wishing a curse to his soul.\r
+\r
+31:31 If the men of my tabernacle said not, Oh that we had of his\r
+flesh! we cannot be satisfied.\r
+\r
+31:32 The stranger did not lodge in the street: but I opened my doors\r
+to the traveller.\r
+\r
+31:33 If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding mine iniquity\r
+in my bosom: 31:34 Did I fear a great multitude, or did the contempt\r
+of families terrify me, that I kept silence, and went not out of the\r
+door? 31:35 Oh that one would hear me! behold, my desire is, that the\r
+Almighty would answer me, and that mine adversary had written a book.\r
+\r
+31:36 Surely I would take it upon my shoulder, and bind it as a crown\r
+to me.\r
+\r
+31:37 I would declare unto him the number of my steps; as a prince\r
+would I go near unto him.\r
+\r
+31:38 If my land cry against me, or that the furrows likewise thereof\r
+complain; 31:39 If I have eaten the fruits thereof without money, or\r
+have caused the owners thereof to lose their life: 31:40 Let thistles\r
+grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead of barley.\r
+\r
+The words of Job are ended.\r
+\r
+32:1 So these three men ceased to answer Job, because he was righteous\r
+in his own eyes.\r
+\r
+32:2 Then was kindled the wrath of Elihu the son of Barachel the\r
+Buzite, of the kindred of Ram: against Job was his wrath kindled,\r
+because he justified himself rather than God.\r
+\r
+32:3 Also against his three friends was his wrath kindled, because\r
+they had found no answer, and yet had condemned Job.\r
+\r
+32:4 Now Elihu had waited till Job had spoken, because they were elder\r
+than he.\r
+\r
+32:5 When Elihu saw that there was no answer in the mouth of these\r
+three men, then his wrath was kindled.\r
+\r
+32:6 And Elihu the son of Barachel the Buzite answered and said, I am\r
+young, and ye are very old; wherefore I was afraid, and durst not shew\r
+you mine opinion.\r
+\r
+32:7 I said, Days should speak, and multitude of years should teach\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+32:8 But there is a spirit in man: and the inspiration of the Almighty\r
+giveth them understanding.\r
+\r
+32:9 Great men are not always wise: neither do the aged understand\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+32:10 Therefore I said, Hearken to me; I also will shew mine opinion.\r
+\r
+32:11 Behold, I waited for your words; I gave ear to your reasons,\r
+whilst ye searched out what to say.\r
+\r
+32:12 Yea, I attended unto you, and, behold, there was none of you\r
+that convinced Job, or that answered his words: 32:13 Lest ye should\r
+say, We have found out wisdom: God thrusteth him down, not man.\r
+\r
+32:14 Now he hath not directed his words against me: neither will I\r
+answer him with your speeches.\r
+\r
+32:15 They were amazed, they answered no more: they left off speaking.\r
+\r
+32:16 When I had waited, (for they spake not, but stood still, and\r
+answered no more;) 32:17 I said, I will answer also my part, I also\r
+will shew mine opinion.\r
+\r
+32:18 For I am full of matter, the spirit within me constraineth me.\r
+\r
+32:19 Behold, my belly is as wine which hath no vent; it is ready to\r
+burst like new bottles.\r
+\r
+32:20 I will speak, that I may be refreshed: I will open my lips and\r
+answer.\r
+\r
+32:21 Let me not, I pray you, accept any man's person, neither let me\r
+give flattering titles unto man.\r
+\r
+32:22 For I know not to give flattering titles; in so doing my maker\r
+would soon take me away.\r
+\r
+33:1 Wherefore, Job, I pray thee, hear my speeches, and hearken to all\r
+my words.\r
+\r
+33:2 Behold, now I have opened my mouth, my tongue hath spoken in my\r
+mouth.\r
+\r
+33:3 My words shall be of the uprightness of my heart: and my lips\r
+shall utter knowledge clearly.\r
+\r
+33:4 The spirit of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty\r
+hath given me life.\r
+\r
+33:5 If thou canst answer me, set thy words in order before me, stand\r
+up.\r
+\r
+33:6 Behold, I am according to thy wish in God's stead: I also am\r
+formed out of the clay.\r
+\r
+33:7 Behold, my terror shall not make thee afraid, neither shall my\r
+hand be heavy upon thee.\r
+\r
+33:8 Surely thou hast spoken in mine hearing, and I have heard the\r
+voice of thy words, saying, 33:9 I am clean without transgression, I\r
+am innocent; neither is there iniquity in me.\r
+\r
+33:10 Behold, he findeth occasions against me, he counteth me for his\r
+enemy, 33:11 He putteth my feet in the stocks, he marketh all my\r
+paths.\r
+\r
+33:12 Behold, in this thou art not just: I will answer thee, that God\r
+is greater than man.\r
+\r
+33:13 Why dost thou strive against him? for he giveth not account of\r
+any of his matters.\r
+\r
+33:14 For God speaketh once, yea twice, yet man perceiveth it not.\r
+\r
+33:15 In a dream, in a vision of the night, when deep sleep falleth\r
+upon men, in slumberings upon the bed; 33:16 Then he openeth the ears\r
+of men, and sealeth their instruction, 33:17 That he may withdraw man\r
+from his purpose, and hide pride from man.\r
+\r
+33:18 He keepeth back his soul from the pit, and his life from\r
+perishing by the sword.\r
+\r
+33:19 He is chastened also with pain upon his bed, and the multitude\r
+of his bones with strong pain: 33:20 So that his life abhorreth bread,\r
+and his soul dainty meat.\r
+\r
+33:21 His flesh is consumed away, that it cannot be seen; and his\r
+bones that were not seen stick out.\r
+\r
+33:22 Yea, his soul draweth near unto the grave, and his life to the\r
+destroyers.\r
+\r
+33:23 If there be a messenger with him, an interpreter, one among a\r
+thousand, to shew unto man his uprightness: 33:24 Then he is gracious\r
+unto him, and saith, Deliver him from going down to the pit: I have\r
+found a ransom.\r
+\r
+33:25 His flesh shall be fresher than a child's: he shall return to\r
+the days of his youth: 33:26 He shall pray unto God, and he will be\r
+favourable unto him: and he shall see his face with joy: for he will\r
+render unto man his righteousness.\r
+\r
+33:27 He looketh upon men, and if any say, I have sinned, and\r
+perverted that which was right, and it profited me not; 33:28 He will\r
+deliver his soul from going into the pit, and his life shall see the\r
+light.\r
+\r
+33:29 Lo, all these things worketh God oftentimes with man, 33:30 To\r
+bring back his soul from the pit, to be enlightened with the light of\r
+the living.\r
+\r
+33:31 Mark well, O Job, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I will\r
+speak.\r
+\r
+33:32 If thou hast anything to say, answer me: speak, for I desire to\r
+justify thee.\r
+\r
+33:33 If not, hearken unto me: hold thy peace, and I shall teach thee\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+34:1 Furthermore Elihu answered and said, 34:2 Hear my words, O ye\r
+wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge.\r
+\r
+34:3 For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.\r
+\r
+34:4 Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is\r
+good.\r
+\r
+34:5 For Job hath said, I am righteous: and God hath taken away my\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+34:6 Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without\r
+transgression.\r
+\r
+34:7 What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water? 34:8\r
+Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with\r
+wicked men.\r
+\r
+34:9 For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should\r
+delight himself with God.\r
+\r
+34:10 Therefore hearken unto me ye men of understanding: far be it\r
+from God, that he should do wickedness; and from the Almighty, that he\r
+should commit iniquity.\r
+\r
+34:11 For the work of a man shall he render unto him, and cause every\r
+man to find according to his ways.\r
+\r
+34:12 Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty\r
+pervert judgment.\r
+\r
+34:13 Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed\r
+the whole world? 34:14 If he set his heart upon man, if he gather\r
+unto himself his spirit and his breath; 34:15 All flesh shall perish\r
+together, and man shall turn again unto dust.\r
+\r
+34:16 If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice\r
+of my words.\r
+\r
+34:17 Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn\r
+him that is most just? 34:18 Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art\r
+wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly? 34:19 How much less to him\r
+that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more\r
+than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands.\r
+\r
+34:20 In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at\r
+midnight, and pass away: and the mighty shall be taken away without\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+34:21 For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his\r
+goings.\r
+\r
+34:22 There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of\r
+iniquity may hide themselves.\r
+\r
+34:23 For he will not lay upon man more than right; that he should\r
+enter into judgment with God.\r
+\r
+34:24 He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set\r
+others in their stead.\r
+\r
+34:25 Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the\r
+night, so that they are destroyed.\r
+\r
+34:26 He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others;\r
+34:27 Because they turned back from him, and would not consider any of\r
+his ways: 34:28 So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto\r
+him, and he heareth the cry of the afflicted.\r
+\r
+34:29 When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he\r
+hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it be done against a\r
+nation, or against a man only: 34:30 That the hypocrite reign not,\r
+lest the people be ensnared.\r
+\r
+34:31 Surely it is meet to be said unto God, I have borne\r
+chastisement, I will not offend any more: 34:32 That which I see not\r
+teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more.\r
+\r
+34:33 Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it,\r
+whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I: therefore\r
+speak what thou knowest.\r
+\r
+34:34 Let men of understanding tell me, and let a wise man hearken\r
+unto me.\r
+\r
+34:35 Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+34:36 My desire is that Job may be tried unto the end because of his\r
+answers for wicked men.\r
+\r
+34:37 For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands\r
+among us, and multiplieth his words against God.\r
+\r
+35:1 Elihu spake moreover, and said, 35:2 Thinkest thou this to be\r
+right, that thou saidst, My righteousness is more than God's? 35:3\r
+For thou saidst, What advantage will it be unto thee? and, What profit\r
+shall I have, if I be cleansed from my sin? 35:4 I will answer thee,\r
+and thy companions with thee.\r
+\r
+35:5 Look unto the heavens, and see; and behold the clouds which are\r
+higher than thou.\r
+\r
+35:6 If thou sinnest, what doest thou against him? or if thy\r
+transgressions be multiplied, what doest thou unto him? 35:7 If thou\r
+be righteous, what givest thou him? or what receiveth he of thine\r
+hand? 35:8 Thy wickedness may hurt a man as thou art; and thy\r
+righteousness may profit the son of man.\r
+\r
+35:9 By reason of the multitude of oppressions they make the oppressed\r
+to cry: they cry out by reason of the arm of the mighty.\r
+\r
+35:10 But none saith, Where is God my maker, who giveth songs in the\r
+night; 35:11 Who teacheth us more than the beasts of the earth, and\r
+maketh us wiser than the fowls of heaven? 35:12 There they cry, but\r
+none giveth answer, because of the pride of evil men.\r
+\r
+35:13 Surely God will not hear vanity, neither will the Almighty\r
+regard it.\r
+\r
+35:14 Although thou sayest thou shalt not see him, yet judgment is\r
+before him; therefore trust thou in him.\r
+\r
+35:15 But now, because it is not so, he hath visited in his anger; yet\r
+he knoweth it not in great extremity: 35:16 Therefore doth Job open\r
+his mouth in vain; he multiplieth words without knowledge.\r
+\r
+36:1 Elihu also proceeded, and said, 36:2 Suffer me a little, and I\r
+will shew thee that I have yet to speak on God's behalf.\r
+\r
+36:3 I will fetch my knowledge from afar, and will ascribe\r
+righteousness to my Maker.\r
+\r
+36:4 For truly my words shall not be false: he that is perfect in\r
+knowledge is with thee.\r
+\r
+36:5 Behold, God is mighty, and despiseth not any: he is mighty in\r
+strength and wisdom.\r
+\r
+36:6 He preserveth not the life of the wicked: but giveth right to the\r
+poor.\r
+\r
+36:7 He withdraweth not his eyes from the righteous: but with kings\r
+are they on the throne; yea, he doth establish them for ever, and they\r
+are exalted.\r
+\r
+36:8 And if they be bound in fetters, and be holden in cords of\r
+affliction; 36:9 Then he sheweth them their work, and their\r
+transgressions that they have exceeded.\r
+\r
+36:10 He openeth also their ear to discipline, and commandeth that\r
+they return from iniquity.\r
+\r
+36:11 If they obey and serve him, they shall spend their days in\r
+prosperity, and their years in pleasures.\r
+\r
+36:12 But if they obey not, they shall perish by the sword, and they\r
+shall die without knowledge.\r
+\r
+36:13 But the hypocrites in heart heap up wrath: they cry not when he\r
+bindeth them.\r
+\r
+36:14 They die in youth, and their life is among the unclean.\r
+\r
+36:15 He delivereth the poor in his affliction, and openeth their ears\r
+in oppression.\r
+\r
+36:16 Even so would he have removed thee out of the strait into a\r
+broad place, where there is no straitness; and that which should be\r
+set on thy table should be full of fatness.\r
+\r
+36:17 But thou hast fulfilled the judgment of the wicked: judgment and\r
+justice take hold on thee.\r
+\r
+36:18 Because there is wrath, beware lest he take thee away with his\r
+stroke: then a great ransom cannot deliver thee.\r
+\r
+36:19 Will he esteem thy riches? no, not gold, nor all the forces of\r
+strength.\r
+\r
+36:20 Desire not the night, when people are cut off in their place.\r
+\r
+36:21 Take heed, regard not iniquity: for this hast thou chosen rather\r
+than affliction.\r
+\r
+36:22 Behold, God exalteth by his power: who teacheth like him? 36:23\r
+Who hath enjoined him his way? or who can say, Thou hast wrought\r
+iniquity? 36:24 Remember that thou magnify his work, which men\r
+behold.\r
+\r
+36:25 Every man may see it; man may behold it afar off.\r
+\r
+36:26 Behold, God is great, and we know him not, neither can the\r
+number of his years be searched out.\r
+\r
+36:27 For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain\r
+according to the vapour thereof: 36:28 Which the clouds do drop and\r
+distil upon man abundantly.\r
+\r
+36:29 Also can any understand the spreadings of the clouds, or the\r
+noise of his tabernacle? 36:30 Behold, he spreadeth his light upon\r
+it, and covereth the bottom of the sea.\r
+\r
+36:31 For by them judgeth he the people; he giveth meat in abundance.\r
+\r
+36:32 With clouds he covereth the light; and commandeth it not to\r
+shine by the cloud that cometh betwixt.\r
+\r
+36:33 The noise thereof sheweth concerning it, the cattle also\r
+concerning the vapour.\r
+\r
+37:1 At this also my heart trembleth, and is moved out of his place.\r
+\r
+37:2 Hear attentively the noise of his voice, and the sound that goeth\r
+out of his mouth.\r
+\r
+37:3 He directeth it under the whole heaven, and his lightning unto\r
+the ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+37:4 After it a voice roareth: he thundereth with the voice of his\r
+excellency; and he will not stay them when his voice is heard.\r
+\r
+37:5 God thundereth marvellously with his voice; great things doeth\r
+he, which we cannot comprehend.\r
+\r
+37:6 For he saith to the snow, Be thou on the earth; likewise to the\r
+small rain, and to the great rain of his strength.\r
+\r
+37:7 He sealeth up the hand of every man; that all men may know his\r
+work.\r
+\r
+37:8 Then the beasts go into dens, and remain in their places.\r
+\r
+37:9 Out of the south cometh the whirlwind: and cold out of the north.\r
+\r
+37:10 By the breath of God frost is given: and the breadth of the\r
+waters is straitened.\r
+\r
+37:11 Also by watering he wearieth the thick cloud: he scattereth his\r
+bright cloud: 37:12 And it is turned round about by his counsels: that\r
+they may do whatsoever he commandeth them upon the face of the world\r
+in the earth.\r
+\r
+37:13 He causeth it to come, whether for correction, or for his land,\r
+or for mercy.\r
+\r
+37:14 Hearken unto this, O Job: stand still, and consider the wondrous\r
+works of God.\r
+\r
+37:15 Dost thou know when God disposed them, and caused the light of\r
+his cloud to shine? 37:16 Dost thou know the balancings of the\r
+clouds, the wondrous works of him which is perfect in knowledge?\r
+37:17 How thy garments are warm, when he quieteth the earth by the\r
+south wind? 37:18 Hast thou with him spread out the sky, which is\r
+strong, and as a molten looking glass? 37:19 Teach us what we shall\r
+say unto him; for we cannot order our speech by reason of darkness.\r
+\r
+37:20 Shall it be told him that I speak? if a man speak, surely he\r
+shall be swallowed up.\r
+\r
+37:21 And now men see not the bright light which is in the clouds: but\r
+the wind passeth, and cleanseth them.\r
+\r
+37:22 Fair weather cometh out of the north: with God is terrible\r
+majesty.\r
+\r
+37:23 Touching the Almighty, we cannot find him out: he is excellent\r
+in power, and in judgment, and in plenty of justice: he will not\r
+afflict.\r
+\r
+37:24 Men do therefore fear him: he respecteth not any that are wise\r
+of heart.\r
+\r
+38:1 Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, 38:2\r
+Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? 38:3\r
+Gird up now thy loins like a man; for I will demand of thee, and\r
+answer thou me.\r
+\r
+38:4 Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth?\r
+declare, if thou hast understanding.\r
+\r
+38:5 Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath\r
+stretched the line upon it? 38:6 Whereupon are the foundations\r
+thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; 38:7 When the\r
+morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?\r
+38:8 Or who shut up the sea with doors, when it brake forth, as if it\r
+had issued out of the womb? 38:9 When I made the cloud the garment\r
+thereof, and thick darkness a swaddlingband for it, 38:10 And brake up\r
+for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors, 38:11 And said,\r
+Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud\r
+waves be stayed? 38:12 Hast thou commanded the morning since thy\r
+days; and caused the dayspring to know his place; 38:13 That it might\r
+take hold of the ends of the earth, that the wicked might be shaken\r
+out of it? 38:14 It is turned as clay to the seal; and they stand as\r
+a garment.\r
+\r
+38:15 And from the wicked their light is withholden, and the high arm\r
+shall be broken.\r
+\r
+38:16 Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea? or hast thou\r
+walked in the search of the depth? 38:17 Have the gates of death been\r
+opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death?\r
+38:18 Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou\r
+knowest it all.\r
+\r
+38:19 Where is the way where light dwelleth? and as for darkness,\r
+where is the place thereof, 38:20 That thou shouldest take it to the\r
+bound thereof, and that thou shouldest know the paths to the house\r
+thereof? 38:21 Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born? or\r
+because the number of thy days is great? 38:22 Hast thou entered into\r
+the treasures of the snow? or hast thou seen the treasures of the\r
+hail, 38:23 Which I have reserved against the time of trouble, against\r
+the day of battle and war? 38:24 By what way is the light parted,\r
+which scattereth the east wind upon the earth? 38:25 Who hath divided\r
+a watercourse for the overflowing of waters, or a way for the\r
+lightning of thunder; 38:26 To cause it to rain on the earth, where no\r
+man is; on the wilderness, wherein there is no man; 38:27 To satisfy\r
+the desolate and waste ground; and to cause the bud of the tender herb\r
+to spring forth? 38:28 Hath the rain a father? or who hath begotten\r
+the drops of dew? 38:29 Out of whose womb came the ice? and the hoary\r
+frost of heaven, who hath gendered it? 38:30 The waters are hid as\r
+with a stone, and the face of the deep is frozen.\r
+\r
+38:31 Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the\r
+bands of Orion? 38:32 Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season?\r
+or canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons? 38:33 Knowest thou the\r
+ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the\r
+earth? 38:34 Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds, that\r
+abundance of waters may cover thee? 38:35 Canst thou send lightnings,\r
+that they may go and say unto thee, Here we are? 38:36 Who hath put\r
+wisdom in the inward parts? or who hath given understanding to the\r
+heart? 38:37 Who can number the clouds in wisdom? or who can stay the\r
+bottles of heaven, 38:38 When the dust groweth into hardness, and the\r
+clods cleave fast together? 38:39 Wilt thou hunt the prey for the\r
+lion? or fill the appetite of the young lions, 38:40 When they couch\r
+in their dens, and abide in the covert to lie in wait? 38:41 Who\r
+provideth for the raven his food? when his young ones cry unto God,\r
+they wander for lack of meat.\r
+\r
+39:1 Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring\r
+forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do calve? 39:2 Canst thou\r
+number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they\r
+bring forth? 39:3 They bow themselves, they bring forth their young\r
+ones, they cast out their sorrows.\r
+\r
+39:4 Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they\r
+go forth, and return not unto them.\r
+\r
+39:5 Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands\r
+of the wild ass? 39:6 Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the\r
+barren land his dwellings.\r
+\r
+39:7 He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the\r
+crying of the driver.\r
+\r
+39:8 The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after\r
+every green thing.\r
+\r
+39:9 Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib?\r
+39:10 Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will\r
+he harrow the valleys after thee? 39:11 Wilt thou trust him, because\r
+his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him? 39:12\r
+Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it\r
+into thy barn? 39:13 Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks?\r
+or wings and feathers unto the ostrich? 39:14 Which leaveth her eggs\r
+in the earth, and warmeth them in dust, 39:15 And forgetteth that the\r
+foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.\r
+\r
+39:16 She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not\r
+her's: her labour is in vain without fear; 39:17 Because God hath\r
+deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding.\r
+\r
+39:18 What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse\r
+and his rider.\r
+\r
+39:19 Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck\r
+with thunder? 39:20 Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the\r
+glory of his nostrils is terrible.\r
+\r
+39:21 He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth\r
+on to meet the armed men.\r
+\r
+39:22 He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he\r
+back from the sword.\r
+\r
+39:23 The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the\r
+shield.\r
+\r
+39:24 He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither\r
+believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet.\r
+\r
+39:25 He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha; and he smelleth the battle\r
+afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.\r
+\r
+39:26 Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward\r
+the south? 39:27 Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her\r
+nest on high? 39:28 She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the\r
+crag of the rock, and the strong place.\r
+\r
+39:29 From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.\r
+\r
+39:30 Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are,\r
+there is she.\r
+\r
+40:1 Moreover the LORD answered Job, and said, 40:2 Shall he that\r
+contendeth with the Almighty instruct him? he that reproveth God, let\r
+him answer it.\r
+\r
+40:3 Then Job answered the LORD, and said, 40:4 Behold, I am vile;\r
+what shall I answer thee? I will lay mine hand upon my mouth.\r
+\r
+40:5 Once have I spoken; but I will not answer: yea, twice; but I will\r
+proceed no further.\r
+\r
+40:6 Then answered the LORD unto Job out of the whirlwind, and said,\r
+40:7 Gird up thy loins now like a man: I will demand of thee, and\r
+declare thou unto me.\r
+\r
+40:8 Wilt thou also disannul my judgment? wilt thou condemn me, that\r
+thou mayest be righteous? 40:9 Hast thou an arm like God? or canst\r
+thou thunder with a voice like him? 40:10 Deck thyself now with\r
+majesty and excellency; and array thyself with glory and beauty.\r
+\r
+40:11 Cast abroad the rage of thy wrath: and behold every one that is\r
+proud, and abase him.\r
+\r
+40:12 Look on every one that is proud, and bring him low; and tread\r
+down the wicked in their place.\r
+\r
+40:13 Hide them in the dust together; and bind their faces in secret.\r
+\r
+40:14 Then will I also confess unto thee that thine own right hand can\r
+save thee.\r
+\r
+40:15 Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as\r
+an ox.\r
+\r
+40:16 Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the\r
+navel of his belly.\r
+\r
+40:17 He moveth his tail like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are\r
+wrapped together.\r
+\r
+40:18 His bones are as strong pieces of brass; his bones are like bars\r
+of iron.\r
+\r
+40:19 He is the chief of the ways of God: he that made him can make\r
+his sword to approach unto him.\r
+\r
+40:20 Surely the mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts\r
+of the field play.\r
+\r
+40:21 He lieth under the shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and\r
+fens.\r
+\r
+40:22 The shady trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the\r
+brook compass him about.\r
+\r
+40:23 Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not: he trusteth\r
+that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth.\r
+\r
+40:24 He taketh it with his eyes: his nose pierceth through snares.\r
+\r
+41:1 Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? or his tongue with a\r
+cord which thou lettest down? 41:2 Canst thou put an hook into his\r
+nose? or bore his jaw through with a thorn? 41:3 Will he make many\r
+supplications unto thee? will he speak soft words unto thee? 41:4\r
+Will he make a covenant with thee? wilt thou take him for a servant\r
+for ever? 41:5 Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? or wilt thou\r
+bind him for thy maidens? 41:6 Shall the companions make a banquet of\r
+him? shall they part him among the merchants? 41:7 Canst thou fill\r
+his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears? 41:8 Lay\r
+thine hand upon him, remember the battle, do no more.\r
+\r
+41:9 Behold, the hope of him is in vain: shall not one be cast down\r
+even at the sight of him? 41:10 None is so fierce that dare stir him\r
+up: who then is able to stand before me? 41:11 Who hath prevented me,\r
+that I should repay him? whatsoever is under the whole heaven is mine.\r
+\r
+41:12 I will not conceal his parts, nor his power, nor his comely\r
+proportion.\r
+\r
+41:13 Who can discover the face of his garment? or who can come to him\r
+with his double bridle? 41:14 Who can open the doors of his face? his\r
+teeth are terrible round about.\r
+\r
+41:15 His scales are his pride, shut up together as with a close seal.\r
+\r
+41:16 One is so near to another, that no air can come between them.\r
+\r
+41:17 They are joined one to another, they stick together, that they\r
+cannot be sundered.\r
+\r
+41:18 By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the\r
+eyelids of the morning.\r
+\r
+41:19 Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out.\r
+\r
+41:20 Out of his nostrils goeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or\r
+caldron.\r
+\r
+41:21 His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth.\r
+\r
+41:22 In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned into joy\r
+before him.\r
+\r
+41:23 The flakes of his flesh are joined together: they are firm in\r
+themselves; they cannot be moved.\r
+\r
+41:24 His heart is as firm as a stone; yea, as hard as a piece of the\r
+nether millstone.\r
+\r
+41:25 When he raiseth up himself, the mighty are afraid: by reason of\r
+breakings they purify themselves.\r
+\r
+41:26 The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold: the spear, the\r
+dart, nor the habergeon.\r
+\r
+41:27 He esteemeth iron as straw, and brass as rotten wood.\r
+\r
+41:28 The arrow cannot make him flee: slingstones are turned with him\r
+into stubble.\r
+\r
+41:29 Darts are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the shaking of a\r
+spear.\r
+\r
+41:30 Sharp stones are under him: he spreadeth sharp pointed things\r
+upon the mire.\r
+\r
+41:31 He maketh the deep to boil like a pot: he maketh the sea like a\r
+pot of ointment.\r
+\r
+41:32 He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to\r
+be hoary.\r
+\r
+41:33 Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without fear.\r
+\r
+41:34 He beholdeth all high things: he is a king over all the children\r
+of pride.\r
+\r
+42:1 Then Job answered the LORD, and said, 42:2 I know that thou canst\r
+do every thing, and that no thought can be withholden from thee.\r
+\r
+42:3 Who is he that hideth counsel without knowledge? therefore have I\r
+uttered that I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I\r
+knew not.\r
+\r
+42:4 Hear, I beseech thee, and I will speak: I will demand of thee,\r
+and declare thou unto me.\r
+\r
+42:5 I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye\r
+seeth thee.\r
+\r
+42:6 Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.\r
+\r
+42:7 And it was so, that after the LORD had spoken these words unto\r
+Job, the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite, My wrath is kindled\r
+against thee, and against thy two friends: for ye have not spoken of\r
+me the thing that is right, as my servant Job hath.\r
+\r
+42:8 Therefore take unto you now seven bullocks and seven rams, and go\r
+to my servant Job, and offer up for yourselves a burnt offering; and\r
+my servant Job shall pray for you: for him will I accept: lest I deal\r
+with you after your folly, in that ye have not spoken of me the thing\r
+which is right, like my servant Job.\r
+\r
+42:9 So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the\r
+Naamathite went, and did according as the LORD commanded them: the\r
+LORD also accepted Job.\r
+\r
+42:10 And the LORD turned the captivity of Job, when he prayed for his\r
+friends: also the LORD gave Job twice as much as he had before.\r
+\r
+42:11 Then came there unto him all his brethren, and all his sisters,\r
+and all they that had been of his acquaintance before, and did eat\r
+bread with him in his house: and they bemoaned him, and comforted him\r
+over all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him: every man also\r
+gave him a piece of money, and every one an earring of gold.\r
+\r
+42:12 So the LORD blessed the latter end of Job more than his\r
+beginning: for he had fourteen thousand sheep, and six thousand\r
+camels, and a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand she asses.\r
+\r
+42:13 He had also seven sons and three daughters.\r
+\r
+42:14 And he called the name of the first, Jemima; and the name of the\r
+second, Kezia; and the name of the third, Kerenhappuch.\r
+\r
+42:15 And in all the land were no women found so fair as the daughters\r
+of Job: and their father gave them inheritance among their brethren.\r
+\r
+42:16 After this lived Job an hundred and forty years, and saw his\r
+sons, and his sons' sons, even four generations.\r
+\r
+42:17 So Job died, being old and full of days.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Psalms\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly,\r
+nor standeth in the way of sinners, nor sitteth in the seat of the\r
+scornful.\r
+\r
+1:2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in his law doth he\r
+meditate day and night.\r
+\r
+1:3 And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that\r
+bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not\r
+wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.\r
+\r
+1:4 The ungodly are not so: but are like the chaff which the wind\r
+driveth away.\r
+\r
+1:5 Therefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners\r
+in the congregation of the righteous.\r
+\r
+1:6 For the LORD knoweth the way of the righteous: but the way of the\r
+ungodly shall perish.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+2:1 Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?\r
+\r
+2:2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel\r
+together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying,\r
+\r
+2:3 Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from\r
+us.\r
+\r
+2:4 He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the LORD shall have\r
+them in derision.\r
+\r
+2:5 Then shall he speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his\r
+sore displeasure.\r
+\r
+2:6 Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill of Zion.\r
+\r
+2:7 I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my\r
+Son; this day have I begotten thee.\r
+\r
+2:8 Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine\r
+inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.\r
+\r
+2:9 Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in\r
+pieces like a potter's vessel.\r
+\r
+2:10 Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+2:11 Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling.\r
+\r
+2:12 Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when\r
+his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their\r
+trust in him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+3:1 Lord, how are they increased that trouble me! many are they that\r
+rise up against me.\r
+\r
+3:2 Many there be which say of my soul, There is no help for him in\r
+God.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+3:3 But thou, O LORD, art a shield for me; my glory, and the lifter up\r
+of mine head.\r
+\r
+3:4 I cried unto the LORD with my voice, and he heard me out of his\r
+holy hill. Selah.\r
+\r
+3:5 I laid me down and slept; I awaked; for the LORD sustained me.\r
+\r
+3:6 I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people, that have set\r
+themselves against me round about.\r
+\r
+3:7 Arise, O LORD; save me, O my God: for thou hast smitten all mine\r
+enemies upon the cheek bone; thou hast broken the teeth of the\r
+ungodly.\r
+\r
+3:8 Salvation belongeth unto the LORD: thy blessing is upon thy\r
+people.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+4:1 Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness: thou hast enlarged\r
+me when I was in distress; have mercy upon me, and hear my prayer.\r
+\r
+4:2 O ye sons of men, how long will ye turn my glory into shame? how\r
+long will ye love vanity, and seek after leasing? Selah.\r
+\r
+4:3 But know that the LORD hath set apart him that is godly for\r
+himself: the LORD will hear when I call unto him.\r
+\r
+4:4 Stand in awe, and sin not: commune with your own heart upon your\r
+bed, and be still. Selah.\r
+\r
+4:5 Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+4:6 There be many that say, Who will shew us any good? LORD, lift thou\r
+up the light of thy countenance upon us.\r
+\r
+4:7 Thou hast put gladness in my heart, more than in the time that\r
+their corn and their wine increased.\r
+\r
+4:8 I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep: for thou, LORD, only\r
+makest me dwell in safety.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+5:1 Give ear to my words, O LORD, consider my meditation.\r
+\r
+5:2 Hearken unto the voice of my cry, my King, and my God: for unto\r
+thee will I pray.\r
+\r
+5:3 My voice shalt thou hear in the morning, O LORD; in the morning\r
+will I direct my prayer unto thee, and will look up.\r
+\r
+5:4 For thou art not a God that hath pleasure in wickedness: neither\r
+shall evil dwell with thee.\r
+\r
+5:5 The foolish shall not stand in thy sight: thou hatest all workers\r
+of iniquity.\r
+\r
+5:6 Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing: the LORD will abhor\r
+the bloody and deceitful man.\r
+\r
+5:7 But as for me, I will come into thy house in the multitude of thy\r
+mercy: and in thy fear will I worship toward thy holy temple.\r
+\r
+5:8 Lead me, O LORD, in thy righteousness because of mine enemies;\r
+make thy way straight before my face.\r
+\r
+5:9 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth; their inward part is\r
+very wickedness; their throat is an open sepulchre; they flatter with\r
+their tongue.\r
+\r
+5:10 Destroy thou them, O God; let them fall by their own counsels;\r
+cast them out in the multitude of their transgressions; for they have\r
+rebelled against thee.\r
+\r
+5:11 But let all those that put their trust in thee rejoice: let them\r
+ever shout for joy, because thou defendest them: let them also that\r
+love thy name be joyful in thee.\r
+\r
+5:12 For thou, LORD, wilt bless the righteous; with favour wilt thou\r
+compass him as with a shield.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+6:1 O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy\r
+hot displeasure.\r
+\r
+6:2 Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my\r
+bones are vexed.\r
+\r
+6:3 My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long?\r
+\r
+6:4 Return, O LORD, deliver my soul: oh save me for thy mercies' sake.\r
+\r
+6:5 For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who\r
+shall give thee thanks?\r
+\r
+6:6 I am weary with my groaning; all the night make I my bed to swim;\r
+I water my couch with my tears.\r
+\r
+6:7 Mine eye is consumed because of grief; it waxeth old because of\r
+all mine enemies.\r
+\r
+6:8 Depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity; for the LORD hath\r
+heard the voice of my weeping.\r
+\r
+6:9 The LORD hath heard my supplication; the LORD will receive my\r
+prayer.\r
+\r
+6:10 Let all mine enemies be ashamed and sore vexed: let them return\r
+and be ashamed suddenly.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+7:1 O LORD my God, in thee do I put my trust: save me from all them\r
+that persecute me, and deliver me:\r
+\r
+7:2 Lest he tear my soul like a lion, rending it in pieces, while\r
+there is none to deliver.\r
+\r
+7:3 O LORD my God, If I have done this; if there be iniquity in my\r
+hands;\r
+\r
+7:4 If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at peace with me; (yea,\r
+I have delivered him that without cause is mine enemy:)\r
+\r
+7:5 Let the enemy persecute my soul, and take it; yea, let him tread\r
+down my life upon the earth, and lay mine honour in the dust. Selah.\r
+\r
+7:6 Arise, O LORD, in thine anger, lift up thyself because of the rage\r
+of mine enemies: and awake for me to the judgment that thou hast\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+7:7 So shall the congregation of the people compass thee about: for\r
+their sakes therefore return thou on high.\r
+\r
+7:8 The LORD shall judge the people: judge me, O LORD, according to my\r
+righteousness, and according to mine integrity that is in me.\r
+\r
+7:9 Oh let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end; but establish\r
+the just: for the righteous God trieth the hearts and reins.\r
+\r
+7:10 My defence is of God, which saveth the upright in heart.\r
+\r
+7:11 God judgeth the righteous, and God is angry with the wicked every\r
+day.\r
+\r
+7:12 If he turn not, he will whet his sword; he hath bent his bow, and\r
+made it ready.\r
+\r
+7:13 He hath also prepared for him the instruments of death; he\r
+ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors.\r
+\r
+7:14 Behold, he travaileth with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief,\r
+and brought forth falsehood.\r
+\r
+7:15 He made a pit, and digged it, and is fallen into the ditch which\r
+he made.\r
+\r
+7:16 His mischief shall return upon his own head, and his violent\r
+dealing shall come down upon his own pate.\r
+\r
+7:17 I will praise the LORD according to his righteousness: and will\r
+sing praise to the name of the LORD most high.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+8:1 O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! who\r
+hast set thy glory above the heavens.\r
+\r
+8:2 Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained\r
+strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy\r
+and the avenger.\r
+\r
+8:3 When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and\r
+the stars, which thou hast ordained;\r
+\r
+8:4 What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man,\r
+that thou visitest him?\r
+\r
+8:5 For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast\r
+crowned him with glory and honour.\r
+\r
+8:6 Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou\r
+hast put all things under his feet:\r
+\r
+8:7 All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field;\r
+\r
+8:8 The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatsoever\r
+passeth through the paths of the seas.\r
+\r
+8:9 O LORD our Lord, how excellent is thy name in all the earth!\r
+\r
+\r
+9:1 I will praise thee, O LORD, with my whole heart; I will shew forth\r
+all thy marvellous works.\r
+\r
+9:2 I will be glad and rejoice in thee: I will sing praise to thy\r
+name, O thou most High.\r
+\r
+9:3 When mine enemies are turned back, they shall fall and perish at\r
+thy presence.\r
+\r
+9:4 For thou hast maintained my right and my cause; thou satest in the\r
+throne judging right.\r
+\r
+9:5 Thou hast rebuked the heathen, thou hast destroyed the wicked,\r
+thou hast put out their name for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+9:6 O thou enemy, destructions are come to a perpetual end: and thou\r
+hast destroyed cities; their memorial is perished with them.\r
+\r
+9:7 But the LORD shall endure for ever: he hath prepared his throne\r
+for judgment.\r
+\r
+9:8 And he shall judge the world in righteousness, he shall minister\r
+judgment to the people in uprightness.\r
+\r
+9:9 The LORD also will be a refuge for the oppressed, a refuge in\r
+times of trouble.\r
+\r
+9:10 And they that know thy name will put their trust in thee: for\r
+thou, LORD, hast not forsaken them that seek thee.\r
+\r
+9:11 Sing praises to the LORD, which dwelleth in Zion: declare among\r
+the people his doings.\r
+\r
+9:12 When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth them: he\r
+forgetteth not the cry of the humble.\r
+\r
+9:13 Have mercy upon me, O LORD; consider my trouble which I suffer of\r
+them that hate me, thou that liftest me up from the gates of death:\r
+\r
+9:14 That I may shew forth all thy praise in the gates of the daughter\r
+of Zion: I will rejoice in thy salvation.\r
+\r
+9:15 The heathen are sunk down in the pit that they made: in the net\r
+which they hid is their own foot taken.\r
+\r
+9:16 The LORD is known by the judgment which he executeth: the wicked\r
+is snared in the work of his own hands. Higgaion. Selah.\r
+\r
+9:17 The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that\r
+forget God.\r
+\r
+9:18 For the needy shall not alway be forgotten: the expectation of\r
+the poor shall not perish for ever.\r
+\r
+9:19 Arise, O LORD; let not man prevail: let the heathen be judged in\r
+thy sight.\r
+\r
+9:20 Put them in fear, O LORD: that the nations may know themselves to\r
+be but men. Selah.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+10:1 Why standest thou afar off, O LORD? why hidest thou thyself in\r
+times of trouble?\r
+\r
+10:2 The wicked in his pride doth persecute the poor: let them be\r
+taken in the devices that they have imagined.\r
+\r
+10:3 For the wicked boasteth of his heart's desire, and blesseth the\r
+covetous, whom the LORD abhorreth.\r
+\r
+10:4 The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not seek\r
+after God: God is not in all his thoughts.\r
+\r
+10:5 His ways are always grievous; thy judgments are far above out of\r
+his sight: as for all his enemies, he puffeth at them.\r
+\r
+10:6 He hath said in his heart, I shall not be moved: for I shall\r
+never be in adversity.\r
+\r
+10:7 His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and fraud: under his\r
+tongue is mischief and vanity.\r
+\r
+10:8 He sitteth in the lurking places of the villages: in the secret\r
+places doth he murder the innocent: his eyes are privily set against\r
+the poor.\r
+\r
+10:9 He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den: he lieth in wait\r
+to catch the poor: he doth catch the poor, when he draweth him into\r
+his net.\r
+\r
+10:10 He croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by\r
+his strong ones.\r
+\r
+10:11 He hath said in his heart, God hath forgotten: he hideth his\r
+face; he will never see it.\r
+\r
+10:12 Arise, O LORD; O God, lift up thine hand: forget not the humble.\r
+\r
+10:13 Wherefore doth the wicked contemn God? he hath said in his\r
+heart, Thou wilt not require it.\r
+\r
+10:14 Thou hast seen it; for thou beholdest mischief and spite, to\r
+requite it with thy hand: the poor committeth himself unto thee; thou\r
+art the helper of the fatherless.\r
+\r
+10:15 Break thou the arm of the wicked and the evil man: seek out his\r
+wickedness till thou find none.\r
+\r
+10:16 The LORD is King for ever and ever: the heathen are perished out\r
+of his land.\r
+\r
+10:17 LORD, thou hast heard the desire of the humble: thou wilt\r
+prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear:\r
+\r
+10:18 To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the\r
+earth may no more oppress.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+11:1 In the LORD put I my trust: how say ye to my soul, Flee as a bird\r
+to your mountain?\r
+\r
+11:2 For, lo, the wicked bend their bow, they make ready their arrow\r
+upon the string, that they may privily shoot at the upright in heart.\r
+\r
+11:3 If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do?\r
+\r
+11:4 The LORD is in his holy temple, the LORD's throne is in heaven:\r
+his eyes behold, his eyelids try, the children of men.\r
+\r
+11:5 The LORD trieth the righteous: but the wicked and him that loveth\r
+violence his soul hateth.\r
+\r
+11:6 Upon the wicked he shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, and an\r
+horrible tempest: this shall be the portion of their cup.\r
+\r
+11:7 For the righteous LORD loveth righteousness; his countenance doth\r
+behold the upright.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+12:1 Help, LORD; for the godly man ceaseth; for the faithful fail from\r
+among the children of men.\r
+\r
+12:2 They speak vanity every one with his neighbour: with flattering\r
+lips and with a double heart do they speak.\r
+\r
+12:3 The LORD shall cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that\r
+speaketh proud things:\r
+\r
+12:4 Who have said, With our tongue will we prevail; our lips are our\r
+own: who is lord over us?\r
+\r
+12:5 For the oppression of the poor, for the sighing of the needy, now\r
+will I arise, saith the LORD; I will set him in safety from him that\r
+puffeth at him.\r
+\r
+12:6 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a\r
+furnace of earth, purified seven times.\r
+\r
+12:7 Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this\r
+generation for ever.\r
+\r
+12:8 The wicked walk on every side, when the vilest men are exalted.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+13:1 How long wilt thou forget me, O LORD? for ever? how long wilt\r
+thou hide thy face from me?\r
+\r
+13:2 How long shall I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my\r
+heart daily? how long shall mine enemy be exalted over me?\r
+\r
+13:3 Consider and hear me, O LORD my God: lighten mine eyes, lest I\r
+sleep the sleep of death;\r
+\r
+13:4 Lest mine enemy say, I have prevailed against him; and those that\r
+trouble me rejoice when I am moved.\r
+\r
+13:5 But I have trusted in thy mercy; my heart shall rejoice in thy\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+13:6 I will sing unto the LORD, because he hath dealt bountifully with\r
+me.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+14:1 The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. They are\r
+corrupt, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth\r
+good.\r
+\r
+14:2 The LORD looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see\r
+if there were any that did understand, and seek God.\r
+\r
+14:3 They are all gone aside, they are all together become filthy:\r
+there is none that doeth good, no, not one.\r
+\r
+14:4 Have all the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my\r
+people as they eat bread, and call not upon the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:5 There were they in great fear: for God is in the generation of\r
+the righteous.\r
+\r
+14:6 Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor, because the LORD is his\r
+refuge.\r
+\r
+14:7 Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! when the\r
+LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice,\r
+and Israel shall be glad.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+15:1 Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle? who shall dwell in thy\r
+holy hill?\r
+\r
+15:2 He that walketh uprightly, and worketh righteousness, and\r
+speaketh the truth in his heart.\r
+\r
+15:3 He that backbiteth not with his tongue, nor doeth evil to his\r
+neighbour, nor taketh up a reproach against his neighbour.\r
+\r
+15:4 In whose eyes a vile person is contemned; but he honoureth them\r
+that fear the LORD. He that sweareth to his own hurt, and changeth\r
+not.\r
+\r
+15:5 He that putteth not out his money to usury, nor taketh reward\r
+against the innocent. He that doeth these things shall never be moved.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+16:1 Preserve me, O God: for in thee do I put my trust.\r
+\r
+16:2 O my soul, thou hast said unto the LORD, Thou art my Lord: my\r
+goodness extendeth not to thee;\r
+\r
+16:3 But to the saints that are in the earth, and to the excellent, in\r
+whom is all my delight.\r
+\r
+16:4 Their sorrows shall be multiplied that hasten after another god:\r
+their drink offerings of blood will I not offer, nor take up their\r
+names into my lips.\r
+\r
+16:5 The LORD is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup: thou\r
+maintainest my lot.\r
+\r
+16:6 The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a\r
+goodly heritage.\r
+\r
+16:7 I will bless the LORD, who hath given me counsel: my reins also\r
+instruct me in the night seasons.\r
+\r
+16:8 I have set the LORD always before me: because he is at my right\r
+hand, I shall not be moved.\r
+\r
+16:9 Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: my flesh also\r
+shall rest in hope.\r
+\r
+16:10 For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou\r
+suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.\r
+\r
+16:11 Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness\r
+of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+17:1 Hear the right, O LORD, attend unto my cry, give ear unto my\r
+prayer, that goeth not out of feigned lips.\r
+\r
+17:2 Let my sentence come forth from thy presence; let thine eyes\r
+behold the things that are equal.\r
+\r
+17:3 Thou hast proved mine heart; thou hast visited me in the night;\r
+thou hast tried me, and shalt find nothing; I am purposed that my\r
+mouth shall not transgress.\r
+\r
+17:4 Concerning the works of men, by the word of thy lips I have kept\r
+me from the paths of the destroyer.\r
+\r
+17:5 Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footsteps slip not.\r
+\r
+17:6 I have called upon thee, for thou wilt hear me, O God: incline\r
+thine ear unto me, and hear my speech.\r
+\r
+17:7 Shew thy marvellous lovingkindness, O thou that savest by thy\r
+right hand them which put their trust in thee from those that rise up\r
+against them.\r
+\r
+17:8 Keep me as the apple of the eye, hide me under the shadow of thy\r
+wings,\r
+\r
+17:9 From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who\r
+compass me about.\r
+\r
+17:10 They are inclosed in their own fat: with their mouth they speak\r
+proudly.\r
+\r
+17:11 They have now compassed us in our steps: they have set their\r
+eyes bowing down to the earth;\r
+\r
+17:12 Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a\r
+young lion lurking in secret places.\r
+\r
+17:13 Arise, O LORD, disappoint him, cast him down: deliver my soul\r
+from the wicked, which is thy sword:\r
+\r
+17:14 From men which are thy hand, O LORD, from men of the world,\r
+which have their portion in this life, and whose belly thou fillest\r
+with thy hid treasure: they are full of children, and leave the rest\r
+of their substance to their babes.\r
+\r
+17:15 As for me, I will behold thy face in righteousness: I shall be\r
+satisfied, when I awake, with thy likeness.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+18:1 I will love thee, O LORD, my strength.\r
+\r
+18:2 The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God,\r
+my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my\r
+salvation, and my high tower.\r
+\r
+18:3 I will call upon the LORD, who is worthy to be praised: so shall\r
+I be saved from mine enemies.\r
+\r
+18:4 The sorrows of death compassed me, and the floods of ungodly men\r
+made me afraid.\r
+\r
+18:5 The sorrows of hell compassed me about: the snares of death\r
+prevented me.\r
+\r
+18:6 In my distress I called upon the LORD, and cried unto my God: he\r
+heard my voice out of his temple, and my cry came before him, even\r
+into his ears.\r
+\r
+18:7 Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations also of the\r
+hills moved and were shaken, because he was wroth.\r
+\r
+18:8 There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his\r
+mouth devoured: coals were kindled by it.\r
+\r
+18:9 He bowed the heavens also, and came down: and darkness was under\r
+his feet.\r
+\r
+18:10 And he rode upon a cherub, and did fly: yea, he did fly upon the\r
+wings of the wind.\r
+\r
+18:11 He made darkness his secret place; his pavilion round about him\r
+were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies.\r
+\r
+18:12 At the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed,\r
+hail stones and coals of fire.\r
+\r
+18:13 The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and the Highest gave his\r
+voice; hail stones and coals of fire.\r
+\r
+18:14 Yea, he sent out his arrows, and scattered them; and he shot out\r
+lightnings, and discomfited them.\r
+\r
+18:15 Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of\r
+the world were discovered at thy rebuke, O LORD, at the blast of the\r
+breath of thy nostrils.\r
+\r
+18:16 He sent from above, he took me, he drew me out of many waters.\r
+\r
+18:17 He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from them which hated\r
+me: for they were too strong for me.\r
+\r
+18:18 They prevented me in the day of my calamity: but the LORD was my\r
+stay.\r
+\r
+18:19 He brought me forth also into a large place; he delivered me,\r
+because he delighted in me.\r
+\r
+18:20 The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness; according to\r
+the cleanness of my hands hath he recompensed me.\r
+\r
+18:21 For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly\r
+departed from my God.\r
+\r
+18:22 For all his judgments were before me, and I did not put away his\r
+statutes from me.\r
+\r
+18:23 I was also upright before him, and I kept myself from mine\r
+iniquity.\r
+\r
+18:24 Therefore hath the LORD recompensed me according to my\r
+righteousness, according to the cleanness of my hands in his eyesight.\r
+\r
+18:25 With the merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful; with an\r
+upright man thou wilt shew thyself upright;\r
+\r
+18:26 With the pure thou wilt shew thyself pure; and with the froward\r
+thou wilt shew thyself froward.\r
+\r
+18:27 For thou wilt save the afflicted people; but wilt bring down\r
+high looks.\r
+\r
+18:28 For thou wilt light my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+18:29 For by thee I have run through a troop; and by my God have I\r
+leaped over a wall.\r
+\r
+18:30 As for God, his way is perfect: the word of the LORD is tried:\r
+he is a buckler to all those that trust in him.\r
+\r
+18:31 For who is God save the LORD? or who is a rock save our God?\r
+\r
+18:32 It is God that girdeth me with strength, and maketh my way\r
+perfect.\r
+\r
+18:33 He maketh my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high\r
+places.\r
+\r
+18:34 He teacheth my hands to war, so that a bow of steel is broken by\r
+mine arms.\r
+\r
+18:35 Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy\r
+right hand hath holden me up, and thy gentleness hath made me great.\r
+\r
+18:36 Thou hast enlarged my steps under me, that my feet did not slip.\r
+\r
+18:37 I have pursued mine enemies, and overtaken them: neither did I\r
+turn again till they were consumed.\r
+\r
+18:38 I have wounded them that they were not able to rise: they are\r
+fallen under my feet.\r
+\r
+18:39 For thou hast girded me with strength unto the battle: thou hast\r
+subdued under me those that rose up against me.\r
+\r
+18:40 Thou hast also given me the necks of mine enemies; that I might\r
+destroy them that hate me.\r
+\r
+18:41 They cried, but there was none to save them: even unto the LORD,\r
+but he answered them not.\r
+\r
+18:42 Then did I beat them small as the dust before the wind: I did\r
+cast them out as the dirt in the streets.\r
+\r
+18:43 Thou hast delivered me from the strivings of the people; and\r
+thou hast made me the head of the heathen: a people whom I have not\r
+known shall serve me.\r
+\r
+18:44 As soon as they hear of me, they shall obey me: the strangers\r
+shall submit themselves unto me.\r
+\r
+18:45 The strangers shall fade away, and be afraid out of their close\r
+places.\r
+\r
+18:46 The LORD liveth; and blessed be my rock; and let the God of my\r
+salvation be exalted.\r
+\r
+18:47 It is God that avengeth me, and subdueth the people under me.\r
+\r
+18:48 He delivereth me from mine enemies: yea, thou liftest me up\r
+above those that rise up against me: thou hast delivered me from the\r
+violent man.\r
+\r
+18:49 Therefore will I give thanks unto thee, O LORD, among the\r
+heathen, and sing praises unto thy name.\r
+\r
+18:50 Great deliverance giveth he to his king; and sheweth mercy to\r
+his anointed, to David, and to his seed for evermore.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+19:1 The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth\r
+his handywork.\r
+\r
+19:2 Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth\r
+knowledge.\r
+\r
+19:3 There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard.\r
+\r
+19:4 Their line is gone out through all the earth, and their words to\r
+the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun,\r
+\r
+19:5 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth\r
+as a strong man to run a race.\r
+\r
+19:6 His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and his circuit\r
+unto the ends of it: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof.\r
+\r
+19:7 The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul: the\r
+testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple.\r
+\r
+19:8 The statutes of the LORD are right, rejoicing the heart: the\r
+commandment of the LORD is pure, enlightening the eyes.\r
+\r
+19:9 The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring for ever: the judgments\r
+of the LORD are true and righteous altogether.\r
+\r
+19:10 More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold:\r
+sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb.\r
+\r
+19:11 Moreover by them is thy servant warned: and in keeping of them\r
+there is great reward.\r
+\r
+19:12 Who can understand his errors? cleanse thou me from secret\r
+faults.\r
+\r
+19:13 Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not\r
+have dominion over me: then shall I be upright, and I shall be\r
+innocent from the great transgression.\r
+\r
+19:14 Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be\r
+acceptable in thy sight, O LORD, my strength, and my redeemer.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+20:1 The LORD hear thee in the day of trouble; the name of the God of\r
+Jacob defend thee;\r
+\r
+20:2 Send thee help from the sanctuary, and strengthen thee out of\r
+Zion;\r
+\r
+20:3 Remember all thy offerings, and accept thy burnt sacrifice;\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+20:4 Grant thee according to thine own heart, and fulfil all thy\r
+counsel.\r
+\r
+20:5 We will rejoice in thy salvation, and in the name of our God we\r
+will set up our banners: the LORD fulfil all thy petitions.\r
+\r
+20:6 Now know I that the LORD saveth his anointed; he will hear him\r
+from his holy heaven with the saving strength of his right hand.\r
+\r
+20:7 Some trust in chariots, and some in horses: but we will remember\r
+the name of the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+20:8 They are brought down and fallen: but we are risen, and stand\r
+upright.\r
+\r
+20:9 Save, LORD: let the king hear us when we call.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+21:1 The king shall joy in thy strength, O LORD; and in thy salvation\r
+how greatly shall he rejoice!\r
+\r
+21:2 Thou hast given him his heart's desire, and hast not withholden\r
+the request of his lips. Selah.\r
+\r
+21:3 For thou preventest him with the blessings of goodness: thou\r
+settest a crown of pure gold on his head.\r
+\r
+21:4 He asked life of thee, and thou gavest it him, even length of\r
+days for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+21:5 His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou\r
+laid upon him.\r
+\r
+21:6 For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him\r
+exceeding glad with thy countenance.\r
+\r
+21:7 For the king trusteth in the LORD, and through the mercy of the\r
+most High he shall not be moved.\r
+\r
+21:8 Thine hand shall find out all thine enemies: thy right hand shall\r
+find out those that hate thee.\r
+\r
+21:9 Thou shalt make them as a fiery oven in the time of thine anger:\r
+the LORD shall swallow them up in his wrath, and the fire shall devour\r
+them.\r
+\r
+21:10 Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth, and their seed\r
+from among the children of men.\r
+\r
+21:11 For they intended evil against thee: they imagined a mischievous\r
+device, which they are not able to perform.\r
+\r
+21:12 Therefore shalt thou make them turn their back, when thou shalt\r
+make ready thine arrows upon thy strings against the face of them.\r
+\r
+21:13 Be thou exalted, LORD, in thine own strength: so will we sing\r
+and praise thy power.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+22:1 My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? why art thou so far\r
+from helping me, and from the words of my roaring?\r
+\r
+22:2 O my God, I cry in the day time, but thou hearest not; and in the\r
+night season, and am not silent.\r
+\r
+22:3 But thou art holy, O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:4 Our fathers trusted in thee: they trusted, and thou didst deliver\r
+them.\r
+\r
+22:5 They cried unto thee, and were delivered: they trusted in thee,\r
+and were not confounded.\r
+\r
+22:6 But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised of\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+22:7 All they that see me laugh me to scorn: they shoot out the lip,\r
+they shake the head, saying,\r
+\r
+22:8 He trusted on the LORD that he would deliver him: let him deliver\r
+him, seeing he delighted in him.\r
+\r
+22:9 But thou art he that took me out of the womb: thou didst make me\r
+hope when I was upon my mother's breasts.\r
+\r
+22:10 I was cast upon thee from the womb: thou art my God from my\r
+mother's belly.\r
+\r
+22:11 Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to\r
+help.\r
+\r
+22:12 Many bulls have compassed me: strong bulls of Bashan have beset\r
+me round.\r
+\r
+22:13 They gaped upon me with their mouths, as a ravening and a\r
+roaring lion.\r
+\r
+22:14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint:\r
+my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels.\r
+\r
+22:15 My strength is dried up like a potsherd; and my tongue cleaveth\r
+to my jaws; and thou hast brought me into the dust of death.\r
+\r
+22:16 For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have\r
+inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet.\r
+\r
+22:17 I may tell all my bones: they look and stare upon me.\r
+\r
+22:18 They part my garments among them, and cast lots upon my vesture.\r
+\r
+22:19 But be not thou far from me, O LORD: O my strength, haste thee\r
+to help me.\r
+\r
+22:20 Deliver my soul from the sword; my darling from the power of the\r
+dog.\r
+\r
+22:21 Save me from the lion's mouth: for thou hast heard me from the\r
+horns of the unicorns.\r
+\r
+22:22 I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the\r
+congregation will I praise thee.\r
+\r
+22:23 Ye that fear the LORD, praise him; all ye the seed of Jacob,\r
+glorify him; and fear him, all ye the seed of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:24 For he hath not despised nor abhorred the affliction of the\r
+afflicted; neither hath he hid his face from him; but when he cried\r
+unto him, he heard.\r
+\r
+22:25 My praise shall be of thee in the great congregation: I will pay\r
+my vows before them that fear him.\r
+\r
+22:26 The meek shall eat and be satisfied: they shall praise the LORD\r
+that seek him: your heart shall live for ever.\r
+\r
+22:27 All the ends of the world shall remember and turn unto the LORD:\r
+and all the kindreds of the nations shall worship before thee.\r
+\r
+22:28 For the kingdom is the LORD's: and he is the governor among the\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+22:29 All they that be fat upon earth shall eat and worship: all they\r
+that go down to the dust shall bow before him: and none can keep alive\r
+his own soul.\r
+\r
+22:30 A seed shall serve him; it shall be accounted to the Lord for a\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+22:31 They shall come, and shall declare his righteousness unto a\r
+people that shall be born, that he hath done this.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+23:1 The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.\r
+\r
+23:2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside\r
+the still waters.\r
+\r
+23:3 He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness\r
+for his name's sake.\r
+\r
+23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I\r
+will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they\r
+comfort me.\r
+\r
+23:5 Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies:\r
+thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.\r
+\r
+23:6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my\r
+life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+24:1 The earth is the LORD's, and the fulness thereof; the world, and\r
+they that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+24:2 For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the\r
+floods.\r
+\r
+24:3 Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in\r
+his holy place?\r
+\r
+24:4 He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted\r
+up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully.\r
+\r
+24:5 He shall receive the blessing from the LORD, and righteousness\r
+from the God of his salvation.\r
+\r
+24:6 This is the generation of them that seek him, that seek thy face,\r
+O Jacob. Selah.\r
+\r
+24:7 Lift up your heads, O ye gates; and be ye lift up, ye everlasting\r
+doors; and the King of glory shall come in.\r
+\r
+24:8 Who is this King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD\r
+mighty in battle.\r
+\r
+24:9 Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even lift them up, ye everlasting\r
+doors; and the King of glory shall come in.\r
+\r
+24:10 Who is this King of glory? The LORD of hosts, he is the King of\r
+glory. Selah.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+25:1 Unto thee, O LORD, do I lift up my soul.\r
+\r
+25:2 O my God, I trust in thee: let me not be ashamed, let not mine\r
+enemies triumph over me.\r
+\r
+25:3 Yea, let none that wait on thee be ashamed: let them be ashamed\r
+which transgress without cause.\r
+\r
+25:4 Shew me thy ways, O LORD; teach me thy paths.\r
+\r
+25:5 Lead me in thy truth, and teach me: for thou art the God of my\r
+salvation; on thee do I wait all the day.\r
+\r
+25:6 Remember, O LORD, thy tender mercies and thy lovingkindnesses;\r
+for they have been ever of old.\r
+\r
+25:7 Remember not the sins of my youth, nor my transgressions:\r
+according to thy mercy remember thou me for thy goodness' sake, O\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+25:8 Good and upright is the LORD: therefore will he teach sinners in\r
+the way.\r
+\r
+25:9 The meek will he guide in judgment: and the meek will he teach\r
+his way.\r
+\r
+25:10 All the paths of the LORD are mercy and truth unto such as keep\r
+his covenant and his testimonies.\r
+\r
+25:11 For thy name's sake, O LORD, pardon mine iniquity; for it is\r
+great.\r
+\r
+25:12 What man is he that feareth the LORD? him shall he teach in the\r
+way that he shall choose.\r
+\r
+25:13 His soul shall dwell at ease; and his seed shall inherit the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+25:14 The secret of the LORD is with them that fear him; and he will\r
+shew them his covenant.\r
+\r
+25:15 Mine eyes are ever toward the LORD; for he shall pluck my feet\r
+out of the net.\r
+\r
+25:16 Turn thee unto me, and have mercy upon me; for I am desolate and\r
+afflicted.\r
+\r
+25:17 The troubles of my heart are enlarged: O bring thou me out of my\r
+distresses.\r
+\r
+25:18 Look upon mine affliction and my pain; and forgive all my sins.\r
+\r
+25:19 Consider mine enemies; for they are many; and they hate me with\r
+cruel hatred.\r
+\r
+25:20 O keep my soul, and deliver me: let me not be ashamed; for I put\r
+my trust in thee.\r
+\r
+25:21 Let integrity and uprightness preserve me; for I wait on thee.\r
+\r
+25:22 Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+26:1 Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity: I have\r
+trusted also in the LORD; therefore I shall not slide.\r
+\r
+26:2 Examine me, O LORD, and prove me; try my reins and my heart.\r
+\r
+26:3 For thy lovingkindness is before mine eyes: and I have walked in\r
+thy truth.\r
+\r
+26:4 I have not sat with vain persons, neither will I go in with\r
+dissemblers.\r
+\r
+26:5 I have hated the congregation of evil doers; and will not sit\r
+with the wicked.\r
+\r
+26:6 I will wash mine hands in innocency: so will I compass thine\r
+altar, O LORD:\r
+\r
+26:7 That I may publish with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of\r
+all thy wondrous works.\r
+\r
+26:8 LORD, I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the place\r
+where thine honour dwelleth.\r
+\r
+26:9 Gather not my soul with sinners, nor my life with bloody men:\r
+\r
+26:10 In whose hands is mischief, and their right hand is full of\r
+bribes.\r
+\r
+26:11 But as for me, I will walk in mine integrity: redeem me, and be\r
+merciful unto me.\r
+\r
+26:12 My foot standeth in an even place: in the congregations will I\r
+bless the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+27:1 The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? the\r
+LORD is the strength of my life; of whom shall I be afraid?\r
+\r
+27:2 When the wicked, even mine enemies and my foes, came upon me to\r
+eat up my flesh, they stumbled and fell.\r
+\r
+27:3 Though an host should encamp against me, my heart shall not fear:\r
+though war should rise against me, in this will I be confident.\r
+\r
+27:4 One thing have I desired of the LORD, that will I seek after;\r
+that I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to\r
+behold the beauty of the LORD, and to enquire in his temple.\r
+\r
+27:5 For in the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in\r
+the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me; he shall set me up upon\r
+a rock.\r
+\r
+27:6 And now shall mine head be lifted up above mine enemies round\r
+about me: therefore will I offer in his tabernacle sacrifices of joy;\r
+I will sing, yea, I will sing praises unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+27:7 Hear, O LORD, when I cry with my voice: have mercy also upon me,\r
+and answer me.\r
+\r
+27:8 When thou saidst, Seek ye my face; my heart said unto thee, Thy\r
+face, LORD, will I seek.\r
+\r
+27:9 Hide not thy face far from me; put not thy servant away in anger:\r
+thou hast been my help; leave me not, neither forsake me, O God of my\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+27:10 When my father and my mother forsake me, then the LORD will take\r
+me up.\r
+\r
+27:11 Teach me thy way, O LORD, and lead me in a plain path, because\r
+of mine enemies.\r
+\r
+27:12 Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies: for false\r
+witnesses are risen up against me, and such as breathe out cruelty.\r
+\r
+27:13 I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of the\r
+LORD in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+27:14 Wait on the LORD: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen\r
+thine heart: wait, I say, on the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+28:1 Unto thee will I cry, O LORD my rock; be not silent to me: lest,\r
+if thou be silent to me, I become like them that go down into the pit.\r
+\r
+28:2 Hear the voice of my supplications, when I cry unto thee, when I\r
+lift up my hands toward thy holy oracle.\r
+\r
+28:3 Draw me not away with the wicked, and with the workers of\r
+iniquity, which speak peace to their neighbours, but mischief is in\r
+their hearts.\r
+\r
+28:4 Give them according to their deeds, and according to the\r
+wickedness of their endeavours: give them after the work of their\r
+hands; render to them their desert.\r
+\r
+28:5 Because they regard not the works of the LORD, nor the operation\r
+of his hands, he shall destroy them, and not build them up.\r
+\r
+28:6 Blessed be the LORD, because he hath heard the voice of my\r
+supplications.\r
+\r
+28:7 The LORD is my strength and my shield; my heart trusted in him,\r
+and I am helped: therefore my heart greatly rejoiceth; and with my\r
+song will I praise him.\r
+\r
+28:8 The LORD is their strength, and he is the saving strength of his\r
+anointed.\r
+\r
+28:9 Save thy people, and bless thine inheritance: feed them also, and\r
+lift them up for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+29:1 Give unto the LORD, O ye mighty, give unto the LORD glory and\r
+strength.\r
+\r
+29:2 Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name; worship the LORD\r
+in the beauty of holiness.\r
+\r
+29:3 The voice of the LORD is upon the waters: the God of glory\r
+thundereth: the LORD is upon many waters.\r
+\r
+29:4 The voice of the LORD is powerful; the voice of the LORD is full\r
+of majesty.\r
+\r
+29:5 The voice of the LORD breaketh the cedars; yea, the LORD breaketh\r
+the cedars of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+29:6 He maketh them also to skip like a calf; Lebanon and Sirion like\r
+a young unicorn.\r
+\r
+29:7 The voice of the LORD divideth the flames of fire.\r
+\r
+29:8 The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh\r
+the wilderness of Kadesh.\r
+\r
+29:9 The voice of the LORD maketh the hinds to calve, and discovereth\r
+the forests: and in his temple doth every one speak of his glory.\r
+\r
+29:10 The LORD sitteth upon the flood; yea, the LORD sitteth King for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+29:11 The LORD will give strength unto his people; the LORD will bless\r
+his people with peace.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+30:1 I will extol thee, O LORD; for thou hast lifted me up, and hast\r
+not made my foes to rejoice over me.\r
+\r
+30:2 O LORD my God, I cried unto thee, and thou hast healed me.\r
+\r
+30:3 O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast\r
+kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit.\r
+\r
+30:4 Sing unto the LORD, O ye saints of his, and give thanks at the\r
+remembrance of his holiness.\r
+\r
+30:5 For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life:\r
+weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.\r
+\r
+30:6 And in my prosperity I said, I shall never be moved.\r
+\r
+30:7 LORD, by thy favour thou hast made my mountain to stand strong:\r
+thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled.\r
+\r
+30:8 I cried to thee, O LORD; and unto the LORD I made supplication.\r
+\r
+30:9 What profit is there in my blood, when I go down to the pit?\r
+Shall the dust praise thee? shall it declare thy truth?\r
+\r
+30:10 Hear, O LORD, and have mercy upon me: LORD, be thou my helper.\r
+\r
+30:11 Thou hast turned for me my mourning into dancing: thou hast put\r
+off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness;\r
+\r
+30:12 To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee, and not be\r
+silent.\r
+\r
+O LORD my God, I will give thanks unto thee for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+31:1 In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust; let me never be ashamed:\r
+deliver me in thy righteousness.\r
+\r
+31:2 Bow down thine ear to me; deliver me speedily: be thou my strong\r
+rock, for an house of defence to save me.\r
+\r
+31:3 For thou art my rock and my fortress; therefore for thy name's\r
+sake lead me, and guide me.\r
+\r
+31:4 Pull me out of the net that they have laid privily for me: for\r
+thou art my strength.\r
+\r
+31:5 Into thine hand I commit my spirit: thou hast redeemed me, O LORD\r
+God of truth.\r
+\r
+31:6 I have hated them that regard lying vanities: but I trust in the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+31:7 I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy: for thou hast considered\r
+my trouble; thou hast known my soul in adversities;\r
+\r
+31:8 And hast not shut me up into the hand of the enemy: thou hast set\r
+my feet in a large room.\r
+\r
+31:9 Have mercy upon me, O LORD, for I am in trouble: mine eye is\r
+consumed with grief, yea, my soul and my belly.\r
+\r
+31:10 For my life is spent with grief, and my years with sighing: my\r
+strength faileth because of mine iniquity, and my bones are consumed.\r
+\r
+31:11 I was a reproach among all mine enemies, but especially among my\r
+neighbours, and a fear to mine acquaintance: they that did see me\r
+without fled from me.\r
+\r
+31:12 I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind: I am like a broken\r
+vessel.\r
+\r
+31:13 For I have heard the slander of many: fear was on every side:\r
+while they took counsel together against me, they devised to take away\r
+my life.\r
+\r
+31:14 But I trusted in thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my God.\r
+\r
+31:15 My times are in thy hand: deliver me from the hand of mine\r
+enemies, and from them that persecute me.\r
+\r
+31:16 Make thy face to shine upon thy servant: save me for thy\r
+mercies' sake.\r
+\r
+31:17 Let me not be ashamed, O LORD; for I have called upon thee: let\r
+the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the grave.\r
+\r
+31:18 Let the lying lips be put to silence; which speak grievous\r
+things proudly and contemptuously against the righteous.\r
+\r
+31:19 Oh how great is thy goodness, which thou hast laid up for them\r
+that fear thee; which thou hast wrought for them that trust in thee\r
+before the sons of men!\r
+\r
+31:20 Thou shalt hide them in the secret of thy presence from the\r
+pride of man: thou shalt keep them secretly in a pavilion from the\r
+strife of tongues.\r
+\r
+31:21 Blessed be the LORD: for he hath shewed me his marvellous\r
+kindness in a strong city.\r
+\r
+31:22 For I said in my haste, I am cut off from before thine eyes:\r
+nevertheless thou heardest the voice of my supplications when I cried\r
+unto thee.\r
+\r
+31:23 O love the LORD, all ye his saints: for the LORD preserveth the\r
+faithful, and plentifully rewardeth the proud doer.\r
+\r
+31:24 Be of good courage, and he shall strengthen your heart, all ye\r
+that hope in the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+32:1 Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is\r
+covered.\r
+\r
+32:2 Blessed is the man unto whom the LORD imputeth not iniquity, and\r
+in whose spirit there is no guile.\r
+\r
+32:3 When I kept silence, my bones waxed old through my roaring all\r
+the day long.\r
+\r
+32:4 For day and night thy hand was heavy upon me: my moisture is\r
+turned into the drought of summer. Selah.\r
+\r
+32:5 I acknowledge my sin unto thee, and mine iniquity have I not hid.\r
+I said, I will confess my transgressions unto the LORD; and thou\r
+forgavest the iniquity of my sin. Selah.\r
+\r
+32:6 For this shall every one that is godly pray unto thee in a time\r
+when thou mayest be found: surely in the floods of great waters they\r
+shall not come nigh unto him.\r
+\r
+32:7 Thou art my hiding place; thou shalt preserve me from trouble;\r
+thou shalt compass me about with songs of deliverance. Selah.\r
+\r
+32:8 I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt\r
+go: I will guide thee with mine eye.\r
+\r
+32:9 Be ye not as the horse, or as the mule, which have no\r
+understanding: whose mouth must be held in with bit and bridle, lest\r
+they come near unto thee.\r
+\r
+32:10 Many sorrows shall be to the wicked: but he that trusteth in the\r
+LORD, mercy shall compass him about.\r
+\r
+32:11 Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, ye righteous: and shout for\r
+joy, all ye that are upright in heart.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+33:1 Rejoice in the LORD, O ye righteous: for praise is comely for the\r
+upright.\r
+\r
+33:2 Praise the LORD with harp: sing unto him with the psaltery and an\r
+instrument of ten strings.\r
+\r
+33:3 Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise.\r
+\r
+33:4 For the word of the LORD is right; and all his works are done in\r
+truth.\r
+\r
+33:5 He loveth righteousness and judgment: the earth is full of the\r
+goodness of the LORD.\r
+\r
+33:6 By the word of the LORD were the heavens made; and all the host\r
+of them by the breath of his mouth.\r
+\r
+33:7 He gathereth the waters of the sea together as an heap: he layeth\r
+up the depth in storehouses.\r
+\r
+33:8 Let all the earth fear the LORD: let all the inhabitants of the\r
+world stand in awe of him.\r
+\r
+33:9 For he spake, and it was done; he commanded, and it stood fast.\r
+\r
+33:10 The LORD bringeth the counsel of the heathen to nought: he\r
+maketh the devices of the people of none effect.\r
+\r
+33:11 The counsel of the LORD standeth for ever, the thoughts of his\r
+heart to all generations.\r
+\r
+33:12 Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD; and the people whom\r
+he hath chosen for his own inheritance.\r
+\r
+33:13 The LORD looketh from heaven; he beholdeth all the sons of men.\r
+\r
+33:14 From the place of his habitation he looketh upon all the\r
+inhabitants of the earth.\r
+\r
+33:15 He fashioneth their hearts alike; he considereth all their\r
+works.\r
+\r
+33:16 There is no king saved by the multitude of an host: a mighty man\r
+is not delivered by much strength.\r
+\r
+33:17 An horse is a vain thing for safety: neither shall he deliver\r
+any by his great strength.\r
+\r
+33:18 Behold, the eye of the LORD is upon them that fear him, upon\r
+them that hope in his mercy;\r
+\r
+33:19 To deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in\r
+famine.\r
+\r
+33:20 Our soul waiteth for the LORD: he is our help and our shield.\r
+\r
+33:21 For our heart shall rejoice in him, because we have trusted in\r
+his holy name.\r
+\r
+33:22 Let thy mercy, O LORD, be upon us, according as we hope in thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+34:1 I will bless the LORD at all times: his praise shall continually\r
+be in my mouth.\r
+\r
+34:2 My soul shall make her boast in the LORD: the humble shall hear\r
+thereof, and be glad.\r
+\r
+34:3 O magnify the LORD with me, and let us exalt his name together.\r
+\r
+34:4 I sought the LORD, and he heard me, and delivered me from all my\r
+fears.\r
+\r
+34:5 They looked unto him, and were lightened: and their faces were\r
+not ashamed.\r
+\r
+34:6 This poor man cried, and the LORD heard him, and saved him out of\r
+all his troubles.\r
+\r
+34:7 The angel of the LORD encampeth round about them that fear him,\r
+and delivereth them.\r
+\r
+34:8 O taste and see that the LORD is good: blessed is the man that\r
+trusteth in him.\r
+\r
+34:9 O fear the LORD, ye his saints: for there is no want to them that\r
+fear him.\r
+\r
+34:10 The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger: but they that seek\r
+the LORD shall not want any good thing.\r
+\r
+34:11 Come, ye children, hearken unto me: I will teach you the fear of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:12 What man is he that desireth life, and loveth many days, that he\r
+may see good?\r
+\r
+34:13 Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips from speaking guile.\r
+\r
+34:14 Depart from evil, and do good; seek peace, and pursue it.\r
+\r
+34:15 The eyes of the LORD are upon the righteous, and his ears are\r
+open unto their cry.\r
+\r
+34:16 The face of the LORD is against them that do evil, to cut off\r
+the remembrance of them from the earth.\r
+\r
+34:17 The righteous cry, and the LORD heareth, and delivereth them out\r
+of all their troubles.\r
+\r
+34:18 The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and\r
+saveth such as be of a contrite spirit.\r
+\r
+34:19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous: but the LORD\r
+delivereth him out of them all.\r
+\r
+34:20 He keepeth all his bones: not one of them is broken.\r
+\r
+34:21 Evil shall slay the wicked: and they that hate the righteous\r
+shall be desolate.\r
+\r
+34:22 The LORD redeemeth the soul of his servants: and none of them\r
+that trust in him shall be desolate.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+35:1 Plead my cause, O LORD, with them that strive with me: fight\r
+against them that fight against me.\r
+\r
+35:2 Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand up for mine help.\r
+\r
+35:3 Draw out also the spear, and stop the way against them that\r
+persecute me: say unto my soul, I am thy salvation.\r
+\r
+35:4 Let them be confounded and put to shame that seek after my soul:\r
+let them be turned back and brought to confusion that devise my hurt.\r
+\r
+35:5 Let them be as chaff before the wind: and let the angel of the\r
+LORD chase them.\r
+\r
+35:6 Let their way be dark and slippery: and let the angel of the LORD\r
+persecute them.\r
+\r
+35:7 For without cause have they hid for me their net in a pit, which\r
+without cause they have digged for my soul.\r
+\r
+35:8 Let destruction come upon him at unawares; and let his net that\r
+he hath hid catch himself: into that very destruction let him fall.\r
+\r
+35:9 And my soul shall be joyful in the LORD: it shall rejoice in his\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+35:10 All my bones shall say, LORD, who is like unto thee, which\r
+deliverest the poor from him that is too strong for him, yea, the poor\r
+and the needy from him that spoileth him?\r
+\r
+35:11 False witnesses did rise up; they laid to my charge things that\r
+I knew not.\r
+\r
+35:12 They rewarded me evil for good to the spoiling of my soul.\r
+\r
+35:13 But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth: I\r
+humbled my soul with fasting; and my prayer returned into mine own\r
+bosom.\r
+\r
+35:14 I behaved myself as though he had been my friend or brother: I\r
+bowed down heavily, as one that mourneth for his mother.\r
+\r
+35:15 But in mine adversity they rejoiced, and gathered themselves\r
+together: yea, the abjects gathered themselves together against me,\r
+and I knew it not; they did tear me, and ceased not:\r
+\r
+35:16 With hypocritical mockers in feasts, they gnashed upon me with\r
+their teeth.\r
+\r
+35:17 Lord, how long wilt thou look on? rescue my soul from their\r
+destructions, my darling from the lions.\r
+\r
+35:18 I will give thee thanks in the great congregation: I will praise\r
+thee among much people.\r
+\r
+35:19 Let not them that are mine enemies wrongfully rejoice over me:\r
+neither let them wink with the eye that hate me without a cause.\r
+\r
+35:20 For they speak not peace: but they devise deceitful matters\r
+against them that are quiet in the land.\r
+\r
+35:21 Yea, they opened their mouth wide against me, and said, Aha,\r
+aha, our eye hath seen it.\r
+\r
+35:22 This thou hast seen, O LORD: keep not silence: O Lord, be not\r
+far from me.\r
+\r
+35:23 Stir up thyself, and awake to my judgment, even unto my cause,\r
+my God and my Lord.\r
+\r
+35:24 Judge me, O LORD my God, according to thy righteousness; and let\r
+them not rejoice over me.\r
+\r
+35:25 Let them not say in their hearts, Ah, so would we have it: let\r
+them not say, We have swallowed him up.\r
+\r
+35:26 Let them be ashamed and brought to confusion together that\r
+rejoice at mine hurt: let them be clothed with shame and dishonour\r
+that magnify themselves against me.\r
+\r
+35:27 Let them shout for joy, and be glad, that favour my righteous\r
+cause: yea, let them say continually, Let the LORD be magnified, which\r
+hath pleasure in the prosperity of his servant.\r
+\r
+35:28 And my tongue shall speak of thy righteousness and of thy praise\r
+all the day long.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+36:1 The transgression of the wicked saith within my heart, that there\r
+is no fear of God before his eyes.\r
+\r
+36:2 For he flattereth himself in his own eyes, until his iniquity be\r
+found to be hateful.\r
+\r
+36:3 The words of his mouth are iniquity and deceit: he hath left off\r
+to be wise, and to do good.\r
+\r
+36:4 He deviseth mischief upon his bed; he setteth himself in a way\r
+that is not good; he abhorreth not evil.\r
+\r
+36:5 Thy mercy, O LORD, is in the heavens; and thy faithfulness\r
+reacheth unto the clouds.\r
+\r
+36:6 Thy righteousness is like the great mountains; thy judgments are\r
+a great deep: O LORD, thou preservest man and beast.\r
+\r
+36:7 How excellent is thy lovingkindness, O God! therefore the\r
+children of men put their trust under the shadow of thy wings.\r
+\r
+36:8 They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy house;\r
+and thou shalt make them drink of the river of thy pleasures.\r
+\r
+36:9 For with thee is the fountain of life: in thy light shall we see\r
+light.\r
+\r
+36:10 O continue thy lovingkindness unto them that know thee; and thy\r
+righteousness to the upright in heart.\r
+\r
+36:11 Let not the foot of pride come against me, and let not the hand\r
+of the wicked remove me.\r
+\r
+36:12 There are the workers of iniquity fallen: they are cast down,\r
+and shall not be able to rise.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+37:1 Fret not thyself because of evildoers, neither be thou envious\r
+against the workers of iniquity.\r
+\r
+37:2 For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither as the\r
+green herb.\r
+\r
+37:3 Trust in the LORD, and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land,\r
+and verily thou shalt be fed.\r
+\r
+37:4 Delight thyself also in the LORD: and he shall give thee the\r
+desires of thine heart.\r
+\r
+37:5 Commit thy way unto the LORD; trust also in him; and he shall\r
+bring it to pass.\r
+\r
+37:6 And he shall bring forth thy righteousness as the light, and thy\r
+judgment as the noonday.\r
+\r
+37:7 Rest in the LORD, and wait patiently for him: fret not thyself\r
+because of him who prospereth in his way, because of the man who\r
+bringeth wicked devices to pass.\r
+\r
+37:8 Cease from anger, and forsake wrath: fret not thyself in any wise\r
+to do evil.\r
+\r
+37:9 For evildoers shall be cut off: but those that wait upon the\r
+LORD, they shall inherit the earth.\r
+\r
+37:10 For yet a little while, and the wicked shall not be: yea, thou\r
+shalt diligently consider his place, and it shall not be.\r
+\r
+37:11 But the meek shall inherit the earth; and shall delight\r
+themselves in the abundance of peace.\r
+\r
+37:12 The wicked plotteth against the just, and gnasheth upon him with\r
+his teeth.\r
+\r
+37:13 The LORD shall laugh at him: for he seeth that his day is\r
+coming.\r
+\r
+37:14 The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to\r
+cast down the poor and needy, and to slay such as be of upright\r
+conversation.\r
+\r
+37:15 Their sword shall enter into their own heart, and their bows\r
+shall be broken.\r
+\r
+37:16 A little that a righteous man hath is better than the riches of\r
+many wicked.\r
+\r
+37:17 For the arms of the wicked shall be broken: but the LORD\r
+upholdeth the righteous.\r
+\r
+37:18 The LORD knoweth the days of the upright: and their inheritance\r
+shall be for ever.\r
+\r
+37:19 They shall not be ashamed in the evil time: and in the days of\r
+famine they shall be satisfied.\r
+\r
+37:20 But the wicked shall perish, and the enemies of the LORD shall\r
+be as the fat of lambs: they shall consume; into smoke shall they\r
+consume away.\r
+\r
+37:21 The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again: but the righteous\r
+sheweth mercy, and giveth.\r
+\r
+37:22 For such as be blessed of him shall inherit the earth; and they\r
+that be cursed of him shall be cut off.\r
+\r
+37:23 The steps of a good man are ordered by the LORD: and he\r
+delighteth in his way.\r
+\r
+37:24 Though he fall, he shall not be utterly cast down: for the LORD\r
+upholdeth him with his hand.\r
+\r
+37:25 I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the\r
+righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread.\r
+\r
+37:26 He is ever merciful, and lendeth; and his seed is blessed.\r
+\r
+37:27 Depart from evil, and do good; and dwell for evermore.\r
+\r
+37:28 For the LORD loveth judgment, and forsaketh not his saints; they\r
+are preserved for ever: but the seed of the wicked shall be cut off.\r
+\r
+37:29 The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+37:30 The mouth of the righteous speaketh wisdom, and his tongue\r
+talketh of judgment.\r
+\r
+37:31 The law of his God is in his heart; none of his steps shall\r
+slide.\r
+\r
+37:32 The wicked watcheth the righteous, and seeketh to slay him.\r
+\r
+37:33 The LORD will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him when he\r
+is judged.\r
+\r
+37:34 Wait on the LORD, and keep his way, and he shall exalt thee to\r
+inherit the land: when the wicked are cut off, thou shalt see it.\r
+\r
+37:35 I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself\r
+like a green bay tree.\r
+\r
+37:36 Yet he passed away, and, lo, he was not: yea, I sought him, but\r
+he could not be found.\r
+\r
+37:37 Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for the end of\r
+that man is peace.\r
+\r
+37:38 But the transgressors shall be destroyed together: the end of\r
+the wicked shall be cut off.\r
+\r
+37:39 But the salvation of the righteous is of the LORD: he is their\r
+strength in the time of trouble.\r
+\r
+37:40 And the LORD shall help them, and deliver them: he shall deliver\r
+them from the wicked, and save them, because they trust in him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+38:1 O lord, rebuke me not in thy wrath: neither chasten me in thy hot\r
+displeasure.\r
+\r
+38:2 For thine arrows stick fast in me, and thy hand presseth me sore.\r
+\r
+38:3 There is no soundness in my flesh because of thine anger; neither\r
+is there any rest in my bones because of my sin.\r
+\r
+38:4 For mine iniquities are gone over mine head: as an heavy burden\r
+they are too heavy for me.\r
+\r
+38:5 My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness.\r
+\r
+38:6 I am troubled; I am bowed down greatly; I go mourning all the day\r
+long.\r
+\r
+38:7 For my loins are filled with a loathsome disease: and there is no\r
+soundness in my flesh.\r
+\r
+38:8 I am feeble and sore broken: I have roared by reason of the\r
+disquietness of my heart.\r
+\r
+38:9 Lord, all my desire is before thee; and my groaning is not hid\r
+from thee.\r
+\r
+38:10 My heart panteth, my strength faileth me: as for the light of\r
+mine eyes, it also is gone from me.\r
+\r
+38:11 My lovers and my friends stand aloof from my sore; and my\r
+kinsmen stand afar off.\r
+\r
+38:12 They also that seek after my life lay snares for me: and they\r
+that seek my hurt speak mischievous things, and imagine deceits all\r
+the day long.\r
+\r
+38:13 But I, as a deaf man, heard not; and I was as a dumb man that\r
+openeth not his mouth.\r
+\r
+38:14 Thus I was as a man that heareth not, and in whose mouth are no\r
+reproofs.\r
+\r
+38:15 For in thee, O LORD, do I hope: thou wilt hear, O Lord my God.\r
+\r
+38:16 For I said, Hear me, lest otherwise they should rejoice over me:\r
+when my foot slippeth, they magnify themselves against me.\r
+\r
+38:17 For I am ready to halt, and my sorrow is continually before me.\r
+\r
+38:18 For I will declare mine iniquity; I will be sorry for my sin.\r
+\r
+38:19 But mine enemies are lively, and they are strong: and they that\r
+hate me wrongfully are multiplied.\r
+\r
+38:20 They also that render evil for good are mine adversaries;\r
+because I follow the thing that good is.\r
+\r
+38:21 Forsake me not, O LORD: O my God, be not far from me.\r
+\r
+38:22 Make haste to help me, O Lord my salvation.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+39:1 I said, I will take heed to my ways, that I sin not with my\r
+tongue: I will keep my mouth with a bridle, while the wicked is before\r
+me.\r
+\r
+39:2 I was dumb with silence, I held my peace, even from good; and my\r
+sorrow was stirred.\r
+\r
+39:3 My heart was hot within me, while I was musing the fire burned:\r
+then spake I with my tongue,\r
+\r
+39:4 LORD, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days, what\r
+it is: that I may know how frail I am.\r
+\r
+39:5 Behold, thou hast made my days as an handbreadth; and mine age is\r
+as nothing before thee: verily every man at his best state is\r
+altogether vanity.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+39:6 Surely every man walketh in a vain shew: surely they are\r
+disquieted in vain: he heapeth up riches, and knoweth not who shall\r
+gather them.\r
+\r
+39:7 And now, Lord, what wait I for? my hope is in thee.\r
+\r
+39:8 Deliver me from all my transgressions: make me not the reproach\r
+of the foolish.\r
+\r
+39:9 I was dumb, I opened not my mouth; because thou didst it.\r
+\r
+39:10 Remove thy stroke away from me: I am consumed by the blow of\r
+thine hand.\r
+\r
+39:11 When thou with rebukes dost correct man for iniquity, thou\r
+makest his beauty to consume away like a moth: surely every man is\r
+vanity. Selah.\r
+\r
+39:12 Hear my prayer, O LORD, and give ear unto my cry; hold not thy\r
+peace at my tears: for I am a stranger with thee, and a sojourner, as\r
+all my fathers were.\r
+\r
+39:13 O spare me, that I may recover strength, before I go hence, and\r
+be no more.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+40:1 I waited patiently for the LORD; and he inclined unto me, and\r
+heard my cry.\r
+\r
+40:2 He brought me up also out of an horrible pit, out of the miry\r
+clay, and set my feet upon a rock, and established my goings.\r
+\r
+40:3 And he hath put a new song in my mouth, even praise unto our God:\r
+many shall see it, and fear, and shall trust in the LORD.\r
+\r
+40:4 Blessed is that man that maketh the LORD his trust, and\r
+respecteth not the proud, nor such as turn aside to lies.\r
+\r
+40:5 Many, O LORD my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast\r
+done, and thy thoughts which are to us-ward: they cannot be reckoned\r
+up in order unto thee: if I would declare and speak of them, they are\r
+more than can be numbered.\r
+\r
+40:6 Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire; mine ears hast thou\r
+opened: burnt offering and sin offering hast thou not required.\r
+\r
+40:7 Then said I, Lo, I come: in the volume of the book it is written\r
+of me,\r
+\r
+40:8 I delight to do thy will, O my God: yea, thy law is within my\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+40:9 I have preached righteousness in the great congregation: lo, I\r
+have not refrained my lips, O LORD, thou knowest.\r
+\r
+40:10 I have not hid thy righteousness within my heart; I have\r
+declared thy faithfulness and thy salvation: I have not concealed thy\r
+lovingkindness and thy truth from the great congregation.\r
+\r
+40:11 Withhold not thou thy tender mercies from me, O LORD: let thy\r
+lovingkindness and thy truth continually preserve me.\r
+\r
+40:12 For innumerable evils have compassed me about: mine iniquities\r
+have taken hold upon me, so that I am not able to look up; they are\r
+more than the hairs of mine head: therefore my heart faileth me.\r
+\r
+40:13 Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me: O LORD, make haste to help\r
+me.\r
+\r
+40:14 Let them be ashamed and confounded together that seek after my\r
+soul to destroy it; let them be driven backward and put to shame that\r
+wish me evil.\r
+\r
+40:15 Let them be desolate for a reward of their shame that say unto\r
+me, Aha, aha.\r
+\r
+40:16 Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: let\r
+such as love thy salvation say continually, The LORD be magnified.\r
+\r
+40:17 But I am poor and needy; yet the Lord thinketh upon me: thou art\r
+my help and my deliverer; make no tarrying, O my God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+41:1 Blessed is he that considereth the poor: the LORD will deliver\r
+him in time of trouble.\r
+\r
+41:2 The LORD will preserve him, and keep him alive; and he shall be\r
+blessed upon the earth: and thou wilt not deliver him unto the will of\r
+his enemies.\r
+\r
+41:3 The LORD will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing: thou\r
+wilt make all his bed in his sickness.\r
+\r
+41:4 I said, LORD, be merciful unto me: heal my soul; for I have\r
+sinned against thee.\r
+\r
+41:5 Mine enemies speak evil of me, When shall he die, and his name\r
+perish?\r
+\r
+41:6 And if he come to see me, he speaketh vanity: his heart gathereth\r
+iniquity to itself; when he goeth abroad, he telleth it.\r
+\r
+41:7 All that hate me whisper together against me: against me do they\r
+devise my hurt.\r
+\r
+41:8 An evil disease, say they, cleaveth fast unto him: and now that\r
+he lieth he shall rise up no more.\r
+\r
+41:9 Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat\r
+of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me.\r
+\r
+41:10 But thou, O LORD, be merciful unto me, and raise me up, that I\r
+may requite them.\r
+\r
+41:11 By this I know that thou favourest me, because mine enemy doth\r
+not triumph over me.\r
+\r
+41:12 And as for me, thou upholdest me in mine integrity, and settest\r
+me before thy face for ever.\r
+\r
+41:13 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting, and to\r
+everlasting. Amen, and Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+42:1 As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul\r
+after thee, O God.\r
+\r
+42:2 My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come\r
+and appear before God?\r
+\r
+42:3 My tears have been my meat day and night, while they continually\r
+say unto me, Where is thy God?\r
+\r
+42:4 When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me: for I had\r
+gone with the multitude, I went with them to the house of God, with\r
+the voice of joy and praise, with a multitude that kept holyday.\r
+\r
+42:5 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted in\r
+me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him for the help of his\r
+countenance.\r
+\r
+42:6 O my God, my soul is cast down within me: therefore will I\r
+remember thee from the land of Jordan, and of the Hermonites, from the\r
+hill Mizar.\r
+\r
+42:7 Deep calleth unto deep at the noise of thy waterspouts: all thy\r
+waves and thy billows are gone over me.\r
+\r
+42:8 Yet the LORD will command his lovingkindness in the day time, and\r
+in the night his song shall be with me, and my prayer unto the God of\r
+my life.\r
+\r
+42:9 I will say unto God my rock, Why hast thou forgotten me? why go I\r
+mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?\r
+\r
+42:10 As with a sword in my bones, mine enemies reproach me; while\r
+they say daily unto me, Where is thy God?\r
+\r
+42:11 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted\r
+within me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the\r
+health of my countenance, and my God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+43:1 Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O\r
+deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man.\r
+\r
+43:2 For thou art the God of my strength: why dost thou cast me off?\r
+why go I mourning because of the oppression of the enemy?\r
+\r
+43:3 O send out thy light and thy truth: let them lead me; let them\r
+bring me unto thy holy hill, and to thy tabernacles.\r
+\r
+43:4 Then will I go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy:\r
+yea, upon the harp will I praise thee, O God my God.\r
+\r
+43:5 Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted\r
+within me? hope in God: for I shall yet praise him, who is the health\r
+of my countenance, and my God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+44:1 We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us,\r
+what work thou didst in their days, in the times of old.\r
+\r
+44:2 How thou didst drive out the heathen with thy hand, and plantedst\r
+them; how thou didst afflict the people, and cast them out.\r
+\r
+44:3 For they got not the land in possession by their own sword,\r
+neither did their own arm save them: but thy right hand, and thine\r
+arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou hadst a favour\r
+unto them.\r
+\r
+44:4 Thou art my King, O God: command deliverances for Jacob.\r
+\r
+44:5 Through thee will we push down our enemies: through thy name will\r
+we tread them under that rise up against us.\r
+\r
+44:6 For I will not trust in my bow, neither shall my sword save me.\r
+\r
+44:7 But thou hast saved us from our enemies, and hast put them to\r
+shame that hated us.\r
+\r
+44:8 In God we boast all the day long, and praise thy name for ever.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+44:9 But thou hast cast off, and put us to shame; and goest not forth\r
+with our armies.\r
+\r
+44:10 Thou makest us to turn back from the enemy: and they which hate\r
+us spoil for themselves.\r
+\r
+44:11 Thou hast given us like sheep appointed for meat; and hast\r
+scattered us among the heathen.\r
+\r
+44:12 Thou sellest thy people for nought, and dost not increase thy\r
+wealth by their price.\r
+\r
+44:13 Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and a\r
+derision to them that are round about us.\r
+\r
+44:14 Thou makest us a byword among the heathen, a shaking of the head\r
+among the people.\r
+\r
+44:15 My confusion is continually before me, and the shame of my face\r
+hath covered me,\r
+\r
+44:16 For the voice of him that reproacheth and blasphemeth; by reason\r
+of the enemy and avenger.\r
+\r
+44:17 All this is come upon us; yet have we not forgotten thee,\r
+neither have we dealt falsely in thy covenant.\r
+\r
+44:18 Our heart is not turned back, neither have our steps declined\r
+from thy way;\r
+\r
+44:19 Though thou hast sore broken us in the place of dragons, and\r
+covered us with the shadow of death.\r
+\r
+44:20 If we have forgotten the name of our God, or stretched out our\r
+hands to a strange god;\r
+\r
+44:21 Shall not God search this out? for he knoweth the secrets of the\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+44:22 Yea, for thy sake are we killed all the day long; we are counted\r
+as sheep for the slaughter.\r
+\r
+44:23 Awake, why sleepest thou, O Lord? arise, cast us not off for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+44:24 Wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest our affliction\r
+and our oppression?\r
+\r
+44:25 For our soul is bowed down to the dust: our belly cleaveth unto\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+44:26 Arise for our help, and redeem us for thy mercies' sake.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+45:1 My heart is inditing a good matter: I speak of the things which I\r
+have made touching the king: my tongue is the pen of a ready writer.\r
+\r
+45:2 Thou art fairer than the children of men: grace is poured into\r
+thy lips: therefore God hath blessed thee for ever.\r
+\r
+45:3 Gird thy sword upon thy thigh, O most mighty, with thy glory and\r
+thy majesty.\r
+\r
+45:4 And in thy majesty ride prosperously because of truth and\r
+meekness and righteousness; and thy right hand shall teach thee\r
+terrible things.\r
+\r
+45:5 Thine arrows are sharp in the heart of the king's enemies;\r
+whereby the people fall under thee.\r
+\r
+45:6 Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: the sceptre of thy\r
+kingdom is a right sceptre.\r
+\r
+45:7 Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest wickedness: therefore God,\r
+thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy\r
+fellows.\r
+\r
+45:8 All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of\r
+the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad.\r
+\r
+45:9 Kings' daughters were among thy honourable women: upon thy right\r
+hand did stand the queen in gold of Ophir.\r
+\r
+45:10 Hearken, O daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget\r
+also thine own people, and thy father's house;\r
+\r
+45:11 So shall the king greatly desire thy beauty: for he is thy Lord;\r
+and worship thou him.\r
+\r
+45:12 And the daughter of Tyre shall be there with a gift; even the\r
+rich among the people shall intreat thy favour.\r
+\r
+45:13 The king's daughter is all glorious within: her clothing is of\r
+wrought gold.\r
+\r
+45:14 She shall be brought unto the king in raiment of needlework: the\r
+virgins her companions that follow her shall be brought unto thee.\r
+\r
+45:15 With gladness and rejoicing shall they be brought: they shall\r
+enter into the king's palace.\r
+\r
+45:16 Instead of thy fathers shall be thy children, whom thou mayest\r
+make princes in all the earth.\r
+\r
+45:17 I will make thy name to be remembered in all generations:\r
+therefore shall the people praise thee for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+46:1 God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble.\r
+\r
+46:2 Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be removed, and\r
+though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea;\r
+\r
+46:3 Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled, though the\r
+mountains shake with the swelling thereof. Selah.\r
+\r
+46:4 There is a river, the streams whereof shall make glad the city of\r
+God, the holy place of the tabernacles of the most High.\r
+\r
+46:5 God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved: God shall\r
+help her, and that right early.\r
+\r
+46:6 The heathen raged, the kingdoms were moved: he uttered his voice,\r
+the earth melted.\r
+\r
+46:7 The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+46:8 Come, behold the works of the LORD, what desolations he hath made\r
+in the earth.\r
+\r
+46:9 He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth; he breaketh\r
+the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder; he burneth the chariot in\r
+the fire.\r
+\r
+46:10 Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the\r
+heathen, I will be exalted in the earth.\r
+\r
+46:11 The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+47:1 O clap your hands, all ye people; shout unto God with the voice\r
+of triumph.\r
+\r
+47:2 For the LORD most high is terrible; he is a great King over all\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+47:3 He shall subdue the people under us, and the nations under our\r
+feet.\r
+\r
+47:4 He shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob\r
+whom he loved. Selah.\r
+\r
+47:5 God is gone up with a shout, the LORD with the sound of a\r
+trumpet.\r
+\r
+47:6 Sing praises to God, sing praises: sing praises unto our King,\r
+sing praises.\r
+\r
+47:7 For God is the King of all the earth: sing ye praises with\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+47:8 God reigneth over the heathen: God sitteth upon the throne of his\r
+holiness.\r
+\r
+47:9 The princes of the people are gathered together, even the people\r
+of the God of Abraham: for the shields of the earth belong unto God:\r
+he is greatly exalted.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+48:1 Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised in the city of our\r
+God, in the mountain of his holiness.\r
+\r
+48:2 Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is mount\r
+Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the great King.\r
+\r
+48:3 God is known in her palaces for a refuge.\r
+\r
+48:4 For, lo, the kings were assembled, they passed by together.\r
+\r
+48:5 They saw it, and so they marvelled; they were troubled, and\r
+hasted away.\r
+\r
+48:6 Fear took hold upon them there, and pain, as of a woman in\r
+travail.\r
+\r
+48:7 Thou breakest the ships of Tarshish with an east wind.\r
+\r
+48:8 As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the LORD of\r
+hosts, in the city of our God: God will establish it for ever. Selah.\r
+\r
+48:9 We have thought of thy lovingkindness, O God, in the midst of thy\r
+temple.\r
+\r
+48:10 According to thy name, O God, so is thy praise unto the ends of\r
+the earth: thy right hand is full of righteousness.\r
+\r
+48:11 Let mount Zion rejoice, let the daughters of Judah be glad,\r
+because of thy judgments.\r
+\r
+48:12 Walk about Zion, and go round about her: tell the towers\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+48:13 Mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces; that ye may\r
+tell it to the generation following.\r
+\r
+48:14 For this God is our God for ever and ever: he will be our guide\r
+even unto death.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+49:1 Hear this, all ye people; give ear, all ye inhabitants of the\r
+world:\r
+\r
+49:2 Both low and high, rich and poor, together.\r
+\r
+49:3 My mouth shall speak of wisdom; and the meditation of my heart\r
+shall be of understanding.\r
+\r
+49:4 I will incline mine ear to a parable: I will open my dark saying\r
+upon the harp.\r
+\r
+49:5 Wherefore should I fear in the days of evil, when the iniquity of\r
+my heels shall compass me about?\r
+\r
+49:6 They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the\r
+multitude of their riches;\r
+\r
+49:7 None of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God\r
+a ransom for him:\r
+\r
+49:8 (For the redemption of their soul is precious, and it ceaseth for\r
+ever:)\r
+\r
+49:9 That he should still live for ever, and not see corruption.\r
+\r
+49:10 For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the\r
+brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others.\r
+\r
+49:11 Their inward thought is, that their houses shall continue for\r
+ever, and their dwelling places to all generations; they call their\r
+lands after their own names.\r
+\r
+49:12 Nevertheless man being in honour abideth not: he is like the\r
+beasts that perish.\r
+\r
+49:13 This their way is their folly: yet their posterity approve their\r
+sayings. Selah.\r
+\r
+49:14 Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them;\r
+and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning; and\r
+their beauty shall consume in the grave from their dwelling.\r
+\r
+49:15 But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he\r
+shall receive me. Selah.\r
+\r
+49:16 Be not thou afraid when one is made rich, when the glory of his\r
+house is increased;\r
+\r
+49:17 For when he dieth he shall carry nothing away: his glory shall\r
+not descend after him.\r
+\r
+49:18 Though while he lived he blessed his soul: and men will praise\r
+thee, when thou doest well to thyself.\r
+\r
+49:19 He shall go to the generation of his fathers; they shall never\r
+see light.\r
+\r
+49:20 Man that is in honour, and understandeth not, is like the beasts\r
+that perish.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+50:1 The mighty God, even the LORD, hath spoken, and called the earth\r
+from the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof.\r
+\r
+50:2 Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God hath shined.\r
+\r
+50:3 Our God shall come, and shall not keep silence: a fire shall\r
+devour before him, and it shall be very tempestuous round about him.\r
+\r
+50:4 He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that\r
+he may judge his people.\r
+\r
+50:5 Gather my saints together unto me; those that have made a\r
+covenant with me by sacrifice.\r
+\r
+50:6 And the heavens shall declare his righteousness: for God is judge\r
+himself. Selah.\r
+\r
+50:7 Hear, O my people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify\r
+against thee: I am God, even thy God.\r
+\r
+50:8 I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices or thy burnt\r
+offerings, to have been continually before me.\r
+\r
+50:9 I will take no bullock out of thy house, nor he goats out of thy\r
+folds.\r
+\r
+50:10 For every beast of the forest is mine, and the cattle upon a\r
+thousand hills.\r
+\r
+50:11 I know all the fowls of the mountains: and the wild beasts of\r
+the field are mine.\r
+\r
+50:12 If I were hungry, I would not tell thee: for the world is mine,\r
+and the fulness thereof.\r
+\r
+50:13 Will I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats?\r
+\r
+50:14 Offer unto God thanksgiving; and pay thy vows unto the most\r
+High:\r
+\r
+50:15 And call upon me in the day of trouble: I will deliver thee, and\r
+thou shalt glorify me.\r
+\r
+50:16 But unto the wicked God saith, What hast thou to do to declare\r
+my statutes, or that thou shouldest take my covenant in thy mouth?\r
+\r
+50:17 Seeing thou hatest instruction, and casteth my words behind\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+50:18 When thou sawest a thief, then thou consentedst with him, and\r
+hast been partaker with adulterers.\r
+\r
+50:19 Thou givest thy mouth to evil, and thy tongue frameth deceit.\r
+\r
+50:20 Thou sittest and speakest against thy brother; thou slanderest\r
+thine own mother's son.\r
+\r
+50:21 These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest\r
+that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee,\r
+and set them in order before thine eyes.\r
+\r
+50:22 Now consider this, ye that forget God, lest I tear you in\r
+pieces, and there be none to deliver.\r
+\r
+50:23 Whoso offereth praise glorifieth me: and to him that ordereth\r
+his conversation aright will I shew the salvation of God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+51:1 Have mercy upon me, O God, according to thy lovingkindness:\r
+according unto the multitude of thy tender mercies blot out my\r
+transgressions.\r
+\r
+51:2 Wash me throughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.\r
+\r
+51:3 For I acknowledge my transgressions: and my sin is ever before\r
+me.\r
+\r
+51:4 Against thee, thee only, have I sinned, and done this evil in thy\r
+sight: that thou mightest be justified when thou speakest, and be\r
+clear when thou judgest.\r
+\r
+51:5 Behold, I was shapen in iniquity; and in sin did my mother\r
+conceive me.\r
+\r
+51:6 Behold, thou desirest truth in the inward parts: and in the\r
+hidden part thou shalt make me to know wisdom.\r
+\r
+51:7 Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall\r
+be whiter than snow.\r
+\r
+51:8 Make me to hear joy and gladness; that the bones which thou hast\r
+broken may rejoice.\r
+\r
+51:9 Hide thy face from my sins, and blot out all mine iniquities.\r
+\r
+51:10 Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit\r
+within me.\r
+\r
+51:11 Cast me not away from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit\r
+from me.\r
+\r
+51:12 Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation; and uphold me with thy\r
+free spirit.\r
+\r
+51:13 Then will I teach transgressors thy ways; and sinners shall be\r
+converted unto thee.\r
+\r
+51:14 Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, thou God of my\r
+salvation: and my tongue shall sing aloud of thy righteousness.\r
+\r
+51:15 O Lord, open thou my lips; and my mouth shall shew forth thy\r
+praise.\r
+\r
+51:16 For thou desirest not sacrifice; else would I give it: thou\r
+delightest not in burnt offering.\r
+\r
+51:17 The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a\r
+contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.\r
+\r
+51:18 Do good in thy good pleasure unto Zion: build thou the walls of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+51:19 Then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness,\r
+with burnt offering and whole burnt offering: then shall they offer\r
+bullocks upon thine altar.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+52:1 Why boastest thou thyself in mischief, O mighty man? the goodness\r
+of God endureth continually.\r
+\r
+52:2 The tongue deviseth mischiefs; like a sharp razor, working\r
+deceitfully.\r
+\r
+52:3 Thou lovest evil more than good; and lying rather than to speak\r
+righteousness. Selah.\r
+\r
+52:4 Thou lovest all devouring words, O thou deceitful tongue.\r
+\r
+52:5 God shall likewise destroy thee for ever, he shall take thee\r
+away, and pluck thee out of thy dwelling place, and root thee out of\r
+the land of the living. Selah.\r
+\r
+52:6 The righteous also shall see, and fear, and shall laugh at him:\r
+\r
+52:7 Lo, this is the man that made not God his strength; but trusted\r
+in the abundance of his riches, and strengthened himself in his\r
+wickedness.\r
+\r
+52:8 But I am like a green olive tree in the house of God: I trust in\r
+the mercy of God for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+52:9 I will praise thee for ever, because thou hast done it: and I\r
+will wait on thy name; for it is good before thy saints.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+53:1 The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Corrupt are\r
+they, and have done abominable iniquity: there is none that doeth\r
+good.\r
+\r
+53:2 God looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if\r
+there were any that did understand, that did seek God.\r
+\r
+53:3 Every one of them is gone back: they are altogether become\r
+filthy; there is none that doeth good, no, not one.\r
+\r
+53:4 Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people\r
+as they eat bread: they have not called upon God.\r
+\r
+53:5 There were they in great fear, where no fear was: for God hath\r
+scattered the bones of him that encampeth against thee: thou hast put\r
+them to shame, because God hath despised them.\r
+\r
+53:6 Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God\r
+bringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and\r
+Israel shall be glad.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+54:1 Save me, O God, by thy name, and judge me by thy strength.\r
+\r
+54:2 Hear my prayer, O God; give ear to the words of my mouth.\r
+\r
+54:3 For strangers are risen up against me, and oppressors seek after\r
+my soul: they have not set God before them. Selah.\r
+\r
+54:4 Behold, God is mine helper: the Lord is with them that uphold my\r
+soul.\r
+\r
+54:5 He shall reward evil unto mine enemies: cut them off in thy\r
+truth.\r
+\r
+54:6 I will freely sacrifice unto thee: I will praise thy name, O\r
+LORD; for it is good.\r
+\r
+54:7 For he hath delivered me out of all trouble: and mine eye hath\r
+seen his desire upon mine enemies.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+55:1 Give ear to my prayer, O God; and hide not thyself from my\r
+supplication.\r
+\r
+55:2 Attend unto me, and hear me: I mourn in my complaint, and make a\r
+noise;\r
+\r
+55:3 Because of the voice of the enemy, because of the oppression of\r
+the wicked: for they cast iniquity upon me, and in wrath they hate me.\r
+\r
+55:4 My heart is sore pained within me: and the terrors of death are\r
+fallen upon me.\r
+\r
+55:5 Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me, and horror hath\r
+overwhelmed me.\r
+\r
+55:6 And I said, Oh that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly\r
+away, and be at rest.\r
+\r
+55:7 Lo, then would I wander far off, and remain in the wilderness.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+55:8 I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and tempest.\r
+\r
+55:9 Destroy, O Lord, and divide their tongues: for I have seen\r
+violence and strife in the city.\r
+\r
+55:10 Day and night they go about it upon the walls thereof: mischief\r
+also and sorrow are in the midst of it.\r
+\r
+55:11 Wickedness is in the midst thereof: deceit and guile depart not\r
+from her streets.\r
+\r
+55:12 For it was not an enemy that reproached me; then I could have\r
+borne it: neither was it he that hated me that did magnify himself\r
+against me; then I would have hid myself from him:\r
+\r
+55:13 But it was thou, a man mine equal, my guide, and mine\r
+acquaintance.\r
+\r
+55:14 We took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the house of God\r
+in company.\r
+\r
+55:15 Let death seize upon them, and let them go down quick into hell:\r
+for wickedness is in their dwellings, and among them.\r
+\r
+55:16 As for me, I will call upon God; and the LORD shall save me.\r
+\r
+55:17 Evening, and morning, and at noon, will I pray, and cry aloud:\r
+and he shall hear my voice.\r
+\r
+55:18 He hath delivered my soul in peace from the battle that was\r
+against me: for there were many with me.\r
+\r
+55:19 God shall hear, and afflict them, even he that abideth of old.\r
+\r
+Selah. Because they have no changes, therefore they fear not God.\r
+\r
+55:20 He hath put forth his hands against such as be at peace with\r
+him: he hath broken his covenant.\r
+\r
+55:21 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in\r
+his heart: his words were softer than oil, yet were they drawn swords.\r
+\r
+55:22 Cast thy burden upon the LORD, and he shall sustain thee: he\r
+shall never suffer the righteous to be moved.\r
+\r
+55:23 But thou, O God, shalt bring them down into the pit of\r
+destruction: bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their\r
+days; but I will trust in thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+56:1 Be merciful unto me, O God: for man would swallow me up; he\r
+fighting daily oppresseth me.\r
+\r
+56:2 Mine enemies would daily swallow me up: for they be many that\r
+fight against me, O thou most High.\r
+\r
+56:3 What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee.\r
+\r
+56:4 In God I will praise his word, in God I have put my trust; I will\r
+not fear what flesh can do unto me.\r
+\r
+56:5 Every day they wrest my words: all their thoughts are against me\r
+for evil.\r
+\r
+56:6 They gather themselves together, they hide themselves, they mark\r
+my steps, when they wait for my soul.\r
+\r
+56:7 Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the\r
+people, O God.\r
+\r
+56:8 Thou tellest my wanderings: put thou my tears into thy bottle:\r
+are they not in thy book?\r
+\r
+56:9 When I cry unto thee, then shall mine enemies turn back: this I\r
+know; for God is for me.\r
+\r
+56:10 In God will I praise his word: in the LORD will I praise his\r
+word.\r
+\r
+56:11 In God have I put my trust: I will not be afraid what man can do\r
+unto me.\r
+\r
+56:12 Thy vows are upon me, O God: I will render praises unto thee.\r
+\r
+56:13 For thou hast delivered my soul from death: wilt not thou\r
+deliver my feet from falling, that I may walk before God in the light\r
+of the living?\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+57:1 Be merciful unto me, O God, be merciful unto me: for my soul\r
+trusteth in thee: yea, in the shadow of thy wings will I make my\r
+refuge, until these calamities be overpast.\r
+\r
+57:2 I will cry unto God most high; unto God that performeth all\r
+things for me.\r
+\r
+57:3 He shall send from heaven, and save me from the reproach of him\r
+that would swallow me up. Selah. God shall send forth his mercy and\r
+his truth.\r
+\r
+57:4 My soul is among lions: and I lie even among them that are set on\r
+fire, even the sons of men, whose teeth are spears and arrows, and\r
+their tongue a sharp sword.\r
+\r
+57:5 Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens; let thy glory be above\r
+all the earth.\r
+\r
+57:6 They have prepared a net for my steps; my soul is bowed down:\r
+they have digged a pit before me, into the midst whereof they are\r
+fallen themselves. Selah.\r
+\r
+57:7 My heart is fixed, O God, my heart is fixed: I will sing and give\r
+praise.\r
+\r
+57:8 Awake up, my glory; awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake\r
+early.\r
+\r
+57:9 I will praise thee, O Lord, among the people: I will sing unto\r
+thee among the nations.\r
+\r
+57:10 For thy mercy is great unto the heavens, and thy truth unto the\r
+clouds.\r
+\r
+57:11 Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: let thy glory be\r
+above all the earth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+58:1 Do ye indeed speak righteousness, O congregation? do ye judge\r
+uprightly, O ye sons of men?\r
+\r
+58:2 Yea, in heart ye work wickedness; ye weigh the violence of your\r
+hands in the earth.\r
+\r
+58:3 The wicked are estranged from the womb: they go astray as soon as\r
+they be born, speaking lies.\r
+\r
+58:4 Their poison is like the poison of a serpent: they are like the\r
+deaf adder that stoppeth her ear;\r
+\r
+58:5 Which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never\r
+so wisely.\r
+\r
+58:6 Break their teeth, O God, in their mouth: break out the great\r
+teeth of the young lions, O LORD.\r
+\r
+58:7 Let them melt away as waters which run continually: when he\r
+bendeth his bow to shoot his arrows, let them be as cut in pieces.\r
+\r
+58:8 As a snail which melteth, let every one of them pass away: like\r
+the untimely birth of a woman, that they may not see the sun.\r
+\r
+58:9 Before your pots can feel the thorns, he shall take them away as\r
+with a whirlwind, both living, and in his wrath.\r
+\r
+58:10 The righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance: he\r
+shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked.\r
+\r
+58:11 So that a man shall say, Verily there is a reward for the\r
+righteous: verily he is a God that judgeth in the earth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+59:1 Deliver me from mine enemies, O my God: defend me from them that\r
+rise up against me.\r
+\r
+59:2 Deliver me from the workers of iniquity, and save me from bloody\r
+men.\r
+\r
+59:3 For, lo, they lie in wait for my soul: the mighty are gathered\r
+against me; not for my transgression, nor for my sin, O LORD.\r
+\r
+59:4 They run and prepare themselves without my fault: awake to help\r
+me, and behold.\r
+\r
+59:5 Thou therefore, O LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to\r
+visit all the heathen: be not merciful to any wicked transgressors.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+59:6 They return at evening: they make a noise like a dog, and go\r
+round about the city.\r
+\r
+59:7 Behold, they belch out with their mouth: swords are in their\r
+lips: for who, say they, doth hear?\r
+\r
+59:8 But thou, O LORD, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the\r
+heathen in derision.\r
+\r
+59:9 Because of his strength will I wait upon thee: for God is my\r
+defence.\r
+\r
+59:10 The God of my mercy shall prevent me: God shall let me see my\r
+desire upon mine enemies.\r
+\r
+59:11 Slay them not, lest my people forget: scatter them by thy power;\r
+and bring them down, O Lord our shield.\r
+\r
+59:12 For the sin of their mouth and the words of their lips let them\r
+even be taken in their pride: and for cursing and lying which they\r
+speak.\r
+\r
+59:13 Consume them in wrath, consume them, that they may not be: and\r
+let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+59:14 And at evening let them return; and let them make a noise like a\r
+dog, and go round about the city.\r
+\r
+59:15 Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they be not\r
+satisfied.\r
+\r
+59:16 But I will sing of thy power; yea, I will sing aloud of thy\r
+mercy in the morning: for thou hast been my defence and refuge in the\r
+day of my trouble.\r
+\r
+59:17 Unto thee, O my strength, will I sing: for God is my defence,\r
+and the God of my mercy.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+60:1 O God, thou hast cast us off, thou hast scattered us, thou hast\r
+been displeased; O turn thyself to us again.\r
+\r
+60:2 Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast broken it: heal\r
+the breaches thereof; for it shaketh.\r
+\r
+60:3 Thou hast shewed thy people hard things: thou hast made us to\r
+drink the wine of astonishment.\r
+\r
+60:4 Thou hast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it may be\r
+displayed because of the truth. Selah.\r
+\r
+60:5 That thy beloved may be delivered; save with thy right hand, and\r
+hear me.\r
+\r
+60:6 God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide\r
+Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth.\r
+\r
+60:7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the\r
+strength of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver;\r
+\r
+60:8 Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe: Philistia,\r
+triumph thou because of me.\r
+\r
+60:9 Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into\r
+Edom?\r
+\r
+60:10 Wilt not thou, O God, which hadst cast us off? and thou, O God,\r
+which didst not go out with our armies?\r
+\r
+60:11 Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man.\r
+\r
+60:12 Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall tread\r
+down our enemies.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+61:1 Hear my cry, O God; attend unto my prayer.\r
+\r
+61:2 From the end of the earth will I cry unto thee, when my heart is\r
+overwhelmed: lead me to the rock that is higher than I.\r
+\r
+61:3 For thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the\r
+enemy.\r
+\r
+61:4 I will abide in thy tabernacle for ever: I will trust in the\r
+covert of thy wings. Selah.\r
+\r
+61:5 For thou, O God, hast heard my vows: thou hast given me the\r
+heritage of those that fear thy name.\r
+\r
+61:6 Thou wilt prolong the king's life: and his years as many\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+61:7 He shall abide before God for ever: O prepare mercy and truth,\r
+which may preserve him.\r
+\r
+61:8 So will I sing praise unto thy name for ever, that I may daily\r
+perform my vows.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+62:1 Truly my soul waiteth upon God: from him cometh my salvation.\r
+\r
+62:2 He only is my rock and my salvation; he is my defence; I shall\r
+not be greatly moved.\r
+\r
+62:3 How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? ye shall be\r
+slain all of you: as a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering\r
+fence.\r
+\r
+62:4 They only consult to cast him down from his excellency: they\r
+delight in lies: they bless with their mouth, but they curse inwardly.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+62:5 My soul, wait thou only upon God; for my expectation is from him.\r
+\r
+62:6 He only is my rock and my salvation: he is my defence; I shall\r
+not be moved.\r
+\r
+62:7 In God is my salvation and my glory: the rock of my strength, and\r
+my refuge, is in God.\r
+\r
+62:8 Trust in him at all times; ye people, pour out your heart before\r
+him: God is a refuge for us. Selah.\r
+\r
+62:9 Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a\r
+lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than\r
+vanity.\r
+\r
+62:10 Trust not in oppression, and become not vain in robbery: if\r
+riches increase, set not your heart upon them.\r
+\r
+62:11 God hath spoken once; twice have I heard this; that power\r
+belongeth unto God.\r
+\r
+62:12 Also unto thee, O Lord, belongeth mercy: for thou renderest to\r
+every man according to his work.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+63:1 O God, thou art my God; early will I seek thee: my soul thirsteth\r
+for thee, my flesh longeth for thee in a dry and thirsty land, where\r
+no water is;\r
+\r
+63:2 To see thy power and thy glory, so as I have seen thee in the\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+63:3 Because thy lovingkindness is better than life, my lips shall\r
+praise thee.\r
+\r
+63:4 Thus will I bless thee while I live: I will lift up my hands in\r
+thy name.\r
+\r
+63:5 My soul shall be satisfied as with marrow and fatness; and my\r
+mouth shall praise thee with joyful lips:\r
+\r
+63:6 When I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate on thee in the\r
+night watches.\r
+\r
+63:7 Because thou hast been my help, therefore in the shadow of thy\r
+wings will I rejoice.\r
+\r
+63:8 My soul followeth hard after thee: thy right hand upholdeth me.\r
+\r
+63:9 But those that seek my soul, to destroy it, shall go into the\r
+lower parts of the earth.\r
+\r
+63:10 They shall fall by the sword: they shall be a portion for foxes.\r
+\r
+63:11 But the king shall rejoice in God; every one that sweareth by\r
+him shall glory: but the mouth of them that speak lies shall be\r
+stopped.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+64:1 Hear my voice, O God, in my prayer: preserve my life from fear of\r
+the enemy.\r
+\r
+64:2 Hide me from the secret counsel of the wicked; from the\r
+insurrection of the workers of iniquity:\r
+\r
+64:3 Who whet their tongue like a sword, and bend their bows to shoot\r
+their arrows, even bitter words:\r
+\r
+64:4 That they may shoot in secret at the perfect: suddenly do they\r
+shoot at him, and fear not.\r
+\r
+64:5 They encourage themselves in an evil matter: they commune of\r
+laying snares privily; they say, Who shall see them?\r
+\r
+64:6 They search out iniquities; they accomplish a diligent search:\r
+both the inward thought of every one of them, and the heart, is deep.\r
+\r
+64:7 But God shall shoot at them with an arrow; suddenly shall they be\r
+wounded.\r
+\r
+64:8 So they shall make their own tongue to fall upon themselves: all\r
+that see them shall flee away.\r
+\r
+64:9 And all men shall fear, and shall declare the work of God; for\r
+they shall wisely consider of his doing.\r
+\r
+64:10 The righteous shall be glad in the LORD, and shall trust in him;\r
+and all the upright in heart shall glory.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+65:1 Praise waiteth for thee, O God, in Sion: and unto thee shall the\r
+vow be performed.\r
+\r
+65:2 O thou that hearest prayer, unto thee shall all flesh come.\r
+\r
+65:3 Iniquities prevail against me: as for our transgressions, thou\r
+shalt purge them away.\r
+\r
+65:4 Blessed is the man whom thou choosest, and causest to approach\r
+unto thee, that he may dwell in thy courts: we shall be satisfied with\r
+the goodness of thy house, even of thy holy temple.\r
+\r
+65:5 By terrible things in righteousness wilt thou answer us, O God of\r
+our salvation; who art the confidence of all the ends of the earth,\r
+and of them that are afar off upon the sea:\r
+\r
+65:6 Which by his strength setteth fast the mountains; being girded\r
+with power:\r
+\r
+65:7 Which stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves,\r
+and the tumult of the people.\r
+\r
+65:8 They also that dwell in the uttermost parts are afraid at thy\r
+tokens: thou makest the outgoings of the morning and evening to\r
+rejoice.\r
+\r
+65:9 Thou visitest the earth, and waterest it: thou greatly enrichest\r
+it with the river of God, which is full of water: thou preparest them\r
+corn, when thou hast so provided for it.\r
+\r
+65:10 Thou waterest the ridges thereof abundantly: thou settlest the\r
+furrows thereof: thou makest it soft with showers: thou blessest the\r
+springing thereof.\r
+\r
+65:11 Thou crownest the year with thy goodness; and thy paths drop\r
+fatness.\r
+\r
+65:12 They drop upon the pastures of the wilderness: and the little\r
+hills rejoice on every side.\r
+\r
+65:13 The pastures are clothed with flocks; the valleys also are\r
+covered over with corn; they shout for joy, they also sing.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+66:1 Make a joyful noise unto God, all ye lands:\r
+\r
+66:2 Sing forth the honour of his name: make his praise glorious.\r
+\r
+66:3 Say unto God, How terrible art thou in thy works! through the\r
+greatness of thy power shall thine enemies submit themselves unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+66:4 All the earth shall worship thee, and shall sing unto thee; they\r
+shall sing to thy name. Selah.\r
+\r
+66:5 Come and see the works of God: he is terrible in his doing toward\r
+the children of men.\r
+\r
+66:6 He turned the sea into dry land: they went through the flood on\r
+foot: there did we rejoice in him.\r
+\r
+66:7 He ruleth by his power for ever; his eyes behold the nations: let\r
+not the rebellious exalt themselves. Selah.\r
+\r
+66:8 O bless our God, ye people, and make the voice of his praise to\r
+be heard:\r
+\r
+66:9 Which holdeth our soul in life, and suffereth not our feet to be\r
+moved.\r
+\r
+66:10 For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us, as silver\r
+is tried.\r
+\r
+66:11 Thou broughtest us into the net; thou laidst affliction upon our\r
+loins.\r
+\r
+66:12 Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads; we went through\r
+fire and through water: but thou broughtest us out into a wealthy\r
+place.\r
+\r
+66:13 I will go into thy house with burnt offerings: I will pay thee\r
+my vows,\r
+\r
+66:14 Which my lips have uttered, and my mouth hath spoken, when I was\r
+in trouble.\r
+\r
+66:15 I will offer unto thee burnt sacrifices of fatlings, with the\r
+incense of rams; I will offer bullocks with goats. Selah.\r
+\r
+66:16 Come and hear, all ye that fear God, and I will declare what he\r
+hath done for my soul.\r
+\r
+66:17 I cried unto him with my mouth, and he was extolled with my\r
+tongue.\r
+\r
+66:18 If I regard iniquity in my heart, the Lord will not hear me:\r
+\r
+66:19 But verily God hath heard me; he hath attended to the voice of\r
+my prayer.\r
+\r
+66:20 Blessed be God, which hath not turned away my prayer, nor his\r
+mercy from me.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+67:1 God be merciful unto us, and bless us; and cause his face to\r
+shine upon us; Selah.\r
+\r
+67:2 That thy way may be known upon earth, thy saving health among all\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+67:3 Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+67:4 O let the nations be glad and sing for joy: for thou shalt judge\r
+the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth. Selah.\r
+\r
+67:5 Let the people praise thee, O God; let all the people praise\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+67:6 Then shall the earth yield her increase; and God, even our own\r
+God, shall bless us.\r
+\r
+67:7 God shall bless us; and all the ends of the earth shall fear him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+68:1 Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered: let them also that\r
+hate him flee before him.\r
+\r
+68:2 As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth\r
+before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God.\r
+\r
+68:3 But let the righteous be glad; let them rejoice before God: yea,\r
+let them exceedingly rejoice.\r
+\r
+68:4 Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth\r
+upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him.\r
+\r
+68:5 A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows, is God in\r
+his holy habitation.\r
+\r
+68:6 God setteth the solitary in families: he bringeth out those which\r
+are bound with chains: but the rebellious dwell in a dry land.\r
+\r
+68:7 O God, when thou wentest forth before thy people, when thou didst\r
+march through the wilderness; Selah:\r
+\r
+68:8 The earth shook, the heavens also dropped at the presence of God:\r
+even Sinai itself was moved at the presence of God, the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+68:9 Thou, O God, didst send a plentiful rain, whereby thou didst\r
+confirm thine inheritance, when it was weary.\r
+\r
+68:10 Thy congregation hath dwelt therein: thou, O God, hast prepared\r
+of thy goodness for the poor.\r
+\r
+68:11 The Lord gave the word: great was the company of those that\r
+published it.\r
+\r
+68:12 Kings of armies did flee apace: and she that tarried at home\r
+divided the spoil.\r
+\r
+68:13 Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings\r
+of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold.\r
+\r
+68:14 When the Almighty scattered kings in it, it was white as snow in\r
+Salmon.\r
+\r
+68:15 The hill of God is as the hill of Bashan; an high hill as the\r
+hill of Bashan.\r
+\r
+68:16 Why leap ye, ye high hills? this is the hill which God desireth\r
+to dwell in; yea, the LORD will dwell in it for ever.\r
+\r
+68:17 The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands of\r
+angels: the Lord is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy place.\r
+\r
+68:18 Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive:\r
+thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that\r
+the LORD God might dwell among them.\r
+\r
+68:19 Blessed be the Lord, who daily loadeth us with benefits, even\r
+the God of our salvation. Selah.\r
+\r
+68:20 He that is our God is the God of salvation; and unto GOD the\r
+Lord belong the issues from death.\r
+\r
+68:21 But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp\r
+of such an one as goeth on still in his trespasses.\r
+\r
+68:22 The Lord said, I will bring again from Bashan, I will bring my\r
+people again from the depths of the sea:\r
+\r
+68:23 That thy foot may be dipped in the blood of thine enemies, and\r
+the tongue of thy dogs in the same.\r
+\r
+68:24 They have seen thy goings, O God; even the goings of my God, my\r
+King, in the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+68:25 The singers went before, the players on instruments followed\r
+after; among them were the damsels playing with timbrels.\r
+\r
+68:26 Bless ye God in the congregations, even the Lord, from the\r
+fountain of Israel.\r
+\r
+68:27 There is little Benjamin with their ruler, the princes of Judah\r
+and their council, the princes of Zebulun, and the princes of\r
+Naphtali.\r
+\r
+68:28 Thy God hath commanded thy strength: strengthen, O God, that\r
+which thou hast wrought for us.\r
+\r
+68:29 Because of thy temple at Jerusalem shall kings bring presents\r
+unto thee.\r
+\r
+68:30 Rebuke the company of spearmen, the multitude of the bulls, with\r
+the calves of the people, till every one submit himself with pieces of\r
+silver: scatter thou the people that delight in war.\r
+\r
+68:31 Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out\r
+her hands unto God.\r
+\r
+68:32 Sing unto God, ye kingdoms of the earth; O sing praises unto the\r
+Lord; Selah:\r
+\r
+68:33 To him that rideth upon the heavens of heavens, which were of\r
+old; lo, he doth send out his voice, and that a mighty voice.\r
+\r
+68:34 Ascribe ye strength unto God: his excellency is over Israel, and\r
+his strength is in the clouds.\r
+\r
+68:35 O God, thou art terrible out of thy holy places: the God of\r
+Israel is he that giveth strength and power unto his people. Blessed\r
+be God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+69:1 Save me, O God; for the waters are come in unto my soul.\r
+\r
+69:2 I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing: I am come into\r
+deep waters, where the floods overflow me.\r
+\r
+69:3 I am weary of my crying: my throat is dried: mine eyes fail while\r
+I wait for my God.\r
+\r
+69:4 They that hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of mine\r
+head: they that would destroy me, being mine enemies wrongfully, are\r
+mighty: then I restored that which I took not away.\r
+\r
+69:5 O God, thou knowest my foolishness; and my sins are not hid from\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+69:6 Let not them that wait on thee, O Lord GOD of hosts, be ashamed\r
+for my sake: let not those that seek thee be confounded for my sake, O\r
+God of Israel.\r
+\r
+69:7 Because for thy sake I have borne reproach; shame hath covered my\r
+face.\r
+\r
+69:8 I am become a stranger unto my brethren, and an alien unto my\r
+mother's children.\r
+\r
+69:9 For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up; and the reproaches\r
+of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me.\r
+\r
+69:10 When I wept, and chastened my soul with fasting, that was to my\r
+reproach.\r
+\r
+69:11 I made sackcloth also my garment; and I became a proverb to\r
+them.\r
+\r
+69:12 They that sit in the gate speak against me; and I was the song\r
+of the drunkards.\r
+\r
+69:13 But as for me, my prayer is unto thee, O LORD, in an acceptable\r
+time: O God, in the multitude of thy mercy hear me, in the truth of\r
+thy salvation.\r
+\r
+69:14 Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink: let me be\r
+delivered from them that hate me, and out of the deep waters.\r
+\r
+69:15 Let not the waterflood overflow me, neither let the deep swallow\r
+me up, and let not the pit shut her mouth upon me.\r
+\r
+69:16 Hear me, O LORD; for thy lovingkindness is good: turn unto me\r
+according to the multitude of thy tender mercies.\r
+\r
+69:17 And hide not thy face from thy servant; for I am in trouble:\r
+hear me speedily.\r
+\r
+69:18 Draw nigh unto my soul, and redeem it: deliver me because of\r
+mine enemies.\r
+\r
+69:19 Thou hast known my reproach, and my shame, and my dishonour:\r
+mine adversaries are all before thee.\r
+\r
+69:20 Reproach hath broken my heart; and I am full of heaviness: and I\r
+looked for some to take pity, but there was none; and for comforters,\r
+but I found none.\r
+\r
+69:21 They gave me also gall for my meat; and in my thirst they gave\r
+me vinegar to drink.\r
+\r
+69:22 Let their table become a snare before them: and that which\r
+should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap.\r
+\r
+69:23 Let their eyes be darkened, that they see not; and make their\r
+loins continually to shake.\r
+\r
+69:24 Pour out thine indignation upon them, and let thy wrathful anger\r
+take hold of them.\r
+\r
+69:25 Let their habitation be desolate; and let none dwell in their\r
+tents.\r
+\r
+69:26 For they persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to\r
+the grief of those whom thou hast wounded.\r
+\r
+69:27 Add iniquity unto their iniquity: and let them not come into thy\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+69:28 Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be\r
+written with the righteous.\r
+\r
+69:29 But I am poor and sorrowful: let thy salvation, O God, set me up\r
+on high.\r
+\r
+69:30 I will praise the name of God with a song, and will magnify him\r
+with thanksgiving.\r
+\r
+69:31 This also shall please the LORD better than an ox or bullock\r
+that hath horns and hoofs.\r
+\r
+69:32 The humble shall see this, and be glad: and your heart shall\r
+live that seek God.\r
+\r
+69:33 For the LORD heareth the poor, and despiseth not his prisoners.\r
+\r
+69:34 Let the heaven and earth praise him, the seas, and every thing\r
+that moveth therein.\r
+\r
+69:35 For God will save Zion, and will build the cities of Judah: that\r
+they may dwell there, and have it in possession.\r
+\r
+69:36 The seed also of his servants shall inherit it: and they that\r
+love his name shall dwell therein.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+70:1 Make haste, O God, to deliver me; make haste to help me, O Lord.\r
+\r
+70:2 Let them be ashamed and confounded that seek after my soul: let\r
+them be turned backward, and put to confusion, that desire my hurt.\r
+\r
+70:3 Let them be turned back for a reward of their shame that say,\r
+Aha, aha.\r
+\r
+70:4 Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee: and let\r
+such as love thy salvation say continually, Let God be magnified.\r
+\r
+70:5 But I am poor and needy: make haste unto me, O God: thou art my\r
+help and my deliverer; O LORD, make no tarrying.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+71:1 In thee, O LORD, do I put my trust: let me never be put to\r
+confusion.\r
+\r
+71:2 Deliver me in thy righteousness, and cause me to escape: incline\r
+thine ear unto me, and save me.\r
+\r
+71:3 Be thou my strong habitation, whereunto I may continually resort:\r
+thou hast given commandment to save me; for thou art my rock and my\r
+fortress.\r
+\r
+71:4 Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked, out of the\r
+hand of the unrighteous and cruel man.\r
+\r
+71:5 For thou art my hope, O Lord GOD: thou art my trust from my\r
+youth.\r
+\r
+71:6 By thee have I been holden up from the womb: thou art he that\r
+took me out of my mother's bowels: my praise shall be continually of\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+71:7 I am as a wonder unto many; but thou art my strong refuge.\r
+\r
+71:8 Let my mouth be filled with thy praise and with thy honour all\r
+the day.\r
+\r
+71:9 Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my\r
+strength faileth.\r
+\r
+71:10 For mine enemies speak against me; and they that lay wait for my\r
+soul take counsel together,\r
+\r
+71:11 Saying, God hath forsaken him: persecute and take him; for there\r
+is none to deliver him.\r
+\r
+71:12 O God, be not far from me: O my God, make haste for my help.\r
+\r
+71:13 Let them be confounded and consumed that are adversaries to my\r
+soul; let them be covered with reproach and dishonour that seek my\r
+hurt.\r
+\r
+71:14 But I will hope continually, and will yet praise thee more and\r
+more.\r
+\r
+71:15 My mouth shall shew forth thy righteousness and thy salvation\r
+all the day; for I know not the numbers thereof.\r
+\r
+71:16 I will go in the strength of the Lord GOD: I will make mention\r
+of thy righteousness, even of thine only.\r
+\r
+71:17 O God, thou hast taught me from my youth: and hitherto have I\r
+declared thy wondrous works.\r
+\r
+71:18 Now also when I am old and greyheaded, O God, forsake me not;\r
+until I have shewed thy strength unto this generation, and thy power\r
+to every one that is to come.\r
+\r
+71:19 Thy righteousness also, O God, is very high, who hast done great\r
+things: O God, who is like unto thee!\r
+\r
+71:20 Thou, which hast shewed me great and sore troubles, shalt\r
+quicken me again, and shalt bring me up again from the depths of the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+71:21 Thou shalt increase my greatness, and comfort me on every side.\r
+\r
+71:22 I will also praise thee with the psaltery, even thy truth, O my\r
+God: unto thee will I sing with the harp, O thou Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+71:23 My lips shall greatly rejoice when I sing unto thee; and my\r
+soul, which thou hast redeemed.\r
+\r
+71:24 My tongue also shall talk of thy righteousness all the day long:\r
+for they are confounded, for they are brought unto shame, that seek my\r
+hurt.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+72:1 Give the king thy judgments, O God, and thy righteousness unto\r
+the king's son.\r
+\r
+72:2 He shall judge thy people with righteousness, and thy poor with\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+72:3 The mountains shall bring peace to the people, and the little\r
+hills, by righteousness.\r
+\r
+72:4 He shall judge the poor of the people, he shall save the children\r
+of the needy, and shall break in pieces the oppressor.\r
+\r
+72:5 They shall fear thee as long as the sun and moon endure,\r
+throughout all generations.\r
+\r
+72:6 He shall come down like rain upon the mown grass: as showers that\r
+water the earth.\r
+\r
+72:7 In his days shall the righteous flourish; and abundance of peace\r
+so long as the moon endureth.\r
+\r
+72:8 He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river\r
+unto the ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+72:9 They that dwell in the wilderness shall bow before him; and his\r
+enemies shall lick the dust.\r
+\r
+72:10 The kings of Tarshish and of the isles shall bring presents: the\r
+kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts.\r
+\r
+72:11 Yea, all kings shall fall down before him: all nations shall\r
+serve him.\r
+\r
+72:12 For he shall deliver the needy when he crieth; the poor also,\r
+and him that hath no helper.\r
+\r
+72:13 He shall spare the poor and needy, and shall save the souls of\r
+the needy.\r
+\r
+72:14 He shall redeem their soul from deceit and violence: and\r
+precious shall their blood be in his sight.\r
+\r
+72:15 And he shall live, and to him shall be given of the gold of\r
+Sheba: prayer also shall be made for him continually; and daily shall\r
+he be praised.\r
+\r
+72:16 There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of\r
+the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of\r
+the city shall flourish like grass of the earth.\r
+\r
+72:17 His name shall endure for ever: his name shall be continued as\r
+long as the sun: and men shall be blessed in him: all nations shall\r
+call him blessed.\r
+\r
+72:18 Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, who only doeth\r
+wondrous things.\r
+\r
+72:19 And blessed be his glorious name for ever: and let the whole\r
+earth be filled with his glory; Amen, and Amen.\r
+\r
+72:20 The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+73:1 Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+73:2 But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had well nigh\r
+slipped.\r
+\r
+73:3 For I was envious at the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of\r
+the wicked.\r
+\r
+73:4 For there are no bands in their death: but their strength is\r
+firm.\r
+\r
+73:5 They are not in trouble as other men; neither are they plagued\r
+like other men.\r
+\r
+73:6 Therefore pride compasseth them about as a chain; violence\r
+covereth them as a garment.\r
+\r
+73:7 Their eyes stand out with fatness: they have more than heart\r
+could wish.\r
+\r
+73:8 They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression: they\r
+speak loftily.\r
+\r
+73:9 They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue\r
+walketh through the earth.\r
+\r
+73:10 Therefore his people return hither: and waters of a full cup are\r
+wrung out to them.\r
+\r
+73:11 And they say, How doth God know? and is there knowledge in the\r
+most High?\r
+\r
+73:12 Behold, these are the ungodly, who prosper in the world; they\r
+increase in riches.\r
+\r
+73:13 Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in\r
+innocency.\r
+\r
+73:14 For all the day long have I been plagued, and chastened every\r
+morning.\r
+\r
+73:15 If I say, I will speak thus; behold, I should offend against the\r
+generation of thy children.\r
+\r
+73:16 When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me;\r
+\r
+73:17 Until I went into the sanctuary of God; then understood I their\r
+end.\r
+\r
+73:18 Surely thou didst set them in slippery places: thou castedst\r
+them down into destruction.\r
+\r
+73:19 How are they brought into desolation, as in a moment! they are\r
+utterly consumed with terrors.\r
+\r
+73:20 As a dream when one awaketh; so, O Lord, when thou awakest, thou\r
+shalt despise their image.\r
+\r
+73:21 Thus my heart was grieved, and I was pricked in my reins.\r
+\r
+73:22 So foolish was I, and ignorant: I was as a beast before thee.\r
+\r
+73:23 Nevertheless I am continually with thee: thou hast holden me by\r
+my right hand.\r
+\r
+73:24 Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me\r
+to glory.\r
+\r
+73:25 Whom have I in heaven but thee? and there is none upon earth\r
+that I desire beside thee.\r
+\r
+73:26 My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my\r
+heart, and my portion for ever.\r
+\r
+73:27 For, lo, they that are far from thee shall perish: thou hast\r
+destroyed all them that go a whoring from thee.\r
+\r
+73:28 But it is good for me to draw near to God: I have put my trust\r
+in the Lord GOD, that I may declare all thy works.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+74:1 O God, why hast thou cast us off for ever? why doth thine anger\r
+smoke against the sheep of thy pasture?\r
+\r
+74:2 Remember thy congregation, which thou hast purchased of old; the\r
+rod of thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed; this mount Zion,\r
+wherein thou hast dwelt.\r
+\r
+74:3 Lift up thy feet unto the perpetual desolations; even all that\r
+the enemy hath done wickedly in the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+74:4 Thine enemies roar in the midst of thy congregations; they set up\r
+their ensigns for signs.\r
+\r
+74:5 A man was famous according as he had lifted up axes upon the\r
+thick trees.\r
+\r
+74:6 But now they break down the carved work thereof at once with axes\r
+and hammers.\r
+\r
+74:7 They have cast fire into thy sanctuary, they have defiled by\r
+casting down the dwelling place of thy name to the ground.\r
+\r
+74:8 They said in their hearts, Let us destroy them together: they\r
+have burned up all the synagogues of God in the land.\r
+\r
+74:9 We see not our signs: there is no more any prophet: neither is\r
+there among us any that knoweth how long.\r
+\r
+74:10 O God, how long shall the adversary reproach? shall the enemy\r
+blaspheme thy name for ever?\r
+\r
+74:11 Why withdrawest thou thy hand, even thy right hand? pluck it out\r
+of thy bosom.\r
+\r
+74:12 For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+74:13 Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the\r
+heads of the dragons in the waters.\r
+\r
+74:14 Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to\r
+be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness.\r
+\r
+74:15 Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up\r
+mighty rivers.\r
+\r
+74:16 The day is thine, the night also is thine: thou hast prepared\r
+the light and the sun.\r
+\r
+74:17 Thou hast set all the borders of the earth: thou hast made\r
+summer and winter.\r
+\r
+74:18 Remember this, that the enemy hath reproached, O LORD, and that\r
+the foolish people have blasphemed thy name.\r
+\r
+74:19 O deliver not the soul of thy turtledove unto the multitude of\r
+the wicked: forget not the congregation of thy poor for ever.\r
+\r
+74:20 Have respect unto the covenant: for the dark places of the earth\r
+are full of the habitations of cruelty.\r
+\r
+74:21 O let not the oppressed return ashamed: let the poor and needy\r
+praise thy name.\r
+\r
+74:22 Arise, O God, plead thine own cause: remember how the foolish\r
+man reproacheth thee daily.\r
+\r
+74:23 Forget not the voice of thine enemies: the tumult of those that\r
+rise up against thee increaseth continually.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+75:1 Unto thee, O God, do we give thanks, unto thee do we give thanks:\r
+for that thy name is near thy wondrous works declare.\r
+\r
+75:2 When I shall receive the congregation I will judge uprightly.\r
+\r
+75:3 The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear\r
+up the pillars of it. Selah.\r
+\r
+75:4 I said unto the fools, Deal not foolishly: and to the wicked,\r
+Lift not up the horn:\r
+\r
+75:5 Lift not up your horn on high: speak not with a stiff neck.\r
+\r
+75:6 For promotion cometh neither from the east, nor from the west,\r
+nor from the south.\r
+\r
+75:7 But God is the judge: he putteth down one, and setteth up\r
+another.\r
+\r
+75:8 For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup, and the wine is red;\r
+it is full of mixture; and he poureth out of the same: but the dregs\r
+thereof, all the wicked of the earth shall wring them out, and drink\r
+them.\r
+\r
+75:9 But I will declare for ever; I will sing praises to the God of\r
+Jacob.\r
+\r
+75:10 All the horns of the wicked also will I cut off; but the horns\r
+of the righteous shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel.\r
+\r
+76:2 In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.\r
+\r
+76:3 There brake he the arrows of the bow, the shield, and the sword,\r
+and the battle. Selah.\r
+\r
+76:4 Thou art more glorious and excellent than the mountains of prey.\r
+\r
+76:5 The stouthearted are spoiled, they have slept their sleep: and\r
+none of the men of might have found their hands.\r
+\r
+76:6 At thy rebuke, O God of Jacob, both the chariot and horse are\r
+cast into a dead sleep.\r
+\r
+76:7 Thou, even thou, art to be feared: and who may stand in thy sight\r
+when once thou art angry?\r
+\r
+76:8 Thou didst cause judgment to be heard from heaven; the earth\r
+feared, and was still,\r
+\r
+76:9 When God arose to judgment, to save all the meek of the earth.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+76:10 Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee: the remainder of\r
+wrath shalt thou restrain.\r
+\r
+76:11 Vow, and pay unto the LORD your God: let all that be round about\r
+him bring presents unto him that ought to be feared.\r
+\r
+76:12 He shall cut off the spirit of princes: he is terrible to the\r
+kings of the earth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+77:1 I cried unto God with my voice, even unto God with my voice; and\r
+he gave ear unto me.\r
+\r
+77:2 In the day of my trouble I sought the Lord: my sore ran in the\r
+night, and ceased not: my soul refused to be comforted.\r
+\r
+77:3 I remembered God, and was troubled: I complained, and my spirit\r
+was overwhelmed. Selah.\r
+\r
+77:4 Thou holdest mine eyes waking: I am so troubled that I cannot\r
+speak.\r
+\r
+77:5 I have considered the days of old, the years of ancient times.\r
+\r
+77:6 I call to remembrance my song in the night: I commune with mine\r
+own heart: and my spirit made diligent search.\r
+\r
+77:7 Will the Lord cast off for ever? and will he be favourable no\r
+more?\r
+\r
+77:8 Is his mercy clean gone for ever? doth his promise fail for\r
+evermore?\r
+\r
+77:9 Hath God forgotten to be gracious? hath he in anger shut up his\r
+tender mercies? Selah.\r
+\r
+77:10 And I said, This is my infirmity: but I will remember the years\r
+of the right hand of the most High.\r
+\r
+77:11 I will remember the works of the LORD: surely I will remember\r
+thy wonders of old.\r
+\r
+77:12 I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings.\r
+\r
+77:13 Thy way, O God, is in the sanctuary: who is so great a God as\r
+our God?\r
+\r
+77:14 Thou art the God that doest wonders: thou hast declared thy\r
+strength among the people.\r
+\r
+77:15 Thou hast with thine arm redeemed thy people, the sons of Jacob\r
+and Joseph. Selah.\r
+\r
+77:16 The waters saw thee, O God, the waters saw thee; they were\r
+afraid: the depths also were troubled.\r
+\r
+77:17 The clouds poured out water: the skies sent out a sound: thine\r
+arrows also went abroad.\r
+\r
+77:18 The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven: the lightnings\r
+lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook.\r
+\r
+77:19 Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy\r
+footsteps are not known.\r
+\r
+77:20 Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and\r
+Aaron.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+78:1 Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words\r
+of my mouth.\r
+\r
+78:2 I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of\r
+old:\r
+\r
+78:3 Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us.\r
+\r
+78:4 We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the\r
+generation to come the praises of the LORD, and his strength, and his\r
+wonderful works that he hath done.\r
+\r
+78:5 For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in\r
+Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them\r
+known to their children:\r
+\r
+78:6 That the generation to come might know them, even the children\r
+which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their\r
+children:\r
+\r
+78:7 That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works\r
+of God, but keep his commandments:\r
+\r
+78:8 And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious\r
+generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose\r
+spirit was not stedfast with God.\r
+\r
+78:9 The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned\r
+back in the day of battle.\r
+\r
+78:10 They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his\r
+law;\r
+\r
+78:11 And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them.\r
+\r
+78:12 Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the\r
+land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.\r
+\r
+78:13 He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and he made\r
+the waters to stand as an heap.\r
+\r
+78:14 In the daytime also he led them with a cloud, and all the night\r
+with a light of fire.\r
+\r
+78:15 He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out\r
+of the great depths.\r
+\r
+78:16 He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to\r
+run down like rivers.\r
+\r
+78:17 And they sinned yet more against him by provoking the most High\r
+in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+78:18 And they tempted God in their heart by asking meat for their\r
+lust.\r
+\r
+78:19 Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table\r
+in the wilderness?\r
+\r
+78:20 Behold, he smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the\r
+streams overflowed; can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for\r
+his people?\r
+\r
+78:21 Therefore the LORD heard this, and was wroth: so a fire was\r
+kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel;\r
+\r
+78:22 Because they believed not in God, and trusted not in his\r
+salvation:\r
+\r
+78:23 Though he had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the\r
+doors of heaven,\r
+\r
+78:24 And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them\r
+of the corn of heaven.\r
+\r
+78:25 Man did eat angels' food: he sent them meat to the full.\r
+\r
+78:26 He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven: and by his power\r
+he brought in the south wind.\r
+\r
+78:27 He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls like\r
+as the sand of the sea:\r
+\r
+78:28 And he let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about their\r
+habitations.\r
+\r
+78:29 So they did eat, and were well filled: for he gave them their\r
+own desire;\r
+\r
+78:30 They were not estranged from their lust. But while their meat\r
+was yet in their mouths,\r
+\r
+78:31 The wrath of God came upon them, and slew the fattest of them,\r
+and smote down the chosen men of Israel.\r
+\r
+78:32 For all this they sinned still, and believed not for his\r
+wondrous works.\r
+\r
+78:33 Therefore their days did he consume in vanity, and their years\r
+in trouble.\r
+\r
+78:34 When he slew them, then they sought him: and they returned and\r
+enquired early after God.\r
+\r
+78:35 And they remembered that God was their rock, and the high God\r
+their redeemer.\r
+\r
+78:36 Nevertheless they did flatter him with their mouth, and they\r
+lied unto him with their tongues.\r
+\r
+78:37 For their heart was not right with him, neither were they\r
+stedfast in his covenant.\r
+\r
+78:38 But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and\r
+destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did\r
+not stir up all his wrath.\r
+\r
+78:39 For he remembered that they were but flesh; a wind that passeth\r
+away, and cometh not again.\r
+\r
+78:40 How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, and grieve him\r
+in the desert!\r
+\r
+78:41 Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+78:42 They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them\r
+from the enemy.\r
+\r
+78:43 How he had wrought his signs in Egypt, and his wonders in the\r
+field of Zoan.\r
+\r
+78:44 And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that\r
+they could not drink.\r
+\r
+78:45 He sent divers sorts of flies among them, which devoured them;\r
+and frogs, which destroyed them.\r
+\r
+78:46 He gave also their increase unto the caterpiller, and their\r
+labour unto the locust.\r
+\r
+78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees\r
+with frost.\r
+\r
+78:48 He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to\r
+hot thunderbolts.\r
+\r
+78:49 He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and\r
+indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them.\r
+\r
+78:50 He made a way to his anger; he spared not their soul from death,\r
+but gave their life over to the pestilence;\r
+\r
+78:51 And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their\r
+strength in the tabernacles of Ham:\r
+\r
+78:52 But made his own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them\r
+in the wilderness like a flock.\r
+\r
+78:53 And he led them on safely, so that they feared not: but the sea\r
+overwhelmed their enemies.\r
+\r
+78:54 And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even to this\r
+mountain, which his right hand had purchased.\r
+\r
+78:55 He cast out the heathen also before them, and divided them an\r
+inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their\r
+tents.\r
+\r
+78:56 Yet they tempted and provoked the most high God, and kept not\r
+his testimonies:\r
+\r
+78:57 But turned back, and dealt unfaithfully like their fathers: they\r
+were turned aside like a deceitful bow.\r
+\r
+78:58 For they provoked him to anger with their high places, and moved\r
+him to jealousy with their graven images.\r
+\r
+78:59 When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred Israel:\r
+\r
+78:60 So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which he\r
+placed among men;\r
+\r
+78:61 And delivered his strength into captivity, and his glory into\r
+the enemy's hand.\r
+\r
+78:62 He gave his people over also unto the sword; and was wroth with\r
+his inheritance.\r
+\r
+78:63 The fire consumed their young men; and their maidens were not\r
+given to marriage.\r
+\r
+78:64 Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no\r
+lamentation.\r
+\r
+78:65 Then the LORD awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man\r
+that shouteth by reason of wine.\r
+\r
+78:66 And he smote his enemies in the hinder parts: he put them to a\r
+perpetual reproach.\r
+\r
+78:67 Moreover he refused the tabernacle of Joseph, and chose not the\r
+tribe of Ephraim:\r
+\r
+78:68 But chose the tribe of Judah, the mount Zion which he loved.\r
+\r
+78:69 And he built his sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth\r
+which he hath established for ever.\r
+\r
+78:70 He chose David also his servant, and took him from the\r
+sheepfolds:\r
+\r
+78:71 From following the ewes great with young he brought him to feed\r
+Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance.\r
+\r
+78:72 So he fed them according to the integrity of his heart; and\r
+guided them by the skilfulness of his hands.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+79:1 O God, the heathen are come into thine inheritance; thy holy\r
+temple have they defiled; they have laid Jerusalem on heaps.\r
+\r
+79:2 The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be meat unto\r
+the fowls of the heaven, the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+79:3 Their blood have they shed like water round about Jerusalem; and\r
+there was none to bury them.\r
+\r
+79:4 We are become a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and derision\r
+to them that are round about us.\r
+\r
+79:5 How long, LORD? wilt thou be angry for ever? shall thy jealousy\r
+burn like fire?\r
+\r
+79:6 Pour out thy wrath upon the heathen that have not known thee, and\r
+upon the kingdoms that have not called upon thy name.\r
+\r
+79:7 For they have devoured Jacob, and laid waste his dwelling place.\r
+\r
+79:8 O remember not against us former iniquities: let thy tender\r
+mercies speedily prevent us: for we are brought very low.\r
+\r
+79:9 Help us, O God of our salvation, for the glory of thy name: and\r
+deliver us, and purge away our sins, for thy name's sake.\r
+\r
+79:10 Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is their God? let him be\r
+known among the heathen in our sight by the revenging of the blood of\r
+thy servants which is shed.\r
+\r
+79:11 Let the sighing of the prisoner come before thee; according to\r
+the greatness of thy power preserve thou those that are appointed to\r
+die;\r
+\r
+79:12 And render unto our neighbours sevenfold into their bosom their\r
+reproach, wherewith they have reproached thee, O Lord.\r
+\r
+79:13 So we thy people and sheep of thy pasture will give thee thanks\r
+for ever: we will shew forth thy praise to all generations.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+80:1 Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel, thou that leadest Joseph like a\r
+flock; thou that dwellest between the cherubims, shine forth.\r
+\r
+80:2 Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh stir up thy strength,\r
+and come and save us.\r
+\r
+80:3 Turn us again, O God, and cause thy face to shine; and we shall\r
+be saved.\r
+\r
+80:4 O LORD God of hosts, how long wilt thou be angry against the\r
+prayer of thy people?\r
+\r
+80:5 Thou feedest them with the bread of tears; and givest them tears\r
+to drink in great measure.\r
+\r
+80:6 Thou makest us a strife unto our neighbours: and our enemies\r
+laugh among themselves.\r
+\r
+80:7 Turn us again, O God of hosts, and cause thy face to shine; and\r
+we shall be saved.\r
+\r
+80:8 Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the\r
+heathen, and planted it.\r
+\r
+80:9 Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep\r
+root, and it filled the land.\r
+\r
+80:10 The hills were covered with the shadow of it, and the boughs\r
+thereof were like the goodly cedars.\r
+\r
+80:11 She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the\r
+river.\r
+\r
+80:12 Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they\r
+which pass by the way do pluck her?\r
+\r
+80:13 The boar out of the wood doth waste it, and the wild beast of\r
+the field doth devour it.\r
+\r
+80:14 Return, we beseech thee, O God of hosts: look down from heaven,\r
+and behold, and visit this vine;\r
+\r
+80:15 And the vineyard which thy right hand hath planted, and the\r
+branch that thou madest strong for thyself.\r
+\r
+80:16 It is burned with fire, it is cut down: they perish at the\r
+rebuke of thy countenance.\r
+\r
+80:17 Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand, upon the son of\r
+man whom thou madest strong for thyself.\r
+\r
+80:18 So will not we go back from thee: quicken us, and we will call\r
+upon thy name.\r
+\r
+80:19 Turn us again, O LORD God of hosts, cause thy face to shine; and\r
+we shall be saved.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+81:1 Sing aloud unto God our strength: make a joyful noise unto the\r
+God of Jacob.\r
+\r
+81:2 Take a psalm, and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp\r
+with the psaltery.\r
+\r
+81:3 Blow up the trumpet in the new moon, in the time appointed, on\r
+our solemn feast day.\r
+\r
+81:4 For this was a statute for Israel, and a law of the God of Jacob.\r
+\r
+81:5 This he ordained in Joseph for a testimony, when he went out\r
+through the land of Egypt: where I heard a language that I understood\r
+not.\r
+\r
+81:6 I removed his shoulder from the burden: his hands were delivered\r
+from the pots.\r
+\r
+81:7 Thou calledst in trouble, and I delivered thee; I answered thee\r
+in the secret place of thunder: I proved thee at the waters of\r
+Meribah.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+81:8 Hear, O my people, and I will testify unto thee: O Israel, if\r
+thou wilt hearken unto me;\r
+\r
+81:9 There shall no strange god be in thee; neither shalt thou worship\r
+any strange god.\r
+\r
+81:10 I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of\r
+Egypt: open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it.\r
+\r
+81:11 But my people would not hearken to my voice; and Israel would\r
+none of me.\r
+\r
+81:12 So I gave them up unto their own hearts' lust: and they walked\r
+in their own counsels.\r
+\r
+81:13 Oh that my people had hearkened unto me, and Israel had walked\r
+in my ways!\r
+\r
+81:14 I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned my hand\r
+against their adversaries.\r
+\r
+81:15 The haters of the LORD should have submitted themselves unto\r
+him: but their time should have endured for ever.\r
+\r
+81:16 He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat: and\r
+with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+82:1 God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among\r
+the gods.\r
+\r
+82:2 How long will ye judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the\r
+wicked? Selah.\r
+\r
+82:3 Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and\r
+needy.\r
+\r
+82:4 Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the\r
+wicked.\r
+\r
+82:5 They know not, neither will they understand; they walk on in\r
+darkness: all the foundations of the earth are out of course.\r
+\r
+82:6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most\r
+High.\r
+\r
+82:7 But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.\r
+\r
+82:8 Arise, O God, judge the earth: for thou shalt inherit all\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+83:1 Keep not thou silence, O God: hold not thy peace, and be not\r
+still, O God.\r
+\r
+83:2 For, lo, thine enemies make a tumult: and they that hate thee\r
+have lifted up the head.\r
+\r
+83:3 They have taken crafty counsel against thy people, and consulted\r
+against thy hidden ones.\r
+\r
+83:4 They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a\r
+nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance.\r
+\r
+83:5 For they have consulted together with one consent: they are\r
+confederate against thee:\r
+\r
+83:6 The tabernacles of Edom, and the Ishmaelites; of Moab, and the\r
+Hagarenes;\r
+\r
+83:7 Gebal, and Ammon, and Amalek; the Philistines with the\r
+inhabitants of Tyre;\r
+\r
+83:8 Assur also is joined with them: they have holpen the children of\r
+Lot.\r
+\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+83:9 Do unto them as unto the Midianites; as to Sisera, as to Jabin,\r
+at the brook of Kison:\r
+\r
+83:10 Which perished at Endor: they became as dung for the earth.\r
+\r
+83:11 Make their nobles like Oreb, and like Zeeb: yea, all their\r
+princes as Zebah, and as Zalmunna:\r
+\r
+83:12 Who said, Let us take to ourselves the houses of God in\r
+possession.\r
+\r
+83:13 O my God, make them like a wheel; as the stubble before the\r
+wind.\r
+\r
+83:14 As the fire burneth a wood, and as the flame setteth the\r
+mountains on fire;\r
+\r
+83:15 So persecute them with thy tempest, and make them afraid with\r
+thy storm.\r
+\r
+83:16 Fill their faces with shame; that they may seek thy name, O\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+83:17 Let them be confounded and troubled for ever; yea, let them be\r
+put to shame, and perish:\r
+\r
+83:18 That men may know that thou, whose name alone is JEHOVAH, art\r
+the most high over all the earth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+84:1 How amiable are thy tabernacles, O LORD of hosts!\r
+\r
+84:2 My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the LORD:\r
+my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God.\r
+\r
+84:3 Yea, the sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest for\r
+herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O LORD of\r
+hosts, my King, and my God.\r
+\r
+84:4 Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still\r
+praising thee. Selah.\r
+\r
+84:5 Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are\r
+the ways of them.\r
+\r
+84:6 Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well; the rain\r
+also filleth the pools.\r
+\r
+84:7 They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion\r
+appeareth before God.\r
+\r
+84:8 O LORD God of hosts, hear my prayer: give ear, O God of Jacob.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+84:9 Behold, O God our shield, and look upon the face of thine\r
+anointed.\r
+\r
+84:10 For a day in thy courts is better than a thousand. I had rather\r
+be a doorkeeper in the house of my God, than to dwell in the tents of\r
+wickedness.\r
+\r
+84:11 For the LORD God is a sun and shield: the LORD will give grace\r
+and glory: no good thing will he withhold from them that walk\r
+uprightly.\r
+\r
+84:12 O LORD of hosts, blessed is the man that trusteth in thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+85:1 Lord, thou hast been favourable unto thy land: thou hast brought\r
+back the captivity of Jacob.\r
+\r
+85:2 Thou hast forgiven the iniquity of thy people, thou hast covered\r
+all their sin. Selah.\r
+\r
+85:3 Thou hast taken away all thy wrath: thou hast turned thyself from\r
+the fierceness of thine anger.\r
+\r
+85:4 Turn us, O God of our salvation, and cause thine anger toward us\r
+to cease.\r
+\r
+85:5 Wilt thou be angry with us for ever? wilt thou draw out thine\r
+anger to all generations?\r
+\r
+85:6 Wilt thou not revive us again: that thy people may rejoice in\r
+thee?\r
+\r
+85:7 Shew us thy mercy, O LORD, and grant us thy salvation.\r
+\r
+85:8 I will hear what God the LORD will speak: for he will speak peace\r
+unto his people, and to his saints: but let them not turn again to\r
+folly.\r
+\r
+85:9 Surely his salvation is nigh them that fear him; that glory may\r
+dwell in our land.\r
+\r
+85:10 Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have\r
+kissed each other.\r
+\r
+85:11 Truth shall spring out of the earth; and righteousness shall\r
+look down from heaven.\r
+\r
+85:12 Yea, the LORD shall give that which is good; and our land shall\r
+yield her increase.\r
+\r
+85:13 Righteousness shall go before him; and shall set us in the way\r
+of his steps.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+86:1 Bow down thine ear, O LORD, hear me: for I am poor and needy.\r
+\r
+86:2 Preserve my soul; for I am holy: O thou my God, save thy servant\r
+that trusteth in thee.\r
+\r
+86:3 Be merciful unto me, O Lord: for I cry unto thee daily.\r
+\r
+86:4 Rejoice the soul of thy servant: for unto thee, O Lord, do I lift\r
+up my soul.\r
+\r
+86:5 For thou, Lord, art good, and ready to forgive; and plenteous in\r
+mercy unto all them that call upon thee.\r
+\r
+86:6 Give ear, O LORD, unto my prayer; and attend to the voice of my\r
+supplications.\r
+\r
+86:7 In the day of my trouble I will call upon thee: for thou wilt\r
+answer me.\r
+\r
+86:8 Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord; neither are\r
+there any works like unto thy works.\r
+\r
+86:9 All nations whom thou hast made shall come and worship before\r
+thee, O Lord; and shall glorify thy name.\r
+\r
+86:10 For thou art great, and doest wondrous things: thou art God\r
+alone.\r
+\r
+86:11 Teach me thy way, O LORD; I will walk in thy truth: unite my\r
+heart to fear thy name.\r
+\r
+86:12 I will praise thee, O Lord my God, with all my heart: and I will\r
+glorify thy name for evermore.\r
+\r
+86:13 For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my\r
+soul from the lowest hell.\r
+\r
+86:14 O God, the proud are risen against me, and the assemblies of\r
+violent men have sought after my soul; and have not set thee before\r
+them.\r
+\r
+86:15 But thou, O Lord, art a God full of compassion, and gracious,\r
+long suffering, and plenteous in mercy and truth.\r
+\r
+86:16 O turn unto me, and have mercy upon me; give thy strength unto\r
+thy servant, and save the son of thine handmaid.\r
+\r
+86:17 Shew me a token for good; that they which hate me may see it,\r
+and be ashamed: because thou, LORD, hast holpen me, and comforted me.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+87:1 His foundation is in the holy mountains.\r
+\r
+87:2 The LORD loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of\r
+Jacob.\r
+\r
+87:3 Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God. Selah.\r
+\r
+87:4 I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon to them that know me:\r
+behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia; this man was born there.\r
+\r
+87:5 And of Zion it shall be said, This and that man was born in her:\r
+and the highest himself shall establish her.\r
+\r
+87:6 The LORD shall count, when he writeth up the people, that this\r
+man was born there. Selah.\r
+\r
+87:7 As well the singers as the players on instruments shall be there:\r
+all my springs are in thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+88:1 O lord God of my salvation, I have cried day and night before\r
+thee:\r
+\r
+88:2 Let my prayer come before thee: incline thine ear unto my cry;\r
+\r
+88:3 For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto\r
+the grave.\r
+\r
+88:4 I am counted with them that go down into the pit: I am as a man\r
+that hath no strength:\r
+\r
+88:5 Free among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, whom\r
+thou rememberest no more: and they are cut off from thy hand.\r
+\r
+88:6 Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in darkness, in the deeps.\r
+\r
+88:7 Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me with all\r
+thy waves. Selah.\r
+\r
+88:8 Thou hast put away mine acquaintance far from me; thou hast made\r
+me an abomination unto them: I am shut up, and I cannot come forth.\r
+\r
+88:9 Mine eye mourneth by reason of affliction: LORD, I have called\r
+daily upon thee, I have stretched out my hands unto thee.\r
+\r
+88:10 Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? shall the dead arise and\r
+praise thee? Selah.\r
+\r
+88:11 Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave? or thy\r
+faithfulness in destruction?\r
+\r
+88:12 Shall thy wonders be known in the dark? and thy righteousness in\r
+the land of forgetfulness?\r
+\r
+88:13 But unto thee have I cried, O LORD; and in the morning shall my\r
+prayer prevent thee.\r
+\r
+88:14 LORD, why castest thou off my soul? why hidest thou thy face\r
+from me?\r
+\r
+88:15 I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up: while I suffer\r
+thy terrors I am distracted.\r
+\r
+88:16 Thy fierce wrath goeth over me; thy terrors have cut me off.\r
+\r
+88:17 They came round about me daily like water; they compassed me\r
+about together.\r
+\r
+88:18 Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and mine\r
+acquaintance into darkness.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+89:1 I will sing of the mercies of the LORD for ever: with my mouth\r
+will I make known thy faithfulness to all generations.\r
+\r
+89:2 For I have said, Mercy shall be built up for ever: thy\r
+faithfulness shalt thou establish in the very heavens.\r
+\r
+89:3 I have made a covenant with my chosen, I have sworn unto David my\r
+servant,\r
+\r
+89:4 Thy seed will I establish for ever, and build up thy throne to\r
+all generations. Selah.\r
+\r
+89:5 And the heavens shall praise thy wonders, O LORD: thy\r
+faithfulness also in the congregation of the saints.\r
+\r
+89:6 For who in the heaven can be compared unto the LORD? who among\r
+the sons of the mighty can be likened unto the LORD?\r
+\r
+89:7 God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of the saints, and to\r
+be had in reverence of all them that are about him.\r
+\r
+89:8 O LORD God of hosts, who is a strong LORD like unto thee? or to\r
+thy faithfulness round about thee?\r
+\r
+89:9 Thou rulest the raging of the sea: when the waves thereof arise,\r
+thou stillest them.\r
+\r
+89:10 Thou hast broken Rahab in pieces, as one that is slain; thou\r
+hast scattered thine enemies with thy strong arm.\r
+\r
+89:11 The heavens are thine, the earth also is thine: as for the world\r
+and the fulness thereof, thou hast founded them.\r
+\r
+89:12 The north and the south thou hast created them: Tabor and Hermon\r
+shall rejoice in thy name.\r
+\r
+89:13 Thou hast a mighty arm: strong is thy hand, and high is thy\r
+right hand.\r
+\r
+89:14 Justice and judgment are the habitation of thy throne: mercy and\r
+truth shall go before thy face.\r
+\r
+89:15 Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound: they shall\r
+walk, O LORD, in the light of thy countenance.\r
+\r
+89:16 In thy name shall they rejoice all the day: and in thy\r
+righteousness shall they be exalted.\r
+\r
+89:17 For thou art the glory of their strength: and in thy favour our\r
+horn shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+89:18 For the LORD is our defence; and the Holy One of Israel is our\r
+king.\r
+\r
+89:19 Then thou spakest in vision to thy holy one, and saidst, I have\r
+laid help upon one that is mighty; I have exalted one chosen out of\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+89:20 I have found David my servant; with my holy oil have I anointed\r
+him:\r
+\r
+89:21 With whom my hand shall be established: mine arm also shall\r
+strengthen him.\r
+\r
+89:22 The enemy shall not exact upon him; nor the son of wickedness\r
+afflict him.\r
+\r
+89:23 And I will beat down his foes before his face, and plague them\r
+that hate him.\r
+\r
+89:24 But my faithfulness and my mercy shall be with him: and in my\r
+name shall his horn be exalted.\r
+\r
+89:25 I will set his hand also in the sea, and his right hand in the\r
+rivers.\r
+\r
+89:26 He shall cry unto me, Thou art my father, my God, and the rock\r
+of my salvation.\r
+\r
+89:27 Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings of the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+89:28 My mercy will I keep for him for evermore, and my covenant shall\r
+stand fast with him.\r
+\r
+89:29 His seed also will I make to endure for ever, and his throne as\r
+the days of heaven.\r
+\r
+89:30 If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments;\r
+\r
+89:31 If they break my statutes, and keep not my commandments;\r
+\r
+89:32 Then will I visit their transgression with the rod, and their\r
+iniquity with stripes.\r
+\r
+89:33 Nevertheless my lovingkindness will I not utterly take from him,\r
+nor suffer my faithfulness to fail.\r
+\r
+89:34 My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone\r
+out of my lips.\r
+\r
+89:35 Once have I sworn by my holiness that I will not lie unto David.\r
+\r
+89:36 His seed shall endure for ever, and his throne as the sun before\r
+me.\r
+\r
+89:37 It shall be established for ever as the moon, and as a faithful\r
+witness in heaven. Selah.\r
+\r
+89:38 But thou hast cast off and abhorred, thou hast been wroth with\r
+thine anointed.\r
+\r
+89:39 Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant: thou hast\r
+profaned his crown by casting it to the ground.\r
+\r
+89:40 Thou hast broken down all his hedges; thou hast brought his\r
+strong holds to ruin.\r
+\r
+89:41 All that pass by the way spoil him: he is a reproach to his\r
+neighbours.\r
+\r
+89:42 Thou hast set up the right hand of his adversaries; thou hast\r
+made all his enemies to rejoice.\r
+\r
+89:43 Thou hast also turned the edge of his sword, and hast not made\r
+him to stand in the battle.\r
+\r
+89:44 Thou hast made his glory to cease, and cast his throne down to\r
+the ground.\r
+\r
+89:45 The days of his youth hast thou shortened: thou hast covered him\r
+with shame. Selah.\r
+\r
+89:46 How long, LORD? wilt thou hide thyself for ever? shall thy wrath\r
+burn like fire?\r
+\r
+89:47 Remember how short my time is: wherefore hast thou made all men\r
+in vain?\r
+\r
+89:48 What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he\r
+deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah.\r
+\r
+89:49 Lord, where are thy former lovingkindnesses, which thou swarest\r
+unto David in thy truth?\r
+\r
+89:50 Remember, Lord, the reproach of thy servants; how I do bear in\r
+my bosom the reproach of all the mighty people;\r
+\r
+89:51 Wherewith thine enemies have reproached, O LORD; wherewith they\r
+have reproached the footsteps of thine anointed.\r
+\r
+89:52 Blessed be the LORD for evermore. Amen, and Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+90:1 Lord, thou hast been our dwelling place in all generations.\r
+\r
+90:2 Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst\r
+formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting,\r
+thou art God.\r
+\r
+90:3 Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children\r
+of men.\r
+\r
+90:4 For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is\r
+past, and as a watch in the night.\r
+\r
+90:5 Thou carriest them away as with a flood; they are as a sleep: in\r
+the morning they are like grass which groweth up.\r
+\r
+90:6 In the morning it flourisheth, and groweth up; in the evening it\r
+is cut down, and withereth.\r
+\r
+90:7 For we are consumed by thine anger, and by thy wrath are we\r
+troubled.\r
+\r
+90:8 Thou hast set our iniquities before thee, our secret sins in the\r
+light of thy countenance.\r
+\r
+90:9 For all our days are passed away in thy wrath: we spend our years\r
+as a tale that is told.\r
+\r
+90:10 The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by\r
+reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength\r
+labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away.\r
+\r
+90:11 Who knoweth the power of thine anger? even according to thy\r
+fear, so is thy wrath.\r
+\r
+90:12 So teach us to number our days, that we may apply our hearts\r
+unto wisdom.\r
+\r
+90:13 Return, O LORD, how long? and let it repent thee concerning thy\r
+servants.\r
+\r
+90:14 O satisfy us early with thy mercy; that we may rejoice and be\r
+glad all our days.\r
+\r
+90:15 Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted\r
+us, and the years wherein we have seen evil.\r
+\r
+90:16 Let thy work appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto their\r
+children.\r
+\r
+90:17 And let the beauty of the LORD our God be upon us: and establish\r
+thou the work of our hands upon us; yea, the work of our hands\r
+establish thou it.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+91:1 He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide\r
+under the shadow of the Almighty.\r
+\r
+91:2 I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God;\r
+in him will I trust.\r
+\r
+91:3 Surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler, and\r
+from the noisome pestilence.\r
+\r
+91:4 He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt\r
+thou trust: his truth shall be thy shield and buckler.\r
+\r
+91:5 Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the\r
+arrow that flieth by day;\r
+\r
+91:6 Nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness; nor for the\r
+destruction that wasteth at noonday.\r
+\r
+91:7 A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right\r
+hand; but it shall not come nigh thee.\r
+\r
+91:8 Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of the\r
+wicked.\r
+\r
+91:9 Because thou hast made the LORD, which is my refuge, even the\r
+most High, thy habitation;\r
+\r
+91:10 There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come\r
+nigh thy dwelling.\r
+\r
+91:11 For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in\r
+all thy ways.\r
+\r
+91:12 They shall bear thee up in their hands, lest thou dash thy foot\r
+against a stone.\r
+\r
+91:13 Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the\r
+dragon shalt thou trample under feet.\r
+\r
+91:14 Because he hath set his love upon me, therefore will I deliver\r
+him: I will set him on high, because he hath known my name.\r
+\r
+91:15 He shall call upon me, and I will answer him: I will be with him\r
+in trouble; I will deliver him, and honour him.\r
+\r
+91:16 With long life will I satisfy him, and shew him my salvation.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+92:1 It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord, and to sing\r
+praises unto thy name, O most High:\r
+\r
+92:2 To shew forth thy lovingkindness in the morning, and thy\r
+faithfulness every night,\r
+\r
+92:3 Upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the psaltery; upon\r
+the harp with a solemn sound.\r
+\r
+92:4 For thou, LORD, hast made me glad through thy work: I will\r
+triumph in the works of thy hands.\r
+\r
+92:5 O LORD, how great are thy works! and thy thoughts are very deep.\r
+\r
+92:6 A brutish man knoweth not; neither doth a fool understand this.\r
+\r
+92:7 When the wicked spring as the grass, and when all the workers of\r
+iniquity do flourish; it is that they shall be destroyed for ever:\r
+\r
+92:8 But thou, LORD, art most high for evermore.\r
+\r
+92:9 For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall\r
+perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered.\r
+\r
+92:10 But my horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of an unicorn: I\r
+shall be anointed with fresh oil.\r
+\r
+92:11 Mine eye also shall see my desire on mine enemies, and mine ears\r
+shall hear my desire of the wicked that rise up against me.\r
+\r
+92:12 The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow\r
+like a cedar in Lebanon.\r
+\r
+92:13 Those that be planted in the house of the LORD shall flourish in\r
+the courts of our God.\r
+\r
+92:14 They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat\r
+and flourishing;\r
+\r
+92:15 To shew that the LORD is upright: he is my rock, and there is no\r
+unrighteousness in him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+93:1 The LORD reigneth, he is clothed with majesty; the LORD is\r
+clothed with strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world\r
+also is stablished, that it cannot be moved.\r
+\r
+93:2 Thy throne is established of old: thou art from everlasting.\r
+\r
+93:3 The floods have lifted up, O LORD, the floods have lifted up\r
+their voice; the floods lift up their waves.\r
+\r
+93:4 The LORD on high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea,\r
+than the mighty waves of the sea.\r
+\r
+93:5 Thy testimonies are very sure: holiness becometh thine house, O\r
+LORD, for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+94:1 O Lord God, to whom vengeance belongeth; O God, to whom vengeance\r
+belongeth, shew thyself.\r
+\r
+94:2 Lift up thyself, thou judge of the earth: render a reward to the\r
+proud.\r
+\r
+94:3 LORD, how long shall the wicked, how long shall the wicked\r
+triumph?\r
+\r
+94:4 How long shall they utter and speak hard things? and all the\r
+workers of iniquity boast themselves?\r
+\r
+94:5 They break in pieces thy people, O LORD, and afflict thine\r
+heritage.\r
+\r
+94:6 They slay the widow and the stranger, and murder the fatherless.\r
+\r
+94:7 Yet they say, The LORD shall not see, neither shall the God of\r
+Jacob regard it.\r
+\r
+94:8 Understand, ye brutish among the people: and ye fools, when will\r
+ye be wise?\r
+\r
+94:9 He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? he that formed the\r
+eye, shall he not see?\r
+\r
+94:10 He that chastiseth the heathen, shall not he correct? he that\r
+teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know?\r
+\r
+94:11 The LORD knoweth the thoughts of man, that they are vanity.\r
+\r
+94:12 Blessed is the man whom thou chastenest, O LORD, and teachest\r
+him out of thy law;\r
+\r
+94:13 That thou mayest give him rest from the days of adversity, until\r
+the pit be digged for the wicked.\r
+\r
+94:14 For the LORD will not cast off his people, neither will he\r
+forsake his inheritance.\r
+\r
+94:15 But judgment shall return unto righteousness: and all the\r
+upright in heart shall follow it.\r
+\r
+94:16 Who will rise up for me against the evildoers? or who will stand\r
+up for me against the workers of iniquity?\r
+\r
+94:17 Unless the LORD had been my help, my soul had almost dwelt in\r
+silence.\r
+\r
+94:18 When I said, My foot slippeth; thy mercy, O LORD, held me up.\r
+\r
+94:19 In the multitude of my thoughts within me thy comforts delight\r
+my soul.\r
+\r
+94:20 Shall the throne of iniquity have fellowship with thee, which\r
+frameth mischief by a law?\r
+\r
+94:21 They gather themselves together against the soul of the\r
+righteous, and condemn the innocent blood.\r
+\r
+94:22 But the LORD is my defence; and my God is the rock of my refuge.\r
+\r
+94:23 And he shall bring upon them their own iniquity, and shall cut\r
+them off in their own wickedness; yea, the LORD our God shall cut them\r
+off.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+95:1 O come, let us sing unto the LORD: let us make a joyful noise to\r
+the rock of our salvation.\r
+\r
+95:2 Let us come before his presence with thanksgiving, and make a\r
+joyful noise unto him with psalms.\r
+\r
+95:3 For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods.\r
+\r
+95:4 In his hand are the deep places of the earth: the strength of the\r
+hills is his also.\r
+\r
+95:5 The sea is his, and he made it: and his hands formed the dry\r
+land.\r
+\r
+95:6 O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the LORD\r
+our maker.\r
+\r
+95:7 For he is our God; and we are the people of his pasture, and the\r
+sheep of his hand. To day if ye will hear his voice,\r
+\r
+95:8 Harden not your heart, as in the provocation, and as in the day\r
+of temptation in the wilderness:\r
+\r
+95:9 When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my work.\r
+\r
+95:10 Forty years long was I grieved with this generation, and said,\r
+It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my\r
+ways:\r
+\r
+95:11 Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not enter into my\r
+rest.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+96:1 O sing unto the LORD a new song: sing unto the LORD, all the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+96:2 Sing unto the LORD, bless his name; shew forth his salvation from\r
+day to day.\r
+\r
+96:3 Declare his glory among the heathen, his wonders among all\r
+people.\r
+\r
+96:4 For the LORD is great, and greatly to be praised: he is to be\r
+feared above all gods.\r
+\r
+96:5 For all the gods of the nations are idols: but the LORD made the\r
+heavens.\r
+\r
+96:6 Honour and majesty are before him: strength and beauty are in his\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+96:7 Give unto the LORD, O ye kindreds of the people, give unto the\r
+LORD glory and strength.\r
+\r
+96:8 Give unto the LORD the glory due unto his name: bring an\r
+offering, and come into his courts.\r
+\r
+96:9 O worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness: fear before him,\r
+all the earth.\r
+\r
+96:10 Say among the heathen that the LORD reigneth: the world also\r
+shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the\r
+people righteously.\r
+\r
+96:11 Let the heavens rejoice, and let the earth be glad; let the sea\r
+roar, and the fulness thereof.\r
+\r
+96:12 Let the field be joyful, and all that is therein: then shall all\r
+the trees of the wood rejoice\r
+\r
+96:13 Before the LORD: for he cometh, for he cometh to judge the\r
+earth: he shall judge the world with righteousness, and the people\r
+with his truth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+97:1 The LORD reigneth; let the earth rejoice; let the multitude of\r
+isles be glad thereof.\r
+\r
+97:2 Clouds and darkness are round about him: righteousness and\r
+judgment are the habitation of his throne.\r
+\r
+97:3 A fire goeth before him, and burneth up his enemies round about.\r
+\r
+97:4 His lightnings enlightened the world: the earth saw, and\r
+trembled.\r
+\r
+97:5 The hills melted like wax at the presence of the LORD, at the\r
+presence of the Lord of the whole earth.\r
+\r
+97:6 The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the people see his\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+97:7 Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast\r
+themselves of idols: worship him, all ye gods.\r
+\r
+97:8 Zion heard, and was glad; and the daughters of Judah rejoiced\r
+because of thy judgments, O LORD.\r
+\r
+97:9 For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted\r
+far above all gods.\r
+\r
+97:10 Ye that love the LORD, hate evil: he preserveth the souls of his\r
+saints; he delivereth them out of the hand of the wicked.\r
+\r
+97:11 Light is sown for the righteous, and gladness for the upright in\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+97:12 Rejoice in the LORD, ye righteous; and give thanks at the\r
+remembrance of his holiness.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+98:1 O sing unto the LORD a new song; for he hath done marvellous\r
+things: his right hand, and his holy arm, hath gotten him the victory.\r
+\r
+98:2 The LORD hath made known his salvation: his righteousness hath he\r
+openly shewed in the sight of the heathen.\r
+\r
+98:3 He hath remembered his mercy and his truth toward the house of\r
+Israel: all the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God.\r
+\r
+98:4 Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all the earth: make a loud\r
+noise, and rejoice, and sing praise.\r
+\r
+98:5 Sing unto the LORD with the harp; with the harp, and the voice of\r
+a psalm.\r
+\r
+98:6 With trumpets and sound of cornet make a joyful noise before the\r
+LORD, the King.\r
+\r
+98:7 Let the sea roar, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they\r
+that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+98:8 Let the floods clap their hands: let the hills be joyful together\r
+\r
+98:9 Before the LORD; for he cometh to judge the earth: with\r
+righteousness shall he judge the world, and the people with equity.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+99:1 The LORD reigneth; let the people tremble: he sitteth between the\r
+cherubims; let the earth be moved.\r
+\r
+99:2 The LORD is great in Zion; and he is high above all the people.\r
+\r
+99:3 Let them praise thy great and terrible name; for it is holy.\r
+\r
+99:4 The king's strength also loveth judgment; thou dost establish\r
+equity, thou executest judgment and righteousness in Jacob.\r
+\r
+99:5 Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he\r
+is holy.\r
+\r
+99:6 Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that\r
+call upon his name; they called upon the LORD, and he answered them.\r
+\r
+99:7 He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his\r
+testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them.\r
+\r
+99:8 Thou answeredst them, O LORD our God: thou wast a God that\r
+forgavest them, though thou tookest vengeance of their inventions.\r
+\r
+99:9 Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at his holy hill; for the\r
+LORD our God is holy.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+100:1 Make a joyful noise unto the LORD, all ye lands.\r
+\r
+100:2 Serve the LORD with gladness: come before his presence with\r
+singing.\r
+\r
+100:3 Know ye that the LORD he is God: it is he that hath made us, and\r
+not we ourselves; we are his people, and the sheep of his pasture.\r
+\r
+100:4 Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his courts with\r
+praise: be thankful unto him, and bless his name.\r
+\r
+100:5 For the LORD is good; his mercy is everlasting; and his truth\r
+endureth to all generations.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+101:1 I will sing of mercy and judgment: unto thee, O LORD, will I\r
+sing.\r
+\r
+101:2 I will behave myself wisely in a perfect way. O when wilt thou\r
+come unto me? I will walk within my house with a perfect heart.\r
+\r
+101:3 I will set no wicked thing before mine eyes: I hate the work of\r
+them that turn aside; it shall not cleave to me.\r
+\r
+101:4 A froward heart shall depart from me: I will not know a wicked\r
+person.\r
+\r
+101:5 Whoso privily slandereth his neighbour, him will I cut off: him\r
+that hath an high look and a proud heart will not I suffer.\r
+\r
+101:6 Mine eyes shall be upon the faithful of the land, that they may\r
+dwell with me: he that walketh in a perfect way, he shall serve me.\r
+\r
+101:7 He that worketh deceit shall not dwell within my house: he that\r
+telleth lies shall not tarry in my sight.\r
+\r
+101:8 I will early destroy all the wicked of the land; that I may cut\r
+off all wicked doers from the city of the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+102:1 Hear my prayer, O LORD, and let my cry come unto thee.\r
+\r
+102:2 Hide not thy face from me in the day when I am in trouble;\r
+incline thine ear unto me: in the day when I call answer me speedily.\r
+\r
+102:3 For my days are consumed like smoke, and my bones are burned as\r
+an hearth.\r
+\r
+102:4 My heart is smitten, and withered like grass; so that I forget\r
+to eat my bread.\r
+\r
+102:5 By reason of the voice of my groaning my bones cleave to my\r
+skin.\r
+\r
+102:6 I am like a pelican of the wilderness: I am like an owl of the\r
+desert.\r
+\r
+102:7 I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top.\r
+\r
+102:8 Mine enemies reproach me all the day; and they that are mad\r
+against me are sworn against me.\r
+\r
+102:9 For I have eaten ashes like bread, and mingled my drink with\r
+weeping.\r
+\r
+102:10 Because of thine indignation and thy wrath: for thou hast\r
+lifted me up, and cast me down.\r
+\r
+102:11 My days are like a shadow that declineth; and I am withered\r
+like grass.\r
+\r
+102:12 But thou, O LORD, shall endure for ever; and thy remembrance\r
+unto all generations.\r
+\r
+102:13 Thou shalt arise, and have mercy upon Zion: for the time to\r
+favour her, yea, the set time, is come.\r
+\r
+102:14 For thy servants take pleasure in her stones, and favour the\r
+dust thereof.\r
+\r
+102:15 So the heathen shall fear the name of the LORD, and all the\r
+kings of the earth thy glory.\r
+\r
+102:16 When the LORD shall build up Zion, he shall appear in his\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+102:17 He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise\r
+their prayer.\r
+\r
+102:18 This shall be written for the generation to come: and the\r
+people which shall be created shall praise the LORD.\r
+\r
+102:19 For he hath looked down from the height of his sanctuary; from\r
+heaven did the LORD behold the earth;\r
+\r
+102:20 To hear the groaning of the prisoner; to loose those that are\r
+appointed to death;\r
+\r
+102:21 To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and his praise in\r
+Jerusalem;\r
+\r
+102:22 When the people are gathered together, and the kingdoms, to\r
+serve the LORD.\r
+\r
+102:23 He weakened my strength in the way; he shortened my days.\r
+\r
+102:24 I said, O my God, take me not away in the midst of my days: thy\r
+years are throughout all generations.\r
+\r
+102:25 Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the\r
+heavens are the work of thy hands.\r
+\r
+102:26 They shall perish, but thou shalt endure: yea, all of them\r
+shall wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt thou change them, and\r
+they shall be changed:\r
+\r
+102:27 But thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end.\r
+\r
+102:28 The children of thy servants shall continue, and their seed\r
+shall be established before thee.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+103:1 Bless the LORD, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his\r
+holy name.\r
+\r
+103:2 Bless the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits:\r
+\r
+103:3 Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all thy\r
+diseases;\r
+\r
+103:4 Who redeemeth thy life from destruction; who crowneth thee with\r
+lovingkindness and tender mercies;\r
+\r
+103:5 Who satisfieth thy mouth with good things; so that thy youth is\r
+renewed like the eagle's.\r
+\r
+103:6 The LORD executeth righteousness and judgment for all that are\r
+oppressed.\r
+\r
+103:7 He made known his ways unto Moses, his acts unto the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+103:8 The LORD is merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous\r
+in mercy.\r
+\r
+103:9 He will not always chide: neither will he keep his anger for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+103:10 He hath not dealt with us after our sins; nor rewarded us\r
+according to our iniquities.\r
+\r
+103:11 For as the heaven is high above the earth, so great is his\r
+mercy toward them that fear him.\r
+\r
+103:12 As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our\r
+transgressions from us.\r
+\r
+103:13 Like as a father pitieth his children, so the LORD pitieth them\r
+that fear him.\r
+\r
+103:14 For he knoweth our frame; he remembereth that we are dust.\r
+\r
+103:15 As for man, his days are as grass: as a flower of the field, so\r
+he flourisheth.\r
+\r
+103:16 For the wind passeth over it, and it is gone; and the place\r
+thereof shall know it no more.\r
+\r
+103:17 But the mercy of the LORD is from everlasting to everlasting\r
+upon them that fear him, and his righteousness unto children's\r
+children;\r
+\r
+103:18 To such as keep his covenant, and to those that remember his\r
+commandments to do them.\r
+\r
+103:19 The LORD hath prepared his throne in the heavens; and his\r
+kingdom ruleth over all.\r
+\r
+103:20 Bless the LORD, ye his angels, that excel in strength, that do\r
+his commandments, hearkening unto the voice of his word.\r
+\r
+103:21 Bless ye the LORD, all ye his hosts; ye ministers of his, that\r
+do his pleasure.\r
+\r
+103:22 Bless the LORD, all his works in all places of his dominion:\r
+bless the LORD, O my soul.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+104:1 Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great;\r
+thou art clothed with honour and majesty.\r
+\r
+104:2 Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who\r
+stretchest out the heavens like a curtain:\r
+\r
+104:3 Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh\r
+the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:\r
+\r
+104:4 Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire:\r
+\r
+104:5 Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be\r
+removed for ever.\r
+\r
+104:6 Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters\r
+stood above the mountains.\r
+\r
+104:7 At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted\r
+away.\r
+\r
+104:8 They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto\r
+the place which thou hast founded for them.\r
+\r
+104:9 Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they\r
+turn not again to cover the earth.\r
+\r
+104:10 He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the\r
+hills.\r
+\r
+104:11 They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses\r
+quench their thirst.\r
+\r
+104:12 By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation,\r
+which sing among the branches.\r
+\r
+104:13 He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied\r
+with the fruit of thy works.\r
+\r
+104:14 He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the\r
+service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth;\r
+\r
+104:15 And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his\r
+face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.\r
+\r
+104:16 The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon,\r
+which he hath planted;\r
+\r
+104:17 Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir\r
+trees are her house.\r
+\r
+104:18 The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks\r
+for the conies.\r
+\r
+104:19 He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going\r
+down.\r
+\r
+104:20 Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts\r
+of the forest do creep forth.\r
+\r
+104:21 The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from\r
+God.\r
+\r
+104:22 The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them\r
+down in their dens.\r
+\r
+104:23 Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the\r
+evening.\r
+\r
+104:24 O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made\r
+them all: the earth is full of thy riches.\r
+\r
+104:25 So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping\r
+innumerable, both small and great beasts.\r
+\r
+104:26 There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast\r
+made to play therein.\r
+\r
+104:27 These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat\r
+in due season.\r
+\r
+104:28 That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand,\r
+they are filled with good.\r
+\r
+104:29 Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their\r
+breath, they die, and return to their dust.\r
+\r
+104:30 Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou\r
+renewest the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+104:31 The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall\r
+rejoice in his works.\r
+\r
+104:32 He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the\r
+hills, and they smoke.\r
+\r
+104:33 I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise\r
+to my God while I have my being.\r
+\r
+104:34 My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+104:35 Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the\r
+wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+105:1 O give thanks unto the LORD; call upon his name: make known his\r
+deeds among the people.\r
+\r
+105:2 Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him: talk ye of all his wondrous\r
+works.\r
+\r
+105:3 Glory ye in his holy name: let the heart of them rejoice that\r
+seek the LORD.\r
+\r
+105:4 Seek the LORD, and his strength: seek his face evermore.\r
+\r
+105:5 Remember his marvellous works that he hath done; his wonders,\r
+and the judgments of his mouth;\r
+\r
+105:6 O ye seed of Abraham his servant, ye children of Jacob his\r
+chosen.\r
+\r
+105:7 He is the LORD our God: his judgments are in all the earth.\r
+\r
+105:8 He hath remembered his covenant for ever, the word which he\r
+commanded to a thousand generations.\r
+\r
+105:9 Which covenant he made with Abraham, and his oath unto Isaac;\r
+\r
+105:10 And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law, and to Israel for\r
+an everlasting covenant:\r
+\r
+105:11 Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of\r
+your inheritance:\r
+\r
+105:12 When they were but a few men in number; yea, very few, and\r
+strangers in it.\r
+\r
+105:13 When they went from one nation to another, from one kingdom to\r
+another people;\r
+\r
+105:14 He suffered no man to do them wrong: yea, he reproved kings for\r
+their sakes;\r
+\r
+105:15 Saying, Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm.\r
+\r
+105:16 Moreover he called for a famine upon the land: he brake the\r
+whole staff of bread.\r
+\r
+105:17 He sent a man before them, even Joseph, who was sold for a\r
+servant:\r
+\r
+105:18 Whose feet they hurt with fetters: he was laid in iron:\r
+\r
+105:19 Until the time that his word came: the word of the LORD tried\r
+him.\r
+\r
+105:20 The king sent and loosed him; even the ruler of the people, and\r
+let him go free.\r
+\r
+105:21 He made him lord of his house, and ruler of all his substance:\r
+\r
+105:22 To bind his princes at his pleasure; and teach his senators\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+105:23 Israel also came into Egypt; and Jacob sojourned in the land of\r
+Ham.\r
+\r
+105:24 And he increased his people greatly; and made them stronger\r
+than their enemies.\r
+\r
+105:25 He turned their heart to hate his people, to deal subtilly with\r
+his servants.\r
+\r
+105:26 He sent Moses his servant; and Aaron whom he had chosen.\r
+\r
+105:27 They shewed his signs among them, and wonders in the land of\r
+Ham.\r
+\r
+105:28 He sent darkness, and made it dark; and they rebelled not\r
+against his word.\r
+\r
+105:29 He turned their waters into blood, and slew their fish.\r
+\r
+105:30 Their land brought forth frogs in abundance, in the chambers of\r
+their kings.\r
+\r
+105:31 He spake, and there came divers sorts of flies, and lice in all\r
+their coasts.\r
+\r
+105:32 He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land.\r
+\r
+105:33 He smote their vines also and their fig trees; and brake the\r
+trees of their coasts.\r
+\r
+105:34 He spake, and the locusts came, and caterpillers, and that\r
+without number,\r
+\r
+105:35 And did eat up all the herbs in their land, and devoured the\r
+fruit of their ground.\r
+\r
+105:36 He smote also all the firstborn in their land, the chief of all\r
+their strength.\r
+\r
+105:37 He brought them forth also with silver and gold: and there was\r
+not one feeble person among their tribes.\r
+\r
+105:38 Egypt was glad when they departed: for the fear of them fell\r
+upon them.\r
+\r
+105:39 He spread a cloud for a covering; and fire to give light in the\r
+night.\r
+\r
+105:40 The people asked, and he brought quails, and satisfied them\r
+with the bread of heaven.\r
+\r
+105:41 He opened the rock, and the waters gushed out; they ran in the\r
+dry places like a river.\r
+\r
+105:42 For he remembered his holy promise, and Abraham his servant.\r
+\r
+105:43 And he brought forth his people with joy, and his chosen with\r
+gladness:\r
+\r
+105:44 And gave them the lands of the heathen: and they inherited the\r
+labour of the people;\r
+\r
+105:45 That they might observe his statutes, and keep his laws. Praise\r
+ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+106:1 Praise ye the LORD. O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good:\r
+for his mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+106:2 Who can utter the mighty acts of the LORD? who can shew forth\r
+all his praise?\r
+\r
+106:3 Blessed are they that keep judgment, and he that doeth\r
+righteousness at all times.\r
+\r
+106:4 Remember me, O LORD, with the favour that thou bearest unto thy\r
+people: O visit me with thy salvation;\r
+\r
+106:5 That I may see the good of thy chosen, that I may rejoice in the\r
+gladness of thy nation, that I may glory with thine inheritance.\r
+\r
+106:6 We have sinned with our fathers, we have committed iniquity, we\r
+have done wickedly.\r
+\r
+106:7 Our fathers understood not thy wonders in Egypt; they remembered\r
+not the multitude of thy mercies; but provoked him at the sea, even at\r
+the Red sea.\r
+\r
+106:8 Nevertheless he saved them for his name's sake, that he might\r
+make his mighty power to be known.\r
+\r
+106:9 He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them\r
+through the depths, as through the wilderness.\r
+\r
+106:10 And he saved them from the hand of him that hated them, and\r
+redeemed them from the hand of the enemy.\r
+\r
+106:11 And the waters covered their enemies: there was not one of them\r
+left.\r
+\r
+106:12 Then believed they his words; they sang his praise.\r
+\r
+106:13 They soon forgat his works; they waited not for his counsel:\r
+\r
+106:14 But lusted exceedingly in the wilderness, and tempted God in\r
+the desert.\r
+\r
+106:15 And he gave them their request; but sent leanness into their\r
+soul.\r
+\r
+106:16 They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+106:17 The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan and covered the\r
+company of Abiram.\r
+\r
+106:18 And a fire was kindled in their company; the flame burned up\r
+the wicked.\r
+\r
+106:19 They made a calf in Horeb, and worshipped the molten image.\r
+\r
+106:20 Thus they changed their glory into the similitude of an ox that\r
+eateth grass.\r
+\r
+106:21 They forgat God their saviour, which had done great things in\r
+Egypt;\r
+\r
+106:22 Wondrous works in the land of Ham, and terrible things by the\r
+Red sea.\r
+\r
+106:23 Therefore he said that he would destroy them, had not Moses his\r
+chosen stood before him in the breach, to turn away his wrath, lest he\r
+should destroy them.\r
+\r
+106:24 Yea, they despised the pleasant land, they believed not his\r
+word:\r
+\r
+106:25 But murmured in their tents, and hearkened not unto the voice\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+106:26 Therefore he lifted up his hand against them, to overthrow them\r
+in the wilderness:\r
+\r
+106:27 To overthrow their seed also among the nations, and to scatter\r
+them in the lands.\r
+\r
+106:28 They joined themselves also unto Baalpeor, and ate the\r
+sacrifices of the dead.\r
+\r
+106:29 Thus they provoked him to anger with their inventions: and the\r
+plague brake in upon them.\r
+\r
+106:30 Then stood up Phinehas, and executed judgment: and so the\r
+plague was stayed.\r
+\r
+106:31 And that was counted unto him for righteousness unto all\r
+generations for evermore.\r
+\r
+106:32 They angered him also at the waters of strife, so that it went\r
+ill with Moses for their sakes:\r
+\r
+106:33 Because they provoked his spirit, so that he spake unadvisedly\r
+with his lips.\r
+\r
+106:34 They did not destroy the nations, concerning whom the LORD\r
+commanded them:\r
+\r
+106:35 But were mingled among the heathen, and learned their works.\r
+\r
+106:36 And they served their idols: which were a snare unto them.\r
+\r
+106:37 Yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto\r
+devils,\r
+\r
+106:38 And shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of\r
+their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan: and\r
+the land was polluted with blood.\r
+\r
+106:39 Thus were they defiled with their own works, and went a whoring\r
+with their own inventions.\r
+\r
+106:40 Therefore was the wrath of the LORD kindled against his people,\r
+insomuch that he abhorred his own inheritance.\r
+\r
+106:41 And he gave them into the hand of the heathen; and they that\r
+hated them ruled over them.\r
+\r
+106:42 Their enemies also oppressed them, and they were brought into\r
+subjection under their hand.\r
+\r
+106:43 Many times did he deliver them; but they provoked him with\r
+their counsel, and were brought low for their iniquity.\r
+\r
+106:44 Nevertheless he regarded their affliction, when he heard their\r
+cry:\r
+\r
+106:45 And he remembered for them his covenant, and repented according\r
+to the multitude of his mercies.\r
+\r
+106:46 He made them also to be pitied of all those that carried them\r
+captives.\r
+\r
+106:47 Save us, O LORD our God, and gather us from among the heathen,\r
+to give thanks unto thy holy name, and to triumph in thy praise.\r
+\r
+106:48 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting to\r
+everlasting: and let all the people say, Amen. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+107:1 O give thanks unto the LORD, for he is good: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+107:2 Let the redeemed of the LORD say so, whom he hath redeemed from\r
+the hand of the enemy;\r
+\r
+107:3 And gathered them out of the lands, from the east, and from the\r
+west, from the north, and from the south.\r
+\r
+107:4 They wandered in the wilderness in a solitary way; they found no\r
+city to dwell in.\r
+\r
+107:5 Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted in them.\r
+\r
+107:6 Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he delivered\r
+them out of their distresses.\r
+\r
+107:7 And he led them forth by the right way, that they might go to a\r
+city of habitation.\r
+\r
+107:8 Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his\r
+wonderful works to the children of men!\r
+\r
+107:9 For he satisfieth the longing soul, and filleth the hungry soul\r
+with goodness.\r
+\r
+107:10 Such as sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound\r
+in affliction and iron;\r
+\r
+107:11 Because they rebelled against the words of God, and contemned\r
+the counsel of the most High:\r
+\r
+107:12 Therefore he brought down their heart with labour; they fell\r
+down, and there was none to help.\r
+\r
+107:13 Then they cried unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saved\r
+them out of their distresses.\r
+\r
+107:14 He brought them out of darkness and the shadow of death, and\r
+brake their bands in sunder.\r
+\r
+107:15 Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his\r
+wonderful works to the children of men!\r
+\r
+107:16 For he hath broken the gates of brass, and cut the bars of iron\r
+in sunder.\r
+\r
+107:17 Fools because of their transgression, and because of their\r
+iniquities, are afflicted.\r
+\r
+107:18 Their soul abhorreth all manner of meat; and they draw near\r
+unto the gates of death.\r
+\r
+107:19 Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he saveth\r
+them out of their distresses.\r
+\r
+107:20 He sent his word, and healed them, and delivered them from\r
+their destructions.\r
+\r
+107:21 Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his\r
+wonderful works to the children of men!\r
+\r
+107:22 And let them sacrifice the sacrifices of thanksgiving, and\r
+declare his works with rejoicing.\r
+\r
+107:23 They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in\r
+great waters;\r
+\r
+107:24 These see the works of the LORD, and his wonders in the deep.\r
+\r
+107:25 For he commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind, which lifteth\r
+up the waves thereof.\r
+\r
+107:26 They mount up to the heaven, they go down again to the depths:\r
+their soul is melted because of trouble.\r
+\r
+107:27 They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are\r
+at their wit's end.\r
+\r
+107:28 Then they cry unto the LORD in their trouble, and he bringeth\r
+them out of their distresses.\r
+\r
+107:29 He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves thereof are\r
+still.\r
+\r
+107:30 Then are they glad because they be quiet; so he bringeth them\r
+unto their desired haven.\r
+\r
+107:31 Oh that men would praise the LORD for his goodness, and for his\r
+wonderful works to the children of men!\r
+\r
+107:32 Let them exalt him also in the congregation of the people, and\r
+praise him in the assembly of the elders.\r
+\r
+107:33 He turneth rivers into a wilderness, and the watersprings into\r
+dry ground;\r
+\r
+107:34 A fruitful land into barrenness, for the wickedness of them\r
+that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+107:35 He turneth the wilderness into a standing water, and dry ground\r
+into watersprings.\r
+\r
+107:36 And there he maketh the hungry to dwell, that they may prepare\r
+a city for habitation;\r
+\r
+107:37 And sow the fields, and plant vineyards, which may yield fruits\r
+of increase.\r
+\r
+107:38 He blesseth them also, so that they are multiplied greatly; and\r
+suffereth not their cattle to decrease.\r
+\r
+107:39 Again, they are minished and brought low through oppression,\r
+affliction, and sorrow.\r
+\r
+107:40 He poureth contempt upon princes, and causeth them to wander in\r
+the wilderness, where there is no way.\r
+\r
+107:41 Yet setteth he the poor on high from affliction, and maketh him\r
+families like a flock.\r
+\r
+107:42 The righteous shall see it, and rejoice: and all iniquity shall\r
+stop her mouth.\r
+\r
+107:43 Whoso is wise, and will observe these things, even they shall\r
+understand the lovingkindness of the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+108:1 O god, my heart is fixed; I will sing and give praise, even with\r
+my glory.\r
+\r
+108:2 Awake, psaltery and harp: I myself will awake early.\r
+\r
+108:3 I will praise thee, O LORD, among the people: and I will sing\r
+praises unto thee among the nations.\r
+\r
+108:4 For thy mercy is great above the heavens: and thy truth reacheth\r
+unto the clouds.\r
+\r
+108:5 Be thou exalted, O God, above the heavens: and thy glory above\r
+all the earth;\r
+\r
+108:6 That thy beloved may be delivered: save with thy right hand, and\r
+answer me.\r
+\r
+108:7 God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide\r
+Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth.\r
+\r
+108:8 Gilead is mine; Manasseh is mine; Ephraim also is the strength\r
+of mine head; Judah is my lawgiver;\r
+\r
+108:9 Moab is my washpot; over Edom will I cast out my shoe; over\r
+Philistia will I triumph.\r
+\r
+108:10 Who will bring me into the strong city? who will lead me into\r
+Edom?\r
+\r
+108:11 Wilt not thou, O God, who hast cast us off? and wilt not thou,\r
+O God, go forth with our hosts?\r
+\r
+108:12 Give us help from trouble: for vain is the help of man.\r
+\r
+108:13 Through God we shall do valiantly: for he it is that shall\r
+tread down our enemies.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+109:1 Hold not thy peace, O God of my praise;\r
+\r
+109:2 For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth of the deceitful are\r
+opened against me: they have spoken against me with a lying tongue.\r
+\r
+109:3 They compassed me about also with words of hatred; and fought\r
+against me without a cause.\r
+\r
+109:4 For my love they are my adversaries: but I give myself unto\r
+prayer.\r
+\r
+109:5 And they have rewarded me evil for good, and hatred for my love.\r
+\r
+109:6 Set thou a wicked man over him: and let Satan stand at his right\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+109:7 When he shall be judged, let him be condemned: and let his\r
+prayer become sin.\r
+\r
+109:8 Let his days be few; and let another take his office.\r
+\r
+109:9 Let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow.\r
+\r
+109:10 Let his children be continually vagabonds, and beg: let them\r
+seek their bread also out of their desolate places.\r
+\r
+109:11 Let the extortioner catch all that he hath; and let the\r
+strangers spoil his labour.\r
+\r
+109:12 Let there be none to extend mercy unto him: neither let there\r
+be any to favour his fatherless children.\r
+\r
+109:13 Let his posterity be cut off; and in the generation following\r
+let their name be blotted out.\r
+\r
+109:14 Let the iniquity of his fathers be remembered with the LORD;\r
+and let not the sin of his mother be blotted out.\r
+\r
+109:15 Let them be before the LORD continually, that he may cut off\r
+the memory of them from the earth.\r
+\r
+109:16 Because that he remembered not to shew mercy, but persecuted\r
+the poor and needy man, that he might even slay the broken in heart.\r
+\r
+109:17 As he loved cursing, so let it come unto him: as he delighted\r
+not in blessing, so let it be far from him.\r
+\r
+109:18 As he clothed himself with cursing like as with his garment, so\r
+let it come into his bowels like water, and like oil into his bones.\r
+\r
+109:19 Let it be unto him as the garment which covereth him, and for a\r
+girdle wherewith he is girded continually.\r
+\r
+109:20 Let this be the reward of mine adversaries from the LORD, and\r
+of them that speak evil against my soul.\r
+\r
+109:21 But do thou for me, O GOD the Lord, for thy name's sake:\r
+because thy mercy is good, deliver thou me.\r
+\r
+109:22 For I am poor and needy, and my heart is wounded within me.\r
+\r
+109:23 I am gone like the shadow when it declineth: I am tossed up and\r
+down as the locust.\r
+\r
+109:24 My knees are weak through fasting; and my flesh faileth of\r
+fatness.\r
+\r
+109:25 I became also a reproach unto them: when they looked upon me\r
+they shaked their heads.\r
+\r
+109:26 Help me, O LORD my God: O save me according to thy mercy:\r
+\r
+109:27 That they may know that this is thy hand; that thou, LORD, hast\r
+done it.\r
+\r
+109:28 Let them curse, but bless thou: when they arise, let them be\r
+ashamed; but let thy servant rejoice.\r
+\r
+109:29 Let mine adversaries be clothed with shame, and let them cover\r
+themselves with their own confusion, as with a mantle.\r
+\r
+109:30 I will greatly praise the LORD with my mouth; yea, I will\r
+praise him among the multitude.\r
+\r
+109:31 For he shall stand at the right hand of the poor, to save him\r
+from those that condemn his soul.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+110:1 The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I\r
+make thine enemies thy footstool.\r
+\r
+110:2 The LORD shall send the rod of thy strength out of Zion: rule\r
+thou in the midst of thine enemies.\r
+\r
+110:3 Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy power, in the\r
+beauties of holiness from the womb of the morning: thou hast the dew\r
+of thy youth.\r
+\r
+110:4 The LORD hath sworn, and will not repent, Thou art a priest for\r
+ever after the order of Melchizedek.\r
+\r
+110:5 The Lord at thy right hand shall strike through kings in the day\r
+of his wrath.\r
+\r
+110:6 He shall judge among the heathen, he shall fill the places with\r
+the dead bodies; he shall wound the heads over many countries.\r
+\r
+110:7 He shall drink of the brook in the way: therefore shall he lift\r
+up the head.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+111:1 Praise ye the LORD. I will praise the LORD with my whole heart,\r
+in the assembly of the upright, and in the congregation.\r
+\r
+111:2 The works of the LORD are great, sought out of all them that\r
+have pleasure therein.\r
+\r
+111:3 His work is honourable and glorious: and his righteousness\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+111:4 He hath made his wonderful works to be remembered: the LORD is\r
+gracious and full of compassion.\r
+\r
+111:5 He hath given meat unto them that fear him: he will ever be\r
+mindful of his covenant.\r
+\r
+111:6 He hath shewed his people the power of his works, that he may\r
+give them the heritage of the heathen.\r
+\r
+111:7 The works of his hands are verity and judgment; all his\r
+commandments are sure.\r
+\r
+111:8 They stand fast for ever and ever, and are done in truth and\r
+uprightness.\r
+\r
+111:9 He sent redemption unto his people: he hath commanded his\r
+covenant for ever: holy and reverend is his name.\r
+\r
+111:10 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: a good\r
+understanding have all they that do his commandments: his praise\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+112:1 Praise ye the LORD. Blessed is the man that feareth the LORD,\r
+that delighteth greatly in his commandments.\r
+\r
+112:2 His seed shall be mighty upon earth: the generation of the\r
+upright shall be blessed.\r
+\r
+112:3 Wealth and riches shall be in his house: and his righteousness\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+112:4 Unto the upright there ariseth light in the darkness: he is\r
+gracious, and full of compassion, and righteous.\r
+\r
+112:5 A good man sheweth favour, and lendeth: he will guide his\r
+affairs with discretion.\r
+\r
+112:6 Surely he shall not be moved for ever: the righteous shall be in\r
+everlasting remembrance.\r
+\r
+112:7 He shall not be afraid of evil tidings: his heart is fixed,\r
+trusting in the LORD.\r
+\r
+112:8 His heart is established, he shall not be afraid, until he see\r
+his desire upon his enemies.\r
+\r
+112:9 He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor; his righteousness\r
+endureth for ever; his horn shall be exalted with honour.\r
+\r
+112:10 The wicked shall see it, and be grieved; he shall gnash with\r
+his teeth, and melt away: the desire of the wicked shall perish.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+113:1 Praise ye the LORD. Praise, O ye servants of the LORD, praise\r
+the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+113:2 Blessed be the name of the LORD from this time forth and for\r
+evermore.\r
+\r
+113:3 From the rising of the sun unto the going down of the same the\r
+LORD's name is to be praised.\r
+\r
+113:4 The LORD is high above all nations, and his glory above the\r
+heavens.\r
+\r
+113:5 Who is like unto the LORD our God, who dwelleth on high,\r
+\r
+113:6 Who humbleth himself to behold the things that are in heaven,\r
+and in the earth!\r
+\r
+113:7 He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth the needy\r
+out of the dunghill;\r
+\r
+113:8 That he may set him with princes, even with the princes of his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+113:9 He maketh the barren woman to keep house, and to be a joyful\r
+mother of children. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+114:1 When Israel went out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people\r
+of strange language;\r
+\r
+114:2 Judah was his sanctuary, and Israel his dominion.\r
+\r
+114:3 The sea saw it, and fled: Jordan was driven back.\r
+\r
+114:4 The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills like\r
+lambs.\r
+\r
+114:5 What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou Jordan,\r
+that thou wast driven back?\r
+\r
+114:6 Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams; and ye little hills,\r
+like lambs?\r
+\r
+114:7 Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the\r
+presence of the God of Jacob;\r
+\r
+114:8 Which turned the rock into a standing water, the flint into a\r
+fountain of waters.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+115:1 Not unto us, O LORD, not unto us, but unto thy name give glory,\r
+for thy mercy, and for thy truth's sake.\r
+\r
+115:2 Wherefore should the heathen say, Where is now their God?\r
+\r
+115:3 But our God is in the heavens: he hath done whatsoever he hath\r
+pleased.\r
+\r
+115:4 Their idols are silver and gold, the work of men's hands.\r
+\r
+115:5 They have mouths, but they speak not: eyes have they, but they\r
+see not:\r
+\r
+115:6 They have ears, but they hear not: noses have they, but they\r
+smell not:\r
+\r
+115:7 They have hands, but they handle not: feet have they, but they\r
+walk not: neither speak they through their throat.\r
+\r
+115:8 They that make them are like unto them; so is every one that\r
+trusteth in them.\r
+\r
+115:9 O Israel, trust thou in the LORD: he is their help and their\r
+shield.\r
+\r
+115:10 O house of Aaron, trust in the LORD: he is their help and their\r
+shield.\r
+\r
+115:11 Ye that fear the LORD, trust in the LORD: he is their help and\r
+their shield.\r
+\r
+115:12 The LORD hath been mindful of us: he will bless us; he will\r
+bless the house of Israel; he will bless the house of Aaron.\r
+\r
+115:13 He will bless them that fear the LORD, both small and great.\r
+\r
+115:14 The LORD shall increase you more and more, you and your\r
+children.\r
+\r
+115:15 Ye are blessed of the LORD which made heaven and earth.\r
+\r
+115:16 The heaven, even the heavens, are the LORD's: but the earth\r
+hath he given to the children of men.\r
+\r
+115:17 The dead praise not the LORD, neither any that go down into\r
+silence.\r
+\r
+115:18 But we will bless the LORD from this time forth and for\r
+evermore.\r
+\r
+Praise the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+116:1 I love the LORD, because he hath heard my voice and my\r
+supplications.\r
+\r
+116:2 Because he hath inclined his ear unto me, therefore will I call\r
+upon him as long as I live.\r
+\r
+116:3 The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat\r
+hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow.\r
+\r
+116:4 Then called I upon the name of the LORD; O LORD, I beseech thee,\r
+deliver my soul.\r
+\r
+116:5 Gracious is the LORD, and righteous; yea, our God is merciful.\r
+\r
+116:6 The LORD preserveth the simple: I was brought low, and he helped\r
+me.\r
+\r
+116:7 Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for the LORD hath dealt\r
+bountifully with thee.\r
+\r
+116:8 For thou hast delivered my soul from death, mine eyes from\r
+tears, and my feet from falling.\r
+\r
+116:9 I will walk before the LORD in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+116:10 I believed, therefore have I spoken: I was greatly afflicted:\r
+\r
+116:11 I said in my haste, All men are liars.\r
+\r
+116:12 What shall I render unto the LORD for all his benefits toward\r
+me?\r
+\r
+116:13 I will take the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+116:14 I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+116:15 Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints.\r
+\r
+116:16 O LORD, truly I am thy servant; I am thy servant, and the son\r
+of thine handmaid: thou hast loosed my bonds.\r
+\r
+116:17 I will offer to thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving, and will\r
+call upon the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+116:18 I will pay my vows unto the LORD now in the presence of all his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+116:19 In the courts of the LORD's house, in the midst of thee, O\r
+Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+117:1 O praise the LORD, all ye nations: praise him, all ye people.\r
+\r
+117:2 For his merciful kindness is great toward us: and the truth of\r
+the LORD endureth for ever. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+118:1 O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: because his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+118:2 Let Israel now say, that his mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+118:3 Let the house of Aaron now say, that his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+118:4 Let them now that fear the LORD say, that his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+118:5 I called upon the LORD in distress: the LORD answered me, and\r
+set me in a large place.\r
+\r
+118:6 The LORD is on my side; I will not fear: what can man do unto\r
+me?\r
+\r
+118:7 The LORD taketh my part with them that help me: therefore shall\r
+I see my desire upon them that hate me.\r
+\r
+118:8 It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in man.\r
+\r
+118:9 It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in\r
+princes.\r
+\r
+118:10 All nations compassed me about: but in the name of the LORD\r
+will I destroy them.\r
+\r
+118:11 They compassed me about; yea, they compassed me about: but in\r
+the name of the LORD I will destroy them.\r
+\r
+118:12 They compassed me about like bees: they are quenched as the\r
+fire of thorns: for in the name of the LORD I will destroy them.\r
+\r
+118:13 Thou hast thrust sore at me that I might fall: but the LORD\r
+helped me.\r
+\r
+118:14 The LORD is my strength and song, and is become my salvation.\r
+\r
+118:15 The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of\r
+the righteous: the right hand of the LORD doeth valiantly.\r
+\r
+118:16 The right hand of the LORD is exalted: the right hand of the\r
+LORD doeth valiantly.\r
+\r
+118:17 I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of the LORD.\r
+\r
+118:18 The LORD hath chastened me sore: but he hath not given me over\r
+unto death.\r
+\r
+118:19 Open to me the gates of righteousness: I will go into them, and\r
+I will praise the LORD:\r
+\r
+118:20 This gate of the LORD, into which the righteous shall enter.\r
+\r
+118:21 I will praise thee: for thou hast heard me, and art become my\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+118:22 The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone\r
+of the corner.\r
+\r
+118:23 This is the LORD's doing; it is marvellous in our eyes.\r
+\r
+118:24 This is the day which the LORD hath made; we will rejoice and\r
+be glad in it.\r
+\r
+118:25 Save now, I beseech thee, O LORD: O LORD, I beseech thee, send\r
+now prosperity.\r
+\r
+118:26 Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the LORD: we have\r
+blessed you out of the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+118:27 God is the LORD, which hath shewed us light: bind the sacrifice\r
+with cords, even unto the horns of the altar.\r
+\r
+118:28 Thou art my God, and I will praise thee: thou art my God, I\r
+will exalt thee.\r
+\r
+118:29 O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+119:1 Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+119:2 Blessed are they that keep his testimonies, and that seek him\r
+with the whole heart.\r
+\r
+119:3 They also do no iniquity: they walk in his ways.\r
+\r
+119:4 Thou hast commanded us to keep thy precepts diligently.\r
+\r
+119:5 O that my ways were directed to keep thy statutes!\r
+\r
+119:6 Then shall I not be ashamed, when I have respect unto all thy\r
+commandments.\r
+\r
+119:7 I will praise thee with uprightness of heart, when I shall have\r
+learned thy righteous judgments.\r
+\r
+119:8 I will keep thy statutes: O forsake me not utterly.\r
+\r
+119:9 Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed\r
+thereto according to thy word.\r
+\r
+119:10 With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander\r
+from thy commandments.\r
+\r
+119:11 Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+119:12 Blessed art thou, O LORD: teach me thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:13 With my lips have I declared all the judgments of thy mouth.\r
+\r
+119:14 I have rejoiced in the way of thy testimonies, as much as in\r
+all riches.\r
+\r
+119:15 I will meditate in thy precepts, and have respect unto thy\r
+ways.\r
+\r
+119:16 I will delight myself in thy statutes: I will not forget thy\r
+word.\r
+\r
+119:17 Deal bountifully with thy servant, that I may live, and keep\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:18 Open thou mine eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of\r
+thy law.\r
+\r
+119:19 I am a stranger in the earth: hide not thy commandments from\r
+me.\r
+\r
+119:20 My soul breaketh for the longing that it hath unto thy\r
+judgments at all times.\r
+\r
+119:21 Thou hast rebuked the proud that are cursed, which do err from\r
+thy commandments.\r
+\r
+119:22 Remove from me reproach and contempt; for I have kept thy\r
+testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:23 Princes also did sit and speak against me: but thy servant did\r
+meditate in thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:24 Thy testimonies also are my delight and my counsellors.\r
+\r
+119:25 My soul cleaveth unto the dust: quicken thou me according to\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:26 I have declared my ways, and thou heardest me: teach me thy\r
+statutes.\r
+\r
+119:27 Make me to understand the way of thy precepts: so shall I talk\r
+of thy wondrous works.\r
+\r
+119:28 My soul melteth for heaviness: strengthen thou me according\r
+unto thy word.\r
+\r
+119:29 Remove from me the way of lying: and grant me thy law\r
+graciously.\r
+\r
+119:30 I have chosen the way of truth: thy judgments have I laid\r
+before me.\r
+\r
+119:31 I have stuck unto thy testimonies: O LORD, put me not to shame.\r
+\r
+119:32 I will run the way of thy commandments, when thou shalt enlarge\r
+my heart.\r
+\r
+119:33 Teach me, O LORD, the way of thy statutes; and I shall keep it\r
+unto the end.\r
+\r
+119:34 Give me understanding, and I shall keep thy law; yea, I shall\r
+observe it with my whole heart.\r
+\r
+119:35 Make me to go in the path of thy commandments; for therein do I\r
+delight.\r
+\r
+119:36 Incline my heart unto thy testimonies, and not to covetousness.\r
+\r
+119:37 Turn away mine eyes from beholding vanity; and quicken thou me\r
+in thy way.\r
+\r
+119:38 Stablish thy word unto thy servant, who is devoted to thy fear.\r
+\r
+119:39 Turn away my reproach which I fear: for thy judgments are good.\r
+\r
+119:40 Behold, I have longed after thy precepts: quicken me in thy\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+119:41 Let thy mercies come also unto me, O LORD, even thy salvation,\r
+according to thy word.\r
+\r
+119:42 So shall I have wherewith to answer him that reproacheth me:\r
+for I trust in thy word.\r
+\r
+119:43 And take not the word of truth utterly out of my mouth; for I\r
+have hoped in thy judgments.\r
+\r
+119:44 So shall I keep thy law continually for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+119:45 And I will walk at liberty: for I seek thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:46 I will speak of thy testimonies also before kings, and will not\r
+be ashamed.\r
+\r
+119:47 And I will delight myself in thy commandments, which I have\r
+loved.\r
+\r
+119:48 My hands also will I lift up unto thy commandments, which I\r
+have loved; and I will meditate in thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:49 Remember the word unto thy servant, upon which thou hast caused\r
+me to hope.\r
+\r
+119:50 This is my comfort in my affliction: for thy word hath\r
+quickened me.\r
+\r
+119:51 The proud have had me greatly in derision: yet have I not\r
+declined from thy law.\r
+\r
+119:52 I remembered thy judgments of old, O LORD; and have comforted\r
+myself.\r
+\r
+119:53 Horror hath taken hold upon me because of the wicked that\r
+forsake thy law.\r
+\r
+119:54 Thy statutes have been my songs in the house of my pilgrimage.\r
+\r
+119:55 I have remembered thy name, O LORD, in the night, and have kept\r
+thy law.\r
+\r
+119:56 This I had, because I kept thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:57 Thou art my portion, O LORD: I have said that I would keep thy\r
+words.\r
+\r
+119:58 I intreated thy favour with my whole heart: be merciful unto me\r
+according to thy word.\r
+\r
+119:59 I thought on my ways, and turned my feet unto thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:60 I made haste, and delayed not to keep thy commandments.\r
+\r
+119:61 The bands of the wicked have robbed me: but I have not\r
+forgotten thy law.\r
+\r
+119:62 At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee because of thy\r
+righteous judgments.\r
+\r
+119:63 I am a companion of all them that fear thee, and of them that\r
+keep thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:64 The earth, O LORD, is full of thy mercy: teach me thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:65 Thou hast dealt well with thy servant, O LORD, according unto\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:66 Teach me good judgment and knowledge: for I have believed thy\r
+commandments.\r
+\r
+119:67 Before I was afflicted I went astray: but now have I kept thy\r
+word.\r
+\r
+119:68 Thou art good, and doest good; teach me thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:69 The proud have forged a lie against me: but I will keep thy\r
+precepts with my whole heart.\r
+\r
+119:70 Their heart is as fat as grease; but I delight in thy law.\r
+\r
+119:71 It is good for me that I have been afflicted; that I might\r
+learn thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:72 The law of thy mouth is better unto me than thousands of gold\r
+and silver.\r
+\r
+119:73 Thy hands have made me and fashioned me: give me understanding,\r
+that I may learn thy commandments.\r
+\r
+119:74 They that fear thee will be glad when they see me; because I\r
+have hoped in thy word.\r
+\r
+119:75 I know, O LORD, that thy judgments are right, and that thou in\r
+faithfulness hast afflicted me.\r
+\r
+119:76 Let, I pray thee, thy merciful kindness be for my comfort,\r
+according to thy word unto thy servant.\r
+\r
+119:77 Let thy tender mercies come unto me, that I may live: for thy\r
+law is my delight.\r
+\r
+119:78 Let the proud be ashamed; for they dealt perversely with me\r
+without a cause: but I will meditate in thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:79 Let those that fear thee turn unto me, and those that have\r
+known thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:80 Let my heart be sound in thy statutes; that I be not ashamed.\r
+\r
+119:81 My soul fainteth for thy salvation: but I hope in thy word.\r
+\r
+119:82 Mine eyes fail for thy word, saying, When wilt thou comfort me?\r
+\r
+119:83 For I am become like a bottle in the smoke; yet do I not forget\r
+thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:84 How many are the days of thy servant? when wilt thou execute\r
+judgment on them that persecute me?\r
+\r
+119:85 The proud have digged pits for me, which are not after thy law.\r
+\r
+119:86 All thy commandments are faithful: they persecute me\r
+wrongfully; help thou me.\r
+\r
+119:87 They had almost consumed me upon earth; but I forsook not thy\r
+precepts.\r
+\r
+119:88 Quicken me after thy lovingkindness; so shall I keep the\r
+testimony of thy mouth.\r
+\r
+119:89 For ever, O LORD, thy word is settled in heaven.\r
+\r
+119:90 Thy faithfulness is unto all generations: thou hast established\r
+the earth, and it abideth.\r
+\r
+119:91 They continue this day according to thine ordinances: for all\r
+are thy servants.\r
+\r
+119:92 Unless thy law had been my delights, I should then have\r
+perished in mine affliction.\r
+\r
+119:93 I will never forget thy precepts: for with them thou hast\r
+quickened me.\r
+\r
+119:94 I am thine, save me: for I have sought thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:95 The wicked have waited for me to destroy me: but I will\r
+consider thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:96 I have seen an end of all perfection: but thy commandment is\r
+exceeding broad.\r
+\r
+119:97 O how I love thy law! it is my meditation all the day.\r
+\r
+119:98 Thou through thy commandments hast made me wiser than mine\r
+enemies: for they are ever with me.\r
+\r
+119:99 I have more understanding than all my teachers: for thy\r
+testimonies are my meditation.\r
+\r
+119:100 I understand more than the ancients, because I keep thy\r
+precepts.\r
+\r
+119:101 I have refrained my feet from every evil way, that I might\r
+keep thy word.\r
+\r
+119:102 I have not departed from thy judgments: for thou hast taught\r
+me.\r
+\r
+119:103 How sweet are thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey\r
+to my mouth!\r
+\r
+119:104 Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate\r
+every false way.\r
+\r
+119:105 Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.\r
+\r
+119:106 I have sworn, and I will perform it, that I will keep thy\r
+righteous judgments.\r
+\r
+119:107 I am afflicted very much: quicken me, O LORD, according unto\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:108 Accept, I beseech thee, the freewill offerings of my mouth, O\r
+LORD, and teach me thy judgments.\r
+\r
+119:109 My soul is continually in my hand: yet do I not forget thy\r
+law.\r
+\r
+119:110 The wicked have laid a snare for me: yet I erred not from thy\r
+precepts.\r
+\r
+119:111 Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage for ever: for they\r
+are the rejoicing of my heart.\r
+\r
+119:112 I have inclined mine heart to perform thy statutes alway, even\r
+unto the end.\r
+\r
+119:113 I hate vain thoughts: but thy law do I love.\r
+\r
+119:114 Thou art my hiding place and my shield: I hope in thy word.\r
+\r
+119:115 Depart from me, ye evildoers: for I will keep the commandments\r
+of my God.\r
+\r
+119:116 Uphold me according unto thy word, that I may live: and let me\r
+not be ashamed of my hope.\r
+\r
+119:117 Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe: and I will have respect\r
+unto thy statutes continually.\r
+\r
+119:118 Thou hast trodden down all them that err from thy statutes:\r
+for their deceit is falsehood.\r
+\r
+119:119 Thou puttest away all the wicked of the earth like dross:\r
+therefore I love thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:120 My flesh trembleth for fear of thee; and I am afraid of thy\r
+judgments.\r
+\r
+119:121 I have done judgment and justice: leave me not to mine\r
+oppressors.\r
+\r
+119:122 Be surety for thy servant for good: let not the proud oppress\r
+me.\r
+\r
+119:123 Mine eyes fail for thy salvation, and for the word of thy\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+119:124 Deal with thy servant according unto thy mercy, and teach me\r
+thy statutes.\r
+\r
+119:125 I am thy servant; give me understanding, that I may know thy\r
+testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:126 It is time for thee, LORD, to work: for they have made void\r
+thy law.\r
+\r
+119:127 Therefore I love thy commandments above gold; yea, above fine\r
+gold.\r
+\r
+119:128 Therefore I esteem all thy precepts concerning all things to\r
+be right; and I hate every false way.\r
+\r
+119:129 Thy testimonies are wonderful: therefore doth my soul keep\r
+them.\r
+\r
+119:130 The entrance of thy words giveth light; it giveth\r
+understanding unto the simple.\r
+\r
+119:131 I opened my mouth, and panted: for I longed for thy\r
+commandments.\r
+\r
+119:132 Look thou upon me, and be merciful unto me, as thou usest to\r
+do unto those that love thy name.\r
+\r
+119:133 Order my steps in thy word: and let not any iniquity have\r
+dominion over me.\r
+\r
+119:134 Deliver me from the oppression of man: so will I keep thy\r
+precepts.\r
+\r
+119:135 Make thy face to shine upon thy servant; and teach me thy\r
+statutes.\r
+\r
+119:136 Rivers of waters run down mine eyes, because they keep not thy\r
+law.\r
+\r
+119:137 Righteous art thou, O LORD, and upright are thy judgments.\r
+\r
+119:138 Thy testimonies that thou hast commanded are righteous and\r
+very faithful.\r
+\r
+119:139 My zeal hath consumed me, because mine enemies have forgotten\r
+thy words.\r
+\r
+119:140 Thy word is very pure: therefore thy servant loveth it.\r
+\r
+119:141 I am small and despised: yet do not I forget thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:142 Thy righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and thy law\r
+is the truth.\r
+\r
+119:143 Trouble and anguish have taken hold on me: yet thy\r
+commandments are my delights.\r
+\r
+119:144 The righteousness of thy testimonies is everlasting: give me\r
+understanding, and I shall live.\r
+\r
+119:145 I cried with my whole heart; hear me, O LORD: I will keep thy\r
+statutes.\r
+\r
+119:146 I cried unto thee; save me, and I shall keep thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:147 I prevented the dawning of the morning, and cried: I hoped in\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:148 Mine eyes prevent the night watches, that I might meditate in\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:149 Hear my voice according unto thy lovingkindness: O LORD,\r
+quicken me according to thy judgment.\r
+\r
+119:150 They draw nigh that follow after mischief: they are far from\r
+thy law.\r
+\r
+119:151 Thou art near, O LORD; and all thy commandments are truth.\r
+\r
+119:152 Concerning thy testimonies, I have known of old that thou hast\r
+founded them for ever.\r
+\r
+119:153 Consider mine affliction, and deliver me: for I do not forget\r
+thy law.\r
+\r
+119:154 Plead my cause, and deliver me: quicken me according to thy\r
+word.\r
+\r
+119:155 Salvation is far from the wicked: for they seek not thy\r
+statutes.\r
+\r
+119:156 Great are thy tender mercies, O LORD: quicken me according to\r
+thy judgments.\r
+\r
+119:157 Many are my persecutors and mine enemies; yet do I not decline\r
+from thy testimonies.\r
+\r
+119:158 I beheld the transgressors, and was grieved; because they kept\r
+not thy word.\r
+\r
+119:159 Consider how I love thy precepts: quicken me, O LORD,\r
+according to thy lovingkindness.\r
+\r
+119:160 Thy word is true from the beginning: and every one of thy\r
+righteous judgments endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+119:161 Princes have persecuted me without a cause: but my heart\r
+standeth in awe of thy word.\r
+\r
+119:162 I rejoice at thy word, as one that findeth great spoil.\r
+\r
+119:163 I hate and abhor lying: but thy law do I love.\r
+\r
+119:164 Seven times a day do I praise thee because of thy righteous\r
+judgments.\r
+\r
+119:165 Great peace have they which love thy law: and nothing shall\r
+offend them.\r
+\r
+119:166 LORD, I have hoped for thy salvation, and done thy\r
+commandments.\r
+\r
+119:167 My soul hath kept thy testimonies; and I love them\r
+exceedingly.\r
+\r
+119:168 I have kept thy precepts and thy testimonies: for all my ways\r
+are before thee.\r
+\r
+119:169 Let my cry come near before thee, O LORD: give me\r
+understanding according to thy word.\r
+\r
+119:170 Let my supplication come before thee: deliver me according to\r
+thy word.\r
+\r
+119:171 My lips shall utter praise, when thou hast taught me thy\r
+statutes.\r
+\r
+119:172 My tongue shall speak of thy word: for all thy commandments\r
+are righteousness.\r
+\r
+119:173 Let thine hand help me; for I have chosen thy precepts.\r
+\r
+119:174 I have longed for thy salvation, O LORD; and thy law is my\r
+delight.\r
+\r
+119:175 Let my soul live, and it shall praise thee; and let thy\r
+judgments help me.\r
+\r
+119:176 I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek thy servant; for I\r
+do not forget thy commandments.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+120:1 In my distress I cried unto the LORD, and he heard me.\r
+\r
+120:2 Deliver my soul, O LORD, from lying lips, and from a deceitful\r
+tongue.\r
+\r
+120:3 What shall be given unto thee? or what shall be done unto thee,\r
+thou false tongue?\r
+\r
+120:4 Sharp arrows of the mighty, with coals of juniper.\r
+\r
+120:5 Woe is me, that I sojourn in Mesech, that I dwell in the tents\r
+of Kedar!\r
+\r
+120:6 My soul hath long dwelt with him that hateth peace.\r
+\r
+120:7 I am for peace: but when I speak, they are for war.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+121:1 I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my\r
+help.\r
+\r
+121:2 My help cometh from the LORD, which made heaven and earth.\r
+\r
+121:3 He will not suffer thy foot to be moved: he that keepeth thee\r
+will not slumber.\r
+\r
+121:4 Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep.\r
+\r
+121:5 The LORD is thy keeper: the LORD is thy shade upon thy right\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+121:6 The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night.\r
+\r
+121:7 The LORD shall preserve thee from all evil: he shall preserve\r
+thy soul.\r
+\r
+121:8 The LORD shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in from\r
+this time forth, and even for evermore.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+122:1 I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+122:2 Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+122:3 Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together:\r
+\r
+122:4 Whither the tribes go up, the tribes of the LORD, unto the\r
+testimony of Israel, to give thanks unto the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+122:5 For there are set thrones of judgment, the thrones of the house\r
+of David.\r
+\r
+122:6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem: they shall prosper that love\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+122:7 Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces.\r
+\r
+122:8 For my brethren and companions' sakes, I will now say, Peace be\r
+within thee.\r
+\r
+122:9 Because of the house of the LORD our God I will seek thy good.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+123:1 Unto thee lift I up mine eyes, O thou that dwellest in the\r
+heavens.\r
+\r
+123:2 Behold, as the eyes of servants look unto the hand of their\r
+masters, and as the eyes of a maiden unto the hand of her mistress; so\r
+our eyes wait upon the LORD our God, until that he have mercy upon us.\r
+\r
+123:3 Have mercy upon us, O LORD, have mercy upon us: for we are\r
+exceedingly filled with contempt.\r
+\r
+123:4 Our soul is exceedingly filled with the scorning of those that\r
+are at ease, and with the contempt of the proud.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+124:1 If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, now may Israel\r
+say;\r
+\r
+124:2 If it had not been the LORD who was on our side, when men rose\r
+up against us:\r
+\r
+124:3 Then they had swallowed us up quick, when their wrath was\r
+kindled against us:\r
+\r
+124:4 Then the waters had overwhelmed us, the stream had gone over our\r
+soul:\r
+\r
+124:5 Then the proud waters had gone over our soul.\r
+\r
+124:6 Blessed be the LORD, who hath not given us as a prey to their\r
+teeth.\r
+\r
+124:7 Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fowlers:\r
+the snare is broken, and we are escaped.\r
+\r
+124:8 Our help is in the name of the LORD, who made heaven and earth.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+125:1 They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot\r
+be removed, but abideth for ever.\r
+\r
+125:2 As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the LORD is round\r
+about his people from henceforth even for ever.\r
+\r
+125:3 For the rod of the wicked shall not rest upon the lot of the\r
+righteous; lest the righteous put forth their hands unto iniquity.\r
+\r
+125:4 Do good, O LORD, unto those that be good, and to them that are\r
+upright in their hearts.\r
+\r
+125:5 As for such as turn aside unto their crooked ways, the LORD\r
+shall lead them forth with the workers of iniquity: but peace shall be\r
+upon Israel.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+126:1 When the LORD turned again the captivity of Zion, we were like\r
+them that dream.\r
+\r
+126:2 Then was our mouth filled with laughter, and our tongue with\r
+singing: then said they among the heathen, The LORD hath done great\r
+things for them.\r
+\r
+126:3 The LORD hath done great things for us; whereof we are glad.\r
+\r
+126:4 Turn again our captivity, O LORD, as the streams in the south.\r
+\r
+126:5 They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.\r
+\r
+126:6 He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall\r
+doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+127:1 Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that build\r
+it: except the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain.\r
+\r
+127:2 It is vain for you to rise up early, to sit up late, to eat the\r
+bread of sorrows: for so he giveth his beloved sleep.\r
+\r
+127:3 Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD: and the fruit of the\r
+womb is his reward.\r
+\r
+127:4 As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of\r
+the youth.\r
+\r
+127:5 Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them: they shall\r
+not be ashamed, but they shall speak with the enemies in the gate.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+128:1 Blessed is every one that feareth the LORD; that walketh in his\r
+ways.\r
+\r
+128:2 For thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: happy shalt thou\r
+be, and it shall be well with thee.\r
+\r
+128:3 Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine by the sides of thine\r
+house: thy children like olive plants round about thy table.\r
+\r
+128:4 Behold, that thus shall the man be blessed that feareth the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+128:5 The LORD shall bless thee out of Zion: and thou shalt see the\r
+good of Jerusalem all the days of thy life.\r
+\r
+128:6 Yea, thou shalt see thy children's children, and peace upon\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+129:1 Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth, may Israel now\r
+say:\r
+\r
+129:2 Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth: yet they have\r
+not prevailed against me.\r
+\r
+129:3 The plowers plowed upon my back: they made long their furrows.\r
+\r
+129:4 The LORD is righteous: he hath cut asunder the cords of the\r
+wicked.\r
+\r
+129:5 Let them all be confounded and turned back that hate Zion.\r
+\r
+129:6 Let them be as the grass upon the housetops, which withereth\r
+afore it groweth up:\r
+\r
+129:7 Wherewith the mower filleth not his hand; nor he that bindeth\r
+sheaves his bosom.\r
+\r
+129:8 Neither do they which go by say, The blessing of the LORD be\r
+upon you: we bless you in the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+130:1 Out of the depths have I cried unto thee, O LORD.\r
+\r
+130:2 Lord, hear my voice: let thine ears be attentive to the voice of\r
+my supplications.\r
+\r
+130:3 If thou, LORD, shouldest mark iniquities, O Lord, who shall\r
+stand?\r
+\r
+130:4 But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared.\r
+\r
+130:5 I wait for the LORD, my soul doth wait, and in his word do I\r
+hope.\r
+\r
+130:6 My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the\r
+morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning.\r
+\r
+130:7 Let Israel hope in the LORD: for with the LORD there is mercy,\r
+and with him is plenteous redemption.\r
+\r
+130:8 And he shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+131:1 Lord, my heart is not haughty, nor mine eyes lofty: neither do I\r
+exercise myself in great matters, or in things too high for me.\r
+\r
+131:2 Surely I have behaved and quieted myself, as a child that is\r
+weaned of his mother: my soul is even as a weaned child.\r
+\r
+131:3 Let Israel hope in the LORD from henceforth and for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+132:1 Lord, remember David, and all his afflictions:\r
+\r
+132:2 How he sware unto the LORD, and vowed unto the mighty God of\r
+Jacob;\r
+\r
+132:3 Surely I will not come into the tabernacle of my house, nor go\r
+up into my bed;\r
+\r
+132:4 I will not give sleep to mine eyes, or slumber to mine eyelids,\r
+\r
+132:5 Until I find out a place for the LORD, an habitation for the\r
+mighty God of Jacob.\r
+\r
+132:6 Lo, we heard of it at Ephratah: we found it in the fields of the\r
+wood.\r
+\r
+132:7 We will go into his tabernacles: we will worship at his\r
+footstool.\r
+\r
+132:8 Arise, O LORD, into thy rest; thou, and the ark of thy strength.\r
+\r
+132:9 Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness; and let thy\r
+saints shout for joy.\r
+\r
+132:10 For thy servant David's sake turn not away the face of thine\r
+anointed.\r
+\r
+132:11 The LORD hath sworn in truth unto David; he will not turn from\r
+it; Of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne.\r
+\r
+132:12 If thy children will keep my covenant and my testimony that I\r
+shall teach them, their children shall also sit upon thy throne for\r
+evermore.\r
+\r
+132:13 For the LORD hath chosen Zion; he hath desired it for his\r
+habitation.\r
+\r
+132:14 This is my rest for ever: here will I dwell; for I have desired\r
+it.\r
+\r
+132:15 I will abundantly bless her provision: I will satisfy her poor\r
+with bread.\r
+\r
+132:16 I will also clothe her priests with salvation: and her saints\r
+shall shout aloud for joy.\r
+\r
+132:17 There will I make the horn of David to bud: I have ordained a\r
+lamp for mine anointed.\r
+\r
+132:18 His enemies will I clothe with shame: but upon himself shall\r
+his crown flourish.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+133:1 Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell\r
+together in unity!\r
+\r
+133:2 It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down\r
+upon the beard, even Aaron's beard: that went down to the skirts of\r
+his garments;\r
+\r
+133:3 As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the\r
+mountains of Zion: for there the LORD commanded the blessing, even\r
+life for evermore.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+134:1 Behold, bless ye the LORD, all ye servants of the LORD, which by\r
+night stand in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+134:2 Lift up your hands in the sanctuary, and bless the LORD.\r
+\r
+134:3 The LORD that made heaven and earth bless thee out of Zion.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+135:1 Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the name of the LORD; praise him,\r
+O ye servants of the LORD.\r
+\r
+135:2 Ye that stand in the house of the LORD, in the courts of the\r
+house of our God.\r
+\r
+135:3 Praise the LORD; for the LORD is good: sing praises unto his\r
+name; for it is pleasant.\r
+\r
+135:4 For the LORD hath chosen Jacob unto himself, and Israel for his\r
+peculiar treasure.\r
+\r
+135:5 For I know that the LORD is great, and that our Lord is above\r
+all gods.\r
+\r
+135:6 Whatsoever the LORD pleased, that did he in heaven, and in\r
+earth, in the seas, and all deep places.\r
+\r
+135:7 He causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the earth; he\r
+maketh lightnings for the rain; he bringeth the wind out of his\r
+treasuries.\r
+\r
+135:8 Who smote the firstborn of Egypt, both of man and beast.\r
+\r
+135:9 Who sent tokens and wonders into the midst of thee, O Egypt,\r
+upon Pharaoh, and upon all his servants.\r
+\r
+135:10 Who smote great nations, and slew mighty kings;\r
+\r
+135:11 Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, and all the\r
+kingdoms of Canaan:\r
+\r
+135:12 And gave their land for an heritage, an heritage unto Israel\r
+his people.\r
+\r
+135:13 Thy name, O LORD, endureth for ever; and thy memorial, O LORD,\r
+throughout all generations.\r
+\r
+135:14 For the LORD will judge his people, and he will repent himself\r
+concerning his servants.\r
+\r
+135:15 The idols of the heathen are silver and gold, the work of men's\r
+hands.\r
+\r
+135:16 They have mouths, but they speak not; eyes have they, but they\r
+see not;\r
+\r
+135:17 They have ears, but they hear not; neither is there any breath\r
+in their mouths.\r
+\r
+135:18 They that make them are like unto them: so is every one that\r
+trusteth in them.\r
+\r
+135:19 Bless the LORD, O house of Israel: bless the LORD, O house of\r
+Aaron:\r
+\r
+135:20 Bless the LORD, O house of Levi: ye that fear the LORD, bless\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+135:21 Blessed be the LORD out of Zion, which dwelleth at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+136:1 O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:2 O give thanks unto the God of gods: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+136:3 O give thanks to the Lord of lords: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+136:4 To him who alone doeth great wonders: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+136:5 To him that by wisdom made the heavens: for his mercy endureth\r
+for ever.\r
+\r
+136:6 To him that stretched out the earth above the waters: for his\r
+mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:7 To him that made great lights: for his mercy endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:8 The sun to rule by day: for his mercy endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:9 The moon and stars to rule by night: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+136:10 To him that smote Egypt in their firstborn: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:11 And brought out Israel from among them: for his mercy endureth\r
+for ever:\r
+\r
+136:12 With a strong hand, and with a stretched out arm: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:13 To him which divided the Red sea into parts: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:14 And made Israel to pass through the midst of it: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:15 But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his\r
+mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:16 To him which led his people through the wilderness: for his\r
+mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:17 To him which smote great kings: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever:\r
+\r
+136:18 And slew famous kings: for his mercy endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:19 Sihon king of the Amorites: for his mercy endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:20 And Og the king of Bashan: for his mercy endureth for ever:\r
+\r
+136:21 And gave their land for an heritage: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever:\r
+\r
+136:22 Even an heritage unto Israel his servant: for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:23 Who remembered us in our low estate: for his mercy endureth for\r
+ever:\r
+\r
+136:24 And hath redeemed us from our enemies: for his mercy endureth\r
+for ever.\r
+\r
+136:25 Who giveth food to all flesh: for his mercy endureth for ever.\r
+\r
+136:26 O give thanks unto the God of heaven: for his mercy endureth\r
+for ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+137:1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when\r
+we remembered Zion.\r
+\r
+137:2 We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+137:3 For there they that carried us away captive required of us a\r
+song; and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us\r
+one of the songs of Zion.\r
+\r
+137:4 How shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land?\r
+\r
+137:5 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her\r
+cunning.\r
+\r
+137:6 If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of\r
+my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy.\r
+\r
+137:7 Remember, O LORD, the children of Edom in the day of Jerusalem;\r
+who said, Rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof.\r
+\r
+137:8 O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed; happy shall he\r
+be, that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us.\r
+\r
+137:9 Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones\r
+against the stones.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+138:1 I will praise thee with my whole heart: before the gods will I\r
+sing praise unto thee.\r
+\r
+138:2 I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for\r
+thy lovingkindness and for thy truth: for thou hast magnified thy word\r
+above all thy name.\r
+\r
+138:3 In the day when I cried thou answeredst me, and strengthenedst\r
+me with strength in my soul.\r
+\r
+138:4 All the kings of the earth shall praise thee, O LORD, when they\r
+hear the words of thy mouth.\r
+\r
+138:5 Yea, they shall sing in the ways of the LORD: for great is the\r
+glory of the LORD.\r
+\r
+138:6 Though the LORD be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly: but\r
+the proud he knoweth afar off.\r
+\r
+138:7 Though I walk in the midst of trouble, thou wilt revive me: thou\r
+shalt stretch forth thine hand against the wrath of mine enemies, and\r
+thy right hand shall save me.\r
+\r
+138:8 The LORD will perfect that which concerneth me: thy mercy, O\r
+LORD, endureth for ever: forsake not the works of thine own hands.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+139:1 O lord, thou hast searched me, and known me.\r
+\r
+139:2 Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou\r
+understandest my thought afar off.\r
+\r
+139:3 Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted\r
+with all my ways.\r
+\r
+139:4 For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O LORD, thou\r
+knowest it altogether.\r
+\r
+139:5 Thou hast beset me behind and before, and laid thine hand upon\r
+me.\r
+\r
+139:6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot\r
+attain unto it.\r
+\r
+139:7 Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from\r
+thy presence?\r
+\r
+139:8 If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in\r
+hell, behold, thou art there.\r
+\r
+139:9 If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost\r
+parts of the sea;\r
+\r
+139:10 Even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall\r
+hold me.\r
+\r
+139:11 If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night\r
+shall be light about me.\r
+\r
+139:12 Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee; but the night shineth\r
+as the day: the darkness and the light are both alike to thee.\r
+\r
+139:13 For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my\r
+mother's womb.\r
+\r
+139:14 I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made:\r
+marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well.\r
+\r
+139:15 My substance was not hid from thee, when I was made in secret,\r
+and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of the earth.\r
+\r
+139:16 Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being unperfect; and in\r
+thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were\r
+fashioned, when as yet there was none of them.\r
+\r
+139:17 How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great is\r
+the sum of them!\r
+\r
+139:18 If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand:\r
+when I awake, I am still with thee.\r
+\r
+139:19 Surely thou wilt slay the wicked, O God: depart from me\r
+therefore, ye bloody men.\r
+\r
+139:20 For they speak against thee wickedly, and thine enemies take\r
+thy name in vain.\r
+\r
+139:21 Do not I hate them, O LORD, that hate thee? and am not I\r
+grieved with those that rise up against thee?\r
+\r
+139:22 I hate them with perfect hatred: I count them mine enemies.\r
+\r
+139:23 Search me, O God, and know my heart: try me, and know my\r
+thoughts:\r
+\r
+139:24 And see if there be any wicked way in me, and lead me in the\r
+way everlasting.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+140:1 Deliver me, O LORD, from the evil man: preserve me from the\r
+violent man;\r
+\r
+140:2 Which imagine mischiefs in their heart; continually are they\r
+gathered together for war.\r
+\r
+140:3 They have sharpened their tongues like a serpent; adders' poison\r
+is under their lips. Selah.\r
+\r
+140:4 Keep me, O LORD, from the hands of the wicked; preserve me from\r
+the violent man; who have purposed to overthrow my goings.\r
+\r
+140:5 The proud have hid a snare for me, and cords; they have spread a\r
+net by the wayside; they have set gins for me. Selah.\r
+\r
+140:6 I said unto the LORD, Thou art my God: hear the voice of my\r
+supplications, O LORD.\r
+\r
+140:7 O GOD the Lord, the strength of my salvation, thou hast covered\r
+my head in the day of battle.\r
+\r
+140:8 Grant not, O LORD, the desires of the wicked: further not his\r
+wicked device; lest they exalt themselves. Selah.\r
+\r
+140:9 As for the head of those that compass me about, let the mischief\r
+of their own lips cover them.\r
+\r
+140:10 Let burning coals fall upon them: let them be cast into the\r
+fire; into deep pits, that they rise not up again.\r
+\r
+140:11 Let not an evil speaker be established in the earth: evil shall\r
+hunt the violent man to overthrow him.\r
+\r
+140:12 I know that the LORD will maintain the cause of the afflicted,\r
+and the right of the poor.\r
+\r
+140:13 Surely the righteous shall give thanks unto thy name: the\r
+upright shall dwell in thy presence.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+141:1 Lord, I cry unto thee: make haste unto me; give ear unto my\r
+voice, when I cry unto thee.\r
+\r
+141:2 Let my prayer be set forth before thee as incense; and the\r
+lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice.\r
+\r
+141:3 Set a watch, O LORD, before my mouth; keep the door of my lips.\r
+\r
+141:4 Incline not my heart to any evil thing, to practise wicked works\r
+with men that work iniquity: and let me not eat of their dainties.\r
+\r
+141:5 Let the righteous smite me; it shall be a kindness: and let him\r
+reprove me; it shall be an excellent oil, which shall not break my\r
+head: for yet my prayer also shall be in their calamities.\r
+\r
+141:6 When their judges are overthrown in stony places, they shall\r
+hear my words; for they are sweet.\r
+\r
+141:7 Our bones are scattered at the grave's mouth, as when one\r
+cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth.\r
+\r
+141:8 But mine eyes are unto thee, O GOD the Lord: in thee is my\r
+trust; leave not my soul destitute.\r
+\r
+141:9 Keep me from the snares which they have laid for me, and the\r
+gins of the workers of iniquity.\r
+\r
+141:10 Let the wicked fall into their own nets, whilst that I withal\r
+escape.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+142:1 I cried unto the LORD with my voice; with my voice unto the LORD\r
+did I make my supplication.\r
+\r
+142:2 I poured out my complaint before him; I shewed before him my\r
+trouble.\r
+\r
+142:3 When my spirit was overwhelmed within me, then thou knewest my\r
+path.\r
+\r
+In the way wherein I walked have they privily laid a snare for me.\r
+\r
+142:4 I looked on my right hand, and beheld, but there was no man that\r
+would know me: refuge failed me; no man cared for my soul.\r
+\r
+142:5 I cried unto thee, O LORD: I said, Thou art my refuge and my\r
+portion in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+142:6 Attend unto my cry; for I am brought very low: deliver me from\r
+my persecutors; for they are stronger than I.\r
+\r
+142:7 Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise thy name: the\r
+righteous shall compass me about; for thou shalt deal bountifully with\r
+me.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+143:1 Hear my prayer, O LORD, give ear to my supplications: in thy\r
+faithfulness answer me, and in thy righteousness.\r
+\r
+143:2 And enter not into judgment with thy servant: for in thy sight\r
+shall no man living be justified.\r
+\r
+143:3 For the enemy hath persecuted my soul; he hath smitten my life\r
+down to the ground; he hath made me to dwell in darkness, as those\r
+that have been long dead.\r
+\r
+143:4 Therefore is my spirit overwhelmed within me; my heart within me\r
+is desolate.\r
+\r
+143:5 I remember the days of old; I meditate on all thy works; I muse\r
+on the work of thy hands.\r
+\r
+143:6 I stretch forth my hands unto thee: my soul thirsteth after\r
+thee, as a thirsty land. Selah.\r
+\r
+143:7 Hear me speedily, O LORD: my spirit faileth: hide not thy face\r
+from me, lest I be like unto them that go down into the pit.\r
+\r
+143:8 Cause me to hear thy lovingkindness in the morning; for in thee\r
+do I trust: cause me to know the way wherein I should walk; for I lift\r
+up my soul unto thee.\r
+\r
+143:9 Deliver me, O LORD, from mine enemies: I flee unto thee to hide\r
+me.\r
+\r
+143:10 Teach me to do thy will; for thou art my God: thy spirit is\r
+good; lead me into the land of uprightness.\r
+\r
+143:11 Quicken me, O LORD, for thy name's sake: for thy righteousness'\r
+sake bring my soul out of trouble.\r
+\r
+143:12 And of thy mercy cut off mine enemies, and destroy all them\r
+that afflict my soul: for I am thy servant.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+144:1 Blessed be the LORD my strength which teacheth my hands to war,\r
+and my fingers to fight:\r
+\r
+144:2 My goodness, and my fortress; my high tower, and my deliverer;\r
+my shield, and he in whom I trust; who subdueth my people under me.\r
+\r
+144:3 LORD, what is man, that thou takest knowledge of him! or the son\r
+of man, that thou makest account of him!\r
+\r
+144:4 Man is like to vanity: his days are as a shadow that passeth\r
+away.\r
+\r
+144:5 Bow thy heavens, O LORD, and come down: touch the mountains, and\r
+they shall smoke.\r
+\r
+144:6 Cast forth lightning, and scatter them: shoot out thine arrows,\r
+and destroy them.\r
+\r
+144:7 Send thine hand from above; rid me, and deliver me out of great\r
+waters, from the hand of strange children;\r
+\r
+144:8 Whose mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right\r
+hand of falsehood.\r
+\r
+144:9 I will sing a new song unto thee, O God: upon a psaltery and an\r
+instrument of ten strings will I sing praises unto thee.\r
+\r
+144:10 It is he that giveth salvation unto kings: who delivereth David\r
+his servant from the hurtful sword.\r
+\r
+144:11 Rid me, and deliver me from the hand of strange children, whose\r
+mouth speaketh vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of\r
+falsehood:\r
+\r
+144:12 That our sons may be as plants grown up in their youth; that\r
+our daughters may be as corner stones, polished after the similitude\r
+of a palace:\r
+\r
+144:13 That our garners may be full, affording all manner of store:\r
+that our sheep may bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our\r
+streets:\r
+\r
+144:14 That our oxen may be strong to labour; that there be no\r
+breaking in, nor going out; that there be no complaining in our\r
+streets.\r
+\r
+144:15 Happy is that people, that is in such a case: yea, happy is\r
+that people, whose God is the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+145:1 I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for\r
+ever and ever.\r
+\r
+145:2 Every day will I bless thee; and I will praise thy name for ever\r
+and ever.\r
+\r
+145:3 Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised; and his greatness\r
+is unsearchable.\r
+\r
+145:4 One generation shall praise thy works to another, and shall\r
+declare thy mighty acts.\r
+\r
+145:5 I will speak of the glorious honour of thy majesty, and of thy\r
+wondrous works.\r
+\r
+145:6 And men shall speak of the might of thy terrible acts: and I\r
+will declare thy greatness.\r
+\r
+145:7 They shall abundantly utter the memory of thy great goodness,\r
+and shall sing of thy righteousness.\r
+\r
+145:8 The LORD is gracious, and full of compassion; slow to anger, and\r
+of great mercy.\r
+\r
+145:9 The LORD is good to all: and his tender mercies are over all his\r
+works.\r
+\r
+145:10 All thy works shall praise thee, O LORD; and thy saints shall\r
+bless thee.\r
+\r
+145:11 They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom, and talk of thy\r
+power;\r
+\r
+145:12 To make known to the sons of men his mighty acts, and the\r
+glorious majesty of his kingdom.\r
+\r
+145:13 Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and thy dominion\r
+endureth throughout all generations.\r
+\r
+145:14 The LORD upholdeth all that fall, and raiseth up all those that\r
+be bowed down.\r
+\r
+145:15 The eyes of all wait upon thee; and thou givest them their meat\r
+in due season.\r
+\r
+145:16 Thou openest thine hand, and satisfiest the desire of every\r
+living thing.\r
+\r
+145:17 The LORD is righteous in all his ways, and holy in all his\r
+works.\r
+\r
+145:18 The LORD is nigh unto all them that call upon him, to all that\r
+call upon him in truth.\r
+\r
+145:19 He will fulfil the desire of them that fear him: he also will\r
+hear their cry, and will save them.\r
+\r
+145:20 The LORD preserveth all them that love him: but all the wicked\r
+will he destroy.\r
+\r
+145:21 My mouth shall speak the praise of the LORD: and let all flesh\r
+bless his holy name for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+146:1 Praise ye the LORD. Praise the LORD, O my soul.\r
+\r
+146:2 While I live will I praise the LORD: I will sing praises unto my\r
+God while I have any being.\r
+\r
+146:3 Put not your trust in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom\r
+there is no help.\r
+\r
+146:4 His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very\r
+day his thoughts perish.\r
+\r
+146:5 Happy is he that hath the God of Jacob for his help, whose hope\r
+is in the LORD his God:\r
+\r
+146:6 Which made heaven, and earth, the sea, and all that therein is:\r
+which keepeth truth for ever:\r
+\r
+146:7 Which executeth judgment for the oppressed: which giveth food to\r
+the hungry. The LORD looseth the prisoners:\r
+\r
+146:8 The LORD openeth the eyes of the blind: the LORD raiseth them\r
+that are bowed down: the LORD loveth the righteous:\r
+\r
+146:9 The LORD preserveth the strangers; he relieveth the fatherless\r
+and widow: but the way of the wicked he turneth upside down.\r
+\r
+146:10 The LORD shall reign for ever, even thy God, O Zion, unto all\r
+generations. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+147:1 Praise ye the LORD: for it is good to sing praises unto our God;\r
+for it is pleasant; and praise is comely.\r
+\r
+147:2 The LORD doth build up Jerusalem: he gathereth together the\r
+outcasts of Israel.\r
+\r
+147:3 He healeth the broken in heart, and bindeth up their wounds.\r
+\r
+147:4 He telleth the number of the stars; he calleth them all by their\r
+names.\r
+\r
+147:5 Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is\r
+infinite.\r
+\r
+147:6 The LORD lifteth up the meek: he casteth the wicked down to the\r
+ground.\r
+\r
+147:7 Sing unto the LORD with thanksgiving; sing praise upon the harp\r
+unto our God:\r
+\r
+147:8 Who covereth the heaven with clouds, who prepareth rain for the\r
+earth, who maketh grass to grow upon the mountains.\r
+\r
+147:9 He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which\r
+cry.\r
+\r
+147:10 He delighteth not in the strength of the horse: he taketh not\r
+pleasure in the legs of a man.\r
+\r
+147:11 The LORD taketh pleasure in them that fear him, in those that\r
+hope in his mercy.\r
+\r
+147:12 Praise the LORD, O Jerusalem; praise thy God, O Zion.\r
+\r
+147:13 For he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates; he hath blessed\r
+thy children within thee.\r
+\r
+147:14 He maketh peace in thy borders, and filleth thee with the\r
+finest of the wheat.\r
+\r
+147:15 He sendeth forth his commandment upon earth: his word runneth\r
+very swiftly.\r
+\r
+147:16 He giveth snow like wool: he scattereth the hoarfrost like\r
+ashes.\r
+\r
+147:17 He casteth forth his ice like morsels: who can stand before his\r
+cold?\r
+\r
+147:18 He sendeth out his word, and melteth them: he causeth his wind\r
+to blow, and the waters flow.\r
+\r
+147:19 He sheweth his word unto Jacob, his statutes and his judgments\r
+unto Israel.\r
+\r
+147:20 He hath not dealt so with any nation: and as for his judgments,\r
+they have not known them. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+148:1 Praise ye the LORD. Praise ye the LORD from the heavens: praise\r
+him in the heights.\r
+\r
+148:2 Praise ye him, all his angels: praise ye him, all his hosts.\r
+\r
+148:3 Praise ye him, sun and moon: praise him, all ye stars of light.\r
+\r
+148:4 Praise him, ye heavens of heavens, and ye waters that be above\r
+the heavens.\r
+\r
+148:5 Let them praise the name of the LORD: for he commanded, and they\r
+were created.\r
+\r
+148:6 He hath also stablished them for ever and ever: he hath made a\r
+decree which shall not pass.\r
+\r
+148:7 Praise the LORD from the earth, ye dragons, and all deeps:\r
+\r
+148:8 Fire, and hail; snow, and vapours; stormy wind fulfilling his\r
+word:\r
+\r
+148:9 Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars:\r
+\r
+148:10 Beasts, and all cattle; creeping things, and flying fowl:\r
+\r
+148:11 Kings of the earth, and all people; princes, and all judges of\r
+the earth:\r
+\r
+148:12 Both young men, and maidens; old men, and children:\r
+\r
+148:13 Let them praise the name of the LORD: for his name alone is\r
+excellent; his glory is above the earth and heaven.\r
+\r
+148:14 He also exalteth the horn of his people, the praise of all his\r
+saints; even of the children of Israel, a people near unto him. Praise\r
+ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+149:1 Praise ye the LORD. Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his\r
+praise in the congregation of saints.\r
+\r
+149:2 Let Israel rejoice in him that made him: let the children of\r
+Zion be joyful in their King.\r
+\r
+149:3 Let them praise his name in the dance: let them sing praises\r
+unto him with the timbrel and harp.\r
+\r
+149:4 For the LORD taketh pleasure in his people: he will beautify the\r
+meek with salvation.\r
+\r
+149:5 Let the saints be joyful in glory: let them sing aloud upon\r
+their beds.\r
+\r
+149:6 Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged\r
+sword in their hand;\r
+\r
+149:7 To execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the\r
+people;\r
+\r
+149:8 To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters\r
+of iron;\r
+\r
+149:9 To execute upon them the judgment written: this honour have all\r
+his saints. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+150:1 Praise ye the LORD. Praise God in his sanctuary: praise him in\r
+the firmament of his power.\r
+\r
+150:2 Praise him for his mighty acts: praise him according to his\r
+excellent greatness.\r
+\r
+150:3 Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the\r
+psaltery and harp.\r
+\r
+150:4 Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed\r
+instruments and organs.\r
+\r
+150:5 Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high\r
+sounding cymbals.\r
+\r
+150:6 Let every thing that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise ye the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Proverbs\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel; 1:2 To\r
+know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding;\r
+1:3 To receive the instruction of wisdom, justice, and judgment, and\r
+equity; 1:4 To give subtilty to the simple, to the young man knowledge\r
+and discretion.\r
+\r
+1:5 A wise man will hear, and will increase learning; and a man of\r
+understanding shall attain unto wise counsels: 1:6 To understand a\r
+proverb, and the interpretation; the words of the wise, and their dark\r
+sayings.\r
+\r
+1:7 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge: but fools\r
+despise wisdom and instruction.\r
+\r
+1:8 My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the\r
+law of thy mother: 1:9 For they shall be an ornament of grace unto thy\r
+head, and chains about thy neck.\r
+\r
+1:10 My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not.\r
+\r
+1:11 If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk\r
+privily for the innocent without cause: 1:12 Let us swallow them up\r
+alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit:\r
+1:13 We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill our houses\r
+with spoil: 1:14 Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse:\r
+1:15 My son, walk not thou in the way with them; refrain thy foot from\r
+their path: 1:16 For their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed\r
+blood.\r
+\r
+1:17 Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird.\r
+\r
+1:18 And they lay wait for their own blood; they lurk privily for\r
+their own lives.\r
+\r
+1:19 So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh\r
+away the life of the owners thereof.\r
+\r
+1:20 Wisdom crieth without; she uttereth her voice in the streets:\r
+1:21 She crieth in the chief place of concourse, in the openings of\r
+the gates: in the city she uttereth her words, saying, 1:22 How long,\r
+ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in\r
+their scorning, and fools hate knowledge? 1:23 Turn you at my\r
+reproof: behold, I will pour out my spirit unto you, I will make known\r
+my words unto you.\r
+\r
+1:24 Because I have called, and ye refused; I have stretched out my\r
+hand, and no man regarded; 1:25 But ye have set at nought all my\r
+counsel, and would none of my reproof: 1:26 I also will laugh at your\r
+calamity; I will mock when your fear cometh; 1:27 When your fear\r
+cometh as desolation, and your destruction cometh as a whirlwind; when\r
+distress and anguish cometh upon you.\r
+\r
+1:28 Then shall they call upon me, but I will not answer; they shall\r
+seek me early, but they shall not find me: 1:29 For that they hated\r
+knowledge, and did not choose the fear of the LORD: 1:30 They would\r
+none of my counsel: they despised all my reproof.\r
+\r
+1:31 Therefore shall they eat of the fruit of their own way, and be\r
+filled with their own devices.\r
+\r
+1:32 For the turning away of the simple shall slay them, and the\r
+prosperity of fools shall destroy them.\r
+\r
+1:33 But whoso hearkeneth unto me shall dwell safely, and shall be\r
+quiet from fear of evil.\r
+\r
+2:1 My son, if thou wilt receive my words, and hide my commandments\r
+with thee; 2:2 So that thou incline thine ear unto wisdom, and apply\r
+thine heart to understanding; 2:3 Yea, if thou criest after knowledge,\r
+and liftest up thy voice for understanding; 2:4 If thou seekest her as\r
+silver, and searchest for her as for hid treasures; 2:5 Then shalt\r
+thou understand the fear of the LORD, and find the knowledge of God.\r
+\r
+2:6 For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+2:7 He layeth up sound wisdom for the righteous: he is a buckler to\r
+them that walk uprightly.\r
+\r
+2:8 He keepeth the paths of judgment, and preserveth the way of his\r
+saints.\r
+\r
+2:9 Then shalt thou understand righteousness, and judgment, and\r
+equity; yea, every good path.\r
+\r
+2:10 When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and knowledge is pleasant\r
+unto thy soul; 2:11 Discretion shall preserve thee, understanding\r
+shall keep thee: 2:12 To deliver thee from the way of the evil man,\r
+from the man that speaketh froward things; 2:13 Who leave the paths of\r
+uprightness, to walk in the ways of darkness; 2:14 Who rejoice to do\r
+evil, and delight in the frowardness of the wicked; 2:15 Whose ways\r
+are crooked, and they froward in their paths: 2:16 To deliver thee\r
+from the strange woman, even from the stranger which flattereth with\r
+her words; 2:17 Which forsaketh the guide of her youth, and forgetteth\r
+the covenant of her God.\r
+\r
+2:18 For her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the dead.\r
+\r
+2:19 None that go unto her return again, neither take they hold of the\r
+paths of life.\r
+\r
+2:20 That thou mayest walk in the way of good men, and keep the paths\r
+of the righteous.\r
+\r
+2:21 For the upright shall dwell in the land, and the perfect shall\r
+remain in it.\r
+\r
+2:22 But the wicked shall be cut off from the earth, and the\r
+transgressors shall be rooted out of it.\r
+\r
+3:1 My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my\r
+commandments: 3:2 For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall\r
+they add to thee.\r
+\r
+3:3 Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck;\r
+write them upon the table of thine heart: 3:4 So shalt thou find\r
+favour and good understanding in the sight of God and man.\r
+\r
+3:5 Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine\r
+own understanding.\r
+\r
+3:6 In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths.\r
+\r
+3:7 Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD, and depart from\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+3:8 It shall be health to thy navel, and marrow to thy bones.\r
+\r
+3:9 Honour the LORD with thy substance, and with the firstfruits of\r
+all thine increase: 3:10 So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and\r
+thy presses shall burst out with new wine.\r
+\r
+3:11 My son, despise not the chastening of the LORD; neither be weary\r
+of his correction: 3:12 For whom the LORD loveth he correcteth; even\r
+as a father the son in whom he delighteth.\r
+\r
+3:13 Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+3:14 For the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of\r
+silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold.\r
+\r
+3:15 She is more precious than rubies: and all the things thou canst\r
+desire are not to be compared unto her.\r
+\r
+3:16 Length of days is in her right hand; and in her left hand riches\r
+and honour.\r
+\r
+3:17 Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace.\r
+\r
+3:18 She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her: and happy\r
+is every one that retaineth her.\r
+\r
+3:19 The LORD by wisdom hath founded the earth; by understanding hath\r
+he established the heavens.\r
+\r
+3:20 By his knowledge the depths are broken up, and the clouds drop\r
+down the dew.\r
+\r
+3:21 My son, let not them depart from thine eyes: keep sound wisdom\r
+and discretion: 3:22 So shall they be life unto thy soul, and grace to\r
+thy neck.\r
+\r
+3:23 Then shalt thou walk in thy way safely, and thy foot shall not\r
+stumble.\r
+\r
+3:24 When thou liest down, thou shalt not be afraid: yea, thou shalt\r
+lie down, and thy sleep shall be sweet.\r
+\r
+3:25 Be not afraid of sudden fear, neither of the desolation of the\r
+wicked, when it cometh.\r
+\r
+3:26 For the LORD shall be thy confidence, and shall keep thy foot\r
+from being taken.\r
+\r
+3:27 Withhold not good from them to whom it is due, when it is in the\r
+power of thine hand to do it.\r
+\r
+3:28 Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I\r
+will give; when thou hast it by thee.\r
+\r
+3:29 Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth\r
+securely by thee.\r
+\r
+3:30 Strive not with a man without cause, if he have done thee no\r
+harm.\r
+\r
+3:31 Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways.\r
+\r
+3:32 For the froward is abomination to the LORD: but his secret is\r
+with the righteous.\r
+\r
+3:33 The curse of the LORD is in the house of the wicked: but he\r
+blesseth the habitation of the just.\r
+\r
+3:34 Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the\r
+lowly.\r
+\r
+3:35 The wise shall inherit glory: but shame shall be the promotion of\r
+fools.\r
+\r
+4:1 Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+4:2 For I give you good doctrine, forsake ye not my law.\r
+\r
+4:3 For I was my father's son, tender and only beloved in the sight of\r
+my mother.\r
+\r
+4:4 He taught me also, and said unto me, Let thine heart retain my\r
+words: keep my commandments, and live.\r
+\r
+4:5 Get wisdom, get understanding: forget it not; neither decline from\r
+the words of my mouth.\r
+\r
+4:6 Forsake her not, and she shall preserve thee: love her, and she\r
+shall keep thee.\r
+\r
+4:7 Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all\r
+thy getting get understanding.\r
+\r
+4:8 Exalt her, and she shall promote thee: she shall bring thee to\r
+honour, when thou dost embrace her.\r
+\r
+4:9 She shall give to thine head an ornament of grace: a crown of\r
+glory shall she deliver to thee.\r
+\r
+4:10 Hear, O my son, and receive my sayings; and the years of thy life\r
+shall be many.\r
+\r
+4:11 I have taught thee in the way of wisdom; I have led thee in right\r
+paths.\r
+\r
+4:12 When thou goest, thy steps shall not be straitened; and when thou\r
+runnest, thou shalt not stumble.\r
+\r
+4:13 Take fast hold of instruction; let her not go: keep her; for she\r
+is thy life.\r
+\r
+4:14 Enter not into the path of the wicked, and go not in the way of\r
+evil men.\r
+\r
+4:15 Avoid it, pass not by it, turn from it, and pass away.\r
+\r
+4:16 For they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their\r
+sleep is taken away, unless they cause some to fall.\r
+\r
+4:17 For they eat the bread of wickedness, and drink the wine of\r
+violence.\r
+\r
+4:18 But the path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth\r
+more and more unto the perfect day.\r
+\r
+4:19 The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know not at what they\r
+stumble.\r
+\r
+4:20 My son, attend to my words; incline thine ear unto my sayings.\r
+\r
+4:21 Let them not depart from thine eyes; keep them in the midst of\r
+thine heart.\r
+\r
+4:22 For they are life unto those that find them, and health to all\r
+their flesh.\r
+\r
+4:23 Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues\r
+of life.\r
+\r
+4:24 Put away from thee a froward mouth, and perverse lips put far\r
+from thee.\r
+\r
+4:25 Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight\r
+before thee.\r
+\r
+4:26 Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established.\r
+\r
+4:27 Turn not to the right hand nor to the left: remove thy foot from\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+5:1 My son, attend unto my wisdom, and bow thine ear to my\r
+understanding: 5:2 That thou mayest regard discretion, and that thy\r
+lips may keep knowledge.\r
+\r
+5:3 For the lips of a strange woman drop as an honeycomb, and her\r
+mouth is smoother than oil: 5:4 But her end is bitter as wormwood,\r
+sharp as a two-edged sword.\r
+\r
+5:5 Her feet go down to death; her steps take hold on hell.\r
+\r
+5:6 Lest thou shouldest ponder the path of life, her ways are\r
+moveable, that thou canst not know them.\r
+\r
+5:7 Hear me now therefore, O ye children, and depart not from the\r
+words of my mouth.\r
+\r
+5:8 Remove thy way far from her, and come not nigh the door of her\r
+house: 5:9 Lest thou give thine honour unto others, and thy years unto\r
+the cruel: 5:10 Lest strangers be filled with thy wealth; and thy\r
+labours be in the house of a stranger; 5:11 And thou mourn at the\r
+last, when thy flesh and thy body are consumed, 5:12 And say, How have\r
+I hated instruction, and my heart despised reproof; 5:13 And have not\r
+obeyed the voice of my teachers, nor inclined mine ear to them that\r
+instructed me! 5:14 I was almost in all evil in the midst of the\r
+congregation and assembly.\r
+\r
+5:15 Drink waters out of thine own cistern, and running waters out of\r
+thine own well.\r
+\r
+5:16 Let thy fountains be dispersed abroad, and rivers of waters in\r
+the streets.\r
+\r
+5:17 Let them be only thine own, and not strangers' with thee.\r
+\r
+5:18 Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of thy\r
+youth.\r
+\r
+5:19 Let her be as the loving hind and pleasant roe; let her breasts\r
+satisfy thee at all times; and be thou ravished always with her love.\r
+\r
+5:20 And why wilt thou, my son, be ravished with a strange woman, and\r
+embrace the bosom of a stranger? 5:21 For the ways of man are before\r
+the eyes of the LORD, and he pondereth all his goings.\r
+\r
+5:22 His own iniquities shall take the wicked himself, and he shall be\r
+holden with the cords of his sins.\r
+\r
+5:23 He shall die without instruction; and in the greatness of his\r
+folly he shall go astray.\r
+\r
+6:1 My son, if thou be surety for thy friend, if thou hast stricken\r
+thy hand with a stranger, 6:2 Thou art snared with the words of thy\r
+mouth, thou art taken with the words of thy mouth.\r
+\r
+6:3 Do this now, my son, and deliver thyself, when thou art come into\r
+the hand of thy friend; go, humble thyself, and make sure thy friend.\r
+\r
+6:4 Give not sleep to thine eyes, nor slumber to thine eyelids.\r
+\r
+6:5 Deliver thyself as a roe from the hand of the hunter, and as a\r
+bird from the hand of the fowler.\r
+\r
+6:6 Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: 6:7\r
+Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, 6:8 Provideth her meat in\r
+the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest.\r
+\r
+6:9 How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of\r
+thy sleep? 6:10 Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little\r
+folding of the hands to sleep: 6:11 So shall thy poverty come as one\r
+that travelleth, and thy want as an armed man.\r
+\r
+6:12 A naughty person, a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth.\r
+\r
+6:13 He winketh with his eyes, he speaketh with his feet, he teacheth\r
+with his fingers; 6:14 Frowardness is in his heart, he deviseth\r
+mischief continually; he soweth discord.\r
+\r
+6:15 Therefore shall his calamity come suddenly; suddenly shall he be\r
+broken without remedy.\r
+\r
+6:16 These six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an\r
+abomination unto him: 6:17 A proud look, a lying tongue, and hands\r
+that shed innocent blood, 6:18 An heart that deviseth wicked\r
+imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, 6:19 A false\r
+witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren.\r
+\r
+6:20 My son, keep thy father's commandment, and forsake not the law of\r
+thy mother: 6:21 Bind them continually upon thine heart, and tie them\r
+about thy neck.\r
+\r
+6:22 When thou goest, it shall lead thee; when thou sleepest, it shall\r
+keep thee; and when thou awakest, it shall talk with thee.\r
+\r
+6:23 For the commandment is a lamp; and the law is light; and reproofs\r
+of instruction are the way of life: 6:24 To keep thee from the evil\r
+woman, from the flattery of the tongue of a strange woman.\r
+\r
+6:25 Lust not after her beauty in thine heart; neither let her take\r
+thee with her eyelids.\r
+\r
+6:26 For by means of a whorish woman a man is brought to a piece of\r
+bread: and the adultress will hunt for the precious life.\r
+\r
+6:27 Can a man take fire in his bosom, and his clothes not be burned?\r
+6:28 Can one go upon hot coals, and his feet not be burned? 6:29 So\r
+he that goeth in to his neighbour's wife; whosoever toucheth her shall\r
+not be innocent.\r
+\r
+6:30 Men do not despise a thief, if he steal to satisfy his soul when\r
+he is hungry; 6:31 But if he be found, he shall restore sevenfold; he\r
+shall give all the substance of his house.\r
+\r
+6:32 But whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh understanding:\r
+he that doeth it destroyeth his own soul.\r
+\r
+6:33 A wound and dishonour shall he get; and his reproach shall not be\r
+wiped away.\r
+\r
+6:34 For jealousy is the rage of a man: therefore he will not spare in\r
+the day of vengeance.\r
+\r
+6:35 He will not regard any ransom; neither will he rest content,\r
+though thou givest many gifts.\r
+\r
+7:1 My son, keep my words, and lay up my commandments with thee.\r
+\r
+7:2 Keep my commandments, and live; and my law as the apple of thine\r
+eye.\r
+\r
+7:3 Bind them upon thy fingers, write them upon the table of thine\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+7:4 Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy\r
+kinswoman: 7:5 That they may keep thee from the strange woman, from\r
+the stranger which flattereth with her words.\r
+\r
+7:6 For at the window of my house I looked through my casement, 7:7\r
+And beheld among the simple ones, I discerned among the youths, a\r
+young man void of understanding, 7:8 Passing through the street near\r
+her corner; and he went the way to her house, 7:9 In the twilight, in\r
+the evening, in the black and dark night: 7:10 And, behold, there met\r
+him a woman with the attire of an harlot, and subtil of heart.\r
+\r
+7:11 (She is loud and stubborn; her feet abide not in her house: 7:12\r
+Now is she without, now in the streets, and lieth in wait at every\r
+corner.) 7:13 So she caught him, and kissed him, and with an impudent\r
+face said unto him, 7:14 I have peace offerings with me; this day have\r
+I payed my vows.\r
+\r
+7:15 Therefore came I forth to meet thee, diligently to seek thy face,\r
+and I have found thee.\r
+\r
+7:16 I have decked my bed with coverings of tapestry, with carved\r
+works, with fine linen of Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:17 I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon.\r
+\r
+7:18 Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning: let us\r
+solace ourselves with loves.\r
+\r
+7:19 For the goodman is not at home, he is gone a long journey: 7:20\r
+He hath taken a bag of money with him, and will come home at the day\r
+appointed.\r
+\r
+7:21 With her much fair speech she caused him to yield, with the\r
+flattering of her lips she forced him.\r
+\r
+7:22 He goeth after her straightway, as an ox goeth to the slaughter,\r
+or as a fool to the correction of the stocks; 7:23 Till a dart strike\r
+through his liver; as a bird hasteth to the snare, and knoweth not\r
+that it is for his life.\r
+\r
+7:24 Hearken unto me now therefore, O ye children, and attend to the\r
+words of my mouth.\r
+\r
+7:25 Let not thine heart decline to her ways, go not astray in her\r
+paths.\r
+\r
+7:26 For she hath cast down many wounded: yea, many strong men have\r
+been slain by her.\r
+\r
+7:27 Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of\r
+death.\r
+\r
+8:1 Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice? 8:2\r
+She standeth in the top of high places, by the way in the places of\r
+the paths.\r
+\r
+8:3 She crieth at the gates, at the entry of the city, at the coming\r
+in at the doors.\r
+\r
+8:4 Unto you, O men, I call; and my voice is to the sons of man.\r
+\r
+8:5 O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an\r
+understanding heart.\r
+\r
+8:6 Hear; for I will speak of excellent things; and the opening of my\r
+lips shall be right things.\r
+\r
+8:7 For my mouth shall speak truth; and wickedness is an abomination\r
+to my lips.\r
+\r
+8:8 All the words of my mouth are in righteousness; there is nothing\r
+froward or perverse in them.\r
+\r
+8:9 They are all plain to him that understandeth, and right to them\r
+that find knowledge.\r
+\r
+8:10 Receive my instruction, and not silver; and knowledge rather than\r
+choice gold.\r
+\r
+8:11 For wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things that may be\r
+desired are not to be compared to it.\r
+\r
+8:12 I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowledge of witty\r
+inventions.\r
+\r
+8:13 The fear of the LORD is to hate evil: pride, and arrogancy, and\r
+the evil way, and the froward mouth, do I hate.\r
+\r
+8:14 Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have\r
+strength.\r
+\r
+8:15 By me kings reign, and princes decree justice.\r
+\r
+8:16 By me princes rule, and nobles, even all the judges of the earth.\r
+\r
+8:17 I love them that love me; and those that seek me early shall find\r
+me.\r
+\r
+8:18 Riches and honour are with me; yea, durable riches and\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+8:19 My fruit is better than gold, yea, than fine gold; and my revenue\r
+than choice silver.\r
+\r
+8:20 I lead in the way of righteousness, in the midst of the paths of\r
+judgment: 8:21 That I may cause those that love me to inherit\r
+substance; and I will fill their treasures.\r
+\r
+8:22 The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way, before his\r
+works of old.\r
+\r
+8:23 I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever the\r
+earth was.\r
+\r
+8:24 When there were no depths, I was brought forth; when there were\r
+no fountains abounding with water.\r
+\r
+8:25 Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought\r
+forth: 8:26 While as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields,\r
+nor the highest part of the dust of the world.\r
+\r
+8:27 When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass\r
+upon the face of the depth: 8:28 When he established the clouds above:\r
+when he strengthened the fountains of the deep: 8:29 When he gave to\r
+the sea his decree, that the waters should not pass his commandment:\r
+when he appointed the foundations of the earth: 8:30 Then I was by\r
+him, as one brought up with him: and I was daily his delight,\r
+rejoicing always before him; 8:31 Rejoicing in the habitable part of\r
+his earth; and my delights were with the sons of men.\r
+\r
+8:32 Now therefore hearken unto me, O ye children: for blessed are\r
+they that keep my ways.\r
+\r
+8:33 Hear instruction, and be wise, and refuse it not.\r
+\r
+8:34 Blessed is the man that heareth me, watching daily at my gates,\r
+waiting at the posts of my doors.\r
+\r
+8:35 For whoso findeth me findeth life, and shall obtain favour of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+8:36 But he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul: all they\r
+that hate me love death.\r
+\r
+9:1 Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven\r
+pillars: 9:2 She hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine;\r
+she hath also furnished her table.\r
+\r
+9:3 She hath sent forth her maidens: she crieth upon the highest\r
+places of the city, 9:4 Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: as\r
+for him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, 9:5 Come, eat of\r
+my bread, and drink of the wine which I have mingled.\r
+\r
+9:6 Forsake the foolish, and live; and go in the way of understanding.\r
+\r
+9:7 He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame: and he that\r
+rebuketh a wicked man getteth himself a blot.\r
+\r
+9:8 Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee: rebuke a wise man, and\r
+he will love thee.\r
+\r
+9:9 Give instruction to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser: teach a\r
+just man, and he will increase in learning.\r
+\r
+9:10 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: and the\r
+knowledge of the holy is understanding.\r
+\r
+9:11 For by me thy days shall be multiplied, and the years of thy life\r
+shall be increased.\r
+\r
+9:12 If thou be wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself: but if thou\r
+scornest, thou alone shalt bear it.\r
+\r
+9:13 A foolish woman is clamorous: she is simple, and knoweth nothing.\r
+\r
+9:14 For she sitteth at the door of her house, on a seat in the high\r
+places of the city, 9:15 To call passengers who go right on their\r
+ways: 9:16 Whoso is simple, let him turn in hither: and as for him\r
+that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, 9:17 Stolen waters are\r
+sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant.\r
+\r
+9:18 But he knoweth not that the dead are there; and that her guests\r
+are in the depths of hell.\r
+\r
+10:1 The proverbs of Solomon. A wise son maketh a glad father: but a\r
+foolish son is the heaviness of his mother.\r
+\r
+10:2 Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but righteousness\r
+delivereth from death.\r
+\r
+10:3 The LORD will not suffer the soul of the righteous to famish: but\r
+he casteth away the substance of the wicked.\r
+\r
+10:4 He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand: but the hand of\r
+the diligent maketh rich.\r
+\r
+10:5 He that gathereth in summer is a wise son: but he that sleepeth\r
+in harvest is a son that causeth shame.\r
+\r
+10:6 Blessings are upon the head of the just: but violence covereth\r
+the mouth of the wicked.\r
+\r
+10:7 The memory of the just is blessed: but the name of the wicked\r
+shall rot.\r
+\r
+10:8 The wise in heart will receive commandments: but a prating fool\r
+shall fall.\r
+\r
+10:9 He that walketh uprightly walketh surely: but he that perverteth\r
+his ways shall be known.\r
+\r
+10:10 He that winketh with the eye causeth sorrow: but a prating fool\r
+shall fall.\r
+\r
+10:11 The mouth of a righteous man is a well of life: but violence\r
+covereth the mouth of the wicked.\r
+\r
+10:12 Hatred stirreth up strifes: but love covereth all sins.\r
+\r
+10:13 In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found: but\r
+a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding.\r
+\r
+10:14 Wise men lay up knowledge: but the mouth of the foolish is near\r
+destruction.\r
+\r
+10:15 The rich man's wealth is his strong city: the destruction of the\r
+poor is their poverty.\r
+\r
+10:16 The labour of the righteous tendeth to life: the fruit of the\r
+wicked to sin.\r
+\r
+10:17 He is in the way of life that keepeth instruction: but he that\r
+refuseth reproof erreth.\r
+\r
+10:18 He that hideth hatred with lying lips, and he that uttereth a\r
+slander, is a fool.\r
+\r
+10:19 In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that\r
+refraineth his lips is wise.\r
+\r
+10:20 The tongue of the just is as choice silver: the heart of the\r
+wicked is little worth.\r
+\r
+10:21 The lips of the righteous feed many: but fools die for want of\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+10:22 The blessing of the LORD, it maketh rich, and he addeth no\r
+sorrow with it.\r
+\r
+10:23 It is as sport to a fool to do mischief: but a man of\r
+understanding hath wisdom.\r
+\r
+10:24 The fear of the wicked, it shall come upon him: but the desire\r
+of the righteous shall be granted.\r
+\r
+10:25 As the whirlwind passeth, so is the wicked no more: but the\r
+righteous is an everlasting foundation.\r
+\r
+10:26 As vinegar to the teeth, and as smoke to the eyes, so is the\r
+sluggard to them that send him.\r
+\r
+10:27 The fear of the LORD prolongeth days: but the years of the\r
+wicked shall be shortened.\r
+\r
+10:28 The hope of the righteous shall be gladness: but the expectation\r
+of the wicked shall perish.\r
+\r
+10:29 The way of the LORD is strength to the upright: but destruction\r
+shall be to the workers of iniquity.\r
+\r
+10:30 The righteous shall never be removed: but the wicked shall not\r
+inhabit the earth.\r
+\r
+10:31 The mouth of the just bringeth forth wisdom: but the froward\r
+tongue shall be cut out.\r
+\r
+10:32 The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable: but the mouth\r
+of the wicked speaketh frowardness.\r
+\r
+11:1 A false balance is abomination to the LORD: but a just weight is\r
+his delight.\r
+\r
+11:2 When pride cometh, then cometh shame: but with the lowly is\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+11:3 The integrity of the upright shall guide them: but the\r
+perverseness of transgressors shall destroy them.\r
+\r
+11:4 Riches profit not in the day of wrath: but righteousness\r
+delivereth from death.\r
+\r
+11:5 The righteousness of the perfect shall direct his way: but the\r
+wicked shall fall by his own wickedness.\r
+\r
+11:6 The righteousness of the upright shall deliver them: but\r
+transgressors shall be taken in their own naughtiness.\r
+\r
+11:7 When a wicked man dieth, his expectation shall perish: and the\r
+hope of unjust men perisheth.\r
+\r
+11:8 The righteous is delivered out of trouble, and the wicked cometh\r
+in his stead.\r
+\r
+11:9 An hypocrite with his mouth destroyeth his neighbour: but through\r
+knowledge shall the just be delivered.\r
+\r
+11:10 When it goeth well with the righteous, the city rejoiceth: and\r
+when the wicked perish, there is shouting.\r
+\r
+11:11 By the blessing of the upright the city is exalted: but it is\r
+overthrown by the mouth of the wicked.\r
+\r
+11:12 He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbour: but a man of\r
+understanding holdeth his peace.\r
+\r
+11:13 A talebearer revealeth secrets: but he that is of a faithful\r
+spirit concealeth the matter.\r
+\r
+11:14 Where no counsel is, the people fall: but in the multitude of\r
+counsellors there is safety.\r
+\r
+11:15 He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it: and he that\r
+hateth suretiship is sure.\r
+\r
+11:16 A gracious woman retaineth honour: and strong men retain riches.\r
+\r
+11:17 The merciful man doeth good to his own soul: but he that is\r
+cruel troubleth his own flesh.\r
+\r
+11:18 The wicked worketh a deceitful work: but to him that soweth\r
+righteousness shall be a sure reward.\r
+\r
+11:19 As righteousness tendeth to life: so he that pursueth evil\r
+pursueth it to his own death.\r
+\r
+11:20 They that are of a froward heart are abomination to the LORD:\r
+but such as are upright in their way are his delight.\r
+\r
+11:21 Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished:\r
+but the seed of the righteous shall be delivered.\r
+\r
+11:22 As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which\r
+is without discretion.\r
+\r
+11:23 The desire of the righteous is only good: but the expectation of\r
+the wicked is wrath.\r
+\r
+11:24 There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth; and there is that\r
+withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty.\r
+\r
+11:25 The liberal soul shall be made fat: and he that watereth shall\r
+be watered also himself.\r
+\r
+11:26 He that withholdeth corn, the people shall curse him: but\r
+blessing shall be upon the head of him that selleth it.\r
+\r
+11:27 He that diligently seeketh good procureth favour: but he that\r
+seeketh mischief, it shall come unto him.\r
+\r
+11:28 He that trusteth in his riches shall fall; but the righteous\r
+shall flourish as a branch.\r
+\r
+11:29 He that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind: and the\r
+fool shall be servant to the wise of heart.\r
+\r
+11:30 The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life; and he that\r
+winneth souls is wise.\r
+\r
+11:31 Behold, the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth: much\r
+more the wicked and the sinner.\r
+\r
+12:1 Whoso loveth instruction loveth knowledge: but he that hateth\r
+reproof is brutish.\r
+\r
+12:2 A good man obtaineth favour of the LORD: but a man of wicked\r
+devices will he condemn.\r
+\r
+12:3 A man shall not be established by wickedness: but the root of the\r
+righteous shall not be moved.\r
+\r
+12:4 A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband: but she that maketh\r
+ashamed is as rottenness in his bones.\r
+\r
+12:5 The thoughts of the righteous are right: but the counsels of the\r
+wicked are deceit.\r
+\r
+12:6 The words of the wicked are to lie in wait for blood: but the\r
+mouth of the upright shall deliver them.\r
+\r
+12:7 The wicked are overthrown, and are not: but the house of the\r
+righteous shall stand.\r
+\r
+12:8 A man shall be commended according to his wisdom: but he that is\r
+of a perverse heart shall be despised.\r
+\r
+12:9 He that is despised, and hath a servant, is better than he that\r
+honoureth himself, and lacketh bread.\r
+\r
+12:10 A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast: but the tender\r
+mercies of the wicked are cruel.\r
+\r
+12:11 He that tilleth his land shall be satisfied with bread: but he\r
+that followeth vain persons is void of understanding.\r
+\r
+12:12 The wicked desireth the net of evil men: but the root of the\r
+righteous yieldeth fruit.\r
+\r
+12:13 The wicked is snared by the transgression of his lips: but the\r
+just shall come out of trouble.\r
+\r
+12:14 A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth:\r
+and the recompence of a man's hands shall be rendered unto him.\r
+\r
+12:15 The way of a fool is right in his own eyes: but he that\r
+hearkeneth unto counsel is wise.\r
+\r
+12:16 A fool's wrath is presently known: but a prudent man covereth\r
+shame.\r
+\r
+12:17 He that speaketh truth sheweth forth righteousness: but a false\r
+witness deceit.\r
+\r
+12:18 There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword: but the\r
+tongue of the wise is health.\r
+\r
+12:19 The lip of truth shall be established for ever: but a lying\r
+tongue is but for a moment.\r
+\r
+12:20 Deceit is in the heart of them that imagine evil: but to the\r
+counsellors of peace is joy.\r
+\r
+12:21 There shall no evil happen to the just: but the wicked shall be\r
+filled with mischief.\r
+\r
+12:22 Lying lips are abomination to the LORD: but they that deal truly\r
+are his delight.\r
+\r
+12:23 A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of fools\r
+proclaimeth foolishness.\r
+\r
+12:24 The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall\r
+be under tribute.\r
+\r
+12:25 Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop: but a good word\r
+maketh it glad.\r
+\r
+12:26 The righteous is more excellent than his neighbour: but the way\r
+of the wicked seduceth them.\r
+\r
+12:27 The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting: but\r
+the substance of a diligent man is precious.\r
+\r
+12:28 In the way of righteousness is life: and in the pathway thereof\r
+there is no death.\r
+\r
+13:1 A wise son heareth his father's instruction: but a scorner\r
+heareth not rebuke.\r
+\r
+13:2 A man shall eat good by the fruit of his mouth: but the soul of\r
+the transgressors shall eat violence.\r
+\r
+13:3 He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth\r
+wide his lips shall have destruction.\r
+\r
+13:4 The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul\r
+of the diligent shall be made fat.\r
+\r
+13:5 A righteous man hateth lying: but a wicked man is loathsome, and\r
+cometh to shame.\r
+\r
+13:6 Righteousness keepeth him that is upright in the way: but\r
+wickedness overthroweth the sinner.\r
+\r
+13:7 There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing: there is\r
+that maketh himself poor, yet hath great riches.\r
+\r
+13:8 The ransom of a man's life are his riches: but the poor heareth\r
+not rebuke.\r
+\r
+13:9 The light of the righteous rejoiceth: but the lamp of the wicked\r
+shall be put out.\r
+\r
+13:10 Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is\r
+wisdom.\r
+\r
+13:11 Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that\r
+gathereth by labour shall increase.\r
+\r
+13:12 Hope deferred maketh the heart sick: but when the desire cometh,\r
+it is a tree of life.\r
+\r
+13:13 Whoso despiseth the word shall be destroyed: but he that feareth\r
+the commandment shall be rewarded.\r
+\r
+13:14 The law of the wise is a fountain of life, to depart from the\r
+snares of death.\r
+\r
+13:15 Good understanding giveth favour: but the way of transgressors\r
+is hard.\r
+\r
+13:16 Every prudent man dealeth with knowledge: but a fool layeth open\r
+his folly.\r
+\r
+13:17 A wicked messenger falleth into mischief: but a faithful\r
+ambassador is health.\r
+\r
+13:18 Poverty and shame shall be to him that refuseth instruction: but\r
+he that regardeth reproof shall be honoured.\r
+\r
+13:19 The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is\r
+abomination to fools to depart from evil.\r
+\r
+13:20 He that walketh with wise men shall be wise: but a companion of\r
+fools shall be destroyed.\r
+\r
+13:21 Evil pursueth sinners: but to the righteous good shall be\r
+repayed.\r
+\r
+13:22 A good man leaveth an inheritance to his children's children:\r
+and the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just.\r
+\r
+13:23 Much food is in the tillage of the poor: but there is that is\r
+destroyed for want of judgment.\r
+\r
+13:24 He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him\r
+chasteneth him betimes.\r
+\r
+13:25 The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul: but the\r
+belly of the wicked shall want.\r
+\r
+14:1 Every wise woman buildeth her house: but the foolish plucketh it\r
+down with her hands.\r
+\r
+14:2 He that walketh in his uprightness feareth the LORD: but he that\r
+is perverse in his ways despiseth him.\r
+\r
+14:3 In the mouth of the foolish is a rod of pride: but the lips of\r
+the wise shall preserve them.\r
+\r
+14:4 Where no oxen are, the crib is clean: but much increase is by the\r
+strength of the ox.\r
+\r
+14:5 A faithful witness will not lie: but a false witness will utter\r
+lies.\r
+\r
+14:6 A scorner seeketh wisdom, and findeth it not: but knowledge is\r
+easy unto him that understandeth.\r
+\r
+14:7 Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not\r
+in him the lips of knowledge.\r
+\r
+14:8 The wisdom of the prudent is to understand his way: but the folly\r
+of fools is deceit.\r
+\r
+14:9 Fools make a mock at sin: but among the righteous there is\r
+favour.\r
+\r
+14:10 The heart knoweth his own bitterness; and a stranger doth not\r
+intermeddle with his joy.\r
+\r
+14:11 The house of the wicked shall be overthrown: but the tabernacle\r
+of the upright shall flourish.\r
+\r
+14:12 There is a way which seemeth right unto a man, but the end\r
+thereof are the ways of death.\r
+\r
+14:13 Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful; and the end of that\r
+mirth is heaviness.\r
+\r
+14:14 The backslider in heart shall be filled with his own ways: and a\r
+good man shall be satisfied from himself.\r
+\r
+14:15 The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh\r
+well to his going.\r
+\r
+14:16 A wise man feareth, and departeth from evil: but the fool\r
+rageth, and is confident.\r
+\r
+14:17 He that is soon angry dealeth foolishly: and a man of wicked\r
+devices is hated.\r
+\r
+14:18 The simple inherit folly: but the prudent are crowned with\r
+knowledge.\r
+\r
+14:19 The evil bow before the good; and the wicked at the gates of the\r
+righteous.\r
+\r
+14:20 The poor is hated even of his own neighbour: but the rich hath\r
+many friends.\r
+\r
+14:21 He that despiseth his neighbour sinneth: but he that hath mercy\r
+on the poor, happy is he.\r
+\r
+14:22 Do they not err that devise evil? but mercy and truth shall be\r
+to them that devise good.\r
+\r
+14:23 In all labour there is profit: but the talk of the lips tendeth\r
+only to penury.\r
+\r
+14:24 The crown of the wise is their riches: but the foolishness of\r
+fools is folly.\r
+\r
+14:25 A true witness delivereth souls: but a deceitful witness\r
+speaketh lies.\r
+\r
+14:26 In the fear of the LORD is strong confidence: and his children\r
+shall have a place of refuge.\r
+\r
+14:27 The fear of the LORD is a fountain of life, to depart from the\r
+snares of death.\r
+\r
+14:28 In the multitude of people is the king's honour: but in the want\r
+of people is the destruction of the prince.\r
+\r
+14:29 He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding: but he that\r
+is hasty of spirit exalteth folly.\r
+\r
+14:30 A sound heart is the life of the flesh: but envy the rottenness\r
+of the bones.\r
+\r
+14:31 He that oppresseth the poor reproacheth his Maker: but he that\r
+honoureth him hath mercy on the poor.\r
+\r
+14:32 The wicked is driven away in his wickedness: but the righteous\r
+hath hope in his death.\r
+\r
+14:33 Wisdom resteth in the heart of him that hath understanding: but\r
+that which is in the midst of fools is made known.\r
+\r
+14:34 Righteousness exalteth a nation: but sin is a reproach to any\r
+people.\r
+\r
+14:35 The king's favour is toward a wise servant: but his wrath is\r
+against him that causeth shame.\r
+\r
+15:1 A soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up\r
+anger.\r
+\r
+15:2 The tongue of the wise useth knowledge aright: but the mouth of\r
+fools poureth out foolishness.\r
+\r
+15:3 The eyes of the LORD are in every place, beholding the evil and\r
+the good.\r
+\r
+15:4 A wholesome tongue is a tree of life: but perverseness therein is\r
+a breach in the spirit.\r
+\r
+15:5 A fool despiseth his father's instruction: but he that regardeth\r
+reproof is prudent.\r
+\r
+15:6 In the house of the righteous is much treasure: but in the\r
+revenues of the wicked is trouble.\r
+\r
+15:7 The lips of the wise disperse knowledge: but the heart of the\r
+foolish doeth not so.\r
+\r
+15:8 The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the LORD: but\r
+the prayer of the upright is his delight.\r
+\r
+15:9 The way of the wicked is an abomination unto the LORD: but he\r
+loveth him that followeth after righteousness.\r
+\r
+15:10 Correction is grievous unto him that forsaketh the way: and he\r
+that hateth reproof shall die.\r
+\r
+15:11 Hell and destruction are before the LORD: how much more then the\r
+hearts of the children of men? 15:12 A scorner loveth not one that\r
+reproveth him: neither will he go unto the wise.\r
+\r
+15:13 A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow of\r
+the heart the spirit is broken.\r
+\r
+15:14 The heart of him that hath understanding seeketh knowledge: but\r
+the mouth of fools feedeth on foolishness.\r
+\r
+15:15 All the days of the afflicted are evil: but he that is of a\r
+merry heart hath a continual feast.\r
+\r
+15:16 Better is little with the fear of the LORD than great treasure\r
+and trouble therewith.\r
+\r
+15:17 Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and\r
+hatred therewith.\r
+\r
+15:18 A wrathful man stirreth up strife: but he that is slow to anger\r
+appeaseth strife.\r
+\r
+15:19 The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the\r
+way of the righteous is made plain.\r
+\r
+15:20 A wise son maketh a glad father: but a foolish man despiseth his\r
+mother.\r
+\r
+15:21 Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wisdom: but a man of\r
+understanding walketh uprightly.\r
+\r
+15:22 Without counsel purposes are disappointed: but in the multitude\r
+of counsellors they are established.\r
+\r
+15:23 A man hath joy by the answer of his mouth: and a word spoken in\r
+due season, how good is it! 15:24 The way of life is above to the\r
+wise, that he may depart from hell beneath.\r
+\r
+15:25 The LORD will destroy the house of the proud: but he will\r
+establish the border of the widow.\r
+\r
+15:26 The thoughts of the wicked are an abomination to the LORD: but\r
+the words of the pure are pleasant words.\r
+\r
+15:27 He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house; but he that\r
+hateth gifts shall live.\r
+\r
+15:28 The heart of the righteous studieth to answer: but the mouth of\r
+the wicked poureth out evil things.\r
+\r
+15:29 The LORD is far from the wicked: but he heareth the prayer of\r
+the righteous.\r
+\r
+15:30 The light of the eyes rejoiceth the heart: and a good report\r
+maketh the bones fat.\r
+\r
+15:31 The ear that heareth the reproof of life abideth among the wise.\r
+\r
+15:32 He that refuseth instruction despiseth his own soul: but he that\r
+heareth reproof getteth understanding.\r
+\r
+15:33 The fear of the LORD is the instruction of wisdom; and before\r
+honour is humility.\r
+\r
+16:1 The preparations of the heart in man, and the answer of the\r
+tongue, is from the LORD.\r
+\r
+16:2 All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes; but the LORD\r
+weigheth the spirits.\r
+\r
+16:3 Commit thy works unto the LORD, and thy thoughts shall be\r
+established.\r
+\r
+16:4 The LORD hath made all things for himself: yea, even the wicked\r
+for the day of evil.\r
+\r
+16:5 Every one that is proud in heart is an abomination to the LORD:\r
+though hand join in hand, he shall not be unpunished.\r
+\r
+16:6 By mercy and truth iniquity is purged: and by the fear of the\r
+LORD men depart from evil.\r
+\r
+16:7 When a man's ways please the LORD, he maketh even his enemies to\r
+be at peace with him.\r
+\r
+16:8 Better is a little with righteousness than great revenues without\r
+right.\r
+\r
+16:9 A man's heart deviseth his way: but the LORD directeth his steps.\r
+\r
+16:10 A divine sentence is in the lips of the king: his mouth\r
+transgresseth not in judgment.\r
+\r
+16:11 A just weight and balance are the LORD's: all the weights of the\r
+bag are his work.\r
+\r
+16:12 It is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness: for the\r
+throne is established by righteousness.\r
+\r
+16:13 Righteous lips are the delight of kings; and they love him that\r
+speaketh right.\r
+\r
+16:14 The wrath of a king is as messengers of death: but a wise man\r
+will pacify it.\r
+\r
+16:15 In the light of the king's countenance is life; and his favour\r
+is as a cloud of the latter rain.\r
+\r
+16:16 How much better is it to get wisdom than gold! and to get\r
+understanding rather to be chosen than silver! 16:17 The highway of\r
+the upright is to depart from evil: he that keepeth his way preserveth\r
+his soul.\r
+\r
+16:18 Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a\r
+fall.\r
+\r
+16:19 Better it is to be of an humble spirit with the lowly, than to\r
+divide the spoil with the proud.\r
+\r
+16:20 He that handleth a matter wisely shall find good: and whoso\r
+trusteth in the LORD, happy is he.\r
+\r
+16:21 The wise in heart shall be called prudent: and the sweetness of\r
+the lips increaseth learning.\r
+\r
+16:22 Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it: but\r
+the instruction of fools is folly.\r
+\r
+16:23 The heart of the wise teacheth his mouth, and addeth learning to\r
+his lips.\r
+\r
+16:24 Pleasant words are as an honeycomb, sweet to the soul, and\r
+health to the bones.\r
+\r
+16:25 There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end\r
+thereof are the ways of death.\r
+\r
+16:26 He that laboureth laboureth for himself; for his mouth craveth\r
+it of him.\r
+\r
+16:27 An ungodly man diggeth up evil: and in his lips there is as a\r
+burning fire.\r
+\r
+16:28 A froward man soweth strife: and a whisperer separateth chief\r
+friends.\r
+\r
+16:29 A violent man enticeth his neighbour, and leadeth him into the\r
+way that is not good.\r
+\r
+16:30 He shutteth his eyes to devise froward things: moving his lips\r
+he bringeth evil to pass.\r
+\r
+16:31 The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+16:32 He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he that\r
+ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city.\r
+\r
+16:33 The lot is cast into the lap; but the whole disposing thereof is\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:1 Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith, than an house\r
+full of sacrifices with strife.\r
+\r
+17:2 A wise servant shall have rule over a son that causeth shame, and\r
+shall have part of the inheritance among the brethren.\r
+\r
+17:3 The fining pot is for silver, and the furnace for gold: but the\r
+LORD trieth the hearts.\r
+\r
+17:4 A wicked doer giveth heed to false lips; and a liar giveth ear to\r
+a naughty tongue.\r
+\r
+17:5 Whoso mocketh the poor reproacheth his Maker: and he that is glad\r
+at calamities shall not be unpunished.\r
+\r
+17:6 Children's children are the crown of old men; and the glory of\r
+children are their fathers.\r
+\r
+17:7 Excellent speech becometh not a fool: much less do lying lips a\r
+prince.\r
+\r
+17:8 A gift is as a precious stone in the eyes of him that hath it:\r
+whithersoever it turneth, it prospereth.\r
+\r
+17:9 He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that\r
+repeateth a matter separateth very friends.\r
+\r
+17:10 A reproof entereth more into a wise man than an hundred stripes\r
+into a fool.\r
+\r
+17:11 An evil man seeketh only rebellion: therefore a cruel messenger\r
+shall be sent against him.\r
+\r
+17:12 Let a bear robbed of her whelps meet a man, rather than a fool\r
+in his folly.\r
+\r
+17:13 Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from his\r
+house.\r
+\r
+17:14 The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water:\r
+therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with.\r
+\r
+17:15 He that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the just,\r
+even they both are abomination to the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:16 Wherefore is there a price in the hand of a fool to get wisdom,\r
+seeing he hath no heart to it? 17:17 A friend loveth at all times,\r
+and a brother is born for adversity.\r
+\r
+17:18 A man void of understanding striketh hands, and becometh surety\r
+in the presence of his friend.\r
+\r
+17:19 He loveth transgression that loveth strife: and he that exalteth\r
+his gate seeketh destruction.\r
+\r
+17:20 He that hath a froward heart findeth no good: and he that hath a\r
+perverse tongue falleth into mischief.\r
+\r
+17:21 He that begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow: and the father\r
+of a fool hath no joy.\r
+\r
+17:22 A merry heart doeth good like a medicine: but a broken spirit\r
+drieth the bones.\r
+\r
+17:23 A wicked man taketh a gift out of the bosom to pervert the ways\r
+of judgment.\r
+\r
+17:24 Wisdom is before him that hath understanding; but the eyes of a\r
+fool are in the ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+17:25 A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to her\r
+that bare him.\r
+\r
+17:26 Also to punish the just is not good, nor to strike princes for\r
+equity.\r
+\r
+17:27 He that hath knowledge spareth his words: and a man of\r
+understanding is of an excellent spirit.\r
+\r
+17:28 Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise: and he\r
+that shutteth his lips is esteemed a man of understanding.\r
+\r
+18:1 Through desire a man, having separated himself, seeketh and\r
+intermeddleth with all wisdom.\r
+\r
+18:2 A fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may\r
+discover itself.\r
+\r
+18:3 When the wicked cometh, then cometh also contempt, and with\r
+ignominy reproach.\r
+\r
+18:4 The words of a man's mouth are as deep waters, and the wellspring\r
+of wisdom as a flowing brook.\r
+\r
+18:5 It is not good to accept the person of the wicked, to overthrow\r
+the righteous in judgment.\r
+\r
+18:6 A fool's lips enter into contention, and his mouth calleth for\r
+strokes.\r
+\r
+18:7 A fool's mouth is his destruction, and his lips are the snare of\r
+his soul.\r
+\r
+18:8 The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into\r
+the innermost parts of the belly.\r
+\r
+18:9 He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a\r
+great waster.\r
+\r
+18:10 The name of the LORD is a strong tower: the righteous runneth\r
+into it, and is safe.\r
+\r
+18:11 The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as an high wall in\r
+his own conceit.\r
+\r
+18:12 Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before\r
+honour is humility.\r
+\r
+18:13 He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and\r
+shame unto him.\r
+\r
+18:14 The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded\r
+spirit who can bear? 18:15 The heart of the prudent getteth\r
+knowledge; and the ear of the wise seeketh knowledge.\r
+\r
+18:16 A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great\r
+men.\r
+\r
+18:17 He that is first in his own cause seemeth just; but his\r
+neighbour cometh and searcheth him.\r
+\r
+18:18 The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the\r
+mighty.\r
+\r
+18:19 A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city: and\r
+their contentions are like the bars of a castle.\r
+\r
+18:20 A man's belly shall be satisfied with the fruit of his mouth;\r
+and with the increase of his lips shall he be filled.\r
+\r
+18:21 Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that\r
+love it shall eat the fruit thereof.\r
+\r
+18:22 Whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing, and obtaineth favour\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+18:23 The poor useth intreaties; but the rich answereth roughly.\r
+\r
+18:24 A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly: and there is\r
+a friend that sticketh closer than a brother.\r
+\r
+19:1 Better is the poor that walketh in his integrity, than he that is\r
+perverse in his lips, and is a fool.\r
+\r
+19:2 Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he\r
+that hasteth with his feet sinneth.\r
+\r
+19:3 The foolishness of man perverteth his way: and his heart fretteth\r
+against the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:4 Wealth maketh many friends; but the poor is separated from his\r
+neighbour.\r
+\r
+19:5 A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh\r
+lies shall not escape.\r
+\r
+19:6 Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a\r
+friend to him that giveth gifts.\r
+\r
+19:7 All the brethren of the poor do hate him: how much more do his\r
+friends go far from him? he pursueth them with words, yet they are\r
+wanting to him.\r
+\r
+19:8 He that getteth wisdom loveth his own soul: he that keepeth\r
+understanding shall find good.\r
+\r
+19:9 A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh\r
+lies shall perish.\r
+\r
+19:10 Delight is not seemly for a fool; much less for a servant to\r
+have rule over princes.\r
+\r
+19:11 The discretion of a man deferreth his anger; and it is his glory\r
+to pass over a transgression.\r
+\r
+19:12 The king's wrath is as the roaring of a lion; but his favour is\r
+as dew upon the grass.\r
+\r
+19:13 A foolish son is the calamity of his father: and the contentions\r
+of a wife are a continual dropping.\r
+\r
+19:14 House and riches are the inheritance of fathers: and a prudent\r
+wife is from the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:15 Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep; and an idle soul shall\r
+suffer hunger.\r
+\r
+19:16 He that keepeth the commandment keepeth his own soul; but he\r
+that despiseth his ways shall die.\r
+\r
+19:17 He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto the LORD; and that\r
+which he hath given will he pay him again.\r
+\r
+19:18 Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare\r
+for his crying.\r
+\r
+19:19 A man of great wrath shall suffer punishment: for if thou\r
+deliver him, yet thou must do it again.\r
+\r
+19:20 Hear counsel, and receive instruction, that thou mayest be wise\r
+in thy latter end.\r
+\r
+19:21 There are many devices in a man's heart; nevertheless the\r
+counsel of the LORD, that shall stand.\r
+\r
+19:22 The desire of a man is his kindness: and a poor man is better\r
+than a liar.\r
+\r
+19:23 The fear of the LORD tendeth to life: and he that hath it shall\r
+abide satisfied; he shall not be visited with evil.\r
+\r
+19:24 A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, and will not so\r
+much as bring it to his mouth again.\r
+\r
+19:25 Smite a scorner, and the simple will beware: and reprove one\r
+that hath understanding, and he will understand knowledge.\r
+\r
+19:26 He that wasteth his father, and chaseth away his mother, is a\r
+son that causeth shame, and bringeth reproach.\r
+\r
+19:27 Cease, my son, to hear the instruction that causeth to err from\r
+the words of knowledge.\r
+\r
+19:28 An ungodly witness scorneth judgment: and the mouth of the\r
+wicked devoureth iniquity.\r
+\r
+19:29 Judgments are prepared for scorners, and stripes for the back of\r
+fools.\r
+\r
+20:1 Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging: and whosoever is\r
+deceived thereby is not wise.\r
+\r
+20:2 The fear of a king is as the roaring of a lion: whoso provoketh\r
+him to anger sinneth against his own soul.\r
+\r
+20:3 It is an honour for a man to cease from strife: but every fool\r
+will be meddling.\r
+\r
+20:4 The sluggard will not plow by reason of the cold; therefore shall\r
+he beg in harvest, and have nothing.\r
+\r
+20:5 Counsel in the heart of man is like deep water; but a man of\r
+understanding will draw it out.\r
+\r
+20:6 Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness: but a faithful\r
+man who can find? 20:7 The just man walketh in his integrity: his\r
+children are blessed after him.\r
+\r
+20:8 A king that sitteth in the throne of judgment scattereth away all\r
+evil with his eyes.\r
+\r
+20:9 Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure from my sin?\r
+20:10 Divers weights, and divers measures, both of them are alike\r
+abomination to the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:11 Even a child is known by his doings, whether his work be pure,\r
+and whether it be right.\r
+\r
+20:12 The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, the LORD hath made even\r
+both of them.\r
+\r
+20:13 Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty; open thine eyes, and\r
+thou shalt be satisfied with bread.\r
+\r
+20:14 It is naught, it is naught, saith the buyer: but when he is gone\r
+his way, then he boasteth.\r
+\r
+20:15 There is gold, and a multitude of rubies: but the lips of\r
+knowledge are a precious jewel.\r
+\r
+20:16 Take his garment that is surety for a stranger: and take a\r
+pledge of him for a strange woman.\r
+\r
+20:17 Bread of deceit is sweet to a man; but afterwards his mouth\r
+shall be filled with gravel.\r
+\r
+20:18 Every purpose is established by counsel: and with good advice\r
+make war.\r
+\r
+20:19 He that goeth about as a talebearer revealeth secrets: therefore\r
+meddle not with him that flattereth with his lips.\r
+\r
+20:20 Whoso curseth his father or his mother, his lamp shall be put\r
+out in obscure darkness.\r
+\r
+20:21 An inheritance may be gotten hastily at the beginning; but the\r
+end thereof shall not be blessed.\r
+\r
+20:22 Say not thou, I will recompense evil; but wait on the LORD, and\r
+he shall save thee.\r
+\r
+20:23 Divers weights are an abomination unto the LORD; and a false\r
+balance is not good.\r
+\r
+20:24 Man's goings are of the LORD; how can a man then understand his\r
+own way? 20:25 It is a snare to the man who devoureth that which is\r
+holy, and after vows to make enquiry.\r
+\r
+20:26 A wise king scattereth the wicked, and bringeth the wheel over\r
+them.\r
+\r
+20:27 The spirit of man is the candle of the LORD, searching all the\r
+inward parts of the belly.\r
+\r
+20:28 Mercy and truth preserve the king: and his throne is upholden by\r
+mercy.\r
+\r
+20:29 The glory of young men is their strength: and the beauty of old\r
+men is the grey head.\r
+\r
+20:30 The blueness of a wound cleanseth away evil: so do stripes the\r
+inward parts of the belly.\r
+\r
+21:1 The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of\r
+water: he turneth it whithersoever he will.\r
+\r
+21:2 Every way of a man is right in his own eyes: but the LORD\r
+pondereth the hearts.\r
+\r
+21:3 To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than\r
+sacrifice.\r
+\r
+21:4 An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked,\r
+is sin.\r
+\r
+21:5 The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of\r
+every one that is hasty only to want.\r
+\r
+21:6 The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to\r
+and fro of them that seek death.\r
+\r
+21:7 The robbery of the wicked shall destroy them; because they refuse\r
+to do judgment.\r
+\r
+21:8 The way of man is froward and strange: but as for the pure, his\r
+work is right.\r
+\r
+21:9 It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a\r
+brawling woman in a wide house.\r
+\r
+21:10 The soul of the wicked desireth evil: his neighbour findeth no\r
+favour in his eyes.\r
+\r
+21:11 When the scorner is punished, the simple is made wise: and when\r
+the wise is instructed, he receiveth knowledge.\r
+\r
+21:12 The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked:\r
+but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness.\r
+\r
+21:13 Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall\r
+cry himself, but shall not be heard.\r
+\r
+21:14 A gift in secret pacifieth anger: and a reward in the bosom\r
+strong wrath.\r
+\r
+21:15 It is joy to the just to do judgment: but destruction shall be\r
+to the workers of iniquity.\r
+\r
+21:16 The man that wandereth out of the way of understanding shall\r
+remain in the congregation of the dead.\r
+\r
+21:17 He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine\r
+and oil shall not be rich.\r
+\r
+21:18 The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous, and the\r
+transgressor for the upright.\r
+\r
+21:19 It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious\r
+and an angry woman.\r
+\r
+21:20 There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the\r
+wise; but a foolish man spendeth it up.\r
+\r
+21:21 He that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life,\r
+righteousness, and honour.\r
+\r
+21:22 A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty, and casteth down the\r
+strength of the confidence thereof.\r
+\r
+21:23 Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from\r
+troubles.\r
+\r
+21:24 Proud and haughty scorner is his name, who dealeth in proud\r
+wrath.\r
+\r
+21:25 The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his hands refuse to\r
+labour.\r
+\r
+21:26 He coveteth greedily all the day long: but the righteous giveth\r
+and spareth not.\r
+\r
+21:27 The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination: how much more, when\r
+he bringeth it with a wicked mind? 21:28 A false witness shall\r
+perish: but the man that heareth speaketh constantly.\r
+\r
+21:29 A wicked man hardeneth his face: but as for the upright, he\r
+directeth his way.\r
+\r
+21:30 There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+21:31 The horse is prepared against the day of battle: but safety is\r
+of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:1 A GOOD name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving\r
+favour rather than silver and gold.\r
+\r
+22:2 The rich and poor meet together: the LORD is the maker of them\r
+all.\r
+\r
+22:3 A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself: but the\r
+simple pass on, and are punished.\r
+\r
+22:4 By humility and the fear of the LORD are riches, and honour, and\r
+life.\r
+\r
+22:5 Thorns and snares are in the way of the froward: he that doth\r
+keep his soul shall be far from them.\r
+\r
+22:6 Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he\r
+will not depart from it.\r
+\r
+22:7 The rich ruleth over the poor, and the borrower is servant to the\r
+lender.\r
+\r
+22:8 He that soweth iniquity shall reap vanity: and the rod of his\r
+anger shall fail.\r
+\r
+22:9 He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed; for he giveth of\r
+his bread to the poor.\r
+\r
+22:10 Cast out the scorner, and contention shall go out; yea, strife\r
+and reproach shall cease.\r
+\r
+22:11 He that loveth pureness of heart, for the grace of his lips the\r
+king shall be his friend.\r
+\r
+22:12 The eyes of the LORD preserve knowledge, and he overthroweth the\r
+words of the transgressor.\r
+\r
+22:13 The slothful man saith, There is a lion without, I shall be\r
+slain in the streets.\r
+\r
+22:14 The mouth of strange women is a deep pit: he that is abhorred of\r
+the LORD shall fall therein.\r
+\r
+22:15 Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of\r
+correction shall drive it far from him.\r
+\r
+22:16 He that oppresseth the poor to increase his riches, and he that\r
+giveth to the rich, shall surely come to want.\r
+\r
+22:17 Bow down thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply\r
+thine heart unto my knowledge.\r
+\r
+22:18 For it is a pleasant thing if thou keep them within thee; they\r
+shall withal be fitted in thy lips.\r
+\r
+22:19 That thy trust may be in the LORD, I have made known to thee\r
+this day, even to thee.\r
+\r
+22:20 Have not I written to thee excellent things in counsels and\r
+knowledge, 22:21 That I might make thee know the certainty of the\r
+words of truth; that thou mightest answer the words of truth to them\r
+that send unto thee? 22:22 Rob not the poor, because he is poor:\r
+neither oppress the afflicted in the gate: 22:23 For the LORD will\r
+plead their cause, and spoil the soul of those that spoiled them.\r
+\r
+22:24 Make no friendship with an angry man; and with a furious man\r
+thou shalt not go: 22:25 Lest thou learn his ways, and get a snare to\r
+thy soul.\r
+\r
+22:26 Be not thou one of them that strike hands, or of them that are\r
+sureties for debts.\r
+\r
+22:27 If thou hast nothing to pay, why should he take away thy bed\r
+from under thee? 22:28 Remove not the ancient landmark, which thy\r
+fathers have set.\r
+\r
+22:29 Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before\r
+kings; he shall not stand before mean men.\r
+\r
+23:1 When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what\r
+is before thee: 23:2 And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man\r
+given to appetite.\r
+\r
+23:3 Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat.\r
+\r
+23:4 Labour not to be rich: cease from thine own wisdom.\r
+\r
+23:5 Wilt thou set thine eyes upon that which is not? for riches\r
+certainly make themselves wings; they fly away as an eagle toward\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+23:6 Eat thou not the bread of him that hath an evil eye, neither\r
+desire thou his dainty meats: 23:7 For as he thinketh in his heart, so\r
+is he: Eat and drink, saith he to thee; but his heart is not with\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+23:8 The morsel which thou hast eaten shalt thou vomit up, and lose\r
+thy sweet words.\r
+\r
+23:9 Speak not in the ears of a fool: for he will despise the wisdom\r
+of thy words.\r
+\r
+23:10 Remove not the old landmark; and enter not into the fields of\r
+the fatherless: 23:11 For their redeemer is mighty; he shall plead\r
+their cause with thee.\r
+\r
+23:12 Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears to the words\r
+of knowledge.\r
+\r
+23:13 Withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him\r
+with the rod, he shall not die.\r
+\r
+23:14 Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul\r
+from hell.\r
+\r
+23:15 My son, if thine heart be wise, my heart shall rejoice, even\r
+mine.\r
+\r
+23:16 Yea, my reins shall rejoice, when thy lips speak right things.\r
+\r
+23:17 Let not thine heart envy sinners: but be thou in the fear of the\r
+LORD all the day long.\r
+\r
+23:18 For surely there is an end; and thine expectation shall not be\r
+cut off.\r
+\r
+23:19 Hear thou, my son, and be wise, and guide thine heart in the\r
+way.\r
+\r
+23:20 Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh: 23:21\r
+For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty: and drowsiness\r
+shall clothe a man with rags.\r
+\r
+23:22 Hearken unto thy father that begat thee, and despise not thy\r
+mother when she is old.\r
+\r
+23:23 Buy the truth, and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction,\r
+and understanding.\r
+\r
+23:24 The father of the righteous shall greatly rejoice: and he that\r
+begetteth a wise child shall have joy of him.\r
+\r
+23:25 Thy father and thy mother shall be glad, and she that bare thee\r
+shall rejoice.\r
+\r
+23:26 My son, give me thine heart, and let thine eyes observe my ways.\r
+\r
+23:27 For a whore is a deep ditch; and a strange woman is a narrow\r
+pit.\r
+\r
+23:28 She also lieth in wait as for a prey, and increaseth the\r
+transgressors among men.\r
+\r
+23:29 Who hath woe? who hath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath\r
+babbling? who hath wounds without cause? who hath redness of eyes?\r
+23:30 They that tarry long at the wine; they that go to seek mixed\r
+wine.\r
+\r
+23:31 Look not thou upon the wine when it is red, when it giveth his\r
+colour in the cup, when it moveth itself aright.\r
+\r
+23:32 At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an\r
+adder.\r
+\r
+23:33 Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall\r
+utter perverse things.\r
+\r
+23:34 Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the\r
+sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast.\r
+\r
+23:35 They have stricken me, shalt thou say, and I was not sick; they\r
+have beaten me, and I felt it not: when shall I awake? I will seek it\r
+yet again.\r
+\r
+24:1 Be not thou envious against evil men, neither desire to be with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+24:2 For their heart studieth destruction, and their lips talk of\r
+mischief.\r
+\r
+24:3 Through wisdom is an house builded; and by understanding it is\r
+established: 24:4 And by knowledge shall the chambers be filled with\r
+all precious and pleasant riches.\r
+\r
+24:5 A wise man is strong; yea, a man of knowledge increaseth\r
+strength.\r
+\r
+24:6 For by wise counsel thou shalt make thy war: and in multitude of\r
+counsellors there is safety.\r
+\r
+24:7 Wisdom is too high for a fool: he openeth not his mouth in the\r
+gate.\r
+\r
+24:8 He that deviseth to do evil shall be called a mischievous person.\r
+\r
+24:9 The thought of foolishness is sin: and the scorner is an\r
+abomination to men.\r
+\r
+24:10 If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.\r
+\r
+24:11 If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and\r
+those that are ready to be slain; 24:12 If thou sayest, Behold, we\r
+knew it not; doth not he that pondereth the heart consider it? and he\r
+that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? and shall not he render to\r
+every man according to his works? 24:13 My son, eat thou honey,\r
+because it is good; and the honeycomb, which is sweet to thy taste:\r
+24:14 So shall the knowledge of wisdom be unto thy soul: when thou\r
+hast found it, then there shall be a reward, and thy expectation shall\r
+not be cut off.\r
+\r
+24:15 Lay not wait, O wicked man, against the dwelling of the\r
+righteous; spoil not his resting place: 24:16 For a just man falleth\r
+seven times, and riseth up again: but the wicked shall fall into\r
+mischief.\r
+\r
+24:17 Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be\r
+glad when he stumbleth: 24:18 Lest the LORD see it, and it displease\r
+him, and he turn away his wrath from him.\r
+\r
+24:19 Fret not thyself because of evil men, neither be thou envious at\r
+the wicked: 24:20 For there shall be no reward to the evil man; the\r
+candle of the wicked shall be put out.\r
+\r
+24:21 My son, fear thou the LORD and the king: and meddle not with\r
+them that are given to change: 24:22 For their calamity shall rise\r
+suddenly; and who knoweth the ruin of them both? 24:23 These things\r
+also belong to the wise. It is not good to have respect of persons in\r
+judgment.\r
+\r
+24:24 He that saith unto the wicked, Thou are righteous; him shall the\r
+people curse, nations shall abhor him: 24:25 But to them that rebuke\r
+him shall be delight, and a good blessing shall come upon them.\r
+\r
+24:26 Every man shall kiss his lips that giveth a right answer.\r
+\r
+24:27 Prepare thy work without, and make it fit for thyself in the\r
+field; and afterwards build thine house.\r
+\r
+24:28 Be not a witness against thy neighbour without cause; and\r
+deceive not with thy lips.\r
+\r
+24:29 Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me: I will\r
+render to the man according to his work.\r
+\r
+24:30 I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of the\r
+man void of understanding; 24:31 And, lo, it was all grown over with\r
+thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone wall\r
+thereof was broken down.\r
+\r
+24:32 Then I saw, and considered it well: I looked upon it, and\r
+received instruction.\r
+\r
+24:33 Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the\r
+hands to sleep: 24:34 So shall thy poverty come as one that\r
+travelleth; and thy want as an armed man.\r
+\r
+25:1 These are also proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah\r
+king of Judah copied out.\r
+\r
+25:2 It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of\r
+kings is to search out a matter.\r
+\r
+25:3 The heaven for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of\r
+kings is unsearchable.\r
+\r
+25:4 Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come forth a\r
+vessel for the finer.\r
+\r
+25:5 Take away the wicked from before the king, and his throne shall\r
+be established in righteousness.\r
+\r
+25:6 Put not forth thyself in the presence of the king, and stand not\r
+in the place of great men: 25:7 For better it is that it be said unto\r
+thee, Come up hither; than that thou shouldest be put lower in the\r
+presence of the prince whom thine eyes have seen.\r
+\r
+25:8 Go not forth hastily to strive, lest thou know not what to do in\r
+the end thereof, when thy neighbour hath put thee to shame.\r
+\r
+25:9 Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself; and discover not a\r
+secret to another: 25:10 Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame,\r
+and thine infamy turn not away.\r
+\r
+25:11 A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of\r
+silver.\r
+\r
+25:12 As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a\r
+wise reprover upon an obedient ear.\r
+\r
+25:13 As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful\r
+messenger to them that send him: for he refresheth the soul of his\r
+masters.\r
+\r
+25:14 Whoso boasteth himself of a false gift is like clouds and wind\r
+without rain.\r
+\r
+25:15 By long forbearing is a prince persuaded, and a soft tongue\r
+breaketh the bone.\r
+\r
+25:16 Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee,\r
+lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it.\r
+\r
+25:17 Withdraw thy foot from thy neighbour's house; lest he be weary\r
+of thee, and so hate thee.\r
+\r
+25:18 A man that beareth false witness against his neighbour is a\r
+maul, and a sword, and a sharp arrow.\r
+\r
+25:19 Confidence in an unfaithful man in time of trouble is like a\r
+broken tooth, and a foot out of joint.\r
+\r
+25:20 As he that taketh away a garment in cold weather, and as vinegar\r
+upon nitre, so is he that singeth songs to an heavy heart.\r
+\r
+25:21 If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be\r
+thirsty, give him water to drink: 25:22 For thou shalt heap coals of\r
+fire upon his head, and the LORD shall reward thee.\r
+\r
+25:23 The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry countenance a\r
+backbiting tongue.\r
+\r
+25:24 It is better to dwell in the corner of the housetop, than with a\r
+brawling woman and in a wide house.\r
+\r
+25:25 As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far\r
+country.\r
+\r
+25:26 A righteous man falling down before the wicked is as a troubled\r
+fountain, and a corrupt spring.\r
+\r
+25:27 It is not good to eat much honey: so for men to search their own\r
+glory is not glory.\r
+\r
+25:28 He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is\r
+broken down, and without walls.\r
+\r
+26:1 As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest, so honour is not\r
+seemly for a fool.\r
+\r
+26:2 As the bird by wandering, as the swallow by flying, so the curse\r
+causeless shall not come.\r
+\r
+26:3 A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass, and a rod for the\r
+fool's back.\r
+\r
+26:4 Answer not a fool according to his folly, lest thou also be like\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+26:5 Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own\r
+conceit.\r
+\r
+26:6 He that sendeth a message by the hand of a fool cutteth off the\r
+feet, and drinketh damage.\r
+\r
+26:7 The legs of the lame are not equal: so is a parable in the mouth\r
+of fools.\r
+\r
+26:8 As he that bindeth a stone in a sling, so is he that giveth\r
+honour to a fool.\r
+\r
+26:9 As a thorn goeth up into the hand of a drunkard, so is a parable\r
+in the mouths of fools.\r
+\r
+26:10 The great God that formed all things both rewardeth the fool,\r
+and rewardeth transgressors.\r
+\r
+26:11 As a dog returneth to his vomit, so a fool returneth to his\r
+folly.\r
+\r
+26:12 Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit? there is more hope of\r
+a fool than of him.\r
+\r
+26:13 The slothful man saith, There is a lion in the way; a lion is in\r
+the streets.\r
+\r
+26:14 As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon\r
+his bed.\r
+\r
+26:15 The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom; it grieveth him to\r
+bring it again to his mouth.\r
+\r
+26:16 The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can\r
+render a reason.\r
+\r
+26:17 He that passeth by, and meddleth with strife belonging not to\r
+him, is like one that taketh a dog by the ears.\r
+\r
+26:18 As a mad man who casteth firebrands, arrows, and death, 26:19 So\r
+is the man that deceiveth his neighbour, and saith, Am not I in sport?\r
+26:20 Where no wood is, there the fire goeth out: so where there is no\r
+talebearer, the strife ceaseth.\r
+\r
+26:21 As coals are to burning coals, and wood to fire; so is a\r
+contentious man to kindle strife.\r
+\r
+26:22 The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into\r
+the innermost parts of the belly.\r
+\r
+26:23 Burning lips and a wicked heart are like a potsherd covered with\r
+silver dross.\r
+\r
+26:24 He that hateth dissembleth with his lips, and layeth up deceit\r
+within him; 26:25 When he speaketh fair, believe him not: for there\r
+are seven abominations in his heart.\r
+\r
+26:26 Whose hatred is covered by deceit, his wickedness shall be\r
+shewed before the whole congregation.\r
+\r
+26:27 Whoso diggeth a pit shall fall therein: and he that rolleth a\r
+stone, it will return upon him.\r
+\r
+26:28 A lying tongue hateth those that are afflicted by it; and a\r
+flattering mouth worketh ruin.\r
+\r
+27:1 Boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day\r
+may bring forth.\r
+\r
+27:2 Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth; a stranger,\r
+and not thine own lips.\r
+\r
+27:3 A stone is heavy, and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is\r
+heavier than them both.\r
+\r
+27:4 Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to stand\r
+before envy? 27:5 Open rebuke is better than secret love.\r
+\r
+27:6 Faithful are the wounds of a friend; but the kisses of an enemy\r
+are deceitful.\r
+\r
+27:7 The full soul loatheth an honeycomb; but to the hungry soul every\r
+bitter thing is sweet.\r
+\r
+27:8 As a bird that wandereth from her nest, so is a man that\r
+wandereth from his place.\r
+\r
+27:9 Ointment and perfume rejoice the heart: so doth the sweetness of\r
+a man's friend by hearty counsel.\r
+\r
+27:10 Thine own friend, and thy father's friend, forsake not; neither\r
+go into thy brother's house in the day of thy calamity: for better is\r
+a neighbour that is near than a brother far off.\r
+\r
+27:11 My son, be wise, and make my heart glad, that I may answer him\r
+that reproacheth me.\r
+\r
+27:12 A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself; but the\r
+simple pass on, and are punished.\r
+\r
+27:13 Take his garment that is surety for a stranger, and take a\r
+pledge of him for a strange woman.\r
+\r
+27:14 He that blesseth his friend with a loud voice, rising early in\r
+the morning, it shall be counted a curse to him.\r
+\r
+27:15 A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a contentious woman\r
+are alike.\r
+\r
+27:16 Whosoever hideth her hideth the wind, and the ointment of his\r
+right hand, which bewrayeth itself.\r
+\r
+27:17 Iron sharpeneth iron; so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his\r
+friend.\r
+\r
+27:18 Whoso keepeth the fig tree shall eat the fruit thereof: so he\r
+that waiteth on his master shall be honoured.\r
+\r
+27:19 As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man.\r
+\r
+27:20 Hell and destruction are never full; so the eyes of man are\r
+never satisfied.\r
+\r
+27:21 As the fining pot for silver, and the furnace for gold; so is a\r
+man to his praise.\r
+\r
+27:22 Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a\r
+pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him.\r
+\r
+27:23 Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well\r
+to thy herds.\r
+\r
+27:24 For riches are not for ever: and doth the crown endure to every\r
+generation? 27:25 The hay appeareth, and the tender grass sheweth\r
+itself, and herbs of the mountains are gathered.\r
+\r
+27:26 The lambs are for thy clothing, and the goats are the price of\r
+the field.\r
+\r
+27:27 And thou shalt have goats' milk enough for thy food, for the\r
+food of thy household, and for the maintenance for thy maidens.\r
+\r
+28:1 The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bold\r
+as a lion.\r
+\r
+28:2 For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof: but\r
+by a man of understanding and knowledge the state thereof shall be\r
+prolonged.\r
+\r
+28:3 A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which\r
+leaveth no food.\r
+\r
+28:4 They that forsake the law praise the wicked: but such as keep the\r
+law contend with them.\r
+\r
+28:5 Evil men understand not judgment: but they that seek the LORD\r
+understand all things.\r
+\r
+28:6 Better is the poor that walketh in his uprightness, than he that\r
+is perverse in his ways, though he be rich.\r
+\r
+28:7 Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son: but he that is a companion\r
+of riotous men shameth his father.\r
+\r
+28:8 He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he\r
+shall gather it for him that will pity the poor.\r
+\r
+28:9 He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, even his\r
+prayer shall be abomination.\r
+\r
+28:10 Whoso causeth the righteous to go astray in an evil way, he\r
+shall fall himself into his own pit: but the upright shall have good\r
+things in possession.\r
+\r
+28:11 The rich man is wise in his own conceit; but the poor that hath\r
+understanding searcheth him out.\r
+\r
+28:12 When righteous men do rejoice, there is great glory: but when\r
+the wicked rise, a man is hidden.\r
+\r
+28:13 He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso\r
+confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy.\r
+\r
+28:14 Happy is the man that feareth alway: but he that hardeneth his\r
+heart shall fall into mischief.\r
+\r
+28:15 As a roaring lion, and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler over\r
+the poor people.\r
+\r
+28:16 The prince that wanteth understanding is also a great oppressor:\r
+but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days.\r
+\r
+28:17 A man that doeth violence to the blood of any person shall flee\r
+to the pit; let no man stay him.\r
+\r
+28:18 Whoso walketh uprightly shall be saved: but he that is perverse\r
+in his ways shall fall at once.\r
+\r
+28:19 He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread: but he that\r
+followeth after vain persons shall have poverty enough.\r
+\r
+28:20 A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that maketh\r
+haste to be rich shall not be innocent.\r
+\r
+28:21 To have respect of persons is not good: for for a piece of bread\r
+that man will transgress.\r
+\r
+28:22 He that hasteth to be rich hath an evil eye, and considereth not\r
+that poverty shall come upon him.\r
+\r
+28:23 He that rebuketh a man afterwards shall find more favour than he\r
+that flattereth with the tongue.\r
+\r
+28:24 Whoso robbeth his father or his mother, and saith, It is no\r
+transgression; the same is the companion of a destroyer.\r
+\r
+28:25 He that is of a proud heart stirreth up strife: but he that\r
+putteth his trust in the LORD shall be made fat.\r
+\r
+28:26 He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool: but whoso walketh\r
+wisely, he shall be delivered.\r
+\r
+28:27 He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack: but he that hideth\r
+his eyes shall have many a curse.\r
+\r
+28:28 When the wicked rise, men hide themselves: but when they perish,\r
+the righteous increase.\r
+\r
+29:1 He, that being often reproved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly\r
+be destroyed, and that without remedy.\r
+\r
+29:2 When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when\r
+the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn.\r
+\r
+29:3 Whoso loveth wisdom rejoiceth his father: but he that keepeth\r
+company with harlots spendeth his substance.\r
+\r
+29:4 The king by judgment establisheth the land: but he that receiveth\r
+gifts overthroweth it.\r
+\r
+29:5 A man that flattereth his neighbour spreadeth a net for his feet.\r
+\r
+29:6 In the transgression of an evil man there is a snare: but the\r
+righteous doth sing and rejoice.\r
+\r
+29:7 The righteous considereth the cause of the poor: but the wicked\r
+regardeth not to know it.\r
+\r
+29:8 Scornful men bring a city into a snare: but wise men turn away\r
+wrath.\r
+\r
+29:9 If a wise man contendeth with a foolish man, whether he rage or\r
+laugh, there is no rest.\r
+\r
+29:10 The bloodthirsty hate the upright: but the just seek his soul.\r
+\r
+29:11 A fool uttereth all his mind: but a wise man keepeth it in till\r
+afterwards.\r
+\r
+29:12 If a ruler hearken to lies, all his servants are wicked.\r
+\r
+29:13 The poor and the deceitful man meet together: the LORD\r
+lighteneth both their eyes.\r
+\r
+29:14 The king that faithfully judgeth the poor, his throne shall be\r
+established for ever.\r
+\r
+29:15 The rod and reproof give wisdom: but a child left to himself\r
+bringeth his mother to shame.\r
+\r
+29:16 When the wicked are multiplied, transgression increaseth: but\r
+the righteous shall see their fall.\r
+\r
+29:17 Correct thy son, and he shall give thee rest; yea, he shall give\r
+delight unto thy soul.\r
+\r
+29:18 Where there is no vision, the people perish: but he that keepeth\r
+the law, happy is he.\r
+\r
+29:19 A servant will not be corrected by words: for though he\r
+understand he will not answer.\r
+\r
+29:20 Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? there is more hope\r
+of a fool than of him.\r
+\r
+29:21 He that delicately bringeth up his servant from a child shall\r
+have him become his son at the length.\r
+\r
+29:22 An angry man stirreth up strife, and a furious man aboundeth in\r
+transgression.\r
+\r
+29:23 A man's pride shall bring him low: but honour shall uphold the\r
+humble in spirit.\r
+\r
+29:24 Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: he heareth\r
+cursing, and bewrayeth it not.\r
+\r
+29:25 The fear of man bringeth a snare: but whoso putteth his trust in\r
+the LORD shall be safe.\r
+\r
+29:26 Many seek the ruler's favour; but every man's judgment cometh\r
+from the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:27 An unjust man is an abomination to the just: and he that is\r
+upright in the way is abomination to the wicked.\r
+\r
+30:1 The words of Agur the son of Jakeh, even the prophecy: the man\r
+spake unto Ithiel, even unto Ithiel and Ucal, 30:2 Surely I am more\r
+brutish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man.\r
+\r
+30:3 I neither learned wisdom, nor have the knowledge of the holy.\r
+\r
+30:4 Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered\r
+the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who\r
+hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what\r
+is his son's name, if thou canst tell? 30:5 Every word of God is\r
+pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him.\r
+\r
+30:6 Add thou not unto his words, lest he reprove thee, and thou be\r
+found a liar.\r
+\r
+30:7 Two things have I required of thee; deny me them not before I\r
+die: 30:8 Remove far from me vanity and lies: give me neither poverty\r
+nor riches; feed me with food convenient for me: 30:9 Lest I be full,\r
+and deny thee, and say, Who is the LORD? or lest I be poor, and steal,\r
+and take the name of my God in vain.\r
+\r
+30:10 Accuse not a servant unto his master, lest he curse thee, and\r
+thou be found guilty.\r
+\r
+30:11 There is a generation that curseth their father, and doth not\r
+bless their mother.\r
+\r
+30:12 There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, and yet\r
+is not washed from their filthiness.\r
+\r
+30:13 There is a generation, O how lofty are their eyes! and their\r
+eyelids are lifted up.\r
+\r
+30:14 There is a generation, whose teeth are as swords, and their jaw\r
+teeth as knives, to devour the poor from off the earth, and the needy\r
+from among men.\r
+\r
+30:15 The horseleach hath two daughters, crying, Give, give. There are\r
+three things that are never satisfied, yea, four things say not, It is\r
+enough: 30:16 The grave; and the barren womb; the earth that is not\r
+filled with water; and the fire that saith not, It is enough.\r
+\r
+30:17 The eye that mocketh at his father, and despiseth to obey his\r
+mother, the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, and the young\r
+eagles shall eat it.\r
+\r
+30:18 There be three things which are too wonderful for me, yea, four\r
+which I know not: 30:19 The way of an eagle in the air; the way of a\r
+serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea; and\r
+the way of a man with a maid.\r
+\r
+30:20 Such is the way of an adulterous woman; she eateth, and wipeth\r
+her mouth, and saith, I have done no wickedness.\r
+\r
+30:21 For three things the earth is disquieted, and for four which it\r
+cannot bear: 30:22 For a servant when he reigneth; and a fool when he\r
+is filled with meat; 30:23 For an odious woman when she is married;\r
+and an handmaid that is heir to her mistress.\r
+\r
+30:24 There be four things which are little upon the earth, but they\r
+are exceeding wise: 30:25 The ants are a people not strong, yet they\r
+prepare their meat in the summer; 30:26 The conies are but a feeble\r
+folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks; 30:27 The locusts have\r
+no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands; 30:28 The spider\r
+taketh hold with her hands, and is in kings' palaces.\r
+\r
+30:29 There be three things which go well, yea, four are comely in\r
+going: 30:30 A lion which is strongest among beasts, and turneth not\r
+away for any; 30:31 A greyhound; an he goat also; and a king, against\r
+whom there is no rising up.\r
+\r
+30:32 If thou hast done foolishly in lifting up thyself, or if thou\r
+hast thought evil, lay thine hand upon thy mouth.\r
+\r
+30:33 Surely the churning of milk bringeth forth butter, and the\r
+wringing of the nose bringeth forth blood: so the forcing of wrath\r
+bringeth forth strife.\r
+\r
+31:1 The words of king Lemuel, the prophecy that his mother taught\r
+him.\r
+\r
+31:2 What, my son? and what, the son of my womb? and what, the son of\r
+my vows? 31:3 Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that\r
+which destroyeth kings.\r
+\r
+31:4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine;\r
+nor for princes strong drink: 31:5 Lest they drink, and forget the\r
+law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.\r
+\r
+31:6 Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto\r
+those that be of heavy hearts.\r
+\r
+31:7 Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no\r
+more.\r
+\r
+31:8 Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are\r
+appointed to destruction.\r
+\r
+31:9 Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the\r
+poor and needy.\r
+\r
+31:10 Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above\r
+rubies.\r
+\r
+31:11 The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her, so that he\r
+shall have no need of spoil.\r
+\r
+31:12 She will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.\r
+\r
+31:13 She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her\r
+hands.\r
+\r
+31:14 She is like the merchants' ships; she bringeth her food from\r
+afar.\r
+\r
+31:15 She riseth also while it is yet night, and giveth meat to her\r
+household, and a portion to her maidens.\r
+\r
+31:16 She considereth a field, and buyeth it: with the fruit of her\r
+hands she planteth a vineyard.\r
+\r
+31:17 She girdeth her loins with strength, and strengtheneth her arms.\r
+\r
+31:18 She perceiveth that her merchandise is good: her candle goeth\r
+not out by night.\r
+\r
+31:19 She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the\r
+distaff.\r
+\r
+31:20 She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth\r
+her hands to the needy.\r
+\r
+31:21 She is not afraid of the snow for her household: for all her\r
+household are clothed with scarlet.\r
+\r
+31:22 She maketh herself coverings of tapestry; her clothing is silk\r
+and purple.\r
+\r
+31:23 Her husband is known in the gates, when he sitteth among the\r
+elders of the land.\r
+\r
+31:24 She maketh fine linen, and selleth it; and delivereth girdles\r
+unto the merchant.\r
+\r
+31:25 Strength and honour are her clothing; and she shall rejoice in\r
+time to come.\r
+\r
+31:26 She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is the law\r
+of kindness.\r
+\r
+31:27 She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not\r
+the bread of idleness.\r
+\r
+31:28 Her children arise up, and call her blessed; her husband also,\r
+and he praiseth her.\r
+\r
+31:29 Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them\r
+all.\r
+\r
+31:30 Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that\r
+feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.\r
+\r
+31:31 Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise\r
+her in the gates.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Ecclesiastes\r
+\r
+or\r
+\r
+The Preacher\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:2 Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is\r
+vanity.\r
+\r
+1:3 What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the\r
+sun? 1:4 One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh:\r
+but the earth abideth for ever.\r
+\r
+1:5 The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his\r
+place where he arose.\r
+\r
+1:6 The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north;\r
+it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according\r
+to his circuits.\r
+\r
+1:7 All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the\r
+place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.\r
+\r
+1:8 All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not\r
+satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.\r
+\r
+1:9 The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that\r
+which is done is that which shall be done: and there is no new thing\r
+under the sun.\r
+\r
+1:10 Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it\r
+hath been already of old time, which was before us.\r
+\r
+1:11 There is no remembrance of former things; neither shall there be\r
+any remembrance of things that are to come with those that shall come\r
+after.\r
+\r
+1:12 I the Preacher was king over Israel in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:13 And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning\r
+all things that are done under heaven: this sore travail hath God\r
+given to the sons of man to be exercised therewith.\r
+\r
+1:14 I have seen all the works that are done under the sun; and,\r
+behold, all is vanity and vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+1:15 That which is crooked cannot be made straight: and that which is\r
+wanting cannot be numbered.\r
+\r
+1:16 I communed with mine own heart, saying, Lo, I am come to great\r
+estate, and have gotten more wisdom than all they that have been\r
+before me in Jerusalem: yea, my heart had great experience of wisdom\r
+and knowledge.\r
+\r
+1:17 And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and\r
+folly: I perceived that this also is vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+1:18 For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth\r
+knowledge increaseth sorrow.\r
+\r
+2:1 I said in mine heart, Go to now, I will prove thee with mirth,\r
+therefore enjoy pleasure: and, behold, this also is vanity.\r
+\r
+2:2 I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it? 2:3 I\r
+sought in mine heart to give myself unto wine, yet acquainting mine\r
+heart with wisdom; and to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was\r
+that good for the sons of men, which they should do under the heaven\r
+all the days of their life.\r
+\r
+2:4 I made me great works; I builded me houses; I planted me\r
+vineyards: 2:5 I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in\r
+them of all kind of fruits: 2:6 I made me pools of water, to water\r
+therewith the wood that bringeth forth trees: 2:7 I got me servants\r
+and maidens, and had servants born in my house; also I had great\r
+possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusalem\r
+before me: 2:8 I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar\r
+treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women\r
+singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments,\r
+and that of all sorts.\r
+\r
+2:9 So I was great, and increased more than all that were before me in\r
+Jerusalem: also my wisdom remained with me.\r
+\r
+2:10 And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld\r
+not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and\r
+this was my portion of all my labour.\r
+\r
+2:11 Then I looked on all the works that my hands had wrought, and on\r
+the labour that I had laboured to do: and, behold, all was vanity and\r
+vexation of spirit, and there was no profit under the sun.\r
+\r
+2:12 And I turned myself to behold wisdom, and madness, and folly: for\r
+what can the man do that cometh after the king? even that which hath\r
+been already done.\r
+\r
+2:13 Then I saw that wisdom excelleth folly, as far as light excelleth\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+2:14 The wise man's eyes are in his head; but the fool walketh in\r
+darkness: and I myself perceived also that one event happeneth to them\r
+all.\r
+\r
+2:15 Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it\r
+happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my\r
+heart, that this also is vanity.\r
+\r
+2:16 For there is no remembrance of the wise more than of the fool for\r
+ever; seeing that which now is in the days to come shall all be\r
+forgotten.\r
+\r
+And how dieth the wise man? as the fool.\r
+\r
+2:17 Therefore I hated life; because the work that is wrought under\r
+the sun is grievous unto me: for all is vanity and vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+2:18 Yea, I hated all my labour which I had taken under the sun:\r
+because I should leave it unto the man that shall be after me.\r
+\r
+2:19 And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet\r
+shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and\r
+wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity.\r
+\r
+2:20 Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the\r
+labour which I took under the sun.\r
+\r
+2:21 For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge,\r
+and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he\r
+leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil.\r
+\r
+2:22 For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his\r
+heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun? 2:23 For all his days\r
+are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in\r
+the night. This is also vanity.\r
+\r
+2:24 There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and\r
+drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This\r
+also I saw, that it was from the hand of God.\r
+\r
+2:25 For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?\r
+2:26 For God giveth to a man that is good in his sight wisdom, and\r
+knowledge, and joy: but to the sinner he giveth travail, to gather and\r
+to heap up, that he may give to him that is good before God. This also\r
+is vanity and vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+3:1 To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose\r
+under the heaven: 3:2 A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to\r
+plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted; 3:3 A time to\r
+kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build\r
+up; 3:4 A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a\r
+time to dance; 3:5 A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather\r
+stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from\r
+embracing; 3:6 A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and\r
+a time to cast away; 3:7 A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to\r
+keep silence, and a time to speak; 3:8 A time to love, and a time to\r
+hate; a time of war, and a time of peace.\r
+\r
+3:9 What profit hath he that worketh in that wherein he laboureth?\r
+3:10 I have seen the travail, which God hath given to the sons of men\r
+to be exercised in it.\r
+\r
+3:11 He hath made every thing beautiful in his time: also he hath set\r
+the world in their heart, so that no man can find out the work that\r
+God maketh from the beginning to the end.\r
+\r
+3:12 I know that there is no good in them, but for a man to rejoice,\r
+and to do good in his life.\r
+\r
+3:13 And also that every man should eat and drink, and enjoy the good\r
+of all his labour, it is the gift of God.\r
+\r
+3:14 I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing\r
+can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that\r
+men should fear before him.\r
+\r
+3:15 That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already\r
+been; and God requireth that which is past.\r
+\r
+3:16 And moreover I saw under the sun the place of judgment, that\r
+wickedness was there; and the place of righteousness, that iniquity\r
+was there.\r
+\r
+3:17 I said in mine heart, God shall judge the righteous and the\r
+wicked: for there is a time there for every purpose and for every\r
+work.\r
+\r
+3:18 I said in mine heart concerning the estate of the sons of men,\r
+that God might manifest them, and that they might see that they\r
+themselves are beasts.\r
+\r
+3:19 For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts; even\r
+one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea,\r
+they have all one breath; so that a man hath no preeminence above a\r
+beast: for all is vanity.\r
+\r
+3:20 All go unto one place; all are of the dust, and all turn to dust\r
+again.\r
+\r
+3:21 Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit\r
+of the beast that goeth downward to the earth? 3:22 Wherefore I\r
+perceive that there is nothing better, than that a man should rejoice\r
+in his own works; for that is his portion: for who shall bring him to\r
+see what shall be after him? 4:1 So I returned, and considered all\r
+the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold the tears of\r
+such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of\r
+their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter.\r
+\r
+4:2 Wherefore I praised the dead which are already dead more than the\r
+living which are yet alive.\r
+\r
+4:3 Yea, better is he than both they, which hath not yet been, who\r
+hath not seen the evil work that is done under the sun.\r
+\r
+4:4 Again, I considered all travail, and every right work, that for\r
+this a man is envied of his neighbour. This is also vanity and\r
+vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+4:5 The fool foldeth his hands together, and eateth his own flesh.\r
+\r
+4:6 Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with\r
+travail and vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+4:7 Then I returned, and I saw vanity under the sun.\r
+\r
+4:8 There is one alone, and there is not a second; yea, he hath\r
+neither child nor brother: yet is there no end of all his labour;\r
+neither is his eye satisfied with riches; neither saith he, For whom\r
+do I labour, and bereave my soul of good? This is also vanity, yea, it\r
+is a sore travail.\r
+\r
+4:9 Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their\r
+labour.\r
+\r
+4:10 For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him\r
+that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up.\r
+\r
+4:11 Again, if two lie together, then they have heat: but how can one\r
+be warm alone? 4:12 And if one prevail against him, two shall\r
+withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken.\r
+\r
+4:13 Better is a poor and a wise child than an old and foolish king,\r
+who will no more be admonished.\r
+\r
+4:14 For out of prison he cometh to reign; whereas also he that is\r
+born in his kingdom becometh poor.\r
+\r
+4:15 I considered all the living which walk under the sun, with the\r
+second child that shall stand up in his stead.\r
+\r
+4:16 There is no end of all the people, even of all that have been\r
+before them: they also that come after shall not rejoice in him.\r
+Surely this also is vanity and vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+5:1 Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of God, and be more\r
+ready to hear, than to give the sacrifice of fools: for they consider\r
+not that they do evil.\r
+\r
+5:2 Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be hasty to\r
+utter any thing before God: for God is in heaven, and thou upon earth:\r
+therefore let thy words be few.\r
+\r
+5:3 For a dream cometh through the multitude of business; and a fool's\r
+voice is known by multitude of words.\r
+\r
+5:4 When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it; for he hath\r
+no pleasure in fools: pay that which thou hast vowed.\r
+\r
+5:5 Better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest\r
+vow and not pay.\r
+\r
+5:6 Suffer not thy mouth to cause thy flesh to sin; neither say thou\r
+before the angel, that it was an error: wherefore should God be angry\r
+at thy voice, and destroy the work of thine hands? 5:7 For in the\r
+multitude of dreams and many words there are also divers vanities: but\r
+fear thou God.\r
+\r
+5:8 If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent perverting\r
+of judgment and justice in a province, marvel not at the matter: for\r
+he that is higher than the highest regardeth; and there be higher than\r
+they.\r
+\r
+5:9 Moreover the profit of the earth is for all: the king himself is\r
+served by the field.\r
+\r
+5:10 He that loveth silver shall not be satisfied with silver; nor he\r
+that loveth abundance with increase: this is also vanity.\r
+\r
+5:11 When goods increase, they are increased that eat them: and what\r
+good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with\r
+their eyes? 5:12 The sleep of a labouring man is sweet, whether he\r
+eat little or much: but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him\r
+to sleep.\r
+\r
+5:13 There is a sore evil which I have seen under the sun, namely,\r
+riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt.\r
+\r
+5:14 But those riches perish by evil travail: and he begetteth a son,\r
+and there is nothing in his hand.\r
+\r
+5:15 As he came forth of his mother's womb, naked shall he return to\r
+go as he came, and shall take nothing of his labour, which he may\r
+carry away in his hand.\r
+\r
+5:16 And this also is a sore evil, that in all points as he came, so\r
+shall he go: and what profit hath he that hath laboured for the wind?\r
+5:17 All his days also he eateth in darkness, and he hath much sorrow\r
+and wrath with his sickness.\r
+\r
+5:18 Behold that which I have seen: it is good and comely for one to\r
+eat and to drink, and to enjoy the good of all his labour that he\r
+taketh under the sun all the days of his life, which God giveth him:\r
+for it is his portion.\r
+\r
+5:19 Every man also to whom God hath given riches and wealth, and hath\r
+given him power to eat thereof, and to take his portion, and to\r
+rejoice in his labour; this is the gift of God.\r
+\r
+5:20 For he shall not much remember the days of his life; because God\r
+answereth him in the joy of his heart.\r
+\r
+6:1 There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, and it is common\r
+among men: 6:2 A man to whom God hath given riches, wealth, and\r
+honour, so that he wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he\r
+desireth, yet God giveth him not power to eat thereof, but a stranger\r
+eateth it: this is vanity, and it is an evil disease.\r
+\r
+6:3 If a man beget an hundred children, and live many years, so that\r
+the days of his years be many, and his soul be not filled with good,\r
+and also that he have no burial; I say, that an untimely birth is\r
+better than he.\r
+\r
+6:4 For he cometh in with vanity, and departeth in darkness, and his\r
+name shall be covered with darkness.\r
+\r
+6:5 Moreover he hath not seen the sun, nor known any thing: this hath\r
+more rest than the other.\r
+\r
+6:6 Yea, though he live a thousand years twice told, yet hath he seen\r
+no good: do not all go to one place? 6:7 All the labour of man is for\r
+his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled.\r
+\r
+6:8 For what hath the wise more than the fool? what hath the poor,\r
+that knoweth to walk before the living? 6:9 Better is the sight of\r
+the eyes than the wandering of the desire: this is also vanity and\r
+vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+6:10 That which hath been is named already, and it is known that it is\r
+man: neither may he contend with him that is mightier than he.\r
+\r
+6:11 Seeing there be many things that increase vanity, what is man the\r
+better? 6:12 For who knoweth what is good for man in this life, all\r
+the days of his vain life which he spendeth as a shadow? for who can\r
+tell a man what shall be after him under the sun? 7:1 A good name is\r
+better than precious ointment; and the day of death than the day of\r
+one's birth.\r
+\r
+7:2 It is better to go to the house of mourning, than to go to the\r
+house of feasting: for that is the end of all men; and the living will\r
+lay it to his heart.\r
+\r
+7:3 Sorrow is better than laughter: for by the sadness of the\r
+countenance the heart is made better.\r
+\r
+7:4 The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart\r
+of fools is in the house of mirth.\r
+\r
+7:5 It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise, than for a man to\r
+hear the song of fools.\r
+\r
+7:6 For as the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of\r
+the fool: this also is vanity.\r
+\r
+7:7 Surely oppression maketh a wise man mad; and a gift destroyeth the\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+7:8 Better is the end of a thing than the beginning thereof: and the\r
+patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit.\r
+\r
+7:9 Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry: for anger resteth in the\r
+bosom of fools.\r
+\r
+7:10 Say not thou, What is the cause that the former days were better\r
+than these? for thou dost not enquire wisely concerning this.\r
+\r
+7:11 Wisdom is good with an inheritance: and by it there is profit to\r
+them that see the sun.\r
+\r
+7:12 For wisdom is a defence, and money is a defence: but the\r
+excellency of knowledge is, that wisdom giveth life to them that have\r
+it.\r
+\r
+7:13 Consider the work of God: for who can make that straight, which\r
+he hath made crooked? 7:14 In the day of prosperity be joyful, but in\r
+the day of adversity consider: God also hath set the one over against\r
+the other, to the end that man should find nothing after him.\r
+\r
+7:15 All things have I seen in the days of my vanity: there is a just\r
+man that perisheth in his righteousness, and there is a wicked man\r
+that prolongeth his life in his wickedness.\r
+\r
+7:16 Be not righteous over much; neither make thyself over wise: why\r
+shouldest thou destroy thyself ? 7:17 Be not over much wicked,\r
+neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time? 7:18\r
+It is good that thou shouldest take hold of this; yea, also from this\r
+withdraw not thine hand: for he that feareth God shall come forth of\r
+them all.\r
+\r
+7:19 Wisdom strengtheneth the wise more than ten mighty men which are\r
+in the city.\r
+\r
+7:20 For there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and\r
+sinneth not.\r
+\r
+7:21 Also take no heed unto all words that are spoken; lest thou hear\r
+thy servant curse thee: 7:22 For oftentimes also thine own heart\r
+knoweth that thou thyself likewise hast cursed others.\r
+\r
+7:23 All this have I proved by wisdom: I said, I will be wise; but it\r
+was far from me.\r
+\r
+7:24 That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out?\r
+7:25 I applied mine heart to know, and to search, and to seek out\r
+wisdom, and the reason of things, and to know the wickedness of folly,\r
+even of foolishness and madness: 7:26 And I find more bitter than\r
+death the woman, whose heart is snares and nets, and her hands as\r
+bands: whoso pleaseth God shall escape from her; but the sinner shall\r
+be taken by her.\r
+\r
+7:27 Behold, this have I found, saith the preacher, counting one by\r
+one, to find out the account: 7:28 Which yet my soul seeketh, but I\r
+find not: one man among a thousand have I found; but a woman among all\r
+those have I not found.\r
+\r
+7:29 Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright; but\r
+they have sought out many inventions.\r
+\r
+8:1 Who is as the wise man? and who knoweth the interpretation of a\r
+thing? a man's wisdom maketh his face to shine, and the boldness of\r
+his face shall be changed.\r
+\r
+8:2 I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment, and that in regard\r
+of the oath of God.\r
+\r
+8:3 Be not hasty to go out of his sight: stand not in an evil thing;\r
+for he doeth whatsoever pleaseth him.\r
+\r
+8:4 Where the word of a king is, there is power: and who may say unto\r
+him, What doest thou? 8:5 Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no\r
+evil thing: and a wise man's heart discerneth both time and judgment.\r
+\r
+8:6 Because to every purpose there is time and judgment, therefore the\r
+misery of man is great upon him.\r
+\r
+8:7 For he knoweth not that which shall be: for who can tell him when\r
+it shall be? 8:8 There is no man that hath power over the spirit to\r
+retain the spirit; neither hath he power in the day of death: and\r
+there is no discharge in that war; neither shall wickedness deliver\r
+those that are given to it.\r
+\r
+8:9 All this have I seen, and applied my heart unto every work that is\r
+done under the sun: there is a time wherein one man ruleth over\r
+another to his own hurt.\r
+\r
+8:10 And so I saw the wicked buried, who had come and gone from the\r
+place of the holy, and they were forgotten in the city where they had\r
+so done: this is also vanity.\r
+\r
+8:11 Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily,\r
+therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+8:12 Though a sinner do evil an hundred times, and his days be\r
+prolonged, yet surely I know that it shall be well with them that fear\r
+God, which fear before him: 8:13 But it shall not be well with the\r
+wicked, neither shall he prolong his days, which are as a shadow;\r
+because he feareth not before God.\r
+\r
+8:14 There is a vanity which is done upon the earth; that there be\r
+just men, unto whom it happeneth according to the work of the wicked;\r
+again, there be wicked men, to whom it happeneth according to the work\r
+of the righteous: I said that this also is vanity.\r
+\r
+8:15 Then I commended mirth, because a man hath no better thing under\r
+the sun, than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry: for that shall\r
+abide with him of his labour the days of his life, which God giveth\r
+him under the sun.\r
+\r
+8:16 When I applied mine heart to know wisdom, and to see the business\r
+that is done upon the earth: (for also there is that neither day nor\r
+night seeth sleep with his eyes:) 8:17 Then I beheld all the work of\r
+God, that a man cannot find out the work that is done under the sun:\r
+because though a man labour to seek it out, yet he shall not find it;\r
+yea farther; though a wise man think to know it, yet shall he not be\r
+able to find it.\r
+\r
+9:1 For all this I considered in my heart even to declare all this,\r
+that the righteous, and the wise, and their works, are in the hand of\r
+God: no man knoweth either love or hatred by all that is before them.\r
+\r
+9:2 All things come alike to all: there is one event to the righteous,\r
+and to the wicked; to the good and to the clean, and to the unclean;\r
+to him that sacrificeth, and to him that sacrificeth not: as is the\r
+good, so is the sinner; and he that sweareth, as he that feareth an\r
+oath.\r
+\r
+9:3 This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that\r
+there is one event unto all: yea, also the heart of the sons of men is\r
+full of evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, and after\r
+that they go to the dead.\r
+\r
+9:4 For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a\r
+living dog is better than a dead lion.\r
+\r
+9:5 For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any\r
+thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is\r
+forgotten.\r
+\r
+9:6 Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now\r
+perished; neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing\r
+that is done under the sun.\r
+\r
+9:7 Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a\r
+merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.\r
+\r
+9:8 Let thy garments be always white; and let thy head lack no\r
+ointment.\r
+\r
+9:9 Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the\r
+life of thy vanity, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the\r
+days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy\r
+labour which thou takest under the sun.\r
+\r
+9:10 Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for\r
+there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave,\r
+whither thou goest.\r
+\r
+9:11 I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the\r
+swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise,\r
+nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of\r
+skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.\r
+\r
+9:12 For man also knoweth not his time: as the fishes that are taken\r
+in an evil net, and as the birds that are caught in the snare; so are\r
+the sons of men snared in an evil time, when it falleth suddenly upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:13 This wisdom have I seen also under the sun, and it seemed great\r
+unto me: 9:14 There was a little city, and few men within it; and\r
+there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great\r
+bulwarks against it: 9:15 Now there was found in it a poor wise man,\r
+and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that\r
+same poor man.\r
+\r
+9:16 Then said I, Wisdom is better than strength: nevertheless the\r
+poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard.\r
+\r
+9:17 The words of wise men are heard in quiet more than the cry of him\r
+that ruleth among fools.\r
+\r
+9:18 Wisdom is better than weapons of war: but one sinner destroyeth\r
+much good.\r
+\r
+10:1 Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a\r
+stinking savour: so doth a little folly him that is in reputation for\r
+wisdom and honour.\r
+\r
+10:2 A wise man's heart is at his right hand; but a fool's heart at\r
+his left.\r
+\r
+10:3 Yea also, when he that is a fool walketh by the way, his wisdom\r
+faileth him, and he saith to every one that he is a fool.\r
+\r
+10:4 If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy\r
+place; for yielding pacifieth great offences.\r
+\r
+10:5 There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, as an error\r
+which proceedeth from the ruler: 10:6 Folly is set in great dignity,\r
+and the rich sit in low place.\r
+\r
+10:7 I have seen servants upon horses, and princes walking as servants\r
+upon the earth.\r
+\r
+10:8 He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh an\r
+hedge, a serpent shall bite him.\r
+\r
+10:9 Whoso removeth stones shall be hurt therewith; and he that\r
+cleaveth wood shall be endangered thereby.\r
+\r
+10:10 If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then must he\r
+put to more strength: but wisdom is profitable to direct.\r
+\r
+10:11 Surely the serpent will bite without enchantment; and a babbler\r
+is no better.\r
+\r
+10:12 The words of a wise man's mouth are gracious; but the lips of a\r
+fool will swallow up himself.\r
+\r
+10:13 The beginning of the words of his mouth is foolishness: and the\r
+end of his talk is mischievous madness.\r
+\r
+10:14 A fool also is full of words: a man cannot tell what shall be;\r
+and what shall be after him, who can tell him? 10:15 The labour of\r
+the foolish wearieth every one of them, because he knoweth not how to\r
+go to the city.\r
+\r
+10:16 Woe to thee, O land, when thy king is a child, and thy princes\r
+eat in the morning! 10:17 Blessed art thou, O land, when thy king is\r
+the son of nobles, and thy princes eat in due season, for strength,\r
+and not for drunkenness! 10:18 By much slothfulness the building\r
+decayeth; and through idleness of the hands the house droppeth\r
+through.\r
+\r
+10:19 A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry: but money\r
+answereth all things.\r
+\r
+10:20 Curse not the king, no not in thy thought; and curse not the\r
+rich in thy bedchamber: for a bird of the air shall carry the voice,\r
+and that which hath wings shall tell the matter.\r
+\r
+11:1 Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many\r
+days.\r
+\r
+11:2 Give a portion to seven, and also to eight; for thou knowest not\r
+what evil shall be upon the earth.\r
+\r
+11:3 If the clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the\r
+earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in\r
+the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be.\r
+\r
+11:4 He that observeth the wind shall not sow; and he that regardeth\r
+the clouds shall not reap.\r
+\r
+11:5 As thou knowest not what is the way of the spirit, nor how the\r
+bones do grow in the womb of her that is with child: even so thou\r
+knowest not the works of God who maketh all.\r
+\r
+11:6 In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not\r
+thine hand: for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or\r
+that, or whether they both shall be alike good.\r
+\r
+11:7 Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes\r
+to behold the sun: 11:8 But if a man live many years, and rejoice in\r
+them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be\r
+many. All that cometh is vanity.\r
+\r
+11:9 Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth; and let thy heart cheer thee\r
+in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in\r
+the sight of thine eyes: but know thou, that for all these things God\r
+will bring thee into judgment.\r
+\r
+11:10 Therefore remove sorrow from thy heart, and put away evil from\r
+thy flesh: for childhood and youth are vanity.\r
+\r
+12:1 Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while the evil\r
+days come not, nor the years draw nigh, when thou shalt say, I have no\r
+pleasure in them; 12:2 While the sun, or the light, or the moon, or\r
+the stars, be not darkened, nor the clouds return after the rain: 12:3\r
+In the day when the keepers of the house shall tremble, and the strong\r
+men shall bow themselves, and the grinders cease because they are few,\r
+and those that look out of the windows be darkened, 12:4 And the doors\r
+shall be shut in the streets, when the sound of the grinding is low,\r
+and he shall rise up at the voice of the bird, and all the daughters\r
+of musick shall be brought low; 12:5 Also when they shall be afraid of\r
+that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree\r
+shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire\r
+shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go\r
+about the streets: 12:6 Or ever the silver cord be loosed, or the\r
+golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher be broken at the fountain, or\r
+the wheel broken at the cistern.\r
+\r
+12:7 Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit\r
+shall return unto God who gave it.\r
+\r
+12:8 Vanity of vanities, saith the preacher; all is vanity.\r
+\r
+12:9 And moreover, because the preacher was wise, he still taught the\r
+people knowledge; yea, he gave good heed, and sought out, and set in\r
+order many proverbs.\r
+\r
+12:10 The preacher sought to find out acceptable words: and that which\r
+was written was upright, even words of truth.\r
+\r
+12:11 The words of the wise are as goads, and as nails fastened by the\r
+masters of assemblies, which are given from one shepherd.\r
+\r
+12:12 And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many\r
+books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh.\r
+\r
+12:13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and\r
+keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.\r
+\r
+12:14 For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret\r
+thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Song of Solomon\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The song of songs, which is Solomon's.\r
+\r
+1:2 Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth: for thy love is\r
+better than wine.\r
+\r
+1:3 Because of the savour of thy good ointments thy name is as\r
+ointment poured forth, therefore do the virgins love thee.\r
+\r
+1:4 Draw me, we will run after thee: the king hath brought me into his\r
+chambers: we will be glad and rejoice in thee, we will remember thy\r
+love more than wine: the upright love thee.\r
+\r
+1:5 I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents\r
+of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon.\r
+\r
+1:6 Look not upon me, because I am black, because the sun hath looked\r
+upon me: my mother's children were angry with me; they made me the\r
+keeper of the vineyards; but mine own vineyard have I not kept.\r
+\r
+1:7 Tell me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where thou feedest, where\r
+thou makest thy flock to rest at noon: for why should I be as one that\r
+turneth aside by the flocks of thy companions? 1:8 If thou know not,\r
+O thou fairest among women, go thy way forth by the footsteps of the\r
+flock, and feed thy kids beside the shepherds' tents.\r
+\r
+1:9 I have compared thee, O my love, to a company of horses in\r
+Pharaoh's chariots.\r
+\r
+1:10 Thy cheeks are comely with rows of jewels, thy neck with chains\r
+of gold.\r
+\r
+1:11 We will make thee borders of gold with studs of silver.\r
+\r
+1:12 While the king sitteth at his table, my spikenard sendeth forth\r
+the smell thereof.\r
+\r
+1:13 A bundle of myrrh is my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all\r
+night betwixt my breasts.\r
+\r
+1:14 My beloved is unto me as a cluster of camphire in the vineyards\r
+of Engedi.\r
+\r
+1:15 Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast\r
+doves' eyes.\r
+\r
+1:16 Behold, thou art fair, my beloved, yea, pleasant: also our bed is\r
+green.\r
+\r
+1:17 The beams of our house are cedar, and our rafters of fir.\r
+\r
+2:1 I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys.\r
+\r
+2:2 As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.\r
+\r
+2:3 As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved\r
+among the sons. I sat down under his shadow with great delight, and\r
+his fruit was sweet to my taste.\r
+\r
+2:4 He brought me to the banqueting house, and his banner over me was\r
+love.\r
+\r
+2:5 Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples: for I am sick of\r
+love.\r
+\r
+2:6 His left hand is under my head, and his right hand doth embrace\r
+me.\r
+\r
+2:7 I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the\r
+hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he\r
+please.\r
+\r
+2:8 The voice of my beloved! behold, he cometh leaping upon the\r
+mountains, skipping upon the hills.\r
+\r
+2:9 My beloved is like a roe or a young hart: behold, he standeth\r
+behind our wall, he looketh forth at the windows, shewing himself\r
+through the lattice.\r
+\r
+2:10 My beloved spake, and said unto me, Rise up, my love, my fair\r
+one, and come away.\r
+\r
+2:11 For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; 2:12 The\r
+flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds is come,\r
+and the voice of the turtle is heard in our land; 2:13 The fig tree\r
+putteth forth her green figs, and the vines with the tender grape give\r
+a good smell. Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away.\r
+\r
+2:14 O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the secret\r
+places of the stairs, let me see thy countenance, let me hear thy\r
+voice; for sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is comely.\r
+\r
+2:15 Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines: for\r
+our vines have tender grapes.\r
+\r
+2:16 My beloved is mine, and I am his: he feedeth among the lilies.\r
+\r
+2:17 Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, turn, my beloved,\r
+and be thou like a roe or a young hart upon the mountains of Bether.\r
+\r
+3:1 By night on my bed I sought him whom my soul loveth: I sought him,\r
+but I found him not.\r
+\r
+3:2 I will rise now, and go about the city in the streets, and in the\r
+broad ways I will seek him whom my soul loveth: I sought him, but I\r
+found him not.\r
+\r
+3:3 The watchmen that go about the city found me: to whom I said, Saw\r
+ye him whom my soul loveth? 3:4 It was but a little that I passed\r
+from them, but I found him whom my soul loveth: I held him, and would\r
+not let him go, until I had brought him into my mother's house, and\r
+into the chamber of her that conceived me.\r
+\r
+3:5 I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and by the\r
+hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, till he\r
+please.\r
+\r
+3:6 Who is this that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of\r
+smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all powders of the\r
+merchant? 3:7 Behold his bed, which is Solomon's; threescore valiant\r
+men are about it, of the valiant of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:8 They all hold swords, being expert in war: every man hath his\r
+sword upon his thigh because of fear in the night.\r
+\r
+3:9 King Solomon made himself a chariot of the wood of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+3:10 He made the pillars thereof of silver, the bottom thereof of\r
+gold, the covering of it of purple, the midst thereof being paved with\r
+love, for the daughters of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+3:11 Go forth, O ye daughters of Zion, and behold king Solomon with\r
+the crown wherewith his mother crowned him in the day of his\r
+espousals, and in the day of the gladness of his heart.\r
+\r
+4:1 Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast\r
+doves' eyes within thy locks: thy hair is as a flock of goats, that\r
+appear from mount Gilead.\r
+\r
+4:2 Thy teeth are like a flock of sheep that are even shorn, which\r
+came up from the washing; whereof every one bear twins, and none is\r
+barren among them.\r
+\r
+4:3 Thy lips are like a thread of scarlet, and thy speech is comely:\r
+thy temples are like a piece of a pomegranate within thy locks.\r
+\r
+4:4 Thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armoury,\r
+whereon there hang a thousand bucklers, all shields of mighty men.\r
+\r
+4:5 Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins, which feed\r
+among the lilies.\r
+\r
+4:6 Until the day break, and the shadows flee away, I will get me to\r
+the mountain of myrrh, and to the hill of frankincense.\r
+\r
+4:7 Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee.\r
+\r
+4:8 Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look\r
+from the top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the\r
+lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards.\r
+\r
+4:9 Thou hast ravished my heart, my sister, my spouse; thou hast\r
+ravished my heart with one of thine eyes, with one chain of thy neck.\r
+\r
+4:10 How fair is thy love, my sister, my spouse! how much better is\r
+thy love than wine! and the smell of thine ointments than all spices!\r
+4:11 Thy lips, O my spouse, drop as the honeycomb: honey and milk are\r
+under thy tongue; and the smell of thy garments is like the smell of\r
+Lebanon.\r
+\r
+4:12 A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse; a spring shut up, a\r
+fountain sealed.\r
+\r
+4:13 Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits;\r
+camphire, with spikenard, 4:14 Spikenard and saffron; calamus and\r
+cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all\r
+the chief spices: 4:15 A fountain of gardens, a well of living waters,\r
+and streams from Lebanon.\r
+\r
+4:16 Awake, O north wind; and come, thou south; blow upon my garden,\r
+that the spices thereof may flow out. Let my beloved come into his\r
+garden, and eat his pleasant fruits.\r
+\r
+5:1 I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my\r
+myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have\r
+drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink\r
+abundantly, O beloved.\r
+\r
+5:2 I sleep, but my heart waketh: it is the voice of my beloved that\r
+knocketh, saying, Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my\r
+undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops\r
+of the night.\r
+\r
+5:3 I have put off my coat; how shall I put it on? I have washed my\r
+feet; how shall I defile them? 5:4 My beloved put in his hand by the\r
+hole of the door, and my bowels were moved for him.\r
+\r
+5:5 I rose up to open to my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh,\r
+and my fingers with sweet smelling myrrh, upon the handles of the\r
+lock.\r
+\r
+5:6 I opened to my beloved; but my beloved had withdrawn himself, and\r
+was gone: my soul failed when he spake: I sought him, but I could not\r
+find him; I called him, but he gave me no answer.\r
+\r
+5:7 The watchmen that went about the city found me, they smote me,\r
+they wounded me; the keepers of the walls took away my veil from me.\r
+\r
+5:8 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, if ye find my beloved,\r
+that ye tell him, that I am sick of love.\r
+\r
+5:9 What is thy beloved more than another beloved, O thou fairest\r
+among women? what is thy beloved more than another beloved, that thou\r
+dost so charge us? 5:10 My beloved is white and ruddy, the chiefest\r
+among ten thousand.\r
+\r
+5:11 His head is as the most fine gold, his locks are bushy, and black\r
+as a raven.\r
+\r
+5:12 His eyes are as the eyes of doves by the rivers of waters, washed\r
+with milk, and fitly set.\r
+\r
+5:13 His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as sweet flowers: his lips\r
+like lilies, dropping sweet smelling myrrh.\r
+\r
+5:14 His hands are as gold rings set with the beryl: his belly is as\r
+bright ivory overlaid with sapphires.\r
+\r
+5:15 His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold:\r
+his countenance is as Lebanon, excellent as the cedars.\r
+\r
+5:16 His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my\r
+beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+6:1 Whither is thy beloved gone, O thou fairest among women? whither\r
+is thy beloved turned aside? that we may seek him with thee.\r
+\r
+6:2 My beloved is gone down into his garden, to the beds of spices, to\r
+feed in the gardens, and to gather lilies.\r
+\r
+6:3 I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine: he feedeth among the\r
+lilies.\r
+\r
+6:4 Thou art beautiful, O my love, as Tirzah, comely as Jerusalem,\r
+terrible as an army with banners.\r
+\r
+6:5 Turn away thine eyes from me, for they have overcome me: thy hair\r
+is as a flock of goats that appear from Gilead.\r
+\r
+6:6 Thy teeth are as a flock of sheep which go up from the washing,\r
+whereof every one beareth twins, and there is not one barren among\r
+them.\r
+\r
+6:7 As a piece of a pomegranate are thy temples within thy locks.\r
+\r
+6:8 There are threescore queens, and fourscore concubines, and virgins\r
+without number.\r
+\r
+6:9 My dove, my undefiled is but one; she is the only one of her\r
+mother, she is the choice one of her that bare her. The daughters saw\r
+her, and blessed her; yea, the queens and the concubines, and they\r
+praised her.\r
+\r
+6:10 Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon,\r
+clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners? 6:11 I went\r
+down into the garden of nuts to see the fruits of the valley, and to\r
+see whether the vine flourished and the pomegranates budded.\r
+\r
+6:12 Or ever I was aware, my soul made me like the chariots of\r
+Amminadib.\r
+\r
+6:13 Return, return, O Shulamite; return, return, that we may look\r
+upon thee. What will ye see in the Shulamite? As it were the company\r
+of two armies.\r
+\r
+7:1 How beautiful are thy feet with shoes, O prince's daughter! the\r
+joints of thy thighs are like jewels, the work of the hands of a\r
+cunning workman.\r
+\r
+7:2 Thy navel is like a round goblet, which wanteth not liquor: thy\r
+belly is like an heap of wheat set about with lilies.\r
+\r
+7:3 Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins.\r
+\r
+7:4 Thy neck is as a tower of ivory; thine eyes like the fishpools in\r
+Heshbon, by the gate of Bathrabbim: thy nose is as the tower of\r
+Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus.\r
+\r
+7:5 Thine head upon thee is like Carmel, and the hair of thine head\r
+like purple; the king is held in the galleries.\r
+\r
+7:6 How fair and how pleasant art thou, O love, for delights! 7:7\r
+This thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters\r
+of grapes.\r
+\r
+7:8 I said, I will go up to the palm tree, I will take hold of the\r
+boughs thereof: now also thy breasts shall be as clusters of the vine,\r
+and the smell of thy nose like apples; 7:9 And the roof of thy mouth\r
+like the best wine for my beloved, that goeth down sweetly, causing\r
+the lips of those that are asleep to speak.\r
+\r
+7:10 I am my beloved's, and his desire is toward me.\r
+\r
+7:11 Come, my beloved, let us go forth into the field; let us lodge in\r
+the villages.\r
+\r
+7:12 Let us get up early to the vineyards; let us see if the vine\r
+flourish, whether the tender grape appear, and the pomegranates bud\r
+forth: there will I give thee my loves.\r
+\r
+7:13 The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of\r
+pleasant fruits, new and old, which I have laid up for thee, O my\r
+beloved.\r
+\r
+8:1 O that thou wert as my brother, that sucked the breasts of my\r
+mother! when I should find thee without, I would kiss thee; yea, I\r
+should not be despised.\r
+\r
+8:2 I would lead thee, and bring thee into my mother's house, who\r
+would instruct me: I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the\r
+juice of my pomegranate.\r
+\r
+8:3 His left hand should be under my head, and his right hand should\r
+embrace me.\r
+\r
+8:4 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, that ye stir not up, nor\r
+awake my love, until he please.\r
+\r
+8:5 Who is this that cometh up from the wilderness, leaning upon her\r
+beloved? I raised thee up under the apple tree: there thy mother\r
+brought thee forth: there she brought thee forth that bare thee.\r
+\r
+8:6 Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for\r
+love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals\r
+thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame.\r
+\r
+8:7 Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it:\r
+if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would\r
+utterly be contemned.\r
+\r
+8:8 We have a little sister, and she hath no breasts: what shall we do\r
+for our sister in the day when she shall be spoken for? 8:9 If she be\r
+a wall, we will build upon her a palace of silver: and if she be a\r
+door, we will inclose her with boards of cedar.\r
+\r
+8:10 I am a wall, and my breasts like towers: then was I in his eyes\r
+as one that found favour.\r
+\r
+8:11 Solomon had a vineyard at Baalhamon; he let out the vineyard unto\r
+keepers; every one for the fruit thereof was to bring a thousand\r
+pieces of silver.\r
+\r
+8:12 My vineyard, which is mine, is before me: thou, O Solomon, must\r
+have a thousand, and those that keep the fruit thereof two hundred.\r
+\r
+8:13 Thou that dwellest in the gardens, the companions hearken to thy\r
+voice: cause me to hear it.\r
+\r
+8:14 Make haste, my beloved, and be thou like to a roe or to a young\r
+hart upon the mountains of spices.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of the Prophet Isaiah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning\r
+Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah,\r
+kings of Judah.\r
+\r
+1:2 Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth: for the LORD hath spoken,\r
+I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled\r
+against me.\r
+\r
+1:3 The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib: but\r
+Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider.\r
+\r
+1:4 Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed of\r
+evildoers, children that are corrupters: they have forsaken the LORD,\r
+they have provoked the Holy One of Israel unto anger, they are gone\r
+away backward.\r
+\r
+1:5 Why should ye be stricken any more? ye will revolt more and more:\r
+the whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint.\r
+\r
+1:6 From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness\r
+in it; but wounds, and bruises, and putrifying sores: they have not\r
+been closed, neither bound up, neither mollified with ointment.\r
+\r
+1:7 Your country is desolate, your cities are burned with fire: your\r
+land, strangers devour it in your presence, and it is desolate, as\r
+overthrown by strangers.\r
+\r
+1:8 And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a\r
+lodge in a garden of cucumbers, as a besieged city.\r
+\r
+1:9 Except the LORD of hosts had left unto us a very small remnant, we\r
+should have been as Sodom, and we should have been like unto Gomorrah.\r
+\r
+1:10 Hear the word of the LORD, ye rulers of Sodom; give ear unto the\r
+law of our God, ye people of Gomorrah.\r
+\r
+1:11 To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me?\r
+saith the LORD: I am full of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat\r
+of fed beasts; and I delight not in the blood of bullocks, or of\r
+lambs, or of he goats.\r
+\r
+1:12 When ye come to appear before me, who hath required this at your\r
+hand, to tread my courts? 1:13 Bring no more vain oblations; incense\r
+is an abomination unto me; the new moons and sabbaths, the calling of\r
+assemblies, I cannot away with; it is iniquity, even the solemn\r
+meeting.\r
+\r
+1:14 Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are\r
+a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them.\r
+\r
+1:15 And when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from\r
+you: yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear: your hands are\r
+full of blood.\r
+\r
+1:16 Wash you, make you clean; put away the evil of your doings from\r
+before mine eyes; cease to do evil; 1:17 Learn to do well; seek\r
+judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the\r
+widow.\r
+\r
+1:18 Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your\r
+sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red\r
+like crimson, they shall be as wool.\r
+\r
+1:19 If ye be willing and obedient, ye shall eat the good of the land:\r
+1:20 But if ye refuse and rebel, ye shall be devoured with the sword:\r
+for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+1:21 How is the faithful city become an harlot! it was full of\r
+judgment; righteousness lodged in it; but now murderers.\r
+\r
+1:22 Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water: 1:23 Thy\r
+princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth\r
+gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless,\r
+neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them.\r
+\r
+1:24 Therefore saith the LORD, the LORD of hosts, the mighty One of\r
+Israel, Ah, I will ease me of mine adversaries, and avenge me of mine\r
+enemies: 1:25 And I will turn my hand upon thee, and purely purge away\r
+thy dross, and take away all thy tin: 1:26 And I will restore thy\r
+judges as at the first, and thy counsellors as at the beginning:\r
+afterward thou shalt be called, The city of righteousness, the\r
+faithful city.\r
+\r
+1:27 Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, and her converts with\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+1:28 And the destruction of the transgressors and of the sinners shall\r
+be together, and they that forsake the LORD shall be consumed.\r
+\r
+1:29 For they shall be ashamed of the oaks which ye have desired, and\r
+ye shall be confounded for the gardens that ye have chosen.\r
+\r
+1:30 For ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that\r
+hath no water.\r
+\r
+1:31 And the strong shall be as tow, and the maker of it as a spark,\r
+and they shall both burn together, and none shall quench them.\r
+\r
+2:1 The word that Isaiah the son of Amoz saw concerning Judah and\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:2 And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of\r
+the LORD's house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and\r
+shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it.\r
+\r
+2:3 And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the\r
+mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will\r
+teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for out of Zion\r
+shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:4 And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many\r
+people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their\r
+spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against\r
+nation, neither shall they learn war any more.\r
+\r
+2:5 O house of Jacob, come ye, and let us walk in the light of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+2:6 Therefore thou hast forsaken thy people the house of Jacob,\r
+because they be replenished from the east, and are soothsayers like\r
+the Philistines, and they please themselves in the children of\r
+strangers.\r
+\r
+2:7 Their land also is full of silver and gold, neither is there any\r
+end of their treasures; their land is also full of horses, neither is\r
+there any end of their chariots: 2:8 Their land also is full of idols;\r
+they worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers\r
+have made: 2:9 And the mean man boweth down, and the great man\r
+humbleth himself: therefore forgive them not.\r
+\r
+2:10 Enter into the rock, and hide thee in the dust, for fear of the\r
+LORD, and for the glory of his majesty.\r
+\r
+2:11 The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, and the haughtiness of\r
+men shall be bowed down, and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that\r
+day.\r
+\r
+2:12 For the day of the LORD of hosts shall be upon every one that is\r
+proud and lofty, and upon every one that is lifted up; and he shall be\r
+brought low: 2:13 And upon all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high\r
+and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan, 2:14 And upon all the\r
+high mountains, and upon all the hills that are lifted up, 2:15 And\r
+upon every high tower, and upon every fenced wall, 2:16 And upon all\r
+the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures.\r
+\r
+2:17 And the loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness\r
+of men shall be made low: and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that\r
+day.\r
+\r
+2:18 And the idols he shall utterly abolish.\r
+\r
+2:19 And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves\r
+of the earth, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty,\r
+when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth.\r
+\r
+2:20 In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols\r
+of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles\r
+and to the bats; 2:21 To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the\r
+tops of the ragged rocks, for fear of the LORD, and for the glory of\r
+his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth.\r
+\r
+2:22 Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils: for wherein\r
+is he to be accounted of ? 3:1 For, behold, the Lord, the LORD of\r
+hosts, doth take away from Jerusalem and from Judah the stay and the\r
+staff, the whole stay of bread, and the whole stay of water.\r
+\r
+3:2 The mighty man, and the man of war, the judge, and the prophet,\r
+and the prudent, and the ancient, 3:3 The captain of fifty, and the\r
+honourable man, and the counsellor, and the cunning artificer, and the\r
+eloquent orator.\r
+\r
+3:4 And I will give children to be their princes, and babes shall rule\r
+over them.\r
+\r
+3:5 And the people shall be oppressed, every one by another, and every\r
+one by his neighbour: the child shall behave himself proudly against\r
+the ancient, and the base against the honourable.\r
+\r
+3:6 When a man shall take hold of his brother of the house of his\r
+father, saying, Thou hast clothing, be thou our ruler, and let this\r
+ruin be under thy hand: 3:7 In that day shall he swear, saying, I will\r
+not be an healer; for in my house is neither bread nor clothing: make\r
+me not a ruler of the people.\r
+\r
+3:8 For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue\r
+and their doings are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+3:9 The shew of their countenance doth witness against them; and they\r
+declare their sin as Sodom, they hide it not. Woe unto their soul! for\r
+they have rewarded evil unto themselves.\r
+\r
+3:10 Say ye to the righteous, that it shall be well with him: for they\r
+shall eat the fruit of their doings.\r
+\r
+3:11 Woe unto the wicked! it shall be ill with him: for the reward of\r
+his hands shall be given him.\r
+\r
+3:12 As for my people, children are their oppressors, and women rule\r
+over them. O my people, they which lead thee cause thee to err, and\r
+destroy the way of thy paths.\r
+\r
+3:13 The LORD standeth up to plead, and standeth to judge the people.\r
+\r
+3:14 The LORD will enter into judgment with the ancients of his\r
+people, and the princes thereof: for ye have eaten up the vineyard;\r
+the spoil of the poor is in your houses.\r
+\r
+3:15 What mean ye that ye beat my people to pieces, and grind the\r
+faces of the poor? saith the Lord GOD of hosts.\r
+\r
+3:16 Moreover the LORD saith, Because the daughters of Zion are\r
+haughty, and walk with stretched forth necks and wanton eyes, walking\r
+and mincing as they go, and making a tinkling with their feet: 3:17\r
+Therefore the LORD will smite with a scab the crown of the head of the\r
+daughters of Zion, and the LORD will discover their secret parts.\r
+\r
+3:18 In that day the Lord will take away the bravery of their tinkling\r
+ornaments about their feet, and their cauls, and their round tires\r
+like the moon, 3:19 The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers,\r
+3:20 The bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs, and the headbands,\r
+and the tablets, and the earrings, 3:21 The rings, and nose jewels,\r
+3:22 The changeable suits of apparel, and the mantles, and the\r
+wimples, and the crisping pins, 3:23 The glasses, and the fine linen,\r
+and the hoods, and the vails.\r
+\r
+3:24 And it shall come to pass, that instead of sweet smell there\r
+shall be stink; and instead of a girdle a rent; and instead of well\r
+set hair baldness; and instead of a stomacher a girding of sackcloth;\r
+and burning instead of beauty.\r
+\r
+3:25 Thy men shall fall by the sword, and thy mighty in the war.\r
+\r
+3:26 And her gates shall lament and mourn; and she being desolate\r
+shall sit upon the ground.\r
+\r
+4:1 And in that day seven women shall take hold of one man, saying, We\r
+will eat our own bread, and wear our own apparel: only let us be\r
+called by thy name, to take away our reproach.\r
+\r
+4:2 In that day shall the branch of the LORD be beautiful and\r
+glorious, and the fruit of the earth shall be excellent and comely for\r
+them that are escaped of Israel.\r
+\r
+4:3 And it shall come to pass, that he that is left in Zion, and he\r
+that remaineth in Jerusalem, shall be called holy, even every one that\r
+is written among the living in Jerusalem: 4:4 When the Lord shall have\r
+washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall have purged\r
+the blood of Jerusalem from the midst thereof by the spirit of\r
+judgment, and by the spirit of burning.\r
+\r
+4:5 And the LORD will create upon every dwelling place of mount Zion,\r
+and upon her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day, and the shining of\r
+a flaming fire by night: for upon all the glory shall be a defence.\r
+\r
+4:6 And there shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the day time from\r
+the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm and\r
+from rain.\r
+\r
+5:1 Now will I sing to my wellbeloved a song of my beloved touching\r
+his vineyard. My wellbeloved hath a vineyard in a very fruitful hill:\r
+5:2 And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof, and planted\r
+it with the choicest vine, and built a tower in the midst of it, and\r
+also made a winepress therein: and he looked that it should bring\r
+forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes.\r
+\r
+5:3 And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, and men of Judah, judge, I\r
+pray you, betwixt me and my vineyard.\r
+\r
+5:4 What could have been done more to my vineyard, that I have not\r
+done in it? wherefore, when I looked that it should bring forth\r
+grapes, brought it forth wild grapes? 5:5 And now go to; I will tell\r
+you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof,\r
+and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it\r
+shall be trodden down: 5:6 And I will lay it waste: it shall not be\r
+pruned, nor digged; but there shall come up briers and thorns: I will\r
+also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it.\r
+\r
+5:7 For the vineyard of the LORD of hosts is the house of Israel, and\r
+the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for judgment, but\r
+behold oppression; for righteousness, but behold a cry.\r
+\r
+5:8 Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay field to field,\r
+till there be no place, that they may be placed alone in the midst of\r
+the earth! 5:9 In mine ears said the LORD of hosts, Of a truth many\r
+houses shall be desolate, even great and fair, without inhabitant.\r
+\r
+5:10 Yea, ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of\r
+an homer shall yield an ephah.\r
+\r
+5:11 Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, that they may\r
+follow strong drink; that continue until night, till wine inflame\r
+them! 5:12 And the harp, and the viol, the tabret, and pipe, and\r
+wine, are in their feasts: but they regard not the work of the LORD,\r
+neither consider the operation of his hands.\r
+\r
+5:13 Therefore my people are gone into captivity, because they have no\r
+knowledge: and their honourable men are famished, and their multitude\r
+dried up with thirst.\r
+\r
+5:14 Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth\r
+without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp,\r
+and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it.\r
+\r
+5:15 And the mean man shall be brought down, and the mighty man shall\r
+be humbled, and the eyes of the lofty shall be humbled: 5:16 But the\r
+LORD of hosts shall be exalted in judgment, and God that is holy shall\r
+be sanctified in righteousness.\r
+\r
+5:17 Then shall the lambs feed after their manner, and the waste\r
+places of the fat ones shall strangers eat.\r
+\r
+5:18 Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as\r
+it were with a cart rope: 5:19 That say, Let him make speed, and\r
+hasten his work, that we may see it: and let the counsel of the Holy\r
+One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know it! 5:20 Woe unto\r
+them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light,\r
+and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for\r
+bitter! 5:21 Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and\r
+prudent in their own sight! 5:22 Woe unto them that are mighty to\r
+drink wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink: 5:23 Which\r
+justify the wicked for reward, and take away the righteousness of the\r
+righteous from him! 5:24 Therefore as the fire devoureth the stubble,\r
+and the flame consumeth the chaff, so their root shall be as\r
+rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust: because they have\r
+cast away the law of the LORD of hosts, and despised the word of the\r
+Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:25 Therefore is the anger of the LORD kindled against his people,\r
+and he hath stretched forth his hand against them, and hath smitten\r
+them: and the hills did tremble, and their carcases were torn in the\r
+midst of the streets.\r
+\r
+For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched\r
+out still.\r
+\r
+5:26 And he will lift up an ensign to the nations from far, and will\r
+hiss unto them from the end of the earth: and, behold, they shall come\r
+with speed swiftly: 5:27 None shall be weary nor stumble among them;\r
+none shall slumber nor sleep; neither shall the girdle of their loins\r
+be loosed, nor the latchet of their shoes be broken: 5:28 Whose arrows\r
+are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be\r
+counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind: 5:29 Their\r
+roaring shall be like a lion, they shall roar like young lions: yea,\r
+they shall roar, and lay hold of the prey, and shall carry it away\r
+safe, and none shall deliver it.\r
+\r
+5:30 And in that day they shall roar against them like the roaring of\r
+the sea: and if one look unto the land, behold darkness and sorrow,\r
+and the light is darkened in the heavens thereof.\r
+\r
+6:1 In the year that king Uzziah died I saw also the LORD sitting upon\r
+a throne, high and lifted up, and his train filled the temple.\r
+\r
+6:2 Above it stood the seraphims: each one had six wings; with twain\r
+he covered his face, and with twain he covered his feet, and with\r
+twain he did fly.\r
+\r
+6:3 And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the\r
+LORD of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory.\r
+\r
+6:4 And the posts of the door moved at the voice of him that cried,\r
+and the house was filled with smoke.\r
+\r
+6:5 Then said I, Woe is me! for I am undone; because I am a man of\r
+unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips:\r
+for mine eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+6:6 Then flew one of the seraphims unto me, having a live coal in his\r
+hand, which he had taken with the tongs from off the altar: 6:7 And he\r
+laid it upon my mouth, and said, Lo, this hath touched thy lips; and\r
+thine iniquity is taken away, and thy sin purged.\r
+\r
+6:8 Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom shall I send, and\r
+who will go for us? Then said I, Here am I; send me.\r
+\r
+6:9 And he said, Go, and tell this people, Hear ye indeed, but\r
+understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not.\r
+\r
+6:10 Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and\r
+shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their\r
+ears, and understand with their heart, and convert, and be healed.\r
+\r
+6:11 Then said I, Lord, how long? And he answered, Until the cities be\r
+wasted without inhabitant, and the houses without man, and the land be\r
+utterly desolate, 6:12 And the LORD have removed men far away, and\r
+there be a great forsaking in the midst of the land.\r
+\r
+6:13 But yet in it shall be a tenth, and it shall return, and shall be\r
+eaten: as a teil tree, and as an oak, whose substance is in them, when\r
+they cast their leaves: so the holy seed shall be the substance\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+7:1 And it came to pass in the days of Ahaz the son of Jotham, the son\r
+of Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the\r
+son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war\r
+against it, but could not prevail against it.\r
+\r
+7:2 And it was told the house of David, saying, Syria is confederate\r
+with Ephraim. And his heart was moved, and the heart of his people, as\r
+the trees of the wood are moved with the wind.\r
+\r
+7:3 Then said the LORD unto Isaiah, Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou,\r
+and Shearjashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool\r
+in the highway of the fuller's field; 7:4 And say unto him, Take heed,\r
+and be quiet; fear not, neither be fainthearted for the two tails of\r
+these smoking firebrands, for the fierce anger of Rezin with Syria,\r
+and of the son of Remaliah.\r
+\r
+7:5 Because Syria, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah, have taken evil\r
+counsel against thee, saying, 7:6 Let us go up against Judah, and vex\r
+it, and let us make a breach therein for us, and set a king in the\r
+midst of it, even the son of Tabeal: 7:7 Thus saith the Lord GOD, It\r
+shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass.\r
+\r
+7:8 For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is\r
+Rezin; and within threescore and five years shall Ephraim be broken,\r
+that it be not a people.\r
+\r
+7:9 And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is\r
+Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be\r
+established.\r
+\r
+7:10 Moreover the LORD spake again unto Ahaz, saying, 7:11 Ask thee a\r
+sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height\r
+above.\r
+\r
+7:12 But Ahaz said, I will not ask, neither will I tempt the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:13 And he said, Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing\r
+for you to weary men, but will ye weary my God also? 7:14 Therefore\r
+the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall\r
+conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.\r
+\r
+7:15 Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the\r
+evil, and choose the good.\r
+\r
+7:16 For before the child shall know to refuse the evil, and choose\r
+the good, the land that thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of both her\r
+kings.\r
+\r
+7:17 The LORD shall bring upon thee, and upon thy people, and upon thy\r
+father's house, days that have not come, from the day that Ephraim\r
+departed from Judah; even the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+7:18 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall hiss\r
+for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and\r
+for the bee that is in the land of Assyria.\r
+\r
+7:19 And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the desolate\r
+valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon\r
+all bushes.\r
+\r
+7:20 In the same day shall the Lord shave with a razor that is hired,\r
+namely, by them beyond the river, by the king of Assyria, the head,\r
+and the hair of the feet: and it shall also consume the beard.\r
+\r
+7:21 And it shall come to pass in that day, that a man shall nourish a\r
+young cow, and two sheep; 7:22 And it shall come to pass, for the\r
+abundance of milk that they shall give he shall eat butter: for butter\r
+and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land.\r
+\r
+7:23 And it shall come to pass in that day, that every place shall be,\r
+where there were a thousand vines at a thousand silverlings, it shall\r
+even be for briers and thorns.\r
+\r
+7:24 With arrows and with bows shall men come thither; because all the\r
+land shall become briers and thorns.\r
+\r
+7:25 And on all hills that shall be digged with the mattock, there\r
+shall not come thither the fear of briers and thorns: but it shall be\r
+for the sending forth of oxen, and for the treading of lesser cattle.\r
+\r
+8:1 Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write\r
+in it with a man's pen concerning Mahershalalhashbaz.\r
+\r
+8:2 And I took unto me faithful witnesses to record, Uriah the priest,\r
+and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah.\r
+\r
+8:3 And I went unto the prophetess; and she conceived, and bare a son.\r
+\r
+Then said the LORD to me, Call his name Mahershalalhashbaz.\r
+\r
+8:4 For before the child shall have knowledge to cry, My father, and\r
+my mother, the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria shall be\r
+taken away before the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+8:5 The LORD spake also unto me again, saying, 8:6 Forasmuch as this\r
+people refuseth the waters of Shiloah that go softly, and rejoice in\r
+Rezin and Remaliah's son; 8:7 Now therefore, behold, the Lord bringeth\r
+up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, even the king\r
+of Assyria, and all his glory: and he shall come up over all his\r
+channels, and go over all his banks: 8:8 And he shall pass through\r
+Judah; he shall overflow and go over, he shall reach even to the neck;\r
+and the stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy\r
+land, O Immanuel.\r
+\r
+8:9 Associate yourselves, O ye people, and ye shall be broken in\r
+pieces; and give ear, all ye of far countries: gird yourselves, and ye\r
+shall be broken in pieces; gird yourselves, and ye shall be broken in\r
+pieces.\r
+\r
+8:10 Take counsel together, and it shall come to nought; speak the\r
+word, and it shall not stand: for God is with us.\r
+\r
+8:11 For the LORD spake thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed\r
+me that I should not walk in the way of this people, saying, 8:12 Say\r
+ye not, A confederacy, to all them to whom this people shall say, A\r
+confederacy; neither fear ye their fear, nor be afraid.\r
+\r
+8:13 Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and\r
+let him be your dread.\r
+\r
+8:14 And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and\r
+for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for\r
+a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+8:15 And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and\r
+be snared, and be taken.\r
+\r
+8:16 Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples.\r
+\r
+8:17 And I will wait upon the LORD, that hideth his face from the\r
+house of Jacob, and I will look for him.\r
+\r
+8:18 Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for\r
+signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth\r
+in mount Zion.\r
+\r
+8:19 And when they shall say unto you, Seek unto them that have\r
+familiar spirits, and unto wizards that peep, and that mutter: should\r
+not a people seek unto their God? for the living to the dead? 8:20 To\r
+the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this\r
+word, it is because there is no light in them.\r
+\r
+8:21 And they shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: and it\r
+shall come to pass, that when they shall be hungry, they shall fret\r
+themselves, and curse their king and their God, and look upward.\r
+\r
+8:22 And they shall look unto the earth; and behold trouble and\r
+darkness, dimness of anguish; and they shall be driven to darkness.\r
+\r
+9:1 Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation,\r
+when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the\r
+land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the\r
+way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations.\r
+\r
+9:2 The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they\r
+that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the\r
+light shined.\r
+\r
+9:3 Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they\r
+joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice\r
+when they divide the spoil.\r
+\r
+9:4 For thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his\r
+shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian.\r
+\r
+9:5 For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and\r
+garments rolled in blood; but this shall be with burning and fuel of\r
+fire.\r
+\r
+9:6 For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the\r
+government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called\r
+Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The\r
+Prince of Peace.\r
+\r
+9:7 Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end,\r
+upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to\r
+establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for\r
+ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this.\r
+\r
+9:8 The Lord sent a word into Jacob, and it hath lighted upon Israel.\r
+\r
+9:9 And all the people shall know, even Ephraim and the inhabitant of\r
+Samaria, that say in the pride and stoutness of heart, 9:10 The bricks\r
+are fallen down, but we will build with hewn stones: the sycomores are\r
+cut down, but we will change them into cedars.\r
+\r
+9:11 Therefore the LORD shall set up the adversaries of Rezin against\r
+him, and join his enemies together; 9:12 The Syrians before, and the\r
+Philistines behind; and they shall devour Israel with open mouth. For\r
+all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out\r
+still.\r
+\r
+9:13 For the people turneth not unto him that smiteth them, neither do\r
+they seek the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+9:14 Therefore the LORD will cut off from Israel head and tail, branch\r
+and rush, in one day.\r
+\r
+9:15 The ancient and honourable, he is the head; and the prophet that\r
+teacheth lies, he is the tail.\r
+\r
+9:16 For the leaders of this people cause them to err; and they that\r
+are led of them are destroyed.\r
+\r
+9:17 Therefore the LORD shall have no joy in their young men, neither\r
+shall have mercy on their fatherless and widows: for every one is an\r
+hypocrite and an evildoer, and every mouth speaketh folly. For all\r
+this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out\r
+still.\r
+\r
+9:18 For wickedness burneth as the fire: it shall devour the briers\r
+and thorns, and shall kindle in the thickets of the forest, and they\r
+shall mount up like the lifting up of smoke.\r
+\r
+9:19 Through the wrath of the LORD of hosts is the land darkened, and\r
+the people shall be as the fuel of the fire: no man shall spare his\r
+brother.\r
+\r
+9:20 And he shall snatch on the right hand, and be hungry; and he\r
+shall eat on the left hand, and they shall not be satisfied: they\r
+shall eat every man the flesh of his own arm: 9:21 Manasseh, Ephraim;\r
+and Ephraim, Manasseh: and they together shall be against Judah. For\r
+all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out\r
+still.\r
+\r
+10:1 Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees, and that write\r
+grievousness which they have prescribed; 10:2 To turn aside the needy\r
+from judgment, and to take away the right from the poor of my people,\r
+that widows may be their prey, and that they may rob the fatherless!\r
+10:3 And what will ye do in the day of visitation, and in the\r
+desolation which shall come from far? to whom will ye flee for help?\r
+and where will ye leave your glory? 10:4 Without me they shall bow\r
+down under the prisoners, and they shall fall under the slain. For all\r
+this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out\r
+still.\r
+\r
+10:5 O Assyrian, the rod of mine anger, and the staff in their hand is\r
+mine indignation.\r
+\r
+10:6 I will send him against an hypocritical nation, and against the\r
+people of my wrath will I give him a charge, to take the spoil, and to\r
+take the prey, and to tread them down like the mire of the streets.\r
+\r
+10:7 Howbeit he meaneth not so, neither doth his heart think so; but\r
+it is in his heart to destroy and cut off nations not a few.\r
+\r
+10:8 For he saith, Are not my princes altogether kings? 10:9 Is not\r
+Calno as Carchemish? is not Hamath as Arpad? is not Samaria as\r
+Damascus? 10:10 As my hand hath found the kingdoms of the idols, and\r
+whose graven images did excel them of Jerusalem and of Samaria; 10:11\r
+Shall I not, as I have done unto Samaria and her idols, so do to\r
+Jerusalem and her idols? 10:12 Wherefore it shall come to pass, that\r
+when the Lord hath performed his whole work upon mount Zion and on\r
+Jerusalem, I will punish the fruit of the stout heart of the king of\r
+Assyria, and the glory of his high looks.\r
+\r
+10:13 For he saith, By the strength of my hand I have done it, and by\r
+my wisdom; for I am prudent: and I have removed the bounds of the\r
+people, and have robbed their treasures, and I have put down the\r
+inhabitants like a valiant man: 10:14 And my hand hath found as a nest\r
+the riches of the people: and as one gathereth eggs that are left,\r
+have I gathered all the earth; and there was none that moved the wing,\r
+or opened the mouth, or peeped.\r
+\r
+10:15 Shall the axe boast itself against him that heweth therewith? or\r
+shall the saw magnify itself against him that shaketh it? as if the\r
+rod should shake itself against them that lift it up, or as if the\r
+staff should lift up itself, as if it were no wood.\r
+\r
+10:16 Therefore shall the Lord, the Lord of hosts, send among his fat\r
+ones leanness; and under his glory he shall kindle a burning like the\r
+burning of a fire.\r
+\r
+10:17 And the light of Israel shall be for a fire, and his Holy One\r
+for a flame: and it shall burn and devour his thorns and his briers in\r
+one day; 10:18 And shall consume the glory of his forest, and of his\r
+fruitful field, both soul and body: and they shall be as when a\r
+standard-bearer fainteth.\r
+\r
+10:19 And the rest of the trees of his forest shall be few, that a\r
+child may write them.\r
+\r
+10:20 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the remnant of\r
+Israel, and such as are escaped of the house of Jacob, shall no more\r
+again stay upon him that smote them; but shall stay upon the LORD, the\r
+Holy One of Israel, in truth.\r
+\r
+10:21 The remnant shall return, even the remnant of Jacob, unto the\r
+mighty God.\r
+\r
+10:22 For though thy people Israel be as the sand of the sea, yet a\r
+remnant of them shall return: the consumption decreed shall overflow\r
+with righteousness.\r
+\r
+10:23 For the Lord GOD of hosts shall make a consumption, even\r
+determined, in the midst of all the land.\r
+\r
+10:24 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, O my people that\r
+dwellest in Zion, be not afraid of the Assyrian: he shall smite thee\r
+with a rod, and shall lift up his staff against thee, after the manner\r
+of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:25 For yet a very little while, and the indignation shall cease,\r
+and mine anger in their destruction.\r
+\r
+10:26 And the LORD of hosts shall stir up a scourge for him according\r
+to the slaughter of Midian at the rock of Oreb: and as his rod was\r
+upon the sea, so shall he lift it up after the manner of Egypt.\r
+\r
+10:27 And it shall come to pass in that day, that his burden shall be\r
+taken away from off thy shoulder, and his yoke from off thy neck, and\r
+the yoke shall be destroyed because of the anointing.\r
+\r
+10:28 He is come to Aiath, he is passed to Migron; at Michmash he hath\r
+laid up his carriages: 10:29 They are gone over the passage: they have\r
+taken up their lodging at Geba; Ramah is afraid; Gibeah of Saul is\r
+fled.\r
+\r
+10:30 Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim: cause it to be heard\r
+unto Laish, O poor Anathoth.\r
+\r
+10:31 Madmenah is removed; the inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves\r
+to flee.\r
+\r
+10:32 As yet shall he remain at Nob that day: he shall shake his hand\r
+against the mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+10:33 Behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, shall lop the bough with\r
+terror: and the high ones of stature shall be hewn down, and the\r
+haughty shall be humbled.\r
+\r
+10:34 And he shall cut down the thickets of the forest with iron, and\r
+Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.\r
+\r
+11:1 And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a\r
+Branch shall grow out of his roots: 11:2 And the spirit of the LORD\r
+shall rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the\r
+spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear\r
+of the LORD; 11:3 And shall make him of quick understanding in the\r
+fear of the LORD: and he shall not judge after the sight of his eyes,\r
+neither reprove after the hearing of his ears: 11:4 But with\r
+righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove with equity for the\r
+meek of the earth: and he shall smite the earth: with the rod of his\r
+mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked.\r
+\r
+11:5 And righteousness shall be the girdle of his loins, and\r
+faithfulness the girdle of his reins.\r
+\r
+11:6 The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall\r
+lie down with the kid; and the calf and the young lion and the fatling\r
+together; and a little child shall lead them.\r
+\r
+11:7 And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie\r
+down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox.\r
+\r
+11:8 And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the\r
+weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den.\r
+\r
+11:9 They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain: for the\r
+earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD, as the waters cover\r
+the sea.\r
+\r
+11:10 And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, which shall\r
+stand for an ensign of the people; to it shall the Gentiles seek: and\r
+his rest shall be glorious.\r
+\r
+11:11 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set\r
+his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people,\r
+which shall be left, from Assyria, and from Egypt, and from Pathros,\r
+and from Cush, and from Elam, and from Shinar, and from Hamath, and\r
+from the islands of the sea.\r
+\r
+11:12 And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall\r
+assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of\r
+Judah from the four corners of the earth.\r
+\r
+11:13 The envy also of Ephraim shall depart, and the adversaries of\r
+Judah shall be cut off: Ephraim shall not envy Judah, and Judah shall\r
+not vex Ephraim.\r
+\r
+11:14 But they shall fly upon the shoulders of the Philistines toward\r
+the west; they shall spoil them of the east together: they shall lay\r
+their hand upon Edom and Moab; and the children of Ammon shall obey\r
+them.\r
+\r
+11:15 And the LORD shall utterly destroy the tongue of the Egyptian\r
+sea; and with his mighty wind shall he shake his hand over the river,\r
+and shall smite it in the seven streams, and make men go over dryshod.\r
+\r
+11:16 And there shall be an highway for the remnant of his people,\r
+which shall be left, from Assyria; like as it was to Israel in the day\r
+that he came up out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:1 And in that day thou shalt say, O LORD, I will praise thee:\r
+though thou wast angry with me, thine anger is turned away, and thou\r
+comfortedst me.\r
+\r
+12:2 Behold, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for\r
+the LORD JEHOVAH is my strength and my song; he also is become my\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+12:3 Therefore with joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+12:4 And in that day shall ye say, Praise the LORD, call upon his\r
+name, declare his doings among the people, make mention that his name\r
+is exalted.\r
+\r
+12:5 Sing unto the LORD; for he hath done excellent things: this is\r
+known in all the earth.\r
+\r
+12:6 Cry out and shout, thou inhabitant of Zion: for great is the Holy\r
+One of Israel in the midst of thee.\r
+\r
+13:1 The burden of Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz did see.\r
+\r
+13:2 Lift ye up a banner upon the high mountain, exalt the voice unto\r
+them, shake the hand, that they may go into the gates of the nobles.\r
+\r
+13:3 I have commanded my sanctified ones, I have also called my mighty\r
+ones for mine anger, even them that rejoice in my highness.\r
+\r
+13:4 The noise of a multitude in the mountains, like as of a great\r
+people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered\r
+together: the LORD of hosts mustereth the host of the battle.\r
+\r
+13:5 They come from a far country, from the end of heaven, even the\r
+LORD, and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.\r
+\r
+13:6 Howl ye; for the day of the LORD is at hand; it shall come as a\r
+destruction from the Almighty.\r
+\r
+13:7 Therefore shall all hands be faint, and every man's heart shall\r
+melt: 13:8 And they shall be afraid: pangs and sorrows shall take hold\r
+of them; they shall be in pain as a woman that travaileth: they shall\r
+be amazed one at another; their faces shall be as flames.\r
+\r
+13:9 Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, cruel both with wrath and\r
+fierce anger, to lay the land desolate: and he shall destroy the\r
+sinners thereof out of it.\r
+\r
+13:10 For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not\r
+give their light: the sun shall be darkened in his going forth, and\r
+the moon shall not cause her light to shine.\r
+\r
+13:11 And I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for\r
+their iniquity; and I will cause the arrogancy of the proud to cease,\r
+and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible.\r
+\r
+13:12 I will make a man more precious than fine gold; even a man than\r
+the golden wedge of Ophir.\r
+\r
+13:13 Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove\r
+out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts, and in the day of\r
+his fierce anger.\r
+\r
+13:14 And it shall be as the chased roe, and as a sheep that no man\r
+taketh up: they shall every man turn to his own people, and flee every\r
+one into his own land.\r
+\r
+13:15 Every one that is found shall be thrust through; and every one\r
+that is joined unto them shall fall by the sword.\r
+\r
+13:16 Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes;\r
+their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished.\r
+\r
+13:17 Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, which shall not\r
+regard silver; and as for gold, they shall not delight in it.\r
+\r
+13:18 Their bows also shall dash the young men to pieces; and they\r
+shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eyes shall not\r
+spare children.\r
+\r
+13:19 And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees'\r
+excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.\r
+\r
+13:20 It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from\r
+generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there;\r
+neither shall the shepherds make their fold there.\r
+\r
+13:21 But wild beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses\r
+shall be full of doleful creatures; and owls shall dwell there, and\r
+satyrs shall dance there.\r
+\r
+13:22 And the wild beasts of the islands shall cry in their desolate\r
+houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces: and her time is near to\r
+come, and her days shall not be prolonged.\r
+\r
+14:1 For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet choose\r
+Israel, and set them in their own land: and the strangers shall be\r
+joined with them, and they shall cleave to the house of Jacob.\r
+\r
+14:2 And the people shall take them, and bring them to their place:\r
+and the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the LORD for\r
+servants and handmaids: and they shall take them captives, whose\r
+captives they were; and they shall rule over their oppressors.\r
+\r
+14:3 And it shall come to pass in the day that the LORD shall give\r
+thee rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard\r
+bondage wherein thou wast made to serve, 14:4 That thou shalt take up\r
+this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the\r
+oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased! 14:5 The LORD hath broken\r
+the staff of the wicked, and the sceptre of the rulers.\r
+\r
+14:6 He who smote the people in wrath with a continual stroke, he that\r
+ruled the nations in anger, is persecuted, and none hindereth.\r
+\r
+14:7 The whole earth is at rest, and is quiet: they break forth into\r
+singing.\r
+\r
+14:8 Yea, the fir trees rejoice at thee, and the cedars of Lebanon,\r
+saying, Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us.\r
+\r
+14:9 Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming:\r
+it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the\r
+earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+14:10 All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become\r
+weak as we? art thou become like unto us? 14:11 Thy pomp is brought\r
+down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread\r
+under thee, and the worms cover thee.\r
+\r
+14:12 How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!\r
+how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations!\r
+14:13 For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I\r
+will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the\r
+mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: 14:14 I will\r
+ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High.\r
+\r
+14:15 Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit.\r
+\r
+14:16 They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider\r
+thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did\r
+shake kingdoms; 14:17 That made the world as a wilderness, and\r
+destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his\r
+prisoners? 14:18 All the kings of the nations, even all of them, lie\r
+in glory, every one in his own house.\r
+\r
+14:19 But thou art cast out of thy grave like an abominable branch,\r
+and as the raiment of those that are slain, thrust through with a\r
+sword, that go down to the stones of the pit; as a carcase trodden\r
+under feet.\r
+\r
+14:20 Thou shalt not be joined with them in burial, because thou hast\r
+destroyed thy land, and slain thy people: the seed of evildoers shall\r
+never be renowned.\r
+\r
+14:21 Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their\r
+fathers; that they do not rise, nor possess the land, nor fill the\r
+face of the world with cities.\r
+\r
+14:22 For I will rise up against them, saith the LORD of hosts, and\r
+cut off from Babylon the name, and remnant, and son, and nephew, saith\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:23 I will also make it a possession for the bittern, and pools of\r
+water: and I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the\r
+LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+14:24 The LORD of hosts hath sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought,\r
+so shall it come to pass; and as I have purposed, so shall it stand:\r
+14:25 That I will break the Assyrian in my land, and upon my mountains\r
+tread him under foot: then shall his yoke depart from off them, and\r
+his burden depart from off their shoulders.\r
+\r
+14:26 This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole earth: and\r
+this is the hand that is stretched out upon all the nations.\r
+\r
+14:27 For the LORD of hosts hath purposed, and who shall disannul it?\r
+and his hand is stretched out, and who shall turn it back? 14:28 In\r
+the year that king Ahaz died was this burden.\r
+\r
+14:29 Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him that\r
+smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come forth a\r
+cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent.\r
+\r
+14:30 And the firstborn of the poor shall feed, and the needy shall\r
+lie down in safety: and I will kill thy root with famine, and he shall\r
+slay thy remnant.\r
+\r
+14:31 Howl, O gate; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissolved:\r
+for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall be alone\r
+in his appointed times.\r
+\r
+14:32 What shall one then answer the messengers of the nation? That\r
+the LORD hath founded Zion, and the poor of his people shall trust in\r
+it.\r
+\r
+15:1 The burden of Moab. Because in the night Ar of Moab is laid\r
+waste, and brought to silence; because in the night Kir of Moab is\r
+laid waste, and brought to silence; 15:2 He is gone up to Bajith, and\r
+to Dibon, the high places, to weep: Moab shall howl over Nebo, and\r
+over Medeba: on all their heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut\r
+off.\r
+\r
+15:3 In their streets they shall gird themselves with sackcloth: on\r
+the tops of their houses, and in their streets, every one shall howl,\r
+weeping abundantly.\r
+\r
+15:4 And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard\r
+even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out;\r
+his life shall be grievous unto him.\r
+\r
+15:5 My heart shall cry out for Moab; his fugitives shall flee unto\r
+Zoar, an heifer of three years old: for by the mounting up of Luhith\r
+with weeping shall they go it up; for in the way of Horonaim they\r
+shall raise up a cry of destruction.\r
+\r
+15:6 For the waters of Nimrim shall be desolate: for the hay is\r
+withered away, the grass faileth, there is no green thing.\r
+\r
+15:7 Therefore the abundance they have gotten, and that which they\r
+have laid up, shall they carry away to the brook of the willows.\r
+\r
+15:8 For the cry is gone round about the borders of Moab; the howling\r
+thereof unto Eglaim, and the howling thereof unto Beerelim.\r
+\r
+15:9 For the waters of Dimon shall be full of blood: for I will bring\r
+more upon Dimon, lions upon him that escapeth of Moab, and upon the\r
+remnant of the land.\r
+\r
+16:1 Send ye the lamb to the ruler of the land from Sela to the\r
+wilderness, unto the mount of the daughter of Zion.\r
+\r
+16:2 For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest,\r
+so the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon.\r
+\r
+16:3 Take counsel, execute judgment; make thy shadow as the night in\r
+the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; bewray not him that\r
+wandereth.\r
+\r
+16:4 Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab; be thou a covert to them\r
+from the face of the spoiler: for the extortioner is at an end, the\r
+spoiler ceaseth, the oppressors are consumed out of the land.\r
+\r
+16:5 And in mercy shall the throne be established: and he shall sit\r
+upon it in truth in the tabernacle of David, judging, and seeking\r
+judgment, and hasting righteousness.\r
+\r
+16:6 We have heard of the pride of Moab; he is very proud: even of his\r
+haughtiness, and his pride, and his wrath: but his lies shall not be\r
+so.\r
+\r
+16:7 Therefore shall Moab howl for Moab, every one shall howl: for the\r
+foundations of Kirhareseth shall ye mourn; surely they are stricken.\r
+\r
+16:8 For the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah: the\r
+lords of the heathen have broken down the principal plants thereof,\r
+they are come even unto Jazer, they wandered through the wilderness:\r
+her branches are stretched out, they are gone over the sea.\r
+\r
+16:9 Therefore I will bewail with the weeping of Jazer the vine of\r
+Sibmah: I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and Elealeh: for\r
+the shouting for thy summer fruits and for thy harvest is fallen.\r
+\r
+16:10 And gladness is taken away, and joy out of the plentiful field;\r
+and in the vineyards there shall be no singing, neither shall there be\r
+shouting: the treaders shall tread out no wine in their presses; I\r
+have made their vintage shouting to cease.\r
+\r
+16:11 Wherefore my bowels shall sound like an harp for Moab, and mine\r
+inward parts for Kirharesh.\r
+\r
+16:12 And it shall come to pass, when it is seen that Moab is weary on\r
+the high place, that he shall come to his sanctuary to pray; but he\r
+shall not prevail.\r
+\r
+16:13 This is the word that the LORD hath spoken concerning Moab since\r
+that time.\r
+\r
+16:14 But now the LORD hath spoken, saying, Within three years, as the\r
+years of an hireling, and the glory of Moab shall be contemned, with\r
+all that great multitude; and the remnant shall be very small and\r
+feeble.\r
+\r
+17:1 The burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being\r
+a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap.\r
+\r
+17:2 The cities of Aroer are forsaken: they shall be for flocks, which\r
+shall lie down, and none shall make them afraid.\r
+\r
+17:3 The fortress also shall cease from Ephraim, and the kingdom from\r
+Damascus, and the remnant of Syria: they shall be as the glory of the\r
+children of Israel, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+17:4 And in that day it shall come to pass, that the glory of Jacob\r
+shall be made thin, and the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean.\r
+\r
+17:5 And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the corn, and\r
+reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth\r
+ears in the valley of Rephaim.\r
+\r
+17:6 Yet gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the shaking of an\r
+olive tree, two or three berries in the top of the uppermost bough,\r
+four or five in the outmost fruitful branches thereof, saith the LORD\r
+God of Israel.\r
+\r
+17:7 At that day shall a man look to his Maker, and his eyes shall\r
+have respect to the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+17:8 And he shall not look to the altars, the work of his hands,\r
+neither shall respect that which his fingers have made, either the\r
+groves, or the images.\r
+\r
+17:9 In that day shall his strong cities be as a forsaken bough, and\r
+an uppermost branch, which they left because of the children of\r
+Israel: and there shall be desolation.\r
+\r
+17:10 Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy salvation, and hast\r
+not been mindful of the rock of thy strength, therefore shalt thou\r
+plant pleasant plants, and shalt set it with strange slips: 17:11 In\r
+the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt\r
+thou make thy seed to flourish: but the harvest shall be a heap in the\r
+day of grief and of desperate sorrow.\r
+\r
+17:12 Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a noise like the\r
+noise of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing\r
+like the rushing of mighty waters! 17:13 The nations shall rush like\r
+the rushing of many waters: but God shall rebuke them, and they shall\r
+flee far off, and shall be chased as the chaff of the mountains before\r
+the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind.\r
+\r
+17:14 And behold at eveningtide trouble; and before the morning he is\r
+not.\r
+\r
+This is the portion of them that spoil us, and the lot of them that\r
+rob us.\r
+\r
+18:1 Woe to the land shadowing with wings, which is beyond the rivers\r
+of Ethiopia: 18:2 That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels\r
+of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a\r
+nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning\r
+hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers\r
+have spoiled! 18:3 All ye inhabitants of the world, and dwellers on\r
+the earth, see ye, when he lifteth up an ensign on the mountains; and\r
+when he bloweth a trumpet, hear ye.\r
+\r
+18:4 For so the LORD said unto me, I will take my rest, and I will\r
+consider in my dwelling place like a clear heat upon herbs, and like a\r
+cloud of dew in the heat of harvest.\r
+\r
+18:5 For afore the harvest, when the bud is perfect, and the sour\r
+grape is ripening in the flower, he shall both cut off the sprigs with\r
+pruning hooks, and take away and cut down the branches.\r
+\r
+18:6 They shall be left together unto the fowls of the mountains, and\r
+to the beasts of the earth: and the fowls shall summer upon them, and\r
+all the beasts of the earth shall winter upon them.\r
+\r
+18:7 In that time shall the present be brought unto the LORD of hosts\r
+of a people scattered and peeled, and from a people terrible from\r
+their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden under foot,\r
+whose land the rivers have spoiled, to the place of the name of the\r
+LORD of hosts, the mount Zion.\r
+\r
+19:1 The burden of Egypt. Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud,\r
+and shall come into Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at\r
+his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it.\r
+\r
+19:2 And I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians: and they\r
+shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his\r
+neighbour; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom.\r
+\r
+19:3 And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst thereof; and I\r
+will destroy the counsel thereof: and they shall seek to the idols,\r
+and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to\r
+the wizards.\r
+\r
+19:4 And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord;\r
+and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, the LORD of\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+19:5 And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be\r
+wasted and dried up.\r
+\r
+19:6 And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of\r
+defence shall be emptied and dried up: the reeds and flags shall\r
+wither.\r
+\r
+19:7 The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and\r
+every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be\r
+no more.\r
+\r
+19:8 The fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into\r
+the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters\r
+shall languish.\r
+\r
+19:9 Moreover they that work in fine flax, and they that weave\r
+networks, shall be confounded.\r
+\r
+19:10 And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make\r
+sluices and ponds for fish.\r
+\r
+19:11 Surely the princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise\r
+counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish: how say ye unto Pharaoh, I\r
+am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings? 19:12 Where are\r
+they? where are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now, and let them\r
+know what the LORD of hosts hath purposed upon Egypt.\r
+\r
+19:13 The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Noph are\r
+deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of\r
+the tribes thereof.\r
+\r
+19:14 The LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof:\r
+and they have caused Egypt to err in every work thereof, as a drunken\r
+man staggereth in his vomit.\r
+\r
+19:15 Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which the head or\r
+tail, branch or rush, may do.\r
+\r
+19:16 In that day shall Egypt be like unto women: and it shall be\r
+afraid and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of\r
+hosts, which he shaketh over it.\r
+\r
+19:17 And the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt, every one\r
+that maketh mention thereof shall be afraid in himself, because of the\r
+counsel of the LORD of hosts, which he hath determined against it.\r
+\r
+19:18 In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the\r
+language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts; one shall be\r
+called, The city of destruction.\r
+\r
+19:19 In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of\r
+the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD.\r
+\r
+19:20 And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of\r
+hosts in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry unto the LORD because\r
+of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one,\r
+and he shall deliver them.\r
+\r
+19:21 And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall\r
+know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea,\r
+they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it.\r
+\r
+19:22 And the LORD shall smite Egypt: he shall smite and heal it: and\r
+they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them,\r
+and shall heal them.\r
+\r
+19:23 In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria,\r
+and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria,\r
+and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians.\r
+\r
+19:24 In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with\r
+Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land: 19:25 Whom the LORD\r
+of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria\r
+the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance.\r
+\r
+20:1 In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king\r
+of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it; 20:2 At\r
+the same time spake the LORD by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go and\r
+loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from thy\r
+foot. And he did so, walking naked and barefoot.\r
+\r
+20:3 And the LORD said, Like as my servant Isaiah hath walked naked\r
+and barefoot three years for a sign and wonder upon Egypt and upon\r
+Ethiopia; 20:4 So shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptians\r
+prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and\r
+barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt.\r
+\r
+20:5 And they shall be afraid and ashamed of Ethiopia their\r
+expectation, and of Egypt their glory.\r
+\r
+20:6 And the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, Behold,\r
+such is our expectation, whither we flee for help to be delivered from\r
+the king of Assyria: and how shall we escape? 21:1 The burden of the\r
+desert of the sea. As whirlwinds in the south pass through; so it\r
+cometh from the desert, from a terrible land.\r
+\r
+21:2 A grievous vision is declared unto me; the treacherous dealer\r
+dealeth treacherously, and the spoiler spoileth. Go up, O Elam:\r
+besiege, O Media; all the sighing thereof have I made to cease.\r
+\r
+21:3 Therefore are my loins filled with pain: pangs have taken hold\r
+upon me, as the pangs of a woman that travaileth: I was bowed down at\r
+the hearing of it; I was dismayed at the seeing of it.\r
+\r
+21:4 My heart panted, fearfulness affrighted me: the night of my\r
+pleasure hath he turned into fear unto me.\r
+\r
+21:5 Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye\r
+princes, and anoint the shield.\r
+\r
+21:6 For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him\r
+declare what he seeth.\r
+\r
+21:7 And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of\r
+asses, and a chariot of camels; and he hearkened diligently with much\r
+heed: 21:8 And he cried, A lion: My lord, I stand continually upon the\r
+watchtower in the daytime, and I am set in my ward whole nights: 21:9\r
+And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen.\r
+\r
+And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the\r
+graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground.\r
+\r
+21:10 O my threshing, and the corn of my floor: that which I have\r
+heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I declared unto\r
+you.\r
+\r
+21:11 The burden of Dumah. He calleth to me out of Seir, Watchman,\r
+what of the night? Watchman, what of the night? 21:12 The watchman\r
+said, The morning cometh, and also the night: if ye will enquire,\r
+enquire ye: return, come.\r
+\r
+21:13 The burden upon Arabia. In the forest in Arabia shall ye lodge,\r
+O ye travelling companies of Dedanim.\r
+\r
+21:14 The inhabitants of the land of Tema brought water to him that\r
+was thirsty, they prevented with their bread him that fled.\r
+\r
+21:15 For they fled from the swords, from the drawn sword, and from\r
+the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war.\r
+\r
+21:16 For thus hath the LORD said unto me, Within a year, according to\r
+the years of an hireling, and all the glory of Kedar shall fail: 21:17\r
+And the residue of the number of archers, the mighty men of the\r
+children of Kedar, shall be diminished: for the LORD God of Israel\r
+hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+22:1 The burden of the valley of vision. What aileth thee now, that\r
+thou art wholly gone up to the housetops? 22:2 Thou that art full of\r
+stirs, a tumultuous city, joyous city: thy slain men are not slain\r
+with the sword, nor dead in battle.\r
+\r
+22:3 All thy rulers are fled together, they are bound by the archers:\r
+all that are found in thee are bound together, which have fled from\r
+far.\r
+\r
+22:4 Therefore said I, Look away from me; I will weep bitterly, labour\r
+not to comfort me, because of the spoiling of the daughter of my\r
+people.\r
+\r
+22:5 For it is a day of trouble, and of treading down, and of\r
+perplexity by the Lord GOD of hosts in the valley of vision, breaking\r
+down the walls, and of crying to the mountains.\r
+\r
+22:6 And Elam bare the quiver with chariots of men and horsemen, and\r
+Kir uncovered the shield.\r
+\r
+22:7 And it shall come to pass, that thy choicest valleys shall be\r
+full of chariots, and the horsemen shall set themselves in array at\r
+the gate.\r
+\r
+22:8 And he discovered the covering of Judah, and thou didst look in\r
+that day to the armour of the house of the forest.\r
+\r
+22:9 Ye have seen also the breaches of the city of David, that they\r
+are many: and ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool.\r
+\r
+22:10 And ye have numbered the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses\r
+have ye broken down to fortify the wall.\r
+\r
+22:11 Ye made also a ditch between the two walls for the water of the\r
+old pool: but ye have not looked unto the maker thereof, neither had\r
+respect unto him that fashioned it long ago.\r
+\r
+22:12 And in that day did the Lord GOD of hosts call to weeping, and\r
+to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth: 22:13 And\r
+behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating\r
+flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for to morrow we shall\r
+die.\r
+\r
+22:14 And it was revealed in mine ears by the LORD of hosts, Surely\r
+this iniquity shall not be purged from you till ye die, saith the Lord\r
+GOD of hosts.\r
+\r
+22:15 Thus saith the Lord GOD of hosts, Go, get thee unto this\r
+treasurer, even unto Shebna, which is over the house, and say, 22:16\r
+What hast thou here? and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewed\r
+thee out a sepulchre here, as he that heweth him out a sepulchre on\r
+high, and that graveth an habitation for himself in a rock? 22:17\r
+Behold, the LORD will carry thee away with a mighty captivity, and\r
+will surely cover thee.\r
+\r
+22:18 He will surely violently turn and toss thee like a ball into a\r
+large country: there shalt thou die, and there the chariots of thy\r
+glory shall be the shame of thy lord's house.\r
+\r
+22:19 And I will drive thee from thy station, and from thy state shall\r
+he pull thee down.\r
+\r
+22:20 And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will call my\r
+servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah: 22:21 And I will clothe him with\r
+thy robe, and strengthen him with thy girdle, and I will commit thy\r
+government into his hand: and he shall be a father to the inhabitants\r
+of Jerusalem, and to the house of Judah.\r
+\r
+22:22 And the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder;\r
+so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none\r
+shall open.\r
+\r
+22:23 And I will fasten him as a nail in a sure place; and he shall be\r
+for a glorious throne to his father's house.\r
+\r
+22:24 And they shall hang upon him all the glory of his father's\r
+house, the offspring and the issue, all vessels of small quantity,\r
+from the vessels of cups, even to all the vessels of flagons.\r
+\r
+22:25 In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall the nail that is\r
+fastened in the sure place be removed, and be cut down, and fall; and\r
+the burden that was upon it shall be cut off: for the LORD hath spoken\r
+it.\r
+\r
+23:1 The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid\r
+waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of\r
+Chittim it is revealed to them.\r
+\r
+23:2 Be still, ye inhabitants of the isle; thou whom the merchants of\r
+Zidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished.\r
+\r
+23:3 And by great waters the seed of Sihor, the harvest of the river,\r
+is her revenue; and she is a mart of nations.\r
+\r
+23:4 Be thou ashamed, O Zidon: for the sea hath spoken, even the\r
+strength of the sea, saying, I travail not, nor bring forth children,\r
+neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins.\r
+\r
+23:5 As at the report concerning Egypt, so shall they be sorely pained\r
+at the report of Tyre.\r
+\r
+23:6 Pass ye over to Tarshish; howl, ye inhabitants of the isle.\r
+\r
+23:7 Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days? her\r
+own feet shall carry her afar off to sojourn.\r
+\r
+23:8 Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning city,\r
+whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of\r
+the earth? 23:9 The LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the\r
+pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+23:10 Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there\r
+is no more strength.\r
+\r
+23:11 He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms:\r
+the LORD hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to\r
+destroy the strong holds thereof.\r
+\r
+23:12 And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed\r
+virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also\r
+shalt thou have no rest.\r
+\r
+23:13 Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not, till the\r
+Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up\r
+the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought\r
+it to ruin.\r
+\r
+23:14 Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste.\r
+\r
+23:15 And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be\r
+forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king: after the\r
+end of seventy years shall Tyre sing as an harlot.\r
+\r
+23:16 Take an harp, go about the city, thou harlot that hast been\r
+forgotten; make sweet melody, sing many songs, that thou mayest be\r
+remembered.\r
+\r
+23:17 And it shall come to pass after the end of seventy years, that\r
+the LORD will visit Tyre, and she shall turn to her hire, and shall\r
+commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+23:18 And her merchandise and her hire shall be holiness to the LORD:\r
+it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise shall be\r
+for them that dwell before the LORD, to eat sufficiently, and for\r
+durable clothing.\r
+\r
+24:1 Behold, the LORD maketh the earth empty, and maketh it waste, and\r
+turneth it upside down, and scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof.\r
+\r
+24:2 And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with\r
+the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her\r
+mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender,\r
+so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of\r
+usury to him.\r
+\r
+24:3 The land shall be utterly emptied, and utterly spoiled: for the\r
+LORD hath spoken this word.\r
+\r
+24:4 The earth mourneth and fadeth away, the world languisheth and\r
+fadeth away, the haughty people of the earth do languish.\r
+\r
+24:5 The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because\r
+they have transgressed the laws, changed the ordinance, broken the\r
+everlasting covenant.\r
+\r
+24:6 Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth, and they that dwell\r
+therein are desolate: therefore the inhabitants of the earth are\r
+burned, and few men left.\r
+\r
+24:7 The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth, all the merryhearted\r
+do sigh.\r
+\r
+24:8 The mirth of tabrets ceaseth, the noise of them that rejoice\r
+endeth, the joy of the harp ceaseth.\r
+\r
+24:9 They shall not drink wine with a song; strong drink shall be\r
+bitter to them that drink it.\r
+\r
+24:10 The city of confusion is broken down: every house is shut up,\r
+that no man may come in.\r
+\r
+24:11 There is a crying for wine in the streets; all joy is darkened,\r
+the mirth of the land is gone.\r
+\r
+24:12 In the city is left desolation, and the gate is smitten with\r
+destruction.\r
+\r
+24:13 When thus it shall be in the midst of the land among the people,\r
+there shall be as the shaking of an olive tree, and as the gleaning\r
+grapes when the vintage is done.\r
+\r
+24:14 They shall lift up their voice, they shall sing for the majesty\r
+of the LORD, they shall cry aloud from the sea.\r
+\r
+24:15 Wherefore glorify ye the LORD in the fires, even the name of the\r
+LORD God of Israel in the isles of the sea.\r
+\r
+24:16 From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, even\r
+glory to the righteous. But I said, My leanness, my leanness, woe unto\r
+me! the treacherous dealers have dealt treacherously; yea, the\r
+treacherous dealers have dealt very treacherously.\r
+\r
+24:17 Fear, and the pit, and the snare, are upon thee, O inhabitant of\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+24:18 And it shall come to pass, that he who fleeth from the noise of\r
+the fear shall fall into the pit; and he that cometh up out of the\r
+midst of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for the windows from on\r
+high are open, and the foundations of the earth do shake.\r
+\r
+24:19 The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolved,\r
+the earth is moved exceedingly.\r
+\r
+24:20 The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall be\r
+removed like a cottage; and the transgression thereof shall be heavy\r
+upon it; and it shall fall, and not rise again.\r
+\r
+24:21 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall\r
+punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of\r
+the earth upon the earth.\r
+\r
+24:22 And they shall be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered\r
+in the pit, and shall be shut up in the prison, and after many days\r
+shall they be visited.\r
+\r
+24:23 Then the moon shall be confounded, and the sun ashamed, when the\r
+LORD of hosts shall reign in mount Zion, and in Jerusalem, and before\r
+his ancients gloriously.\r
+\r
+25:1 O Lord, thou art my God; I will exalt thee, I will praise thy\r
+name; for thou hast done wonderful things; thy counsels of old are\r
+faithfulness and truth.\r
+\r
+25:2 For thou hast made of a city an heap; of a defenced city a ruin:\r
+a palace of strangers to be no city; it shall never be built.\r
+\r
+25:3 Therefore shall the strong people glorify thee, the city of the\r
+terrible nations shall fear thee.\r
+\r
+25:4 For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a strength to the\r
+needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the\r
+heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the\r
+wall.\r
+\r
+25:5 Thou shalt bring down the noise of strangers, as the heat in a\r
+dry place; even the heat with the shadow of a cloud: the branch of the\r
+terrible ones shall be brought low.\r
+\r
+25:6 And in this mountain shall the LORD of hosts make unto all people\r
+a feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, of fat things\r
+full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined.\r
+\r
+25:7 And he will destroy in this mountain the face of the covering\r
+cast over all people, and the vail that is spread over all nations.\r
+\r
+25:8 He will swallow up death in victory; and the Lord GOD will wipe\r
+away tears from off all faces; and the rebuke of his people shall he\r
+take away from off all the earth: for the LORD hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+25:9 And it shall be said in that day, Lo, this is our God; we have\r
+waited for him, and he will save us: this is the LORD; we have waited\r
+for him, we will be glad and rejoice in his salvation.\r
+\r
+25:10 For in this mountain shall the hand of the LORD rest, and Moab\r
+shall be trodden down under him, even as straw is trodden down for the\r
+dunghill.\r
+\r
+25:11 And he shall spread forth his hands in the midst of them, as he\r
+that swimmeth spreadeth forth his hands to swim: and he shall bring\r
+down their pride together with the spoils of their hands.\r
+\r
+25:12 And the fortress of the high fort of thy walls shall he bring\r
+down, lay low, and bring to the ground, even to the dust.\r
+\r
+26:1 In that day shall this song be sung in the land of Judah; We have\r
+a strong city; salvation will God appoint for walls and bulwarks.\r
+\r
+26:2 Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which keepeth the\r
+truth may enter in.\r
+\r
+26:3 Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on\r
+thee: because he trusteth in thee.\r
+\r
+26:4 Trust ye in the LORD for ever: for in the LORD JEHOVAH is\r
+everlasting strength: 26:5 For he bringeth down them that dwell on\r
+high; the lofty city, he layeth it low; he layeth it low, even to the\r
+ground; he bringeth it even to the dust.\r
+\r
+26:6 The foot shall tread it down, even the feet of the poor, and the\r
+steps of the needy.\r
+\r
+26:7 The way of the just is uprightness: thou, most upright, dost\r
+weigh the path of the just.\r
+\r
+26:8 Yea, in the way of thy judgments, O LORD, have we waited for\r
+thee; the desire of our soul is to thy name, and to the remembrance of\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+26:9 With my soul have I desired thee in the night; yea, with my\r
+spirit within me will I seek thee early: for when thy judgments are in\r
+the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness.\r
+\r
+26:10 Let favour be shewed to the wicked, yet will he not learn\r
+righteousness: in the land of uprightness will he deal unjustly, and\r
+will not behold the majesty of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:11 LORD, when thy hand is lifted up, they will not see: but they\r
+shall see, and be ashamed for their envy at the people; yea, the fire\r
+of thine enemies shall devour them.\r
+\r
+26:12 LORD, thou wilt ordain peace for us: for thou also hast wrought\r
+all our works in us.\r
+\r
+26:13 O LORD our God, other lords beside thee have had dominion over\r
+us: but by thee only will we make mention of thy name.\r
+\r
+26:14 They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they\r
+shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and\r
+made all their memory to perish.\r
+\r
+26:15 Thou hast increased the nation, O LORD, thou hast increased the\r
+nation: thou art glorified: thou hadst removed it far unto all the\r
+ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+26:16 LORD, in trouble have they visited thee, they poured out a\r
+prayer when thy chastening was upon them.\r
+\r
+26:17 Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of her\r
+delivery, is in pain, and crieth out in her pangs; so have we been in\r
+thy sight, O LORD.\r
+\r
+26:18 We have been with child, we have been in pain, we have as it\r
+were brought forth wind; we have not wrought any deliverance in the\r
+earth; neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen.\r
+\r
+26:19 Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they\r
+arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the\r
+dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out the dead.\r
+\r
+26:20 Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy\r
+doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until\r
+the indignation be overpast.\r
+\r
+26:21 For, behold, the LORD cometh out of his place to punish the\r
+inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity: the earth also shall\r
+disclose her blood, and shall no more cover her slain.\r
+\r
+27:1 In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword\r
+shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that\r
+crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea.\r
+\r
+27:2 In that day sing ye unto her, A vineyard of red wine.\r
+\r
+27:3 I the LORD do keep it; I will water it every moment: lest any\r
+hurt it, I will keep it night and day.\r
+\r
+27:4 Fury is not in me: who would set the briers and thorns against me\r
+in battle? I would go through them, I would burn them together.\r
+\r
+27:5 Or let him take hold of my strength, that he may make peace with\r
+me; and he shall make peace with me.\r
+\r
+27:6 He shall cause them that come of Jacob to take root: Israel shall\r
+blossom and bud, and fill the face of the world with fruit.\r
+\r
+27:7 Hath he smitten him, as he smote those that smote him? or is he\r
+slain according to the slaughter of them that are slain by him? 27:8\r
+In measure, when it shooteth forth, thou wilt debate with it: he\r
+stayeth his rough wind in the day of the east wind.\r
+\r
+27:9 By this therefore shall the iniquity of Jacob be purged; and this\r
+is all the fruit to take away his sin; when he maketh all the stones\r
+of the altar as chalkstones that are beaten in sunder, the groves and\r
+images shall not stand up.\r
+\r
+27:10 Yet the defenced city shall be desolate, and the habitation\r
+forsaken, and left like a wilderness: there shall the calf feed, and\r
+there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof.\r
+\r
+27:11 When the boughs thereof are withered, they shall be broken off:\r
+the women come, and set them on fire: for it is a people of no\r
+understanding: therefore he that made them will not have mercy on\r
+them, and he that formed them will shew them no favour.\r
+\r
+27:12 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall beat\r
+off from the channel of the river unto the stream of Egypt, and ye\r
+shall be gathered one by one, O ye children of Israel.\r
+\r
+27:13 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the great trumpet\r
+shall be blown, and they shall come which were ready to perish in the\r
+land of Assyria, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt, and shall\r
+worship the LORD in the holy mount at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+28:1 Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose\r
+glorious beauty is a fading flower, which are on the head of the fat\r
+valleys of them that are overcome with wine! 28:2 Behold, the Lord\r
+hath a mighty and strong one, which as a tempest of hail and a\r
+destroying storm, as a flood of mighty waters overflowing, shall cast\r
+down to the earth with the hand.\r
+\r
+28:3 The crown of pride, the drunkards of Ephraim, shall be trodden\r
+under feet: 28:4 And the glorious beauty, which is on the head of the\r
+fat valley, shall be a fading flower, and as the hasty fruit before\r
+the summer; which when he that looketh upon it seeth, while it is yet\r
+in his hand he eateth it up.\r
+\r
+28:5 In that day shall the LORD of hosts be for a crown of glory, and\r
+for a diadem of beauty, unto the residue of his people, 28:6 And for a\r
+spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment, and for strength\r
+to them that turn the battle to the gate.\r
+\r
+28:7 But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink\r
+are out of the way; the priest and the prophet have erred through\r
+strong drink, they are swallowed up of wine, they are out of the way\r
+through strong drink; they err in vision, they stumble in judgment.\r
+\r
+28:8 For all tables are full of vomit and filthiness, so that there is\r
+no place clean.\r
+\r
+28:9 Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to\r
+understand doctrine? them that are weaned from the milk, and drawn\r
+from the breasts.\r
+\r
+28:10 For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept; line\r
+upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little: 28:11\r
+For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this\r
+people.\r
+\r
+28:12 To whom he said, This is the rest wherewith ye may cause the\r
+weary to rest; and this is the refreshing: yet they would not hear.\r
+\r
+28:13 But the word of the LORD was unto them precept upon precept,\r
+precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little,\r
+and there a little; that they might go, and fall backward, and be\r
+broken, and snared, and taken.\r
+\r
+28:14 Wherefore hear the word of the LORD, ye scornful men, that rule\r
+this people which is in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+28:15 Because ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, and\r
+with hell are we at agreement; when the overflowing scourge shall pass\r
+through, it shall not come unto us: for we have made lies our refuge,\r
+and under falsehood have we hid ourselves: 28:16 Therefore thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried\r
+stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth\r
+shall not make haste.\r
+\r
+28:17 Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the\r
+plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the\r
+waters shall overflow the hiding place.\r
+\r
+28:18 And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your\r
+agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge\r
+shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it.\r
+\r
+28:19 From the time that it goeth forth it shall take you: for morning\r
+by morning shall it pass over, by day and by night: and it shall be a\r
+vexation only to understand the report.\r
+\r
+28:20 For the bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on\r
+it: and the covering narrower than that he can wrap himself in it.\r
+\r
+28:21 For the LORD shall rise up as in mount Perazim, he shall be\r
+wroth as in the valley of Gibeon, that he may do his work, his strange\r
+work; and bring to pass his act, his strange act.\r
+\r
+28:22 Now therefore be ye not mockers, lest your bands be made strong:\r
+for I have heard from the Lord GOD of hosts a consumption, even\r
+determined upon the whole earth.\r
+\r
+28:23 Give ye ear, and hear my voice; hearken, and hear my speech.\r
+\r
+28:24 Doth the plowman plow all day to sow? doth he open and break the\r
+clods of his ground? 28:25 When he hath made plain the face thereof,\r
+doth he not cast abroad the fitches, and scatter the cummin, and cast\r
+in the principal wheat and the appointed barley and the rie in their\r
+place? 28:26 For his God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth\r
+teach him.\r
+\r
+28:27 For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument,\r
+neither is a cart wheel turned about upon the cummin; but the fitches\r
+are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod.\r
+\r
+28:28 Bread corn is bruised; because he will not ever be threshing it,\r
+nor break it with the wheel of his cart, nor bruise it with his\r
+horsemen.\r
+\r
+28:29 This also cometh forth from the LORD of hosts, which is\r
+wonderful in counsel, and excellent in working.\r
+\r
+29:1 Woe to Ariel, to Ariel, the city where David dwelt! add ye year\r
+to year; let them kill sacrifices.\r
+\r
+29:2 Yet I will distress Ariel, and there shall be heaviness and\r
+sorrow: and it shall be unto me as Ariel.\r
+\r
+29:3 And I will camp against thee round about, and will lay siege\r
+against thee with a mount, and I will raise forts against thee.\r
+\r
+29:4 And thou shalt be brought down, and shalt speak out of the\r
+ground, and thy speech shall be low out of the dust, and thy voice\r
+shall be, as of one that hath a familiar spirit, out of the ground,\r
+and thy speech shall whisper out of the dust.\r
+\r
+29:5 Moreover the multitude of thy strangers shall be like small dust,\r
+and the multitude of the terrible ones shall be as chaff that passeth\r
+away: yea, it shall be at an instant suddenly.\r
+\r
+29:6 Thou shalt be visited of the LORD of hosts with thunder, and with\r
+earthquake, and great noise, with storm and tempest, and the flame of\r
+devouring fire.\r
+\r
+29:7 And the multitude of all the nations that fight against Ariel,\r
+even all that fight against her and her munition, and that distress\r
+her, shall be as a dream of a night vision.\r
+\r
+29:8 It shall even be as when an hungry man dreameth, and, behold, he\r
+eateth; but he awaketh, and his soul is empty: or as when a thirsty\r
+man dreameth, and, behold, he drinketh; but he awaketh, and, behold,\r
+he is faint, and his soul hath appetite: so shall the multitude of all\r
+the nations be, that fight against mount Zion.\r
+\r
+29:9 Stay yourselves, and wonder; cry ye out, and cry: they are\r
+drunken, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink.\r
+\r
+29:10 For the LORD hath poured out upon you the spirit of deep sleep,\r
+and hath closed your eyes: the prophets and your rulers, the seers\r
+hath he covered.\r
+\r
+29:11 And the vision of all is become unto you as the words of a book\r
+that is sealed, which men deliver to one that is learned, saying, Read\r
+this, I pray thee: and he saith, I cannot; for it is sealed: 29:12 And\r
+the book is delivered to him that is not learned, saying, Read this, I\r
+pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned.\r
+\r
+29:13 Wherefore the Lord said, Forasmuch as this people draw near me\r
+with their mouth, and with their lips do honour me, but have removed\r
+their heart far from me, and their fear toward me is taught by the\r
+precept of men: 29:14 Therefore, behold, I will proceed to do a\r
+marvellous work among this people, even a marvellous work and a\r
+wonder: for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the\r
+understanding of their prudent men shall be hid.\r
+\r
+29:15 Woe unto them that seek deep to hide their counsel from the\r
+LORD, and their works are in the dark, and they say, Who seeth us? and\r
+who knoweth us? 29:16 Surely your turning of things upside down shall\r
+be esteemed as the potter's clay: for shall the work say of him that\r
+made it, He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that\r
+framed it, He had no understanding? 29:17 Is it not yet a very little\r
+while, and Lebanon shall be turned into a fruitful field, and the\r
+fruitful field shall be esteemed as a forest? 29:18 And in that day\r
+shall the deaf hear the words of the book, and the eyes of the blind\r
+shall see out of obscurity, and out of darkness.\r
+\r
+29:19 The meek also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the poor\r
+among men shall rejoice in the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+29:20 For the terrible one is brought to nought, and the scorner is\r
+consumed, and all that watch for iniquity are cut off: 29:21 That make\r
+a man an offender for a word, and lay a snare for him that reproveth\r
+in the gate, and turn aside the just for a thing of nought.\r
+\r
+29:22 Therefore thus saith the LORD, who redeemed Abraham, concerning\r
+the house of Jacob, Jacob shall not now be ashamed, neither shall his\r
+face now wax pale.\r
+\r
+29:23 But when he seeth his children, the work of mine hands, in the\r
+midst of him, they shall sanctify my name, and sanctify the Holy One\r
+of Jacob, and shall fear the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+29:24 They also that erred in spirit shall come to understanding, and\r
+they that murmured shall learn doctrine.\r
+\r
+30:1 Woe to the rebellious children, saith the LORD, that take\r
+counsel, but not of me; and that cover with a covering, but not of my\r
+spirit, that they may add sin to sin: 30:2 That walk to go down into\r
+Egypt, and have not asked at my mouth; to strengthen themselves in the\r
+strength of Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt! 30:3\r
+Therefore shall the strength of Pharaoh be your shame, and the trust\r
+in the shadow of Egypt your confusion.\r
+\r
+30:4 For his princes were at Zoan, and his ambassadors came to Hanes.\r
+\r
+30:5 They were all ashamed of a people that could not profit them, nor\r
+be an help nor profit, but a shame, and also a reproach.\r
+\r
+30:6 The burden of the beasts of the south: into the land of trouble\r
+and anguish, from whence come the young and old lion, the viper and\r
+fiery flying serpent, they will carry their riches upon the shoulders\r
+of young asses, and their treasures upon the bunches of camels, to a\r
+people that shall not profit them.\r
+\r
+30:7 For the Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose:\r
+therefore have I cried concerning this, Their strength is to sit\r
+still.\r
+\r
+30:8 Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book,\r
+that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever: 30:9 That this\r
+is a rebellious people, lying children, children that will not hear\r
+the law of the LORD: 30:10 Which say to the seers, See not; and to the\r
+prophets, Prophesy not unto us right things, speak unto us smooth\r
+things, prophesy deceits: 30:11 Get you out of the way, turn aside out\r
+of the path, cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us.\r
+\r
+30:12 Wherefore thus saith the Holy One of Israel, Because ye despise\r
+this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and stay thereon:\r
+30:13 Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach ready to\r
+fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose breaking cometh suddenly at\r
+an instant.\r
+\r
+30:14 And he shall break it as the breaking of the potters' vessel\r
+that is broken in pieces; he shall not spare: so that there shall not\r
+be found in the bursting of it a sherd to take fire from the hearth,\r
+or to take water withal out of the pit.\r
+\r
+30:15 For thus saith the Lord GOD, the Holy One of Israel; In\r
+returning and rest shall ye be saved; in quietness and in confidence\r
+shall be your strength: and ye would not.\r
+\r
+30:16 But ye said, No; for we will flee upon horses; therefore shall\r
+ye flee: and, We will ride upon the swift; therefore shall they that\r
+pursue you be swift.\r
+\r
+30:17 One thousand shall flee at the rebuke of one; at the rebuke of\r
+five shall ye flee: till ye be left as a beacon upon the top of a\r
+mountain, and as an ensign on an hill.\r
+\r
+30:18 And therefore will the LORD wait, that he may be gracious unto\r
+you, and therefore will he be exalted, that he may have mercy upon\r
+you: for the LORD is a God of judgment: blessed are all they that wait\r
+for him.\r
+\r
+30:19 For the people shall dwell in Zion at Jerusalem: thou shalt weep\r
+no more: he will be very gracious unto thee at the voice of thy cry;\r
+when he shall hear it, he will answer thee.\r
+\r
+30:20 And though the Lord give you the bread of adversity, and the\r
+water of affliction, yet shall not thy teachers be removed into a\r
+corner any more, but thine eyes shall see thy teachers: 30:21 And\r
+thine ears shall hear a word behind thee, saying, This is the way,\r
+walk ye in it, when ye turn to the right hand, and when ye turn to the\r
+left.\r
+\r
+30:22 Ye shall defile also the covering of thy graven images of\r
+silver, and the ornament of thy molten images of gold: thou shalt cast\r
+them away as a menstruous cloth; thou shalt say unto it, Get thee\r
+hence.\r
+\r
+30:23 Then shall he give the rain of thy seed, that thou shalt sow the\r
+ground withal; and bread of the increase of the earth, and it shall be\r
+fat and plenteous: in that day shall thy cattle feed in large\r
+pastures.\r
+\r
+30:24 The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground shall\r
+eat clean provender, which hath been winnowed with the shovel and with\r
+the fan.\r
+\r
+30:25 And there shall be upon every high mountain, and upon every high\r
+hill, rivers and streams of waters in the day of the great slaughter,\r
+when the towers fall.\r
+\r
+30:26 Moreover the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun,\r
+and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold, as the light of seven\r
+days, in the day that the LORD bindeth up the breach of his people,\r
+and healeth the stroke of their wound.\r
+\r
+30:27 Behold, the name of the LORD cometh from far, burning with his\r
+anger, and the burden thereof is heavy: his lips are full of\r
+indignation, and his tongue as a devouring fire: 30:28 And his breath,\r
+as an overflowing stream, shall reach to the midst of the neck, to\r
+sift the nations with the sieve of vanity: and there shall be a bridle\r
+in the jaws of the people, causing them to err.\r
+\r
+30:29 Ye shall have a song, as in the night when a holy solemnity is\r
+kept; and gladness of heart, as when one goeth with a pipe to come\r
+into the mountain of the LORD, to the mighty One of Israel.\r
+\r
+30:30 And the LORD shall cause his glorious voice to be heard, and\r
+shall shew the lighting down of his arm, with the indignation of his\r
+anger, and with the flame of a devouring fire, with scattering, and\r
+tempest, and hailstones.\r
+\r
+30:31 For through the voice of the LORD shall the Assyrian be beaten\r
+down, which smote with a rod.\r
+\r
+30:32 And in every place where the grounded staff shall pass, which\r
+the LORD shall lay upon him, it shall be with tabrets and harps: and\r
+in battles of shaking will he fight with it.\r
+\r
+30:33 For Tophet is ordained of old; yea, for the king it is prepared;\r
+he hath made it deep and large: the pile thereof is fire and much\r
+wood; the breath of the LORD, like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle\r
+it.\r
+\r
+31:1 Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help; and stay on horses,\r
+and trust in chariots, because they are many; and in horsemen, because\r
+they are very strong; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel,\r
+neither seek the LORD! 31:2 Yet he also is wise, and will bring evil,\r
+and will not call back his words: but will arise against the house of\r
+the evildoers, and against the help of them that work iniquity.\r
+\r
+31:3 Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh,\r
+and not spirit. When the LORD shall stretch out his hand, both he that\r
+helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall down, and they\r
+all shall fail together.\r
+\r
+31:4 For thus hath the LORD spoken unto me, Like as the lion and the\r
+young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is\r
+called forth against him, he will not be afraid of their voice, nor\r
+abase himself for the noise of them: so shall the LORD of hosts come\r
+down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof.\r
+\r
+31:5 As birds flying, so will the LORD of hosts defend Jerusalem;\r
+defending also he will deliver it; and passing over he will preserve\r
+it.\r
+\r
+31:6 Turn ye unto him from whom the children of Israel have deeply\r
+revolted.\r
+\r
+31:7 For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver,\r
+and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a\r
+sin.\r
+\r
+31:8 Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man;\r
+and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee\r
+from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited.\r
+\r
+31:9 And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his\r
+princes shall be afraid of the ensign, saith the LORD, whose fire is\r
+in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+32:1 Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall\r
+rule in judgment.\r
+\r
+32:2 And a man shall be as an hiding place from the wind, and a covert\r
+from the tempest; as rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of\r
+a great rock in a weary land.\r
+\r
+32:3 And the eyes of them that see shall not be dim, and the ears of\r
+them that hear shall hearken.\r
+\r
+32:4 The heart also of the rash shall understand knowledge, and the\r
+tongue of the stammerers shall be ready to speak plainly.\r
+\r
+32:5 The vile person shall be no more called liberal, nor the churl\r
+said to be bountiful.\r
+\r
+32:6 For the vile person will speak villany, and his heart will work\r
+iniquity, to practise hypocrisy, and to utter error against the LORD,\r
+to make empty the soul of the hungry, and he will cause the drink of\r
+the thirsty to fail.\r
+\r
+32:7 The instruments also of the churl are evil: he deviseth wicked\r
+devices to destroy the poor with lying words, even when the needy\r
+speaketh right.\r
+\r
+32:8 But the liberal deviseth liberal things; and by liberal things\r
+shall he stand.\r
+\r
+32:9 Rise up, ye women that are at ease; hear my voice, ye careless\r
+daughters; give ear unto my speech.\r
+\r
+32:10 Many days and years shall ye be troubled, ye careless women: for\r
+the vintage shall fail, the gathering shall not come.\r
+\r
+32:11 Tremble, ye women that are at ease; be troubled, ye careless\r
+ones: strip you, and make you bare, and gird sackcloth upon your\r
+loins.\r
+\r
+32:12 They shall lament for the teats, for the pleasant fields, for\r
+the fruitful vine.\r
+\r
+32:13 Upon the land of my people shall come up thorns and briers; yea,\r
+upon all the houses of joy in the joyous city: 32:14 Because the\r
+palaces shall be forsaken; the multitude of the city shall be left;\r
+the forts and towers shall be for dens for ever, a joy of wild asses,\r
+a pasture of flocks; 32:15 Until the spirit be poured upon us from on\r
+high, and the wilderness be a fruitful field, and the fruitful field\r
+be counted for a forest.\r
+\r
+32:16 Then judgment shall dwell in the wilderness, and righteousness\r
+remain in the fruitful field.\r
+\r
+32:17 And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of\r
+righteousness quietness and assurance for ever.\r
+\r
+32:18 And my people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation, and in sure\r
+dwellings, and in quiet resting places; 32:19 When it shall hail,\r
+coming down on the forest; and the city shall be low in a low place.\r
+\r
+32:20 Blessed are ye that sow beside all waters, that send forth\r
+thither the feet of the ox and the ass.\r
+\r
+33:1 Woe to thee that spoilest, and thou wast not spoiled; and dealest\r
+treacherously, and they dealt not treacherously with thee! when thou\r
+shalt cease to spoil, thou shalt be spoiled; and when thou shalt make\r
+an end to deal treacherously, they shall deal treacherously with thee.\r
+\r
+33:2 O LORD, be gracious unto us; we have waited for thee: be thou\r
+their arm every morning, our salvation also in the time of trouble.\r
+\r
+33:3 At the noise of the tumult the people fled; at the lifting up of\r
+thyself the nations were scattered.\r
+\r
+33:4 And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the\r
+caterpiller: as the running to and fro of locusts shall he run upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+33:5 The LORD is exalted; for he dwelleth on high: he hath filled Zion\r
+with judgment and righteousness.\r
+\r
+33:6 And wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times, and\r
+strength of salvation: the fear of the LORD is his treasure.\r
+\r
+33:7 Behold, their valiant ones shall cry without: the ambassadors of\r
+peace shall weep bitterly.\r
+\r
+33:8 The highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth: he hath broken\r
+the covenant, he hath despised the cities, he regardeth no man.\r
+\r
+33:9 The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed and hewn\r
+down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and Carmel shake off\r
+their fruits.\r
+\r
+33:10 Now will I rise, saith the LORD; now will I be exalted; now will\r
+I lift up myself.\r
+\r
+33:11 Ye shall conceive chaff, ye shall bring forth stubble: your\r
+breath, as fire, shall devour you.\r
+\r
+33:12 And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: as thorns cut\r
+up shall they be burned in the fire.\r
+\r
+33:13 Hear, ye that are far off, what I have done; and, ye that are\r
+near, acknowledge my might.\r
+\r
+33:14 The sinners in Zion are afraid; fearfulness hath surprised the\r
+hypocrites. Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? who\r
+among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings? 33:15 He that walketh\r
+righteously, and speaketh uprightly; he that despiseth the gain of\r
+oppressions, that shaketh his hands from holding of bribes, that\r
+stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood, and shutteth his eyes from\r
+seeing evil; 33:16 He shall dwell on high: his place of defence shall\r
+be the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters shall\r
+be sure.\r
+\r
+33:17 Thine eyes shall see the king in his beauty: they shall behold\r
+the land that is very far off.\r
+\r
+33:18 Thine heart shall meditate terror. Where is the scribe? where is\r
+the receiver? where is he that counted the towers? 33:19 Thou shalt\r
+not see a fierce people, a people of a deeper speech than thou canst\r
+perceive; of a stammering tongue, that thou canst not understand.\r
+\r
+33:20 Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall\r
+see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken\r
+down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be removed, neither\r
+shall any of the cords thereof be broken.\r
+\r
+33:21 But there the glorious LORD will be unto us a place of broad\r
+rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither\r
+shall gallant ship pass thereby.\r
+\r
+33:22 For the LORD is our judge, the LORD is our lawgiver, the LORD is\r
+our king; he will save us.\r
+\r
+33:23 Thy tacklings are loosed; they could not well strengthen their\r
+mast, they could not spread the sail: then is the prey of a great\r
+spoil divided; the lame take the prey.\r
+\r
+33:24 And the inhabitant shall not say, I am sick: the people that\r
+dwell therein shall be forgiven their iniquity.\r
+\r
+34:1 Come near, ye nations, to hear; and hearken, ye people: let the\r
+earth hear, and all that is therein; the world, and all things that\r
+come forth of it.\r
+\r
+34:2 For the indignation of the LORD is upon all nations, and his fury\r
+upon all their armies: he hath utterly destroyed them, he hath\r
+delivered them to the slaughter.\r
+\r
+34:3 Their slain also shall be cast out, and their stink shall come up\r
+out of their carcases, and the mountains shall be melted with their\r
+blood.\r
+\r
+34:4 And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens\r
+shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall\r
+down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from\r
+the fig tree.\r
+\r
+34:5 For my sword shall be bathed in heaven: behold, it shall come\r
+down upon Idumea, and upon the people of my curse, to judgment.\r
+\r
+34:6 The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made fat with\r
+fatness, and with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the\r
+kidneys of rams: for the LORD hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great\r
+slaughter in the land of Idumea.\r
+\r
+34:7 And the unicorns shall come down with them, and the bullocks with\r
+the bulls; and their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust\r
+made fat with fatness.\r
+\r
+34:8 For it is the day of the LORD's vengeance, and the year of\r
+recompences for the controversy of Zion.\r
+\r
+34:9 And the streams thereof shall be turned into pitch, and the dust\r
+thereof into brimstone, and the land thereof shall become burning\r
+pitch.\r
+\r
+34:10 It shall not be quenched night nor day; the smoke thereof shall\r
+go up for ever: from generation to generation it shall lie waste; none\r
+shall pass through it for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+34:11 But the cormorant and the bittern shall possess it; the owl also\r
+and the raven shall dwell in it: and he shall stretch out upon it the\r
+line of confusion, and the stones of emptiness.\r
+\r
+34:12 They shall call the nobles thereof to the kingdom, but none\r
+shall be there, and all her princes shall be nothing.\r
+\r
+34:13 And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in\r
+the fortresses thereof: and it shall be an habitation of dragons, and\r
+a court for owls.\r
+\r
+34:14 The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild\r
+beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the\r
+screech owl also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of\r
+rest.\r
+\r
+34:15 There shall the great owl make her nest, and lay, and hatch, and\r
+gather under her shadow: there shall the vultures also be gathered,\r
+every one with her mate.\r
+\r
+34:16 Seek ye out of the book of the LORD, and read: no one of these\r
+shall fail, none shall want her mate: for my mouth it hath commanded,\r
+and his spirit it hath gathered them.\r
+\r
+34:17 And he hath cast the lot for them, and his hand hath divided it\r
+unto them by line: they shall possess it for ever, from generation to\r
+generation shall they dwell therein.\r
+\r
+35:1 The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and\r
+the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose.\r
+\r
+35:2 It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and\r
+singing: the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellency\r
+of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory of the LORD, and the\r
+excellency of our God.\r
+\r
+35:3 Strengthen ye the weak hands, and confirm the feeble knees.\r
+\r
+35:4 Say to them that are of a fearful heart, Be strong, fear not:\r
+behold, your God will come with vengeance, even God with a recompence;\r
+he will come and save you.\r
+\r
+35:5 Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the\r
+deaf shall be unstopped.\r
+\r
+35:6 Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, and the tongue of the\r
+dumb sing: for in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams\r
+in the desert.\r
+\r
+35:7 And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land\r
+springs of water: in the habitation of dragons, where each lay, shall\r
+be grass with reeds and rushes.\r
+\r
+35:8 And an highway shall be there, and a way, and it shall be called\r
+The way of holiness; the unclean shall not pass over it; but it shall\r
+be for those: the wayfaring men, though fools, shall not err therein.\r
+\r
+35:9 No lion shall be there, nor any ravenous beast shall go up\r
+thereon, it shall not be found there; but the redeemed shall walk\r
+there: 35:10 And the ransomed of the LORD shall return, and come to\r
+Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads: they shall\r
+obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.\r
+\r
+36:1 Now it came to pass in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah, that\r
+Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the defenced cities of\r
+Judah, and took them.\r
+\r
+36:2 And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem\r
+unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of\r
+the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field.\r
+\r
+36:3 Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiah's son, which was over\r
+the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph's son, the recorder.\r
+\r
+36:4 And Rabshakeh said unto them, Say ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith\r
+the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein\r
+thou trustest? 36:5 I say, sayest thou, (but they are but vain words)\r
+I have counsel and strength for war: now on whom dost thou trust, that\r
+thou rebellest against me? 36:6 Lo, thou trustest in the staff of\r
+this broken reed, on Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his\r
+hand, and pierce it: so is Pharaoh king of Egypt to all that trust in\r
+him.\r
+\r
+36:7 But if thou say to me, We trust in the LORD our God: is it not\r
+he, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and\r
+said to Judah and to Jerusalem, Ye shall worship before this altar?\r
+36:8 Now therefore give pledges, I pray thee, to my master the king of\r
+Assyria, and I will give thee two thousand horses, if thou be able on\r
+thy part to set riders upon them.\r
+\r
+36:9 How then wilt thou turn away the face of one captain of the least\r
+of my master's servants, and put thy trust on Egypt for chariots and\r
+for horsemen? 36:10 And am I now come up without the LORD against\r
+this land to destroy it? the LORD said unto me, Go up against this\r
+land, and destroy it.\r
+\r
+36:11 Then said Eliakim and Shebna and Joah unto Rabshakeh, Speak, I\r
+pray thee, unto thy servants in the Syrian language; for we understand\r
+it: and speak not to us in the Jews' language, in the ears of the\r
+people that are on the wall.\r
+\r
+36:12 But Rabshakeh said, Hath my master sent me to thy master and to\r
+thee to speak these words? hath he not sent me to the men that sit\r
+upon the wall, that they may eat their own dung, and drink their own\r
+piss with you? 36:13 Then Rabshakeh stood, and cried with a loud\r
+voice in the Jews' language, and said, Hear ye the words of the great\r
+king, the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+36:14 Thus saith the king, Let not Hezekiah deceive you: for he shall\r
+not be able to deliver you.\r
+\r
+36:15 Neither let Hezekiah make you trust in the LORD, saying, The\r
+LORD will surely deliver us: this city shall not be delivered into the\r
+hand of the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+36:16 Hearken not to Hezekiah: for thus saith the king of Assyria,\r
+Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to me: and eat ye\r
+every one of his vine, and every one of his fig tree, and drink ye\r
+every one the waters of his own cistern; 36:17 Until I come and take\r
+you away to a land like your own land, a land of corn and wine, a land\r
+of bread and vineyards.\r
+\r
+36:18 Beware lest Hezekiah persuade you, saying, the LORD will deliver\r
+us.\r
+\r
+Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered his land out of the hand\r
+of the king of Assyria? 36:19 Where are the gods of Hamath and\r
+Arphad? where are the gods of Sepharvaim? and have they delivered\r
+Samaria out of my hand? 36:20 Who are they among all the gods of\r
+these lands, that have delivered their land out of my hand, that the\r
+LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand? 36:21 But they held\r
+their peace, and answered him not a word: for the king's commandment\r
+was, saying, Answer him not.\r
+\r
+36:22 Then came Eliakim, the son of Hilkiah, that was over the\r
+household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, the son of Asaph, the\r
+recorder, to Hezekiah with their clothes rent, and told him the words\r
+of Rabshakeh.\r
+\r
+37:1 And it came to pass, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he rent\r
+his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:2 And he sent Eliakim, who was over the household, and Shebna the\r
+scribe, and the elders of the priests covered with sackcloth, unto\r
+Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz.\r
+\r
+37:3 And they said unto him, Thus saith Hezekiah, This day is a day of\r
+trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy: for the children are come to\r
+the birth, and there is not strength to bring forth.\r
+\r
+37:4 It may be the LORD thy God will hear the words of Rabshakeh, whom\r
+the king of Assyria his master hath sent to reproach the living God,\r
+and will reprove the words which the LORD thy God hath heard:\r
+wherefore lift up thy prayer for the remnant that is left.\r
+\r
+37:5 So the servants of king Hezekiah came to Isaiah.\r
+\r
+37:6 And Isaiah said unto them, Thus shall ye say unto your master,\r
+Thus saith the LORD, Be not afraid of the words that thou hast heard,\r
+wherewith the servants of the king of Assyria have blasphemed me.\r
+\r
+37:7 Behold, I will send a blast upon him, and he shall hear a rumour,\r
+and return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword\r
+in his own land.\r
+\r
+37:8 So Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring\r
+against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish.\r
+\r
+37:9 And he heard say concerning Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, He is come\r
+forth to make war with thee. And when he heard it, he sent messengers\r
+to Hezekiah, saying, 37:10 Thus shall ye speak to Hezekiah king of\r
+Judah, saying, Let not thy God, in whom thou trustest, deceive thee,\r
+saying, Jerusalem shall not be given into the hand of the king of\r
+Assyria.\r
+\r
+37:11 Behold, thou hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to\r
+all lands by destroying them utterly; and shalt thou be delivered?\r
+37:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers\r
+have destroyed, as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph, and the children of\r
+Eden which were in Telassar? 37:13 Where is the king of Hamath, and\r
+the king of Arphad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, Hena, and\r
+Ivah? 37:14 And Hezekiah received the letter from the hand of the\r
+messengers, and read it: and Hezekiah went up unto the house of the\r
+LORD, and spread it before the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:15 And Hezekiah prayed unto the LORD, saying, 37:16 O LORD of\r
+hosts, God of Israel, that dwellest between the cherubims, thou art\r
+the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth: thou hast\r
+made heaven and earth.\r
+\r
+37:17 Incline thine ear, O LORD, and hear; open thine eyes, O LORD,\r
+and see: and hear all the words of Sennacherib, which hath sent to\r
+reproach the living God.\r
+\r
+37:18 Of a truth, LORD, the kings of Assyria have laid waste all the\r
+nations, and their countries, 37:19 And have cast their gods into the\r
+fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and\r
+stone: therefore they have destroyed them.\r
+\r
+37:20 Now therefore, O LORD our God, save us from his hand, that all\r
+the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the LORD, even thou\r
+only.\r
+\r
+37:21 Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent unto Hezekiah, saying, Thus\r
+saith the LORD God of Israel, Whereas thou hast prayed to me against\r
+Sennacherib king of Assyria: 37:22 This is the word which the LORD\r
+hath spoken concerning him; The virgin, the daughter of Zion, hath\r
+despised thee, and laughed thee to scorn; the daughter of Jerusalem\r
+hath shaken her head at thee.\r
+\r
+37:23 Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast\r
+thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against\r
+the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+37:24 By thy servants hast thou reproached the Lord, and hast said, By\r
+the multitude of my chariots am I come up to the height of the\r
+mountains, to the sides of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall\r
+cedars thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter\r
+into the height of his border, and the forest of his Carmel.\r
+\r
+37:25 I have digged, and drunk water; and with the sole of my feet\r
+have I dried up all the rivers of the besieged places.\r
+\r
+37:26 Hast thou not heard long ago, how I have done it; and of ancient\r
+times, that I have formed it? now have I brought it to pass, that thou\r
+shouldest be to lay waste defenced cities into ruinous heaps.\r
+\r
+37:27 Therefore their inhabitants were of small power, they were\r
+dismayed and confounded: they were as the grass of the field, and as\r
+the green herb, as the grass on the housetops, and as corn blasted\r
+before it be grown up.\r
+\r
+37:28 But I know thy abode, and thy going out, and thy coming in, and\r
+thy rage against me.\r
+\r
+37:29 Because thy rage against me, and thy tumult, is come up into\r
+mine ears, therefore will I put my hook in thy nose, and my bridle in\r
+thy lips, and I will turn thee back by the way by which thou camest.\r
+\r
+37:30 And this shall be a sign unto thee, Ye shall eat this year such\r
+as groweth of itself; and the second year that which springeth of the\r
+same: and in the third year sow ye, and reap, and plant vineyards, and\r
+eat the fruit thereof.\r
+\r
+37:31 And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall\r
+again take root downward, and bear fruit upward: 37:32 For out of\r
+Jerusalem shall go forth a remnant, and they that escape out of mount\r
+Zion: the zeal of the LORD of hosts shall do this.\r
+\r
+37:33 Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the king of Assyria, He\r
+shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come\r
+before it with shields, nor cast a bank against it.\r
+\r
+37:34 By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall\r
+not come into this city, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:35 For I will defend this city to save it for mine own sake, and\r
+for my servant David's sake.\r
+\r
+37:36 Then the angel of the LORD went forth, and smote in the camp of\r
+the Assyrians a hundred and fourscore and five thousand: and when they\r
+arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses.\r
+\r
+37:37 So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned,\r
+and dwelt at Nineveh.\r
+\r
+37:38 And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of\r
+Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with\r
+the sword; and they escaped into the land of Armenia: and Esarhaddon\r
+his son reigned in his stead.\r
+\r
+38:1 In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And Isaiah the\r
+prophet the son of Amoz came unto him, and said unto him, Thus saith\r
+the LORD, Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live.\r
+\r
+38:2 Then Hezekiah turned his face toward the wall, and prayed unto\r
+the LORD, 38:3 And said, Remember now, O LORD, I beseech thee, how I\r
+have walked before thee in truth and with a perfect heart, and have\r
+done that which is good in thy sight. And Hezekiah wept sore.\r
+\r
+38:4 Then came the word of the LORD to Isaiah, saying, 38:5 Go, and\r
+say to Hezekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God of David thy father, I\r
+have heard thy prayer, I have seen thy tears: behold, I will add unto\r
+thy days fifteen years.\r
+\r
+38:6 And I will deliver thee and this city out of the hand of the king\r
+of Assyria: and I will defend this city.\r
+\r
+38:7 And this shall be a sign unto thee from the LORD, that the LORD\r
+will do this thing that he hath spoken; 38:8 Behold, I will bring\r
+again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of\r
+Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which\r
+degrees it was gone down.\r
+\r
+38:9 The writing of Hezekiah king of Judah, when he had been sick, and\r
+was recovered of his sickness: 38:10 I said in the cutting off of my\r
+days, I shall go to the gates of the grave: I am deprived of the\r
+residue of my years.\r
+\r
+38:11 I said, I shall not see the LORD, even the LORD, in the land of\r
+the living: I shall behold man no more with the inhabitants of the\r
+world.\r
+\r
+38:12 Mine age is departed, and is removed from me as a shepherd's\r
+tent: I have cut off like a weaver my life: he will cut me off with\r
+pining sickness: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me.\r
+\r
+38:13 I reckoned till morning, that, as a lion, so will he break all\r
+my bones: from day even to night wilt thou make an end of me.\r
+\r
+38:14 Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter: I did mourn as a\r
+dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed;\r
+undertake for me.\r
+\r
+38:15 What shall I say? he hath both spoken unto me, and himself hath\r
+done it: I shall go softly all my years in the bitterness of my soul.\r
+\r
+38:16 O LORD, by these things men live, and in all these things is the\r
+life of my spirit: so wilt thou recover me, and make me to live.\r
+\r
+38:17 Behold, for peace I had great bitterness: but thou hast in love\r
+to my soul delivered it from the pit of corruption: for thou hast cast\r
+all my sins behind thy back.\r
+\r
+38:18 For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee:\r
+they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth.\r
+\r
+38:19 The living, the living, he shall praise thee, as I do this day:\r
+the father to the children shall make known thy truth.\r
+\r
+38:20 The LORD was ready to save me: therefore we will sing my songs\r
+to the stringed instruments all the days of our life in the house of\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+38:21 For Isaiah had said, Let them take a lump of figs, and lay it\r
+for a plaister upon the boil, and he shall recover.\r
+\r
+38:22 Hezekiah also had said, What is the sign that I shall go up to\r
+the house of the LORD? 39:1 At that time Merodachbaladan, the son of\r
+Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to Hezekiah: for\r
+he had heard that he had been sick, and was recovered.\r
+\r
+39:2 And Hezekiah was glad of them, and shewed them the house of his\r
+precious things, the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and the\r
+precious ointment, and all the house of his armour, and all that was\r
+found in his treasures: there was nothing in his house, nor in all his\r
+dominion, that Hezekiah shewed them not.\r
+\r
+39:3 Then came Isaiah the prophet unto king Hezekiah, and said unto\r
+him, What said these men? and from whence came they unto thee? And\r
+Hezekiah said, They are come from a far country unto me, even from\r
+Babylon.\r
+\r
+39:4 Then said he, What have they seen in thine house? And Hezekiah\r
+answered, All that is in mine house have they seen: there is nothing\r
+among my treasures that I have not shewed them.\r
+\r
+39:5 Then said Isaiah to Hezekiah, Hear the word of the LORD of hosts:\r
+39:6 Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that\r
+which thy fathers have laid up in store until this day, shall be\r
+carried to Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+39:7 And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt\r
+beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace\r
+of the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+39:8 Then said Hezekiah to Isaiah, Good is the word of the LORD which\r
+thou hast spoken. He said moreover, For there shall be peace and truth\r
+in my days.\r
+\r
+40:1 Comfort ye, comfort ye my people, saith your God.\r
+\r
+40:2 Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem, and cry unto her, that her\r
+warfare is accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned: for she hath\r
+received of the LORD's hand double for all her sins.\r
+\r
+40:3 The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the\r
+way of the LORD, make straight in the desert a highway for our God.\r
+\r
+40:4 Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall\r
+be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough\r
+places plain: 40:5 And the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and\r
+all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken\r
+it.\r
+\r
+40:6 The voice said, Cry. And he said, What shall I cry? All flesh is\r
+grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field:\r
+40:7 The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: because the spirit of the\r
+LORD bloweth upon it: surely the people is grass.\r
+\r
+40:8 The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: but the word of our God\r
+shall stand for ever.\r
+\r
+40:9 O Zion, that bringest good tidings, get thee up into the high\r
+mountain; O Jerusalem, that bringest good tidings, lift up thy voice\r
+with strength; lift it up, be not afraid; say unto the cities of\r
+Judah, Behold your God! 40:10 Behold, the Lord GOD will come with\r
+strong hand, and his arm shall rule for him: behold, his reward is\r
+with him, and his work before him.\r
+\r
+40:11 He shall feed his flock like a shepherd: he shall gather the\r
+lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom, and shall gently lead\r
+those that are with young.\r
+\r
+40:12 Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and\r
+meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth\r
+in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a\r
+balance? 40:13 Who hath directed the Spirit of the LORD, or being his\r
+counsellor hath taught him? 40:14 With whom took he counsel, and who\r
+instructed him, and taught him in the path of judgment, and taught him\r
+knowledge, and shewed to him the way of understanding? 40:15 Behold,\r
+the nations are as a drop of a bucket, and are counted as the small\r
+dust of the balance: behold, he taketh up the isles as a very little\r
+thing.\r
+\r
+40:16 And Lebanon is not sufficient to burn, nor the beasts thereof\r
+sufficient for a burnt offering.\r
+\r
+40:17 All nations before him are as nothing; and they are counted to\r
+him less than nothing, and vanity.\r
+\r
+40:18 To whom then will ye liken God? or what likeness will ye compare\r
+unto him? 40:19 The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith\r
+spreadeth it over with gold, and casteth silver chains.\r
+\r
+40:20 He that is so impoverished that he hath no oblation chooseth a\r
+tree that will not rot; he seeketh unto him a cunning workman to\r
+prepare a graven image, that shall not be moved.\r
+\r
+40:21 Have ye not known? have ye not heard? hath it not been told you\r
+from the beginning? have ye not understood from the foundations of the\r
+earth? 40:22 It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and\r
+the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the\r
+heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in:\r
+40:23 That bringeth the princes to nothing; he maketh the judges of\r
+the earth as vanity.\r
+\r
+40:24 Yea, they shall not be planted; yea, they shall not be sown:\r
+yea, their stock shall not take root in the earth: and he shall also\r
+blow upon them, and they shall wither, and the whirlwind shall take\r
+them away as stubble.\r
+\r
+40:25 To whom then will ye liken me, or shall I be equal? saith the\r
+Holy One.\r
+\r
+40:26 Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who hath created these\r
+things, that bringeth out their host by number: he calleth them all by\r
+names by the greatness of his might, for that he is strong in power;\r
+not one faileth.\r
+\r
+40:27 Why sayest thou, O Jacob, and speakest, O Israel, My way is hid\r
+from the LORD, and my judgment is passed over from my God? 40:28 Hast\r
+thou not known? hast thou not heard, that the everlasting God, the\r
+LORD, the Creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is\r
+weary? there is no searching of his understanding.\r
+\r
+40:29 He giveth power to the faint; and to them that have no might he\r
+increaseth strength.\r
+\r
+40:30 Even the youths shall faint and be weary, and the young men\r
+shall utterly fall: 40:31 But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew\r
+their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall\r
+run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint.\r
+\r
+41:1 Keep silence before me, O islands; and let the people renew their\r
+strength: let them come near; then let them speak: let us come near\r
+together to judgment.\r
+\r
+41:2 Who raised up the righteous man from the east, called him to his\r
+foot, gave the nations before him, and made him rule over kings? he\r
+gave them as the dust to his sword, and as driven stubble to his bow.\r
+\r
+41:3 He pursued them, and passed safely; even by the way that he had\r
+not gone with his feet.\r
+\r
+41:4 Who hath wrought and done it, calling the generations from the\r
+beginning? I the LORD, the first, and with the last; I am he.\r
+\r
+41:5 The isles saw it, and feared; the ends of the earth were afraid,\r
+drew near, and came.\r
+\r
+41:6 They helped every one his neighbour; and every one said to his\r
+brother, Be of good courage.\r
+\r
+41:7 So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth\r
+with the hammer him that smote the anvil, saying, It is ready for the\r
+sodering: and he fastened it with nails, that it should not be moved.\r
+\r
+41:8 But thou, Israel, art my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the\r
+seed of Abraham my friend.\r
+\r
+41:9 Thou whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, and called\r
+thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee, Thou art my\r
+servant; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away.\r
+\r
+41:10 Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy\r
+God: I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help thee; yea, I will uphold\r
+thee with the right hand of my righteousness.\r
+\r
+41:11 Behold, all they that were incensed against thee shall be\r
+ashamed and confounded: they shall be as nothing; and they that strive\r
+with thee shall perish.\r
+\r
+41:12 Thou shalt seek them, and shalt not find them, even them that\r
+contended with thee: they that war against thee shall be as nothing,\r
+and as a thing of nought.\r
+\r
+41:13 For I the LORD thy God will hold thy right hand, saying unto\r
+thee, Fear not; I will help thee.\r
+\r
+41:14 Fear not, thou worm Jacob, and ye men of Israel; I will help\r
+thee, saith the LORD, and thy redeemer, the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+41:15 Behold, I will make thee a new sharp threshing instrument having\r
+teeth: thou shalt thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and shalt\r
+make the hills as chaff.\r
+\r
+41:16 Thou shalt fan them, and the wind shall carry them away, and the\r
+whirlwind shall scatter them: and thou shalt rejoice in the LORD, and\r
+shalt glory in the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+41:17 When the poor and needy seek water, and there is none, and their\r
+tongue faileth for thirst, I the LORD will hear them, I the God of\r
+Israel will not forsake them.\r
+\r
+41:18 I will open rivers in high places, and fountains in the midst of\r
+the valleys: I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry\r
+land springs of water.\r
+\r
+41:19 I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and\r
+the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir tree,\r
+and the pine, and the box tree together: 41:20 That they may see, and\r
+know, and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the LORD\r
+hath done this, and the Holy One of Israel hath created it.\r
+\r
+41:21 Produce your cause, saith the LORD; bring forth your strong\r
+reasons, saith the King of Jacob.\r
+\r
+41:22 Let them bring them forth, and shew us what shall happen: let\r
+them shew the former things, what they be, that we may consider them,\r
+and know the latter end of them; or declare us things for to come.\r
+\r
+41:23 Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know\r
+that ye are gods: yea, do good, or do evil, that we may be dismayed,\r
+and behold it together.\r
+\r
+41:24 Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of nought: an\r
+abomination is he that chooseth you.\r
+\r
+41:25 I have raised up one from the north, and he shall come: from the\r
+rising of the sun shall he call upon my name: and he shall come upon\r
+princes as upon morter, and as the potter treadeth clay.\r
+\r
+41:26 Who hath declared from the beginning, that we may know? and\r
+beforetime, that we may say, He is righteous? yea, there is none that\r
+sheweth, yea, there is none that declareth, yea, there is none that\r
+heareth your words.\r
+\r
+41:27 The first shall say to Zion, Behold, behold them: and I will\r
+give to Jerusalem one that bringeth good tidings.\r
+\r
+41:28 For I beheld, and there was no man; even among them, and there\r
+was no counsellor, that, when I asked of them, could answer a word.\r
+\r
+41:29 Behold, they are all vanity; their works are nothing: their\r
+molten images are wind and confusion.\r
+\r
+42:1 Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul\r
+delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth\r
+judgment to the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+42:2 He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in\r
+the street.\r
+\r
+42:3 A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he\r
+not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth.\r
+\r
+42:4 He shall not fail nor be discouraged, till he have set judgment\r
+in the earth: and the isles shall wait for his law.\r
+\r
+42:5 Thus saith God the LORD, he that created the heavens, and\r
+stretched them out; he that spread forth the earth, and that which\r
+cometh out of it; he that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and\r
+spirit to them that walk therein: 42:6 I the LORD have called thee in\r
+righteousness, and will hold thine hand, and will keep thee, and give\r
+thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of the Gentiles; 42:7\r
+To open the blind eyes, to bring out the prisoners from the prison,\r
+and them that sit in darkness out of the prison house.\r
+\r
+42:8 I am the LORD: that is my name: and my glory will I not give to\r
+another, neither my praise to graven images.\r
+\r
+42:9 Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I\r
+declare: before they spring forth I tell you of them.\r
+\r
+42:10 Sing unto the LORD a new song, and his praise from the end of\r
+the earth, ye that go down to the sea, and all that is therein; the\r
+isles, and the inhabitants thereof.\r
+\r
+42:11 Let the wilderness and the cities thereof lift up their voice,\r
+the villages that Kedar doth inhabit: let the inhabitants of the rock\r
+sing, let them shout from the top of the mountains.\r
+\r
+42:12 Let them give glory unto the LORD, and declare his praise in the\r
+islands.\r
+\r
+42:13 The LORD shall go forth as a mighty man, he shall stir up\r
+jealousy like a man of war: he shall cry, yea, roar; he shall prevail\r
+against his enemies.\r
+\r
+42:14 I have long time holden my peace; I have been still, and\r
+refrained myself: now will I cry like a travailing woman; I will\r
+destroy and devour at once.\r
+\r
+42:15 I will make waste mountains and hills, and dry up all their\r
+herbs; and I will make the rivers islands, and I will dry up the\r
+pools.\r
+\r
+42:16 And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not; I will\r
+lead them in paths that they have not known: I will make darkness\r
+light before them, and crooked things straight. These things will I do\r
+unto them, and not forsake them.\r
+\r
+42:17 They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamed, that\r
+trust in graven images, that say to the molten images, Ye are our\r
+gods.\r
+\r
+42:18 Hear, ye deaf; and look, ye blind, that ye may see.\r
+\r
+42:19 Who is blind, but my servant? or deaf, as my messenger that I\r
+sent? who is blind as he that is perfect, and blind as the LORD's\r
+servant? 42:20 Seeing many things, but thou observest not; opening\r
+the ears, but he heareth not.\r
+\r
+42:21 The LORD is well pleased for his righteousness' sake; he will\r
+magnify the law, and make it honourable.\r
+\r
+42:22 But this is a people robbed and spoiled; they are all of them\r
+snared in holes, and they are hid in prison houses: they are for a\r
+prey, and none delivereth; for a spoil, and none saith, Restore.\r
+\r
+42:23 Who among you will give ear to this? who will hearken and hear\r
+for the time to come? 42:24 Who gave Jacob for a spoil, and Israel to\r
+the robbers? did not the LORD, he against whom we have sinned? for\r
+they would not walk in his ways, neither were they obedient unto his\r
+law.\r
+\r
+42:25 Therefore he hath poured upon him the fury of his anger, and the\r
+strength of battle: and it hath set him on fire round about, yet he\r
+knew not; and it burned him, yet he laid it not to heart.\r
+\r
+43:1 But now thus saith the LORD that created thee, O Jacob, and he\r
+that formed thee, O Israel, Fear not: for I have redeemed thee, I have\r
+called thee by thy name; thou art mine.\r
+\r
+43:2 When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee; and\r
+through the rivers, they shall not overflow thee: when thou walkest\r
+through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame\r
+kindle upon thee.\r
+\r
+43:3 For I am the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I\r
+gave Egypt for thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee.\r
+\r
+43:4 Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honourable,\r
+and I have loved thee: therefore will I give men for thee, and people\r
+for thy life.\r
+\r
+43:5 Fear not: for I am with thee: I will bring thy seed from the\r
+east, and gather thee from the west; 43:6 I will say to the north,\r
+Give up; and to the south, Keep not back: bring my sons from far, and\r
+my daughters from the ends of the earth; 43:7 Even every one that is\r
+called by my name: for I have created him for my glory, I have formed\r
+him; yea, I have made him.\r
+\r
+43:8 Bring forth the blind people that have eyes, and the deaf that\r
+have ears.\r
+\r
+43:9 Let all the nations be gathered together, and let the people be\r
+assembled: who among them can declare this, and shew us former things?\r
+let them bring forth their witnesses, that they may be justified: or\r
+let them hear, and say, It is truth.\r
+\r
+43:10 Ye are my witnesses, saith the LORD, and my servant whom I have\r
+chosen: that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he:\r
+before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after me.\r
+\r
+43:11 I, even I, am the LORD; and beside me there is no saviour.\r
+\r
+43:12 I have declared, and have saved, and I have shewed, when there\r
+was no strange god among you: therefore ye are my witnesses, saith the\r
+LORD, that I am God.\r
+\r
+43:13 Yea, before the day was I am he; and there is none that can\r
+deliver out of my hand: I will work, and who shall let it? 43:14 Thus\r
+saith the LORD, your redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; For your sake I\r
+have sent to Babylon, and have brought down all their nobles, and the\r
+Chaldeans, whose cry is in the ships.\r
+\r
+43:15 I am the LORD, your Holy One, the creator of Israel, your King.\r
+\r
+43:16 Thus saith the LORD, which maketh a way in the sea, and a path\r
+in the mighty waters; 43:17 Which bringeth forth the chariot and\r
+horse, the army and the power; they shall lie down together, they\r
+shall not rise: they are extinct, they are quenched as tow.\r
+\r
+43:18 Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things\r
+of old.\r
+\r
+43:19 Behold, I will do a new thing; now it shall spring forth; shall\r
+ye not know it? I will even make a way in the wilderness, and rivers\r
+in the desert.\r
+\r
+43:20 The beast of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the\r
+owls: because I give waters in the wilderness, and rivers in the\r
+desert, to give drink to my people, my chosen.\r
+\r
+43:21 This people have I formed for myself; they shall shew forth my\r
+praise.\r
+\r
+43:22 But thou hast not called upon me, O Jacob; but thou hast been\r
+weary of me, O Israel.\r
+\r
+43:23 Thou hast not brought me the small cattle of thy burnt\r
+offerings; neither hast thou honoured me with thy sacrifices. I have\r
+not caused thee to serve with an offering, nor wearied thee with\r
+incense.\r
+\r
+43:24 Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money, neither hast thou\r
+filled me with the fat of thy sacrifices: but thou hast made me to\r
+serve with thy sins, thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities.\r
+\r
+43:25 I, even I, am he that blotteth out thy transgressions for mine\r
+own sake, and will not remember thy sins.\r
+\r
+43:26 Put me in remembrance: let us plead together: declare thou, that\r
+thou mayest be justified.\r
+\r
+43:27 Thy first father hath sinned, and thy teachers have transgressed\r
+against me.\r
+\r
+43:28 Therefore I have profaned the princes of the sanctuary, and have\r
+given Jacob to the curse, and Israel to reproaches.\r
+\r
+44:1 Yet now hear, O Jacob my servant; and Israel, whom I have chosen:\r
+44:2 Thus saith the LORD that made thee, and formed thee from the\r
+womb, which will help thee; Fear not, O Jacob, my servant; and thou,\r
+Jesurun, whom I have chosen.\r
+\r
+44:3 For I will pour water upon him that is thirsty, and floods upon\r
+the dry ground: I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing\r
+upon thine offspring: 44:4 And they shall spring up as among the\r
+grass, as willows by the water courses.\r
+\r
+44:5 One shall say, I am the LORD's; and another shall call himself by\r
+the name of Jacob; and another shall subscribe with his hand unto the\r
+LORD, and surname himself by the name of Israel.\r
+\r
+44:6 Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD\r
+of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no\r
+God.\r
+\r
+44:7 And who, as I, shall call, and shall declare it, and set it in\r
+order for me, since I appointed the ancient people? and the things\r
+that are coming, and shall come, let them shew unto them.\r
+\r
+44:8 Fear ye not, neither be afraid: have not I told thee from that\r
+time, and have declared it? ye are even my witnesses. Is there a God\r
+beside me? yea, there is no God; I know not any.\r
+\r
+44:9 They that make a graven image are all of them vanity; and their\r
+delectable things shall not profit; and they are their own witnesses;\r
+they see not, nor know; that they may be ashamed.\r
+\r
+44:10 Who hath formed a god, or molten a graven image that is\r
+profitable for nothing? 44:11 Behold, all his fellows shall be\r
+ashamed: and the workmen, they are of men: let them all be gathered\r
+together, let them stand up; yet they shall fear, and they shall be\r
+ashamed together.\r
+\r
+44:12 The smith with the tongs both worketh in the coals, and\r
+fashioneth it with hammers, and worketh it with the strength of his\r
+arms: yea, he is hungry, and his strength faileth: he drinketh no\r
+water, and is faint.\r
+\r
+44:13 The carpenter stretcheth out his rule; he marketh it out with a\r
+line; he fitteth it with planes, and he marketh it out with the\r
+compass, and maketh it after the figure of a man, according to the\r
+beauty of a man; that it may remain in the house.\r
+\r
+44:14 He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak,\r
+which he strengtheneth for himself among the trees of the forest: he\r
+planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it.\r
+\r
+44:15 Then shall it be for a man to burn: for he will take thereof,\r
+and warm himself; yea, he kindleth it, and baketh bread; yea, he\r
+maketh a god, and worshippeth it; he maketh it a graven image, and\r
+falleth down thereto.\r
+\r
+44:16 He burneth part thereof in the fire; with part thereof he eateth\r
+flesh; he roasteth roast, and is satisfied: yea, he warmeth himself,\r
+and saith, Aha, I am warm, I have seen the fire: 44:17 And the residue\r
+thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image: he falleth down unto\r
+it, and worshippeth it, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me;\r
+for thou art my god.\r
+\r
+44:18 They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes,\r
+that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand.\r
+\r
+44:19 And none considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge\r
+nor understanding to say, I have burned part of it in the fire; yea,\r
+also I have baked bread upon the coals thereof; I have roasted flesh,\r
+and eaten it: and shall I make the residue thereof an abomination?\r
+shall I fall down to the stock of a tree? 44:20 He feedeth on ashes:\r
+a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his\r
+soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? 44:21 Remember\r
+these, O Jacob and Israel; for thou art my servant: I have formed\r
+thee; thou art my servant: O Israel, thou shalt not be forgotten of\r
+me.\r
+\r
+44:22 I have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions, and,\r
+as a cloud, thy sins: return unto me; for I have redeemed thee.\r
+\r
+44:23 Sing, O ye heavens; for the LORD hath done it: shout, ye lower\r
+parts of the earth: break forth into singing, ye mountains, O forest,\r
+and every tree therein: for the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and\r
+glorified himself in Israel.\r
+\r
+44:24 Thus saith the LORD, thy redeemer, and he that formed thee from\r
+the womb, I am the LORD that maketh all things; that stretcheth forth\r
+the heavens alone; that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself; 44:25\r
+That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, and maketh diviners mad;\r
+that turneth wise men backward, and maketh their knowledge foolish;\r
+44:26 That confirmeth the word of his servant, and performeth the\r
+counsel of his messengers; that saith to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be\r
+inhabited; and to the cities of Judah, Ye shall be built, and I will\r
+raise up the decayed places thereof: 44:27 That saith to the deep, Be\r
+dry, and I will dry up thy rivers: 44:28 That saith of Cyrus, He is my\r
+shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem,\r
+Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid.\r
+\r
+45:1 Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I\r
+have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins\r
+of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall\r
+not be shut; 45:2 I will go before thee, and make the crooked places\r
+straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder\r
+the bars of iron: 45:3 And I will give thee the treasures of darkness,\r
+and hidden riches of secret places, that thou mayest know that I, the\r
+LORD, which call thee by thy name, am the God of Israel.\r
+\r
+45:4 For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even\r
+called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not\r
+known me.\r
+\r
+45:5 I am the LORD, and there is none else, there is no God beside me:\r
+I girded thee, though thou hast not known me: 45:6 That they may know\r
+from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none\r
+beside me. I am the LORD, and there is none else.\r
+\r
+45:7 I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create\r
+evil: I the LORD do all these things.\r
+\r
+45:8 Drop down, ye heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down\r
+righteousness: let the earth open, and let them bring forth salvation,\r
+and let righteousness spring up together; I the LORD have created it.\r
+\r
+45:9 Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! Let the potsherd\r
+strive with the potsherds of the earth. Shall the clay say to him that\r
+fashioneth it, What makest thou? or thy work, He hath no hands? 45:10\r
+Woe unto him that saith unto his father, What begettest thou? or to\r
+the woman, What hast thou brought forth? 45:11 Thus saith the LORD,\r
+the Holy One of Israel, and his Maker, Ask me of things to come\r
+concerning my sons, and concerning the work of my hands command ye me.\r
+\r
+45:12 I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my\r
+hands, have stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I\r
+commanded.\r
+\r
+45:13 I have raised him up in righteousness, and I will direct all his\r
+ways: he shall build my city, and he shall let go my captives, not for\r
+price nor reward, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+45:14 Thus saith the LORD, The labour of Egypt, and merchandise of\r
+Ethiopia and of the Sabeans, men of stature, shall come over unto\r
+thee, and they shall be thine: they shall come after thee; in chains\r
+they shall come over, and they shall fall down unto thee, they shall\r
+make supplication unto thee, saying, Surely God is in thee; and there\r
+is none else, there is no God.\r
+\r
+45:15 Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the\r
+Saviour.\r
+\r
+45:16 They shall be ashamed, and also confounded, all of them: they\r
+shall go to confusion together that are makers of idols.\r
+\r
+45:17 But Israel shall be saved in the LORD with an everlasting\r
+salvation: ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded world without end.\r
+\r
+45:18 For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself\r
+that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created\r
+it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there\r
+is none else.\r
+\r
+45:19 I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth: I\r
+said not unto the seed of Jacob, Seek ye me in vain: I the LORD speak\r
+righteousness, I declare things that are right.\r
+\r
+45:20 Assemble yourselves and come; draw near together, ye that are\r
+escaped of the nations: they have no knowledge that set up the wood of\r
+their graven image, and pray unto a god that cannot save.\r
+\r
+45:21 Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel\r
+together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it\r
+from that time? have not I the LORD? and there is no God else beside\r
+me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me.\r
+\r
+45:22 Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: for I\r
+am God, and there is none else.\r
+\r
+45:23 I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in\r
+righteousness, and shall not return, That unto me every knee shall\r
+bow, every tongue shall swear.\r
+\r
+45:24 Surely, shall one say, in the LORD have I righteousness and\r
+strength: even to him shall men come; and all that are incensed\r
+against him shall be ashamed.\r
+\r
+45:25 In the LORD shall all the seed of Israel be justified, and shall\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+46:1 Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth, their idols were upon the beasts,\r
+and upon the cattle: your carriages were heavy loaden; they are a\r
+burden to the weary beast.\r
+\r
+46:2 They stoop, they bow down together; they could not deliver the\r
+burden, but themselves are gone into captivity.\r
+\r
+46:3 Hearken unto me, O house of Jacob, and all the remnant of the\r
+house of Israel, which are borne by me from the belly, which are\r
+carried from the womb: 46:4 And even to your old age I am he; and even\r
+to hoar hairs will I carry you: I have made, and I will bear; even I\r
+will carry, and will deliver you.\r
+\r
+46:5 To whom will ye liken me, and make me equal, and compare me, that\r
+we may be like? 46:6 They lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh\r
+silver in the balance, and hire a goldsmith; and he maketh it a god:\r
+they fall down, yea, they worship.\r
+\r
+46:7 They bear him upon the shoulder, they carry him, and set him in\r
+his place, and he standeth; from his place shall he not remove: yea,\r
+one shall cry unto him, yet can he not answer, nor save him out of his\r
+trouble.\r
+\r
+46:8 Remember this, and shew yourselves men: bring it again to mind, O\r
+ye transgressors.\r
+\r
+46:9 Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is\r
+none else; I am God, and there is none like me, 46:10 Declaring the\r
+end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not\r
+yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my\r
+pleasure: 46:11 Calling a ravenous bird from the east, the man that\r
+executeth my counsel from a far country: yea, I have spoken it, I will\r
+also bring it to pass; I have purposed it, I will also do it.\r
+\r
+46:12 Hearken unto me, ye stouthearted, that are far from\r
+righteousness: 46:13 I bring near my righteousness; it shall not be\r
+far off, and my salvation shall not tarry: and I will place salvation\r
+in Zion for Israel my glory.\r
+\r
+47:1 Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon, sit\r
+on the ground: there is no throne, O daughter of the Chaldeans: for\r
+thou shalt no more be called tender and delicate.\r
+\r
+47:2 Take the millstones, and grind meal: uncover thy locks, make bare\r
+the leg, uncover the thigh, pass over the rivers.\r
+\r
+47:3 Thy nakedness shall be uncovered, yea, thy shame shall be seen: I\r
+will take vengeance, and I will not meet thee as a man.\r
+\r
+47:4 As for our redeemer, the LORD of hosts is his name, the Holy One\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+47:5 Sit thou silent, and get thee into darkness, O daughter of the\r
+Chaldeans: for thou shalt no more be called, The lady of kingdoms.\r
+\r
+47:6 I was wroth with my people, I have polluted mine inheritance, and\r
+given them into thine hand: thou didst shew them no mercy; upon the\r
+ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke.\r
+\r
+47:7 And thou saidst, I shall be a lady for ever: so that thou didst\r
+not lay these things to thy heart, neither didst remember the latter\r
+end of it.\r
+\r
+47:8 Therefore hear now this, thou that art given to pleasures, that\r
+dwellest carelessly, that sayest in thine heart, I am, and none else\r
+beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, neither shall I know the loss\r
+of children: 47:9 But these two things shall come to thee in a moment\r
+in one day, the loss of children, and widowhood: they shall come upon\r
+thee in their perfection for the multitude of thy sorceries, and for\r
+the great abundance of thine enchantments.\r
+\r
+47:10 For thou hast trusted in thy wickedness: thou hast said, None\r
+seeth me. Thy wisdom and thy knowledge, it hath perverted thee; and\r
+thou hast said in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me.\r
+\r
+47:11 Therefore shall evil come upon thee; thou shalt not know from\r
+whence it riseth: and mischief shall fall upon thee; thou shalt not be\r
+able to put it off: and desolation shall come upon thee suddenly,\r
+which thou shalt not know.\r
+\r
+47:12 Stand now with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy\r
+sorceries, wherein thou hast laboured from thy youth; if so be thou\r
+shalt be able to profit, if so be thou mayest prevail.\r
+\r
+47:13 Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels. Let now the\r
+astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators, stand up,\r
+and save thee from these things that shall come upon thee.\r
+\r
+47:14 Behold, they shall be as stubble; the fire shall burn them; they\r
+shall not deliver themselves from the power of the flame: there shall\r
+not be a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before it.\r
+\r
+47:15 Thus shall they be unto thee with whom thou hast laboured, even\r
+thy merchants, from thy youth: they shall wander every one to his\r
+quarter; none shall save thee.\r
+\r
+48:1 Hear ye this, O house of Jacob, which are called by the name of\r
+Israel, and are come forth out of the waters of Judah, which swear by\r
+the name of the LORD, and make mention of the God of Israel, but not\r
+in truth, nor in righteousness.\r
+\r
+48:2 For they call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves\r
+upon the God of Israel; The LORD of hosts is his name.\r
+\r
+48:3 I have declared the former things from the beginning; and they\r
+went forth out of my mouth, and I shewed them; I did them suddenly,\r
+and they came to pass.\r
+\r
+48:4 Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron\r
+sinew, and thy brow brass; 48:5 I have even from the beginning\r
+declared it to thee; before it came to pass I shewed it thee: lest\r
+thou shouldest say, Mine idol hath done them, and my graven image, and\r
+my molten image, hath commanded them.\r
+\r
+48:6 Thou hast heard, see all this; and will not ye declare it? I have\r
+shewed thee new things from this time, even hidden things, and thou\r
+didst not know them.\r
+\r
+48:7 They are created now, and not from the beginning; even before the\r
+day when thou heardest them not; lest thou shouldest say, Behold, I\r
+knew them.\r
+\r
+48:8 Yea, thou heardest not; yea, thou knewest not; yea, from that\r
+time that thine ear was not opened: for I knew that thou wouldest deal\r
+very treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb.\r
+\r
+48:9 For my name's sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise\r
+will I refrain for thee, that I cut thee not off.\r
+\r
+48:10 Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen\r
+thee in the furnace of affliction.\r
+\r
+48:11 For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how\r
+should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another.\r
+\r
+48:12 Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am\r
+the first, I also am the last.\r
+\r
+48:13 Mine hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth, and my\r
+right hand hath spanned the heavens: when I call unto them, they stand\r
+up together.\r
+\r
+48:14 All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear; which among them hath\r
+declared these things? The LORD hath loved him: he will do his\r
+pleasure on Babylon, and his arm shall be on the Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+48:15 I, even I, have spoken; yea, I have called him: I have brought\r
+him, and he shall make his way prosperous.\r
+\r
+48:16 Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret\r
+from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the\r
+Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me.\r
+\r
+48:17 Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am\r
+the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by\r
+the way that thou shouldest go.\r
+\r
+48:18 O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments! then had thy\r
+peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea:\r
+48:19 Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy\r
+bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off\r
+nor destroyed from before me.\r
+\r
+48:20 Go ye forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice\r
+of singing declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the\r
+earth; say ye, The LORD hath redeemed his servant Jacob.\r
+\r
+48:21 And they thirsted not when he led them through the deserts: he\r
+caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them: he clave the rock\r
+also, and the waters gushed out.\r
+\r
+48:22 There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked.\r
+\r
+49:1 Listen, O isles, unto me; and hearken, ye people, from far; The\r
+LORD hath called me from the womb; from the bowels of my mother hath\r
+he made mention of my name.\r
+\r
+49:2 And he hath made my mouth like a sharp sword; in the shadow of\r
+his hand hath he hid me, and made me a polished shaft; in his quiver\r
+hath he hid me; 49:3 And said unto me, Thou art my servant, O Israel,\r
+in whom I will be glorified.\r
+\r
+49:4 Then I said, I have laboured in vain, I have spent my strength\r
+for nought, and in vain: yet surely my judgment is with the LORD, and\r
+my work with my God.\r
+\r
+49:5 And now, saith the LORD that formed me from the womb to be his\r
+servant, to bring Jacob again to him, Though Israel be not gathered,\r
+yet shall I be glorious in the eyes of the LORD, and my God shall be\r
+my strength.\r
+\r
+49:6 And he said, It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my\r
+servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved\r
+of Israel: I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that\r
+thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth.\r
+\r
+49:7 Thus saith the LORD, the Redeemer of Israel, and his Holy One, to\r
+him whom man despiseth, to him whom the nation abhorreth, to a servant\r
+of rulers, Kings shall see and arise, princes also shall worship,\r
+because of the LORD that is faithful, and the Holy One of Israel, and\r
+he shall choose thee.\r
+\r
+49:8 Thus saith the LORD, In an acceptable time have I heard thee, and\r
+in a day of salvation have I helped thee: and I will preserve thee,\r
+and give thee for a covenant of the people, to establish the earth, to\r
+cause to inherit the desolate heritages; 49:9 That thou mayest say to\r
+the prisoners, Go forth; to them that are in darkness, Shew\r
+yourselves. They shall feed in the ways, and their pastures shall be\r
+in all high places.\r
+\r
+49:10 They shall not hunger nor thirst; neither shall the heat nor sun\r
+smite them: for he that hath mercy on them shall lead them, even by\r
+the springs of water shall he guide them.\r
+\r
+49:11 And I will make all my mountains a way, and my highways shall be\r
+exalted.\r
+\r
+49:12 Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north\r
+and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim.\r
+\r
+49:13 Sing, O heavens; and be joyful, O earth; and break forth into\r
+singing, O mountains: for the LORD hath comforted his people, and will\r
+have mercy upon his afflicted.\r
+\r
+49:14 But Zion said, The LORD hath forsaken me, and my Lord hath\r
+forgotten me.\r
+\r
+49:15 Can a woman forget her sucking child, that she should not have\r
+compassion on the son of her womb? yea, they may forget, yet will I\r
+not forget thee.\r
+\r
+49:16 Behold, I have graven thee upon the palms of my hands; thy walls\r
+are continually before me.\r
+\r
+49:17 Thy children shall make haste; thy destroyers and they that made\r
+thee waste shall go forth of thee.\r
+\r
+49:18 Lift up thine eyes round about, and behold: all these gather\r
+themselves together, and come to thee. As I live, saith the LORD, thou\r
+shalt surely clothe thee with them all, as with an ornament, and bind\r
+them on thee, as a bride doeth.\r
+\r
+49:19 For thy waste and thy desolate places, and the land of thy\r
+destruction, shall even now be too narrow by reason of the\r
+inhabitants, and they that swallowed thee up shall be far away.\r
+\r
+49:20 The children which thou shalt have, after thou hast lost the\r
+other, shall say again in thine ears, The place is too strait for me:\r
+give place to me that I may dwell.\r
+\r
+49:21 Then shalt thou say in thine heart, Who hath begotten me these,\r
+seeing I have lost my children, and am desolate, a captive, and\r
+removing to and fro? and who hath brought up these? Behold, I was left\r
+alone; these, where had they been? 49:22 Thus saith the Lord GOD,\r
+Behold, I will lift up mine hand to the Gentiles, and set up my\r
+standard to the people: and they shall bring thy sons in their arms,\r
+and thy daughters shall be carried upon their shoulders.\r
+\r
+49:23 And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy\r
+nursing mothers: they shall bow down to thee with their face toward\r
+the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that\r
+I am the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me.\r
+\r
+49:24 Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful captive\r
+delivered? 49:25 But thus saith the LORD, Even the captives of the\r
+mighty shall be taken away, and the prey of the terrible shall be\r
+delivered: for I will contend with him that contendeth with thee, and\r
+I will save thy children.\r
+\r
+49:26 And I will feed them that oppress thee with their own flesh; and\r
+they shall be drunken with their own blood, as with sweet wine: and\r
+all flesh shall know that I the LORD am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer,\r
+the mighty One of Jacob.\r
+\r
+50:1 Thus saith the LORD, Where is the bill of your mother's\r
+divorcement, whom I have put away? or which of my creditors is it to\r
+whom I have sold you? Behold, for your iniquities have ye sold\r
+yourselves, and for your transgressions is your mother put away.\r
+\r
+50:2 Wherefore, when I came, was there no man? when I called, was\r
+there none to answer? Is my hand shortened at all, that it cannot\r
+redeem? or have I no power to deliver? behold, at my rebuke I dry up\r
+the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness: their fish stinketh, because\r
+there is no water, and dieth for thirst.\r
+\r
+50:3 I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their\r
+covering.\r
+\r
+50:4 The Lord GOD hath given me the tongue of the learned, that I\r
+should know how to speak a word in season to him that is weary: he\r
+wakeneth morning by morning, he wakeneth mine ear to hear as the\r
+learned.\r
+\r
+50:5 The Lord GOD hath opened mine ear, and I was not rebellious,\r
+neither turned away back.\r
+\r
+50:6 I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked\r
+off the hair: I hid not my face from shame and spitting.\r
+\r
+50:7 For the Lord GOD will help me; therefore shall I not be\r
+confounded: therefore have I set my face like a flint, and I know that\r
+I shall not be ashamed.\r
+\r
+50:8 He is near that justifieth me; who will contend with me? let us\r
+stand together: who is mine adversary? let him come near to me.\r
+\r
+50:9 Behold, the Lord GOD will help me; who is he that shall condemn\r
+me? lo, they all shall wax old as a garment; the moth shall eat them\r
+up.\r
+\r
+50:10 Who is among you that feareth the LORD, that obeyeth the voice\r
+of his servant, that walketh in darkness, and hath no light? let him\r
+trust in the name of the LORD, and stay upon his God.\r
+\r
+50:11 Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about\r
+with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that ye\r
+have kindled. This shall ye have of mine hand; ye shall lie down in\r
+sorrow.\r
+\r
+51:1 Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek\r
+the LORD: look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of\r
+the pit whence ye are digged.\r
+\r
+51:2 Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you: for\r
+I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him.\r
+\r
+51:3 For the LORD shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste\r
+places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like\r
+the garden of the LORD; joy and gladness shall be found therein,\r
+thanksgiving, and the voice of melody.\r
+\r
+51:4 Hearken unto me, my people; and give ear unto me, O my nation:\r
+for a law shall proceed from me, and I will make my judgment to rest\r
+for a light of the people.\r
+\r
+51:5 My righteousness is near; my salvation is gone forth, and mine\r
+arms shall judge the people; the isles shall wait upon me, and on mine\r
+arm shall they trust.\r
+\r
+51:6 Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth\r
+beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth\r
+shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein shall die in\r
+like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness\r
+shall not be abolished.\r
+\r
+51:7 Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose\r
+heart is my law; fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid\r
+of their revilings.\r
+\r
+51:8 For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall\r
+eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my\r
+salvation from generation to generation.\r
+\r
+51:9 Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in\r
+the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath\r
+cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon? 51:10 Art thou not it which hath\r
+dried the sea, the waters of the great deep; that hath made the depths\r
+of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over? 51:11 Therefore the\r
+redeemed of the LORD shall return, and come with singing unto Zion;\r
+and everlasting joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain\r
+gladness and joy; and sorrow and mourning shall flee away.\r
+\r
+51:12 I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou\r
+shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man\r
+which shall be made as grass; 51:13 And forgettest the LORD thy maker,\r
+that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the\r
+earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of\r
+the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury\r
+of the oppressor? 51:14 The captive exile hasteneth that he may be\r
+loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread\r
+should fail.\r
+\r
+51:15 But I am the LORD thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves\r
+roared: The LORD of hosts is his name.\r
+\r
+51:16 And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in\r
+the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the\r
+foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people.\r
+\r
+51:17 Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the\r
+hand of the LORD the cup of his fury; thou hast drunken the dregs of\r
+the cup of trembling, and wrung them out.\r
+\r
+51:18 There is none to guide her among all the sons whom she hath\r
+brought forth; neither is there any that taketh her by the hand of all\r
+the sons that she hath brought up.\r
+\r
+51:19 These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for\r
+thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by\r
+whom shall I comfort thee? 51:20 Thy sons have fainted, they lie at\r
+the head of all the streets, as a wild bull in a net: they are full of\r
+the fury of the LORD, the rebuke of thy God.\r
+\r
+51:21 Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted, and drunken, but not\r
+with wine: 51:22 Thus saith thy Lord the LORD, and thy God that\r
+pleadeth the cause of his people, Behold, I have taken out of thine\r
+hand the cup of trembling, even the dregs of the cup of my fury; thou\r
+shalt no more drink it again: 51:23 But I will put it into the hand of\r
+them that afflict thee; which have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we\r
+may go over: and thou hast laid thy body as the ground, and as the\r
+street, to them that went over.\r
+\r
+52:1 Awake, awake; put on thy strength, O Zion; put on thy beautiful\r
+garments, O Jerusalem, the holy city: for henceforth there shall no\r
+more come into thee the uncircumcised and the unclean.\r
+\r
+52:2 Shake thyself from the dust; arise, and sit down, O Jerusalem:\r
+loose thyself from the bands of thy neck, O captive daughter of Zion.\r
+\r
+52:3 For thus saith the LORD, Ye have sold yourselves for nought; and\r
+ye shall be redeemed without money.\r
+\r
+52:4 For thus saith the Lord GOD, My people went down aforetime into\r
+Egypt to sojourn there; and the Assyrian oppressed them without cause.\r
+\r
+52:5 Now therefore, what have I here, saith the LORD, that my people\r
+is taken away for nought? they that rule over them make them to howl,\r
+saith the LORD; and my name continually every day is blasphemed.\r
+\r
+52:6 Therefore my people shall know my name: therefore they shall know\r
+in that day that I am he that doth speak: behold, it is I.\r
+\r
+52:7 How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that\r
+bringeth good tidings, that publisheth peace; that bringeth good\r
+tidings of good, that publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy\r
+God reigneth! 52:8 Thy watchmen shall lift up the voice; with the\r
+voice together shall they sing: for they shall see eye to eye, when\r
+the LORD shall bring again Zion.\r
+\r
+52:9 Break forth into joy, sing together, ye waste places of\r
+Jerusalem: for the LORD hath comforted his people, he hath redeemed\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+52:10 The LORD hath made bare his holy arm in the eyes of all the\r
+nations; and all the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our\r
+God.\r
+\r
+52:11 Depart ye, depart ye, go ye out from thence, touch no unclean\r
+thing; go ye out of the midst of her; be ye clean, that bear the\r
+vessels of the LORD.\r
+\r
+52:12 For ye shall not go out with haste, nor go by flight: for the\r
+LORD will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rereward.\r
+\r
+52:13 Behold, my servant shall deal prudently, he shall be exalted and\r
+extolled, and be very high.\r
+\r
+52:14 As many were astonied at thee; his visage was so marred more\r
+than any man, and his form more than the sons of men: 52:15 So shall\r
+he sprinkle many nations; the kings shall shut their mouths at him:\r
+for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that which\r
+they had not heard shall they consider.\r
+\r
+53:1 Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the LORD\r
+revealed? 53:2 For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and\r
+as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and\r
+when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.\r
+\r
+53:3 He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and\r
+acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he\r
+was despised, and we esteemed him not.\r
+\r
+53:4 Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we\r
+did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.\r
+\r
+53:5 But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our\r
+iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his\r
+stripes we are healed.\r
+\r
+53:6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to\r
+his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.\r
+\r
+53:7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his\r
+mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before\r
+her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth.\r
+\r
+53:8 He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare\r
+his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for\r
+the transgression of my people was he stricken.\r
+\r
+53:9 And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his\r
+death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his\r
+mouth.\r
+\r
+53:10 Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief:\r
+when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his\r
+seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall\r
+prosper in his hand.\r
+\r
+53:11 He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied:\r
+by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall\r
+bear their iniquities.\r
+\r
+53:12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he\r
+shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his\r
+soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he\r
+bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.\r
+\r
+54:1 Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear; break forth into\r
+singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail with child: for\r
+more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married\r
+wife, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+54:2 Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the\r
+curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and\r
+strengthen thy stakes; 54:3 For thou shalt break forth on the right\r
+hand and on the left; and thy seed shall inherit the Gentiles, and\r
+make the desolate cities to be inhabited.\r
+\r
+54:4 Fear not; for thou shalt not be ashamed: neither be thou\r
+confounded; for thou shalt not be put to shame: for thou shalt forget\r
+the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy\r
+widowhood any more.\r
+\r
+54:5 For thy Maker is thine husband; the LORD of hosts is his name;\r
+and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth\r
+shall he be called.\r
+\r
+54:6 For the LORD hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in\r
+spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God.\r
+\r
+54:7 For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies\r
+will I gather thee.\r
+\r
+54:8 In a little wrath I hid my face from thee for a moment; but with\r
+everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, saith the LORD thy\r
+Redeemer.\r
+\r
+54:9 For this is as the waters of Noah unto me: for as I have sworn\r
+that the waters of Noah should no more go over the earth; so have I\r
+sworn that I would not be wroth with thee, nor rebuke thee.\r
+\r
+54:10 For the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed; but my\r
+kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall the covenant of my\r
+peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath mercy on thee.\r
+\r
+54:11 O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted,\r
+behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours, and lay thy\r
+foundations with sapphires.\r
+\r
+54:12 And I will make thy windows of agates, and thy gates of\r
+carbuncles, and all thy borders of pleasant stones.\r
+\r
+54:13 And all thy children shall be taught of the LORD; and great\r
+shall be the peace of thy children.\r
+\r
+54:14 In righteousness shalt thou be established: thou shalt be far\r
+from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it\r
+shall not come near thee.\r
+\r
+54:15 Behold, they shall surely gather together, but not by me:\r
+whosoever shall gather together against thee shall fall for thy sake.\r
+\r
+54:16 Behold, I have created the smith that bloweth the coals in the\r
+fire, and that bringeth forth an instrument for his work; and I have\r
+created the waster to destroy.\r
+\r
+54:17 No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper; and every\r
+tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shalt condemn.\r
+This is the heritage of the servants of the LORD, and their\r
+righteousness is of me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+55:1 Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that\r
+hath no money; come ye, buy, and eat; yea, come, buy wine and milk\r
+without money and without price.\r
+\r
+55:2 Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread? and your\r
+labour for that which satisfieth not? hearken diligently unto me, and\r
+eat ye that which is good, and let your soul delight itself in\r
+fatness.\r
+\r
+55:3 Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall\r
+live; and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure\r
+mercies of David.\r
+\r
+55:4 Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, a leader\r
+and commander to the people.\r
+\r
+55:5 Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not, and\r
+nations that knew not thee shall run unto thee because of the LORD thy\r
+God, and for the Holy One of Israel; for he hath glorified thee.\r
+\r
+55:6 Seek ye the LORD while he may be found, call ye upon him while he\r
+is near: 55:7 Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man\r
+his thoughts: and let him return unto the LORD, and he will have mercy\r
+upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon.\r
+\r
+55:8 For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my\r
+ways, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+55:9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways\r
+higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.\r
+\r
+55:10 For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and\r
+returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring\r
+forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the\r
+eater: 55:11 So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it\r
+shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I\r
+please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.\r
+\r
+55:12 For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace: the\r
+mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing, and\r
+all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.\r
+\r
+55:13 Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of\r
+the brier shall come up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the LORD\r
+for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off.\r
+\r
+56:1 Thus saith the LORD, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my\r
+salvation is near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed.\r
+\r
+56:2 Blessed is the man that doeth this, and the son of man that\r
+layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and\r
+keepeth his hand from doing any evil.\r
+\r
+56:3 Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to\r
+the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his\r
+people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree.\r
+\r
+56:4 For thus saith the LORD unto the eunuchs that keep my sabbaths,\r
+and choose the things that please me, and take hold of my covenant;\r
+56:5 Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a\r
+place and a name better than of sons and of daughters: I will give\r
+them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off.\r
+\r
+56:6 Also the sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the LORD,\r
+to serve him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be his servants,\r
+every one that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold\r
+of my covenant; 56:7 Even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and\r
+make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and\r
+their sacrifices shall be accepted upon mine altar; for mine house\r
+shall be called an house of prayer for all people.\r
+\r
+56:8 The Lord GOD, which gathereth the outcasts of Israel saith, Yet\r
+will I gather others to him, beside those that are gathered unto him.\r
+\r
+56:9 All ye beasts of the field, come to devour, yea, all ye beasts in\r
+the forest.\r
+\r
+56:10 His watchmen are blind: they are all ignorant, they are all dumb\r
+dogs, they cannot bark; sleeping, lying down, loving to slumber.\r
+\r
+56:11 Yea, they are greedy dogs which can never have enough, and they\r
+are shepherds that cannot understand: they all look to their own way,\r
+every one for his gain, from his quarter.\r
+\r
+56:12 Come ye, say they, I will fetch wine, and we will fill ourselves\r
+with strong drink; and to morrow shall be as this day, and much more\r
+abundant.\r
+\r
+57:1 The righteous perisheth, and no man layeth it to heart: and\r
+merciful men are taken away, none considering that the righteous is\r
+taken away from the evil to come.\r
+\r
+57:2 He shall enter into peace: they shall rest in their beds, each\r
+one walking in his uprightness.\r
+\r
+57:3 But draw near hither, ye sons of the sorceress, the seed of the\r
+adulterer and the whore.\r
+\r
+57:4 Against whom do ye sport yourselves? against whom make ye a wide\r
+mouth, and draw out the tongue? are ye not children of transgression,\r
+a seed of falsehood.\r
+\r
+57:5 Enflaming yourselves with idols under every green tree, slaying\r
+the children in the valleys under the clifts of the rocks? 57:6 Among\r
+the smooth stones of the stream is thy portion; they, they are thy\r
+lot: even to them hast thou poured a drink offering, thou hast offered\r
+a meat offering. Should I receive comfort in these? 57:7 Upon a lofty\r
+and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up\r
+to offer sacrifice.\r
+\r
+57:8 Behind the doors also and the posts hast thou set up thy\r
+remembrance: for thou hast discovered thyself to another than me, and\r
+art gone up; thou hast enlarged thy bed, and made thee a covenant with\r
+them; thou lovedst their bed where thou sawest it.\r
+\r
+57:9 And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase\r
+thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase\r
+thyself even unto hell.\r
+\r
+57:10 Thou art wearied in the greatness of thy way; yet saidst thou\r
+not, There is no hope: thou hast found the life of thine hand;\r
+therefore thou wast not grieved.\r
+\r
+57:11 And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast\r
+lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? have not I\r
+held my peace even of old, and thou fearest me not? 57:12 I will\r
+declare thy righteousness, and thy works; for they shall not profit\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+57:13 When thou criest, let thy companies deliver thee; but the wind\r
+shall carry them all away; vanity shall take them: but he that putteth\r
+his trust in me shall possess the land, and shall inherit my holy\r
+mountain; 57:14 And shall say, Cast ye up, cast ye up, prepare the\r
+way, take up the stumblingblock out of the way of my people.\r
+\r
+57:15 For thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity,\r
+whose name is Holy; I dwell in the high and holy place, with him also\r
+that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the\r
+humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones.\r
+\r
+57:16 For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth:\r
+for the spirit should fail before me, and the souls which I have made.\r
+\r
+57:17 For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth, and smote him:\r
+I hid me, and was wroth, and he went on frowardly in the way of his\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+57:18 I have seen his ways, and will heal him: I will lead him also,\r
+and restore comforts unto him and to his mourners.\r
+\r
+57:19 I create the fruit of the lips; Peace, peace to him that is far\r
+off, and to him that is near, saith the LORD; and I will heal him.\r
+\r
+57:20 But the wicked are like the troubled sea, when it cannot rest,\r
+whose waters cast up mire and dirt.\r
+\r
+57:21 There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked.\r
+\r
+58:1 Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet, and shew\r
+my people their transgression, and the house of Jacob their sins.\r
+\r
+58:2 Yet they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways, as a nation\r
+that did righteousness, and forsook not the ordinance of their God:\r
+they ask of me the ordinances of justice; they take delight in\r
+approaching to God.\r
+\r
+58:3 Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore\r
+have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in\r
+the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labours.\r
+\r
+58:4 Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with the fist\r
+of wickedness: ye shall not fast as ye do this day, to make your voice\r
+to be heard on high.\r
+\r
+58:5 Is it such a fast that I have chosen? a day for a man to afflict\r
+his soul? is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread\r
+sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an\r
+acceptable day to the LORD? 58:6 Is not this the fast that I have\r
+chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens,\r
+and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke? 58:7\r
+Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the\r
+poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that\r
+thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?\r
+58:8 Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health\r
+shall spring forth speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before\r
+thee; the glory of the LORD shall be thy rereward.\r
+\r
+58:9 Then shalt thou call, and the LORD shall answer; thou shalt cry,\r
+and he shall say, Here I am. If thou take away from the midst of thee\r
+the yoke, the putting forth of the finger, and speaking vanity; 58:10\r
+And if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted\r
+soul; then shall thy light rise in obscurity, and thy darkness be as\r
+the noon day: 58:11 And the LORD shall guide thee continually, and\r
+satisfy thy soul in drought, and make fat thy bones: and thou shalt be\r
+like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail\r
+not.\r
+\r
+58:12 And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places:\r
+thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou\r
+shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to\r
+dwell in.\r
+\r
+58:13 If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from doing thy\r
+pleasure on my holy day; and call the sabbath a delight, the holy of\r
+the LORD, honourable; and shalt honour him, not doing thine own ways,\r
+nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine own words: 58:14\r
+Then shalt thou delight thyself in the LORD; and I will cause thee to\r
+ride upon the high places of the earth, and feed thee with the\r
+heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken\r
+it.\r
+\r
+59:1 Behold, the LORD's hand is not shortened, that it cannot save;\r
+neither his ear heavy, that it cannot hear: 59:2 But your iniquities\r
+have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his\r
+face from you, that he will not hear.\r
+\r
+59:3 For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with\r
+iniquity; your lips have spoken lies, your tongue hath muttered\r
+perverseness.\r
+\r
+59:4 None calleth for justice, nor any pleadeth for truth: they trust\r
+in vanity, and speak lies; they conceive mischief, and bring forth\r
+iniquity.\r
+\r
+59:5 They hatch cockatrice' eggs, and weave the spider's web: he that\r
+eateth of their eggs dieth, and that which is crushed breaketh out\r
+into a viper.\r
+\r
+59:6 Their webs shall not become garments, neither shall they cover\r
+themselves with their works: their works are works of iniquity, and\r
+the act of violence is in their hands.\r
+\r
+59:7 Their feet run to evil, and they make haste to shed innocent\r
+blood: their thoughts are thoughts of iniquity; wasting and\r
+destruction are in their paths.\r
+\r
+59:8 The way of peace they know not; and there is no judgment in their\r
+goings: they have made them crooked paths: whosoever goeth therein\r
+shall not know peace.\r
+\r
+59:9 Therefore is judgment far from us, neither doth justice overtake\r
+us: we wait for light, but behold obscurity; for brightness, but we\r
+walk in darkness.\r
+\r
+59:10 We grope for the wall like the blind, and we grope as if we had\r
+no eyes: we stumble at noon day as in the night; we are in desolate\r
+places as dead men.\r
+\r
+59:11 We roar all like bears, and mourn sore like doves: we look for\r
+judgment, but there is none; for salvation, but it is far off from us.\r
+\r
+59:12 For our transgressions are multiplied before thee, and our sins\r
+testify against us: for our transgressions are with us; and as for our\r
+iniquities, we know them; 59:13 In transgressing and lying against the\r
+LORD, and departing away from our God, speaking oppression and revolt,\r
+conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood.\r
+\r
+59:14 And judgment is turned away backward, and justice standeth afar\r
+off: for truth is fallen in the street, and equity cannot enter.\r
+\r
+59:15 Yea, truth faileth; and he that departeth from evil maketh\r
+himself a prey: and the LORD saw it, and it displeased him that there\r
+was no judgment.\r
+\r
+59:16 And he saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no\r
+intercessor: therefore his arm brought salvation unto him; and his\r
+righteousness, it sustained him.\r
+\r
+59:17 For he put on righteousness as a breastplate, and an helmet of\r
+salvation upon his head; and he put on the garments of vengeance for\r
+clothing, and was clad with zeal as a cloak.\r
+\r
+59:18 According to their deeds, accordingly he will repay, fury to his\r
+adversaries, recompence to his enemies; to the islands he will repay\r
+recompence.\r
+\r
+59:19 So shall they fear the name of the LORD from the west, and his\r
+glory from the rising of the sun. When the enemy shall come in like a\r
+flood, the Spirit of the LORD shall lift up a standard against him.\r
+\r
+59:20 And the Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto them that turn\r
+from transgression in Jacob, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+59:21 As for me, this is my covenant with them, saith the LORD; My\r
+spirit that is upon thee, and my words which I have put in thy mouth,\r
+shall not depart out of thy mouth, nor out of the mouth of thy seed,\r
+nor out of the mouth of thy seed's seed, saith the LORD, from\r
+henceforth and for ever.\r
+\r
+60:1 Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is\r
+risen upon thee.\r
+\r
+60:2 For, behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross\r
+darkness the people: but the LORD shall arise upon thee, and his glory\r
+shall be seen upon thee.\r
+\r
+60:3 And the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the\r
+brightness of thy rising.\r
+\r
+60:4 Lift up thine eyes round about, and see: all they gather\r
+themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall come from far,\r
+and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side.\r
+\r
+60:5 Then thou shalt see, and flow together, and thine heart shall\r
+fear, and be enlarged; because the abundance of the sea shall be\r
+converted unto thee, the forces of the Gentiles shall come unto thee.\r
+\r
+60:6 The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of\r
+Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring\r
+gold and incense; and they shall shew forth the praises of the LORD.\r
+\r
+60:7 All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together unto thee, the\r
+rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee: they shall come up with\r
+acceptance on mine altar, and I will glorify the house of my glory.\r
+\r
+60:8 Who are these that fly as a cloud, and as the doves to their\r
+windows? 60:9 Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the ships of\r
+Tarshish first, to bring thy sons from far, their silver and their\r
+gold with them, unto the name of the LORD thy God, and to the Holy One\r
+of Israel, because he hath glorified thee.\r
+\r
+60:10 And the sons of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their\r
+kings shall minister unto thee: for in my wrath I smote thee, but in\r
+my favour have I had mercy on thee.\r
+\r
+60:11 Therefore thy gates shall be open continually; they shall not be\r
+shut day nor night; that men may bring unto thee the forces of the\r
+Gentiles, and that their kings may be brought.\r
+\r
+60:12 For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall\r
+perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted.\r
+\r
+60:13 The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the\r
+pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my\r
+sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious.\r
+\r
+60:14 The sons also of them that afflicted thee shall come bending\r
+unto thee; and all they that despised thee shall bow themselves down\r
+at the soles of thy feet; and they shall call thee; The city of the\r
+LORD, The Zion of the Holy One of Israel.\r
+\r
+60:15 Whereas thou has been forsaken and hated, so that no man went\r
+through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many\r
+generations.\r
+\r
+60:16 Thou shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck\r
+the breast of kings: and thou shalt know that I the LORD am thy\r
+Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob.\r
+\r
+60:17 For brass I will bring gold, and for iron I will bring silver,\r
+and for wood brass, and for stones iron: I will also make thy officers\r
+peace, and thine exactors righteousness.\r
+\r
+60:18 Violence shall no more be heard in thy land, wasting nor\r
+destruction within thy borders; but thou shalt call thy walls\r
+Salvation, and thy gates Praise.\r
+\r
+60:19 The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for\r
+brightness shall the moon give light unto thee: but the LORD shall be\r
+unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory.\r
+\r
+60:20 Thy sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy moon withdraw\r
+itself: for the LORD shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of\r
+thy mourning shall be ended.\r
+\r
+60:21 Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the\r
+land for ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I\r
+may be glorified.\r
+\r
+60:22 A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong\r
+nation: I the LORD will hasten it in his time.\r
+\r
+61:1 The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath\r
+anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to\r
+bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and\r
+the opening of the prison to them that are bound; 61:2 To proclaim the\r
+acceptable year of the LORD, and the day of vengeance of our God; to\r
+comfort all that mourn; 61:3 To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion,\r
+to give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, the\r
+garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; that they might be\r
+called trees of righteousness, the planting of the LORD, that he might\r
+be glorified.\r
+\r
+61:4 And they shall build the old wastes, they shall raise up the\r
+former desolations, and they shall repair the waste cities, the\r
+desolations of many generations.\r
+\r
+61:5 And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and the sons of\r
+the alien shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers.\r
+\r
+61:6 But ye shall be named the Priests of the LORD: men shall call you\r
+the Ministers of our God: ye shall eat the riches of the Gentiles, and\r
+in their glory shall ye boast yourselves.\r
+\r
+61:7 For your shame ye shall have double; and for confusion they shall\r
+rejoice in their portion: therefore in their land they shall possess\r
+the double: everlasting joy shall be unto them.\r
+\r
+61:8 For I the LORD love judgment, I hate robbery for burnt offering;\r
+and I will direct their work in truth, and I will make an everlasting\r
+covenant with them.\r
+\r
+61:9 And their seed shall be known among the Gentiles, and their\r
+offspring among the people: all that see them shall acknowledge them,\r
+that they are the seed which the LORD hath blessed.\r
+\r
+61:10 I will greatly rejoice in the LORD, my soul shall be joyful in\r
+my God; for he hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, he hath\r
+covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh\r
+himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her\r
+jewels.\r
+\r
+61:11 For as the earth bringeth forth her bud, and as the garden\r
+causeth the things that are sown in it to spring forth; so the Lord\r
+GOD will cause righteousness and praise to spring forth before all the\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+62:1 For Zion's sake will I not hold my peace, and for Jerusalem's\r
+sake I will not rest, until the righteousness thereof go forth as\r
+brightness, and the salvation thereof as a lamp that burneth.\r
+\r
+62:2 And the Gentiles shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy\r
+glory: and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the\r
+LORD shall name.\r
+\r
+62:3 Thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the LORD, and\r
+a royal diadem in the hand of thy God.\r
+\r
+62:4 Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any\r
+more be termed Desolate: but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy\r
+land Beulah: for the LORD delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be\r
+married.\r
+\r
+62:5 For as a young man marrieth a virgin, so shall thy sons marry\r
+thee: and as the bridegroom rejoiceth over the bride, so shall thy God\r
+rejoice over thee.\r
+\r
+62:6 I have set watchmen upon thy walls, O Jerusalem, which shall\r
+never hold their peace day nor night: ye that make mention of the\r
+LORD, keep not silence, 62:7 And give him no rest, till he establish,\r
+and till he make Jerusalem a praise in the earth.\r
+\r
+62:8 The LORD hath sworn by his right hand, and by the arm of his\r
+strength, Surely I will no more give thy corn to be meat for thine\r
+enemies; and the sons of the stranger shall not drink thy wine, for\r
+the which thou hast laboured: 62:9 But they that have gathered it\r
+shall eat it, and praise the LORD; and they that have brought it\r
+together shall drink it in the courts of my holiness.\r
+\r
+62:10 Go through, go through the gates; prepare ye the way of the\r
+people; cast up, cast up the highway; gather out the stones; lift up a\r
+standard for the people.\r
+\r
+62:11 Behold, the LORD hath proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say\r
+ye to the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy salvation cometh; behold, his\r
+reward is with him, and his work before him.\r
+\r
+62:12 And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed of the\r
+LORD: and thou shalt be called, Sought out, A city not forsaken.\r
+\r
+63:1 Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garments from\r
+Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, travelling in the\r
+greatness of his strength? I that speak in righteousness, mighty to\r
+save.\r
+\r
+63:2 Wherefore art thou red in thine apparel, and thy garments like\r
+him that treadeth in the winefat? 63:3 I have trodden the winepress\r
+alone; and of the people there was none with me: for I will tread them\r
+in mine anger, and trample them in my fury; and their blood shall be\r
+sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment.\r
+\r
+63:4 For the day of vengeance is in mine heart, and the year of my\r
+redeemed is come.\r
+\r
+63:5 And I looked, and there was none to help; and I wondered that\r
+there was none to uphold: therefore mine own arm brought salvation\r
+unto me; and my fury, it upheld me.\r
+\r
+63:6 And I will tread down the people in mine anger, and make them\r
+drunk in my fury, and I will bring down their strength to the earth.\r
+\r
+63:7 I will mention the lovingkindnesses of the LORD, and the praises\r
+of the LORD, according to all that the LORD hath bestowed on us, and\r
+the great goodness toward the house of Israel, which he hath bestowed\r
+on them according to his mercies, and according to the multitude of\r
+his lovingkindnesses.\r
+\r
+63:8 For he said, Surely they are my people, children that will not\r
+lie: so he was their Saviour.\r
+\r
+63:9 In all their affliction he was afflicted, and the angel of his\r
+presence saved them: in his love and in his pity he redeemed them; and\r
+he bare them, and carried them all the days of old.\r
+\r
+63:10 But they rebelled, and vexed his holy Spirit: therefore he was\r
+turned to be their enemy, and he fought against them.\r
+\r
+63:11 Then he remembered the days of old, Moses, and his people,\r
+saying, Where is he that brought them up out of the sea with the\r
+shepherd of his flock? where is he that put his holy Spirit within\r
+him? 63:12 That led them by the right hand of Moses with his glorious\r
+arm, dividing the water before them, to make himself an everlasting\r
+name? 63:13 That led them through the deep, as an horse in the\r
+wilderness, that they should not stumble? 63:14 As a beast goeth down\r
+into the valley, the Spirit of the LORD caused him to rest: so didst\r
+thou lead thy people, to make thyself a glorious name.\r
+\r
+63:15 Look down from heaven, and behold from the habitation of thy\r
+holiness and of thy glory: where is thy zeal and thy strength, the\r
+sounding of thy bowels and of thy mercies toward me? are they\r
+restrained? 63:16 Doubtless thou art our father, though Abraham be\r
+ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not: thou, O LORD, art our\r
+father, our redeemer; thy name is from everlasting.\r
+\r
+63:17 O LORD, why hast thou made us to err from thy ways, and hardened\r
+our heart from thy fear? Return for thy servants' sake, the tribes of\r
+thine inheritance.\r
+\r
+63:18 The people of thy holiness have possessed it but a little while:\r
+our adversaries have trodden down thy sanctuary.\r
+\r
+63:19 We are thine: thou never barest rule over them; they were not\r
+called by thy name.\r
+\r
+64:1 Oh that thou wouldest rend the heavens, that thou wouldest come\r
+down, that the mountains might flow down at thy presence, 64:2 As when\r
+the melting fire burneth, the fire causeth the waters to boil, to make\r
+thy name known to thine adversaries, that the nations may tremble at\r
+thy presence! 64:3 When thou didst terrible things which we looked\r
+not for, thou camest down, the mountains flowed down at thy presence.\r
+\r
+64:4 For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor\r
+perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee,\r
+what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him.\r
+\r
+64:5 Thou meetest him that rejoiceth and worketh righteousness, those\r
+that remember thee in thy ways: behold, thou art wroth; for we have\r
+sinned: in those is continuance, and we shall be saved.\r
+\r
+64:6 But we are all as an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses\r
+are as filthy rags; and we all do fade as a leaf; and our iniquities,\r
+like the wind, have taken us away.\r
+\r
+64:7 And there is none that calleth upon thy name, that stirreth up\r
+himself to take hold of thee: for thou hast hid thy face from us, and\r
+hast consumed us, because of our iniquities.\r
+\r
+64:8 But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou\r
+our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.\r
+\r
+64:9 Be not wroth very sore, O LORD, neither remember iniquity for\r
+ever: behold, see, we beseech thee, we are all thy people.\r
+\r
+64:10 Thy holy cities are a wilderness, Zion is a wilderness,\r
+Jerusalem a desolation.\r
+\r
+64:11 Our holy and our beautiful house, where our fathers praised\r
+thee, is burned up with fire: and all our pleasant things are laid\r
+waste.\r
+\r
+64:12 Wilt thou refrain thyself for these things, O LORD? wilt thou\r
+hold thy peace, and afflict us very sore? 65:1 I am sought of them\r
+that asked not for me; I am found of them that sought me not: I said,\r
+Behold me, behold me, unto a nation that was not called by my name.\r
+\r
+65:2 I have spread out my hands all the day unto a rebellious people,\r
+which walketh in a way that was not good, after their own thoughts;\r
+65:3 A people that provoketh me to anger continually to my face; that\r
+sacrificeth in gardens, and burneth incense upon altars of brick; 65:4\r
+Which remain among the graves, and lodge in the monuments, which eat\r
+swine's flesh, and broth of abominable things is in their vessels;\r
+65:5 Which say, Stand by thyself, come not near to me; for I am holier\r
+than thou. These are a smoke in my nose, a fire that burneth all the\r
+day.\r
+\r
+65:6 Behold, it is written before me: I will not keep silence, but\r
+will recompense, even recompense into their bosom, 65:7 Your\r
+iniquities, and the iniquities of your fathers together, saith the\r
+LORD, which have burned incense upon the mountains, and blasphemed me\r
+upon the hills: therefore will I measure their former work into their\r
+bosom.\r
+\r
+65:8 Thus saith the LORD, As the new wine is found in the cluster, and\r
+one saith, Destroy it not; for a blessing is in it: so will I do for\r
+my servants' sakes, that I may not destroy them all.\r
+\r
+65:9 And I will bring forth a seed out of Jacob, and out of Judah an\r
+inheritor of my mountains: and mine elect shall inherit it, and my\r
+servants shall dwell there.\r
+\r
+65:10 And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor a\r
+place for the herds to lie down in, for my people that have sought me.\r
+\r
+65:11 But ye are they that forsake the LORD, that forget my holy\r
+mountain, that prepare a table for that troop, and that furnish the\r
+drink offering unto that number.\r
+\r
+65:12 Therefore will I number you to the sword, and ye shall all bow\r
+down to the slaughter: because when I called, ye did not answer; when\r
+I spake, ye did not hear; but did evil before mine eyes, and did\r
+choose that wherein I delighted not.\r
+\r
+65:13 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, my servants shall\r
+eat, but ye shall be hungry: behold, my servants shall drink, but ye\r
+shall be thirsty: behold, my servants shall rejoice, but ye shall be\r
+ashamed: 65:14 Behold, my servants shall sing for joy of heart, but ye\r
+shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for vexation of spirit.\r
+\r
+65:15 And ye shall leave your name for a curse unto my chosen: for the\r
+Lord GOD shall slay thee, and call his servants by another name: 65:16\r
+That he who blesseth himself in the earth shall bless himself in the\r
+God of truth; and he that sweareth in the earth shall swear by the God\r
+of truth; because the former troubles are forgotten, and because they\r
+are hid from mine eyes.\r
+\r
+65:17 For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the\r
+former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.\r
+\r
+65:18 But be ye glad and rejoice for ever in that which I create: for,\r
+behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy.\r
+\r
+65:19 And I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in my people: and the\r
+voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor the voice of\r
+crying.\r
+\r
+65:20 There shall be no more thence an infant of days, nor an old man\r
+that hath not filled his days: for the child shall die an hundred\r
+years old; but the sinner being an hundred years old shall be\r
+accursed.\r
+\r
+65:21 And they shall build houses, and inhabit them; and they shall\r
+plant vineyards, and eat the fruit of them.\r
+\r
+65:22 They shall not build, and another inhabit; they shall not plant,\r
+and another eat: for as the days of a tree are the days of my people,\r
+and mine elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands.\r
+\r
+65:23 They shall not labour in vain, nor bring forth for trouble; for\r
+they are the seed of the blessed of the LORD, and their offspring with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+65:24 And it shall come to pass, that before they call, I will answer;\r
+and while they are yet speaking, I will hear.\r
+\r
+65:25 The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall\r
+eat straw like the bullock: and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They\r
+shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+66:1 Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my\r
+footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the\r
+place of my rest? 66:2 For all those things hath mine hand made, and\r
+all those things have been, saith the LORD: but to this man will I\r
+look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and trembleth\r
+at my word.\r
+\r
+66:3 He that killeth an ox is as if he slew a man; he that sacrificeth\r
+a lamb, as if he cut off a dog's neck; he that offereth an oblation,\r
+as if he offered swine's blood; he that burneth incense, as if he\r
+blessed an idol.\r
+\r
+Yea, they have chosen their own ways, and their soul delighteth in\r
+their abominations.\r
+\r
+66:4 I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears\r
+upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they\r
+did not hear: but they did evil before mine eyes, and chose that in\r
+which I delighted not.\r
+\r
+66:5 Hear the word of the LORD, ye that tremble at his word; Your\r
+brethren that hated you, that cast you out for my name's sake, said,\r
+Let the LORD be glorified: but he shall appear to your joy, and they\r
+shall be ashamed.\r
+\r
+66:6 A voice of noise from the city, a voice from the temple, a voice\r
+of the LORD that rendereth recompence to his enemies.\r
+\r
+66:7 Before she travailed, she brought forth; before her pain came,\r
+she was delivered of a man child.\r
+\r
+66:8 Who hath heard such a thing? who hath seen such things? Shall the\r
+earth be made to bring forth in one day? or shall a nation be born at\r
+once? for as soon as Zion travailed, she brought forth her children.\r
+\r
+66:9 Shall I bring to the birth, and not cause to bring forth? saith\r
+the LORD: shall I cause to bring forth, and shut the womb? saith thy\r
+God.\r
+\r
+66:10 Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all ye that\r
+love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye that mourn for her: 66:11\r
+That ye may suck, and be satisfied with the breasts of her\r
+consolations; that ye may milk out, and be delighted with the\r
+abundance of her glory.\r
+\r
+66:12 For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will extend peace to her like\r
+a river, and the glory of the Gentiles like a flowing stream: then\r
+shall ye suck, ye shall be borne upon her sides, and be dandled upon\r
+her knees.\r
+\r
+66:13 As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort you; and ye\r
+shall be comforted in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+66:14 And when ye see this, your heart shall rejoice, and your bones\r
+shall flourish like an herb: and the hand of the LORD shall be known\r
+toward his servants, and his indignation toward his enemies.\r
+\r
+66:15 For, behold, the LORD will come with fire, and with his chariots\r
+like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with\r
+flames of fire.\r
+\r
+66:16 For by fire and by his sword will the LORD plead with all flesh:\r
+and the slain of the LORD shall be many.\r
+\r
+66:17 They that sanctify themselves, and purify themselves in the\r
+gardens behind one tree in the midst, eating swine's flesh, and the\r
+abomination, and the mouse, shall be consumed together, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+66:18 For I know their works and their thoughts: it shall come, that I\r
+will gather all nations and tongues; and they shall come, and see my\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+66:19 And I will set a sign among them, and I will send those that\r
+escape of them unto the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, that draw\r
+the bow, to Tubal, and Javan, to the isles afar off, that have not\r
+heard my fame, neither have seen my glory; and they shall declare my\r
+glory among the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+66:20 And they shall bring all your brethren for an offering unto the\r
+LORD out of all nations upon horses, and in chariots, and in litters,\r
+and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy mountain Jerusalem,\r
+saith the LORD, as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean\r
+vessel into the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+66:21 And I will also take of them for priests and for Levites, saith\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+66:22 For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make,\r
+shall remain before me, saith the LORD, so shall your seed and your\r
+name remain.\r
+\r
+66:23 And it shall come to pass, that from one new moon to another,\r
+and from one sabbath to another, shall all flesh come to worship\r
+before me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+66:24 And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcases of the men\r
+that have transgressed against me: for their worm shall not die,\r
+neither shall their fire be quenched; and they shall be an abhorring\r
+unto all flesh.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that\r
+were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin: 1:2 To whom the word of the\r
+LORD came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, in the\r
+thirteenth year of his reign.\r
+\r
+1:3 It came also in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of\r
+Judah, unto the end of the eleventh year of Zedekiah the son of Josiah\r
+king of Judah, unto the carrying away of Jerusalem captive in the\r
+fifth month.\r
+\r
+1:4 Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 1:5 Before I\r
+formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out\r
+of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+1:6 Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, I cannot speak: for I am a\r
+child.\r
+\r
+1:7 But the LORD said unto me, Say not, I am a child: for thou shalt\r
+go to all that I shall send thee, and whatsoever I command thee thou\r
+shalt speak.\r
+\r
+1:8 Be not afraid of their faces: for I am with thee to deliver thee,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:9 Then the LORD put forth his hand, and touched my mouth. And the\r
+LORD said unto me, Behold, I have put my words in thy mouth.\r
+\r
+1:10 See, I have this day set thee over the nations and over the\r
+kingdoms, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw\r
+down, to build, and to plant.\r
+\r
+1:11 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Jeremiah,\r
+what seest thou? And I said, I see a rod of an almond tree.\r
+\r
+1:12 Then said the LORD unto me, Thou hast well seen: for I will\r
+hasten my word to perform it.\r
+\r
+1:13 And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying,\r
+What seest thou? And I said, I see a seething pot; and the face\r
+thereof is toward the north.\r
+\r
+1:14 Then the LORD said unto me, Out of the north an evil shall break\r
+forth upon all the inhabitants of the land.\r
+\r
+1:15 For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the\r
+north, saith the LORD; and they shall come, and they shall set every\r
+one his throne at the entering of the gates of Jerusalem, and against\r
+all the walls thereof round about, and against all the cities of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+1:16 And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their\r
+wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other\r
+gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands.\r
+\r
+1:17 Thou therefore gird up thy loins, and arise, and speak unto them\r
+all that I command thee: be not dismayed at their faces, lest I\r
+confound thee before them.\r
+\r
+1:18 For, behold, I have made thee this day a defenced city, and an\r
+iron pillar, and brasen walls against the whole land, against the\r
+kings of Judah, against the princes thereof, against the priests\r
+thereof, and against the people of the land.\r
+\r
+1:19 And they shall fight against thee; but they shall not prevail\r
+against thee; for I am with thee, saith the LORD, to deliver thee.\r
+\r
+2:1 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 2:2 Go and cry\r
+in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; I remember\r
+thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of thine espousals, when\r
+thou wentest after me in the wilderness, in a land that was not sown.\r
+\r
+2:3 Israel was holiness unto the LORD, and the firstfruits of his\r
+increase: all that devour him shall offend; evil shall come upon them,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:4 Hear ye the word of the LORD, O house of Jacob, and all the\r
+families of the house of Israel: 2:5 Thus saith the LORD, What\r
+iniquity have your fathers found in me, that they are gone far from\r
+me, and have walked after vanity, and are become vain? 2:6 Neither\r
+said they, Where is the LORD that brought us up out of the land of\r
+Egypt, that led us through the wilderness, through a land of deserts\r
+and of pits, through a land of drought, and of the shadow of death,\r
+through a land that no man passed through, and where no man dwelt?\r
+2:7 And I brought you into a plentiful country, to eat the fruit\r
+thereof and the goodness thereof; but when ye entered, ye defiled my\r
+land, and made mine heritage an abomination.\r
+\r
+2:8 The priests said not, Where is the LORD? and they that handle the\r
+law knew me not: the pastors also transgressed against me, and the\r
+prophets prophesied by Baal, and walked after things that do not\r
+profit.\r
+\r
+2:9 Wherefore I will yet plead with you, saith the LORD, and with your\r
+children's children will I plead.\r
+\r
+2:10 For pass over the isles of Chittim, and see; and send unto Kedar,\r
+and consider diligently, and see if there be such a thing.\r
+\r
+2:11 Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? but my\r
+people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit.\r
+\r
+2:12 Be astonished, O ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be\r
+ye very desolate, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:13 For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the\r
+fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken\r
+cisterns, that can hold no water.\r
+\r
+2:14 Is Israel a servant? is he a homeborn slave? why is he spoiled?\r
+2:15 The young lions roared upon him, and yelled, and they made his\r
+land waste: his cities are burned without inhabitant.\r
+\r
+2:16 Also the children of Noph and Tahapanes have broken the crown of\r
+thy head.\r
+\r
+2:17 Hast thou not procured this unto thyself, in that thou hast\r
+forsaken the LORD thy God, when he led thee by the way? 2:18 And now\r
+what hast thou to do in the way of Egypt, to drink the waters of\r
+Sihor? or what hast thou to do in the way of Assyria, to drink the\r
+waters of the river? 2:19 Thine own wickedness shall correct thee,\r
+and thy backslidings shall reprove thee: know therefore and see that\r
+it is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the LORD thy\r
+God, and that my fear is not in thee, saith the Lord GOD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:20 For of old time I have broken thy yoke, and burst thy bands; and\r
+thou saidst, I will not transgress; when upon every high hill and\r
+under every green tree thou wanderest, playing the harlot.\r
+\r
+2:21 Yet I had planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right seed: how\r
+then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto\r
+me? 2:22 For though thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much\r
+soap, yet thine iniquity is marked before me, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+2:23 How canst thou say, I am not polluted, I have not gone after\r
+Baalim? see thy way in the valley, know what thou hast done: thou art\r
+a swift dromedary traversing her ways; 2:24 A wild ass used to the\r
+wilderness, that snuffeth up the wind at her pleasure; in her occasion\r
+who can turn her away? all they that seek her will not weary\r
+themselves; in her month they shall find her.\r
+\r
+2:25 Withhold thy foot from being unshod, and thy throat from thirst:\r
+but thou saidst, There is no hope: no; for I have loved strangers, and\r
+after them will I go.\r
+\r
+2:26 As the thief is ashamed when he is found, so is the house of\r
+Israel ashamed; they, their kings, their princes, and their priests,\r
+and their prophets.\r
+\r
+2:27 Saying to a stock, Thou art my father; and to a stone, Thou hast\r
+brought me forth: for they have turned their back unto me, and not\r
+their face: but in the time of their trouble they will say, Arise, and\r
+save us.\r
+\r
+2:28 But where are thy gods that thou hast made thee? let them arise,\r
+if they can save thee in the time of thy trouble: for according to the\r
+number of thy cities are thy gods, O Judah.\r
+\r
+2:29 Wherefore will ye plead with me? ye all have transgressed against\r
+me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:30 In vain have I smitten your children; they received no\r
+correction: your own sword hath devoured your prophets, like a\r
+destroying lion.\r
+\r
+2:31 O generation, see ye the word of the LORD. Have I been a\r
+wilderness unto Israel? a land of darkness? wherefore say my people,\r
+We are lords; we will come no more unto thee? 2:32 Can a maid forget\r
+her ornaments, or a bride her attire? yet my people have forgotten me\r
+days without number.\r
+\r
+2:33 Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love? therefore hast thou also\r
+taught the wicked ones thy ways.\r
+\r
+2:34 Also in thy skirts is found the blood of the souls of the poor\r
+innocents: I have not found it by secret search, but upon all these.\r
+\r
+2:35 Yet thou sayest, Because I am innocent, surely his anger shall\r
+turn from me. Behold, I will plead with thee, because thou sayest, I\r
+have not sinned.\r
+\r
+2:36 Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way? thou also shalt\r
+be ashamed of Egypt, as thou wast ashamed of Assyria.\r
+\r
+2:37 Yea, thou shalt go forth from him, and thine hands upon thine\r
+head: for the LORD hath rejected thy confidences, and thou shalt not\r
+prosper in them.\r
+\r
+3:1 They say, If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and\r
+become another man's, shall he return unto her again? shall not that\r
+land be greatly polluted? but thou hast played the harlot with many\r
+lovers; yet return again to me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:2 Lift up thine eyes unto the high places, and see where thou hast\r
+not been lien with. In the ways hast thou sat for them, as the Arabian\r
+in the wilderness; and thou hast polluted the land with thy whoredoms\r
+and with thy wickedness.\r
+\r
+3:3 Therefore the showers have been withholden, and there hath been no\r
+latter rain; and thou hadst a whore's forehead, thou refusedst to be\r
+ashamed.\r
+\r
+3:4 Wilt thou not from this time cry unto me, My father, thou art the\r
+guide of my youth? 3:5 Will he reserve his anger for ever? will he\r
+keep it to the end? Behold, thou hast spoken and done evil things as\r
+thou couldest.\r
+\r
+3:6 The LORD said also unto me in the days of Josiah the king, Hast\r
+thou seen that which backsliding Israel hath done? she is gone up upon\r
+every high mountain and under every green tree, and there hath played\r
+the harlot.\r
+\r
+3:7 And I said after she had done all these things, Turn thou unto me.\r
+But she returned not. And her treacherous sister Judah saw it.\r
+\r
+3:8 And I saw, when for all the causes whereby backsliding Israel\r
+committed adultery I had put her away, and given her a bill of\r
+divorce; yet her treacherous sister Judah feared not, but went and\r
+played the harlot also.\r
+\r
+3:9 And it came to pass through the lightness of her whoredom, that\r
+she defiled the land, and committed adultery with stones and with\r
+stocks.\r
+\r
+3:10 And yet for all this her treacherous sister Judah hath not turned\r
+unto me with her whole heart, but feignedly, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:11 And the LORD said unto me, The backsliding Israel hath justified\r
+herself more than treacherous Judah.\r
+\r
+3:12 Go and proclaim these words toward the north, and say, Return,\r
+thou backsliding Israel, saith the LORD; and I will not cause mine\r
+anger to fall upon you: for I am merciful, saith the LORD, and I will\r
+not keep anger for ever.\r
+\r
+3:13 Only acknowledge thine iniquity, that thou hast transgressed\r
+against the LORD thy God, and hast scattered thy ways to the strangers\r
+under every green tree, and ye have not obeyed my voice, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+3:14 Turn, O backsliding children, saith the LORD; for I am married\r
+unto you: and I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and\r
+I will bring you to Zion: 3:15 And I will give you pastors according\r
+to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.\r
+\r
+3:16 And it shall come to pass, when ye be multiplied and increased in\r
+the land, in those days, saith the LORD, they shall say no more, The\r
+ark of the covenant of the LORD: neither shall it come to mind:\r
+neither shall they remember it; neither shall they visit it; neither\r
+shall that be done any more.\r
+\r
+3:17 At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the LORD;\r
+and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the\r
+LORD, to Jerusalem: neither shall they walk any more after the\r
+imagination of their evil heart.\r
+\r
+3:18 In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of\r
+Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to\r
+the land that I have given for an inheritance unto your fathers.\r
+\r
+3:19 But I said, How shall I put thee among the children, and give\r
+thee a pleasant land, a goodly heritage of the hosts of nations? and I\r
+said, Thou shalt call me, My father; and shalt not turn away from me.\r
+\r
+3:20 Surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband, so\r
+have ye dealt treacherously with me, O house of Israel, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+3:21 A voice was heard upon the high places, weeping and supplications\r
+of the children of Israel: for they have perverted their way, and they\r
+have forgotten the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+3:22 Return, ye backsliding children, and I will heal your\r
+backslidings.\r
+\r
+Behold, we come unto thee; for thou art the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+3:23 Truly in vain is salvation hoped for from the hills, and from the\r
+multitude of mountains: truly in the LORD our God is the salvation of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+3:24 For shame hath devoured the labour of our fathers from our youth;\r
+their flocks and their herds, their sons and their daughters.\r
+\r
+3:25 We lie down in our shame, and our confusion covereth us: for we\r
+have sinned against the LORD our God, we and our fathers, from our\r
+youth even unto this day, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD\r
+our God.\r
+\r
+4:1 If thou wilt return, O Israel, saith the LORD, return unto me: and\r
+if thou wilt put away thine abominations out of my sight, then shalt\r
+thou not remove.\r
+\r
+4:2 And thou shalt swear, The LORD liveth, in truth, in judgment, and\r
+in righteousness; and the nations shall bless themselves in him, and\r
+in him shall they glory.\r
+\r
+4:3 For thus saith the LORD to the men of Judah and Jerusalem, Break\r
+up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns.\r
+\r
+4:4 Circumcise yourselves to the LORD, and take away the foreskins of\r
+your heart, ye men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem: lest my fury\r
+come forth like fire, and burn that none can quench it, because of the\r
+evil of your doings.\r
+\r
+4:5 Declare ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, Blow ye\r
+the trumpet in the land: cry, gather together, and say, Assemble\r
+yourselves, and let us go into the defenced cities.\r
+\r
+4:6 Set up the standard toward Zion: retire, stay not: for I will\r
+bring evil from the north, and a great destruction.\r
+\r
+4:7 The lion is come up from his thicket, and the destroyer of the\r
+Gentiles is on his way; he is gone forth from his place to make thy\r
+land desolate; and thy cities shall be laid waste, without an\r
+inhabitant.\r
+\r
+4:8 For this gird you with sackcloth, lament and howl: for the fierce\r
+anger of the LORD is not turned back from us.\r
+\r
+4:9 And it shall come to pass at that day, saith the LORD, that the\r
+heart of the king shall perish, and the heart of the princes; and the\r
+priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder.\r
+\r
+4:10 Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! surely thou hast greatly deceived this\r
+people and Jerusalem, saying, Ye shall have peace; whereas the sword\r
+reacheth unto the soul.\r
+\r
+4:11 At that time shall it be said to this people and to Jerusalem, A\r
+dry wind of the high places in the wilderness toward the daughter of\r
+my people, not to fan, nor to cleanse, 4:12 Even a full wind from\r
+those places shall come unto me: now also will I give sentence against\r
+them.\r
+\r
+4:13 Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as\r
+a whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe unto us! for we\r
+are spoiled.\r
+\r
+4:14 O Jerusalem, wash thine heart from wickedness, that thou mayest\r
+be saved. How long shall thy vain thoughts lodge within thee? 4:15\r
+For a voice declareth from Dan, and publisheth affliction from mount\r
+Ephraim.\r
+\r
+4:16 Make ye mention to the nations; behold, publish against\r
+Jerusalem, that watchers come from a far country, and give out their\r
+voice against the cities of Judah.\r
+\r
+4:17 As keepers of a field, are they against her round about; because\r
+she hath been rebellious against me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:18 Thy way and thy doings have procured these things unto thee; this\r
+is thy wickedness, because it is bitter, because it reacheth unto\r
+thine heart.\r
+\r
+4:19 My bowels, my bowels! I am pained at my very heart; my heart\r
+maketh a noise in me; I cannot hold my peace, because thou hast heard,\r
+O my soul, the sound of the trumpet, the alarm of war.\r
+\r
+4:20 Destruction upon destruction is cried; for the whole land is\r
+spoiled: suddenly are my tents spoiled, and my curtains in a moment.\r
+\r
+4:21 How long shall I see the standard, and hear the sound of the\r
+trumpet? 4:22 For my people is foolish, they have not known me; they\r
+are sottish children, and they have none understanding: they are wise\r
+to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge.\r
+\r
+4:23 I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and\r
+the heavens, and they had no light.\r
+\r
+4:24 I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills\r
+moved lightly.\r
+\r
+4:25 I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the\r
+heavens were fled.\r
+\r
+4:26 I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all\r
+the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the LORD, and\r
+by his fierce anger.\r
+\r
+4:27 For thus hath the LORD said, The whole land shall be desolate;\r
+yet will I not make a full end.\r
+\r
+4:28 For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black;\r
+because I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent,\r
+neither will I turn back from it.\r
+\r
+4:29 The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and\r
+bowmen; they shall go into thickets, and climb up upon the rocks:\r
+every city shall be forsaken, and not a man dwell therein.\r
+\r
+4:30 And when thou art spoiled, what wilt thou do? Though thou\r
+clothest thyself with crimson, though thou deckest thee with ornaments\r
+of gold, though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt\r
+thou make thyself fair; thy lovers will despise thee, they will seek\r
+thy life.\r
+\r
+4:31 For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, and the\r
+anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child, the voice of\r
+the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth herself, that spreadeth her\r
+hands, saying, Woe is me now! for my soul is wearied because of\r
+murderers.\r
+\r
+5:1 Run ye to and fro through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now,\r
+and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if ye can find a man,\r
+if there be any that executeth judgment, that seeketh the truth; and I\r
+will pardon it.\r
+\r
+5:2 And though they say, The LORD liveth; surely they swear falsely.\r
+\r
+5:3 O LORD, are not thine eyes upon the truth? thou hast stricken\r
+them, but they have not grieved; thou hast consumed them, but they\r
+have refused to receive correction: they have made their faces harder\r
+than a rock; they have refused to return.\r
+\r
+5:4 Therefore I said, Surely these are poor; they are foolish: for\r
+they know not the way of the LORD, nor the judgment of their God.\r
+\r
+5:5 I will get me unto the great men, and will speak unto them; for\r
+they have known the way of the LORD, and the judgment of their God:\r
+but these have altogether broken the yoke, and burst the bonds.\r
+\r
+5:6 Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of\r
+the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their\r
+cities: every one that goeth out thence shall be torn in pieces:\r
+because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are\r
+increased.\r
+\r
+5:7 How shall I pardon thee for this? thy children have forsaken me,\r
+and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full,\r
+they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in\r
+the harlots' houses.\r
+\r
+5:8 They were as fed horses in the morning: every one neighed after\r
+his neighbour's wife.\r
+\r
+5:9 Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: and shall not\r
+my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? 5:10 Go ye up upon her\r
+walls, and destroy; but make not a full end: take away her\r
+battlements; for they are not the LORD's.\r
+\r
+5:11 For the house of Israel and the house of Judah have dealt very\r
+treacherously against me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:12 They have belied the LORD, and said, It is not he; neither shall\r
+evil come upon us; neither shall we see sword nor famine: 5:13 And the\r
+prophets shall become wind, and the word is not in them: thus shall it\r
+be done unto them.\r
+\r
+5:14 Wherefore thus saith the LORD God of hosts, Because ye speak this\r
+word, behold, I will make my words in thy mouth fire, and this people\r
+wood, and it shall devour them.\r
+\r
+5:15 Lo, I will bring a nation upon you from far, O house of Israel,\r
+saith the LORD: it is a mighty nation, it is an ancient nation, a\r
+nation whose language thou knowest not, neither understandest what\r
+they say.\r
+\r
+5:16 Their quiver is as an open sepulchre, they are all mighty men.\r
+\r
+5:17 And they shall eat up thine harvest, and thy bread, which thy\r
+sons and thy daughters should eat: they shall eat up thy flocks and\r
+thine herds: they shall eat up thy vines and thy fig trees: they shall\r
+impoverish thy fenced cities, wherein thou trustedst, with the sword.\r
+\r
+5:18 Nevertheless in those days, saith the LORD, I will not make a\r
+full end with you.\r
+\r
+5:19 And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, Wherefore doeth the\r
+LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them,\r
+Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so\r
+shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not your's.\r
+\r
+5:20 Declare this in the house of Jacob, and publish it in Judah,\r
+saying, 5:21 Hear now this, O foolish people, and without\r
+understanding; which have eyes, and see not; which have ears, and hear\r
+not: 5:22 Fear ye not me? saith the LORD: will ye not tremble at my\r
+presence, which have placed the sand for the bound of the sea by a\r
+perpetual decree, that it cannot pass it: and though the waves thereof\r
+toss themselves, yet can they not prevail; though they roar, yet can\r
+they not pass over it? 5:23 But this people hath a revolting and a\r
+rebellious heart; they are revolted and gone.\r
+\r
+5:24 Neither say they in their heart, Let us now fear the LORD our\r
+God, that giveth rain, both the former and the latter, in his season:\r
+he reserveth unto us the appointed weeks of the harvest.\r
+\r
+5:25 Your iniquities have turned away these things, and your sins have\r
+withholden good things from you.\r
+\r
+5:26 For among my people are found wicked men: they lay wait, as he\r
+that setteth snares; they set a trap, they catch men.\r
+\r
+5:27 As a cage is full of birds, so are their houses full of deceit:\r
+therefore they are become great, and waxen rich.\r
+\r
+5:28 They are waxen fat, they shine: yea, they overpass the deeds of\r
+the wicked: they judge not the cause, the cause of the fatherless, yet\r
+they prosper; and the right of the needy do they not judge.\r
+\r
+5:29 Shall I not visit for these things? saith the LORD: shall not my\r
+soul be avenged on such a nation as this? 5:30 A wonderful and\r
+horrible thing is committed in the land; 5:31 The prophets prophesy\r
+falsely, and the priests bear rule by their means; and my people love\r
+to have it so: and what will ye do in the end thereof? 6:1 O ye\r
+children of Benjamin, gather yourselves to flee out of the midst of\r
+Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a sign of fire in\r
+Bethhaccerem: for evil appeareth out of the north, and great\r
+destruction.\r
+\r
+6:2 I have likened the daughter of Zion to a comely and delicate\r
+woman.\r
+\r
+6:3 The shepherds with their flocks shall come unto her; they shall\r
+pitch their tents against her round about; they shall feed every one\r
+in his place.\r
+\r
+6:4 Prepare ye war against her; arise, and let us go up at noon. Woe\r
+unto us! for the day goeth away, for the shadows of the evening are\r
+stretched out.\r
+\r
+6:5 Arise, and let us go by night, and let us destroy her palaces.\r
+\r
+6:6 For thus hath the LORD of hosts said, Hew ye down trees, and cast\r
+a mount against Jerusalem: this is the city to be visited; she is\r
+wholly oppression in the midst of her.\r
+\r
+6:7 As a fountain casteth out her waters, so she casteth out her\r
+wickedness: violence and spoil is heard in her; before me continually\r
+is grief and wounds.\r
+\r
+6:8 Be thou instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my soul depart from thee;\r
+lest I make thee desolate, a land not inhabited.\r
+\r
+6:9 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall throughly glean the\r
+remnant of Israel as a vine: turn back thine hand as a grapegatherer\r
+into the baskets.\r
+\r
+6:10 To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear?\r
+behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken: behold,\r
+the word of the LORD is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in\r
+it.\r
+\r
+6:11 Therefore I am full of the fury of the LORD; I am weary with\r
+holding in: I will pour it out upon the children abroad, and upon the\r
+assembly of young men together: for even the husband with the wife\r
+shall be taken, the aged with him that is full of days.\r
+\r
+6:12 And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields\r
+and wives together: for I will stretch out my hand upon the\r
+inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:13 For from the least of them even unto the greatest of them every\r
+one is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even unto the\r
+priest every one dealeth falsely.\r
+\r
+6:14 They have healed also the hurt of the daughter of my people\r
+slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace.\r
+\r
+6:15 Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they\r
+were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore they\r
+shall fall among them that fall: at the time that I visit them they\r
+shall be cast down, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:16 Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for\r
+the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall\r
+find rest for your souls. But they said, We will not walk therein.\r
+\r
+6:17 Also I set watchmen over you, saying, Hearken to the sound of the\r
+trumpet. But they said, We will not hearken.\r
+\r
+6:18 Therefore hear, ye nations, and know, O congregation, what is\r
+among them.\r
+\r
+6:19 Hear, O earth: behold, I will bring evil upon this people, even\r
+the fruit of their thoughts, because they have not hearkened unto my\r
+words, nor to my law, but rejected it.\r
+\r
+6:20 To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the\r
+sweet cane from a far country? your burnt offerings are not\r
+acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me.\r
+\r
+6:21 Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will lay stumblingblocks\r
+before this people, and the fathers and the sons together shall fall\r
+upon them; the neighbour and his friend shall perish.\r
+\r
+6:22 Thus saith the LORD, Behold, a people cometh from the north\r
+country, and a great nation shall be raised from the sides of the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+6:23 They shall lay hold on bow and spear; they are cruel, and have no\r
+mercy; their voice roareth like the sea; and they ride upon horses,\r
+set in array as men for war against thee, O daughter of Zion.\r
+\r
+6:24 We have heard the fame thereof: our hands wax feeble: anguish\r
+hath taken hold of us, and pain, as of a woman in travail.\r
+\r
+6:25 Go not forth into the field, nor walk by the way; for the sword\r
+of the enemy and fear is on every side.\r
+\r
+6:26 O daughter of my people, gird thee with sackcloth, and wallow\r
+thyself in ashes: make thee mourning, as for an only son, most bitter\r
+lamentation: for the spoiler shall suddenly come upon us.\r
+\r
+6:27 I have set thee for a tower and a fortress among my people, that\r
+thou mayest know and try their way.\r
+\r
+6:28 They are all grievous revolters, walking with slanders: they are\r
+brass and iron; they are all corrupters.\r
+\r
+6:29 The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the\r
+founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away.\r
+\r
+6:30 Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the LORD hath\r
+rejected them.\r
+\r
+7:1 The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, 7:2 Stand in\r
+the gate of the LORD's house, and proclaim there this word, and say,\r
+Hear the word of the LORD, all ye of Judah, that enter in at these\r
+gates to worship the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:3 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Amend your ways\r
+and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place.\r
+\r
+7:4 Trust ye not in lying words, saying, The temple of the LORD, The\r
+temple of the LORD, The temple of the LORD, are these.\r
+\r
+7:5 For if ye throughly amend your ways and your doings; if ye\r
+throughly execute judgment between a man and his neighbour; 7:6 If ye\r
+oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not\r
+innocent blood in this place, neither walk after other gods to your\r
+hurt: 7:7 Then will I cause you to dwell in this place, in the land\r
+that I gave to your fathers, for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+7:8 Behold, ye trust in lying words, that cannot profit.\r
+\r
+7:9 Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear falsely, and\r
+burn incense unto Baal, and walk after other gods whom ye know not;\r
+7:10 And come and stand before me in this house, which is called by my\r
+name, and say, We are delivered to do all these abominations? 7:11 Is\r
+this house, which is called by my name, become a den of robbers in\r
+your eyes? Behold, even I have seen it, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:12 But go ye now unto my place which was in Shiloh, where I set my\r
+name at the first, and see what I did to it for the wickedness of my\r
+people Israel.\r
+\r
+7:13 And now, because ye have done all these works, saith the LORD,\r
+and I spake unto you, rising up early and speaking, but ye heard not;\r
+and I called you, but ye answered not; 7:14 Therefore will I do unto\r
+this house, which is called by my name, wherein ye trust, and unto the\r
+place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to\r
+Shiloh.\r
+\r
+7:15 And I will cast you out of my sight, as I have cast out all your\r
+brethren, even the whole seed of Ephraim.\r
+\r
+7:16 Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry nor\r
+prayer for them, neither make intercession to me: for I will not hear\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+7:17 Seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah and in the\r
+streets of Jerusalem? 7:18 The children gather wood, and the fathers\r
+kindle the fire, and the women knead their dough, to make cakes to the\r
+queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that\r
+they may provoke me to anger.\r
+\r
+7:19 Do they provoke me to anger? saith the LORD: do they not provoke\r
+themselves to the confusion of their own faces? 7:20 Therefore thus\r
+saith the Lord GOD; Behold, mine anger and my fury shall be poured out\r
+upon this place, upon man, and upon beast, and upon the trees of the\r
+field, and upon the fruit of the ground; and it shall burn, and shall\r
+not be quenched.\r
+\r
+7:21 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Put your burnt\r
+offerings unto your sacrifices, and eat flesh.\r
+\r
+7:22 For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the day\r
+that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt\r
+offerings or sacrifices: 7:23 But this thing commanded I them, saying,\r
+Obey my voice, and I will be your God, and ye shall be my people: and\r
+walk ye in all the ways that I have commanded you, that it may be well\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+7:24 But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear, but walked in the\r
+counsels and in the imagination of their evil heart, and went\r
+backward, and not forward.\r
+\r
+7:25 Since the day that your fathers came forth out of the land of\r
+Egypt unto this day I have even sent unto you all my servants the\r
+prophets, daily rising up early and sending them: 7:26 Yet they\r
+hearkened not unto me, nor inclined their ear, but hardened their\r
+neck: they did worse than their fathers.\r
+\r
+7:27 Therefore thou shalt speak all these words unto them; but they\r
+will not hearken to thee: thou shalt also call unto them; but they\r
+will not answer thee.\r
+\r
+7:28 But thou shalt say unto them, This is a nation that obeyeth not\r
+the voice of the LORD their God, nor receiveth correction: truth is\r
+perished, and is cut off from their mouth.\r
+\r
+7:29 Cut off thine hair, O Jerusalem, and cast it away, and take up a\r
+lamentation on high places; for the LORD hath rejected and forsaken\r
+the generation of his wrath.\r
+\r
+7:30 For the children of Judah have done evil in my sight, saith the\r
+LORD: they have set their abominations in the house which is called by\r
+my name, to pollute it.\r
+\r
+7:31 And they have built the high places of Tophet, which is in the\r
+valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in\r
+the fire; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my heart.\r
+\r
+7:32 Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall\r
+no more be called Tophet, nor the valley of the son of Hinnom, but the\r
+valley of slaughter: for they shall bury in Tophet, till there be no\r
+place.\r
+\r
+7:33 And the carcases of this people shall be meat for the fowls of\r
+the heaven, and for the beasts of the earth; and none shall fray them\r
+away.\r
+\r
+7:34 Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from the\r
+streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness,\r
+the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride: for the land\r
+shall be desolate.\r
+\r
+8:1 At that time, saith the LORD, they shall bring out the bones of\r
+the kings of Judah, and the bones of his princes, and the bones of the\r
+priests, and the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem, out of their graves: 8:2 And they shall\r
+spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven,\r
+whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they\r
+have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped:\r
+they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon\r
+the face of the earth.\r
+\r
+8:3 And death shall be chosen rather than life by all the residue of\r
+them that remain of this evil family, which remain in all the places\r
+whither I have driven them, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+8:4 Moreover thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; Shall they\r
+fall, and not arise? shall he turn away, and not return? 8:5 Why then\r
+is this people of Jerusalem slidden back by a perpetual backsliding?\r
+they hold fast deceit, they refuse to return.\r
+\r
+8:6 I hearkened and heard, but they spake not aright: no man repented\r
+him of his wickedness, saying, What have I done? every one turned to\r
+his course, as the horse rusheth into the battle.\r
+\r
+8:7 Yea, the stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed times; and the\r
+turtle and the crane and the swallow observe the time of their coming;\r
+but my people know not the judgment of the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:8 How do ye say, We are wise, and the law of the LORD is with us?\r
+Lo, certainly in vain made he it; the pen of the scribes is in vain.\r
+\r
+8:9 The wise men are ashamed, they are dismayed and taken: lo, they\r
+have rejected the word of the LORD; and what wisdom is in them? 8:10\r
+Therefore will I give their wives unto others, and their fields to\r
+them that shall inherit them: for every one from the least even unto\r
+the greatest is given to covetousness, from the prophet even unto the\r
+priest every one dealeth falsely.\r
+\r
+8:11 For they have healed the hurt of the daughter of my people\r
+slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace.\r
+\r
+8:12 Were they ashamed when they had committed abomination? nay, they\r
+were not at all ashamed, neither could they blush: therefore shall\r
+they fall among them that fall: in the time of their visitation they\r
+shall be cast down, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:13 I will surely consume them, saith the LORD: there shall be no\r
+grapes on the vine, nor figs on the fig tree, and the leaf shall fade;\r
+and the things that I have given them shall pass away from them.\r
+\r
+8:14 Why do we sit still? assemble yourselves, and let us enter into\r
+the defenced cities, and let us be silent there: for the LORD our God\r
+hath put us to silence, and given us water of gall to drink, because\r
+we have sinned against the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:15 We looked for peace, but no good came; and for a time of health,\r
+and behold trouble! 8:16 The snorting of his horses was heard from\r
+Dan: the whole land trembled at the sound of the neighing of his\r
+strong ones; for they are come, and have devoured the land, and all\r
+that is in it; the city, and those that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+8:17 For, behold, I will send serpents, cockatrices, among you, which\r
+will not be charmed, and they shall bite you, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:18 When I would comfort myself against sorrow, my heart is faint in\r
+me.\r
+\r
+8:19 Behold the voice of the cry of the daughter of my people because\r
+of them that dwell in a far country: Is not the LORD in Zion? is not\r
+her king in her? Why have they provoked me to anger with their graven\r
+images, and with strange vanities? 8:20 The harvest is past, the\r
+summer is ended, and we are not saved.\r
+\r
+8:21 For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black;\r
+astonishment hath taken hold on me.\r
+\r
+8:22 Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then\r
+is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered? 9:1 Oh that\r
+my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might\r
+weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people! 9:2 Oh\r
+that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of wayfaring men; that I\r
+might leave my people, and go from them! for they be all adulterers,\r
+an assembly of treacherous men.\r
+\r
+9:3 And they bend their tongues like their bow for lies: but they are\r
+not valiant for the truth upon the earth; for they proceed from evil\r
+to evil, and they know not me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:4 Take ye heed every one of his neighbour, and trust ye not in any\r
+brother: for every brother will utterly supplant, and every neighbour\r
+will walk with slanders.\r
+\r
+9:5 And they will deceive every one his neighbour, and will not speak\r
+the truth: they have taught their tongue to speak lies, and weary\r
+themselves to commit iniquity.\r
+\r
+9:6 Thine habitation is in the midst of deceit; through deceit they\r
+refuse to know me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:7 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, I will melt them,\r
+and try them; for how shall I do for the daughter of my people? 9:8\r
+Their tongue is as an arrow shot out; it speaketh deceit: one speaketh\r
+peaceably to his neighbour with his mouth, but in heart he layeth his\r
+wait.\r
+\r
+9:9 Shall I not visit them for these things? saith the LORD: shall not\r
+my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? 9:10 For the mountains\r
+will I take up a weeping and wailing, and for the habitations of the\r
+wilderness a lamentation, because they are burned up, so that none can\r
+pass through them; neither can men hear the voice of the cattle; both\r
+the fowl of the heavens and the beast are fled; they are gone.\r
+\r
+9:11 And I will make Jerusalem heaps, and a den of dragons; and I will\r
+make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.\r
+\r
+9:12 Who is the wise man, that may understand this? and who is he to\r
+whom the mouth of the LORD hath spoken, that he may declare it, for\r
+what the land perisheth and is burned up like a wilderness, that none\r
+passeth through? 9:13 And the LORD saith, Because they have forsaken\r
+my law which I set before them, and have not obeyed my voice, neither\r
+walked therein; 9:14 But have walked after the imagination of their\r
+own heart, and after Baalim, which their fathers taught them: 9:15\r
+Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I\r
+will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water\r
+of gall to drink.\r
+\r
+9:16 I will scatter them also among the heathen, whom neither they nor\r
+their fathers have known: and I will send a sword after them, till I\r
+have consumed them.\r
+\r
+9:17 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Consider ye, and call for the\r
+mourning women, that they may come; and send for cunning women, that\r
+they may come: 9:18 And let them make haste, and take up a wailing for\r
+us, that our eyes may run down with tears, and our eyelids gush out\r
+with waters.\r
+\r
+9:19 For a voice of wailing is heard out of Zion, How are we spoiled!\r
+we are greatly confounded, because we have forsaken the land, because\r
+our dwellings have cast us out.\r
+\r
+9:20 Yet hear the word of the LORD, O ye women, and let your ear\r
+receive the word of his mouth, and teach your daughters wailing, and\r
+every one her neighbour lamentation.\r
+\r
+9:21 For death is come up into our windows, and is entered into our\r
+palaces, to cut off the children from without, and the young men from\r
+the streets.\r
+\r
+9:22 Speak, Thus saith the LORD, Even the carcases of men shall fall\r
+as dung upon the open field, and as the handful after the harvestman,\r
+and none shall gather them.\r
+\r
+9:23 Thus saith the LORD, Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom,\r
+neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man\r
+glory in his riches: 9:24 But let him that glorieth glory in this,\r
+that he understandeth and knoweth me, that I am the LORD which\r
+exercise lovingkindness, judgment, and righteousness, in the earth:\r
+for in these things I delight, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:25 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will punish all\r
+them which are circumcised with the uncircumcised; 9:26 Egypt, and\r
+Judah, and Edom, and the children of Ammon, and Moab, and all that are\r
+in the utmost corners, that dwell in the wilderness: for all these\r
+nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are\r
+uncircumcised in the heart.\r
+\r
+10:1 Hear ye the word which the LORD speaketh unto you, O house of\r
+Israel: 10:2 Thus saith the LORD, Learn not the way of the heathen,\r
+and be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; for the heathen are\r
+dismayed at them.\r
+\r
+10:3 For the customs of the people are vain: for one cutteth a tree\r
+out of the forest, the work of the hands of the workman, with the axe.\r
+\r
+10:4 They deck it with silver and with gold; they fasten it with nails\r
+and with hammers, that it move not.\r
+\r
+10:5 They are upright as the palm tree, but speak not: they must needs\r
+be borne, because they cannot go. Be not afraid of them; for they\r
+cannot do evil, neither also is it in them to do good.\r
+\r
+10:6 Forasmuch as there is none like unto thee, O LORD; thou art\r
+great, and thy name is great in might.\r
+\r
+10:7 Who would not fear thee, O King of nations? for to thee doth it\r
+appertain: forasmuch as among all the wise men of the nations, and in\r
+all their kingdoms, there is none like unto thee.\r
+\r
+10:8 But they are altogether brutish and foolish: the stock is a\r
+doctrine of vanities.\r
+\r
+10:9 Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from\r
+Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue\r
+and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men.\r
+\r
+10:10 But the LORD is the true God, he is the living God, and an\r
+everlasting king: at his wrath the earth shall tremble, and the\r
+nations shall not be able to abide his indignation.\r
+\r
+10:11 Thus shall ye say unto them, The gods that have not made the\r
+heavens and the earth, even they shall perish from the earth, and from\r
+under these heavens.\r
+\r
+10:12 He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the\r
+world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by his\r
+discretion.\r
+\r
+10:13 When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in\r
+the heavens, and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the\r
+earth; he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out\r
+of his treasures.\r
+\r
+10:14 Every man is brutish in his knowledge: every founder is\r
+confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and\r
+there is no breath in them.\r
+\r
+10:15 They are vanity, and the work of errors: in the time of their\r
+visitation they shall perish.\r
+\r
+10:16 The portion of Jacob is not like them: for he is the former of\r
+all things; and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: The LORD of\r
+hosts is his name.\r
+\r
+10:17 Gather up thy wares out of the land, O inhabitant of the\r
+fortress.\r
+\r
+10:18 For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will sling out the\r
+inhabitants of the land at this once, and will distress them, that\r
+they may find it so.\r
+\r
+10:19 Woe is me for my hurt! my wound is grievous; but I said, Truly\r
+this is a grief, and I must bear it.\r
+\r
+10:20 My tabernacle is spoiled, and all my cords are broken: my\r
+children are gone forth of me, and they are not: there is none to\r
+stretch forth my tent any more, and to set up my curtains.\r
+\r
+10:21 For the pastors are become brutish, and have not sought the\r
+LORD: therefore they shall not prosper, and all their flocks shall be\r
+scattered.\r
+\r
+10:22 Behold, the noise of the bruit is come, and a great commotion\r
+out of the north country, to make the cities of Judah desolate, and a\r
+den of dragons.\r
+\r
+10:23 O LORD, I know that the way of man is not in himself: it is not\r
+in man that walketh to direct his steps.\r
+\r
+10:24 O LORD, correct me, but with judgment; not in thine anger, lest\r
+thou bring me to nothing.\r
+\r
+10:25 Pour out thy fury upon the heathen that know thee not, and upon\r
+the families that call not on thy name: for they have eaten up Jacob,\r
+and devoured him, and consumed him, and have made his habitation\r
+desolate.\r
+\r
+11:1 The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD saying, 11:2 Hear ye\r
+the words of this covenant, and speak unto the men of Judah, and to\r
+the inhabitants of Jerusalem; 11:3 And say thou unto them, Thus saith\r
+the LORD God of Israel; Cursed be the man that obeyeth not the words\r
+of this covenant, 11:4 Which I commanded your fathers in the day that\r
+I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, from the iron furnace,\r
+saying, Obey my voice, and do them, according to all which I command\r
+you: so shall ye be my people, and I will be your God: 11:5 That I may\r
+perform the oath which I have sworn unto your fathers, to give them a\r
+land flowing with milk and honey, as it is this day. Then answered I,\r
+and said, So be it, O LORD.\r
+\r
+11:6 Then the LORD said unto me, Proclaim all these words in the\r
+cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, saying, Hear ye the\r
+words of this covenant, and do them.\r
+\r
+11:7 For I earnestly protested unto your fathers in the day that I\r
+brought them up out of the land of Egypt, even unto this day, rising\r
+early and protesting, saying, Obey my voice.\r
+\r
+11:8 Yet they obeyed not, nor inclined their ear, but walked every one\r
+in the imagination of their evil heart: therefore I will bring upon\r
+them all the words of this covenant, which I commanded them to do: but\r
+they did them not.\r
+\r
+11:9 And the LORD said unto me, A conspiracy is found among the men of\r
+Judah, and among the inhabitants of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+11:10 They are turned back to the iniquities of their forefathers,\r
+which refused to hear my words; and they went after other gods to\r
+serve them: the house of Israel and the house of Judah have broken my\r
+covenant which I made with their fathers.\r
+\r
+11:11 Therefore thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will bring evil upon\r
+them, which they shall not be able to escape; and though they shall\r
+cry unto me, I will not hearken unto them.\r
+\r
+11:12 Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go,\r
+and cry unto the gods unto whom they offer incense: but they shall not\r
+save them at all in the time of their trouble.\r
+\r
+11:13 For according to the number of thy cities were thy gods, O\r
+Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have ye\r
+set up altars to that shameful thing, even altars to burn incense unto\r
+Baal.\r
+\r
+11:14 Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up a cry\r
+or prayer for them: for I will not hear them in the time that they cry\r
+unto me for their trouble.\r
+\r
+11:15 What hath my beloved to do in mine house, seeing she hath\r
+wrought lewdness with many, and the holy flesh is passed from thee?\r
+when thou doest evil, then thou rejoicest.\r
+\r
+11:16 The LORD called thy name, A green olive tree, fair, and of\r
+goodly fruit: with the noise of a great tumult he hath kindled fire\r
+upon it, and the branches of it are broken.\r
+\r
+11:17 For the LORD of hosts, that planted thee, hath pronounced evil\r
+against thee, for the evil of the house of Israel and of the house of\r
+Judah, which they have done against themselves to provoke me to anger\r
+in offering incense unto Baal.\r
+\r
+11:18 And the LORD hath given me knowledge of it, and I know it: then\r
+thou shewedst me their doings.\r
+\r
+11:19 But I was like a lamb or an ox that is brought to the slaughter;\r
+and I knew not that they had devised devices against me, saying, Let\r
+us destroy the tree with the fruit thereof, and let us cut him off\r
+from the land of the living, that his name may be no more remembered.\r
+\r
+11:20 But, O LORD of hosts, that judgest righteously, that triest the\r
+reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee\r
+have I revealed my cause.\r
+\r
+11:21 Therefore thus saith the LORD of the men of Anathoth, that seek\r
+thy life, saying, Prophesy not in the name of the LORD, that thou die\r
+not by our hand: 11:22 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold,\r
+I will punish them: the young men shall die by the sword; their sons\r
+and their daughters shall die by famine: 11:23 And there shall be no\r
+remnant of them: for I will bring evil upon the men of Anathoth, even\r
+the year of their visitation.\r
+\r
+12:1 Righteous art thou, O LORD, when I plead with thee: yet let me\r
+talk with thee of thy judgments: Wherefore doth the way of the wicked\r
+prosper? wherefore are all they happy that deal very treacherously?\r
+12:2 Thou hast planted them, yea, they have taken root: they grow,\r
+yea, they bring forth fruit: thou art near in their mouth, and far\r
+from their reins.\r
+\r
+12:3 But thou, O LORD, knowest me: thou hast seen me, and tried mine\r
+heart toward thee: pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and\r
+prepare them for the day of slaughter.\r
+\r
+12:4 How long shall the land mourn, and the herbs of every field\r
+wither, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein? the beasts are\r
+consumed, and the birds; because they said, He shall not see our last\r
+end.\r
+\r
+12:5 If thou hast run with the footmen, and they have wearied thee,\r
+then how canst thou contend with horses? and if in the land of peace,\r
+wherein thou trustedst, they wearied thee, then how wilt thou do in\r
+the swelling of Jordan? 12:6 For even thy brethren, and the house of\r
+thy father, even they have dealt treacherously with thee; yea, they\r
+have called a multitude after thee: believe them not, though they\r
+speak fair words unto thee.\r
+\r
+12:7 I have forsaken mine house, I have left mine heritage; I have\r
+given the dearly beloved of my soul into the hand of her enemies.\r
+\r
+12:8 Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; it crieth out\r
+against me: therefore have I hated it.\r
+\r
+12:9 Mine heritage is unto me as a speckled bird, the birds round\r
+about are against her; come ye, assemble all the beasts of the field,\r
+come to devour.\r
+\r
+12:10 Many pastors have destroyed my vineyard, they have trodden my\r
+portion under foot, they have made my pleasant portion a desolate\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+12:11 They have made it desolate, and being desolate it mourneth unto\r
+me; the whole land is made desolate, because no man layeth it to\r
+heart.\r
+\r
+12:12 The spoilers are come upon all high places through the\r
+wilderness: for the sword of the LORD shall devour from the one end of\r
+the land even to the other end of the land: no flesh shall have peace.\r
+\r
+12:13 They have sown wheat, but shall reap thorns: they have put\r
+themselves to pain, but shall not profit: and they shall be ashamed of\r
+your revenues because of the fierce anger of the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:14 Thus saith the LORD against all mine evil neighbours, that touch\r
+the inheritance which I have caused my people Israel to inherit;\r
+Behold, I will pluck them out of their land, and pluck out the house\r
+of Judah from among them.\r
+\r
+12:15 And it shall come to pass, after that I have plucked them out I\r
+will return, and have compassion on them, and will bring them again,\r
+every man to his heritage, and every man to his land.\r
+\r
+12:16 And it shall come to pass, if they will diligently learn the\r
+ways of my people, to swear by my name, The LORD liveth; as they\r
+taught my people to swear by Baal; then shall they be built in the\r
+midst of my people.\r
+\r
+12:17 But if they will not obey, I will utterly pluck up and destroy\r
+that nation, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:1 Thus saith the LORD unto me, Go and get thee a linen girdle, and\r
+put it upon thy loins, and put it not in water.\r
+\r
+13:2 So I got a girdle according to the word of the LORD, and put it\r
+on my loins.\r
+\r
+13:3 And the word of the LORD came unto me the second time, saying,\r
+13:4 Take the girdle that thou hast got, which is upon thy loins, and\r
+arise, go to Euphrates, and hide it there in a hole of the rock.\r
+\r
+13:5 So I went, and hid it by Euphrates, as the LORD commanded me.\r
+\r
+13:6 And it came to pass after many days, that the LORD said unto me,\r
+Arise, go to Euphrates, and take the girdle from thence, which I\r
+commanded thee to hide there.\r
+\r
+13:7 Then I went to Euphrates, and digged, and took the girdle from\r
+the place where I had hid it: and, behold, the girdle was marred, it\r
+was profitable for nothing.\r
+\r
+13:8 Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 13:9 Thus saith\r
+the LORD, After this manner will I mar the pride of Judah, and the\r
+great pride of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:10 This evil people, which refuse to hear my words, which walk in\r
+the imagination of their heart, and walk after other gods, to serve\r
+them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is good\r
+for nothing.\r
+\r
+13:11 For as the girdle cleaveth to the loins of a man, so have I\r
+caused to cleave unto me the whole house of Israel and the whole house\r
+of Judah, saith the LORD; that they might be unto me for a people, and\r
+for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not\r
+hear.\r
+\r
+13:12 Therefore thou shalt speak unto them this word; Thus saith the\r
+LORD God of Israel, Every bottle shall be filled with wine: and they\r
+shall say unto thee, Do we not certainly know that every bottle shall\r
+be filled with wine? 13:13 Then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith\r
+the LORD, Behold, I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, even\r
+the kings that sit upon David's throne, and the priests, and the\r
+prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, with drunkenness.\r
+\r
+13:14 And I will dash them one against another, even the fathers and\r
+the sons together, saith the LORD: I will not pity, nor spare, nor\r
+have mercy, but destroy them.\r
+\r
+13:15 Hear ye, and give ear; be not proud: for the LORD hath spoken.\r
+\r
+13:16 Give glory to the LORD your God, before he cause darkness, and\r
+before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains, and, while ye look\r
+for light, he turn it into the shadow of death, and make it gross\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+13:17 But if ye will not hear it, my soul shall weep in secret places\r
+for your pride; and mine eye shall weep sore, and run down with tears,\r
+because the LORD's flock is carried away captive.\r
+\r
+13:18 Say unto the king and to the queen, Humble yourselves, sit down:\r
+for your principalities shall come down, even the crown of your glory.\r
+\r
+13:19 The cities of the south shall be shut up, and none shall open\r
+them: Judah shall be carried away captive all of it, it shall be\r
+wholly carried away captive.\r
+\r
+13:20 Lift up your eyes, and behold them that come from the north:\r
+where is the flock that was given thee, thy beautiful flock? 13:21\r
+What wilt thou say when he shall punish thee? for thou hast taught\r
+them to be captains, and as chief over thee: shall not sorrows take\r
+thee, as a woman in travail? 13:22 And if thou say in thine heart,\r
+Wherefore come these things upon me? For the greatness of thine\r
+iniquity are thy skirts discovered, and thy heels made bare.\r
+\r
+13:23 Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?\r
+then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil.\r
+\r
+13:24 Therefore will I scatter them as the stubble that passeth away\r
+by the wind of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+13:25 This is thy lot, the portion of thy measures from me, saith the\r
+LORD; because thou hast forgotten me, and trusted in falsehood.\r
+\r
+13:26 Therefore will I discover thy skirts upon thy face, that thy\r
+shame may appear.\r
+\r
+13:27 I have seen thine adulteries, and thy neighings, the lewdness of\r
+thy whoredom, and thine abominations on the hills in the fields. Woe\r
+unto thee, O Jerusalem! wilt thou not be made clean? when shall it\r
+once be? 14:1 The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah concerning\r
+the dearth.\r
+\r
+14:2 Judah mourneth, and the gates thereof languish; they are black\r
+unto the ground; and the cry of Jerusalem is gone up.\r
+\r
+14:3 And their nobles have sent their little ones to the waters: they\r
+came to the pits, and found no water; they returned with their vessels\r
+empty; they were ashamed and confounded, and covered their heads.\r
+\r
+14:4 Because the ground is chapt, for there was no rain in the earth,\r
+the plowmen were ashamed, they covered their heads.\r
+\r
+14:5 Yea, the hind also calved in the field, and forsook it, because\r
+there was no grass.\r
+\r
+14:6 And the wild asses did stand in the high places, they snuffed up\r
+the wind like dragons; their eyes did fail, because there was no\r
+grass.\r
+\r
+14:7 O LORD, though our iniquities testify against us, do thou it for\r
+thy name's sake: for our backslidings are many; we have sinned against\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+14:8 O the hope of Israel, the saviour thereof in time of trouble, why\r
+shouldest thou be as a stranger in the land, and as a wayfaring man\r
+that turneth aside to tarry for a night? 14:9 Why shouldest thou be\r
+as a man astonied, as a mighty man that cannot save? yet thou, O LORD,\r
+art in the midst of us, and we are called by thy name; leave us not.\r
+\r
+14:10 Thus saith the LORD unto this people, Thus have they loved to\r
+wander, they have not refrained their feet, therefore the LORD doth\r
+not accept them; he will now remember their iniquity, and visit their\r
+sins.\r
+\r
+14:11 Then said the LORD unto me, Pray not for this people for their\r
+good.\r
+\r
+14:12 When they fast, I will not hear their cry; and when they offer\r
+burnt offering and an oblation, I will not accept them: but I will\r
+consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence.\r
+\r
+14:13 Then said I, Ah, Lord GOD! behold, the prophets say unto them,\r
+Ye shall not see the sword, neither shall ye have famine; but I will\r
+give you assured peace in this place.\r
+\r
+14:14 Then the LORD said unto me, The prophets prophesy lies in my\r
+name: I sent them not, neither have I commanded them, neither spake\r
+unto them: they prophesy unto you a false vision and divination, and a\r
+thing of nought, and the deceit of their heart.\r
+\r
+14:15 Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that\r
+prophesy in my name, and I sent them not, yet they say, Sword and\r
+famine shall not be in this land; By sword and famine shall those\r
+prophets be consumed.\r
+\r
+14:16 And the people to whom they prophesy shall be cast out in the\r
+streets of Jerusalem because of the famine and the sword; and they\r
+shall have none to bury them, them, their wives, nor their sons, nor\r
+their daughters: for I will pour their wickedness upon them.\r
+\r
+14:17 Therefore thou shalt say this word unto them; Let mine eyes run\r
+down with tears night and day, and let them not cease: for the virgin\r
+daughter of my people is broken with a great breach, with a very\r
+grievous blow.\r
+\r
+14:18 If I go forth into the field, then behold the slain with the\r
+sword! and if I enter into the city, then behold them that are sick\r
+with famine! yea, both the prophet and the priest go about into a\r
+land that they know not.\r
+\r
+14:19 Hast thou utterly rejected Judah? hath thy soul lothed Zion? why\r
+hast thou smitten us, and there is no healing for us? we looked for\r
+peace, and there is no good; and for the time of healing, and behold\r
+trouble! 14:20 We acknowledge, O LORD, our wickedness, and the\r
+iniquity of our fathers: for we have sinned against thee.\r
+\r
+14:21 Do not abhor us, for thy name's sake, do not disgrace the throne\r
+of thy glory: remember, break not thy covenant with us.\r
+\r
+14:22 Are there any among the vanities of the Gentiles that can cause\r
+rain? or can the heavens give showers? art not thou he, O LORD our\r
+God? therefore we will wait upon thee: for thou hast made all these\r
+things.\r
+\r
+15:1 Then said the LORD unto me, Though Moses and Samuel stood before\r
+me, yet my mind could not be toward this people: cast them out of my\r
+sight, and let them go forth.\r
+\r
+15:2 And it shall come to pass, if they say unto thee, Whither shall\r
+we go forth? then thou shalt tell them, Thus saith the LORD; Such as\r
+are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword;\r
+and such as are for the famine, to the famine; and such as are for the\r
+captivity, to the captivity.\r
+\r
+15:3 And I will appoint over them four kinds, saith the LORD: the\r
+sword to slay, and the dogs to tear, and the fowls of the heaven, and\r
+the beasts of the earth, to devour and destroy.\r
+\r
+15:4 And I will cause them to be removed into all kingdoms of the\r
+earth, because of Manasseh the son of Hezekiah king of Judah, for that\r
+which he did in Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:5 For who shall have pity upon thee, O Jerusalem? or who shall\r
+bemoan thee? or who shall go aside to ask how thou doest? 15:6 Thou\r
+hast forsaken me, saith the LORD, thou art gone backward: therefore\r
+will I stretch out my hand against thee, and destroy thee; I am weary\r
+with repenting.\r
+\r
+15:7 And I will fan them with a fan in the gates of the land; I will\r
+bereave them of children, I will destroy my people since they return\r
+not from their ways.\r
+\r
+15:8 Their widows are increased to me above the sand of the seas: I\r
+have brought upon them against the mother of the young men a spoiler\r
+at noonday: I have caused him to fall upon it suddenly, and terrors\r
+upon the city.\r
+\r
+15:9 She that hath borne seven languisheth: she hath given up the\r
+ghost; her sun is gone down while it was yet day: she hath been\r
+ashamed and confounded: and the residue of them will I deliver to the\r
+sword before their enemies, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+15:10 Woe is me, my mother, that thou hast borne me a man of strife\r
+and a man of contention to the whole earth! I have neither lent on\r
+usury, nor men have lent to me on usury; yet every one of them doth\r
+curse me.\r
+\r
+15:11 The LORD said, Verily it shall be well with thy remnant; verily\r
+I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well in the time of evil and in\r
+the time of affliction.\r
+\r
+15:12 Shall iron break the northern iron and the steel? 15:13 Thy\r
+substance and thy treasures will I give to the spoil without price,\r
+and that for all thy sins, even in all thy borders.\r
+\r
+15:14 And I will make thee to pass with thine enemies into a land\r
+which thou knowest not: for a fire is kindled in mine anger, which\r
+shall burn upon you.\r
+\r
+15:15 O LORD, thou knowest: remember me, and visit me, and revenge me\r
+of my persecutors; take me not away in thy longsuffering: know that\r
+for thy sake I have suffered rebuke.\r
+\r
+15:16 Thy words were found, and I did eat them; and thy word was unto\r
+me the joy and rejoicing of mine heart: for I am called by thy name, O\r
+LORD God of hosts.\r
+\r
+15:17 I sat not in the assembly of the mockers, nor rejoiced; I sat\r
+alone because of thy hand: for thou hast filled me with indignation.\r
+\r
+15:18 Why is my pain perpetual, and my wound incurable, which refuseth\r
+to be healed? wilt thou be altogether unto me as a liar, and as waters\r
+that fail? 15:19 Therefore thus saith the LORD, If thou return, then\r
+will I bring thee again, and thou shalt stand before me: and if thou\r
+take forth the precious from the vile, thou shalt be as my mouth: let\r
+them return unto thee; but return not thou unto them.\r
+\r
+15:20 And I will make thee unto this people a fenced brasen wall: and\r
+they shall fight against thee, but they shall not prevail against\r
+thee: for I am with thee to save thee and to deliver thee, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+15:21 And I will deliver thee out of the hand of the wicked, and I\r
+will redeem thee out of the hand of the terrible.\r
+\r
+16:1 The word of the LORD came also unto me, saying, 16:2 Thou shalt\r
+not take thee a wife, neither shalt thou have sons or daughters in\r
+this place.\r
+\r
+16:3 For thus saith the LORD concerning the sons and concerning the\r
+daughters that are born in this place, and concerning their mothers\r
+that bare them, and concerning their fathers that begat them in this\r
+land; 16:4 They shall die of grievous deaths; they shall not be\r
+lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon\r
+the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by\r
+famine; and their carcases shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and\r
+for the beasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+16:5 For thus saith the LORD, Enter not into the house of mourning,\r
+neither go to lament nor bemoan them: for I have taken away my peace\r
+from this people, saith the LORD, even lovingkindness and mercies.\r
+\r
+16:6 Both the great and the small shall die in this land: they shall\r
+not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, nor cut themselves,\r
+nor make themselves bald for them: 16:7 Neither shall men tear\r
+themselves for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead; neither\r
+shall men give them the cup of consolation to drink for their father\r
+or for their mother.\r
+\r
+16:8 Thou shalt not also go into the house of feasting, to sit with\r
+them to eat and to drink.\r
+\r
+16:9 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I\r
+will cause to cease out of this place in your eyes, and in your days,\r
+the voice of mirth, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the\r
+bridegroom, and the voice of the bride.\r
+\r
+16:10 And it shall come to pass, when thou shalt shew this people all\r
+these words, and they shall say unto thee, Wherefore hath the LORD\r
+pronounced all this great evil against us? or what is our iniquity? or\r
+what is our sin that we have committed against the LORD our God?\r
+16:11 Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have\r
+forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods, and\r
+have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me, and\r
+have not kept my law; 16:12 And ye have done worse than your fathers;\r
+for, behold, ye walk every one after the imagination of his evil\r
+heart, that they may not hearken unto me: 16:13 Therefore will I cast\r
+you out of this land into a land that ye know not, neither ye nor your\r
+fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night; where I\r
+will not shew you favour.\r
+\r
+16:14 Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall\r
+no more be said, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of\r
+Israel out of the land of Egypt; 16:15 But, The LORD liveth, that\r
+brought up the children of Israel from the land of the north, and from\r
+all the lands whither he had driven them: and I will bring them again\r
+into their land that I gave unto their fathers.\r
+\r
+16:16 Behold, I will send for many fishers, saith the LORD, and they\r
+shall fish them; and after will I send for many hunters, and they\r
+shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of\r
+the holes of the rocks.\r
+\r
+16:17 For mine eyes are upon all their ways: they are not hid from my\r
+face, neither is their iniquity hid from mine eyes.\r
+\r
+16:18 And first I will recompense their iniquity and their sin double;\r
+because they have defiled my land, they have filled mine inheritance\r
+with the carcases of their detestable and abominable things.\r
+\r
+16:19 O LORD, my strength, and my fortress, and my refuge in the day\r
+of affliction, the Gentiles shall come unto thee from the ends of the\r
+earth, and shall say, Surely our fathers have inherited lies, vanity,\r
+and things wherein there is no profit.\r
+\r
+16:20 Shall a man make gods unto himself, and they are no gods? 16:21\r
+Therefore, behold, I will this once cause them to know, I will cause\r
+them to know mine hand and my might; and they shall know that my name\r
+is The LORD.\r
+\r
+17:1 The sin of Judah is written with a pen of iron, and with the\r
+point of a diamond: it is graven upon the table of their heart, and\r
+upon the horns of your altars; 17:2 Whilst their children remember\r
+their altars and their groves by the green trees upon the high hills.\r
+\r
+17:3 O my mountain in the field, I will give thy substance and all thy\r
+treasures to the spoil, and thy high places for sin, throughout all\r
+thy borders.\r
+\r
+17:4 And thou, even thyself, shalt discontinue from thine heritage\r
+that I gave thee; and I will cause thee to serve thine enemies in the\r
+land which thou knowest not: for ye have kindled a fire in mine anger,\r
+which shall burn for ever.\r
+\r
+17:5 Thus saith the LORD; Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and\r
+maketh flesh his arm, and whose heart departeth from the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:6 For he shall be like the heath in the desert, and shall not see\r
+when good cometh; but shall inhabit the parched places in the\r
+wilderness, in a salt land and not inhabited.\r
+\r
+17:7 Blessed is the man that trusteth in the LORD, and whose hope the\r
+LORD is.\r
+\r
+17:8 For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, and that\r
+spreadeth out her roots by the river, and shall not see when heat\r
+cometh, but her leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the\r
+year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit.\r
+\r
+17:9 The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked:\r
+who can know it? 17:10 I the LORD search the heart, I try the reins,\r
+even to give every man according to his ways, and according to the\r
+fruit of his doings.\r
+\r
+17:11 As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not; so he\r
+that getteth riches, and not by right, shall leave them in the midst\r
+of his days, and at his end shall be a fool.\r
+\r
+17:12 A glorious high throne from the beginning is the place of our\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+17:13 O LORD, the hope of Israel, all that forsake thee shall be\r
+ashamed, and they that depart from me shall be written in the earth,\r
+because they have forsaken the LORD, the fountain of living waters.\r
+\r
+17:14 Heal me, O LORD, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be\r
+saved: for thou art my praise.\r
+\r
+17:15 Behold, they say unto me, Where is the word of the LORD? let it\r
+come now.\r
+\r
+17:16 As for me, I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow\r
+thee: neither have I desired the woeful day; thou knowest: that which\r
+came out of my lips was right before thee.\r
+\r
+17:17 Be not a terror unto me: thou art my hope in the day of evil.\r
+\r
+17:18 Let them be confounded that persecute me, but let not me be\r
+confounded: let them be dismayed, but let not me be dismayed: bring\r
+upon them the day of evil, and destroy them with double destruction.\r
+\r
+17:19 Thus said the LORD unto me; Go and stand in the gate of the\r
+children of the people, whereby the kings of Judah come in, and by the\r
+which they go out, and in all the gates of Jerusalem; 17:20 And say\r
+unto them, Hear ye the word of the LORD, ye kings of Judah, and all\r
+Judah, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, that enter in by these\r
+gates: 17:21 Thus saith the LORD; Take heed to yourselves, and bear no\r
+burden on the sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of Jerusalem;\r
+17:22 Neither carry forth a burden out of your houses on the sabbath\r
+day, neither do ye any work, but hallow ye the sabbath day, as I\r
+commanded your fathers.\r
+\r
+17:23 But they obeyed not, neither inclined their ear, but made their\r
+neck stiff, that they might not hear, nor receive instruction.\r
+\r
+17:24 And it shall come to pass, if ye diligently hearken unto me,\r
+saith the LORD, to bring in no burden through the gates of this city\r
+on the sabbath day, but hallow the sabbath day, to do no work therein;\r
+17:25 Then shall there enter into the gates of this city kings and\r
+princes sitting upon the throne of David, riding in chariots and on\r
+horses, they, and their princes, the men of Judah, and the inhabitants\r
+of Jerusalem: and this city shall remain for ever.\r
+\r
+17:26 And they shall come from the cities of Judah, and from the\r
+places about Jerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the\r
+plain, and from the mountains, and from the south, bringing burnt\r
+offerings, and sacrifices, and meat offerings, and incense, and\r
+bringing sacrifices of praise, unto the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+17:27 But if ye will not hearken unto me to hallow the sabbath day,\r
+and not to bear a burden, even entering in at the gates of Jerusalem\r
+on the sabbath day; then will I kindle a fire in the gates thereof,\r
+and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem, and it shall not be\r
+quenched.\r
+\r
+18:1 The word which came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, 18:2\r
+Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause thee\r
+to hear my words.\r
+\r
+18:3 Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a\r
+work on the wheels.\r
+\r
+18:4 And the vessel that he made of clay was marred in the hand of the\r
+potter: so he made it again another vessel, as seemed good to the\r
+potter to make it.\r
+\r
+18:5 Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 18:6 O house of\r
+Israel, cannot I do with you as this potter? saith the LORD. Behold,\r
+as the clay is in the potter's hand, so are ye in mine hand, O house\r
+of Israel.\r
+\r
+18:7 At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning\r
+a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it; 18:8 If\r
+that nation, against whom I have pronounced, turn from their evil, I\r
+will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them.\r
+\r
+18:9 And at what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and\r
+concerning a kingdom, to build and to plant it; 18:10 If it do evil in\r
+my sight, that it obey not my voice, then I will repent of the good,\r
+wherewith I said I would benefit them.\r
+\r
+18:11 Now therefore go to, speak to the men of Judah, and to the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I frame\r
+evil against you, and devise a device against you: return ye now every\r
+one from his evil way, and make your ways and your doings good.\r
+\r
+18:12 And they said, There is no hope: but we will walk after our own\r
+devices, and we will every one do the imagination of his evil heart.\r
+\r
+18:13 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ask ye now among the heathen, who\r
+hath heard such things: the virgin of Israel hath done a very horrible\r
+thing.\r
+\r
+18:14 Will a man leave the snow of Lebanon which cometh from the rock\r
+of the field? or shall the cold flowing waters that come from another\r
+place be forsaken? 18:15 Because my people hath forgotten me, they\r
+have burned incense to vanity, and they have caused them to stumble in\r
+their ways from the ancient paths, to walk in paths, in a way not cast\r
+up; 18:16 To make their land desolate, and a perpetual hissing; every\r
+one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head.\r
+\r
+18:17 I will scatter them as with an east wind before the enemy; I\r
+will shew them the back, and not the face, in the day of their\r
+calamity.\r
+\r
+18:18 Then said they, Come and let us devise devices against Jeremiah;\r
+for the law shall not perish from the priest, nor counsel from the\r
+wise, nor the word from the prophet. Come, and let us smite him with\r
+the tongue, and let us not give heed to any of his words.\r
+\r
+18:19 Give heed to me, O LORD, and hearken to the voice of them that\r
+contend with me.\r
+\r
+18:20 Shall evil be recompensed for good? for they have digged a pit\r
+for my soul. Remember that I stood before thee to speak good for them,\r
+and to turn away thy wrath from them.\r
+\r
+18:21 Therefore deliver up their children to the famine, and pour out\r
+their blood by the force of the sword; and let their wives be bereaved\r
+of their children, and be widows; and let their men be put to death;\r
+let their young men be slain by the sword in battle.\r
+\r
+18:22 Let a cry be heard from their houses, when thou shalt bring a\r
+troop suddenly upon them: for they have digged a pit to take me, and\r
+hid snares for my feet.\r
+\r
+18:23 Yet, LORD, thou knowest all their counsel against me to slay me:\r
+forgive not their iniquity, neither blot out their sin from thy sight,\r
+but let them be overthrown before thee; deal thus with them in the\r
+time of thine anger.\r
+\r
+19:1 Thus saith the LORD, Go and get a potter's earthen bottle, and\r
+take of the ancients of the people, and of the ancients of the\r
+priests; 19:2 And go forth unto the valley of the son of Hinnom, which\r
+is by the entry of the east gate, and proclaim there the words that I\r
+shall tell thee, 19:3 And say, Hear ye the word of the LORD, O kings\r
+of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem; Thus saith the LORD of hosts,\r
+the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring evil upon this place, the\r
+which whosoever heareth, his ears shall tingle.\r
+\r
+19:4 Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and\r
+have burned incense in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their\r
+fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah, and have filled this place\r
+with the blood of innocents; 19:5 They have built also the high places\r
+of Baal, to burn their sons with fire for burnt offerings unto Baal,\r
+which I commanded not, nor spake it, neither came it into my mind:\r
+19:6 Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that this place\r
+shall no more be called Tophet, nor The valley of the son of Hinnom,\r
+but The valley of slaughter.\r
+\r
+19:7 And I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this\r
+place; and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their\r
+enemies, and by the hands of them that seek their lives: and their\r
+carcases will I give to be meat for the fowls of the heaven, and for\r
+the beasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+19:8 And I will make this city desolate, and an hissing; every one\r
+that passeth thereby shall be astonished and hiss because of all the\r
+plagues thereof.\r
+\r
+19:9 And I will cause them to eat the flesh of their sons and the\r
+flesh of their daughters, and they shall eat every one the flesh of\r
+his friend in the siege and straitness, wherewith their enemies, and\r
+they that seek their lives, shall straiten them.\r
+\r
+19:10 Then shalt thou break the bottle in the sight of the men that go\r
+with thee, 19:11 And shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of\r
+hosts; Even so will I break this people and this city, as one breaketh\r
+a potter's vessel, that cannot be made whole again: and they shall\r
+bury them in Tophet, till there be no place to bury.\r
+\r
+19:12 Thus will I do unto this place, saith the LORD, and to the\r
+inhabitants thereof, and even make this city as Tophet: 19:13 And the\r
+houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be\r
+defiled as the place of Tophet, because of all the houses upon whose\r
+roofs they have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have\r
+poured out drink offerings unto other gods.\r
+\r
+19:14 Then came Jeremiah from Tophet, whither the LORD had sent him to\r
+prophesy; and he stood in the court of the LORD's house; and said to\r
+all the people, 19:15 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel;\r
+Behold, I will bring upon this city and upon all her towns all the\r
+evil that I have pronounced against it, because they have hardened\r
+their necks, that they might not hear my words.\r
+\r
+20:1 Now Pashur the son of Immer the priest, who was also chief\r
+governor in the house of the LORD, heard that Jeremiah prophesied\r
+these things.\r
+\r
+20:2 Then Pashur smote Jeremiah the prophet, and put him in the stocks\r
+that were in the high gate of Benjamin, which was by the house of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+20:3 And it came to pass on the morrow, that Pashur brought forth\r
+Jeremiah out of the stocks. Then said Jeremiah unto him, The LORD hath\r
+not called thy name Pashur, but Magormissabib.\r
+\r
+20:4 For thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will make thee a terror to\r
+thyself, and to all thy friends: and they shall fall by the sword of\r
+their enemies, and thine eyes shall behold it: and I will give all\r
+Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall carry them\r
+captive into Babylon, and shall slay them with the sword.\r
+\r
+20:5 Moreover I will deliver all the strength of this city, and all\r
+the labours thereof, and all the precious things thereof, and all the\r
+treasures of the kings of Judah will I give into the hand of their\r
+enemies, which shall spoil them, and take them, and carry them to\r
+Babylon.\r
+\r
+20:6 And thou, Pashur, and all that dwell in thine house shall go into\r
+captivity: and thou shalt come to Babylon, and there thou shalt die,\r
+and shalt be buried there, thou, and all thy friends, to whom thou\r
+hast prophesied lies.\r
+\r
+20:7 O LORD, thou hast deceived me, and I was deceived; thou art\r
+stronger than I, and hast prevailed: I am in derision daily, every one\r
+mocketh me.\r
+\r
+20:8 For since I spake, I cried out, I cried violence and spoil;\r
+because the word of the LORD was made a reproach unto me, and a\r
+derision, daily.\r
+\r
+20:9 Then I said, I will not make mention of him, nor speak any more\r
+in his name. But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up\r
+in my bones, and I was weary with forbearing, and I could not stay.\r
+\r
+20:10 For I heard the defaming of many, fear on every side. Report,\r
+say they, and we will report it. All my familiars watched for my\r
+halting, saying, Peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall prevail\r
+against him, and we shall take our revenge on him.\r
+\r
+20:11 But the LORD is with me as a mighty terrible one: therefore my\r
+persecutors shall stumble, and they shall not prevail: they shall be\r
+greatly ashamed; for they shall not prosper: their everlasting\r
+confusion shall never be forgotten.\r
+\r
+20:12 But, O LORD of hosts, that triest the righteous, and seest the\r
+reins and the heart, let me see thy vengeance on them: for unto thee\r
+have I opened my cause.\r
+\r
+20:13 Sing unto the LORD, praise ye the LORD: for he hath delivered\r
+the soul of the poor from the hand of evildoers.\r
+\r
+20:14 Cursed be the day wherein I was born: let not the day wherein my\r
+mother bare me be blessed.\r
+\r
+20:15 Cursed be the man who brought tidings to my father, saying, A\r
+man child is born unto thee; making him very glad.\r
+\r
+20:16 And let that man be as the cities which the LORD overthrew, and\r
+repented not: and let him hear the cry in the morning, and the\r
+shouting at noontide; 20:17 Because he slew me not from the womb; or\r
+that my mother might have been my grave, and her womb to be always\r
+great with me.\r
+\r
+20:18 Wherefore came I forth out of the womb to see labour and sorrow,\r
+that my days should be consumed with shame? 21:1 The word which came\r
+unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when king Zedekiah sent unto him Pashur\r
+the son of Melchiah, and Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest,\r
+saying, 21:2 Enquire, I pray thee, of the LORD for us; for\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon maketh war against us; if so be that\r
+the LORD will deal with us according to all his wondrous works, that\r
+he may go up from us.\r
+\r
+21:3 Then said Jeremiah unto them, Thus shall ye say to Zedekiah: 21:4\r
+Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Behold, I will turn back the\r
+weapons of war that are in your hands, wherewith ye fight against the\r
+king of Babylon, and against the Chaldeans, which besiege you without\r
+the walls, and I will assemble them into the midst of this city.\r
+\r
+21:5 And I myself will fight against you with an outstretched hand and\r
+with a strong arm, even in anger, and in fury, and in great wrath.\r
+\r
+21:6 And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and\r
+beast: they shall die of a great pestilence.\r
+\r
+21:7 And afterward, saith the LORD, I will deliver Zedekiah king of\r
+Judah, and his servants, and the people, and such as are left in this\r
+city from the pestilence, from the sword, and from the famine, into\r
+the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of their\r
+enemies, and into the hand of those that seek their life: and he shall\r
+smite them with the edge of the sword; he shall not spare them,\r
+neither have pity, nor have mercy.\r
+\r
+21:8 And unto this people thou shalt say, Thus saith the LORD; Behold,\r
+I set before you the way of life, and the way of death.\r
+\r
+21:9 He that abideth in this city shall die by the sword, and by the\r
+famine, and by the pestilence: but he that goeth out, and falleth to\r
+the Chaldeans that besiege you, he shall live, and his life shall be\r
+unto him for a prey.\r
+\r
+21:10 For I have set my face against this city for evil, and not for\r
+good, saith the LORD: it shall be given into the hand of the king of\r
+Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire.\r
+\r
+21:11 And touching the house of the king of Judah, say, Hear ye the\r
+word of the LORD; 21:12 O house of David, thus saith the LORD; Execute\r
+judgment in the morning, and deliver him that is spoiled out of the\r
+hand of the oppressor, lest my fury go out like fire, and burn that\r
+none can quench it, because of the evil of your doings.\r
+\r
+21:13 Behold, I am against thee, O inhabitant of the valley, and rock\r
+of the plain, saith the LORD; which say, Who shall come down against\r
+us? or who shall enter into our habitations? 21:14 But I will punish\r
+you according to the fruit of your doings, saith the LORD: and I will\r
+kindle a fire in the forest thereof, and it shall devour all things\r
+round about it.\r
+\r
+22:1 Thus saith the LORD; Go down to the house of the king of Judah,\r
+and speak there this word, 22:2 And say, Hear the word of the LORD, O\r
+king of Judah, that sittest upon the throne of David, thou, and thy\r
+servants, and thy people that enter in by these gates: 22:3 Thus saith\r
+the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the\r
+spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no\r
+violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed\r
+innocent blood in this place.\r
+\r
+22:4 For if ye do this thing indeed, then shall there enter in by the\r
+gates of this house kings sitting upon the throne of David, riding in\r
+chariots and on horses, he, and his servants, and his people.\r
+\r
+22:5 But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith the\r
+LORD, that this house shall become a desolation.\r
+\r
+22:6 For thus saith the LORD unto the king's house of Judah; Thou art\r
+Gilead unto me, and the head of Lebanon: yet surely I will make thee a\r
+wilderness, and cities which are not inhabited.\r
+\r
+22:7 And I will prepare destroyers against thee, every one with his\r
+weapons: and they shall cut down thy choice cedars, and cast them into\r
+the fire.\r
+\r
+22:8 And many nations shall pass by this city, and they shall say\r
+every man to his neighbour, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto\r
+this great city? 22:9 Then they shall answer, Because they have\r
+forsaken the covenant of the LORD their God, and worshipped other\r
+gods, and served them.\r
+\r
+22:10 Weep ye not for the dead, neither bemoan him: but weep sore for\r
+him that goeth away: for he shall return no more, nor see his native\r
+country.\r
+\r
+22:11 For thus saith the LORD touching Shallum the son of Josiah king\r
+of Judah, which reigned instead of Josiah his father, which went forth\r
+out of this place; He shall not return thither any more: 22:12 But he\r
+shall die in the place whither they have led him captive, and shall\r
+see this land no more.\r
+\r
+22:13 Woe unto him that buildeth his house by unrighteousness, and his\r
+chambers by wrong; that useth his neighbour's service without wages,\r
+and giveth him not for his work; 22:14 That saith, I will build me a\r
+wide house and large chambers, and cutteth him out windows; and it is\r
+cieled with cedar, and painted with vermilion.\r
+\r
+22:15 Shalt thou reign, because thou closest thyself in cedar? did not\r
+thy father eat and drink, and do judgment and justice, and then it was\r
+well with him? 22:16 He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then\r
+it was well with him: was not this to know me? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:17 But thine eyes and thine heart are not but for thy covetousness,\r
+and for to shed innocent blood, and for oppression, and for violence,\r
+to do it.\r
+\r
+22:18 Therefore thus saith the LORD concerning Jehoiakim the son of\r
+Josiah king of Judah; They shall not lament for him, saying, Ah my\r
+brother! or, Ah sister! they shall not lament for him, saying, Ah\r
+lord! or, Ah his glory! 22:19 He shall be buried with the burial of\r
+an ass, drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+22:20 Go up to Lebanon, and cry; and lift up thy voice in Bashan, and\r
+cry from the passages: for all thy lovers are destroyed.\r
+\r
+22:21 I spake unto thee in thy prosperity; but thou saidst, I will not\r
+hear. This hath been thy manner from thy youth, that thou obeyedst not\r
+my voice.\r
+\r
+22:22 The wind shall eat up all thy pastors, and thy lovers shall go\r
+into captivity: surely then shalt thou be ashamed and confounded for\r
+all thy wickedness.\r
+\r
+22:23 O inhabitant of Lebanon, that makest thy nest in the cedars, how\r
+gracious shalt thou be when pangs come upon thee, the pain as of a\r
+woman in travail! 22:24 As I live, saith the LORD, though Coniah the\r
+son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet upon my right hand, yet\r
+would I pluck thee thence; 22:25 And I will give thee into the hand of\r
+them that seek thy life, and into the hand of them whose face thou\r
+fearest, even into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and\r
+into the hand of the Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+22:26 And I will cast thee out, and thy mother that bare thee, into\r
+another country, where ye were not born; and there shall ye die.\r
+\r
+22:27 But to the land whereunto they desire to return, thither shall\r
+they not return.\r
+\r
+22:28 Is this man Coniah a despised broken idol? is he a vessel\r
+wherein is no pleasure? wherefore are they cast out, he and his seed,\r
+and are cast into a land which they know not? 22:29 O earth, earth,\r
+earth, hear the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:30 Thus saith the LORD, Write ye this man childless, a man that\r
+shall not prosper in his days: for no man of his seed shall prosper,\r
+sitting upon the throne of David, and ruling any more in Judah.\r
+\r
+23:1 Woe be unto the pastors that destroy and scatter the sheep of my\r
+pasture! saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:2 Therefore thus saith the LORD God of Israel against the pastors\r
+that feed my people; Ye have scattered my flock, and driven them away,\r
+and have not visited them: behold, I will visit upon you the evil of\r
+your doings, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:3 And I will gather the remnant of my flock out of all countries\r
+whither I have driven them, and will bring them again to their folds;\r
+and they shall be fruitful and increase.\r
+\r
+23:4 And I will set up shepherds over them which shall feed them: and\r
+they shall fear no more, nor be dismayed, neither shall they be\r
+lacking, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:5 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will raise unto\r
+David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and\r
+shall execute judgment and justice in the earth.\r
+\r
+23:6 In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely:\r
+and this is his name whereby he shall be called, THE LORD OUR\r
+RIGHTEOUSNESS.\r
+\r
+23:7 Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that they shall\r
+no more say, The LORD liveth, which brought up the children of Israel\r
+out of the land of Egypt; 23:8 But, The LORD liveth, which brought up\r
+and which led the seed of the house of Israel out of the north\r
+country, and from all countries whither I had driven them; and they\r
+shall dwell in their own land.\r
+\r
+23:9 Mine heart within me is broken because of the prophets; all my\r
+bones shake; I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom wine hath\r
+overcome, because of the LORD, and because of the words of his\r
+holiness.\r
+\r
+23:10 For the land is full of adulterers; for because of swearing the\r
+land mourneth; the pleasant places of the wilderness are dried up, and\r
+their course is evil, and their force is not right.\r
+\r
+23:11 For both prophet and priest are profane; yea, in my house have I\r
+found their wickedness, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:12 Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery ways in the\r
+darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein: for I will bring\r
+evil upon them, even the year of their visitation, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:13 And I have seen folly in the prophets of Samaria; they\r
+prophesied in Baal, and caused my people Israel to err.\r
+\r
+23:14 I have seen also in the prophets of Jerusalem an horrible thing:\r
+they commit adultery, and walk in lies: they strengthen also the hands\r
+of evildoers, that none doth return from his wickedness; they are all\r
+of them unto me as Sodom, and the inhabitants thereof as Gomorrah.\r
+\r
+23:15 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the prophets;\r
+Behold, I will feed them with wormwood, and make them drink the water\r
+of gall: for from the prophets of Jerusalem is profaneness gone forth\r
+into all the land.\r
+\r
+23:16 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Hearken not unto the words of the\r
+prophets that prophesy unto you: they make you vain: they speak a\r
+vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:17 They say still unto them that despise me, The LORD hath said, Ye\r
+shall have peace; and they say unto every one that walketh after the\r
+imagination of his own heart, No evil shall come upon you.\r
+\r
+23:18 For who hath stood in the counsel of the LORD, and hath\r
+perceived and heard his word? who hath marked his word, and heard it?\r
+23:19 Behold, a whirlwind of the LORD is gone forth in fury, even a\r
+grievous whirlwind: it shall fall grievously upon the head of the\r
+wicked.\r
+\r
+23:20 The anger of the LORD shall not return, until he have executed,\r
+and till he have performed the thoughts of his heart: in the latter\r
+days ye shall consider it perfectly.\r
+\r
+23:21 I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran: I have not spoken\r
+to them, yet they prophesied.\r
+\r
+23:22 But if they had stood in my counsel, and had caused my people to\r
+hear my words, then they should have turned them from their evil way,\r
+and from the evil of their doings.\r
+\r
+23:23 Am I a God at hand, saith the LORD, and not a God afar off?\r
+23:24 Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him?\r
+saith the LORD. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:25 I have heard what the prophets said, that prophesy lies in my\r
+name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed.\r
+\r
+23:26 How long shall this be in the heart of the prophets that\r
+prophesy lies? yea, they are prophets of the deceit of their own\r
+heart; 23:27 Which think to cause my people to forget my name by their\r
+dreams which they tell every man to his neighbour, as their fathers\r
+have forgotten my name for Baal.\r
+\r
+23:28 The prophet that hath a dream, let him tell a dream; and he that\r
+hath my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the chaff to\r
+the wheat? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:29 Is not my word like as a fire? saith the LORD; and like a hammer\r
+that breaketh the rock in pieces? 23:30 Therefore, behold, I am\r
+against the prophets, saith the LORD, that steal my words every one\r
+from his neighbour.\r
+\r
+23:31 Behold, I am against the prophets, saith the LORD, that use\r
+their tongues, and say, He saith.\r
+\r
+23:32 Behold, I am against them that prophesy false dreams, saith the\r
+LORD, and do tell them, and cause my people to err by their lies, and\r
+by their lightness; yet I sent them not, nor commanded them: therefore\r
+they shall not profit this people at all, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:33 And when this people, or the prophet, or a priest, shall ask\r
+thee, saying, What is the burden of the LORD? thou shalt then say unto\r
+them, What burden? I will even forsake you, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+23:34 And as for the prophet, and the priest, and the people, that\r
+shall say, The burden of the LORD, I will even punish that man and his\r
+house.\r
+\r
+23:35 Thus shall ye say every one to his neighbour, and every one to\r
+his brother, What hath the LORD answered? and, What hath the LORD\r
+spoken? 23:36 And the burden of the LORD shall ye mention no more:\r
+for every man's word shall be his burden; for ye have perverted the\r
+words of the living God, of the LORD of hosts our God.\r
+\r
+23:37 Thus shalt thou say to the prophet, What hath the LORD answered\r
+thee? and, What hath the LORD spoken? 23:38 But since ye say, The\r
+burden of the LORD; therefore thus saith the LORD; Because ye say this\r
+word, The burden of the LORD, and I have sent unto you, saying, Ye\r
+shall not say, The burden of the LORD; 23:39 Therefore, behold, I,\r
+even I, will utterly forget you, and I will forsake you, and the city\r
+that I gave you and your fathers, and cast you out of my presence:\r
+23:40 And I will bring an everlasting reproach upon you, and a\r
+perpetual shame, which shall not be forgotten.\r
+\r
+24:1 The LORD shewed me, and, behold, two baskets of figs were set\r
+before the temple of the LORD, after that Nebuchadrezzar king of\r
+Babylon had carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of\r
+Judah, and the princes of Judah, with the carpenters and smiths, from\r
+Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon.\r
+\r
+24:2 One basket had very good figs, even like the figs that are first\r
+ripe: and the other basket had very naughty figs, which could not be\r
+eaten, they were so bad.\r
+\r
+24:3 Then said the LORD unto me, What seest thou, Jeremiah? And I\r
+said, Figs; the good figs, very good; and the evil, very evil, that\r
+cannot be eaten, they are so evil.\r
+\r
+24:4 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 24:5 Thus saith\r
+the LORD, the God of Israel; Like these good figs, so will I\r
+acknowledge them that are carried away captive of Judah, whom I have\r
+sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans for their good.\r
+\r
+24:6 For I will set mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring\r
+them again to this land: and I will build them, and not pull them\r
+down; and I will plant them, and not pluck them up.\r
+\r
+24:7 And I will give them an heart to know me, that I am the LORD: and\r
+they shall be my people, and I will be their God: for they shall\r
+return unto me with their whole heart.\r
+\r
+24:8 And as the evil figs, which cannot be eaten, they are so evil;\r
+surely thus saith the LORD, So will I give Zedekiah the king of Judah,\r
+and his princes, and the residue of Jerusalem, that remain in this\r
+land, and them that dwell in the land of Egypt: 24:9 And I will\r
+deliver them to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth for\r
+their hurt, to be a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in\r
+all places whither I shall drive them.\r
+\r
+24:10 And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among\r
+them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them\r
+and to their fathers.\r
+\r
+25:1 The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah\r
+in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, that\r
+was the first year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; 25:2 The which\r
+Jeremiah the prophet spake unto all the people of Judah, and to all\r
+the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, 25:3 From the thirteenth year of\r
+Josiah the son of Amon king of Judah, even unto this day, that is the\r
+three and twentieth year, the word of the LORD hath come unto me, and\r
+I have spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye have not\r
+hearkened.\r
+\r
+25:4 And the LORD hath sent unto you all his servants the prophets,\r
+rising early and sending them; but ye have not hearkened, nor inclined\r
+your ear to hear.\r
+\r
+25:5 They said, Turn ye again now every one from his evil way, and\r
+from the evil of your doings, and dwell in the land that the LORD hath\r
+given unto you and to your fathers for ever and ever: 25:6 And go not\r
+after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me\r
+not to anger with the works of your hands; and I will do you no hurt.\r
+\r
+25:7 Yet ye have not hearkened unto me, saith the LORD; that ye might\r
+provoke me to anger with the works of your hands to your own hurt.\r
+\r
+25:8 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts; Because ye have not heard\r
+my words, 25:9 Behold, I will send and take all the families of the\r
+north, saith the LORD, and Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my\r
+servant, and will bring them against this land, and against the\r
+inhabitants thereof, and against all these nations round about, and\r
+will utterly destroy them, and make them an astonishment, and an\r
+hissing, and perpetual desolations.\r
+\r
+25:10 Moreover I will take from them the voice of mirth, and the voice\r
+of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride,\r
+the sound of the millstones, and the light of the candle.\r
+\r
+25:11 And this whole land shall be a desolation, and an astonishment;\r
+and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years.\r
+\r
+25:12 And it shall come to pass, when seventy years are accomplished,\r
+that I will punish the king of Babylon, and that nation, saith the\r
+LORD, for their iniquity, and the land of the Chaldeans, and will make\r
+it perpetual desolations.\r
+\r
+25:13 And I will bring upon that land all my words which I have\r
+pronounced against it, even all that is written in this book, which\r
+Jeremiah hath prophesied against all the nations.\r
+\r
+25:14 For many nations and great kings shall serve themselves of them\r
+also: and I will recompense them according to their deeds, and\r
+according to the works of their own hands.\r
+\r
+25:15 For thus saith the LORD God of Israel unto me; Take the wine cup\r
+of this fury at my hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send\r
+thee, to drink it.\r
+\r
+25:16 And they shall drink, and be moved, and be mad, because of the\r
+sword that I will send among them.\r
+\r
+25:17 Then took I the cup at the LORD's hand, and made all the nations\r
+to drink, unto whom the LORD had sent me: 25:18 To wit, Jerusalem, and\r
+the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof,\r
+to make them a desolation, an astonishment, an hissing, and a curse;\r
+as it is this day; 25:19 Pharaoh king of Egypt, and his servants, and\r
+his princes, and all his people; 25:20 And all the mingled people, and\r
+all the kings of the land of Uz, and all the kings of the land of the\r
+Philistines, and Ashkelon, and Azzah, and Ekron, and the remnant of\r
+Ashdod, 25:21 Edom, and Moab, and the children of Ammon, 25:22 And all\r
+the kings of Tyrus, and all the kings of Zidon, and the kings of the\r
+isles which are beyond the sea, 25:23 Dedan, and Tema, and Buz, and\r
+all that are in the utmost corners, 25:24 And all the kings of Arabia,\r
+and all the kings of the mingled people that dwell in the desert,\r
+25:25 And all the kings of Zimri, and all the kings of Elam, and all\r
+the kings of the Medes, 25:26 And all the kings of the north, far and\r
+near, one with another, and all the kingdoms of the world, which are\r
+upon the face of the earth: and the king of Sheshach shall drink after\r
+them.\r
+\r
+25:27 Therefore thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of\r
+hosts, the God of Israel; Drink ye, and be drunken, and spue, and\r
+fall, and rise no more, because of the sword which I will send among\r
+you.\r
+\r
+25:28 And it shall be, if they refuse to take the cup at thine hand to\r
+drink, then shalt thou say unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ye\r
+shall certainly drink.\r
+\r
+25:29 For, lo, I begin to bring evil on the city which is called by my\r
+name, and should ye be utterly unpunished? Ye shall not be unpunished:\r
+for I will call for a sword upon all the inhabitants of the earth,\r
+saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+25:30 Therefore prophesy thou against them all these words, and say\r
+unto them, The LORD shall roar from on high, and utter his voice from\r
+his holy habitation; he shall mightily roar upon his habitation; he\r
+shall give a shout, as they that tread the grapes, against all the\r
+inhabitants of the earth.\r
+\r
+25:31 A noise shall come even to the ends of the earth; for the LORD\r
+hath a controversy with the nations, he will plead with all flesh; he\r
+will give them that are wicked to the sword, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:32 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, Behold, evil shall go forth from\r
+nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall be raised up from the\r
+coasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+25:33 And the slain of the LORD shall be at that day from one end of\r
+the earth even unto the other end of the earth: they shall not be\r
+lamented, neither gathered, nor buried; they shall be dung upon the\r
+ground.\r
+\r
+25:34 Howl, ye shepherds, and cry; and wallow yourselves in the ashes,\r
+ye principal of the flock: for the days of your slaughter and of your\r
+dispersions are accomplished; and ye shall fall like a pleasant\r
+vessel.\r
+\r
+25:35 And the shepherds shall have no way to flee, nor the principal\r
+of the flock to escape.\r
+\r
+25:36 A voice of the cry of the shepherds, and an howling of the\r
+principal of the flock, shall be heard: for the LORD hath spoiled\r
+their pasture.\r
+\r
+25:37 And the peaceable habitations are cut down because of the fierce\r
+anger of the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:38 He hath forsaken his covert, as the lion: for their land is\r
+desolate because of the fierceness of the oppressor, and because of\r
+his fierce anger.\r
+\r
+26:1 In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king\r
+of Judah came this word from the LORD, saying, 26:2 Thus saith the\r
+LORD; Stand in the court of the LORD's house, and speak unto all the\r
+cities of Judah, which come to worship in the LORD's house, all the\r
+words that I command thee to speak unto them; diminish not a word:\r
+26:3 If so be they will hearken, and turn every man from his evil way,\r
+that I may repent me of the evil, which I purpose to do unto them\r
+because of the evil of their doings.\r
+\r
+26:4 And thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the LORD; If ye will not\r
+hearken to me, to walk in my law, which I have set before you, 26:5 To\r
+hearken to the words of my servants the prophets, whom I sent unto\r
+you, both rising up early, and sending them, but ye have not\r
+hearkened; 26:6 Then will I make this house like Shiloh, and will make\r
+this city a curse to all the nations of the earth.\r
+\r
+26:7 So the priests and the prophets and all the people heard Jeremiah\r
+speaking these words in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:8 Now it came to pass, when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking\r
+all that the LORD had commanded him to speak unto all the people, that\r
+the priests and the prophets and all the people took him, saying, Thou\r
+shalt surely die.\r
+\r
+26:9 Why hast thou prophesied in the name of the LORD, saying, This\r
+house shall be like Shiloh, and this city shall be desolate without an\r
+inhabitant? And all the people were gathered against Jeremiah in the\r
+house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:10 When the princes of Judah heard these things, then they came up\r
+from the king's house unto the house of the LORD, and sat down in the\r
+entry of the new gate of the LORD's house.\r
+\r
+26:11 Then spake the priests and the prophets unto the princes and to\r
+all the people, saying, This man is worthy to die; for he hath\r
+prophesied against this city, as ye have heard with your ears.\r
+\r
+26:12 Then spake Jeremiah unto all the princes and to all the people,\r
+saying, The LORD sent me to prophesy against this house and against\r
+this city all the words that ye have heard.\r
+\r
+26:13 Therefore now amend your ways and your doings, and obey the\r
+voice of the LORD your God; and the LORD will repent him of the evil\r
+that he hath pronounced against you.\r
+\r
+26:14 As for me, behold, I am in your hand: do with me as seemeth good\r
+and meet unto you.\r
+\r
+26:15 But know ye for certain, that if ye put me to death, ye shall\r
+surely bring innocent blood upon yourselves, and upon this city, and\r
+upon the inhabitants thereof: for of a truth the LORD hath sent me\r
+unto you to speak all these words in your ears.\r
+\r
+26:16 Then said the princes and all the people unto the priests and to\r
+the prophets; This man is not worthy to die: for he hath spoken to us\r
+in the name of the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+26:17 Then rose up certain of the elders of the land, and spake to all\r
+the assembly of the people, saying, 26:18 Micah the Morasthite\r
+prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and spake to all the\r
+people of Judah, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Zion shall be\r
+plowed like a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the\r
+mountain of the house as the high places of a forest.\r
+\r
+26:19 Did Hezekiah king of Judah and all Judah put him at all to\r
+death? did he not fear the LORD, and besought the LORD, and the LORD\r
+repented him of the evil which he had pronounced against them? Thus\r
+might we procure great evil against our souls.\r
+\r
+26:20 And there was also a man that prophesied in the name of the\r
+LORD, Urijah the son of Shemaiah of Kirjathjearim, who prophesied\r
+against this city and against this land according to all the words of\r
+Jeremiah.\r
+\r
+26:21 And when Jehoiakim the king, with all his mighty men, and all\r
+the princes, heard his words, the king sought to put him to death: but\r
+when Urijah heard it, he was afraid, and fled, and went into Egypt;\r
+26:22 And Jehoiakim the king sent men into Egypt, namely, Elnathan the\r
+son of Achbor, and certain men with him into Egypt.\r
+\r
+26:23 And they fetched forth Urijah out of Egypt, and brought him unto\r
+Jehoiakim the king; who slew him with the sword, and cast his dead\r
+body into the graves of the common people.\r
+\r
+26:24 Nevertheless the hand of Ahikam the son of Shaphan was with\r
+Jeremiah, that they should not give him into the hand of the people to\r
+put him to death.\r
+\r
+27:1 In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king\r
+of Judah came this word unto Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, 27:2 Thus\r
+saith the LORD to me; Make thee bonds and yokes, and put them upon thy\r
+neck, 27:3 And send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab,\r
+and to the king of the Ammonites, and to the king of Tyrus, and to the\r
+king of Zidon, by the hand of the messengers which come to Jerusalem\r
+unto Zedekiah king of Judah; 27:4 And command them to say unto their\r
+masters, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Thus shall\r
+ye say unto your masters; 27:5 I have made the earth, the man and the\r
+beast that are upon the ground, by my great power and by my\r
+outstretched arm, and have given it unto whom it seemed meet unto me.\r
+\r
+27:6 And now have I given all these lands into the hand of\r
+Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant; and the beasts of the\r
+field have I given him also to serve him.\r
+\r
+27:7 And all nations shall serve him, and his son, and his son's son,\r
+until the very time of his land come: and then many nations and great\r
+kings shall serve themselves of him.\r
+\r
+27:8 And it shall come to pass, that the nation and kingdom which will\r
+not serve the same Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, and that will\r
+not put their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, that nation\r
+will I punish, saith the LORD, with the sword, and with the famine,\r
+and with the pestilence, until I have consumed them by his hand.\r
+\r
+27:9 Therefore hearken not ye to your prophets, nor to your diviners,\r
+nor to your dreamers, nor to your enchanters, nor to your sorcerers,\r
+which speak unto you, saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon:\r
+27:10 For they prophesy a lie unto you, to remove you far from your\r
+land; and that I should drive you out, and ye should perish.\r
+\r
+27:11 But the nations that bring their neck under the yoke of the king\r
+of Babylon, and serve him, those will I let remain still in their own\r
+land, saith the LORD; and they shall till it, and dwell therein.\r
+\r
+27:12 I spake also to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these\r
+words, saying, Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon,\r
+and serve him and his people, and live.\r
+\r
+27:13 Why will ye die, thou and thy people, by the sword, by the\r
+famine, and by the pestilence, as the LORD hath spoken against the\r
+nation that will not serve the king of Babylon? 27:14 Therefore\r
+hearken not unto the words of the prophets that speak unto you,\r
+saying, Ye shall not serve the king of Babylon: for they prophesy a\r
+lie unto you.\r
+\r
+27:15 For I have not sent them, saith the LORD, yet they prophesy a\r
+lie in my name; that I might drive you out, and that ye might perish,\r
+ye, and the prophets that prophesy unto you.\r
+\r
+27:16 Also I spake to the priests and to all this people, saying, Thus\r
+saith the LORD; Hearken not to the words of your prophets that\r
+prophesy unto you, saying, Behold, the vessels of the LORD's house\r
+shall now shortly be brought again from Babylon: for they prophesy a\r
+lie unto you.\r
+\r
+27:17 Hearken not unto them; serve the king of Babylon, and live:\r
+wherefore should this city be laid waste? 27:18 But if they be\r
+prophets, and if the word of the LORD be with them, let them now make\r
+intercession to the LORD of hosts, that the vessels which are left in\r
+the house of the LORD, and in the house of the king of Judah, and at\r
+Jerusalem, go not to Babylon.\r
+\r
+27:19 For thus saith the LORD of hosts concerning the pillars, and\r
+concerning the sea, and concerning the bases, and concerning the\r
+residue of the vessels that remain in this city.\r
+\r
+27:20 Which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took not, when he carried\r
+away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah from\r
+Jerusalem to Babylon, and all the nobles of Judah and Jerusalem; 27:21\r
+Yea, thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, concerning the\r
+vessels that remain in the house of the LORD, and in the house of the\r
+king of Judah and of Jerusalem; 27:22 They shall be carried to\r
+Babylon, and there shall they be until the day that I visit them,\r
+saith the LORD; then will I bring them up, and restore them to this\r
+place.\r
+\r
+28:1 And it came to pass the same year, in the beginning of the reign\r
+of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the fourth year, and in the fifth month,\r
+that Hananiah the son of Azur the prophet, which was of Gibeon, spake\r
+unto me in the house of the LORD, in the presence of the priests and\r
+of all the people, saying, 28:2 Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the\r
+God of Israel, saying, I have broken the yoke of the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+28:3 Within two full years will I bring again into this place all the\r
+vessels of the LORD's house, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took\r
+away from this place, and carried them to Babylon: 28:4 And I will\r
+bring again to this place Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah,\r
+with all the captives of Judah, that went into Babylon, saith the\r
+LORD: for I will break the yoke of the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+28:5 Then the prophet Jeremiah said unto the prophet Hananiah in the\r
+presence of the priests, and in the presence of all the people that\r
+stood in the house of the LORD, 28:6 Even the prophet Jeremiah said,\r
+Amen: the LORD do so: the LORD perform thy words which thou hast\r
+prophesied, to bring again the vessels of the LORD's house, and all\r
+that is carried away captive, from Babylon into this place.\r
+\r
+28:7 Nevertheless hear thou now this word that I speak in thine ears,\r
+and in the ears of all the people; 28:8 The prophets that have been\r
+before me and before thee of old prophesied both against many\r
+countries, and against great kingdoms, of war, and of evil, and of\r
+pestilence.\r
+\r
+28:9 The prophet which prophesieth of peace, when the word of the\r
+prophet shall come to pass, then shall the prophet be known, that the\r
+LORD hath truly sent him.\r
+\r
+28:10 Then Hananiah the prophet took the yoke from off the prophet\r
+Jeremiah's neck, and brake it.\r
+\r
+28:11 And Hananiah spake in the presence of all the people, saying,\r
+Thus saith the LORD; Even so will I break the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar\r
+king of Babylon from the neck of all nations within the space of two\r
+full years. And the prophet Jeremiah went his way.\r
+\r
+28:12 Then the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the prophet, after\r
+that Hananiah the prophet had broken the yoke from off the neck of the\r
+prophet Jeremiah, saying, 28:13 Go and tell Hananiah, saying, Thus\r
+saith the LORD; Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt\r
+make for them yokes of iron.\r
+\r
+28:14 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; I have put\r
+a yoke of iron upon the neck of all these nations, that they may serve\r
+Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they shall serve him: and I have\r
+given him the beasts of the field also.\r
+\r
+28:15 Then said the prophet Jeremiah unto Hananiah the prophet, Hear\r
+now, Hananiah; The LORD hath not sent thee; but thou makest this\r
+people to trust in a lie.\r
+\r
+28:16 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will cast thee from off\r
+the face of the earth: this year thou shalt die, because thou hast\r
+taught rebellion against the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:17 So Hananiah the prophet died the same year in the seventh month.\r
+\r
+29:1 Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet\r
+sent from Jerusalem unto the residue of the elders which were carried\r
+away captives, and to the priests, and to the prophets, and to all the\r
+people whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to\r
+Babylon; 29:2 (After that Jeconiah the king, and the queen, and the\r
+eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, and the carpenters, and\r
+the smiths, were departed from Jerusalem;) 29:3 By the hand of Elasah\r
+the son of Shaphan, and Gemariah the son of Hilkiah, (whom Zedekiah\r
+king of Judah sent unto Babylon to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon)\r
+saying, 29:4 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, unto all\r
+that are carried away captives, whom I have caused to be carried away\r
+from Jerusalem unto Babylon; 29:5 Build ye houses, and dwell in them;\r
+and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them; 29:6 Take ye wives, and\r
+beget sons and daughters; and take wives for your sons, and give your\r
+daughters to husbands, that they may bear sons and daughters; that ye\r
+may be increased there, and not diminished.\r
+\r
+29:7 And seek the peace of the city whither I have caused you to be\r
+carried away captives, and pray unto the LORD for it: for in the peace\r
+thereof shall ye have peace.\r
+\r
+29:8 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Let not your\r
+prophets and your diviners, that be in the midst of you, deceive you,\r
+neither hearken to your dreams which ye cause to be dreamed.\r
+\r
+29:9 For they prophesy falsely unto you in my name: I have not sent\r
+them, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:10 For thus saith the LORD, That after seventy years be\r
+accomplished at Babylon I will visit you, and perform my good word\r
+toward you, in causing you to return to this place.\r
+\r
+29:11 For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD,\r
+thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end.\r
+\r
+29:12 Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and pray unto me,\r
+and I will hearken unto you.\r
+\r
+29:13 And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me\r
+with all your heart.\r
+\r
+29:14 And I will be found of you, saith the LORD: and I will turn away\r
+your captivity, and I will gather you from all the nations, and from\r
+all the places whither I have driven you, saith the LORD; and I will\r
+bring you again into the place whence I caused you to be carried away\r
+captive.\r
+\r
+29:15 Because ye have said, The LORD hath raised us up prophets in\r
+Babylon; 29:16 Know that thus saith the LORD of the king that sitteth\r
+upon the throne of David, and of all the people that dwelleth in this\r
+city, and of your brethren that are not gone forth with you into\r
+captivity; 29:17 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will send\r
+upon them the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, and will make\r
+them like vile figs, that cannot be eaten, they are so evil.\r
+\r
+29:18 And I will persecute them with the sword, with the famine, and\r
+with the pestilence, and will deliver them to be removed to all the\r
+kingdoms of the earth, to be a curse, and an astonishment, and an\r
+hissing, and a reproach, among all the nations whither I have driven\r
+them: 29:19 Because they have not hearkened to my words, saith the\r
+LORD, which I sent unto them by my servants the prophets, rising up\r
+early and sending them; but ye would not hear, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+29:20 Hear ye therefore the word of the LORD, all ye of the captivity,\r
+whom I have sent from Jerusalem to Babylon: 29:21 Thus saith the LORD\r
+of hosts, the God of Israel, of Ahab the son of Kolaiah, and of\r
+Zedekiah the son of Maaseiah, which prophesy a lie unto you in my\r
+name; Behold, I will deliver them into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king\r
+of Babylon; and he shall slay them before your eyes; 29:22 And of them\r
+shall be taken up a curse by all the captivity of Judah which are in\r
+Babylon, saying, The LORD make thee like Zedekiah and like Ahab, whom\r
+the king of Babylon roasted in the fire; 29:23 Because they have\r
+committed villany in Israel, and have committed adultery with their\r
+neighbours' wives, and have spoken lying words in my name, which I\r
+have not commanded them; even I know, and am a witness, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+29:24 Thus shalt thou also speak to Shemaiah the Nehelamite, saying,\r
+29:25 Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying,\r
+Because thou hast sent letters in thy name unto all the people that\r
+are at Jerusalem, and to Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest, and\r
+to all the priests, saying, 29:26 The LORD hath made thee priest in\r
+the stead of Jehoiada the priest, that ye should be officers in the\r
+house of the LORD, for every man that is mad, and maketh himself a\r
+prophet, that thou shouldest put him in prison, and in the stocks.\r
+\r
+29:27 Now therefore why hast thou not reproved Jeremiah of Anathoth,\r
+which maketh himself a prophet to you? 29:28 For therefore he sent\r
+unto us in Babylon, saying, This captivity is long: build ye houses,\r
+and dwell in them; and plant gardens, and eat the fruit of them.\r
+\r
+29:29 And Zephaniah the priest read this letter in the ears of\r
+Jeremiah the prophet.\r
+\r
+29:30 Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, 29:31 Send\r
+to all them of the captivity, saying, Thus saith the LORD concerning\r
+Shemaiah the Nehelamite; Because that Shemaiah hath prophesied unto\r
+you, and I sent him not, and he caused you to trust in a lie: 29:32\r
+Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will punish Shemaiah the\r
+Nehelamite, and his seed: he shall not have a man to dwell among this\r
+people; neither shall he behold the good that I will do for my people,\r
+saith the LORD; because he hath taught rebellion against the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:1 The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, saying, 30:2 Thus\r
+speaketh the LORD God of Israel, saying, Write thee all the words that\r
+I have spoken unto thee in a book.\r
+\r
+30:3 For, lo, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will bring again\r
+the captivity of my people Israel and Judah, saith the LORD: and I\r
+will cause them to return to the land that I gave to their fathers,\r
+and they shall possess it.\r
+\r
+30:4 And these are the words that the LORD spake concerning Israel and\r
+concerning Judah.\r
+\r
+30:5 For thus saith the LORD; We have heard a voice of trembling, of\r
+fear, and not of peace.\r
+\r
+30:6 Ask ye now, and see whether a man doth travail with child?\r
+wherefore do I see every man with his hands on his loins, as a woman\r
+in travail, and all faces are turned into paleness? 30:7 Alas! for\r
+that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of\r
+Jacob's trouble, but he shall be saved out of it.\r
+\r
+30:8 For it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts,\r
+that I will break his yoke from off thy neck, and will burst thy\r
+bonds, and strangers shall no more serve themselves of him: 30:9 But\r
+they shall serve the LORD their God, and David their king, whom I will\r
+raise up unto them.\r
+\r
+30:10 Therefore fear thou not, O my servant Jacob, saith the LORD;\r
+neither be dismayed, O Israel: for, lo, I will save thee from afar,\r
+and thy seed from the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return,\r
+and shall be in rest, and be quiet, and none shall make him afraid.\r
+\r
+30:11 For I am with thee, saith the LORD, to save thee: though I make\r
+a full end of all nations whither I have scattered thee, yet I will\r
+not make a full end of thee: but I will correct thee in measure, and\r
+will not leave thee altogether unpunished.\r
+\r
+30:12 For thus saith the LORD, Thy bruise is incurable, and thy wound\r
+is grievous.\r
+\r
+30:13 There is none to plead thy cause, that thou mayest be bound up:\r
+thou hast no healing medicines.\r
+\r
+30:14 All thy lovers have forgotten thee; they seek thee not; for I\r
+have wounded thee with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of\r
+a cruel one, for the multitude of thine iniquity; because thy sins\r
+were increased.\r
+\r
+30:15 Why criest thou for thine affliction? thy sorrow is incurable\r
+for the multitude of thine iniquity: because thy sins were increased,\r
+I have done these things unto thee.\r
+\r
+30:16 Therefore all they that devour thee shall be devoured; and all\r
+thine adversaries, every one of them, shall go into captivity; and\r
+they that spoil thee shall be a spoil, and all that prey upon thee\r
+will I give for a prey.\r
+\r
+30:17 For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy\r
+wounds, saith the LORD; because they called thee an Outcast, saying,\r
+This is Zion, whom no man seeketh after.\r
+\r
+30:18 Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will bring again the captivity of\r
+Jacob's tents, and have mercy on his dwellingplaces; and the city\r
+shall be builded upon her own heap, and the palace shall remain after\r
+the manner thereof.\r
+\r
+30:19 And out of them shall proceed thanksgiving and the voice of them\r
+that make merry: and I will multiply them, and they shall not be few;\r
+I will also glorify them, and they shall not be small.\r
+\r
+30:20 Their children also shall be as aforetime, and their\r
+congregation shall be established before me, and I will punish all\r
+that oppress them.\r
+\r
+30:21 And their nobles shall be of themselves, and their governor\r
+shall proceed from the midst of them; and I will cause him to draw\r
+near, and he shall approach unto me: for who is this that engaged his\r
+heart to approach unto me? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:22 And ye shall be my people, and I will be your God.\r
+\r
+30:23 Behold, the whirlwind of the LORD goeth forth with fury, a\r
+continuing whirlwind: it shall fall with pain upon the head of the\r
+wicked.\r
+\r
+30:24 The fierce anger of the LORD shall not return, until he hath\r
+done it, and until he have performed the intents of his heart: in the\r
+latter days ye shall consider it.\r
+\r
+31:1 At the same time, saith the LORD, will I be the God of all the\r
+families of Israel, and they shall be my people.\r
+\r
+31:2 Thus saith the LORD, The people which were left of the sword\r
+found grace in the wilderness; even Israel, when I went to cause him\r
+to rest.\r
+\r
+31:3 The LORD hath appeared of old unto me, saying, Yea, I have loved\r
+thee with an everlasting love: therefore with lovingkindness have I\r
+drawn thee.\r
+\r
+31:4 Again I will build thee, and thou shalt be built, O virgin of\r
+Israel: thou shalt again be adorned with thy tabrets, and shalt go\r
+forth in the dances of them that make merry.\r
+\r
+31:5 Thou shalt yet plant vines upon the mountains of Samaria: the\r
+planters shall plant, and shall eat them as common things.\r
+\r
+31:6 For there shall be a day, that the watchmen upon the mount\r
+Ephraim shall cry, Arise ye, and let us go up to Zion unto the LORD\r
+our God.\r
+\r
+31:7 For thus saith the LORD; Sing with gladness for Jacob, and shout\r
+among the chief of the nations: publish ye, praise ye, and say, O\r
+LORD, save thy people, the remnant of Israel.\r
+\r
+31:8 Behold, I will bring them from the north country, and gather them\r
+from the coasts of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame,\r
+the woman with child and her that travaileth with child together: a\r
+great company shall return thither.\r
+\r
+31:9 They shall come with weeping, and with supplications will I lead\r
+them: I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters in a straight\r
+way, wherein they shall not stumble: for I am a father to Israel, and\r
+Ephraim is my firstborn.\r
+\r
+31:10 Hear the word of the LORD, O ye nations, and declare it in the\r
+isles afar off, and say, He that scattered Israel will gather him, and\r
+keep him, as a shepherd doth his flock.\r
+\r
+31:11 For the LORD hath redeemed Jacob, and ransomed him from the hand\r
+of him that was stronger than he.\r
+\r
+31:12 Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of Zion, and\r
+shall flow together to the goodness of the LORD, for wheat, and for\r
+wine, and for oil, and for the young of the flock and of the herd: and\r
+their soul shall be as a watered garden; and they shall not sorrow any\r
+more at all.\r
+\r
+31:13 Then shall the virgin rejoice in the dance, both young men and\r
+old together: for I will turn their mourning into joy, and will\r
+comfort them, and make them rejoice from their sorrow.\r
+\r
+31:14 And I will satiate the soul of the priests with fatness, and my\r
+people shall be satisfied with my goodness, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:15 Thus saith the LORD; A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation,\r
+and bitter weeping; Rahel weeping for her children refused to be\r
+comforted for her children, because they were not.\r
+\r
+31:16 Thus saith the LORD; Refrain thy voice from weeping, and thine\r
+eyes from tears: for thy work shall be rewarded, saith the LORD; and\r
+they shall come again from the land of the enemy.\r
+\r
+31:17 And there is hope in thine end, saith the LORD, that thy\r
+children shall come again to their own border.\r
+\r
+31:18 I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus; Thou hast\r
+chastised me, and I was chastised, as a bullock unaccustomed to the\r
+yoke: turn thou me, and I shall be turned; for thou art the LORD my\r
+God.\r
+\r
+31:19 Surely after that I was turned, I repented; and after that I was\r
+instructed, I smote upon my thigh: I was ashamed, yea, even\r
+confounded, because I did bear the reproach of my youth.\r
+\r
+31:20 Is Ephraim my dear son? is he a pleasant child? for since I\r
+spake against him, I do earnestly remember him still: therefore my\r
+bowels are troubled for him; I will surely have mercy upon him, saith\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:21 Set thee up waymarks, make thee high heaps: set thine heart\r
+toward the highway, even the way which thou wentest: turn again, O\r
+virgin of Israel, turn again to these thy cities.\r
+\r
+31:22 How long wilt thou go about, O thou backsliding daughter? for\r
+the LORD hath created a new thing in the earth, A woman shall compass\r
+a man.\r
+\r
+31:23 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As yet they\r
+shall use this speech in the land of Judah and in the cities thereof,\r
+when I shall bring again their captivity; The LORD bless thee, O\r
+habitation of justice, and mountain of holiness.\r
+\r
+31:24 And there shall dwell in Judah itself, and in all the cities\r
+thereof together, husbandmen, and they that go forth with flocks.\r
+\r
+31:25 For I have satiated the weary soul, and I have replenished every\r
+sorrowful soul.\r
+\r
+31:26 Upon this I awaked, and beheld; and my sleep was sweet unto me.\r
+\r
+31:27 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will sow the house\r
+of Israel and the house of Judah with the seed of man, and with the\r
+seed of beast.\r
+\r
+31:28 And it shall come to pass, that like as I have watched over\r
+them, to pluck up, and to break down, and to throw down, and to\r
+destroy, and to afflict; so will I watch over them, to build, and to\r
+plant, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:29 In those days they shall say no more, The fathers have eaten a\r
+sour grape, and the children's teeth are set on edge.\r
+\r
+31:30 But every one shall die for his own iniquity: every man that\r
+eateth the sour grape, his teeth shall be set on edge.\r
+\r
+31:31 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new\r
+covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: 31:32\r
+Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the\r
+day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of\r
+Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto\r
+them, saith the LORD: 31:33 But this shall be the covenant that I will\r
+make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I\r
+will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts;\r
+and will be their God, and they shall be my people.\r
+\r
+31:34 And they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every\r
+man his brother, saying, Know the LORD: for they shall all know me,\r
+from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD: for\r
+I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.\r
+\r
+31:35 Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day,\r
+and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night,\r
+which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts\r
+is his name: 31:36 If those ordinances depart from before me, saith\r
+the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation\r
+before me for ever.\r
+\r
+31:37 Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the\r
+foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off\r
+all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:38 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the city shall be\r
+built to the LORD from the tower of Hananeel unto the gate of the\r
+corner.\r
+\r
+31:39 And the measuring line shall yet go forth over against it upon\r
+the hill Gareb, and shall compass about to Goath.\r
+\r
+31:40 And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, and\r
+all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the horse\r
+gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the LORD; it shall not be\r
+plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever.\r
+\r
+32:1 The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD in the tenth year of\r
+Zedekiah king of Judah, which was the eighteenth year of\r
+Nebuchadrezzar.\r
+\r
+32:2 For then the king of Babylon's army besieged Jerusalem: and\r
+Jeremiah the prophet was shut up in the court of the prison, which was\r
+in the king of Judah's house.\r
+\r
+32:3 For Zedekiah king of Judah had shut him up, saying, Wherefore\r
+dost thou prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD, Behold, I will give\r
+this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall take it;\r
+32:4 And Zedekiah king of Judah shall not escape out of the hand of\r
+the Chaldeans, but shall surely be delivered into the hand of the king\r
+of Babylon, and shall speak with him mouth to mouth, and his eyes\r
+shall behold his eyes; 32:5 And he shall lead Zedekiah to Babylon, and\r
+there shall he be until I visit him, saith the LORD: though ye fight\r
+with the Chaldeans, ye shall not prosper.\r
+\r
+32:6 And Jeremiah said, The word of the LORD came unto me, saying,\r
+32:7 Behold, Hanameel the son of Shallum thine uncle shall come unto\r
+thee saying, Buy thee my field that is in Anathoth: for the right of\r
+redemption is thine to buy it.\r
+\r
+32:8 So Hanameel mine uncle's son came to me in the court of the\r
+prison according to the word of the LORD, and said unto me, Buy my\r
+field, I pray thee, that is in Anathoth, which is in the country of\r
+Benjamin: for the right of inheritance is thine, and the redemption is\r
+thine; buy it for thyself.\r
+\r
+Then I knew that this was the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+32:9 And I bought the field of Hanameel my uncle's son, that was in\r
+Anathoth, and weighed him the money, even seventeen shekels of silver.\r
+\r
+32:10 And I subscribed the evidence, and sealed it, and took\r
+witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances.\r
+\r
+32:11 So I took the evidence of the purchase, both that which was\r
+sealed according to the law and custom, and that which was open: 32:12\r
+And I gave the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch the son of Neriah,\r
+the son of Maaseiah, in the sight of Hanameel mine uncle's son, and in\r
+the presence of the witnesses that subscribed the book of the\r
+purchase, before all the Jews that sat in the court of the prison.\r
+\r
+32:13 And I charged Baruch before them, saying, 32:14 Thus saith the\r
+LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Take these evidences, this evidence\r
+of the purchase, both which is sealed, and this evidence which is\r
+open; and put them in an earthen vessel, that they may continue many\r
+days.\r
+\r
+32:15 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Houses and\r
+fields and vineyards shall be possessed again in this land.\r
+\r
+32:16 Now when I had delivered the evidence of the purchase unto\r
+Baruch the son of Neriah, I prayed unto the LORD, saying, 32:17 Ah\r
+Lord GOD! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great\r
+power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee:\r
+32:18 Thou shewest lovingkindness unto thousands, and recompensest the\r
+iniquity of the fathers into the bosom of their children after them:\r
+the Great, the Mighty God, the LORD of hosts, is his name, 32:19 Great\r
+in counsel, and mighty in work: for thine eyes are open upon all the\r
+ways of the sons of men: to give every one according to his ways, and\r
+according to the fruit of his doings: 32:20 Which hast set signs and\r
+wonders in the land of Egypt, even unto this day, and in Israel, and\r
+among other men; and hast made thee a name, as at this day; 32:21 And\r
+hast brought forth thy people Israel out of the land of Egypt with\r
+signs, and with wonders, and with a strong hand, and with a stretched\r
+out arm, and with great terror; 32:22 And hast given them this land,\r
+which thou didst swear to their fathers to give them, a land flowing\r
+with milk and honey; 32:23 And they came in, and possessed it; but\r
+they obeyed not thy voice, neither walked in thy law; they have done\r
+nothing of all that thou commandedst them to do: therefore thou hast\r
+caused all this evil to come upon them: 32:24 Behold the mounts, they\r
+are come unto the city to take it; and the city is given into the hand\r
+of the Chaldeans, that fight against it, because of the sword, and of\r
+the famine, and of the pestilence: and what thou hast spoken is come\r
+to pass; and, behold, thou seest it.\r
+\r
+32:25 And thou hast said unto me, O Lord GOD, Buy thee the field for\r
+money, and take witnesses; for the city is given into the hand of the\r
+Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+32:26 Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, 32:27\r
+Behold, I am the LORD, the God of all flesh: is there any thing too\r
+hard for me? 32:28 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give\r
+this city into the hand of the Chaldeans, and into the hand of\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and he shall take it: 32:29 And the\r
+Chaldeans, that fight against this city, shall come and set fire on\r
+this city, and burn it with the houses, upon whose roofs they have\r
+offered incense unto Baal, and poured out drink offerings unto other\r
+gods, to provoke me to anger.\r
+\r
+32:30 For the children of Israel and the children of Judah have only\r
+done evil before me from their youth: for the children of Israel have\r
+only provoked me to anger with the work of their hands, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+32:31 For this city hath been to me as a provocation of mine anger and\r
+of my fury from the day that they built it even unto this day; that I\r
+should remove it from before my face, 32:32 Because of all the evil of\r
+the children of Israel and of the children of Judah, which they have\r
+done to provoke me to anger, they, their kings, their princes, their\r
+priests, and their prophets, and the men of Judah, and the inhabitants\r
+of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+32:33 And they have turned unto me the back, and not the face: though\r
+I taught them, rising up early and teaching them, yet they have not\r
+hearkened to receive instruction.\r
+\r
+32:34 But they set their abominations in the house, which is called by\r
+my name, to defile it.\r
+\r
+32:35 And they built the high places of Baal, which are in the valley\r
+of the son of Hinnom, to cause their sons and their daughters to pass\r
+through the fire unto Molech; which I commanded them not, neither came\r
+it into my mind, that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah\r
+to sin.\r
+\r
+32:36 And now therefore thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel,\r
+concerning this city, whereof ye say, It shall be delivered into the\r
+hand of the king of Babylon by the sword, and by the famine, and by\r
+the pestilence; 32:37 Behold, I will gather them out of all countries,\r
+whither I have driven them in mine anger, and in my fury, and in great\r
+wrath; and I will bring them again unto this place, and I will cause\r
+them to dwell safely: 32:38 And they shall be my people, and I will be\r
+their God: 32:39 And I will give them one heart, and one way, that\r
+they may fear me for ever, for the good of them, and of their children\r
+after them: 32:40 And I will make an everlasting covenant with them,\r
+that I will not turn away from them, to do them good; but I will put\r
+my fear in their hearts, that they shall not depart from me.\r
+\r
+32:41 Yea, I will rejoice over them to do them good, and I will plant\r
+them in this land assuredly with my whole heart and with my whole\r
+soul.\r
+\r
+32:42 For thus saith the LORD; Like as I have brought all this great\r
+evil upon this people, so will I bring upon them all the good that I\r
+have promised them.\r
+\r
+32:43 And fields shall be bought in this land, whereof ye say, It is\r
+desolate without man or beast; it is given into the hand of the\r
+Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+32:44 Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe evidences, and\r
+seal them, and take witnesses in the land of Benjamin, and in the\r
+places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities\r
+of the mountains, and in the cities of the valley, and in the cities\r
+of the south: for I will cause their captivity to return, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+33:1 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah the second time,\r
+while he was yet shut up in the court of the prison, saying, 33:2 Thus\r
+saith the LORD the maker thereof, the LORD that formed it, to\r
+establish it; the LORD is his name; 33:3 Call unto me, and I will\r
+answer thee, and shew thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest\r
+not.\r
+\r
+33:4 For thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, concerning the houses\r
+of this city, and concerning the houses of the kings of Judah, which\r
+are thrown down by the mounts, and by the sword; 33:5 They come to\r
+fight with the Chaldeans, but it is to fill them with the dead bodies\r
+of men, whom I have slain in mine anger and in my fury, and for all\r
+whose wickedness I have hid my face from this city.\r
+\r
+33:6 Behold, I will bring it health and cure, and I will cure them,\r
+and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth.\r
+\r
+33:7 And I will cause the captivity of Judah and the captivity of\r
+Israel to return, and will build them, as at the first.\r
+\r
+33:8 And I will cleanse them from all their iniquity, whereby they\r
+have sinned against me; and I will pardon all their iniquities,\r
+whereby they have sinned, and whereby they have transgressed against\r
+me.\r
+\r
+33:9 And it shall be to me a name of joy, a praise and an honour\r
+before all the nations of the earth, which shall hear all the good\r
+that I do unto them: and they shall fear and tremble for all the\r
+goodness and for all the prosperity that I procure unto it.\r
+\r
+33:10 Thus saith the LORD; Again there shall be heard in this place,\r
+which ye say shall be desolate without man and without beast, even in\r
+the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem, that are\r
+desolate, without man, and without inhabitant, and without beast,\r
+33:11 The voice of joy, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the\r
+bridegroom, and the voice of the bride, the voice of them that shall\r
+say, Praise the LORD of hosts: for the LORD is good; for his mercy\r
+endureth for ever: and of them that shall bring the sacrifice of\r
+praise into the house of the LORD. For I will cause to return the\r
+captivity of the land, as at the first, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+33:12 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Again in this place, which is\r
+desolate without man and without beast, and in all the cities thereof,\r
+shall be an habitation of shepherds causing their flocks to lie down.\r
+\r
+33:13 In the cities of the mountains, in the cities of the vale, and\r
+in the cities of the south, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the\r
+places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the flocks\r
+pass again under the hands of him that telleth them, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+33:14 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will perform that\r
+good thing which I have promised unto the house of Israel and to the\r
+house of Judah.\r
+\r
+33:15 In those days, and at that time, will I cause the Branch of\r
+righteousness to grow up unto David; and he shall execute judgment and\r
+righteousness in the land.\r
+\r
+33:16 In those days shall Judah be saved, and Jerusalem shall dwell\r
+safely: and this is the name wherewith she shall be called, The LORD\r
+our righteousness.\r
+\r
+33:17 For thus saith the LORD; David shall never want a man to sit\r
+upon the throne of the house of Israel; 33:18 Neither shall the\r
+priests the Levites want a man before me to offer burnt offerings, and\r
+to kindle meat offerings, and to do sacrifice continually.\r
+\r
+33:19 And the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, saying, 33:20 Thus\r
+saith the LORD; If ye can break my covenant of the day, and my\r
+covenant of the night, and that there should not be day and night in\r
+their season; 33:21 Then may also my covenant be broken with David my\r
+servant, that he should not have a son to reign upon his throne; and\r
+with the Levites the priests, my ministers.\r
+\r
+33:22 As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, neither the sand of\r
+the sea measured: so will I multiply the seed of David my servant, and\r
+the Levites that minister unto me.\r
+\r
+33:23 Moreover the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, saying, 33:24\r
+Considerest thou not what this people have spoken, saying, The two\r
+families which the LORD hath chosen, he hath even cast them off? thus\r
+they have despised my people, that they should be no more a nation\r
+before them.\r
+\r
+33:25 Thus saith the LORD; If my covenant be not with day and night,\r
+and if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth; 33:26\r
+Then will I cast away the seed of Jacob and David my servant, so that\r
+I will not take any of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Abraham,\r
+Isaac, and Jacob: for I will cause their captivity to return, and have\r
+mercy on them.\r
+\r
+34:1 The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, when\r
+Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and all his army, and all the kingdoms\r
+of the earth of his dominion, and all the people, fought against\r
+Jerusalem, and against all the cities thereof, saying, 34:2 Thus saith\r
+the LORD, the God of Israel; Go and speak to Zedekiah king of Judah,\r
+and tell him, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will give this city into\r
+the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall burn it with fire: 34:3\r
+And thou shalt not escape out of his hand, but shalt surely be taken,\r
+and delivered into his hand; and thine eyes shall behold the eyes of\r
+the king of Babylon, and he shall speak with thee mouth to mouth, and\r
+thou shalt go to Babylon.\r
+\r
+34:4 Yet hear the word of the LORD, O Zedekiah king of Judah; Thus\r
+saith the LORD of thee, Thou shalt not die by the sword: 34:5 But thou\r
+shalt die in peace: and with the burnings of thy fathers, the former\r
+kings which were before thee, so shall they burn odours for thee; and\r
+they will lament thee, saying, Ah lord! for I have pronounced the\r
+word, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+34:6 Then Jeremiah the prophet spake all these words unto Zedekiah\r
+king of Judah in Jerusalem, 34:7 When the king of Babylon's army\r
+fought against Jerusalem, and against all the cities of Judah that\r
+were left, against Lachish, and against Azekah: for these defenced\r
+cities remained of the cities of Judah.\r
+\r
+34:8 This is the word that came unto Jeremiah from the LORD, after\r
+that the king Zedekiah had made a covenant with all the people which\r
+were at Jerusalem, to proclaim liberty unto them; 34:9 That every man\r
+should let his manservant, and every man his maidservant, being an\r
+Hebrew or an Hebrewess, go free; that none should serve himself of\r
+them, to wit, of a Jew his brother.\r
+\r
+34:10 Now when all the princes, and all the people, which had entered\r
+into the covenant, heard that every one should let his manservant, and\r
+every one his maidservant, go free, that none should serve themselves\r
+of them any more, then they obeyed, and let them go.\r
+\r
+34:11 But afterward they turned, and caused the servants and the\r
+handmaids, whom they had let go free, to return, and brought them into\r
+subjection for servants and for handmaids.\r
+\r
+34:12 Therefore the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah from the LORD,\r
+saying, 34:13 Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; I made a\r
+covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of\r
+the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondmen, saying, 34:14 At the\r
+end of seven years let ye go every man his brother an Hebrew, which\r
+hath been sold unto thee; and when he hath served thee six years, thou\r
+shalt let him go free from thee: but your fathers hearkened not unto\r
+me, neither inclined their ear.\r
+\r
+34:15 And ye were now turned, and had done right in my sight, in\r
+proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbour; and ye had made a\r
+covenant before me in the house which is called by my name: 34:16 But\r
+ye turned and polluted my name, and caused every man his servant, and\r
+every man his handmaid, whom ye had set at liberty at their pleasure,\r
+to return, and brought them into subjection, to be unto you for\r
+servants and for handmaids.\r
+\r
+34:17 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Ye have not hearkened unto me, in\r
+proclaiming liberty, every one to his brother, and every man to his\r
+neighbour: behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the LORD, to\r
+the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine; and I will make you\r
+to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.\r
+\r
+34:18 And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant,\r
+which have not performed the words of the covenant which they had made\r
+before me, when they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the\r
+parts thereof, 34:19 The princes of Judah, and the princes of\r
+Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the\r
+land, which passed between the parts of the calf; 34:20 I will even\r
+give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them\r
+that seek their life: and their dead bodies shall be for meat unto the\r
+fowls of the heaven, and to the beasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+34:21 And Zedekiah king of Judah and his princes will I give into the\r
+hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life,\r
+and into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, which are gone up\r
+from you.\r
+\r
+34:22 Behold, I will command, saith the LORD, and cause them to return\r
+to this city; and they shall fight against it, and take it, and burn\r
+it with fire: and I will make the cities of Judah a desolation without\r
+an inhabitant.\r
+\r
+35:1 The word which came unto Jeremiah from the LORD in the days of\r
+Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of Judah, saying, 35:2 Go unto the\r
+house of the Rechabites, and speak unto them, and bring them into the\r
+house of the LORD, into one of the chambers, and give them wine to\r
+drink.\r
+\r
+35:3 Then I took Jaazaniah the son of Jeremiah, the son of Habaziniah,\r
+and his brethren, and all his sons, and the whole house of the\r
+Rechabites; 35:4 And I brought them into the house of the LORD, into\r
+the chamber of the sons of Hanan, the son of Igdaliah, a man of God,\r
+which was by the chamber of the princes, which was above the chamber\r
+of Maaseiah the son of Shallum, the keeper of the door: 35:5 And I set\r
+before the sons of the house of the Rechabites pots full of wine, and\r
+cups, and I said unto them, Drink ye wine.\r
+\r
+35:6 But they said, We will drink no wine: for Jonadab the son of\r
+Rechab our father commanded us, saying, Ye shall drink no wine,\r
+neither ye, nor your sons for ever: 35:7 Neither shall ye build house,\r
+nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard, nor have any: but all your days ye\r
+shall dwell in tents; that ye may live many days in the land where ye\r
+be strangers.\r
+\r
+35:8 Thus have we obeyed the voice of Jonadab the son of Rechab our\r
+father in all that he hath charged us, to drink no wine all our days,\r
+we, our wives, our sons, nor our daughters; 35:9 Nor to build houses\r
+for us to dwell in: neither have we vineyard, nor field, nor seed:\r
+35:10 But we have dwelt in tents, and have obeyed, and done according\r
+to all that Jonadab our father commanded us.\r
+\r
+35:11 But it came to pass, when Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon came up\r
+into the land, that we said, Come, and let us go to Jerusalem for fear\r
+of the army of the Chaldeans, and for fear of the army of the Syrians:\r
+so we dwell at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+35:12 Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah, saying, 35:13 Thus\r
+saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Go and tell the men of\r
+Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Will ye not receive\r
+instruction to hearken to my words? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+35:14 The words of Jonadab the son of Rechab, that he commanded his\r
+sons not to drink wine, are performed; for unto this day they drink\r
+none, but obey their father's commandment: notwithstanding I have\r
+spoken unto you, rising early and speaking; but ye hearkened not unto\r
+me.\r
+\r
+35:15 I have sent also unto you all my servants the prophets, rising\r
+up early and sending them, saying, Return ye now every man from his\r
+evil way, and amend your doings, and go not after other gods to serve\r
+them, and ye shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and to\r
+your fathers: but ye have not inclined your ear, nor hearkened unto\r
+me.\r
+\r
+35:16 Because the sons of Jonadab the son of Rechab have performed the\r
+commandment of their father, which he commanded them; but this people\r
+hath not hearkened unto me: 35:17 Therefore thus saith the LORD God of\r
+hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will bring upon Judah and upon all\r
+the inhabitants of Jerusalem all the evil that I have pronounced\r
+against them: because I have spoken unto them, but they have not\r
+heard; and I have called unto them, but they have not answered.\r
+\r
+35:18 And Jeremiah said unto the house of the Rechabites, Thus saith\r
+the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Because ye have obeyed the\r
+commandment of Jonadab your father, and kept all his precepts, and\r
+done according unto all that he hath commanded you: 35:19 Therefore\r
+thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Jonadab the son of\r
+Rechab shall not want a man to stand before me for ever.\r
+\r
+36:1 And it came to pass in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of\r
+Josiah king of Judah, that this word came unto Jeremiah from the LORD,\r
+saying, 36:2 Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the\r
+words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah,\r
+and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the\r
+days of Josiah, even unto this day.\r
+\r
+36:3 It may be that the house of Judah will hear all the evil which I\r
+purpose to do unto them; that they may return every man from his evil\r
+way; that I may forgive their iniquity and their sin.\r
+\r
+36:4 Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah: and Baruch wrote\r
+from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the LORD, which he had\r
+spoken unto him, upon a roll of a book.\r
+\r
+36:5 And Jeremiah commanded Baruch, saying, I am shut up; I cannot go\r
+into the house of the LORD: 36:6 Therefore go thou, and read in the\r
+roll, which thou hast written from my mouth, the words of the LORD in\r
+the ears of the people in the LORD's house upon the fasting day: and\r
+also thou shalt read them in the ears of all Judah that come out of\r
+their cities.\r
+\r
+36:7 It may be they will present their supplication before the LORD,\r
+and will return every one from his evil way: for great is the anger\r
+and the fury that the LORD hath pronounced against this people.\r
+\r
+36:8 And Baruch the son of Neriah did according to all that Jeremiah\r
+the prophet commanded him, reading in the book the words of the LORD\r
+in the LORD's house.\r
+\r
+36:9 And it came to pass in the fifth year of Jehoiakim the son of\r
+Josiah king of Judah, in the ninth month, that they proclaimed a fast\r
+before the LORD to all the people in Jerusalem, and to all the people\r
+that came from the cities of Judah unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+36:10 Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house\r
+of the LORD, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe,\r
+in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the LORD's house,\r
+in the ears of all the people.\r
+\r
+36:11 When Michaiah the son of Gemariah, the son of Shaphan, had heard\r
+out of the book all the words of the LORD, 36:12 Then he went down\r
+into the king's house, into the scribe's chamber: and, lo, all the\r
+princes sat there, even Elishama the scribe, and Delaiah the son of\r
+Shemaiah, and Elnathan the son of Achbor, and Gemariah the son of\r
+Shaphan, and Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, and all the princes.\r
+\r
+36:13 Then Michaiah declared unto them all the words that he had\r
+heard, when Baruch read the book in the ears of the people.\r
+\r
+36:14 Therefore all the princes sent Jehudi the son of Nethaniah, the\r
+son of Shelemiah, the son of Cushi, unto Baruch, saying, Take in thine\r
+hand the roll wherein thou hast read in the ears of the people, and\r
+come. So Baruch the son of Neriah took the roll in his hand, and came\r
+unto them.\r
+\r
+36:15 And they said unto him, Sit down now, and read it in our ears.\r
+So Baruch read it in their ears.\r
+\r
+36:16 Now it came to pass, when they had heard all the words, they\r
+were afraid both one and other, and said unto Baruch, We will surely\r
+tell the king of all these words.\r
+\r
+36:17 And they asked Baruch, saying, Tell us now, How didst thou write\r
+all these words at his mouth? 36:18 Then Baruch answered them, He\r
+pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth, and I wrote them\r
+with ink in the book.\r
+\r
+36:19 Then said the princes unto Baruch, Go, hide thee, thou and\r
+Jeremiah; and let no man know where ye be.\r
+\r
+36:20 And they went in to the king into the court, but they laid up\r
+the roll in the chamber of Elishama the scribe, and told all the words\r
+in the ears of the king.\r
+\r
+36:21 So the king sent Jehudi to fetch the roll: and he took it out of\r
+Elishama the scribe's chamber. And Jehudi read it in the ears of the\r
+king, and in the ears of all the princes which stood beside the king.\r
+\r
+36:22 Now the king sat in the winterhouse in the ninth month: and\r
+there was a fire on the hearth burning before him.\r
+\r
+36:23 And it came to pass, that when Jehudi had read three or four\r
+leaves, he cut it with the penknife, and cast it into the fire that\r
+was on the hearth, until all the roll was consumed in the fire that\r
+was on the hearth.\r
+\r
+36:24 Yet they were not afraid, nor rent their garments, neither the\r
+king, nor any of his servants that heard all these words.\r
+\r
+36:25 Nevertheless Elnathan and Delaiah and Gemariah had made\r
+intercession to the king that he would not burn the roll: but he would\r
+not hear them.\r
+\r
+36:26 But the king commanded Jerahmeel the son of Hammelech, and\r
+Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take\r
+Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet: but the LORD hid them.\r
+\r
+36:27 Then the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah, after that the king\r
+had burned the roll, and the words which Baruch wrote at the mouth of\r
+Jeremiah, saying, 36:28 Take thee again another roll, and write in it\r
+all the former words that were in the first roll, which Jehoiakim the\r
+king of Judah hath burned.\r
+\r
+36:29 And thou shalt say to Jehoiakim king of Judah, Thus saith the\r
+LORD; Thou hast burned this roll, saying, Why hast thou written\r
+therein, saying, The king of Babylon shall certainly come and destroy\r
+this land, and shall cause to cease from thence man and beast? 36:30\r
+Therefore thus saith the LORD of Jehoiakim king of Judah; He shall\r
+have none to sit upon the throne of David: and his dead body shall be\r
+cast out in the day to the heat, and in the night to the frost.\r
+\r
+36:31 And I will punish him and his seed and his servants for their\r
+iniquity; and I will bring upon them, and upon the inhabitants of\r
+Jerusalem, and upon the men of Judah, all the evil that I have\r
+pronounced against them; but they hearkened not.\r
+\r
+36:32 Then took Jeremiah another roll, and gave it to Baruch the\r
+scribe, the son of Neriah; who wrote therein from the mouth of\r
+Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had\r
+burned in the fire: and there were added besides unto them many like\r
+words.\r
+\r
+37:1 And king Zedekiah the son of Josiah reigned instead of Coniah the\r
+son of Jehoiakim, whom Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon made king in the\r
+land of Judah.\r
+\r
+37:2 But neither he, nor his servants, nor the people of the land, did\r
+hearken unto the words of the LORD, which he spake by the prophet\r
+Jeremiah.\r
+\r
+37:3 And Zedekiah the king sent Jehucal the son of Shelemiah and\r
+Zephaniah the son of Maaseiah the priest to the prophet Jeremiah,\r
+saying, Pray now unto the LORD our God for us.\r
+\r
+37:4 Now Jeremiah came in and went out among the people: for they had\r
+not put him into prison.\r
+\r
+37:5 Then Pharaoh's army was come forth out of Egypt: and when the\r
+Chaldeans that besieged Jerusalem heard tidings of them, they departed\r
+from Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+37:6 Then came the word of the LORD unto the prophet Jeremiah saying,\r
+37:7 Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel; Thus shall ye say to the\r
+king of Judah, that sent you unto me to enquire of me; Behold,\r
+Pharaoh's army, which is come forth to help you, shall return to Egypt\r
+into their own land.\r
+\r
+37:8 And the Chaldeans shall come again, and fight against this city,\r
+and take it, and burn it with fire.\r
+\r
+37:9 Thus saith the LORD; Deceive not yourselves, saying, The\r
+Chaldeans shall surely depart from us: for they shall not depart.\r
+\r
+37:10 For though ye had smitten the whole army of the Chaldeans that\r
+fight against you, and there remained but wounded men among them, yet\r
+should they rise up every man in his tent, and burn this city with\r
+fire.\r
+\r
+37:11 And it came to pass, that when the army of the Chaldeans was\r
+broken up from Jerusalem for fear of Pharaoh's army, 37:12 Then\r
+Jeremiah went forth out of Jerusalem to go into the land of Benjamin,\r
+to separate himself thence in the midst of the people.\r
+\r
+37:13 And when he was in the gate of Benjamin, a captain of the ward\r
+was there, whose name was Irijah, the son of Shelemiah, the son of\r
+Hananiah; and he took Jeremiah the prophet, saying, Thou fallest away\r
+to the Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+37:14 Then said Jeremiah, It is false; I fall not away to the\r
+Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+But he hearkened not to him: so Irijah took Jeremiah, and brought him\r
+to the princes.\r
+\r
+37:15 Wherefore the princes were wroth with Jeremiah, and smote him,\r
+and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe: for they\r
+had made that the prison.\r
+\r
+37:16 When Jeremiah was entered into the dungeon, and into the cabins,\r
+and Jeremiah had remained there many days; 37:17 Then Zedekiah the\r
+king sent, and took him out: and the king asked him secretly in his\r
+house, and said, Is there any word from the LORD? And Jeremiah said,\r
+There is: for, said he, thou shalt be delivered into the hand of the\r
+king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+37:18 Moreover Jeremiah said unto king Zedekiah, What have I offended\r
+against thee, or against thy servants, or against this people, that ye\r
+have put me in prison? 37:19 Where are now your prophets which\r
+prophesied unto you, saying, The king of Babylon shall not come\r
+against you, nor against this land? 37:20 Therefore hear now, I pray\r
+thee, O my lord the king: let my supplication, I pray thee, be\r
+accepted before thee; that thou cause me not to return to the house of\r
+Jonathan the scribe, lest I die there.\r
+\r
+37:21 Then Zedekiah the king commanded that they should commit\r
+Jeremiah into the court of the prison, and that they should give him\r
+daily a piece of bread out of the bakers' street, until all the bread\r
+in the city were spent.\r
+\r
+Thus Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison.\r
+\r
+38:1 Then Shephatiah the son of Mattan, and Gedaliah the son of\r
+Pashur, and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashur the son of\r
+Malchiah, heard the words that Jeremiah had spoken unto all the\r
+people, saying, 38:2 Thus saith the LORD, He that remaineth in this\r
+city shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence: but\r
+he that goeth forth to the Chaldeans shall live; for he shall have his\r
+life for a prey, and shall live.\r
+\r
+38:3 Thus saith the LORD, This city shall surely be given into the\r
+hand of the king of Babylon's army, which shall take it.\r
+\r
+38:4 Therefore the princes said unto the king, We beseech thee, let\r
+this man be put to death: for thus he weakeneth the hands of the men\r
+of war that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, in\r
+speaking such words unto them: for this man seeketh not the welfare of\r
+this people, but the hurt.\r
+\r
+38:5 Then Zedekiah the king said, Behold, he is in your hand: for the\r
+king is not he that can do any thing against you.\r
+\r
+38:6 Then took they Jeremiah, and cast him into the dungeon of\r
+Malchiah the son of Hammelech, that was in the court of the prison:\r
+and they let down Jeremiah with cords. And in the dungeon there was no\r
+water, but mire: so Jeremiah sunk in the mire.\r
+\r
+38:7 Now when Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, one of the eunuchs which was\r
+in the king's house, heard that they had put Jeremiah in the dungeon;\r
+the king then sitting in the gate of Benjamin; 38:8 Ebedmelech went\r
+forth out of the king's house, and spake to the king saying, 38:9 My\r
+lord the king, these men have done evil in all that they have done to\r
+Jeremiah the prophet, whom they have cast into the dungeon; and he is\r
+like to die for hunger in the place where he is: for there is no more\r
+bread in the city.\r
+\r
+38:10 Then the king commanded Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Take\r
+from hence thirty men with thee, and take up Jeremiah the prophet out\r
+of the dungeon, before he die.\r
+\r
+38:11 So Ebedmelech took the men with him, and went into the house of\r
+the king under the treasury, and took thence old cast clouts and old\r
+rotten rags, and let them down by cords into the dungeon to Jeremiah.\r
+\r
+38:12 And Ebedmelech the Ethiopian said unto Jeremiah, Put now these\r
+old cast clouts and rotten rags under thine armholes under the cords.\r
+And Jeremiah did so.\r
+\r
+38:13 So they drew up Jeremiah with cords, and took him up out of the\r
+dungeon: and Jeremiah remained in the court of the prison.\r
+\r
+38:14 Then Zedekiah the king sent, and took Jeremiah the prophet unto\r
+him into the third entry that is in the house of the LORD: and the\r
+king said unto Jeremiah, I will ask thee a thing; hide nothing from\r
+me.\r
+\r
+38:15 Then Jeremiah said unto Zedekiah, If I declare it unto thee,\r
+wilt thou not surely put me to death? and if I give thee counsel, wilt\r
+thou not hearken unto me? 38:16 So Zedekiah the king sware secretly\r
+unto Jeremiah, saying, As the LORD liveth, that made us this soul, I\r
+will not put thee to death, neither will I give thee into the hand of\r
+these men that seek thy life.\r
+\r
+38:17 Then said Jeremiah unto Zedekiah, Thus saith the LORD, the God\r
+of hosts, the God of Israel; If thou wilt assuredly go forth unto the\r
+king of Babylon's princes, then thy soul shall live, and this city\r
+shall not be burned with fire; and thou shalt live, and thine house:\r
+38:18 But if thou wilt not go forth to the king of Babylon's princes,\r
+then shall this city be given into the hand of the Chaldeans, and they\r
+shall burn it with fire, and thou shalt not escape out of their hand.\r
+\r
+38:19 And Zedekiah the king said unto Jeremiah, I am afraid of the\r
+Jews that are fallen to the Chaldeans, lest they deliver me into their\r
+hand, and they mock me.\r
+\r
+38:20 But Jeremiah said, They shall not deliver thee. Obey, I beseech\r
+thee, the voice of the LORD, which I speak unto thee: so it shall be\r
+well unto thee, and thy soul shall live.\r
+\r
+38:21 But if thou refuse to go forth, this is the word that the LORD\r
+hath shewed me: 38:22 And, behold, all the women that are left in the\r
+king of Judah's house shall be brought forth to the king of Babylon's\r
+princes, and those women shall say, Thy friends have set thee on, and\r
+have prevailed against thee: thy feet are sunk in the mire, and they\r
+are turned away back.\r
+\r
+38:23 So they shall bring out all thy wives and thy children to the\r
+Chaldeans: and thou shalt not escape out of their hand, but shalt be\r
+taken by the hand of the king of Babylon: and thou shalt cause this\r
+city to be burned with fire.\r
+\r
+38:24 Then said Zedekiah unto Jeremiah, Let no man know of these\r
+words, and thou shalt not die.\r
+\r
+38:25 But if the princes hear that I have talked with thee, and they\r
+come unto thee, and say unto thee, Declare unto us now what thou hast\r
+said unto the king, hide it not from us, and we will not put thee to\r
+death; also what the king said unto thee: 38:26 Then thou shalt say\r
+unto them, I presented my supplication before the king, that he would\r
+not cause me to return to Jonathan's house, to die there.\r
+\r
+38:27 Then came all the princes unto Jeremiah, and asked him: and he\r
+told them according to all these words that the king had commanded. So\r
+they left off speaking with him; for the matter was not perceived.\r
+\r
+38:28 So Jeremiah abode in the court of the prison until the day that\r
+Jerusalem was taken: and he was there when Jerusalem was taken.\r
+\r
+39:1 In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth month,\r
+came Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon and all his army against\r
+Jerusalem, and they besieged it.\r
+\r
+39:2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the\r
+ninth day of the month, the city was broken up.\r
+\r
+39:3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat in\r
+the middle gate, even Nergalsharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris,\r
+Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, with all the residue of the princes of the\r
+king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+39:4 And it came to pass, that when Zedekiah the king of Judah saw\r
+them, and all the men of war, then they fled, and went forth out of\r
+the city by night, by the way of the king's garden, by the gate\r
+betwixt the two walls: and he went out the way of the plain.\r
+\r
+39:5 But the Chaldeans' army pursued after them, and overtook Zedekiah\r
+in the plains of Jericho: and when they had taken him, they brought\r
+him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of\r
+Hamath, where he gave judgment upon him.\r
+\r
+39:6 Then the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah in Riblah\r
+before his eyes: also the king of Babylon slew all the nobles of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+39:7 Moreover he put out Zedekiah's eyes, and bound him with chains,\r
+to carry him to Babylon.\r
+\r
+39:8 And the Chaldeans burned the king's house, and the houses of the\r
+people, with fire, and brake down the walls of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+39:9 Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive\r
+into Babylon the remnant of the people that remained in the city, and\r
+those that fell away, that fell to him, with the rest of the people\r
+that remained.\r
+\r
+39:10 But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left of the poor of the\r
+people, which had nothing, in the land of Judah, and gave them\r
+vineyards and fields at the same time.\r
+\r
+39:11 Now Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon gave charge concerning\r
+Jeremiah to Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, saying, 39:12 Take\r
+him, and look well to him, and do him no harm; but do unto him even as\r
+he shall say unto thee.\r
+\r
+39:13 So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent, and Nebushasban,\r
+Rabsaris, and Nergalsharezer, Rabmag, and all the king of Babylon's\r
+princes; 39:14 Even they sent, and took Jeremiah out of the court of\r
+the prison, and committed him unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son\r
+of Shaphan, that he should carry him home: so he dwelt among the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+39:15 Now the word of the LORD came unto Jeremiah, while he was shut\r
+up in the court of the prison, saying, 39:16 Go and speak to\r
+Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the\r
+God of Israel; Behold, I will bring my words upon this city for evil,\r
+and not for good; and they shall be accomplished in that day before\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+39:17 But I will deliver thee in that day, saith the LORD: and thou\r
+shalt not be given into the hand of the men of whom thou art afraid.\r
+\r
+39:18 For I will surely deliver thee, and thou shalt not fall by the\r
+sword, but thy life shall be for a prey unto thee: because thou hast\r
+put thy trust in me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+40:1 The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD, after that\r
+Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had let him go from Ramah, when\r
+he had taken him being bound in chains among all that were carried\r
+away captive of Jerusalem and Judah, which were carried away captive\r
+unto Babylon.\r
+\r
+40:2 And the captain of the guard took Jeremiah, and said unto him,\r
+The LORD thy God hath pronounced this evil upon this place.\r
+\r
+40:3 Now the LORD hath brought it, and done according as he hath said:\r
+because ye have sinned against the LORD, and have not obeyed his\r
+voice, therefore this thing is come upon you.\r
+\r
+40:4 And now, behold, I loose thee this day from the chains which were\r
+upon thine hand. If it seem good unto thee to come with me into\r
+Babylon, come; and I will look well unto thee: but if it seem ill unto\r
+thee to come with me into Babylon, forbear: behold, all the land is\r
+before thee: whither it seemeth good and convenient for thee to go,\r
+thither go.\r
+\r
+40:5 Now while he was not yet gone back, he said, Go back also to\r
+Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, whom the king of\r
+Babylon hath made governor over the cities of Judah, and dwell with\r
+him among the people: or go wheresoever it seemeth convenient unto\r
+thee to go. So the captain of the guard gave him victuals and a\r
+reward, and let him go.\r
+\r
+40:6 Then went Jeremiah unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and\r
+dwelt with him among the people that were left in the land.\r
+\r
+40:7 Now when all the captains of the forces which were in the fields,\r
+even they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had made\r
+Gedaliah the son of Ahikam governor in the land, and had committed\r
+unto him men, and women, and children, and of the poor of the land, of\r
+them that were not carried away captive to Babylon; 40:8 Then they\r
+came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, even Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and\r
+Johanan and Jonathan the sons of Kareah, and Seraiah the son of\r
+Tanhumeth, and the sons of Ephai the Netophathite, and Jezaniah the\r
+son of a Maachathite, they and their men.\r
+\r
+40:9 And Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan sware unto them\r
+and to their men, saying, Fear not to serve the Chaldeans: dwell in\r
+the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it shall be well with\r
+you.\r
+\r
+40:10 As for me, behold, I will dwell at Mizpah, to serve the\r
+Chaldeans, which will come unto us: but ye, gather ye wine, and summer\r
+fruits, and oil, and put them in your vessels, and dwell in your\r
+cities that ye have taken.\r
+\r
+40:11 Likewise when all the Jews that were in Moab, and among the\r
+Ammonites, and in Edom, and that were in all the countries, heard that\r
+the king of Babylon had left a remnant of Judah, and that he had set\r
+over them Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan; 40:12 Even\r
+all the Jews returned out of all places whither they were driven, and\r
+came to the land of Judah, to Gedaliah, unto Mizpah, and gathered wine\r
+and summer fruits very much.\r
+\r
+40:13 Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the\r
+forces that were in the fields, came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, 40:14 And\r
+said unto him, Dost thou certainly know that Baalis the king of the\r
+Ammonites hath sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to slay thee? But\r
+Gedaliah the son of Ahikam believed them not.\r
+\r
+40:15 Then Johanan the son of Kareah spake to Gedaliah in Mizpah\r
+secretly saying, Let me go, I pray thee, and I will slay Ishmael the\r
+son of Nethaniah, and no man shall know it: wherefore should he slay\r
+thee, that all the Jews which are gathered unto thee should be\r
+scattered, and the remnant in Judah perish? 40:16 But Gedaliah the\r
+son of Ahikam said unto Johanan the son of Kareah, Thou shalt not do\r
+this thing: for thou speakest falsely of Ishmael.\r
+\r
+41:1 Now it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of\r
+Nethaniah the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, and the princes of\r
+the king, even ten men with him, came unto Gedaliah the son of Ahikam\r
+to Mizpah; and there they did eat bread together in Mizpah.\r
+\r
+41:2 Then arose Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and the ten men that\r
+were with him, and smote Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan\r
+with the sword, and slew him, whom the king of Babylon had made\r
+governor over the land.\r
+\r
+41:3 Ishmael also slew all the Jews that were with him, even with\r
+Gedaliah, at Mizpah, and the Chaldeans that were found there, and the\r
+men of war.\r
+\r
+41:4 And it came to pass the second day after he had slain Gedaliah,\r
+and no man knew it, 41:5 That there came certain from Shechem, from\r
+Shiloh, and from Samaria, even fourscore men, having their beards\r
+shaven, and their clothes rent, and having cut themselves, with\r
+offerings and incense in their hand, to bring them to the house of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+41:6 And Ishmael the son of Nethaniah went forth from Mizpah to meet\r
+them, weeping all along as he went: and it came to pass, as he met\r
+them, he said unto them, Come to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam.\r
+\r
+41:7 And it was so, when they came into the midst of the city, that\r
+Ishmael the son of Nethaniah slew them, and cast them into the midst\r
+of the pit, he, and the men that were with him.\r
+\r
+41:8 But ten men were found among them that said unto Ishmael, Slay us\r
+not: for we have treasures in the field, of wheat, and of barley, and\r
+of oil, and of honey. So he forbare, and slew them not among their\r
+brethren.\r
+\r
+41:9 Now the pit wherein Ishmael had cast all the dead bodies of the\r
+men, whom he had slain because of Gedaliah, was it which Asa the king\r
+had made for fear of Baasha king of Israel: and Ishmael the son of\r
+Nethaniah filled it with them that were slain.\r
+\r
+41:10 Then Ishmael carried away captive all the residue of the people\r
+that were in Mizpah, even the king's daughters, and all the people\r
+that remained in Mizpah, whom Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had\r
+committed to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam: and Ishmael the son of\r
+Nethaniah carried them away captive, and departed to go over to the\r
+Ammonites.\r
+\r
+41:11 But when Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the\r
+forces that were with him, heard of all the evil that Ishmael the son\r
+of Nethaniah had done, 41:12 Then they took all the men, and went to\r
+fight with Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and found him by the great\r
+waters that are in Gibeon.\r
+\r
+41:13 Now it came to pass, that when all the people which were with\r
+Ishmael saw Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the\r
+forces that were with him, then they were glad.\r
+\r
+41:14 So all the people that Ishmael had carried away captive from\r
+Mizpah cast about and returned, and went unto Johanan the son of\r
+Kareah.\r
+\r
+41:15 But Ishmael the son of Nethaniah escaped from Johanan with eight\r
+men, and went to the Ammonites.\r
+\r
+41:16 Then took Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the\r
+forces that were with him, all the remnant of the people whom he had\r
+recovered from Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, from Mizpah, after that\r
+he had slain Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, even mighty men of war, and\r
+the women, and the children, and the eunuchs, whom he had brought\r
+again from Gibeon: 41:17 And they departed, and dwelt in the\r
+habitation of Chimham, which is by Bethlehem, to go to enter into\r
+Egypt, 41:18 Because of the Chaldeans: for they were afraid of them,\r
+because Ishmael the son of Nethaniah had slain Gedaliah the son of\r
+Ahikam, whom the king of Babylon made governor in the land.\r
+\r
+42:1 Then all the captains of the forces, and Johanan the son of\r
+Kareah, and Jezaniah the son of Hoshaiah, and all the people from the\r
+least even unto the greatest, came near, 42:2 And said unto Jeremiah\r
+the prophet, Let, we beseech thee, our supplication be accepted before\r
+thee, and pray for us unto the LORD thy God, even for all this\r
+remnant; (for we are left but a few of many, as thine eyes do behold\r
+us:) 42:3 That the LORD thy God may shew us the way wherein we may\r
+walk, and the thing that we may do.\r
+\r
+42:4 Then Jeremiah the prophet said unto them, I have heard you;\r
+behold, I will pray unto the LORD your God according to your words;\r
+and it shall come to pass, that whatsoever thing the LORD shall answer\r
+you, I will declare it unto you; I will keep nothing back from you.\r
+\r
+42:5 Then they said to Jeremiah, The LORD be a true and faithful\r
+witness between us, if we do not even according to all things for the\r
+which the LORD thy God shall send thee to us.\r
+\r
+42:6 Whether it be good, or whether it be evil, we will obey the voice\r
+of the LORD our God, to whom we send thee; that it may be well with\r
+us, when we obey the voice of the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+42:7 And it came to pass after ten days, that the word of the LORD\r
+came unto Jeremiah.\r
+\r
+42:8 Then called he Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of\r
+the forces which were with him, and all the people from the least even\r
+to the greatest, 42:9 And said unto them, Thus saith the LORD, the God\r
+of Israel, unto whom ye sent me to present your supplication before\r
+him; 42:10 If ye will still abide in this land, then will I build you,\r
+and not pull you down, and I will plant you, and not pluck you up: for\r
+I repent me of the evil that I have done unto you.\r
+\r
+42:11 Be not afraid of the king of Babylon, of whom ye are afraid; be\r
+not afraid of him, saith the LORD: for I am with you to save you, and\r
+to deliver you from his hand.\r
+\r
+42:12 And I will shew mercies unto you, that he may have mercy upon\r
+you, and cause you to return to your own land.\r
+\r
+42:13 But if ye say, We will not dwell in this land, neither obey the\r
+voice of the LORD your God, 42:14 Saying, No; but we will go into the\r
+land of Egypt, where we shall see no war, nor hear the sound of the\r
+trumpet, nor have hunger of bread; and there will we dwell: 42:15 And\r
+now therefore hear the word of the LORD, ye remnant of Judah; Thus\r
+saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; If ye wholly set your\r
+faces to enter into Egypt, and go to sojourn there; 42:16 Then it\r
+shall come to pass, that the sword, which ye feared, shall overtake\r
+you there in the land of Egypt, and the famine, whereof ye were\r
+afraid, shall follow close after you there in Egypt; and there ye\r
+shall die.\r
+\r
+42:17 So shall it be with all the men that set their faces to go into\r
+Egypt to sojourn there; they shall die by the sword, by the famine,\r
+and by the pestilence: and none of them shall remain or escape from\r
+the evil that I will bring upon them.\r
+\r
+42:18 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; As mine\r
+anger and my fury hath been poured forth upon the inhabitants of\r
+Jerusalem; so shall my fury be poured forth upon you, when ye shall\r
+enter into Egypt: and ye shall be an execration, and an astonishment,\r
+and a curse, and a reproach; and ye shall see this place no more.\r
+\r
+42:19 The LORD hath said concerning you, O ye remnant of Judah; Go ye\r
+not into Egypt: know certainly that I have admonished you this day.\r
+\r
+42:20 For ye dissembled in your hearts, when ye sent me unto the LORD\r
+your God, saying, Pray for us unto the LORD our God; and according\r
+unto all that the LORD our God shall say, so declare unto us, and we\r
+will do it.\r
+\r
+42:21 And now I have this day declared it to you; but ye have not\r
+obeyed the voice of the LORD your God, nor any thing for the which he\r
+hath sent me unto you.\r
+\r
+42:22 Now therefore know certainly that ye shall die by the sword, by\r
+the famine, and by the pestilence, in the place whither ye desire to\r
+go and to sojourn.\r
+\r
+43:1 And it came to pass, that when Jeremiah had made an end of\r
+speaking unto all the people all the words of the LORD their God, for\r
+which the LORD their God had sent him to them, even all these words,\r
+43:2 Then spake Azariah the son of Hoshaiah, and Johanan the son of\r
+Kareah, and all the proud men, saying unto Jeremiah, Thou speakest\r
+falsely: the LORD our God hath not sent thee to say, Go not into Egypt\r
+to sojourn there: 43:3 But Baruch the son of Neriah setteth thee on\r
+against us, for to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans, that\r
+they might put us to death, and carry us away captives into Babylon.\r
+\r
+43:4 So Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces,\r
+and all the people, obeyed not the voice of the LORD, to dwell in the\r
+land of Judah.\r
+\r
+43:5 But Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the\r
+forces, took all the remnant of Judah, that were returned from all\r
+nations, whither they had been driven, to dwell in the land of Judah;\r
+43:6 Even men, and women, and children, and the king's daughters, and\r
+every person that Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had left with\r
+Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan, and Jeremiah the\r
+prophet, and Baruch the son of Neriah.\r
+\r
+43:7 So they came into the land of Egypt: for they obeyed not the\r
+voice of the LORD: thus came they even to Tahpanhes.\r
+\r
+43:8 Then came the word of the LORD unto Jeremiah in Tahpanhes,\r
+saying, 43:9 Take great stones in thine hand, and hide them in the\r
+clay in the brickkiln, which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in\r
+Tahpanhes, in the sight of the men of Judah; 43:10 And say unto them,\r
+Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Behold, I will send\r
+and take Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon, my servant, and will set\r
+his throne upon these stones that I have hid; and he shall spread his\r
+royal pavilion over them.\r
+\r
+43:11 And when he cometh, he shall smite the land of Egypt, and\r
+deliver such as are for death to death; and such as are for captivity\r
+to captivity; and such as are for the sword to the sword.\r
+\r
+43:12 And I will kindle a fire in the houses of the gods of Egypt; and\r
+he shall burn them, and carry them away captives: and he shall array\r
+himself with the land of Egypt, as a shepherd putteth on his garment;\r
+and he shall go forth from thence in peace.\r
+\r
+43:13 He shall break also the images of Bethshemesh, that is in the\r
+land of Egypt; and the houses of the gods of the Egyptians shall he\r
+burn with fire.\r
+\r
+44:1 The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which\r
+dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes,\r
+and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying, 44:2 Thus saith\r
+the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Ye have seen all the evil that I\r
+have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and,\r
+behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein,\r
+44:3 Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke\r
+me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other\r
+gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers.\r
+\r
+44:4 Howbeit I sent unto you all my servants the prophets, rising\r
+early and sending them, saying, Oh, do not this abominable thing that\r
+I hate.\r
+\r
+44:5 But they hearkened not, nor inclined their ear to turn from their\r
+wickedness, to burn no incense unto other gods.\r
+\r
+44:6 Wherefore my fury and mine anger was poured forth, and was\r
+kindled in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem; and\r
+they are wasted and desolate, as at this day.\r
+\r
+44:7 Therefore now thus saith the LORD, the God of hosts, the God of\r
+Israel; Wherefore commit ye this great evil against your souls, to cut\r
+off from you man and woman, child and suckling, out of Judah, to leave\r
+you none to remain; 44:8 In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the\r
+works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of\r
+Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell, that ye might cut yourselves off,\r
+and that ye might be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of\r
+the earth? 44:9 Have ye forgotten the wickedness of your fathers, and\r
+the wickedness of the kings of Judah, and the wickedness of their\r
+wives, and your own wickedness, and the wickedness of your wives,\r
+which they have committed in the land of Judah, and in the streets of\r
+Jerusalem? 44:10 They are not humbled even unto this day, neither\r
+have they feared, nor walked in my law, nor in my statutes, that I set\r
+before you and before your fathers.\r
+\r
+44:11 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel;\r
+Behold, I will set my face against you for evil, and to cut off all\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+44:12 And I will take the remnant of Judah, that have set their faces\r
+to go into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, and they shall all be\r
+consumed, and fall in the land of Egypt; they shall even be consumed\r
+by the sword and by the famine: they shall die, from the least even\r
+unto the greatest, by the sword and by the famine: and they shall be\r
+an execration, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach.\r
+\r
+44:13 For I will punish them that dwell in the land of Egypt, as I\r
+have punished Jerusalem, by the sword, by the famine, and by the\r
+pestilence: 44:14 So that none of the remnant of Judah, which are gone\r
+into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall escape or remain, that\r
+they should return into the land of Judah, to the which they have a\r
+desire to return to dwell there: for none shall return but such as\r
+shall escape.\r
+\r
+44:15 Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense\r
+unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude,\r
+even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros,\r
+answered Jeremiah, saying, 44:16 As for the word that thou hast spoken\r
+unto us in the name of the LORD, we will not hearken unto thee.\r
+\r
+44:17 But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our\r
+own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out\r
+drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our\r
+kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of\r
+Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw\r
+no evil.\r
+\r
+44:18 But since we left off to burn incense to the queen of heaven,\r
+and to pour out drink offerings unto her, we have wanted all things,\r
+and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine.\r
+\r
+44:19 And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured\r
+out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her,\r
+and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men? 44:20 Then\r
+Jeremiah said unto all the people, to the men, and to the women, and\r
+to all the people which had given him that answer, saying, 44:21 The\r
+incense that ye burned in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of\r
+Jerusalem, ye, and your fathers, your kings, and your princes, and the\r
+people of the land, did not the LORD remember them, and came it not\r
+into his mind? 44:22 So that the LORD could no longer bear, because\r
+of the evil of your doings, and because of the abominations which ye\r
+have committed; therefore is your land a desolation, and an\r
+astonishment, and a curse, without an inhabitant, as at this day.\r
+\r
+44:23 Because ye have burned incense, and because ye have sinned\r
+against the LORD, and have not obeyed the voice of the LORD, nor\r
+walked in his law, nor in his statutes, nor in his testimonies;\r
+therefore this evil is happened unto you, as at this day.\r
+\r
+44:24 Moreover Jeremiah said unto all the people, and to all the\r
+women, Hear the word of the LORD, all Judah that are in the land of\r
+Egypt: 44:25 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying;\r
+Ye and your wives have both spoken with your mouths, and fulfilled\r
+with your hand, saying, We will surely perform our vows that we have\r
+vowed, to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink\r
+offerings unto her: ye will surely accomplish your vows, and surely\r
+perform your vows.\r
+\r
+44:26 Therefore hear ye the word of the LORD, all Judah that dwell in\r
+the land of Egypt; Behold, I have sworn by my great name, saith the\r
+LORD, that my name shall no more be named in the mouth of any man of\r
+Judah in all the land of Egypt, saying, The Lord GOD liveth.\r
+\r
+44:27 Behold, I will watch over them for evil, and not for good: and\r
+all the men of Judah that are in the land of Egypt shall be consumed\r
+by the sword and by the famine, until there be an end of them.\r
+\r
+44:28 Yet a small number that escape the sword shall return out of the\r
+land of Egypt into the land of Judah, and all the remnant of Judah,\r
+that are gone into the land of Egypt to sojourn there, shall know\r
+whose words shall stand, mine, or their's.\r
+\r
+44:29 And this shall be a sign unto you, saith the LORD, that I will\r
+punish you in this place, that ye may know that my words shall surely\r
+stand against you for evil: 44:30 Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will\r
+give Pharaohhophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies, and\r
+into the hand of them that seek his life; as I gave Zedekiah king of\r
+Judah into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, his enemy, and\r
+that sought his life.\r
+\r
+45:1 The word that Jeremiah the prophet spake unto Baruch the son of\r
+Neriah, when he had written these words in a book at the mouth of\r
+Jeremiah, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah king of\r
+Judah, saying, 45:2 Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel, unto thee,\r
+O Baruch: 45:3 Thou didst say, Woe is me now! for the LORD hath added\r
+grief to my sorrow; I fainted in my sighing, and I find no rest.\r
+\r
+45:4 Thus shalt thou say unto him, The LORD saith thus; Behold, that\r
+which I have built will I break down, and that which I have planted I\r
+will pluck up, even this whole land.\r
+\r
+45:5 And seekest thou great things for thyself? seek them not: for,\r
+behold, I will bring evil upon all flesh, saith the LORD: but thy life\r
+will I give unto thee for a prey in all places whither thou goest.\r
+\r
+46:1 The word of the LORD which came to Jeremiah the prophet against\r
+the Gentiles; 46:2 Against Egypt, against the army of Pharaohnecho\r
+king of Egypt, which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemish, which\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote in the fourth year of Jehoiakim\r
+the son of Josiah king of Judah.\r
+\r
+46:3 Order ye the buckler and shield, and draw near to battle.\r
+\r
+46:4 Harness the horses; and get up, ye horsemen, and stand forth with\r
+your helmets; furbish the spears, and put on the brigandines.\r
+\r
+46:5 Wherefore have I seen them dismayed and turned away back? and\r
+their mighty ones are beaten down, and are fled apace, and look not\r
+back: for fear was round about, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+46:6 Let not the swift flee away, nor the mighty man escape; they\r
+shall stumble, and fall toward the north by the river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+46:7 Who is this that cometh up as a flood, whose waters are moved as\r
+the rivers? 46:8 Egypt riseth up like a flood, and his waters are\r
+moved like the rivers; and he saith, I will go up, and will cover the\r
+earth; I will destroy the city and the inhabitants thereof.\r
+\r
+46:9 Come up, ye horses; and rage, ye chariots; and let the mighty men\r
+come forth; the Ethiopians and the Libyans, that handle the shield;\r
+and the Lydians, that handle and bend the bow.\r
+\r
+46:10 For this is the day of the Lord GOD of hosts, a day of\r
+vengeance, that he may avenge him of his adversaries: and the sword\r
+shall devour, and it shall be satiate and made drunk with their blood:\r
+for the Lord GOD of hosts hath a sacrifice in the north country by the\r
+river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+46:11 Go up into Gilead, and take balm, O virgin, the daughter of\r
+Egypt: in vain shalt thou use many medicines; for thou shalt not be\r
+cured.\r
+\r
+46:12 The nations have heard of thy shame, and thy cry hath filled the\r
+land: for the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, and they\r
+are fallen both together.\r
+\r
+46:13 The word that the LORD spake to Jeremiah the prophet, how\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon should come and smite the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+46:14 Declare ye in Egypt, and publish in Migdol, and publish in Noph\r
+and in Tahpanhes: say ye, Stand fast, and prepare thee; for the sword\r
+shall devour round about thee.\r
+\r
+46:15 Why are thy valiant men swept away? they stood not, because the\r
+LORD did drive them.\r
+\r
+46:16 He made many to fall, yea, one fell upon another: and they said,\r
+Arise, and let us go again to our own people, and to the land of our\r
+nativity, from the oppressing sword.\r
+\r
+46:17 They did cry there, Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a noise; he\r
+hath passed the time appointed.\r
+\r
+46:18 As I live, saith the King, whose name is the LORD of hosts,\r
+Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, so\r
+shall he come.\r
+\r
+46:19 O thou daughter dwelling in Egypt, furnish thyself to go into\r
+captivity: for Noph shall be waste and desolate without an inhabitant.\r
+\r
+46:20 Egypt is like a very fair heifer, but destruction cometh; it\r
+cometh out of the north.\r
+\r
+46:21 Also her hired men are in the midst of her like fatted bullocks;\r
+for they also are turned back, and are fled away together: they did\r
+not stand, because the day of their calamity was come upon them, and\r
+the time of their visitation.\r
+\r
+46:22 The voice thereof shall go like a serpent; for they shall march\r
+with an army, and come against her with axes, as hewers of wood.\r
+\r
+46:23 They shall cut down her forest, saith the LORD, though it cannot\r
+be searched; because they are more than the grasshoppers, and are\r
+innumerable.\r
+\r
+46:24 The daughter of Egypt shall be confounded; she shall be\r
+delivered into the hand of the people of the north.\r
+\r
+46:25 The LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will\r
+punish the multitude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods,\r
+and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him: 46:26\r
+And I will deliver them into the hand of those that seek their lives,\r
+and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand\r
+of his servants: and afterward it shall be inhabited, as in the days\r
+of old, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+46:27 But fear not thou, O my servant Jacob, and be not dismayed, O\r
+Israel: for, behold, I will save thee from afar off, and thy seed from\r
+the land of their captivity; and Jacob shall return, and be in rest\r
+and at ease, and none shall make him afraid.\r
+\r
+46:28 Fear thou not, O Jacob my servant, saith the LORD: for I am with\r
+thee; for I will make a full end of all the nations whither I have\r
+driven thee: but I will not make a full end of thee, but correct thee\r
+in measure; yet will I not leave thee wholly unpunished.\r
+\r
+47:1 The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against\r
+the Philistines, before that Pharaoh smote Gaza.\r
+\r
+47:2 Thus saith the LORD; Behold, waters rise up out of the north, and\r
+shall be an overflowing flood, and shall overflow the land, and all\r
+that is therein; the city, and them that dwell therein: then the men\r
+shall cry, and all the inhabitants of the land shall howl.\r
+\r
+47:3 At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong horses,\r
+at the rushing of his chariots, and at the rumbling of his wheels, the\r
+fathers shall not look back to their children for feebleness of hands;\r
+47:4 Because of the day that cometh to spoil all the Philistines, and\r
+to cut off from Tyrus and Zidon every helper that remaineth: for the\r
+LORD will spoil the Philistines, the remnant of the country of\r
+Caphtor.\r
+\r
+47:5 Baldness is come upon Gaza; Ashkelon is cut off with the remnant\r
+of their valley: how long wilt thou cut thyself? 47:6 O thou sword of\r
+the LORD, how long will it be ere thou be quiet? put up thyself into\r
+thy scabbard, rest, and be still.\r
+\r
+47:7 How can it be quiet, seeing the LORD hath given it a charge\r
+against Ashkelon, and against the sea shore? there hath he appointed\r
+it.\r
+\r
+48:1 Against Moab thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Woe\r
+unto Nebo! for it is spoiled: Kiriathaim is confounded and taken:\r
+Misgab is confounded and dismayed.\r
+\r
+48:2 There shall be no more praise of Moab: in Heshbon they have\r
+devised evil against it; come, and let us cut it off from being a\r
+nation. Also thou shalt be cut down, O Madmen; the sword shall pursue\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+48:3 A voice of crying shall be from Horonaim, spoiling and great\r
+destruction.\r
+\r
+48:4 Moab is destroyed; her little ones have caused a cry to be heard.\r
+\r
+48:5 For in the going up of Luhith continual weeping shall go up; for\r
+in the going down of Horonaim the enemies have heard a cry of\r
+destruction.\r
+\r
+48:6 Flee, save your lives, and be like the heath in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+48:7 For because thou hast trusted in thy works and in thy treasures,\r
+thou shalt also be taken: and Chemosh shall go forth into captivity\r
+with his priests and his princes together.\r
+\r
+48:8 And the spoiler shall come upon every city, and no city shall\r
+escape: the valley also shall perish, and the plain shall be\r
+destroyed, as the LORD hath spoken.\r
+\r
+48:9 Give wings unto Moab, that it may flee and get away: for the\r
+cities thereof shall be desolate, without any to dwell therein.\r
+\r
+48:10 Cursed be he that doeth the work of the LORD deceitfully, and\r
+cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood.\r
+\r
+48:11 Moab hath been at ease from his youth, and he hath settled on\r
+his lees, and hath not been emptied from vessel to vessel, neither\r
+hath he gone into captivity: therefore his taste remained in him, and\r
+his scent is not changed.\r
+\r
+48:12 Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will\r
+send unto him wanderers, that shall cause him to wander, and shall\r
+empty his vessels, and break their bottles.\r
+\r
+48:13 And Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Israel was\r
+ashamed of Bethel their confidence.\r
+\r
+48:14 How say ye, We are mighty and strong men for the war? 48:15\r
+Moab is spoiled, and gone up out of her cities, and his chosen young\r
+men are gone down to the slaughter, saith the King, whose name is the\r
+LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+48:16 The calamity of Moab is near to come, and his affliction hasteth\r
+fast.\r
+\r
+48:17 All ye that are about him, bemoan him; and all ye that know his\r
+name, say, How is the strong staff broken, and the beautiful rod!\r
+48:18 Thou daughter that dost inhabit Dibon, come down from thy glory,\r
+and sit in thirst; for the spoiler of Moab shall come upon thee, and\r
+he shall destroy thy strong holds.\r
+\r
+48:19 O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way, and espy; ask him that\r
+fleeth, and her that escapeth, and say, What is done? 48:20 Moab is\r
+confounded; for it is broken down: howl and cry; tell ye it in Arnon,\r
+that Moab is spoiled, 48:21 And judgment is come upon the plain\r
+country; upon Holon, and upon Jahazah, and upon Mephaath, 48:22 And\r
+upon Dibon, and upon Nebo, and upon Bethdiblathaim, 48:23 And upon\r
+Kiriathaim, and upon Bethgamul, and upon Bethmeon, 48:24 And upon\r
+Kerioth, and upon Bozrah, and upon all the cities of the land of Moab,\r
+far or near.\r
+\r
+48:25 The horn of Moab is cut off, and his arm is broken, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+48:26 Make ye him drunken: for he magnified himself against the LORD:\r
+Moab also shall wallow in his vomit, and he also shall be in derision.\r
+\r
+48:27 For was not Israel a derision unto thee? was he found among\r
+thieves? for since thou spakest of him, thou skippedst for joy.\r
+\r
+48:28 O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the\r
+rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the\r
+hole's mouth.\r
+\r
+48:29 We have heard the pride of Moab, (he is exceeding proud) his\r
+loftiness, and his arrogancy, and his pride, and the haughtiness of\r
+his heart.\r
+\r
+48:30 I know his wrath, saith the LORD; but it shall not be so; his\r
+lies shall not so effect it.\r
+\r
+48:31 Therefore will I howl for Moab, and I will cry out for all Moab;\r
+mine heart shall mourn for the men of Kirheres.\r
+\r
+48:32 O vine of Sibmah, I will weep for thee with the weeping of\r
+Jazer: thy plants are gone over the sea, they reach even to the sea of\r
+Jazer: the spoiler is fallen upon thy summer fruits and upon thy\r
+vintage.\r
+\r
+48:33 And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field, and from\r
+the land of Moab, and I have caused wine to fail from the winepresses:\r
+none shall tread with shouting; their shouting shall be no shouting.\r
+\r
+48:34 From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto Jahaz,\r
+have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horonaim, as an\r
+heifer of three years old: for the waters also of Nimrim shall be\r
+desolate.\r
+\r
+48:35 Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the LORD, him that\r
+offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incense to his gods.\r
+\r
+48:36 Therefore mine heart shall sound for Moab like pipes, and mine\r
+heart shall sound like pipes for the men of Kirheres: because the\r
+riches that he hath gotten are perished.\r
+\r
+48:37 For every head shall be bald, and every beard clipped: upon all\r
+the hands shall be cuttings, and upon the loins sackcloth.\r
+\r
+48:38 There shall be lamentation generally upon all the housetops of\r
+Moab, and in the streets thereof: for I have broken Moab like a vessel\r
+wherein is no pleasure, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+48:39 They shall howl, saying, How is it broken down! how hath Moab\r
+turned the back with shame! so shall Moab be a derision and a\r
+dismaying to all them about him.\r
+\r
+48:40 For thus saith the LORD; Behold, he shall fly as an eagle, and\r
+shall spread his wings over Moab.\r
+\r
+48:41 Kerioth is taken, and the strong holds are surprised, and the\r
+mighty men's hearts in Moab at that day shall be as the heart of a\r
+woman in her pangs.\r
+\r
+48:42 And Moab shall be destroyed from being a people, because he hath\r
+magnified himself against the LORD.\r
+\r
+48:43 Fear, and the pit, and the snare, shall be upon thee, O\r
+inhabitant of Moab, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+48:44 He that fleeth from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he\r
+that getteth up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will\r
+bring upon it, even upon Moab, the year of their visitation, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+48:45 They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because of the\r
+force: but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame from\r
+the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and the crown\r
+of the head of the tumultuous ones.\r
+\r
+48:46 Woe be unto thee, O Moab! the people of Chemosh perisheth: for\r
+thy sons are taken captives, and thy daughters captives.\r
+\r
+48:47 Yet will I bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter days,\r
+saith the LORD. Thus far is the judgment of Moab.\r
+\r
+49:1 Concerning the Ammonites, thus saith the LORD; Hath Israel no\r
+sons? hath he no heir? why then doth their king inherit Gad, and his\r
+people dwell in his cities? 49:2 Therefore, behold, the days come,\r
+saith the LORD, that I will cause an alarm of war to be heard in\r
+Rabbah of the Ammonites; and it shall be a desolate heap, and her\r
+daughters shall be burned with fire: then shall Israel be heir unto\r
+them that were his heirs, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+49:3 Howl, O Heshbon, for Ai is spoiled: cry, ye daughters of Rabbah,\r
+gird you with sackcloth; lament, and run to and fro by the hedges; for\r
+their king shall go into captivity, and his priests and his princes\r
+together.\r
+\r
+49:4 Wherefore gloriest thou in the valleys, thy flowing valley, O\r
+backsliding daughter? that trusted in her treasures, saying, Who shall\r
+come unto me? 49:5 Behold, I will bring a fear upon thee, saith the\r
+Lord GOD of hosts, from all those that be about thee; and ye shall be\r
+driven out every man right forth; and none shall gather up him that\r
+wandereth.\r
+\r
+49:6 And afterward I will bring again the captivity of the children of\r
+Ammon, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+49:7 Concerning Edom, thus saith the LORD of hosts; Is wisdom no more\r
+in Teman? is counsel perished from the prudent? is their wisdom\r
+vanished? 49:8 Flee ye, turn back, dwell deep, O inhabitants of\r
+Dedan; for I will bring the calamity of Esau upon him, the time that I\r
+will visit him.\r
+\r
+49:9 If grapegatherers come to thee, would they not leave some\r
+gleaning grapes? if thieves by night, they will destroy till they have\r
+enough.\r
+\r
+49:10 But I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places,\r
+and he shall not be able to hide himself: his seed is spoiled, and his\r
+brethren, and his neighbours, and he is not.\r
+\r
+49:11 Leave thy fatherless children, I will preserve them alive; and\r
+let thy widows trust in me.\r
+\r
+49:12 For thus saith the LORD; Behold, they whose judgment was not to\r
+drink of the cup have assuredly drunken; and art thou he that shall\r
+altogether go unpunished? thou shalt not go unpunished, but thou shalt\r
+surely drink of it.\r
+\r
+49:13 For I have sworn by myself, saith the LORD, that Bozrah shall\r
+become a desolation, a reproach, a waste, and a curse; and all the\r
+cities thereof shall be perpetual wastes.\r
+\r
+49:14 I have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent\r
+unto the heathen, saying, Gather ye together, and come against her,\r
+and rise up to the battle.\r
+\r
+49:15 For, lo, I will make thee small among the heathen, and despised\r
+among men.\r
+\r
+49:16 Thy terribleness hath deceived thee, and the pride of thine\r
+heart, O thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, that holdest\r
+the height of the hill: though thou shouldest make thy nest as high as\r
+the eagle, I will bring thee down from thence, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+49:17 Also Edom shall be a desolation: every one that goeth by it\r
+shall be astonished, and shall hiss at all the plagues thereof.\r
+\r
+49:18 As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour\r
+cities thereof, saith the LORD, no man shall abide there, neither\r
+shall a son of man dwell in it.\r
+\r
+49:19 Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan\r
+against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run\r
+away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her?\r
+for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that\r
+shepherd that will stand before me? 49:20 Therefore hear the counsel\r
+of the LORD, that he hath taken against Edom; and his purposes, that\r
+he hath purposed against the inhabitants of Teman: Surely the least of\r
+the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall make their habitations\r
+desolate with them.\r
+\r
+49:21 The earth is moved at the noise of their fall, at the cry the\r
+noise thereof was heard in the Red sea.\r
+\r
+49:22 Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his\r
+wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men\r
+of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs.\r
+\r
+49:23 Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad: for they\r
+have heard evil tidings: they are fainthearted; there is sorrow on the\r
+sea; it cannot be quiet.\r
+\r
+49:24 Damascus is waxed feeble, and turneth herself to flee, and fear\r
+hath seized on her: anguish and sorrows have taken her, as a woman in\r
+travail.\r
+\r
+49:25 How is the city of praise not left, the city of my joy! 49:26\r
+Therefore her young men shall fall in her streets, and all the men of\r
+war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+49:27 And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Damascus, and it shall\r
+consume the palaces of Benhadad.\r
+\r
+49:28 Concerning Kedar, and concerning the kingdoms of Hazor, which\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon shall smite, thus saith the LORD; Arise\r
+ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the men of the east.\r
+\r
+49:29 Their tents and their flocks shall they take away: they shall\r
+take to themselves their curtains, and all their vessels, and their\r
+camels; and they shall cry unto them, Fear is on every side.\r
+\r
+49:30 Flee, get you far off, dwell deep, O ye inhabitants of Hazor,\r
+saith the LORD; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath taken counsel\r
+against you, and hath conceived a purpose against you.\r
+\r
+49:31 Arise, get you up unto the wealthy nation, that dwelleth without\r
+care, saith the LORD, which have neither gates nor bars, which dwell\r
+alone.\r
+\r
+49:32 And their camels shall be a booty, and the multitude of their\r
+cattle a spoil: and I will scatter into all winds them that are in the\r
+utmost corners; and I will bring their calamity from all sides\r
+thereof, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+49:33 And Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for\r
+ever: there shall no man abide there, nor any son of man dwell in it.\r
+\r
+49:34 The word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah the prophet against\r
+Elam in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, saying,\r
+49:35 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will break the bow of\r
+Elam, the chief of their might.\r
+\r
+49:36 And upon Elam will I bring the four winds from the four quarters\r
+of heaven, and will scatter them toward all those winds; and there\r
+shall be no nation whither the outcasts of Elam shall not come.\r
+\r
+49:37 For I will cause Elam to be dismayed before their enemies, and\r
+before them that seek their life: and I will bring evil upon them,\r
+even my fierce anger, saith the LORD; and I will send the sword after\r
+them, till I have consumed them: 49:38 And I will set my throne in\r
+Elam, and will destroy from thence the king and the princes, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+49:39 But it shall come to pass in the latter days, that I will bring\r
+again the captivity of Elam, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+50:1 The word that the LORD spake against Babylon and against the land\r
+of the Chaldeans by Jeremiah the prophet.\r
+\r
+50:2 Declare ye among the nations, and publish, and set up a standard;\r
+publish, and conceal not: say, Babylon is taken, Bel is confounded,\r
+Merodach is broken in pieces; her idols are confounded, her images are\r
+broken in pieces.\r
+\r
+50:3 For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which\r
+shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they shall\r
+remove, they shall depart, both man and beast.\r
+\r
+50:4 In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the children of\r
+Israel shall come, they and the children of Judah together, going and\r
+weeping: they shall go, and seek the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+50:5 They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thitherward,\r
+saying, Come, and let us join ourselves to the LORD in a perpetual\r
+covenant that shall not be forgotten.\r
+\r
+50:6 My people hath been lost sheep: their shepherds have caused them\r
+to go astray, they have turned them away on the mountains: they have\r
+gone from mountain to hill, they have forgotten their restingplace.\r
+\r
+50:7 All that found them have devoured them: and their adversaries\r
+said, We offend not, because they have sinned against the LORD, the\r
+habitation of justice, even the LORD, the hope of their fathers.\r
+\r
+50:8 Remove out of the midst of Babylon, and go forth out of the land\r
+of the Chaldeans, and be as the he goats before the flocks.\r
+\r
+50:9 For, lo, I will raise and cause to come up against Babylon an\r
+assembly of great nations from the north country: and they shall set\r
+themselves in array against her; from thence she shall be taken: their\r
+arrows shall be as of a mighty expert man; none shall return in vain.\r
+\r
+50:10 And Chaldea shall be a spoil: all that spoil her shall be\r
+satisfied, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+50:11 Because ye were glad, because ye rejoiced, O ye destroyers of\r
+mine heritage, because ye are grown fat as the heifer at grass, and\r
+bellow as bulls; 50:12 Your mother shall be sore confounded; she that\r
+bare you shall be ashamed: behold, the hindermost of the nations shall\r
+be a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert.\r
+\r
+50:13 Because of the wrath of the LORD it shall not be inhabited, but\r
+it shall be wholly desolate: every one that goeth by Babylon shall be\r
+astonished, and hiss at all her plagues.\r
+\r
+50:14 Put yourselves in array against Babylon round about: all ye that\r
+bend the bow, shoot at her, spare no arrows: for she hath sinned\r
+against the LORD.\r
+\r
+50:15 Shout against her round about: she hath given her hand: her\r
+foundations are fallen, her walls are thrown down: for it is the\r
+vengeance of the LORD: take vengeance upon her; as she hath done, do\r
+unto her.\r
+\r
+50:16 Cut off the sower from Babylon, and him that handleth the sickle\r
+in the time of harvest: for fear of the oppressing sword they shall\r
+turn every one to his people, and they shall flee every one to his own\r
+land.\r
+\r
+50:17 Israel is a scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away:\r
+first the king of Assyria hath devoured him; and last this\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath broken his bones.\r
+\r
+50:18 Therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel;\r
+Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I have\r
+punished the king of Assyria.\r
+\r
+50:19 And I will bring Israel again to his habitation, and he shall\r
+feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied upon mount\r
+Ephraim and Gilead.\r
+\r
+50:20 In those days, and in that time, saith the LORD, the iniquity of\r
+Israel shall be sought for, and there shall be none; and the sins of\r
+Judah, and they shall not be found: for I will pardon them whom I\r
+reserve.\r
+\r
+50:21 Go up against the land of Merathaim, even against it, and\r
+against the inhabitants of Pekod: waste and utterly destroy after\r
+them, saith the LORD, and do according to all that I have commanded\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+50:22 A sound of battle is in the land, and of great destruction.\r
+\r
+50:23 How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken! how\r
+is Babylon become a desolation among the nations! 50:24 I have laid a\r
+snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not\r
+aware: thou art found, and also caught, because thou hast striven\r
+against the LORD.\r
+\r
+50:25 The LORD hath opened his armoury, and hath brought forth the\r
+weapons of his indignation: for this is the work of the Lord GOD of\r
+hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+50:26 Come against her from the utmost border, open her storehouses:\r
+cast her up as heaps, and destroy her utterly: let nothing of her be\r
+left.\r
+\r
+50:27 Slay all her bullocks; let them go down to the slaughter: woe\r
+unto them! for their day is come, the time of their visitation.\r
+\r
+50:28 The voice of them that flee and escape out of the land of\r
+Babylon, to declare in Zion the vengeance of the LORD our God, the\r
+vengeance of his temple.\r
+\r
+50:29 Call together the archers against Babylon: all ye that bend the\r
+bow, camp against it round about; let none thereof escape: recompense\r
+her according to her work; according to all that she hath done, do\r
+unto her: for she hath been proud against the LORD, against the Holy\r
+One of Israel.\r
+\r
+50:30 Therefore shall her young men fall in the streets, and all her\r
+men of war shall be cut off in that day, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+50:31 Behold, I am against thee, O thou most proud, saith the Lord GOD\r
+of hosts: for thy day is come, the time that I will visit thee.\r
+\r
+50:32 And the most proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise\r
+him up: and I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it shall devour\r
+all round about him.\r
+\r
+50:33 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The children of Israel and the\r
+children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them\r
+captives held them fast; they refused to let them go.\r
+\r
+50:34 Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of hosts is his name: he\r
+shall throughly plead their cause, that he may give rest to the land,\r
+and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon.\r
+\r
+50:35 A sword is upon the Chaldeans, saith the LORD, and upon the\r
+inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes, and upon her wise men.\r
+\r
+50:36 A sword is upon the liars; and they shall dote: a sword is upon\r
+her mighty men; and they shall be dismayed.\r
+\r
+50:37 A sword is upon their horses, and upon their chariots, and upon\r
+all the mingled people that are in the midst of her; and they shall\r
+become as women: a sword is upon her treasures; and they shall be\r
+robbed.\r
+\r
+50:38 A drought is upon her waters; and they shall be dried up: for it\r
+is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon their idols.\r
+\r
+50:39 Therefore the wild beasts of the desert with the wild beasts of\r
+the islands shall dwell there, and the owls shall dwell therein: and\r
+it shall be no more inhabited for ever; neither shall it be dwelt in\r
+from generation to generation.\r
+\r
+50:40 As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbour cities\r
+thereof, saith the LORD; so shall no man abide there, neither shall\r
+any son of man dwell therein.\r
+\r
+50:41 Behold, a people shall come from the north, and a great nation,\r
+and many kings shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+50:42 They shall hold the bow and the lance: they are cruel, and will\r
+not shew mercy: their voice shall roar like the sea, and they shall\r
+ride upon horses, every one put in array, like a man to the battle,\r
+against thee, O daughter of Babylon.\r
+\r
+50:43 The king of Babylon hath heard the report of them, and his hands\r
+waxed feeble: anguish took hold of him, and pangs as of a woman in\r
+travail.\r
+\r
+50:44 Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan\r
+unto the habitation of the strong: but I will make them suddenly run\r
+away from her: and who is a chosen man, that I may appoint over her?\r
+for who is like me? and who will appoint me the time? and who is that\r
+shepherd that will stand before me? 50:45 Therefore hear ye the\r
+counsel of the LORD, that he hath taken against Babylon; and his\r
+purposes, that he hath purposed against the land of the Chaldeans:\r
+Surely the least of the flock shall draw them out: surely he shall\r
+make their habitation desolate with them.\r
+\r
+50:46 At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and\r
+the cry is heard among the nations.\r
+\r
+51:1 Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will raise up against Babylon, and\r
+against them that dwell in the midst of them that rise up against me,\r
+a destroying wind; 51:2 And will send unto Babylon fanners, that shall\r
+fan her, and shall empty her land: for in the day of trouble they\r
+shall be against her round about.\r
+\r
+51:3 Against him that bendeth let the archer bend his bow, and against\r
+him that lifteth himself up in his brigandine: and spare ye not her\r
+young men; destroy ye utterly all her host.\r
+\r
+51:4 Thus the slain shall fall in the land of the Chaldeans, and they\r
+that are thrust through in her streets.\r
+\r
+51:5 For Israel hath not been forsaken, nor Judah of his God, of the\r
+LORD of hosts; though their land was filled with sin against the Holy\r
+One of Israel.\r
+\r
+51:6 Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul:\r
+be not cut off in her iniquity; for this is the time of the LORD's\r
+vengeance; he will render unto her a recompence.\r
+\r
+51:7 Babylon hath been a golden cup in the LORD's hand, that made all\r
+the earth drunken: the nations have drunken of her wine; therefore the\r
+nations are mad.\r
+\r
+51:8 Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take balm\r
+for her pain, if so be she may be healed.\r
+\r
+51:9 We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake her,\r
+and let us go every one into his own country: for her judgment\r
+reacheth unto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies.\r
+\r
+51:10 The LORD hath brought forth our righteousness: come, and let us\r
+declare in Zion the work of the LORD our God.\r
+\r
+51:11 Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD hath raised\r
+up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device is against\r
+Babylon, to destroy it; because it is the vengeance of the LORD, the\r
+vengeance of his temple.\r
+\r
+51:12 Set up the standard upon the walls of Babylon, make the watch\r
+strong, set up the watchmen, prepare the ambushes: for the LORD hath\r
+both devised and done that which he spake against the inhabitants of\r
+Babylon.\r
+\r
+51:13 O thou that dwellest upon many waters, abundant in treasures,\r
+thine end is come, and the measure of thy covetousness.\r
+\r
+51:14 The LORD of hosts hath sworn by himself, saying, Surely I will\r
+fill thee with men, as with caterpillers; and they shall lift up a\r
+shout against thee.\r
+\r
+51:15 He hath made the earth by his power, he hath established the\r
+world by his wisdom, and hath stretched out the heaven by his\r
+understanding.\r
+\r
+51:16 When he uttereth his voice, there is a multitude of waters in\r
+the heavens; and he causeth the vapours to ascend from the ends of the\r
+earth: he maketh lightnings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out\r
+of his treasures.\r
+\r
+51:17 Every man is brutish by his knowledge; every founder is\r
+confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and\r
+there is no breath in them.\r
+\r
+51:18 They are vanity, the work of errors: in the time of their\r
+visitation they shall perish.\r
+\r
+51:19 The portion of Jacob is not like them; for he is the former of\r
+all things: and Israel is the rod of his inheritance: the LORD of\r
+hosts is his name.\r
+\r
+51:20 Thou art my battle axe and weapons of war: for with thee will I\r
+break in pieces the nations, and with thee will I destroy kingdoms;\r
+51:21 And with thee will I break in pieces the horse and his rider;\r
+and with thee will I break in pieces the chariot and his rider; 51:22\r
+With thee also will I break in pieces man and woman; and with thee\r
+will I break in pieces old and young; and with thee will I break in\r
+pieces the young man and the maid; 51:23 I will also break in pieces\r
+with thee the shepherd and his flock; and with thee will I break in\r
+pieces the husbandman and his yoke of oxen; and with thee will I break\r
+in pieces captains and rulers.\r
+\r
+51:24 And I will render unto Babylon and to all the inhabitants of\r
+Chaldea all their evil that they have done in Zion in your sight,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+51:25 Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the\r
+LORD, which destroyest all the earth: and I will stretch out mine hand\r
+upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make thee a\r
+burnt mountain.\r
+\r
+51:26 And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, nor a\r
+stone for foundations; but thou shalt be desolate for ever, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+51:27 Set ye up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the\r
+nations, prepare the nations against her, call together against her\r
+the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz; appoint a captain\r
+against her; cause the horses to come up as the rough caterpillers.\r
+\r
+51:28 Prepare against her the nations with the kings of the Medes, the\r
+captains thereof, and all the rulers thereof, and all the land of his\r
+dominion.\r
+\r
+51:29 And the land shall tremble and sorrow: for every purpose of the\r
+LORD shall be performed against Babylon, to make the land of Babylon a\r
+desolation without an inhabitant.\r
+\r
+51:30 The mighty men of Babylon have forborn to fight, they have\r
+remained in their holds: their might hath failed; they became as\r
+women: they have burned her dwellingplaces; her bars are broken.\r
+\r
+51:31 One post shall run to meet another, and one messenger to meet\r
+another, to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one\r
+end, 51:32 And that the passages are stopped, and the reeds they have\r
+burned with fire, and the men of war are affrighted.\r
+\r
+51:33 For thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; The\r
+daughter of Babylon is like a threshingfloor, it is time to thresh\r
+her: yet a little while, and the time of her harvest shall come.\r
+\r
+51:34 Nebuchadrezzar the king of Babylon hath devoured me, he hath\r
+crushed me, he hath made me an empty vessel, he hath swallowed me up\r
+like a dragon, he hath filled his belly with my delicates, he hath\r
+cast me out.\r
+\r
+51:35 The violence done to me and to my flesh be upon Babylon, shall\r
+the inhabitant of Zion say; and my blood upon the inhabitants of\r
+Chaldea, shall Jerusalem say.\r
+\r
+51:36 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, I will plead thy cause,\r
+and take vengeance for thee; and I will dry up her sea, and make her\r
+springs dry.\r
+\r
+51:37 And Babylon shall become heaps, a dwellingplace for dragons, an\r
+astonishment, and an hissing, without an inhabitant.\r
+\r
+51:38 They shall roar together like lions: they shall yell as lions'\r
+whelps.\r
+\r
+51:39 In their heat I will make their feasts, and I will make them\r
+drunken, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep, and not\r
+wake, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+51:40 I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams\r
+with he goats.\r
+\r
+51:41 How is Sheshach taken! and how is the praise of the whole earth\r
+surprised! how is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations!\r
+51:42 The sea is come up upon Babylon: she is covered with the\r
+multitude of the waves thereof.\r
+\r
+51:43 Her cities are a desolation, a dry land, and a wilderness, a\r
+land wherein no man dwelleth, neither doth any son of man pass\r
+thereby.\r
+\r
+51:44 And I will punish Bel in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of\r
+his mouth that which he hath swallowed up: and the nations shall not\r
+flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon shall fall.\r
+\r
+51:45 My people, go ye out of the midst of her, and deliver ye every\r
+man his soul from the fierce anger of the LORD.\r
+\r
+51:46 And lest your heart faint, and ye fear for the rumour that shall\r
+be heard in the land; a rumour shall both come one year, and after\r
+that in another year shall come a rumour, and violence in the land,\r
+ruler against ruler.\r
+\r
+51:47 Therefore, behold, the days come, that I will do judgment upon\r
+the graven images of Babylon: and her whole land shall be confounded,\r
+and all her slain shall fall in the midst of her.\r
+\r
+51:48 Then the heaven and the earth, and all that is therein, shall\r
+sing for Babylon: for the spoilers shall come unto her from the north,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+51:49 As Babylon hath caused the slain of Israel to fall, so at\r
+Babylon shall fall the slain of all the earth.\r
+\r
+51:50 Ye that have escaped the sword, go away, stand not still:\r
+remember the LORD afar off, and let Jerusalem come into your mind.\r
+\r
+51:51 We are confounded, because we have heard reproach: shame hath\r
+covered our faces: for strangers are come into the sanctuaries of the\r
+LORD's house.\r
+\r
+51:52 Wherefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will do\r
+judgment upon her graven images: and through all her land the wounded\r
+shall groan.\r
+\r
+51:53 Though Babylon should mount up to heaven, and though she should\r
+fortify the height of her strength, yet from me shall spoilers come\r
+unto her, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+51:54 A sound of a cry cometh from Babylon, and great destruction from\r
+the land of the Chaldeans: 51:55 Because the LORD hath spoiled\r
+Babylon, and destroyed out of her the great voice; when her waves do\r
+roar like great waters, a noise of their voice is uttered: 51:56\r
+Because the spoiler is come upon her, even upon Babylon, and her\r
+mighty men are taken, every one of their bows is broken: for the LORD\r
+God of recompences shall surely requite.\r
+\r
+51:57 And I will make drunk her princes, and her wise men, her\r
+captains, and her rulers, and her mighty men: and they shall sleep a\r
+perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the King, whose name is the LORD\r
+of hosts.\r
+\r
+51:58 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; The broad walls of Babylon shall\r
+be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; and\r
+the people shall labour in vain, and the folk in the fire, and they\r
+shall be weary.\r
+\r
+51:59 The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah the son of\r
+Neriah, the son of Maaseiah, when he went with Zedekiah the king of\r
+Judah into Babylon in the fourth year of his reign. And this Seraiah\r
+was a quiet prince.\r
+\r
+51:60 So Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that should come upon\r
+Babylon, even all these words that are written against Babylon.\r
+\r
+51:61 And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, When thou comest to Babylon, and\r
+shalt see, and shalt read all these words; 51:62 Then shalt thou say,\r
+O LORD, thou hast spoken against this place, to cut it off, that none\r
+shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but that it shall be\r
+desolate for ever.\r
+\r
+51:63 And it shall be, when thou hast made an end of reading this\r
+book, that thou shalt bind a stone to it, and cast it into the midst\r
+of Euphrates: 51:64 And thou shalt say, Thus shall Babylon sink, and\r
+shall not rise from the evil that I will bring upon her: and they\r
+shall be weary. Thus far are the words of Jeremiah.\r
+\r
+52:1 Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and\r
+he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was\r
+Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah.\r
+\r
+52:2 And he did that which was evil in the eyes of the LORD, according\r
+to all that Jehoiakim had done.\r
+\r
+52:3 For through the anger of the LORD it came to pass in Jerusalem\r
+and Judah, till he had cast them out from his presence, that Zedekiah\r
+rebelled against the king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+52:4 And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth\r
+month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadrezzar king of\r
+Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and pitched\r
+against it, and built forts against it round about.\r
+\r
+52:5 So the city was besieged unto the eleventh year of king Zedekiah.\r
+\r
+52:6 And in the fourth month, in the ninth day of the month, the\r
+famine was sore in the city, so that there was no bread for the people\r
+of the land.\r
+\r
+52:7 Then the city was broken up, and all the men of war fled, and\r
+went forth out of the city by night by the way of the gate between the\r
+two walls, which was by the king's garden; (now the Chaldeans were by\r
+the city round about:) and they went by the way of the plain.\r
+\r
+52:8 But the army of the Chaldeans pursued after the king, and\r
+overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho; and all his army was\r
+scattered from him.\r
+\r
+52:9 Then they took the king, and carried him up unto the king of\r
+Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath; where he gave judgment upon\r
+him.\r
+\r
+52:10 And the king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah before his\r
+eyes: he slew also all the princes of Judah in Riblah.\r
+\r
+52:11 Then he put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the king of Babylon\r
+bound him in chains, and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison\r
+till the day of his death.\r
+\r
+52:12 Now in the fifth month, in the tenth day of the month, which was\r
+the nineteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, came\r
+Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, which served the king of Babylon,\r
+into Jerusalem, 52:13 And burned the house of the LORD, and the king's\r
+house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, and all the houses of the\r
+great men, burned he with fire: 52:14 And all the army of the\r
+Chaldeans, that were with the captain of the guard, brake down all the\r
+walls of Jerusalem round about.\r
+\r
+52:15 Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive\r
+certain of the poor of the people, and the residue of the people that\r
+remained in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to the king\r
+of Babylon, and the rest of the multitude.\r
+\r
+52:16 But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left certain of the\r
+poor of the land for vinedressers and for husbandmen.\r
+\r
+52:17 Also the pillars of brass that were in the house of the LORD,\r
+and the bases, and the brasen sea that was in the house of the LORD,\r
+the Chaldeans brake, and carried all the brass of them to Babylon.\r
+\r
+52:18 The caldrons also, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and the\r
+bowls, and the spoons, and all the vessels of brass wherewith they\r
+ministered, took they away.\r
+\r
+52:19 And the basons, and the firepans, and the bowls, and the\r
+caldrons, and the candlesticks, and the spoons, and the cups; that\r
+which was of gold in gold, and that which was of silver in silver,\r
+took the captain of the guard away.\r
+\r
+52:20 The two pillars, one sea, and twelve brasen bulls that were\r
+under the bases, which king Solomon had made in the house of the LORD:\r
+the brass of all these vessels was without weight.\r
+\r
+52:21 And concerning the pillars, the height of one pillar was\r
+eighteen cubits; and a fillet of twelve cubits did compass it; and the\r
+thickness thereof was four fingers: it was hollow.\r
+\r
+52:22 And a chapiter of brass was upon it; and the height of one\r
+chapiter was five cubits, with network and pomegranates upon the\r
+chapiters round about, all of brass. The second pillar also and the\r
+pomegranates were like unto these.\r
+\r
+52:23 And there were ninety and six pomegranates on a side; and all\r
+the pomegranates upon the network were an hundred round about.\r
+\r
+52:24 And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and\r
+Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the door: 52:25\r
+He took also out of the city an eunuch, which had the charge of the\r
+men of war; and seven men of them that were near the king's person,\r
+which were found in the city; and the principal scribe of the host,\r
+who mustered the people of the land; and threescore men of the people\r
+of the land, that were found in the midst of the city.\r
+\r
+52:26 So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought\r
+them to the king of Babylon to Riblah.\r
+\r
+52:27 And the king of Babylon smote them, and put them to death in\r
+Riblah in the land of Hamath. Thus Judah was carried away captive out\r
+of his own land.\r
+\r
+52:28 This is the people whom Nebuchadrezzar carried away captive: in\r
+the seventh year three thousand Jews and three and twenty: 52:29 In\r
+the eighteenth year of Nebuchadrezzar he carried away captive from\r
+Jerusalem eight hundred thirty and two persons: 52:30 In the three and\r
+twentieth year of Nebuchadrezzar Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard\r
+carried away captive of the Jews seven hundred forty and five persons:\r
+all the persons were four thousand and six hundred.\r
+\r
+52:31 And it came to pass in the seven and thirtieth year of the\r
+captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, in the\r
+five and twentieth day of the month, that Evilmerodach king of Babylon\r
+in the first year of his reign lifted up the head of Jehoiachin king\r
+of Judah, and brought him forth out of prison.\r
+\r
+52:32 And spake kindly unto him, and set his throne above the throne\r
+of the kings that were with him in Babylon, 52:33 And changed his\r
+prison garments: and he did continually eat bread before him all the\r
+days of his life.\r
+\r
+52:34 And for his diet, there was a continual diet given him of the\r
+king of Babylon, every day a portion until the day of his death, all\r
+the days of his life.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Lamentations of Jeremiah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! how is\r
+she become as a widow! she that was great among the nations, and\r
+princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary! 1:2 She\r
+weepeth sore in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks: among all\r
+her lovers she hath none to comfort her: all her friends have dealt\r
+treacherously with her, they are become her enemies.\r
+\r
+1:3 Judah is gone into captivity because of affliction, and because of\r
+great servitude: she dwelleth among the heathen, she findeth no rest:\r
+all her persecutors overtook her between the straits.\r
+\r
+1:4 The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn feasts:\r
+all her gates are desolate: her priests sigh, her virgins are\r
+afflicted, and she is in bitterness.\r
+\r
+1:5 Her adversaries are the chief, her enemies prosper; for the LORD\r
+hath afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her\r
+children are gone into captivity before the enemy.\r
+\r
+1:6 And from the daughter of Zion all her beauty is departed: her\r
+princes are become like harts that find no pasture, and they are gone\r
+without strength before the pursuer.\r
+\r
+1:7 Jerusalem remembered in the days of her affliction and of her\r
+miseries all her pleasant things that she had in the days of old, when\r
+her people fell into the hand of the enemy, and none did help her: the\r
+adversaries saw her, and did mock at her sabbaths.\r
+\r
+1:8 Jerusalem hath grievously sinned; therefore she is removed: all\r
+that honoured her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness:\r
+yea, she sigheth, and turneth backward.\r
+\r
+1:9 Her filthiness is in her skirts; she remembereth not her last end;\r
+therefore she came down wonderfully: she had no comforter. O LORD,\r
+behold my affliction: for the enemy hath magnified himself.\r
+\r
+1:10 The adversary hath spread out his hand upon all her pleasant\r
+things: for she hath seen that the heathen entered into her sanctuary,\r
+whom thou didst command that they should not enter into thy\r
+congregation.\r
+\r
+1:11 All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their\r
+pleasant things for meat to relieve the soul: see, O LORD, and\r
+consider; for I am become vile.\r
+\r
+1:12 Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? behold, and see if\r
+there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow, which is done unto me,\r
+wherewith the LORD hath afflicted me in the day of his fierce anger.\r
+\r
+1:13 From above hath he sent fire into my bones, and it prevaileth\r
+against them: he hath spread a net for my feet, he hath turned me\r
+back: he hath made me desolate and faint all the day.\r
+\r
+1:14 The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand: they are\r
+wreathed, and come up upon my neck: he hath made my strength to fall,\r
+the LORD hath delivered me into their hands, from whom I am not able\r
+to rise up.\r
+\r
+1:15 The LORD hath trodden under foot all my mighty men in the midst\r
+of me: he hath called an assembly against me to crush my young men:\r
+the LORD hath trodden the virgin, the daughter of Judah, as in a\r
+winepress.\r
+\r
+1:16 For these things I weep; mine eye, mine eye runneth down with\r
+water, because the comforter that should relieve my soul is far from\r
+me: my children are desolate, because the enemy prevailed.\r
+\r
+1:17 Zion spreadeth forth her hands, and there is none to comfort her:\r
+the LORD hath commanded concerning Jacob, that his adversaries should\r
+be round about him: Jerusalem is as a menstruous woman among them.\r
+\r
+1:18 The LORD is righteous; for I have rebelled against his\r
+commandment: hear, I pray you, all people, and behold my sorrow: my\r
+virgins and my young men are gone into captivity.\r
+\r
+1:19 I called for my lovers, but they deceived me: my priests and mine\r
+elders gave up the ghost in the city, while they sought their meat to\r
+relieve their souls.\r
+\r
+1:20 Behold, O LORD; for I am in distress: my bowels are troubled;\r
+mine heart is turned within me; for I have grievously rebelled: abroad\r
+the sword bereaveth, at home there is as death.\r
+\r
+1:21 They have heard that I sigh: there is none to comfort me: all\r
+mine enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that thou hast\r
+done it: thou wilt bring the day that thou hast called, and they shall\r
+be like unto me.\r
+\r
+1:22 Let all their wickedness come before thee; and do unto them, as\r
+thou hast done unto me for all my transgressions: for my sighs are\r
+many, and my heart is faint.\r
+\r
+2:1 How hath the LORD covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his\r
+anger, and cast down from heaven unto the earth the beauty of Israel,\r
+and remembered not his footstool in the day of his anger! 2:2 The\r
+LORD hath swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and hath not\r
+pitied: he hath thrown down in his wrath the strong holds of the\r
+daughter of Judah; he hath brought them down to the ground: he hath\r
+polluted the kingdom and the princes thereof.\r
+\r
+2:3 He hath cut off in his fierce anger all the horn of Israel: he\r
+hath drawn back his right hand from before the enemy, and he burned\r
+against Jacob like a flaming fire, which devoureth round about.\r
+\r
+2:4 He hath bent his bow like an enemy: he stood with his right hand\r
+as an adversary, and slew all that were pleasant to the eye in the\r
+tabernacle of the daughter of Zion: he poured out his fury like fire.\r
+\r
+2:5 The LORD was as an enemy: he hath swallowed up Israel, he hath\r
+swallowed up all her palaces: he hath destroyed his strong holds, and\r
+hath increased in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.\r
+\r
+2:6 And he hath violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of\r
+a garden: he hath destroyed his places of the assembly: the LORD hath\r
+caused the solemn feasts and sabbaths to be forgotten in Zion, and\r
+hath despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest.\r
+\r
+2:7 The LORD hath cast off his altar, he hath abhorred his sanctuary,\r
+he hath given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces;\r
+they have made a noise in the house of the LORD, as in the day of a\r
+solemn feast.\r
+\r
+2:8 The LORD hath purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of\r
+Zion: he hath stretched out a line, he hath not withdrawn his hand\r
+from destroying: therefore he made the rampart and the wall to lament;\r
+they languished together.\r
+\r
+2:9 Her gates are sunk into the ground; he hath destroyed and broken\r
+her bars: her king and her princes are among the Gentiles: the law is\r
+no more; her prophets also find no vision from the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:10 The elders of the daughter of Zion sit upon the ground, and keep\r
+silence: they have cast up dust upon their heads; they have girded\r
+themselves with sackcloth: the virgins of Jerusalem hang down their\r
+heads to the ground.\r
+\r
+2:11 Mine eyes do fail with tears, my bowels are troubled, my liver is\r
+poured upon the earth, for the destruction of the daughter of my\r
+people; because the children and the sucklings swoon in the streets of\r
+the city.\r
+\r
+2:12 They say to their mothers, Where is corn and wine? when they\r
+swooned as the wounded in the streets of the city, when their soul was\r
+poured out into their mothers' bosom.\r
+\r
+2:13 What thing shall I take to witness for thee? what thing shall I\r
+liken to thee, O daughter of Jerusalem? what shall I equal to thee,\r
+that I may comfort thee, O virgin daughter of Zion? for thy breach is\r
+great like the sea: who can heal thee? 2:14 Thy prophets have seen\r
+vain and foolish things for thee: and they have not discovered thine\r
+iniquity, to turn away thy captivity; but have seen for thee false\r
+burdens and causes of banishment.\r
+\r
+2:15 All that pass by clap their hands at thee; they hiss and wag\r
+their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that\r
+men call The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth? 2:16\r
+All thine enemies have opened their mouth against thee: they hiss and\r
+gnash the teeth: they say, We have swallowed her up: certainly this is\r
+the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.\r
+\r
+2:17 The LORD hath done that which he had devised; he hath fulfilled\r
+his word that he had commanded in the days of old: he hath thrown\r
+down, and hath not pitied: and he hath caused thine enemy to rejoice\r
+over thee, he hath set up the horn of thine adversaries.\r
+\r
+2:18 Their heart cried unto the LORD, O wall of the daughter of Zion,\r
+let tears run down like a river day and night: give thyself no rest;\r
+let not the apple of thine eye cease.\r
+\r
+2:19 Arise, cry out in the night: in the beginning of the watches pour\r
+out thine heart like water before the face of the LORD: lift up thy\r
+hands toward him for the life of thy young children, that faint for\r
+hunger in the top of every street.\r
+\r
+2:20 Behold, O LORD, and consider to whom thou hast done this. Shall\r
+the women eat their fruit, and children of a span long? shall the\r
+priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? 2:21\r
+The young and the old lie on the ground in the streets: my virgins and\r
+my young men are fallen by the sword; thou hast slain them in the day\r
+of thine anger; thou hast killed, and not pitied.\r
+\r
+2:22 Thou hast called as in a solemn day my terrors round about, so\r
+that in the day of the LORD's anger none escaped nor remained: those\r
+that I have swaddled and brought up hath mine enemy consumed.\r
+\r
+3:1 I AM the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath.\r
+\r
+3:2 He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light.\r
+\r
+3:3 Surely against me is he turned; he turneth his hand against me all\r
+the day.\r
+\r
+3:4 My flesh and my skin hath he made old; he hath broken my bones.\r
+\r
+3:5 He hath builded against me, and compassed me with gall and\r
+travail.\r
+\r
+3:6 He hath set me in dark places, as they that be dead of old.\r
+\r
+3:7 He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my\r
+chain heavy.\r
+\r
+3:8 Also when I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer.\r
+\r
+3:9 He hath inclosed my ways with hewn stone, he hath made my paths\r
+crooked.\r
+\r
+3:10 He was unto me as a bear lying in wait, and as a lion in secret\r
+places.\r
+\r
+3:11 He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces: he hath\r
+made me desolate.\r
+\r
+3:12 He hath bent his bow, and set me as a mark for the arrow.\r
+\r
+3:13 He hath caused the arrows of his quiver to enter into my reins.\r
+\r
+3:14 I was a derision to all my people; and their song all the day.\r
+\r
+3:15 He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with\r
+wormwood.\r
+\r
+3:16 He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath covered\r
+me with ashes.\r
+\r
+3:17 And thou hast removed my soul far off from peace: I forgat\r
+prosperity.\r
+\r
+3:18 And I said, My strength and my hope is perished from the LORD:\r
+3:19 Remembering mine affliction and my misery, the wormwood and the\r
+gall.\r
+\r
+3:20 My soul hath them still in remembrance, and is humbled in me.\r
+\r
+3:21 This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope.\r
+\r
+3:22 It is of the LORD's mercies that we are not consumed, because his\r
+compassions fail not.\r
+\r
+3:23 They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness.\r
+\r
+3:24 The LORD is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in\r
+him.\r
+\r
+3:25 The LORD is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that\r
+seeketh him.\r
+\r
+3:26 It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the\r
+salvation of the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:27 It is good for a man that he bear the yoke of his youth.\r
+\r
+3:28 He sitteth alone and keepeth silence, because he hath borne it\r
+upon him.\r
+\r
+3:29 He putteth his mouth in the dust; if so be there may be hope.\r
+\r
+3:30 He giveth his cheek to him that smiteth him: he is filled full\r
+with reproach.\r
+\r
+3:31 For the LORD will not cast off for ever: 3:32 But though he cause\r
+grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his\r
+mercies.\r
+\r
+3:33 For he doth not afflict willingly nor grieve the children of men.\r
+\r
+3:34 To crush under his feet all the prisoners of the earth.\r
+\r
+3:35 To turn aside the right of a man before the face of the most\r
+High, 3:36 To subvert a man in his cause, the LORD approveth not.\r
+\r
+3:37 Who is he that saith, and it cometh to pass, when the Lord\r
+commandeth it not? 3:38 Out of the mouth of the most High proceedeth\r
+not evil and good? 3:39 Wherefore doth a living man complain, a man\r
+for the punishment of his sins? 3:40 Let us search and try our ways,\r
+and turn again to the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:41 Let us lift up our heart with our hands unto God in the heavens.\r
+\r
+3:42 We have transgressed and have rebelled: thou hast not pardoned.\r
+\r
+3:43 Thou hast covered with anger, and persecuted us: thou hast slain,\r
+thou hast not pitied.\r
+\r
+3:44 Thou hast covered thyself with a cloud, that our prayer should\r
+not pass through.\r
+\r
+3:45 Thou hast made us as the offscouring and refuse in the midst of\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+3:46 All our enemies have opened their mouths against us.\r
+\r
+3:47 Fear and a snare is come upon us, desolation and destruction.\r
+\r
+3:48 Mine eye runneth down with rivers of water for the destruction of\r
+the daughter of my people.\r
+\r
+3:49 Mine eye trickleth down, and ceaseth not, without any\r
+intermission.\r
+\r
+3:50 Till the LORD look down, and behold from heaven.\r
+\r
+3:51 Mine eye affecteth mine heart because of all the daughters of my\r
+city.\r
+\r
+3:52 Mine enemies chased me sore, like a bird, without cause.\r
+\r
+3:53 They have cut off my life in the dungeon, and cast a stone upon\r
+me.\r
+\r
+3:54 Waters flowed over mine head; then I said, I am cut off.\r
+\r
+3:55 I called upon thy name, O LORD, out of the low dungeon.\r
+\r
+3:56 Thou hast heard my voice: hide not thine ear at my breathing, at\r
+my cry.\r
+\r
+3:57 Thou drewest near in the day that I called upon thee: thou\r
+saidst, Fear not.\r
+\r
+3:58 O LORD, thou hast pleaded the causes of my soul; thou hast\r
+redeemed my life.\r
+\r
+3:59 O LORD, thou hast seen my wrong: judge thou my cause.\r
+\r
+3:60 Thou hast seen all their vengeance and all their imaginations\r
+against me.\r
+\r
+3:61 Thou hast heard their reproach, O LORD, and all their\r
+imaginations against me; 3:62 The lips of those that rose up against\r
+me, and their device against me all the day.\r
+\r
+3:63 Behold their sitting down, and their rising up; I am their\r
+musick.\r
+\r
+3:64 Render unto them a recompence, O LORD, according to the work of\r
+their hands.\r
+\r
+3:65 Give them sorrow of heart, thy curse unto them.\r
+\r
+3:66 Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+4:1 How is the gold become dim! how is the most fine gold changed! the\r
+stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street.\r
+\r
+4:2 The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how are they\r
+esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter!\r
+4:3 Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their\r
+young ones: the daughter of my people is become cruel, like the\r
+ostriches in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+4:4 The tongue of the sucking child cleaveth to the roof of his mouth\r
+for thirst: the young children ask bread, and no man breaketh it unto\r
+them.\r
+\r
+4:5 They that did feed delicately are desolate in the streets: they\r
+that were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills.\r
+\r
+4:6 For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is\r
+greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown\r
+as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her.\r
+\r
+4:7 Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk,\r
+they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was of\r
+sapphire: 4:8 Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known\r
+in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it\r
+is become like a stick.\r
+\r
+4:9 They that be slain with the sword are better than they that be\r
+slain with hunger: for these pine away, stricken through for want of\r
+the fruits of the field.\r
+\r
+4:10 The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children:\r
+they were their meat in the destruction of the daughter of my people.\r
+\r
+4:11 The LORD hath accomplished his fury; he hath poured out his\r
+fierce anger, and hath kindled a fire in Zion, and it hath devoured\r
+the foundations thereof.\r
+\r
+4:12 The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world,\r
+would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have\r
+entered into the gates of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+4:13 For the sins of her prophets, and the iniquities of her priests,\r
+that have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her, 4:14 They\r
+have wandered as blind men in the streets, they have polluted\r
+themselves with blood, so that men could not touch their garments.\r
+\r
+4:15 They cried unto them, Depart ye; it is unclean; depart, depart,\r
+touch not: when they fled away and wandered, they said among the\r
+heathen, They shall no more sojourn there.\r
+\r
+4:16 The anger of the LORD hath divided them; he will no more regard\r
+them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not\r
+the elders.\r
+\r
+4:17 As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our\r
+watching we have watched for a nation that could not save us.\r
+\r
+4:18 They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our streets: our end is\r
+near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.\r
+\r
+4:19 Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven: they\r
+pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+4:20 The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the LORD, was taken\r
+in their pits, of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among\r
+the heathen.\r
+\r
+4:21 Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the\r
+land of Uz; the cup also shall pass through unto thee: thou shalt be\r
+drunken, and shalt make thyself naked.\r
+\r
+4:22 The punishment of thine iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of\r
+Zion; he will no more carry thee away into captivity: he will visit\r
+thine iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover thy sins.\r
+\r
+5:1 Remember, O LORD, what is come upon us: consider, and behold our\r
+reproach.\r
+\r
+5:2 Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens.\r
+\r
+5:3 We are orphans and fatherless, our mothers are as widows.\r
+\r
+5:4 We have drunken our water for money; our wood is sold unto us.\r
+\r
+5:5 Our necks are under persecution: we labour, and have no rest.\r
+\r
+5:6 We have given the hand to the Egyptians, and to the Assyrians, to\r
+be satisfied with bread.\r
+\r
+5:7 Our fathers have sinned, and are not; and we have borne their\r
+iniquities.\r
+\r
+5:8 Servants have ruled over us: there is none that doth deliver us\r
+out of their hand.\r
+\r
+5:9 We gat our bread with the peril of our lives because of the sword\r
+of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+5:10 Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine.\r
+\r
+5:11 They ravished the women in Zion, and the maids in the cities of\r
+Judah.\r
+\r
+5:12 Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not\r
+honoured.\r
+\r
+5:13 They took the young men to grind, and the children fell under the\r
+wood.\r
+\r
+5:14 The elders have ceased from the gate, the young men from their\r
+musick.\r
+\r
+5:15 The joy of our heart is ceased; our dance is turned into\r
+mourning.\r
+\r
+5:16 The crown is fallen from our head: woe unto us, that we have\r
+sinned! 5:17 For this our heart is faint; for these things our eyes\r
+are dim.\r
+\r
+5:18 Because of the mountain of Zion, which is desolate, the foxes\r
+walk upon it.\r
+\r
+5:19 Thou, O LORD, remainest for ever; thy throne from generation to\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+5:20 Wherefore dost thou forget us for ever, and forsake us so long\r
+time? 5:21 Turn thou us unto thee, O LORD, and we shall be turned;\r
+renew our days as of old.\r
+\r
+5:22 But thou hast utterly rejected us; thou art very wroth against us.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month,\r
+in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river\r
+of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God.\r
+\r
+1:2 In the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king\r
+Jehoiachin's captivity, 1:3 The word of the LORD came expressly unto\r
+Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by\r
+the river Chebar; and the hand of the LORD was there upon him.\r
+\r
+1:4 And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a\r
+great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about\r
+it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the\r
+midst of the fire.\r
+\r
+1:5 Also out of the midst thereof came the likeness of four living\r
+creatures. And this was their appearance; they had the likeness of a\r
+man.\r
+\r
+1:6 And every one had four faces, and every one had four wings.\r
+\r
+1:7 And their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was\r
+like the sole of a calf's foot: and they sparkled like the colour of\r
+burnished brass.\r
+\r
+1:8 And they had the hands of a man under their wings on their four\r
+sides; and they four had their faces and their wings.\r
+\r
+1:9 Their wings were joined one to another; they turned not when they\r
+went; they went every one straight forward.\r
+\r
+1:10 As for the likeness of their faces, they four had the face of a\r
+man, and the face of a lion, on the right side: and they four had the\r
+face of an ox on the left side; they four also had the face of an\r
+eagle.\r
+\r
+1:11 Thus were their faces: and their wings were stretched upward; two\r
+wings of every one were joined one to another, and two covered their\r
+bodies.\r
+\r
+1:12 And they went every one straight forward: whither the spirit was\r
+to go, they went; and they turned not when they went.\r
+\r
+1:13 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was\r
+like burning coals of fire, and like the appearance of lamps: it went\r
+up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and\r
+out of the fire went forth lightning.\r
+\r
+1:14 And the living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a\r
+flash of lightning.\r
+\r
+1:15 Now as I beheld the living creatures, behold one wheel upon the\r
+earth by the living creatures, with his four faces.\r
+\r
+1:16 The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the\r
+colour of a beryl: and they four had one likeness: and their\r
+appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a\r
+wheel.\r
+\r
+1:17 When they went, they went upon their four sides: and they turned\r
+not when they went.\r
+\r
+1:18 As for their rings, they were so high that they were dreadful;\r
+and their rings were full of eyes round about them four.\r
+\r
+1:19 And when the living creatures went, the wheels went by them: and\r
+when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels\r
+were lifted up.\r
+\r
+1:20 Whithersoever the spirit was to go, they went, thither was their\r
+spirit to go; and the wheels were lifted up over against them: for the\r
+spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.\r
+\r
+1:21 When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood;\r
+and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted\r
+up over against them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the\r
+wheels.\r
+\r
+1:22 And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living\r
+creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth\r
+over their heads above.\r
+\r
+1:23 And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward\r
+the other: every one had two, which covered on this side, and every\r
+one had two, which covered on that side, their bodies.\r
+\r
+1:24 And when they went, I heard the noise of their wings, like the\r
+noise of great waters, as the voice of the Almighty, the voice of\r
+speech, as the noise of an host: when they stood, they let down their\r
+wings.\r
+\r
+1:25 And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their\r
+heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings.\r
+\r
+1:26 And above the firmament that was over their heads was the\r
+likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon\r
+the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man\r
+above upon it.\r
+\r
+1:27 And I saw as the colour of amber, as the appearance of fire round\r
+about within it, from the appearance of his loins even upward, and\r
+from the appearance of his loins even downward, I saw as it were the\r
+appearance of fire, and it had brightness round about.\r
+\r
+1:28 As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud in the day of\r
+rain, so was the appearance of the brightness round about. This was\r
+the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. And when I\r
+saw it, I fell upon my face, and I heard a voice of one that spake.\r
+\r
+2:1 And he said unto me, Son of man, stand upon thy feet, and I will\r
+speak unto thee.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the spirit entered into me when he spake unto me, and set me\r
+upon my feet, that I heard him that spake unto me.\r
+\r
+2:3 And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of\r
+Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and\r
+their fathers have transgressed against me, even unto this very day.\r
+\r
+2:4 For they are impudent children and stiffhearted. I do send thee\r
+unto them; and thou shalt say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+2:5 And they, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear,\r
+(for they are a rebellious house,) yet shall know that there hath been\r
+a prophet among them.\r
+\r
+2:6 And thou, son of man, be not afraid of them, neither be afraid of\r
+their words, though briers and thorns be with thee, and thou dost\r
+dwell among scorpions: be not afraid of their words, nor be dismayed\r
+at their looks, though they be a rebellious house.\r
+\r
+2:7 And thou shalt speak my words unto them, whether they will hear,\r
+or whether they will forbear: for they are most rebellious.\r
+\r
+2:8 But thou, son of man, hear what I say unto thee; Be not thou\r
+rebellious like that rebellious house: open thy mouth, and eat that I\r
+give thee.\r
+\r
+2:9 And when I looked, behold, an hand was sent unto me; and, lo, a\r
+roll of a book was therein; 2:10 And he spread it before me; and it\r
+was written within and without: and there was written therein\r
+lamentations, and mourning, and woe.\r
+\r
+3:1 Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, eat that thou findest; eat\r
+this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+3:2 So I opened my mouth, and he caused me to eat that roll.\r
+\r
+3:3 And he said unto me, Son of man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill\r
+thy bowels with this roll that I give thee. Then did I eat it; and it\r
+was in my mouth as honey for sweetness.\r
+\r
+3:4 And he said unto me, Son of man, go, get thee unto the house of\r
+Israel, and speak with my words unto them.\r
+\r
+3:5 For thou art not sent to a people of a strange speech and of an\r
+hard language, but to the house of Israel; 3:6 Not to many people of a\r
+strange speech and of an hard language, whose words thou canst not\r
+understand. Surely, had I sent thee to them, they would have hearkened\r
+unto thee.\r
+\r
+3:7 But the house of Israel will not hearken unto thee; for they will\r
+not hearken unto me: for all the house of Israel are impudent and\r
+hardhearted.\r
+\r
+3:8 Behold, I have made thy face strong against their faces, and thy\r
+forehead strong against their foreheads.\r
+\r
+3:9 As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead: fear\r
+them not, neither be dismayed at their looks, though they be a\r
+rebellious house.\r
+\r
+3:10 Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, all my words that I shall\r
+speak unto thee receive in thine heart, and hear with thine ears.\r
+\r
+3:11 And go, get thee to them of the captivity, unto the children of\r
+thy people, and speak unto them, and tell them, Thus saith the Lord\r
+GOD; whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear.\r
+\r
+3:12 Then the spirit took me up, and I heard behind me a voice of a\r
+great rushing, saying, Blessed be the glory of the LORD from his\r
+place.\r
+\r
+3:13 I heard also the noise of the wings of the living creatures that\r
+touched one another, and the noise of the wheels over against them,\r
+and a noise of a great rushing.\r
+\r
+3:14 So the spirit lifted me up, and took me away, and I went in\r
+bitterness, in the heat of my spirit; but the hand of the LORD was\r
+strong upon me.\r
+\r
+3:15 Then I came to them of the captivity at Telabib, that dwelt by\r
+the river of Chebar, and I sat where they sat, and remained there\r
+astonished among them seven days.\r
+\r
+3:16 And it came to pass at the end of seven days, that the word of\r
+the LORD came unto me, saying, 3:17 Son of man, I have made thee a\r
+watchman unto the house of Israel: therefore hear the word at my\r
+mouth, and give them warning from me.\r
+\r
+3:18 When I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; and thou\r
+givest him not warning, nor speakest to warn the wicked from his\r
+wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked man shall die in his\r
+iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine hand.\r
+\r
+3:19 Yet if thou warn the wicked, and he turn not from his wickedness,\r
+nor from his wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou hast\r
+delivered thy soul.\r
+\r
+3:20 Again, When a righteous man doth turn from his righteousness, and\r
+commit iniquity, and I lay a stumbling-block before him, he shall die:\r
+because thou hast not given him warning, he shall die in his sin, and\r
+his righteousness which he hath done shall not be remembered; but his\r
+blood will I require at thine hand.\r
+\r
+3:21 Nevertheless if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous\r
+sin not, and he doth not sin, he shall surely live, because he is\r
+warned; also thou hast delivered thy soul.\r
+\r
+3:22 And the hand of the LORD was there upon me; and he said unto me,\r
+Arise, go forth into the plain, and I will there talk with thee.\r
+\r
+3:23 Then I arose, and went forth into the plain: and, behold, the\r
+glory of the LORD stood there, as the glory which I saw by the river\r
+of Chebar: and I fell on my face.\r
+\r
+3:24 Then the spirit entered into me, and set me upon my feet, and\r
+spake with me, and said unto me, Go, shut thyself within thine house.\r
+\r
+3:25 But thou, O son of man, behold, they shall put bands upon thee,\r
+and shall bind thee with them, and thou shalt not go out among them:\r
+3:26 And I will make thy tongue cleave to the roof of thy mouth, that\r
+thou shalt be dumb, and shalt not be to them a reprover: for they are\r
+a rebellious house.\r
+\r
+3:27 But when I speak with thee, I will open thy mouth, and thou shalt\r
+say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; He that heareth, let him hear;\r
+and he that forbeareth, let him forbear: for they are a rebellious\r
+house.\r
+\r
+4:1 Thou also, son of man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee,\r
+and pourtray upon it the city, even Jerusalem: 4:2 And lay siege\r
+against it, and build a fort against it, and cast a mount against it;\r
+set the camp also against it, and set battering rams against it round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+4:3 Moreover take thou unto thee an iron pan, and set it for a wall of\r
+iron between thee and the city: and set thy face against it, and it\r
+shall be besieged, and thou shalt lay siege against it. This shall be\r
+a sign to the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+4:4 Lie thou also upon thy left side, and lay the iniquity of the\r
+house of Israel upon it: according to the number of the days that thou\r
+shalt lie upon it thou shalt bear their iniquity.\r
+\r
+4:5 For I have laid upon thee the years of their iniquity, according\r
+to the number of the days, three hundred and ninety days: so shalt\r
+thou bear the iniquity of the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+4:6 And when thou hast accomplished them, lie again on thy right side,\r
+and thou shalt bear the iniquity of the house of Judah forty days: I\r
+have appointed thee each day for a year.\r
+\r
+4:7 Therefore thou shalt set thy face toward the siege of Jerusalem,\r
+and thine arm shall be uncovered, and thou shalt prophesy against it.\r
+\r
+4:8 And, behold, I will lay bands upon thee, and thou shalt not turn\r
+thee from one side to another, till thou hast ended the days of thy\r
+siege.\r
+\r
+4:9 Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and\r
+lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and\r
+make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou\r
+shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+4:10 And thy meat which thou shalt eat shall be by weight, twenty\r
+shekels a day: from time to time shalt thou eat it.\r
+\r
+4:11 Thou shalt drink also water by measure, the sixth part of an hin:\r
+from time to time shalt thou drink.\r
+\r
+4:12 And thou shalt eat it as barley cakes, and thou shalt bake it\r
+with dung that cometh out of man, in their sight.\r
+\r
+4:13 And the LORD said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat\r
+their defiled bread among the Gentiles, whither I will drive them.\r
+\r
+4:14 Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! behold, my soul hath not been polluted:\r
+for from my youth up even till now have I not eaten of that which\r
+dieth of itself, or is torn in pieces; neither came there abominable\r
+flesh into my mouth.\r
+\r
+4:15 Then he said unto me, Lo, I have given thee cow's dung for man's\r
+dung, and thou shalt prepare thy bread therewith.\r
+\r
+4:16 Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, behold, I will break the\r
+staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and\r
+with care; and they shall drink water by measure, and with\r
+astonishment: 4:17 That they may want bread and water, and be astonied\r
+one with another, and consume away for their iniquity.\r
+\r
+5:1 And thou, son of man, take thee a sharp knife, take thee a\r
+barber's razor, and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thy\r
+beard: then take thee balances to weigh, and divide the hair.\r
+\r
+5:2 Thou shalt burn with fire a third part in the midst of the city,\r
+when the days of the siege are fulfilled: and thou shalt take a third\r
+part, and smite about it with a knife: and a third part thou shalt\r
+scatter in the wind; and I will draw out a sword after them.\r
+\r
+5:3 Thou shalt also take thereof a few in number, and bind them in thy\r
+skirts.\r
+\r
+5:4 Then take of them again, and cast them into the midst of the fire,\r
+and burn them in the fire; for thereof shall a fire come forth into\r
+all the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:5 Thus saith the Lord GOD; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the\r
+midst of the nations and countries that are round about her.\r
+\r
+5:6 And she hath changed my judgments into wickedness more than the\r
+nations, and my statutes more than the countries that are round about\r
+her: for they have refused my judgments and my statutes, they have not\r
+walked in them.\r
+\r
+5:7 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye multiplied more than\r
+the nations that are round about you, and have not walked in my\r
+statutes, neither have kept my judgments, neither have done according\r
+to the judgments of the nations that are round about you; 5:8\r
+Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, am against thee,\r
+and will execute judgments in the midst of thee in the sight of the\r
+nations.\r
+\r
+5:9 And I will do in thee that which I have not done, and whereunto I\r
+will not do any more the like, because of all thine abominations.\r
+\r
+5:10 Therefore the fathers shall eat the sons in the midst of thee,\r
+and the sons shall eat their fathers; and I will execute judgments in\r
+thee, and the whole remnant of thee will I scatter into all the winds.\r
+\r
+5:11 Wherefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD; Surely, because thou\r
+hast defiled my sanctuary with all thy detestable things, and with all\r
+thine abominations, therefore will I also diminish thee; neither shall\r
+mine eye spare, neither will I have any pity.\r
+\r
+5:12 A third part of thee shall die with the pestilence, and with\r
+famine shall they be consumed in the midst of thee: and a third part\r
+shall fall by the sword round about thee; and I will scatter a third\r
+part into all the winds, and I will draw out a sword after them.\r
+\r
+5:13 Thus shall mine anger be accomplished, and I will cause my fury\r
+to rest upon them, and I will be comforted: and they shall know that I\r
+the LORD have spoken it in my zeal, when I have accomplished my fury\r
+in them.\r
+\r
+5:14 Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach among the nations\r
+that are round about thee, in the sight of all that pass by.\r
+\r
+5:15 So it shall be a reproach and a taunt, an instruction and an\r
+astonishment unto the nations that are round about thee, when I shall\r
+execute judgments in thee in anger and in fury and in furious rebukes.\r
+I the LORD have spoken it.\r
+\r
+5:16 When I shall send upon them the evil arrows of famine, which\r
+shall be for their destruction, and which I will send to destroy you:\r
+and I will increase the famine upon you, and will break your staff of\r
+bread: 5:17 So will I send upon you famine and evil beasts, and they\r
+shall bereave thee: and pestilence and blood shall pass through thee;\r
+and I will bring the sword upon thee. I the LORD have spoken it.\r
+\r
+6:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 6:2 Son of man, set\r
+thy face toward the mountains of Israel, and prophesy against them,\r
+6:3 And say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD;\r
+Thus saith the Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the\r
+rivers, and to the valleys; Behold, I, even I, will bring a sword upon\r
+you, and I will destroy your high places.\r
+\r
+6:4 And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be\r
+broken: and I will cast down your slain men before your idols.\r
+\r
+6:5 And I will lay the dead carcases of the children of Israel before\r
+their idols; and I will scatter your bones round about your altars.\r
+\r
+6:6 In all your dwellingplaces the cities shall be laid waste, and the\r
+high places shall be desolate; that your altars may be laid waste and\r
+made desolate, and your idols may be broken and cease, and your images\r
+may be cut down, and your works may be abolished.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the slain shall fall in the midst of you, and ye shall know\r
+that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:8 Yet will I leave a remnant, that ye may have some that shall\r
+escape the sword among the nations, when ye shall be scattered through\r
+the countries.\r
+\r
+6:9 And they that escape of you shall remember me among the nations\r
+whither they shall be carried captives, because I am broken with their\r
+whorish heart, which hath departed from me, and with their eyes, which\r
+go a whoring after their idols: and they shall lothe themselves for\r
+the evils which they have committed in all their abominations.\r
+\r
+6:10 And they shall know that I am the LORD, and that I have not said\r
+in vain that I would do this evil unto them.\r
+\r
+6:11 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Smite with thine hand, and stamp with\r
+thy foot, and say, Alas for all the evil abominations of the house of\r
+Israel! for they shall fall by the sword, by the famine, and by the\r
+pestilence.\r
+\r
+6:12 He that is far off shall die of the pestilence; and he that is\r
+near shall fall by the sword; and he that remaineth and is besieged\r
+shall die by the famine: thus will I accomplish my fury upon them.\r
+\r
+6:13 Then shall ye know that I am the LORD, when their slain men shall\r
+be among their idols round about their altars, upon every high hill,\r
+in all the tops of the mountains, and under every green tree, and\r
+under every thick oak, the place where they did offer sweet savour to\r
+all their idols.\r
+\r
+6:14 So will I stretch out my hand upon them, and make the land\r
+desolate, yea, more desolate than the wilderness toward Diblath, in\r
+all their habitations: and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:1 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 7:2 Also, thou\r
+son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD unto the land of Israel; An end,\r
+the end is come upon the four corners of the land.\r
+\r
+7:3 Now is the end come upon thee, and I will send mine anger upon\r
+thee, and will judge thee according to thy ways, and will recompense\r
+upon thee all thine abominations.\r
+\r
+7:4 And mine eye shall not spare thee, neither will I have pity: but I\r
+will recompense thy ways upon thee, and thine abominations shall be in\r
+the midst of thee: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:5 Thus saith the Lord GOD; An evil, an only evil, behold, is come.\r
+\r
+7:6 An end is come, the end is come: it watcheth for thee; behold, it\r
+is come.\r
+\r
+7:7 The morning is come unto thee, O thou that dwellest in the land:\r
+the time is come, the day of trouble is near, and not the sounding\r
+again of the mountains.\r
+\r
+7:8 Now will I shortly pour out my fury upon thee, and accomplish mine\r
+anger upon thee: and I will judge thee according to thy ways, and will\r
+recompense thee for all thine abominations.\r
+\r
+7:9 And mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity: I will\r
+recompense thee according to thy ways and thine abominations that are\r
+in the midst of thee; and ye shall know that I am the LORD that\r
+smiteth.\r
+\r
+7:10 Behold the day, behold, it is come: the morning is gone forth;\r
+the rod hath blossomed, pride hath budded.\r
+\r
+7:11 Violence is risen up into a rod of wickedness: none of them shall\r
+remain, nor of their multitude, nor of any of their's: neither shall\r
+there be wailing for them.\r
+\r
+7:12 The time is come, the day draweth near: let not the buyer\r
+rejoice, nor the seller mourn: for wrath is upon all the multitude\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+7:13 For the seller shall not return to that which is sold, although\r
+they were yet alive: for the vision is touching the whole multitude\r
+thereof, which shall not return; neither shall any strengthen himself\r
+in the iniquity of his life.\r
+\r
+7:14 They have blown the trumpet, even to make all ready; but none\r
+goeth to the battle: for my wrath is upon all the multitude thereof.\r
+\r
+7:15 The sword is without, and the pestilence and the famine within:\r
+he that is in the field shall die with the sword; and he that is in\r
+the city, famine and pestilence shall devour him.\r
+\r
+7:16 But they that escape of them shall escape, and shall be on the\r
+mountains like doves of the valleys, all of them mourning, every one\r
+for his iniquity.\r
+\r
+7:17 All hands shall be feeble, and all knees shall be weak as water.\r
+\r
+7:18 They shall also gird themselves with sackcloth, and horror shall\r
+cover them; and shame shall be upon all faces, and baldness upon all\r
+their heads.\r
+\r
+7:19 They shall cast their silver in the streets, and their gold shall\r
+be removed: their silver and their gold shall not be able to deliver\r
+them in the day of the wrath of the LORD: they shall not satisfy their\r
+souls, neither fill their bowels: because it is the stumblingblock of\r
+their iniquity.\r
+\r
+7:20 As for the beauty of his ornament, he set it in majesty: but they\r
+made the images of their abominations and of their detestable things\r
+therein: therefore have I set it far from them.\r
+\r
+7:21 And I will give it into the hands of the strangers for a prey,\r
+and to the wicked of the earth for a spoil; and they shall pollute it.\r
+\r
+7:22 My face will I turn also from them, and they shall pollute my\r
+secret place: for the robbers shall enter into it, and defile it.\r
+\r
+7:23 Make a chain: for the land is full of bloody crimes, and the city\r
+is full of violence.\r
+\r
+7:24 Wherefore I will bring the worst of the heathen, and they shall\r
+possess their houses: I will also make the pomp of the strong to\r
+cease; and their holy places shall be defiled.\r
+\r
+7:25 Destruction cometh; and they shall seek peace, and there shall be\r
+none.\r
+\r
+7:26 Mischief shall come upon mischief, and rumour shall be upon\r
+rumour; then shall they seek a vision of the prophet; but the law\r
+shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients.\r
+\r
+7:27 The king shall mourn, and the prince shall be clothed with\r
+desolation, and the hands of the people of the land shall be troubled:\r
+I will do unto them after their way, and according to their deserts\r
+will I judge them; and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:1 And it came to pass in the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the\r
+fifth day of the month, as I sat in mine house, and the elders of\r
+Judah sat before me, that the hand of the Lord GOD fell there upon me.\r
+\r
+8:2 Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from\r
+the appearance of his loins even downward, fire; and from his loins\r
+even upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of amber.\r
+\r
+8:3 And he put forth the form of an hand, and took me by a lock of\r
+mine head; and the spirit lifted me up between the earth and the\r
+heaven, and brought me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door\r
+of the inner gate that looketh toward the north; where was the seat of\r
+the image of jealousy, which provoketh to jealousy.\r
+\r
+8:4 And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel was there, according\r
+to the vision that I saw in the plain.\r
+\r
+8:5 Then said he unto me, Son of man, lift up thine eyes now the way\r
+toward the north. So I lifted up mine eyes the way toward the north,\r
+and behold northward at the gate of the altar this image of jealousy\r
+in the entry.\r
+\r
+8:6 He said furthermore unto me, Son of man, seest thou what they do?\r
+even the great abominations that the house of Israel committeth here,\r
+that I should go far off from my sanctuary? but turn thee yet again,\r
+and thou shalt see greater abominations.\r
+\r
+8:7 And he brought me to the door of the court; and when I looked,\r
+behold a hole in the wall.\r
+\r
+8:8 Then said he unto me, Son of man, dig now in the wall: and when I\r
+had digged in the wall, behold a door.\r
+\r
+8:9 And he said unto me, Go in, and behold the wicked abominations\r
+that they do here.\r
+\r
+8:10 So I went in and saw; and behold every form of creeping things,\r
+and abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel,\r
+pourtrayed upon the wall round about.\r
+\r
+8:11 And there stood before them seventy men of the ancients of the\r
+house of Israel, and in the midst of them stood Jaazaniah the son of\r
+Shaphan, with every man his censer in his hand; and a thick cloud of\r
+incense went up.\r
+\r
+8:12 Then said he unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen what the\r
+ancients of the house of Israel do in the dark, every man in the\r
+chambers of his imagery? for they say, the LORD seeth us not; the LORD\r
+hath forsaken the earth.\r
+\r
+8:13 He said also unto me, Turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see\r
+greater abominations that they do.\r
+\r
+8:14 Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the LORD's house\r
+which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for\r
+Tammuz.\r
+\r
+8:15 Then said he unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? turn\r
+thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations than these.\r
+\r
+8:16 And he brought me into the inner court of the LORD's house, and,\r
+behold, at the door of the temple of the LORD, between the porch and\r
+the altar, were about five and twenty men, with their backs toward the\r
+temple of the LORD, and their faces toward the east; and they\r
+worshipped the sun toward the east.\r
+\r
+8:17 Then he said unto me, Hast thou seen this, O son of man? Is it a\r
+light thing to the house of Judah that they commit the abominations\r
+which they commit here? for they have filled the land with violence,\r
+and have returned to provoke me to anger: and, lo, they put the branch\r
+to their nose.\r
+\r
+8:18 Therefore will I also deal in fury: mine eye shall not spare,\r
+neither will I have pity: and though they cry in mine ears with a loud\r
+voice, yet will I not hear them.\r
+\r
+9:1 He cried also in mine ears with a loud voice, saying, Cause them\r
+that have charge over the city to draw near, even every man with his\r
+destroying weapon in his hand.\r
+\r
+9:2 And, behold, six men came from the way of the higher gate, which\r
+lieth toward the north, and every man a slaughter weapon in his hand;\r
+and one man among them was clothed with linen, with a writer's inkhorn\r
+by his side: and they went in, and stood beside the brasen altar.\r
+\r
+9:3 And the glory of the God of Israel was gone up from the cherub,\r
+whereupon he was, to the threshold of the house. And he called to the\r
+man clothed with linen, which had the writer's inkhorn by his side;\r
+9:4 And the LORD said unto him, Go through the midst of the city,\r
+through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark upon the foreheads of\r
+the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done\r
+in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+9:5 And to the others he said in mine hearing, Go ye after him through\r
+the city, and smite: let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity: 9:6\r
+Slay utterly old and young, both maids, and little children, and\r
+women: but come not near any man upon whom is the mark; and begin at\r
+my sanctuary. Then they began at the ancient men which were before the\r
+house.\r
+\r
+9:7 And he said unto them, Defile the house, and fill the courts with\r
+the slain: go ye forth. And they went forth, and slew in the city.\r
+\r
+9:8 And it came to pass, while they were slaying them, and I was left,\r
+that I fell upon my face, and cried, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou\r
+destroy all the residue of Israel in thy pouring out of thy fury upon\r
+Jerusalem? 9:9 Then said he unto me, The iniquity of the house of\r
+Israel and Judah is exceeding great, and the land is full of blood,\r
+and the city full of perverseness: for they say, The LORD hath\r
+forsaken the earth, and the LORD seeth not.\r
+\r
+9:10 And as for me also, mine eye shall not spare, neither will I have\r
+pity, but I will recompense their way upon their head.\r
+\r
+9:11 And, behold, the man clothed with linen, which had the inkhorn by\r
+his side, reported the matter, saying, I have done as thou hast\r
+commanded me.\r
+\r
+10:1 Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the\r
+head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire\r
+stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.\r
+\r
+10:2 And he spake unto the man clothed with linen, and said, Go in\r
+between the wheels, even under the cherub, and fill thine hand with\r
+coals of fire from between the cherubims, and scatter them over the\r
+city. And he went in in my sight.\r
+\r
+10:3 Now the cherubims stood on the right side of the house, when the\r
+man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.\r
+\r
+10:4 Then the glory of the LORD went up from the cherub, and stood\r
+over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the\r
+cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD's glory.\r
+\r
+10:5 And the sound of the cherubims' wings was heard even to the outer\r
+court, as the voice of the Almighty God when he speaketh.\r
+\r
+10:6 And it came to pass, that when he had commanded the man clothed\r
+with linen, saying, Take fire from between the wheels, from between\r
+the cherubims; then he went in, and stood beside the wheels.\r
+\r
+10:7 And one cherub stretched forth his hand from between the\r
+cherubims unto the fire that was between the cherubims, and took\r
+thereof, and put it into the hands of him that was clothed with linen:\r
+who took it, and went out.\r
+\r
+10:8 And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man's hand\r
+under their wings.\r
+\r
+10:9 And when I looked, behold the four wheels by the cherubims, one\r
+wheel by one cherub, and another wheel by another cherub: and the\r
+appearance of the wheels was as the colour of a beryl stone.\r
+\r
+10:10 And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if\r
+a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel.\r
+\r
+10:11 When they went, they went upon their four sides; they turned not\r
+as they went, but to the place whither the head looked they followed\r
+it; they turned not as they went.\r
+\r
+10:12 And their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and\r
+their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes round about, even the\r
+wheels that they four had.\r
+\r
+10:13 As for the wheels, it was cried unto them in my hearing, O\r
+wheel.\r
+\r
+10:14 And every one had four faces: the first face was the face of a\r
+cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the\r
+face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.\r
+\r
+10:15 And the cherubims were lifted up. This is the living creature\r
+that I saw by the river of Chebar.\r
+\r
+10:16 And when the cherubims went, the wheels went by them: and when\r
+the cherubims lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the\r
+same wheels also turned not from beside them.\r
+\r
+10:17 When they stood, these stood; and when they were lifted up,\r
+these lifted up themselves also: for the spirit of the living creature\r
+was in them.\r
+\r
+10:18 Then the glory of the LORD departed from off the threshold of\r
+the house, and stood over the cherubims.\r
+\r
+10:19 And the cherubims lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the\r
+earth in my sight: when they went out, the wheels also were beside\r
+them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD's\r
+house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.\r
+\r
+10:20 This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel\r
+by the river of Chebar; and I knew that they were the cherubims.\r
+\r
+10:21 Every one had four faces apiece, and every one four wings; and\r
+the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.\r
+\r
+10:22 And the likeness of their faces was the same faces which I saw\r
+by the river of Chebar, their appearances and themselves: they went\r
+every one straight forward.\r
+\r
+11:1 Moreover the spirit lifted me up, and brought me unto the east\r
+gate of the LORD's house, which looketh eastward: and behold at the\r
+door of the gate five and twenty men; among whom I saw Jaazaniah the\r
+son of Azur, and Pelatiah the son of Benaiah, princes of the people.\r
+\r
+11:2 Then said he unto me, Son of man, these are the men that devise\r
+mischief, and give wicked counsel in this city: 11:3 Which say, It is\r
+not near; let us build houses: this city is the caldron, and we be the\r
+flesh.\r
+\r
+11:4 Therefore prophesy against them, prophesy, O son of man.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the Spirit of the LORD fell upon me, and said unto me, Speak;\r
+Thus saith the LORD; Thus have ye said, O house of Israel: for I know\r
+the things that come into your mind, every one of them.\r
+\r
+11:6 Ye have multiplied your slain in this city, and ye have filled\r
+the streets thereof with the slain.\r
+\r
+11:7 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Your slain whom ye have laid\r
+in the midst of it, they are the flesh, and this city is the caldron:\r
+but I will bring you forth out of the midst of it.\r
+\r
+11:8 Ye have feared the sword; and I will bring a sword upon you,\r
+saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+11:9 And I will bring you out of the midst thereof, and deliver you\r
+into the hands of strangers, and will execute judgments among you.\r
+\r
+11:10 Ye shall fall by the sword; I will judge you in the border of\r
+Israel; and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:11 This city shall not be your caldron, neither shall ye be the\r
+flesh in the midst thereof; but I will judge you in the border of\r
+Israel: 11:12 And ye shall know that I am the LORD: for ye have not\r
+walked in my statutes, neither executed my judgments, but have done\r
+after the manners of the heathen that are round about you.\r
+\r
+11:13 And it came to pass, when I prophesied, that Pelatiah the son of\r
+Benaiah died. Then fell I down upon my face, and cried with a loud\r
+voice, and said, Ah Lord GOD! wilt thou make a full end of the remnant\r
+of Israel? 11:14 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,\r
+11:15 Son of man, thy brethren, even thy brethren, the men of thy\r
+kindred, and all the house of Israel wholly, are they unto whom the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem have said, Get you far from the LORD: unto us\r
+is this land given in possession.\r
+\r
+11:16 Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Although I have cast\r
+them far off among the heathen, and although I have scattered them\r
+among the countries, yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary in\r
+the countries where they shall come.\r
+\r
+11:17 Therefore say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even gather you\r
+from the people, and assemble you out of the countries where ye have\r
+been scattered, and I will give you the land of Israel.\r
+\r
+11:18 And they shall come thither, and they shall take away all the\r
+detestable things thereof and all the abominations thereof from\r
+thence.\r
+\r
+11:19 And I will give them one heart, and I will put a new spirit\r
+within you; and I will take the stony heart out of their flesh, and\r
+will give them an heart of flesh: 11:20 That they may walk in my\r
+statutes, and keep mine ordinances, and do them: and they shall be my\r
+people, and I will be their God.\r
+\r
+11:21 But as for them whose heart walketh after the heart of their\r
+detestable things and their abominations, I will recompense their way\r
+upon their own heads, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+11:22 Then did the cherubims lift up their wings, and the wheels\r
+beside them; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.\r
+\r
+11:23 And the glory of the LORD went up from the midst of the city,\r
+and stood upon the mountain which is on the east side of the city.\r
+\r
+11:24 Afterwards the spirit took me up, and brought me in a vision by\r
+the Spirit of God into Chaldea, to them of the captivity. So the\r
+vision that I had seen went up from me.\r
+\r
+11:25 Then I spake unto them of the captivity all the things that the\r
+LORD had shewed me.\r
+\r
+12:1 The word of the LORD also came unto me, saying, 12:2 Son of man,\r
+thou dwellest in the midst of a rebellious house, which have eyes to\r
+see, and see not; they have ears to hear, and hear not: for they are a\r
+rebellious house.\r
+\r
+12:3 Therefore, thou son of man, prepare thee stuff for removing, and\r
+remove by day in their sight; and thou shalt remove from thy place to\r
+another place in their sight: it may be they will consider, though\r
+they be a rebellious house.\r
+\r
+12:4 Then shalt thou bring forth thy stuff by day in their sight, as\r
+stuff for removing: and thou shalt go forth at even in their sight, as\r
+they that go forth into captivity.\r
+\r
+12:5 Dig thou through the wall in their sight, and carry out thereby.\r
+\r
+12:6 In their sight shalt thou bear it upon thy shoulders, and carry\r
+it forth in the twilight: thou shalt cover thy face, that thou see not\r
+the ground: for I have set thee for a sign unto the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+12:7 And I did so as I was commanded: I brought forth my stuff by day,\r
+as stuff for captivity, and in the even I digged through the wall with\r
+mine hand; I brought it forth in the twilight, and I bare it upon my\r
+shoulder in their sight.\r
+\r
+12:8 And in the morning came the word of the LORD unto me, saying,\r
+12:9 Son of man, hath not the house of Israel, the rebellious house,\r
+said unto thee, What doest thou? 12:10 Say thou unto them, Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; This burden concerneth the prince in Jerusalem, and all\r
+the house of Israel that are among them.\r
+\r
+12:11 Say, I am your sign: like as I have done, so shall it be done\r
+unto them: they shall remove and go into captivity.\r
+\r
+12:12 And the prince that is among them shall bear upon his shoulder\r
+in the twilight, and shall go forth: they shall dig through the wall\r
+to carry out thereby: he shall cover his face, that he see not the\r
+ground with his eyes.\r
+\r
+12:13 My net also will I spread upon him, and he shall be taken in my\r
+snare: and I will bring him to Babylon to the land of the Chaldeans;\r
+yet shall he not see it, though he shall die there.\r
+\r
+12:14 And I will scatter toward every wind all that are about him to\r
+help him, and all his bands; and I will draw out the sword after them.\r
+\r
+12:15 And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall scatter\r
+them among the nations, and disperse them in the countries.\r
+\r
+12:16 But I will leave a few men of them from the sword, from the\r
+famine, and from the pestilence; that they may declare all their\r
+abominations among the heathen whither they come; and they shall know\r
+that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:17 Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 12:18 Son of\r
+man, eat thy bread with quaking, and drink thy water with trembling\r
+and with carefulness; 12:19 And say unto the people of the land, Thus\r
+saith the Lord GOD of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and of the land of\r
+Israel; They shall eat their bread with carefulness, and drink their\r
+water with astonishment, that her land may be desolate from all that\r
+is therein, because of the violence of all them that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+12:20 And the cities that are inhabited shall be laid waste, and the\r
+land shall be desolate; and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+12:21 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 12:22 Son of man,\r
+what is that proverb that ye have in the land of Israel, saying, The\r
+days are prolonged, and every vision faileth? 12:23 Tell them\r
+therefore, Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will make this proverb to cease,\r
+and they shall no more use it as a proverb in Israel; but say unto\r
+them, The days are at hand, and the effect of every vision.\r
+\r
+12:24 For there shall be no more any vain vision nor flattering\r
+divination within the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+12:25 For I am the LORD: I will speak, and the word that I shall speak\r
+shall come to pass; it shall be no more prolonged: for in your days, O\r
+rebellious house, will I say the word, and will perform it, saith the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+12:26 Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying.\r
+\r
+12:27 Son of man, behold, they of the house of Israel say, The vision\r
+that he seeth is for many days to come, and he prophesieth of the\r
+times that are far off.\r
+\r
+12:28 Therefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; There shall\r
+none of my words be prolonged any more, but the word which I have\r
+spoken shall be done, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+13:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 13:2 Son of man,\r
+prophesy against the prophets of Israel that prophesy, and say thou\r
+unto them that prophesy out of their own hearts, Hear ye the word of\r
+the LORD; 13:3 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe unto the foolish prophets,\r
+that follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing! 13:4 O Israel,\r
+thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts.\r
+\r
+13:5 Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for\r
+the house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:6 They have seen vanity and lying divination, saying, The LORD\r
+saith: and the LORD hath not sent them: and they have made others to\r
+hope that they would confirm the word.\r
+\r
+13:7 Have ye not seen a vain vision, and have ye not spoken a lying\r
+divination, whereas ye say, The LORD saith it; albeit I have not\r
+spoken? 13:8 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have\r
+spoken vanity, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you,\r
+saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+13:9 And mine hand shall be upon the prophets that see vanity, and\r
+that divine lies: they shall not be in the assembly of my people,\r
+neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel,\r
+neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and ye shall know\r
+that I am the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+13:10 Because, even because they have seduced my people, saying,\r
+Peace; and there was no peace; and one built up a wall, and, lo,\r
+others daubed it with untempered morter: 13:11 Say unto them which\r
+daub it with untempered morter, that it shall fall: there shall be an\r
+overflowing shower; and ye, O great hailstones, shall fall; and a\r
+stormy wind shall rend it.\r
+\r
+13:12 Lo, when the wall is fallen, shall it not be said unto you,\r
+Where is the daubing wherewith ye have daubed it? 13:13 Therefore\r
+thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even rend it with a stormy wind in my\r
+fury; and there shall be an overflowing shower in mine anger, and\r
+great hailstones in my fury to consume it.\r
+\r
+13:14 So will I break down the wall that ye have daubed with\r
+untempered morter, and bring it down to the ground, so that the\r
+foundation thereof shall be discovered, and it shall fall, and ye\r
+shall be consumed in the midst thereof: and ye shall know that I am\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:15 Thus will I accomplish my wrath upon the wall, and upon them\r
+that have daubed it with untempered morter, and will say unto you, The\r
+wall is no more, neither they that daubed it; 13:16 To wit, the\r
+prophets of Israel which prophesy concerning Jerusalem, and which see\r
+visions of peace for her, and there is no peace, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+13:17 Likewise, thou son of man, set thy face against the daughters of\r
+thy people, which prophesy out of their own heart; and prophesy thou\r
+against them, 13:18 And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the women\r
+that sew pillows to all armholes, and make kerchiefs upon the head of\r
+every stature to hunt souls! Will ye hunt the souls of my people, and\r
+will ye save the souls alive that come unto you? 13:19 And will ye\r
+pollute me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of\r
+bread, to slay the souls that should not die, and to save the souls\r
+alive that should not live, by your lying to my people that hear your\r
+lies? 13:20 Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against\r
+your pillows, wherewith ye there hunt the souls to make them fly, and\r
+I will tear them from your arms, and will let the souls go, even the\r
+souls that ye hunt to make them fly.\r
+\r
+13:21 Your kerchiefs also will I tear, and deliver my people out of\r
+your hand, and they shall be no more in your hand to be hunted; and ye\r
+shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+13:22 Because with lies ye have made the heart of the righteous sad,\r
+whom I have not made sad; and strengthened the hands of the wicked,\r
+that he should not return from his wicked way, by promising him life:\r
+13:23 Therefore ye shall see no more vanity, nor divine divinations:\r
+for I will deliver my people out of your hand: and ye shall know that\r
+I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:1 Then came certain of the elders of Israel unto me, and sat before\r
+me.\r
+\r
+14:2 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 14:3 Son of man,\r
+these men have set up their idols in their heart, and put the\r
+stumblingblock of their iniquity before their face: should I be\r
+enquired of at all by them? 14:4 Therefore speak unto them, and say\r
+unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Every man of the house of Israel\r
+that setteth up his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock\r
+of his iniquity before his face, and cometh to the prophet; I the LORD\r
+will answer him that cometh according to the multitude of his idols;\r
+14:5 That I may take the house of Israel in their own heart, because\r
+they are all estranged from me through their idols.\r
+\r
+14:6 Therefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Repent, and turn yourselves from your idols; and turn away your faces\r
+from all your abominations.\r
+\r
+14:7 For every one of the house of Israel, or of the stranger that\r
+sojourneth in Israel, which separateth himself from me, and setteth up\r
+his idols in his heart, and putteth the stumblingblock of his iniquity\r
+before his face, and cometh to a prophet to enquire of him concerning\r
+me; I the LORD will answer him by myself: 14:8 And I will set my face\r
+against that man, and will make him a sign and a proverb, and I will\r
+cut him off from the midst of my people; and ye shall know that I am\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:9 And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the\r
+LORD have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon\r
+him, and will destroy him from the midst of my people Israel.\r
+\r
+14:10 And they shall bear the punishment of their iniquity: the\r
+punishment of the prophet shall be even as the punishment of him that\r
+seeketh unto him; 14:11 That the house of Israel may go no more astray\r
+from me, neither be polluted any more with all their transgressions;\r
+but that they may be my people, and I may be their God, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+14:12 The word of the LORD came again to me, saying, 14:13 Son of man,\r
+when the land sinneth against me by trespassing grievously, then will\r
+I stretch out mine hand upon it, and will break the staff of the bread\r
+thereof, and will send famine upon it, and will cut off man and beast\r
+from it: 14:14 Though these three men, Noah, Daniel, and Job, were in\r
+it, they should deliver but their own souls by their righteousness,\r
+saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+14:15 If I cause noisome beasts to pass through the land, and they\r
+spoil it, so that it be desolate, that no man may pass through because\r
+of the beasts: 14:16 Though these three men were in it, as I live,\r
+saith the Lord GOD, they shall deliver neither sons nor daughters;\r
+they only shall be delivered, but the land shall be desolate.\r
+\r
+14:17 Or if I bring a sword upon that land, and say, Sword, go through\r
+the land; so that I cut off man and beast from it: 14:18 Though these\r
+three men were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall\r
+deliver neither sons nor daughters, but they only shall be delivered\r
+themselves.\r
+\r
+14:19 Or if I send a pestilence into that land, and pour out my fury\r
+upon it in blood, to cut off from it man and beast: 14:20 Though Noah,\r
+Daniel, and Job were in it, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, they shall\r
+deliver neither son nor daughter; they shall but deliver their own\r
+souls by their righteousness.\r
+\r
+14:21 For thus saith the Lord GOD; How much more when I send my four\r
+sore judgments upon Jerusalem, the sword, and the famine, and the\r
+noisome beast, and the pestilence, to cut off from it man and beast?\r
+14:22 Yet, behold, therein shall be left a remnant that shall be\r
+brought forth, both sons and daughters: behold, they shall come forth\r
+unto you, and ye shall see their way and their doings: and ye shall be\r
+comforted concerning the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, even\r
+concerning all that I have brought upon it.\r
+\r
+14:23 And they shall comfort you, when ye see their ways and their\r
+doings: and ye shall know that I have not done without cause all that\r
+I have done in it, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+15:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 15:2 Son of man,\r
+what is the vine tree more than any tree, or than a branch which is\r
+among the trees of the forest? 15:3 Shall wood be taken thereof to do\r
+any work? or will men take a pin of it to hang any vessel thereon?\r
+15:4 Behold, it is cast into the fire for fuel; the fire devoureth\r
+both the ends of it, and the midst of it is burned. Is it meet for any\r
+work? 15:5 Behold, when it was whole, it was meet for no work: how\r
+much less shall it be meet yet for any work, when the fire hath\r
+devoured it, and it is burned? 15:6 Therefore thus saith the Lord\r
+GOD; As the vine tree among the trees of the forest, which I have\r
+given to the fire for fuel, so will I give the inhabitants of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:7 And I will set my face against them; they shall go out from one\r
+fire, and another fire shall devour them; and ye shall know that I am\r
+the LORD, when I set my face against them.\r
+\r
+15:8 And I will make the land desolate, because they have committed a\r
+trespass, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+16:1 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 16:2 Son of man,\r
+cause Jerusalem to know her abominations, 16:3 And say, Thus saith the\r
+Lord GOD unto Jerusalem; Thy birth and thy nativity is of the land of\r
+Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite.\r
+\r
+16:4 And as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born thy navel was\r
+not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast\r
+not salted at all, nor swaddled at all.\r
+\r
+16:5 None eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have\r
+compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the\r
+lothing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born.\r
+\r
+16:6 And when I passed by thee, and saw thee polluted in thine own\r
+blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live; yea, I said\r
+unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, Live.\r
+\r
+16:7 I have caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou\r
+hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent\r
+ornaments: thy breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas\r
+thou wast naked and bare.\r
+\r
+16:8 Now when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time\r
+was the time of love; and I spread my skirt over thee, and covered thy\r
+nakedness: yea, I sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with\r
+thee, saith the Lord GOD, and thou becamest mine.\r
+\r
+16:9 Then washed I thee with water; yea, I throughly washed away thy\r
+blood from thee, and I anointed thee with oil.\r
+\r
+16:10 I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with\r
+badgers' skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered\r
+thee with silk.\r
+\r
+16:11 I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy\r
+hands, and a chain on thy neck.\r
+\r
+16:12 And I put a jewel on thy forehead, and earrings in thine ears,\r
+and a beautiful crown upon thine head.\r
+\r
+16:13 Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy raiment was\r
+of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work; thou didst eat fine\r
+flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou\r
+didst prosper into a kingdom.\r
+\r
+16:14 And thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for\r
+it was perfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+16:15 But thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the\r
+harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on\r
+every one that passed by; his it was.\r
+\r
+16:16 And of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high\r
+places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the\r
+like things shall not come, neither shall it be so.\r
+\r
+16:17 Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my\r
+silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men,\r
+and didst commit whoredom with them, 16:18 And tookest thy broidered\r
+garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set mine oil and mine\r
+incense before them.\r
+\r
+16:19 My meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey,\r
+wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet\r
+savour: and thus it was, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+16:20 Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, whom thou\r
+hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto them to be\r
+devoured. Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter, 16:21 That thou\r
+hast slain my children, and delivered them to cause them to pass\r
+through the fire for them? 16:22 And in all thine abominations and\r
+thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, when\r
+thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood.\r
+\r
+16:23 And it came to pass after all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto\r
+thee! saith the LORD GOD;) 16:24 That thou hast also built unto thee\r
+an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street.\r
+\r
+16:25 Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and\r
+hast made thy beauty to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every\r
+one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms.\r
+\r
+16:26 Thou hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy\r
+neighbours, great of flesh; and hast increased thy whoredoms, to\r
+provoke me to anger.\r
+\r
+16:27 Behold, therefore I have stretched out my hand over thee, and\r
+have diminished thine ordinary food, and delivered thee unto the will\r
+of them that hate thee, the daughters of the Philistines, which are\r
+ashamed of thy lewd way.\r
+\r
+16:28 Thou hast played the whore also with the Assyrians, because thou\r
+wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet\r
+couldest not be satisfied.\r
+\r
+16:29 Thou hast moreover multiplied thy fornication in the land of\r
+Canaan unto Chaldea; and yet thou wast not satisfied therewith.\r
+\r
+16:30 How weak is thine heart, saith the LORD GOD, seeing thou doest\r
+all these things, the work of an imperious whorish woman; 16:31 In\r
+that thou buildest thine eminent place in the head of every way, and\r
+makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an\r
+harlot, in that thou scornest hire; 16:32 But as a wife that\r
+committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband!\r
+16:33 They give gifts to all whores: but thou givest thy gifts to all\r
+thy lovers, and hirest them, that they may come unto thee on every\r
+side for thy whoredom.\r
+\r
+16:34 And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms,\r
+whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou\r
+givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee, therefore thou art\r
+contrary.\r
+\r
+16:35 Wherefore, O harlot, hear the word of the LORD: 16:36 Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness\r
+discovered through thy whoredoms with thy lovers, and with all the\r
+idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which\r
+thou didst give unto them; 16:37 Behold, therefore I will gather all\r
+thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou\r
+hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather\r
+them round about against thee, and will discover thy nakedness unto\r
+them, that they may see all thy nakedness.\r
+\r
+16:38 And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed\r
+blood are judged; and I will give thee blood in fury and jealousy.\r
+\r
+16:39 And I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw\r
+down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they\r
+shall strip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels,\r
+and leave thee naked and bare.\r
+\r
+16:40 They shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall\r
+stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords.\r
+\r
+16:41 And they shall burn thine houses with fire, and execute\r
+judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: and I will cause thee\r
+to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any\r
+more.\r
+\r
+16:42 So will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy\r
+shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more\r
+angry.\r
+\r
+16:43 Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast\r
+fretted me in all these things; behold, therefore I also will\r
+recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD: and thou shalt\r
+not commit this lewdness above all thine abominations.\r
+\r
+16:44 Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb\r
+against thee, saying, As is the mother, so is her daughter.\r
+\r
+16:45 Thou art thy mother's daughter, that lotheth her husband and her\r
+children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which lothed their\r
+husbands and their children: your mother was an Hittite, and your\r
+father an Amorite.\r
+\r
+16:46 And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that\r
+dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy\r
+right hand, is Sodom and her daughters.\r
+\r
+16:47 Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their\r
+abominations: but, as if that were a very little thing, thou wast\r
+corrupted more than they in all thy ways.\r
+\r
+16:48 As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hath not done,\r
+she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters.\r
+\r
+16:49 Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride,\r
+fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her\r
+daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy.\r
+\r
+16:50 And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me:\r
+therefore I took them away as I saw good.\r
+\r
+16:51 Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast\r
+multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy\r
+sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done.\r
+\r
+16:52 Thou also, which hast judged thy sisters, bear thine own shame\r
+for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they\r
+are more righteous than thou: yea, be thou confounded also, and bear\r
+thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters.\r
+\r
+16:53 When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom\r
+and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters,\r
+then will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of\r
+them: 16:54 That thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be\r
+confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto\r
+them.\r
+\r
+16:55 When thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their\r
+former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their\r
+former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former\r
+estate.\r
+\r
+16:56 For thy sister Sodom was not mentioned by thy mouth in the day\r
+of thy pride, 16:57 Before thy wickedness was discovered, as at the\r
+time of thy reproach of the daughters of Syria, and all that are round\r
+about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which despise thee round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+16:58 Thou hast borne thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+16:59 For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will even deal with thee as thou\r
+hast done, which hast despised the oath in breaking the covenant.\r
+\r
+16:60 Nevertheless I will remember my covenant with thee in the days\r
+of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant.\r
+\r
+16:61 Then thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou\r
+shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will\r
+give them unto thee for daughters, but not by thy covenant.\r
+\r
+16:62 And I will establish my covenant with thee; and thou shalt know\r
+that I am the LORD: 16:63 That thou mayest remember, and be\r
+confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame,\r
+when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+17:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 17:2 Son of man,\r
+put forth a riddle, and speak a parable unto the house of Israel; 17:3\r
+And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; A great eagle with great wings,\r
+longwinged, full of feathers, which had divers colours, came unto\r
+Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar: 17:4 He cropped off\r
+the top of his young twigs, and carried it into a land of traffick; he\r
+set it in a city of merchants.\r
+\r
+17:5 He took also of the seed of the land, and planted it in a\r
+fruitful field; he placed it by great waters, and set it as a willow\r
+tree.\r
+\r
+17:6 And it grew, and became a spreading vine of low stature, whose\r
+branches turned toward him, and the roots thereof were under him: so\r
+it became a vine, and brought forth branches, and shot forth sprigs.\r
+\r
+17:7 There was also another great eagle with great wings and many\r
+feathers: and, behold, this vine did bend her roots toward him, and\r
+shot forth her branches toward him, that he might water it by the\r
+furrows of her plantation.\r
+\r
+17:8 It was planted in a good soil by great waters, that it might\r
+bring forth branches, and that it might bear fruit, that it might be a\r
+goodly vine.\r
+\r
+17:9 Say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Shall it prosper? shall he not\r
+pull up the roots thereof, and cut off the fruit thereof, that it\r
+wither? it shall wither in all the leaves of her spring, even without\r
+great power or many people to pluck it up by the roots thereof.\r
+\r
+17:10 Yea, behold, being planted, shall it prosper? shall it not\r
+utterly wither, when the east wind toucheth it? it shall wither in the\r
+furrows where it grew.\r
+\r
+17:11 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 17:12 Say\r
+now to the rebellious house, Know ye not what these things mean? tell\r
+them, Behold, the king of Babylon is come to Jerusalem, and hath taken\r
+the king thereof, and the princes thereof, and led them with him to\r
+Babylon; 17:13 And hath taken of the king's seed, and made a covenant\r
+with him, and hath taken an oath of him: he hath also taken the mighty\r
+of the land: 17:14 That the kingdom might be base, that it might not\r
+lift itself up, but that by keeping of his covenant it might stand.\r
+\r
+17:15 But he rebelled against him in sending his ambassadors into\r
+Egypt, that they might give him horses and much people. Shall he\r
+prosper? shall he escape that doeth such things? or shall he break the\r
+covenant, and be delivered? 17:16 As I live, saith the Lord GOD,\r
+surely in the place where the king dwelleth that made him king, whose\r
+oath he despised, and whose covenant he brake, even with him in the\r
+midst of Babylon he shall die.\r
+\r
+17:17 Neither shall Pharaoh with his mighty army and great company\r
+make for him in the war, by casting up mounts, and building forts, to\r
+cut off many persons: 17:18 Seeing he despised the oath by breaking\r
+the covenant, when, lo, he had given his hand, and hath done all these\r
+things, he shall not escape.\r
+\r
+17:19 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As I live, surely mine oath\r
+that he hath despised, and my covenant that he hath broken, even it\r
+will I recompense upon his own head.\r
+\r
+17:20 And I will spread my net upon him, and he shall be taken in my\r
+snare, and I will bring him to Babylon, and will plead with him there\r
+for his trespass that he hath trespassed against me.\r
+\r
+17:21 And all his fugitives with all his bands shall fall by the\r
+sword, and they that remain shall be scattered toward all winds: and\r
+ye shall know that I the LORD have spoken it.\r
+\r
+17:22 Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also take of the highest branch\r
+of the high cedar, and will set it; I will crop off from the top of\r
+his young twigs a tender one, and will plant it upon an high mountain\r
+and eminent: 17:23 In the mountain of the height of Israel will I\r
+plant it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a\r
+goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the\r
+shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell.\r
+\r
+17:24 And all the trees of the field shall know that I the LORD have\r
+brought down the high tree, have exalted the low tree, have dried up\r
+the green tree, and have made the dry tree to flourish: I the LORD\r
+have spoken and have done it.\r
+\r
+18:1 The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, 18:2 What mean\r
+ye, that ye use this proverb concerning the land of Israel, saying,\r
+The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set\r
+on edge? 18:3 As I live, saith the Lord GOD, ye shall not have\r
+occasion any more to use this proverb in Israel.\r
+\r
+18:4 Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also\r
+the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die.\r
+\r
+18:5 But if a man be just, and do that which is lawful and right, 18:6\r
+And hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his eyes\r
+to the idols of the house of Israel, neither hath defiled his\r
+neighbour's wife, neither hath come near to a menstruous woman, 18:7\r
+And hath not oppressed any, but hath restored to the debtor his\r
+pledge, hath spoiled none by violence, hath given his bread to the\r
+hungry, and hath covered the naked with a garment; 18:8 He that hath\r
+not given forth upon usury, neither hath taken any increase, that hath\r
+withdrawn his hand from iniquity, hath executed true judgment between\r
+man and man, 18:9 Hath walked in my statutes, and hath kept my\r
+judgments, to deal truly; he is just, he shall surely live, saith the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+18:10 If he beget a son that is a robber, a shedder of blood, and that\r
+doeth the like to any one of these things, 18:11 And that doeth not\r
+any of those duties, but even hath eaten upon the mountains, and\r
+defiled his neighbour's wife, 18:12 Hath oppressed the poor and needy,\r
+hath spoiled by violence, hath not restored the pledge, and hath\r
+lifted up his eyes to the idols, hath committed abomination, 18:13\r
+Hath given forth upon usury, and hath taken increase: shall he then\r
+live? he shall not live: he hath done all these abominations; he shall\r
+surely die; his blood shall be upon him.\r
+\r
+18:14 Now, lo, if he beget a son, that seeth all his father's sins\r
+which he hath done, and considereth, and doeth not such like, 18:15\r
+That hath not eaten upon the mountains, neither hath lifted up his\r
+eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, hath not defiled his\r
+neighbour's wife, 18:16 Neither hath oppressed any, hath not\r
+withholden the pledge, neither hath spoiled by violence, but hath\r
+given his bread to the hungry, and hath covered the naked with a\r
+garment, 18:17 That hath taken off his hand from the poor, that hath\r
+not received usury nor increase, hath executed my judgments, hath\r
+walked in my statutes; he shall not die for the iniquity of his\r
+father, he shall surely live.\r
+\r
+18:18 As for his father, because he cruelly oppressed, spoiled his\r
+brother by violence, and did that which is not good among his people,\r
+lo, even he shall die in his iniquity.\r
+\r
+18:19 Yet say ye, Why? doth not the son bear the iniquity of the\r
+father? When the son hath done that which is lawful and right, and\r
+hath kept all my statutes, and hath done them, he shall surely live.\r
+\r
+18:20 The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the\r
+iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of\r
+the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the\r
+wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him.\r
+\r
+18:21 But if the wicked will turn from all his sins that he hath\r
+committed, and keep all my statutes, and do that which is lawful and\r
+right, he shall surely live, he shall not die.\r
+\r
+18:22 All his transgressions that he hath committed, they shall not be\r
+mentioned unto him: in his righteousness that he hath done he shall\r
+live.\r
+\r
+18:23 Have I any pleasure at all that the wicked should die? saith the\r
+Lord GOD: and not that he should return from his ways, and live?\r
+18:24 But when the righteous turneth away from his righteousness, and\r
+committeth iniquity, and doeth according to all the abominations that\r
+the wicked man doeth, shall he live? All his righteousness that he\r
+hath done shall not be mentioned: in his trespass that he hath\r
+trespassed, and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die.\r
+\r
+18:25 Yet ye say, The way of the LORD is not equal. Hear now, O house\r
+of Israel; Is not my way equal? are not your ways unequal? 18:26 When\r
+a righteous man turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth\r
+iniquity, and dieth in them; for his iniquity that he hath done shall\r
+he die.\r
+\r
+18:27 Again, when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness that\r
+he hath committed, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall\r
+save his soul alive.\r
+\r
+18:28 Because he considereth, and turneth away from all his\r
+transgressions that he hath committed, he shall surely live, he shall\r
+not die.\r
+\r
+18:29 Yet saith the house of Israel, The way of the LORD is not equal.\r
+O house of Israel, are not my ways equal? are not your ways unequal?\r
+18:30 Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, every one\r
+according to his ways, saith the Lord GOD. Repent, and turn yourselves\r
+from all your transgressions; so iniquity shall not be your ruin.\r
+\r
+18:31 Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have\r
+transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit: for why will\r
+ye die, O house of Israel? 18:32 For I have no pleasure in the death\r
+of him that dieth, saith the Lord GOD: wherefore turn yourselves, and\r
+live ye.\r
+\r
+19:1 Moreover take thou up a lamentation for the princes of Israel,\r
+19:2 And say, What is thy mother? A lioness: she lay down among lions,\r
+she nourished her whelps among young lions.\r
+\r
+19:3 And she brought up one of her whelps: it became a young lion, and\r
+it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men.\r
+\r
+19:4 The nations also heard of him; he was taken in their pit, and\r
+they brought him with chains unto the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+19:5 Now when she saw that she had waited, and her hope was lost, then\r
+she took another of her whelps, and made him a young lion.\r
+\r
+19:6 And he went up and down among the lions, he became a young lion,\r
+and learned to catch the prey, and devoured men.\r
+\r
+19:7 And he knew their desolate palaces, and he laid waste their\r
+cities; and the land was desolate, and the fulness thereof, by the\r
+noise of his roaring.\r
+\r
+19:8 Then the nations set against him on every side from the\r
+provinces, and spread their net over him: he was taken in their pit.\r
+\r
+19:9 And they put him in ward in chains, and brought him to the king\r
+of Babylon: they brought him into holds, that his voice should no more\r
+be heard upon the mountains of Israel.\r
+\r
+19:10 Thy mother is like a vine in thy blood, planted by the waters:\r
+she was fruitful and full of branches by reason of many waters.\r
+\r
+19:11 And she had strong rods for the sceptres of them that bare rule,\r
+and her stature was exalted among the thick branches, and she appeared\r
+in her height with the multitude of her branches.\r
+\r
+19:12 But she was plucked up in fury, she was cast down to the ground,\r
+and the east wind dried up her fruit: her strong rods were broken and\r
+withered; the fire consumed them.\r
+\r
+19:13 And now she is planted in the wilderness, in a dry and thirsty\r
+ground.\r
+\r
+19:14 And fire is gone out of a rod of her branches, which hath\r
+devoured her fruit, so that she hath no strong rod to be a sceptre to\r
+rule. This is a lamentation, and shall be for a lamentation.\r
+\r
+20:1 And it came to pass in the seventh year, in the fifth month, the\r
+tenth day of the month, that certain of the elders of Israel came to\r
+enquire of the LORD, and sat before me.\r
+\r
+20:2 Then came the word of the LORD unto me, saying, 20:3 Son of man,\r
+speak unto the elders of Israel, and say unto them, Thus saith the\r
+Lord GOD; Are ye come to enquire of me? As I live, saith the Lord GOD,\r
+I will not be enquired of by you.\r
+\r
+20:4 Wilt thou judge them, son of man, wilt thou judge them? cause\r
+them to know the abominations of their fathers: 20:5 And say unto\r
+them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when I chose Israel, and\r
+lifted up mine hand unto the seed of the house of Jacob, and made\r
+myself known unto them in the land of Egypt, when I lifted up mine\r
+hand unto them, saying, I am the LORD your God; 20:6 In the day that I\r
+lifted up mine hand unto them, to bring them forth of the land of\r
+Egypt into a land that I had espied for them, flowing with milk and\r
+honey, which is the glory of all lands: 20:7 Then said I unto them,\r
+Cast ye away every man the abominations of his eyes, and defile not\r
+yourselves with the idols of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+20:8 But they rebelled against me, and would not hearken unto me: they\r
+did not every man cast away the abominations of their eyes, neither\r
+did they forsake the idols of Egypt: then I said, I will pour out my\r
+fury upon them, to accomplish my anger against them in the midst of\r
+the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+20:9 But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted\r
+before the heathen, among whom they were, in whose sight I made myself\r
+known unto them, in bringing them forth out of the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+20:10 Wherefore I caused them to go forth out of the land of Egypt,\r
+and brought them into the wilderness.\r
+\r
+20:11 And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which\r
+if a man do, he shall even live in them.\r
+\r
+20:12 Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me\r
+and them, that they might know that I am the LORD that sanctify them.\r
+\r
+20:13 But the house of Israel rebelled against me in the wilderness:\r
+they walked not in my statutes, and they despised my judgments, which\r
+if a man do, he shall even live in them; and my sabbaths they greatly\r
+polluted: then I said, I would pour out my fury upon them in the\r
+wilderness, to consume them.\r
+\r
+20:14 But I wrought for my name's sake, that it should not be polluted\r
+before the heathen, in whose sight I brought them out.\r
+\r
+20:15 Yet also I lifted up my hand unto them in the wilderness, that I\r
+would not bring them into the land which I had given them, flowing\r
+with milk and honey, which is the glory of all lands; 20:16 Because\r
+they despised my judgments, and walked not in my statutes, but\r
+polluted my sabbaths: for their heart went after their idols.\r
+\r
+20:17 Nevertheless mine eye spared them from destroying them, neither\r
+did I make an end of them in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+20:18 But I said unto their children in the wilderness, Walk ye not in\r
+the statutes of your fathers, neither observe their judgments, nor\r
+defile yourselves with their idols: 20:19 I am the LORD your God; walk\r
+in my statutes, and keep my judgments, and do them; 20:20 And hallow\r
+my sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between me and you, that ye may\r
+know that I am the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+20:21 Notwithstanding the children rebelled against me: they walked\r
+not in my statutes, neither kept my judgments to do them, which if a\r
+man do, he shall even live in them; they polluted my sabbaths: then I\r
+said, I would pour out my fury upon them, to accomplish my anger\r
+against them in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+20:22 Nevertheless I withdrew mine hand, and wrought for my name's\r
+sake, that it should not be polluted in the sight of the heathen, in\r
+whose sight I brought them forth.\r
+\r
+20:23 I lifted up mine hand unto them also in the wilderness, that I\r
+would scatter them among the heathen, and disperse them through the\r
+countries; 20:24 Because they had not executed my judgments, but had\r
+despised my statutes, and had polluted my sabbaths, and their eyes\r
+were after their fathers' idols.\r
+\r
+20:25 Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and\r
+judgments whereby they should not live; 20:26 And I polluted them in\r
+their own gifts, in that they caused to pass through the fire all that\r
+openeth the womb, that I might make them desolate, to the end that\r
+they might know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:27 Therefore, son of man, speak unto the house of Israel, and say\r
+unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Yet in this your fathers have\r
+blasphemed me, in that they have committed a trespass against me.\r
+\r
+20:28 For when I had brought them into the land, for the which I\r
+lifted up mine hand to give it to them, then they saw every high hill,\r
+and all the thick trees, and they offered there their sacrifices, and\r
+there they presented the provocation of their offering: there also\r
+they made their sweet savour, and poured out there their drink\r
+offerings.\r
+\r
+20:29 Then I said unto them, What is the high place whereunto ye go?\r
+And the name whereof is called Bamah unto this day.\r
+\r
+20:30 Wherefore say unto the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Are ye polluted after the manner of your fathers? and commit ye\r
+whoredom after their abominations? 20:31 For when ye offer your\r
+gifts, when ye make your sons to pass through the fire, ye pollute\r
+yourselves with all your idols, even unto this day: and shall I be\r
+enquired of by you, O house of Israel? As I live, saith the Lord GOD,\r
+I will not be enquired of by you.\r
+\r
+20:32 And that which cometh into your mind shall not be at all, that\r
+ye say, We will be as the heathen, as the families of the countries,\r
+to serve wood and stone.\r
+\r
+20:33 As I live, saith the Lord GOD, surely with a mighty hand, and\r
+with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out, will I rule over\r
+you: 20:34 And I will bring you out from the people, and will gather\r
+you out of the countries wherein ye are scattered, with a mighty hand,\r
+and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out.\r
+\r
+20:35 And I will bring you into the wilderness of the people, and\r
+there will I plead with you face to face.\r
+\r
+20:36 Like as I pleaded with your fathers in the wilderness of the\r
+land of Egypt, so will I plead with you, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+20:37 And I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you\r
+into the bond of the covenant: 20:38 And I will purge out from among\r
+you the rebels, and them that transgress against me: I will bring them\r
+forth out of the country where they sojourn, and they shall not enter\r
+into the land of Israel: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:39 As for you, O house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD; Go ye,\r
+serve ye every one his idols, and hereafter also, if ye will not\r
+hearken unto me: but pollute ye my holy name no more with your gifts,\r
+and with your idols.\r
+\r
+20:40 For in mine holy mountain, in the mountain of the height of\r
+Israel, saith the Lord GOD, there shall all the house of Israel, all\r
+of them in the land, serve me: there will I accept them, and there\r
+will I require your offerings, and the firstfruits of your oblations,\r
+with all your holy things.\r
+\r
+20:41 I will accept you with your sweet savour, when I bring you out\r
+from the people, and gather you out of the countries wherein ye have\r
+been scattered; and I will be sanctified in you before the heathen.\r
+\r
+20:42 And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall bring you\r
+into the land of Israel, into the country for the which I lifted up\r
+mine hand to give it to your fathers.\r
+\r
+20:43 And there shall ye remember your ways, and all your doings,\r
+wherein ye have been defiled; and ye shall lothe yourselves in your\r
+own sight for all your evils that ye have committed.\r
+\r
+20:44 And ye shall know that I am the LORD when I have wrought with\r
+you for my name's sake, not according to your wicked ways, nor\r
+according to your corrupt doings, O ye house of Israel, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+20:45 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 20:46 Son of\r
+man, set thy face toward the south, and drop thy word toward the\r
+south, and prophesy against the forest of the south field; 20:47 And\r
+say to the forest of the south, Hear the word of the LORD; Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; Behold, I will kindle a fire in thee, and it shall\r
+devour every green tree in thee, and every dry tree: the flaming flame\r
+shall not be quenched, and all faces from the south to the north shall\r
+be burned therein.\r
+\r
+20:48 And all flesh shall see that I the LORD have kindled it: it\r
+shall not be quenched.\r
+\r
+20:49 Then said I, Ah Lord GOD! they say of me, Doth he not speak\r
+parables? 21:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 21:2\r
+Son of man, set thy face toward Jerusalem, and drop thy word toward\r
+the holy places, and prophesy against the land of Israel, 21:3 And say\r
+to the land of Israel, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I am against thee,\r
+and will draw forth my sword out of his sheath, and will cut off from\r
+thee the righteous and the wicked.\r
+\r
+21:4 Seeing then that I will cut off from thee the righteous and the\r
+wicked, therefore shall my sword go forth out of his sheath against\r
+all flesh from the south to the north: 21:5 That all flesh may know\r
+that I the LORD have drawn forth my sword out of his sheath: it shall\r
+not return any more.\r
+\r
+21:6 Sigh therefore, thou son of man, with the breaking of thy loins;\r
+and with bitterness sigh before their eyes.\r
+\r
+21:7 And it shall be, when they say unto thee, Wherefore sighest thou?\r
+that thou shalt answer, For the tidings; because it cometh: and every\r
+heart shall melt, and all hands shall be feeble, and every spirit\r
+shall faint, and all knees shall be weak as water: behold, it cometh,\r
+and shall be brought to pass, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+21:8 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 21:9 Son of man,\r
+prophesy, and say, Thus saith the LORD; Say, A sword, a sword is\r
+sharpened, and also furbished: 21:10 It is sharpened to make a sore\r
+slaughter; it is furbished that it may glitter: should we then make\r
+mirth? it contemneth the rod of my son, as every tree.\r
+\r
+21:11 And he hath given it to be furbished, that it may be handled:\r
+this sword is sharpened, and it is furbished, to give it into the hand\r
+of the slayer.\r
+\r
+21:12 Cry and howl, son of man: for it shall be upon my people, it\r
+shall be upon all the princes of Israel: terrors by reason of the\r
+sword shall be upon my people: smite therefore upon thy thigh.\r
+\r
+21:13 Because it is a trial, and what if the sword contemn even the\r
+rod? it shall be no more, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+21:14 Thou therefore, son of man, prophesy, and smite thine hands\r
+together. and let the sword be doubled the third time, the sword of\r
+the slain: it is the sword of the great men that are slain, which\r
+entereth into their privy chambers.\r
+\r
+21:15 I have set the point of the sword against all their gates, that\r
+their heart may faint, and their ruins be multiplied: ah! it is made\r
+bright, it is wrapped up for the slaughter.\r
+\r
+21:16 Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the\r
+left, whithersoever thy face is set.\r
+\r
+21:17 I will also smite mine hands together, and I will cause my fury\r
+to rest: I the LORD have said it.\r
+\r
+21:18 The word of the LORD came unto me again, saying, 21:19 Also,\r
+thou son of man, appoint thee two ways, that the sword of the king of\r
+Babylon may come: both twain shall come forth out of one land: and\r
+choose thou a place, choose it at the head of the way to the city.\r
+\r
+21:20 Appoint a way, that the sword may come to Rabbath of the\r
+Ammonites, and to Judah in Jerusalem the defenced.\r
+\r
+21:21 For the king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the\r
+head of the two ways, to use divination: he made his arrows bright, he\r
+consulted with images, he looked in the liver.\r
+\r
+21:22 At his right hand was the divination for Jerusalem, to appoint\r
+captains, to open the mouth in the slaughter, to lift up the voice\r
+with shouting, to appoint battering rams against the gates, to cast a\r
+mount, and to build a fort.\r
+\r
+21:23 And it shall be unto them as a false divination in their sight,\r
+to them that have sworn oaths: but he will call to remembrance the\r
+iniquity, that they may be taken.\r
+\r
+21:24 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye have made your\r
+iniquity to be remembered, in that your transgressions are discovered,\r
+so that in all your doings your sins do appear; because, I say, that\r
+ye are come to remembrance, ye shall be taken with the hand.\r
+\r
+21:25 And thou, profane wicked prince of Israel, whose day is come,\r
+when iniquity shall have an end, 21:26 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Remove\r
+the diadem, and take off the crown: this shall not be the same: exalt\r
+him that is low, and abase him that is high.\r
+\r
+21:27 I will overturn, overturn, overturn, it: and it shall be no\r
+more, until he come whose right it is; and I will give it him.\r
+\r
+21:28 And thou, son of man, prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD\r
+concerning the Ammonites, and concerning their reproach; even say\r
+thou, The sword, the sword is drawn: for the slaughter it is\r
+furbished, to consume because of the glittering: 21:29 Whiles they see\r
+vanity unto thee, whiles they divine a lie unto thee, to bring thee\r
+upon the necks of them that are slain, of the wicked, whose day is\r
+come, when their iniquity shall have an end.\r
+\r
+21:30 Shall I cause it to return into his sheath? I will judge thee in\r
+the place where thou wast created, in the land of thy nativity.\r
+\r
+21:31 And I will pour out mine indignation upon thee, I will blow\r
+against thee in the fire of my wrath, and deliver thee into the hand\r
+of brutish men, and skilful to destroy.\r
+\r
+21:32 Thou shalt be for fuel to the fire; thy blood shall be in the\r
+midst of the land; thou shalt be no more remembered: for I the LORD\r
+have spoken it.\r
+\r
+22:1 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 22:2 Now,\r
+thou son of man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city?\r
+yea, thou shalt shew her all her abominations.\r
+\r
+22:3 Then say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD, The city sheddeth blood\r
+in the midst of it, that her time may come, and maketh idols against\r
+herself to defile herself.\r
+\r
+22:4 Thou art become guilty in thy blood that thou hast shed; and hast\r
+defiled thyself in thine idols which thou hast made; and thou hast\r
+caused thy days to draw near, and art come even unto thy years:\r
+therefore have I made thee a reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking\r
+to all countries.\r
+\r
+22:5 Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall mock\r
+thee, which art infamous and much vexed.\r
+\r
+22:6 Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their\r
+power to shed blood.\r
+\r
+22:7 In thee have they set light by father and mother: in the midst of\r
+thee have they dealt by oppression with the stranger: in thee have\r
+they vexed the fatherless and the widow.\r
+\r
+22:8 Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my\r
+sabbaths.\r
+\r
+22:9 In thee are men that carry tales to shed blood: and in thee they\r
+eat upon the mountains: in the midst of thee they commit lewdness.\r
+\r
+22:10 In thee have they discovered their fathers' nakedness: in thee\r
+have they humbled her that was set apart for pollution.\r
+\r
+22:11 And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife;\r
+and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law; and another in\r
+thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter.\r
+\r
+22:12 In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken\r
+usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by\r
+extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+22:13 Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain\r
+which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+22:14 Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the\r
+days that I shall deal with thee? I the LORD have spoken it, and will\r
+do it.\r
+\r
+22:15 And I will scatter thee among the heathen, and disperse thee in\r
+the countries, and will consume thy filthiness out of thee.\r
+\r
+22:16 And thou shalt take thine inheritance in thyself in the sight of\r
+the heathen, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+22:17 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 22:18 Son of man,\r
+the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and\r
+tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even\r
+the dross of silver.\r
+\r
+22:19 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye are all become\r
+dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+22:20 As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin,\r
+into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it;\r
+so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave\r
+you there, and melt you.\r
+\r
+22:21 Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my\r
+wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst therof.\r
+\r
+22:22 As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be\r
+melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the LORD have\r
+poured out my fury upon you.\r
+\r
+22:23 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 22:24 Son of man,\r
+say unto her, Thou art the land that is not cleansed, nor rained upon\r
+in the day of indignation.\r
+\r
+22:25 There is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like\r
+a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls; they have\r
+taken the treasure and precious things; they have made her many widows\r
+in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+22:26 Her priests have violated my law, and have profaned mine holy\r
+things: they have put no difference between the holy and profane,\r
+neither have they shewed difference between the unclean and the clean,\r
+and have hid their eyes from my sabbaths, and I am profaned among\r
+them.\r
+\r
+22:27 Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the\r
+prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain.\r
+\r
+22:28 And her prophets have daubed them with untempered morter, seeing\r
+vanity, and divining lies unto them, saying, Thus saith the Lord GOD,\r
+when the LORD hath not spoken.\r
+\r
+22:29 The people of the land have used oppression, and exercised\r
+robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed\r
+the stranger wrongfully.\r
+\r
+22:30 And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the\r
+hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not\r
+destroy it: but I found none.\r
+\r
+22:31 Therefore have I poured out mine indignation upon them; I have\r
+consumed them with the fire of my wrath: their own way have I\r
+recompensed upon their heads, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+23:1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 23:2 Son of man,\r
+there were two women, the daughters of one mother: 23:3 And they\r
+committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth:\r
+there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of\r
+their virginity.\r
+\r
+23:4 And the names of them were Aholah the elder, and Aholibah her\r
+sister: and they were mine, and they bare sons and daughters. Thus\r
+were their names; Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah.\r
+\r
+23:5 And Aholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on\r
+her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbours, 23:6 Which were clothed\r
+with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men,\r
+horsemen riding upon horses.\r
+\r
+23:7 Thus she committed her whoredoms with them, with all them that\r
+were the chosen men of Assyria, and with all on whom she doted: with\r
+all their idols she defiled herself.\r
+\r
+23:8 Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt: for in her\r
+youth they lay with her, and they bruised the breasts of her\r
+virginity, and poured their whoredom upon her.\r
+\r
+23:9 Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into\r
+the hand of the Assyrians, upon whom she doted.\r
+\r
+23:10 These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her\r
+daughters, and slew her with the sword: and she became famous among\r
+women; for they had executed judgment upon her.\r
+\r
+23:11 And when her sister Aholibah saw this, she was more corrupt in\r
+her inordinate love than she, and in her whoredoms more than her\r
+sister in her whoredoms.\r
+\r
+23:12 She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers\r
+clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them\r
+desirable young men.\r
+\r
+23:13 Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way,\r
+23:14 And that she increased her whoredoms: for when she saw men\r
+pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with\r
+vermilion, 23:15 Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in\r
+dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to, after\r
+the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity:\r
+23:16 And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them,\r
+and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea.\r
+\r
+23:17 And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they\r
+defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and\r
+her mind was alienated from them.\r
+\r
+23:18 So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness:\r
+then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated\r
+from her sister.\r
+\r
+23:19 Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the\r
+days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+23:20 For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh\r
+of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses.\r
+\r
+23:21 Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in\r
+bruising thy teats by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth.\r
+\r
+23:22 Therefore, O Aholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will\r
+raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy mind is alienated, and\r
+I will bring them against thee on every side; 23:23 The Babylonians,\r
+and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians\r
+with them: all of them desirable young men, captains and rulers, great\r
+lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses.\r
+\r
+23:24 And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and\r
+wheels, and with an assembly of people, which shall set against thee\r
+buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will set judgment\r
+before them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments.\r
+\r
+23:25 And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal\r
+furiously with thee: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and\r
+thy remnant shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy\r
+daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire.\r
+\r
+23:26 They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy\r
+fair jewels.\r
+\r
+23:27 Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy\r
+whoredom brought from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift\r
+up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more.\r
+\r
+23:28 For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into\r
+the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy\r
+mind is alienated: 23:29 And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and\r
+shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare:\r
+and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy\r
+lewdness and thy whoredoms.\r
+\r
+23:30 I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a\r
+whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their\r
+idols.\r
+\r
+23:31 Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give\r
+her cup into thine hand.\r
+\r
+23:32 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup\r
+deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it\r
+containeth much.\r
+\r
+23:33 Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup\r
+of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria.\r
+\r
+23:34 Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out, and thou shalt break\r
+the sherds thereof, and pluck off thine own breasts: for I have spoken\r
+it, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+23:35 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast forgotten\r
+me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness\r
+and thy whoredoms.\r
+\r
+23:36 The LORD said moreover unto me; Son of man, wilt thou judge\r
+Aholah and Aholibah? yea, declare unto them their abominations; 23:37\r
+That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and\r
+with their idols have they committed adultery, and have also caused\r
+their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire,\r
+to devour them.\r
+\r
+23:38 Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my\r
+sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths.\r
+\r
+23:39 For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they\r
+came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have\r
+they done in the midst of mine house.\r
+\r
+23:40 And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far,\r
+unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou\r
+didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with\r
+ornaments, 23:41 And satest upon a stately bed, and a table prepared\r
+before it, whereupon thou hast set mine incense and mine oil.\r
+\r
+23:42 And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with\r
+the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness,\r
+which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their\r
+heads.\r
+\r
+23:43 Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, Will they now\r
+commit whoredoms with her, and she with them? 23:44 Yet they went in\r
+unto her, as they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot: so went\r
+they in unto Aholah and unto Aholibah, the lewd women.\r
+\r
+23:45 And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of\r
+adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because\r
+they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.\r
+\r
+23:46 For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will bring up a company upon\r
+them, and will give them to be removed and spoiled.\r
+\r
+23:47 And the company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them\r
+with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and\r
+burn up their houses with fire.\r
+\r
+23:48 Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all\r
+women may be taught not to do after your lewdness.\r
+\r
+23:49 And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall\r
+bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+24:1 Again in the ninth year, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of\r
+the month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 24:2 Son of man,\r
+write thee the name of the day, even of this same day: the king of\r
+Babylon set himself against Jerusalem this same day.\r
+\r
+24:3 And utter a parable unto the rebellious house, and say unto them,\r
+Thus saith the Lord GOD; Set on a pot, set it on, and also pour water\r
+into it: 24:4 Gather the pieces thereof into it, even every good\r
+piece, the thigh, and the shoulder; fill it with the choice bones.\r
+\r
+24:5 Take the choice of the flock, and burn also the bones under it,\r
+and make it boil well, and let them seethe the bones of it therein.\r
+\r
+24:6 Wherefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city, to the\r
+pot whose scum is therein, and whose scum is not gone out of it! bring\r
+it out piece by piece; let no lot fall upon it.\r
+\r
+24:7 For her blood is in the midst of her; she set it upon the top of\r
+a rock; she poured it not upon the ground, to cover it with dust; 24:8\r
+That it might cause fury to come up to take vengeance; I have set her\r
+blood upon the top of a rock, that it should not be covered.\r
+\r
+24:9 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Woe to the bloody city! I will\r
+even make the pile for fire great.\r
+\r
+24:10 Heap on wood, kindle the fire, consume the flesh, and spice it\r
+well, and let the bones be burned.\r
+\r
+24:11 Then set it empty upon the coals thereof, that the brass of it\r
+may be hot, and may burn, and that the filthiness of it may be molten\r
+in it, that the scum of it may be consumed.\r
+\r
+24:12 She hath wearied herself with lies, and her great scum went not\r
+forth out of her: her scum shall be in the fire.\r
+\r
+24:13 In thy filthiness is lewdness: because I have purged thee, and\r
+thou wast not purged, thou shalt not be purged from thy filthiness any\r
+more, till I have caused my fury to rest upon thee.\r
+\r
+24:14 I the LORD have spoken it: it shall come to pass, and I will do\r
+it; I will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent;\r
+according to thy ways, and according to thy doings, shall they judge\r
+thee, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+24:15 Also the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 24:16 Son of\r
+man, behold, I take away from thee the desire of thine eyes with a\r
+stroke: yet neither shalt thou mourn nor weep, neither shall thy tears\r
+run down.\r
+\r
+24:17 Forbear to cry, make no mourning for the dead, bind the tire of\r
+thine head upon thee, and put on thy shoes upon thy feet, and cover\r
+not thy lips, and eat not the bread of men.\r
+\r
+24:18 So I spake unto the people in the morning: and at even my wife\r
+died; and I did in the morning as I was commanded.\r
+\r
+24:19 And the people said unto me, Wilt thou not tell us what these\r
+things are to us, that thou doest so? 24:20 Then I answered them, The\r
+word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 24:21 Speak unto the house of\r
+Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will profane my sanctuary,\r
+the excellency of your strength, the desire of your eyes, and that\r
+which your soul pitieth; and your sons and your daughters whom ye have\r
+left shall fall by the sword.\r
+\r
+24:22 And ye shall do as I have done: ye shall not cover your lips,\r
+nor eat the bread of men.\r
+\r
+24:23 And your tires shall be upon your heads, and your shoes upon\r
+your feet: ye shall not mourn nor weep; but ye shall pine away for\r
+your iniquities, and mourn one toward another.\r
+\r
+24:24 Thus Ezekiel is unto you a sign: according to all that he hath\r
+done shall ye do: and when this cometh, ye shall know that I am the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+24:25 Also, thou son of man, shall it not be in the day when I take\r
+from them their strength, the joy of their glory, the desire of their\r
+eyes, and that whereupon they set their minds, their sons and their\r
+daughters, 24:26 That he that escapeth in that day shall come unto\r
+thee, to cause thee to hear it with thine ears? 24:27 In that day\r
+shall thy mouth be opened to him which is escaped, and thou shalt\r
+speak, and be no more dumb: and thou shalt be a sign unto them; and\r
+they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 25:2 Son of man,\r
+set thy face against the Ammonites, and prophesy against them; 25:3\r
+And say unto the Ammonites, Hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; Because thou saidst, Aha, against my sanctuary, when it\r
+was profaned; and against the land of Israel, when it was desolate;\r
+and against the house of Judah, when they went into captivity; 25:4\r
+Behold, therefore I will deliver thee to the men of the east for a\r
+possession, and they shall set their palaces in thee, and make their\r
+dwellings in thee: they shall eat thy fruit, and they shall drink thy\r
+milk.\r
+\r
+25:5 And I will make Rabbah a stable for camels, and the Ammonites a\r
+couching place for flocks: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:6 For thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast clapped thine\r
+hands, and stamped with the feet, and rejoiced in heart with all thy\r
+despite against the land of Israel; 25:7 Behold, therefore I will\r
+stretch out mine hand upon thee, and will deliver thee for a spoil to\r
+the heathen; and I will cut thee off from the people, and I will cause\r
+thee to perish out of the countries: I will destroy thee; and thou\r
+shalt know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:8 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Moab and Seir do say,\r
+Behold, the house of Judah is like unto all the heathen; 25:9\r
+Therefore, behold, I will open the side of Moab from the cities, from\r
+his cities which are on his frontiers, the glory of the country,\r
+Bethjeshimoth, Baalmeon, and Kiriathaim, 25:10 Unto the men of the\r
+east with the Ammonites, and will give them in possession, that the\r
+Ammonites may not be remembered among the nations.\r
+\r
+25:11 And I will execute judgments upon Moab; and they shall know that\r
+I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+25:12 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Edom hath dealt against\r
+the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and hath greatly offended, and\r
+revenged himself upon them; 25:13 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I\r
+will also stretch out mine hand upon Edom, and will cut off man and\r
+beast from it; and I will make it desolate from Teman; and they of\r
+Dedan shall fall by the sword.\r
+\r
+25:14 And I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people\r
+Israel: and they shall do in Edom according to mine anger and\r
+according to my fury; and they shall know my vengeance, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+25:15 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because the Philistines have dealt by\r
+revenge, and have taken vengeance with a despiteful heart, to destroy\r
+it for the old hatred; 25:16 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Behold, I will stretch out mine hand upon the Philistines, and I will\r
+cut off the Cherethims, and destroy the remnant of the sea coast.\r
+\r
+25:17 And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious\r
+rebukes; and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall lay my\r
+vengeance upon them.\r
+\r
+26:1 And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first day of the\r
+month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 26:2 Son of\r
+man, because that Tyrus hath said against Jerusalem, Aha, she is\r
+broken that was the gates of the people: she is turned unto me: I\r
+shall be replenished, now she is laid waste: 26:3 Therefore thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Tyrus, and will cause many\r
+nations to come up against thee, as the sea causeth his waves to come\r
+up.\r
+\r
+26:4 And they shall destroy the walls of Tyrus, and break down her\r
+towers: I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the\r
+top of a rock.\r
+\r
+26:5 It shall be a place for the spreading of nets in the midst of the\r
+sea: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD: and it shall become a\r
+spoil to the nations.\r
+\r
+26:6 And her daughters which are in the field shall be slain by the\r
+sword; and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+26:7 For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring upon Tyrus\r
+Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, a king of kings, from the north, with\r
+horses, and with chariots, and with horsemen, and companies, and much\r
+people.\r
+\r
+26:8 He shall slay with the sword thy daughters in the field: and he\r
+shall make a fort against thee, and cast a mount against thee, and\r
+lift up the buckler against thee.\r
+\r
+26:9 And he shall set engines of war against thy walls, and with his\r
+axes he shall break down thy towers.\r
+\r
+26:10 By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall cover\r
+thee: thy walls shall shake at the noise of the horsemen, and of the\r
+wheels, and of the chariots, when he shall enter into thy gates, as\r
+men enter into a city wherein is made a breach.\r
+\r
+26:11 With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down all thy\r
+streets: he shall slay thy people by the sword, and thy strong\r
+garrisons shall go down to the ground.\r
+\r
+26:12 And they shall make a spoil of thy riches, and make a prey of\r
+thy merchandise: and they shall break down thy walls, and destroy thy\r
+pleasant houses: and they shall lay thy stones and thy timber and thy\r
+dust in the midst of the water.\r
+\r
+26:13 And I will cause the noise of thy songs to cease; and the sound\r
+of thy harps shall be no more heard.\r
+\r
+26:14 And I will make thee like the top of a rock: thou shalt be a\r
+place to spread nets upon; thou shalt be built no more: for I the LORD\r
+have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+26:15 Thus saith the Lord GOD to Tyrus; Shall not the isles shake at\r
+the sound of thy fall, when the wounded cry, when the slaughter is\r
+made in the midst of thee? 26:16 Then all the princes of the sea\r
+shall come down from their thrones, and lay away their robes, and put\r
+off their broidered garments: they shall clothe themselves with\r
+trembling; they shall sit upon the ground, and shall tremble at every\r
+moment, and be astonished at thee.\r
+\r
+26:17 And they shall take up a lamentation for thee, and say to thee,\r
+How art thou destroyed, that wast inhabited of seafaring men, the\r
+renowned city, which wast strong in the sea, she and her inhabitants,\r
+which cause their terror to be on all that haunt it! 26:18 Now shall\r
+the isles tremble in the day of thy fall; yea, the isles that are in\r
+the sea shall be troubled at thy departure.\r
+\r
+26:19 For thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall make thee a desolate\r
+city, like the cities that are not inhabited; when I shall bring up\r
+the deep upon thee, and great waters shall cover thee; 26:20 When I\r
+shall bring thee down with them that descend into the pit, with the\r
+people of old time, and shall set thee in the low parts of the earth,\r
+in places desolate of old, with them that go down to the pit, that\r
+thou be not inhabited; and I shall set glory in the land of the\r
+living; 26:21 I will make thee a terror, and thou shalt be no more:\r
+though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+27:1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 27:2 Now, thou\r
+son of man, take up a lamentation for Tyrus; 27:3 And say unto Tyrus,\r
+O thou that art situate at the entry of the sea, which art a merchant\r
+of the people for many isles, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O Tyrus, thou\r
+hast said, I am of perfect beauty.\r
+\r
+27:4 Thy borders are in the midst of the seas, thy builders have\r
+perfected thy beauty.\r
+\r
+27:5 They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they\r
+have taken cedars from Lebanon to make masts for thee.\r
+\r
+27:6 Of the oaks of Bashan have they made thine oars; the company of\r
+the Ashurites have made thy benches of ivory, brought out of the isles\r
+of Chittim.\r
+\r
+27:7 Fine linen with broidered work from Egypt was that which thou\r
+spreadest forth to be thy sail; blue and purple from the isles of\r
+Elishah was that which covered thee.\r
+\r
+27:8 The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mariners: thy wise\r
+men, O Tyrus, that were in thee, were thy pilots.\r
+\r
+27:9 The ancients of Gebal and the wise men thereof were in thee thy\r
+calkers: all the ships of the sea with their mariners were in thee to\r
+occupy thy merchandise.\r
+\r
+27:10 They of Persia and of Lud and of Phut were in thine army, thy\r
+men of war: they hanged the shield and helmet in thee; they set forth\r
+thy comeliness.\r
+\r
+27:11 The men of Arvad with thine army were upon thy walls round\r
+about, and the Gammadims were in thy towers: they hanged their shields\r
+upon thy walls round about; they have made thy beauty perfect.\r
+\r
+27:12 Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind\r
+of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs.\r
+\r
+27:13 Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were thy merchants: they traded\r
+the persons of men and vessels of brass in thy market.\r
+\r
+27:14 They of the house of Togarmah traded in thy fairs with horses\r
+and horsemen and mules.\r
+\r
+27:15 The men of Dedan were thy merchants; many isles were the\r
+merchandise of thine hand: they brought thee for a present horns of\r
+ivory and ebony.\r
+\r
+27:16 Syria was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of the wares\r
+of thy making: they occupied in thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and\r
+broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate.\r
+\r
+27:17 Judah, and the land of Israel, they were thy merchants: they\r
+traded in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, and oil,\r
+and balm.\r
+\r
+27:18 Damascus was thy merchant in the multitude of the wares of thy\r
+making, for the multitude of all riches; in the wine of Helbon, and\r
+white wool.\r
+\r
+27:19 Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs:\r
+bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were in thy market.\r
+\r
+27:20 Dedan was thy merchant in precious clothes for chariots.\r
+\r
+27:21 Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar, they occupied with thee in\r
+lambs, and rams, and goats: in these were they thy merchants.\r
+\r
+27:22 The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, they were thy merchants: they\r
+occupied in thy fairs with chief of all spices, and with all precious\r
+stones, and gold.\r
+\r
+27:23 Haran, and Canneh, and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Asshur, and\r
+Chilmad, were thy merchants.\r
+\r
+27:24 These were thy merchants in all sorts of things, in blue\r
+clothes, and broidered work, and in chests of rich apparel, bound with\r
+cords, and made of cedar, among thy merchandise.\r
+\r
+27:25 The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market: and thou\r
+wast replenished, and made very glorious in the midst of the seas.\r
+\r
+27:26 Thy rowers have brought thee into great waters: the east wind\r
+hath broken thee in the midst of the seas.\r
+\r
+27:27 Thy riches, and thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy mariners, and\r
+thy pilots, thy calkers, and the occupiers of thy merchandise, and all\r
+thy men of war, that are in thee, and in all thy company which is in\r
+the midst of thee, shall fall into the midst of the seas in the day of\r
+thy ruin.\r
+\r
+27:28 The suburbs shall shake at the sound of the cry of thy pilots.\r
+\r
+27:29 And all that handle the oar, the mariners, and all the pilots of\r
+the sea, shall come down from their ships, they shall stand upon the\r
+land; 27:30 And shall cause their voice to be heard against thee, and\r
+shall cry bitterly, and shall cast up dust upon their heads, they\r
+shall wallow themselves in the ashes: 27:31 And they shall make\r
+themselves utterly bald for thee, and gird them with sackcloth, and\r
+they shall weep for thee with bitterness of heart and bitter wailing.\r
+\r
+27:32 And in their wailing they shall take up a lamentation for thee,\r
+and lament over thee, saying, What city is like Tyrus, like the\r
+destroyed in the midst of the sea? 27:33 When thy wares went forth\r
+out of the seas, thou filledst many people; thou didst enrich the\r
+kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy\r
+merchandise.\r
+\r
+27:34 In the time when thou shalt be broken by the seas in the depths\r
+of the waters thy merchandise and all thy company in the midst of thee\r
+shall fall.\r
+\r
+27:35 All the inhabitants of the isles shall be astonished at thee,\r
+and their kings shall be sore afraid, they shall be troubled in their\r
+countenance.\r
+\r
+27:36 The merchants among the people shall hiss at thee; thou shalt be\r
+a terror, and never shalt be any more.\r
+\r
+28:1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 28:2 Son of man,\r
+say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine\r
+heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat\r
+of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God,\r
+though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: 28:3 Behold, thou art\r
+wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee:\r
+28:4 With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten\r
+thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: 28:5\r
+By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy\r
+riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: 28:6\r
+Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart\r
+as the heart of God; 28:7 Behold, therefore I will bring strangers\r
+upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their\r
+swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy\r
+brightness.\r
+\r
+28:8 They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the\r
+deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas.\r
+\r
+28:9 Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but\r
+thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee.\r
+\r
+28:10 Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of\r
+strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+28:11 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 28:12 Son of\r
+man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him,\r
+Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and\r
+perfect in beauty.\r
+\r
+28:13 Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone\r
+was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the\r
+onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle,\r
+and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared\r
+in thee in the day that thou wast created.\r
+\r
+28:14 Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee\r
+so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and\r
+down in the midst of the stones of fire.\r
+\r
+28:15 Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast\r
+created, till iniquity was found in thee.\r
+\r
+28:16 By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst\r
+of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast\r
+thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O\r
+covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.\r
+\r
+28:17 Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast\r
+corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to\r
+the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.\r
+\r
+28:18 Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine\r
+iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring\r
+forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will\r
+bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that\r
+behold thee.\r
+\r
+28:19 All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at\r
+thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more.\r
+\r
+28:20 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 28:21 Son of\r
+man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it, 28:22 And\r
+say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and\r
+I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I\r
+am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be\r
+sanctified in her.\r
+\r
+28:23 For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her streets;\r
+and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon\r
+her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+28:24 And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of\r
+Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that\r
+despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+28:25 Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of\r
+Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be\r
+sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell\r
+in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob.\r
+\r
+28:26 And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and\r
+plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have\r
+executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them;\r
+and they shall know that I am the LORD their God.\r
+\r
+29:1 In the tenth year, in the tenth month, in the twelfth day of the\r
+month, the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 29:2 Son of man, set\r
+thy face against Pharaoh king of Egypt, and prophesy against him, and\r
+against all Egypt: 29:3 Speak, and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh king of Egypt, the great dragon\r
+that lieth in the midst of his rivers, which hath said, My river is\r
+mine own, and I have made it for myself.\r
+\r
+29:4 But I will put hooks in thy jaws, and I will cause the fish of\r
+thy rivers to stick unto thy scales, and I will bring thee up out of\r
+the midst of thy rivers, and all the fish of thy rivers shall stick\r
+unto thy scales.\r
+\r
+29:5 And I will leave thee thrown into the wilderness, thee and all\r
+the fish of thy rivers: thou shalt fall upon the open fields; thou\r
+shalt not be brought together, nor gathered: I have given thee for\r
+meat to the beasts of the field and to the fowls of the heaven.\r
+\r
+29:6 And all the inhabitants of Egypt shall know that I am the LORD,\r
+because they have been a staff of reed to the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+29:7 When they took hold of thee by thy hand, thou didst break, and\r
+rend all their shoulder: and when they leaned upon thee, thou brakest,\r
+and madest all their loins to be at a stand.\r
+\r
+29:8 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will bring a sword\r
+upon thee, and cut off man and beast out of thee.\r
+\r
+29:9 And the land of Egypt shall be desolate and waste; and they shall\r
+know that I am the LORD: because he hath said, The river is mine, and\r
+I have made it.\r
+\r
+29:10 Behold, therefore I am against thee, and against thy rivers, and\r
+I will make the land of Egypt utterly waste and desolate, from the\r
+tower of Syene even unto the border of Ethiopia.\r
+\r
+29:11 No foot of man shall pass through it, nor foot of beast shall\r
+pass through it, neither shall it be inhabited forty years.\r
+\r
+29:12 And I will make the land of Egypt desolate in the midst of the\r
+countries that are desolate, and her cities among the cities that are\r
+laid waste shall be desolate forty years: and I will scatter the\r
+Egyptians among the nations, and will disperse them through the\r
+countries.\r
+\r
+29:13 Yet thus saith the Lord GOD; At the end of forty years will I\r
+gather the Egyptians from the people whither they were scattered:\r
+29:14 And I will bring again the captivity of Egypt, and will cause\r
+them to return into the land of Pathros, into the land of their\r
+habitation; and they shall be there a base kingdom.\r
+\r
+29:15 It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; neither shall it exalt\r
+itself any more above the nations: for I will diminish them, that they\r
+shall no more rule over the nations.\r
+\r
+29:16 And it shall be no more the confidence of the house of Israel,\r
+which bringeth their iniquity to remembrance, when they shall look\r
+after them: but they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+29:17 And it came to pass in the seven and twentieth year, in the\r
+first month, in the first day of the month, the word of the LORD came\r
+unto me, saying, 29:18 Son of man, Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon\r
+caused his army to serve a great service against Tyrus: every head was\r
+made bald, and every shoulder was peeled: yet had he no wages, nor his\r
+army, for Tyrus, for the service that he had served against it: 29:19\r
+Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will give the land of\r
+Egypt unto Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; and he shall take her\r
+multitude, and take her spoil, and take her prey; and it shall be the\r
+wages for his army.\r
+\r
+29:20 I have given him the land of Egypt for his labour wherewith he\r
+served against it, because they wrought for me, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+29:21 In that day will I cause the horn of the house of Israel to bud\r
+forth, and I will give thee the opening of the mouth in the midst of\r
+them; and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:1 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 30:2 Son of man,\r
+prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Howl ye, Woe worth the day!\r
+30:3 For the day is near, even the day of the LORD is near, a cloudy\r
+day; it shall be the time of the heathen.\r
+\r
+30:4 And the sword shall come upon Egypt, and great pain shall be in\r
+Ethiopia, when the slain shall fall in Egypt, and they shall take away\r
+her multitude, and her foundations shall be broken down.\r
+\r
+30:5 Ethiopia, and Libya, and Lydia, and all the mingled people, and\r
+Chub, and the men of the land that is in league, shall fall with them\r
+by the sword.\r
+\r
+30:6 Thus saith the LORD; They also that uphold Egypt shall fall; and\r
+the pride of her power shall come down: from the tower of Syene shall\r
+they fall in it by the sword, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+30:7 And they shall be desolate in the midst of the countries that are\r
+desolate, and her cities shall be in the midst of the cities that are\r
+wasted.\r
+\r
+30:8 And they shall know that I am the LORD, when I have set a fire in\r
+Egypt, and when all her helpers shall be destroyed.\r
+\r
+30:9 In that day shall messengers go forth from me in ships to make\r
+the careless Ethiopians afraid, and great pain shall come upon them,\r
+as in the day of Egypt: for, lo, it cometh.\r
+\r
+30:10 Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also make the multitude of Egypt\r
+to cease by the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon.\r
+\r
+30:11 He and his people with him, the terrible of the nations, shall\r
+be brought to destroy the land: and they shall draw their swords\r
+against Egypt, and fill the land with the slain.\r
+\r
+30:12 And I will make the rivers dry, and sell the land into the hand\r
+of the wicked: and I will make the land waste, and all that is\r
+therein, by the hand of strangers: I the LORD have spoken it.\r
+\r
+30:13 Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will also destroy the idols, and I\r
+will cause their images to cease out of Noph; and there shall be no\r
+more a prince of the land of Egypt: and I will put a fear in the land\r
+of Egypt.\r
+\r
+30:14 And I will make Pathros desolate, and will set fire in Zoan, and\r
+will execute judgments in No.\r
+\r
+30:15 And I will pour my fury upon Sin, the strength of Egypt; and I\r
+will cut off the multitude of No.\r
+\r
+30:16 And I will set fire in Egypt: Sin shall have great pain, and No\r
+shall be rent asunder, and Noph shall have distresses daily.\r
+\r
+30:17 The young men of Aven and of Pibeseth shall fall by the sword:\r
+and these cities shall go into captivity.\r
+\r
+30:18 At Tehaphnehes also the day shall be darkened, when I shall\r
+break there the yokes of Egypt: and the pomp of her strength shall\r
+cease in her: as for her, a cloud shall cover her, and her daughters\r
+shall go into captivity.\r
+\r
+30:19 Thus will I execute judgments in Egypt: and they shall know that\r
+I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+30:20 And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the first month, in\r
+the seventh day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me,\r
+saying, 30:21 Son of man, I have broken the arm of Pharaoh king of\r
+Egypt; and, lo, it shall not be bound up to be healed, to put a roller\r
+to bind it, to make it strong to hold the sword.\r
+\r
+30:22 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against Pharaoh\r
+king of Egypt, and will break his arms, the strong, and that which was\r
+broken; and I will cause the sword to fall out of his hand.\r
+\r
+30:23 And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and will\r
+disperse them through the countries.\r
+\r
+30:24 And I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and put\r
+my sword in his hand: but I will break Pharaoh's arms, and he shall\r
+groan before him with the groanings of a deadly wounded man.\r
+\r
+30:25 But I will strengthen the arms of the king of Babylon, and the\r
+arms of Pharaoh shall fall down; and they shall know that I am the\r
+LORD, when I shall put my sword into the hand of the king of Babylon,\r
+and he shall stretch it out upon the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+30:26 And I will scatter the Egyptians among the nations, and disperse\r
+them among the countries; and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+31:1 And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the third month, in\r
+the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me,\r
+saying, 31:2 Son of man, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, and to his\r
+multitude; Whom art thou like in thy greatness? 31:3 Behold, the\r
+Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a\r
+shadowing shroud, and of an high stature; and his top was among the\r
+thick boughs.\r
+\r
+31:4 The waters made him great, the deep set him up on high with her\r
+rivers running round about his plants, and sent her little rivers unto\r
+all the trees of the field.\r
+\r
+31:5 Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of the\r
+field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became long\r
+because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth.\r
+\r
+31:6 All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, and under\r
+his branches did all the beasts of the field bring forth their young,\r
+and under his shadow dwelt all great nations.\r
+\r
+31:7 Thus was he fair in his greatness, in the length of his branches:\r
+for his root was by great waters.\r
+\r
+31:8 The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees\r
+were not like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were not like his\r
+branches; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in his\r
+beauty.\r
+\r
+31:9 I have made him fair by the multitude of his branches: so that\r
+all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God, envied him.\r
+\r
+31:10 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast lifted up\r
+thyself in height, and he hath shot up his top among the thick boughs,\r
+and his heart is lifted up in his height; 31:11 I have therefore\r
+delivered him into the hand of the mighty one of the heathen; he shall\r
+surely deal with him: I have driven him out for his wickedness.\r
+\r
+31:12 And strangers, the terrible of the nations, have cut him off,\r
+and have left him: upon the mountains and in all the valleys his\r
+branches are fallen, and his boughs are broken by all the rivers of\r
+the land; and all the people of the earth are gone down from his\r
+shadow, and have left him.\r
+\r
+31:13 Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven remain, and all\r
+the beasts of the field shall be upon his branches: 31:14 To the end\r
+that none of all the trees by the waters exalt themselves for their\r
+height, neither shoot up their top among the thick boughs, neither\r
+their trees stand up in their height, all that drink water: for they\r
+are all delivered unto death, to the nether parts of the earth, in the\r
+midst of the children of men, with them that go down to the pit.\r
+\r
+31:15 Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the\r
+grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I\r
+restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I\r
+caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field\r
+fainted for him.\r
+\r
+31:16 I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I\r
+cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the\r
+trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water,\r
+shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth.\r
+\r
+31:17 They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain\r
+with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his\r
+shadow in the midst of the heathen.\r
+\r
+31:18 To whom art thou thus like in glory and in greatness among the\r
+trees of Eden? yet shalt thou be brought down with the trees of Eden\r
+unto the nether parts of the earth: thou shalt lie in the midst of the\r
+uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh\r
+and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+32:1 And it came to pass in the twelfth year, in the twelfth month, in\r
+the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me,\r
+saying, 32:2 Son of man, take up a lamentation for Pharaoh king of\r
+Egypt, and say unto him, Thou art like a young lion of the nations,\r
+and thou art as a whale in the seas: and thou camest forth with thy\r
+rivers, and troubledst the waters with thy feet, and fouledst their\r
+rivers.\r
+\r
+32:3 Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will therefore spread out my net over\r
+thee with a company of many people; and they shall bring thee up in my\r
+net.\r
+\r
+32:4 Then will I leave thee upon the land, I will cast thee forth upon\r
+the open field, and will cause all the fowls of the heaven to remain\r
+upon thee, and I will fill the beasts of the whole earth with thee.\r
+\r
+32:5 And I will lay thy flesh upon the mountains, and fill the valleys\r
+with thy height.\r
+\r
+32:6 I will also water with thy blood the land wherein thou swimmest,\r
+even to the mountains; and the rivers shall be full of thee.\r
+\r
+32:7 And when I shall put thee out, I will cover the heaven, and make\r
+the stars thereof dark; I will cover the sun with a cloud, and the\r
+moon shall not give her light.\r
+\r
+32:8 All the bright lights of heaven will I make dark over thee, and\r
+set darkness upon thy land, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+32:9 I will also vex the hearts of many people, when I shall bring thy\r
+destruction among the nations, into the countries which thou hast not\r
+known.\r
+\r
+32:10 Yea, I will make many people amazed at thee, and their kings\r
+shall be horribly afraid for thee, when I shall brandish my sword\r
+before them; and they shall tremble at every moment, every man for his\r
+own life, in the day of thy fall.\r
+\r
+32:11 For thus saith the Lord GOD; The sword of the king of Babylon\r
+shall come upon thee.\r
+\r
+32:12 By the swords of the mighty will I cause thy multitude to fall,\r
+the terrible of the nations, all of them: and they shall spoil the\r
+pomp of Egypt, and all the multitude thereof shall be destroyed.\r
+\r
+32:13 I will destroy also all the beasts thereof from beside the great\r
+waters; neither shall the foot of man trouble them any more, nor the\r
+hoofs of beasts trouble them.\r
+\r
+32:14 Then will I make their waters deep, and cause their rivers to\r
+run like oil, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+32:15 When I shall make the land of Egypt desolate, and the country\r
+shall be destitute of that whereof it was full, when I shall smite all\r
+them that dwell therein, then shall they know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+32:16 This is the lamentation wherewith they shall lament her: the\r
+daughters of the nations shall lament her: they shall lament for her,\r
+even for Egypt, and for all her multitude, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+32:17 It came to pass also in the twelfth year, in the fifteenth day\r
+of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 32:18\r
+Son of man, wail for the multitude of Egypt, and cast them down, even\r
+her, and the daughters of the famous nations, unto the nether parts of\r
+the earth, with them that go down into the pit.\r
+\r
+32:19 Whom dost thou pass in beauty? go down, and be thou laid with\r
+the uncircumcised.\r
+\r
+32:20 They shall fall in the midst of them that are slain by the\r
+sword: she is delivered to the sword: draw her and all her multitudes.\r
+\r
+32:21 The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst\r
+of hell with them that help him: they are gone down, they lie\r
+uncircumcised, slain by the sword.\r
+\r
+32:22 Asshur is there and all her company: his graves are about him:\r
+all of them slain, fallen by the sword: 32:23 Whose graves are set in\r
+the sides of the pit, and her company is round about her grave: all of\r
+them slain, fallen by the sword, which caused terror in the land of\r
+the living.\r
+\r
+32:24 There is Elam and all her multitude round about her grave, all\r
+of them slain, fallen by the sword, which are gone down uncircumcised\r
+into the nether parts of the earth, which caused their terror in the\r
+land of the living; yet have they borne their shame with them that go\r
+down to the pit.\r
+\r
+32:25 They have set her a bed in the midst of the slain with all her\r
+multitude: her graves are round about him: all of them uncircumcised,\r
+slain by the sword: though their terror was caused in the land of the\r
+living, yet have they borne their shame with them that go down to the\r
+pit: he is put in the midst of them that be slain.\r
+\r
+32:26 There is Meshech, Tubal, and all her multitude: her graves are\r
+round about him: all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, though\r
+they caused their terror in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+32:27 And they shall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the\r
+uncircumcised, which are gone down to hell with their weapons of war:\r
+and they have laid their swords under their heads, but their\r
+iniquities shall be upon their bones, though they were the terror of\r
+the mighty in the land of the living.\r
+\r
+32:28 Yea, thou shalt be broken in the midst of the uncircumcised, and\r
+shalt lie with them that are slain with the sword.\r
+\r
+32:29 There is Edom, her kings, and all her princes, which with their\r
+might are laid by them that were slain by the sword: they shall lie\r
+with the uncircumcised, and with them that go down to the pit.\r
+\r
+32:30 There be the princes of the north, all of them, and all the\r
+Zidonians, which are gone down with the slain; with their terror they\r
+are ashamed of their might; and they lie uncircumcised with them that\r
+be slain by the sword, and bear their shame with them that go down to\r
+the pit.\r
+\r
+32:31 Pharaoh shall see them, and shall be comforted over all his\r
+multitude, even Pharaoh and all his army slain by the sword, saith the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+32:32 For I have caused my terror in the land of the living: and he\r
+shall be laid in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that are\r
+slain with the sword, even Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the\r
+Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+33:1 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 33:2 Son of man,\r
+speak to the children of thy people, and say unto them, When I bring\r
+the sword upon a land, if the people of the land take a man of their\r
+coasts, and set him for their watchman: 33:3 If when he seeth the\r
+sword come upon the land, he blow the trumpet, and warn the people;\r
+33:4 Then whosoever heareth the sound of the trumpet, and taketh not\r
+warning; if the sword come, and take him away, his blood shall be upon\r
+his own head.\r
+\r
+33:5 He heard the sound of the trumpet, and took not warning; his\r
+blood shall be upon him. But he that taketh warning shall deliver his\r
+soul.\r
+\r
+33:6 But if the watchman see the sword come, and blow not the trumpet,\r
+and the people be not warned; if the sword come, and take any person\r
+from among them, he is taken away in his iniquity; but his blood will\r
+I require at the watchman's hand.\r
+\r
+33:7 So thou, O son of man, I have set thee a watchman unto the house\r
+of Israel; therefore thou shalt hear the word at my mouth, and warn\r
+them from me.\r
+\r
+33:8 When I say unto the wicked, O wicked man, thou shalt surely die;\r
+if thou dost not speak to warn the wicked from his way, that wicked\r
+man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at thine\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+33:9 Nevertheless, if thou warn the wicked of his way to turn from it;\r
+if he do not turn from his way, he shall die in his iniquity; but thou\r
+hast delivered thy soul.\r
+\r
+33:10 Therefore, O thou son of man, speak unto the house of Israel;\r
+Thus ye speak, saying, If our transgressions and our sins be upon us,\r
+and we pine away in them, how should we then live? 33:11 Say unto\r
+them, As I live, saith the Lord GOD, I have no pleasure in the death\r
+of the wicked; but that the wicked turn from his way and live: turn\r
+ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of\r
+Israel? 33:12 Therefore, thou son of man, say unto the children of\r
+thy people, The righteousness of the righteous shall not deliver him\r
+in the day of his transgression: as for the wickedness of the wicked,\r
+he shall not fall thereby in the day that he turneth from his\r
+wickedness; neither shall the righteous be able to live for his\r
+righteousness in the day that he sinneth.\r
+\r
+33:13 When I shall say to the righteous, that he shall surely live; if\r
+he trust to his own righteousness, and commit iniquity, all his\r
+righteousnesses shall not be remembered; but for his iniquity that he\r
+hath committed, he shall die for it.\r
+\r
+33:14 Again, when I say unto the wicked, Thou shalt surely die; if he\r
+turn from his sin, and do that which is lawful and right; 33:15 If the\r
+wicked restore the pledge, give again that he had robbed, walk in the\r
+statutes of life, without committing iniquity; he shall surely live,\r
+he shall not die.\r
+\r
+33:16 None of his sins that he hath committed shall be mentioned unto\r
+him: he hath done that which is lawful and right; he shall surely\r
+live.\r
+\r
+33:17 Yet the children of thy people say, The way of the Lord is not\r
+equal: but as for them, their way is not equal.\r
+\r
+33:18 When the righteous turneth from his righteousness, and\r
+committeth iniquity, he shall even die thereby.\r
+\r
+33:19 But if the wicked turn from his wickedness, and do that which is\r
+lawful and right, he shall live thereby.\r
+\r
+33:20 Yet ye say, The way of the Lord is not equal. O ye house of\r
+Israel, I will judge you every one after his ways.\r
+\r
+33:21 And it came to pass in the twelfth year of our captivity, in the\r
+tenth month, in the fifth day of the month, that one that had escaped\r
+out of Jerusalem came unto me, saying, The city is smitten.\r
+\r
+33:22 Now the hand of the LORD was upon me in the evening, afore he\r
+that was escaped came; and had opened my mouth, until he came to me in\r
+the morning; and my mouth was opened, and I was no more dumb.\r
+\r
+33:23 Then the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 33:24 Son of\r
+man, they that inhabit those wastes of the land of Israel speak,\r
+saying, Abraham was one, and he inherited the land: but we are many;\r
+the land is given us for inheritance.\r
+\r
+33:25 Wherefore say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Ye eat with\r
+the blood, and lift up your eyes toward your idols, and shed blood:\r
+and shall ye possess the land? 33:26 Ye stand upon your sword, ye\r
+work abomination, and ye defile every one his neighbour's wife: and\r
+shall ye possess the land? 33:27 Say thou thus unto them, Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; As I live, surely they that are in the wastes shall fall\r
+by the sword, and him that is in the open field will I give to the\r
+beasts to be devoured, and they that be in the forts and in the caves\r
+shall die of the pestilence.\r
+\r
+33:28 For I will lay the land most desolate, and the pomp of her\r
+strength shall cease; and the mountains of Israel shall be desolate,\r
+that none shall pass through.\r
+\r
+33:29 Then shall they know that I am the LORD, when I have laid the\r
+land most desolate because of all their abominations which they have\r
+committed.\r
+\r
+33:30 Also, thou son of man, the children of thy people still are\r
+talking against thee by the walls and in the doors of the houses, and\r
+speak one to another, every one to his brother, saying, Come, I pray\r
+you, and hear what is the word that cometh forth from the LORD.\r
+\r
+33:31 And they come unto thee as the people cometh, and they sit\r
+before thee as my people, and they hear thy words, but they will not\r
+do them: for with their mouth they shew much love, but their heart\r
+goeth after their covetousness.\r
+\r
+33:32 And, lo, thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one that\r
+hath a pleasant voice, and can play well on an instrument: for they\r
+hear thy words, but they do them not.\r
+\r
+33:33 And when this cometh to pass, (lo, it will come,) then shall\r
+they know that a prophet hath been among them.\r
+\r
+34:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 34:2 Son of man,\r
+prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them,\r
+Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the shepherds; Woe be to the shepherds of\r
+Israel that do feed themselves! should not the shepherds feed the\r
+flocks? 34:3 Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill\r
+them that are fed: but ye feed not the flock.\r
+\r
+34:4 The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed\r
+that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken,\r
+neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have\r
+ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye\r
+ruled them.\r
+\r
+34:5 And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they\r
+became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they were scattered.\r
+\r
+34:6 My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high\r
+hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth, and\r
+none did search or seek after them.\r
+\r
+34:7 Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; 34:8 As I\r
+live, saith the Lord GOD, surely because my flock became a prey, and\r
+my flock became meat to every beast of the field, because there was no\r
+shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my flock, but the\r
+shepherds fed themselves, and fed not my flock; 34:9 Therefore, O ye\r
+shepherds, hear the word of the LORD; 34:10 Thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at\r
+their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the flock; neither\r
+shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; for I will deliver my\r
+flock from their mouth, that they may not be meat for them.\r
+\r
+34:11 For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I, even I, will both search\r
+my sheep, and seek them out.\r
+\r
+34:12 As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among\r
+his sheep that are scattered; so will I seek out my sheep, and will\r
+deliver them out of all places where they have been scattered in the\r
+cloudy and dark day.\r
+\r
+34:13 And I will bring them out from the people, and gather them from\r
+the countries, and will bring them to their own land, and feed them\r
+upon the mountains of Israel by the rivers, and in all the inhabited\r
+places of the country.\r
+\r
+34:14 I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains\r
+of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie in a good fold,\r
+and in a fat pasture shall they feed upon the mountains of Israel.\r
+\r
+34:15 I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+34:16 I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was\r
+driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will\r
+strengthen that which was sick: but I will destroy the fat and the\r
+strong; I will feed them with judgment.\r
+\r
+34:17 And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I\r
+judge between cattle and cattle, between the rams and the he goats.\r
+\r
+34:18 Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good\r
+pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your\r
+pastures? and to have drunk of the deep waters, but ye must foul the\r
+residue with your feet? 34:19 And as for my flock, they eat that\r
+which ye have trodden with your feet; and they drink that which ye\r
+have fouled with your feet.\r
+\r
+34:20 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I,\r
+will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean cattle.\r
+\r
+34:21 Because ye have thrust with side and with shoulder, and pushed\r
+all the diseased with your horns, till ye have scattered them abroad;\r
+34:22 Therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a\r
+prey; and I will judge between cattle and cattle.\r
+\r
+34:23 And I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed\r
+them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their\r
+shepherd.\r
+\r
+34:24 And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince\r
+among them; I the LORD have spoken it.\r
+\r
+34:25 And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause\r
+the evil beasts to cease out of the land: and they shall dwell safely\r
+in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods.\r
+\r
+34:26 And I will make them and the places round about my hill a\r
+blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in his season;\r
+there shall be showers of blessing.\r
+\r
+34:27 And the tree of the field shall yield her fruit, and the earth\r
+shall yield her increase, and they shall be safe in their land, and\r
+shall know that I am the LORD, when I have broken the bands of their\r
+yoke, and delivered them out of the hand of those that served\r
+themselves of them.\r
+\r
+34:28 And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall\r
+the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell safely, and\r
+none shall make them afraid.\r
+\r
+34:29 And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall\r
+be no more consumed with hunger in the land, neither bear the shame of\r
+the heathen any more.\r
+\r
+34:30 Thus shall they know that I the LORD their God am with them, and\r
+that they, even the house of Israel, are my people, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+34:31 And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your\r
+God, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+35:1 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 35:2 Son of\r
+man, set thy face against mount Seir, and prophesy against it, 35:3\r
+And say unto it, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, O mount Seir, I am\r
+against thee, and I will stretch out mine hand against thee, and I\r
+will make thee most desolate.\r
+\r
+35:4 I will lay thy cities waste, and thou shalt be desolate, and thou\r
+shalt know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+35:5 Because thou hast had a perpetual hatred, and hast shed the blood\r
+of the children of Israel by the force of the sword in the time of\r
+their calamity, in the time that their iniquity had an end: 35:6\r
+Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will prepare thee unto\r
+blood, and blood shall pursue thee: sith thou hast not hated blood,\r
+even blood shall pursue thee.\r
+\r
+35:7 Thus will I make mount Seir most desolate, and cut off from it\r
+him that passeth out and him that returneth.\r
+\r
+35:8 And I will fill his mountains with his slain men: in thy hills,\r
+and in thy valleys, and in all thy rivers, shall they fall that are\r
+slain with the sword.\r
+\r
+35:9 I will make thee perpetual desolations, and thy cities shall not\r
+return: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+35:10 Because thou hast said, These two nations and these two\r
+countries shall be mine, and we will possess it; whereas the LORD was\r
+there: 35:11 Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord GOD, I will even do\r
+according to thine anger, and according to thine envy which thou hast\r
+used out of thy hatred against them; and I will make myself known\r
+among them, when I have judged thee.\r
+\r
+35:12 And thou shalt know that I am the LORD, and that I have heard\r
+all thy blasphemies which thou hast spoken against the mountains of\r
+Israel, saying, They are laid desolate, they are given us to consume.\r
+\r
+35:13 Thus with your mouth ye have boasted against me, and have\r
+multiplied your words against me: I have heard them.\r
+\r
+35:14 Thus saith the Lord GOD; When the whole earth rejoiceth, I will\r
+make thee desolate.\r
+\r
+35:15 As thou didst rejoice at the inheritance of the house of Israel,\r
+because it was desolate, so will I do unto thee: thou shalt be\r
+desolate, O mount Seir, and all Idumea, even all of it: and they shall\r
+know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+36:1 Also, thou son of man, prophesy unto the mountains of Israel, and\r
+say, Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the LORD: 36:2 Thus\r
+saith the Lord GOD; Because the enemy hath said against you, Aha, even\r
+the ancient high places are ours in possession: 36:3 Therefore\r
+prophesy and say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they have made you\r
+desolate, and swallowed you up on every side, that ye might be a\r
+possession unto the residue of the heathen, and ye are taken up in the\r
+lips of talkers, and are an infamy of the people: 36:4 Therefore, ye\r
+mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord GOD; Thus saith the\r
+Lord GOD to the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the\r
+valleys, to the desolate wastes, and to the cities that are forsaken,\r
+which became a prey and derision to the residue of the heathen that\r
+are round about; 36:5 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Surely in the\r
+fire of my jealousy have I spoken against the residue of the heathen,\r
+and against all Idumea, which have appointed my land into their\r
+possession with the joy of all their heart, with despiteful minds, to\r
+cast it out for a prey.\r
+\r
+36:6 Prophesy therefore concerning the land of Israel, and say unto\r
+the mountains, and to the hills, to the rivers, and to the valleys,\r
+Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I have spoken in my jealousy and in\r
+my fury, because ye have borne the shame of the heathen: 36:7\r
+Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; I have lifted up mine hand, Surely\r
+the heathen that are about you, they shall bear their shame.\r
+\r
+36:8 But ye, O mountains of Israel, ye shall shoot forth your\r
+branches, and yield your fruit to my people of Israel; for they are at\r
+hand to come.\r
+\r
+36:9 For, behold, I am for you, and I will turn unto you, and ye shall\r
+be tilled and sown: 36:10 And I will multiply men upon you, all the\r
+house of Israel, even all of it: and the cities shall be inhabited,\r
+and the wastes shall be builded: 36:11 And I will multiply upon you\r
+man and beast; and they shall increase and bring fruit: and I will\r
+settle you after your old estates, and will do better unto you than at\r
+your beginnings: and ye shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+36:12 Yea, I will cause men to walk upon you, even my people Israel;\r
+and they shall possess thee, and thou shalt be their inheritance, and\r
+thou shalt no more henceforth bereave them of men.\r
+\r
+36:13 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because they say unto you, Thou land\r
+devourest up men, and hast bereaved thy nations: 36:14 Therefore thou\r
+shalt devour men no more, neither bereave thy nations any more, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+36:15 Neither will I cause men to hear in thee the shame of the\r
+heathen any more, neither shalt thou bear the reproach of the people\r
+any more, neither shalt thou cause thy nations to fall any more, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+36:16 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 36:17 Son of\r
+man, when the house of Israel dwelt in their own land, they defiled it\r
+by their own way and by their doings: their way was before me as the\r
+uncleanness of a removed woman.\r
+\r
+36:18 Wherefore I poured my fury upon them for the blood that they had\r
+shed upon the land, and for their idols wherewith they had polluted\r
+it: 36:19 And I scattered them among the heathen, and they were\r
+dispersed through the countries: according to their way and according\r
+to their doings I judged them.\r
+\r
+36:20 And when they entered unto the heathen, whither they went, they\r
+profaned my holy name, when they said to them, These are the people of\r
+the LORD, and are gone forth out of his land.\r
+\r
+36:21 But I had pity for mine holy name, which the house of Israel had\r
+profaned among the heathen, whither they went.\r
+\r
+36:22 Therefore say unto the house of Israel, thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+I do not this for your sakes, O house of Israel, but for mine holy\r
+name's sake, which ye have profaned among the heathen, whither ye\r
+went.\r
+\r
+36:23 And I will sanctify my great name, which was profaned among the\r
+heathen, which ye have profaned in the midst of them; and the heathen\r
+shall know that I am the LORD, saith the Lord GOD, when I shall be\r
+sanctified in you before their eyes.\r
+\r
+36:24 For I will take you from among the heathen, and gather you out\r
+of all countries, and will bring you into your own land.\r
+\r
+36:25 Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be\r
+clean: from all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I\r
+cleanse you.\r
+\r
+36:26 A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put\r
+within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh,\r
+and I will give you an heart of flesh.\r
+\r
+36:27 And I will put my spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my\r
+statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments, and do them.\r
+\r
+36:28 And ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; and\r
+ye shall be my people, and I will be your God.\r
+\r
+36:29 I will also save you from all your uncleannesses: and I will\r
+call for the corn, and will increase it, and lay no famine upon you.\r
+\r
+36:30 And I will multiply the fruit of the tree, and the increase of\r
+the field, that ye shall receive no more reproach of famine among the\r
+heathen.\r
+\r
+36:31 Then shall ye remember your own evil ways, and your doings that\r
+were not good, and shall lothe yourselves in your own sight for your\r
+iniquities and for your abominations.\r
+\r
+36:32 Not for your sakes do I this, saith the Lord GOD, be it known\r
+unto you: be ashamed and confounded for your own ways, O house of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+36:33 Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day that I shall have cleansed\r
+you from all your iniquities I will also cause you to dwell in the\r
+cities, and the wastes shall be builded.\r
+\r
+36:34 And the desolate land shall be tilled, whereas it lay desolate\r
+in the sight of all that passed by.\r
+\r
+36:35 And they shall say, This land that was desolate is become like\r
+the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are\r
+become fenced, and are inhabited.\r
+\r
+36:36 Then the heathen that are left round about you shall know that I\r
+the LORD build the ruined places, and plant that that was desolate: I\r
+the LORD have spoken it, and I will do it.\r
+\r
+36:37 Thus saith the Lord GOD; I will yet for this be enquired of by\r
+the house of Israel, to do it for them; I will increase them with men\r
+like a flock.\r
+\r
+36:38 As the holy flock, as the flock of Jerusalem in her solemn\r
+feasts; so shall the waste cities be filled with flocks of men: and\r
+they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:1 The hand of the LORD was upon me, and carried me out in the\r
+spirit of the LORD, and set me down in the midst of the valley which\r
+was full of bones, 37:2 And caused me to pass by them round about:\r
+and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, lo, they\r
+were very dry.\r
+\r
+37:3 And he said unto me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I\r
+answered, O Lord GOD, thou knowest.\r
+\r
+37:4 Again he said unto me, Prophesy upon these bones, and say unto\r
+them, O ye dry bones, hear the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:5 Thus saith the Lord GOD unto these bones; Behold, I will cause\r
+breath to enter into you, and ye shall live: 37:6 And I will lay\r
+sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with\r
+skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live; and ye shall know that\r
+I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:7 So I prophesied as I was commanded: and as I prophesied, there\r
+was a noise, and behold a shaking, and the bones came together, bone\r
+to his bone.\r
+\r
+37:8 And when I beheld, lo, the sinews and the flesh came up upon\r
+them, and the skin covered them above: but there was no breath in\r
+them.\r
+\r
+37:9 Then said he unto me, Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of\r
+man, and say to the wind, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Come from the four\r
+winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain, that they may live.\r
+\r
+37:10 So I prophesied as he commanded me, and the breath came into\r
+them, and they lived, and stood up upon their feet, an exceeding great\r
+army.\r
+\r
+37:11 Then he said unto me, Son of man, these bones are the whole\r
+house of Israel: behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope\r
+is lost: we are cut off for our parts.\r
+\r
+37:12 Therefore prophesy and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD;\r
+Behold, O my people, I will open your graves, and cause you to come up\r
+out of your graves, and bring you into the land of Israel.\r
+\r
+37:13 And ye shall know that I am the LORD, when I have opened your\r
+graves, O my people, and brought you up out of your graves, 37:14 And\r
+shall put my spirit in you, and ye shall live, and I shall place you\r
+in your own land: then shall ye know that I the LORD have spoken it,\r
+and performed it, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+37:15 The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, 37:16 Moreover,\r
+thou son of man, take thee one stick, and write upon it, For Judah,\r
+and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another\r
+stick, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim and for all\r
+the house of Israel his companions: 37:17 And join them one to another\r
+into one stick; and they shall become one in thine hand.\r
+\r
+37:18 And when the children of thy people shall speak unto thee,\r
+saying, Wilt thou not shew us what thou meanest by these? 37:19 Say\r
+unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take the stick of\r
+Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel his\r
+fellows, and will put them with him, even with the stick of Judah, and\r
+make them one stick, and they shall be one in mine hand.\r
+\r
+37:20 And the sticks whereon thou writest shall be in thine hand\r
+before their eyes.\r
+\r
+37:21 And say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will take\r
+the children of Israel from among the heathen, whither they be gone,\r
+and will gather them on every side, and bring them into their own\r
+land: 37:22 And I will make them one nation in the land upon the\r
+mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king to them all: and they\r
+shall be no more two nations, neither shall they be divided into two\r
+kingdoms any more at all.\r
+\r
+37:23 Neither shall they defile themselves any more with their idols,\r
+nor with their detestable things, nor with any of their\r
+transgressions: but I will save them out of all their dwellingplaces,\r
+wherein they have sinned, and will cleanse them: so shall they be my\r
+people, and I will be their God.\r
+\r
+37:24 And David my servant shall be king over them; and they all shall\r
+have one shepherd: they shall also walk in my judgments, and observe\r
+my statutes, and do them.\r
+\r
+37:25 And they shall dwell in the land that I have given unto Jacob my\r
+servant, wherein your fathers have dwelt; and they shall dwell\r
+therein, even they, and their children, and their children's children\r
+for ever: and my servant David shall be their prince for ever.\r
+\r
+37:26 Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them; it shall be\r
+an everlasting covenant with them: and I will place them, and multiply\r
+them, and will set my sanctuary in the midst of them for evermore.\r
+\r
+37:27 My tabernacle also shall be with them: yea, I will be their God,\r
+and they shall be my people.\r
+\r
+37:28 And the heathen shall know that I the LORD do sanctify Israel,\r
+when my sanctuary shall be in the midst of them for evermore.\r
+\r
+38:1 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 38:2 Son of man,\r
+set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of\r
+Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, 38:3 And say, Thus saith\r
+the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of\r
+Meshech and Tubal: 38:4 And I will turn thee back, and put hooks into\r
+thy jaws, and I will bring thee forth, and all thine army, horses and\r
+horsemen, all of them clothed with all sorts of armour, even a great\r
+company with bucklers and shields, all of them handling swords: 38:5\r
+Persia, Ethiopia, and Libya with them; all of them with shield and\r
+helmet: 38:6 Gomer, and all his bands; the house of Togarmah of the\r
+north quarters, and all his bands: and many people with thee.\r
+\r
+38:7 Be thou prepared, and prepare for thyself, thou, and all thy\r
+company that are assembled unto thee, and be thou a guard unto them.\r
+\r
+38:8 After many days thou shalt be visited: in the latter years thou\r
+shalt come into the land that is brought back from the sword, and is\r
+gathered out of many people, against the mountains of Israel, which\r
+have been always waste: but it is brought forth out of the nations,\r
+and they shall dwell safely all of them.\r
+\r
+38:9 Thou shalt ascend and come like a storm, thou shalt be like a\r
+cloud to cover the land, thou, and all thy bands, and many people with\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+38:10 Thus saith the Lord GOD; It shall also come to pass, that at the\r
+same time shall things come into thy mind, and thou shalt think an\r
+evil thought: 38:11 And thou shalt say, I will go up to the land of\r
+unwalled villages; I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell\r
+safely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars\r
+nor gates, 38:12 To take a spoil, and to take a prey; to turn thine\r
+hand upon the desolate places that are now inhabited, and upon the\r
+people that are gathered out of the nations, which have gotten cattle\r
+and goods, that dwell in the midst of the land.\r
+\r
+38:13 Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the\r
+young lions thereof, shall say unto thee, Art thou come to take a\r
+spoil? hast thou gathered thy company to take a prey? to carry away\r
+silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil?\r
+38:14 Therefore, son of man, prophesy and say unto Gog, Thus saith the\r
+Lord GOD; In that day when my people of Israel dwelleth safely, shalt\r
+thou not know it? 38:15 And thou shalt come from thy place out of the\r
+north parts, thou, and many people with thee, all of them riding upon\r
+horses, a great company, and a mighty army: 38:16 And thou shalt come\r
+up against my people of Israel, as a cloud to cover the land; it shall\r
+be in the latter days, and I will bring thee against my land, that the\r
+heathen may know me, when I shall be sanctified in thee, O Gog, before\r
+their eyes.\r
+\r
+38:17 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Art thou he of whom I have spoken in\r
+old time by my servants the prophets of Israel, which prophesied in\r
+those days many years that I would bring thee against them? 38:18 And\r
+it shall come to pass at the same time when Gog shall come against the\r
+land of Israel, saith the Lord GOD, that my fury shall come up in my\r
+face.\r
+\r
+38:19 For in my jealousy and in the fire of my wrath have I spoken,\r
+Surely in that day there shall be a great shaking in the land of\r
+Israel; 38:20 So that the fishes of the sea, and the fowls of the\r
+heaven, and the beasts of the field, and all creeping things that\r
+creep upon the earth, and all the men that are upon the face of the\r
+earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown\r
+down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to\r
+the ground.\r
+\r
+38:21 And I will call for a sword against him throughout all my\r
+mountains, saith the Lord GOD: every man's sword shall be against his\r
+brother.\r
+\r
+38:22 And I will plead against him with pestilence and with blood; and\r
+I will rain upon him, and upon his bands, and upon the many people\r
+that are with him, an overflowing rain, and great hailstones, fire,\r
+and brimstone.\r
+\r
+38:23 Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be\r
+known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+39:1 Therefore, thou son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus\r
+saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince\r
+of Meshech and Tubal: 39:2 And I will turn thee back, and leave but\r
+the sixth part of thee, and will cause thee to come up from the north\r
+parts, and will bring thee upon the mountains of Israel: 39:3 And I\r
+will smite thy bow out of thy left hand, and will cause thine arrows\r
+to fall out of thy right hand.\r
+\r
+39:4 Thou shalt fall upon the mountains of Israel, thou, and all thy\r
+bands, and the people that is with thee: I will give thee unto the\r
+ravenous birds of every sort, and to the beasts of the field to be\r
+devoured.\r
+\r
+39:5 Thou shalt fall upon the open field: for I have spoken it, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+39:6 And I will send a fire on Magog, and among them that dwell\r
+carelessly in the isles: and they shall know that I am the LORD.\r
+\r
+39:7 So will I make my holy name known in the midst of my people\r
+Israel; and I will not let them pollute my holy name any more: and the\r
+heathen shall know that I am the LORD, the Holy One in Israel.\r
+\r
+39:8 Behold, it is come, and it is done, saith the Lord GOD; this is\r
+the day whereof I have spoken.\r
+\r
+39:9 And they that dwell in the cities of Israel shall go forth, and\r
+shall set on fire and burn the weapons, both the shields and the\r
+bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the handstaves, and the spears,\r
+and they shall burn them with fire seven years: 39:10 So that they\r
+shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut down any out of the\r
+forests; for they shall burn the weapons with fire: and they shall\r
+spoil those that spoiled them, and rob those that robbed them, saith\r
+the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+39:11 And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will give unto Gog\r
+a place there of graves in Israel, the valley of the passengers on the\r
+east of the sea: and it shall stop the noses of the passengers: and\r
+there shall they bury Gog and all his multitude: and they shall call\r
+it The valley of Hamongog.\r
+\r
+39:12 And seven months shall the house of Israel be burying of them,\r
+that they may cleanse the land.\r
+\r
+39:13 Yea, all the people of the land shall bury them; and it shall be\r
+to them a renown the day that I shall be glorified, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+39:14 And they shall sever out men of continual employment, passing\r
+through the land to bury with the passengers those that remain upon\r
+the face of the earth, to cleanse it: after the end of seven months\r
+shall they search.\r
+\r
+39:15 And the passengers that pass through the land, when any seeth a\r
+man's bone, then shall he set up a sign by it, till the buriers have\r
+buried it in the valley of Hamongog.\r
+\r
+39:16 And also the name of the city shall be Hamonah. Thus shall they\r
+cleanse the land.\r
+\r
+39:17 And, thou son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; Speak unto every\r
+feathered fowl, and to every beast of the field, Assemble yourselves,\r
+and come; gather yourselves on every side to my sacrifice that I do\r
+sacrifice for you, even a great sacrifice upon the mountains of\r
+Israel, that ye may eat flesh, and drink blood.\r
+\r
+39:18 Ye shall eat the flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the\r
+princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, and of goats, of bullocks,\r
+all of them fatlings of Bashan.\r
+\r
+39:19 And ye shall eat fat till ye be full, and drink blood till ye be\r
+drunken, of my sacrifice which I have sacrificed for you.\r
+\r
+39:20 Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots,\r
+with mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+39:21 And I will set my glory among the heathen, and all the heathen\r
+shall see my judgment that I have executed, and my hand that I have\r
+laid upon them.\r
+\r
+39:22 So the house of Israel shall know that I am the LORD their God\r
+from that day and forward.\r
+\r
+39:23 And the heathen shall know that the house of Israel went into\r
+captivity for their iniquity: because they trespassed against me,\r
+therefore hid I my face from them, and gave them into the hand of\r
+their enemies: so fell they all by the sword.\r
+\r
+39:24 According to their uncleanness and according to their\r
+transgressions have I done unto them, and hid my face from them.\r
+\r
+39:25 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Now will I bring again the\r
+captivity of Jacob, and have mercy upon the whole house of Israel, and\r
+will be jealous for my holy name; 39:26 After that they have borne\r
+their shame, and all their trespasses whereby they have trespassed\r
+against me, when they dwelt safely in their land, and none made them\r
+afraid.\r
+\r
+39:27 When I have brought them again from the people, and gathered\r
+them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the\r
+sight of many nations; 39:28 Then shall they know that I am the LORD\r
+their God, which caused them to be led into captivity among the\r
+heathen: but I have gathered them unto their own land, and have left\r
+none of them any more there.\r
+\r
+39:29 Neither will I hide my face any more from them: for I have\r
+poured out my spirit upon the house of Israel, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+40:1 In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning\r
+of the year, in the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year\r
+after that the city was smitten, in the selfsame day the hand of the\r
+LORD was upon me, and brought me thither.\r
+\r
+40:2 In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and\r
+set me upon a very high mountain, by which was as the frame of a city\r
+on the south.\r
+\r
+40:3 And he brought me thither, and, behold, there was a man, whose\r
+appearance was like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in\r
+his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate.\r
+\r
+40:4 And the man said unto me, Son of man, behold with thine eyes, and\r
+hear with thine ears, and set thine heart upon all that I shall shew\r
+thee; for to the intent that I might shew them unto thee art thou\r
+brought hither: declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+40:5 And behold a wall on the outside of the house round about, and in\r
+the man's hand a measuring reed of six cubits long by the cubit and an\r
+hand breadth: so he measured the breadth of the building, one reed;\r
+and the height, one reed.\r
+\r
+40:6 Then came he unto the gate which looketh toward the east, and\r
+went up the stairs thereof, and measured the threshold of the gate,\r
+which was one reed broad; and the other threshold of the gate, which\r
+was one reed broad.\r
+\r
+40:7 And every little chamber was one reed long, and one reed broad;\r
+and between the little chambers were five cubits; and the threshold of\r
+the gate by the porch of the gate within was one reed.\r
+\r
+40:8 He measured also the porch of the gate within, one reed.\r
+\r
+40:9 Then measured he the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and the\r
+posts thereof, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was inward.\r
+\r
+40:10 And the little chambers of the gate eastward were three on this\r
+side, and three on that side; they three were of one measure: and the\r
+posts had one measure on this side and on that side.\r
+\r
+40:11 And he measured the breadth of the entry of the gate, ten\r
+cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits.\r
+\r
+40:12 The space also before the little chambers was one cubit on this\r
+side, and the space was one cubit on that side: and the little\r
+chambers were six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side.\r
+\r
+40:13 He measured then the gate from the roof of one little chamber to\r
+the roof of another: the breadth was five and twenty cubits, door\r
+against door.\r
+\r
+40:14 He made also posts of threescore cubits, even unto the post of\r
+the court round about the gate.\r
+\r
+40:15 And from the face of the gate of the entrance unto the face of\r
+the porch of the inner gate were fifty cubits.\r
+\r
+40:16 And there were narrow windows to the little chambers, and to\r
+their posts within the gate round about, and likewise to the arches:\r
+and windows were round about inward: and upon each post were palm\r
+trees.\r
+\r
+40:17 Then brought he me into the outward court, and, lo, there were\r
+chambers, and a pavement made for the court round about: thirty\r
+chambers were upon the pavement.\r
+\r
+40:18 And the pavement by the side of the gates over against the\r
+length of the gates was the lower pavement.\r
+\r
+40:19 Then he measured the breadth from the forefront of the lower\r
+gate unto the forefront of the inner court without, an hundred cubits\r
+eastward and northward.\r
+\r
+40:20 And the gate of the outward court that looked toward the north,\r
+he measured the length thereof, and the breadth thereof.\r
+\r
+40:21 And the little chambers thereof were three on this side and\r
+three on that side; and the posts thereof and the arches thereof were\r
+after the measure of the first gate: the length thereof was fifty\r
+cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits.\r
+\r
+40:22 And their windows, and their arches, and their palm trees, were\r
+after the measure of the gate that looketh toward the east; and they\r
+went up unto it by seven steps; and the arches thereof were before\r
+them.\r
+\r
+40:23 And the gate of the inner court was over against the gate toward\r
+the north, and toward the east; and he measured from gate to gate an\r
+hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+40:24 After that he brought me toward the south, and behold a gate\r
+toward the south: and he measured the posts thereof and the arches\r
+thereof according to these measures.\r
+\r
+40:25 And there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round\r
+about, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the\r
+breadth five and twenty cubits.\r
+\r
+40:26 And there were seven steps to go up to it, and the arches\r
+thereof were before them: and it had palm trees, one on this side, and\r
+another on that side, upon the posts thereof.\r
+\r
+40:27 And there was a gate in the inner court toward the south: and he\r
+measured from gate to gate toward the south an hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+40:28 And he brought me to the inner court by the south gate: and he\r
+measured the south gate according to these measures; 40:29 And the\r
+little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the arches\r
+thereof, according to these measures: and there were windows in it and\r
+in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty cubits long, and five\r
+and twenty cubits broad.\r
+\r
+40:30 And the arches round about were five and twenty cubits long, and\r
+five cubits broad.\r
+\r
+40:31 And the arches thereof were toward the utter court; and palm\r
+trees were upon the posts thereof: and the going up to it had eight\r
+steps.\r
+\r
+40:32 And he brought me into the inner court toward the east: and he\r
+measured the gate according to these measures.\r
+\r
+40:33 And the little chambers thereof, and the posts thereof, and the\r
+arches thereof, were according to these measures: and there were\r
+windows therein and in the arches thereof round about: it was fifty\r
+cubits long, and five and twenty cubits broad.\r
+\r
+40:34 And the arches thereof were toward the outward court; and palm\r
+trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and\r
+the going up to it had eight steps.\r
+\r
+40:35 And he brought me to the north gate, and measured it according\r
+to these measures; 40:36 The little chambers thereof, the posts\r
+thereof, and the arches thereof, and the windows to it round about:\r
+the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits.\r
+\r
+40:37 And the posts thereof were toward the utter court; and palm\r
+trees were upon the posts thereof, on this side, and on that side: and\r
+the going up to it had eight steps.\r
+\r
+40:38 And the chambers and the entries thereof were by the posts of\r
+the gates, where they washed the burnt offering.\r
+\r
+40:39 And in the porch of the gate were two tables on this side, and\r
+two tables on that side, to slay thereon the burnt offering and the\r
+sin offering and the trespass offering.\r
+\r
+40:40 And at the side without, as one goeth up to the entry of the\r
+north gate, were two tables; and on the other side, which was at the\r
+porch of the gate, were two tables.\r
+\r
+40:41 Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by\r
+the side of the gate; eight tables, whereupon they slew their\r
+sacrifices.\r
+\r
+40:42 And the four tables were of hewn stone for the burnt offering,\r
+of a cubit and an half long, and a cubit and an half broad, and one\r
+cubit high: whereupon also they laid the instruments wherewith they\r
+slew the burnt offering and the sacrifice.\r
+\r
+40:43 And within were hooks, an hand broad, fastened round about: and\r
+upon the tables was the flesh of the offering.\r
+\r
+40:44 And without the inner gate were the chambers of the singers in\r
+the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate; and their\r
+prospect was toward the south: one at the side of the east gate having\r
+the prospect toward the north.\r
+\r
+40:45 And he said unto me, This chamber, whose prospect is toward the\r
+south, is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the house.\r
+\r
+40:46 And the chamber whose prospect is toward the north is for the\r
+priests, the keepers of the charge of the altar: these are the sons of\r
+Zadok among the sons of Levi, which come near to the LORD to minister\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+40:47 So he measured the court, an hundred cubits long, and an hundred\r
+cubits broad, foursquare; and the altar that was before the house.\r
+\r
+40:48 And he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each\r
+post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that\r
+side: and the breadth of the gate was three cubits on this side, and\r
+three cubits on that side.\r
+\r
+40:49 The length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth\r
+eleven cubits, and he brought me by the steps whereby they went up to\r
+it: and there were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another\r
+on that side.\r
+\r
+41:1 Afterward he brought me to the temple, and measured the posts,\r
+six cubits broad on the one side, and six cubits broad on the other\r
+side, which was the breadth of the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+41:2 And the breadth of the door was ten cubits; and the sides of the\r
+door were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other\r
+side: and he measured the length thereof, forty cubits: and the\r
+breadth, twenty cubits.\r
+\r
+41:3 Then went he inward, and measured the post of the door, two\r
+cubits; and the door, six cubits; and the breadth of the door, seven\r
+cubits.\r
+\r
+41:4 So he measured the length thereof, twenty cubits; and the\r
+breadth, twenty cubits, before the temple: and he said unto me, This\r
+is the most holy place.\r
+\r
+41:5 After he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the\r
+breadth of every side chamber, four cubits, round about the house on\r
+every side.\r
+\r
+41:6 And the side chambers were three, one over another, and thirty in\r
+order; and they entered into the wall which was of the house for the\r
+side chambers round about, that they might have hold, but they had not\r
+hold in the wall of the house.\r
+\r
+41:7 And there was an enlarging, and a winding about still upward to\r
+the side chambers: for the winding about of the house went still\r
+upward round about the house: therefore the breadth of the house was\r
+still upward, and so increased from the lowest chamber to the highest\r
+by the midst.\r
+\r
+41:8 I saw also the height of the house round about: the foundations\r
+of the side chambers were a full reed of six great cubits.\r
+\r
+41:9 The thickness of the wall, which was for the side chamber\r
+without, was five cubits: and that which was left was the place of the\r
+side chambers that were within.\r
+\r
+41:10 And between the chambers was the wideness of twenty cubits round\r
+about the house on every side.\r
+\r
+41:11 And the doors of the side chambers were toward the place that\r
+was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the\r
+south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+41:12 Now the building that was before the separate place at the end\r
+toward the west was seventy cubits broad; and the wall of the building\r
+was five cubits thick round about, and the length thereof ninety\r
+cubits.\r
+\r
+41:13 So he measured the house, an hundred cubits long; and the\r
+separate place, and the building, with the walls thereof, an hundred\r
+cubits long; 41:14 Also the breadth of the face of the house, and of\r
+the separate place toward the east, an hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+41:15 And he measured the length of the building over against the\r
+separate place which was behind it, and the galleries thereof on the\r
+one side and on the other side, an hundred cubits, with the inner\r
+temple, and the porches of the court; 41:16 The door posts, and the\r
+narrow windows, and the galleries round about on their three stories,\r
+over against the door, cieled with wood round about, and from the\r
+ground up to the windows, and the windows were covered; 41:17 To that\r
+above the door, even unto the inner house, and without, and by all the\r
+wall round about within and without, by measure.\r
+\r
+41:18 And it was made with cherubims and palm trees, so that a palm\r
+tree was between a cherub and a cherub; and every cherub had two\r
+faces; 41:19 So that the face of a man was toward the palm tree on the\r
+one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the\r
+other side: it was made through all the house round about.\r
+\r
+41:20 From the ground unto above the door were cherubims and palm\r
+trees made, and on the wall of the temple.\r
+\r
+41:21 The posts of the temple were squared, and the face of the\r
+sanctuary; the appearance of the one as the appearance of the other.\r
+\r
+41:22 The altar of wood was three cubits high, and the length thereof\r
+two cubits; and the corners thereof, and the length thereof, and the\r
+walls thereof, were of wood: and he said unto me, This is the table\r
+that is before the LORD.\r
+\r
+41:23 And the temple and the sanctuary had two doors.\r
+\r
+41:24 And the doors had two leaves apiece, two turning leaves; two\r
+leaves for the one door, and two leaves for the other door.\r
+\r
+41:25 And there were made on them, on the doors of the temple,\r
+cherubims and palm trees, like as were made upon the walls; and there\r
+were thick planks upon the face of the porch without.\r
+\r
+41:26 And there were narrow windows and palm trees on the one side and\r
+on the other side, on the sides of the porch, and upon the side\r
+chambers of the house, and thick planks.\r
+\r
+42:1 Then he brought me forth into the utter court, the way toward the\r
+north: and he brought me into the chamber that was over against the\r
+separate place, and which was before the building toward the north.\r
+\r
+42:2 Before the length of an hundred cubits was the north door, and\r
+the breadth was fifty cubits.\r
+\r
+42:3 Over against the twenty cubits which were for the inner court,\r
+and over against the pavement which was for the utter court, was\r
+gallery against gallery in three stories.\r
+\r
+42:4 And before the chambers was a walk to ten cubits breadth inward,\r
+a way of one cubit; and their doors toward the north.\r
+\r
+42:5 Now the upper chambers were shorter: for the galleries were\r
+higher than these, than the lower, and than the middlemost of the\r
+building.\r
+\r
+42:6 For they were in three stories, but had not pillars as the\r
+pillars of the courts: therefore the building was straitened more than\r
+the lowest and the middlemost from the ground.\r
+\r
+42:7 And the wall that was without over against the chambers, toward\r
+the utter court on the forepart of the chambers, the length thereof\r
+was fifty cubits.\r
+\r
+42:8 For the length of the chambers that were in the utter court was\r
+fifty cubits: and, lo, before the temple were an hundred cubits.\r
+\r
+42:9 And from under these chambers was the entry on the east side, as\r
+one goeth into them from the utter court.\r
+\r
+42:10 The chambers were in the thickness of the wall of the court\r
+toward the east, over against the separate place, and over against the\r
+building.\r
+\r
+42:11 And the way before them was like the appearance of the chambers\r
+which were toward the north, as long as they, and as broad as they:\r
+and all their goings out were both according to their fashions, and\r
+according to their doors.\r
+\r
+42:12 And according to the doors of the chambers that were toward the\r
+south was a door in the head of the way, even the way directly before\r
+the wall toward the east, as one entereth into them.\r
+\r
+42:13 Then said he unto me, The north chambers and the south chambers,\r
+which are before the separate place, they be holy chambers, where the\r
+priests that approach unto the LORD shall eat the most holy things:\r
+there shall they lay the most holy things, and the meat offering, and\r
+the sin offering, and the trespass offering; for the place is holy.\r
+\r
+42:14 When the priests enter therein, then shall they not go out of\r
+the holy place into the utter court, but there they shall lay their\r
+garments wherein they minister; for they are holy; and shall put on\r
+other garments, and shall approach to those things which are for the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+42:15 Now when he had made an end of measuring the inner house, he\r
+brought me forth toward the gate whose prospect is toward the east,\r
+and measured it round about.\r
+\r
+42:16 He measured the east side with the measuring reed, five hundred\r
+reeds, with the measuring reed round about.\r
+\r
+42:17 He measured the north side, five hundred reeds, with the\r
+measuring reed round about.\r
+\r
+42:18 He measured the south side, five hundred reeds, with the\r
+measuring reed.\r
+\r
+42:19 He turned about to the west side, and measured five hundred\r
+reeds with the measuring reed.\r
+\r
+42:20 He measured it by the four sides: it had a wall round about,\r
+five hundred reeds long, and five hundred broad, to make a separation\r
+between the sanctuary and the profane place.\r
+\r
+43:1 Afterward he brought me to the gate, even the gate that looketh\r
+toward the east: 43:2 And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel came\r
+from the way of the east: and his voice was like a noise of many\r
+waters: and the earth shined with his glory.\r
+\r
+43:3 And it was according to the appearance of the vision which I saw,\r
+even according to the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the\r
+city: and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the river\r
+Chebar; and I fell upon my face.\r
+\r
+43:4 And the glory of the LORD came into the house by the way of the\r
+gate whose prospect is toward the east.\r
+\r
+43:5 So the spirit took me up, and brought me into the inner court;\r
+and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house.\r
+\r
+43:6 And I heard him speaking unto me out of the house; and the man\r
+stood by me.\r
+\r
+43:7 And he said unto me, Son of man, the place of my throne, and the\r
+place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the\r
+children of Israel for ever, and my holy name, shall the house of\r
+Israel no more defile, neither they, nor their kings, by their\r
+whoredom, nor by the carcases of their kings in their high places.\r
+\r
+43:8 In their setting of their threshold by my thresholds, and their\r
+post by my posts, and the wall between me and them, they have even\r
+defiled my holy name by their abominations that they have committed:\r
+wherefore I have consumed them in mine anger.\r
+\r
+43:9 Now let them put away their whoredom, and the carcases of their\r
+kings, far from me, and I will dwell in the midst of them for ever.\r
+\r
+43:10 Thou son of man, shew the house to the house of Israel, that\r
+they may be ashamed of their iniquities: and let them measure the\r
+pattern.\r
+\r
+43:11 And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the\r
+form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out\r
+thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and\r
+all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the\r
+laws thereof: and write it in their sight, that they may keep the\r
+whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them.\r
+\r
+43:12 This is the law of the house; Upon the top of the mountain the\r
+whole limit thereof round about shall be most holy. Behold, this is\r
+the law of the house.\r
+\r
+43:13 And these are the measures of the altar after the cubits: The\r
+cubit is a cubit and an hand breadth; even the bottom shall be a\r
+cubit, and the breadth a cubit, and the border thereof by the edge\r
+thereof round about shall be a span: and this shall be the higher\r
+place of the altar.\r
+\r
+43:14 And from the bottom upon the ground even to the lower settle\r
+shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit; and from the lesser\r
+settle even to the greater settle shall be four cubits, and the\r
+breadth one cubit.\r
+\r
+43:15 So the altar shall be four cubits; and from the altar and upward\r
+shall be four horns.\r
+\r
+43:16 And the altar shall be twelve cubits long, twelve broad, square\r
+in the four squares thereof.\r
+\r
+43:17 And the settle shall be fourteen cubits long and fourteen broad\r
+in the four squares thereof; and the border about it shall be half a\r
+cubit; and the bottom thereof shall be a cubit about; and his stairs\r
+shall look toward the east.\r
+\r
+43:18 And he said unto me, Son of man, thus saith the Lord GOD; These\r
+are the ordinances of the altar in the day when they shall make it, to\r
+offer burnt offerings thereon, and to sprinkle blood thereon.\r
+\r
+43:19 And thou shalt give to the priests the Levites that be of the\r
+seed of Zadok, which approach unto me, to minister unto me, saith the\r
+Lord GOD, a young bullock for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+43:20 And thou shalt take of the blood thereof, and put it on the four\r
+horns of it, and on the four corners of the settle, and upon the\r
+border round about: thus shalt thou cleanse and purge it.\r
+\r
+43:21 Thou shalt take the bullock also of the sin offering, and he\r
+shall burn it in the appointed place of the house, without the\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+43:22 And on the second day thou shalt offer a kid of the goats\r
+without blemish for a sin offering; and they shall cleanse the altar,\r
+as they did cleanse it with the bullock.\r
+\r
+43:23 When thou hast made an end of cleansing it, thou shalt offer a\r
+young bullock without blemish, and a ram out of the flock without\r
+blemish.\r
+\r
+43:24 And thou shalt offer them before the LORD, and the priests shall\r
+cast salt upon them, and they shall offer them up for a burnt offering\r
+unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+43:25 Seven days shalt thou prepare every day a goat for a sin\r
+offering: they shall also prepare a young bullock, and a ram out of\r
+the flock, without blemish.\r
+\r
+43:26 Seven days shall they purge the altar and purify it; and they\r
+shall consecrate themselves.\r
+\r
+43:27 And when these days are expired, it shall be, that upon the\r
+eighth day, and so forward, the priests shall make your burnt\r
+offerings upon the altar, and your peace offerings; and I will accept\r
+you, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+44:1 Then he brought me back the way of the gate of the outward\r
+sanctuary which looketh toward the east; and it was shut.\r
+\r
+44:2 Then said the LORD unto me; This gate shall be shut, it shall not\r
+be opened, and no man shall enter in by it; because the LORD, the God\r
+of Israel, hath entered in by it, therefore it shall be shut.\r
+\r
+44:3 It is for the prince; the prince, he shall sit in it to eat bread\r
+before the LORD; he shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate,\r
+and shall go out by the way of the same.\r
+\r
+44:4 Then brought he me the way of the north gate before the house:\r
+and I looked, and, behold, the glory of the LORD filled the house of\r
+the LORD: and I fell upon my face.\r
+\r
+44:5 And the LORD said unto me, Son of man, mark well, and behold with\r
+thine eyes, and hear with thine ears all that I say unto thee\r
+concerning all the ordinances of the house of the LORD, and all the\r
+laws thereof; and mark well the entering in of the house, with every\r
+going forth of the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+44:6 And thou shalt say to the rebellious, even to the house of\r
+Israel, Thus saith the Lord GOD; O ye house of Israel, let it suffice\r
+you of all your abominations, 44:7 In that ye have brought into my\r
+sanctuary strangers, uncircumcised in heart, and uncircumcised in\r
+flesh, to be in my sanctuary, to pollute it, even my house, when ye\r
+offer my bread, the fat and the blood, and they have broken my\r
+covenant because of all your abominations.\r
+\r
+44:8 And ye have not kept the charge of mine holy things: but ye have\r
+set keepers of my charge in my sanctuary for yourselves.\r
+\r
+44:9 Thus saith the Lord GOD; No stranger, uncircumcised in heart, nor\r
+uncircumcised in flesh, shall enter into my sanctuary, of any stranger\r
+that is among the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+44:10 And the Levites that are gone away far from me, when Israel went\r
+astray, which went astray away from me after their idols; they shall\r
+even bear their iniquity.\r
+\r
+44:11 Yet they shall be ministers in my sanctuary, having charge at\r
+the gates of the house, and ministering to the house: they shall slay\r
+the burnt offering and the sacrifice for the people, and they shall\r
+stand before them to minister unto them.\r
+\r
+44:12 Because they ministered unto them before their idols, and caused\r
+the house of Israel to fall into iniquity; therefore have I lifted up\r
+mine hand against them, saith the Lord GOD, and they shall bear their\r
+iniquity.\r
+\r
+44:13 And they shall not come near unto me, to do the office of a\r
+priest unto me, nor to come near to any of my holy things, in the most\r
+holy place: but they shall bear their shame, and their abominations\r
+which they have committed.\r
+\r
+44:14 But I will make them keepers of the charge of the house, for all\r
+the service thereof, and for all that shall be done therein.\r
+\r
+44:15 But the priests the Levites, the sons of Zadok, that kept the\r
+charge of my sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from\r
+me, they shall come near to me to minister unto me, and they shall\r
+stand before me to offer unto me the fat and the blood, saith the Lord\r
+GOD: 44:16 They shall enter into my sanctuary, and they shall come\r
+near to my table, to minister unto me, and they shall keep my charge.\r
+\r
+44:17 And it shall come to pass, that when they enter in at the gates\r
+of the inner court, they shall be clothed with linen garments; and no\r
+wool shall come upon them, whiles they minister in the gates of the\r
+inner court, and within.\r
+\r
+44:18 They shall have linen bonnets upon their heads, and shall have\r
+linen breeches upon their loins; they shall not gird themselves with\r
+any thing that causeth sweat.\r
+\r
+44:19 And when they go forth into the utter court, even into the utter\r
+court to the people, they shall put off their garments wherein they\r
+ministered, and lay them in the holy chambers, and they shall put on\r
+other garments; and they shall not sanctify the people with their\r
+garments.\r
+\r
+44:20 Neither shall they shave their heads, nor suffer their locks to\r
+grow long; they shall only poll their heads.\r
+\r
+44:21 Neither shall any priest drink wine, when they enter into the\r
+inner court.\r
+\r
+44:22 Neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her that is\r
+put away: but they shall take maidens of the seed of the house of\r
+Israel, or a widow that had a priest before.\r
+\r
+44:23 And they shall teach my people the difference between the holy\r
+and profane, and cause them to discern between the unclean and the\r
+clean.\r
+\r
+44:24 And in controversy they shall stand in judgment; and they shall\r
+judge it according to my judgments: and they shall keep my laws and my\r
+statutes in all mine assemblies; and they shall hallow my sabbaths.\r
+\r
+44:25 And they shall come at no dead person to defile themselves: but\r
+for father, or for mother, or for son, or for daughter, for brother,\r
+or for sister that hath had no husband, they may defile themselves.\r
+\r
+44:26 And after he is cleansed, they shall reckon unto him seven days.\r
+\r
+44:27 And in the day that he goeth into the sanctuary, unto the inner\r
+court, to minister in the sanctuary, he shall offer his sin offering,\r
+saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+44:28 And it shall be unto them for an inheritance: I am their\r
+inheritance: and ye shall give them no possession in Israel: I am\r
+their possession.\r
+\r
+44:29 They shall eat the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the\r
+trespass offering: and every dedicated thing in Israel shall be\r
+theirs.\r
+\r
+44:30 And the first of all the firstfruits of all things, and every\r
+oblation of all, of every sort of your oblations, shall be the\r
+priest's: ye shall also give unto the priest the first of your dough,\r
+that he may cause the blessing to rest in thine house.\r
+\r
+44:31 The priests shall not eat of any thing that is dead of itself,\r
+or torn, whether it be fowl or beast.\r
+\r
+45:1 Moreover, when ye shall divide by lot the land for inheritance,\r
+ye shall offer an oblation unto the LORD, an holy portion of the land:\r
+the length shall be the length of five and twenty thousand reeds, and\r
+the breadth shall be ten thousand. This shall be holy in all the\r
+borders thereof round about.\r
+\r
+45:2 Of this there shall be for the sanctuary five hundred in length,\r
+with five hundred in breadth, square round about; and fifty cubits\r
+round about for the suburbs thereof.\r
+\r
+45:3 And of this measure shalt thou measure the length of five and\r
+twenty thousand, and the breadth of ten thousand: and in it shall be\r
+the sanctuary and the most holy place.\r
+\r
+45:4 The holy portion of the land shall be for the priests the\r
+ministers of the sanctuary, which shall come near to minister unto the\r
+LORD: and it shall be a place for their houses, and an holy place for\r
+the sanctuary.\r
+\r
+45:5 And the five and twenty thousand of length, and the ten thousand\r
+of breadth shall also the Levites, the ministers of the house, have\r
+for themselves, for a possession for twenty chambers.\r
+\r
+45:6 And ye shall appoint the possession of the city five thousand\r
+broad, and five and twenty thousand long, over against the oblation of\r
+the holy portion: it shall be for the whole house of Israel.\r
+\r
+45:7 And a portion shall be for the prince on the one side and on the\r
+other side of the oblation of the holy portion, and of the possession\r
+of the city, before the oblation of the holy portion, and before the\r
+possession of the city, from the west side westward, and from the east\r
+side eastward: and the length shall be over against one of the\r
+portions, from the west border unto the east border.\r
+\r
+45:8 In the land shall be his possession in Israel: and my princes\r
+shall no more oppress my people; and the rest of the land shall they\r
+give to the house of Israel according to their tribes.\r
+\r
+45:9 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel:\r
+remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and justice, take away\r
+your exactions from my people, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+45:10 Ye shall have just balances, and a just ephah, and a just bath.\r
+\r
+45:11 The ephah and the bath shall be of one measure, that the bath\r
+may contain the tenth part of an homer, and the ephah the tenth part\r
+of an homer: the measure thereof shall be after the homer.\r
+\r
+45:12 And the shekel shall be twenty gerahs: twenty shekels, five and\r
+twenty shekels, fifteen shekels, shall be your maneh.\r
+\r
+45:13 This is the oblation that ye shall offer; the sixth part of an\r
+ephah of an homer of wheat, and ye shall give the sixth part of an\r
+ephah of an homer of barley: 45:14 Concerning the ordinance of oil,\r
+the bath of oil, ye shall offer the tenth part of a bath out of the\r
+cor, which is an homer of ten baths; for ten baths are an homer: 45:15\r
+And one lamb out of the flock, out of two hundred, out of the fat\r
+pastures of Israel; for a meat offering, and for a burnt offering, and\r
+for peace offerings, to make reconciliation for them, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+45:16 All the people of the land shall give this oblation for the\r
+prince in Israel.\r
+\r
+45:17 And it shall be the prince's part to give burnt offerings, and\r
+meat offerings, and drink offerings, in the feasts, and in the new\r
+moons, and in the sabbaths, in all solemnities of the house of Israel:\r
+he shall prepare the sin offering, and the meat offering, and the\r
+burnt offering, and the peace offerings, to make reconciliation for\r
+the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+45:18 Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the first month, in the first day of\r
+the month, thou shalt take a young bullock without blemish, and\r
+cleanse the sanctuary: 45:19 And the priest shall take of the blood of\r
+the sin offering, and put it upon the posts of the house, and upon the\r
+four corners of the settle of the altar, and upon the posts of the\r
+gate of the inner court.\r
+\r
+45:20 And so thou shalt do the seventh day of the month for every one\r
+that erreth, and for him that is simple: so shall ye reconcile the\r
+house.\r
+\r
+45:21 In the first month, in the fourteenth day of the month, ye shall\r
+have the passover, a feast of seven days; unleavened bread shall be\r
+eaten.\r
+\r
+45:22 And upon that day shall the prince prepare for himself and for\r
+all the people of the land a bullock for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+45:23 And seven days of the feast he shall prepare a burnt offering to\r
+the LORD, seven bullocks and seven rams without blemish daily the\r
+seven days; and a kid of the goats daily for a sin offering.\r
+\r
+45:24 And he shall prepare a meat offering of an ephah for a bullock,\r
+and an ephah for a ram, and an hin of oil for an ephah.\r
+\r
+45:25 In the seventh month, in the fifteenth day of the month, shall\r
+he do the like in the feast of the seven days, according to the sin\r
+offering, according to the burnt offering, and according to the meat\r
+offering, and according to the oil.\r
+\r
+46:1 Thus saith the Lord GOD; The gate of the inner court that looketh\r
+toward the east shall be shut the six working days; but on the sabbath\r
+it shall be opened, and in the day of the new moon it shall be opened.\r
+\r
+46:2 And the prince shall enter by the way of the porch of that gate\r
+without, and shall stand by the post of the gate, and the priests\r
+shall prepare his burnt offering and his peace offerings, and he shall\r
+worship at the threshold of the gate: then he shall go forth; but the\r
+gate shall not be shut until the evening.\r
+\r
+46:3 Likewise the people of the land shall worship at the door of this\r
+gate before the LORD in the sabbaths and in the new moons.\r
+\r
+46:4 And the burnt offering that the prince shall offer unto the LORD\r
+in the sabbath day shall be six lambs without blemish, and a ram\r
+without blemish.\r
+\r
+46:5 And the meat offering shall be an ephah for a ram, and the meat\r
+offering for the lambs as he shall be able to give, and an hin of oil\r
+to an ephah.\r
+\r
+46:6 And in the day of the new moon it shall be a young bullock\r
+without blemish, and six lambs, and a ram: they shall be without\r
+blemish.\r
+\r
+46:7 And he shall prepare a meat offering, an ephah for a bullock, and\r
+an ephah for a ram, and for the lambs according as his hand shall\r
+attain unto, and an hin of oil to an ephah.\r
+\r
+46:8 And when the prince shall enter, he shall go in by the way of the\r
+porch of that gate, and he shall go forth by the way thereof.\r
+\r
+46:9 But when the people of the land shall come before the LORD in the\r
+solemn feasts, he that entereth in by the way of the north gate to\r
+worship shall go out by the way of the south gate; and he that\r
+entereth by the way of the south gate shall go forth by the way of the\r
+north gate: he shall not return by the way of the gate whereby he came\r
+in, but shall go forth over against it.\r
+\r
+46:10 And the prince in the midst of them, when they go in, shall go\r
+in; and when they go forth, shall go forth.\r
+\r
+46:11 And in the feasts and in the solemnities the meat offering shall\r
+be an ephah to a bullock, and an ephah to a ram, and to the lambs as\r
+he is able to give, and an hin of oil to an ephah.\r
+\r
+46:12 Now when the prince shall prepare a voluntary burnt offering or\r
+peace offerings voluntarily unto the LORD, one shall then open him the\r
+gate that looketh toward the east, and he shall prepare his burnt\r
+offering and his peace offerings, as he did on the sabbath day: then\r
+he shall go forth; and after his going forth one shall shut the gate.\r
+\r
+46:13 Thou shalt daily prepare a burnt offering unto the LORD of a\r
+lamb of the first year without blemish: thou shalt prepare it every\r
+morning.\r
+\r
+46:14 And thou shalt prepare a meat offering for it every morning, the\r
+sixth part of an ephah, and the third part of an hin of oil, to temper\r
+with the fine flour; a meat offering continually by a perpetual\r
+ordinance unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+46:15 Thus shall they prepare the lamb, and the meat offering, and the\r
+oil, every morning for a continual burnt offering.\r
+\r
+46:16 Thus saith the Lord GOD; If the prince give a gift unto any of\r
+his sons, the inheritance thereof shall be his sons'; it shall be\r
+their possession by inheritance.\r
+\r
+46:17 But if he give a gift of his inheritance to one of his servants,\r
+then it shall be his to the year of liberty; after it shall return to\r
+the prince: but his inheritance shall be his sons' for them.\r
+\r
+46:18 Moreover the prince shall not take of the people's inheritance\r
+by oppression, to thrust them out of their possession; but he shall\r
+give his sons inheritance out of his own possession: that my people be\r
+not scattered every man from his possession.\r
+\r
+46:19 After he brought me through the entry, which was at the side of\r
+the gate, into the holy chambers of the priests, which looked toward\r
+the north: and, behold, there was a place on the two sides westward.\r
+\r
+46:20 Then said he unto me, This is the place where the priests shall\r
+boil the trespass offering and the sin offering, where they shall bake\r
+the meat offering; that they bear them not out into the utter court,\r
+to sanctify the people.\r
+\r
+46:21 Then he brought me forth into the utter court, and caused me to\r
+pass by the four corners of the court; and, behold, in every corner of\r
+the court there was a court.\r
+\r
+46:22 In the four corners of the court there were courts joined of\r
+forty cubits long and thirty broad: these four corners were of one\r
+measure.\r
+\r
+46:23 And there was a row of building round about in them, round about\r
+them four, and it was made with boiling places under the rows round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+46:24 Then said he unto me, These are the places of them that boil,\r
+where the ministers of the house shall boil the sacrifice of the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+47:1 Afterward he brought me again unto the door of the house; and,\r
+behold, waters issued out from under the threshold of the house\r
+eastward: for the forefront of the house stood toward the east, and\r
+the waters came down from under from the right side of the house, at\r
+the south side of the altar.\r
+\r
+47:2 Then brought he me out of the way of the gate northward, and led\r
+me about the way without unto the utter gate by the way that looketh\r
+eastward; and, behold, there ran out waters on the right side.\r
+\r
+47:3 And when the man that had the line in his hand went forth\r
+eastward, he measured a thousand cubits, and he brought me through the\r
+waters; the waters were to the ankles.\r
+\r
+47:4 Again he measured a thousand, and brought me through the waters;\r
+the waters were to the knees. Again he measured a thousand, and\r
+brought me through; the waters were to the loins.\r
+\r
+47:5 Afterward he measured a thousand; and it was a river that I could\r
+not pass over: for the waters were risen, waters to swim in, a river\r
+that could not be passed over.\r
+\r
+47:6 And he said unto me, Son of man, hast thou seen this? Then he\r
+brought me, and caused me to return to the brink of the river.\r
+\r
+47:7 Now when I had returned, behold, at the bank of the river were\r
+very many trees on the one side and on the other.\r
+\r
+47:8 Then said he unto me, These waters issue out toward the east\r
+country, and go down into the desert, and go into the sea: which being\r
+brought forth into the sea, the waters shall be healed.\r
+\r
+47:9 And it shall come to pass, that every thing that liveth, which\r
+moveth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live: and there\r
+shall be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters shall\r
+come thither: for they shall be healed; and every thing shall live\r
+whither the river cometh.\r
+\r
+47:10 And it shall come to pass, that the fishers shall stand upon it\r
+from Engedi even unto Eneglaim; they shall be a place to spread forth\r
+nets; their fish shall be according to their kinds, as the fish of the\r
+great sea, exceeding many.\r
+\r
+47:11 But the miry places thereof and the marishes thereof shall not\r
+be healed; they shall be given to salt.\r
+\r
+47:12 And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that\r
+side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade,\r
+neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new\r
+fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out of\r
+the sanctuary: and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf\r
+thereof for medicine.\r
+\r
+47:13 Thus saith the Lord GOD; This shall be the border, whereby ye\r
+shall inherit the land according to the twelve tribes of Israel:\r
+Joseph shall have two portions.\r
+\r
+47:14 And ye shall inherit it, one as well as another: concerning the\r
+which I lifted up mine hand to give it unto your fathers: and this\r
+land shall fall unto you for inheritance.\r
+\r
+47:15 And this shall be the border of the land toward the north side,\r
+from the great sea, the way of Hethlon, as men go to Zedad; 47:16\r
+Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and\r
+the border of Hamath; Hazarhatticon, which is by the coast of Hauran.\r
+\r
+47:17 And the border from the sea shall be Hazarenan, the border of\r
+Damascus, and the north northward, and the border of Hamath. And this\r
+is the north side.\r
+\r
+47:18 And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran, and from\r
+Damascus, and from Gilead, and from the land of Israel by Jordan, from\r
+the border unto the east sea. And this is the east side.\r
+\r
+47:19 And the south side southward, from Tamar even to the waters of\r
+strife in Kadesh, the river to the great sea. And this is the south\r
+side southward.\r
+\r
+47:20 The west side also shall be the great sea from the border, till\r
+a man come over against Hamath. This is the west side.\r
+\r
+47:21 So shall ye divide this land unto you according to the tribes of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+47:22 And it shall come to pass, that ye shall divide it by lot for an\r
+inheritance unto you, and to the strangers that sojourn among you,\r
+which shall beget children among you: and they shall be unto you as\r
+born in the country among the children of Israel; they shall have\r
+inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+47:23 And it shall come to pass, that in what tribe the stranger\r
+sojourneth, there shall ye give him his inheritance, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+48:1 Now these are the names of the tribes. From the north end to the\r
+coast of the way of Hethlon, as one goeth to Hamath, Hazarenan, the\r
+border of Damascus northward, to the coast of Hamath; for these are\r
+his sides east and west; a portion for Dan.\r
+\r
+48:2 And by the border of Dan, from the east side unto the west side,\r
+a portion for Asher.\r
+\r
+48:3 And by the border of Asher, from the east side even unto the west\r
+side, a portion for Naphtali.\r
+\r
+48:4 And by the border of Naphtali, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, a portion for Manasseh.\r
+\r
+48:5 And by the border of Manasseh, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, a portion for Ephraim.\r
+\r
+48:6 And by the border of Ephraim, from the east side even unto the\r
+west side, a portion for Reuben.\r
+\r
+48:7 And by the border of Reuben, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, a portion for Judah.\r
+\r
+48:8 And by the border of Judah, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, shall be the offering which ye shall offer of five and twenty\r
+thousand reeds in breadth, and in length as one of the other parts,\r
+from the east side unto the west side: and the sanctuary shall be in\r
+the midst of it.\r
+\r
+48:9 The oblation that ye shall offer unto the LORD shall be of five\r
+and twenty thousand in length, and of ten thousand in breadth.\r
+\r
+48:10 And for them, even for the priests, shall be this holy oblation;\r
+toward the north five and twenty thousand in length, and toward the\r
+west ten thousand in breadth, and toward the east ten thousand in\r
+breadth, and toward the south five and twenty thousand in length: and\r
+the sanctuary of the LORD shall be in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+48:11 It shall be for the priests that are sanctified of the sons of\r
+Zadok; which have kept my charge, which went not astray when the\r
+children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray.\r
+\r
+48:12 And this oblation of the land that is offered shall be unto them\r
+a thing most holy by the border of the Levites.\r
+\r
+48:13 And over against the border of the priests the Levites shall\r
+have five and twenty thousand in length, and ten thousand in breadth:\r
+all the length shall be five and twenty thousand, and the breadth ten\r
+thousand.\r
+\r
+48:14 And they shall not sell of it, neither exchange, nor alienate\r
+the firstfruits of the land: for it is holy unto the LORD.\r
+\r
+48:15 And the five thousand, that are left in the breadth over against\r
+the five and twenty thousand, shall be a profane place for the city,\r
+for dwelling, and for suburbs: and the city shall be in the midst\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+48:16 And these shall be the measures thereof; the north side four\r
+thousand and five hundred, and the south side four thousand and five\r
+hundred, and on the east side four thousand and five hundred, and the\r
+west side four thousand and five hundred.\r
+\r
+48:17 And the suburbs of the city shall be toward the north two\r
+hundred and fifty, and toward the south two hundred and fifty, and\r
+toward the east two hundred and fifty, and toward the west two hundred\r
+and fifty.\r
+\r
+48:18 And the residue in length over against the oblation of the holy\r
+portion shall be ten thousand eastward, and ten thousand westward: and\r
+it shall be over against the oblation of the holy portion; and the\r
+increase thereof shall be for food unto them that serve the city.\r
+\r
+48:19 And they that serve the city shall serve it out of all the\r
+tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+48:20 All the oblation shall be five and twenty thousand by five and\r
+twenty thousand: ye shall offer the holy oblation foursquare, with the\r
+possession of the city.\r
+\r
+48:21 And the residue shall be for the prince, on the one side and on\r
+the other of the holy oblation, and of the possession of the city,\r
+over against the five and twenty thousand of the oblation toward the\r
+east border, and westward over against the five and twenty thousand\r
+toward the west border, over against the portions for the prince: and\r
+it shall be the holy oblation; and the sanctuary of the house shall be\r
+in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+48:22 Moreover from the possession of the Levites, and from the\r
+possession of the city, being in the midst of that which is the\r
+prince's, between the border of Judah and the border of Benjamin,\r
+shall be for the prince.\r
+\r
+48:23 As for the rest of the tribes, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, Benjamin shall have a portion.\r
+\r
+48:24 And by the border of Benjamin, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, Simeon shall have a portion.\r
+\r
+48:25 And by the border of Simeon, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, Issachar a portion.\r
+\r
+48:26 And by the border of Issachar, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, Zebulun a portion.\r
+\r
+48:27 And by the border of Zebulun, from the east side unto the west\r
+side, Gad a portion.\r
+\r
+48:28 And by the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the\r
+border shall be even from Tamar unto the waters of strife in Kadesh,\r
+and to the river toward the great sea.\r
+\r
+48:29 This is the land which ye shall divide by lot unto the tribes of\r
+Israel for inheritance, and these are their portions, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+48:30 And these are the goings out of the city on the north side, four\r
+thousand and five hundred measures.\r
+\r
+48:31 And the gates of the city shall be after the names of the tribes\r
+of Israel: three gates northward; one gate of Reuben, one gate of\r
+Judah, one gate of Levi.\r
+\r
+48:32 And at the east side four thousand and five hundred: and three\r
+gates; and one gate of Joseph, one gate of Benjamin, one gate of Dan.\r
+\r
+48:33 And at the south side four thousand and five hundred measures:\r
+and three gates; one gate of Simeon, one gate of Issachar, one gate of\r
+Zebulun.\r
+\r
+48:34 At the west side four thousand and five hundred, with their\r
+three gates; one gate of Gad, one gate of Asher, one gate of Naphtali.\r
+\r
+48:35 It was round about eighteen thousand measures: and the name of\r
+the city from that day shall be, The LORD is there.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Book of Daniel\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came\r
+Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and besieged it.\r
+\r
+1:2 And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part\r
+of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of\r
+Shinar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the\r
+treasure house of his god.\r
+\r
+1:3 And the king spake unto Ashpenaz the master of his eunuchs, that\r
+he should bring certain of the children of Israel, and of the king's\r
+seed, and of the princes; 1:4 Children in whom was no blemish, but\r
+well favoured, and skilful in all wisdom, and cunning in knowledge,\r
+and understanding science, and such as had ability in them to stand in\r
+the king's palace, and whom they might teach the learning and the\r
+tongue of the Chaldeans.\r
+\r
+1:5 And the king appointed them a daily provision of the king's meat,\r
+and of the wine which he drank: so nourishing them three years, that\r
+at the end thereof they might stand before the king.\r
+\r
+1:6 Now among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah,\r
+Mishael, and Azariah: 1:7 Unto whom the prince of the eunuchs gave\r
+names: for he gave unto Daniel the name of Belteshazzar; and to\r
+Hananiah, of Shadrach; and to Mishael, of Meshach; and to Azariah, of\r
+Abednego.\r
+\r
+1:8 But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself\r
+with the portion of the king's meat, nor with the wine which he drank:\r
+therefore he requested of the prince of the eunuchs that he might not\r
+defile himself.\r
+\r
+1:9 Now God had brought Daniel into favour and tender love with the\r
+prince of the eunuchs.\r
+\r
+1:10 And the prince of the eunuchs said unto Daniel, I fear my lord\r
+the king, who hath appointed your meat and your drink: for why should\r
+he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your\r
+sort? then shall ye make me endanger my head to the king.\r
+\r
+1:11 Then said Daniel to Melzar, whom the prince of the eunuchs had\r
+set over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, 1:12 Prove thy\r
+servants, I beseech thee, ten days; and let them give us pulse to eat,\r
+and water to drink.\r
+\r
+1:13 Then let our countenances be looked upon before thee, and the\r
+countenance of the children that eat of the portion of the king's\r
+meat: and as thou seest, deal with thy servants.\r
+\r
+1:14 So he consented to them in this matter, and proved them ten days.\r
+\r
+1:15 And at the end of ten days their countenances appeared fairer and\r
+fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the\r
+king's meat.\r
+\r
+1:16 Thus Melzar took away the portion of their meat, and the wine\r
+that they should drink; and gave them pulse.\r
+\r
+1:17 As for these four children, God gave them knowledge and skill in\r
+all learning and wisdom: and Daniel had understanding in all visions\r
+and dreams.\r
+\r
+1:18 Now at the end of the days that the king had said he should bring\r
+them in, then the prince of the eunuchs brought them in before\r
+Nebuchadnezzar.\r
+\r
+1:19 And the king communed with them; and among them all was found\r
+none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: therefore stood they\r
+before the king.\r
+\r
+1:20 And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king\r
+enquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the\r
+magicians and astrologers that were in all his realm.\r
+\r
+1:21 And Daniel continued even unto the first year of king Cyrus.\r
+\r
+2:1 And in the second year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar\r
+Nebuchadnezzar dreamed dreams, wherewith his spirit was troubled, and\r
+his sleep brake from him.\r
+\r
+2:2 Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the\r
+astrologers, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, for to shew the\r
+king his dreams. So they came and stood before the king.\r
+\r
+2:3 And the king said unto them, I have dreamed a dream, and my spirit\r
+was troubled to know the dream.\r
+\r
+2:4 Then spake the Chaldeans to the king in Syriack, O king, live for\r
+ever: tell thy servants the dream, and we will shew the\r
+interpretation.\r
+\r
+2:5 The king answered and said to the Chaldeans, The thing is gone\r
+from me: if ye will not make known unto me the dream, with the\r
+interpretation thereof, ye shall be cut in pieces, and your houses\r
+shall be made a dunghill.\r
+\r
+2:6 But if ye shew the dream, and the interpretation thereof, ye shall\r
+receive of me gifts and rewards and great honour: therefore shew me\r
+the dream, and the interpretation thereof.\r
+\r
+2:7 They answered again and said, Let the king tell his servants the\r
+dream, and we will shew the interpretation of it.\r
+\r
+2:8 The king answered and said, I know of certainty that ye would gain\r
+the time, because ye see the thing is gone from me.\r
+\r
+2:9 But if ye will not make known unto me the dream, there is but one\r
+decree for you: for ye have prepared lying and corrupt words to speak\r
+before me, till the time be changed: therefore tell me the dream, and\r
+I shall know that ye can shew me the interpretation thereof.\r
+\r
+2:10 The Chaldeans answered before the king, and said, There is not a\r
+man upon the earth that can shew the king's matter: therefore there is\r
+no king, lord, nor ruler, that asked such things at any magician, or\r
+astrologer, or Chaldean.\r
+\r
+2:11 And it is a rare thing that the king requireth, and there is none\r
+other that can shew it before the king, except the gods, whose\r
+dwelling is not with flesh.\r
+\r
+2:12 For this cause the king was angry and very furious, and commanded\r
+to destroy all the wise men of Babylon.\r
+\r
+2:13 And the decree went forth that the wise men should be slain; and\r
+they sought Daniel and his fellows to be slain.\r
+\r
+2:14 Then Daniel answered with counsel and wisdom to Arioch the\r
+captain of the king's guard, which was gone forth to slay the wise men\r
+of Babylon: 2:15 He answered and said to Arioch the king's captain,\r
+Why is the decree so hasty from the king? Then Arioch made the thing\r
+known to Daniel.\r
+\r
+2:16 Then Daniel went in, and desired of the king that he would give\r
+him time, and that he would shew the king the interpretation.\r
+\r
+2:17 Then Daniel went to his house, and made the thing known to\r
+Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions: 2:18 That they would\r
+desire mercies of the God of heaven concerning this secret; that\r
+Daniel and his fellows should not perish with the rest of the wise men\r
+of Babylon.\r
+\r
+2:19 Then was the secret revealed unto Daniel in a night vision. Then\r
+Daniel blessed the God of heaven.\r
+\r
+2:20 Daniel answered and said, Blessed be the name of God for ever and\r
+ever: for wisdom and might are his: 2:21 And he changeth the times and\r
+the seasons: he removeth kings, and setteth up kings: he giveth wisdom\r
+unto the wise, and knowledge to them that know understanding: 2:22 He\r
+revealeth the deep and secret things: he knoweth what is in the\r
+darkness, and the light dwelleth with him.\r
+\r
+2:23 I thank thee, and praise thee, O thou God of my fathers, who hast\r
+given me wisdom and might, and hast made known unto me now what we\r
+desired of thee: for thou hast now made known unto us the king's\r
+matter.\r
+\r
+2:24 Therefore Daniel went in unto Arioch, whom the king had ordained\r
+to destroy the wise men of Babylon: he went and said thus unto him;\r
+Destroy not the wise men of Babylon: bring me in before the king, and\r
+I will shew unto the king the interpretation.\r
+\r
+2:25 Then Arioch brought in Daniel before the king in haste, and said\r
+thus unto him, I have found a man of the captives of Judah, that will\r
+make known unto the king the interpretation.\r
+\r
+2:26 The king answered and said to Daniel, whose name was\r
+Belteshazzar, Art thou able to make known unto me the dream which I\r
+have seen, and the interpretation thereof? 2:27 Daniel answered in\r
+the presence of the king, and said, The secret which the king hath\r
+demanded cannot the wise men, the astrologers, the magicians, the\r
+soothsayers, shew unto the king; 2:28 But there is a God in heaven\r
+that revealeth secrets, and maketh known to the king Nebuchadnezzar\r
+what shall be in the latter days. Thy dream, and the visions of thy\r
+head upon thy bed, are these; 2:29 As for thee, O king, thy thoughts\r
+came into thy mind upon thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter:\r
+and he that revealeth secrets maketh known to thee what shall come to\r
+pass.\r
+\r
+2:30 But as for me, this secret is not revealed to me for any wisdom\r
+that I have more than any living, but for their sakes that shall make\r
+known the interpretation to the king, and that thou mightest know the\r
+thoughts of thy heart.\r
+\r
+2:31 Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image,\r
+whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form\r
+thereof was terrible.\r
+\r
+2:32 This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of\r
+silver, his belly and his thighs of brass, 2:33 His legs of iron, his\r
+feet part of iron and part of clay.\r
+\r
+2:34 Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which\r
+smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake\r
+them to pieces.\r
+\r
+2:35 Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold,\r
+broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer\r
+threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was\r
+found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great\r
+mountain, and filled the whole earth.\r
+\r
+2:36 This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof\r
+before the king.\r
+\r
+2:37 Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath\r
+given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory.\r
+\r
+2:38 And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the\r
+field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and\r
+hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold.\r
+\r
+2:39 And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and\r
+another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+2:40 And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron\r
+breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh\r
+all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise.\r
+\r
+2:41 And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay,\r
+and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in\r
+it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron\r
+mixed with miry clay.\r
+\r
+2:42 And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay,\r
+so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.\r
+\r
+2:43 And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall\r
+mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one\r
+to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay.\r
+\r
+2:44 And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a\r
+kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be\r
+left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all\r
+these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.\r
+\r
+2:45 Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the\r
+mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the\r
+brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made\r
+known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is\r
+certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.\r
+\r
+2:46 Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped\r
+Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet\r
+odours unto him.\r
+\r
+2:47 The king answered unto Daniel, and said, Of a truth it is, that\r
+your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a revealer of\r
+secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret.\r
+\r
+2:48 Then the king made Daniel a great man, and gave him many great\r
+gifts, and made him ruler over the whole province of Babylon, and\r
+chief of the governors over all the wise men of Babylon.\r
+\r
+2:49 Then Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach,\r
+and Abednego, over the affairs of the province of Babylon: but Daniel\r
+sat in the gate of the king.\r
+\r
+3:1 Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold, whose height was\r
+threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof six cubits: he set it up in\r
+the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon.\r
+\r
+3:2 Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the princes,\r
+the governors, and the captains, the judges, the treasurers, the\r
+counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, to\r
+come to the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had\r
+set up.\r
+\r
+3:3 Then the princes, the governors, and captains, the judges, the\r
+treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the\r
+provinces, were gathered together unto the dedication of the image\r
+that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up; and they stood before the\r
+image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up.\r
+\r
+3:4 Then an herald cried aloud, To you it is commanded, O people,\r
+nations, and languages, 3:5 That at what time ye hear the sound of the\r
+cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of\r
+musick, ye fall down and worship the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar\r
+the king hath set up: 3:6 And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth\r
+shall the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.\r
+\r
+3:7 Therefore at that time, when all the people heard the sound of the\r
+cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and all kinds of musick, all\r
+the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshipped\r
+the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up.\r
+\r
+3:8 Wherefore at that time certain Chaldeans came near, and accused\r
+the Jews.\r
+\r
+3:9 They spake and said to the king Nebuchadnezzar, O king, live for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+3:10 Thou, O king, hast made a decree, that every man that shall hear\r
+the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer,\r
+and all kinds of musick, shall fall down and worship the golden image:\r
+3:11 And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth, that he should be\r
+cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.\r
+\r
+3:12 There are certain Jews whom thou hast set over the affairs of the\r
+province of Babylon, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego; these men, O\r
+king, have not regarded thee: they serve not thy gods, nor worship the\r
+golden image which thou hast set up.\r
+\r
+3:13 Then Nebuchadnezzar in his rage and fury commanded to bring\r
+Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. Then they brought these men before\r
+the king.\r
+\r
+3:14 Nebuchadnezzar spake and said unto them, Is it true, O Shadrach,\r
+Meshach, and Abednego, do not ye serve my gods, nor worship the golden\r
+image which I have set up? 3:15 Now if ye be ready that at what time\r
+ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and\r
+dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the image\r
+which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the\r
+same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that\r
+God that shall deliver you out of my hands? 3:16 Shadrach, Meshach,\r
+and Abednego, answered and said to the king, O Nebuchadnezzar, we are\r
+not careful to answer thee in this matter.\r
+\r
+3:17 If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the\r
+burning fiery furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O\r
+king.\r
+\r
+3:18 But if not, be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve\r
+thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.\r
+\r
+3:19 Then was Nebuchadnezzar full of fury, and the form of his visage\r
+was changed against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: therefore he\r
+spake, and commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times\r
+more than it was wont to be heated.\r
+\r
+3:20 And he commanded the most mighty men that were in his army to\r
+bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and to cast them into the\r
+burning fiery furnace.\r
+\r
+3:21 Then these men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their\r
+hats, and their other garments, and were cast into the midst of the\r
+burning fiery furnace.\r
+\r
+3:22 Therefore because the king's commandment was urgent, and the\r
+furnace exceeding hot, the flames of the fire slew those men that took\r
+up Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.\r
+\r
+3:23 And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, fell down\r
+bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.\r
+\r
+3:24 Then Nebuchadnezzar the king was astonied, and rose up in haste,\r
+and spake, and said unto his counsellors, Did not we cast three men\r
+bound into the midst of the fire? They answered and said unto the\r
+king, True, O king.\r
+\r
+3:25 He answered and said, Lo, I see four men loose, walking in the\r
+midst of the fire, and they have no hurt; and the form of the fourth\r
+is like the Son of God.\r
+\r
+3:26 Then Nebuchadnezzar came near to the mouth of the burning fiery\r
+furnace, and spake, and said, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, ye\r
+servants of the most high God, come forth, and come hither. Then\r
+Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, came forth of the midst of the fire.\r
+\r
+3:27 And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's\r
+counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies\r
+the fire had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither\r
+were their coats changed, nor the smell of fire had passed on them.\r
+\r
+3:28 Then Nebuchadnezzar spake, and said, Blessed be the God of\r
+Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who hath sent his angel, and\r
+delivered his servants that trusted in him, and have changed the\r
+king's word, and yielded their bodies, that they might not serve nor\r
+worship any god, except their own God.\r
+\r
+3:29 Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and\r
+language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach,\r
+Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall\r
+be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver\r
+after this sort.\r
+\r
+3:30 Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, in the\r
+province of Babylon.\r
+\r
+4:1 Nebuchadnezzar the king, unto all people, nations, and languages,\r
+that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you.\r
+\r
+4:2 I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the high God\r
+hath wrought toward me.\r
+\r
+4:3 How great are his signs! and how mighty are his wonders! his\r
+kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and his dominion is from generation\r
+to generation.\r
+\r
+4:4 I Nebuchadnezzar was at rest in mine house, and flourishing in my\r
+palace: 4:5 I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon\r
+my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.\r
+\r
+4:6 Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon\r
+before me, that they might make known unto me the interpretation of\r
+the dream.\r
+\r
+4:7 Then came in the magicians, the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and\r
+the soothsayers: and I told the dream before them; but they did not\r
+make known unto me the interpretation thereof.\r
+\r
+4:8 But at the last Daniel came in before me, whose name was\r
+Belteshazzar, according to the name of my God, and in whom is the\r
+spirit of the holy gods: and before him I told the dream, saying, 4:9\r
+O Belteshazzar, master of the magicians, because I know that the\r
+spirit of the holy gods is in thee, and no secret troubleth thee, tell\r
+me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and the interpretation\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+4:10 Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a\r
+tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great.\r
+\r
+4:11 The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached\r
+unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth: 4:12\r
+The leaves thereof were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in it\r
+was meat for all: the beasts of the field had shadow under it, and the\r
+fowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof, and all flesh was fed\r
+of it.\r
+\r
+4:13 I saw in the visions of my head upon my bed, and, behold, a\r
+watcher and an holy one came down from heaven; 4:14 He cried aloud,\r
+and said thus, Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches, shake off\r
+his leaves, and scatter his fruit: let the beasts get away from under\r
+it, and the fowls from his branches: 4:15 Nevertheless leave the stump\r
+of his roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the\r
+tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven,\r
+and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth: 4:16\r
+Let his heart be changed from man's, and let a beast's heart be given\r
+unto him; and let seven times pass over him.\r
+\r
+4:17 This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the demand by\r
+the word of the holy ones: to the intent that the living may know that\r
+the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to\r
+whomsoever he will, and setteth up over it the basest of men.\r
+\r
+4:18 This dream I king Nebuchadnezzar have seen. Now thou, O\r
+Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation thereof, forasmuch as all the\r
+wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known unto me the\r
+interpretation: but thou art able; for the spirit of the holy gods is\r
+in thee.\r
+\r
+4:19 Then Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, was astonied for one\r
+hour, and his thoughts troubled him. The king spake, and said,\r
+Belteshazzar, let not the dream, or the interpretation thereof,\r
+trouble thee. Belteshazzar answered and said, My lord, the dream be to\r
+them that hate thee, and the interpretation thereof to thine enemies.\r
+\r
+4:20 The tree that thou sawest, which grew, and was strong, whose\r
+height reached unto the heaven, and the sight thereof to all the\r
+earth; 4:21 Whose leaves were fair, and the fruit thereof much, and in\r
+it was meat for all; under which the beasts of the field dwelt, and\r
+upon whose branches the fowls of the heaven had their habitation: 4:22\r
+It is thou, O king, that art grown and become strong: for thy\r
+greatness is grown, and reacheth unto heaven, and thy dominion to the\r
+end of the earth.\r
+\r
+4:23 And whereas the king saw a watcher and an holy one coming down\r
+from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave\r
+the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron\r
+and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with\r
+the dew of heaven, and let his portion be with the beasts of the\r
+field, till seven times pass over him; 4:24 This is the\r
+interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which\r
+is come upon my lord the king: 4:25 That they shall drive thee from\r
+men, and thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field, and they\r
+shall make thee to eat grass as oxen, and they shall wet thee with the\r
+dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass over thee, till thou know\r
+that the most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to\r
+whomsoever he will.\r
+\r
+4:26 And whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the tree roots;\r
+thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt have known\r
+that the heavens do rule.\r
+\r
+4:27 Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and\r
+break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing\r
+mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity.\r
+\r
+4:28 All this came upon the king Nebuchadnezzar.\r
+\r
+4:29 At the end of twelve months he walked in the palace of the\r
+kingdom of Babylon.\r
+\r
+4:30 The king spake, and said, Is not this great Babylon, that I have\r
+built for the house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for\r
+the honour of my majesty? 4:31 While the word was in the king's\r
+mouth, there fell a voice from heaven, saying, O king Nebuchadnezzar,\r
+to thee it is spoken; The kingdom is departed from thee.\r
+\r
+4:32 And they shall drive thee from men, and thy dwelling shall be\r
+with the beasts of the field: they shall make thee to eat grass as\r
+oxen, and seven times shall pass over thee, until thou know that the\r
+most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he\r
+will.\r
+\r
+4:33 The same hour was the thing fulfilled upon Nebuchadnezzar: and he\r
+was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet\r
+with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles'\r
+feathers, and his nails like birds' claws.\r
+\r
+4:34 And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes\r
+unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed\r
+the most High, and I praised and honoured him that liveth for ever,\r
+whose dominion is an everlasting dominion, and his kingdom is from\r
+generation to generation: 4:35 And all the inhabitants of the earth\r
+are reputed as nothing: and he doeth according to his will in the army\r
+of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth: and none can stay\r
+his hand, or say unto him, What doest thou? 4:36 At the same time my\r
+reason returned unto me; and for the glory of my kingdom, mine honour\r
+and brightness returned unto me; and my counsellors and my lords\r
+sought unto me; and I was established in my kingdom, and excellent\r
+majesty was added unto me.\r
+\r
+4:37 Now I Nebuchadnezzar praise and extol and honour the King of\r
+heaven, all whose works are truth, and his ways judgment: and those\r
+that walk in pride he is able to abase.\r
+\r
+5:1 Belshazzar the king made a great feast to a thousand of his lords,\r
+and drank wine before the thousand.\r
+\r
+5:2 Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the\r
+golden and silver vessels which his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken\r
+out of the temple which was in Jerusalem; that the king, and his\r
+princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein.\r
+\r
+5:3 Then they brought the golden vessels that were taken out of the\r
+temple of the house of God which was at Jerusalem; and the king, and\r
+his princes, his wives, and his concubines, drank in them.\r
+\r
+5:4 They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of\r
+brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone.\r
+\r
+5:5 In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and wrote\r
+over against the candlestick upon the plaister of the wall of the\r
+king's palace: and the king saw the part of the hand that wrote.\r
+\r
+5:6 Then the king's countenance was changed, and his thoughts troubled\r
+him, so that the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote\r
+one against another.\r
+\r
+5:7 The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans,\r
+and the soothsayers. And the king spake, and said to the wise men of\r
+Babylon, Whosoever shall read this writing, and shew me the\r
+interpretation thereof, shall be clothed with scarlet, and have a\r
+chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the\r
+kingdom.\r
+\r
+5:8 Then came in all the king's wise men: but they could not read the\r
+writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation thereof.\r
+\r
+5:9 Then was king Belshazzar greatly troubled, and his countenance was\r
+changed in him, and his lords were astonied.\r
+\r
+5:10 Now the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords\r
+came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king,\r
+live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy\r
+countenance be changed: 5:11 There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is\r
+the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and\r
+understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in\r
+him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy\r
+father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and\r
+soothsayers; 5:12 Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and\r
+understanding, interpreting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences,\r
+and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king\r
+named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will shew the\r
+interpretation.\r
+\r
+5:13 Then was Daniel brought in before the king. And the king spake\r
+and said unto Daniel, Art thou that Daniel, which art of the children\r
+of the captivity of Judah, whom the king my father brought out of\r
+Jewry? 5:14 I have even heard of thee, that the spirit of the gods is\r
+in thee, and that light and understanding and excellent wisdom is\r
+found in thee.\r
+\r
+5:15 And now the wise men, the astrologers, have been brought in\r
+before me, that they should read this writing, and make known unto me\r
+the interpretation thereof: but they could not shew the interpretation\r
+of the thing: 5:16 And I have heard of thee, that thou canst make\r
+interpretations, and dissolve doubts: now if thou canst read the\r
+writing, and make known to me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt\r
+be clothed with scarlet, and have a chain of gold about thy neck, and\r
+shalt be the third ruler in the kingdom.\r
+\r
+5:17 Then Daniel answered and said before the king, Let thy gifts be\r
+to thyself, and give thy rewards to another; yet I will read the\r
+writing unto the king, and make known to him the interpretation.\r
+\r
+5:18 O thou king, the most high God gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father a\r
+kingdom, and majesty, and glory, and honour: 5:19 And for the majesty\r
+that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and\r
+feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept\r
+alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.\r
+\r
+5:20 But when his heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride,\r
+he was deposed from his kingly throne, and they took his glory from\r
+him: 5:21 And he was driven from the sons of men; and his heart was\r
+made like the beasts, and his dwelling was with the wild asses: they\r
+fed him with grass like oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of\r
+heaven; till he knew that the most high God ruled in the kingdom of\r
+men, and that he appointeth over it whomsoever he will.\r
+\r
+5:22 And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart,\r
+though thou knewest all this; 5:23 But hast lifted up thyself against\r
+the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house\r
+before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines,\r
+have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and\r
+gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor\r
+know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy\r
+ways, hast thou not glorified: 5:24 Then was the part of the hand sent\r
+from him; and this writing was written.\r
+\r
+5:25 And this is the writing that was written, MENE, MENE, TEKEL,\r
+UPHARSIN.\r
+\r
+5:26 This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered\r
+thy kingdom, and finished it.\r
+\r
+5:27 TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.\r
+\r
+5:28 PERES; Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and\r
+Persians.\r
+\r
+5:29 Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet,\r
+and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation\r
+concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom.\r
+\r
+5:30 In that night was Belshazzar the king of the Chaldeans slain.\r
+\r
+5:31 And Darius the Median took the kingdom, being about threescore\r
+and two years old.\r
+\r
+6:1 It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom an hundred and twenty\r
+princes, which should be over the whole kingdom; 6:2 And over these\r
+three presidents; of whom Daniel was first: that the princes might\r
+give accounts unto them, and the king should have no damage.\r
+\r
+6:3 Then this Daniel was preferred above the presidents and princes,\r
+because an excellent spirit was in him; and the king thought to set\r
+him over the whole realm.\r
+\r
+6:4 Then the presidents and princes sought to find occasion against\r
+Daniel concerning the kingdom; but they could find none occasion nor\r
+fault; forasmuch as he was faithful, neither was there any error or\r
+fault found in him.\r
+\r
+6:5 Then said these men, We shall not find any occasion against this\r
+Daniel, except we find it against him concerning the law of his God.\r
+\r
+6:6 Then these presidents and princes assembled together to the king,\r
+and said thus unto him, King Darius, live for ever.\r
+\r
+6:7 All the presidents of the kingdom, the governors, and the princes,\r
+the counsellors, and the captains, have consulted together to\r
+establish a royal statute, and to make a firm decree, that whosoever\r
+shall ask a petition of any God or man for thirty days, save of thee,\r
+O king, he shall be cast into the den of lions.\r
+\r
+6:8 Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing, that it\r
+be not changed, according to the law of the Medes and Persians, which\r
+altereth not.\r
+\r
+6:9 Wherefore king Darius signed the writing and the decree.\r
+\r
+6:10 Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into\r
+his house; and his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem,\r
+he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave\r
+thanks before his God, as he did aforetime.\r
+\r
+6:11 Then these men assembled, and found Daniel praying and making\r
+supplication before his God.\r
+\r
+6:12 Then they came near, and spake before the king concerning the\r
+king's decree; Hast thou not signed a decree, that every man that\r
+shall ask a petition of any God or man within thirty days, save of\r
+thee, O king, shall be cast into the den of lions? The king answered\r
+and said, The thing is true, according to the law of the Medes and\r
+Persians, which altereth not.\r
+\r
+6:13 Then answered they and said before the king, That Daniel, which\r
+is of the children of the captivity of Judah, regardeth not thee, O\r
+king, nor the decree that thou hast signed, but maketh his petition\r
+three times a day.\r
+\r
+6:14 Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased\r
+with himself, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he\r
+laboured till the going down of the sun to deliver him.\r
+\r
+6:15 Then these men assembled unto the king, and said unto the king,\r
+Know, O king, that the law of the Medes and Persians is, That no\r
+decree nor statute which the king establisheth may be changed.\r
+\r
+6:16 Then the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him\r
+into the den of lions. Now the king spake and said unto Daniel, Thy\r
+God whom thou servest continually, he will deliver thee.\r
+\r
+6:17 And a stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den; and\r
+the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his\r
+lords; that the purpose might not be changed concerning Daniel.\r
+\r
+6:18 Then the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting:\r
+neither were instruments of musick brought before him: and his sleep\r
+went from him.\r
+\r
+6:19 Then the king arose very early in the morning, and went in haste\r
+unto the den of lions.\r
+\r
+6:20 And when he came to the den, he cried with a lamentable voice\r
+unto Daniel: and the king spake and said to Daniel, O Daniel, servant\r
+of the living God, is thy God, whom thou servest continually, able to\r
+deliver thee from the lions? 6:21 Then said Daniel unto the king, O\r
+king, live for ever.\r
+\r
+6:22 My God hath sent his angel, and hath shut the lions' mouths, that\r
+they have not hurt me: forasmuch as before him innocency was found in\r
+me; and also before thee, O king, have I done no hurt.\r
+\r
+6:23 Then was the king exceedingly glad for him, and commanded that\r
+they should take Daniel up out of the den. So Daniel was taken up out\r
+of the den, and no manner of hurt was found upon him, because he\r
+believed in his God.\r
+\r
+6:24 And the king commanded, and they brought those men which had\r
+accused Daniel, and they cast them into the den of lions, them, their\r
+children, and their wives; and the lions had the mastery of them, and\r
+brake all their bones in pieces or ever they came at the bottom of the\r
+den.\r
+\r
+6:25 Then king Darius wrote unto all people, nations, and languages,\r
+that dwell in all the earth; Peace be multiplied unto you.\r
+\r
+6:26 I make a decree, That in every dominion of my kingdom men tremble\r
+and fear before the God of Daniel: for he is the living God, and\r
+stedfast for ever, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed,\r
+and his dominion shall be even unto the end.\r
+\r
+6:27 He delivereth and rescueth, and he worketh signs and wonders in\r
+heaven and in earth, who hath delivered Daniel from the power of the\r
+lions.\r
+\r
+6:28 So this Daniel prospered in the reign of Darius, and in the reign\r
+of Cyrus the Persian.\r
+\r
+7:1 In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream\r
+and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and\r
+told the sum of the matters.\r
+\r
+7:2 Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold,\r
+the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea.\r
+\r
+7:3 And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from\r
+another.\r
+\r
+7:4 The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till\r
+the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth,\r
+and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to\r
+it.\r
+\r
+7:5 And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised\r
+up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it\r
+between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour\r
+much flesh.\r
+\r
+7:6 After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had\r
+upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four\r
+heads; and dominion was given to it.\r
+\r
+7:7 After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast,\r
+dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron\r
+teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with\r
+the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were\r
+before it; and it had ten horns.\r
+\r
+7:8 I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them\r
+another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns\r
+plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the\r
+eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things.\r
+\r
+7:9 I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days\r
+did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head\r
+like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his\r
+wheels as burning fire.\r
+\r
+7:10 A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand\r
+thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand\r
+stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened.\r
+\r
+7:11 I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the\r
+horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body\r
+destroyed, and given to the burning flame.\r
+\r
+7:12 As concerning the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion\r
+taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season and time.\r
+\r
+7:13 I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man\r
+came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and\r
+they brought him near before him.\r
+\r
+7:14 And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that\r
+all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is\r
+an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom\r
+that which shall not be destroyed.\r
+\r
+7:15 I Daniel was grieved in my spirit in the midst of my body, and\r
+the visions of my head troubled me.\r
+\r
+7:16 I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the\r
+truth of all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation\r
+of the things.\r
+\r
+7:17 These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall\r
+arise out of the earth.\r
+\r
+7:18 But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and\r
+possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+7:19 Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast, which was\r
+diverse from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of\r
+iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and\r
+stamped the residue with his feet; 7:20 And of the ten horns that were\r
+in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three\r
+fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very\r
+great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows.\r
+\r
+7:21 I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and\r
+prevailed against them; 7:22 Until the Ancient of days came, and\r
+judgment was given to the saints of the most High; and the time came\r
+that the saints possessed the kingdom.\r
+\r
+7:23 Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon\r
+earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the\r
+whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.\r
+\r
+7:24 And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall\r
+arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from\r
+the first, and he shall subdue three kings.\r
+\r
+7:25 And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall\r
+wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and\r
+laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and\r
+the dividing of time.\r
+\r
+7:26 But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his\r
+dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end.\r
+\r
+7:27 And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom\r
+under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of\r
+the most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all\r
+dominions shall serve and obey him.\r
+\r
+7:28 Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my\r
+cogitations much troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I\r
+kept the matter in my heart.\r
+\r
+8:1 In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision\r
+appeared unto me, even unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto\r
+me at the first.\r
+\r
+8:2 And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was\r
+at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw\r
+in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai.\r
+\r
+8:3 Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood\r
+before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were\r
+high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last.\r
+\r
+8:4 I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so\r
+that no beasts might stand before him, neither was there any that\r
+could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and\r
+became great.\r
+\r
+8:5 And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on\r
+the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat\r
+had a notable horn between his eyes.\r
+\r
+8:6 And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen\r
+standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power.\r
+\r
+8:7 And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with\r
+choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and\r
+there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him\r
+down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that\r
+could deliver the ram out of his hand.\r
+\r
+8:8 Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong,\r
+the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward\r
+the four winds of heaven.\r
+\r
+8:9 And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed\r
+exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the\r
+pleasant land.\r
+\r
+8:10 And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down\r
+some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon\r
+them.\r
+\r
+8:11 Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by\r
+him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of the sanctuary\r
+was cast down.\r
+\r
+8:12 And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason\r
+of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it\r
+practised, and prospered.\r
+\r
+8:13 Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that\r
+certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the\r
+daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the\r
+sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot? 8:14 And he said\r
+unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the\r
+sanctuary be cleansed.\r
+\r
+8:15 And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision,\r
+and sought for the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the\r
+appearance of a man.\r
+\r
+8:16 And I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai, which\r
+called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.\r
+\r
+8:17 So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid,\r
+and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man:\r
+for at the time of the end shall be the vision.\r
+\r
+8:18 Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face\r
+toward the ground: but he touched me, and set me upright.\r
+\r
+8:19 And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the\r
+last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall\r
+be.\r
+\r
+8:20 The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media\r
+and Persia.\r
+\r
+8:21 And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that\r
+is between his eyes is the first king.\r
+\r
+8:22 Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four\r
+kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power.\r
+\r
+8:23 And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors\r
+are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding\r
+dark sentences, shall stand up.\r
+\r
+8:24 And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he\r
+shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall\r
+destroy the mighty and the holy people.\r
+\r
+8:25 And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in\r
+his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace\r
+shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of\r
+princes; but he shall be broken without hand.\r
+\r
+8:26 And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is\r
+true: wherefore shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many\r
+days.\r
+\r
+8:27 And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days; afterward I rose\r
+up, and did the king's business; and I was astonished at the vision,\r
+but none understood it.\r
+\r
+9:1 In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of\r
+the Medes, which was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans; 9:2 In\r
+the first year of his reign I Daniel understood by books the number of\r
+the years, whereof the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah the prophet,\r
+that he would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:3 And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by prayer and\r
+supplications, with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes: 9:4 And I\r
+prayed unto the LORD my God, and made my confession, and said, O Lord,\r
+the great and dreadful God, keeping the covenant and mercy to them\r
+that love him, and to them that keep his commandments; 9:5 We have\r
+sinned, and have committed iniquity, and have done wickedly, and have\r
+rebelled, even by departing from thy precepts and from thy judgments:\r
+9:6 Neither have we hearkened unto thy servants the prophets, which\r
+spake in thy name to our kings, our princes, and our fathers, and to\r
+all the people of the land.\r
+\r
+9:7 O LORD, righteousness belongeth unto thee, but unto us confusion\r
+of faces, as at this day; to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants\r
+of Jerusalem, and unto all Israel, that are near, and that are far\r
+off, through all the countries whither thou hast driven them, because\r
+of their trespass that they have trespassed against thee.\r
+\r
+9:8 O Lord, to us belongeth confusion of face, to our kings, to our\r
+princes, and to our fathers, because we have sinned against thee.\r
+\r
+9:9 To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses, though we\r
+have rebelled against him; 9:10 Neither have we obeyed the voice of\r
+the LORD our God, to walk in his laws, which he set before us by his\r
+servants the prophets.\r
+\r
+9:11 Yea, all Israel have transgressed thy law, even by departing,\r
+that they might not obey thy voice; therefore the curse is poured upon\r
+us, and the oath that is written in the law of Moses the servant of\r
+God, because we have sinned against him.\r
+\r
+9:12 And he hath confirmed his words, which he spake against us, and\r
+against our judges that judged us, by bringing upon us a great evil:\r
+for under the whole heaven hath not been done as hath been done upon\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:13 As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil is come upon\r
+us: yet made we not our prayer before the LORD our God, that we might\r
+turn from our iniquities, and understand thy truth.\r
+\r
+9:14 Therefore hath the LORD watched upon the evil, and brought it\r
+upon us: for the LORD our God is righteous in all his works which he\r
+doeth: for we obeyed not his voice.\r
+\r
+9:15 And now, O Lord our God, that hast brought thy people forth out\r
+of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand, and hast gotten thee renown,\r
+as at this day; we have sinned, we have done wickedly.\r
+\r
+9:16 O LORD, according to all thy righteousness, I beseech thee, let\r
+thine anger and thy fury be turned away from thy city Jerusalem, thy\r
+holy mountain: because for our sins, and for the iniquities of our\r
+fathers, Jerusalem and thy people are become a reproach to all that\r
+are about us.\r
+\r
+9:17 Now therefore, O our God, hear the prayer of thy servant, and his\r
+supplications, and cause thy face to shine upon thy sanctuary that is\r
+desolate, for the Lord's sake.\r
+\r
+9:18 O my God, incline thine ear, and hear; open thine eyes, and\r
+behold our desolations, and the city which is called by thy name: for\r
+we do not present our supplications before thee for our\r
+righteousnesses, but for thy great mercies.\r
+\r
+9:19 O Lord, hear; O Lord, forgive; O Lord, hearken and do; defer not,\r
+for thine own sake, O my God: for thy city and thy people are called\r
+by thy name.\r
+\r
+9:20 And whiles I was speaking, and praying, and confessing my sin and\r
+the sin of my people Israel, and presenting my supplication before the\r
+LORD my God for the holy mountain of my God; 9:21 Yea, whiles I was\r
+speaking in prayer, even the man Gabriel, whom I had seen in the\r
+vision at the beginning, being caused to fly swiftly, touched me about\r
+the time of the evening oblation.\r
+\r
+9:22 And he informed me, and talked with me, and said, O Daniel, I am\r
+now come forth to give thee skill and understanding.\r
+\r
+9:23 At the beginning of thy supplications the commandment came forth,\r
+and I am come to shew thee; for thou art greatly beloved: therefore\r
+understand the matter, and consider the vision.\r
+\r
+9:24 Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy\r
+city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to\r
+make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting\r
+righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint\r
+the most Holy.\r
+\r
+9:25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the\r
+commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the\r
+Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street\r
+shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.\r
+\r
+9:26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but\r
+not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall\r
+destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with\r
+a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.\r
+\r
+9:27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in\r
+the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to\r
+cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it\r
+desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be\r
+poured upon the desolate.\r
+\r
+10:1 In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed\r
+unto Daniel, whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was\r
+true, but the time appointed was long: and he understood the thing,\r
+and had understanding of the vision.\r
+\r
+10:2 In those days I Daniel was mourning three full weeks.\r
+\r
+10:3 I ate no pleasant bread, neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth,\r
+neither did I anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks were\r
+fulfilled.\r
+\r
+10:4 And in the four and twentieth day of the first month, as I was by\r
+the side of the great river, which is Hiddekel; 10:5 Then I lifted up\r
+mine eyes, and looked, and behold a certain man clothed in linen,\r
+whose loins were girded with fine gold of Uphaz: 10:6 His body also\r
+was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and\r
+his eyes as lamps of fire, and his arms and his feet like in colour to\r
+polished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a\r
+multitude.\r
+\r
+10:7 And I Daniel alone saw the vision: for the men that were with me\r
+saw not the vision; but a great quaking fell upon them, so that they\r
+fled to hide themselves.\r
+\r
+10:8 Therefore I was left alone, and saw this great vision, and there\r
+remained no strength in me: for my comeliness was turned in me into\r
+corruption, and I retained no strength.\r
+\r
+10:9 Yet heard I the voice of his words: and when I heard the voice of\r
+his words, then was I in a deep sleep on my face, and my face toward\r
+the ground.\r
+\r
+10:10 And, behold, an hand touched me, which set me upon my knees and\r
+upon the palms of my hands.\r
+\r
+10:11 And he said unto me, O Daniel, a man greatly beloved, understand\r
+the words that I speak unto thee, and stand upright: for unto thee am\r
+I now sent.\r
+\r
+And when he had spoken this word unto me, I stood trembling.\r
+\r
+10:12 Then said he unto me, Fear not, Daniel: for from the first day\r
+that thou didst set thine heart to understand, and to chasten thyself\r
+before thy God, thy words were heard, and I am come for thy words.\r
+\r
+10:13 But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and\r
+twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help\r
+me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia.\r
+\r
+10:14 Now I am come to make thee understand what shall befall thy\r
+people in the latter days: for yet the vision is for many days.\r
+\r
+10:15 And when he had spoken such words unto me, I set my face toward\r
+the ground, and I became dumb.\r
+\r
+10:16 And, behold, one like the similitude of the sons of men touched\r
+my lips: then I opened my mouth, and spake, and said unto him that\r
+stood before me, O my lord, by the vision my sorrows are turned upon\r
+me, and I have retained no strength.\r
+\r
+10:17 For how can the servant of this my lord talk with this my lord?\r
+for as for me, straightway there remained no strength in me, neither\r
+is there breath left in me.\r
+\r
+10:18 Then there came again and touched me one like the appearance of\r
+a man, and he strengthened me, 10:19 And said, O man greatly beloved,\r
+fear not: peace be unto thee, be strong, yea, be strong. And when he\r
+had spoken unto me, I was strengthened, and said, Let my lord speak;\r
+for thou hast strengthened me.\r
+\r
+10:20 Then said he, Knowest thou wherefore I come unto thee? and now\r
+will I return to fight with the prince of Persia: and when I am gone\r
+forth, lo, the prince of Grecia shall come.\r
+\r
+10:21 But I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of\r
+truth: and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but\r
+Michael your prince.\r
+\r
+11:1 Also I in the first year of Darius the Mede, even I, stood to\r
+confirm and to strengthen him.\r
+\r
+11:2 And now will I shew thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand up\r
+yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than\r
+they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir up all\r
+against the realm of Grecia.\r
+\r
+11:3 And a mighty king shall stand up, that shall rule with great\r
+dominion, and do according to his will.\r
+\r
+11:4 And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and\r
+shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his\r
+posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his\r
+kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those.\r
+\r
+11:5 And the king of the south shall be strong, and one of his\r
+princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his\r
+dominion shall be a great dominion.\r
+\r
+11:6 And in the end of years they shall join themselves together; for\r
+the king's daughter of the south shall come to the king of the north\r
+to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the power of the arm;\r
+neither shall he stand, nor his arm: but she shall be given up, and\r
+they that brought her, and he that begat her, and he that strengthened\r
+her in these times.\r
+\r
+11:7 But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his\r
+estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the\r
+fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and\r
+shall prevail: 11:8 And shall also carry captives into Egypt their\r
+gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver\r
+and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the\r
+north.\r
+\r
+11:9 So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall\r
+return into his own land.\r
+\r
+11:10 But his sons shall be stirred up, and shall assemble a multitude\r
+of great forces: and one shall certainly come, and overflow, and pass\r
+through: then shall he return, and be stirred up, even to his\r
+fortress.\r
+\r
+11:11 And the king of the south shall be moved with choler, and shall\r
+come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north: and he\r
+shall set forth a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given\r
+into his hand.\r
+\r
+11:12 And when he hath taken away the multitude, his heart shall be\r
+lifted up; and he shall cast down many ten thousands: but he shall not\r
+be strengthened by it.\r
+\r
+11:13 For the king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a\r
+multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come after\r
+certain years with a great army and with much riches.\r
+\r
+11:14 And in those times there shall many stand up against the king of\r
+the south: also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves to\r
+establish the vision; but they shall fall.\r
+\r
+11:15 So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mount, and\r
+take the most fenced cities: and the arms of the south shall not\r
+withstand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any\r
+strength to withstand.\r
+\r
+11:16 But he that cometh against him shall do according to his own\r
+will, and none shall stand before him: and he shall stand in the\r
+glorious land, which by his hand shall be consumed.\r
+\r
+11:17 He shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his\r
+whole kingdom, and upright ones with him; thus shall he do: and he\r
+shall give him the daughter of women, corrupting her: but she shall\r
+not stand on his side, neither be for him.\r
+\r
+11:18 After this shall he turn his face unto the isles, and shall take\r
+many: but a prince for his own behalf shall cause the reproach offered\r
+by him to cease; without his own reproach he shall cause it to turn\r
+upon him.\r
+\r
+11:19 Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land: but\r
+he shall stumble and fall, and not be found.\r
+\r
+11:20 Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory\r
+of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in\r
+anger, nor in battle.\r
+\r
+11:21 And in his estate shall stand up a vile person, to whom they\r
+shall not give the honour of the kingdom: but he shall come in\r
+peaceably, and obtain the kingdom by flatteries.\r
+\r
+11:22 And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before\r
+him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.\r
+\r
+11:23 And after the league made with him he shall work deceitfully:\r
+for he shall come up, and shall become strong with a small people.\r
+\r
+11:24 He shall enter peaceably even upon the fattest places of the\r
+province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor\r
+his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them the prey, and spoil,\r
+and riches: yea, and he shall forecast his devices against the strong\r
+holds, even for a time.\r
+\r
+11:25 And he shall stir up his power and his courage against the king\r
+of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall be\r
+stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall\r
+not stand: for they shall forecast devices against him.\r
+\r
+11:26 Yea, they that feed of the portion of his meat shall destroy\r
+him, and his army shall overflow: and many shall fall down slain.\r
+\r
+11:27 And both of these kings' hearts shall be to do mischief, and\r
+they shall speak lies at one table; but it shall not prosper: for yet\r
+the end shall be at the time appointed.\r
+\r
+11:28 Then shall he return into his land with great riches; and his\r
+heart shall be against the holy covenant; and he shall do exploits,\r
+and return to his own land.\r
+\r
+11:29 At the time appointed he shall return, and come toward the\r
+south; but it shall not be as the former, or as the latter.\r
+\r
+11:30 For the ships of Chittim shall come against him: therefore he\r
+shall be grieved, and return, and have indignation against the holy\r
+covenant: so shall he do; he shall even return, and have intelligence\r
+with them that forsake the holy covenant.\r
+\r
+11:31 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the\r
+sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and\r
+they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.\r
+\r
+11:32 And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by\r
+flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and\r
+do exploits.\r
+\r
+11:33 And they that understand among the people shall instruct many:\r
+yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by\r
+spoil, many days.\r
+\r
+11:34 Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little\r
+help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries.\r
+\r
+11:35 And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and\r
+to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because\r
+it is yet for a time appointed.\r
+\r
+11:36 And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt\r
+himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak\r
+marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the\r
+indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be\r
+done.\r
+\r
+11:37 Neither shall he regard the God of his fathers, nor the desire\r
+of women, nor regard any god: for he shall magnify himself above all.\r
+\r
+11:38 But in his estate shall he honour the God of forces: and a god\r
+whom his fathers knew not shall he honour with gold, and silver, and\r
+with precious stones, and pleasant things.\r
+\r
+11:39 Thus shall he do in the most strong holds with a strange god,\r
+whom he shall acknowledge and increase with glory: and he shall cause\r
+them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for gain.\r
+\r
+11:40 And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at\r
+him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a\r
+whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and\r
+he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over.\r
+\r
+11:41 He shall enter also into the glorious land, and many countries\r
+shall be overthrown: but these shall escape out of his hand, even\r
+Edom, and Moab, and the chief of the children of Ammon.\r
+\r
+11:42 He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the countries: and the\r
+land of Egypt shall not escape.\r
+\r
+11:43 But he shall have power over the treasures of gold and of\r
+silver, and over all the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans and\r
+the Ethiopians shall be at his steps.\r
+\r
+11:44 But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble\r
+him: therefore he shall go forth with great fury to destroy, and\r
+utterly to make away many.\r
+\r
+11:45 And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the\r
+seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and\r
+none shall help him.\r
+\r
+12:1 And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which\r
+standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of\r
+trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same\r
+time: and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that\r
+shall be found written in the book.\r
+\r
+12:2 And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake,\r
+some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.\r
+\r
+12:3 And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the\r
+firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for\r
+ever and ever.\r
+\r
+12:4 But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to\r
+the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be\r
+increased.\r
+\r
+12:5 Then I Daniel looked, and, behold, there stood other two, the one\r
+on this side of the bank of the river, and the other on that side of\r
+the bank of the river.\r
+\r
+12:6 And one said to the man clothed in linen, which was upon the\r
+waters of the river, How long shall it be to the end of these wonders?\r
+12:7 And I heard the man clothed in linen, which was upon the waters\r
+of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand unto\r
+heaven, and sware by him that liveth for ever that it shall be for a\r
+time, times, and an half; and when he shall have accomplished to\r
+scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be\r
+finished.\r
+\r
+12:8 And I heard, but I understood not: then said I, O my Lord, what\r
+shall be the end of these things? 12:9 And he said, Go thy way,\r
+Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the\r
+end.\r
+\r
+12:10 Many shall be purified, and made white, and tried; but the\r
+wicked shall do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand; but\r
+the wise shall understand.\r
+\r
+12:11 And from the time that the daily sacrifice shall be taken away,\r
+and the abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall be a\r
+thousand two hundred and ninety days.\r
+\r
+12:12 Blessed is he that waiteth, and cometh to the thousand three\r
+hundred and five and thirty days.\r
+\r
+12:13 But go thou thy way till the end be: for thou shalt rest,\r
+and stand in thy lot at the end of the days.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Hosea\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in\r
+the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in\r
+the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:2 The beginning of the word of the LORD by Hosea. And the LORD said\r
+to Hosea, Go, take unto thee a wife of whoredoms and children of\r
+whoredoms: for the land hath committed great whoredom, departing from\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:3 So he went and took Gomer the daughter of Diblaim; which\r
+conceived, and bare him a son.\r
+\r
+1:4 And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a\r
+little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of\r
+Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:5 And it shall come to pass at that day, that I will break the bow\r
+of Israel, in the valley of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+1:6 And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto\r
+him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the\r
+house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away.\r
+\r
+1:7 But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them\r
+by the LORD their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword,\r
+nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen.\r
+\r
+1:8 Now when she had weaned Loruhamah, she conceived, and bare a son.\r
+\r
+1:9 Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and\r
+I will not be your God.\r
+\r
+1:10 Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of\r
+the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to\r
+pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my\r
+people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the\r
+living God.\r
+\r
+1:11 Then shall the children of Judah and the children of Israel be\r
+gathered together, and appoint themselves one head, and they shall\r
+come up out of the land: for great shall be the day of Jezreel.\r
+\r
+2:1 Say ye unto your brethren, Ammi; and to your sisters, Ruhamah.\r
+\r
+2:2 Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am\r
+I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her\r
+sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; 2:3 Lest I strip\r
+her naked, and set her as in the day that she was born, and make her\r
+as a wilderness, and set her like a dry land, and slay her with\r
+thirst.\r
+\r
+2:4 And I will not have mercy upon her children; for they be the\r
+children of whoredoms.\r
+\r
+2:5 For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them\r
+hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that\r
+give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my\r
+drink.\r
+\r
+2:6 Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a\r
+wall, that she shall not find her paths.\r
+\r
+2:7 And she shall follow after her lovers, but she shall not overtake\r
+them; and she shall seek them, but shall not find them: then shall she\r
+say, I will go and return to my first husband; for then was it better\r
+with me than now.\r
+\r
+2:8 For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and\r
+multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal.\r
+\r
+2:9 Therefore will I return, and take away my corn in the time\r
+thereof, and my wine in the season thereof, and will recover my wool\r
+and my flax given to cover her nakedness.\r
+\r
+2:10 And now will I discover her lewdness in the sight of her lovers,\r
+and none shall deliver her out of mine hand.\r
+\r
+2:11 I will also cause all her mirth to cease, her feast days, her new\r
+moons, and her sabbaths, and all her solemn feasts.\r
+\r
+2:12 And I will destroy her vines and her fig trees, whereof she hath\r
+said, These are my rewards that my lovers have given me: and I will\r
+make them a forest, and the beasts of the field shall eat them.\r
+\r
+2:13 And I will visit upon her the days of Baalim, wherein she burned\r
+incense to them, and she decked herself with her earrings and her\r
+jewels, and she went after her lovers, and forgat me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:14 Therefore, behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the\r
+wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her.\r
+\r
+2:15 And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of\r
+Achor for a door of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of\r
+her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+2:16 And it shall be at that day, saith the LORD, that thou shalt call\r
+me Ishi; and shalt call me no more Baali.\r
+\r
+2:17 For I will take away the names of Baalim out of her mouth, and\r
+they shall no more be remembered by their name.\r
+\r
+2:18 And in that day will I make a covenant for them with the beasts\r
+of the field and with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping\r
+things of the ground: and I will break the bow and the sword and the\r
+battle out of the earth, and will make them to lie down safely.\r
+\r
+2:19 And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth\r
+thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness,\r
+and in mercies.\r
+\r
+2:20 I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt\r
+know the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:21 And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the\r
+LORD, I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; 2:22 And\r
+the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they\r
+shall hear Jezreel.\r
+\r
+2:23 And I will sow her unto me in the earth; and I will have mercy\r
+upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them which\r
+were not my people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art\r
+my God.\r
+\r
+3:1 Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her\r
+friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward\r
+the children of Israel, who look to other gods, and love flagons of\r
+wine.\r
+\r
+3:2 So I bought her to me for fifteen pieces of silver, and for an\r
+homer of barley, and an half homer of barley: 3:3 And I said unto her,\r
+Thou shalt abide for me many days; thou shalt not play the harlot, and\r
+thou shalt not be for another man: so will I also be for thee.\r
+\r
+3:4 For the children of Israel shall abide many days without a king,\r
+and without a prince, and without a sacrifice, and without an image,\r
+and without an ephod, and without teraphim: 3:5 Afterward shall the\r
+children of Israel return, and seek the LORD their God, and David\r
+their king; and shall fear the LORD and his goodness in the latter\r
+days.\r
+\r
+4:1 Hear the word of the LORD, ye children of Israel: for the LORD\r
+hath a controversy with the inhabitants of the land, because there is\r
+no truth, nor mercy, nor knowledge of God in the land.\r
+\r
+4:2 By swearing, and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing\r
+adultery, they break out, and blood toucheth blood.\r
+\r
+4:3 Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth\r
+therein shall languish, with the beasts of the field, and with the\r
+fowls of heaven; yea, the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away.\r
+\r
+4:4 Yet let no man strive, nor reprove another: for thy people are as\r
+they that strive with the priest.\r
+\r
+4:5 Therefore shalt thou fall in the day, and the prophet also shall\r
+fall with thee in the night, and I will destroy thy mother.\r
+\r
+4:6 My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge: because thou hast\r
+rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no\r
+priest to me: seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will\r
+also forget thy children.\r
+\r
+4:7 As they were increased, so they sinned against me: therefore will\r
+I change their glory into shame.\r
+\r
+4:8 They eat up the sin of my people, and they set their heart on\r
+their iniquity.\r
+\r
+4:9 And there shall be, like people, like priest: and I will punish\r
+them for their ways, and reward them their doings.\r
+\r
+4:10 For they shall eat, and not have enough: they shall commit\r
+whoredom, and shall not increase: because they have left off to take\r
+heed to the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:11 Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart.\r
+\r
+4:12 My people ask counsel at their stocks, and their staff declareth\r
+unto them: for the spirit of whoredoms hath caused them to err, and\r
+they have gone a whoring from under their God.\r
+\r
+4:13 They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense\r
+upon the hills, under oaks and poplars and elms, because the shadow\r
+thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit whoredom, and\r
+your spouses shall commit adultery.\r
+\r
+4:14 I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor\r
+your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated\r
+with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people\r
+that doth not understand shall fall.\r
+\r
+4:15 Though thou, Israel, play the harlot, yet let not Judah offend;\r
+and come not ye unto Gilgal, neither go ye up to Bethaven, nor swear,\r
+The LORD liveth.\r
+\r
+4:16 For Israel slideth back as a backsliding heifer: now the LORD\r
+will feed them as a lamb in a large place.\r
+\r
+4:17 Ephraim is joined to idols: let him alone.\r
+\r
+4:18 Their drink is sour: they have committed whoredom continually:\r
+her rulers with shame do love, Give ye.\r
+\r
+4:19 The wind hath bound her up in her wings, and they shall be\r
+ashamed because of their sacrifices.\r
+\r
+5:1 Hear ye this, O priests; and hearken, ye house of Israel; and give\r
+ye ear, O house of the king; for judgment is toward you, because ye\r
+have been a snare on Mizpah, and a net spread upon Tabor.\r
+\r
+5:2 And the revolters are profound to make slaughter, though I have\r
+been a rebuker of them all.\r
+\r
+5:3 I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hid from me: for now, O Ephraim,\r
+thou committest whoredom, and Israel is defiled.\r
+\r
+5:4 They will not frame their doings to turn unto their God: for the\r
+spirit of whoredoms is in the midst of them, and they have not known\r
+the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:5 And the pride of Israel doth testify to his face: therefore shall\r
+Israel and Ephraim fall in their iniquity: Judah also shall fall with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+5:6 They shall go with their flocks and with their herds to seek the\r
+LORD; but they shall not find him; he hath withdrawn himself from\r
+them.\r
+\r
+5:7 They have dealt treacherously against the LORD: for they have\r
+begotten strange children: now shall a month devour them with their\r
+portions.\r
+\r
+5:8 Blow ye the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah: cry aloud\r
+at Bethaven, after thee, O Benjamin.\r
+\r
+5:9 Ephraim shall be desolate in the day of rebuke: among the tribes\r
+of Israel have I made known that which shall surely be.\r
+\r
+5:10 The princes of Judah were like them that remove the bound:\r
+therefore I will pour out my wrath upon them like water.\r
+\r
+5:11 Ephraim is oppressed and broken in judgment, because he willingly\r
+walked after the commandment.\r
+\r
+5:12 Therefore will I be unto Ephraim as a moth, and to the house of\r
+Judah as rottenness.\r
+\r
+5:13 When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went\r
+Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal\r
+you, nor cure you of your wound.\r
+\r
+5:14 For I will be unto Ephraim as a lion, and as a young lion to the\r
+house of Judah: I, even I, will tear and go away; I will take away,\r
+and none shall rescue him.\r
+\r
+5:15 I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their\r
+offence, and seek my face: in their affliction they will seek me\r
+early.\r
+\r
+6:1 Come, and let us return unto the LORD: for he hath torn, and he\r
+will heal us; he hath smitten, and he will bind us up.\r
+\r
+6:2 After two days will he revive us: in the third day he will raise\r
+us up, and we shall live in his sight.\r
+\r
+6:3 Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the LORD: his going\r
+forth is prepared as the morning; and he shall come unto us as the\r
+rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth.\r
+\r
+6:4 O Ephraim, what shall I do unto thee? O Judah, what shall I do\r
+unto thee? for your goodness is as a morning cloud, and as the early\r
+dew it goeth away.\r
+\r
+6:5 Therefore have I hewed them by the prophets; I have slain them by\r
+the words of my mouth: and thy judgments are as the light that goeth\r
+forth.\r
+\r
+6:6 For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God\r
+more than burnt offerings.\r
+\r
+6:7 But they like men have transgressed the covenant: there have they\r
+dealt treacherously against me.\r
+\r
+6:8 Gilead is a city of them that work iniquity, and is polluted with\r
+blood.\r
+\r
+6:9 And as troops of robbers wait for a man, so the company of priests\r
+murder in the way by consent: for they commit lewdness.\r
+\r
+6:10 I have seen an horrible thing in the house of Israel: there is\r
+the whoredom of Ephraim, Israel is defiled.\r
+\r
+6:11 Also, O Judah, he hath set an harvest for thee, when I returned\r
+the captivity of my people.\r
+\r
+7:1 When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was\r
+discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood;\r
+and the thief cometh in, and the troop of robbers spoileth without.\r
+\r
+7:2 And they consider not in their hearts that I remember all their\r
+wickedness: now their own doings have beset them about; they are\r
+before my face.\r
+\r
+7:3 They make the king glad with their wickedness, and the princes\r
+with their lies.\r
+\r
+7:4 They are all adulterers, as an oven heated by the baker, who\r
+ceaseth from raising after he hath kneaded the dough, until it be\r
+leavened.\r
+\r
+7:5 In the day of our king the princes have made him sick with bottles\r
+of wine; he stretched out his hand with scorners.\r
+\r
+7:6 For they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie\r
+in wait: their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth\r
+as a flaming fire.\r
+\r
+7:7 They are all hot as an oven, and have devoured their judges; all\r
+their kings are fallen: there is none among them that calleth unto me.\r
+\r
+7:8 Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people; Ephraim is a cake\r
+not turned.\r
+\r
+7:9 Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth it not: yea,\r
+gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not.\r
+\r
+7:10 And the pride of Israel testifieth to his face: and they do not\r
+return to the LORD their God, nor seek him for all this.\r
+\r
+7:11 Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: they call to\r
+Egypt, they go to Assyria.\r
+\r
+7:12 When they shall go, I will spread my net upon them; I will bring\r
+them down as the fowls of the heaven; I will chastise them, as their\r
+congregation hath heard.\r
+\r
+7:13 Woe unto them! for they have fled from me: destruction unto them!\r
+because they have transgressed against me: though I have redeemed\r
+them, yet they have spoken lies against me.\r
+\r
+7:14 And they have not cried unto me with their heart, when they\r
+howled upon their beds: they assemble themselves for corn and wine,\r
+and they rebel against me.\r
+\r
+7:15 Though I have bound and strengthened their arms, yet do they\r
+imagine mischief against me.\r
+\r
+7:16 They return, but not to the most High: they are like a deceitful\r
+bow: their princes shall fall by the sword for the rage of their\r
+tongue: this shall be their derision in the land of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:1 Set the trumpet to thy mouth. He shall come as an eagle against\r
+the house of the LORD, because they have transgressed my covenant, and\r
+trespassed against my law.\r
+\r
+8:2 Israel shall cry unto me, My God, we know thee.\r
+\r
+8:3 Israel hath cast off the thing that is good: the enemy shall\r
+pursue him.\r
+\r
+8:4 They have set up kings, but not by me: they have made princes, and\r
+I knew it not: of their silver and their gold have they made them\r
+idols, that they may be cut off.\r
+\r
+8:5 Thy calf, O Samaria, hath cast thee off; mine anger is kindled\r
+against them: how long will it be ere they attain to innocency? 8:6\r
+For from Israel was it also: the workman made it; therefore it is not\r
+God: but the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces.\r
+\r
+8:7 For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind: it\r
+hath no stalk; the bud shall yield no meal: if so be it yield, the\r
+strangers shall swallow it up.\r
+\r
+8:8 Israel is swallowed up: now shall they be among the Gentiles as a\r
+vessel wherein is no pleasure.\r
+\r
+8:9 For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself:\r
+Ephraim hath hired lovers.\r
+\r
+8:10 Yea, though they have hired among the nations, now will I gather\r
+them, and they shall sorrow a little for the burden of the king of\r
+princes.\r
+\r
+8:11 Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin, altars shall be\r
+unto him to sin.\r
+\r
+8:12 I have written to him the great things of my law, but they were\r
+counted as a strange thing.\r
+\r
+8:13 They sacrifice flesh for the sacrifices of mine offerings, and\r
+eat it; but the LORD accepteth them not; now will he remember their\r
+iniquity, and visit their sins: they shall return to Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:14 For Israel hath forgotten his Maker, and buildeth temples; and\r
+Judah hath multiplied fenced cities: but I will send a fire upon his\r
+cities, and it shall devour the palaces thereof.\r
+\r
+9:1 Rejoice not, O Israel, for joy, as other people: for thou hast\r
+gone a whoring from thy God, thou hast loved a reward upon every\r
+cornfloor.\r
+\r
+9:2 The floor and the winepress shall not feed them, and the new wine\r
+shall fail in her.\r
+\r
+9:3 They shall not dwell in the LORD's land; but Ephraim shall return\r
+to Egypt, and they shall eat unclean things in Assyria.\r
+\r
+9:4 They shall not offer wine offerings to the LORD, neither shall\r
+they be pleasing unto him: their sacrifices shall be unto them as the\r
+bread of mourners; all that eat thereof shall be polluted: for their\r
+bread for their soul shall not come into the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:5 What will ye do in the solemn day, and in the day of the feast of\r
+the LORD? 9:6 For, lo, they are gone because of destruction: Egypt\r
+shall gather them up, Memphis shall bury them: the pleasant places for\r
+their silver, nettles shall possess them: thorns shall be in their\r
+tabernacles.\r
+\r
+9:7 The days of visitation are come, the days of recompence are come;\r
+Israel shall know it: the prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad,\r
+for the multitude of thine iniquity, and the great hatred.\r
+\r
+9:8 The watchman of Ephraim was with my God: but the prophet is a\r
+snare of a fowler in all his ways, and hatred in the house of his God.\r
+\r
+9:9 They have deeply corrupted themselves, as in the days of Gibeah:\r
+therefore he will remember their iniquity, he will visit their sins.\r
+\r
+9:10 I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your fathers\r
+as the firstripe in the fig tree at her first time: but they went to\r
+Baalpeor, and separated themselves unto that shame; and their\r
+abominations were according as they loved.\r
+\r
+9:11 As for Ephraim, their glory shall fly away like a bird, from the\r
+birth, and from the womb, and from the conception.\r
+\r
+9:12 Though they bring up their children, yet will I bereave them,\r
+that there shall not be a man left: yea, woe also to them when I\r
+depart from them! 9:13 Ephraim, as I saw Tyrus, is planted in a\r
+pleasant place: but Ephraim shall bring forth his children to the\r
+murderer.\r
+\r
+9:14 Give them, O LORD: what wilt thou give? give them a miscarrying\r
+womb and dry breasts.\r
+\r
+9:15 All their wickedness is in Gilgal: for there I hated them: for\r
+the wickedness of their doings I will drive them out of mine house, I\r
+will love them no more: all their princes are revolters.\r
+\r
+9:16 Ephraim is smitten, their root is dried up, they shall bear no\r
+fruit: yea, though they bring forth, yet will I slay even the beloved\r
+fruit of their womb.\r
+\r
+9:17 My God will cast them away, because they did not hearken unto\r
+him: and they shall be wanderers among the nations.\r
+\r
+10:1 Israel is an empty vine, he bringeth forth fruit unto himself:\r
+according to the multitude of his fruit he hath increased the altars;\r
+according to the goodness of his land they have made goodly images.\r
+\r
+10:2 Their heart is divided; now shall they be found faulty: he shall\r
+break down their altars, he shall spoil their images.\r
+\r
+10:3 For now they shall say, We have no king, because we feared not\r
+the LORD; what then should a king do to us? 10:4 They have spoken\r
+words, swearing falsely in making a covenant: thus judgment springeth\r
+up as hemlock in the furrows of the field.\r
+\r
+10:5 The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves of\r
+Bethaven: for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the priests\r
+thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it is\r
+departed from it.\r
+\r
+10:6 It shall be also carried unto Assyria for a present to king\r
+Jareb: Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed of his\r
+own counsel.\r
+\r
+10:7 As for Samaria, her king is cut off as the foam upon the water.\r
+\r
+10:8 The high places also of Aven, the sin of Israel, shall be\r
+destroyed: the thorn and the thistle shall come up on their altars;\r
+and they shall say to the mountains, Cover us; and to the hills, Fall\r
+on us.\r
+\r
+10:9 O Israel, thou hast sinned from the days of Gibeah: there they\r
+stood: the battle in Gibeah against the children of iniquity did not\r
+overtake them.\r
+\r
+10:10 It is in my desire that I should chastise them; and the people\r
+shall be gathered against them, when they shall bind themselves in\r
+their two furrows.\r
+\r
+10:11 And Ephraim is as an heifer that is taught, and loveth to tread\r
+out the corn; but I passed over upon her fair neck: I will make\r
+Ephraim to ride; Judah shall plow, and Jacob shall break his clods.\r
+\r
+10:12 Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap in mercy; break up your\r
+fallow ground: for it is time to seek the LORD, till he come and rain\r
+righteousness upon you.\r
+\r
+10:13 Ye have plowed wickedness, ye have reaped iniquity; ye have\r
+eaten the fruit of lies: because thou didst trust in thy way, in the\r
+multitude of thy mighty men.\r
+\r
+10:14 Therefore shall a tumult arise among thy people, and all thy\r
+fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Betharbel in the day\r
+of battle: the mother was dashed in pieces upon her children.\r
+\r
+10:15 So shall Bethel do unto you because of your great wickedness: in\r
+a morning shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off.\r
+\r
+11:1 When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out\r
+of Egypt.\r
+\r
+11:2 As they called them, so they went from them: they sacrificed unto\r
+Baalim, and burned incense to graven images.\r
+\r
+11:3 I taught Ephraim also to go, taking them by their arms; but they\r
+knew not that I healed them.\r
+\r
+11:4 I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love: and I was to\r
+them as they that take off the yoke on their jaws, and I laid meat\r
+unto them.\r
+\r
+11:5 He shall not return into the land of Egypt, and the Assyrian\r
+shall be his king, because they refused to return.\r
+\r
+11:6 And the sword shall abide on his cities, and shall consume his\r
+branches, and devour them, because of their own counsels.\r
+\r
+11:7 And my people are bent to backsliding from me: though they called\r
+them to the most High, none at all would exalt him.\r
+\r
+11:8 How shall I give thee up, Ephraim? how shall I deliver thee,\r
+Israel? how shall I make thee as Admah? how shall I set thee as\r
+Zeboim? mine heart is turned within me, my repentings are kindled\r
+together.\r
+\r
+11:9 I will not execute the fierceness of mine anger, I will not\r
+return to destroy Ephraim: for I am God, and not man; the Holy One in\r
+the midst of thee: and I will not enter into the city.\r
+\r
+11:10 They shall walk after the LORD: he shall roar like a lion: when\r
+he shall roar, then the children shall tremble from the west.\r
+\r
+11:11 They shall tremble as a bird out of Egypt, and as a dove out of\r
+the land of Assyria: and I will place them in their houses, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+11:12 Ephraim compasseth me about with lies, and the house of Israel\r
+with deceit: but Judah yet ruleth with God, and is faithful with the\r
+saints.\r
+\r
+12:1 Ephraim feedeth on wind, and followeth after the east wind: he\r
+daily increaseth lies and desolation; and they do make a covenant with\r
+the Assyrians, and oil is carried into Egypt.\r
+\r
+12:2 The LORD hath also a controversy with Judah, and will punish\r
+Jacob according to his ways; according to his doings will he\r
+recompense him.\r
+\r
+12:3 He took his brother by the heel in the womb, and by his strength\r
+he had power with God: 12:4 Yea, he had power over the angel, and\r
+prevailed: he wept, and made supplication unto him: he found him in\r
+Bethel, and there he spake with us; 12:5 Even the LORD God of hosts;\r
+the LORD is his memorial.\r
+\r
+12:6 Therefore turn thou to thy God: keep mercy and judgment and wait\r
+on thy God continually.\r
+\r
+12:7 He is a merchant, the balances of deceit are in his hand: he\r
+loveth to oppress.\r
+\r
+12:8 And Ephraim said, Yet I am become rich, I have found me out\r
+substance: in all my labours they shall find none iniquity in me that\r
+were sin.\r
+\r
+12:9 And I that am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt will yet\r
+make thee to dwell in tabernacles, as in the days of the solemn feast.\r
+\r
+12:10 I have also spoken by the prophets, and I have multiplied\r
+visions, and used similitudes, by the ministry of the prophets.\r
+\r
+12:11 Is there iniquity in Gilead? surely they are vanity: they\r
+sacrifice bullocks in Gilgal; yea, their altars are as heaps in the\r
+furrows of the fields.\r
+\r
+12:12 And Jacob fled into the country of Syria, and Israel served for\r
+a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep.\r
+\r
+12:13 And by a prophet the LORD brought Israel out of Egypt, and by a\r
+prophet was he preserved.\r
+\r
+12:14 Ephraim provoked him to anger most bitterly: therefore shall he\r
+leave his blood upon him, and his reproach shall his LORD return unto\r
+him.\r
+\r
+13:1 When Ephraim spake trembling, he exalted himself in Israel; but\r
+when he offended in Baal, he died.\r
+\r
+13:2 And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images\r
+of their silver, and idols according to their own understanding, all\r
+of it the work of the craftsmen: they say of them, Let the men that\r
+sacrifice kiss the calves.\r
+\r
+13:3 Therefore they shall be as the morning cloud and as the early dew\r
+that passeth away, as the chaff that is driven with the whirlwind out\r
+of the floor, and as the smoke out of the chimney.\r
+\r
+13:4 Yet I am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt, and thou shalt\r
+know no god but me: for there is no saviour beside me.\r
+\r
+13:5 I did know thee in the wilderness, in the land of great drought.\r
+\r
+13:6 According to their pasture, so were they filled; they were\r
+filled, and their heart was exalted; therefore have they forgotten me.\r
+\r
+13:7 Therefore I will be unto them as a lion: as a leopard by the way\r
+will I observe them: 13:8 I will meet them as a bear that is bereaved\r
+of her whelps, and will rend the caul of their heart, and there will I\r
+devour them like a lion: the wild beast shall tear them.\r
+\r
+13:9 O Israel, thou hast destroyed thyself; but in me is thine help.\r
+\r
+13:10 I will be thy king: where is any other that may save thee in all\r
+thy cities? and thy judges of whom thou saidst, Give me a king and\r
+princes? 13:11 I gave thee a king in mine anger, and took him away in\r
+my wrath.\r
+\r
+13:12 The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up; his sin is hid.\r
+\r
+13:13 The sorrows of a travailing woman shall come upon him: he is an\r
+unwise son; for he should not stay long in the place of the breaking\r
+forth of children.\r
+\r
+13:14 I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem\r
+them from death: O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be\r
+thy destruction: repentance shall be hid from mine eyes.\r
+\r
+13:15 Though he be fruitful among his brethren, an east wind shall\r
+come, the wind of the LORD shall come up from the wilderness, and his\r
+spring shall become dry, and his fountain shall be dried up: he shall\r
+spoil the treasure of all pleasant vessels.\r
+\r
+13:16 Samaria shall become desolate; for she hath rebelled against her\r
+God: they shall fall by the sword: their infants shall be dashed in\r
+pieces, and their women with child shall be ripped up.\r
+\r
+14:1 O israel, return unto the LORD thy God; for thou hast fallen by\r
+thine iniquity.\r
+\r
+14:2 Take with you words, and turn to the LORD: say unto him, Take\r
+away all iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will we render the\r
+calves of our lips.\r
+\r
+14:3 Asshur shall not save us; we will not ride upon horses: neither\r
+will we say any more to the work of our hands, Ye are our gods: for in\r
+thee the fatherless findeth mercy.\r
+\r
+14:4 I will heal their backsliding, I will love them freely: for mine\r
+anger is turned away from him.\r
+\r
+14:5 I will be as the dew unto Israel: he shall grow as the lily, and\r
+cast forth his roots as Lebanon.\r
+\r
+14:6 His branches shall spread, and his beauty shall be as the olive\r
+tree, and his smell as Lebanon.\r
+\r
+14:7 They that dwell under his shadow shall return; they shall revive\r
+as the corn, and grow as the vine: the scent thereof shall be as the\r
+wine of Lebanon.\r
+\r
+14:8 Ephraim shall say, What have I to do any more with idols? I have\r
+heard him, and observed him: I am like a green fir tree. From me is\r
+thy fruit found.\r
+\r
+14:9 Who is wise, and he shall understand these things? prudent, and\r
+he shall know them? for the ways of the LORD are right, and the just\r
+shall walk in them: but the transgressors shall fall therein.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Joel\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The word of the LORD that came to Joel the son of Pethuel.\r
+\r
+1:2 Hear this, ye old men, and give ear, all ye inhabitants of the land.\r
+\r
+Hath this been in your days, or even in the days of your fathers? 1:3\r
+Tell ye your children of it, and let your children tell their\r
+children, and their children another generation.\r
+\r
+1:4 That which the palmerworm hath left hath the locust eaten; and\r
+that which the locust hath left hath the cankerworm eaten; and that\r
+which the cankerworm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten.\r
+\r
+1:5 Awake, ye drunkards, and weep; and howl, all ye drinkers of wine,\r
+because of the new wine; for it is cut off from your mouth.\r
+\r
+1:6 For a nation is come up upon my land, strong, and without number,\r
+whose teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he hath the cheek teeth of a\r
+great lion.\r
+\r
+1:7 He hath laid my vine waste, and barked my fig tree: he hath made\r
+it clean bare, and cast it away; the branches thereof are made white.\r
+\r
+1:8 Lament like a virgin girded with sackcloth for the husband of her\r
+youth.\r
+\r
+1:9 The meat offering and the drink offering is cut off from the house\r
+of the LORD; the priests, the LORD's ministers, mourn.\r
+\r
+1:10 The field is wasted, the land mourneth; for the corn is wasted:\r
+the new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.\r
+\r
+1:11 Be ye ashamed, O ye husbandmen; howl, O ye vinedressers, for the\r
+wheat and for the barley; because the harvest of the field is\r
+perished.\r
+\r
+1:12 The vine is dried up, and the fig tree languisheth; the\r
+pomegranate tree, the palm tree also, and the apple tree, even all the\r
+trees of the field, are withered: because joy is withered away from\r
+the sons of men.\r
+\r
+1:13 Gird yourselves, and lament, ye priests: howl, ye ministers of\r
+the altar: come, lie all night in sackcloth, ye ministers of my God:\r
+for the meat offering and the drink offering is withholden from the\r
+house of your God.\r
+\r
+1:14 Sanctify ye a fast, call a solemn assembly, gather the elders and\r
+all the inhabitants of the land into the house of the LORD your God,\r
+and cry unto the LORD, 1:15 Alas for the day! for the day of the LORD\r
+is at hand, and as a destruction from the Almighty shall it come.\r
+\r
+1:16 Is not the meat cut off before our eyes, yea, joy and gladness\r
+from the house of our God? 1:17 The seed is rotten under their clods,\r
+the garners are laid desolate, the barns are broken down; for the corn\r
+is withered.\r
+\r
+1:18 How do the beasts groan! the herds of cattle are perplexed,\r
+because they have no pasture; yea, the flocks of sheep are made\r
+desolate.\r
+\r
+1:19 O LORD, to thee will I cry: for the fire hath devoured the\r
+pastures of the wilderness, and the flame hath burned all the trees of\r
+the field.\r
+\r
+1:20 The beasts of the field cry also unto thee: for the rivers of\r
+waters are dried up, and the fire hath devoured the pastures of the\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+2:1 Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy\r
+mountain: let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: for the day of\r
+the LORD cometh, for it is nigh at hand; 2:2 A day of darkness and of\r
+gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick darkness, as the morning\r
+spread upon the mountains: a great people and a strong; there hath not\r
+been ever the like, neither shall be any more after it, even to the\r
+years of many generations.\r
+\r
+2:3 A fire devoureth before them; and behind them a flame burneth: the\r
+land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate\r
+wilderness; yea, and nothing shall escape them.\r
+\r
+2:4 The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses; and as\r
+horsemen, so shall they run.\r
+\r
+2:5 Like the noise of chariots on the tops of mountains shall they\r
+leap, like the noise of a flame of fire that devoureth the stubble, as\r
+a strong people set in battle array.\r
+\r
+2:6 Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall\r
+gather blackness.\r
+\r
+2:7 They shall run like mighty men; they shall climb the wall like men\r
+of war; and they shall march every one on his ways, and they shall not\r
+break their ranks: 2:8 Neither shall one thrust another; they shall\r
+walk every one in his path: and when they fall upon the sword, they\r
+shall not be wounded.\r
+\r
+2:9 They shall run to and fro in the city; they shall run upon the\r
+wall, they shall climb up upon the houses; they shall enter in at the\r
+windows like a thief.\r
+\r
+2:10 The earth shall quake before them; the heavens shall tremble: the\r
+sun and the moon shall be dark, and the stars shall withdraw their\r
+shining: 2:11 And the LORD shall utter his voice before his army: for\r
+his camp is very great: for he is strong that executeth his word: for\r
+the day of the LORD is great and very terrible; and who can abide it?\r
+2:12 Therefore also now, saith the LORD, turn ye even to me with all\r
+your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning:\r
+2:13 And rend your heart, and not your garments, and turn unto the\r
+LORD your God: for he is gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of\r
+great kindness, and repenteth him of the evil.\r
+\r
+2:14 Who knoweth if he will return and repent, and leave a blessing\r
+behind him; even a meat offering and a drink offering unto the LORD\r
+your God? 2:15 Blow the trumpet in Zion, sanctify a fast, call a\r
+solemn assembly: 2:16 Gather the people, sanctify the congregation,\r
+assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the\r
+breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out\r
+of her closet.\r
+\r
+2:17 Let the priests, the ministers of the LORD, weep between the\r
+porch and the altar, and let them say, Spare thy people, O LORD, and\r
+give not thine heritage to reproach, that the heathen should rule over\r
+them: wherefore should they say among the people, Where is their God?\r
+2:18 Then will the LORD be jealous for his land, and pity his people.\r
+\r
+2:19 Yea, the LORD will answer and say unto his people, Behold, I will\r
+send you corn, and wine, and oil, and ye shall be satisfied therewith:\r
+and I will no more make you a reproach among the heathen: 2:20 But I\r
+will remove far off from you the northern army, and will drive him\r
+into a land barren and desolate, with his face toward the east sea,\r
+and his hinder part toward the utmost sea, and his stink shall come\r
+up, and his ill savour shall come up, because he hath done great\r
+things.\r
+\r
+2:21 Fear not, O land; be glad and rejoice: for the LORD will do great\r
+things.\r
+\r
+2:22 Be not afraid, ye beasts of the field: for the pastures of the\r
+wilderness do spring, for the tree beareth her fruit, the fig tree and\r
+the vine do yield their strength.\r
+\r
+2:23 Be glad then, ye children of Zion, and rejoice in the LORD your\r
+God: for he hath given you the former rain moderately, and he will\r
+cause to come down for you the rain, the former rain, and the latter\r
+rain in the first month.\r
+\r
+2:24 And the floors shall be full of wheat, and the vats shall\r
+overflow with wine and oil.\r
+\r
+2:25 And I will restore to you the years that the locust hath eaten,\r
+the cankerworm, and the caterpiller, and the palmerworm, my great army\r
+which I sent among you.\r
+\r
+2:26 And ye shall eat in plenty, and be satisfied, and praise the name\r
+of the LORD your God, that hath dealt wondrously with you: and my\r
+people shall never be ashamed.\r
+\r
+2:27 And ye shall know that I am in the midst of Israel, and that I am\r
+the LORD your God, and none else: and my people shall never be\r
+ashamed.\r
+\r
+2:28 And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my\r
+spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall\r
+prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see\r
+visions: 2:29 And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in\r
+those days will I pour out my spirit.\r
+\r
+2:30 And I will shew wonders in the heavens and in the earth, blood,\r
+and fire, and pillars of smoke.\r
+\r
+2:31 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood,\r
+before the great and terrible day of the LORD come.\r
+\r
+2:32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name\r
+of the LORD shall be delivered: for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem\r
+shall be deliverance, as the LORD hath said, and in the remnant whom\r
+the LORD shall call.\r
+\r
+3:1 For, behold, in those days, and in that time, when I shall bring\r
+again the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem, 3:2 I will also gather all\r
+nations, and will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat, and\r
+will plead with them there for my people and for my heritage Israel,\r
+whom they have scattered among the nations, and parted my land.\r
+\r
+3:3 And they have cast lots for my people; and have given a boy for an\r
+harlot, and sold a girl for wine, that they might drink.\r
+\r
+3:4 Yea, and what have ye to do with me, O Tyre, and Zidon, and all\r
+the coasts of Palestine? will ye render me a recompence? and if ye\r
+recompense me, swiftly and speedily will I return your recompence upon\r
+your own head; 3:5 Because ye have taken my silver and my gold, and\r
+have carried into your temples my goodly pleasant things: 3:6 The\r
+children also of Judah and the children of Jerusalem have ye sold unto\r
+the Grecians, that ye might remove them far from their border.\r
+\r
+3:7 Behold, I will raise them out of the place whither ye have sold\r
+them, and will return your recompence upon your own head: 3:8 And I\r
+will sell your sons and your daughters into the hand of the children\r
+of Judah, and they shall sell them to the Sabeans, to a people far\r
+off: for the LORD hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+3:9 Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles; Prepare war, wake up the\r
+mighty men, let all the men of war draw near; let them come up: 3:10\r
+Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruninghooks into spears:\r
+let the weak say, I am strong.\r
+\r
+3:11 Assemble yourselves, and come, all ye heathen, and gather\r
+yourselves together round about: thither cause thy mighty ones to come\r
+down, O LORD.\r
+\r
+3:12 Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of\r
+Jehoshaphat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round\r
+about.\r
+\r
+3:13 Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you\r
+down; for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness\r
+is great.\r
+\r
+3:14 Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of\r
+the LORD is near in the valley of decision.\r
+\r
+3:15 The sun and the moon shall be darkened, and the stars shall\r
+withdraw their shining.\r
+\r
+3:16 The LORD also shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from\r
+Jerusalem; and the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the LORD\r
+will be the hope of his people, and the strength of the children of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+3:17 So shall ye know that I am the LORD your God dwelling in Zion, my\r
+holy mountain: then shall Jerusalem be holy, and there shall no\r
+strangers pass through her any more.\r
+\r
+3:18 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the mountains shall\r
+drop down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk, and all the\r
+rivers of Judah shall flow with waters, and a fountain shall come\r
+forth out of the house of the LORD, and shall water the valley of\r
+Shittim.\r
+\r
+3:19 Egypt shall be a desolation, and Edom shall be a desolate\r
+wilderness, for the violence against the children of Judah, because\r
+they have shed innocent blood in their land.\r
+\r
+3:20 But Judah shall dwell for ever, and Jerusalem from generation to\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+3:21 For I will cleanse their blood that I have not cleansed: for the\r
+LORD dwelleth in Zion.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Amos\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he\r
+saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the\r
+days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two years before the\r
+earthquake.\r
+\r
+1:2 And he said, The LORD will roar from Zion, and utter his voice\r
+from Jerusalem; and the habitations of the shepherds shall mourn, and\r
+the top of Carmel shall wither.\r
+\r
+1:3 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Damascus, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have\r
+threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron: 1:4 But I will\r
+send a fire into the house of Hazael, which shall devour the palaces\r
+of Benhadad.\r
+\r
+1:5 I will break also the bar of Damascus, and cut off the inhabitant\r
+from the plain of Aven, and him that holdeth the sceptre from the\r
+house of Eden: and the people of Syria shall go into captivity unto\r
+Kir, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:6 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Gaza, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they\r
+carried away captive the whole captivity, to deliver them up to Edom:\r
+1:7 But I will send a fire on the wall of Gaza, which shall devour the\r
+palaces thereof: 1:8 And I will cut off the inhabitant from Ashdod,\r
+and him that holdeth the sceptre from Ashkelon, and I will turn mine\r
+hand against Ekron: and the remnant of the Philistines shall perish,\r
+saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+1:9 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Tyrus, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they\r
+delivered up the whole captivity to Edom, and remembered not the\r
+brotherly covenant: 1:10 But I will send a fire on the wall of Tyrus,\r
+which shall devour the palaces thereof.\r
+\r
+1:11 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Edom, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he did\r
+pursue his brother with the sword, and did cast off all pity, and his\r
+anger did tear perpetually, and he kept his wrath for ever: 1:12 But I\r
+will send a fire upon Teman, which shall devour the palaces of Bozrah.\r
+\r
+1:13 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of the children of\r
+Ammon, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof;\r
+because they have ripped up the women with child of Gilead, that they\r
+might enlarge their border: 1:14 But I will kindle a fire in the wall\r
+of Rabbah, and it shall devour the palaces thereof, with shouting in\r
+the day of battle, with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind: 1:15\r
+And their king shall go into captivity, he and his princes together,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:1 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Moab, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because he burned\r
+the bones of the king of Edom into lime: 2:2 But I will send a fire\r
+upon Moab, and it shall devour the palaces of Kirioth: and Moab shall\r
+die with tumult, with shouting, and with the sound of the trumpet: 2:3\r
+And I will cut off the judge from the midst thereof, and will slay all\r
+the princes thereof with him, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:4 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Judah, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have\r
+despised the law of the LORD, and have not kept his commandments, and\r
+their lies caused them to err, after the which their fathers have\r
+walked: 2:5 But I will send a fire upon Judah, and it shall devour the\r
+palaces of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:6 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Israel, and for\r
+four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they sold\r
+the righteous for silver, and the poor for a pair of shoes; 2:7 That\r
+pant after the dust of the earth on the head of the poor, and turn\r
+aside the way of the meek: and a man and his father will go in unto\r
+the same maid, to profane my holy name: 2:8 And they lay themselves\r
+down upon clothes laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the\r
+wine of the condemned in the house of their god.\r
+\r
+2:9 Yet destroyed I the Amorite before them, whose height was like the\r
+height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed\r
+his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath.\r
+\r
+2:10 Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty\r
+years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite.\r
+\r
+2:11 And I raised up of your sons for prophets, and of your young men\r
+for Nazarites. Is it not even thus, O ye children of Israel? saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+2:12 But ye gave the Nazarites wine to drink; and commanded the\r
+prophets, saying, Prophesy not.\r
+\r
+2:13 Behold, I am pressed under you, as a cart is pressed that is full\r
+of sheaves.\r
+\r
+2:14 Therefore the flight shall perish from the swift, and the strong\r
+shall not strengthen his force, neither shall the mighty deliver\r
+himself: 2:15 Neither shall he stand that handleth the bow; and he\r
+that is swift of foot shall not deliver himself: neither shall he that\r
+rideth the horse deliver himself.\r
+\r
+2:16 And he that is courageous among the mighty shall flee away naked\r
+in that day, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:1 Hear this word that the LORD hath spoken against you, O children\r
+of Israel, against the whole family which I brought up from the land\r
+of Egypt, saying, 3:2 You only have I known of all the families of the\r
+earth: therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities.\r
+\r
+3:3 Can two walk together, except they be agreed? 3:4 Will a lion\r
+roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? will a young lion cry out of\r
+his den, if he have taken nothing? 3:5 Can a bird fall in a snare\r
+upon the earth, where no gin is for him? shall one take up a snare\r
+from the earth, and have taken nothing at all? 3:6 Shall a trumpet be\r
+blown in the city, and the people not be afraid? shall there be evil\r
+in a city, and the LORD hath not done it? 3:7 Surely the Lord GOD\r
+will do nothing, but he revealeth his secret unto his servants the\r
+prophets.\r
+\r
+3:8 The lion hath roared, who will not fear? the Lord GOD hath spoken,\r
+who can but prophesy? 3:9 Publish in the palaces at Ashdod, and in\r
+the palaces in the land of Egypt, and say, Assemble yourselves upon\r
+the mountains of Samaria, and behold the great tumults in the midst\r
+thereof, and the oppressed in the midst thereof.\r
+\r
+3:10 For they know not to do right, saith the LORD, who store up\r
+violence and robbery in their palaces.\r
+\r
+3:11 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; An adversary there shall be\r
+even round about the land; and he shall bring down thy strength from\r
+thee, and thy palaces shall be spoiled.\r
+\r
+3:12 Thus saith the LORD; As the shepherd taketh out of the mouth of\r
+the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear; so shall the children of\r
+Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a bed, and\r
+in Damascus in a couch.\r
+\r
+3:13 Hear ye, and testify in the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD,\r
+the God of hosts, 3:14 That in the day that I shall visit the\r
+transgressions of Israel upon him I will also visit the altars of\r
+Bethel: and the horns of the altar shall be cut off, and fall to the\r
+ground.\r
+\r
+3:15 And I will smite the winter house with the summer house; and the\r
+houses of ivory shall perish, and the great houses shall have an end,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:1 Hear this word, ye kine of Bashan, that are in the mountain of\r
+Samaria, which oppress the poor, which crush the needy, which say to\r
+their masters, Bring, and let us drink.\r
+\r
+4:2 The Lord GOD hath sworn by his holiness, that, lo, the days shall\r
+come upon you, that he will take you away with hooks, and your\r
+posterity with fishhooks.\r
+\r
+4:3 And ye shall go out at the breaches, every cow at that which is\r
+before her; and ye shall cast them into the palace, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:4 Come to Bethel, and transgress; at Gilgal multiply transgression;\r
+and bring your sacrifices every morning, and your tithes after three\r
+years: 4:5 And offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving with leaven, and\r
+proclaim and publish the free offerings: for this liketh you, O ye\r
+children of Israel, saith the Lord GOD.\r
+\r
+4:6 And I also have given you cleanness of teeth in all your cities,\r
+and want of bread in all your places: yet have ye not returned unto\r
+me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:7 And also I have withholden the rain from you, when there were yet\r
+three months to the harvest: and I caused it to rain upon one city,\r
+and caused it not to rain upon another city: one piece was rained\r
+upon, and the piece whereupon it rained not withered.\r
+\r
+4:8 So two or three cities wandered unto one city, to drink water; but\r
+they were not satisfied: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+4:9 I have smitten you with blasting and mildew: when your gardens and\r
+your vineyards and your fig trees and your olive trees increased, the\r
+palmerworm devoured them: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+4:10 I have sent among you the pestilence after the manner of Egypt:\r
+your young men have I slain with the sword, and have taken away your\r
+horses; and I have made the stink of your camps to come up unto your\r
+nostrils: yet have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:11 I have overthrown some of you, as God overthrew Sodom and\r
+Gomorrah, and ye were as a firebrand plucked out of the burning: yet\r
+have ye not returned unto me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:12 Therefore thus will I do unto thee, O Israel: and because I will\r
+do this unto thee, prepare to meet thy God, O Israel.\r
+\r
+4:13 For, lo, he that formeth the mountains, and createth the wind,\r
+and declareth unto man what is his thought, that maketh the morning\r
+darkness, and treadeth upon the high places of the earth, The LORD,\r
+The God of hosts, is his name.\r
+\r
+5:1 Hear ye this word which I take up against you, even a lamentation,\r
+O house of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:2 The virgin of Israel is fallen; she shall no more rise: she is\r
+forsaken upon her land; there is none to raise her up.\r
+\r
+5:3 For thus saith the Lord GOD; The city that went out by a thousand\r
+shall leave an hundred, and that which went forth by an hundred shall\r
+leave ten, to the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:4 For thus saith the LORD unto the house of Israel, Seek ye me, and\r
+ye shall live: 5:5 But seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal, and\r
+pass not to Beersheba: for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and\r
+Bethel shall come to nought.\r
+\r
+5:6 Seek the LORD, and ye shall live; lest he break out like fire in\r
+the house of Joseph, and devour it, and there be none to quench it in\r
+Bethel.\r
+\r
+5:7 Ye who turn judgment to wormwood, and leave off righteousness in\r
+the earth, 5:8 Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and\r
+turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark\r
+with night: that calleth for the waters of the sea, and poureth them\r
+out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name: 5:9 That\r
+strengtheneth the spoiled against the strong, so that the spoiled\r
+shall come against the fortress.\r
+\r
+5:10 They hate him that rebuketh in the gate, and they abhor him that\r
+speaketh uprightly.\r
+\r
+5:11 Forasmuch therefore as your treading is upon the poor, and ye\r
+take from him burdens of wheat: ye have built houses of hewn stone,\r
+but ye shall not dwell in them; ye have planted pleasant vineyards,\r
+but ye shall not drink wine of them.\r
+\r
+5:12 For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins:\r
+they afflict the just, they take a bribe, and they turn aside the poor\r
+in the gate from their right.\r
+\r
+5:13 Therefore the prudent shall keep silence in that time; for it is\r
+an evil time.\r
+\r
+5:14 Seek good, and not evil, that ye may live: and so the LORD, the\r
+God of hosts, shall be with you, as ye have spoken.\r
+\r
+5:15 Hate the evil, and love the good, and establish judgment in the\r
+gate: it may be that the LORD God of hosts will be gracious unto the\r
+remnant of Joseph.\r
+\r
+5:16 Therefore the LORD, the God of hosts, the LORD, saith thus;\r
+Wailing shall be in all streets; and they shall say in all the\r
+highways, Alas! alas! and they shall call the husbandman to mourning,\r
+and such as are skilful of lamentation to wailing.\r
+\r
+5:17 And in all vineyards shall be wailing: for I will pass through\r
+thee, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+5:18 Woe unto you that desire the day of the LORD! to what end is it\r
+for you? the day of the LORD is darkness, and not light.\r
+\r
+5:19 As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him; or went\r
+into the house, and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit\r
+him.\r
+\r
+5:20 Shall not the day of the LORD be darkness, and not light? even\r
+very dark, and no brightness in it? 5:21 I hate, I despise your feast\r
+days, and I will not smell in your solemn assemblies.\r
+\r
+5:22 Though ye offer me burnt offerings and your meat offerings, I\r
+will not accept them: neither will I regard the peace offerings of\r
+your fat beasts.\r
+\r
+5:23 Take thou away from me the noise of thy songs; for I will not\r
+hear the melody of thy viols.\r
+\r
+5:24 But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a\r
+mighty stream.\r
+\r
+5:25 Have ye offered unto me sacrifices and offerings in the\r
+wilderness forty years, O house of Israel? 5:26 But ye have borne the\r
+tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god,\r
+which ye made to yourselves.\r
+\r
+5:27 Therefore will I cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus,\r
+saith the LORD, whose name is The God of hosts.\r
+\r
+6:1 Woe to them that are at ease in Zion, and trust in the mountain of\r
+Samaria, which are named chief of the nations, to whom the house of\r
+Israel came! 6:2 Pass ye unto Calneh, and see; and from thence go ye\r
+to Hamath the great: then go down to Gath of the Philistines: be they\r
+better than these kingdoms? or their border greater than your border?\r
+6:3 Ye that put far away the evil day, and cause the seat of violence\r
+to come near; 6:4 That lie upon beds of ivory, and stretch themselves\r
+upon their couches, and eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves\r
+out of the midst of the stall; 6:5 That chant to the sound of the\r
+viol, and invent to themselves instruments of musick, like David; 6:6\r
+That drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the chief\r
+ointments: but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph.\r
+\r
+6:7 Therefore now shall they go captive with the first that go\r
+captive, and the banquet of them that stretched themselves shall be\r
+removed.\r
+\r
+6:8 The Lord GOD hath sworn by himself, saith the LORD the God of\r
+hosts, I abhor the excellency of Jacob, and hate his palaces:\r
+therefore will I deliver up the city with all that is therein.\r
+\r
+6:9 And it shall come to pass, if there remain ten men in one house,\r
+that they shall die.\r
+\r
+6:10 And a man's uncle shall take him up, and he that burneth him, to\r
+bring out the bones out of the house, and shall say unto him that is\r
+by the sides of the house, Is there yet any with thee? and he shall\r
+say, No. Then shall he say, Hold thy tongue: for we may not make\r
+mention of the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:11 For, behold, the LORD commandeth, and he will smite the great\r
+house with breaches, and the little house with clefts.\r
+\r
+6:12 Shall horses run upon the rock? will one plow there with oxen?\r
+for ye have turned judgment into gall, and the fruit of righteousness\r
+into hemlock: 6:13 Ye which rejoice in a thing of nought, which say,\r
+Have we not taken to us horns by our own strength? 6:14 But, behold,\r
+I will raise up against you a nation, O house of Israel, saith the\r
+LORD the God of hosts; and they shall afflict you from the entering in\r
+of Hemath unto the river of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+7:1 Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me; and, behold, he formed\r
+grasshoppers in the beginning of the shooting up of the latter growth;\r
+and, lo, it was the latter growth after the king's mowings.\r
+\r
+7:2 And it came to pass, that when they had made an end of eating the\r
+grass of the land, then I said, O Lord GOD, forgive, I beseech thee:\r
+by whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small.\r
+\r
+7:3 The LORD repented for this: It shall not be, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+7:4 Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and, behold, the Lord GOD\r
+called to contend by fire, and it devoured the great deep, and did eat\r
+up a part.\r
+\r
+7:5 Then said I, O Lord GOD, cease, I beseech thee: by whom shall\r
+Jacob arise? for he is small.\r
+\r
+7:6 The LORD repented for this: This also shall not be, saith the Lord\r
+GOD.\r
+\r
+7:7 Thus he shewed me: and, behold, the LORD stood upon a wall made by\r
+a plumbline, with a plumbline in his hand.\r
+\r
+7:8 And the LORD said unto me, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A\r
+plumbline. Then said the LORD, Behold, I will set a plumbline in the\r
+midst of my people Israel: I will not again pass by them any more: 7:9\r
+And the high places of Isaac shall be desolate, and the sanctuaries of\r
+Israel shall be laid waste; and I will rise against the house of\r
+Jeroboam with the sword.\r
+\r
+7:10 Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of\r
+Israel, saying, Amos hath conspired against thee in the midst of the\r
+house of Israel: the land is not able to bear all his words.\r
+\r
+7:11 For thus Amos saith, Jeroboam shall die by the sword, and Israel\r
+shall surely be led away captive out of their own land.\r
+\r
+7:12 Also Amaziah said unto Amos, O thou seer, go, flee thee away into\r
+the land of Judah, and there eat bread, and prophesy there: 7:13 But\r
+prophesy not again any more at Bethel: for it is the king's chapel,\r
+and it is the king's court.\r
+\r
+7:14 Then answered Amos, and said to Amaziah, I was no prophet,\r
+neither was I a prophet's son; but I was an herdman, and a gatherer of\r
+sycomore fruit: 7:15 And the LORD took me as I followed the flock, and\r
+the LORD said unto me, Go, prophesy unto my people Israel.\r
+\r
+7:16 Now therefore hear thou the word of the LORD: Thou sayest,\r
+Prophesy not against Israel, and drop not thy word against the house\r
+of Isaac.\r
+\r
+7:17 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Thy wife shall be an harlot in the\r
+city, and thy sons and thy daughters shall fall by the sword, and thy\r
+land shall be divided by line; and thou shalt die in a polluted land:\r
+and Israel shall surely go into captivity forth of his land.\r
+\r
+8:1 Thus hath the Lord GOD shewed unto me: and behold a basket of\r
+summer fruit.\r
+\r
+8:2 And he said, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, A basket of summer\r
+fruit. Then said the LORD unto me, The end is come upon my people of\r
+Israel; I will not again pass by them any more.\r
+\r
+8:3 And the songs of the temple shall be howlings in that day, saith\r
+the Lord GOD: there shall be many dead bodies in every place; they\r
+shall cast them forth with silence.\r
+\r
+8:4 Hear this, O ye that swallow up the needy, even to make the poor\r
+of the land to fail, 8:5 Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that\r
+we may sell corn? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat, making\r
+the ephah small, and the shekel great, and falsifying the balances by\r
+deceit? 8:6 That we may buy the poor for silver, and the needy for a\r
+pair of shoes; yea, and sell the refuse of the wheat? 8:7 The LORD\r
+hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob, Surely I will never forget any\r
+of their works.\r
+\r
+8:8 Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that\r
+dwelleth therein? and it shall rise up wholly as a flood; and it shall\r
+be cast out and drowned, as by the flood of Egypt.\r
+\r
+8:9 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord GOD, that I\r
+will cause the sun to go down at noon, and I will darken the earth in\r
+the clear day: 8:10 And I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all\r
+your songs into lamentation; and I will bring up sackcloth upon all\r
+loins, and baldness upon every head; and I will make it as the\r
+mourning of an only son, and the end thereof as a bitter day.\r
+\r
+8:11 Behold, the days come, saith the Lord GOD, that I will send a\r
+famine in the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but\r
+of hearing the words of the LORD: 8:12 And they shall wander from sea\r
+to sea, and from the north even to the east, they shall run to and fro\r
+to seek the word of the LORD, and shall not find it.\r
+\r
+8:13 In that day shall the fair virgins and young men faint for\r
+thirst.\r
+\r
+8:14 They that swear by the sin of Samaria, and say, Thy god, O Dan,\r
+liveth; and, The manner of Beersheba liveth; even they shall fall, and\r
+never rise up again.\r
+\r
+9:1 I saw the LORD standing upon the altar: and he said, Smite the\r
+lintel of the door, that the posts may shake: and cut them in the\r
+head, all of them; and I will slay the last of them with the sword: he\r
+that fleeth of them shall not flee away, and he that escapeth of them\r
+shall not be delivered.\r
+\r
+9:2 Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them;\r
+though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down: 9:3 And\r
+though they hide themselves in the top of Carmel, I will search and\r
+take them out thence; and though they be hid from my sight in the\r
+bottom of the sea, thence will I command the serpent, and he shall\r
+bite them: 9:4 And though they go into captivity before their enemies,\r
+thence will I command the sword, and it shall slay them: and I will\r
+set mine eyes upon them for evil, and not for good.\r
+\r
+9:5 And the Lord GOD of hosts is he that toucheth the land, and it\r
+shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn: and it shall rise\r
+up wholly like a flood; and shall be drowned, as by the flood of\r
+Egypt.\r
+\r
+9:6 It is he that buildeth his stories in the heaven, and hath founded\r
+his troop in the earth; he that calleth for the waters of the sea, and\r
+poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his name.\r
+\r
+9:7 Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of\r
+Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land\r
+of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir?\r
+9:8 Behold, the eyes of the Lord GOD are upon the sinful kingdom, and\r
+I will destroy it from off the face of the earth; saving that I will\r
+not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:9 For, lo, I will command, and I will sift the house of Israel among\r
+all nations, like as corn is sifted in a sieve, yet shall not the\r
+least grain fall upon the earth.\r
+\r
+9:10 All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword, which say,\r
+The evil shall not overtake nor prevent us.\r
+\r
+9:11 In that day will I raise up the tabernacle of David that is\r
+fallen, and close up the breaches thereof; and I will raise up his\r
+ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old: 9:12 That they may\r
+possess the remnant of Edom, and of all the heathen, which are called\r
+by my name, saith the LORD that doeth this.\r
+\r
+9:13 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that the plowman shall\r
+overtake the reaper, and the treader of grapes him that soweth seed;\r
+and the mountains shall drop sweet wine, and all the hills shall melt.\r
+\r
+9:14 And I will bring again the captivity of my people of Israel, and\r
+they shall build the waste cities, and inhabit them; and they shall\r
+plant vineyards, and drink the wine thereof; they shall also make\r
+gardens, and eat the fruit of them.\r
+\r
+9:15 And I will plant them upon their land, and they shall no more be\r
+pulled up out of their land which I have given them, saith the LORD\r
+thy God.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Obadiah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The vision of Obadiah. Thus saith the Lord GOD concerning Edom;\r
+We have heard a rumour from the LORD, and an ambassador is sent among\r
+the heathen, Arise ye, and let us rise up against her in battle.\r
+\r
+1:2 Behold, I have made thee small among the heathen: thou art greatly\r
+despised.\r
+\r
+1:3 The pride of thine heart hath deceived thee, thou that dwellest in\r
+the clefts of the rock, whose habitation is high; that saith in his\r
+heart, Who shall bring me down to the ground? 1:4 Though thou exalt\r
+thyself as the eagle, and though thou set thy nest among the stars,\r
+thence will I bring thee down, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:5 If thieves came to thee, if robbers by night, (how art thou cut\r
+off!) would they not have stolen till they had enough? if the\r
+grapegatherers came to thee, would they not leave some grapes? 1:6\r
+How are the things of Esau searched out! how are his hidden things\r
+sought up! 1:7 All the men of thy confederacy have brought thee even\r
+to the border: the men that were at peace with thee have deceived\r
+thee, and prevailed against thee; that they eat thy bread have laid a\r
+wound under thee: there is none understanding in him.\r
+\r
+1:8 Shall I not in that day, saith the LORD, even destroy the wise men\r
+out of Edom, and understanding out of the mount of Esau? 1:9 And thy\r
+mighty men, O Teman, shall be dismayed, to the end that every one of\r
+the mount of Esau may be cut off by slaughter.\r
+\r
+1:10 For thy violence against thy brother Jacob shame shall cover\r
+thee, and thou shalt be cut off for ever.\r
+\r
+1:11 In the day that thou stoodest on the other side, in the day that\r
+the strangers carried away captive his forces, and foreigners entered\r
+into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem, even thou wast as one of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+1:12 But thou shouldest not have looked on the day of thy brother in\r
+the day that he became a stranger; neither shouldest thou have\r
+rejoiced over the children of Judah in the day of their destruction;\r
+neither shouldest thou have spoken proudly in the day of distress.\r
+\r
+1:13 Thou shouldest not have entered into the gate of my people in the\r
+day of their calamity; yea, thou shouldest not have looked on their\r
+affliction in the day of their calamity, nor have laid hands on their\r
+substance in the day of their calamity; 1:14 Neither shouldest thou\r
+have stood in the crossway, to cut off those of his that did escape;\r
+neither shouldest thou have delivered up those of his that did remain\r
+in the day of distress.\r
+\r
+1:15 For the day of the LORD is near upon all the heathen: as thou\r
+hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon\r
+thine own head.\r
+\r
+1:16 For as ye have drunk upon my holy mountain, so shall all the\r
+heathen drink continually, yea, they shall drink, and they shall\r
+swallow down, and they shall be as though they had not been.\r
+\r
+1:17 But upon mount Zion shall be deliverance, and there shall be\r
+holiness; and the house of Jacob shall possess their possessions.\r
+\r
+1:18 And the house of Jacob shall be a fire, and the house of Joseph a\r
+flame, and the house of Esau for stubble, and they shall kindle in\r
+them, and devour them; and there shall not be any remaining of the\r
+house of Esau; for the LORD hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+1:19 And they of the south shall possess the mount of Esau; and they\r
+of the plain the Philistines: and they shall possess the fields of\r
+Ephraim, and the fields of Samaria: and Benjamin shall possess Gilead.\r
+\r
+1:20 And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel shall\r
+possess that of the Canaanites, even unto Zarephath; and the captivity\r
+of Jerusalem, which is in Sepharad, shall possess the cities of the\r
+south.\r
+\r
+1:21 And saviours shall come up on mount Zion to judge the mount of\r
+Esau; and the kingdom shall be the LORD's.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Jonah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai,\r
+saying, 1:2 Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it;\r
+for their wickedness is come up before me.\r
+\r
+1:3 But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the\r
+LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish:\r
+so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them\r
+unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:4 But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a\r
+mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken.\r
+\r
+1:5 Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god,\r
+and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to\r
+lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the\r
+ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.\r
+\r
+1:6 So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest\r
+thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will\r
+think upon us, that we perish not.\r
+\r
+1:7 And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots,\r
+that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast\r
+lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.\r
+\r
+1:8 Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause\r
+this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest\r
+thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou? 1:9 And he\r
+said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of\r
+heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land.\r
+\r
+1:10 Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him. Why hast\r
+thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the\r
+LORD, because he had told them.\r
+\r
+1:11 Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea\r
+may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous.\r
+\r
+1:12 And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the\r
+sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake\r
+this great tempest is upon you.\r
+\r
+1:13 Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they\r
+could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them.\r
+\r
+1:14 Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O\r
+LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay\r
+not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+1:15 So they look up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the\r
+sea ceased from her raging.\r
+\r
+1:16 Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice\r
+unto the LORD, and made vows.\r
+\r
+1:17 Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And\r
+Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.\r
+\r
+2:1 Then Jonah prayed unto the LORD his God out of the fish's belly,\r
+2:2 And said, I cried by reason of mine affliction unto the LORD, and\r
+he heard me; out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my\r
+voice.\r
+\r
+2:3 For thou hadst cast me into the deep, in the midst of the seas;\r
+and the floods compassed me about: all thy billows and thy waves\r
+passed over me.\r
+\r
+2:4 Then I said, I am cast out of thy sight; yet I will look again\r
+toward thy holy temple.\r
+\r
+2:5 The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed\r
+me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head.\r
+\r
+2:6 I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her\r
+bars was about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from\r
+corruption, O LORD my God.\r
+\r
+2:7 When my soul fainted within me I remembered the LORD: and my\r
+prayer came in unto thee, into thine holy temple.\r
+\r
+2:8 They that observe lying vanities forsake their own mercy.\r
+\r
+2:9 But I will sacrifice unto thee with the voice of thanksgiving; I\r
+will pay that that I have vowed. Salvation is of the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:10 And the LORD spake unto the fish, and it vomited out Jonah upon\r
+the dry land.\r
+\r
+3:1 And the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the second time, saying,\r
+3:2 Arise, go unto Nineveh, that great city, and preach unto it the\r
+preaching that I bid thee.\r
+\r
+3:3 So Jonah arose, and went unto Nineveh, according to the word of\r
+the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceeding great city of three days'\r
+journey.\r
+\r
+3:4 And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he\r
+cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown.\r
+\r
+3:5 So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and\r
+put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them.\r
+\r
+3:6 For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his\r
+throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth,\r
+and sat in ashes.\r
+\r
+3:7 And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by\r
+the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor\r
+beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink\r
+water: 3:8 But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry\r
+mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and\r
+from the violence that is in their hands.\r
+\r
+3:9 Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his\r
+fierce anger, that we perish not? 3:10 And God saw their works, that\r
+they turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil, that he\r
+had said that he would do unto them; and he did it not.\r
+\r
+4:1 But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was very angry.\r
+\r
+4:2 And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray thee, O LORD, was\r
+not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I fled\r
+before unto Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and\r
+merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repentest thee of\r
+the evil.\r
+\r
+4:3 Therefore now, O LORD, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for\r
+it is better for me to die than to live.\r
+\r
+4:4 Then said the LORD, Doest thou well to be angry? 4:5 So Jonah\r
+went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there\r
+made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see\r
+what would become of the city.\r
+\r
+4:6 And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over\r
+Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from\r
+his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd.\r
+\r
+4:7 But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it\r
+smote the gourd that it withered.\r
+\r
+4:8 And it came to pass, when the sun did arise, that God prepared a\r
+vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he\r
+fainted, and wished in himself to die, and said, It is better for me\r
+to die than to live.\r
+\r
+4:9 And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd?\r
+And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death.\r
+\r
+4:10 Then said the LORD, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for the\r
+which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow; which came up in\r
+a night, and perished in a night: 4:11 And should not I spare Nineveh,\r
+that great city, wherein are more then sixscore thousand persons that\r
+cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also\r
+much cattle?\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Micah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The word of the LORD that came to Micah the Morasthite in the\r
+days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw\r
+concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:2 Hear, all ye people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is:\r
+and let the Lord GOD be witness against you, the LORD from his holy\r
+temple.\r
+\r
+1:3 For, behold, the LORD cometh forth out of his place, and will come\r
+down, and tread upon the high places of the earth.\r
+\r
+1:4 And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall\r
+be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured\r
+down a steep place.\r
+\r
+1:5 For the transgression of Jacob is all this, and for the sins of\r
+the house of Israel. What is the transgression of Jacob? is it not\r
+Samaria? and what are the high places of Judah? are they not\r
+Jerusalem? 1:6 Therefore I will make Samaria as an heap of the field,\r
+and as plantings of a vineyard: and I will pour down the stones\r
+thereof into the valley, and I will discover the foundations thereof.\r
+\r
+1:7 And all the graven images thereof shall be beaten to pieces, and\r
+all the hires thereof shall be burned with the fire, and all the idols\r
+thereof will I lay desolate: for she gathered it of the hire of an\r
+harlot, and they shall return to the hire of an harlot.\r
+\r
+1:8 Therefore I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked: I\r
+will make a wailing like the dragons, and mourning as the owls.\r
+\r
+1:9 For her wound is incurable; for it is come unto Judah; he is come\r
+unto the gate of my people, even to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:10 Declare ye it not at Gath, weep ye not at all: in the house of\r
+Aphrah roll thyself in the dust.\r
+\r
+1:11 Pass ye away, thou inhabitant of Saphir, having thy shame naked:\r
+the inhabitant of Zaanan came not forth in the mourning of Bethezel;\r
+he shall receive of you his standing.\r
+\r
+1:12 For the inhabitant of Maroth waited carefully for good: but evil\r
+came down from the LORD unto the gate of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:13 O thou inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift\r
+beast: she is the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion: for\r
+the transgressions of Israel were found in thee.\r
+\r
+1:14 Therefore shalt thou give presents to Moreshethgath: the houses\r
+of Achzib shall be a lie to the kings of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:15 Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he\r
+shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:16 Make thee bald, and poll thee for thy delicate children; enlarge\r
+thy baldness as the eagle; for they are gone into captivity from thee.\r
+\r
+2:1 Woe to them that devise iniquity, and work evil upon their beds!\r
+when the morning is light, they practise it, because it is in the\r
+power of their hand.\r
+\r
+2:2 And they covet fields, and take them by violence; and houses, and\r
+take them away: so they oppress a man and his house, even a man and\r
+his heritage.\r
+\r
+2:3 Therefore thus saith the LORD; Behold, against this family do I\r
+devise an evil, from which ye shall not remove your necks; neither\r
+shall ye go haughtily: for this time is evil.\r
+\r
+2:4 In that day shall one take up a parable against you, and lament\r
+with a doleful lamentation, and say, We be utterly spoiled: he hath\r
+changed the portion of my people: how hath he removed it from me!\r
+turning away he hath divided our fields.\r
+\r
+2:5 Therefore thou shalt have none that shall cast a cord by lot in\r
+the congregation of the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:6 Prophesy ye not, say they to them that prophesy: they shall not\r
+prophesy to them, that they shall not take shame.\r
+\r
+2:7 O thou that art named the house of Jacob, is the spirit of the\r
+LORD straitened? are these his doings? do not my words do good to him\r
+that walketh uprightly? 2:8 Even of late my people is risen up as an\r
+enemy: ye pull off the robe with the garment from them that pass by\r
+securely as men averse from war.\r
+\r
+2:9 The women of my people have ye cast out from their pleasant\r
+houses; from their children have ye taken away my glory for ever.\r
+\r
+2:10 Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest: because it is\r
+polluted, it shall destroy you, even with a sore destruction.\r
+\r
+2:11 If a man walking in the spirit and falsehood do lie, saying, I\r
+will prophesy unto thee of wine and of strong drink; he shall even be\r
+the prophet of this people.\r
+\r
+2:12 I will surely assemble, O Jacob, all of thee; I will surely\r
+gather the remnant of Israel; I will put them together as the sheep of\r
+Bozrah, as the flock in the midst of their fold: they shall make great\r
+noise by reason of the multitude of men.\r
+\r
+2:13 The breaker is come up before them: they have broken up, and have\r
+passed through the gate, and are gone out by it: and their king shall\r
+pass before them, and the LORD on the head of them.\r
+\r
+3:1 And I said, Hear, I pray you, O heads of Jacob, and ye princes of\r
+the house of Israel; Is it not for you to know judgment? 3:2 Who hate\r
+the good, and love the evil; who pluck off their skin from off them,\r
+and their flesh from off their bones; 3:3 Who also eat the flesh of my\r
+people, and flay their skin from off them; and they break their bones,\r
+and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh within the\r
+caldron.\r
+\r
+3:4 Then shall they cry unto the LORD, but he will not hear them: he\r
+will even hide his face from them at that time, as they have behaved\r
+themselves ill in their doings.\r
+\r
+3:5 Thus saith the LORD concerning the prophets that make my people\r
+err, that bite with their teeth, and cry, Peace; and he that putteth\r
+not into their mouths, they even prepare war against him.\r
+\r
+3:6 Therefore night shall be unto you, that ye shall not have a\r
+vision; and it shall be dark unto you, that ye shall not divine; and\r
+the sun shall go down over the prophets, and the day shall be dark\r
+over them.\r
+\r
+3:7 Then shall the seers be ashamed, and the diviners confounded: yea,\r
+they shall all cover their lips; for there is no answer of God.\r
+\r
+3:8 But truly I am full of power by the spirit of the LORD, and of\r
+judgment, and of might, to declare unto Jacob his transgression, and\r
+to Israel his sin.\r
+\r
+3:9 Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes\r
+of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity.\r
+\r
+3:10 They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity.\r
+\r
+3:11 The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach\r
+for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they\r
+lean upon the LORD, and say, Is not the LORD among us? none evil can\r
+come upon us.\r
+\r
+3:12 Therefore shall Zion for your sake be plowed as a field, and\r
+Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the\r
+high places of the forest.\r
+\r
+4:1 But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of\r
+the house of the LORD shall be established in the top of the\r
+mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall\r
+flow unto it.\r
+\r
+4:2 And many nations shall come, and say, Come, and let us go up to\r
+the mountain of the LORD, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he\r
+will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for the law\r
+shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+4:3 And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations\r
+afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their\r
+spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against\r
+nation, neither shall they learn war any more.\r
+\r
+4:4 But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig\r
+tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the LORD of\r
+hosts hath spoken it.\r
+\r
+4:5 For all people will walk every one in the name of his god, and we\r
+will walk in the name of the LORD our God for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+4:6 In that day, saith the LORD, will I assemble her that halteth, and\r
+I will gather her that is driven out, and her that I have afflicted;\r
+4:7 And I will make her that halted a remnant, and her that was cast\r
+far off a strong nation: and the LORD shall reign over them in mount\r
+Zion from henceforth, even for ever.\r
+\r
+4:8 And thou, O tower of the flock, the strong hold of the daughter of\r
+Zion, unto thee shall it come, even the first dominion; the kingdom\r
+shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+4:9 Now why dost thou cry out aloud? is there no king in thee? is thy\r
+counsellor perished? for pangs have taken thee as a woman in travail.\r
+\r
+4:10 Be in pain, and labour to bring forth, O daughter of Zion, like a\r
+woman in travail: for now shalt thou go forth out of the city, and\r
+thou shalt dwell in the field, and thou shalt go even to Babylon;\r
+there shalt thou be delivered; there the LORD shall redeem thee from\r
+the hand of thine enemies.\r
+\r
+4:11 Now also many nations are gathered against thee, that say, Let\r
+her be defiled, and let our eye look upon Zion.\r
+\r
+4:12 But they know not the thoughts of the LORD, neither understand\r
+they his counsel: for he shall gather them as the sheaves into the\r
+floor.\r
+\r
+4:13 Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion: for I will make thine horn\r
+iron, and I will make thy hoofs brass: and thou shalt beat in pieces\r
+many people: and I will consecrate their gain unto the LORD, and their\r
+substance unto the Lord of the whole earth.\r
+\r
+5:1 Now gather thyself in troops, O daughter of troops: he hath laid\r
+siege against us: they shall smite the judge of Israel with a rod upon\r
+the cheek.\r
+\r
+5:2 But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the\r
+thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that\r
+is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old,\r
+from everlasting.\r
+\r
+5:3 Therefore will he give them up, until the time that she which\r
+travaileth hath brought forth: then the remnant of his brethren shall\r
+return unto the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+5:4 And he shall stand and feed in the strength of the LORD, in the\r
+majesty of the name of the LORD his God; and they shall abide: for now\r
+shall he be great unto the ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+5:5 And this man shall be the peace, when the Assyrian shall come into\r
+our land: and when he shall tread in our palaces, then shall we raise\r
+against him seven shepherds, and eight principal men.\r
+\r
+5:6 And they shall waste the land of Assyria with the sword, and the\r
+land of Nimrod in the entrances thereof: thus shall he deliver us from\r
+the Assyrian, when he cometh into our land, and when he treadeth\r
+within our borders.\r
+\r
+5:7 And the remnant of Jacob shall be in the midst of many people as a\r
+dew from the LORD, as the showers upon the grass, that tarrieth not\r
+for man, nor waiteth for the sons of men.\r
+\r
+5:8 And the remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles in the midst\r
+of many people as a lion among the beasts of the forest, as a young\r
+lion among the flocks of sheep: who, if he go through, both treadeth\r
+down, and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver.\r
+\r
+5:9 Thine hand shall be lifted up upon thine adversaries, and all\r
+thine enemies shall be cut off.\r
+\r
+5:10 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that I\r
+will cut off thy horses out of the midst of thee, and I will destroy\r
+thy chariots: 5:11 And I will cut off the cities of thy land, and\r
+throw down all thy strong holds: 5:12 And I will cut off witchcrafts\r
+out of thine hand; and thou shalt have no more soothsayers: 5:13 Thy\r
+graven images also will I cut off, and thy standing images out of the\r
+midst of thee; and thou shalt no more worship the work of thine hands.\r
+\r
+5:14 And I will pluck up thy groves out of the midst of thee: so will\r
+I destroy thy cities.\r
+\r
+5:15 And I will execute vengeance in anger and fury upon the heathen,\r
+such as they have not heard.\r
+\r
+6:1 Hear ye now what the LORD saith; Arise, contend thou before the\r
+mountains, and let the hills hear thy voice.\r
+\r
+6:2 Hear ye, O mountains, the LORD's controversy, and ye strong\r
+foundations of the earth: for the LORD hath a controversy with his\r
+people, and he will plead with Israel.\r
+\r
+6:3 O my people, what have I done unto thee? and wherein have I\r
+wearied thee? testify against me.\r
+\r
+6:4 For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee\r
+out of the house of servants; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and\r
+Miriam.\r
+\r
+6:5 O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab consulted, and\r
+what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim unto Gilgal;\r
+that ye may know the righteousness of the LORD.\r
+\r
+6:6 Wherewith shall I come before the LORD, and bow myself before the\r
+high God? shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of\r
+a year old? 6:7 Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams, or\r
+with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my firstborn for my\r
+transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? 6:8 He\r
+hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require\r
+of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with\r
+thy God? 6:9 The LORD's voice crieth unto the city, and the man of\r
+wisdom shall see thy name: hear ye the rod, and who hath appointed it.\r
+\r
+6:10 Are there yet the treasures of wickedness in the house of the\r
+wicked, and the scant measure that is abominable? 6:11 Shall I count\r
+them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag of deceitful\r
+weights? 6:12 For the rich men thereof are full of violence, and the\r
+inhabitants thereof have spoken lies, and their tongue is deceitful in\r
+their mouth.\r
+\r
+6:13 Therefore also will I make thee sick in smiting thee, in making\r
+thee desolate because of thy sins.\r
+\r
+6:14 Thou shalt eat, but not be satisfied; and thy casting down shall\r
+be in the midst of thee; and thou shalt take hold, but shalt not\r
+deliver; and that which thou deliverest will I give up to the sword.\r
+\r
+6:15 Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap; thou shalt tread the\r
+olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet wine, but\r
+shalt not drink wine.\r
+\r
+6:16 For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house\r
+of Ahab, and ye walk in their counsels; that I should make thee a\r
+desolation, and the inhabitants thereof an hissing: therefore ye shall\r
+bear the reproach of my people.\r
+\r
+7:1 Woe is me! for I am as when they have gathered the summer fruits,\r
+as the grapegleanings of the vintage: there is no cluster to eat: my\r
+soul desired the firstripe fruit.\r
+\r
+7:2 The good man is perished out of the earth: and there is none\r
+upright among men: they all lie in wait for blood; they hunt every man\r
+his brother with a net.\r
+\r
+7:3 That they may do evil with both hands earnestly, the prince\r
+asketh, and the judge asketh for a reward; and the great man, he\r
+uttereth his mischievous desire: so they wrap it up.\r
+\r
+7:4 The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a\r
+thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now\r
+shall be their perplexity.\r
+\r
+7:5 Trust ye not in a friend, put ye not confidence in a guide: keep\r
+the doors of thy mouth from her that lieth in thy bosom.\r
+\r
+7:6 For the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up\r
+against her mother, the daughter in law against her mother in law; a\r
+man's enemies are the men of his own house.\r
+\r
+7:7 Therefore I will look unto the LORD; I will wait for the God of my\r
+salvation: my God will hear me.\r
+\r
+7:8 Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I shall arise;\r
+when I sit in darkness, the LORD shall be a light unto me.\r
+\r
+7:9 I will bear the indignation of the LORD, because I have sinned\r
+against him, until he plead my cause, and execute judgment for me: he\r
+will bring me forth to the light, and I shall behold his\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+7:10 Then she that is mine enemy shall see it, and shame shall cover\r
+her which said unto me, Where is the LORD thy God? mine eyes shall\r
+behold her: now shall she be trodden down as the mire of the streets.\r
+\r
+7:11 In the day that thy walls are to be built, in that day shall the\r
+decree be far removed.\r
+\r
+7:12 In that day also he shall come even to thee from Assyria, and\r
+from the fortified cities, and from the fortress even to the river,\r
+and from sea to sea, and from mountain to mountain.\r
+\r
+7:13 Notwithstanding the land shall be desolate because of them that\r
+dwell therein, for the fruit of their doings.\r
+\r
+7:14 Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine heritage, which\r
+dwell solitarily in the wood, in the midst of Carmel: let them feed in\r
+Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old.\r
+\r
+7:15 According to the days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt will\r
+I shew unto him marvellous things.\r
+\r
+7:16 The nations shall see and be confounded at all their might: they\r
+shall lay their hand upon their mouth, their ears shall be deaf.\r
+\r
+7:17 They shall lick the dust like a serpent, they shall move out of\r
+their holes like worms of the earth: they shall be afraid of the LORD\r
+our God, and shall fear because of thee.\r
+\r
+7:18 Who is a God like unto thee, that pardoneth iniquity, and passeth\r
+by the transgression of the remnant of his heritage? he retaineth not\r
+his anger for ever, because he delighteth in mercy.\r
+\r
+7:19 He will turn again, he will have compassion upon us; he will\r
+subdue our iniquities; and thou wilt cast all their sins into the\r
+depths of the sea.\r
+\r
+7:20 Thou wilt perform the truth to Jacob, and the mercy to Abraham,\r
+which thou hast sworn unto our fathers from the days of old.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Nahum\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The burden of Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite.\r
+\r
+1:2 God is jealous, and the LORD revengeth; the LORD revengeth, and is\r
+furious; the LORD will take vengeance on his adversaries, and he\r
+reserveth wrath for his enemies.\r
+\r
+1:3 The LORD is slow to anger, and great in power, and will not at all\r
+acquit the wicked: the LORD hath his way in the whirlwind and in the\r
+storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.\r
+\r
+1:4 He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the\r
+rivers: Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the flower of Lebanon\r
+languisheth.\r
+\r
+1:5 The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is\r
+burned at his presence, yea, the world, and all that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+1:6 Who can stand before his indignation? and who can abide in the\r
+fierceness of his anger? his fury is poured out like fire, and the\r
+rocks are thrown down by him.\r
+\r
+1:7 The LORD is good, a strong hold in the day of trouble; and he\r
+knoweth them that trust in him.\r
+\r
+1:8 But with an overrunning flood he will make an utter end of the\r
+place thereof, and darkness shall pursue his enemies.\r
+\r
+1:9 What do ye imagine against the LORD? he will make an utter end:\r
+affliction shall not rise up the second time.\r
+\r
+1:10 For while they be folden together as thorns, and while they are\r
+drunken as drunkards, they shall be devoured as stubble fully dry.\r
+\r
+1:11 There is one come out of thee, that imagineth evil against the\r
+LORD, a wicked counsellor.\r
+\r
+1:12 Thus saith the LORD; Though they be quiet, and likewise many, yet\r
+thus shall they be cut down, when he shall pass through. Though I have\r
+afflicted thee, I will afflict thee no more.\r
+\r
+1:13 For now will I break his yoke from off thee, and will burst thy\r
+bonds in sunder.\r
+\r
+1:14 And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no\r
+more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off\r
+the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou\r
+art vile.\r
+\r
+1:15 Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good\r
+tidings, that publisheth peace! O Judah, keep thy solemn feasts,\r
+perform thy vows: for the wicked shall no more pass through thee; he\r
+is utterly cut off.\r
+\r
+2:1 He that dasheth in pieces is come up before thy face: keep the\r
+munition, watch the way, make thy loins strong, fortify thy power\r
+mightily.\r
+\r
+2:2 For the LORD hath turned away the excellency of Jacob, as the\r
+excellency of Israel: for the emptiers have emptied them out, and\r
+marred their vine branches.\r
+\r
+2:3 The shield of his mighty men is made red, the valiant men are in\r
+scarlet: the chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his\r
+preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly shaken.\r
+\r
+2:4 The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one\r
+against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they\r
+shall run like the lightnings.\r
+\r
+2:5 He shall recount his worthies: they shall stumble in their walk;\r
+they shall make haste to the wall thereof, and the defence shall be\r
+prepared.\r
+\r
+2:6 The gates of the rivers shall be opened, and the palace shall be\r
+dissolved.\r
+\r
+2:7 And Huzzab shall be led away captive, she shall be brought up, and\r
+her maids shall lead her as with the voice of doves, tabering upon\r
+their breasts.\r
+\r
+2:8 But Nineveh is of old like a pool of water: yet they shall flee\r
+away.\r
+\r
+Stand, stand, shall they cry; but none shall look back.\r
+\r
+2:9 Take ye the spoil of silver, take the spoil of gold: for there is\r
+none end of the store and glory out of all the pleasant furniture.\r
+\r
+2:10 She is empty, and void, and waste: and the heart melteth, and the\r
+knees smite together, and much pain is in all loins, and the faces of\r
+them all gather blackness.\r
+\r
+2:11 Where is the dwelling of the lions, and the feedingplace of the\r
+young lions, where the lion, even the old lion, walked, and the lion's\r
+whelp, and none made them afraid? 2:12 The lion did tear in pieces\r
+enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his\r
+holes with prey, and his dens with ravin.\r
+\r
+2:13 Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will\r
+burn her chariots in the smoke, and the sword shall devour thy young\r
+lions: and I will cut off thy prey from the earth, and the voice of\r
+thy messengers shall no more be heard.\r
+\r
+3:1 Woe to the bloody city! it is all full of lies and robbery; the\r
+prey departeth not; 3:2 The noise of a whip, and the noise of the\r
+rattling of the wheels, and of the pransing horses, and of the jumping\r
+chariots.\r
+\r
+3:3 The horseman lifteth up both the bright sword and the glittering\r
+spear: and there is a multitude of slain, and a great number of\r
+carcases; and there is none end of their corpses; they stumble upon\r
+their corpses: 3:4 Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the\r
+wellfavoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations\r
+through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts.\r
+\r
+3:5 Behold, I am against thee, saith the LORD of hosts; and I will\r
+discover thy skirts upon thy face, and I will shew the nations thy\r
+nakedness, and the kingdoms thy shame.\r
+\r
+3:6 And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile,\r
+and will set thee as a gazingstock.\r
+\r
+3:7 And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon thee shall\r
+flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her?\r
+whence shall I seek comforters for thee? 3:8 Art thou better than\r
+populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters\r
+round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the\r
+sea? 3:9 Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite;\r
+Put and Lubim were thy helpers.\r
+\r
+3:10 Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young\r
+children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and\r
+they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were\r
+bound in chains.\r
+\r
+3:11 Thou also shalt be drunken: thou shalt be hid, thou also shalt\r
+seek strength because of the enemy.\r
+\r
+3:12 All thy strong holds shall be like fig trees with the firstripe\r
+figs: if they be shaken, they shall even fall into the mouth of the\r
+eater.\r
+\r
+3:13 Behold, thy people in the midst of thee are women: the gates of\r
+thy land shall be set wide open unto thine enemies: the fire shall\r
+devour thy bars.\r
+\r
+3:14 Draw thee waters for the siege, fortify thy strong holds: go into\r
+clay, and tread the morter, make strong the brickkiln.\r
+\r
+3:15 There shall the fire devour thee; the sword shall cut thee off,\r
+it shall eat thee up like the cankerworm: make thyself many as the\r
+cankerworm, make thyself many as the locusts.\r
+\r
+3:16 Thou hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the\r
+cankerworm spoileth, and fleeth away.\r
+\r
+3:17 Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy captains as the great\r
+grasshoppers, which camp in the hedges in the cold day, but when the\r
+sun ariseth they flee away, and their place is not known where they\r
+are.\r
+\r
+3:18 Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell\r
+in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man\r
+gathereth them.\r
+\r
+3:19 There is no healing of thy bruise; thy wound is grievous: all\r
+that hear the bruit of thee shall clap the hands over thee: for upon\r
+whom hath not thy wickedness passed continually?\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Habakkuk\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The burden which Habakkuk the prophet did see.\r
+\r
+1:2 O LORD, how long shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear! even cry out\r
+unto thee of violence, and thou wilt not save! 1:3 Why dost thou shew\r
+me iniquity, and cause me to behold grievance? for spoiling and\r
+violence are before me: and there are that raise up strife and\r
+contention.\r
+\r
+1:4 Therefore the law is slacked, and judgment doth never go forth:\r
+for the wicked doth compass about the righteous; therefore wrong\r
+judgment proceedeth.\r
+\r
+1:5 Behold ye among the heathen, and regard, and wonder marvelously:\r
+for I will work a work in your days which ye will not believe, though\r
+it be told you.\r
+\r
+1:6 For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation,\r
+which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the\r
+dwellingplaces that are not their's.\r
+\r
+1:7 They are terrible and dreadful: their judgment and their dignity\r
+shall proceed of themselves.\r
+\r
+1:8 Their horses also are swifter than the leopards, and are more\r
+fierce than the evening wolves: and their horsemen shall spread\r
+themselves, and their horsemen shall come from far; they shall fly as\r
+the eagle that hasteth to eat.\r
+\r
+1:9 They shall come all for violence: their faces shall sup up as the\r
+east wind, and they shall gather the captivity as the sand.\r
+\r
+1:10 And they shall scoff at the kings, and the princes shall be a\r
+scorn unto them: they shall deride every strong hold; for they shall\r
+heap dust, and take it.\r
+\r
+1:11 Then shall his mind change, and he shall pass over, and offend,\r
+imputing this his power unto his god.\r
+\r
+1:12 Art thou not from everlasting, O LORD my God, mine Holy One? we\r
+shall not die. O LORD, thou hast ordained them for judgment; and, O\r
+mighty God, thou hast established them for correction.\r
+\r
+1:13 Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil, and canst not look on\r
+iniquity: wherefore lookest thou upon them that deal treacherously,\r
+and holdest thy tongue when the wicked devoureth the man that is more\r
+righteous than he? 1:14 And makest men as the fishes of the sea, as\r
+the creeping things, that have no ruler over them? 1:15 They take up\r
+all of them with the angle, they catch them in their net, and gather\r
+them in their drag: therefore they rejoice and are glad.\r
+\r
+1:16 Therefore they sacrifice unto their net, and burn incense unto\r
+their drag; because by them their portion is fat, and their meat\r
+plenteous.\r
+\r
+1:17 Shall they therefore empty their net, and not spare continually\r
+to slay the nations? 2:1 I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon\r
+the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I\r
+shall answer when I am reproved.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make it\r
+plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it.\r
+\r
+2:3 For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it\r
+shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it\r
+will surely come, it will not tarry.\r
+\r
+2:4 Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but the\r
+just shall live by his faith.\r
+\r
+2:5 Yea also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man,\r
+neither keepeth at home, who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as\r
+death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations,\r
+and heapeth unto him all people: 2:6 Shall not all these take up a\r
+parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, Woe\r
+to him that increaseth that which is not his! how long? and to him\r
+that ladeth himself with thick clay! 2:7 Shall they not rise up\r
+suddenly that shall bite thee, and awake that shall vex thee, and thou\r
+shalt be for booties unto them? 2:8 Because thou hast spoiled many\r
+nations, all the remnant of the people shall spoil thee; because of\r
+men's blood, and for the violence of the land, of the city, and of all\r
+that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+2:9 Woe to him that coveteth an evil covetousness to his house, that\r
+he may set his nest on high, that he may be delivered from the power\r
+of evil! 2:10 Thou hast consulted shame to thy house by cutting off\r
+many people, and hast sinned against thy soul.\r
+\r
+2:11 For the stone shall cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the\r
+timber shall answer it.\r
+\r
+2:12 Woe to him that buildeth a town with blood, and stablisheth a\r
+city by iniquity! 2:13 Behold, is it not of the LORD of hosts that\r
+the people shall labour in the very fire, and the people shall weary\r
+themselves for very vanity? 2:14 For the earth shall be filled with\r
+the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, as the waters cover the sea.\r
+\r
+2:15 Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy\r
+bottle to him, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on\r
+their nakedness! 2:16 Thou art filled with shame for glory: drink\r
+thou also, and let thy foreskin be uncovered: the cup of the LORD's\r
+right hand shall be turned unto thee, and shameful spewing shall be on\r
+thy glory.\r
+\r
+2:17 For the violence of Lebanon shall cover thee, and the spoil of\r
+beasts, which made them afraid, because of men's blood, and for the\r
+violence of the land, of the city, and of all that dwell therein.\r
+\r
+2:18 What profiteth the graven image that the maker thereof hath\r
+graven it; the molten image, and a teacher of lies, that the maker of\r
+his work trusteth therein, to make dumb idols? 2:19 Woe unto him that\r
+saith to the wood, Awake; to the dumb stone, Arise, it shall teach!\r
+Behold, it is laid over with gold and silver, and there is no breath\r
+at all in the midst of it.\r
+\r
+2:20 But the LORD is in his holy temple: let all the earth keep\r
+silence before him.\r
+\r
+3:1 A prayer of Habakkuk the prophet upon Shigionoth.\r
+\r
+3:2 O LORD, I have heard thy speech, and was afraid: O LORD, revive\r
+thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make\r
+known; in wrath remember mercy.\r
+\r
+3:3 God came from Teman, and the Holy One from mount Paran. Selah. His\r
+glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of his praise.\r
+\r
+3:4 And his brightness was as the light; he had horns coming out of\r
+his hand: and there was the hiding of his power.\r
+\r
+3:5 Before him went the pestilence, and burning coals went forth at\r
+his feet.\r
+\r
+3:6 He stood, and measured the earth: he beheld, and drove asunder the\r
+nations; and the everlasting mountains were scattered, the perpetual\r
+hills did bow: his ways are everlasting.\r
+\r
+3:7 I saw the tents of Cushan in affliction: and the curtains of the\r
+land of Midian did tremble.\r
+\r
+3:8 Was the LORD displeased against the rivers? was thine anger\r
+against the rivers? was thy wrath against the sea, that thou didst\r
+ride upon thine horses and thy chariots of salvation? 3:9 Thy bow was\r
+made quite naked, according to the oaths of the tribes, even thy word.\r
+Selah. Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers.\r
+\r
+3:10 The mountains saw thee, and they trembled: the overflowing of the\r
+water passed by: the deep uttered his voice, and lifted up his hands\r
+on high.\r
+\r
+3:11 The sun and moon stood still in their habitation: at the light of\r
+thine arrows they went, and at the shining of thy glittering spear.\r
+\r
+3:12 Thou didst march through the land in indignation, thou didst\r
+thresh the heathen in anger.\r
+\r
+3:13 Thou wentest forth for the salvation of thy people, even for\r
+salvation with thine anointed; thou woundedst the head out of the\r
+house of the wicked, by discovering the foundation unto the neck.\r
+Selah.\r
+\r
+3:14 Thou didst strike through with his staves the head of his\r
+villages: they came out as a whirlwind to scatter me: their rejoicing\r
+was as to devour the poor secretly.\r
+\r
+3:15 Thou didst walk through the sea with thine horses, through the\r
+heap of great waters.\r
+\r
+3:16 When I heard, my belly trembled; my lips quivered at the voice:\r
+rottenness entered into my bones, and I trembled in myself, that I\r
+might rest in the day of trouble: when he cometh up unto the people,\r
+he will invade them with his troops.\r
+\r
+3:17 Although the fig tree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be\r
+in the vines; the labour of the olive shall fail, and the fields shall\r
+yield no meat; the flock shall be cut off from the fold, and there\r
+shall be no herd in the stalls: 3:18 Yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I\r
+will joy in the God of my salvation.\r
+\r
+3:19 The LORD God is my strength, and he will make my feet like hinds'\r
+feet, and he will make me to walk upon mine high places. To the chief\r
+singer on my stringed instruments.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Zephaniah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The word of the LORD which came unto Zephaniah the son of Cushi,\r
+the son of Gedaliah, the son of Amariah, the son of Hizkiah, in the\r
+days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah.\r
+\r
+1:2 I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+1:3 I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the\r
+heaven, and the fishes of the sea, and the stumbling blocks with the\r
+wicked: and I will cut off man from off the land, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:4 I will also stretch out mine hand upon Judah, and upon all the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem; and I will cut off the remnant of Baal from\r
+this place, and the name of the Chemarims with the priests; 1:5 And\r
+them that worship the host of heaven upon the housetops; and them that\r
+worship and that swear by the LORD, and that swear by Malcham; 1:6 And\r
+them that are turned back from the LORD; and those that have not\r
+sought the LORD, nor enquired for him.\r
+\r
+1:7 Hold thy peace at the presence of the Lord GOD: for the day of the\r
+LORD is at hand: for the LORD hath prepared a sacrifice, he hath bid\r
+his guests.\r
+\r
+1:8 And it shall come to pass in the day of the LORD's sacrifice, that\r
+I will punish the princes, and the king's children, and all such as\r
+are clothed with strange apparel.\r
+\r
+1:9 In the same day also will I punish all those that leap on the\r
+threshold, which fill their masters' houses with violence and deceit.\r
+\r
+1:10 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD, that there\r
+shall be the noise of a cry from the fish gate, and an howling from\r
+the second, and a great crashing from the hills.\r
+\r
+1:11 Howl, ye inhabitants of Maktesh, for all the merchant people are\r
+cut down; all they that bear silver are cut off.\r
+\r
+1:12 And it shall come to pass at that time, that I will search\r
+Jerusalem with candles, and punish the men that are settled on their\r
+lees: that say in their heart, The LORD will not do good, neither will\r
+he do evil.\r
+\r
+1:13 Therefore their goods shall become a booty, and their houses a\r
+desolation: they shall also build houses, but not inhabit them; and\r
+they shall plant vineyards, but not drink the wine thereof.\r
+\r
+1:14 The great day of the LORD is near, it is near, and hasteth\r
+greatly, even the voice of the day of the LORD: the mighty man shall\r
+cry there bitterly.\r
+\r
+1:15 That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day\r
+of wasteness and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day\r
+of clouds and thick darkness, 1:16 A day of the trumpet and alarm\r
+against the fenced cities, and against the high towers.\r
+\r
+1:17 And I will bring distress upon men, that they shall walk like\r
+blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD: and their blood\r
+shall be poured out as dust, and their flesh as the dung.\r
+\r
+1:18 Neither their silver nor their gold shall be able to deliver them\r
+in the day of the LORD's wrath; but the whole land shall be devoured\r
+by the fire of his jealousy: for he shall make even a speedy riddance\r
+of all them that dwell in the land.\r
+\r
+2:1 Gather yourselves together, yea, gather together, O nation not\r
+desired; 2:2 Before the decree bring forth, before the day pass as the\r
+chaff, before the fierce anger of the LORD come upon you, before the\r
+day of the LORD's anger come upon you.\r
+\r
+2:3 Seek ye the LORD, all ye meek of the earth, which have wrought his\r
+judgment; seek righteousness, seek meekness: it may be ye shall be hid\r
+in the day of the LORD's anger.\r
+\r
+2:4 For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: they shall\r
+drive out Ashdod at the noon day, and Ekron shall be rooted up.\r
+\r
+2:5 Woe unto the inhabitants of the sea coast, the nation of the\r
+Cherethites! the word of the LORD is against you; O Canaan, the land\r
+of the Philistines, I will even destroy thee, that there shall be no\r
+inhabitant.\r
+\r
+2:6 And the sea coast shall be dwellings and cottages for shepherds,\r
+and folds for flocks.\r
+\r
+2:7 And the coast shall be for the remnant of the house of Judah; they\r
+shall feed thereupon: in the houses of Ashkelon shall they lie down in\r
+the evening: for the LORD their God shall visit them, and turn away\r
+their captivity.\r
+\r
+2:8 I have heard the reproach of Moab, and the revilings of the\r
+children of Ammon, whereby they have reproached my people, and\r
+magnified themselves against their border.\r
+\r
+2:9 Therefore as I live, saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel,\r
+Surely Moab shall be as Sodom, and the children of Ammon as Gomorrah,\r
+even the breeding of nettles, and saltpits, and a perpetual\r
+desolation: the residue of my people shall spoil them, and the remnant\r
+of my people shall possess them.\r
+\r
+2:10 This shall they have for their pride, because they have\r
+reproached and magnified themselves against the people of the LORD of\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+2:11 The LORD will be terrible unto them: for he will famish all the\r
+gods of the earth; and men shall worship him, every one from his\r
+place, even all the isles of the heathen.\r
+\r
+2:12 Ye Ethiopians also, ye shall be slain by my sword.\r
+\r
+2:13 And he will stretch out his hand against the north, and destroy\r
+Assyria; and will make Nineveh a desolation, and dry like a\r
+wilderness.\r
+\r
+2:14 And flocks shall lie down in the midst of her, all the beasts of\r
+the nations: both the cormorant and the bittern shall lodge in the\r
+upper lintels of it; their voice shall sing in the windows; desolation\r
+shall be in the thresholds; for he shall uncover the cedar work.\r
+\r
+2:15 This is the rejoicing city that dwelt carelessly, that said in\r
+her heart, I am, and there is none beside me: how is she become a\r
+desolation, a place for beasts to lie down in! every one that passeth\r
+by her shall hiss, and wag his hand.\r
+\r
+3:1 Woe to her that is filthy and polluted, to the oppressing city!\r
+3:2 She obeyed not the voice; she received not correction; she trusted\r
+not in the LORD; she drew not near to her God.\r
+\r
+3:3 Her princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are evening\r
+wolves; they gnaw not the bones till the morrow.\r
+\r
+3:4 Her prophets are light and treacherous persons: her priests have\r
+polluted the sanctuary, they have done violence to the law.\r
+\r
+3:5 The just LORD is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity:\r
+every morning doth he bring his judgment to light, he faileth not; but\r
+the unjust knoweth no shame.\r
+\r
+3:6 I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate; I made\r
+their streets waste, that none passeth by: their cities are destroyed,\r
+so that there is no man, that there is none inhabitant.\r
+\r
+3:7 I said, Surely thou wilt fear me, thou wilt receive instruction;\r
+so their dwelling should not be cut off, howsoever I punished them:\r
+but they rose early, and corrupted all their doings.\r
+\r
+3:8 Therefore wait ye upon me, saith the LORD, until the day that I\r
+rise up to the prey: for my determination is to gather the nations,\r
+that I may assemble the kingdoms, to pour upon them mine indignation,\r
+even all my fierce anger: for all the earth shall be devoured with the\r
+fire of my jealousy.\r
+\r
+3:9 For then will I turn to the people a pure language, that they may\r
+all call upon the name of the LORD, to serve him with one consent.\r
+\r
+3:10 From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the\r
+daughter of my dispersed, shall bring mine offering.\r
+\r
+3:11 In that day shalt thou not be ashamed for all thy doings, wherein\r
+thou hast transgressed against me: for then I will take away out of\r
+the midst of thee them that rejoice in thy pride, and thou shalt no\r
+more be haughty because of my holy mountain.\r
+\r
+3:12 I will also leave in the midst of thee an afflicted and poor\r
+people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD.\r
+\r
+3:13 The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies;\r
+neither shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth: for they\r
+shall feed and lie down, and none shall make them afraid.\r
+\r
+3:14 Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice\r
+with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+3:15 The LORD hath taken away thy judgments, he hath cast out thine\r
+enemy: the king of Israel, even the LORD, is in the midst of thee:\r
+thou shalt not see evil any more.\r
+\r
+3:16 In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not: and to\r
+Zion, Let not thine hands be slack.\r
+\r
+3:17 The LORD thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he\r
+will rejoice over thee with joy; he will rest in his love, he will joy\r
+over thee with singing.\r
+\r
+3:18 I will gather them that are sorrowful for the solemn assembly,\r
+who are of thee, to whom the reproach of it was a burden.\r
+\r
+3:19 Behold, at that time I will undo all that afflict thee: and I\r
+will save her that halteth, and gather her that was driven out; and I\r
+will get them praise and fame in every land where they have been put\r
+to shame.\r
+\r
+3:20 At that time will I bring you again, even in the time that I\r
+gather you: for I will make you a name and a praise among all people\r
+of the earth, when I turn back your captivity before your eyes,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Haggai\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 In the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the\r
+first day of the month, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the\r
+prophet unto Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and\r
+to Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest, saying, 1:2 Thus\r
+speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, This people say, The time is not\r
+come, the time that the LORD's house should be built.\r
+\r
+1:3 Then came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet, saying, 1:4\r
+Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your cieled houses, and this\r
+house lie waste? 1:5 Now therefore thus saith the LORD of hosts;\r
+Consider your ways.\r
+\r
+1:6 Ye have sown much, and bring in little; ye eat, but ye have not\r
+enough; ye drink, but ye are not filled with drink; ye clothe you, but\r
+there is none warm; and he that earneth wages earneth wages to put it\r
+into a bag with holes.\r
+\r
+1:7 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Consider your ways.\r
+\r
+1:8 Go up to the mountain, and bring wood, and build the house; and I\r
+will take pleasure in it, and I will be glorified, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:9 Ye looked for much, and, lo it came to little; and when ye brought\r
+it home, I did blow upon it. Why? saith the LORD of hosts. Because of\r
+mine house that is waste, and ye run every man unto his own house.\r
+\r
+1:10 Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the earth\r
+is stayed from her fruit.\r
+\r
+1:11 And I called for a drought upon the land, and upon the mountains,\r
+and upon the corn, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and upon\r
+that which the ground bringeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle,\r
+and upon all the labour of the hands.\r
+\r
+1:12 Then Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Joshua the son of\r
+Josedech, the high priest, with all the remnant of the people, obeyed\r
+the voice of the LORD their God, and the words of Haggai the prophet,\r
+as the LORD their God had sent him, and the people did fear before the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+1:13 Then spake Haggai the LORD's messenger in the LORD's message unto\r
+the people, saying, I am with you, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:14 And the LORD stirred up the spirit of Zerubbabel the son of\r
+Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and the spirit of Joshua the son of\r
+Josedech, the high priest, and the spirit of all the remnant of the\r
+people; and they came and did work in the house of the LORD of hosts,\r
+their God, 1:15 In the four and twentieth day of the sixth month, in\r
+the second year of Darius the king.\r
+\r
+2:1 In the seventh month, in the one and twentieth day of the month,\r
+came the word of the LORD by the prophet Haggai, saying, 2:2 Speak now\r
+to Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua\r
+the son of Josedech, the high priest, and to the residue of the\r
+people, saying, 2:3 Who is left among you that saw this house in her\r
+first glory? and how do ye see it now? is it not in your eyes in\r
+comparison of it as nothing? 2:4 Yet now be strong, O Zerubbabel,\r
+saith the LORD; and be strong, O Joshua, son of Josedech, the high\r
+priest; and be strong, all ye people of the land, saith the LORD, and\r
+work: for I am with you, saith the LORD of hosts: 2:5 According to the\r
+word that I covenanted with you when ye came out of Egypt, so my\r
+spirit remaineth among you: fear ye not.\r
+\r
+2:6 For thus saith the LORD of hosts; Yet once, it is a little while,\r
+and I will shake the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and the dry\r
+land; 2:7 And I will shake all nations, and the desire of all nations\r
+shall come: and I will fill this house with glory, saith the LORD of\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+2:8 The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:9 The glory of this latter house shall be greater than of the\r
+former, saith the LORD of hosts: and in this place will I give peace,\r
+saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:10 In the four and twentieth day of the ninth month, in the second\r
+year of Darius, came the word of the LORD by Haggai the prophet,\r
+saying, 2:11 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Ask now the priests\r
+concerning the law, saying, 2:12 If one bear holy flesh in the skirt\r
+of his garment, and with his skirt do touch bread, or pottage, or\r
+wine, or oil, or any meat, shall it be holy? And the priests answered\r
+and said, No.\r
+\r
+2:13 Then said Haggai, If one that is unclean by a dead body touch any\r
+of these, shall it be unclean? And the priests answered and said, It\r
+shall be unclean.\r
+\r
+2:14 Then answered Haggai, and said, So is this people, and so is this\r
+nation before me, saith the LORD; and so is every work of their hands;\r
+and that which they offer there is unclean.\r
+\r
+2:15 And now, I pray you, consider from this day and upward, from\r
+before a stone was laid upon a stone in the temple of the LORD: 2:16\r
+Since those days were, when one came to an heap of twenty measures,\r
+there were but ten: when one came to the pressfat for to draw out\r
+fifty vessels out of the press, there were but twenty.\r
+\r
+2:17 I smote you with blasting and with mildew and with hail in all\r
+the labours of your hands; yet ye turned not to me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:18 Consider now from this day and upward, from the four and\r
+twentieth day of the ninth month, even from the day that the\r
+foundation of the LORD's temple was laid, consider it.\r
+\r
+2:19 Is the seed yet in the barn? yea, as yet the vine, and the fig\r
+tree, and the pomegranate, and the olive tree, hath not brought forth:\r
+from this day will I bless you.\r
+\r
+2:20 And again the word of the LORD came unto Haggai in the four and\r
+twentieth day of the month, saying, 2:21 Speak to Zerubbabel, governor\r
+of Judah, saying, I will shake the heavens and the earth; 2:22 And I\r
+will overthrow the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength\r
+of the kingdoms of the heathen; and I will overthrow the chariots, and\r
+those that ride in them; and the horses and their riders shall come\r
+down, every one by the sword of his brother.\r
+\r
+2:23 In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, will I take thee, O\r
+Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the LORD, and will\r
+make thee as a signet: for I have chosen thee, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Zechariah\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, came the word\r
+of the LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the\r
+prophet, saying, 1:2 The LORD hath been sore displeased with your\r
+fathers.\r
+\r
+1:3 Therefore say thou unto them, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn\r
+ye unto me, saith the LORD of hosts, and I will turn unto you, saith\r
+the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+1:4 Be ye not as your fathers, unto whom the former prophets have\r
+cried, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Turn ye now from your\r
+evil ways, and from your evil doings: but they did not hear, nor\r
+hearken unto me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:5 Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live for\r
+ever? 1:6 But my words and my statutes, which I commanded my servants\r
+the prophets, did they not take hold of your fathers? and they\r
+returned and said, Like as the LORD of hosts thought to do unto us,\r
+according to our ways, and according to our doings, so hath he dealt\r
+with us.\r
+\r
+1:7 Upon the four and twentieth day of the eleventh month, which is\r
+the month Sebat, in the second year of Darius, came the word of the\r
+LORD unto Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo the\r
+prophet, saying, 1:8 I saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a\r
+red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the\r
+bottom; and behind him were there red horses, speckled, and white.\r
+\r
+1:9 Then said I, O my lord, what are these? And the angel that talked\r
+with me said unto me, I will shew thee what these be.\r
+\r
+1:10 And the man that stood among the myrtle trees answered and said,\r
+These are they whom the LORD hath sent to walk to and fro through the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+1:11 And they answered the angel of the LORD that stood among the\r
+myrtle trees, and said, We have walked to and fro through the earth,\r
+and, behold, all the earth sitteth still, and is at rest.\r
+\r
+1:12 Then the angel of the LORD answered and said, O LORD of hosts,\r
+how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem and on the cities of\r
+Judah, against which thou hast had indignation these threescore and\r
+ten years? 1:13 And the LORD answered the angel that talked with me\r
+with good words and comfortable words.\r
+\r
+1:14 So the angel that communed with me said unto me, Cry thou,\r
+saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; I am jealous for Jerusalem and\r
+for Zion with a great jealousy.\r
+\r
+1:15 And I am very sore displeased with the heathen that are at ease:\r
+for I was but a little displeased, and they helped forward the\r
+affliction.\r
+\r
+1:16 Therefore thus saith the LORD; I am returned to Jerusalem with\r
+mercies: my house shall be built in it, saith the LORD of hosts, and a\r
+line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:17 Cry yet, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts; My cities through\r
+prosperity shall yet be spread abroad; and the LORD shall yet comfort\r
+Zion, and shall yet choose Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:18 Then lifted I up mine eyes, and saw, and behold four horns.\r
+\r
+1:19 And I said unto the angel that talked with me, What be these? And\r
+he answered me, These are the horns which have scattered Judah,\r
+Israel, and Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+1:20 And the LORD shewed me four carpenters.\r
+\r
+1:21 Then said I, What come these to do? And he spake, saying, These\r
+are the horns which have scattered Judah, so that no man did lift up\r
+his head: but these are come to fray them, to cast out the horns of\r
+the Gentiles, which lifted up their horn over the land of Judah to\r
+scatter it.\r
+\r
+2:1 I lifted up mine eyes again, and looked, and behold a man with a\r
+measuring line in his hand.\r
+\r
+2:2 Then said I, Whither goest thou? And he said unto me, To measure\r
+Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof, and what is the length\r
+thereof.\r
+\r
+2:3 And, behold, the angel that talked with me went forth, and another\r
+angel went out to meet him, 2:4 And said unto him, Run, speak to this\r
+young man, saying, Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls\r
+for the multitude of men and cattle therein: 2:5 For I, saith the\r
+LORD, will be unto her a wall of fire round about, and will be the\r
+glory in the midst of her.\r
+\r
+2:6 Ho, ho, come forth, and flee from the land of the north, saith the\r
+LORD: for I have spread you abroad as the four winds of the heaven,\r
+saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:7 Deliver thyself, O Zion, that dwellest with the daughter of\r
+Babylon.\r
+\r
+2:8 For thus saith the LORD of hosts; After the glory hath he sent me\r
+unto the nations which spoiled you: for he that toucheth you toucheth\r
+the apple of his eye.\r
+\r
+2:9 For, behold, I will shake mine hand upon them, and they shall be a\r
+spoil to their servants: and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath\r
+sent me.\r
+\r
+2:10 Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion: for, lo, I come, and I will\r
+dwell in the midst of thee, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+2:11 And many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and\r
+shall be my people: and I will dwell in the midst of thee, and thou\r
+shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto thee.\r
+\r
+2:12 And the LORD shall inherit Judah his portion in the holy land,\r
+and shall choose Jerusalem again.\r
+\r
+2:13 Be silent, O all flesh, before the LORD: for he is raised up out\r
+of his holy habitation.\r
+\r
+3:1 And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel\r
+of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him.\r
+\r
+3:2 And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even\r
+the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand\r
+plucked out of the fire? 3:3 Now Joshua was clothed with filthy\r
+garments, and stood before the angel.\r
+\r
+3:4 And he answered and spake unto those that stood before him,\r
+saying, Take away the filthy garments from him. And unto him he said,\r
+Behold, I have caused thine iniquity to pass from thee, and I will\r
+clothe thee with change of raiment.\r
+\r
+3:5 And I said, Let them set a fair mitre upon his head. So they set a\r
+fair mitre upon his head, and clothed him with garments. And the angel\r
+of the LORD stood by.\r
+\r
+3:6 And the angel of the LORD protested unto Joshua, saying, 3:7 Thus\r
+saith the LORD of hosts; If thou wilt walk in my ways, and if thou\r
+wilt keep my charge, then thou shalt also judge my house, and shalt\r
+also keep my courts, and I will give thee places to walk among these\r
+that stand by.\r
+\r
+3:8 Hear now, O Joshua the high priest, thou, and thy fellows that sit\r
+before thee: for they are men wondered at: for, behold, I will bring\r
+forth my servant the BRANCH.\r
+\r
+3:9 For behold the stone that I have laid before Joshua; upon one\r
+stone shall be seven eyes: behold, I will engrave the graving thereof,\r
+saith the LORD of hosts, and I will remove the iniquity of that land\r
+in one day.\r
+\r
+3:10 In that day, saith the LORD of hosts, shall ye call every man his\r
+neighbour under the vine and under the fig tree.\r
+\r
+4:1 And the angel that talked with me came again, and waked me, as a\r
+man that is wakened out of his sleep.\r
+\r
+4:2 And said unto me, What seest thou? And I said, I have looked, and\r
+behold a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl upon the top of it, and\r
+his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes to the seven lamps, which are\r
+upon the top thereof: 4:3 And two olive trees by it, one upon the\r
+right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof.\r
+\r
+4:4 So I answered and spake to the angel that talked with me, saying,\r
+What are these, my lord? 4:5 Then the angel that talked with me\r
+answered and said unto me, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said,\r
+No, my lord.\r
+\r
+4:6 Then he answered and spake unto me, saying, This is the word of\r
+the LORD unto Zerubbabel, saying, Not by might, nor by power, but by\r
+my spirit, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+4:7 Who art thou, O great mountain? before Zerubbabel thou shalt\r
+become a plain: and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with\r
+shoutings, crying, Grace, grace unto it.\r
+\r
+4:8 Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 4:9 The hands\r
+of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house; his hands shall\r
+also finish it; and thou shalt know that the LORD of hosts hath sent\r
+me unto you.\r
+\r
+4:10 For who hath despised the day of small things? for they shall\r
+rejoice, and shall see the plummet in the hand of Zerubbabel with\r
+those seven; they are the eyes of the LORD, which run to and fro\r
+through the whole earth.\r
+\r
+4:11 Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive\r
+trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side\r
+thereof? 4:12 And I answered again, and said unto him, What be these\r
+two olive branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden\r
+oil out of themselves? 4:13 And he answered me and said, Knowest thou\r
+not what these be? And I said, No, my lord.\r
+\r
+4:14 Then said he, These are the two anointed ones, that stand by the\r
+LORD of the whole earth.\r
+\r
+5:1 Then I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and behold a\r
+flying roll.\r
+\r
+5:2 And he said unto me, What seest thou? And I answered, I see a\r
+flying roll; the length thereof is twenty cubits, and the breadth\r
+thereof ten cubits.\r
+\r
+5:3 Then said he unto me, This is the curse that goeth forth over the\r
+face of the whole earth: for every one that stealeth shall be cut off\r
+as on this side according to it; and every one that sweareth shall be\r
+cut off as on that side according to it.\r
+\r
+5:4 I will bring it forth, saith the LORD of hosts, and it shall enter\r
+into the house of the thief, and into the house of him that sweareth\r
+falsely by my name: and it shall remain in the midst of his house, and\r
+shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof.\r
+\r
+5:5 Then the angel that talked with me went forth, and said unto me,\r
+Lift up now thine eyes, and see what is this that goeth forth.\r
+\r
+5:6 And I said, What is it? And he said, This is an ephah that goeth\r
+forth. He said moreover, This is their resemblance through all the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+5:7 And, behold, there was lifted up a talent of lead: and this is a\r
+woman that sitteth in the midst of the ephah.\r
+\r
+5:8 And he said, This is wickedness. And he cast it into the midst of\r
+the ephah; and he cast the weight of lead upon the mouth thereof.\r
+\r
+5:9 Then lifted I up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold, there came\r
+out two women, and the wind was in their wings; for they had wings\r
+like the wings of a stork: and they lifted up the ephah between the\r
+earth and the heaven.\r
+\r
+5:10 Then said I to the angel that talked with me, Whither do these\r
+bear the ephah? 5:11 And he said unto me, To build it an house in the\r
+land of Shinar: and it shall be established, and set there upon her\r
+own base.\r
+\r
+6:1 And I turned, and lifted up mine eyes, and looked, and, behold,\r
+there came four chariots out from between two mountains; and the\r
+mountains were mountains of brass.\r
+\r
+6:2 In the first chariot were red horses; and in the second chariot\r
+black horses; 6:3 And in the third chariot white horses; and in the\r
+fourth chariot grisled and bay horses.\r
+\r
+6:4 Then I answered and said unto the angel that talked with me, What\r
+are these, my lord? 6:5 And the angel answered and said unto me,\r
+These are the four spirits of the heavens, which go forth from\r
+standing before the LORD of all the earth.\r
+\r
+6:6 The black horses which are therein go forth into the north\r
+country; and the white go forth after them; and the grisled go forth\r
+toward the south country.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the bay went forth, and sought to go that they might walk to\r
+and fro through the earth: and he said, Get you hence, walk to and fro\r
+through the earth. So they walked to and fro through the earth.\r
+\r
+6:8 Then cried he upon me, and spake unto me, saying, Behold, these\r
+that go toward the north country have quieted my spirit in the north\r
+country.\r
+\r
+6:9 And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, 6:10 Take of them\r
+of the captivity, even of Heldai, of Tobijah, and of Jedaiah, which\r
+are come from Babylon, and come thou the same day, and go into the\r
+house of Josiah the son of Zephaniah; 6:11 Then take silver and gold,\r
+and make crowns, and set them upon the head of Joshua the son of\r
+Josedech, the high priest; 6:12 And speak unto him, saying, Thus\r
+speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Behold the man whose name is The\r
+BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the\r
+temple of the LORD: 6:13 Even he shall build the temple of the LORD;\r
+and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon his throne;\r
+and he shall be a priest upon his throne: and the counsel of peace\r
+shall be between them both.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the crowns shall be to Helem, and to Tobijah, and to Jedaiah,\r
+and to Hen the son of Zephaniah, for a memorial in the temple of the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+6:15 And they that are far off shall come and build in the temple of\r
+the LORD, and ye shall know that the LORD of hosts hath sent me unto\r
+you. And this shall come to pass, if ye will diligently obey the voice\r
+of the LORD your God.\r
+\r
+7:1 And it came to pass in the fourth year of king Darius, that the\r
+word of the LORD came unto Zechariah in the fourth day of the ninth\r
+month, even in Chisleu; 7:2 When they had sent unto the house of God\r
+Sherezer and Regemmelech, and their men, to pray before the LORD, 7:3\r
+And to speak unto the priests which were in the house of the LORD of\r
+hosts, and to the prophets, saying, Should I weep in the fifth month,\r
+separating myself, as I have done these so many years? 7:4 Then came\r
+the word of the LORD of hosts unto me, saying, 7:5 Speak unto all the\r
+people of the land, and to the priests, saying, When ye fasted and\r
+mourned in the fifth and seventh month, even those seventy years, did\r
+ye at all fast unto me, even to me? 7:6 And when ye did eat, and when\r
+ye did drink, did not ye eat for yourselves, and drink for yourselves?\r
+7:7 Should ye not hear the words which the LORD hath cried by the\r
+former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and in prosperity, and\r
+the cities thereof round about her, when men inhabited the south and\r
+the plain? 7:8 And the word of the LORD came unto Zechariah, saying,\r
+7:9 Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Execute true judgment,\r
+and shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother: 7:10 And\r
+oppress not the widow, nor the fatherless, the stranger, nor the poor;\r
+and let none of you imagine evil against his brother in your heart.\r
+\r
+7:11 But they refused to hearken, and pulled away the shoulder, and\r
+stopped their ears, that they should not hear.\r
+\r
+7:12 Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone, lest they should\r
+hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his\r
+spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the\r
+LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+7:13 Therefore it is come to pass, that as he cried, and they would\r
+not hear; so they cried, and I would not hear, saith the LORD of\r
+hosts: 7:14 But I scattered them with a whirlwind among all the\r
+nations whom they knew not. Thus the land was desolate after them,\r
+that no man passed through nor returned: for they laid the pleasant\r
+land desolate.\r
+\r
+8:1 Again the word of the LORD of hosts came to me, saying, 8:2 Thus\r
+saith the LORD of hosts; I was jealous for Zion with great jealousy,\r
+and I was jealous for her with great fury.\r
+\r
+8:3 Thus saith the LORD; I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell in\r
+the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of truth;\r
+and the mountain of the LORD of hosts the holy mountain.\r
+\r
+8:4 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; There shall yet old men and old\r
+women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff\r
+in his hand for very age.\r
+\r
+8:5 And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls\r
+playing in the streets thereof.\r
+\r
+8:6 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; If it be marvellous in the eyes of\r
+the remnant of this people in these days, should it also be marvellous\r
+in mine eyes? saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+8:7 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will save my people from\r
+the east country, and from the west country; 8:8 And I will bring\r
+them, and they shall dwell in the midst of Jerusalem: and they shall\r
+be my people, and I will be their God, in truth and in righteousness.\r
+\r
+8:9 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Let your hands be strong, ye that\r
+hear in these days these words by the mouth of the prophets, which\r
+were in the day that the foundation of the house of the LORD of hosts\r
+was laid, that the temple might be built.\r
+\r
+8:10 For before these days there was no hire for man, nor any hire for\r
+beast; neither was there any peace to him that went out or came in\r
+because of the affliction: for I set all men every one against his\r
+neighbour.\r
+\r
+8:11 But now I will not be unto the residue of this people as in the\r
+former days, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+8:12 For the seed shall be prosperous; the vine shall give her fruit,\r
+and the ground shall give her increase, and the heavens shall give\r
+their dew; and I will cause the remnant of this people to possess all\r
+these things.\r
+\r
+8:13 And it shall come to pass, that as ye were a curse among the\r
+heathen, O house of Judah, and house of Israel; so will I save you,\r
+and ye shall be a blessing: fear not, but let your hands be strong.\r
+\r
+8:14 For thus saith the LORD of hosts; As I thought to punish you,\r
+when your fathers provoked me to wrath, saith the LORD of hosts, and I\r
+repented not: 8:15 So again have I thought in these days to do well\r
+unto Jerusalem and to the house of Judah: fear ye not.\r
+\r
+8:16 These are the things that ye shall do; Speak ye every man the\r
+truth to his neighbour; execute the judgment of truth and peace in\r
+your gates: 8:17 And let none of you imagine evil in your hearts\r
+against his neighbour; and love no false oath: for all these are\r
+things that I hate, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:18 And the word of the LORD of hosts came unto me, saying, 8:19 Thus\r
+saith the LORD of hosts; The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of\r
+the fifth, and the fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth,\r
+shall be to the house of Judah joy and gladness, and cheerful feasts;\r
+therefore love the truth and peace.\r
+\r
+8:20 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; It shall yet come to pass, that\r
+there shall come people, and the inhabitants of many cities: 8:21 And\r
+the inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, Let us go\r
+speedily to pray before the LORD, and to seek the LORD of hosts: I\r
+will go also.\r
+\r
+8:22 Yea, many people and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD\r
+of hosts in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD.\r
+\r
+8:23 Thus saith the LORD of hosts; In those days it shall come to\r
+pass, that ten men shall take hold out of all languages of the\r
+nations, even shall take hold of the skirt of him that is a Jew,\r
+saying, We will go with you: for we have heard that God is with you.\r
+\r
+9:1 The burden of the word of the LORD in the land of Hadrach, and\r
+Damascus shall be the rest thereof: when the eyes of man, as of all\r
+the tribes of Israel, shall be toward the LORD.\r
+\r
+9:2 And Hamath also shall border thereby; Tyrus, and Zidon, though it\r
+be very wise.\r
+\r
+9:3 And Tyrus did build herself a strong hold, and heaped up silver as\r
+the dust, and fine gold as the mire of the streets.\r
+\r
+9:4 Behold, the LORD will cast her out, and he will smite her power in\r
+the sea; and she shall be devoured with fire.\r
+\r
+9:5 Ashkelon shall see it, and fear; Gaza also shall see it, and be\r
+very sorrowful, and Ekron; for her expectation shall be ashamed; and\r
+the king shall perish from Gaza, and Ashkelon shall not be inhabited.\r
+\r
+9:6 And a bastard shall dwell in Ashdod, and I will cut off the pride\r
+of the Philistines.\r
+\r
+9:7 And I will take away his blood out of his mouth, and his\r
+abominations from between his teeth: but he that remaineth, even he,\r
+shall be for our God, and he shall be as a governor in Judah, and\r
+Ekron as a Jebusite.\r
+\r
+9:8 And I will encamp about mine house because of the army, because of\r
+him that passeth by, and because of him that returneth: and no\r
+oppressor shall pass through them any more: for now have I seen with\r
+mine eyes.\r
+\r
+9:9 Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion; shout, O daughter of\r
+Jerusalem: behold, thy King cometh unto thee: he is just, and having\r
+salvation; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of\r
+an ass.\r
+\r
+9:10 And I will cut off the chariot from Ephraim, and the horse from\r
+Jerusalem, and the battle bow shall be cut off: and he shall speak\r
+peace unto the heathen: and his dominion shall be from sea even to\r
+sea, and from the river even to the ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+9:11 As for thee also, by the blood of thy covenant I have sent forth\r
+thy prisoners out of the pit wherein is no water.\r
+\r
+9:12 Turn you to the strong hold, ye prisoners of hope: even to day do\r
+I declare that I will render double unto thee; 9:13 When I have bent\r
+Judah for me, filled the bow with Ephraim, and raised up thy sons, O\r
+Zion, against thy sons, O Greece, and made thee as the sword of a\r
+mighty man.\r
+\r
+9:14 And the LORD shall be seen over them, and his arrow shall go\r
+forth as the lightning: and the LORD God shall blow the trumpet, and\r
+shall go with whirlwinds of the south.\r
+\r
+9:15 The LORD of hosts shall defend them; and they shall devour, and\r
+subdue with sling stones; and they shall drink, and make a noise as\r
+through wine; and they shall be filled like bowls, and as the corners\r
+of the altar.\r
+\r
+9:16 And the LORD their God shall save them in that day as the flock\r
+of his people: for they shall be as the stones of a crown, lifted up\r
+as an ensign upon his land.\r
+\r
+9:17 For how great is his goodness, and how great is his beauty! corn\r
+shall make the young men cheerful, and new wine the maids.\r
+\r
+10:1 Ask ye of the LORD rain in the time of the latter rain; so the\r
+LORD shall make bright clouds, and give them showers of rain, to every\r
+one grass in the field.\r
+\r
+10:2 For the idols have spoken vanity, and the diviners have seen a\r
+lie, and have told false dreams; they comfort in vain: therefore they\r
+went their way as a flock, they were troubled, because there was no\r
+shepherd.\r
+\r
+10:3 Mine anger was kindled against the shepherds, and I punished the\r
+goats: for the LORD of hosts hath visited his flock the house of\r
+Judah, and hath made them as his goodly horse in the battle.\r
+\r
+10:4 Out of him came forth the corner, out of him the nail, out of him\r
+the battle bow, out of him every oppressor together.\r
+\r
+10:5 And they shall be as mighty men, which tread down their enemies\r
+in the mire of the streets in the battle: and they shall fight,\r
+because the LORD is with them, and the riders on horses shall be\r
+confounded.\r
+\r
+10:6 And I will strengthen the house of Judah, and I will save the\r
+house of Joseph, and I will bring them again to place them; for I have\r
+mercy upon them: and they shall be as though I had not cast them off:\r
+for I am the LORD their God, and will hear them.\r
+\r
+10:7 And they of Ephraim shall be like a mighty man, and their heart\r
+shall rejoice as through wine: yea, their children shall see it, and\r
+be glad; their heart shall rejoice in the LORD.\r
+\r
+10:8 I will hiss for them, and gather them; for I have redeemed them:\r
+and they shall increase as they have increased.\r
+\r
+10:9 And I will sow them among the people: and they shall remember me\r
+in far countries; and they shall live with their children, and turn\r
+again.\r
+\r
+10:10 I will bring them again also out of the land of Egypt, and\r
+gather them out of Assyria; and I will bring them into the land of\r
+Gilead and Lebanon; and place shall not be found for them.\r
+\r
+10:11 And he shall pass through the sea with affliction, and shall\r
+smite the waves in the sea, and all the deeps of the river shall dry\r
+up: and the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, and the sceptre of\r
+Egypt shall depart away.\r
+\r
+10:12 And I will strengthen them in the LORD; and they shall walk up\r
+and down in his name, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:1 Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars.\r
+\r
+11:2 Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are\r
+spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is\r
+come down.\r
+\r
+11:3 There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory\r
+is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of\r
+Jordan is spoiled.\r
+\r
+11:4 Thus saith the LORD my God; Feed the flock of the slaughter; 11:5\r
+Whose possessors slay them, and hold themselves not guilty: and they\r
+that sell them say, Blessed be the LORD; for I am rich: and their own\r
+shepherds pity them not.\r
+\r
+11:6 For I will no more pity the inhabitants of the land, saith the\r
+LORD: but, lo, I will deliver the men every one into his neighbour's\r
+hand, and into the hand of his king: and they shall smite the land,\r
+and out of their hand I will not deliver them.\r
+\r
+11:7 And I will feed the flock of slaughter, even you, O poor of the\r
+flock. And I took unto me two staves; the one I called Beauty, and the\r
+other I called Bands; and I fed the flock.\r
+\r
+11:8 Three shepherds also I cut off in one month; and my soul lothed\r
+them, and their soul also abhorred me.\r
+\r
+11:9 Then said I, I will not feed you: that that dieth, let it die;\r
+and that that is to be cut off, let it be cut off; and let the rest\r
+eat every one the flesh of another.\r
+\r
+11:10 And I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder, that I\r
+might break my covenant which I had made with all the people.\r
+\r
+11:11 And it was broken in that day: and so the poor of the flock that\r
+waited upon me knew that it was the word of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:12 And I said unto them, If ye think good, give me my price; and if\r
+not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver.\r
+\r
+11:13 And the LORD said unto me, Cast it unto the potter: a goodly\r
+price that I was prised at of them. And I took the thirty pieces of\r
+silver, and cast them to the potter in the house of the LORD.\r
+\r
+11:14 Then I cut asunder mine other staff, even Bands, that I might\r
+break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel.\r
+\r
+11:15 And the LORD said unto me, Take unto thee yet the instruments of\r
+a foolish shepherd.\r
+\r
+11:16 For, lo, I will raise up a shepherd in the land, which shall not\r
+visit those that be cut off, neither shall seek the young one, nor\r
+heal that that is broken, nor feed that that standeth still: but he\r
+shall eat the flesh of the fat, and tear their claws in pieces.\r
+\r
+11:17 Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth the flock! the sword shall\r
+be upon his arm, and upon his right eye: his arm shall be clean dried\r
+up, and his right eye shall be utterly darkened.\r
+\r
+12:1 The burden of the word of the LORD for Israel, saith the LORD,\r
+which stretcheth forth the heavens, and layeth the foundation of the\r
+earth, and formeth the spirit of man within him.\r
+\r
+12:2 Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the\r
+people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against Judah\r
+and against Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:3 And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone for all\r
+people: all that burden themselves with it shall be cut in pieces,\r
+though all the people of the earth be gathered together against it.\r
+\r
+12:4 In that day, saith the LORD, I will smite every horse with\r
+astonishment, and his rider with madness: and I will open mine eyes\r
+upon the house of Judah, and will smite every horse of the people with\r
+blindness.\r
+\r
+12:5 And the governors of Judah shall say in their heart, The\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem shall be my strength in the LORD of hosts\r
+their God.\r
+\r
+12:6 In that day will I make the governors of Judah like an hearth of\r
+fire among the wood, and like a torch of fire in a sheaf; and they\r
+shall devour all the people round about, on the right hand and on the\r
+left: and Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place, even in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:7 The LORD also shall save the tents of Judah first, that the glory\r
+of the house of David and the glory of the inhabitants of Jerusalem do\r
+not magnify themselves against Judah.\r
+\r
+12:8 In that day shall the LORD defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem;\r
+and he that is feeble among them at that day shall be as David; and\r
+the house of David shall be as God, as the angel of the LORD before\r
+them.\r
+\r
+12:9 And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek to\r
+destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+12:10 And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the\r
+inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications:\r
+and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall\r
+mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in\r
+bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn.\r
+\r
+12:11 In that day shall there be a great mourning in Jerusalem, as the\r
+mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon.\r
+\r
+12:12 And the land shall mourn, every family apart; the family of the\r
+house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house\r
+of Nathan apart, and their wives apart; 12:13 The family of the house\r
+of Levi apart, and their wives apart; the family of Shimei apart, and\r
+their wives apart; 12:14 All the families that remain, every family\r
+apart, and their wives apart.\r
+\r
+13:1 In that day there shall be a fountain opened to the house of\r
+David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for sin and for uncleanness.\r
+\r
+13:2 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts,\r
+that I will cut off the names of the idols out of the land, and they\r
+shall no more be remembered: and also I will cause the prophets and\r
+the unclean spirit to pass out of the land.\r
+\r
+13:3 And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then\r
+his father and his mother that begat him shall say unto him, Thou\r
+shalt not live; for thou speakest lies in the name of the LORD: and\r
+his father and his mother that begat him shall thrust him through when\r
+he prophesieth.\r
+\r
+13:4 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the prophets shall be\r
+ashamed every one of his vision, when he hath prophesied; neither\r
+shall they wear a rough garment to deceive: 13:5 But he shall say, I\r
+am no prophet, I am an husbandman; for man taught me to keep cattle\r
+from my youth.\r
+\r
+13:6 And one shall say unto him, What are these wounds in thine hands?\r
+Then he shall answer, Those with which I was wounded in the house of\r
+my friends.\r
+\r
+13:7 Awake, O sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is\r
+my fellow, saith the LORD of hosts: smite the shepherd, and the sheep\r
+shall be scattered: and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones.\r
+\r
+13:8 And it shall come to pass, that in all the land, saith the LORD,\r
+two parts therein shall be cut off and die; but the third shall be\r
+left therein.\r
+\r
+13:9 And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine\r
+them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried: they\r
+shall call on my name, and I will hear them: I will say, It is my\r
+people: and they shall say, The LORD is my God.\r
+\r
+14:1 Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, and thy spoil shall be\r
+divided in the midst of thee.\r
+\r
+14:2 For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and\r
+the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the women\r
+ravished; and half of the city shall go forth into captivity, and the\r
+residue of the people shall not be cut off from the city.\r
+\r
+14:3 Then shall the LORD go forth, and fight against those nations, as\r
+when he fought in the day of battle.\r
+\r
+14:4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives,\r
+which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall\r
+cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and\r
+there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall\r
+remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south.\r
+\r
+14:5 And ye shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley\r
+of the mountains shall reach unto Azal: yea, ye shall flee, like as ye\r
+fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah:\r
+and the LORD my God shall come, and all the saints with thee.\r
+\r
+14:6 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the light shall not\r
+be clear, nor dark: 14:7 But it shall be one day which shall be known\r
+to the LORD, not day, nor night: but it shall come to pass, that at\r
+evening time it shall be light.\r
+\r
+14:8 And it shall be in that day, that living waters shall go out from\r
+Jerusalem; half of them toward the former sea, and half of them toward\r
+the hinder sea: in summer and in winter shall it be.\r
+\r
+14:9 And the LORD shall be king over all the earth: in that day shall\r
+there be one LORD, and his name one.\r
+\r
+14:10 All the land shall be turned as a plain from Geba to Rimmon\r
+south of Jerusalem: and it shall be lifted up, and inhabited in her\r
+place, from Benjamin's gate unto the place of the first gate, unto the\r
+corner gate, and from the tower of Hananeel unto the king's\r
+winepresses.\r
+\r
+14:11 And men shall dwell in it, and there shall be no more utter\r
+destruction; but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited.\r
+\r
+14:12 And this shall be the plague wherewith the LORD will smite all\r
+the people that have fought against Jerusalem; Their flesh shall\r
+consume away while they stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall\r
+consume away in their holes, and their tongue shall consume away in\r
+their mouth.\r
+\r
+14:13 And it shall come to pass in that day, that a great tumult from\r
+the LORD shall be among them; and they shall lay hold every one on the\r
+hand of his neighbour, and his hand shall rise up against the hand of\r
+his neighbour.\r
+\r
+14:14 And Judah also shall fight at Jerusalem; and the wealth of all\r
+the heathen round about shall be gathered together, gold, and silver,\r
+and apparel, in great abundance.\r
+\r
+14:15 And so shall be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the\r
+camel, and of the ass, and of all the beasts that shall be in these\r
+tents, as this plague.\r
+\r
+14:16 And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all\r
+the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to\r
+year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of\r
+tabernacles.\r
+\r
+14:17 And it shall be, that whoso will not come up of all the families\r
+of the earth unto Jerusalem to worship the King, the LORD of hosts,\r
+even upon them shall be no rain.\r
+\r
+14:18 And if the family of Egypt go not up, and come not, that have no\r
+rain; there shall be the plague, wherewith the LORD will smite the\r
+heathen that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles.\r
+\r
+14:19 This shall be the punishment of Egypt, and the punishment of all\r
+nations that come not up to keep the feast of tabernacles.\r
+\r
+14:20 In that day shall there be upon the bells of the horses,\r
+HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD; and the pots in the LORD's house shall be like\r
+the bowls before the altar.\r
+\r
+14:21 Yea, every pot in Jerusalem and in Judah shall be holiness unto\r
+the LORD of hosts: and all they that sacrifice shall come and take of\r
+them, and seethe therein: and in that day there shall be no more the\r
+Canaanite in the house of the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+Malachi\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The burden of the word of the LORD to Israel by Malachi.\r
+\r
+1:2 I have loved you, saith the LORD. Yet ye say, Wherein hast thou\r
+loved us? Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD: yet I loved\r
+Jacob, 1:3 And I hated Esau, and laid his mountains and his heritage\r
+waste for the dragons of the wilderness.\r
+\r
+1:4 Whereas Edom saith, We are impoverished, but we will return and\r
+build the desolate places; thus saith the LORD of hosts, They shall\r
+build, but I will throw down; and they shall call them, The border of\r
+wickedness, and, The people against whom the LORD hath indignation for\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+1:5 And your eyes shall see, and ye shall say, The LORD will be\r
+magnified from the border of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:6 A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master: if then I be\r
+a father, where is mine honour? and if I be a master, where is my\r
+fear? saith the LORD of hosts unto you, O priests, that despise my\r
+name. And ye say, Wherein have we despised thy name? 1:7 Ye offer\r
+polluted bread upon mine altar; and ye say, Wherein have we polluted\r
+thee? In that ye say, The table of the LORD is contemptible.\r
+\r
+1:8 And if ye offer the blind for sacrifice, is it not evil? and if ye\r
+offer the lame and sick, is it not evil? offer it now unto thy\r
+governor; will he be pleased with thee, or accept thy person? saith\r
+the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+1:9 And now, I pray you, beseech God that he will be gracious unto us:\r
+this hath been by your means: will he regard your persons? saith the\r
+LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+1:10 Who is there even among you that would shut the doors for nought?\r
+neither do ye kindle fire on mine altar for nought. I have no pleasure\r
+in you, saith the LORD of hosts, neither will I accept an offering at\r
+your hand.\r
+\r
+1:11 For from the rising of the sun even unto the going down of the\r
+same my name shall be great among the Gentiles; and in every place\r
+incense shall be offered unto my name, and a pure offering: for my\r
+name shall be great among the heathen, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+1:12 But ye have profaned it, in that ye say, The table of the LORD is\r
+polluted; and the fruit thereof, even his meat, is contemptible.\r
+\r
+1:13 Ye said also, Behold, what a weariness is it! and ye have snuffed\r
+at it, saith the LORD of hosts; and ye brought that which was torn,\r
+and the lame, and the sick; thus ye brought an offering: should I\r
+accept this of your hand? saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+1:14 But cursed be the deceiver, which hath in his flock a male, and\r
+voweth, and sacrificeth unto the LORD a corrupt thing: for I am a\r
+great King, saith the LORD of hosts, and my name is dreadful among the\r
+heathen.\r
+\r
+2:1 And now, O ye priests, this commandment is for you.\r
+\r
+2:2 If ye will not hear, and if ye will not lay it to heart, to give\r
+glory unto my name, saith the LORD of hosts, I will even send a curse\r
+upon you, and I will curse your blessings: yea, I have cursed them\r
+already, because ye do not lay it to heart.\r
+\r
+2:3 Behold, I will corrupt your seed, and spread dung upon your faces,\r
+even the dung of your solemn feasts; and one shall take you away with\r
+it.\r
+\r
+2:4 And ye shall know that I have sent this commandment unto you, that\r
+my covenant might be with Levi, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:5 My covenant was with him of life and peace; and I gave them to him\r
+for the fear wherewith he feared me, and was afraid before my name.\r
+\r
+2:6 The law of truth was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found in\r
+his lips: he walked with me in peace and equity, and did turn many\r
+away from iniquity.\r
+\r
+2:7 For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek\r
+the law at his mouth: for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:8 But ye are departed out of the way; ye have caused many to stumble\r
+at the law; ye have corrupted the covenant of Levi, saith the LORD of\r
+hosts.\r
+\r
+2:9 Therefore have I also made you contemptible and base before all\r
+the people, according as ye have not kept my ways, but have been\r
+partial in the law.\r
+\r
+2:10 Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? why do\r
+we deal treacherously every man against his brother, by profaning the\r
+covenant of our fathers? 2:11 Judah hath dealt treacherously, and an\r
+abomination is committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah hath\r
+profaned the holiness of the LORD which he loved, and hath married the\r
+daughter of a strange god.\r
+\r
+2:12 The LORD will cut off the man that doeth this, the master and the\r
+scholar, out of the tabernacles of Jacob, and him that offereth an\r
+offering unto the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+2:13 And this have ye done again, covering the altar of the LORD with\r
+tears, with weeping, and with crying out, insomuch that he regardeth\r
+not the offering any more, or receiveth it with good will at your\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+2:14 Yet ye say, Wherefore? Because the LORD hath been witness between\r
+thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou hast dealt\r
+treacherously: yet is she thy companion, and the wife of thy covenant.\r
+\r
+2:15 And did not he make one? Yet had he the residue of the spirit.\r
+And wherefore one? That he might seek a godly seed. Therefore take\r
+heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife\r
+of his youth.\r
+\r
+2:16 For the LORD, the God of Israel, saith that he hateth putting\r
+away: for one covereth violence with his garment, saith the LORD of\r
+hosts: therefore take heed to your spirit, that ye deal not\r
+treacherously.\r
+\r
+2:17 Ye have wearied the LORD with your words. Yet ye say, Wherein\r
+have we wearied him? When ye say, Every one that doeth evil is good in\r
+the sight of the LORD, and he delighteth in them; or, Where is the God\r
+of judgment? 3:1 Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall\r
+prepare the way before me: and the LORD, whom ye seek, shall suddenly\r
+come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye\r
+delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+3:2 But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when\r
+he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap:\r
+3:3 And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall\r
+purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they\r
+may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness.\r
+\r
+3:4 Then shall the offering of Judah and Jerusalem be pleasant unto\r
+the LORD, as in the days of old, and as in former years.\r
+\r
+3:5 And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift\r
+witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against\r
+false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his\r
+wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and that turn aside the stranger\r
+from his right, and fear not me, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+3:6 For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are\r
+not consumed.\r
+\r
+3:7 Even from the days of your fathers ye are gone away from mine\r
+ordinances, and have not kept them. Return unto me, and I will return\r
+unto you, saith the LORD of hosts. But ye said, Wherein shall we\r
+return? 3:8 Will a man rob God? Yet ye have robbed me. But ye say,\r
+Wherein have we robbed thee? In tithes and offerings.\r
+\r
+3:9 Ye are cursed with a curse: for ye have robbed me, even this whole\r
+nation.\r
+\r
+3:10 Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be\r
+meat in mine house, and prove me now herewith, saith the LORD of\r
+hosts, if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out\r
+a blessing, that there shall not be room enough to receive it.\r
+\r
+3:11 And I will rebuke the devourer for your sakes, and he shall not\r
+destroy the fruits of your ground; neither shall your vine cast her\r
+fruit before the time in the field, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+3:12 And all nations shall call you blessed: for ye shall be a\r
+delightsome land, saith the LORD of hosts.\r
+\r
+3:13 Your words have been stout against me, saith the LORD. Yet ye\r
+say, What have we spoken so much against thee? 3:14 Ye have said, It\r
+is vain to serve God: and what profit is it that we have kept his\r
+ordinance, and that we have walked mournfully before the LORD of\r
+hosts? 3:15 And now we call the proud happy; yea, they that work\r
+wickedness are set up; yea, they that tempt God are even delivered.\r
+\r
+3:16 Then they that feared the LORD spake often one to another: and\r
+the LORD hearkened, and heard it, and a book of remembrance was\r
+written before him for them that feared the LORD, and that thought\r
+upon his name.\r
+\r
+3:17 And they shall be mine, saith the LORD of hosts, in that day when\r
+I make up my jewels; and I will spare them, as a man spareth his own\r
+son that serveth him.\r
+\r
+3:18 Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the\r
+wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not.\r
+\r
+4:1 For, behold, the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all\r
+the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble: and the\r
+day that cometh shall burn them up, saith the LORD of hosts, that it\r
+shall leave them neither root nor branch.\r
+\r
+4:2 But unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of righteousness\r
+arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth, and grow up as\r
+calves of the stall.\r
+\r
+4:3 And ye shall tread down the wicked; for they shall be ashes under\r
+the soles of your feet in the day that I shall do this, saith the LORD\r
+of hosts.\r
+\r
+4:4 Remember ye the law of Moses my servant, which I commanded unto\r
+him in Horeb for all Israel, with the statutes and judgments.\r
+\r
+4:5 Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of\r
+the great and dreadful day of the LORD: 4:6 And he shall turn the\r
+heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to\r
+their fathers, lest I come and smite the earth with a curse.\r
+\r
+\r
+***\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The New Testament of the King James Bible\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Gospel According to Saint Matthew\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the\r
+son of Abraham.\r
+\r
+1:2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas\r
+and his brethren; 1:3 And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and\r
+Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram; 1:4 And Aram begat Aminadab;\r
+and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon; 1:5 And Salmon\r
+begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat\r
+Jesse; 1:6 And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat\r
+Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias; 1:7 And Solomon begat\r
+Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa; 1:8 And Asa begat\r
+Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias; 1:9 And\r
+Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;\r
+1:10 And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon\r
+begat Josias; 1:11 And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about\r
+the time they were carried away to Babylon: 1:12 And after they were\r
+brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat\r
+Zorobabel; 1:13 And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim;\r
+and Eliakim begat Azor; 1:14 And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat\r
+Achim; and Achim begat Eliud; 1:15 And Eliud begat Eleazar; and\r
+Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob; 1:16 And Jacob begat\r
+Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+1:17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen\r
+generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are\r
+fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto\r
+Christ are fourteen generations.\r
+\r
+1:18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his\r
+mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was\r
+found with child of the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+1:19 Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to\r
+make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily.\r
+\r
+1:20 But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the\r
+LORD appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David,\r
+fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived\r
+in her is of the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+1:21 And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name\r
+JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.\r
+\r
+1:22 Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was\r
+spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, 1:23 Behold, a virgin shall\r
+be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his\r
+name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.\r
+\r
+1:24 Then Joseph being raised from sleep did as the angel of the Lord\r
+had bidden him, and took unto him his wife: 1:25 And knew her not till\r
+she had brought forth her firstborn son: and he called his name JESUS.\r
+\r
+2:1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of\r
+Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to\r
+Jerusalem, 2:2 Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for\r
+we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.\r
+\r
+2:3 When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and\r
+all Jerusalem with him.\r
+\r
+2:4 And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the\r
+people together, he demanded of them where Christ should be born.\r
+\r
+2:5 And they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judaea: for thus it is\r
+written by the prophet, 2:6 And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda,\r
+art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall\r
+come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel.\r
+\r
+2:7 Then Herod, when he had privily called the wise men, enquired of\r
+them diligently what time the star appeared.\r
+\r
+2:8 And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and search diligently\r
+for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again,\r
+that I may come and worship him also.\r
+\r
+2:9 When they had heard the king, they departed; and, lo, the star,\r
+which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood\r
+over where the young child was.\r
+\r
+2:10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy.\r
+\r
+2:11 And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child\r
+with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they\r
+had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and\r
+frankincense and myrrh.\r
+\r
+2:12 And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to\r
+Herod, they departed into their own country another way.\r
+\r
+2:13 And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord\r
+appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young\r
+child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I\r
+bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.\r
+\r
+2:14 When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night,\r
+and departed into Egypt: 2:15 And was there until the death of Herod:\r
+that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the\r
+prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.\r
+\r
+2:16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men, was\r
+exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were\r
+in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and\r
+under, according to the time which he had diligently enquired of the\r
+wise men.\r
+\r
+2:17 Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet,\r
+saying, 2:18 In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and\r
+weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and\r
+would not be comforted, because they are not.\r
+\r
+2:19 But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth\r
+in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, 2:20 Saying, Arise, and take the young\r
+child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel: for they are\r
+dead which sought the young child's life.\r
+\r
+2:21 And he arose, and took the young child and his mother, and came\r
+into the land of Israel.\r
+\r
+2:22 But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judaea in the room\r
+of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwithstanding,\r
+being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into the parts of\r
+Galilee: 2:23 And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth: that it\r
+might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be\r
+called a Nazarene.\r
+\r
+3:1 In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness\r
+of Judaea, 3:2 And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+3:3 For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying,\r
+The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the\r
+Lord, make his paths straight.\r
+\r
+3:4 And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern\r
+girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.\r
+\r
+3:5 Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region\r
+round about Jordan, 3:6 And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing\r
+their sins.\r
+\r
+3:7 But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his\r
+baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned\r
+you to flee from the wrath to come? 3:8 Bring forth therefore fruits\r
+meet for repentance: 3:9 And think not to say within yourselves, We\r
+have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of\r
+these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.\r
+\r
+3:10 And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees:\r
+therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down,\r
+and cast into the fire.\r
+\r
+3:11 I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance. but he that\r
+cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to\r
+bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: 3:12\r
+Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and\r
+gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with\r
+unquenchable fire.\r
+\r
+3:13 Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be\r
+baptized of him.\r
+\r
+3:14 But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee,\r
+and comest thou to me? 3:15 And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer\r
+it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness.\r
+Then he suffered him.\r
+\r
+3:16 And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the\r
+water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the\r
+Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him: 3:17 And\r
+lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am\r
+well pleased.\r
+\r
+4:1 Then was Jesus led up of the spirit into the wilderness to be\r
+tempted of the devil.\r
+\r
+4:2 And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was\r
+afterward an hungred.\r
+\r
+4:3 And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of\r
+God, command that these stones be made bread.\r
+\r
+4:4 But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by\r
+bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+4:5 Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him\r
+on a pinnacle of the temple, 4:6 And saith unto him, If thou be the\r
+Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his\r
+angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee\r
+up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.\r
+\r
+4:7 Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the\r
+Lord thy God.\r
+\r
+4:8 Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain,\r
+and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them;\r
+4:9 And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou\r
+wilt fall down and worship me.\r
+\r
+4:10 Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is\r
+written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou\r
+serve.\r
+\r
+4:11 Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and\r
+ministered unto him.\r
+\r
+4:12 Now when Jesus had heard that John was cast into prison, he\r
+departed into Galilee; 4:13 And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in\r
+Capernaum, which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and\r
+Nephthalim: 4:14 That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias\r
+the prophet, saying, 4:15 The land of Zabulon, and the land of\r
+Nephthalim, by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the\r
+Gentiles; 4:16 The people which sat in darkness saw great light; and\r
+to them which sat in the region and shadow of death light is sprung\r
+up.\r
+\r
+4:17 From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the\r
+kingdom of heaven is at hand.\r
+\r
+4:18 And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, Simon\r
+called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for\r
+they were fishers.\r
+\r
+4:19 And he saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of\r
+men.\r
+\r
+4:20 And they straightway left their nets, and followed him.\r
+\r
+4:21 And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the\r
+son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their\r
+father, mending their nets; and he called them.\r
+\r
+4:22 And they immediately left the ship and their father, and followed\r
+him.\r
+\r
+4:23 And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues,\r
+and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of\r
+sickness and all manner of disease among the people.\r
+\r
+4:24 And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him\r
+all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments, and\r
+those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatick,\r
+and those that had the palsy; and he healed them.\r
+\r
+4:25 And there followed him great multitudes of people from Galilee,\r
+and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judaea, and from\r
+beyond Jordan.\r
+\r
+5:1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain: and when he\r
+was set, his disciples came unto him: 5:2 And he opened his mouth, and\r
+taught them, saying, 5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is\r
+the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+5:4 Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.\r
+\r
+5:5 Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.\r
+\r
+5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness:\r
+for they shall be filled.\r
+\r
+5:7 Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.\r
+\r
+5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.\r
+\r
+5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+5:10 Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake:\r
+for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+5:11 Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and\r
+shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake.\r
+\r
+5:12 Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in\r
+heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.\r
+\r
+5:13 Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his\r
+savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for\r
+nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men.\r
+\r
+5:14 Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill\r
+cannot be hid.\r
+\r
+5:15 Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on\r
+a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house.\r
+\r
+5:16 Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good\r
+works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+5:17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I\r
+am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.\r
+\r
+5:18 For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or\r
+one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+5:19 Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments,\r
+and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of\r
+heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be\r
+called great in the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+5:20 For I say unto you, That except your righteousness shall exceed\r
+the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case\r
+enter into the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+5:21 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt\r
+not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:\r
+5:22 But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother\r
+without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever\r
+shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but\r
+whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.\r
+\r
+5:23 Therefore if thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there\r
+rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee; 5:24 Leave there\r
+thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be reconciled to thy\r
+brother, and then come and offer thy gift.\r
+\r
+5:25 Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way\r
+with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge,\r
+and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be cast into\r
+prison.\r
+\r
+5:26 Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence,\r
+till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.\r
+\r
+5:27 Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt\r
+not commit adultery: 5:28 But I say unto you, That whosoever looketh\r
+on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already\r
+in his heart.\r
+\r
+5:29 And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from\r
+thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should\r
+perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.\r
+\r
+5:30 And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from\r
+thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should\r
+perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.\r
+\r
+5:31 It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him\r
+give her a writing of divorcement: 5:32 But I say unto you, That\r
+whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of\r
+fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry\r
+her that is divorced committeth adultery.\r
+\r
+5:33 Again, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time,\r
+Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine\r
+oaths: 5:34 But I say unto you, Swear not at all; neither by heaven;\r
+for it is God's throne: 5:35 Nor by the earth; for it is his\r
+footstool: neither by Jerusalem; for it is the city of the great King.\r
+\r
+5:36 Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make\r
+one hair white or black.\r
+\r
+5:37 But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever\r
+is more than these cometh of evil.\r
+\r
+5:38 Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, and a\r
+tooth for a tooth: 5:39 But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil:\r
+but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the\r
+other also.\r
+\r
+5:40 And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat,\r
+let him have thy cloak also.\r
+\r
+5:41 And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain.\r
+\r
+5:42 Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of\r
+thee turn not thou away.\r
+\r
+5:43 Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy\r
+neighbour, and hate thine enemy.\r
+\r
+5:44 But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you,\r
+do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully\r
+use you, and persecute you; 5:45 That ye may be the children of your\r
+Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil\r
+and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.\r
+\r
+5:46 For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not\r
+even the publicans the same? 5:47 And if ye salute your brethren\r
+only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so? 5:48\r
+Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is\r
+perfect.\r
+\r
+6:1 Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them:\r
+otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+6:2 Therefore when thou doest thine alms, do not sound a trumpet\r
+before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the\r
+streets, that they may have glory of men. Verily I say unto you, They\r
+have their reward.\r
+\r
+6:3 But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy\r
+right hand doeth: 6:4 That thine alms may be in secret: and thy Father\r
+which seeth in secret himself shall reward thee openly.\r
+\r
+6:5 And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are:\r
+for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of\r
+the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They\r
+have their reward.\r
+\r
+6:6 But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou\r
+hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy\r
+Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.\r
+\r
+6:7 But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for\r
+they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking.\r
+\r
+6:8 Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what\r
+things ye have need of, before ye ask him.\r
+\r
+6:9 After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in\r
+heaven, Hallowed be thy name.\r
+\r
+6:10 Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.\r
+\r
+6:11 Give us this day our daily bread.\r
+\r
+6:12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.\r
+\r
+6:13 And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For\r
+thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will\r
+also forgive you: 6:15 But if ye forgive not men their trespasses,\r
+neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.\r
+\r
+6:16 Moreover when ye fast, be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad\r
+countenance: for they disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto\r
+men to fast. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.\r
+\r
+6:17 But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thine head, and wash thy\r
+face; 6:18 That thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father\r
+which is in secret: and thy Father, which seeth in secret, shall\r
+reward thee openly.\r
+\r
+6:19 Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and\r
+rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: 6:20 But\r
+lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust\r
+doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: 6:21\r
+For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.\r
+\r
+6:22 The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be\r
+single, thy whole body shall be full of light.\r
+\r
+6:23 But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that\r
+darkness! 6:24 No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate\r
+the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and\r
+despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.\r
+\r
+6:25 Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye\r
+shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye\r
+shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than\r
+raiment? 6:26 Behold the fowls of the air: for they sow not, neither\r
+do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth\r
+them. Are ye not much better than they? 6:27 Which of you by taking\r
+thought can add one cubit unto his stature? 6:28 And why take ye\r
+thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow;\r
+they toil not, neither do they spin: 6:29 And yet I say unto you, That\r
+even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.\r
+\r
+6:30 Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to day\r
+is, and to morrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe\r
+you, O ye of little faith? 6:31 Therefore take no thought, saying,\r
+What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we\r
+be clothed? 6:32 (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:)\r
+for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these\r
+things.\r
+\r
+6:33 But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and\r
+all these things shall be added unto you.\r
+\r
+6:34 Take therefore no thought for the morrow: for the morrow shall\r
+take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the\r
+evil thereof.\r
+\r
+7:1 Judge not, that ye be not judged.\r
+\r
+7:2 For with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged: and with what\r
+measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again.\r
+\r
+7:3 And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but\r
+considerest not the beam that is in thine own eye? 7:4 Or how wilt\r
+thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye;\r
+and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye? 7:5 Thou hypocrite, first\r
+cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see\r
+clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye.\r
+\r
+7:6 Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your\r
+pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn\r
+again and rend you.\r
+\r
+7:7 Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock,\r
+and it shall be opened unto you: 7:8 For every one that asketh\r
+receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it\r
+shall be opened.\r
+\r
+7:9 Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he\r
+give him a stone? 7:10 Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a\r
+serpent? 7:11 If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts\r
+unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven\r
+give good things to them that ask him? 7:12 Therefore all things\r
+whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them:\r
+for this is the law and the prophets.\r
+\r
+7:13 Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad\r
+is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in\r
+thereat: 7:14 Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which\r
+leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.\r
+\r
+7:15 Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing,\r
+but inwardly they are ravening wolves.\r
+\r
+7:16 Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of\r
+thorns, or figs of thistles? 7:17 Even so every good tree bringeth\r
+forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit.\r
+\r
+7:18 A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt\r
+tree bring forth good fruit.\r
+\r
+7:19 Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and\r
+cast into the fire.\r
+\r
+7:20 Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.\r
+\r
+7:21 Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into\r
+the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which\r
+is in heaven.\r
+\r
+7:22 Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not\r
+prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in\r
+thy name done many wonderful works? 7:23 And then will I profess unto\r
+them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.\r
+\r
+7:24 Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth\r
+them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a\r
+rock: 7:25 And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds\r
+blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded\r
+upon a rock.\r
+\r
+7:26 And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them\r
+not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon\r
+the sand: 7:27 And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the\r
+winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the\r
+fall of it.\r
+\r
+7:28 And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the\r
+people were astonished at his doctrine: 7:29 For he taught them as one\r
+having authority, and not as the scribes.\r
+\r
+8:1 When he was come down from the mountain, great multitudes followed\r
+him.\r
+\r
+8:2 And, behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord,\r
+if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.\r
+\r
+8:3 And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will; be\r
+thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.\r
+\r
+8:4 And Jesus saith unto him, See thou tell no man; but go thy way,\r
+shew thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded,\r
+for a testimony unto them.\r
+\r
+8:5 And when Jesus was entered into Capernaum, there came unto him a\r
+centurion, beseeching him, 8:6 And saying, Lord, my servant lieth at\r
+home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented.\r
+\r
+8:7 And Jesus saith unto him, I will come and heal him.\r
+\r
+8:8 The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou\r
+shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant\r
+shall be healed.\r
+\r
+8:9 For I am a man under authority, having soldiers under me: and I\r
+say to this man, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he\r
+cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it.\r
+\r
+8:10 When Jesus heard it, he marvelled, and said to them that\r
+followed, Verily I say unto you, I have not found so great faith, no,\r
+not in Israel.\r
+\r
+8:11 And I say unto you, That many shall come from the east and west,\r
+and shall sit down with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom\r
+of heaven.\r
+\r
+8:12 But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer\r
+darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.\r
+\r
+8:13 And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast\r
+believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the\r
+selfsame hour.\r
+\r
+8:14 And when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's\r
+mother laid, and sick of a fever.\r
+\r
+8:15 And he touched her hand, and the fever left her: and she arose,\r
+and ministered unto them.\r
+\r
+8:16 When the even was come, they brought unto him many that were\r
+possessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with his word, and\r
+healed all that were sick: 8:17 That it might be fulfilled which was\r
+spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, Himself took our infirmities,\r
+and bare our sicknesses.\r
+\r
+8:18 Now when Jesus saw great multitudes about him, he gave\r
+commandment to depart unto the other side.\r
+\r
+8:19 And a certain scribe came, and said unto him, Master, I will\r
+follow thee whithersoever thou goest.\r
+\r
+8:20 And Jesus saith unto him, The foxes have holes, and the birds of\r
+the air have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.\r
+\r
+8:21 And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first\r
+to go and bury my father.\r
+\r
+8:22 But Jesus said unto him, Follow me; and let the dead bury their\r
+dead.\r
+\r
+8:23 And when he was entered into a ship, his disciples followed him.\r
+\r
+8:24 And, behold, there arose a great tempest in the sea, insomuch\r
+that the ship was covered with the waves: but he was asleep.\r
+\r
+8:25 And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save\r
+us: we perish.\r
+\r
+8:26 And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?\r
+Then he arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a\r
+great calm.\r
+\r
+8:27 But the men marvelled, saying, What manner of man is this, that\r
+even the winds and the sea obey him! 8:28 And when he was come to the\r
+other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two\r
+possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so\r
+that no man might pass by that way.\r
+\r
+8:29 And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with\r
+thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us\r
+before the time? 8:30 And there was a good way off from them an herd\r
+of many swine feeding.\r
+\r
+8:31 So the devils besought him, saying, If thou cast us out, suffer\r
+us to go away into the herd of swine.\r
+\r
+8:32 And he said unto them, Go. And when they were come out, they went\r
+into the herd of swine: and, behold, the whole herd of swine ran\r
+violently down a steep place into the sea, and perished in the waters.\r
+\r
+8:33 And they that kept them fled, and went their ways into the city,\r
+and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the\r
+devils.\r
+\r
+8:34 And, behold, the whole city came out to meet Jesus: and when they\r
+saw him, they besought him that he would depart out of their coasts.\r
+\r
+9:1 And he entered into a ship, and passed over, and came into his own\r
+city.\r
+\r
+9:2 And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on\r
+a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy;\r
+Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee.\r
+\r
+9:3 And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This\r
+man blasphemeth.\r
+\r
+9:4 And Jesus knowing their thoughts said, Wherefore think ye evil in\r
+your hearts? 9:5 For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins be forgiven\r
+thee; or to say, Arise, and walk? 9:6 But that ye may know that the\r
+Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (then saith he to the\r
+sick of the palsy,) Arise, take up thy bed, and go unto thine house.\r
+\r
+9:7 And he arose, and departed to his house.\r
+\r
+9:8 But when the multitudes saw it, they marvelled, and glorified God,\r
+which had given such power unto men.\r
+\r
+9:9 And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named\r
+Matthew, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him,\r
+Follow me. And he arose, and followed him.\r
+\r
+9:10 And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold,\r
+many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his\r
+disciples.\r
+\r
+9:11 And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why\r
+eateth your Master with publicans and sinners? 9:12 But when Jesus\r
+heard that, he said unto them, They that be whole need not a\r
+physician, but they that are sick.\r
+\r
+9:13 But go ye and learn what that meaneth, I will have mercy, and not\r
+sacrifice: for I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to\r
+repentance.\r
+\r
+9:14 Then came to him the disciples of John, saying, Why do we and the\r
+Pharisees fast oft, but thy disciples fast not? 9:15 And Jesus said\r
+unto them, Can the children of the bridechamber mourn, as long as the\r
+bridegroom is with them? but the days will come, when the bridegroom\r
+shall be taken from them, and then shall they fast.\r
+\r
+9:16 No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto an old garment, for that\r
+which is put in to fill it up taketh from the garment, and the rent is\r
+made worse.\r
+\r
+9:17 Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles\r
+break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put\r
+new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.\r
+\r
+9:18 While he spake these things unto them, behold, there came a\r
+certain ruler, and worshipped him, saying, My daughter is even now\r
+dead: but come and lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live.\r
+\r
+9:19 And Jesus arose, and followed him, and so did his disciples.\r
+\r
+9:20 And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood\r
+twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment:\r
+9:21 For she said within herself, If I may but touch his garment, I\r
+shall be whole.\r
+\r
+9:22 But Jesus turned him about, and when he saw her, he said,\r
+Daughter, be of good comfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. And the\r
+woman was made whole from that hour.\r
+\r
+9:23 And when Jesus came into the ruler's house, and saw the minstrels\r
+and the people making a noise, 9:24 He said unto them, Give place: for\r
+the maid is not dead, but sleepeth. And they laughed him to scorn.\r
+\r
+9:25 But when the people were put forth, he went in, and took her by\r
+the hand, and the maid arose.\r
+\r
+9:26 And the fame hereof went abroad into all that land.\r
+\r
+9:27 And when Jesus departed thence, two blind men followed him,\r
+crying, and saying, Thou son of David, have mercy on us.\r
+\r
+9:28 And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him:\r
+and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They\r
+said unto him, Yea, Lord.\r
+\r
+9:29 Then touched he their eyes, saying, According to your faith be it\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+9:30 And their eyes were opened; and Jesus straitly charged them,\r
+saying, See that no man know it.\r
+\r
+9:31 But they, when they were departed, spread abroad his fame in all\r
+that country.\r
+\r
+9:32 As they went out, behold, they brought to him a dumb man\r
+possessed with a devil.\r
+\r
+9:33 And when the devil was cast out, the dumb spake: and the\r
+multitudes marvelled, saying, It was never so seen in Israel.\r
+\r
+9:34 But the Pharisees said, He casteth out devils through the prince\r
+of the devils.\r
+\r
+9:35 And Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in\r
+their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing\r
+every sickness and every disease among the people.\r
+\r
+9:36 But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on\r
+them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having\r
+no shepherd.\r
+\r
+9:37 Then saith he unto his disciples, The harvest truly is plenteous,\r
+but the labourers are few; 9:38 Pray ye therefore the Lord of the\r
+harvest, that he will send forth labourers into his harvest.\r
+\r
+10:1 And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave\r
+them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all\r
+manner of sickness and all manner of disease.\r
+\r
+10:2 Now the names of the twelve apostles are these; The first, Simon,\r
+who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee,\r
+and John his brother; 10:3 Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and\r
+Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose\r
+surname was Thaddaeus; 10:4 Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot,\r
+who also betrayed him.\r
+\r
+10:5 These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not\r
+into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans\r
+enter ye not: 10:6 But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+10:7 And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand.\r
+\r
+10:8 Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out\r
+devils: freely ye have received, freely give.\r
+\r
+10:9 Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, 10:10\r
+Nor scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet\r
+staves: for the workman is worthy of his meat.\r
+\r
+10:11 And into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, enquire who in\r
+it is worthy; and there abide till ye go thence.\r
+\r
+10:12 And when ye come into an house, salute it.\r
+\r
+10:13 And if the house be worthy, let your peace come upon it: but if\r
+it be not worthy, let your peace return to you.\r
+\r
+10:14 And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, when\r
+ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet.\r
+\r
+10:15 Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land\r
+of Sodom and Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city.\r
+\r
+10:16 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye\r
+therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.\r
+\r
+10:17 But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils,\r
+and they will scourge you in their synagogues; 10:18 And ye shall be\r
+brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony\r
+against them and the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+10:19 But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye\r
+shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall\r
+speak.\r
+\r
+10:20 For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which\r
+speaketh in you.\r
+\r
+10:21 And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the\r
+father the child: and the children shall rise up against their\r
+parents, and cause them to be put to death.\r
+\r
+10:22 And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that\r
+endureth to the end shall be saved.\r
+\r
+10:23 But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another:\r
+for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of\r
+Israel, till the Son of man be come.\r
+\r
+10:24 The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his\r
+lord.\r
+\r
+10:25 It is enough for the disciple that he be as his master, and the\r
+servant as his lord. If they have called the master of the house\r
+Beelzebub, how much more shall they call them of his household? 10:26\r
+Fear them not therefore: for there is nothing covered, that shall not\r
+be revealed; and hid, that shall not be known.\r
+\r
+10:27 What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light: and what ye\r
+hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops.\r
+\r
+10:28 And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill\r
+the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and\r
+body in hell.\r
+\r
+10:29 Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall\r
+not fall on the ground without your Father.\r
+\r
+10:30 But the very hairs of your head are all numbered.\r
+\r
+10:31 Fear ye not therefore, ye are of more value than many sparrows.\r
+\r
+10:32 Whosoever therefore shall confess me before men, him will I\r
+confess also before my Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+10:33 But whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny\r
+before my Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+10:34 Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to\r
+send peace, but a sword.\r
+\r
+10:35 For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and\r
+the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her\r
+mother in law.\r
+\r
+10:36 And a man's foes shall be they of his own household.\r
+\r
+10:37 He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of\r
+me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of\r
+me.\r
+\r
+10:38 And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not\r
+worthy of me.\r
+\r
+10:39 He that findeth his life shall lose it: and he that loseth his\r
+life for my sake shall find it.\r
+\r
+10:40 He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me\r
+receiveth him that sent me.\r
+\r
+10:41 He that receiveth a prophet in the name of a prophet shall\r
+receive a prophet's reward; and he that receiveth a righteous man in\r
+the name of a righteous man shall receive a righteous man's reward.\r
+\r
+10:42 And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones\r
+a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto\r
+you, he shall in no wise lose his reward.\r
+\r
+11:1 And it came to pass, when Jesus had made an end of commanding his\r
+twelve disciples, he departed thence to teach and to preach in their\r
+cities.\r
+\r
+11:2 Now when John had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he\r
+sent two of his disciples, 11:3 And said unto him, Art thou he that\r
+should come, or do we look for another? 11:4 Jesus answered and said\r
+unto them, Go and shew John again those things which ye do hear and\r
+see: 11:5 The blind receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers\r
+are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, and the poor\r
+have the gospel preached to them.\r
+\r
+11:6 And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me.\r
+\r
+11:7 And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes\r
+concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed\r
+shaken with the wind? 11:8 But what went ye out for to see? A man\r
+clothed in soft raiment? behold, they that wear soft clothing are in\r
+kings' houses.\r
+\r
+11:9 But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? yea, I say unto you,\r
+and more than a prophet.\r
+\r
+11:10 For this is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my\r
+messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.\r
+\r
+11:11 Verily I say unto you, Among them that are born of women there\r
+hath not risen a greater than John the Baptist: notwithstanding he\r
+that is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he.\r
+\r
+11:12 And from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of\r
+heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force.\r
+\r
+11:13 For all the prophets and the law prophesied until John.\r
+\r
+11:14 And if ye will receive it, this is Elias, which was for to come.\r
+\r
+11:15 He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+11:16 But whereunto shall I liken this generation? It is like unto\r
+children sitting in the markets, and calling unto their fellows, 11:17\r
+And saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have\r
+mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented.\r
+\r
+11:18 For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath\r
+a devil.\r
+\r
+11:19 The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a\r
+man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.\r
+But wisdom is justified of her children.\r
+\r
+11:20 Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty\r
+works were done, because they repented not: 11:21 Woe unto thee,\r
+Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which\r
+were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have\r
+repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.\r
+\r
+11:22 But I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and\r
+Sidon at the day of judgment, than for you.\r
+\r
+11:23 And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be\r
+brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in\r
+thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.\r
+\r
+11:24 But I say unto you, That it shall be more tolerable for the land\r
+of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee.\r
+\r
+11:25 At that time Jesus answered and said, I thank thee, O Father,\r
+Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the\r
+wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes.\r
+\r
+11:26 Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight.\r
+\r
+11:27 All things are delivered unto me of my Father: and no man\r
+knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father,\r
+save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him.\r
+\r
+11:28 Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will\r
+give you rest.\r
+\r
+11:29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly\r
+in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls.\r
+\r
+11:30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.\r
+\r
+12:1 At that time Jesus went on the sabbath day through the corn; and\r
+his disciples were an hungred, and began to pluck the ears of corn and\r
+to eat.\r
+\r
+12:2 But when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto him, Behold, thy\r
+disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+12:3 But he said unto them, Have ye not read what David did, when he\r
+was an hungred, and they that were with him; 12:4 How he entered into\r
+the house of God, and did eat the shewbread, which was not lawful for\r
+him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the\r
+priests? 12:5 Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath\r
+days the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless?\r
+12:6 But I say unto you, That in this place is one greater than the\r
+temple.\r
+\r
+12:7 But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have mercy, and not\r
+sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless.\r
+\r
+12:8 For the Son of man is Lord even of the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+12:9 And when he was departed thence, he went into their synagogue:\r
+12:10 And, behold, there was a man which had his hand withered. And\r
+they asked him, saying, Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath days? that\r
+they might accuse him.\r
+\r
+12:11 And he said unto them, What man shall there be among you, that\r
+shall have one sheep, and if it fall into a pit on the sabbath day,\r
+will he not lay hold on it, and lift it out? 12:12 How much then is a\r
+man better than a sheep? Wherefore it is lawful to do well on the\r
+sabbath days.\r
+\r
+12:13 Then saith he to the man, Stretch forth thine hand. And he\r
+stretched it forth; and it was restored whole, like as the other.\r
+\r
+12:14 Then the Pharisees went out, and held a council against him, how\r
+they might destroy him.\r
+\r
+12:15 But when Jesus knew it, he withdrew himself from thence: and\r
+great multitudes followed him, and he healed them all; 12:16 And\r
+charged them that they should not make him known: 12:17 That it might\r
+be fulfilled which was spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying, 12:18\r
+Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is\r
+well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew\r
+judgment to the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+12:19 He shall not strive, nor cry; neither shall any man hear his\r
+voice in the streets.\r
+\r
+12:20 A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not\r
+quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory.\r
+\r
+12:21 And in his name shall the Gentiles trust.\r
+\r
+12:22 Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and\r
+dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake\r
+and saw.\r
+\r
+12:23 And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of\r
+David? 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow\r
+doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils.\r
+\r
+12:25 And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom\r
+divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or\r
+house divided against itself shall not stand: 12:26 And if Satan cast\r
+out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom\r
+stand? 12:27 And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your\r
+children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges.\r
+\r
+12:28 But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom\r
+of God is come unto you.\r
+\r
+12:29 Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil\r
+his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil\r
+his house.\r
+\r
+12:30 He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not\r
+with me scattereth abroad.\r
+\r
+12:31 Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall\r
+be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall\r
+not be forgiven unto men.\r
+\r
+12:32 And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall\r
+be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it\r
+shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world\r
+to come.\r
+\r
+12:33 Either make the tree good, and his fruit good; or else make the\r
+tree corrupt, and his fruit corrupt: for the tree is known by his\r
+fruit.\r
+\r
+12:34 O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good\r
+things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.\r
+\r
+12:35 A good man out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth\r
+good things: and an evil man out of the evil treasure bringeth forth\r
+evil things.\r
+\r
+12:36 But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak,\r
+they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.\r
+\r
+12:37 For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou\r
+shalt be condemned.\r
+\r
+12:38 Then certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees answered,\r
+saying, Master, we would see a sign from thee.\r
+\r
+12:39 But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous\r
+generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to\r
+it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas: 12:40 For as Jonas was three\r
+days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be\r
+three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.\r
+\r
+12:41 The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation,\r
+and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonas;\r
+and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here.\r
+\r
+12:42 The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this\r
+generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the uttermost\r
+parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a\r
+greater than Solomon is here.\r
+\r
+12:43 When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through\r
+dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none.\r
+\r
+12:44 Then he saith, I will return into my house from whence I came\r
+out; and when he is come, he findeth it empty, swept, and garnished.\r
+\r
+12:45 Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more\r
+wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last\r
+state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also\r
+unto this wicked generation.\r
+\r
+12:46 While he yet talked to the people, behold, his mother and his\r
+brethren stood without, desiring to speak with him.\r
+\r
+12:47 Then one said unto him, Behold, thy mother and thy brethren\r
+stand without, desiring to speak with thee.\r
+\r
+12:48 But he answered and said unto him that told him, Who is my\r
+mother? and who are my brethren? 12:49 And he stretched forth his\r
+hand toward his disciples, and said, Behold my mother and my brethren!\r
+12:50 For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven,\r
+the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.\r
+\r
+13:1 The same day went Jesus out of the house, and sat by the sea\r
+side.\r
+\r
+13:2 And great multitudes were gathered together unto him, so that he\r
+went into a ship, and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the shore.\r
+\r
+13:3 And he spake many things unto them in parables, saying, Behold, a\r
+sower went forth to sow; 13:4 And when he sowed, some seeds fell by\r
+the way side, and the fowls came and devoured them up: 13:5 Some fell\r
+upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they\r
+sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: 13:6 And when the\r
+sun was up, they were scorched; and because they had no root, they\r
+withered away.\r
+\r
+13:7 And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked\r
+them: 13:8 But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit,\r
+some an hundredfold, some sixtyfold, some thirtyfold.\r
+\r
+13:9 Who hath ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+13:10 And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou\r
+unto them in parables? 13:11 He answered and said unto them, Because\r
+it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven,\r
+but to them it is not given.\r
+\r
+13:12 For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have\r
+more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away\r
+even that he hath.\r
+\r
+13:13 Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see\r
+not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand.\r
+\r
+13:14 And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By\r
+hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall\r
+see, and shall not perceive: 13:15 For this people's heart is waxed\r
+gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have\r
+closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes and hear with\r
+their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be\r
+converted, and I should heal them.\r
+\r
+13:16 But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your ears, for they\r
+hear.\r
+\r
+13:17 For verily I say unto you, That many prophets and righteous men\r
+have desired to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them;\r
+and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them.\r
+\r
+13:18 Hear ye therefore the parable of the sower.\r
+\r
+13:19 When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and understandeth\r
+it not, then cometh the wicked one, and catcheth away that which was\r
+sown in his heart. This is he which received seed by the way side.\r
+\r
+13:20 But he that received the seed into stony places, the same is he\r
+that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it; 13:21 Yet hath\r
+he not root in himself, but dureth for a while: for when tribulation\r
+or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.\r
+\r
+13:22 He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth\r
+the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches,\r
+choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful.\r
+\r
+13:23 But he that received seed into the good ground is he that\r
+heareth the word, and understandeth it; which also beareth fruit, and\r
+bringeth forth, some an hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty.\r
+\r
+13:24 Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of\r
+heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: 13:25\r
+But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat,\r
+and went his way.\r
+\r
+13:26 But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then\r
+appeared the tares also.\r
+\r
+13:27 So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir,\r
+didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it\r
+tares? 13:28 He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants\r
+said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? 13:29\r
+But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also\r
+the wheat with them.\r
+\r
+13:30 Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of\r
+harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares,\r
+and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my\r
+barn.\r
+\r
+13:31 Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of\r
+heaven is like to a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed\r
+in his field: 13:32 Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but when\r
+it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so\r
+that the birds of the air come and lodge in the branches thereof.\r
+\r
+13:33 Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is\r
+like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of\r
+meal, till the whole was leavened.\r
+\r
+13:34 All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and\r
+without a parable spake he not unto them: 13:35 That it might be\r
+fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my\r
+mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret\r
+from the foundation of the world.\r
+\r
+13:36 Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and\r
+his disciples came unto him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of\r
+the tares of the field.\r
+\r
+13:37 He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is\r
+the Son of man; 13:38 The field is the world; the good seed are the\r
+children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked\r
+one; 13:39 The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the\r
+end of the world; and the reapers are the angels.\r
+\r
+13:40 As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so\r
+shall it be in the end of this world.\r
+\r
+13:41 The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall\r
+gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do\r
+iniquity; 13:42 And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there\r
+shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.\r
+\r
+13:43 Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom\r
+of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+13:44 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto treasure hid in a\r
+field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof\r
+goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field.\r
+\r
+13:45 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man,\r
+seeking goodly pearls: 13:46 Who, when he had found one pearl of great\r
+price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it.\r
+\r
+13:47 Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net, that was cast\r
+into the sea, and gathered of every kind: 13:48 Which, when it was\r
+full, they drew to shore, and sat down, and gathered the good into\r
+vessels, but cast the bad away.\r
+\r
+13:49 So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come\r
+forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, 13:50 And shall cast\r
+them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of\r
+teeth.\r
+\r
+13:51 Jesus saith unto them, Have ye understood all these things? They\r
+say unto him, Yea, Lord.\r
+\r
+13:52 Then said he unto them, Therefore every scribe which is\r
+instructed unto the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an\r
+householder, which bringeth forth out of his treasure things new and\r
+old.\r
+\r
+13:53 And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these\r
+parables, he departed thence.\r
+\r
+13:54 And when he was come into his own country, he taught them in\r
+their synagogue, insomuch that they were astonished, and said, Whence\r
+hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? 13:55 Is not this\r
+the carpenter's son? is not his mother called Mary? and his brethren,\r
+James, and Joses, and Simon, and Judas? 13:56 And his sisters, are\r
+they not all with us? Whence then hath this man all these things?\r
+13:57 And they were offended in him. But Jesus said unto them, A\r
+prophet is not without honour, save in his own country, and in his own\r
+house.\r
+\r
+13:58 And he did not many mighty works there because of their\r
+unbelief.\r
+\r
+14:1 At that time Herod the tetrarch heard of the fame of Jesus, 14:2\r
+And said unto his servants, This is John the Baptist; he is risen from\r
+the dead; and therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him.\r
+\r
+14:3 For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in\r
+prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife.\r
+\r
+14:4 For John said unto him, It is not lawful for thee to have her.\r
+\r
+14:5 And when he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude,\r
+because they counted him as a prophet.\r
+\r
+14:6 But when Herod's birthday was kept, the daughter of Herodias\r
+danced before them, and pleased Herod.\r
+\r
+14:7 Whereupon he promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she\r
+would ask.\r
+\r
+14:8 And she, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me\r
+here John Baptist's head in a charger.\r
+\r
+14:9 And the king was sorry: nevertheless for the oath's sake, and\r
+them which sat with him at meat, he commanded it to be given her.\r
+\r
+14:10 And he sent, and beheaded John in the prison.\r
+\r
+14:11 And his head was brought in a charger, and given to the damsel:\r
+and she brought it to her mother.\r
+\r
+14:12 And his disciples came, and took up the body, and buried it, and\r
+went and told Jesus.\r
+\r
+14:13 When Jesus heard of it, he departed thence by ship into a desert\r
+place apart: and when the people had heard thereof, they followed him\r
+on foot out of the cities.\r
+\r
+14:14 And Jesus went forth, and saw a great multitude, and was moved\r
+with compassion toward them, and he healed their sick.\r
+\r
+14:15 And when it was evening, his disciples came to him, saying, This\r
+is a desert place, and the time is now past; send the multitude away,\r
+that they may go into the villages, and buy themselves victuals.\r
+\r
+14:16 But Jesus said unto them, They need not depart; give ye them to\r
+eat.\r
+\r
+14:17 And they say unto him, We have here but five loaves, and two\r
+fishes.\r
+\r
+14:18 He said, Bring them hither to me.\r
+\r
+14:19 And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the grass, and\r
+took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he\r
+blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the\r
+disciples to the multitude.\r
+\r
+14:20 And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the\r
+fragments that remained twelve baskets full.\r
+\r
+14:21 And they that had eaten were about five thousand men, beside\r
+women and children.\r
+\r
+14:22 And straightway Jesus constrained his disciples to get into a\r
+ship, and to go before him unto the other side, while he sent the\r
+multitudes away.\r
+\r
+14:23 And when he had sent the multitudes away, he went up into a\r
+mountain apart to pray: and when the evening was come, he was there\r
+alone.\r
+\r
+14:24 But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves:\r
+for the wind was contrary.\r
+\r
+14:25 And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them,\r
+walking on the sea.\r
+\r
+14:26 And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were\r
+troubled, saying, It is a spirit; and they cried out for fear.\r
+\r
+14:27 But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer;\r
+it is I; be not afraid.\r
+\r
+14:28 And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me\r
+come unto thee on the water.\r
+\r
+14:29 And he said, Come. And when Peter was come down out of the ship,\r
+he walked on the water, to go to Jesus.\r
+\r
+14:30 But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; and\r
+beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me.\r
+\r
+14:31 And immediately Jesus stretched forth his hand, and caught him,\r
+and said unto him, O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt?\r
+14:32 And when they were come into the ship, the wind ceased.\r
+\r
+14:33 Then they that were in the ship came and worshipped him, saying,\r
+Of a truth thou art the Son of God.\r
+\r
+14:34 And when they were gone over, they came into the land of\r
+Gennesaret.\r
+\r
+14:35 And when the men of that place had knowledge of him, they sent\r
+out into all that country round about, and brought unto him all that\r
+were diseased; 14:36 And besought him that they might only touch the\r
+hem of his garment: and as many as touched were made perfectly whole.\r
+\r
+15:1 Then came to Jesus scribes and Pharisees, which were of\r
+Jerusalem, saying, 15:2 Why do thy disciples transgress the tradition\r
+of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread.\r
+\r
+15:3 But he answered and said unto them, Why do ye also transgress the\r
+commandment of God by your tradition? 15:4 For God commanded, saying,\r
+Honour thy father and mother: and, He that curseth father or mother,\r
+let him die the death.\r
+\r
+15:5 But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It\r
+is a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; 15:6 And\r
+honour not his father or his mother, he shall be free. Thus have ye\r
+made the commandment of God of none effect by your tradition.\r
+\r
+15:7 Ye hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you, saying, 15:8 This\r
+people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoureth me with\r
+their lips; but their heart is far from me.\r
+\r
+15:9 But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the\r
+commandments of men.\r
+\r
+15:10 And he called the multitude, and said unto them, Hear, and\r
+understand: 15:11 Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man;\r
+but that which cometh out of the mouth, this defileth a man.\r
+\r
+15:12 Then came his disciples, and said unto him, Knowest thou that\r
+the Pharisees were offended, after they heard this saying? 15:13 But\r
+he answered and said, Every plant, which my heavenly Father hath not\r
+planted, shall be rooted up.\r
+\r
+15:14 Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the\r
+blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.\r
+\r
+15:15 Then answered Peter and said unto him, Declare unto us this\r
+parable.\r
+\r
+15:16 And Jesus said, Are ye also yet without understanding? 15:17 Do\r
+not ye yet understand, that whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth\r
+into the belly, and is cast out into the draught? 15:18 But those\r
+things which proceed out of the mouth come forth from the heart; and\r
+they defile the man.\r
+\r
+15:19 For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries,\r
+fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies: 15:20 These are the\r
+things which defile a man: but to eat with unwashen hands defileth not\r
+a man.\r
+\r
+15:21 Then Jesus went thence, and departed into the coasts of Tyre and\r
+Sidon.\r
+\r
+15:22 And, behold, a woman of Canaan came out of the same coasts, and\r
+cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David;\r
+my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil.\r
+\r
+15:23 But he answered her not a word. And his disciples came and\r
+besought him, saying, Send her away; for she crieth after us.\r
+\r
+15:24 But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep\r
+of the house of Israel.\r
+\r
+15:25 Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me.\r
+\r
+15:26 But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children's\r
+bread, and to cast it to dogs.\r
+\r
+15:27 And she said, Truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which\r
+fall from their masters' table.\r
+\r
+15:28 Then Jesus answered and said unto her, O woman, great is thy\r
+faith: be it unto thee even as thou wilt. And her daughter was made\r
+whole from that very hour.\r
+\r
+15:29 And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto the sea of\r
+Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there.\r
+\r
+15:30 And great multitudes came unto him, having with them those that\r
+were lame, blind, dumb, maimed, and many others, and cast them down at\r
+Jesus' feet; and he healed them: 15:31 Insomuch that the multitude\r
+wondered, when they saw the dumb to speak, the maimed to be whole, the\r
+lame to walk, and the blind to see: and they glorified the God of\r
+Israel.\r
+\r
+15:32 Then Jesus called his disciples unto him, and said, I have\r
+compassion on the multitude, because they continue with me now three\r
+days, and have nothing to eat: and I will not send them away fasting,\r
+lest they faint in the way.\r
+\r
+15:33 And his disciples say unto him, Whence should we have so much\r
+bread in the wilderness, as to fill so great a multitude? 15:34 And\r
+Jesus saith unto them, How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven,\r
+and a few little fishes.\r
+\r
+15:35 And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the ground.\r
+\r
+15:36 And he took the seven loaves and the fishes, and gave thanks,\r
+and brake them, and gave to his disciples, and the disciples to the\r
+multitude.\r
+\r
+15:37 And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the\r
+broken meat that was left seven baskets full.\r
+\r
+15:38 And they that did eat were four thousand men, beside women and\r
+children.\r
+\r
+15:39 And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came into the\r
+coasts of Magdala.\r
+\r
+16:1 The Pharisees also with the Sadducees came, and tempting desired\r
+him that he would shew them a sign from heaven.\r
+\r
+16:2 He answered and said unto them, When it is evening, ye say, It\r
+will be fair weather: for the sky is red.\r
+\r
+16:3 And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day: for the sky\r
+is red and lowering. O ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the\r
+sky; but can ye not discern the signs of the times? 16:4 A wicked and\r
+adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be\r
+given unto it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. And he left them,\r
+and departed.\r
+\r
+16:5 And when his disciples were come to the other side, they had\r
+forgotten to take bread.\r
+\r
+16:6 Then Jesus said unto them, Take heed and beware of the leaven of\r
+the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.\r
+\r
+16:7 And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have\r
+taken no bread.\r
+\r
+16:8 Which when Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye of little\r
+faith, why reason ye among yourselves, because ye have brought no\r
+bread? 16:9 Do ye not yet understand, neither remember the five\r
+loaves of the five thousand, and how many baskets ye took up? 16:10\r
+Neither the seven loaves of the four thousand, and how many baskets ye\r
+took up? 16:11 How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it\r
+not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of\r
+the Pharisees and of the Sadducees? 16:12 Then understood they how\r
+that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the\r
+doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees.\r
+\r
+16:13 When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked\r
+his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am?\r
+16:14 And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some,\r
+Elias; and others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets.\r
+\r
+16:15 He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? 16:16 And Simon\r
+Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living\r
+God.\r
+\r
+16:17 And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon\r
+Barjona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my\r
+Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+16:18 And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this\r
+rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail\r
+against it.\r
+\r
+16:19 And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and\r
+whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and\r
+whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.\r
+\r
+16:20 Then charged he his disciples that they should tell no man that\r
+he was Jesus the Christ.\r
+\r
+16:21 From that time forth began Jesus to shew unto his disciples, how\r
+that he must go unto Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders\r
+and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised again the\r
+third day.\r
+\r
+16:22 Then Peter took him, and began to rebuke him, saying, Be it far\r
+from thee, Lord: this shall not be unto thee.\r
+\r
+16:23 But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan:\r
+thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be\r
+of God, but those that be of men.\r
+\r
+16:24 Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after\r
+me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.\r
+\r
+16:25 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever\r
+will lose his life for my sake shall find it.\r
+\r
+16:26 For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world,\r
+and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his\r
+soul? 16:27 For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father\r
+with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his\r
+works.\r
+\r
+16:28 Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which shall\r
+not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his\r
+kingdom.\r
+\r
+17:1 And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his\r
+brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart, 17:2 And\r
+was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the sun, and\r
+his raiment was white as the light.\r
+\r
+17:3 And, behold, there appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+17:4 Then answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us\r
+to be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for\r
+thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias.\r
+\r
+17:5 While he yet spake, behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and\r
+behold a voice out of the cloud, which said, This is my beloved Son,\r
+in whom I am well pleased; hear ye him.\r
+\r
+17:6 And when the disciples heard it, they fell on their face, and\r
+were sore afraid.\r
+\r
+17:7 And Jesus came and touched them, and said, Arise, and be not\r
+afraid.\r
+\r
+17:8 And when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no man, save\r
+Jesus only.\r
+\r
+17:9 And as they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged them,\r
+saying, Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man be risen again\r
+from the dead.\r
+\r
+17:10 And his disciples asked him, saying, Why then say the scribes\r
+that Elias must first come? 17:11 And Jesus answered and said unto\r
+them, Elias truly shall first come, and restore all things.\r
+\r
+17:12 But I say unto you, That Elias is come already, and they knew\r
+him not, but have done unto him whatsoever they listed. Likewise shall\r
+also the Son of man suffer of them.\r
+\r
+17:13 Then the disciples understood that he spake unto them of John\r
+the Baptist.\r
+\r
+17:14 And when they were come to the multitude, there came to him a\r
+certain man, kneeling down to him, and saying, 17:15 Lord, have mercy\r
+on my son: for he is lunatick, and sore vexed: for ofttimes he falleth\r
+into the fire, and oft into the water.\r
+\r
+17:16 And I brought him to thy disciples, and they could not cure him.\r
+\r
+17:17 Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse\r
+generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you?\r
+bring him hither to me.\r
+\r
+17:18 And Jesus rebuked the devil; and he departed out of him: and the\r
+child was cured from that very hour.\r
+\r
+17:19 Then came the disciples to Jesus apart, and said, Why could not\r
+we cast him out? 17:20 And Jesus said unto them, Because of your\r
+unbelief: for verily I say unto you, If ye have faith as a grain of\r
+mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to yonder\r
+place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you.\r
+\r
+17:21 Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting.\r
+\r
+17:22 And while they abode in Galilee, Jesus said unto them, The Son\r
+of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men: 17:23 And they shall\r
+kill him, and the third day he shall be raised again.\r
+\r
+And they were exceeding sorry.\r
+\r
+17:24 And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute\r
+money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute?\r
+17:25 He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus\r
+prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings\r
+of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of\r
+strangers? 17:26 Peter saith unto him, Of strangers. Jesus saith unto\r
+him, Then are the children free.\r
+\r
+17:27 Notwithstanding, lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea,\r
+and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when\r
+thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money: that\r
+take, and give unto them for me and thee.\r
+\r
+18:1 At the same time came the disciples unto Jesus, saying, Who is\r
+the greatest in the kingdom of heaven? 18:2 And Jesus called a little\r
+child unto him, and set him in the midst of them, 18:3 And said,\r
+Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little\r
+children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+18:4 Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child,\r
+the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+18:5 And whoso shall receive one such little child in my name\r
+receiveth me.\r
+\r
+18:6 But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in\r
+me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his\r
+neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea.\r
+\r
+18:7 Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that\r
+offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh! 18:8\r
+Wherefore if thy hand or thy foot offend thee, cut them off, and cast\r
+them from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life halt or\r
+maimed, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into\r
+everlasting fire.\r
+\r
+18:9 And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from\r
+thee: it is better for thee to enter into life with one eye, rather\r
+than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire.\r
+\r
+18:10 Take heed that ye despise not one of these little ones; for I\r
+say unto you, That in heaven their angels do always behold the face of\r
+my Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+18:11 For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost.\r
+\r
+18:12 How think ye? if a man have an hundred sheep, and one of them be\r
+gone astray, doth he not leave the ninety and nine, and goeth into the\r
+mountains, and seeketh that which is gone astray? 18:13 And if so be\r
+that he find it, verily I say unto you, he rejoiceth more of that\r
+sheep, than of the ninety and nine which went not astray.\r
+\r
+18:14 Even so it is not the will of your Father which is in heaven,\r
+that one of these little ones should perish.\r
+\r
+18:15 Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell\r
+him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou\r
+hast gained thy brother.\r
+\r
+18:16 But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two\r
+more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be\r
+established.\r
+\r
+18:17 And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church:\r
+but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an\r
+heathen man and a publican.\r
+\r
+18:18 Verily I say unto you, Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall\r
+be bound in heaven: and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be\r
+loosed in heaven.\r
+\r
+18:19 Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as\r
+touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of\r
+my Father which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+18:20 For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there\r
+am I in the midst of them.\r
+\r
+18:21 Then came Peter to him, and said, Lord, how oft shall my brother\r
+sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times? 18:22 Jesus\r
+saith unto him, I say not unto thee, Until seven times: but, Until\r
+seventy times seven.\r
+\r
+18:23 Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened unto a certain king,\r
+which would take account of his servants.\r
+\r
+18:24 And when he had begun to reckon, one was brought unto him, which\r
+owed him ten thousand talents.\r
+\r
+18:25 But forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be\r
+sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, and payment to\r
+be made.\r
+\r
+18:26 The servant therefore fell down, and worshipped him, saying,\r
+Lord, have patience with me, and I will pay thee all.\r
+\r
+18:27 Then the lord of that servant was moved with compassion, and\r
+loosed him, and forgave him the debt.\r
+\r
+18:28 But the same servant went out, and found one of his\r
+fellowservants, which owed him an hundred pence: and he laid hands on\r
+him, and took him by the throat, saying, Pay me that thou owest.\r
+\r
+18:29 And his fellowservant fell down at his feet, and besought him,\r
+saying, Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all.\r
+\r
+18:30 And he would not: but went and cast him into prison, till he\r
+should pay the debt.\r
+\r
+18:31 So when his fellowservants saw what was done, they were very\r
+sorry, and came and told unto their lord all that was done.\r
+\r
+18:32 Then his lord, after that he had called him, said unto him, O\r
+thou wicked servant, I forgave thee all that debt, because thou\r
+desiredst me: 18:33 Shouldest not thou also have had compassion on thy\r
+fellowservant, even as I had pity on thee? 18:34 And his lord was\r
+wroth, and delivered him to the tormentors, till he should pay all\r
+that was due unto him.\r
+\r
+18:35 So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye\r
+from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses.\r
+\r
+19:1 And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these sayings,\r
+he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judaea beyond\r
+Jordan; 19:2 And great multitudes followed him; and he healed them\r
+there.\r
+\r
+19:3 The Pharisees also came unto him, tempting him, and saying unto\r
+him, Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife for every cause?\r
+19:4 And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he\r
+which made them at the beginning made them male and female, 19:5 And\r
+said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall\r
+cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh? 19:6 Wherefore\r
+they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined\r
+together, let not man put asunder.\r
+\r
+19:7 They say unto him, Why did Moses then command to give a writing\r
+of divorcement, and to put her away? 19:8 He saith unto them, Moses\r
+because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to put away your\r
+wives: but from the beginning it was not so.\r
+\r
+19:9 And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it\r
+be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and\r
+whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery.\r
+\r
+19:10 His disciples say unto him, If the case of the man be so with\r
+his wife, it is not good to marry.\r
+\r
+19:11 But he said unto them, All men cannot receive this saying, save\r
+they to whom it is given.\r
+\r
+19:12 For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their\r
+mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of\r
+men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the\r
+kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him\r
+receive it.\r
+\r
+19:13 Then were there brought unto him little children, that he should\r
+put his hands on them, and pray: and the disciples rebuked them.\r
+\r
+19:14 But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to\r
+come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+19:15 And he laid his hands on them, and departed thence.\r
+\r
+19:16 And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good\r
+thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? 19:17 And he said\r
+unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that\r
+is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.\r
+\r
+19:18 He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder,\r
+Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not\r
+bear false witness, 19:19 Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou\r
+shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.\r
+\r
+19:20 The young man saith unto him, All these things have I kept from\r
+my youth up: what lack I yet? 19:21 Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt\r
+be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou\r
+shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me.\r
+\r
+19:22 But when the young man heard that saying, he went away\r
+sorrowful: for he had great possessions.\r
+\r
+19:23 Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That\r
+a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.\r
+\r
+19:24 And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through\r
+the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+19:25 When his disciples heard it, they were exceedingly amazed,\r
+saying, Who then can be saved? 19:26 But Jesus beheld them, and said\r
+unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are\r
+possible.\r
+\r
+19:27 Then answered Peter and said unto him, Behold, we have forsaken\r
+all, and followed thee; what shall we have therefore? 19:28 And Jesus\r
+said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me,\r
+in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his\r
+glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve\r
+tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+19:29 And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or\r
+sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my\r
+name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit\r
+everlasting life.\r
+\r
+19:30 But many that are first shall be last; and the last shall be\r
+first.\r
+\r
+20:1 For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an\r
+householder, which went out early in the morning to hire labourers\r
+into his vineyard.\r
+\r
+20:2 And when he had agreed with the labourers for a penny a day, he\r
+sent them into his vineyard.\r
+\r
+20:3 And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing\r
+idle in the marketplace, 20:4 And said unto them; Go ye also into the\r
+vineyard, and whatsoever is right I will give you. And they went their\r
+way.\r
+\r
+20:5 Again he went out about the sixth and ninth hour, and did\r
+likewise.\r
+\r
+20:6 And about the eleventh hour he went out, and found others\r
+standing idle, and saith unto them, Why stand ye here all the day\r
+idle? 20:7 They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith\r
+unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard; and whatsoever is right, that\r
+shall ye receive.\r
+\r
+20:8 So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his\r
+steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from\r
+the last unto the first.\r
+\r
+20:9 And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they\r
+received every man a penny.\r
+\r
+20:10 But when the first came, they supposed that they should have\r
+received more; and they likewise received every man a penny.\r
+\r
+20:11 And when they had received it, they murmured against the goodman\r
+of the house, 20:12 Saying, These last have wrought but one hour, and\r
+thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden and\r
+heat of the day.\r
+\r
+20:13 But he answered one of them, and said, Friend, I do thee no\r
+wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a penny? 20:14 Take that\r
+thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even as unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+20:15 Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is\r
+thine eye evil, because I am good? 20:16 So the last shall be first,\r
+and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen.\r
+\r
+20:17 And Jesus going up to Jerusalem took the twelve disciples apart\r
+in the way, and said unto them, 20:18 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem;\r
+and the Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto\r
+the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, 20:19 And shall\r
+deliver him to the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify\r
+him: and the third day he shall rise again.\r
+\r
+20:20 Then came to him the mother of Zebedees children with her sons,\r
+worshipping him, and desiring a certain thing of him.\r
+\r
+20:21 And he said unto her, What wilt thou? She saith unto him, Grant\r
+that these my two sons may sit, the one on thy right hand, and the\r
+other on the left, in thy kingdom.\r
+\r
+20:22 But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye\r
+able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized\r
+with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are\r
+able.\r
+\r
+20:23 And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be\r
+baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my\r
+right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given\r
+to them for whom it is prepared of my Father.\r
+\r
+20:24 And when the ten heard it, they were moved with indignation\r
+against the two brethren.\r
+\r
+20:25 But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the\r
+princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are\r
+great exercise authority upon them.\r
+\r
+20:26 But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great\r
+among you, let him be your minister; 20:27 And whosoever will be chief\r
+among you, let him be your servant: 20:28 Even as the Son of man came\r
+not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a\r
+ransom for many.\r
+\r
+20:29 And as they departed from Jericho, a great multitude followed\r
+him.\r
+\r
+20:30 And, behold, two blind men sitting by the way side, when they\r
+heard that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying, Have mercy on us, O\r
+Lord, thou son of David.\r
+\r
+20:31 And the multitude rebuked them, because they should hold their\r
+peace: but they cried the more, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord, thou\r
+son of David.\r
+\r
+20:32 And Jesus stood still, and called them, and said, What will ye\r
+that I shall do unto you? 20:33 They say unto him, Lord, that our\r
+eyes may be opened.\r
+\r
+20:34 So Jesus had compassion on them, and touched their eyes: and\r
+immediately their eyes received sight, and they followed him.\r
+\r
+21:1 And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to\r
+Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disciples,\r
+21:2 Saying unto them, Go into the village over against you, and\r
+straightway ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her: loose\r
+them, and bring them unto me.\r
+\r
+21:3 And if any man say ought unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath\r
+need of them; and straightway he will send them.\r
+\r
+21:4 All this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by\r
+the prophet, saying, 21:5 Tell ye the daughter of Sion, Behold, thy\r
+King cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting upon an ass, and a colt the\r
+foal of an ass.\r
+\r
+21:6 And the disciples went, and did as Jesus commanded them, 21:7 And\r
+brought the ass, and the colt, and put on them their clothes, and they\r
+set him thereon.\r
+\r
+21:8 And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way;\r
+others cut down branches from the trees, and strawed them in the way.\r
+\r
+21:9 And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried,\r
+saying, Hosanna to the son of David: Blessed is he that cometh in the\r
+name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest.\r
+\r
+21:10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was moved,\r
+saying, Who is this? 21:11 And the multitude said, This is Jesus the\r
+prophet of Nazareth of Galilee.\r
+\r
+21:12 And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them\r
+that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the\r
+moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, 21:13 And said\r
+unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of\r
+prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.\r
+\r
+21:14 And the blind and the lame came to him in the temple; and he\r
+healed them.\r
+\r
+21:15 And when the chief priests and scribes saw the wonderful things\r
+that he did, and the children crying in the temple, and saying,\r
+Hosanna to the son of David; they were sore displeased, 21:16 And said\r
+unto him, Hearest thou what these say? And Jesus saith unto them, Yea;\r
+have ye never read, Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast\r
+perfected praise? 21:17 And he left them, and went out of the city\r
+into Bethany; and he lodged there.\r
+\r
+21:18 Now in the morning as he returned into the city, he hungered.\r
+\r
+21:19 And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found\r
+nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow\r
+on thee henceforward for ever. And presently the fig tree withered\r
+away.\r
+\r
+21:20 And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, saying, How soon\r
+is the fig tree withered away! 21:21 Jesus answered and said unto\r
+them, Verily I say unto you, If ye have faith, and doubt not, ye shall\r
+not only do this which is done to the fig tree, but also if ye shall\r
+say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the\r
+sea; it shall be done.\r
+\r
+21:22 And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye\r
+shall receive.\r
+\r
+21:23 And when he was come into the temple, the chief priests and the\r
+elders of the people came unto him as he was teaching, and said, By\r
+what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this\r
+authority? 21:24 And Jesus answered and said unto them, I also will\r
+ask you one thing, which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you\r
+by what authority I do these things.\r
+\r
+21:25 The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And\r
+they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven;\r
+he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him? 21:26 But if we\r
+shall say, Of men; we fear the people; for all hold John as a prophet.\r
+\r
+21:27 And they answered Jesus, and said, We cannot tell. And he said\r
+unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things.\r
+\r
+21:28 But what think ye? A certain man had two sons; and he came to\r
+the first, and said, Son, go work to day in my vineyard.\r
+\r
+21:29 He answered and said, I will not: but afterward he repented, and\r
+went.\r
+\r
+21:30 And he came to the second, and said likewise. And he answered\r
+and said, I go, sir: and went not.\r
+\r
+21:31 Whether of them twain did the will of his father? They say unto\r
+him, The first. Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the\r
+publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you.\r
+\r
+21:32 For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye\r
+believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and\r
+ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe\r
+him.\r
+\r
+21:33 Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which\r
+planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress\r
+in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into\r
+a far country: 21:34 And when the time of the fruit drew near, he sent\r
+his servants to the husbandmen, that they might receive the fruits of\r
+it.\r
+\r
+21:35 And the husbandmen took his servants, and beat one, and killed\r
+another, and stoned another.\r
+\r
+21:36 Again, he sent other servants more than the first: and they did\r
+unto them likewise.\r
+\r
+21:37 But last of all he sent unto them his son, saying, They will\r
+reverence my son.\r
+\r
+21:38 But when the husbandmen saw the son, they said among themselves,\r
+This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and let us seize on his\r
+inheritance.\r
+\r
+21:39 And they caught him, and cast him out of the vineyard, and slew\r
+him.\r
+\r
+21:40 When the lord therefore of the vineyard cometh, what will he do\r
+unto those husbandmen? 21:41 They say unto him, He will miserably\r
+destroy those wicked men, and will let out his vineyard unto other\r
+husbandmen, which shall render him the fruits in their seasons.\r
+\r
+21:42 Jesus saith unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The\r
+stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the\r
+corner: this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes?\r
+21:43 Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from\r
+you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof.\r
+\r
+21:44 And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken: but on\r
+whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.\r
+\r
+21:45 And when the chief priests and Pharisees had heard his parables,\r
+they perceived that he spake of them.\r
+\r
+21:46 But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the\r
+multitude, because they took him for a prophet.\r
+\r
+22:1 And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and\r
+said, 22:2 The kingdom of heaven is like unto a certain king, which\r
+made a marriage for his son, 22:3 And sent forth his servants to call\r
+them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come.\r
+\r
+22:4 Again, he sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are\r
+bidden, Behold, I have prepared my dinner: my oxen and my fatlings are\r
+killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage.\r
+\r
+22:5 But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm,\r
+another to his merchandise: 22:6 And the remnant took his servants,\r
+and entreated them spitefully, and slew them.\r
+\r
+22:7 But when the king heard thereof, he was wroth: and he sent forth\r
+his armies, and destroyed those murderers, and burned up their city.\r
+\r
+22:8 Then saith he to his servants, The wedding is ready, but they\r
+which were bidden were not worthy.\r
+\r
+22:9 Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find,\r
+bid to the marriage.\r
+\r
+22:10 So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered\r
+together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding\r
+was furnished with guests.\r
+\r
+22:11 And when the king came in to see the guests, he saw there a man\r
+which had not on a wedding garment: 22:12 And he saith unto him,\r
+Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? And he\r
+was speechless.\r
+\r
+22:13 Then said the king to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and\r
+take him away, and cast him into outer darkness, there shall be\r
+weeping and gnashing of teeth.\r
+\r
+22:14 For many are called, but few are chosen.\r
+\r
+22:15 Then went the Pharisees, and took counsel how they might\r
+entangle him in his talk.\r
+\r
+22:16 And they sent out unto him their disciples with the Herodians,\r
+saying, Master, we know that thou art true, and teachest the way of\r
+God in truth, neither carest thou for any man: for thou regardest not\r
+the person of men.\r
+\r
+22:17 Tell us therefore, What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give\r
+tribute unto Caesar, or not? 22:18 But Jesus perceived their\r
+wickedness, and said, Why tempt ye me, ye hypocrites? 22:19 Shew me\r
+the tribute money. And they brought unto him a penny.\r
+\r
+22:20 And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription?\r
+22:21 They say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto them, Render\r
+therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the\r
+things that are God's.\r
+\r
+22:22 When they had heard these words, they marvelled, and left him,\r
+and went their way.\r
+\r
+22:23 The same day came to him the Sadducees, which say that there is\r
+no resurrection, and asked him, 22:24 Saying, Master, Moses said, If a\r
+man die, having no children, his brother shall marry his wife, and\r
+raise up seed unto his brother.\r
+\r
+22:25 Now there were with us seven brethren: and the first, when he\r
+had married a wife, deceased, and, having no issue, left his wife unto\r
+his brother: 22:26 Likewise the second also, and the third, unto the\r
+seventh.\r
+\r
+22:27 And last of all the woman died also.\r
+\r
+22:28 Therefore in the resurrection whose wife shall she be of the\r
+seven? for they all had her.\r
+\r
+22:29 Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the\r
+scriptures, nor the power of God.\r
+\r
+22:30 For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in\r
+marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven.\r
+\r
+22:31 But as touching the resurrection of the dead, have ye not read\r
+that which was spoken unto you by God, saying, 22:32 I am the God of\r
+Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? God is not the\r
+God of the dead, but of the living.\r
+\r
+22:33 And when the multitude heard this, they were astonished at his\r
+doctrine.\r
+\r
+22:34 But when the Pharisees had heard that he had put the Sadducees\r
+to silence, they were gathered together.\r
+\r
+22:35 Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question,\r
+tempting him, and saying, 22:36 Master, which is the great commandment\r
+in the law? 22:37 Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy\r
+God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.\r
+\r
+22:38 This is the first and great commandment.\r
+\r
+22:39 And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as\r
+thyself.\r
+\r
+22:40 On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.\r
+\r
+22:41 While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them,\r
+22:42 Saying, What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto\r
+him, The son of David.\r
+\r
+22:43 He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord,\r
+saying, 22:44 The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand,\r
+till I make thine enemies thy footstool? 22:45 If David then call him\r
+Lord, how is he his son? 22:46 And no man was able to answer him a\r
+word, neither durst any man from that day forth ask him any more\r
+questions.\r
+\r
+23:1 Then spake Jesus to the multitude, and to his disciples, 23:2\r
+Saying The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: 23:3 All\r
+therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do\r
+not ye after their works: for they say, and do not.\r
+\r
+23:4 For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay\r
+them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with\r
+one of their fingers.\r
+\r
+23:5 But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make\r
+broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments,\r
+23:6 And love the uppermost rooms at feasts, and the chief seats in\r
+the synagogues, 23:7 And greetings in the markets, and to be called of\r
+men, Rabbi, Rabbi.\r
+\r
+23:8 But be not ye called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ;\r
+and all ye are brethren.\r
+\r
+23:9 And call no man your father upon the earth: for one is your\r
+Father, which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+23:10 Neither be ye called masters: for one is your Master, even\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+23:11 But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant.\r
+\r
+23:12 And whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that\r
+shall humble himself shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+23:13 But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye shut\r
+up the kingdom of heaven against men: for ye neither go in yourselves,\r
+neither suffer ye them that are entering to go in.\r
+\r
+23:14 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour\r
+widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye\r
+shall receive the greater damnation.\r
+\r
+23:15 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass\r
+sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him\r
+twofold more the child of hell than yourselves.\r
+\r
+23:16 Woe unto you, ye blind guides, which say, Whosoever shall swear\r
+by the temple, it is nothing; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of\r
+the temple, he is a debtor! 23:17 Ye fools and blind: for whether is\r
+greater, the gold, or the temple that sanctifieth the gold? 23:18\r
+And, Whosoever shall swear by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever\r
+sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is guilty.\r
+\r
+23:19 Ye fools and blind: for whether is greater, the gift, or the\r
+altar that sanctifieth the gift? 23:20 Whoso therefore shall swear by\r
+the altar, sweareth by it, and by all things thereon.\r
+\r
+23:21 And whoso shall swear by the temple, sweareth by it, and by him\r
+that dwelleth therein.\r
+\r
+23:22 And he that shall swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne of\r
+God, and by him that sitteth thereon.\r
+\r
+23:23 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay\r
+tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier\r
+matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have\r
+done, and not to leave the other undone.\r
+\r
+23:24 Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel.\r
+\r
+23:25 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye make\r
+clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are\r
+full of extortion and excess.\r
+\r
+23:26 Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first that which is within the cup\r
+and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also.\r
+\r
+23:27 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are like\r
+unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are\r
+within full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness.\r
+\r
+23:28 Even so ye also outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within\r
+ye are full of hypocrisy and iniquity.\r
+\r
+23:29 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because ye\r
+build the tombs of the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of the\r
+righteous, 23:30 And say, If we had been in the days of our fathers,\r
+we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the\r
+prophets.\r
+\r
+23:31 Wherefore ye be witnesses unto yourselves, that ye are the\r
+children of them which killed the prophets.\r
+\r
+23:32 Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers.\r
+\r
+23:33 Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the\r
+damnation of hell? 23:34 Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets,\r
+and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify;\r
+and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute\r
+them from city to city: 23:35 That upon you may come all the righteous\r
+blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the\r
+blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple\r
+and the altar.\r
+\r
+23:36 Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+23:37 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and\r
+stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered\r
+thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her\r
+wings, and ye would not! 23:38 Behold, your house is left unto you\r
+desolate.\r
+\r
+23:39 For I say unto you, Ye shall not see me henceforth, till ye\r
+shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.\r
+\r
+24:1 And Jesus went out, and departed from the temple: and his\r
+disciples came to him for to shew him the buildings of the temple.\r
+\r
+24:2 And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I\r
+say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another,\r
+that shall not be thrown down.\r
+\r
+24:3 And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples came unto\r
+him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things be? and what\r
+shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the world? 24:4\r
+And Jesus answered and said unto them, Take heed that no man deceive\r
+you.\r
+\r
+24:5 For many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall\r
+deceive many.\r
+\r
+24:6 And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars: see that ye be not\r
+troubled: for all these things must come to pass, but the end is not\r
+yet.\r
+\r
+24:7 For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against\r
+kingdom: and there shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes,\r
+in divers places.\r
+\r
+24:8 All these are the beginning of sorrows.\r
+\r
+24:9 Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill\r
+you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake.\r
+\r
+24:10 And then shall many be offended, and shall betray one another,\r
+and shall hate one another.\r
+\r
+24:11 And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many.\r
+\r
+24:12 And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax\r
+cold.\r
+\r
+24:13 But he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved.\r
+\r
+24:14 And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the\r
+world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.\r
+\r
+24:15 When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation,\r
+spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso\r
+readeth, let him understand:) 24:16 Then let them which be in Judaea\r
+flee into the mountains: 24:17 Let him which is on the housetop not\r
+come down to take any thing out of his house: 24:18 Neither let him\r
+which is in the field return back to take his clothes.\r
+\r
+24:19 And woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give\r
+suck in those days! 24:20 But pray ye that your flight be not in the\r
+winter, neither on the sabbath day: 24:21 For then shall be great\r
+tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this\r
+time, no, nor ever shall be.\r
+\r
+24:22 And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh\r
+be saved: but for the elect's sake those days shall be shortened.\r
+\r
+24:23 Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or\r
+there; believe it not.\r
+\r
+24:24 For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and\r
+shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were\r
+possible, they shall deceive the very elect.\r
+\r
+24:25 Behold, I have told you before.\r
+\r
+24:26 Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the\r
+desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it\r
+not.\r
+\r
+24:27 For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even\r
+unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.\r
+\r
+24:28 For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be\r
+gathered together.\r
+\r
+24:29 Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be\r
+darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall\r
+fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: 24:30\r
+And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then\r
+shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of\r
+man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.\r
+\r
+24:31 And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet,\r
+and they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one\r
+end of heaven to the other.\r
+\r
+24:32 Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet\r
+tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh: 24:33\r
+So likewise ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is\r
+near, even at the doors.\r
+\r
+24:34 Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all\r
+these things be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+24:35 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass\r
+away.\r
+\r
+24:36 But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of\r
+heaven, but my Father only.\r
+\r
+24:37 But as the days of Noe were, so shall also the coming of the Son\r
+of man be.\r
+\r
+24:38 For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating\r
+and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe\r
+entered into the ark, 24:39 And knew not until the flood came, and\r
+took them all away; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.\r
+\r
+24:40 Then shall two be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the\r
+other left.\r
+\r
+24:41 Two women shall be grinding at the mill; the one shall be taken,\r
+and the other left.\r
+\r
+24:42 Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come.\r
+\r
+24:43 But know this, that if the goodman of the house had known in\r
+what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, and would not\r
+have suffered his house to be broken up.\r
+\r
+24:44 Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think not\r
+the Son of man cometh.\r
+\r
+24:45 Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made\r
+ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season? 24:46\r
+Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so\r
+doing.\r
+\r
+24:47 Verily I say unto you, That he shall make him ruler over all his\r
+goods.\r
+\r
+24:48 But and if that evil servant shall say in his heart, My lord\r
+delayeth his coming; 24:49 And shall begin to smite his\r
+fellowservants, and to eat and drink with the drunken; 24:50 The lord\r
+of that servant shall come in a day when he looketh not for him, and\r
+in an hour that he is not aware of, 24:51 And shall cut him asunder,\r
+and appoint him his portion with the hypocrites: there shall be\r
+weeping and gnashing of teeth.\r
+\r
+25:1 Then shall the kingdom of heaven be likened unto ten virgins,\r
+which took their lamps, and went forth to meet the bridegroom.\r
+\r
+25:2 And five of them were wise, and five were foolish.\r
+\r
+25:3 They that were foolish took their lamps, and took no oil with\r
+them: 25:4 But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps.\r
+\r
+25:5 While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept.\r
+\r
+25:6 And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold, the bridegroom\r
+cometh; go ye out to meet him.\r
+\r
+25:7 Then all those virgins arose, and trimmed their lamps.\r
+\r
+25:8 And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our\r
+lamps are gone out.\r
+\r
+25:9 But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough\r
+for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for\r
+yourselves.\r
+\r
+25:10 And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came; and they that\r
+were ready went in with him to the marriage: and the door was shut.\r
+\r
+25:11 Afterward came also the other virgins, saying, Lord, Lord, open\r
+to us.\r
+\r
+25:12 But he answered and said, Verily I say unto you, I know you not.\r
+\r
+25:13 Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour\r
+wherein the Son of man cometh.\r
+\r
+25:14 For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far\r
+country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his\r
+goods.\r
+\r
+25:15 And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to\r
+another one; to every man according to his several ability; and\r
+straightway took his journey.\r
+\r
+25:16 Then he that had received the five talents went and traded with\r
+the same, and made them other five talents.\r
+\r
+25:17 And likewise he that had received two, he also gained other two.\r
+\r
+25:18 But he that had received one went and digged in the earth, and\r
+hid his lord's money.\r
+\r
+25:19 After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and\r
+reckoneth with them.\r
+\r
+25:20 And so he that had received five talents came and brought other\r
+five talents, saying, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me five talents:\r
+behold, I have gained beside them five talents more.\r
+\r
+25:21 His lord said unto him, Well done, thou good and faithful\r
+servant: thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee\r
+ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord.\r
+\r
+25:22 He also that had received two talents came and said, Lord, thou\r
+deliveredst unto me two talents: behold, I have gained two other\r
+talents beside them.\r
+\r
+25:23 His lord said unto him, Well done, good and faithful servant;\r
+thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over\r
+many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord.\r
+\r
+25:24 Then he which had received the one talent came and said, Lord, I\r
+knew thee that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hast not sown,\r
+and gathering where thou hast not strawed: 25:25 And I was afraid, and\r
+went and hid thy talent in the earth: lo, there thou hast that is\r
+thine.\r
+\r
+25:26 His lord answered and said unto him, Thou wicked and slothful\r
+servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where\r
+I have not strawed: 25:27 Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money\r
+to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine\r
+own with usury.\r
+\r
+25:28 Take therefore the talent from him, and give it unto him which\r
+hath ten talents.\r
+\r
+25:29 For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have\r
+abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that\r
+which he hath.\r
+\r
+25:30 And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there\r
+shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.\r
+\r
+25:31 When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy\r
+angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: 25:32\r
+And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate\r
+them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the\r
+goats: 25:33 And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the\r
+goats on the left.\r
+\r
+25:34 Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye\r
+blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the\r
+foundation of the world: 25:35 For I was an hungred, and ye gave me\r
+meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye\r
+took me in: 25:36 Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited\r
+me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me.\r
+\r
+25:37 Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we\r
+thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? 25:38\r
+When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed\r
+thee? 25:39 Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto\r
+thee? 25:40 And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say\r
+unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these\r
+my brethren, ye have done it unto me.\r
+\r
+25:41 Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from\r
+me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his\r
+angels: 25:42 For I was an hungred, and ye gave me no meat: I was\r
+thirsty, and ye gave me no drink: 25:43 I was a stranger, and ye took\r
+me not in: naked, and ye clothed me not: sick, and in prison, and ye\r
+visited me not.\r
+\r
+25:44 Then shall they also answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee\r
+an hungred, or athirst, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in\r
+prison, and did not minister unto thee? 25:45 Then shall he answer\r
+them, saying, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye did it not to one\r
+of the least of these, ye did it not to me.\r
+\r
+25:46 And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the\r
+righteous into life eternal.\r
+\r
+26:1 And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished all these sayings,\r
+he said unto his disciples, 26:2 Ye know that after two days is the\r
+feast of the passover, and the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified.\r
+\r
+26:3 Then assembled together the chief priests, and the scribes, and\r
+the elders of the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was\r
+called Caiaphas, 26:4 And consulted that they might take Jesus by\r
+subtilty, and kill him.\r
+\r
+26:5 But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar\r
+among the people.\r
+\r
+26:6 Now when Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper,\r
+26:7 There came unto him a woman having an alabaster box of very\r
+precious ointment, and poured it on his head, as he sat at meat.\r
+\r
+26:8 But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation, saying, To\r
+what purpose is this waste? 26:9 For this ointment might have been\r
+sold for much, and given to the poor.\r
+\r
+26:10 When Jesus understood it, he said unto them, Why trouble ye the\r
+woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me.\r
+\r
+26:11 For ye have the poor always with you; but me ye have not always.\r
+\r
+26:12 For in that she hath poured this ointment on my body, she did it\r
+for my burial.\r
+\r
+26:13 Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached\r
+in the whole world, there shall also this, that this woman hath done,\r
+be told for a memorial of her.\r
+\r
+26:14 Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went unto the\r
+chief priests, 26:15 And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I\r
+will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty\r
+pieces of silver.\r
+\r
+26:16 And from that time he sought opportunity to betray him.\r
+\r
+26:17 Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples\r
+came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for\r
+thee to eat the passover? 26:18 And he said, Go into the city to such\r
+a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will\r
+keep the passover at thy house with my disciples.\r
+\r
+26:19 And the disciples did as Jesus had appointed them; and they made\r
+ready the passover.\r
+\r
+26:20 Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve.\r
+\r
+26:21 And as they did eat, he said, Verily I say unto you, that one of\r
+you shall betray me.\r
+\r
+26:22 And they were exceeding sorrowful, and began every one of them\r
+to say unto him, Lord, is it I? 26:23 And he answered and said, He\r
+that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me.\r
+\r
+26:24 The Son of man goeth as it is written of him: but woe unto that\r
+man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man\r
+if he had not been born.\r
+\r
+26:25 Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it\r
+I? He said unto him, Thou hast said.\r
+\r
+26:26 And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and\r
+brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is\r
+my body.\r
+\r
+26:27 And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them,\r
+saying, Drink ye all of it; 26:28 For this is my blood of the new\r
+testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.\r
+\r
+26:29 But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of\r
+the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's\r
+kingdom.\r
+\r
+26:30 And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of\r
+Olives.\r
+\r
+26:31 Then saith Jesus unto them, All ye shall be offended because of\r
+me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the\r
+sheep of the flock shall be scattered abroad.\r
+\r
+26:32 But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.\r
+\r
+26:33 Peter answered and said unto him, Though all men shall be\r
+offended because of thee, yet will I never be offended.\r
+\r
+26:34 Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this night,\r
+before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.\r
+\r
+26:35 Peter said unto him, Though I should die with thee, yet will I\r
+not deny thee. Likewise also said all the disciples.\r
+\r
+26:36 Then cometh Jesus with them unto a place called Gethsemane, and\r
+saith unto the disciples, Sit ye here, while I go and pray yonder.\r
+\r
+26:37 And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, and\r
+began to be sorrowful and very heavy.\r
+\r
+26:38 Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even\r
+unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me.\r
+\r
+26:39 And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed,\r
+saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me:\r
+nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt.\r
+\r
+26:40 And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and\r
+saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour? 26:41\r
+Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed\r
+is willing, but the flesh is weak.\r
+\r
+26:42 He went away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my\r
+Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy\r
+will be done.\r
+\r
+26:43 And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were\r
+heavy.\r
+\r
+26:44 And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third\r
+time, saying the same words.\r
+\r
+26:45 Then cometh he to his disciples, and saith unto them, Sleep on\r
+now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of\r
+man is betrayed into the hands of sinners.\r
+\r
+26:46 Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray\r
+me.\r
+\r
+26:47 And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and\r
+with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief\r
+priests and elders of the people.\r
+\r
+26:48 Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I\r
+shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast.\r
+\r
+26:49 And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and\r
+kissed him.\r
+\r
+26:50 And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then\r
+came they, and laid hands on Jesus and took him.\r
+\r
+26:51 And, behold, one of them which were with Jesus stretched out his\r
+hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest's,\r
+and smote off his ear.\r
+\r
+26:52 Then said Jesus unto him, Put up again thy sword into his place:\r
+for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.\r
+\r
+26:53 Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my Father, and he shall\r
+presently give me more than twelve legions of angels? 26:54 But how\r
+then shall the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be? 26:55\r
+In that same hour said Jesus to the multitudes, Are ye come out as\r
+against a thief with swords and staves for to take me? I sat daily\r
+with you teaching in the temple, and ye laid no hold on me.\r
+\r
+26:56 But all this was done, that the scriptures of the prophets might\r
+be fulfilled. Then all the disciples forsook him, and fled.\r
+\r
+26:57 And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas\r
+the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled.\r
+\r
+26:58 But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest's palace,\r
+and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end.\r
+\r
+26:59 Now the chief priests, and elders, and all the council, sought\r
+false witness against Jesus, to put him to death; 26:60 But found\r
+none: yea, though many false witnesses came, yet found they none. At\r
+the last came two false witnesses, 26:61 And said, This fellow said, I\r
+am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days.\r
+\r
+26:62 And the high priest arose, and said unto him, Answerest thou\r
+nothing? what is it which these witness against thee? 26:63 But Jesus\r
+held his peace, And the high priest answered and said unto him, I\r
+adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the\r
+Christ, the Son of God.\r
+\r
+26:64 Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto\r
+you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand\r
+of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.\r
+\r
+26:65 Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken\r
+blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have\r
+heard his blasphemy.\r
+\r
+26:66 What think ye? They answered and said, He is guilty of death.\r
+\r
+26:67 Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him; and others\r
+smote him with the palms of their hands, 26:68 Saying, Prophesy unto\r
+us, thou Christ, Who is he that smote thee? 26:69 Now Peter sat\r
+without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him, saying, Thou also\r
+wast with Jesus of Galilee.\r
+\r
+26:70 But he denied before them all, saying, I know not what thou\r
+sayest.\r
+\r
+26:71 And when he was gone out into the porch, another maid saw him,\r
+and said unto them that were there, This fellow was also with Jesus of\r
+Nazareth.\r
+\r
+26:72 And again he denied with an oath, I do not know the man.\r
+\r
+26:73 And after a while came unto him they that stood by, and said to\r
+Peter, Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+26:74 Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man.\r
+And immediately the cock crew.\r
+\r
+26:75 And Peter remembered the word of Jesus, which said unto him,\r
+Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice. And he went out, and\r
+wept bitterly.\r
+\r
+27:1 When the morning was come, all the chief priests and elders of\r
+the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death: 27:2 And\r
+when they had bound him, they led him away, and delivered him to\r
+Pontius Pilate the governor.\r
+\r
+27:3 Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was\r
+condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of\r
+silver to the chief priests and elders, 27:4 Saying, I have sinned in\r
+that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that\r
+to us? see thou to that.\r
+\r
+27:5 And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and\r
+departed, and went and hanged himself.\r
+\r
+27:6 And the chief priests took the silver pieces, and said, It is not\r
+lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of\r
+blood.\r
+\r
+27:7 And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter's field,\r
+to bury strangers in.\r
+\r
+27:8 Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+27:9 Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet,\r
+saying, And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him\r
+that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; 27:10\r
+And gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord appointed me.\r
+\r
+27:11 And Jesus stood before the governor: and the governor asked him,\r
+saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And Jesus said unto him, Thou\r
+sayest.\r
+\r
+27:12 And when he was accused of the chief priests and elders, he\r
+answered nothing.\r
+\r
+27:13 Then said Pilate unto him, Hearest thou not how many things they\r
+witness against thee? 27:14 And he answered him to never a word;\r
+insomuch that the governor marvelled greatly.\r
+\r
+27:15 Now at that feast the governor was wont to release unto the\r
+people a prisoner, whom they would.\r
+\r
+27:16 And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas.\r
+\r
+27:17 Therefore when they were gathered together, Pilate said unto\r
+them, Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas, or Jesus which\r
+is called Christ? 27:18 For he knew that for envy they had delivered\r
+him.\r
+\r
+27:19 When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto\r
+him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have\r
+suffered many things this day in a dream because of him.\r
+\r
+27:20 But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that\r
+they should ask Barabbas, and destroy Jesus.\r
+\r
+27:21 The governor answered and said unto them, Whether of the twain\r
+will ye that I release unto you? They said, Barabbas.\r
+\r
+27:22 Pilate saith unto them, What shall I do then with Jesus which is\r
+called Christ? They all say unto him, Let him be crucified.\r
+\r
+27:23 And the governor said, Why, what evil hath he done? But they\r
+cried out the more, saying, Let him be crucified.\r
+\r
+27:24 When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a\r
+tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the\r
+multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see\r
+ye to it.\r
+\r
+27:25 Then answered all the people, and said, His blood be on us, and\r
+on our children.\r
+\r
+27:26 Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged\r
+Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified.\r
+\r
+27:27 Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common\r
+hall, and gathered unto him the whole band of soldiers.\r
+\r
+27:28 And they stripped him, and put on him a scarlet robe.\r
+\r
+27:29 And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon\r
+his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before\r
+him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! 27:30 And they\r
+spit upon him, and took the reed, and smote him on the head.\r
+\r
+27:31 And after that they had mocked him, they took the robe off from\r
+him, and put his own raiment on him, and led him away to crucify him.\r
+\r
+27:32 And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name:\r
+him they compelled to bear his cross.\r
+\r
+27:33 And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to\r
+say, a place of a skull, 27:34 They gave him vinegar to drink mingled\r
+with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink.\r
+\r
+27:35 And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots:\r
+that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They\r
+parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots.\r
+\r
+27:36 And sitting down they watched him there; 27:37 And set up over\r
+his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS.\r
+\r
+27:38 Then were there two thieves crucified with him, one on the right\r
+hand, and another on the left.\r
+\r
+27:39 And they that passed by reviled him, wagging their heads, 27:40\r
+And saying, Thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three\r
+days, save thyself. If thou be the Son of God, come down from the\r
+cross.\r
+\r
+27:41 Likewise also the chief priests mocking him, with the scribes\r
+and elders, said, 27:42 He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he\r
+be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we\r
+will believe him.\r
+\r
+27:43 He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have him:\r
+for he said, I am the Son of God.\r
+\r
+27:44 The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same\r
+in his teeth.\r
+\r
+27:45 Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land\r
+unto the ninth hour.\r
+\r
+27:46 And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying,\r
+Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast\r
+thou forsaken me? 27:47 Some of them that stood there, when they\r
+heard that, said, This man calleth for Elias.\r
+\r
+27:48 And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled\r
+it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink.\r
+\r
+27:49 The rest said, Let be, let us see whether Elias will come to\r
+save him.\r
+\r
+27:50 Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the\r
+ghost.\r
+\r
+27:51 And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the\r
+top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent; 27:52\r
+And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept\r
+arose, 27:53 And came out of the graves after his resurrection, and\r
+went into the holy city, and appeared unto many.\r
+\r
+27:54 Now when the centurion, and they that were with him, watching\r
+Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were done, they\r
+feared greatly, saying, Truly this was the Son of God.\r
+\r
+27:55 And many women were there beholding afar off, which followed\r
+Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him: 27:56 Among which was Mary\r
+Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of\r
+Zebedees children.\r
+\r
+27:57 When the even was come, there came a rich man of Arimathaea,\r
+named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple: 27:58 He went to\r
+Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate commanded the body\r
+to be delivered.\r
+\r
+27:59 And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean\r
+linen cloth, 27:60 And laid it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn\r
+out in the rock: and he rolled a great stone to the door of the\r
+sepulchre, and departed.\r
+\r
+27:61 And there was Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary, sitting over\r
+against the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+27:62 Now the next day, that followed the day of the preparation, the\r
+chief priests and Pharisees came together unto Pilate, 27:63 Saying,\r
+Sir, we remember that that deceiver said, while he was yet alive,\r
+After three days I will rise again.\r
+\r
+27:64 Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the\r
+third day, lest his disciples come by night, and steal him away, and\r
+say unto the people, He is risen from the dead: so the last error\r
+shall be worse than the first.\r
+\r
+27:65 Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch: go your way, make it as\r
+sure as ye can.\r
+\r
+27:66 So they went, and made the sepulchre sure, sealing the stone,\r
+and setting a watch.\r
+\r
+28:1 In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first\r
+day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the\r
+sepulchre.\r
+\r
+28:2 And, behold, there was a great earthquake: for the angel of the\r
+Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from\r
+the door, and sat upon it.\r
+\r
+28:3 His countenance was like lightning, and his raiment white as\r
+snow: 28:4 And for fear of him the keepers did shake, and became as\r
+dead men.\r
+\r
+28:5 And the angel answered and said unto the women, Fear not ye: for\r
+I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified.\r
+\r
+28:6 He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place\r
+where the Lord lay.\r
+\r
+28:7 And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the\r
+dead; and, behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye\r
+see him: lo, I have told you.\r
+\r
+28:8 And they departed quickly from the sepulchre with fear and great\r
+joy; and did run to bring his disciples word.\r
+\r
+28:9 And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them,\r
+saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and\r
+worshipped him.\r
+\r
+28:10 Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid: go tell my brethren\r
+that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me.\r
+\r
+28:11 Now when they were going, behold, some of the watch came into\r
+the city, and shewed unto the chief priests all the things that were\r
+done.\r
+\r
+28:12 And when they were assembled with the elders, and had taken\r
+counsel, they gave large money unto the soldiers, 28:13 Saying, Say\r
+ye, His disciples came by night, and stole him away while we slept.\r
+\r
+28:14 And if this come to the governor's ears, we will persuade him,\r
+and secure you.\r
+\r
+28:15 So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this\r
+saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day.\r
+\r
+28:16 Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a\r
+mountain where Jesus had appointed them.\r
+\r
+28:17 And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted.\r
+\r
+28:18 And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given\r
+unto me in heaven and in earth.\r
+\r
+28:19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the\r
+name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: 28:20\r
+Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you:\r
+and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Gospel According to Saint Mark\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; 1:2\r
+As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before\r
+thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.\r
+\r
+1:3 The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of\r
+the Lord, make his paths straight.\r
+\r
+1:4 John did baptize in the wilderness, and preach the baptism of\r
+repentance for the remission of sins.\r
+\r
+1:5 And there went out unto him all the land of Judaea, and they of\r
+Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan,\r
+confessing their sins.\r
+\r
+1:6 And John was clothed with camel's hair, and with a girdle of a\r
+skin about his loins; and he did eat locusts and wild honey; 1:7 And\r
+preached, saying, There cometh one mightier than I after me, the\r
+latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to stoop down and unloose.\r
+\r
+1:8 I indeed have baptized you with water: but he shall baptize you\r
+with the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+1:9 And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth\r
+of Galilee, and was baptized of John in Jordan.\r
+\r
+1:10 And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens\r
+opened, and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him: 1:11 And there\r
+came a voice from heaven, saying, Thou art my beloved Son, in whom I\r
+am well pleased.\r
+\r
+1:12 And immediately the spirit driveth him into the wilderness.\r
+\r
+1:13 And he was there in the wilderness forty days, tempted of Satan;\r
+and was with the wild beasts; and the angels ministered unto him.\r
+\r
+1:14 Now after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee,\r
+preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God, 1:15 And saying, The time\r
+is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and\r
+believe the gospel.\r
+\r
+1:16 Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and Andrew\r
+his brother casting a net into the sea: for they were fishers.\r
+\r
+1:17 And Jesus said unto them, Come ye after me, and I will make you\r
+to become fishers of men.\r
+\r
+1:18 And straightway they forsook their nets, and followed him.\r
+\r
+1:19 And when he had gone a little farther thence, he saw James the\r
+son of Zebedee, and John his brother, who also were in the ship\r
+mending their nets.\r
+\r
+1:20 And straightway he called them: and they left their father\r
+Zebedee in the ship with the hired servants, and went after him.\r
+\r
+1:21 And they went into Capernaum; and straightway on the sabbath day\r
+he entered into the synagogue, and taught.\r
+\r
+1:22 And they were astonished at his doctrine: for he taught them as\r
+one that had authority, and not as the scribes.\r
+\r
+1:23 And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit;\r
+and he cried out, 1:24 Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with\r
+thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee\r
+who thou art, the Holy One of God.\r
+\r
+1:25 And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of\r
+him.\r
+\r
+1:26 And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud\r
+voice, he came out of him.\r
+\r
+1:27 And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among\r
+themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for\r
+with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do\r
+obey him.\r
+\r
+1:28 And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the region\r
+round about Galilee.\r
+\r
+1:29 And forthwith, when they were come out of the synagogue, they\r
+entered into the house of Simon and Andrew, with James and John.\r
+\r
+1:30 But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever, and anon they tell\r
+him of her.\r
+\r
+1:31 And he came and took her by the hand, and lifted her up; and\r
+immediately the fever left her, and she ministered unto them.\r
+\r
+1:32 And at even, when the sun did set, they brought unto him all that\r
+were diseased, and them that were possessed with devils.\r
+\r
+1:33 And all the city was gathered together at the door.\r
+\r
+1:34 And he healed many that were sick of divers diseases, and cast\r
+out many devils; and suffered not the devils to speak, because they\r
+knew him.\r
+\r
+1:35 And in the morning, rising up a great while before day, he went\r
+out, and departed into a solitary place, and there prayed.\r
+\r
+1:36 And Simon and they that were with him followed after him.\r
+\r
+1:37 And when they had found him, they said unto him, All men seek for\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+1:38 And he said unto them, Let us go into the next towns, that I may\r
+preach there also: for therefore came I forth.\r
+\r
+1:39 And he preached in their synagogues throughout all Galilee, and\r
+cast out devils.\r
+\r
+1:40 And there came a leper to him, beseeching him, and kneeling down\r
+to him, and saying unto him, If thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.\r
+\r
+1:41 And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched\r
+him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.\r
+\r
+1:42 And as soon as he had spoken, immediately the leprosy departed\r
+from him, and he was cleansed.\r
+\r
+1:43 And he straitly charged him, and forthwith sent him away; 1:44\r
+And saith unto him, See thou say nothing to any man: but go thy way,\r
+shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those things\r
+which Moses commanded, for a testimony unto them.\r
+\r
+1:45 But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze\r
+abroad the matter, insomuch that Jesus could no more openly enter into\r
+the city, but was without in desert places: and they came to him from\r
+every quarter.\r
+\r
+2:1 And again he entered into Capernaum after some days; and it was\r
+noised that he was in the house.\r
+\r
+2:2 And straightway many were gathered together, insomuch that there\r
+was no room to receive them, no, not so much as about the door: and he\r
+preached the word unto them.\r
+\r
+2:3 And they come unto him, bringing one sick of the palsy, which was\r
+borne of four.\r
+\r
+2:4 And when they could not come nigh unto him for the press, they\r
+uncovered the roof where he was: and when they had broken it up, they\r
+let down the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay.\r
+\r
+2:5 When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy,\r
+Son, thy sins be forgiven thee.\r
+\r
+2:6 But there was certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning\r
+in their hearts, 2:7 Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can\r
+forgive sins but God only? 2:8 And immediately when Jesus perceived\r
+in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto\r
+them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts? 2:9 Whether is it\r
+easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or\r
+to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk? 2:10 But that ye may\r
+know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he\r
+saith to the sick of the palsy,) 2:11 I say unto thee, Arise, and take\r
+up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house.\r
+\r
+2:12 And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before\r
+them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God,\r
+saying, We never saw it on this fashion.\r
+\r
+2:13 And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude\r
+resorted unto him, and he taught them.\r
+\r
+2:14 And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at\r
+the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and\r
+followed him.\r
+\r
+2:15 And it came to pass, that, as Jesus sat at meat in his house,\r
+many publicans and sinners sat also together with Jesus and his\r
+disciples: for there were many, and they followed him.\r
+\r
+2:16 And when the scribes and Pharisees saw him eat with publicans and\r
+sinners, they said unto his disciples, How is it that he eateth and\r
+drinketh with publicans and sinners? 2:17 When Jesus heard it, he\r
+saith unto them, They that are whole have no need of the physician,\r
+but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners\r
+to repentance.\r
+\r
+2:18 And the disciples of John and of the Pharisees used to fast: and\r
+they come and say unto him, Why do the disciples of John and of the\r
+Pharisees fast, but thy disciples fast not? 2:19 And Jesus said unto\r
+them, Can the children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom\r
+is with them? as long as they have the bridegroom with them, they\r
+cannot fast.\r
+\r
+2:20 But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away\r
+from them, and then shall they fast in those days.\r
+\r
+2:21 No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else\r
+the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent\r
+is made worse.\r
+\r
+2:22 And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine\r
+doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will\r
+be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles.\r
+\r
+2:23 And it came to pass, that he went through the corn fields on the\r
+sabbath day; and his disciples began, as they went, to pluck the ears\r
+of corn.\r
+\r
+2:24 And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the\r
+sabbath day that which is not lawful? 2:25 And he said unto them,\r
+Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was an\r
+hungred, he, and they that were with him? 2:26 How he went into the\r
+house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the\r
+shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave\r
+also to them which were with him? 2:27 And he said unto them, The\r
+sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath: 2:28 Therefore\r
+the Son of man is Lord also of the sabbath.\r
+\r
+3:1 And he entered again into the synagogue; and there was a man there\r
+which had a withered hand.\r
+\r
+3:2 And they watched him, whether he would heal him on the sabbath\r
+day; that they might accuse him.\r
+\r
+3:3 And he saith unto the man which had the withered hand, Stand\r
+forth.\r
+\r
+3:4 And he saith unto them, Is it lawful to do good on the sabbath\r
+days, or to do evil? to save life, or to kill? But they held their\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+3:5 And when he had looked round about on them with anger, being\r
+grieved for the hardness of their hearts, he saith unto the man,\r
+Stretch forth thine hand. And he stretched it out: and his hand was\r
+restored whole as the other.\r
+\r
+3:6 And the Pharisees went forth, and straightway took counsel with\r
+the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him.\r
+\r
+3:7 But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea: and a\r
+great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judaea, 3:8 And\r
+from Jerusalem, and from Idumaea, and from beyond Jordan; and they\r
+about Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, when they had heard what\r
+great things he did, came unto him.\r
+\r
+3:9 And he spake to his disciples, that a small ship should wait on\r
+him because of the multitude, lest they should throng him.\r
+\r
+3:10 For he had healed many; insomuch that they pressed upon him for\r
+to touch him, as many as had plagues.\r
+\r
+3:11 And unclean spirits, when they saw him, fell down before him, and\r
+cried, saying, Thou art the Son of God.\r
+\r
+3:12 And he straitly charged them that they should not make him known.\r
+\r
+3:13 And he goeth up into a mountain, and calleth unto him whom he\r
+would: and they came unto him.\r
+\r
+3:14 And he ordained twelve, that they should be with him, and that he\r
+might send them forth to preach, 3:15 And to have power to heal\r
+sicknesses, and to cast out devils: 3:16 And Simon he surnamed Peter;\r
+3:17 And James the son of Zebedee, and John the brother of James; and\r
+he surnamed them Boanerges, which is, The sons of thunder: 3:18 And\r
+Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and\r
+James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Canaanite,\r
+3:19 And Judas Iscariot, which also betrayed him: and they went into\r
+an house.\r
+\r
+3:20 And the multitude cometh together again, so that they could not\r
+so much as eat bread.\r
+\r
+3:21 And when his friends heard of it, they went out to lay hold on\r
+him: for they said, He is beside himself.\r
+\r
+3:22 And the scribes which came down from Jerusalem said, He hath\r
+Beelzebub, and by the prince of the devils casteth he out devils.\r
+\r
+3:23 And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How\r
+can Satan cast out Satan? 3:24 And if a kingdom be divided against\r
+itself, that kingdom cannot stand.\r
+\r
+3:25 And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot\r
+stand.\r
+\r
+3:26 And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot\r
+stand, but hath an end.\r
+\r
+3:27 No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods,\r
+except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his\r
+house.\r
+\r
+3:28 Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons\r
+of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme: 3:29\r
+But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never\r
+forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation.\r
+\r
+3:30 Because they said, He hath an unclean spirit.\r
+\r
+3:31 There came then his brethren and his mother, and, standing\r
+without, sent unto him, calling him.\r
+\r
+3:32 And the multitude sat about him, and they said unto him, Behold,\r
+thy mother and thy brethren without seek for thee.\r
+\r
+3:33 And he answered them, saying, Who is my mother, or my brethren?\r
+3:34 And he looked round about on them which sat about him, and said,\r
+Behold my mother and my brethren! 3:35 For whosoever shall do the\r
+will of God, the same is my brother, and my sister, and mother.\r
+\r
+4:1 And he began again to teach by the sea side: and there was\r
+gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered into a ship,\r
+and sat in the sea; and the whole multitude was by the sea on the\r
+land.\r
+\r
+4:2 And he taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in\r
+his doctrine, 4:3 Hearken; Behold, there went out a sower to sow: 4:4\r
+And it came to pass, as he sowed, some fell by the way side, and the\r
+fowls of the air came and devoured it up.\r
+\r
+4:5 And some fell on stony ground, where it had not much earth; and\r
+immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of earth: 4:6 But\r
+when the sun was up, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it\r
+withered away.\r
+\r
+4:7 And some fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it,\r
+and it yielded no fruit.\r
+\r
+4:8 And other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang up\r
+and increased; and brought forth, some thirty, and some sixty, and\r
+some an hundred.\r
+\r
+4:9 And he said unto them, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+4:10 And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve\r
+asked of him the parable.\r
+\r
+4:11 And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery\r
+of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these\r
+things are done in parables: 4:12 That seeing they may see, and not\r
+perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any\r
+time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them.\r
+\r
+4:13 And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then\r
+will ye know all parables? 4:14 The sower soweth the word.\r
+\r
+4:15 And these are they by the way side, where the word is sown; but\r
+when they have heard, Satan cometh immediately, and taketh away the\r
+word that was sown in their hearts.\r
+\r
+4:16 And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground; who,\r
+when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with gladness;\r
+4:17 And have no root in themselves, and so endure but for a time:\r
+afterward, when affliction or persecution ariseth for the word's sake,\r
+immediately they are offended.\r
+\r
+4:18 And these are they which are sown among thorns; such as hear the\r
+word, 4:19 And the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of\r
+riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choke the word, and\r
+it becometh unfruitful.\r
+\r
+4:20 And these are they which are sown on good ground; such as hear\r
+the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit, some thirtyfold, some\r
+sixty, and some an hundred.\r
+\r
+4:21 And he said unto them, Is a candle brought to be put under a\r
+bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? 4:22 For\r
+there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested; neither was any\r
+thing kept secret, but that it should come abroad.\r
+\r
+4:23 If any man have ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+4:24 And he said unto them, Take heed what ye hear: with what measure\r
+ye mete, it shall be measured to you: and unto you that hear shall\r
+more be given.\r
+\r
+4:25 For he that hath, to him shall be given: and he that hath not,\r
+from him shall be taken even that which he hath.\r
+\r
+4:26 And he said, So is the kingdom of God, as if a man should cast\r
+seed into the ground; 4:27 And should sleep, and rise night and day,\r
+and the seed should spring and grow up, he knoweth not how.\r
+\r
+4:28 For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade,\r
+then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear.\r
+\r
+4:29 But when the fruit is brought forth, immediately he putteth in\r
+the sickle, because the harvest is come.\r
+\r
+4:30 And he said, Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? or with\r
+what comparison shall we compare it? 4:31 It is like a grain of\r
+mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, is less than all\r
+the seeds that be in the earth: 4:32 But when it is sown, it groweth\r
+up, and becometh greater than all herbs, and shooteth out great\r
+branches; so that the fowls of the air may lodge under the shadow of\r
+it.\r
+\r
+4:33 And with many such parables spake he the word unto them, as they\r
+were able to hear it.\r
+\r
+4:34 But without a parable spake he not unto them: and when they were\r
+alone, he expounded all things to his disciples.\r
+\r
+4:35 And the same day, when the even was come, he saith unto them, Let\r
+us pass over unto the other side.\r
+\r
+4:36 And when they had sent away the multitude, they took him even as\r
+he was in the ship. And there were also with him other little ships.\r
+\r
+4:37 And there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into\r
+the ship, so that it was now full.\r
+\r
+4:38 And he was in the hinder part of the ship, asleep on a pillow:\r
+and they awake him, and say unto him, Master, carest thou not that we\r
+perish? 4:39 And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the\r
+sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm.\r
+\r
+4:40 And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye\r
+have no faith? 4:41 And they feared exceedingly, and said one to\r
+another, What manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea\r
+obey him? 5:1 And they came over unto the other side of the sea, into\r
+the country of the Gadarenes.\r
+\r
+5:2 And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him\r
+out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit, 5:3 Who had his\r
+dwelling among the tombs; and no man could bind him, no, not with\r
+chains: 5:4 Because that he had been often bound with fetters and\r
+chains, and the chains had been plucked asunder by him, and the\r
+fetters broken in pieces: neither could any man tame him.\r
+\r
+5:5 And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the\r
+tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones.\r
+\r
+5:6 But when he saw Jesus afar off, he ran and worshipped him, 5:7 And\r
+cried with a loud voice, and said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus,\r
+thou Son of the most high God? I adjure thee by God, that thou torment\r
+me not.\r
+\r
+5:8 For he said unto him, Come out of the man, thou unclean spirit.\r
+\r
+5:9 And he asked him, What is thy name? And he answered, saying, My\r
+name is Legion: for we are many.\r
+\r
+5:10 And he besought him much that he would not send them away out of\r
+the country.\r
+\r
+5:11 Now there was there nigh unto the mountains a great herd of swine\r
+feeding.\r
+\r
+5:12 And all the devils besought him, saying, Send us into the swine,\r
+that we may enter into them.\r
+\r
+5:13 And forthwith Jesus gave them leave. And the unclean spirits went\r
+out, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a\r
+steep place into the sea, (they were about two thousand;) and were\r
+choked in the sea.\r
+\r
+5:14 And they that fed the swine fled, and told it in the city, and in\r
+the country. And they went out to see what it was that was done.\r
+\r
+5:15 And they come to Jesus, and see him that was possessed with the\r
+devil, and had the legion, sitting, and clothed, and in his right\r
+mind: and they were afraid.\r
+\r
+5:16 And they that saw it told them how it befell to him that was\r
+possessed with the devil, and also concerning the swine.\r
+\r
+5:17 And they began to pray him to depart out of their coasts.\r
+\r
+5:18 And when he was come into the ship, he that had been possessed\r
+with the devil prayed him that he might be with him.\r
+\r
+5:19 Howbeit Jesus suffered him not, but saith unto him, Go home to\r
+thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for\r
+thee, and hath had compassion on thee.\r
+\r
+5:20 And he departed, and began to publish in Decapolis how great\r
+things Jesus had done for him: and all men did marvel.\r
+\r
+5:21 And when Jesus was passed over again by ship unto the other side,\r
+much people gathered unto him: and he was nigh unto the sea.\r
+\r
+5:22 And, behold, there cometh one of the rulers of the synagogue,\r
+Jairus by name; and when he saw him, he fell at his feet, 5:23 And\r
+besought him greatly, saying, My little daughter lieth at the point of\r
+death: I pray thee, come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be\r
+healed; and she shall live.\r
+\r
+5:24 And Jesus went with him; and much people followed him, and\r
+thronged him.\r
+\r
+5:25 And a certain woman, which had an issue of blood twelve years,\r
+5:26 And had suffered many things of many physicians, and had spent\r
+all that she had, and was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse,\r
+5:27 When she had heard of Jesus, came in the press behind, and\r
+touched his garment.\r
+\r
+5:28 For she said, If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole.\r
+\r
+5:29 And straightway the fountain of her blood was dried up; and she\r
+felt in her body that she was healed of that plague.\r
+\r
+5:30 And Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone\r
+out of him, turned him about in the press, and said, Who touched my\r
+clothes? 5:31 And his disciples said unto him, Thou seest the\r
+multitude thronging thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? 5:32 And\r
+he looked round about to see her that had done this thing.\r
+\r
+5:33 But the woman fearing and trembling, knowing what was done in\r
+her, came and fell down before him, and told him all the truth.\r
+\r
+5:34 And he said unto her, Daughter, thy faith hath made thee whole;\r
+go in peace, and be whole of thy plague.\r
+\r
+5:35 While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue's\r
+house certain which said, Thy daughter is dead: why troublest thou the\r
+Master any further? 5:36 As soon as Jesus heard the word that was\r
+spoken, he saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only\r
+believe.\r
+\r
+5:37 And he suffered no man to follow him, save Peter, and James, and\r
+John the brother of James.\r
+\r
+5:38 And he cometh to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and\r
+seeth the tumult, and them that wept and wailed greatly.\r
+\r
+5:39 And when he was come in, he saith unto them, Why make ye this\r
+ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead, but sleepeth.\r
+\r
+5:40 And they laughed him to scorn. But when he had put them all out,\r
+he taketh the father and the mother of the damsel, and them that were\r
+with him, and entereth in where the damsel was lying.\r
+\r
+5:41 And he took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha\r
+cumi; which is, being interpreted, Damsel, I say unto thee, arise.\r
+\r
+5:42 And straightway the damsel arose, and walked; for she was of the\r
+age of twelve years. And they were astonished with a great\r
+astonishment.\r
+\r
+5:43 And he charged them straitly that no man should know it; and\r
+commanded that something should be given her to eat.\r
+\r
+6:1 And he went out from thence, and came into his own country; and\r
+his disciples follow him.\r
+\r
+6:2 And when the sabbath day was come, he began to teach in the\r
+synagogue: and many hearing him were astonished, saying, From whence\r
+hath this man these things? and what wisdom is this which is given\r
+unto him, that even such mighty works are wrought by his hands? 6:3\r
+Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and\r
+Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us?\r
+And they were offended at him.\r
+\r
+6:4 But Jesus, said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in\r
+his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house.\r
+\r
+6:5 And he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands\r
+upon a few sick folk, and healed them.\r
+\r
+6:6 And he marvelled because of their unbelief. And he went round\r
+about the villages, teaching.\r
+\r
+6:7 And he called unto him the twelve, and began to send them forth by\r
+two and two; and gave them power over unclean spirits; 6:8 And\r
+commanded them that they should take nothing for their journey, save a\r
+staff only; no scrip, no bread, no money in their purse: 6:9 But be\r
+shod with sandals; and not put on two coats.\r
+\r
+6:10 And he said unto them, In what place soever ye enter into an\r
+house, there abide till ye depart from that place.\r
+\r
+6:11 And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear you, when ye depart\r
+thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against\r
+them.\r
+\r
+Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and\r
+Gomorrha in the day of judgment, than for that city.\r
+\r
+6:12 And they went out, and preached that men should repent.\r
+\r
+6:13 And they cast out many devils, and anointed with oil many that\r
+were sick, and healed them.\r
+\r
+6:14 And king Herod heard of him; (for his name was spread abroad:)\r
+and he said, That John the Baptist was risen from the dead, and\r
+therefore mighty works do shew forth themselves in him.\r
+\r
+6:15 Others said, That it is Elias. And others said, That it is a\r
+prophet, or as one of the prophets.\r
+\r
+6:16 But when Herod heard thereof, he said, It is John, whom I\r
+beheaded: he is risen from the dead.\r
+\r
+6:17 For Herod himself had sent forth and laid hold upon John, and\r
+bound him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife: for\r
+he had married her.\r
+\r
+6:18 For John had said unto Herod, It is not lawful for thee to have\r
+thy brother's wife.\r
+\r
+6:19 Therefore Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have\r
+killed him; but she could not: 6:20 For Herod feared John, knowing\r
+that he was a just man and an holy, and observed him; and when he\r
+heard him, he did many things, and heard him gladly.\r
+\r
+6:21 And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday\r
+made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of\r
+Galilee; 6:22 And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and\r
+danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said\r
+unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+6:23 And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will\r
+give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom.\r
+\r
+6:24 And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask?\r
+And she said, The head of John the Baptist.\r
+\r
+6:25 And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked,\r
+saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the head of\r
+John the Baptist.\r
+\r
+6:26 And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and\r
+for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her.\r
+\r
+6:27 And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his\r
+head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison, 6:28\r
+And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the\r
+damsel gave it to her mother.\r
+\r
+6:29 And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his\r
+corpse, and laid it in a tomb.\r
+\r
+6:30 And the apostles gathered themselves together unto Jesus, and\r
+told him all things, both what they had done, and what they had\r
+taught.\r
+\r
+6:31 And he said unto them, Come ye yourselves apart into a desert\r
+place, and rest a while: for there were many coming and going, and\r
+they had no leisure so much as to eat.\r
+\r
+6:32 And they departed into a desert place by ship privately.\r
+\r
+6:33 And the people saw them departing, and many knew him, and ran\r
+afoot thither out of all cities, and outwent them, and came together\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+6:34 And Jesus, when he came out, saw much people, and was moved with\r
+compassion toward them, because they were as sheep not having a\r
+shepherd: and he began to teach them many things.\r
+\r
+6:35 And when the day was now far spent, his disciples came unto him,\r
+and said, This is a desert place, and now the time is far passed: 6:36\r
+Send them away, that they may go into the country round about, and\r
+into the villages, and buy themselves bread: for they have nothing to\r
+eat.\r
+\r
+6:37 He answered and said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they say\r
+unto him, Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of bread, and\r
+give them to eat? 6:38 He saith unto them, How many loaves have ye?\r
+go and see. And when they knew, they say, Five, and two fishes.\r
+\r
+6:39 And he commanded them to make all sit down by companies upon the\r
+green grass.\r
+\r
+6:40 And they sat down in ranks, by hundreds, and by fifties.\r
+\r
+6:41 And when he had taken the five loaves and the two fishes, he\r
+looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake the loaves, and gave them\r
+to his disciples to set before them; and the two fishes divided he\r
+among them all.\r
+\r
+6:42 And they did all eat, and were filled.\r
+\r
+6:43 And they took up twelve baskets full of the fragments, and of the\r
+fishes.\r
+\r
+6:44 And they that did eat of the loaves were about five thousand men.\r
+\r
+6:45 And straightway he constrained his disciples to get into the\r
+ship, and to go to the other side before unto Bethsaida, while he sent\r
+away the people.\r
+\r
+6:46 And when he had sent them away, he departed into a mountain to\r
+pray.\r
+\r
+6:47 And when even was come, the ship was in the midst of the sea, and\r
+he alone on the land.\r
+\r
+6:48 And he saw them toiling in rowing; for the wind was contrary unto\r
+them: and about the fourth watch of the night he cometh unto them,\r
+walking upon the sea, and would have passed by them.\r
+\r
+6:49 But when they saw him walking upon the sea, they supposed it had\r
+been a spirit, and cried out: 6:50 For they all saw him, and were\r
+troubled. And immediately he talked with them, and saith unto them, Be\r
+of good cheer: it is I; be not afraid.\r
+\r
+6:51 And he went up unto them into the ship; and the wind ceased: and\r
+they were sore amazed in themselves beyond measure, and wondered.\r
+\r
+6:52 For they considered not the miracle of the loaves: for their\r
+heart was hardened.\r
+\r
+6:53 And when they had passed over, they came into the land of\r
+Gennesaret, and drew to the shore.\r
+\r
+6:54 And when they were come out of the ship, straightway they knew\r
+him, 6:55 And ran through that whole region round about, and began to\r
+carry about in beds those that were sick, where they heard he was.\r
+\r
+6:56 And whithersoever he entered, into villages, or cities, or\r
+country, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought him that they\r
+might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as\r
+touched him were made whole.\r
+\r
+7:1 Then came together unto him the Pharisees, and certain of the\r
+scribes, which came from Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+7:2 And when they saw some of his disciples eat bread with defiled,\r
+that is to say, with unwashen, hands, they found fault.\r
+\r
+7:3 For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands\r
+oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders.\r
+\r
+7:4 And when they come from the market, except they wash, they eat\r
+not.\r
+\r
+And many other things there be, which they have received to hold, as\r
+the washing of cups, and pots, brasen vessels, and of tables.\r
+\r
+7:5 Then the Pharisees and scribes asked him, Why walk not thy\r
+disciples according to the tradition of the elders, but eat bread with\r
+unwashen hands? 7:6 He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias\r
+prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth\r
+me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.\r
+\r
+7:7 Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the\r
+commandments of men.\r
+\r
+7:8 For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of\r
+men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things\r
+ye do.\r
+\r
+7:9 And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God,\r
+that ye may keep your own tradition.\r
+\r
+7:10 For Moses said, Honour thy father and thy mother; and, Whoso\r
+curseth father or mother, let him die the death: 7:11 But ye say, If a\r
+man shall say to his father or mother, It is Corban, that is to say, a\r
+gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; he shall be free.\r
+\r
+7:12 And ye suffer him no more to do ought for his father or his\r
+mother; 7:13 Making the word of God of none effect through your\r
+tradition, which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye.\r
+\r
+7:14 And when he had called all the people unto him, he said unto\r
+them, Hearken unto me every one of you, and understand: 7:15 There is\r
+nothing from without a man, that entering into him can defile him: but\r
+the things which come out of him, those are they that defile the man.\r
+\r
+7:16 If any man have ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+7:17 And when he was entered into the house from the people, his\r
+disciples asked him concerning the parable.\r
+\r
+7:18 And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also? Do\r
+ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the\r
+man, it cannot defile him; 7:19 Because it entereth not into his\r
+heart, but into the belly, and goeth out into the draught, purging all\r
+meats? 7:20 And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that\r
+defileth the man.\r
+\r
+7:21 For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts,\r
+adulteries, fornications, murders, 7:22 Thefts, covetousness,\r
+wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride,\r
+foolishness: 7:23 All these evil things come from within, and defile\r
+the man.\r
+\r
+7:24 And from thence he arose, and went into the borders of Tyre and\r
+Sidon, and entered into an house, and would have no man know it: but\r
+he could not be hid.\r
+\r
+7:25 For a certain woman, whose young daughter had an unclean spirit,\r
+heard of him, and came and fell at his feet: 7:26 The woman was a\r
+Greek, a Syrophenician by nation; and she besought him that he would\r
+cast forth the devil out of her daughter.\r
+\r
+7:27 But Jesus said unto her, Let the children first be filled: for it\r
+is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it unto the\r
+dogs.\r
+\r
+7:28 And she answered and said unto him, Yes, Lord: yet the dogs under\r
+the table eat of the children's crumbs.\r
+\r
+7:29 And he said unto her, For this saying go thy way; the devil is\r
+gone out of thy daughter.\r
+\r
+7:30 And when she was come to her house, she found the devil gone out,\r
+and her daughter laid upon the bed.\r
+\r
+7:31 And again, departing from the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, he came\r
+unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of Decapolis.\r
+\r
+7:32 And they bring unto him one that was deaf, and had an impediment\r
+in his speech; and they beseech him to put his hand upon him.\r
+\r
+7:33 And he took him aside from the multitude, and put his fingers\r
+into his ears, and he spit, and touched his tongue; 7:34 And looking\r
+up to heaven, he sighed, and saith unto him, Ephphatha, that is, Be\r
+opened.\r
+\r
+7:35 And straightway his ears were opened, and the string of his\r
+tongue was loosed, and he spake plain.\r
+\r
+7:36 And he charged them that they should tell no man: but the more he\r
+charged them, so much the more a great deal they published it; 7:37\r
+And were beyond measure astonished, saying, He hath done all things\r
+well: he maketh both the deaf to hear, and the dumb to speak.\r
+\r
+8:1 In those days the multitude being very great, and having nothing\r
+to eat, Jesus called his disciples unto him, and saith unto them, 8:2\r
+I have compassion on the multitude, because they have now been with me\r
+three days, and have nothing to eat: 8:3 And if I send them away\r
+fasting to their own houses, they will faint by the way: for divers of\r
+them came from far.\r
+\r
+8:4 And his disciples answered him, From whence can a man satisfy\r
+these men with bread here in the wilderness? 8:5 And he asked them,\r
+How many loaves have ye? And they said, Seven.\r
+\r
+8:6 And he commanded the people to sit down on the ground: and he took\r
+the seven loaves, and gave thanks, and brake, and gave to his\r
+disciples to set before them; and they did set them before the people.\r
+\r
+8:7 And they had a few small fishes: and he blessed, and commanded to\r
+set them also before them.\r
+\r
+8:8 So they did eat, and were filled: and they took up of the broken\r
+meat that was left seven baskets.\r
+\r
+8:9 And they that had eaten were about four thousand: and he sent them\r
+away.\r
+\r
+8:10 And straightway he entered into a ship with his disciples, and\r
+came into the parts of Dalmanutha.\r
+\r
+8:11 And the Pharisees came forth, and began to question with him,\r
+seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him.\r
+\r
+8:12 And he sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, Why doth this\r
+generation seek after a sign? verily I say unto you, There shall no\r
+sign be given unto this generation.\r
+\r
+8:13 And he left them, and entering into the ship again departed to\r
+the other side.\r
+\r
+8:14 Now the disciples had forgotten to take bread, neither had they\r
+in the ship with them more than one loaf.\r
+\r
+8:15 And he charged them, saying, Take heed, beware of the leaven of\r
+the Pharisees, and of the leaven of Herod.\r
+\r
+8:16 And they reasoned among themselves, saying, It is because we have\r
+no bread.\r
+\r
+8:17 And when Jesus knew it, he saith unto them, Why reason ye,\r
+because ye have no bread? perceive ye not yet, neither understand?\r
+have ye your heart yet hardened? 8:18 Having eyes, see ye not? and\r
+having ears, hear ye not? and do ye not remember? 8:19 When I brake\r
+the five loaves among five thousand, how many baskets full of\r
+fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve.\r
+\r
+8:20 And when the seven among four thousand, how many baskets full of\r
+fragments took ye up? And they said, Seven.\r
+\r
+8:21 And he said unto them, How is it that ye do not understand? 8:22\r
+And he cometh to Bethsaida; and they bring a blind man unto him, and\r
+besought him to touch him.\r
+\r
+8:23 And he took the blind man by the hand, and led him out of the\r
+town; and when he had spit on his eyes, and put his hands upon him, he\r
+asked him if he saw ought.\r
+\r
+8:24 And he looked up, and said, I see men as trees, walking.\r
+\r
+8:25 After that he put his hands again upon his eyes, and made him\r
+look up: and he was restored, and saw every man clearly.\r
+\r
+8:26 And he sent him away to his house, saying, Neither go into the\r
+town, nor tell it to any in the town.\r
+\r
+8:27 And Jesus went out, and his disciples, into the towns of Caesarea\r
+Philippi: and by the way he asked his disciples, saying unto them,\r
+Whom do men say that I am? 8:28 And they answered, John the Baptist;\r
+but some say, Elias; and others, One of the prophets.\r
+\r
+8:29 And he saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am? And Peter\r
+answereth and saith unto him, Thou art the Christ.\r
+\r
+8:30 And he charged them that they should tell no man of him.\r
+\r
+8:31 And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many\r
+things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests, and\r
+scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again.\r
+\r
+8:32 And he spake that saying openly. And Peter took him, and began to\r
+rebuke him.\r
+\r
+8:33 But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he\r
+rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest\r
+not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men.\r
+\r
+8:34 And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples\r
+also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny\r
+himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.\r
+\r
+8:35 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever\r
+shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save\r
+it.\r
+\r
+8:36 For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world,\r
+and lose his own soul? 8:37 Or what shall a man give in exchange for\r
+his soul? 8:38 Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my\r
+words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the\r
+Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with\r
+the holy angels.\r
+\r
+9:1 And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some\r
+of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they\r
+have seen the kingdom of God come with power.\r
+\r
+9:2 And after six days Jesus taketh with him Peter, and James, and\r
+John, and leadeth them up into an high mountain apart by themselves:\r
+and he was transfigured before them.\r
+\r
+9:3 And his raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no\r
+fuller on earth can white them.\r
+\r
+9:4 And there appeared unto them Elias with Moses: and they were\r
+talking with Jesus.\r
+\r
+9:5 And Peter answered and said to Jesus, Master, it is good for us to\r
+be here: and let us make three tabernacles; one for thee, and one for\r
+Moses, and one for Elias.\r
+\r
+9:6 For he wist not what to say; for they were sore afraid.\r
+\r
+9:7 And there was a cloud that overshadowed them: and a voice came out\r
+of the cloud, saying, This is my beloved Son: hear him.\r
+\r
+9:8 And suddenly, when they had looked round about, they saw no man\r
+any more, save Jesus only with themselves.\r
+\r
+9:9 And as they came down from the mountain, he charged them that they\r
+should tell no man what things they had seen, till the Son of man were\r
+risen from the dead.\r
+\r
+9:10 And they kept that saying with themselves, questioning one with\r
+another what the rising from the dead should mean.\r
+\r
+9:11 And they asked him, saying, Why say the scribes that Elias must\r
+first come? 9:12 And he answered and told them, Elias verily cometh\r
+first, and restoreth all things; and how it is written of the Son of\r
+man, that he must suffer many things, and be set at nought.\r
+\r
+9:13 But I say unto you, That Elias is indeed come, and they have done\r
+unto him whatsoever they listed, as it is written of him.\r
+\r
+9:14 And when he came to his disciples, he saw a great multitude about\r
+them, and the scribes questioning with them.\r
+\r
+9:15 And straightway all the people, when they beheld him, were\r
+greatly amazed, and running to him saluted him.\r
+\r
+9:16 And he asked the scribes, What question ye with them? 9:17 And\r
+one of the multitude answered and said, Master, I have brought unto\r
+thee my son, which hath a dumb spirit; 9:18 And wheresoever he taketh\r
+him, he teareth him: and he foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth, and\r
+pineth away: and I spake to thy disciples that they should cast him\r
+out; and they could not.\r
+\r
+9:19 He answereth him, and saith, O faithless generation, how long\r
+shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him unto me.\r
+\r
+9:20 And they brought him unto him: and when he saw him, straightway\r
+the spirit tare him; and he fell on the ground, and wallowed foaming.\r
+\r
+9:21 And he asked his father, How long is it ago since this came unto\r
+him? And he said, Of a child.\r
+\r
+9:22 And ofttimes it hath cast him into the fire, and into the waters,\r
+to destroy him: but if thou canst do any thing, have compassion on us,\r
+and help us.\r
+\r
+9:23 Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are\r
+possible to him that believeth.\r
+\r
+9:24 And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with\r
+tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.\r
+\r
+9:25 When Jesus saw that the people came running together, he rebuked\r
+the foul spirit, saying unto him, Thou dumb and deaf spirit, I charge\r
+thee, come out of him, and enter no more into him.\r
+\r
+9:26 And the spirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him: and\r
+he was as one dead; insomuch that many said, He is dead.\r
+\r
+9:27 But Jesus took him by the hand, and lifted him up; and he arose.\r
+\r
+9:28 And when he was come into the house, his disciples asked him\r
+privately, Why could not we cast him out? 9:29 And he said unto them,\r
+This kind can come forth by nothing, but by prayer and fasting.\r
+\r
+9:30 And they departed thence, and passed through Galilee; and he\r
+would not that any man should know it.\r
+\r
+9:31 For he taught his disciples, and said unto them, The Son of man\r
+is delivered into the hands of men, and they shall kill him; and after\r
+that he is killed, he shall rise the third day.\r
+\r
+9:32 But they understood not that saying, and were afraid to ask him.\r
+\r
+9:33 And he came to Capernaum: and being in the house he asked them,\r
+What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by the way? 9:34 But\r
+they held their peace: for by the way they had disputed among\r
+themselves, who should be the greatest.\r
+\r
+9:35 And he sat down, and called the twelve, and saith unto them, If\r
+any man desire to be first, the same shall be last of all, and servant\r
+of all.\r
+\r
+9:36 And he took a child, and set him in the midst of them: and when\r
+he had taken him in his arms, he said unto them, 9:37 Whosoever shall\r
+receive one of such children in my name, receiveth me: and whosoever\r
+shall receive me, receiveth not me, but him that sent me.\r
+\r
+9:38 And John answered him, saying, Master, we saw one casting out\r
+devils in thy name, and he followeth not us: and we forbad him,\r
+because he followeth not us.\r
+\r
+9:39 But Jesus said, Forbid him not: for there is no man which shall\r
+do a miracle in my name, that can lightly speak evil of me.\r
+\r
+9:40 For he that is not against us is on our part.\r
+\r
+9:41 For whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink in my name,\r
+because ye belong to Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose\r
+his reward.\r
+\r
+9:42 And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe\r
+in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged about his\r
+neck, and he were cast into the sea.\r
+\r
+9:43 And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to\r
+enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into\r
+the fire that never shall be quenched: 9:44 Where their worm dieth\r
+not, and the fire is not quenched.\r
+\r
+9:45 And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to\r
+enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into\r
+the fire that never shall be quenched: 9:46 Where their worm dieth\r
+not, and the fire is not quenched.\r
+\r
+9:47 And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee\r
+to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to\r
+be cast into hell fire: 9:48 Where their worm dieth not, and the fire\r
+is not quenched.\r
+\r
+9:49 For every one shall be salted with fire, and every sacrifice\r
+shall be salted with salt.\r
+\r
+9:50 Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his saltness, wherewith\r
+will ye season it? Have salt in yourselves, and have peace one with\r
+another.\r
+\r
+10:1 And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts of Judaea by\r
+the farther side of Jordan: and the people resort unto him again; and,\r
+as he was wont, he taught them again.\r
+\r
+10:2 And the Pharisees came to him, and asked him, Is it lawful for a\r
+man to put away his wife? tempting him.\r
+\r
+10:3 And he answered and said unto them, What did Moses command you?\r
+10:4 And they said, Moses suffered to write a bill of divorcement, and\r
+to put her away.\r
+\r
+10:5 And Jesus answered and said unto them, For the hardness of your\r
+heart he wrote you this precept.\r
+\r
+10:6 But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and\r
+female.\r
+\r
+10:7 For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and\r
+cleave to his wife; 10:8 And they twain shall be one flesh: so then\r
+they are no more twain, but one flesh.\r
+\r
+10:9 What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.\r
+\r
+10:10 And in the house his disciples asked him again of the same\r
+matter.\r
+\r
+10:11 And he saith unto them, Whosoever shall put away his wife, and\r
+marry another, committeth adultery against her.\r
+\r
+10:12 And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to\r
+another, she committeth adultery.\r
+\r
+10:13 And they brought young children to him, that he should touch\r
+them: and his disciples rebuked those that brought them.\r
+\r
+10:14 But when Jesus saw it, he was much displeased, and said unto\r
+them, Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not:\r
+for of such is the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+10:15 Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom\r
+of God as a little child, he shall not enter therein.\r
+\r
+10:16 And he took them up in his arms, put his hands upon them, and\r
+blessed them.\r
+\r
+10:17 And when he was gone forth into the way, there came one running,\r
+and kneeled to him, and asked him, Good Master, what shall I do that I\r
+may inherit eternal life? 10:18 And Jesus said unto him, Why callest\r
+thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God.\r
+\r
+10:19 Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not\r
+kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy\r
+father and mother. 10:20 And he answered and said unto him, Master,\r
+all these have I observed from my youth.\r
+\r
+10:21 Then Jesus beholding him loved him, and said unto him, One thing\r
+thou lackest: go thy way, sell whatsoever thou hast, and give to the\r
+poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, take up the\r
+cross, and follow me.\r
+\r
+10:22 And he was sad at that saying, and went away grieved: for he had\r
+great possessions.\r
+\r
+10:23 And Jesus looked round about, and saith unto his disciples, How\r
+hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God!\r
+10:24 And the disciples were astonished at his words. But Jesus\r
+answereth again, and saith unto them, Children, how hard is it for\r
+them that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom of God! 10:25 It\r
+is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a\r
+rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+10:26 And they were astonished out of measure, saying among\r
+themselves, Who then can be saved? 10:27 And Jesus looking upon them\r
+saith, With men it is impossible, but not with God: for with God all\r
+things are possible.\r
+\r
+10:28 Then Peter began to say unto him, Lo, we have left all, and have\r
+followed thee.\r
+\r
+10:29 And Jesus answered and said, Verily I say unto you, There is no\r
+man that hath left house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or\r
+mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake, and the gospel's,\r
+10:30 But he shall receive an hundredfold now in this time, houses,\r
+and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and lands, with\r
+persecutions; and in the world to come eternal life.\r
+\r
+10:31 But many that are first shall be last; and the last first.\r
+\r
+10:32 And they were in the way going up to Jerusalem; and Jesus went\r
+before them: and they were amazed; and as they followed, they were\r
+afraid.\r
+\r
+And he took again the twelve, and began to tell them what things\r
+should happen unto him, 10:33 Saying, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem;\r
+and the Son of man shall be delivered unto the chief priests, and unto\r
+the scribes; and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver\r
+him to the Gentiles: 10:34 And they shall mock him, and shall scourge\r
+him, and shall spit upon him, and shall kill him: and the third day he\r
+shall rise again.\r
+\r
+10:35 And James and John, the sons of Zebedee, come unto him, saying,\r
+Master, we would that thou shouldest do for us whatsoever we shall\r
+desire.\r
+\r
+10:36 And he said unto them, What would ye that I should do for you?\r
+10:37 They said unto him, Grant unto us that we may sit, one on thy\r
+right hand, and the other on thy left hand, in thy glory.\r
+\r
+10:38 But Jesus said unto them, Ye know not what ye ask: can ye drink\r
+of the cup that I drink of? and be baptized with the baptism that I am\r
+baptized with? 10:39 And they said unto him, We can. And Jesus said\r
+unto them, Ye shall indeed drink of the cup that I drink of; and with\r
+the baptism that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized: 10:40 But\r
+to sit on my right hand and on my left hand is not mine to give; but\r
+it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared.\r
+\r
+10:41 And when the ten heard it, they began to be much displeased with\r
+James and John.\r
+\r
+10:42 But Jesus called them to him, and saith unto them, Ye know that\r
+they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship\r
+over them; and their great ones exercise authority upon them.\r
+\r
+10:43 But so shall it not be among you: but whosoever will be great\r
+among you, shall be your minister: 10:44 And whosoever of you will be\r
+the chiefest, shall be servant of all.\r
+\r
+10:45 For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to\r
+minister, and to give his life a ransom for many.\r
+\r
+10:46 And they came to Jericho: and as he went out of Jericho with his\r
+disciples and a great number of people, blind Bartimaeus, the son of\r
+Timaeus, sat by the highway side begging.\r
+\r
+10:47 And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began to cry\r
+out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me.\r
+\r
+10:48 And many charged him that he should hold his peace: but he cried\r
+the more a great deal, Thou son of David, have mercy on me.\r
+\r
+10:49 And Jesus stood still, and commanded him to be called. And they\r
+call the blind man, saying unto him, Be of good comfort, rise; he\r
+calleth thee.\r
+\r
+10:50 And he, casting away his garment, rose, and came to Jesus.\r
+\r
+10:51 And Jesus answered and said unto him, What wilt thou that I\r
+should do unto thee? The blind man said unto him, Lord, that I might\r
+receive my sight.\r
+\r
+10:52 And Jesus said unto him, Go thy way; thy faith hath made thee\r
+whole.\r
+\r
+And immediately he received his sight, and followed Jesus in the way.\r
+\r
+11:1 And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and Bethany,\r
+at the mount of Olives, he sendeth forth two of his disciples, 11:2\r
+And saith unto them, Go your way into the village over against you:\r
+and as soon as ye be entered into it, ye shall find a colt tied,\r
+whereon never man sat; loose him, and bring him.\r
+\r
+11:3 And if any man say unto you, Why do ye this? say ye that the Lord\r
+hath need of him; and straightway he will send him hither.\r
+\r
+11:4 And they went their way, and found the colt tied by the door\r
+without in a place where two ways met; and they loose him.\r
+\r
+11:5 And certain of them that stood there said unto them, What do ye,\r
+loosing the colt? 11:6 And they said unto them even as Jesus had\r
+commanded: and they let them go.\r
+\r
+11:7 And they brought the colt to Jesus, and cast their garments on\r
+him; and he sat upon him.\r
+\r
+11:8 And many spread their garments in the way: and others cut down\r
+branches off the trees, and strawed them in the way.\r
+\r
+11:9 And they that went before, and they that followed, cried, saying,\r
+Hosanna; Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord: 11:10\r
+Blessed be the kingdom of our father David, that cometh in the name of\r
+the Lord: Hosanna in the highest.\r
+\r
+11:11 And Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple: and when\r
+he had looked round about upon all things, and now the eventide was\r
+come, he went out unto Bethany with the twelve.\r
+\r
+11:12 And on the morrow, when they were come from Bethany, he was\r
+hungry: 11:13 And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came,\r
+if haply he might find any thing thereon: and when he came to it, he\r
+found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet.\r
+\r
+11:14 And Jesus answered and said unto it, No man eat fruit of thee\r
+hereafter for ever. And his disciples heard it.\r
+\r
+11:15 And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and\r
+began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and\r
+overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that\r
+sold doves; 11:16 And would not suffer that any man should carry any\r
+vessel through the temple.\r
+\r
+11:17 And he taught, saying unto them, Is it not written, My house\r
+shall be called of all nations the house of prayer? but ye have made\r
+it a den of thieves.\r
+\r
+11:18 And the scribes and chief priests heard it, and sought how they\r
+might destroy him: for they feared him, because all the people was\r
+astonished at his doctrine.\r
+\r
+11:19 And when even was come, he went out of the city.\r
+\r
+11:20 And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree\r
+dried up from the roots.\r
+\r
+11:21 And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold,\r
+the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away.\r
+\r
+11:22 And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God.\r
+\r
+11:23 For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this\r
+mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall\r
+not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he\r
+saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith.\r
+\r
+11:24 Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye\r
+pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.\r
+\r
+11:25 And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against\r
+any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your\r
+trespasses.\r
+\r
+11:26 But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in\r
+heaven forgive your trespasses.\r
+\r
+11:27 And they come again to Jerusalem: and as he was walking in the\r
+temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the scribes, and the\r
+elders, 11:28 And say unto him, By what authority doest thou these\r
+things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things? 11:29\r
+And Jesus answered and said unto them, I will also ask of you one\r
+question, and answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I do\r
+these things.\r
+\r
+11:30 The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? answer me.\r
+\r
+11:31 And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From\r
+heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him? 11:32 But if we\r
+shall say, Of men; they feared the people: for all men counted John,\r
+that he was a prophet indeed.\r
+\r
+11:33 And they answered and said unto Jesus, We cannot tell. And Jesus\r
+answering saith unto them, Neither do I tell you by what authority I\r
+do these things.\r
+\r
+12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man\r
+planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for\r
+the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went\r
+into a far country.\r
+\r
+12:2 And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he\r
+might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard.\r
+\r
+12:3 And they caught him, and beat him, and sent him away empty.\r
+\r
+12:4 And again he sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast\r
+stones, and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully\r
+handled.\r
+\r
+12:5 And again he sent another; and him they killed, and many others;\r
+beating some, and killing some.\r
+\r
+12:6 Having yet therefore one son, his wellbeloved, he sent him also\r
+last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son.\r
+\r
+12:7 But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir;\r
+come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be our's.\r
+\r
+12:8 And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the\r
+vineyard.\r
+\r
+12:9 What shall therefore the lord of the vineyard do? he will come\r
+and destroy the husbandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others.\r
+\r
+12:10 And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the\r
+builders rejected is become the head of the corner: 12:11 This was the\r
+Lord's doing, and it is marvellous in our eyes? 12:12 And they sought\r
+to lay hold on him, but feared the people: for they knew that he had\r
+spoken the parable against them: and they left him, and went their\r
+way.\r
+\r
+12:13 And they send unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the\r
+Herodians, to catch him in his words.\r
+\r
+12:14 And when they were come, they say unto him, Master, we know that\r
+thou art true, and carest for no man: for thou regardest not the\r
+person of men, but teachest the way of God in truth: Is it lawful to\r
+give tribute to Caesar, or not? 12:15 Shall we give, or shall we not\r
+give? But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye\r
+me? bring me a penny, that I may see it.\r
+\r
+12:16 And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image\r
+and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's.\r
+\r
+12:17 And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things\r
+that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they\r
+marvelled at him.\r
+\r
+12:18 Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no\r
+resurrection; and they asked him, saying, 12:19 Master, Moses wrote\r
+unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave his wife behind him, and\r
+leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up\r
+seed unto his brother.\r
+\r
+12:20 Now there were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and\r
+dying left no seed.\r
+\r
+12:21 And the second took her, and died, neither left he any seed: and\r
+the third likewise.\r
+\r
+12:22 And the seven had her, and left no seed: last of all the woman\r
+died also.\r
+\r
+12:23 In the resurrection therefore, when they shall rise, whose wife\r
+shall she be of them? for the seven had her to wife.\r
+\r
+12:24 And Jesus answering said unto them, Do ye not therefore err,\r
+because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God? 12:25\r
+For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are\r
+given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven.\r
+\r
+12:26 And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in\r
+the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am\r
+the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? 12:27\r
+He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: ye therefore\r
+do greatly err.\r
+\r
+12:28 And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning\r
+together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him,\r
+Which is the first commandment of all? 12:29 And Jesus answered him,\r
+The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God\r
+is one Lord: 12:30 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy\r
+heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy\r
+strength: this is the first commandment.\r
+\r
+12:31 And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy\r
+neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than\r
+these.\r
+\r
+12:32 And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the\r
+truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he: 12:33 And\r
+to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and\r
+with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his\r
+neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and\r
+sacrifices.\r
+\r
+12:34 And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto\r
+him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that\r
+durst ask him any question.\r
+\r
+12:35 And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How\r
+say the scribes that Christ is the son of David? 12:36 For David\r
+himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on\r
+my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool.\r
+\r
+12:37 David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then\r
+his son? And the common people heard him gladly.\r
+\r
+12:38 And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes,\r
+which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the\r
+marketplaces, 12:39 And the chief seats in the synagogues, and the\r
+uppermost rooms at feasts: 12:40 Which devour widows' houses, and for\r
+a pretence make long prayers: these shall receive greater damnation.\r
+\r
+12:41 And Jesus sat over against the treasury, and beheld how the\r
+people cast money into the treasury: and many that were rich cast in\r
+much.\r
+\r
+12:42 And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites,\r
+which make a farthing.\r
+\r
+12:43 And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them,\r
+Verily I say unto you, That this poor widow hath cast more in, than\r
+all they which have cast into the treasury: 12:44 For all they did\r
+cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that\r
+she had, even all her living.\r
+\r
+13:1 And as he went out of the temple, one of his disciples saith unto\r
+him, Master, see what manner of stones and what buildings are here!\r
+13:2 And Jesus answering said unto him, Seest thou these great\r
+buildings? there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall\r
+not be thrown down.\r
+\r
+13:3 And as he sat upon the mount of Olives over against the temple,\r
+Peter and James and John and Andrew asked him privately, 13:4 Tell us,\r
+when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign when all these\r
+things shall be fulfilled? 13:5 And Jesus answering them began to\r
+say, Take heed lest any man deceive you: 13:6 For many shall come in\r
+my name, saying, I am Christ; and shall deceive many.\r
+\r
+13:7 And when ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars, be ye not\r
+troubled: for such things must needs be; but the end shall not be yet.\r
+\r
+13:8 For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against\r
+kingdom: and there shall be earthquakes in divers places, and there\r
+shall be famines and troubles: these are the beginnings of sorrows.\r
+\r
+13:9 But take heed to yourselves: for they shall deliver you up to\r
+councils; and in the synagogues ye shall be beaten: and ye shall be\r
+brought before rulers and kings for my sake, for a testimony against\r
+them.\r
+\r
+13:10 And the gospel must first be published among all nations.\r
+\r
+13:11 But when they shall lead you, and deliver you up, take no\r
+thought beforehand what ye shall speak, neither do ye premeditate: but\r
+whatsoever shall be given you in that hour, that speak ye: for it is\r
+not ye that speak, but the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+13:12 Now the brother shall betray the brother to death, and the\r
+father the son; and children shall rise up against their parents, and\r
+shall cause them to be put to death.\r
+\r
+13:13 And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake: but he that\r
+shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved.\r
+\r
+13:14 But when ye shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of\r
+by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not, (let him that\r
+readeth understand,) then let them that be in Judaea flee to the\r
+mountains: 13:15 And let him that is on the housetop not go down into\r
+the house, neither enter therein, to take any thing out of his house:\r
+13:16 And let him that is in the field not turn back again for to take\r
+up his garment.\r
+\r
+13:17 But woe to them that are with child, and to them that give suck\r
+in those days! 13:18 And pray ye that your flight be not in the\r
+winter.\r
+\r
+13:19 For in those days shall be affliction, such as was not from the\r
+beginning of the creation which God created unto this time, neither\r
+shall be.\r
+\r
+13:20 And except that the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh\r
+should be saved: but for the elect's sake, whom he hath chosen, he\r
+hath shortened the days.\r
+\r
+13:21 And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or,\r
+lo, he is there; believe him not: 13:22 For false Christs and false\r
+prophets shall rise, and shall shew signs and wonders, to seduce, if\r
+it were possible, even the elect.\r
+\r
+13:23 But take ye heed: behold, I have foretold you all things.\r
+\r
+13:24 But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be\r
+darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, 13:25 And the stars\r
+of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in heaven shall be\r
+shaken.\r
+\r
+13:26 And then shall they see the Son of man coming in the clouds with\r
+great power and glory.\r
+\r
+13:27 And then shall he send his angels, and shall gather together his\r
+elect from the four winds, from the uttermost part of the earth to the\r
+uttermost part of heaven.\r
+\r
+13:28 Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When her branch is yet\r
+tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is near: 13:29\r
+So ye in like manner, when ye shall see these things come to pass,\r
+know that it is nigh, even at the doors.\r
+\r
+13:30 Verily I say unto you, that this generation shall not pass, till\r
+all these things be done.\r
+\r
+13:31 Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass\r
+away.\r
+\r
+13:32 But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels\r
+which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.\r
+\r
+13:33 Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is.\r
+\r
+13:34 For the Son of Man is as a man taking a far journey, who left\r
+his house, and gave authority to his servants, and to every man his\r
+work, and commanded the porter to watch.\r
+\r
+13:35 Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house\r
+cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the\r
+morning: 13:36 Lest coming suddenly he find you sleeping.\r
+\r
+13:37 And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.\r
+\r
+14:1 After two days was the feast of the passover, and of unleavened\r
+bread: and the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might\r
+take him by craft, and put him to death.\r
+\r
+14:2 But they said, Not on the feast day, lest there be an uproar of\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+14:3 And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat\r
+at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of\r
+spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his\r
+head.\r
+\r
+14:4 And there were some that had indignation within themselves, and\r
+said, Why was this waste of the ointment made? 14:5 For it might have\r
+been sold for more than three hundred pence, and have been given to\r
+the poor. And they murmured against her.\r
+\r
+14:6 And Jesus said, Let her alone; why trouble ye her? she hath\r
+wrought a good work on me.\r
+\r
+14:7 For ye have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye\r
+may do them good: but me ye have not always.\r
+\r
+14:8 She hath done what she could: she is come aforehand to anoint my\r
+body to the burying.\r
+\r
+14:9 Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached\r
+throughout the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be\r
+spoken of for a memorial of her.\r
+\r
+14:10 And Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve, went unto the chief\r
+priests, to betray him unto them.\r
+\r
+14:11 And when they heard it, they were glad, and promised to give him\r
+money. And he sought how he might conveniently betray him.\r
+\r
+14:12 And the first day of unleavened bread, when they killed the\r
+passover, his disciples said unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and\r
+prepare that thou mayest eat the passover? 14:13 And he sendeth forth\r
+two of his disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into the city, and\r
+there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him.\r
+\r
+14:14 And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the\r
+house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat\r
+the passover with my disciples? 14:15 And he will shew you a large\r
+upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready for us.\r
+\r
+14:16 And his disciples went forth, and came into the city, and found\r
+as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover.\r
+\r
+14:17 And in the evening he cometh with the twelve.\r
+\r
+14:18 And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you,\r
+One of you which eateth with me shall betray me.\r
+\r
+14:19 And they began to be sorrowful, and to say unto him one by one,\r
+Is it I? and another said, Is it I? 14:20 And he answered and said\r
+unto them, It is one of the twelve, that dippeth with me in the dish.\r
+\r
+14:21 The Son of man indeed goeth, as it is written of him: but woe to\r
+that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man\r
+if he had never been born.\r
+\r
+14:22 And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake\r
+it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body.\r
+\r
+14:23 And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to\r
+them: and they all drank of it.\r
+\r
+14:24 And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament,\r
+which is shed for many.\r
+\r
+14:25 Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the\r
+vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+14:26 And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into the mount of\r
+Olives.\r
+\r
+14:27 And Jesus saith unto them, All ye shall be offended because of\r
+me this night: for it is written, I will smite the shepherd, and the\r
+sheep shall be scattered.\r
+\r
+14:28 But after that I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee.\r
+\r
+14:29 But Peter said unto him, Although all shall be offended, yet\r
+will not I.\r
+\r
+14:30 And Jesus saith unto him, Verily I say unto thee, That this day,\r
+even in this night, before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me\r
+thrice.\r
+\r
+14:31 But he spake the more vehemently, If I should die with thee, I\r
+will not deny thee in any wise. Likewise also said they all.\r
+\r
+14:32 And they came to a place which was named Gethsemane: and he\r
+saith to his disciples, Sit ye here, while I shall pray.\r
+\r
+14:33 And he taketh with him Peter and James and John, and began to be\r
+sore amazed, and to be very heavy; 14:34 And saith unto them, My soul\r
+is exceeding sorrowful unto death: tarry ye here, and watch.\r
+\r
+14:35 And he went forward a little, and fell on the ground, and prayed\r
+that, if it were possible, the hour might pass from him.\r
+\r
+14:36 And he said, Abba, Father, all things are possible unto thee;\r
+take away this cup from me: nevertheless not what I will, but what\r
+thou wilt.\r
+\r
+14:37 And he cometh, and findeth them sleeping, and saith unto Peter,\r
+Simon, sleepest thou? couldest not thou watch one hour? 14:38 Watch\r
+ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. The spirit truly is ready,\r
+but the flesh is weak.\r
+\r
+14:39 And again he went away, and prayed, and spake the same words.\r
+\r
+14:40 And when he returned, he found them asleep again, (for their\r
+eyes were heavy,) neither wist they what to answer him.\r
+\r
+14:41 And he cometh the third time, and saith unto them, Sleep on now,\r
+and take your rest: it is enough, the hour is come; behold, the Son of\r
+man is betrayed into the hands of sinners.\r
+\r
+14:42 Rise up, let us go; lo, he that betrayeth me is at hand.\r
+\r
+14:43 And immediately, while he yet spake, cometh Judas, one of the\r
+twelve, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from\r
+the chief priests and the scribes and the elders.\r
+\r
+14:44 And he that betrayed him had given them a token, saying,\r
+Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he; take him, and lead him away\r
+safely.\r
+\r
+14:45 And as soon as he was come, he goeth straightway to him, and\r
+saith, Master, master; and kissed him.\r
+\r
+14:46 And they laid their hands on him, and took him.\r
+\r
+14:47 And one of them that stood by drew a sword, and smote a servant\r
+of the high priest, and cut off his ear.\r
+\r
+14:48 And Jesus answered and said unto them, Are ye come out, as\r
+against a thief, with swords and with staves to take me? 14:49 I was\r
+daily with you in the temple teaching, and ye took me not: but the\r
+scriptures must be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+14:50 And they all forsook him, and fled.\r
+\r
+14:51 And there followed him a certain young man, having a linen cloth\r
+cast about his naked body; and the young men laid hold on him: 14:52\r
+And he left the linen cloth, and fled from them naked.\r
+\r
+14:53 And they led Jesus away to the high priest: and with him were\r
+assembled all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes.\r
+\r
+14:54 And Peter followed him afar off, even into the palace of the\r
+high priest: and he sat with the servants, and warmed himself at the\r
+fire.\r
+\r
+14:55 And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness\r
+against Jesus to put him to death; and found none.\r
+\r
+14:56 For many bare false witness against him, but their witness\r
+agreed not together.\r
+\r
+14:57 And there arose certain, and bare false witness against him,\r
+saying, 14:58 We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is\r
+made with hands, and within three days I will build another made\r
+without hands.\r
+\r
+14:59 But neither so did their witness agree together.\r
+\r
+14:60 And the high priest stood up in the midst, and asked Jesus,\r
+saying, Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against\r
+thee? 14:61 But he held his peace, and answered nothing. Again the\r
+high priest asked him, and said unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son\r
+of the Blessed? 14:62 And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son\r
+of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+14:63 Then the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What need we\r
+any further witnesses? 14:64 Ye have heard the blasphemy: what think\r
+ye? And they all condemned him to be guilty of death.\r
+\r
+14:65 And some began to spit on him, and to cover his face, and to\r
+buffet him, and to say unto him, Prophesy: and the servants did strike\r
+him with the palms of their hands.\r
+\r
+14:66 And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the\r
+maids of the high priest: 14:67 And when she saw Peter warming\r
+himself, she looked upon him, and said, And thou also wast with Jesus\r
+of Nazareth.\r
+\r
+14:68 But he denied, saying, I know not, neither understand I what\r
+thou sayest. And he went out into the porch; and the cock crew.\r
+\r
+14:69 And a maid saw him again, and began to say to them that stood\r
+by, This is one of them.\r
+\r
+14:70 And he denied it again. And a little after, they that stood by\r
+said again to Peter, Surely thou art one of them: for thou art a\r
+Galilaean, and thy speech agreeth thereto.\r
+\r
+14:71 But he began to curse and to swear, saying, I know not this man\r
+of whom ye speak.\r
+\r
+14:72 And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the\r
+word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt\r
+deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept.\r
+\r
+15:1 And straightway in the morning the chief priests held a\r
+consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, and\r
+bound Jesus, and carried him away, and delivered him to Pilate.\r
+\r
+15:2 And Pilate asked him, Art thou the King of the Jews? And he\r
+answering said unto them, Thou sayest it.\r
+\r
+15:3 And the chief priests accused him of many things: but he answered\r
+nothing.\r
+\r
+15:4 And Pilate asked him again, saying, Answerest thou nothing?\r
+behold how many things they witness against thee.\r
+\r
+15:5 But Jesus yet answered nothing; so that Pilate marvelled.\r
+\r
+15:6 Now at that feast he released unto them one prisoner, whomsoever\r
+they desired.\r
+\r
+15:7 And there was one named Barabbas, which lay bound with them that\r
+had made insurrection with him, who had committed murder in the\r
+insurrection.\r
+\r
+15:8 And the multitude crying aloud began to desire him to do as he\r
+had ever done unto them.\r
+\r
+15:9 But Pilate answered them, saying, Will ye that I release unto you\r
+the King of the Jews? 15:10 For he knew that the chief priests had\r
+delivered him for envy.\r
+\r
+15:11 But the chief priests moved the people, that he should rather\r
+release Barabbas unto them.\r
+\r
+15:12 And Pilate answered and said again unto them, What will ye then\r
+that I shall do unto him whom ye call the King of the Jews? 15:13 And\r
+they cried out again, Crucify him.\r
+\r
+15:14 Then Pilate said unto them, Why, what evil hath he done? And\r
+they cried out the more exceedingly, Crucify him.\r
+\r
+15:15 And so Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas\r
+unto them, and delivered Jesus, when he had scourged him, to be\r
+crucified.\r
+\r
+15:16 And the soldiers led him away into the hall, called Praetorium;\r
+and they call together the whole band.\r
+\r
+15:17 And they clothed him with purple, and platted a crown of thorns,\r
+and put it about his head, 15:18 And began to salute him, Hail, King\r
+of the Jews! 15:19 And they smote him on the head with a reed, and\r
+did spit upon him, and bowing their knees worshipped him.\r
+\r
+15:20 And when they had mocked him, they took off the purple from him,\r
+and put his own clothes on him, and led him out to crucify him.\r
+\r
+15:21 And they compel one Simon a Cyrenian, who passed by, coming out\r
+of the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to bear his cross.\r
+\r
+15:22 And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being\r
+interpreted, The place of a skull.\r
+\r
+15:23 And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he\r
+received it not.\r
+\r
+15:24 And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments,\r
+casting lots upon them, what every man should take.\r
+\r
+15:25 And it was the third hour, and they crucified him.\r
+\r
+15:26 And the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE\r
+KING OF THE JEWS.\r
+\r
+15:27 And with him they crucify two thieves; the one on his right\r
+hand, and the other on his left.\r
+\r
+15:28 And the scripture was fulfilled, which saith, And he was\r
+numbered with the transgressors.\r
+\r
+15:29 And they that passed by railed on him, wagging their heads, and\r
+saying, Ah, thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three\r
+days, 15:30 Save thyself, and come down from the cross.\r
+\r
+15:31 Likewise also the chief priests mocking said among themselves\r
+with the scribes, He saved others; himself he cannot save.\r
+\r
+15:32 Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that\r
+we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled\r
+him.\r
+\r
+15:33 And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the\r
+whole land until the ninth hour.\r
+\r
+15:34 And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying,\r
+Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my\r
+God, why hast thou forsaken me? 15:35 And some of them that stood by,\r
+when they heard it, said, Behold, he calleth Elias.\r
+\r
+15:36 And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a\r
+reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether\r
+Elias will come to take him down.\r
+\r
+15:37 And Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost.\r
+\r
+15:38 And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the\r
+bottom.\r
+\r
+15:39 And when the centurion, which stood over against him, saw that\r
+he so cried out, and gave up the ghost, he said, Truly this man was\r
+the Son of God.\r
+\r
+15:40 There were also women looking on afar off: among whom was Mary\r
+Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and\r
+Salome; 15:41 (Who also, when he was in Galilee, followed him, and\r
+ministered unto him;) and many other women which came up with him unto\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:42 And now when the even was come, because it was the preparation,\r
+that is, the day before the sabbath, 15:43 Joseph of Arimathaea, an\r
+honourable counsellor, which also waited for the kingdom of God, came,\r
+and went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus.\r
+\r
+15:44 And Pilate marvelled if he were already dead: and calling unto\r
+him the centurion, he asked him whether he had been any while dead.\r
+\r
+15:45 And when he knew it of the centurion, he gave the body to\r
+Joseph.\r
+\r
+15:46 And he bought fine linen, and took him down, and wrapped him in\r
+the linen, and laid him in a sepulchre which was hewn out of a rock,\r
+and rolled a stone unto the door of the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+15:47 And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses beheld where he\r
+was laid.\r
+\r
+16:1 And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the\r
+mother of James, and Salome, had bought sweet spices, that they might\r
+come and anoint him.\r
+\r
+16:2 And very early in the morning the first day of the week, they\r
+came unto the sepulchre at the rising of the sun.\r
+\r
+16:3 And they said among themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone\r
+from the door of the sepulchre? 16:4 And when they looked, they saw\r
+that the stone was rolled away: for it was very great.\r
+\r
+16:5 And entering into the sepulchre, they saw a young man sitting on\r
+the right side, clothed in a long white garment; and they were\r
+affrighted.\r
+\r
+16:6 And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of\r
+Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the\r
+place where they laid him.\r
+\r
+16:7 But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter that he goeth\r
+before you into Galilee: there shall ye see him, as he said unto you.\r
+\r
+16:8 And they went out quickly, and fled from the sepulchre; for they\r
+trembled and were amazed: neither said they any thing to any man; for\r
+they were afraid.\r
+\r
+16:9 Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he\r
+appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven\r
+devils.\r
+\r
+16:10 And she went and told them that had been with him, as they\r
+mourned and wept.\r
+\r
+16:11 And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been\r
+seen of her, believed not.\r
+\r
+16:12 After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they\r
+walked, and went into the country.\r
+\r
+16:13 And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed\r
+they them.\r
+\r
+16:14 Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and\r
+upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they\r
+believed not them which had seen him after he was risen.\r
+\r
+16:15 And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the\r
+gospel to every creature.\r
+\r
+16:16 He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that\r
+believeth not shall be damned.\r
+\r
+16:17 And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall\r
+they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; 16:18 They\r
+shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall\r
+not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall\r
+recover.\r
+\r
+16:19 So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up\r
+into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.\r
+\r
+16:20 And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working\r
+with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Gospel According to Saint Luke\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a\r
+declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us,\r
+1:2 Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were\r
+eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; 1:3 It seemed good to me\r
+also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very\r
+first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus, 1:4\r
+That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou\r
+hast been instructed.\r
+\r
+1:5 THERE was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain\r
+priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the\r
+daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth.\r
+\r
+1:6 And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the\r
+commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless.\r
+\r
+1:7 And they had no child, because that Elisabeth was barren, and they\r
+both were now well stricken in years.\r
+\r
+1:8 And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office\r
+before God in the order of his course, 1:9 According to the custom of\r
+the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the\r
+temple of the Lord.\r
+\r
+1:10 And the whole multitude of the people were praying without at the\r
+time of incense.\r
+\r
+1:11 And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord standing on the\r
+right side of the altar of incense.\r
+\r
+1:12 And when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon\r
+him.\r
+\r
+1:13 But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias: for thy prayer\r
+is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt\r
+call his name John.\r
+\r
+1:14 And thou shalt have joy and gladness; and many shall rejoice at\r
+his birth.\r
+\r
+1:15 For he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink\r
+neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy\r
+Ghost, even from his mother's womb.\r
+\r
+1:16 And many of the children of Israel shall he turn to the Lord\r
+their God.\r
+\r
+1:17 And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to\r
+turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to\r
+the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord.\r
+\r
+1:18 And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for\r
+I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years.\r
+\r
+1:19 And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel, that stand\r
+in the presence of God; and am sent to speak unto thee, and to shew\r
+thee these glad tidings.\r
+\r
+1:20 And, behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the\r
+day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not\r
+my words, which shall be fulfilled in their season.\r
+\r
+1:21 And the people waited for Zacharias, and marvelled that he\r
+tarried so long in the temple.\r
+\r
+1:22 And when he came out, he could not speak unto them: and they\r
+perceived that he had seen a vision in the temple: for he beckoned\r
+unto them, and remained speechless.\r
+\r
+1:23 And it came to pass, that, as soon as the days of his\r
+ministration were accomplished, he departed to his own house.\r
+\r
+1:24 And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived, and hid\r
+herself five months, saying, 1:25 Thus hath the Lord dealt with me in\r
+the days wherein he looked on me, to take away my reproach among men.\r
+\r
+1:26 And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a\r
+city of Galilee, named Nazareth, 1:27 To a virgin espoused to a man\r
+whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name\r
+was Mary.\r
+\r
+1:28 And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art\r
+highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.\r
+\r
+1:29 And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in\r
+her mind what manner of salutation this should be.\r
+\r
+1:30 And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found\r
+favour with God.\r
+\r
+1:31 And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a\r
+son, and shalt call his name JESUS.\r
+\r
+1:32 He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest:\r
+and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David:\r
+1:33 And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his\r
+kingdom there shall be no end.\r
+\r
+1:34 Then said Mary unto the angel, How shall this be, seeing I know\r
+not a man? 1:35 And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy\r
+Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall\r
+overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of\r
+thee shall be called the Son of God.\r
+\r
+1:36 And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son\r
+in her old age: and this is the sixth month with her, who was called\r
+barren.\r
+\r
+1:37 For with God nothing shall be impossible.\r
+\r
+1:38 And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me\r
+according to thy word. And the angel departed from her.\r
+\r
+1:39 And Mary arose in those days, and went into the hill country with\r
+haste, into a city of Juda; 1:40 And entered into the house of\r
+Zacharias, and saluted Elisabeth.\r
+\r
+1:41 And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of\r
+Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the\r
+Holy Ghost: 1:42 And she spake out with a loud voice, and said,\r
+Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb.\r
+\r
+1:43 And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come\r
+to me? 1:44 For, lo, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded\r
+in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy.\r
+\r
+1:45 And blessed is she that believed: for there shall be a\r
+performance of those things which were told her from the Lord.\r
+\r
+1:46 And Mary said, My soul doth magnify the Lord, 1:47 And my spirit\r
+hath rejoiced in God my Saviour.\r
+\r
+1:48 For he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaiden: for,\r
+behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.\r
+\r
+1:49 For he that is mighty hath done to me great things; and holy is\r
+his name.\r
+\r
+1:50 And his mercy is on them that fear him from generation to\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+1:51 He hath shewed strength with his arm; he hath scattered the proud\r
+in the imagination of their hearts.\r
+\r
+1:52 He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and exalted them of\r
+low degree.\r
+\r
+1:53 He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich he hath\r
+sent empty away.\r
+\r
+1:54 He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy;\r
+1:55 As he spake to our fathers, to Abraham, and to his seed for ever.\r
+\r
+1:56 And Mary abode with her about three months, and returned to her\r
+own house.\r
+\r
+1:57 Now Elisabeth's full time came that she should be delivered; and\r
+she brought forth a son.\r
+\r
+1:58 And her neighbours and her cousins heard how the Lord had shewed\r
+great mercy upon her; and they rejoiced with her.\r
+\r
+1:59 And it came to pass, that on the eighth day they came to\r
+circumcise the child; and they called him Zacharias, after the name of\r
+his father.\r
+\r
+1:60 And his mother answered and said, Not so; but he shall be called\r
+John.\r
+\r
+1:61 And they said unto her, There is none of thy kindred that is\r
+called by this name.\r
+\r
+1:62 And they made signs to his father, how he would have him called.\r
+\r
+1:63 And he asked for a writing table, and wrote, saying, His name is\r
+John. And they marvelled all.\r
+\r
+1:64 And his mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue loosed, and\r
+he spake, and praised God.\r
+\r
+1:65 And fear came on all that dwelt round about them: and all these\r
+sayings were noised abroad throughout all the hill country of Judaea.\r
+\r
+1:66 And all they that heard them laid them up in their hearts,\r
+saying, What manner of child shall this be! And the hand of the Lord\r
+was with him.\r
+\r
+1:67 And his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Ghost, and\r
+prophesied, saying, 1:68 Blessed be the Lord God of Israel; for he\r
+hath visited and redeemed his people, 1:69 And hath raised up an horn\r
+of salvation for us in the house of his servant David; 1:70 As he\r
+spake by the mouth of his holy prophets, which have been since the\r
+world began: 1:71 That we should be saved from our enemies, and from\r
+the hand of all that hate us; 1:72 To perform the mercy promised to\r
+our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; 1:73 The oath which he\r
+sware to our father Abraham, 1:74 That he would grant unto us, that we\r
+being delivered out of the hand of our enemies might serve him without\r
+fear, 1:75 In holiness and righteousness before him, all the days of\r
+our life.\r
+\r
+1:76 And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for\r
+thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways; 1:77 To\r
+give knowledge of salvation unto his people by the remission of their\r
+sins, 1:78 Through the tender mercy of our God; whereby the dayspring\r
+from on high hath visited us, 1:79 To give light to them that sit in\r
+darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+1:80 And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, and was in the\r
+deserts till the day of his shewing unto Israel.\r
+\r
+2:1 And it came to pass in those days, that there went out a decree\r
+from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed.\r
+\r
+2:2 (And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of\r
+Syria.) 2:3 And all went to be taxed, every one into his own city.\r
+\r
+2:4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth,\r
+into Judaea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem;\r
+(because he was of the house and lineage of David:) 2:5 To be taxed\r
+with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child.\r
+\r
+2:6 And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were\r
+accomplished that she should be delivered.\r
+\r
+2:7 And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in\r
+swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room\r
+for them in the inn.\r
+\r
+2:8 And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field,\r
+keeping watch over their flock by night.\r
+\r
+2:9 And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of\r
+the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid.\r
+\r
+2:10 And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you\r
+good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.\r
+\r
+2:11 For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour,\r
+which is Christ the Lord.\r
+\r
+2:12 And this shall be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped\r
+in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.\r
+\r
+2:13 And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly\r
+host praising God, and saying, 2:14 Glory to God in the highest, and\r
+on earth peace, good will toward men.\r
+\r
+2:15 And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into\r
+heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto\r
+Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord\r
+hath made known unto us.\r
+\r
+2:16 And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the\r
+babe lying in a manger.\r
+\r
+2:17 And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying\r
+which was told them concerning this child.\r
+\r
+2:18 And all they that heard it wondered at those things which were\r
+told them by the shepherds.\r
+\r
+2:19 But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart.\r
+\r
+2:20 And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all\r
+the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them.\r
+\r
+2:21 And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the\r
+child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel\r
+before he was conceived in the womb.\r
+\r
+2:22 And when the days of her purification according to the law of\r
+Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him\r
+to the Lord; 2:23 (As it is written in the law of the LORD, Every male\r
+that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) 2:24 And to\r
+offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the\r
+Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons.\r
+\r
+2:25 And, behold, there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon;\r
+and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of\r
+Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him.\r
+\r
+2:26 And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should\r
+not see death, before he had seen the Lord's Christ.\r
+\r
+2:27 And he came by the Spirit into the temple: and when the parents\r
+brought in the child Jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law,\r
+2:28 Then took he him up in his arms, and blessed God, and said, 2:29\r
+Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy\r
+word: 2:30 For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, 2:31 Which thou hast\r
+prepared before the face of all people; 2:32 A light to lighten the\r
+Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.\r
+\r
+2:33 And Joseph and his mother marvelled at those things which were\r
+spoken of him.\r
+\r
+2:34 And Simeon blessed them, and said unto Mary his mother, Behold,\r
+this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel; and\r
+for a sign which shall be spoken against; 2:35 (Yea, a sword shall\r
+pierce through thy own soul also,) that the thoughts of many hearts\r
+may be revealed.\r
+\r
+2:36 And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of\r
+the tribe of Aser: she was of a great age, and had lived with an\r
+husband seven years from her virginity; 2:37 And she was a widow of\r
+about fourscore and four years, which departed not from the temple,\r
+but served God with fastings and prayers night and day.\r
+\r
+2:38 And she coming in that instant gave thanks likewise unto the\r
+Lord, and spake of him to all them that looked for redemption in\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:39 And when they had performed all things according to the law of\r
+the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth.\r
+\r
+2:40 And the child grew, and waxed strong in spirit, filled with\r
+wisdom: and the grace of God was upon him.\r
+\r
+2:41 Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast of the\r
+passover.\r
+\r
+2:42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after\r
+the custom of the feast.\r
+\r
+2:43 And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child\r
+Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and Joseph and his mother knew not\r
+of it.\r
+\r
+2:44 But they, supposing him to have been in the company, went a day's\r
+journey; and they sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance.\r
+\r
+2:45 And when they found him not, they turned back again to Jerusalem,\r
+seeking him.\r
+\r
+2:46 And it came to pass, that after three days they found him in the\r
+temple, sitting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them, and\r
+asking them questions.\r
+\r
+2:47 And all that heard him were astonished at his understanding and\r
+answers.\r
+\r
+2:48 And when they saw him, they were amazed: and his mother said unto\r
+him, Son, why hast thou thus dealt with us? behold, thy father and I\r
+have sought thee sorrowing.\r
+\r
+2:49 And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not\r
+that I must be about my Father's business? 2:50 And they understood\r
+not the saying which he spake unto them.\r
+\r
+2:51 And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and was subject\r
+unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in her heart.\r
+\r
+2:52 And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God\r
+and man.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius\r
+Pilate being governor of Judaea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee,\r
+and his brother Philip tetrarch of Ituraea and of the region of\r
+Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene, 3:2 Annas and\r
+Caiaphas being the high priests, the word of God came unto John the\r
+son of Zacharias in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+3:3 And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching the\r
+baptism of repentance for the remission of sins; 3:4 As it is written\r
+in the book of the words of Esaias the prophet, saying, The voice of\r
+one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his\r
+paths straight.\r
+\r
+3:5 Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be\r
+brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough\r
+ways shall be made smooth; 3:6 And all flesh shall see the salvation\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+3:7 Then said he to the multitude that came forth to be baptized of\r
+him, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the\r
+wrath to come? 3:8 Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance,\r
+and begin not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father:\r
+for I say unto you, That God is able of these stones to raise up\r
+children unto Abraham.\r
+\r
+3:9 And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: every\r
+tree therefore which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and\r
+cast into the fire.\r
+\r
+3:10 And the people asked him, saying, What shall we do then? 3:11 He\r
+answereth and saith unto them, He that hath two coats, let him impart\r
+to him that hath none; and he that hath meat, let him do likewise.\r
+\r
+3:12 Then came also publicans to be baptized, and said unto him,\r
+Master, what shall we do? 3:13 And he said unto them, Exact no more\r
+than that which is appointed you.\r
+\r
+3:14 And the soldiers likewise demanded of him, saying, And what shall\r
+we do? And he said unto them, Do violence to no man, neither accuse\r
+any falsely; and be content with your wages.\r
+\r
+3:15 And as the people were in expectation, and all men mused in their\r
+hearts of John, whether he were the Christ, or not; 3:16 John\r
+answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but\r
+one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy\r
+to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire:\r
+3:17 Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor,\r
+and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn\r
+with fire unquenchable.\r
+\r
+3:18 And many other things in his exhortation preached he unto the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+3:19 But Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias his\r
+brother Philip's wife, and for all the evils which Herod had done,\r
+3:20 Added yet this above all, that he shut up John in prison.\r
+\r
+3:21 Now when all the people were baptized, it came to pass, that\r
+Jesus also being baptized, and praying, the heaven was opened, 3:22\r
+And the Holy Ghost descended in a bodily shape like a dove upon him,\r
+and a voice came from heaven, which said, Thou art my beloved Son; in\r
+thee I am well pleased.\r
+\r
+3:23 And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being\r
+(as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli, 3:24\r
+Which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, which was the\r
+son of Melchi, which was the son of Janna, which was the son of\r
+Joseph, 3:25 Which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of\r
+Amos, which was the son of Naum, which was the son of Esli, which was\r
+the son of Nagge, 3:26 Which was the son of Maath, which was the son\r
+of Mattathias, which was the son of Semei, which was the son of\r
+Joseph, which was the son of Juda, 3:27 Which was the son of Joanna,\r
+which was the son of Rhesa, which was the son of Zorobabel, which was\r
+the son of Salathiel, which was the son of Neri, 3:28 Which was the\r
+son of Melchi, which was the son of Addi, which was the son of Cosam,\r
+which was the son of Elmodam, which was the son of Er, 3:29 Which was\r
+the son of Jose, which was the son of Eliezer, which was the son of\r
+Jorim, which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, 3:30\r
+Which was the son of Simeon, which was the son of Juda, which was the\r
+son of Joseph, which was the son of Jonan, which was the son of\r
+Eliakim, 3:31 Which was the son of Melea, which was the son of Menan,\r
+which was the son of Mattatha, which was the son of Nathan, which was\r
+the son of David, 3:32 Which was the son of Jesse, which was the son\r
+of Obed, which was the son of Booz, which was the son of Salmon, which\r
+was the son of Naasson, 3:33 Which was the son of Aminadab, which was\r
+the son of Aram, which was the son of Esrom, which was the son of\r
+Phares, which was the son of Juda, 3:34 Which was the son of Jacob,\r
+which was the son of Isaac, which was the son of Abraham, which was\r
+the son of Thara, which was the son of Nachor, 3:35 Which was the son\r
+of Saruch, which was the son of Ragau, which was the son of Phalec,\r
+which was the son of Heber, which was the son of Sala, 3:36 Which was\r
+the son of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad, which was the son of\r
+Sem, which was the son of Noe, which was the son of Lamech, 3:37 Which\r
+was the son of Mathusala, which was the son of Enoch, which was the\r
+son of Jared, which was the son of Maleleel, which was the son of\r
+Cainan, 3:38 Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth,\r
+which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God.\r
+\r
+4:1 And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan, and\r
+was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, 4:2 Being forty days\r
+tempted of the devil. And in those days he did eat nothing: and when\r
+they were ended, he afterward hungered.\r
+\r
+4:3 And the devil said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, command\r
+this stone that it be made bread.\r
+\r
+4:4 And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not\r
+live by bread alone, but by every word of God.\r
+\r
+4:5 And the devil, taking him up into an high mountain, shewed unto\r
+him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time.\r
+\r
+4:6 And the devil said unto him, All this power will I give thee, and\r
+the glory of them: for that is delivered unto me; and to whomsoever I\r
+will I give it.\r
+\r
+4:7 If thou therefore wilt worship me, all shall be thine.\r
+\r
+4:8 And Jesus answered and said unto him, Get thee behind me, Satan:\r
+for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only\r
+shalt thou serve.\r
+\r
+4:9 And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on a pinnacle of the\r
+temple, and said unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself\r
+down from hence: 4:10 For it is written, He shall give his angels\r
+charge over thee, to keep thee: 4:11 And in their hands they shall\r
+bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone.\r
+\r
+4:12 And Jesus answering said unto him, It is said, Thou shalt not\r
+tempt the Lord thy God.\r
+\r
+4:13 And when the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from\r
+him for a season.\r
+\r
+4:14 And Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee: and\r
+there went out a fame of him through all the region round about.\r
+\r
+4:15 And he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of all.\r
+\r
+4:16 And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as\r
+his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and\r
+stood up for to read.\r
+\r
+4:17 And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias.\r
+And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was\r
+written, 4:18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath\r
+anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal\r
+the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and\r
+recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are\r
+bruised, 4:19 To preach the acceptable year of the Lord.\r
+\r
+4:20 And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and\r
+sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were\r
+fastened on him.\r
+\r
+4:21 And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture\r
+fulfilled in your ears.\r
+\r
+4:22 And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words\r
+which proceeded out of his mouth. And they said, Is not this Joseph's\r
+son? 4:23 And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this\r
+proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in\r
+Capernaum, do also here in thy country.\r
+\r
+4:24 And he said, Verily I say unto you, No prophet is accepted in his\r
+own country.\r
+\r
+4:25 But I tell you of a truth, many widows were in Israel in the days\r
+of Elias, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, when\r
+great famine was throughout all the land; 4:26 But unto none of them\r
+was Elias sent, save unto Sarepta, a city of Sidon, unto a woman that\r
+was a widow.\r
+\r
+4:27 And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Eliseus the\r
+prophet; and none of them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian.\r
+\r
+4:28 And all they in the synagogue, when they heard these things, were\r
+filled with wrath, 4:29 And rose up, and thrust him out of the city,\r
+and led him unto the brow of the hill whereon their city was built,\r
+that they might cast him down headlong.\r
+\r
+4:30 But he passing through the midst of them went his way, 4:31 And\r
+came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and taught them on the\r
+sabbath days.\r
+\r
+4:32 And they were astonished at his doctrine: for his word was with\r
+power.\r
+\r
+4:33 And in the synagogue there was a man, which had a spirit of an\r
+unclean devil, and cried out with a loud voice, 4:34 Saying, Let us\r
+alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou\r
+come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art; the Holy One of God.\r
+\r
+4:35 And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of\r
+him.\r
+\r
+And when the devil had thrown him in the midst, he came out of him,\r
+and hurt him not.\r
+\r
+4:36 And they were all amazed, and spake among themselves, saying,\r
+What a word is this! for with authority and power he commandeth the\r
+unclean spirits, and they come out.\r
+\r
+4:37 And the fame of him went out into every place of the country\r
+round about.\r
+\r
+4:38 And he arose out of the synagogue, and entered into Simon's\r
+house.\r
+\r
+And Simon's wife's mother was taken with a great fever; and they\r
+besought him for her.\r
+\r
+4:39 And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her:\r
+and immediately she arose and ministered unto them.\r
+\r
+4:40 Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with\r
+divers diseases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every\r
+one of them, and healed them.\r
+\r
+4:41 And devils also came out of many, crying out, and saying, Thou\r
+art Christ the Son of God. And he rebuking them suffered them not to\r
+speak: for they knew that he was Christ.\r
+\r
+4:42 And when it was day, he departed and went into a desert place:\r
+and the people sought him, and came unto him, and stayed him, that he\r
+should not depart from them.\r
+\r
+4:43 And he said unto them, I must preach the kingdom of God to other\r
+cities also: for therefore am I sent.\r
+\r
+4:44 And he preached in the synagogues of Galilee.\r
+\r
+5:1 And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear\r
+the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret, 5:2 And saw two\r
+ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them,\r
+and were washing their nets.\r
+\r
+5:3 And he entered into one of the ships, which was Simon's, and\r
+prayed him that he would thrust out a little from the land. And he sat\r
+down, and taught the people out of the ship.\r
+\r
+5:4 Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into\r
+the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.\r
+\r
+5:5 And Simon answering said unto him, Master, we have toiled all the\r
+night, and have taken nothing: nevertheless at thy word I will let\r
+down the net.\r
+\r
+5:6 And when they had this done, they inclosed a great multitude of\r
+fishes: and their net brake.\r
+\r
+5:7 And they beckoned unto their partners, which were in the other\r
+ship, that they should come and help them. And they came, and filled\r
+both the ships, so that they began to sink.\r
+\r
+5:8 When Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying,\r
+Depart from me; for I am a sinful man, O Lord.\r
+\r
+5:9 For he was astonished, and all that were with him, at the draught\r
+of the fishes which they had taken: 5:10 And so was also James, and\r
+John, the sons of Zebedee, which were partners with Simon. And Jesus\r
+said unto Simon, Fear not; from henceforth thou shalt catch men.\r
+\r
+5:11 And when they had brought their ships to land, they forsook all,\r
+and followed him.\r
+\r
+5:12 And it came to pass, when he was in a certain city, behold a man\r
+full of leprosy: who seeing Jesus fell on his face, and besought him,\r
+saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.\r
+\r
+5:13 And he put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, I will: be\r
+thou clean. And immediately the leprosy departed from him.\r
+\r
+5:14 And he charged him to tell no man: but go, and shew thyself to\r
+the priest, and offer for thy cleansing, according as Moses commanded,\r
+for a testimony unto them.\r
+\r
+5:15 But so much the more went there a fame abroad of him: and great\r
+multitudes came together to hear, and to be healed by him of their\r
+infirmities.\r
+\r
+5:16 And he withdrew himself into the wilderness, and prayed.\r
+\r
+5:17 And it came to pass on a certain day, as he was teaching, that\r
+there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which were\r
+come out of every town of Galilee, and Judaea, and Jerusalem: and the\r
+power of the Lord was present to heal them.\r
+\r
+5:18 And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a\r
+palsy: and they sought means to bring him in, and to lay him before\r
+him.\r
+\r
+5:19 And when they could not find by what way they might bring him in\r
+because of the multitude, they went upon the housetop, and let him\r
+down through the tiling with his couch into the midst before Jesus.\r
+\r
+5:20 And when he saw their faith, he said unto him, Man, thy sins are\r
+forgiven thee.\r
+\r
+5:21 And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, Who is\r
+this which speaketh blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone?\r
+5:22 But when Jesus perceived their thoughts, he answering said unto\r
+them, What reason ye in your hearts? 5:23 Whether is easier, to say,\r
+Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Rise up and walk? 5:24 But that\r
+ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins,\r
+(he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take\r
+up thy couch, and go into thine house.\r
+\r
+5:25 And immediately he rose up before them, and took up that whereon\r
+he lay, and departed to his own house, glorifying God.\r
+\r
+5:26 And they were all amazed, and they glorified God, and were filled\r
+with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to day.\r
+\r
+5:27 And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican, named\r
+Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he said unto him, Follow\r
+me.\r
+\r
+5:28 And he left all, rose up, and followed him.\r
+\r
+5:29 And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a\r
+great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them.\r
+\r
+5:30 But their scribes and Pharisees murmured against his disciples,\r
+saying, Why do ye eat and drink with publicans and sinners? 5:31 And\r
+Jesus answering said unto them, They that are whole need not a\r
+physician; but they that are sick.\r
+\r
+5:32 I came not to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.\r
+\r
+5:33 And they said unto him, Why do the disciples of John fast often,\r
+and make prayers, and likewise the disciples of the Pharisees; but\r
+thine eat and drink? 5:34 And he said unto them, Can ye make the\r
+children of the bridechamber fast, while the bridegroom is with them?\r
+5:35 But the days will come, when the bridegroom shall be taken away\r
+from them, and then shall they fast in those days.\r
+\r
+5:36 And he spake also a parable unto them; No man putteth a piece of\r
+a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a\r
+rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the\r
+old.\r
+\r
+5:37 And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine\r
+will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish.\r
+\r
+5:38 But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are\r
+preserved.\r
+\r
+5:39 No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for\r
+he saith, The old is better.\r
+\r
+6:1 And it came to pass on the second sabbath after the first, that he\r
+went through the corn fields; and his disciples plucked the ears of\r
+corn, and did eat, rubbing them in their hands.\r
+\r
+6:2 And certain of the Pharisees said unto them, Why do ye that which\r
+is not lawful to do on the sabbath days? 6:3 And Jesus answering them\r
+said, Have ye not read so much as this, what David did, when himself\r
+was an hungred, and they which were with him; 6:4 How he went into the\r
+house of God, and did take and eat the shewbread, and gave also to\r
+them that were with him; which it is not lawful to eat but for the\r
+priests alone? 6:5 And he said unto them, That the Son of man is Lord\r
+also of the sabbath.\r
+\r
+6:6 And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into\r
+the synagogue and taught: and there was a man whose right hand was\r
+withered.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal\r
+on the sabbath day; that they might find an accusation against him.\r
+\r
+6:8 But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the\r
+withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he arose and\r
+stood forth.\r
+\r
+6:9 Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing; Is it lawful\r
+on the sabbath days to do good, or to do evil? to save life, or to\r
+destroy it? 6:10 And looking round about upon them all, he said unto\r
+the man, Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so: and his hand was\r
+restored whole as the other.\r
+\r
+6:11 And they were filled with madness; and communed one with another\r
+what they might do to Jesus.\r
+\r
+6:12 And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a\r
+mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God.\r
+\r
+6:13 And when it was day, he called unto him his disciples: and of\r
+them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles; 6:14 Simon, (whom\r
+he also named Peter,) and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip\r
+and Bartholomew, 6:15 Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus,\r
+and Simon called Zelotes, 6:16 And Judas the brother of James, and\r
+Judas Iscariot, which also was the traitor.\r
+\r
+6:17 And he came down with them, and stood in the plain, and the\r
+company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all\r
+Judaea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, which\r
+came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; 6:18 And they\r
+that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed.\r
+\r
+6:19 And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went\r
+virtue out of him, and healed them all.\r
+\r
+6:20 And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed be\r
+ye poor: for yours is the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+6:21 Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled. Blessed\r
+are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh.\r
+\r
+6:22 Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall\r
+separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out\r
+your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake.\r
+\r
+6:23 Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy: for, behold, your\r
+reward is great in heaven: for in the like manner did their fathers\r
+unto the prophets.\r
+\r
+6:24 But woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your\r
+consolation.\r
+\r
+6:25 Woe unto you that are full! for ye shall hunger. Woe unto you\r
+that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep.\r
+\r
+6:26 Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! for so did\r
+their fathers to the false prophets.\r
+\r
+6:27 But I say unto you which hear, Love your enemies, do good to them\r
+which hate you, 6:28 Bless them that curse you, and pray for them\r
+which despitefully use you.\r
+\r
+6:29 And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the\r
+other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat\r
+also.\r
+\r
+6:30 Give to every man that asketh of thee; and of him that taketh\r
+away thy goods ask them not again.\r
+\r
+6:31 And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them\r
+likewise.\r
+\r
+6:32 For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for\r
+sinners also love those that love them.\r
+\r
+6:33 And if ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have\r
+ye? for sinners also do even the same.\r
+\r
+6:34 And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank\r
+have ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again.\r
+\r
+6:35 But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for\r
+nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the\r
+children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+6:36 Be ye therefore merciful, as your Father also is merciful.\r
+\r
+6:37 Judge not, and ye shall not be judged: condemn not, and ye shall\r
+not be condemned: forgive, and ye shall be forgiven: 6:38 Give, and it\r
+shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed down, and shaken\r
+together, and running over, shall men give into your bosom. For with\r
+the same measure that ye mete withal it shall be measured to you\r
+again.\r
+\r
+6:39 And he spake a parable unto them, Can the blind lead the blind?\r
+shall they not both fall into the ditch? 6:40 The disciple is not\r
+above his master: but every one that is perfect shall be as his\r
+master.\r
+\r
+6:41 And why beholdest thou the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but\r
+perceivest not the beam that is in thine own eye? 6:42 Either how\r
+canst thou say to thy brother, Brother, let me pull out the mote that\r
+is in thine eye, when thou thyself beholdest not the beam that is in\r
+thine own eye? Thou hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine\r
+own eye, and then shalt thou see clearly to pull out the mote that is\r
+in thy brother's eye.\r
+\r
+6:43 For a good tree bringeth not forth corrupt fruit; neither doth a\r
+corrupt tree bring forth good fruit.\r
+\r
+6:44 For every tree is known by his own fruit. For of thorns men do\r
+not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes.\r
+\r
+6:45 A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth\r
+that which is good; and an evil man out of the evil treasure of his\r
+heart bringeth forth that which is evil: for of the abundance of the\r
+heart his mouth speaketh.\r
+\r
+6:46 And why call ye me, Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I\r
+say? 6:47 Whosoever cometh to me, and heareth my sayings, and doeth\r
+them, I will shew you to whom he is like: 6:48 He is like a man which\r
+built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock:\r
+and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house,\r
+and could not shake it: for it was founded upon a rock.\r
+\r
+6:49 But he that heareth, and doeth not, is like a man that without a\r
+foundation built an house upon the earth; against which the stream did\r
+beat vehemently, and immediately it fell; and the ruin of that house\r
+was great.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now when he had ended all his sayings in the audience of the\r
+people, he entered into Capernaum.\r
+\r
+7:2 And a certain centurion's servant, who was dear unto him, was\r
+sick, and ready to die.\r
+\r
+7:3 And when he heard of Jesus, he sent unto him the elders of the\r
+Jews, beseeching him that he would come and heal his servant.\r
+\r
+7:4 And when they came to Jesus, they besought him instantly, saying,\r
+That he was worthy for whom he should do this: 7:5 For he loveth our\r
+nation, and he hath built us a synagogue.\r
+\r
+7:6 Then Jesus went with them. And when he was now not far from the\r
+house, the centurion sent friends to him, saying unto him, Lord,\r
+trouble not thyself: for I am not worthy that thou shouldest enter\r
+under my roof: 7:7 Wherefore neither thought I myself worthy to come\r
+unto thee: but say in a word, and my servant shall be healed.\r
+\r
+7:8 For I also am a man set under authority, having under me soldiers,\r
+and I say unto one, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he\r
+cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it.\r
+\r
+7:9 When Jesus heard these things, he marvelled at him, and turned him\r
+about, and said unto the people that followed him, I say unto you, I\r
+have not found so great faith, no, not in Israel.\r
+\r
+7:10 And they that were sent, returning to the house, found the\r
+servant whole that had been sick.\r
+\r
+7:11 And it came to pass the day after, that he went into a city\r
+called Nain; and many of his disciples went with him, and much people.\r
+\r
+7:12 Now when he came nigh to the gate of the city, behold, there was\r
+a dead man carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a\r
+widow: and much people of the city was with her.\r
+\r
+7:13 And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said\r
+unto her, Weep not.\r
+\r
+7:14 And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood\r
+still.\r
+\r
+And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise.\r
+\r
+7:15 And he that was dead sat up, and began to speak. And he delivered\r
+him to his mother.\r
+\r
+7:16 And there came a fear on all: and they glorified God, saying,\r
+That a great prophet is risen up among us; and, That God hath visited\r
+his people.\r
+\r
+7:17 And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Judaea, and\r
+throughout all the region round about.\r
+\r
+7:18 And the disciples of John shewed him of all these things.\r
+\r
+7:19 And John calling unto him two of his disciples sent them to\r
+Jesus, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we for another?\r
+7:20 When the men were come unto him, they said, John Baptist hath\r
+sent us unto thee, saying, Art thou he that should come? or look we\r
+for another? 7:21 And in that same hour he cured many of their\r
+infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits; and unto many that were\r
+blind he gave sight.\r
+\r
+7:22 Then Jesus answering said unto them, Go your way, and tell John\r
+what things ye have seen and heard; how that the blind see, the lame\r
+walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, to\r
+the poor the gospel is preached.\r
+\r
+7:23 And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me.\r
+\r
+7:24 And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak\r
+unto the people concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness\r
+for to see? A reed shaken with the wind? 7:25 But what went ye out\r
+for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they which are\r
+gorgeously apparelled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts.\r
+\r
+7:26 But what went ye out for to see? A prophet? Yea, I say unto you,\r
+and much more than a prophet.\r
+\r
+7:27 This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger\r
+before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.\r
+\r
+7:28 For I say unto you, Among those that are born of women there is\r
+not a greater prophet than John the Baptist: but he that is least in\r
+the kingdom of God is greater than he.\r
+\r
+7:29 And all the people that heard him, and the publicans, justified\r
+God, being baptized with the baptism of John.\r
+\r
+7:30 But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against\r
+themselves, being not baptized of him.\r
+\r
+7:31 And the Lord said, Whereunto then shall I liken the men of this\r
+generation? and to what are they like? 7:32 They are like unto\r
+children sitting in the marketplace, and calling one to another, and\r
+saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have\r
+mourned to you, and ye have not wept.\r
+\r
+7:33 For John the Baptist came neither eating bread nor drinking wine;\r
+and ye say, He hath a devil.\r
+\r
+7:34 The Son of man is come eating and drinking; and ye say, Behold a\r
+gluttonous man, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners!\r
+7:35 But wisdom is justified of all her children.\r
+\r
+7:36 And one of the Pharisees desired him that he would eat with him.\r
+And he went into the Pharisee's house, and sat down to meat.\r
+\r
+7:37 And, behold, a woman in the city, which was a sinner, when she\r
+knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house, brought an\r
+alabaster box of ointment, 7:38 And stood at his feet behind him\r
+weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with\r
+the hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the\r
+ointment.\r
+\r
+7:39 Now when the Pharisee which had bidden him saw it, he spake\r
+within himself, saying, This man, if he were a prophet, would have\r
+known who and what manner of woman this is that toucheth him: for she\r
+is a sinner.\r
+\r
+7:40 And Jesus answering said unto him, Simon, I have somewhat to say\r
+unto thee. And he saith, Master, say on.\r
+\r
+7:41 There was a certain creditor which had two debtors: the one owed\r
+five hundred pence, and the other fifty.\r
+\r
+7:42 And when they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them both.\r
+Tell me therefore, which of them will love him most? 7:43 Simon\r
+answered and said, I suppose that he, to whom he forgave most.\r
+\r
+And he said unto him, Thou hast rightly judged.\r
+\r
+7:44 And he turned to the woman, and said unto Simon, Seest thou this\r
+woman? I entered into thine house, thou gavest me no water for my\r
+feet: but she hath washed my feet with tears, and wiped them with the\r
+hairs of her head.\r
+\r
+7:45 Thou gavest me no kiss: but this woman since the time I came in\r
+hath not ceased to kiss my feet.\r
+\r
+7:46 My head with oil thou didst not anoint: but this woman hath\r
+anointed my feet with ointment.\r
+\r
+7:47 Wherefore I say unto thee, Her sins, which are many, are\r
+forgiven; for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same\r
+loveth little.\r
+\r
+7:48 And he said unto her, Thy sins are forgiven.\r
+\r
+7:49 And they that sat at meat with him began to say within\r
+themselves, Who is this that forgiveth sins also? 7:50 And he said to\r
+the woman, Thy faith hath saved thee; go in peace.\r
+\r
+8:1 And it came to pass afterward, that he went throughout every city\r
+and village, preaching and shewing the glad tidings of the kingdom of\r
+God: and the twelve were with him, 8:2 And certain women, which had\r
+been healed of evil spirits and infirmities, Mary called Magdalene,\r
+out of whom went seven devils, 8:3 And Joanna the wife of Chuza\r
+Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, which ministered unto\r
+him of their substance.\r
+\r
+8:4 And when much people were gathered together, and were come to him\r
+out of every city, he spake by a parable: 8:5 A sower went out to sow\r
+his seed: and as he sowed, some fell by the way side; and it was\r
+trodden down, and the fowls of the air devoured it.\r
+\r
+8:6 And some fell upon a rock; and as soon as it was sprung up, it\r
+withered away, because it lacked moisture.\r
+\r
+8:7 And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprang up with it, and\r
+choked it.\r
+\r
+8:8 And other fell on good ground, and sprang up, and bare fruit an\r
+hundredfold. And when he had said these things, he cried, He that hath\r
+ears to hear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+8:9 And his disciples asked him, saying, What might this parable be?\r
+8:10 And he said, Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the\r
+kingdom of God: but to others in parables; that seeing they might not\r
+see, and hearing they might not understand.\r
+\r
+8:11 Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of God.\r
+\r
+8:12 Those by the way side are they that hear; then cometh the devil,\r
+and taketh away the word out of their hearts, lest they should believe\r
+and be saved.\r
+\r
+8:13 They on the rock are they, which, when they hear, receive the\r
+word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and\r
+in time of temptation fall away.\r
+\r
+8:14 And that which fell among thorns are they, which, when they have\r
+heard, go forth, and are choked with cares and riches and pleasures of\r
+this life, and bring no fruit to perfection.\r
+\r
+8:15 But that on the good ground are they, which in an honest and good\r
+heart, having heard the word, keep it, and bring forth fruit with\r
+patience.\r
+\r
+8:16 No man, when he hath lighted a candle, covereth it with a vessel,\r
+or putteth it under a bed; but setteth it on a candlestick, that they\r
+which enter in may see the light.\r
+\r
+8:17 For nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest; neither\r
+any thing hid, that shall not be known and come abroad.\r
+\r
+8:18 Take heed therefore how ye hear: for whosoever hath, to him shall\r
+be given; and whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken even that\r
+which he seemeth to have.\r
+\r
+8:19 Then came to him his mother and his brethren, and could not come\r
+at him for the press.\r
+\r
+8:20 And it was told him by certain which said, Thy mother and thy\r
+brethren stand without, desiring to see thee.\r
+\r
+8:21 And he answered and said unto them, My mother and my brethren are\r
+these which hear the word of God, and do it.\r
+\r
+8:22 Now it came to pass on a certain day, that he went into a ship\r
+with his disciples: and he said unto them, Let us go over unto the\r
+other side of the lake. And they launched forth.\r
+\r
+8:23 But as they sailed he fell asleep: and there came down a storm of\r
+wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in\r
+jeopardy.\r
+\r
+8:24 And they came to him, and awoke him, saying, Master, master, we\r
+perish. Then he arose, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the\r
+water: and they ceased, and there was a calm.\r
+\r
+8:25 And he said unto them, Where is your faith? And they being afraid\r
+wondered, saying one to another, What manner of man is this! for he\r
+commandeth even the winds and water, and they obey him.\r
+\r
+8:26 And they arrived at the country of the Gadarenes, which is over\r
+against Galilee.\r
+\r
+8:27 And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a\r
+certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither\r
+abode in any house, but in the tombs.\r
+\r
+8:28 When he saw Jesus, he cried out, and fell down before him, and\r
+with a loud voice said, What have I to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son\r
+of God most high? I beseech thee, torment me not.\r
+\r
+8:29 (For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man.\r
+For oftentimes it had caught him: and he was kept bound with chains\r
+and in fetters; and he brake the bands, and was driven of the devil\r
+into the wilderness.) 8:30 And Jesus asked him, saying, What is thy\r
+name? And he said, Legion: because many devils were entered into him.\r
+\r
+8:31 And they besought him that he would not command them to go out\r
+into the deep.\r
+\r
+8:32 And there was there an herd of many swine feeding on the\r
+mountain: and they besought him that he would suffer them to enter\r
+into them. And he suffered them.\r
+\r
+8:33 Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine:\r
+and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were\r
+choked.\r
+\r
+8:34 When they that fed them saw what was done, they fled, and went\r
+and told it in the city and in the country.\r
+\r
+8:35 Then they went out to see what was done; and came to Jesus, and\r
+found the man, out of whom the devils were departed, sitting at the\r
+feet of Jesus, clothed, and in his right mind: and they were afraid.\r
+\r
+8:36 They also which saw it told them by what means he that was\r
+possessed of the devils was healed.\r
+\r
+8:37 Then the whole multitude of the country of the Gadarenes round\r
+about besought him to depart from them; for they were taken with great\r
+fear: and he went up into the ship, and returned back again.\r
+\r
+8:38 Now the man out of whom the devils were departed besought him\r
+that he might be with him: but Jesus sent him away, saying, 8:39\r
+Return to thine own house, and shew how great things God hath done\r
+unto thee. And he went his way, and published throughout the whole\r
+city how great things Jesus had done unto him.\r
+\r
+8:40 And it came to pass, that, when Jesus was returned, the people\r
+gladly received him: for they were all waiting for him.\r
+\r
+8:41 And, behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of\r
+the synagogue: and he fell down at Jesus' feet, and besought him that\r
+he would come into his house: 8:42 For he had one only daughter, about\r
+twelve years of age, and she lay a dying. But as he went the people\r
+thronged him.\r
+\r
+8:43 And a woman having an issue of blood twelve years, which had\r
+spent all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any,\r
+8:44 Came behind him, and touched the border of his garment: and\r
+immediately her issue of blood stanched.\r
+\r
+8:45 And Jesus said, Who touched me? When all denied, Peter and they\r
+that were with him said, Master, the multitude throng thee and press\r
+thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me? 8:46 And Jesus said, Somebody\r
+hath touched me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me.\r
+\r
+8:47 And when the woman saw that she was not hid, she came trembling,\r
+and falling down before him, she declared unto him before all the\r
+people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed\r
+immediately.\r
+\r
+8:48 And he said unto her, Daughter, be of good comfort: thy faith\r
+hath made thee whole; go in peace.\r
+\r
+8:49 While he yet spake, there cometh one from the ruler of the\r
+synagogue's house, saying to him, Thy daughter is dead; trouble not\r
+the Master.\r
+\r
+8:50 But when Jesus heard it, he answered him, saying, Fear not:\r
+believe only, and she shall be made whole.\r
+\r
+8:51 And when he came into the house, he suffered no man to go in,\r
+save Peter, and James, and John, and the father and the mother of the\r
+maiden.\r
+\r
+8:52 And all wept, and bewailed her: but he said, Weep not; she is not\r
+dead, but sleepeth.\r
+\r
+8:53 And they laughed him to scorn, knowing that she was dead.\r
+\r
+8:54 And he put them all out, and took her by the hand, and called,\r
+saying, Maid, arise.\r
+\r
+8:55 And her spirit came again, and she arose straightway: and he\r
+commanded to give her meat.\r
+\r
+8:56 And her parents were astonished: but he charged them that they\r
+should tell no man what was done.\r
+\r
+9:1 Then he called his twelve disciples together, and gave them power\r
+and authority over all devils, and to cure diseases.\r
+\r
+9:2 And he sent them to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal the\r
+sick.\r
+\r
+9:3 And he said unto them, Take nothing for your journey, neither\r
+staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money; neither have two\r
+coats apiece.\r
+\r
+9:4 And whatsoever house ye enter into, there abide, and thence\r
+depart.\r
+\r
+9:5 And whosoever will not receive you, when ye go out of that city,\r
+shake off the very dust from your feet for a testimony against them.\r
+\r
+9:6 And they departed, and went through the towns, preaching the\r
+gospel, and healing every where.\r
+\r
+9:7 Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was done by him: and he\r
+was perplexed, because that it was said of some, that John was risen\r
+from the dead; 9:8 And of some, that Elias had appeared; and of\r
+others, that one of the old prophets was risen again.\r
+\r
+9:9 And Herod said, John have I beheaded: but who is this, of whom I\r
+hear such things? And he desired to see him.\r
+\r
+9:10 And the apostles, when they were returned, told him all that they\r
+had done. And he took them, and went aside privately into a desert\r
+place belonging to the city called Bethsaida.\r
+\r
+9:11 And the people, when they knew it, followed him: and he received\r
+them, and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and healed them that\r
+had need of healing.\r
+\r
+9:12 And when the day began to wear away, then came the twelve, and\r
+said unto him, Send the multitude away, that they may go into the\r
+towns and country round about, and lodge, and get victuals: for we are\r
+here in a desert place.\r
+\r
+9:13 But he said unto them, Give ye them to eat. And they said, We\r
+have no more but five loaves and two fishes; except we should go and\r
+buy meat for all this people.\r
+\r
+9:14 For they were about five thousand men. And he said to his\r
+disciples, Make them sit down by fifties in a company.\r
+\r
+9:15 And they did so, and made them all sit down.\r
+\r
+9:16 Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up\r
+to heaven, he blessed them, and brake, and gave to the disciples to\r
+set before the multitude.\r
+\r
+9:17 And they did eat, and were all filled: and there was taken up of\r
+fragments that remained to them twelve baskets.\r
+\r
+9:18 And it came to pass, as he was alone praying, his disciples were\r
+with him: and he asked them, saying, Whom say the people that I am?\r
+9:19 They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and\r
+others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again.\r
+\r
+9:20 He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am? Peter answering\r
+said, The Christ of God.\r
+\r
+9:21 And he straitly charged them, and commanded them to tell no man\r
+that thing; 9:22 Saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and\r
+be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be slain,\r
+and be raised the third day.\r
+\r
+9:23 And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him\r
+deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.\r
+\r
+9:24 For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: but whosoever\r
+will lose his life for my sake, the same shall save it.\r
+\r
+9:25 For what is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and\r
+lose himself, or be cast away? 9:26 For whosoever shall be ashamed of\r
+me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he\r
+shall come in his own glory, and in his Father's, and of the holy\r
+angels.\r
+\r
+9:27 But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which\r
+shall not taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+9:28 And it came to pass about an eight days after these sayings, he\r
+took Peter and John and James, and went up into a mountain to pray.\r
+\r
+9:29 And as he prayed, the fashion of his countenance was altered, and\r
+his raiment was white and glistering.\r
+\r
+9:30 And, behold, there talked with him two men, which were Moses and\r
+Elias: 9:31 Who appeared in glory, and spake of his decease which he\r
+should accomplish at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:32 But Peter and they that were with him were heavy with sleep: and\r
+when they were awake, they saw his glory, and the two men that stood\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+9:33 And it came to pass, as they departed from him, Peter said unto\r
+Jesus, Master, it is good for us to be here: and let us make three\r
+tabernacles; one for thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias: not\r
+knowing what he said.\r
+\r
+9:34 While he thus spake, there came a cloud, and overshadowed them:\r
+and they feared as they entered into the cloud.\r
+\r
+9:35 And there came a voice out of the cloud, saying, This is my\r
+beloved Son: hear him.\r
+\r
+9:36 And when the voice was past, Jesus was found alone. And they kept\r
+it close, and told no man in those days any of those things which they\r
+had seen.\r
+\r
+9:37 And it came to pass, that on the next day, when they were come\r
+down from the hill, much people met him.\r
+\r
+9:38 And, behold, a man of the company cried out, saying, Master, I\r
+beseech thee, look upon my son: for he is mine only child.\r
+\r
+9:39 And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly crieth out; and it\r
+teareth him that he foameth again, and bruising him hardly departeth\r
+from him.\r
+\r
+9:40 And I besought thy disciples to cast him out; and they could not.\r
+\r
+9:41 And Jesus answering said, O faithless and perverse generation,\r
+how long shall I be with you, and suffer you? Bring thy son hither.\r
+\r
+9:42 And as he was yet a coming, the devil threw him down, and tare\r
+him.\r
+\r
+And Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit, and healed the child, and\r
+delivered him again to his father.\r
+\r
+9:43 And they were all amazed at the mighty power of God. But while\r
+they wondered every one at all things which Jesus did, he said unto\r
+his disciples, 9:44 Let these sayings sink down into your ears: for\r
+the Son of man shall be delivered into the hands of men.\r
+\r
+9:45 But they understood not this saying, and it was hid from them,\r
+that they perceived it not: and they feared to ask him of that saying.\r
+\r
+9:46 Then there arose a reasoning among them, which of them should be\r
+greatest.\r
+\r
+9:47 And Jesus, perceiving the thought of their heart, took a child,\r
+and set him by him, 9:48 And said unto them, Whosoever shall receive\r
+this child in my name receiveth me: and whosoever shall receive me\r
+receiveth him that sent me: for he that is least among you all, the\r
+same shall be great.\r
+\r
+9:49 And John answered and said, Master, we saw one casting out devils\r
+in thy name; and we forbad him, because he followeth not with us.\r
+\r
+9:50 And Jesus said unto him, Forbid him not: for he that is not\r
+against us is for us.\r
+\r
+9:51 And it came to pass, when the time was come that he should be\r
+received up, he stedfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem, 9:52 And\r
+sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a\r
+village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.\r
+\r
+9:53 And they did not receive him, because his face was as though he\r
+would go to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:54 And when his disciples James and John saw this, they said, Lord,\r
+wilt thou that we command fire to come down from heaven, and consume\r
+them, even as Elias did? 9:55 But he turned, and rebuked them, and\r
+said, Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of.\r
+\r
+9:56 For the Son of man is not come to destroy men's lives, but to\r
+save them. And they went to another village.\r
+\r
+9:57 And it came to pass, that, as they went in the way, a certain man\r
+said unto him, Lord, I will follow thee whithersoever thou goest.\r
+\r
+9:58 And Jesus said unto him, Foxes have holes, and birds of the air\r
+have nests; but the Son of man hath not where to lay his head.\r
+\r
+9:59 And he said unto another, Follow me. But he said, Lord, suffer me\r
+first to go and bury my father.\r
+\r
+9:60 Jesus said unto him, Let the dead bury their dead: but go thou\r
+and preach the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+9:61 And another also said, Lord, I will follow thee; but let me first\r
+go bid them farewell, which are at home at my house.\r
+\r
+9:62 And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the\r
+plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+10:1 After these things the LORD appointed other seventy also, and\r
+sent them two and two before his face into every city and place,\r
+whither he himself would come.\r
+\r
+10:2 Therefore said he unto them, The harvest truly is great, but the\r
+labourers are few: pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that he\r
+would send forth labourers into his harvest.\r
+\r
+10:3 Go your ways: behold, I send you forth as lambs among wolves.\r
+\r
+10:4 Carry neither purse, nor scrip, nor shoes: and salute no man by\r
+the way.\r
+\r
+10:5 And into whatsoever house ye enter, first say, Peace be to this\r
+house.\r
+\r
+10:6 And if the son of peace be there, your peace shall rest upon it:\r
+if not, it shall turn to you again.\r
+\r
+10:7 And in the same house remain, eating and drinking such things as\r
+they give: for the labourer is worthy of his hire. Go not from house\r
+to house.\r
+\r
+10:8 And into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you, eat such\r
+things as are set before you: 10:9 And heal the sick that are therein,\r
+and say unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you.\r
+\r
+10:10 But into whatsoever city ye enter, and they receive you not, go\r
+your ways out into the streets of the same, and say, 10:11 Even the\r
+very dust of your city, which cleaveth on us, we do wipe off against\r
+you: notwithstanding be ye sure of this, that the kingdom of God is\r
+come nigh unto you.\r
+\r
+10:12 But I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable in that day\r
+for Sodom, than for that city.\r
+\r
+10:13 Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the\r
+mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon, which have been done in\r
+you, they had a great while ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and\r
+ashes.\r
+\r
+10:14 But it shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the\r
+judgment, than for you.\r
+\r
+10:15 And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be\r
+thrust down to hell.\r
+\r
+10:16 He that heareth you heareth me; and he that despiseth you\r
+despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me.\r
+\r
+10:17 And the seventy returned again with joy, saying, Lord, even the\r
+devils are subject unto us through thy name.\r
+\r
+10:18 And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+10:19 Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and\r
+scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by\r
+any means hurt you.\r
+\r
+10:20 Notwithstanding in this rejoice not, that the spirits are\r
+subject unto you; but rather rejoice, because your names are written\r
+in heaven.\r
+\r
+10:21 In that hour Jesus rejoiced in spirit, and said, I thank thee, O\r
+Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that thou hast hid these things from\r
+the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes: even so,\r
+Father; for so it seemed good in thy sight.\r
+\r
+10:22 All things are delivered to me of my Father: and no man knoweth\r
+who the Son is, but the Father; and who the Father is, but the Son,\r
+and he to whom the Son will reveal him.\r
+\r
+10:23 And he turned him unto his disciples, and said privately,\r
+Blessed are the eyes which see the things that ye see: 10:24 For I\r
+tell you, that many prophets and kings have desired to see those\r
+things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things\r
+which ye hear, and have not heard them.\r
+\r
+10:25 And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying,\r
+Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? 10:26 He said unto\r
+him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? 10:27 And he\r
+answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,\r
+and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy\r
+mind; and thy neighbour as thyself.\r
+\r
+10:28 And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and\r
+thou shalt live.\r
+\r
+10:29 But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is\r
+my neighbour? 10:30 And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down\r
+from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him\r
+of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead.\r
+\r
+10:31 And by chance there came down a certain priest that way: and\r
+when he saw him, he passed by on the other side.\r
+\r
+10:32 And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked\r
+on him, and passed by on the other side.\r
+\r
+10:33 But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and\r
+when he saw him, he had compassion on him, 10:34 And went to him, and\r
+bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own\r
+beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.\r
+\r
+10:35 And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and\r
+gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and\r
+whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee.\r
+\r
+10:36 Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him\r
+that fell among the thieves? 10:37 And he said, He that shewed mercy\r
+on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise.\r
+\r
+10:38 Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a\r
+certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into\r
+her house.\r
+\r
+10:39 And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus' feet,\r
+and heard his word.\r
+\r
+10:40 But Martha was cumbered about much serving, and came to him, and\r
+said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve\r
+alone? bid her therefore that she help me.\r
+\r
+10:41 And Jesus answered and said unto her, Martha, Martha, thou art\r
+careful and troubled about many things: 10:42 But one thing is\r
+needful: and Mary hath chosen that good part, which shall not be taken\r
+away from her.\r
+\r
+11:1 And it came to pass, that, as he was praying in a certain place,\r
+when he ceased, one of his disciples said unto him, Lord, teach us to\r
+pray, as John also taught his disciples.\r
+\r
+11:2 And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, Our Father which art in\r
+heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as\r
+in heaven, so in earth.\r
+\r
+11:3 Give us day by day our daily bread.\r
+\r
+11:4 And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is\r
+indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+11:5 And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and\r
+shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three\r
+loaves; 11:6 For a friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I\r
+have nothing to set before him? 11:7 And he from within shall answer\r
+and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are\r
+with me in bed; I cannot rise and give thee.\r
+\r
+11:8 I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he\r
+is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will rise and give\r
+him as many as he needeth.\r
+\r
+11:9 And I say unto you, Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye\r
+shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.\r
+\r
+11:10 For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh\r
+findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.\r
+\r
+11:11 If a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he\r
+give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a\r
+serpent? 11:12 Or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a\r
+scorpion? 11:13 If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts\r
+unto your children: how much more shall your heavenly Father give the\r
+Holy Spirit to them that ask him? 11:14 And he was casting out a\r
+devil, and it was dumb. And it came to pass, when the devil was gone\r
+out, the dumb spake; and the people wondered.\r
+\r
+11:15 But some of them said, He casteth out devils through Beelzebub\r
+the chief of the devils.\r
+\r
+11:16 And others, tempting him, sought of him a sign from heaven.\r
+\r
+11:17 But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom\r
+divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided\r
+against a house falleth.\r
+\r
+11:18 If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom\r
+stand? because ye say that I cast out devils through Beelzebub.\r
+\r
+11:19 And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your sons cast\r
+them out? therefore shall they be your judges.\r
+\r
+11:20 But if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the\r
+kingdom of God is come upon you.\r
+\r
+11:21 When a strong man armed keepeth his palace, his goods are in\r
+peace: 11:22 But when a stronger than he shall come upon him, and\r
+overcome him, he taketh from him all his armour wherein he trusted,\r
+and divideth his spoils.\r
+\r
+11:23 He that is not with me is against me: and he that gathereth not\r
+with me scattereth.\r
+\r
+11:24 When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through\r
+dry places, seeking rest; and finding none, he saith, I will return\r
+unto my house whence I came out.\r
+\r
+11:25 And when he cometh, he findeth it swept and garnished.\r
+\r
+11:26 Then goeth he, and taketh to him seven other spirits more wicked\r
+than himself; and they enter in, and dwell there: and the last state\r
+of that man is worse than the first.\r
+\r
+11:27 And it came to pass, as he spake these things, a certain woman\r
+of the company lifted up her voice, and said unto him, Blessed is the\r
+womb that bare thee, and the paps which thou hast sucked.\r
+\r
+11:28 But he said, Yea rather, blessed are they that hear the word of\r
+God, and keep it.\r
+\r
+11:29 And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to\r
+say, This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no\r
+sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet.\r
+\r
+11:30 For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the\r
+Son of man be to this generation.\r
+\r
+11:31 The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the\r
+men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost\r
+parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a\r
+greater than Solomon is here.\r
+\r
+11:32 The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this\r
+generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching\r
+of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here.\r
+\r
+11:33 No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret\r
+place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which\r
+come in may see the light.\r
+\r
+11:34 The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is\r
+single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is\r
+evil, thy body also is full of darkness.\r
+\r
+11:35 Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not\r
+darkness.\r
+\r
+11:36 If thy whole body therefore be full of light, having no part\r
+dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of\r
+a candle doth give thee light.\r
+\r
+11:37 And as he spake, a certain Pharisee besought him to dine with\r
+him: and he went in, and sat down to meat.\r
+\r
+11:38 And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first\r
+washed before dinner.\r
+\r
+11:39 And the Lord said unto him, Now do ye Pharisees make clean the\r
+outside of the cup and the platter; but your inward part is full of\r
+ravening and wickedness.\r
+\r
+11:40 Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that\r
+which is within also? 11:41 But rather give alms of such things as ye\r
+have; and, behold, all things are clean unto you.\r
+\r
+11:42 But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all\r
+manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these\r
+ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.\r
+\r
+11:43 Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the\r
+synagogues, and greetings in the markets.\r
+\r
+11:44 Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye are as\r
+graves which appear not, and the men that walk over them are not aware\r
+of them.\r
+\r
+11:45 Then answered one of the lawyers, and said unto him, Master,\r
+thus saying thou reproachest us also.\r
+\r
+11:46 And he said, Woe unto you also, ye lawyers! for ye lade men with\r
+burdens grievous to be borne, and ye yourselves touch not the burdens\r
+with one of your fingers.\r
+\r
+11:47 Woe unto you! for ye build the sepulchres of the prophets, and\r
+your fathers killed them.\r
+\r
+11:48 Truly ye bear witness that ye allow the deeds of your fathers:\r
+for they indeed killed them, and ye build their sepulchres.\r
+\r
+11:49 Therefore also said the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets\r
+and apostles, and some of them they shall slay and persecute: 11:50\r
+That the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation\r
+of the world, may be required of this generation; 11:51 From the blood\r
+of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias which perished between the altar\r
+and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required of this\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+11:52 Woe unto you, lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of\r
+knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering\r
+in ye hindered.\r
+\r
+11:53 And as he said these things unto them, the scribes and the\r
+Pharisees began to urge him vehemently, and to provoke him to speak of\r
+many things: 11:54 Laying wait for him, and seeking to catch something\r
+out of his mouth, that they might accuse him.\r
+\r
+12:1 In the mean time, when there were gathered together an\r
+innumerable multitude of people, insomuch that they trode one upon\r
+another, he began to say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of\r
+the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.\r
+\r
+12:2 For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither\r
+hid, that shall not be known.\r
+\r
+12:3 Therefore whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard in\r
+the light; and that which ye have spoken in the ear in closets shall\r
+be proclaimed upon the housetops.\r
+\r
+12:4 And I say unto you my friends, Be not afraid of them that kill\r
+the body, and after that have no more that they can do.\r
+\r
+12:5 But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after\r
+he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear\r
+him.\r
+\r
+12:6 Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not one of them\r
+is forgotten before God? 12:7 But even the very hairs of your head\r
+are all numbered. Fear not therefore: ye are of more value than many\r
+sparrows.\r
+\r
+12:8 Also I say unto you, Whosoever shall confess me before men, him\r
+shall the Son of man also confess before the angels of God: 12:9 But\r
+he that denieth me before men shall be denied before the angels of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+12:10 And whosoever shall speak a word against the Son of man, it\r
+shall be forgiven him: but unto him that blasphemeth against the Holy\r
+Ghost it shall not be forgiven.\r
+\r
+12:11 And when they bring you unto the synagogues, and unto\r
+magistrates, and powers, take ye no thought how or what thing ye shall\r
+answer, or what ye shall say: 12:12 For the Holy Ghost shall teach you\r
+in the same hour what ye ought to say.\r
+\r
+12:13 And one of the company said unto him, Master, speak to my\r
+brother, that he divide the inheritance with me.\r
+\r
+12:14 And he said unto him, Man, who made me a judge or a divider over\r
+you? 12:15 And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of\r
+covetousness: for a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the\r
+things which he possesseth.\r
+\r
+12:16 And he spake a parable unto them, saying, The ground of a\r
+certain rich man brought forth plentifully: 12:17 And he thought\r
+within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where\r
+to bestow my fruits? 12:18 And he said, This will I do: I will pull\r
+down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my\r
+fruits and my goods.\r
+\r
+12:19 And I will say to my soul, Soul, thou hast much goods laid up\r
+for many years; take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.\r
+\r
+12:20 But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be\r
+required of thee: then whose shall those things be, which thou hast\r
+provided? 12:21 So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is\r
+not rich toward God.\r
+\r
+12:22 And he said unto his disciples, Therefore I say unto you, Take\r
+no thought for your life, what ye shall eat; neither for the body,\r
+what ye shall put on.\r
+\r
+12:23 The life is more than meat, and the body is more than raiment.\r
+\r
+12:24 Consider the ravens: for they neither sow nor reap; which\r
+neither have storehouse nor barn; and God feedeth them: how much more\r
+are ye better than the fowls? 12:25 And which of you with taking\r
+thought can add to his stature one cubit? 12:26 If ye then be not\r
+able to do that thing which is least, why take ye thought for the\r
+rest? 12:27 Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they\r
+spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was\r
+not arrayed like one of these.\r
+\r
+12:28 If then God so clothe the grass, which is to day in the field,\r
+and to morrow is cast into the oven; how much more will he clothe you,\r
+O ye of little faith? 12:29 And seek not ye what ye shall eat, or\r
+what ye shall drink, neither be ye of doubtful mind.\r
+\r
+12:30 For all these things do the nations of the world seek after: and\r
+your Father knoweth that ye have need of these things.\r
+\r
+12:31 But rather seek ye the kingdom of God; and all these things\r
+shall be added unto you.\r
+\r
+12:32 Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to\r
+give you the kingdom.\r
+\r
+12:33 Sell that ye have, and give alms; provide yourselves bags which\r
+wax not old, a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no\r
+thief approacheth, neither moth corrupteth.\r
+\r
+12:34 For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.\r
+\r
+12:35 Let your loins be girded about, and your lights burning; 12:36\r
+And ye yourselves like unto men that wait for their lord, when he will\r
+return from the wedding; that when he cometh and knocketh, they may\r
+open unto him immediately.\r
+\r
+12:37 Blessed are those servants, whom the lord when he cometh shall\r
+find watching: verily I say unto you, that he shall gird himself, and\r
+make them to sit down to meat, and will come forth and serve them.\r
+\r
+12:38 And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third\r
+watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants.\r
+\r
+12:39 And this know, that if the goodman of the house had known what\r
+hour the thief would come, he would have watched, and not have\r
+suffered his house to be broken through.\r
+\r
+12:40 Be ye therefore ready also: for the Son of man cometh at an hour\r
+when ye think not.\r
+\r
+12:41 Then Peter said unto him, Lord, speakest thou this parable unto\r
+us, or even to all? 12:42 And the Lord said, Who then is that\r
+faithful and wise steward, whom his lord shall make ruler over his\r
+household, to give them their portion of meat in due season? 12:43\r
+Blessed is that servant, whom his lord when he cometh shall find so\r
+doing.\r
+\r
+12:44 Of a truth I say unto you, that he will make him ruler over all\r
+that he hath.\r
+\r
+12:45 But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his\r
+coming; and shall begin to beat the menservants and maidens, and to\r
+eat and drink, and to be drunken; 12:46 The lord of that servant will\r
+come in a day when he looketh not for him, and at an hour when he is\r
+not aware, and will cut him in sunder, and will appoint him his\r
+portion with the unbelievers.\r
+\r
+12:47 And that servant, which knew his lord's will, and prepared not\r
+himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many\r
+stripes.\r
+\r
+12:48 But he that knew not, and did commit things worthy of stripes,\r
+shall be beaten with few stripes. For unto whomsoever much is given,\r
+of him shall be much required: and to whom men have committed much, of\r
+him they will ask the more.\r
+\r
+12:49 I am come to send fire on the earth; and what will I, if it be\r
+already kindled? 12:50 But I have a baptism to be baptized with; and\r
+how am I straitened till it be accomplished! 12:51 Suppose ye that I\r
+am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division:\r
+12:52 For from henceforth there shall be five in one house divided,\r
+three against two, and two against three.\r
+\r
+12:53 The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against\r
+the father; the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against\r
+the mother; the mother in law against her daughter in law, and the\r
+daughter in law against her mother in law.\r
+\r
+12:54 And he said also to the people, When ye see a cloud rise out of\r
+the west, straightway ye say, There cometh a shower; and so it is.\r
+\r
+12:55 And when ye see the south wind blow, ye say, There will be heat;\r
+and it cometh to pass.\r
+\r
+12:56 Ye hypocrites, ye can discern the face of the sky and of the\r
+earth; but how is it that ye do not discern this time? 12:57 Yea, and\r
+why even of yourselves judge ye not what is right? 12:58 When thou\r
+goest with thine adversary to the magistrate, as thou art in the way,\r
+give diligence that thou mayest be delivered from him; lest he hale\r
+thee to the judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and the\r
+officer cast thee into prison.\r
+\r
+12:59 I tell thee, thou shalt not depart thence, till thou hast paid\r
+the very last mite.\r
+\r
+13:1 There were present at that season some that told him of the\r
+Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices.\r
+\r
+13:2 And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these\r
+Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they\r
+suffered such things? 13:3 I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye\r
+shall all likewise perish.\r
+\r
+13:4 Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew\r
+them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in\r
+Jerusalem? 13:5 I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all\r
+likewise perish.\r
+\r
+13:6 He spake also this parable; A certain man had a fig tree planted\r
+in his vineyard; and he came and sought fruit thereon, and found none.\r
+\r
+13:7 Then said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these\r
+three years I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut\r
+it down; why cumbereth it the ground? 13:8 And he answering said unto\r
+him, Lord, let it alone this year also, till I shall dig about it, and\r
+dung it: 13:9 And if it bear fruit, well: and if not, then after that\r
+thou shalt cut it down.\r
+\r
+13:10 And he was teaching in one of the synagogues on the sabbath.\r
+\r
+13:11 And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of infirmity\r
+eighteen years, and was bowed together, and could in no wise lift up\r
+herself.\r
+\r
+13:12 And when Jesus saw her, he called her to him, and said unto her,\r
+Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity.\r
+\r
+13:13 And he laid his hands on her: and immediately she was made\r
+straight, and glorified God.\r
+\r
+13:14 And the ruler of the synagogue answered with indignation,\r
+because that Jesus had healed on the sabbath day, and said unto the\r
+people, There are six days in which men ought to work: in them\r
+therefore come and be healed, and not on the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+13:15 The Lord then answered him, and said, Thou hypocrite, doth not\r
+each one of you on the sabbath loose his ox or his ass from the stall,\r
+and lead him away to watering? 13:16 And ought not this woman, being\r
+a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen\r
+years, be loosed from this bond on the sabbath day? 13:17 And when he\r
+had said these things, all his adversaries were ashamed: and all the\r
+people rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him.\r
+\r
+13:18 Then said he, Unto what is the kingdom of God like? and\r
+whereunto shall I resemble it? 13:19 It is like a grain of mustard\r
+seed, which a man took, and cast into his garden; and it grew, and\r
+waxed a great tree; and the fowls of the air lodged in the branches of\r
+it.\r
+\r
+13:20 And again he said, Whereunto shall I liken the kingdom of God?\r
+13:21 It is like leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures\r
+of meal, till the whole was leavened.\r
+\r
+13:22 And he went through the cities and villages, teaching, and\r
+journeying toward Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:23 Then said one unto him, Lord, are there few that be saved? And\r
+he said unto them, 13:24 Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for\r
+many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able.\r
+\r
+13:25 When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to\r
+the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door,\r
+saying, Lord, Lord, open unto us; and he shall answer and say unto\r
+you, I know you not whence ye are: 13:26 Then shall ye begin to say,\r
+We have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in our\r
+streets.\r
+\r
+13:27 But he shall say, I tell you, I know you not whence ye are;\r
+depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity.\r
+\r
+13:28 There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see\r
+Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the kingdom of\r
+God, and you yourselves thrust out.\r
+\r
+13:29 And they shall come from the east, and from the west, and from\r
+the north, and from the south, and shall sit down in the kingdom of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+13:30 And, behold, there are last which shall be first, and there are\r
+first which shall be last.\r
+\r
+13:31 The same day there came certain of the Pharisees, saying unto\r
+him, Get thee out, and depart hence: for Herod will kill thee.\r
+\r
+13:32 And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast\r
+out devils, and I do cures to day and to morrow, and the third day I\r
+shall be perfected.\r
+\r
+13:33 Nevertheless I must walk to day, and to morrow, and the day\r
+following: for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:34 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest\r
+them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy\r
+children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and\r
+ye would not! 13:35 Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and\r
+verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when\r
+ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.\r
+\r
+14:1 And it came to pass, as he went into the house of one of the\r
+chief Pharisees to eat bread on the sabbath day, that they watched\r
+him.\r
+\r
+14:2 And, behold, there was a certain man before him which had the\r
+dropsy.\r
+\r
+14:3 And Jesus answering spake unto the lawyers and Pharisees, saying,\r
+Is it lawful to heal on the sabbath day? 14:4 And they held their\r
+peace. And he took him, and healed him, and let him go; 14:5 And\r
+answered them, saying, Which of you shall have an ass or an ox fallen\r
+into a pit, and will not straightway pull him out on the sabbath day?\r
+14:6 And they could not answer him again to these things.\r
+\r
+14:7 And he put forth a parable to those which were bidden, when he\r
+marked how they chose out the chief rooms; saying unto them.\r
+\r
+14:8 When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the\r
+highest room; lest a more honourable man than thou be bidden of him;\r
+14:9 And he that bade thee and him come and say to thee, Give this man\r
+place; and thou begin with shame to take the lowest room.\r
+\r
+14:10 But when thou art bidden, go and sit down in the lowest room;\r
+that when he that bade thee cometh, he may say unto thee, Friend, go\r
+up higher: then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that\r
+sit at meat with thee.\r
+\r
+14:11 For whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased; and he that\r
+humbleth himself shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+14:12 Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a\r
+dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither\r
+thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours; lest they also bid thee again,\r
+and a recompence be made thee.\r
+\r
+14:13 But when thou makest a feast, call the poor, the maimed, the\r
+lame, the blind: 14:14 And thou shalt be blessed; for they cannot\r
+recompense thee: for thou shalt be recompensed at the resurrection of\r
+the just.\r
+\r
+14:15 And when one of them that sat at meat with him heard these\r
+things, he said unto him, Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the\r
+kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+14:16 Then said he unto him, A certain man made a great supper, and\r
+bade many: 14:17 And sent his servant at supper time to say to them\r
+that were bidden, Come; for all things are now ready.\r
+\r
+14:18 And they all with one consent began to make excuse. The first\r
+said unto him, I have bought a piece of ground, and I must needs go\r
+and see it: I pray thee have me excused.\r
+\r
+14:19 And another said, I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to\r
+prove them: I pray thee have me excused.\r
+\r
+14:20 And another said, I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot\r
+come.\r
+\r
+14:21 So that servant came, and shewed his lord these things. Then the\r
+master of the house being angry said to his servant, Go out quickly\r
+into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in hither the poor,\r
+and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind.\r
+\r
+14:22 And the servant said, Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded,\r
+and yet there is room.\r
+\r
+14:23 And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and\r
+hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled.\r
+\r
+14:24 For I say unto you, That none of those men which were bidden\r
+shall taste of my supper.\r
+\r
+14:25 And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned, and\r
+said unto them, 14:26 If any man come to me, and hate not his father,\r
+and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea,\r
+and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple.\r
+\r
+14:27 And whosoever doth not bear his cross, and come after me, cannot\r
+be my disciple.\r
+\r
+14:28 For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down\r
+first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?\r
+14:29 Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and is not able\r
+to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock him, 14:30 Saying, This\r
+man began to build, and was not able to finish.\r
+\r
+14:31 Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth\r
+not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to\r
+meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand? 14:32 Or else,\r
+while the other is yet a great way off, he sendeth an ambassage, and\r
+desireth conditions of peace.\r
+\r
+14:33 So likewise, whosoever he be of you that forsaketh not all that\r
+he hath, he cannot be my disciple.\r
+\r
+14:34 Salt is good: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith\r
+shall it be seasoned? 14:35 It is neither fit for the land, nor yet\r
+for the dunghill; but men cast it out. He that hath ears to hear, let\r
+him hear.\r
+\r
+15:1 Then drew near unto him all the publicans and sinners for to hear\r
+him.\r
+\r
+15:2 And the Pharisees and scribes murmured, saying, This man\r
+receiveth sinners, and eateth with them.\r
+\r
+15:3 And he spake this parable unto them, saying, 15:4 What man of\r
+you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave\r
+the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and go after that which is\r
+lost, until he find it? 15:5 And when he hath found it, he layeth it\r
+on his shoulders, rejoicing.\r
+\r
+15:6 And when he cometh home, he calleth together his friends and\r
+neighbours, saying unto them, Rejoice with me; for I have found my\r
+sheep which was lost.\r
+\r
+15:7 I say unto you, that likewise joy shall be in heaven over one\r
+sinner that repenteth, more than over ninety and nine just persons,\r
+which need no repentance.\r
+\r
+15:8 Either what woman having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one\r
+piece, doth not light a candle, and sweep the house, and seek\r
+diligently till she find it? 15:9 And when she hath found it, she\r
+calleth her friends and her neighbours together, saying, Rejoice with\r
+me; for I have found the piece which I had lost.\r
+\r
+15:10 Likewise, I say unto you, there is joy in the presence of the\r
+angels of God over one sinner that repenteth.\r
+\r
+15:11 And he said, A certain man had two sons: 15:12 And the younger\r
+of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that\r
+falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living.\r
+\r
+15:13 And not many days after the younger son gathered all together,\r
+and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his\r
+substance with riotous living.\r
+\r
+15:14 And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that\r
+land; and he began to be in want.\r
+\r
+15:15 And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and\r
+he sent him into his fields to feed swine.\r
+\r
+15:16 And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the\r
+swine did eat: and no man gave unto him.\r
+\r
+15:17 And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of\r
+my father's have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger!\r
+15:18 I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father,\r
+I have sinned against heaven, and before thee, 15:19 And am no more\r
+worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.\r
+\r
+15:20 And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a\r
+great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and\r
+fell on his neck, and kissed him.\r
+\r
+15:21 And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven,\r
+and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.\r
+\r
+15:22 But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe,\r
+and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet:\r
+15:23 And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat,\r
+and be merry: 15:24 For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he\r
+was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry.\r
+\r
+15:25 Now his elder son was in the field: and as he came and drew nigh\r
+to the house, he heard musick and dancing.\r
+\r
+15:26 And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things\r
+meant.\r
+\r
+15:27 And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath\r
+killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound.\r
+\r
+15:28 And he was angry, and would not go in: therefore came his father\r
+out, and intreated him.\r
+\r
+15:29 And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I\r
+serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment: and\r
+yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my\r
+friends: 15:30 But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath\r
+devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted\r
+calf.\r
+\r
+15:31 And he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I\r
+have is thine.\r
+\r
+15:32 It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad: for this thy\r
+brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.\r
+\r
+16:1 And he said also unto his disciples, There was a certain rich\r
+man, which had a steward; and the same was accused unto him that he\r
+had wasted his goods.\r
+\r
+16:2 And he called him, and said unto him, How is it that I hear this\r
+of thee? give an account of thy stewardship; for thou mayest be no\r
+longer steward.\r
+\r
+16:3 Then the steward said within himself, What shall I do? for my\r
+lord taketh away from me the stewardship: I cannot dig; to beg I am\r
+ashamed.\r
+\r
+16:4 I am resolved what to do, that, when I am put out of the\r
+stewardship, they may receive me into their houses.\r
+\r
+16:5 So he called every one of his lord's debtors unto him, and said\r
+unto the first, How much owest thou unto my lord? 16:6 And he said,\r
+An hundred measures of oil. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and\r
+sit down quickly, and write fifty.\r
+\r
+16:7 Then said he to another, And how much owest thou? And he said, An\r
+hundred measures of wheat. And he said unto him, Take thy bill, and\r
+write fourscore.\r
+\r
+16:8 And the lord commended the unjust steward, because he had done\r
+wisely: for the children of this world are in their generation wiser\r
+than the children of light.\r
+\r
+16:9 And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of\r
+unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into\r
+everlasting habitations.\r
+\r
+16:10 He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in\r
+much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much.\r
+\r
+16:11 If therefore ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous\r
+mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches? 16:12 And if\r
+ye have not been faithful in that which is another man's, who shall\r
+give you that which is your own? 16:13 No servant can serve two\r
+masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else\r
+he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God\r
+and mammon.\r
+\r
+16:14 And the Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these\r
+things: and they derided him.\r
+\r
+16:15 And he said unto them, Ye are they which justify yourselves\r
+before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly\r
+esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God.\r
+\r
+16:16 The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the\r
+kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it.\r
+\r
+16:17 And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle\r
+of the law to fail.\r
+\r
+16:18 Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another,\r
+committeth adultery: and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from\r
+her husband committeth adultery.\r
+\r
+16:19 There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and\r
+fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: 16:20 And there was a\r
+certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate, full of\r
+sores, 16:21 And desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from\r
+the rich man's table: moreover the dogs came and licked his sores.\r
+\r
+16:22 And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by\r
+the angels into Abraham's bosom: the rich man also died, and was\r
+buried; 16:23 And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and\r
+seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.\r
+\r
+16:24 And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and\r
+send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool\r
+my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame.\r
+\r
+16:25 But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime\r
+receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now\r
+he is comforted, and thou art tormented.\r
+\r
+16:26 And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf\r
+fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither\r
+can they pass to us, that would come from thence.\r
+\r
+16:27 Then he said, I pray thee therefore, father, that thou wouldest\r
+send him to my father's house: 16:28 For I have five brethren; that he\r
+may testify unto them, lest they also come into this place of torment.\r
+\r
+16:29 Abraham saith unto him, They have Moses and the prophets; let\r
+them hear them.\r
+\r
+16:30 And he said, Nay, father Abraham: but if one went unto them from\r
+the dead, they will repent.\r
+\r
+16:31 And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses and the prophets,\r
+neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead.\r
+\r
+17:1 Then said he unto the disciples, It is impossible but that\r
+offences will come: but woe unto him, through whom they come! 17:2 It\r
+were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and\r
+he cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little\r
+ones.\r
+\r
+17:3 Take heed to yourselves: If thy brother trespass against thee,\r
+rebuke him; and if he repent, forgive him.\r
+\r
+17:4 And if he trespass against thee seven times in a day, and seven\r
+times in a day turn again to thee, saying, I repent; thou shalt\r
+forgive him.\r
+\r
+17:5 And the apostles said unto the Lord, Increase our faith.\r
+\r
+17:6 And the Lord said, If ye had faith as a grain of mustard seed, ye\r
+might say unto this sycamine tree, Be thou plucked up by the root, and\r
+be thou planted in the sea; and it should obey you.\r
+\r
+17:7 But which of you, having a servant plowing or feeding cattle,\r
+will say unto him by and by, when he is come from the field, Go and\r
+sit down to meat? 17:8 And will not rather say unto him, Make ready\r
+wherewith I may sup, and gird thyself, and serve me, till I have eaten\r
+and drunken; and afterward thou shalt eat and drink? 17:9 Doth he\r
+thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him?\r
+I trow not.\r
+\r
+17:10 So likewise ye, when ye shall have done all those things which\r
+are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable servants: we have done\r
+that which was our duty to do.\r
+\r
+17:11 And it came to pass, as he went to Jerusalem, that he passed\r
+through the midst of Samaria and Galilee.\r
+\r
+17:12 And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men\r
+that were lepers, which stood afar off: 17:13 And they lifted up their\r
+voices, and said, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us.\r
+\r
+17:14 And when he saw them, he said unto them, Go shew yourselves unto\r
+the priests. And it came to pass, that, as they went, they were\r
+cleansed.\r
+\r
+17:15 And one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back,\r
+and with a loud voice glorified God, 17:16 And fell down on his face\r
+at his feet, giving him thanks: and he was a Samaritan.\r
+\r
+17:17 And Jesus answering said, Were there not ten cleansed? but where\r
+are the nine? 17:18 There are not found that returned to give glory\r
+to God, save this stranger.\r
+\r
+17:19 And he said unto him, Arise, go thy way: thy faith hath made\r
+thee whole.\r
+\r
+17:20 And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of\r
+God should come, he answered them and said, The kingdom of God cometh\r
+not with observation: 17:21 Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo\r
+there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you.\r
+\r
+17:22 And he said unto the disciples, The days will come, when ye\r
+shall desire to see one of the days of the Son of man, and ye shall\r
+not see it.\r
+\r
+17:23 And they shall say to you, See here; or, see there: go not after\r
+them, nor follow them.\r
+\r
+17:24 For as the lightning, that lighteneth out of the one part under\r
+heaven, shineth unto the other part under heaven; so shall also the\r
+Son of man be in his day.\r
+\r
+17:25 But first must he suffer many things, and be rejected of this\r
+generation.\r
+\r
+17:26 And as it was in the days of Noe, so shall it be also in the\r
+days of the Son of man.\r
+\r
+17:27 They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in\r
+marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood\r
+came, and destroyed them all.\r
+\r
+17:28 Likewise also as it was in the days of Lot; they did eat, they\r
+drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; 17:29 But\r
+the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone\r
+from heaven, and destroyed them all.\r
+\r
+17:30 Even thus shall it be in the day when the Son of man is\r
+revealed.\r
+\r
+17:31 In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff\r
+in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in\r
+the field, let him likewise not return back.\r
+\r
+17:32 Remember Lot's wife.\r
+\r
+17:33 Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; and\r
+whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it.\r
+\r
+17:34 I tell you, in that night there shall be two men in one bed; the\r
+one shall be taken, and the other shall be left.\r
+\r
+17:35 Two women shall be grinding together; the one shall be taken,\r
+and the other left.\r
+\r
+17:36 Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the\r
+other left.\r
+\r
+17:37 And they answered and said unto him, Where, Lord? And he said\r
+unto them, Wheresoever the body is, thither will the eagles be\r
+gathered together.\r
+\r
+18:1 And he spake a parable unto them to this end, that men ought\r
+always to pray, and not to faint; 18:2 Saying, There was in a city a\r
+judge, which feared not God, neither regarded man: 18:3 And there was\r
+a widow in that city; and she came unto him, saying, Avenge me of mine\r
+adversary.\r
+\r
+18:4 And he would not for a while: but afterward he said within\r
+himself, Though I fear not God, nor regard man; 18:5 Yet because this\r
+widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, lest by her continual coming\r
+she weary me.\r
+\r
+18:6 And the Lord said, Hear what the unjust judge saith.\r
+\r
+18:7 And shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night\r
+unto him, though he bear long with them? 18:8 I tell you that he will\r
+avenge them speedily. Nevertheless when the Son of man cometh, shall\r
+he find faith on the earth? 18:9 And he spake this parable unto\r
+certain which trusted in themselves that they were righteous, and\r
+despised others: 18:10 Two men went up into the temple to pray; the\r
+one a Pharisee, and the other a publican.\r
+\r
+18:11 The Pharisee stood and prayed thus with himself, God, I thank\r
+thee, that I am not as other men are, extortioners, unjust,\r
+adulterers, or even as this publican.\r
+\r
+18:12 I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all that I possess.\r
+\r
+18:13 And the publican, standing afar off, would not lift up so much\r
+as his eyes unto heaven, but smote upon his breast, saying, God be\r
+merciful to me a sinner.\r
+\r
+18:14 I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather\r
+than the other: for every one that exalteth himself shall be abased;\r
+and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.\r
+\r
+18:15 And they brought unto him also infants, that he would touch\r
+them: but when his disciples saw it, they rebuked them.\r
+\r
+18:16 But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Suffer little children\r
+to come unto me, and forbid them not: for of such is the kingdom of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+18:17 Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall not receive the kingdom\r
+of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein.\r
+\r
+18:18 And a certain ruler asked him, saying, Good Master, what shall I\r
+do to inherit eternal life? 18:19 And Jesus said unto him, Why\r
+callest thou me good? none is good, save one, that is, God.\r
+\r
+18:20 Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not\r
+kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and\r
+thy mother.\r
+\r
+18:21 And he said, All these have I kept from my youth up.\r
+\r
+18:22 Now when Jesus heard these things, he said unto him, Yet lackest\r
+thou one thing: sell all that thou hast, and distribute unto the poor,\r
+and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come, follow me.\r
+\r
+18:23 And when he heard this, he was very sorrowful: for he was very\r
+rich.\r
+\r
+18:24 And when Jesus saw that he was very sorrowful, he said, How\r
+hardly shall they that have riches enter into the kingdom of God!\r
+18:25 For it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than\r
+for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+18:26 And they that heard it said, Who then can be saved? 18:27 And\r
+he said, The things which are impossible with men are possible with\r
+God.\r
+\r
+18:28 Then Peter said, Lo, we have left all, and followed thee.\r
+\r
+18:29 And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There is no man\r
+that hath left house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children,\r
+for the kingdom of God's sake, 18:30 Who shall not receive manifold\r
+more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting.\r
+\r
+18:31 Then he took unto him the twelve, and said unto them, Behold, we\r
+go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the prophets\r
+concerning the Son of man shall be accomplished.\r
+\r
+18:32 For he shall be delivered unto the Gentiles, and shall be\r
+mocked, and spitefully entreated, and spitted on: 18:33 And they shall\r
+scourge him, and put him to death: and the third day he shall rise\r
+again.\r
+\r
+18:34 And they understood none of these things: and this saying was\r
+hid from them, neither knew they the things which were spoken.\r
+\r
+18:35 And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a\r
+certain blind man sat by the way side begging: 18:36 And hearing the\r
+multitude pass by, he asked what it meant.\r
+\r
+18:37 And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth by.\r
+\r
+18:38 And he cried, saying, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on\r
+me.\r
+\r
+18:39 And they which went before rebuked him, that he should hold his\r
+peace: but he cried so much the more, Thou son of David, have mercy on\r
+me.\r
+\r
+18:40 And Jesus stood, and commanded him to be brought unto him: and\r
+when he was come near, he asked him, 18:41 Saying, What wilt thou that\r
+I shall do unto thee? And he said, Lord, that I may receive my sight.\r
+\r
+18:42 And Jesus said unto him, Receive thy sight: thy faith hath saved\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+18:43 And immediately he received his sight, and followed him,\r
+glorifying God: and all the people, when they saw it, gave praise unto\r
+God.\r
+\r
+19:1 And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho.\r
+\r
+19:2 And, behold, there was a man named Zacchaeus, which was the chief\r
+among the publicans, and he was rich.\r
+\r
+19:3 And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the\r
+press, because he was little of stature.\r
+\r
+19:4 And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycomore tree to see\r
+him: for he was to pass that way.\r
+\r
+19:5 And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and\r
+said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must\r
+abide at thy house.\r
+\r
+19:6 And he made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully.\r
+\r
+19:7 And when they saw it, they all murmured, saying, That he was gone\r
+to be guest with a man that is a sinner.\r
+\r
+19:8 And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord: Behold, Lord, the\r
+half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing\r
+from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold.\r
+\r
+19:9 And Jesus said unto him, This day is salvation come to this\r
+house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham.\r
+\r
+19:10 For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was\r
+lost.\r
+\r
+19:11 And as they heard these things, he added and spake a parable,\r
+because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they thought that the\r
+kingdom of God should immediately appear.\r
+\r
+19:12 He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country to\r
+receive for himself a kingdom, and to return.\r
+\r
+19:13 And he called his ten servants, and delivered them ten pounds,\r
+and said unto them, Occupy till I come.\r
+\r
+19:14 But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him,\r
+saying, We will not have this man to reign over us.\r
+\r
+19:15 And it came to pass, that when he was returned, having received\r
+the kingdom, then he commanded these servants to be called unto him,\r
+to whom he had given the money, that he might know how much every man\r
+had gained by trading.\r
+\r
+19:16 Then came the first, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained ten\r
+pounds.\r
+\r
+19:17 And he said unto him, Well, thou good servant: because thou hast\r
+been faithful in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities.\r
+\r
+19:18 And the second came, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained five\r
+pounds.\r
+\r
+19:19 And he said likewise to him, Be thou also over five cities.\r
+\r
+19:20 And another came, saying, Lord, behold, here is thy pound, which\r
+I have kept laid up in a napkin: 19:21 For I feared thee, because thou\r
+art an austere man: thou takest up that thou layedst not down, and\r
+reapest that thou didst not sow.\r
+\r
+19:22 And he saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee,\r
+thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up\r
+that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow: 19:23 Wherefore\r
+then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might\r
+have required mine own with usury? 19:24 And he said unto them that\r
+stood by, Take from him the pound, and give it to him that hath ten\r
+pounds.\r
+\r
+19:25 (And they said unto him, Lord, he hath ten pounds.) 19:26 For I\r
+say unto you, That unto every one which hath shall be given; and from\r
+him that hath not, even that he hath shall be taken away from him.\r
+\r
+19:27 But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over\r
+them, bring hither, and slay them before me.\r
+\r
+19:28 And when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascending up to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+19:29 And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and\r
+Bethany, at the mount called the mount of Olives, he sent two of his\r
+disciples, 19:30 Saying, Go ye into the village over against you; in\r
+the which at your entering ye shall find a colt tied, whereon yet\r
+never man sat: loose him, and bring him hither.\r
+\r
+19:31 And if any man ask you, Why do ye loose him? thus shall ye say\r
+unto him, Because the Lord hath need of him.\r
+\r
+19:32 And they that were sent went their way, and found even as he had\r
+said unto them.\r
+\r
+19:33 And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said unto\r
+them, Why loose ye the colt? 19:34 And they said, The Lord hath need\r
+of him.\r
+\r
+19:35 And they brought him to Jesus: and they cast their garments upon\r
+the colt, and they set Jesus thereon.\r
+\r
+19:36 And as he went, they spread their clothes in the way.\r
+\r
+19:37 And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the mount\r
+of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and\r
+praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had\r
+seen; 19:38 Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the\r
+Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest.\r
+\r
+19:39 And some of the Pharisees from among the multitude said unto\r
+him, Master, rebuke thy disciples.\r
+\r
+19:40 And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these\r
+should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.\r
+\r
+19:41 And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it,\r
+19:42 Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy\r
+day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from\r
+thine eyes.\r
+\r
+19:43 For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast\r
+a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every\r
+side, 19:44 And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children\r
+within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another;\r
+because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation.\r
+\r
+19:45 And he went into the temple, and began to cast out them that\r
+sold therein, and them that bought; 19:46 Saying unto them, It is\r
+written, My house is the house of prayer: but ye have made it a den of\r
+thieves.\r
+\r
+19:47 And he taught daily in the temple. But the chief priests and the\r
+scribes and the chief of the people sought to destroy him, 19:48 And\r
+could not find what they might do: for all the people were very\r
+attentive to hear him.\r
+\r
+20:1 And it came to pass, that on one of those days, as he taught the\r
+people in the temple, and preached the gospel, the chief priests and\r
+the scribes came upon him with the elders, 20:2 And spake unto him,\r
+saying, Tell us, by what authority doest thou these things? or who is\r
+he that gave thee this authority? 20:3 And he answered and said unto\r
+them, I will also ask you one thing; and answer me: 20:4 The baptism\r
+of John, was it from heaven, or of men? 20:5 And they reasoned with\r
+themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why\r
+then believed ye him not? 20:6 But and if we say, Of men; all the\r
+people will stone us: for they be persuaded that John was a prophet.\r
+\r
+20:7 And they answered, that they could not tell whence it was.\r
+\r
+20:8 And Jesus said unto them, Neither tell I you by what authority I\r
+do these things.\r
+\r
+20:9 Then began he to speak to the people this parable; A certain man\r
+planted a vineyard, and let it forth to husbandmen, and went into a\r
+far country for a long time.\r
+\r
+20:10 And at the season he sent a servant to the husbandmen, that they\r
+should give him of the fruit of the vineyard: but the husbandmen beat\r
+him, and sent him away empty.\r
+\r
+20:11 And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and\r
+entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty.\r
+\r
+20:12 And again he sent a third: and they wounded him also, and cast\r
+him out.\r
+\r
+20:13 Then said the lord of the vineyard, What shall I do? I will send\r
+my beloved son: it may be they will reverence him when they see him.\r
+\r
+20:14 But when the husbandmen saw him, they reasoned among themselves,\r
+saying, This is the heir: come, let us kill him, that the inheritance\r
+may be ours.\r
+\r
+20:15 So they cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him. What\r
+therefore shall the lord of the vineyard do unto them? 20:16 He shall\r
+come and destroy these husbandmen, and shall give the vineyard to\r
+others. And when they heard it, they said, God forbid.\r
+\r
+20:17 And he beheld them, and said, What is this then that is written,\r
+The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of\r
+the corner? 20:18 Whosoever shall fall upon that stone shall be\r
+broken; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder.\r
+\r
+20:19 And the chief priests and the scribes the same hour sought to\r
+lay hands on him; and they feared the people: for they perceived that\r
+he had spoken this parable against them.\r
+\r
+20:20 And they watched him, and sent forth spies, which should feign\r
+themselves just men, that they might take hold of his words, that so\r
+they might deliver him unto the power and authority of the governor.\r
+\r
+20:21 And they asked him, saying, Master, we know that thou sayest and\r
+teachest rightly, neither acceptest thou the person of any, but\r
+teachest the way of God truly: 20:22 Is it lawful for us to give\r
+tribute unto Caesar, or no? 20:23 But he perceived their craftiness,\r
+and said unto them, Why tempt ye me? 20:24 Shew me a penny. Whose\r
+image and superscription hath it? They answered and said, Caesar's.\r
+\r
+20:25 And he said unto them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things\r
+which be Caesar's, and unto God the things which be God's.\r
+\r
+20:26 And they could not take hold of his words before the people: and\r
+they marvelled at his answer, and held their peace.\r
+\r
+20:27 Then came to him certain of the Sadducees, which deny that there\r
+is any resurrection; and they asked him, 20:28 Saying, Master, Moses\r
+wrote unto us, If any man's brother die, having a wife, and he die\r
+without children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up\r
+seed unto his brother.\r
+\r
+20:29 There were therefore seven brethren: and the first took a wife,\r
+and died without children.\r
+\r
+20:30 And the second took her to wife, and he died childless.\r
+\r
+20:31 And the third took her; and in like manner the seven also: and\r
+they left no children, and died.\r
+\r
+20:32 Last of all the woman died also.\r
+\r
+20:33 Therefore in the resurrection whose wife of them is she? for\r
+seven had her to wife.\r
+\r
+20:34 And Jesus answering said unto them, The children of this world\r
+marry, and are given in marriage: 20:35 But they which shall be\r
+accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the\r
+dead, neither marry, nor are given in marriage: 20:36 Neither can they\r
+die any more: for they are equal unto the angels; and are the children\r
+of God, being the children of the resurrection.\r
+\r
+20:37 Now that the dead are raised, even Moses shewed at the bush,\r
+when he calleth the Lord the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and\r
+the God of Jacob.\r
+\r
+20:38 For he is not a God of the dead, but of the living: for all live\r
+unto him.\r
+\r
+20:39 Then certain of the scribes answering said, Master, thou hast\r
+well said.\r
+\r
+20:40 And after that they durst not ask him any question at all.\r
+\r
+20:41 And he said unto them, How say they that Christ is David's son?\r
+20:42 And David himself saith in the book of Psalms, The LORD said\r
+unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, 20:43 Till I make thine\r
+enemies thy footstool.\r
+\r
+20:44 David therefore calleth him Lord, how is he then his son? 20:45\r
+Then in the audience of all the people he said unto his disciples,\r
+20:46 Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, and\r
+love greetings in the markets, and the highest seats in the\r
+synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts; 20:47 Which devour widows'\r
+houses, and for a shew make long prayers: the same shall receive\r
+greater damnation.\r
+\r
+21:1 And he looked up, and saw the rich men casting their gifts into\r
+the treasury.\r
+\r
+21:2 And he saw also a certain poor widow casting in thither two\r
+mites.\r
+\r
+21:3 And he said, Of a truth I say unto you, that this poor widow hath\r
+cast in more than they all: 21:4 For all these have of their abundance\r
+cast in unto the offerings of God: but she of her penury hath cast in\r
+all the living that she had.\r
+\r
+21:5 And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly\r
+stones and gifts, he said, 21:6 As for these things which ye behold,\r
+the days will come, in the which there shall not be left one stone\r
+upon another, that shall not be thrown down.\r
+\r
+21:7 And they asked him, saying, Master, but when shall these things\r
+be? and what sign will there be when these things shall come to pass?\r
+21:8 And he said, Take heed that ye be not deceived: for many shall\r
+come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and the time draweth near: go ye\r
+not therefore after them.\r
+\r
+21:9 But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified:\r
+for these things must first come to pass; but the end is not by and\r
+by.\r
+\r
+21:10 Then said he unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and\r
+kingdom against kingdom: 21:11 And great earthquakes shall be in\r
+divers places, and famines, and pestilences; and fearful sights and\r
+great signs shall there be from heaven.\r
+\r
+21:12 But before all these, they shall lay their hands on you, and\r
+persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons,\r
+being brought before kings and rulers for my name's sake.\r
+\r
+21:13 And it shall turn to you for a testimony.\r
+\r
+21:14 Settle it therefore in your hearts, not to meditate before what\r
+ye shall answer: 21:15 For I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which\r
+all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.\r
+\r
+21:16 And ye shall be betrayed both by parents, and brethren, and\r
+kinsfolks, and friends; and some of you shall they cause to be put to\r
+death.\r
+\r
+21:17 And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake.\r
+\r
+21:18 But there shall not an hair of your head perish.\r
+\r
+21:19 In your patience possess ye your souls.\r
+\r
+21:20 And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know\r
+that the desolation thereof is nigh.\r
+\r
+21:21 Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let\r
+them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that\r
+are in the countries enter thereinto.\r
+\r
+21:22 For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are\r
+written may be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+21:23 But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give\r
+suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land,\r
+and wrath upon this people.\r
+\r
+21:24 And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led\r
+away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of\r
+the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+21:25 And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the\r
+stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the\r
+sea and the waves roaring; 21:26 Men's hearts failing them for fear,\r
+and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for\r
+the powers of heaven shall be shaken.\r
+\r
+21:27 And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with\r
+power and great glory.\r
+\r
+21:28 And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and\r
+lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh.\r
+\r
+21:29 And he spake to them a parable; Behold the fig tree, and all the\r
+trees; 21:30 When they now shoot forth, ye see and know of your own\r
+selves that summer is now nigh at hand.\r
+\r
+21:31 So likewise ye, when ye see these things come to pass, know ye\r
+that the kingdom of God is nigh at hand.\r
+\r
+21:32 Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till\r
+all be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+21:33 Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass\r
+away.\r
+\r
+21:34 And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be\r
+overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life,\r
+and so that day come upon you unawares.\r
+\r
+21:35 For as a snare shall it come on all them that dwell on the face\r
+of the whole earth.\r
+\r
+21:36 Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted\r
+worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to\r
+stand before the Son of man.\r
+\r
+21:37 And in the day time he was teaching in the temple; and at night\r
+he went out, and abode in the mount that is called the mount of\r
+Olives.\r
+\r
+21:38 And all the people came early in the morning to him in the\r
+temple, for to hear him.\r
+\r
+22:1 Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the\r
+Passover.\r
+\r
+22:2 And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him;\r
+for they feared the people.\r
+\r
+22:3 Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the\r
+number of the twelve.\r
+\r
+22:4 And he went his way, and communed with the chief priests and\r
+captains, how he might betray him unto them.\r
+\r
+22:5 And they were glad, and covenanted to give him money.\r
+\r
+22:6 And he promised, and sought opportunity to betray him unto them\r
+in the absence of the multitude.\r
+\r
+22:7 Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be\r
+killed.\r
+\r
+22:8 And he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the\r
+passover, that we may eat.\r
+\r
+22:9 And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare? 22:10\r
+And he said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city,\r
+there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him\r
+into the house where he entereth in.\r
+\r
+22:11 And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith\r
+unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover\r
+with my disciples? 22:12 And he shall shew you a large upper room\r
+furnished: there make ready.\r
+\r
+22:13 And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made\r
+ready the passover.\r
+\r
+22:14 And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+22:15 And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this\r
+passover with you before I suffer: 22:16 For I say unto you, I will\r
+not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+22:17 And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and\r
+divide it among yourselves: 22:18 For I say unto you, I will not drink\r
+of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come.\r
+\r
+22:19 And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto\r
+them, saying, This is my body which is given for you: this do in\r
+remembrance of me.\r
+\r
+22:20 Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new\r
+testament in my blood, which is shed for you.\r
+\r
+22:21 But, behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the\r
+table.\r
+\r
+22:22 And truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but woe\r
+unto that man by whom he is betrayed! 22:23 And they began to enquire\r
+among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing.\r
+\r
+22:24 And there was also a strife among them, which of them should be\r
+accounted the greatest.\r
+\r
+22:25 And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise\r
+lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are\r
+called benefactors.\r
+\r
+22:26 But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let\r
+him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve.\r
+\r
+22:27 For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that\r
+serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he\r
+that serveth.\r
+\r
+22:28 Ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations.\r
+\r
+22:29 And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed\r
+unto me; 22:30 That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom,\r
+and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.\r
+\r
+22:31 And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to\r
+have you, that he may sift you as wheat: 22:32 But I have prayed for\r
+thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen\r
+thy brethren.\r
+\r
+22:33 And he said unto him, Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both\r
+into prison, and to death.\r
+\r
+22:34 And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this\r
+day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me.\r
+\r
+22:35 And he said unto them, When I sent you without purse, and scrip,\r
+and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they said, Nothing.\r
+\r
+22:36 Then said he unto them, But now, he that hath a purse, let him\r
+take it, and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no sword, let him\r
+sell his garment, and buy one.\r
+\r
+22:37 For I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be\r
+accomplished in me, And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for\r
+the things concerning me have an end.\r
+\r
+22:38 And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said\r
+unto them, It is enough.\r
+\r
+22:39 And he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount of\r
+Olives; and his disciples also followed him.\r
+\r
+22:40 And when he was at the place, he said unto them, Pray that ye\r
+enter not into temptation.\r
+\r
+22:41 And he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and kneeled\r
+down, and prayed, 22:42 Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove\r
+this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done.\r
+\r
+22:43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening\r
+him.\r
+\r
+22:44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat\r
+was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground.\r
+\r
+22:45 And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples,\r
+he found them sleeping for sorrow, 22:46 And said unto them, Why sleep\r
+ye? rise and pray, lest ye enter into temptation.\r
+\r
+22:47 And while he yet spake, behold a multitude, and he that was\r
+called Judas, one of the twelve, went before them, and drew near unto\r
+Jesus to kiss him.\r
+\r
+22:48 But Jesus said unto him, Judas, betrayest thou the Son of man\r
+with a kiss? 22:49 When they which were about him saw what would\r
+follow, they said unto him, Lord, shall we smite with the sword?\r
+22:50 And one of them smote the servant of the high priest, and cut\r
+off his right ear.\r
+\r
+22:51 And Jesus answered and said, Suffer ye thus far. And he touched\r
+his ear, and healed him.\r
+\r
+22:52 Then Jesus said unto the chief priests, and captains of the\r
+temple, and the elders, which were come to him, Be ye come out, as\r
+against a thief, with swords and staves? 22:53 When I was daily with\r
+you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is\r
+your hour, and the power of darkness.\r
+\r
+22:54 Then took they him, and led him, and brought him into the high\r
+priest's house. And Peter followed afar off.\r
+\r
+22:55 And when they had kindled a fire in the midst of the hall, and\r
+were set down together, Peter sat down among them.\r
+\r
+22:56 But a certain maid beheld him as he sat by the fire, and\r
+earnestly looked upon him, and said, This man was also with him.\r
+\r
+22:57 And he denied him, saying, Woman, I know him not.\r
+\r
+22:58 And after a little while another saw him, and said, Thou art\r
+also of them. And Peter said, Man, I am not.\r
+\r
+22:59 And about the space of one hour after another confidently\r
+affirmed, saying, Of a truth this fellow also was with him: for he is\r
+a Galilaean.\r
+\r
+22:60 And Peter said, Man, I know not what thou sayest. And\r
+immediately, while he yet spake, the cock crew.\r
+\r
+22:61 And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered\r
+the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, Before the cock crow,\r
+thou shalt deny me thrice.\r
+\r
+22:62 And Peter went out, and wept bitterly.\r
+\r
+22:63 And the men that held Jesus mocked him, and smote him.\r
+\r
+22:64 And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face,\r
+and asked him, saying, Prophesy, who is it that smote thee? 22:65 And\r
+many other things blasphemously spake they against him.\r
+\r
+22:66 And as soon as it was day, the elders of the people and the\r
+chief priests and the scribes came together, and led him into their\r
+council, saying, 22:67 Art thou the Christ? tell us. And he said unto\r
+them, If I tell you, ye will not believe: 22:68 And if I also ask you,\r
+ye will not answer me, nor let me go.\r
+\r
+22:69 Hereafter shall the Son of man sit on the right hand of the\r
+power of God.\r
+\r
+22:70 Then said they all, Art thou then the Son of God? And he said\r
+unto them, Ye say that I am.\r
+\r
+22:71 And they said, What need we any further witness? for we\r
+ourselves have heard of his own mouth.\r
+\r
+23:1 And the whole multitude of them arose, and led him unto Pilate.\r
+\r
+23:2 And they began to accuse him, saying, We found this fellow\r
+perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar,\r
+saying that he himself is Christ a King.\r
+\r
+23:3 And Pilate asked him, saying, Art thou the King of the Jews? And\r
+he answered him and said, Thou sayest it.\r
+\r
+23:4 Then said Pilate to the chief priests and to the people, I find\r
+no fault in this man.\r
+\r
+23:5 And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirreth up the people,\r
+teaching throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee to this place.\r
+\r
+23:6 When Pilate heard of Galilee, he asked whether the man were a\r
+Galilaean.\r
+\r
+23:7 And as soon as he knew that he belonged unto Herod's\r
+jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who himself also was at Jerusalem\r
+at that time.\r
+\r
+23:8 And when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceeding glad: for he was\r
+desirous to see him of a long season, because he had heard many things\r
+of him; and he hoped to have seen some miracle done by him.\r
+\r
+23:9 Then he questioned with him in many words; but he answered him\r
+nothing.\r
+\r
+23:10 And the chief priests and scribes stood and vehemently accused\r
+him.\r
+\r
+23:11 And Herod with his men of war set him at nought, and mocked him,\r
+and arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate.\r
+\r
+23:12 And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together:\r
+for before they were at enmity between themselves.\r
+\r
+23:13 And Pilate, when he had called together the chief priests and\r
+the rulers and the people, 23:14 Said unto them, Ye have brought this\r
+man unto me, as one that perverteth the people: and, behold, I, having\r
+examined him before you, have found no fault in this man touching\r
+those things whereof ye accuse him: 23:15 No, nor yet Herod: for I\r
+sent you to him; and, lo, nothing worthy of death is done unto him.\r
+\r
+23:16 I will therefore chastise him, and release him.\r
+\r
+23:17 (For of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast.)\r
+23:18 And they cried out all at once, saying, Away with this man, and\r
+release unto us Barabbas: 23:19 (Who for a certain sedition made in\r
+the city, and for murder, was cast into prison.) 23:20 Pilate\r
+therefore, willing to release Jesus, spake again to them.\r
+\r
+23:21 But they cried, saying, Crucify him, crucify him.\r
+\r
+23:22 And he said unto them the third time, Why, what evil hath he\r
+done? I have found no cause of death in him: I will therefore chastise\r
+him, and let him go.\r
+\r
+23:23 And they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might\r
+be crucified. And the voices of them and of the chief priests\r
+prevailed.\r
+\r
+23:24 And Pilate gave sentence that it should be as they required.\r
+\r
+23:25 And he released unto them him that for sedition and murder was\r
+cast into prison, whom they had desired; but he delivered Jesus to\r
+their will.\r
+\r
+23:26 And as they led him away, they laid hold upon one Simon, a\r
+Cyrenian, coming out of the country, and on him they laid the cross,\r
+that he might bear it after Jesus.\r
+\r
+23:27 And there followed him a great company of people, and of women,\r
+which also bewailed and lamented him.\r
+\r
+23:28 But Jesus turning unto them said, Daughters of Jerusalem, weep\r
+not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children.\r
+\r
+23:29 For, behold, the days are coming, in the which they shall say,\r
+Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bare, and the paps\r
+which never gave suck.\r
+\r
+23:30 Then shall they begin to say to the mountains, Fall on us; and\r
+to the hills, Cover us.\r
+\r
+23:31 For if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done\r
+in the dry? 23:32 And there were also two other, malefactors, led\r
+with him to be put to death.\r
+\r
+23:33 And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary,\r
+there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand,\r
+and the other on the left.\r
+\r
+23:34 Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what\r
+they do. And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.\r
+\r
+23:35 And the people stood beholding. And the rulers also with them\r
+derided him, saying, He saved others; let him save himself, if he be\r
+Christ, the chosen of God.\r
+\r
+23:36 And the soldiers also mocked him, coming to him, and offering\r
+him vinegar, 23:37 And saying, If thou be the king of the Jews, save\r
+thyself.\r
+\r
+23:38 And a superscription also was written over him in letters of\r
+Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew, THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.\r
+\r
+23:39 And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him,\r
+saying, If thou be Christ, save thyself and us.\r
+\r
+23:40 But the other answering rebuked him, saying, Dost not thou fear\r
+God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation? 23:41 And we indeed\r
+justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath\r
+done nothing amiss.\r
+\r
+23:42 And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into\r
+thy kingdom.\r
+\r
+23:43 And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt\r
+thou be with me in paradise.\r
+\r
+23:44 And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over\r
+all the earth until the ninth hour.\r
+\r
+23:45 And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in\r
+the midst.\r
+\r
+23:46 And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father,\r
+into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up\r
+the ghost.\r
+\r
+23:47 Now when the centurion saw what was done, he glorified God,\r
+saying, Certainly this was a righteous man.\r
+\r
+23:48 And all the people that came together to that sight, beholding\r
+the things which were done, smote their breasts, and returned.\r
+\r
+23:49 And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him from\r
+Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things.\r
+\r
+23:50 And, behold, there was a man named Joseph, a counsellor; and he\r
+was a good man, and a just: 23:51 (The same had not consented to the\r
+counsel and deed of them;) he was of Arimathaea, a city of the Jews:\r
+who also himself waited for the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+23:52 This man went unto Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus.\r
+\r
+23:53 And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a\r
+sepulchre that was hewn in stone, wherein never man before was laid.\r
+\r
+23:54 And that day was the preparation, and the sabbath drew on.\r
+\r
+23:55 And the women also, which came with him from Galilee, followed\r
+after, and beheld the sepulchre, and how his body was laid.\r
+\r
+23:56 And they returned, and prepared spices and ointments; and rested\r
+the sabbath day according to the commandment.\r
+\r
+24:1 Now upon the first day of the week, very early in the morning,\r
+they came unto the sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had\r
+prepared, and certain others with them.\r
+\r
+24:2 And they found the stone rolled away from the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+24:3 And they entered in, and found not the body of the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+24:4 And it came to pass, as they were much perplexed thereabout,\r
+behold, two men stood by them in shining garments: 24:5 And as they\r
+were afraid, and bowed down their faces to the earth, they said unto\r
+them, Why seek ye the living among the dead? 24:6 He is not here, but\r
+is risen: remember how he spake unto you when he was yet in Galilee,\r
+24:7 Saying, The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful\r
+men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again.\r
+\r
+24:8 And they remembered his words, 24:9 And returned from the\r
+sepulchre, and told all these things unto the eleven, and to all the\r
+rest.\r
+\r
+24:10 It was Mary Magdalene and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James,\r
+and other women that were with them, which told these things unto the\r
+apostles.\r
+\r
+24:11 And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed\r
+them not.\r
+\r
+24:12 Then arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulchre; and stooping down,\r
+he beheld the linen clothes laid by themselves, and departed,\r
+wondering in himself at that which was come to pass.\r
+\r
+24:13 And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called\r
+Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs.\r
+\r
+24:14 And they talked together of all these things which had happened.\r
+\r
+24:15 And it came to pass, that, while they communed together and\r
+reasoned, Jesus himself drew near, and went with them.\r
+\r
+24:16 But their eyes were holden that they should not know him.\r
+\r
+24:17 And he said unto them, What manner of communications are these\r
+that ye have one to another, as ye walk, and are sad? 24:18 And the\r
+one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering said unto him, Art thou\r
+only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not known the things which are\r
+come to pass there in these days? 24:19 And he said unto them, What\r
+things? And they said unto him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which\r
+was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people:\r
+24:20 And how the chief priests and our rulers delivered him to be\r
+condemned to death, and have crucified him.\r
+\r
+24:21 But we trusted that it had been he which should have redeemed\r
+Israel: and beside all this, to day is the third day since these\r
+things were done.\r
+\r
+24:22 Yea, and certain women also of our company made us astonished,\r
+which were early at the sepulchre; 24:23 And when they found not his\r
+body, they came, saying, that they had also seen a vision of angels,\r
+which said that he was alive.\r
+\r
+24:24 And certain of them which were with us went to the sepulchre,\r
+and found it even so as the women had said: but him they saw not.\r
+\r
+24:25 Then he said unto them, O fools, and slow of heart to believe\r
+all that the prophets have spoken: 24:26 Ought not Christ to have\r
+suffered these things, and to enter into his glory? 24:27 And\r
+beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all\r
+the scriptures the things concerning himself.\r
+\r
+24:28 And they drew nigh unto the village, whither they went: and he\r
+made as though he would have gone further.\r
+\r
+24:29 But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is\r
+toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with\r
+them.\r
+\r
+24:30 And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread,\r
+and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them.\r
+\r
+24:31 And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished\r
+out of their sight.\r
+\r
+24:32 And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us,\r
+while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the\r
+scriptures? 24:33 And they rose up the same hour, and returned to\r
+Jerusalem, and found the eleven gathered together, and them that were\r
+with them, 24:34 Saying, The Lord is risen indeed, and hath appeared\r
+to Simon.\r
+\r
+24:35 And they told what things were done in the way, and how he was\r
+known of them in breaking of bread.\r
+\r
+24:36 And as they thus spake, Jesus himself stood in the midst of\r
+them, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you.\r
+\r
+24:37 But they were terrified and affrighted, and supposed that they\r
+had seen a spirit.\r
+\r
+24:38 And he said unto them, Why are ye troubled? and why do thoughts\r
+arise in your hearts? 24:39 Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I\r
+myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as\r
+ye see me have.\r
+\r
+24:40 And when he had thus spoken, he shewed them his hands and his\r
+feet.\r
+\r
+24:41 And while they yet believed not for joy, and wondered, he said\r
+unto them, Have ye here any meat? 24:42 And they gave him a piece of\r
+a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb.\r
+\r
+24:43 And he took it, and did eat before them.\r
+\r
+24:44 And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto\r
+you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled,\r
+which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in\r
+the psalms, concerning me.\r
+\r
+24:45 Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand\r
+the scriptures, 24:46 And said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus\r
+it behoved Christ to suffer, and to rise from the dead the third day:\r
+24:47 And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in\r
+his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+24:48 And ye are witnesses of these things.\r
+\r
+24:49 And, behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you: but tarry\r
+ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be endued with power from on\r
+high.\r
+\r
+24:50 And he led them out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his\r
+hands, and blessed them.\r
+\r
+24:51 And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from\r
+them, and carried up into heaven.\r
+\r
+24:52 And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great\r
+joy: 24:53 And were continually in the temple, praising and blessing\r
+God. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Gospel According to Saint John\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the\r
+Word was God.\r
+\r
+1:2 The same was in the beginning with God.\r
+\r
+1:3 All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing\r
+made that was made.\r
+\r
+1:4 In him was life; and the life was the light of men.\r
+\r
+1:5 And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended\r
+it not.\r
+\r
+1:6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.\r
+\r
+1:7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that\r
+all men through him might believe.\r
+\r
+1:8 He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light.\r
+\r
+1:9 That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into\r
+the world.\r
+\r
+1:10 He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world\r
+knew him not.\r
+\r
+1:11 He came unto his own, and his own received him not.\r
+\r
+1:12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the\r
+sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: 1:13 Which were\r
+born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of\r
+man, but of God.\r
+\r
+1:14 And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld\r
+his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of\r
+grace and truth.\r
+\r
+1:15 John bare witness of him, and cried, saying, This was he of whom\r
+I spake, He that cometh after me is preferred before me: for he was\r
+before me.\r
+\r
+1:16 And of his fulness have all we received, and grace for grace.\r
+\r
+1:17 For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+1:18 No man hath seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is\r
+in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him.\r
+\r
+1:19 And this is the record of John, when the Jews sent priests and\r
+Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who art thou? 1:20 And he\r
+confessed, and denied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ.\r
+\r
+1:21 And they asked him, What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am\r
+not. Art thou that prophet? And he answered, No.\r
+\r
+1:22 Then said they unto him, Who art thou? that we may give an answer\r
+to them that sent us. What sayest thou of thyself? 1:23 He said, I am\r
+the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Make straight the way of\r
+the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias.\r
+\r
+1:24 And they which were sent were of the Pharisees.\r
+\r
+1:25 And they asked him, and said unto him, Why baptizest thou then,\r
+if thou be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? 1:26\r
+John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth\r
+one among you, whom ye know not; 1:27 He it is, who coming after me is\r
+preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose.\r
+\r
+1:28 These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where John was\r
+baptizing.\r
+\r
+1:29 The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold\r
+the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.\r
+\r
+1:30 This is he of whom I said, After me cometh a man which is\r
+preferred before me: for he was before me.\r
+\r
+1:31 And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to\r
+Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water.\r
+\r
+1:32 And John bare record, saying, I saw the Spirit descending from\r
+heaven like a dove, and it abode upon him.\r
+\r
+1:33 And I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water,\r
+the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending,\r
+and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy\r
+Ghost.\r
+\r
+1:34 And I saw, and bare record that this is the Son of God.\r
+\r
+1:35 Again the next day after John stood, and two of his disciples;\r
+1:36 And looking upon Jesus as he walked, he saith, Behold the Lamb of\r
+God! 1:37 And the two disciples heard him speak, and they followed\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:38 Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and saith unto them,\r
+What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being\r
+interpreted, Master,) where dwellest thou? 1:39 He saith unto them,\r
+Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelt, and abode with him\r
+that day: for it was about the tenth hour.\r
+\r
+1:40 One of the two which heard John speak, and followed him, was\r
+Andrew, Simon Peter's brother.\r
+\r
+1:41 He first findeth his own brother Simon, and saith unto him, We\r
+have found the Messias, which is, being interpreted, the Christ.\r
+\r
+1:42 And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheld him, he said,\r
+Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is\r
+by interpretation, A stone.\r
+\r
+1:43 The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and findeth\r
+Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me.\r
+\r
+1:44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter.\r
+\r
+1:45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have found him,\r
+of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of\r
+Nazareth, the son of Joseph.\r
+\r
+1:46 And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good thing come out of\r
+Nazareth? Philip saith unto him, Come and see.\r
+\r
+1:47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and saith of him, Behold an\r
+Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 1:48 Nathanael saith unto him,\r
+Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that\r
+Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee.\r
+\r
+1:49 Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of\r
+God; thou art the King of Israel.\r
+\r
+1:50 Jesus answered and said unto him, Because I said unto thee, I saw\r
+thee under the fig tree, believest thou? thou shalt see greater things\r
+than these.\r
+\r
+1:51 And he saith unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Hereafter\r
+ye shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and\r
+descending upon the Son of man.\r
+\r
+2:1 And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the\r
+mother of Jesus was there: 2:2 And both Jesus was called, and his\r
+disciples, to the marriage.\r
+\r
+2:3 And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith unto him,\r
+They have no wine.\r
+\r
+2:4 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine\r
+hour is not yet come.\r
+\r
+2:5 His mother saith unto the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you,\r
+do it.\r
+\r
+2:6 And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner\r
+of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece.\r
+\r
+2:7 Jesus saith unto them, Fill the waterpots with water. And they\r
+filled them up to the brim.\r
+\r
+2:8 And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the governor\r
+of the feast. And they bare it.\r
+\r
+2:9 When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made\r
+wine, and knew not whence it was: (but the servants which drew the\r
+water knew;) the governor of the feast called the bridegroom, 2:10 And\r
+saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine;\r
+and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: but thou hast\r
+kept the good wine until now.\r
+\r
+2:11 This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and\r
+manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him.\r
+\r
+2:12 After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother, and his\r
+brethren, and his disciples: and they continued there not many days.\r
+\r
+2:13 And the Jews' passover was at hand, and Jesus went up to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+2:14 And found in the temple those that sold oxen and sheep and doves,\r
+and the changers of money sitting: 2:15 And when he had made a scourge\r
+of small cords, he drove them all out of the temple, and the sheep,\r
+and the oxen; and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the\r
+tables; 2:16 And said unto them that sold doves, Take these things\r
+hence; make not my Father's house an house of merchandise.\r
+\r
+2:17 And his disciples remembered that it was written, The zeal of\r
+thine house hath eaten me up.\r
+\r
+2:18 Then answered the Jews and said unto him, What sign shewest thou\r
+unto us, seeing that thou doest these things? 2:19 Jesus answered and\r
+said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it\r
+up.\r
+\r
+2:20 Then said the Jews, Forty and six years was this temple in\r
+building, and wilt thou rear it up in three days? 2:21 But he spake\r
+of the temple of his body.\r
+\r
+2:22 When therefore he was risen from the dead, his disciples\r
+remembered that he had said this unto them; and they believed the\r
+scripture, and the word which Jesus had said.\r
+\r
+2:23 Now when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast day,\r
+many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles which he did.\r
+\r
+2:24 But Jesus did not commit himself unto them, because he knew all\r
+men, 2:25 And needed not that any should testify of man: for he knew\r
+what was in man.\r
+\r
+3:1 There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the\r
+Jews: 3:2 The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi,\r
+we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these\r
+miracles that thou doest, except God be with him.\r
+\r
+3:3 Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee,\r
+Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+3:4 Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old?\r
+can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born? 3:5\r
+Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born\r
+of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+3:6 That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born\r
+of the Spirit is spirit.\r
+\r
+3:7 Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again.\r
+\r
+3:8 The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound\r
+thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so\r
+is every one that is born of the Spirit.\r
+\r
+3:9 Nicodemus answered and said unto him, How can these things be?\r
+3:10 Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of Israel,\r
+and knowest not these things? 3:11 Verily, verily, I say unto thee,\r
+We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye\r
+receive not our witness.\r
+\r
+3:12 If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall\r
+ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? 3:13 And no man hath\r
+ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son\r
+of man which is in heaven.\r
+\r
+3:14 And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so\r
+must the Son of man be lifted up: 3:15 That whosoever believeth in him\r
+should not perish, but have eternal life.\r
+\r
+3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son,\r
+that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have\r
+everlasting life.\r
+\r
+3:17 For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but\r
+that the world through him might be saved.\r
+\r
+3:18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth\r
+not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of\r
+the only begotten Son of God.\r
+\r
+3:19 And this is the condemnation, that light is come into the world,\r
+and men loved darkness rather than light, because their deeds were\r
+evil.\r
+\r
+3:20 For every one that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to\r
+the light, lest his deeds should be reproved.\r
+\r
+3:21 But he that doeth truth cometh to the light, that his deeds may\r
+be made manifest, that they are wrought in God.\r
+\r
+3:22 After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of\r
+Judaea; and there he tarried with them, and baptized.\r
+\r
+3:23 And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Salim, because there\r
+was much water there: and they came, and were baptized.\r
+\r
+3:24 For John was not yet cast into prison.\r
+\r
+3:25 Then there arose a question between some of John's disciples and\r
+the Jews about purifying.\r
+\r
+3:26 And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that was\r
+with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, behold, the same\r
+baptizeth, and all men come to him.\r
+\r
+3:27 John answered and said, A man can receive nothing, except it be\r
+given him from heaven.\r
+\r
+3:28 Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ,\r
+but that I am sent before him.\r
+\r
+3:29 He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friend of the\r
+bridegroom, which standeth and heareth him, rejoiceth greatly because\r
+of the bridegroom's voice: this my joy therefore is fulfilled.\r
+\r
+3:30 He must increase, but I must decrease.\r
+\r
+3:31 He that cometh from above is above all: he that is of the earth\r
+is earthly, and speaketh of the earth: he that cometh from heaven is\r
+above all.\r
+\r
+3:32 And what he hath seen and heard, that he testifieth; and no man\r
+receiveth his testimony.\r
+\r
+3:33 He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God\r
+is true.\r
+\r
+3:34 For he whom God hath sent speaketh the words of God: for God\r
+giveth not the Spirit by measure unto him.\r
+\r
+3:35 The Father loveth the Son, and hath given all things into his\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+3:36 He that believeth on the Son hath everlasting life: and he that\r
+believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth\r
+on him.\r
+\r
+4:1 When therefore the LORD knew how the Pharisees had heard that\r
+Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, 4:2 (Though Jesus\r
+himself baptized not, but his disciples,) 4:3 He left Judaea, and\r
+departed again into Galilee.\r
+\r
+4:4 And he must needs go through Samaria.\r
+\r
+4:5 Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near\r
+to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph.\r
+\r
+4:6 Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with\r
+his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour.\r
+\r
+4:7 There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto\r
+her, Give me to drink.\r
+\r
+4:8 (For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) 4:9\r
+Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a\r
+Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews\r
+have no dealings with the Samaritans.\r
+\r
+4:10 Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of\r
+God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest\r
+have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water.\r
+\r
+4:11 The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with,\r
+and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water?\r
+4:12 Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well,\r
+and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? 4:13\r
+Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water\r
+shall thirst again: 4:14 But whosoever drinketh of the water that I\r
+shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him\r
+shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life.\r
+\r
+4:15 The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst\r
+not, neither come hither to draw.\r
+\r
+4:16 Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither.\r
+\r
+4:17 The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto\r
+her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: 4:18 For thou hast had\r
+five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that\r
+saidst thou truly.\r
+\r
+4:19 The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a\r
+prophet.\r
+\r
+4:20 Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in\r
+Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship.\r
+\r
+4:21 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye\r
+shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the\r
+Father.\r
+\r
+4:22 Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for\r
+salvation is of the Jews.\r
+\r
+4:23 But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall\r
+worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such\r
+to worship him.\r
+\r
+4:24 God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in\r
+spirit and in truth.\r
+\r
+4:25 The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is\r
+called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things.\r
+\r
+4:26 Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he.\r
+\r
+4:27 And upon this came his disciples, and marvelled that he talked\r
+with the woman: yet no man said, What seekest thou? or, Why talkest\r
+thou with her? 4:28 The woman then left her waterpot, and went her\r
+way into the city, and saith to the men, 4:29 Come, see a man, which\r
+told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ? 4:30 Then\r
+they went out of the city, and came unto him.\r
+\r
+4:31 In the mean while his disciples prayed him, saying, Master, eat.\r
+\r
+4:32 But he said unto them, I have meat to eat that ye know not of.\r
+\r
+4:33 Therefore said the disciples one to another, Hath any man brought\r
+him ought to eat? 4:34 Jesus saith unto them, My meat is to do the\r
+will of him that sent me, and to finish his work.\r
+\r
+4:35 Say not ye, There are yet four months, and then cometh harvest?\r
+behold, I say unto you, Lift up your eyes, and look on the fields; for\r
+they are white already to harvest.\r
+\r
+4:36 And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth fruit unto\r
+life eternal: that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice\r
+together.\r
+\r
+4:37 And herein is that saying true, One soweth, and another reapeth.\r
+\r
+4:38 I sent you to reap that whereon ye bestowed no labour: other men\r
+laboured, and ye are entered into their labours.\r
+\r
+4:39 And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him for the\r
+saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that ever I did.\r
+\r
+4:40 So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought him that\r
+he would tarry with them: and he abode there two days.\r
+\r
+4:41 And many more believed because of his own word; 4:42 And said\r
+unto the woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have\r
+heard him ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the\r
+Saviour of the world.\r
+\r
+4:43 Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee.\r
+\r
+4:44 For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his\r
+own country.\r
+\r
+4:45 Then when he was come into Galilee, the Galilaeans received him,\r
+having seen all the things that he did at Jerusalem at the feast: for\r
+they also went unto the feast.\r
+\r
+4:46 So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he made the water\r
+wine. And there was a certain nobleman, whose son was sick at\r
+Capernaum.\r
+\r
+4:47 When he heard that Jesus was come out of Judaea into Galilee, he\r
+went unto him, and besought him that he would come down, and heal his\r
+son: for he was at the point of death.\r
+\r
+4:48 Then said Jesus unto him, Except ye see signs and wonders, ye\r
+will not believe.\r
+\r
+4:49 The nobleman saith unto him, Sir, come down ere my child die.\r
+\r
+4:50 Jesus saith unto him, Go thy way; thy son liveth. And the man\r
+believed the word that Jesus had spoken unto him, and he went his way.\r
+\r
+4:51 And as he was now going down, his servants met him, and told him,\r
+saying, Thy son liveth.\r
+\r
+4:52 Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to amend. And\r
+they said unto him, Yesterday at the seventh hour the fever left him.\r
+\r
+4:53 So the father knew that it was at the same hour, in the which\r
+Jesus said unto him, Thy son liveth: and himself believed, and his\r
+whole house.\r
+\r
+4:54 This is again the second miracle that Jesus did, when he was come\r
+out of Judaea into Galilee.\r
+\r
+5:1 After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+5:2 Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is\r
+called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches.\r
+\r
+5:3 In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, halt,\r
+withered, waiting for the moving of the water.\r
+\r
+5:4 For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and\r
+troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the\r
+water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.\r
+\r
+5:5 And a certain man was there, which had an infirmity thirty and\r
+eight years.\r
+\r
+5:6 When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time\r
+in that case, he saith unto him, Wilt thou be made whole? 5:7 The\r
+impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is\r
+troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another\r
+steppeth down before me.\r
+\r
+5:8 Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.\r
+\r
+5:9 And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and\r
+walked: and on the same day was the sabbath.\r
+\r
+5:10 The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the\r
+sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed.\r
+\r
+5:11 He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me,\r
+Take up thy bed, and walk.\r
+\r
+5:12 Then asked they him, What man is that which said unto thee, Take\r
+up thy bed, and walk? 5:13 And he that was healed wist not who it\r
+was: for Jesus had conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that\r
+place.\r
+\r
+5:14 Afterward Jesus findeth him in the temple, and said unto him,\r
+Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+5:15 The man departed, and told the Jews that it was Jesus, which had\r
+made him whole.\r
+\r
+5:16 And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay\r
+him, because he had done these things on the sabbath day.\r
+\r
+5:17 But Jesus answered them, My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.\r
+\r
+5:18 Therefore the Jews sought the more to kill him, because he not\r
+only had broken the sabbath, but said also that God was his Father,\r
+making himself equal with God.\r
+\r
+5:19 Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say\r
+unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what he seeth the\r
+Father do: for what things soever he doeth, these also doeth the Son\r
+likewise.\r
+\r
+5:20 For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things that\r
+himself doeth: and he will shew him greater works than these, that ye\r
+may marvel.\r
+\r
+5:21 For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and quickeneth them; even\r
+so the Son quickeneth whom he will.\r
+\r
+5:22 For the Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment\r
+unto the Son: 5:23 That all men should honour the Son, even as they\r
+honour the Father.\r
+\r
+He that honoureth not the Son honoureth not the Father which hath sent\r
+him.\r
+\r
+5:24 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and\r
+believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not\r
+come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life.\r
+\r
+5:25 Verily, verily, I say unto you, The hour is coming, and now is,\r
+when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God: and they that\r
+hear shall live.\r
+\r
+5:26 For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the\r
+Son to have life in himself; 5:27 And hath given him authority to\r
+execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.\r
+\r
+5:28 Marvel not at this: for the hour is coming, in the which all that\r
+are in the graves shall hear his voice, 5:29 And shall come forth;\r
+they that have done good, unto the resurrection of life; and they that\r
+have done evil, unto the resurrection of damnation.\r
+\r
+5:30 I can of mine own self do nothing: as I hear, I judge: and my\r
+judgment is just; because I seek not mine own will, but the will of\r
+the Father which hath sent me.\r
+\r
+5:31 If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.\r
+\r
+5:32 There is another that beareth witness of me; and I know that the\r
+witness which he witnesseth of me is true.\r
+\r
+5:33 Ye sent unto John, and he bare witness unto the truth.\r
+\r
+5:34 But I receive not testimony from man: but these things I say,\r
+that ye might be saved.\r
+\r
+5:35 He was a burning and a shining light: and ye were willing for a\r
+season to rejoice in his light.\r
+\r
+5:36 But I have greater witness than that of John: for the works which\r
+the Father hath given me to finish, the same works that I do, bear\r
+witness of me, that the Father hath sent me.\r
+\r
+5:37 And the Father himself, which hath sent me, hath borne witness of\r
+me.\r
+\r
+Ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his shape.\r
+\r
+5:38 And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent,\r
+him ye believe not.\r
+\r
+5:39 Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life:\r
+and they are they which testify of me.\r
+\r
+5:40 And ye will not come to me, that ye might have life.\r
+\r
+5:41 I receive not honour from men.\r
+\r
+5:42 But I know you, that ye have not the love of God in you.\r
+\r
+5:43 I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another\r
+shall come in his own name, him ye will receive.\r
+\r
+5:44 How can ye believe, which receive honour one of another, and seek\r
+not the honour that cometh from God only? 5:45 Do not think that I\r
+will accuse you to the Father: there is one that accuseth you, even\r
+Moses, in whom ye trust.\r
+\r
+5:46 For had ye believed Moses, ye would have believed me; for he\r
+wrote of me.\r
+\r
+5:47 But if ye believe not his writings, how shall ye believe my\r
+words? 6:1 After these things Jesus went over the sea of Galilee,\r
+which is the sea of Tiberias.\r
+\r
+6:2 And a great multitude followed him, because they saw his miracles\r
+which he did on them that were diseased.\r
+\r
+6:3 And Jesus went up into a mountain, and there he sat with his\r
+disciples.\r
+\r
+6:4 And the passover, a feast of the Jews, was nigh.\r
+\r
+6:5 When Jesus then lifted up his eyes, and saw a great company come\r
+unto him, he saith unto Philip, Whence shall we buy bread, that these\r
+may eat? 6:6 And this he said to prove him: for he himself knew what\r
+he would do.\r
+\r
+6:7 Philip answered him, Two hundred pennyworth of bread is not\r
+sufficient for them, that every one of them may take a little.\r
+\r
+6:8 One of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, saith unto\r
+him, 6:9 There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two\r
+small fishes: but what are they among so many? 6:10 And Jesus said,\r
+Make the men sit down. Now there was much grass in the place. So the\r
+men sat down, in number about five thousand.\r
+\r
+6:11 And Jesus took the loaves; and when he had given thanks, he\r
+distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to them that were set\r
+down; and likewise of the fishes as much as they would.\r
+\r
+6:12 When they were filled, he said unto his disciples, Gather up the\r
+fragments that remain, that nothing be lost.\r
+\r
+6:13 Therefore they gathered them together, and filled twelve baskets\r
+with the fragments of the five barley loaves, which remained over and\r
+above unto them that had eaten.\r
+\r
+6:14 Then those men, when they had seen the miracle that Jesus did,\r
+said, This is of a truth that prophet that should come into the world.\r
+\r
+6:15 When Jesus therefore perceived that they would come and take him\r
+by force, to make him a king, he departed again into a mountain\r
+himself alone.\r
+\r
+6:16 And when even was now come, his disciples went down unto the sea,\r
+6:17 And entered into a ship, and went over the sea toward Capernaum.\r
+And it was now dark, and Jesus was not come to them.\r
+\r
+6:18 And the sea arose by reason of a great wind that blew.\r
+\r
+6:19 So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs,\r
+they see Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and\r
+they were afraid.\r
+\r
+6:20 But he saith unto them, It is I; be not afraid.\r
+\r
+6:21 Then they willingly received him into the ship: and immediately\r
+the ship was at the land whither they went.\r
+\r
+6:22 The day following, when the people which stood on the other side\r
+of the sea saw that there was none other boat there, save that one\r
+whereinto his disciples were entered, and that Jesus went not with his\r
+disciples into the boat, but that his disciples were gone away alone;\r
+6:23 (Howbeit there came other boats from Tiberias nigh unto the place\r
+where they did eat bread, after that the Lord had given thanks:) 6:24\r
+When the people therefore saw that Jesus was not there, neither his\r
+disciples, they also took shipping, and came to Capernaum, seeking for\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+6:25 And when they had found him on the other side of the sea, they\r
+said unto him, Rabbi, when camest thou hither? 6:26 Jesus answered\r
+them and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Ye seek me, not because\r
+ye saw the miracles, but because ye did eat of the loaves, and were\r
+filled.\r
+\r
+6:27 Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which\r
+endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto\r
+you: for him hath God the Father sealed.\r
+\r
+6:28 Then said they unto him, What shall we do, that we might work the\r
+works of God? 6:29 Jesus answered and said unto them, This is the\r
+work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent.\r
+\r
+6:30 They said therefore unto him, What sign shewest thou then, that\r
+we may see, and believe thee? what dost thou work? 6:31 Our fathers\r
+did eat manna in the desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from\r
+heaven to eat.\r
+\r
+6:32 Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Moses\r
+gave you not that bread from heaven; but my Father giveth you the true\r
+bread from heaven.\r
+\r
+6:33 For the bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and\r
+giveth life unto the world.\r
+\r
+6:34 Then said they unto him, Lord, evermore give us this bread.\r
+\r
+6:35 And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh\r
+to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never\r
+thirst.\r
+\r
+6:36 But I said unto you, That ye also have seen me, and believe not.\r
+\r
+6:37 All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that\r
+cometh to me I will in no wise cast out.\r
+\r
+6:38 For I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the\r
+will of him that sent me.\r
+\r
+6:39 And this is the Father's will which hath sent me, that of all\r
+which he hath given me I should lose nothing, but should raise it up\r
+again at the last day.\r
+\r
+6:40 And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which\r
+seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I\r
+will raise him up at the last day.\r
+\r
+6:41 The Jews then murmured at him, because he said, I am the bread\r
+which came down from heaven.\r
+\r
+6:42 And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose father\r
+and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came down from\r
+heaven? 6:43 Jesus therefore answered and said unto them, Murmur not\r
+among yourselves.\r
+\r
+6:44 No man can come to me, except the Father which hath sent me draw\r
+him: and I will raise him up at the last day.\r
+\r
+6:45 It is written in the prophets, And they shall be all taught of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of the Father,\r
+cometh unto me.\r
+\r
+6:46 Not that any man hath seen the Father, save he which is of God,\r
+he hath seen the Father.\r
+\r
+6:47 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me hath\r
+everlasting life.\r
+\r
+6:48 I am that bread of life.\r
+\r
+6:49 Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead.\r
+\r
+6:50 This is the bread which cometh down from heaven, that a man may\r
+eat thereof, and not die.\r
+\r
+6:51 I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat\r
+of this bread, he shall live for ever: and the bread that I will give\r
+is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world.\r
+\r
+6:52 The Jews therefore strove among themselves, saying, How can this\r
+man give us his flesh to eat? 6:53 Then Jesus said unto them, Verily,\r
+verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and\r
+drink his blood, ye have no life in you.\r
+\r
+6:54 Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life;\r
+and I will raise him up at the last day.\r
+\r
+6:55 For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.\r
+\r
+6:56 He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me,\r
+and I in him.\r
+\r
+6:57 As the living Father hath sent me, and I live by the Father: so\r
+he that eateth me, even he shall live by me.\r
+\r
+6:58 This is that bread which came down from heaven: not as your\r
+fathers did eat manna, and are dead: he that eateth of this bread\r
+shall live for ever.\r
+\r
+6:59 These things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum.\r
+\r
+6:60 Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said,\r
+This is an hard saying; who can hear it? 6:61 When Jesus knew in\r
+himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth\r
+this offend you? 6:62 What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend\r
+up where he was before? 6:63 It is the spirit that quickeneth; the\r
+flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are\r
+spirit, and they are life.\r
+\r
+6:64 But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from\r
+the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray\r
+him.\r
+\r
+6:65 And he said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto\r
+me, except it were given unto him of my Father.\r
+\r
+6:66 From that time many of his disciples went back, and walked no\r
+more with him.\r
+\r
+6:67 Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? 6:68 Then\r
+Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom shall we go? thou hast the\r
+words of eternal life.\r
+\r
+6:69 And we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of\r
+the living God.\r
+\r
+6:70 Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you\r
+is a devil? 6:71 He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he\r
+it was that should betray him, being one of the twelve.\r
+\r
+7:1 After these things Jesus walked in Galilee: for he would not walk\r
+in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him.\r
+\r
+7:2 Now the Jew's feast of tabernacles was at hand.\r
+\r
+7:3 His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into\r
+Judaea, that thy disciples also may see the works that thou doest.\r
+\r
+7:4 For there is no man that doeth any thing in secret, and he himself\r
+seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, shew thyself to\r
+the world.\r
+\r
+7:5 For neither did his brethren believe in him.\r
+\r
+7:6 Then Jesus said unto them, My time is not yet come: but your time\r
+is alway ready.\r
+\r
+7:7 The world cannot hate you; but me it hateth, because I testify of\r
+it, that the works thereof are evil.\r
+\r
+7:8 Go ye up unto this feast: I go not up yet unto this feast: for my\r
+time is not yet full come.\r
+\r
+7:9 When he had said these words unto them, he abode still in Galilee.\r
+\r
+7:10 But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto the\r
+feast, not openly, but as it were in secret.\r
+\r
+7:11 Then the Jews sought him at the feast, and said, Where is he?\r
+7:12 And there was much murmuring among the people concerning him: for\r
+some said, He is a good man: others said, Nay; but he deceiveth the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+7:13 Howbeit no man spake openly of him for fear of the Jews.\r
+\r
+7:14 Now about the midst of the feast Jesus went up into the temple,\r
+and taught.\r
+\r
+7:15 And the Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man letters,\r
+having never learned? 7:16 Jesus answered them, and said, My doctrine\r
+is not mine, but his that sent me.\r
+\r
+7:17 If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine,\r
+whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself.\r
+\r
+7:18 He that speaketh of himself seeketh his own glory: but he that\r
+seeketh his glory that sent him, the same is true, and no\r
+unrighteousness is in him.\r
+\r
+7:19 Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you keepeth the\r
+law? Why go ye about to kill me? 7:20 The people answered and said,\r
+Thou hast a devil: who goeth about to kill thee? 7:21 Jesus answered\r
+and said unto them, I have done one work, and ye all marvel.\r
+\r
+7:22 Moses therefore gave unto you circumcision; (not because it is of\r
+Moses, but of the fathers;) and ye on the sabbath day circumcise a\r
+man.\r
+\r
+7:23 If a man on the sabbath day receive circumcision, that the law of\r
+Moses should not be broken; are ye angry at me, because I have made a\r
+man every whit whole on the sabbath day? 7:24 Judge not according to\r
+the appearance, but judge righteous judgment.\r
+\r
+7:25 Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he, whom they\r
+seek to kill? 7:26 But, lo, he speaketh boldly, and they say nothing\r
+unto him. Do the rulers know indeed that this is the very Christ?\r
+7:27 Howbeit we know this man whence he is: but when Christ cometh, no\r
+man knoweth whence he is.\r
+\r
+7:28 Then cried Jesus in the temple as he taught, saying, Ye both know\r
+me, and ye know whence I am: and I am not come of myself, but he that\r
+sent me is true, whom ye know not.\r
+\r
+7:29 But I know him: for I am from him, and he hath sent me.\r
+\r
+7:30 Then they sought to take him: but no man laid hands on him,\r
+because his hour was not yet come.\r
+\r
+7:31 And many of the people believed on him, and said, When Christ\r
+cometh, will he do more miracles than these which this man hath done?\r
+7:32 The Pharisees heard that the people murmured such things\r
+concerning him; and the Pharisees and the chief priests sent officers\r
+to take him.\r
+\r
+7:33 Then said Jesus unto them, Yet a little while am I with you, and\r
+then I go unto him that sent me.\r
+\r
+7:34 Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither\r
+ye cannot come.\r
+\r
+7:35 Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we\r
+shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles,\r
+and teach the Gentiles? 7:36 What manner of saying is this that he\r
+said, Ye shall seek me, and shall not find me: and where I am, thither\r
+ye cannot come? 7:37 In the last day, that great day of the feast,\r
+Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto\r
+me, and drink.\r
+\r
+7:38 He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his\r
+belly shall flow rivers of living water.\r
+\r
+7:39 (But this spake he of the Spirit, which they that believe on him\r
+should receive: for the Holy Ghost was not yet given; because that\r
+Jesus was not yet glorified.) 7:40 Many of the people therefore, when\r
+they heard this saying, said, Of a truth this is the Prophet.\r
+\r
+7:41 Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, Shall Christ come\r
+out of Galilee? 7:42 Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh\r
+of the seed of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David\r
+was? 7:43 So there was a division among the people because of him.\r
+\r
+7:44 And some of them would have taken him; but no man laid hands on\r
+him.\r
+\r
+7:45 Then came the officers to the chief priests and Pharisees; and\r
+they said unto them, Why have ye not brought him? 7:46 The officers\r
+answered, Never man spake like this man.\r
+\r
+7:47 Then answered them the Pharisees, Are ye also deceived? 7:48\r
+Have any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed on him? 7:49 But\r
+this people who knoweth not the law are cursed.\r
+\r
+7:50 Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being\r
+one of them,) 7:51 Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and\r
+know what he doeth? 7:52 They answered and said unto him, Art thou\r
+also of Galilee? Search, and look: for out of Galilee ariseth no\r
+prophet.\r
+\r
+7:53 And every man went unto his own house.\r
+\r
+8:1 Jesus went unto the mount of Olives.\r
+\r
+8:2 And early in the morning he came again into the temple, and all\r
+the people came unto him; and he sat down, and taught them.\r
+\r
+8:3 And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in\r
+adultery; and when they had set her in the midst, 8:4 They say unto\r
+him, Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act.\r
+\r
+8:5 Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but\r
+what sayest thou? 8:6 This they said, tempting him, that they might\r
+have to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote\r
+on the ground, as though he heard them not.\r
+\r
+8:7 So when they continued asking him, he lifted up himself, and said\r
+unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a\r
+stone at her.\r
+\r
+8:8 And again he stooped down, and wrote on the ground.\r
+\r
+8:9 And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience,\r
+went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last: and\r
+Jesus was left alone, and the woman standing in the midst.\r
+\r
+8:10 When Jesus had lifted up himself, and saw none but the woman, he\r
+said unto her, Woman, where are those thine accusers? hath no man\r
+condemned thee? 8:11 She said, No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her,\r
+Neither do I condemn thee: go, and sin no more.\r
+\r
+8:12 Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the\r
+world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have\r
+the light of life.\r
+\r
+8:13 The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou bearest record of\r
+thyself; thy record is not true.\r
+\r
+8:14 Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of\r
+myself, yet my record is true: for I know whence I came, and whither I\r
+go; but ye cannot tell whence I come, and whither I go.\r
+\r
+8:15 Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man.\r
+\r
+8:16 And yet if I judge, my judgment is true: for I am not alone, but\r
+I and the Father that sent me.\r
+\r
+8:17 It is also written in your law, that the testimony of two men is\r
+true.\r
+\r
+8:18 I am one that bear witness of myself, and the Father that sent me\r
+beareth witness of me.\r
+\r
+8:19 Then said they unto him, Where is thy Father? Jesus answered, Ye\r
+neither know me, nor my Father: if ye had known me, ye should have\r
+known my Father also.\r
+\r
+8:20 These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the\r
+temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come.\r
+\r
+8:21 Then said Jesus again unto them, I go my way, and ye shall seek\r
+me, and shall die in your sins: whither I go, ye cannot come.\r
+\r
+8:22 Then said the Jews, Will he kill himself? because he saith,\r
+Whither I go, ye cannot come.\r
+\r
+8:23 And he said unto them, Ye are from beneath; I am from above: ye\r
+are of this world; I am not of this world.\r
+\r
+8:24 I said therefore unto you, that ye shall die in your sins: for if\r
+ye believe not that I am he, ye shall die in your sins.\r
+\r
+8:25 Then said they unto him, Who art thou? And Jesus saith unto them,\r
+Even the same that I said unto you from the beginning.\r
+\r
+8:26 I have many things to say and to judge of you: but he that sent\r
+me is true; and I speak to the world those things which I have heard\r
+of him.\r
+\r
+8:27 They understood not that he spake to them of the Father.\r
+\r
+8:28 Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man,\r
+then shall ye know that I am he, and that I do nothing of myself; but\r
+as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things.\r
+\r
+8:29 And he that sent me is with me: the Father hath not left me\r
+alone; for I do always those things that please him.\r
+\r
+8:30 As he spake these words, many believed on him.\r
+\r
+8:31 Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye\r
+continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; 8:32 And ye\r
+shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.\r
+\r
+8:33 They answered him, We be Abraham's seed, and were never in\r
+bondage to any man: how sayest thou, Ye shall be made free? 8:34\r
+Jesus answered them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Whosoever\r
+committeth sin is the servant of sin.\r
+\r
+8:35 And the servant abideth not in the house for ever: but the Son\r
+abideth ever.\r
+\r
+8:36 If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free\r
+indeed.\r
+\r
+8:37 I know that ye are Abraham's seed; but ye seek to kill me,\r
+because my word hath no place in you.\r
+\r
+8:38 I speak that which I have seen with my Father: and ye do that\r
+which ye have seen with your father.\r
+\r
+8:39 They answered and said unto him, Abraham is our father. Jesus\r
+saith unto them, If ye were Abraham's children, ye would do the works\r
+of Abraham.\r
+\r
+8:40 But now ye seek to kill me, a man that hath told you the truth,\r
+which I have heard of God: this did not Abraham.\r
+\r
+8:41 Ye do the deeds of your father. Then said they to him, We be not\r
+born of fornication; we have one Father, even God.\r
+\r
+8:42 Jesus said unto them, If God were your Father, ye would love me:\r
+for I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but\r
+he sent me.\r
+\r
+8:43 Why do ye not understand my speech? even because ye cannot hear\r
+my word.\r
+\r
+8:44 Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye\r
+will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the\r
+truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he\r
+speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.\r
+\r
+8:45 And because I tell you the truth, ye believe me not.\r
+\r
+8:46 Which of you convinceth me of sin? And if I say the truth, why do\r
+ye not believe me? 8:47 He that is of God heareth God's words: ye\r
+therefore hear them not, because ye are not of God.\r
+\r
+8:48 Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we not well that\r
+thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? 8:49 Jesus answered, I have\r
+not a devil; but I honour my Father, and ye do dishonour me.\r
+\r
+8:50 And I seek not mine own glory: there is one that seeketh and\r
+judgeth.\r
+\r
+8:51 Verily, verily, I say unto you, If a man keep my saying, he shall\r
+never see death.\r
+\r
+8:52 Then said the Jews unto him, Now we know that thou hast a devil.\r
+\r
+Abraham is dead, and the prophets; and thou sayest, If a man keep my\r
+saying, he shall never taste of death.\r
+\r
+8:53 Art thou greater than our father Abraham, which is dead? and the\r
+prophets are dead: whom makest thou thyself? 8:54 Jesus answered, If\r
+I honour myself, my honour is nothing: it is my Father that honoureth\r
+me; of whom ye say, that he is your God: 8:55 Yet ye have not known\r
+him; but I know him: and if I should say, I know him not, I shall be a\r
+liar like unto you: but I know him, and keep his saying.\r
+\r
+8:56 Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it, and\r
+was glad.\r
+\r
+8:57 Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty years old,\r
+and hast thou seen Abraham? 8:58 Jesus said unto them, Verily,\r
+verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am.\r
+\r
+8:59 Then took they up stones to cast at him: but Jesus hid himself,\r
+and went out of the temple, going through the midst of them, and so\r
+passed by.\r
+\r
+9:1 And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which was blind from his\r
+birth.\r
+\r
+9:2 And his disciples asked him, saying, Master, who did sin, this\r
+man, or his parents, that he was born blind? 9:3 Jesus answered,\r
+Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents: but that the works of\r
+God should be made manifest in him.\r
+\r
+9:4 I must work the works of him that sent me, while it is day: the\r
+night cometh, when no man can work.\r
+\r
+9:5 As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.\r
+\r
+9:6 When he had thus spoken, he spat on the ground, and made clay of\r
+the spittle, and he anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay,\r
+9:7 And said unto him, Go, wash in the pool of Siloam, (which is by\r
+interpretation, Sent.) He went his way therefore, and washed, and came\r
+seeing.\r
+\r
+9:8 The neighbours therefore, and they which before had seen him that\r
+he was blind, said, Is not this he that sat and begged? 9:9 Some\r
+said, This is he: others said, He is like him: but he said, I am he.\r
+\r
+9:10 Therefore said they unto him, How were thine eyes opened? 9:11\r
+He answered and said, A man that is called Jesus made clay, and\r
+anointed mine eyes, and said unto me, Go to the pool of Siloam, and\r
+wash: and I went and washed, and I received sight.\r
+\r
+9:12 Then said they unto him, Where is he? He said, I know not.\r
+\r
+9:13 They brought to the Pharisees him that aforetime was blind.\r
+\r
+9:14 And it was the sabbath day when Jesus made the clay, and opened\r
+his eyes.\r
+\r
+9:15 Then again the Pharisees also asked him how he had received his\r
+sight. He said unto them, He put clay upon mine eyes, and I washed,\r
+and do see.\r
+\r
+9:16 Therefore said some of the Pharisees, This man is not of God,\r
+because he keepeth not the sabbath day. Others said, How can a man\r
+that is a sinner do such miracles? And there was a division among\r
+them.\r
+\r
+9:17 They say unto the blind man again, What sayest thou of him, that\r
+he hath opened thine eyes? He said, He is a prophet.\r
+\r
+9:18 But the Jews did not believe concerning him, that he had been\r
+blind, and received his sight, until they called the parents of him\r
+that had received his sight.\r
+\r
+9:19 And they asked them, saying, Is this your son, who ye say was\r
+born blind? how then doth he now see? 9:20 His parents answered them\r
+and said, We know that this is our son, and that he was born blind:\r
+9:21 But by what means he now seeth, we know not; or who hath opened\r
+his eyes, we know not: he is of age; ask him: he shall speak for\r
+himself.\r
+\r
+9:22 These words spake his parents, because they feared the Jews: for\r
+the Jews had agreed already, that if any man did confess that he was\r
+Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue.\r
+\r
+9:23 Therefore said his parents, He is of age; ask him.\r
+\r
+9:24 Then again called they the man that was blind, and said unto him,\r
+Give God the praise: we know that this man is a sinner.\r
+\r
+9:25 He answered and said, Whether he be a sinner or no, I know not:\r
+one thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, now I see.\r
+\r
+9:26 Then said they to him again, What did he to thee? how opened he\r
+thine eyes? 9:27 He answered them, I have told you already, and ye\r
+did not hear: wherefore would ye hear it again? will ye also be his\r
+disciples? 9:28 Then they reviled him, and said, Thou art his\r
+disciple; but we are Moses' disciples.\r
+\r
+9:29 We know that God spake unto Moses: as for this fellow, we know\r
+not from whence he is.\r
+\r
+9:30 The man answered and said unto them, Why herein is a marvellous\r
+thing, that ye know not from whence he is, and yet he hath opened mine\r
+eyes.\r
+\r
+9:31 Now we know that God heareth not sinners: but if any man be a\r
+worshipper of God, and doeth his will, him he heareth.\r
+\r
+9:32 Since the world began was it not heard that any man opened the\r
+eyes of one that was born blind.\r
+\r
+9:33 If this man were not of God, he could do nothing.\r
+\r
+9:34 They answered and said unto him, Thou wast altogether born in\r
+sins, and dost thou teach us? And they cast him out.\r
+\r
+9:35 Jesus heard that they had cast him out; and when he had found\r
+him, he said unto him, Dost thou believe on the Son of God? 9:36 He\r
+answered and said, Who is he, Lord, that I might believe on him? 9:37\r
+And Jesus said unto him, Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that\r
+talketh with thee.\r
+\r
+9:38 And he said, Lord, I believe. And he worshipped him.\r
+\r
+9:39 And Jesus said, For judgment I am come into this world, that they\r
+which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind.\r
+\r
+9:40 And some of the Pharisees which were with him heard these words,\r
+and said unto him, Are we blind also? 9:41 Jesus said unto them, If\r
+ye were blind, ye should have no sin: but now ye say, We see;\r
+therefore your sin remaineth.\r
+\r
+10:1 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door\r
+into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a\r
+thief and a robber.\r
+\r
+10:2 But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:3 To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice: and he\r
+calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out.\r
+\r
+10:4 And when he putteth forth his own sheep, he goeth before them,\r
+and the sheep follow him: for they know his voice.\r
+\r
+10:5 And a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him: for\r
+they know not the voice of strangers.\r
+\r
+10:6 This parable spake Jesus unto them: but they understood not what\r
+things they were which he spake unto them.\r
+\r
+10:7 Then said Jesus unto them again, Verily, verily, I say unto you,\r
+I am the door of the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:8 All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the\r
+sheep did not hear them.\r
+\r
+10:9 I am the door: by me if any man enter in, he shall be saved, and\r
+shall go in and out, and find pasture.\r
+\r
+10:10 The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to\r
+destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have\r
+it more abundantly.\r
+\r
+10:11 I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for\r
+the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:12 But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the\r
+sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and\r
+fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:13 The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not\r
+for the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:14 I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine.\r
+\r
+10:15 As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay\r
+down my life for the sheep.\r
+\r
+10:16 And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I\r
+must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold,\r
+and one shepherd.\r
+\r
+10:17 Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life,\r
+that I might take it again.\r
+\r
+10:18 No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have\r
+power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This\r
+commandment have I received of my Father.\r
+\r
+10:19 There was a division therefore again among the Jews for these\r
+sayings.\r
+\r
+10:20 And many of them said, He hath a devil, and is mad; why hear ye\r
+him? 10:21 Others said, These are not the words of him that hath a\r
+devil. Can a devil open the eyes of the blind? 10:22 And it was at\r
+Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter.\r
+\r
+10:23 And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch.\r
+\r
+10:24 Then came the Jews round about him, and said unto him, How long\r
+dost thou make us to doubt? If thou be the Christ, tell us plainly.\r
+\r
+10:25 Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believed not: the works\r
+that I do in my Father's name, they bear witness of me.\r
+\r
+10:26 But ye believe not, because ye are not of my sheep, as I said\r
+unto you.\r
+\r
+10:27 My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow me:\r
+10:28 And I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish,\r
+neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand.\r
+\r
+10:29 My Father, which gave them me, is greater than all; and no man\r
+is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand.\r
+\r
+10:30 I and my Father are one.\r
+\r
+10:31 Then the Jews took up stones again to stone him.\r
+\r
+10:32 Jesus answered them, Many good works have I shewed you from my\r
+Father; for which of those works do ye stone me? 10:33 The Jews\r
+answered him, saying, For a good work we stone thee not; but for\r
+blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself God.\r
+\r
+10:34 Jesus answered them, Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye\r
+are gods? 10:35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God\r
+came, and the scripture cannot be broken; 10:36 Say ye of him, whom\r
+the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the world, Thou blasphemest;\r
+because I said, I am the Son of God? 10:37 If I do not the works of\r
+my Father, believe me not.\r
+\r
+10:38 But if I do, though ye believe not me, believe the works: that\r
+ye may know, and believe, that the Father is in me, and I in him.\r
+\r
+10:39 Therefore they sought again to take him: but he escaped out of\r
+their hand, 10:40 And went away again beyond Jordan into the place\r
+where John at first baptized; and there he abode.\r
+\r
+10:41 And many resorted unto him, and said, John did no miracle: but\r
+all things that John spake of this man were true.\r
+\r
+10:42 And many believed on him there.\r
+\r
+11:1 Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the town\r
+of Mary and her sister Martha.\r
+\r
+11:2 (It was that Mary which anointed the Lord with ointment, and\r
+wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother Lazarus was sick.) 11:3\r
+Therefore his sisters sent unto him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom\r
+thou lovest is sick.\r
+\r
+11:4 When Jesus heard that, he said, This sickness is not unto death,\r
+but for the glory of God, that the Son of God might be glorified\r
+thereby.\r
+\r
+11:5 Now Jesus loved Martha, and her sister, and Lazarus.\r
+\r
+11:6 When he had heard therefore that he was sick, he abode two days\r
+still in the same place where he was.\r
+\r
+11:7 Then after that saith he to his disciples, Let us go into Judaea\r
+again.\r
+\r
+11:8 His disciples say unto him, Master, the Jews of late sought to\r
+stone thee; and goest thou thither again? 11:9 Jesus answered, Are\r
+there not twelve hours in the day? If any man walk in the day, he\r
+stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this world.\r
+\r
+11:10 But if a man walk in the night, he stumbleth, because there is\r
+no light in him.\r
+\r
+11:11 These things said he: and after that he saith unto them, Our\r
+friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go, that I may awake him out of sleep.\r
+\r
+11:12 Then said his disciples, Lord, if he sleep, he shall do well.\r
+\r
+11:13 Howbeit Jesus spake of his death: but they thought that he had\r
+spoken of taking of rest in sleep.\r
+\r
+11:14 Then said Jesus unto them plainly, Lazarus is dead.\r
+\r
+11:15 And I am glad for your sakes that I was not there, to the intent\r
+ye may believe; nevertheless let us go unto him.\r
+\r
+11:16 Then said Thomas, which is called Didymus, unto his\r
+fellowdisciples, Let us also go, that we may die with him.\r
+\r
+11:17 Then when Jesus came, he found that he had lain in the grave\r
+four days already.\r
+\r
+11:18 Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen furlongs off:\r
+11:19 And many of the Jews came to Martha and Mary, to comfort them\r
+concerning their brother.\r
+\r
+11:20 Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went\r
+and met him: but Mary sat still in the house.\r
+\r
+11:21 Then said Martha unto Jesus, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my\r
+brother had not died.\r
+\r
+11:22 But I know, that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God\r
+will give it thee.\r
+\r
+11:23 Jesus saith unto her, Thy brother shall rise again.\r
+\r
+11:24 Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the\r
+resurrection at the last day.\r
+\r
+11:25 Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he\r
+that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: 11:26\r
+And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest\r
+thou this? 11:27 She saith unto him, Yea, Lord: I believe that thou\r
+art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world.\r
+\r
+11:28 And when she had so said, she went her way, and called Mary her\r
+sister secretly, saying, The Master is come, and calleth for thee.\r
+\r
+11:29 As soon as she heard that, she arose quickly, and came unto him.\r
+\r
+11:30 Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place\r
+where Martha met him.\r
+\r
+11:31 The Jews then which were with her in the house, and comforted\r
+her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up hastily and went out,\r
+followed her, saying, She goeth unto the grave to weep there.\r
+\r
+11:32 Then when Mary was come where Jesus was, and saw him, she fell\r
+down at his feet, saying unto him, Lord, if thou hadst been here, my\r
+brother had not died.\r
+\r
+11:33 When Jesus therefore saw her weeping, and the Jews also weeping\r
+which came with her, he groaned in the spirit, and was troubled.\r
+\r
+11:34 And said, Where have ye laid him? They said unto him, Lord, come\r
+and see.\r
+\r
+11:35 Jesus wept.\r
+\r
+11:36 Then said the Jews, Behold how he loved him! 11:37 And some of\r
+them said, Could not this man, which opened the eyes of the blind,\r
+have caused that even this man should not have died? 11:38 Jesus\r
+therefore again groaning in himself cometh to the grave. It was a\r
+cave, and a stone lay upon it.\r
+\r
+11:39 Jesus said, Take ye away the stone. Martha, the sister of him\r
+that was dead, saith unto him, Lord, by this time he stinketh: for he\r
+hath been dead four days.\r
+\r
+11:40 Jesus saith unto her, Said I not unto thee, that, if thou\r
+wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory of God? 11:41 Then\r
+they took away the stone from the place where the dead was laid. And\r
+Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou\r
+hast heard me.\r
+\r
+11:42 And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the\r
+people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast\r
+sent me.\r
+\r
+11:43 And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice,\r
+Lazarus, come forth.\r
+\r
+11:44 And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with\r
+graveclothes: and his face was bound about with a napkin. Jesus saith\r
+unto them, Loose him, and let him go.\r
+\r
+11:45 Then many of the Jews which came to Mary, and had seen the\r
+things which Jesus did, believed on him.\r
+\r
+11:46 But some of them went their ways to the Pharisees, and told them\r
+what things Jesus had done.\r
+\r
+11:47 Then gathered the chief priests and the Pharisees a council, and\r
+said, What do we? for this man doeth many miracles.\r
+\r
+11:48 If we let him thus alone, all men will believe on him: and the\r
+Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation.\r
+\r
+11:49 And one of them, named Caiaphas, being the high priest that same\r
+year, said unto them, Ye know nothing at all, 11:50 Nor consider that\r
+it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and\r
+that the whole nation perish not.\r
+\r
+11:51 And this spake he not of himself: but being high priest that\r
+year, he prophesied that Jesus should die for that nation; 11:52 And\r
+not for that nation only, but that also he should gather together in\r
+one the children of God that were scattered abroad.\r
+\r
+11:53 Then from that day forth they took counsel together for to put\r
+him to death.\r
+\r
+11:54 Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews; but went\r
+thence unto a country near to the wilderness, into a city called\r
+Ephraim, and there continued with his disciples.\r
+\r
+11:55 And the Jews' passover was nigh at hand: and many went out of\r
+the country up to Jerusalem before the passover, to purify themselves.\r
+\r
+11:56 Then sought they for Jesus, and spake among themselves, as they\r
+stood in the temple, What think ye, that he will not come to the\r
+feast? 11:57 Now both the chief priests and the Pharisees had given a\r
+commandment, that, if any man knew where he were, he should shew it,\r
+that they might take him.\r
+\r
+12:1 Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where\r
+Lazarus was, which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead.\r
+\r
+12:2 There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was\r
+one of them that sat at the table with him.\r
+\r
+12:3 Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and\r
+anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the\r
+house was filled with the odour of the ointment.\r
+\r
+12:4 Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son,\r
+which should betray him, 12:5 Why was not this ointment sold for three\r
+hundred pence, and given to the poor? 12:6 This he said, not that he\r
+cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and\r
+bare what was put therein.\r
+\r
+12:7 Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying\r
+hath she kept this.\r
+\r
+12:8 For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always.\r
+\r
+12:9 Much people of the Jews therefore knew that he was there: and\r
+they came not for Jesus' sake only, but that they might see Lazarus\r
+also, whom he had raised from the dead.\r
+\r
+12:10 But the chief priests consulted that they might put Lazarus also\r
+to death; 12:11 Because that by reason of him many of the Jews went\r
+away, and believed on Jesus.\r
+\r
+12:12 On the next day much people that were come to the feast, when\r
+they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem, 12:13 Took branches of\r
+palm trees, and went forth to meet him, and cried, Hosanna: Blessed is\r
+the King of Israel that cometh in the name of the Lord.\r
+\r
+12:14 And Jesus, when he had found a young ass, sat thereon; as it is\r
+written, 12:15 Fear not, daughter of Sion: behold, thy King cometh,\r
+sitting on an ass's colt.\r
+\r
+12:16 These things understood not his disciples at the first: but when\r
+Jesus was glorified, then remembered they that these things were\r
+written of him, and that they had done these things unto him.\r
+\r
+12:17 The people therefore that was with him when he called Lazarus\r
+out of his grave, and raised him from the dead, bare record.\r
+\r
+12:18 For this cause the people also met him, for that they heard that\r
+he had done this miracle.\r
+\r
+12:19 The Pharisees therefore said among themselves, Perceive ye how\r
+ye prevail nothing? behold, the world is gone after him.\r
+\r
+12:20 And there were certain Greeks among them that came up to worship\r
+at the feast: 12:21 The same came therefore to Philip, which was of\r
+Bethsaida of Galilee, and desired him, saying, Sir, we would see\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+12:22 Philip cometh and telleth Andrew: and again Andrew and Philip\r
+tell Jesus.\r
+\r
+12:23 And Jesus answered them, saying, The hour is come, that the Son\r
+of man should be glorified.\r
+\r
+12:24 Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into\r
+the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth\r
+much fruit.\r
+\r
+12:25 He that loveth his life shall lose it; and he that hateth his\r
+life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal.\r
+\r
+12:26 If any man serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, there\r
+shall also my servant be: if any man serve me, him will my Father\r
+honour.\r
+\r
+12:27 Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me\r
+from this hour: but for this cause came I unto this hour.\r
+\r
+12:28 Father, glorify thy name. Then came there a voice from heaven,\r
+saying, I have both glorified it, and will glorify it again.\r
+\r
+12:29 The people therefore, that stood by, and heard it, said that it\r
+thundered: others said, An angel spake to him.\r
+\r
+12:30 Jesus answered and said, This voice came not because of me, but\r
+for your sakes.\r
+\r
+12:31 Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this\r
+world be cast out.\r
+\r
+12:32 And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto\r
+me.\r
+\r
+12:33 This he said, signifying what death he should die.\r
+\r
+12:34 The people answered him, We have heard out of the law that\r
+Christ abideth for ever: and how sayest thou, The Son of man must be\r
+lifted up? who is this Son of man? 12:35 Then Jesus said unto them,\r
+Yet a little while is the light with you.\r
+\r
+Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you: for he that\r
+walketh in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth.\r
+\r
+12:36 While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the\r
+children of light. These things spake Jesus, and departed, and did\r
+hide himself from them.\r
+\r
+12:37 But though he had done so many miracles before them, yet they\r
+believed not on him: 12:38 That the saying of Esaias the prophet might\r
+be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, who hath believed our report? and\r
+to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? 12:39 Therefore they\r
+could not believe, because that Esaias said again, 12:40 He hath\r
+blinded their eyes, and hardened their heart; that they should not see\r
+with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted,\r
+and I should heal them.\r
+\r
+12:41 These things said Esaias, when he saw his glory, and spake of\r
+him.\r
+\r
+12:42 Nevertheless among the chief rulers also many believed on him;\r
+but because of the Pharisees they did not confess him, lest they\r
+should be put out of the synagogue: 12:43 For they loved the praise of\r
+men more than the praise of God.\r
+\r
+12:44 Jesus cried and said, He that believeth on me, believeth not on\r
+me, but on him that sent me.\r
+\r
+12:45 And he that seeth me seeth him that sent me.\r
+\r
+12:46 I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me\r
+should not abide in darkness.\r
+\r
+12:47 And if any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not:\r
+for I came not to judge the world, but to save the world.\r
+\r
+12:48 He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that\r
+judgeth him: the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in\r
+the last day.\r
+\r
+12:49 For I have not spoken of myself; but the Father which sent me,\r
+he gave me a commandment, what I should say, and what I should speak.\r
+\r
+12:50 And I know that his commandment is life everlasting: whatsoever\r
+I speak therefore, even as the Father said unto me, so I speak.\r
+\r
+13:1 Now before the feast of the passover, when Jesus knew that his\r
+hour was come that he should depart out of this world unto the Father,\r
+having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the\r
+end.\r
+\r
+13:2 And supper being ended, the devil having now put into the heart\r
+of Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, to betray him; 13:3 Jesus knowing that\r
+the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he was come\r
+from God, and went to God; 13:4 He riseth from supper, and laid aside\r
+his garments; and took a towel, and girded himself.\r
+\r
+13:5 After that he poureth water into a bason, and began to wash the\r
+disciples' feet, and to wipe them with the towel wherewith he was\r
+girded.\r
+\r
+13:6 Then cometh he to Simon Peter: and Peter saith unto him, Lord,\r
+dost thou wash my feet? 13:7 Jesus answered and said unto him, What I\r
+do thou knowest not now; but thou shalt know hereafter.\r
+\r
+13:8 Peter saith unto him, Thou shalt never wash my feet. Jesus\r
+answered him, If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me.\r
+\r
+13:9 Simon Peter saith unto him, Lord, not my feet only, but also my\r
+hands and my head.\r
+\r
+13:10 Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash\r
+his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all.\r
+\r
+13:11 For he knew who should betray him; therefore said he, Ye are not\r
+all clean.\r
+\r
+13:12 So after he had washed their feet, and had taken his garments,\r
+and was set down again, he said unto them, Know ye what I have done to\r
+you? 13:13 Ye call me Master and Lord: and ye say well; for so I am.\r
+\r
+13:14 If I then, your Lord and Master, have washed your feet; ye also\r
+ought to wash one another's feet.\r
+\r
+13:15 For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have\r
+done to you.\r
+\r
+13:16 Verily, verily, I say unto you, The servant is not greater than\r
+his lord; neither he that is sent greater than he that sent him.\r
+\r
+13:17 If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them.\r
+\r
+13:18 I speak not of you all: I know whom I have chosen: but that the\r
+scripture may be fulfilled, He that eateth bread with me hath lifted\r
+up his heel against me.\r
+\r
+13:19 Now I tell you before it come, that, when it is come to pass, ye\r
+may believe that I am he.\r
+\r
+13:20 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that receiveth whomsoever I\r
+send receiveth me; and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent\r
+me.\r
+\r
+13:21 When Jesus had thus said, he was troubled in spirit, and\r
+testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, that one of you\r
+shall betray me.\r
+\r
+13:22 Then the disciples looked one on another, doubting of whom he\r
+spake.\r
+\r
+13:23 Now there was leaning on Jesus' bosom one of his disciples, whom\r
+Jesus loved.\r
+\r
+13:24 Simon Peter therefore beckoned to him, that he should ask who it\r
+should be of whom he spake.\r
+\r
+13:25 He then lying on Jesus' breast saith unto him, Lord, who is it?\r
+13:26 Jesus answered, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I\r
+have dipped it. And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it to Judas\r
+Iscariot, the son of Simon.\r
+\r
+13:27 And after the sop Satan entered into him. Then said Jesus unto\r
+him, That thou doest, do quickly.\r
+\r
+13:28 Now no man at the table knew for what intent he spake this unto\r
+him.\r
+\r
+13:29 For some of them thought, because Judas had the bag, that Jesus\r
+had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the\r
+feast; or, that he should give something to the poor.\r
+\r
+13:30 He then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was\r
+night.\r
+\r
+13:31 Therefore, when he was gone out, Jesus said, Now is the Son of\r
+man glorified, and God is glorified in him.\r
+\r
+13:32 If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify him in\r
+himself, and shall straightway glorify him.\r
+\r
+13:33 Little children, yet a little while I am with you. Ye shall seek\r
+me: and as I said unto the Jews, Whither I go, ye cannot come; so now\r
+I say to you.\r
+\r
+13:34 A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as\r
+I have loved you, that ye also love one another.\r
+\r
+13:35 By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have\r
+love one to another.\r
+\r
+13:36 Simon Peter said unto him, Lord, whither goest thou? Jesus\r
+answered him, Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now; but thou\r
+shalt follow me afterwards.\r
+\r
+13:37 Peter said unto him, Lord, why cannot I follow thee now? I will\r
+lay down my life for thy sake.\r
+\r
+13:38 Jesus answered him, Wilt thou lay down thy life for my sake?\r
+Verily, verily, I say unto thee, The cock shall not crow, till thou\r
+hast denied me thrice.\r
+\r
+14:1 Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also\r
+in me.\r
+\r
+14:2 In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I\r
+would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you.\r
+\r
+14:3 And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and\r
+receive you unto myself; that where I am, there ye may be also.\r
+\r
+14:4 And whither I go ye know, and the way ye know.\r
+\r
+14:5 Thomas saith unto him, Lord, we know not whither thou goest; and\r
+how can we know the way? 14:6 Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the\r
+truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.\r
+\r
+14:7 If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also: and from\r
+henceforth ye know him, and have seen him.\r
+\r
+14:8 Philip saith unto him, Lord, shew us the Father, and it sufficeth\r
+us.\r
+\r
+14:9 Jesus saith unto him, Have I been so long time with you, and yet\r
+hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the\r
+Father; and how sayest thou then, Shew us the Father? 14:10 Believest\r
+thou not that I am in the Father, and the Father in me? the words\r
+that I speak unto you I speak not of myself: but the Father that\r
+dwelleth in me, he doeth the works.\r
+\r
+14:11 Believe me that I am in the Father, and the Father in me: or\r
+else believe me for the very works' sake.\r
+\r
+14:12 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth on me, the\r
+works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall\r
+he do; because I go unto my Father.\r
+\r
+14:13 And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I do, that the\r
+Father may be glorified in the Son.\r
+\r
+14:14 If ye shall ask any thing in my name, I will do it.\r
+\r
+14:15 If ye love me, keep my commandments.\r
+\r
+14:16 And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another\r
+Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever; 14:17 Even the Spirit\r
+of truth; whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not,\r
+neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth with you, and\r
+shall be in you.\r
+\r
+14:18 I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to you.\r
+\r
+14:19 Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see\r
+me: because I live, ye shall live also.\r
+\r
+14:20 At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and ye in me,\r
+and I in you.\r
+\r
+14:21 He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that\r
+loveth me: and he that loveth me shall be loved of my Father, and I\r
+will love him, and will manifest myself to him.\r
+\r
+14:22 Judas saith unto him, not Iscariot, Lord, how is it that thou\r
+wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world? 14:23 Jesus\r
+answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words:\r
+and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our\r
+abode with him.\r
+\r
+14:24 He that loveth me not keepeth not my sayings: and the word which\r
+ye hear is not mine, but the Father's which sent me.\r
+\r
+14:25 These things have I spoken unto you, being yet present with you.\r
+\r
+14:26 But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will\r
+send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things\r
+to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.\r
+\r
+14:27 Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the\r
+world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither\r
+let it be afraid.\r
+\r
+14:28 Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again\r
+unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto\r
+the Father: for my Father is greater than I.\r
+\r
+14:29 And now I have told you before it come to pass, that, when it is\r
+come to pass, ye might believe.\r
+\r
+14:30 Hereafter I will not talk much with you: for the prince of this\r
+world cometh, and hath nothing in me.\r
+\r
+14:31 But that the world may know that I love the Father; and as the\r
+Father gave me commandment, even so I do. Arise, let us go hence.\r
+\r
+15:1 I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman.\r
+\r
+15:2 Every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away: and\r
+every branch that beareth fruit, he purgeth it, that it may bring\r
+forth more fruit.\r
+\r
+15:3 Now ye are clean through the word which I have spoken unto you.\r
+\r
+15:4 Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of\r
+itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide\r
+in me.\r
+\r
+15:5 I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I\r
+in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do\r
+nothing.\r
+\r
+15:6 If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is\r
+withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they\r
+are burned.\r
+\r
+15:7 If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what\r
+ye will, and it shall be done unto you.\r
+\r
+15:8 Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall\r
+ye be my disciples.\r
+\r
+15:9 As the Father hath loved me, so have I loved you: continue ye in\r
+my love.\r
+\r
+15:10 If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I\r
+have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love.\r
+\r
+15:11 These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in\r
+you, and that your joy might be full.\r
+\r
+15:12 This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have\r
+loved you.\r
+\r
+15:13 Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life\r
+for his friends.\r
+\r
+15:14 Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you.\r
+\r
+15:15 Henceforth I call you not servants; for the servant knoweth not\r
+what his lord doeth: but I have called you friends; for all things\r
+that I have heard of my Father I have made known unto you.\r
+\r
+15:16 Ye have not chosen me, but I have chosen you, and ordained you,\r
+that ye should go and bring forth fruit, and that your fruit should\r
+remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my name, he may\r
+give it you.\r
+\r
+15:17 These things I command you, that ye love one another.\r
+\r
+15:18 If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated\r
+you.\r
+\r
+15:19 If ye were of the world, the world would love his own: but\r
+because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the\r
+world, therefore the world hateth you.\r
+\r
+15:20 Remember the word that I said unto you, The servant is not\r
+greater than his lord. If they have persecuted me, they will also\r
+persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also.\r
+\r
+15:21 But all these things will they do unto you for my name's sake,\r
+because they know not him that sent me.\r
+\r
+15:22 If I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had sin:\r
+but now they have no cloak for their sin.\r
+\r
+15:23 He that hateth me hateth my Father also.\r
+\r
+15:24 If I had not done among them the works which none other man did,\r
+they had not had sin: but now have they both seen and hated both me\r
+and my Father.\r
+\r
+15:25 But this cometh to pass, that the word might be fulfilled that\r
+is written in their law, They hated me without a cause.\r
+\r
+15:26 But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from\r
+the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the\r
+Father, he shall testify of me: 15:27 And ye also shall bear witness,\r
+because ye have been with me from the beginning.\r
+\r
+16:1 These things have I spoken unto you, that ye should not be\r
+offended.\r
+\r
+16:2 They shall put you out of the synagogues: yea, the time cometh,\r
+that whosoever killeth you will think that he doeth God service.\r
+\r
+16:3 And these things will they do unto you, because they have not\r
+known the Father, nor me.\r
+\r
+16:4 But these things have I told you, that when the time shall come,\r
+ye may remember that I told you of them. And these things I said not\r
+unto you at the beginning, because I was with you.\r
+\r
+16:5 But now I go my way to him that sent me; and none of you asketh\r
+me, Whither goest thou? 16:6 But because I have said these things\r
+unto you, sorrow hath filled your heart.\r
+\r
+16:7 Nevertheless I tell you the truth; It is expedient for you that I\r
+go away: for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you;\r
+but if I depart, I will send him unto you.\r
+\r
+16:8 And when he is come, he will reprove the world of sin, and of\r
+righteousness, and of judgment: 16:9 Of sin, because they believe not\r
+on me; 16:10 Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye see\r
+me no more; 16:11 Of judgment, because the prince of this world is\r
+judged.\r
+\r
+16:12 I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them\r
+now.\r
+\r
+16:13 Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you\r
+into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he\r
+shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come.\r
+\r
+16:14 He shall glorify me: for he shall receive of mine, and shall\r
+shew it unto you.\r
+\r
+16:15 All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that\r
+he shall take of mine, and shall shew it unto you.\r
+\r
+16:16 A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again, a little\r
+while, and ye shall see me, because I go to the Father.\r
+\r
+16:17 Then said some of his disciples among themselves, What is this\r
+that he saith unto us, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and\r
+again, a little while, and ye shall see me: and, Because I go to the\r
+Father? 16:18 They said therefore, What is this that he saith, A\r
+little while? we cannot tell what he saith.\r
+\r
+16:19 Now Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him, and said unto\r
+them, Do ye enquire among yourselves of that I said, A little while,\r
+and ye shall not see me: and again, a little while, and ye shall see\r
+me? 16:20 Verily, verily, I say unto you, That ye shall weep and\r
+lament, but the world shall rejoice: and ye shall be sorrowful, but\r
+your sorrow shall be turned into joy.\r
+\r
+16:21 A woman when she is in travail hath sorrow, because her hour is\r
+come: but as soon as she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no\r
+more the anguish, for joy that a man is born into the world.\r
+\r
+16:22 And ye now therefore have sorrow: but I will see you again, and\r
+your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no man taketh from you.\r
+\r
+16:23 And in that day ye shall ask me nothing. Verily, verily, I say\r
+unto you, Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give\r
+it you.\r
+\r
+16:24 Hitherto have ye asked nothing in my name: ask, and ye shall\r
+receive, that your joy may be full.\r
+\r
+16:25 These things have I spoken unto you in proverbs: but the time\r
+cometh, when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs, but I shall\r
+shew you plainly of the Father.\r
+\r
+16:26 At that day ye shall ask in my name: and I say not unto you,\r
+that I will pray the Father for you: 16:27 For the Father himself\r
+loveth you, because ye have loved me, and have believed that I came\r
+out from God.\r
+\r
+16:28 I came forth from the Father, and am come into the world: again,\r
+I leave the world, and go to the Father.\r
+\r
+16:29 His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and\r
+speakest no proverb.\r
+\r
+16:30 Now are we sure that thou knowest all things, and needest not\r
+that any man should ask thee: by this we believe that thou camest\r
+forth from God.\r
+\r
+16:31 Jesus answered them, Do ye now believe? 16:32 Behold, the hour\r
+cometh, yea, is now come, that ye shall be scattered, every man to his\r
+own, and shall leave me alone: and yet I am not alone, because the\r
+Father is with me.\r
+\r
+16:33 These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have\r
+overcome the world.\r
+\r
+17:1 These words spake Jesus, and lifted up his eyes to heaven, and\r
+said, Father, the hour is come; glorify thy Son, that thy Son also may\r
+glorify thee: 17:2 As thou hast given him power over all flesh, that\r
+he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him.\r
+\r
+17:3 And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true\r
+God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.\r
+\r
+17:4 I have glorified thee on the earth: I have finished the work\r
+which thou gavest me to do.\r
+\r
+17:5 And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self with the\r
+glory which I had with thee before the world was.\r
+\r
+17:6 I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out\r
+of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have\r
+kept thy word.\r
+\r
+17:7 Now they have known that all things whatsoever thou hast given me\r
+are of thee.\r
+\r
+17:8 For I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and\r
+they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from\r
+thee, and they have believed that thou didst send me.\r
+\r
+17:9 I pray for them: I pray not for the world, but for them which\r
+thou hast given me; for they are thine.\r
+\r
+17:10 And all mine are thine, and thine are mine; and I am glorified\r
+in them.\r
+\r
+17:11 And now I am no more in the world, but these are in the world,\r
+and I come to thee. Holy Father, keep through thine own name those\r
+whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are.\r
+\r
+17:12 While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name:\r
+those that thou gavest me I have kept, and none of them is lost, but\r
+the son of perdition; that the scripture might be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+17:13 And now come I to thee; and these things I speak in the world,\r
+that they might have my joy fulfilled in themselves.\r
+\r
+17:14 I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them,\r
+because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.\r
+\r
+17:15 I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but\r
+that thou shouldest keep them from the evil.\r
+\r
+17:16 They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.\r
+\r
+17:17 Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.\r
+\r
+17:18 As thou hast sent me into the world, even so have I also sent\r
+them into the world.\r
+\r
+17:19 And for their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be\r
+sanctified through the truth.\r
+\r
+17:20 Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall\r
+believe on me through their word; 17:21 That they all may be one; as\r
+thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee, that they also may be one in\r
+us: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me.\r
+\r
+17:22 And the glory which thou gavest me I have given them; that they\r
+may be one, even as we are one: 17:23 I in them, and thou in me, that\r
+they may be made perfect in one; and that the world may know that thou\r
+hast sent me, and hast loved them, as thou hast loved me.\r
+\r
+17:24 Father, I will that they also, whom thou hast given me, be with\r
+me where I am; that they may behold my glory, which thou hast given\r
+me: for thou lovedst me before the foundation of the world.\r
+\r
+17:25 O righteous Father, the world hath not known thee: but I have\r
+known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent me.\r
+\r
+17:26 And I have declared unto them thy name, and will declare it:\r
+that the love wherewith thou hast loved me may be in them, and I in\r
+them.\r
+\r
+18:1 When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his\r
+disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he\r
+entered, and his disciples.\r
+\r
+18:2 And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus\r
+ofttimes resorted thither with his disciples.\r
+\r
+18:3 Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the\r
+chief priests and Pharisees, cometh thither with lanterns and torches\r
+and weapons.\r
+\r
+18:4 Jesus therefore, knowing all things that should come upon him,\r
+went forth, and said unto them, Whom seek ye? 18:5 They answered him,\r
+Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus saith unto them, I am he.\r
+\r
+And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with them.\r
+\r
+18:6 As soon then as he had said unto them, I am he, they went\r
+backward, and fell to the ground.\r
+\r
+18:7 Then asked he them again, Whom seek ye? And they said, Jesus of\r
+Nazareth.\r
+\r
+18:8 Jesus answered, I have told you that I am he: if therefore ye\r
+seek me, let these go their way: 18:9 That the saying might be\r
+fulfilled, which he spake, Of them which thou gavest me have I lost\r
+none.\r
+\r
+18:10 Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high\r
+priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was\r
+Malchus.\r
+\r
+18:11 Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath:\r
+the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it? 18:12\r
+Then the band and the captain and officers of the Jews took Jesus, and\r
+bound him, 18:13 And led him away to Annas first; for he was father in\r
+law to Caiaphas, which was the high priest that same year.\r
+\r
+18:14 Now Caiaphas was he, which gave counsel to the Jews, that it was\r
+expedient that one man should die for the people.\r
+\r
+18:15 And Simon Peter followed Jesus, and so did another disciple:\r
+that disciple was known unto the high priest, and went in with Jesus\r
+into the palace of the high priest.\r
+\r
+18:16 But Peter stood at the door without. Then went out that other\r
+disciple, which was known unto the high priest, and spake unto her\r
+that kept the door, and brought in Peter.\r
+\r
+18:17 Then saith the damsel that kept the door unto Peter, Art not\r
+thou also one of this man's disciples? He saith, I am not.\r
+\r
+18:18 And the servants and officers stood there, who had made a fire\r
+of coals; for it was cold: and they warmed themselves: and Peter stood\r
+with them, and warmed himself.\r
+\r
+18:19 The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his\r
+doctrine.\r
+\r
+18:20 Jesus answered him, I spake openly to the world; I ever taught\r
+in the synagogue, and in the temple, whither the Jews always resort;\r
+and in secret have I said nothing.\r
+\r
+18:21 Why askest thou me? ask them which heard me, what I have said\r
+unto them: behold, they know what I said.\r
+\r
+18:22 And when he had thus spoken, one of the officers which stood by\r
+struck Jesus with the palm of his hand, saying, Answerest thou the\r
+high priest so? 18:23 Jesus answered him, If I have spoken evil, bear\r
+witness of the evil: but if well, why smitest thou me? 18:24 Now\r
+Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest.\r
+\r
+18:25 And Simon Peter stood and warmed himself. They said therefore\r
+unto him, Art not thou also one of his disciples? He denied it, and\r
+said, I am not.\r
+\r
+18:26 One of the servants of the high priest, being his kinsman whose\r
+ear Peter cut off, saith, Did not I see thee in the garden with him?\r
+18:27 Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew.\r
+\r
+18:28 Then led they Jesus from Caiaphas unto the hall of judgment: and\r
+it was early; and they themselves went not into the judgment hall,\r
+lest they should be defiled; but that they might eat the passover.\r
+\r
+18:29 Pilate then went out unto them, and said, What accusation bring\r
+ye against this man? 18:30 They answered and said unto him, If he\r
+were not a malefactor, we would not have delivered him up unto thee.\r
+\r
+18:31 Then said Pilate unto them, Take ye him, and judge him according\r
+to your law. The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us\r
+to put any man to death: 18:32 That the saying of Jesus might be\r
+fulfilled, which he spake, signifying what death he should die.\r
+\r
+18:33 Then Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called\r
+Jesus, and said unto him, Art thou the King of the Jews? 18:34 Jesus\r
+answered him, Sayest thou this thing of thyself, or did others tell it\r
+thee of me? 18:35 Pilate answered, Am I a Jew? Thine own nation and\r
+the chief priests have delivered thee unto me: what hast thou done?\r
+18:36 Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom\r
+were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be\r
+delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.\r
+\r
+18:37 Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus\r
+answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and\r
+for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto\r
+the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.\r
+\r
+18:38 Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this,\r
+he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no\r
+fault at all.\r
+\r
+18:39 But ye have a custom, that I should release unto you one at the\r
+passover: will ye therefore that I release unto you the King of the\r
+Jews? 18:40 Then cried they all again, saying, Not this man, but\r
+Barabbas. Now Barabbas was a robber.\r
+\r
+19:1 Then Pilate therefore took Jesus, and scourged him.\r
+\r
+19:2 And the soldiers platted a crown of thorns, and put it on his\r
+head, and they put on him a purple robe, 19:3 And said, Hail, King of\r
+the Jews! and they smote him with their hands.\r
+\r
+19:4 Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto them, Behold, I\r
+bring him forth to you, that ye may know that I find no fault in him.\r
+\r
+19:5 Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the\r
+purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them, Behold the man! 19:6 When\r
+the chief priests therefore and officers saw him, they cried out,\r
+saying, Crucify him, crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Take ye him,\r
+and crucify him: for I find no fault in him.\r
+\r
+19:7 The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to\r
+die, because he made himself the Son of God.\r
+\r
+19:8 When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he was the more afraid;\r
+19:9 And went again into the judgment hall, and saith unto Jesus,\r
+Whence art thou? But Jesus gave him no answer.\r
+\r
+19:10 Then saith Pilate unto him, Speakest thou not unto me? knowest\r
+thou not that I have power to crucify thee, and have power to release\r
+thee? 19:11 Jesus answered, Thou couldest have no power at all\r
+against me, except it were given thee from above: therefore he that\r
+delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin.\r
+\r
+19:12 And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him: but the Jews\r
+cried out, saying, If thou let this man go, thou art not Caesar's\r
+friend: whosoever maketh himself a king speaketh against Caesar.\r
+\r
+19:13 When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth,\r
+and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the\r
+Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha.\r
+\r
+19:14 And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth\r
+hour: and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your King! 19:15 But they\r
+cried out, Away with him, away with him, crucify him.\r
+\r
+Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests\r
+answered, We have no king but Caesar.\r
+\r
+19:16 Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be crucified. And\r
+they took Jesus, and led him away.\r
+\r
+19:17 And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the\r
+place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: 19:18 Where\r
+they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and\r
+Jesus in the midst.\r
+\r
+19:19 And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the\r
+writing was JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS.\r
+\r
+19:20 This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus\r
+was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and\r
+Greek, and Latin.\r
+\r
+19:21 Then said the chief priests of the Jews to Pilate, Write not,\r
+The King of the Jews; but that he said, I am King of the Jews.\r
+\r
+19:22 Pilate answered, What I have written I have written.\r
+\r
+19:23 Then the soldiers, when they had crucified Jesus, took his\r
+garments, and made four parts, to every soldier a part; and also his\r
+coat: now the coat was without seam, woven from the top throughout.\r
+\r
+19:24 They said therefore among themselves, Let us not rend it, but\r
+cast lots for it, whose it shall be: that the scripture might be\r
+fulfilled, which saith, They parted my raiment among them, and for my\r
+vesture they did cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did.\r
+\r
+19:25 Now there stood by the cross of Jesus his mother, and his\r
+mother's sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary Magdalene.\r
+\r
+19:26 When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing\r
+by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son!\r
+19:27 Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother! And from that\r
+hour that disciple took her unto his own home.\r
+\r
+19:28 After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished,\r
+that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst.\r
+\r
+19:29 Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a\r
+spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth.\r
+\r
+19:30 When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is\r
+finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.\r
+\r
+19:31 The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the\r
+bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that\r
+sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be\r
+broken, and that they might be taken away.\r
+\r
+19:32 Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of\r
+the other which was crucified with him.\r
+\r
+19:33 But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already,\r
+they brake not his legs: 19:34 But one of the soldiers with a spear\r
+pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water.\r
+\r
+19:35 And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he\r
+knoweth that he saith true, that ye might believe.\r
+\r
+19:36 For these things were done, that the scripture should be\r
+fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken.\r
+\r
+19:37 And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom\r
+they pierced.\r
+\r
+19:38 And after this Joseph of Arimathaea, being a disciple of Jesus,\r
+but secretly for fear of the Jews, besought Pilate that he might take\r
+away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave. He came therefore,\r
+and took the body of Jesus.\r
+\r
+19:39 And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus\r
+by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred\r
+pound weight.\r
+\r
+19:40 Then took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes\r
+with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury.\r
+\r
+19:41 Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and\r
+in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid.\r
+\r
+19:42 There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews' preparation\r
+day; for the sepulchre was nigh at hand.\r
+\r
+20:1 The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it\r
+was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from\r
+the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+20:2 Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other\r
+disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away\r
+the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid\r
+him.\r
+\r
+20:3 Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to\r
+the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+20:4 So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun\r
+Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.\r
+\r
+20:5 And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes\r
+lying; yet went he not in.\r
+\r
+20:6 Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the\r
+sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie, 20:7 And the napkin, that\r
+was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped\r
+together in a place by itself.\r
+\r
+20:8 Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the\r
+sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.\r
+\r
+20:9 For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again\r
+from the dead.\r
+\r
+20:10 Then the disciples went away again unto their own home.\r
+\r
+20:11 But Mary stood without at the sepulchre weeping: and as she\r
+wept, she stooped down, and looked into the sepulchre, 20:12 And seeth\r
+two angels in white sitting, the one at the head, and the other at the\r
+feet, where the body of Jesus had lain.\r
+\r
+20:13 And they say unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? She saith unto\r
+them, Because they have taken away my LORD, and I know not where they\r
+have laid him.\r
+\r
+20:14 And when she had thus said, she turned herself back, and saw\r
+Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus.\r
+\r
+20:15 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest\r
+thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if\r
+thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I\r
+will take him away.\r
+\r
+20:16 Jesus saith unto her, Mary. She turned herself, and saith unto\r
+him, Rabboni; which is to say, Master.\r
+\r
+20:17 Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to\r
+my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my\r
+Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God.\r
+\r
+20:18 Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the\r
+LORD, and that he had spoken these things unto her.\r
+\r
+20:19 Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week,\r
+when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear\r
+of the Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst, and saith unto them,\r
+Peace be unto you.\r
+\r
+20:20 And when he had so said, he shewed unto them his hands and his\r
+side.\r
+\r
+Then were the disciples glad, when they saw the LORD.\r
+\r
+20:21 Then said Jesus to them again, Peace be unto you: as my Father\r
+hath sent me, even so send I you.\r
+\r
+20:22 And when he had said this, he breathed on them, and saith unto\r
+them, Receive ye the Holy Ghost: 20:23 Whose soever sins ye remit,\r
+they are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are\r
+retained.\r
+\r
+20:24 But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them\r
+when Jesus came.\r
+\r
+20:25 The other disciples therefore said unto him, We have seen the\r
+LORD.\r
+\r
+But he said unto them, Except I shall see in his hands the print of\r
+the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust\r
+my hand into his side, I will not believe.\r
+\r
+20:26 And after eight days again his disciples were within, and Thomas\r
+with them: then came Jesus, the doors being shut, and stood in the\r
+midst, and said, Peace be unto you.\r
+\r
+20:27 Then saith he to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my\r
+hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side: and be\r
+not faithless, but believing.\r
+\r
+20:28 And Thomas answered and said unto him, My LORD and my God.\r
+\r
+20:29 Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou\r
+hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have\r
+believed.\r
+\r
+20:30 And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his\r
+disciples, which are not written in this book: 20:31 But these are\r
+written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of\r
+God; and that believing ye might have life through his name.\r
+\r
+21:1 After these things Jesus shewed himself again to the disciples at\r
+the sea of Tiberias; and on this wise shewed he himself.\r
+\r
+21:2 There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and\r
+Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two other\r
+of his disciples.\r
+\r
+21:3 Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing. They say unto him,\r
+We also go with thee. They went forth, and entered into a ship\r
+immediately; and that night they caught nothing.\r
+\r
+21:4 But when the morning was now come, Jesus stood on the shore: but\r
+the disciples knew not that it was Jesus.\r
+\r
+21:5 Then Jesus saith unto them, Children, have ye any meat? They\r
+answered him, No.\r
+\r
+21:6 And he said unto them, Cast the net on the right side of the\r
+ship, and ye shall find. They cast therefore, and now they were not\r
+able to draw it for the multitude of fishes.\r
+\r
+21:7 Therefore that disciple whom Jesus loved saith unto Peter, It is\r
+the Lord. Now when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his\r
+fisher's coat unto him, (for he was naked,) and did cast himself into\r
+the sea.\r
+\r
+21:8 And the other disciples came in a little ship; (for they were not\r
+far from land, but as it were two hundred cubits,) dragging the net\r
+with fishes.\r
+\r
+21:9 As soon then as they were come to land, they saw a fire of coals\r
+there, and fish laid thereon, and bread.\r
+\r
+21:10 Jesus saith unto them, Bring of the fish which ye have now\r
+caught.\r
+\r
+21:11 Simon Peter went up, and drew the net to land full of great\r
+fishes, an hundred and fifty and three: and for all there were so\r
+many, yet was not the net broken.\r
+\r
+21:12 Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine. And none of the disciples\r
+durst ask him, Who art thou? knowing that it was the Lord.\r
+\r
+21:13 Jesus then cometh, and taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish\r
+likewise.\r
+\r
+21:14 This is now the third time that Jesus shewed himself to his\r
+disciples, after that he was risen from the dead.\r
+\r
+21:15 So when they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter, Simon, son\r
+of Jonas, lovest thou me more than these? He saith unto him, Yea,\r
+Lord; thou knowest that I love thee. He saith unto him, Feed my lambs.\r
+\r
+21:16 He saith to him again the second time, Simon, son of Jonas,\r
+lovest thou me? He saith unto him, Yea, Lord; thou knowest that I love\r
+thee. He saith unto him, Feed my sheep.\r
+\r
+21:17 He saith unto him the third time, Simon, son of Jonas, lovest\r
+thou me? Peter was grieved because he said unto him the third time,\r
+Lovest thou me? And he said unto him, Lord, thou knowest all things;\r
+thou knowest that I love thee. Jesus saith unto him, Feed my sheep.\r
+\r
+21:18 Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou\r
+girdest thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou\r
+shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall\r
+gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not.\r
+\r
+21:19 This spake he, signifying by what death he should glorify God.\r
+And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.\r
+\r
+21:20 Then Peter, turning about, seeth the disciple whom Jesus loved\r
+following; which also leaned on his breast at supper, and said, Lord,\r
+which is he that betrayeth thee? 21:21 Peter seeing him saith to\r
+Jesus, Lord, and what shall this man do? 21:22 Jesus saith unto him,\r
+If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou\r
+me.\r
+\r
+21:23 Then went this saying abroad among the brethren, that that\r
+disciple should not die: yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not\r
+die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?\r
+21:24 This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote\r
+these things: and we know that his testimony is true.\r
+\r
+21:25 And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which,\r
+if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world\r
+itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Acts of the Apostles\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus\r
+began both to do and teach, 1:2 Until the day in which he was taken\r
+up, after that he through the Holy Ghost had given commandments unto\r
+the apostles whom he had chosen: 1:3 To whom also he shewed himself\r
+alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them\r
+forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of\r
+God: 1:4 And, being assembled together with them, commanded them that\r
+they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the\r
+Father, which, saith he, ye have heard of me.\r
+\r
+1:5 For John truly baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with\r
+the Holy Ghost not many days hence.\r
+\r
+1:6 When they therefore were come together, they asked of him, saying,\r
+Lord, wilt thou at this time restore again the kingdom to Israel? 1:7\r
+And he said unto them, It is not for you to know the times or the\r
+seasons, which the Father hath put in his own power.\r
+\r
+1:8 But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon\r
+you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all\r
+Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.\r
+\r
+1:9 And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was\r
+taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.\r
+\r
+1:10 And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up,\r
+behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; 1:11 Which also said,\r
+Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same\r
+Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like\r
+manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.\r
+\r
+1:12 Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet,\r
+which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day's journey.\r
+\r
+1:13 And when they were come in, they went up into an upper room,\r
+where abode both Peter, and James, and John, and Andrew, Philip, and\r
+Thomas, Bartholomew, and Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon\r
+Zelotes, and Judas the brother of James.\r
+\r
+1:14 These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication,\r
+with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren.\r
+\r
+1:15 And in those days Peter stood up in the midst of the disciples,\r
+and said, (the number of names together were about an hundred and\r
+twenty,) 1:16 Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been\r
+fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before\r
+concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:17 For he was numbered with us, and had obtained part of this\r
+ministry.\r
+\r
+1:18 Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and\r
+falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels\r
+gushed out.\r
+\r
+1:19 And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem; insomuch as\r
+that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, that is to say,\r
+The field of blood.\r
+\r
+1:20 For it is written in the book of Psalms, Let his habitation be\r
+desolate, and let no man dwell therein: and his bishoprick let another\r
+take.\r
+\r
+1:21 Wherefore of these men which have companied with us all the time\r
+that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, 1:22 Beginning from the\r
+baptism of John, unto that same day that he was taken up from us, must\r
+one be ordained to be a witness with us of his resurrection.\r
+\r
+1:23 And they appointed two, Joseph called Barsabas, who was surnamed\r
+Justus, and Matthias.\r
+\r
+1:24 And they prayed, and said, Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts\r
+of all men, shew whether of these two thou hast chosen, 1:25 That he\r
+may take part of this ministry and apostleship, from which Judas by\r
+transgression fell, that he might go to his own place.\r
+\r
+1:26 And they gave forth their lots; and the lot fell upon Matthias;\r
+and he was numbered with the eleven apostles.\r
+\r
+2:1 And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with\r
+one accord in one place.\r
+\r
+2:2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty\r
+wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting.\r
+\r
+2:3 And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and\r
+it sat upon each of them.\r
+\r
+2:4 And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak\r
+with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.\r
+\r
+2:5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of\r
+every nation under heaven.\r
+\r
+2:6 Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and\r
+were confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own\r
+language.\r
+\r
+2:7 And they were all amazed and marvelled, saying one to another,\r
+Behold, are not all these which speak Galilaeans? 2:8 And how hear we\r
+every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? 2:9 Parthians, and\r
+Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea,\r
+and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, 2:10 Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in\r
+Egypt, and in the parts of Libya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome,\r
+Jews and proselytes, 2:11 Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak\r
+in our tongues the wonderful works of God.\r
+\r
+2:12 And they were all amazed, and were in doubt, saying one to\r
+another, What meaneth this? 2:13 Others mocking said, These men are\r
+full of new wine.\r
+\r
+2:14 But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and\r
+said unto them, Ye men of Judaea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusalem,\r
+be this known unto you, and hearken to my words: 2:15 For these are\r
+not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the\r
+day.\r
+\r
+2:16 But this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel; 2:17 And\r
+it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of\r
+my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall\r
+prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall\r
+dream dreams: 2:18 And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will\r
+pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy: 2:19 And\r
+I will shew wonders in heaven above, and signs in the earth beneath;\r
+blood, and fire, and vapour of smoke: 2:20 The sun shall be turned\r
+into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and notable\r
+day of the Lord come: 2:21 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever\r
+shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved.\r
+\r
+2:22 Ye men of Israel, hear these words; Jesus of Nazareth, a man\r
+approved of God among you by miracles and wonders and signs, which God\r
+did by him in the midst of you, as ye yourselves also know: 2:23 Him,\r
+being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God,\r
+ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain: 2:24 Whom\r
+God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was\r
+not possible that he should be holden of it.\r
+\r
+2:25 For David speaketh concerning him, I foresaw the Lord always\r
+before my face, for he is on my right hand, that I should not be\r
+moved: 2:26 Therefore did my heart rejoice, and my tongue was glad;\r
+moreover also my flesh shall rest in hope: 2:27 Because thou wilt not\r
+leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see\r
+corruption.\r
+\r
+2:28 Thou hast made known to me the ways of life; thou shalt make me\r
+full of joy with thy countenance.\r
+\r
+2:29 Men and brethren, let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch\r
+David, that he is both dead and buried, and his sepulchre is with us\r
+unto this day.\r
+\r
+2:30 Therefore being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an\r
+oath to him, that of the fruit of his loins, according to the flesh,\r
+he would raise up Christ to sit on his throne; 2:31 He seeing this\r
+before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left\r
+in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption.\r
+\r
+2:32 This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.\r
+\r
+2:33 Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having\r
+received of the Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed\r
+forth this, which ye now see and hear.\r
+\r
+2:34 For David is not ascended into the heavens: but he saith himself,\r
+The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, 2:35 Until I\r
+make thy foes thy footstool.\r
+\r
+2:36 Therefore let all the house of Israel know assuredly, that God\r
+hath made the same Jesus, whom ye have crucified, both Lord and\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+2:37 Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and\r
+said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren,\r
+what shall we do? 2:38 Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be\r
+baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the\r
+remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+2:39 For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all\r
+that are afar off, even as many as the LORD our God shall call.\r
+\r
+2:40 And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save\r
+yourselves from this untoward generation.\r
+\r
+2:41 Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the\r
+same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.\r
+\r
+2:42 And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and\r
+fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.\r
+\r
+2:43 And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were\r
+done by the apostles.\r
+\r
+2:44 And all that believed were together, and had all things common;\r
+2:45 And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men,\r
+as every man had need.\r
+\r
+2:46 And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and\r
+breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness\r
+and singleness of heart, 2:47 Praising God, and having favour with all\r
+the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be\r
+saved.\r
+\r
+3:1 Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of\r
+prayer, being the ninth hour.\r
+\r
+3:2 And a certain man lame from his mother's womb was carried, whom\r
+they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful,\r
+to ask alms of them that entered into the temple; 3:3 Who seeing Peter\r
+and John about to go into the temple asked an alms.\r
+\r
+3:4 And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on\r
+us.\r
+\r
+3:5 And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+3:6 Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have\r
+give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk.\r
+\r
+3:7 And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and\r
+immediately his feet and ankle bones received strength.\r
+\r
+3:8 And he leaping up stood, and walked, and entered with them into\r
+the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God.\r
+\r
+3:9 And all the people saw him walking and praising God: 3:10 And they\r
+knew that it was he which sat for alms at the Beautiful gate of the\r
+temple: and they were filled with wonder and amazement at that which\r
+had happened unto him.\r
+\r
+3:11 And as the lame man which was healed held Peter and John, all the\r
+people ran together unto them in the porch that is called Solomon's,\r
+greatly wondering.\r
+\r
+3:12 And when Peter saw it, he answered unto the people, Ye men of\r
+Israel, why marvel ye at this? or why look ye so earnestly on us, as\r
+though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk?\r
+3:13 The God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, the God of our\r
+fathers, hath glorified his Son Jesus; whom ye delivered up, and\r
+denied him in the presence of Pilate, when he was determined to let\r
+him go.\r
+\r
+3:14 But ye denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer\r
+to be granted unto you; 3:15 And killed the Prince of life, whom God\r
+hath raised from the dead; whereof we are witnesses.\r
+\r
+3:16 And his name through faith in his name hath made this man strong,\r
+whom ye see and know: yea, the faith which is by him hath given him\r
+this perfect soundness in the presence of you all.\r
+\r
+3:17 And now, brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it, as did\r
+also your rulers.\r
+\r
+3:18 But those things, which God before had shewed by the mouth of all\r
+his prophets, that Christ should suffer, he hath so fulfilled.\r
+\r
+3:19 Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be\r
+blotted out, when the times of refreshing shall come from the presence\r
+of the Lord.\r
+\r
+3:20 And he shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto\r
+you: 3:21 Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution\r
+of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy\r
+prophets since the world began.\r
+\r
+3:22 For Moses truly said unto the fathers, A prophet shall the Lord\r
+your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall\r
+ye hear in all things whatsoever he shall say unto you.\r
+\r
+3:23 And it shall come to pass, that every soul, which will not hear\r
+that prophet, shall be destroyed from among the people.\r
+\r
+3:24 Yea, and all the prophets from Samuel and those that follow\r
+after, as many as have spoken, have likewise foretold of these days.\r
+\r
+3:25 Ye are the children of the prophets, and of the covenant which\r
+God made with our fathers, saying unto Abraham, And in thy seed shall\r
+all the kindreds of the earth be blessed.\r
+\r
+3:26 Unto you first God, having raised up his Son Jesus, sent him to\r
+bless you, in turning away every one of you from his iniquities.\r
+\r
+4:1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of\r
+the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 4:2 Being grieved that\r
+they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection\r
+from the dead.\r
+\r
+4:3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next\r
+day: for it was now eventide.\r
+\r
+4:4 Howbeit many of them which heard the word believed; and the number\r
+of the men was about five thousand.\r
+\r
+4:5 And it came to pass on the morrow, that their rulers, and elders,\r
+and scribes, 4:6 And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John,\r
+and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest,\r
+were gathered together at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+4:7 And when they had set them in the midst, they asked, By what\r
+power, or by what name, have ye done this? 4:8 Then Peter, filled\r
+with the Holy Ghost, said unto them, Ye rulers of the people, and\r
+elders of Israel, 4:9 If we this day be examined of the good deed done\r
+to the impotent man, by what means he is made whole; 4:10 Be it known\r
+unto you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of\r
+Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the\r
+dead, even by him doth this man stand here before you whole.\r
+\r
+4:11 This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which\r
+is become the head of the corner.\r
+\r
+4:12 Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other\r
+name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.\r
+\r
+4:13 Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived\r
+that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they\r
+took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:14 And beholding the man which was healed standing with them, they\r
+could say nothing against it.\r
+\r
+4:15 But when they had commanded them to go aside out of the council,\r
+they conferred among themselves, 4:16 Saying, What shall we do to\r
+these men? for that indeed a notable miracle hath been done by them is\r
+manifest to all them that dwell in Jerusalem; and we cannot deny it.\r
+\r
+4:17 But that it spread no further among the people, let us straitly\r
+threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name.\r
+\r
+4:18 And they called them, and commanded them not to speak at all nor\r
+teach in the name of Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:19 But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it be\r
+right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God,\r
+judge ye.\r
+\r
+4:20 For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard.\r
+\r
+4:21 So when they had further threatened them, they let them go,\r
+finding nothing how they might punish them, because of the people: for\r
+all men glorified God for that which was done.\r
+\r
+4:22 For the man was above forty years old, on whom this miracle of\r
+healing was shewed.\r
+\r
+4:23 And being let go, they went to their own company, and reported\r
+all that the chief priests and elders had said unto them.\r
+\r
+4:24 And when they heard that, they lifted up their voice to God with\r
+one accord, and said, Lord, thou art God, which hast made heaven, and\r
+earth, and the sea, and all that in them is: 4:25 Who by the mouth of\r
+thy servant David hast said, Why did the heathen rage, and the people\r
+imagine vain things? 4:26 The kings of the earth stood up, and the\r
+rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against his\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+4:27 For of a truth against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou hast\r
+anointed, both Herod, and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles, and the\r
+people of Israel, were gathered together, 4:28 For to do whatsoever\r
+thy hand and thy counsel determined before to be done.\r
+\r
+4:29 And now, Lord, behold their threatenings: and grant unto thy\r
+servants, that with all boldness they may speak thy word, 4:30 By\r
+stretching forth thine hand to heal; and that signs and wonders may be\r
+done by the name of thy holy child Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:31 And when they had prayed, the place was shaken where they were\r
+assembled together; and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and\r
+they spake the word of God with boldness.\r
+\r
+4:32 And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of\r
+one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he\r
+possessed was his own; but they had all things common.\r
+\r
+4:33 And with great power gave the apostles witness of the\r
+resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all.\r
+\r
+4:34 Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were\r
+possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the\r
+things that were sold, 4:35 And laid them down at the apostles' feet:\r
+and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need.\r
+\r
+4:36 And Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas, (which is,\r
+being interpreted, The son of consolation,) a Levite, and of the\r
+country of Cyprus, 4:37 Having land, sold it, and brought the money,\r
+and laid it at the apostles' feet.\r
+\r
+5:1 But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a\r
+possession, 5:2 And kept back part of the price, his wife also being\r
+privy to it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles'\r
+feet.\r
+\r
+5:3 But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie\r
+to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land?\r
+5:4 Whiles it remained, was it not thine own? and after it was sold,\r
+was it not in thine own power? why hast thou conceived this thing in\r
+thine heart? thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God.\r
+\r
+5:5 And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost:\r
+and great fear came on all them that heard these things.\r
+\r
+5:6 And the young men arose, wound him up, and carried him out, and\r
+buried him.\r
+\r
+5:7 And it was about the space of three hours after, when his wife,\r
+not knowing what was done, came in.\r
+\r
+5:8 And Peter answered unto her, Tell me whether ye sold the land for\r
+so much? And she said, Yea, for so much.\r
+\r
+5:9 Then Peter said unto her, How is it that ye have agreed together\r
+to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? behold, the feet of them which have\r
+buried thy husband are at the door, and shall carry thee out.\r
+\r
+5:10 Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the\r
+ghost: and the young men came in, and found her dead, and, carrying\r
+her forth, buried her by her husband.\r
+\r
+5:11 And great fear came upon all the church, and upon as many as\r
+heard these things.\r
+\r
+5:12 And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders\r
+wrought among the people; (and they were all with one accord in\r
+Solomon's porch.\r
+\r
+5:13 And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people\r
+magnified them.\r
+\r
+5:14 And believers were the more added to the Lord, multitudes both of\r
+men and women.) 5:15 Insomuch that they brought forth the sick into\r
+the streets, and laid them on beds and couches, that at the least the\r
+shadow of Peter passing by might overshadow some of them.\r
+\r
+5:16 There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto\r
+Jerusalem, bringing sick folks, and them which were vexed with unclean\r
+spirits: and they were healed every one.\r
+\r
+5:17 Then the high priest rose up, and all they that were with him,\r
+(which is the sect of the Sadducees,) and were filled with\r
+indignation, 5:18 And laid their hands on the apostles, and put them\r
+in the common prison.\r
+\r
+5:19 But the angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and\r
+brought them forth, and said, 5:20 Go, stand and speak in the temple\r
+to the people all the words of this life.\r
+\r
+5:21 And when they heard that, they entered into the temple early in\r
+the morning, and taught. But the high priest came, and they that were\r
+with him, and called the council together, and all the senate of the\r
+children of Israel, and sent to the prison to have them brought.\r
+\r
+5:22 But when the officers came, and found them not in the prison,\r
+they returned and told, 5:23 Saying, The prison truly found we shut\r
+with all safety, and the keepers standing without before the doors:\r
+but when we had opened, we found no man within.\r
+\r
+5:24 Now when the high priest and the captain of the temple and the\r
+chief priests heard these things, they doubted of them whereunto this\r
+would grow.\r
+\r
+5:25 Then came one and told them, saying, Behold, the men whom ye put\r
+in prison are standing in the temple, and teaching the people.\r
+\r
+5:26 Then went the captain with the officers, and brought them without\r
+violence: for they feared the people, lest they should have been\r
+stoned.\r
+\r
+5:27 And when they had brought them, they set them before the council:\r
+and the high priest asked them, 5:28 Saying, Did not we straitly\r
+command you that ye should not teach in this name? and, behold, ye\r
+have filled Jerusalem with your doctrine, and intend to bring this\r
+man's blood upon us.\r
+\r
+5:29 Then Peter and the other apostles answered and said, We ought to\r
+obey God rather than men.\r
+\r
+5:30 The God of our fathers raised up Jesus, whom ye slew and hanged\r
+on a tree.\r
+\r
+5:31 Him hath God exalted with his right hand to be a Prince and a\r
+Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins.\r
+\r
+5:32 And we are his witnesses of these things; and so is also the Holy\r
+Ghost, whom God hath given to them that obey him.\r
+\r
+5:33 When they heard that, they were cut to the heart, and took\r
+counsel to slay them.\r
+\r
+5:34 Then stood there up one in the council, a Pharisee, named\r
+Gamaliel, a doctor of the law, had in reputation among all the people,\r
+and commanded to put the apostles forth a little space; 5:35 And said\r
+unto them, Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what ye intend to\r
+do as touching these men.\r
+\r
+5:36 For before these days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be\r
+somebody; to whom a number of men, about four hundred, joined\r
+themselves: who was slain; and all, as many as obeyed him, were\r
+scattered, and brought to nought.\r
+\r
+5:37 After this man rose up Judas of Galilee in the days of the\r
+taxing, and drew away much people after him: he also perished; and\r
+all, even as many as obeyed him, were dispersed.\r
+\r
+5:38 And now I say unto you, Refrain from these men, and let them\r
+alone: for if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to\r
+nought: 5:39 But if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it; lest haply\r
+ye be found even to fight against God.\r
+\r
+5:40 And to him they agreed: and when they had called the apostles,\r
+and beaten them, they commanded that they should not speak in the name\r
+of Jesus, and let them go.\r
+\r
+5:41 And they departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing\r
+that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for his name.\r
+\r
+5:42 And daily in the temple, and in every house, they ceased not to\r
+teach and preach Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+6:1 And in those days, when the number of the disciples was\r
+multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the\r
+Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily\r
+ministration.\r
+\r
+6:2 Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples unto them,\r
+and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and\r
+serve tables.\r
+\r
+6:3 Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest\r
+report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over\r
+this business.\r
+\r
+6:4 But we will give ourselves continually to prayer, and to the\r
+ministry of the word.\r
+\r
+6:5 And the saying pleased the whole multitude: and they chose\r
+Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, and Philip, and\r
+Prochorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, and Nicolas a\r
+proselyte of Antioch: 6:6 Whom they set before the apostles: and when\r
+they had prayed, they laid their hands on them.\r
+\r
+6:7 And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples\r
+multiplied in Jerusalem greatly; and a great company of the priests\r
+were obedient to the faith.\r
+\r
+6:8 And Stephen, full of faith and power, did great wonders and\r
+miracles among the people.\r
+\r
+6:9 Then there arose certain of the synagogue, which is called the\r
+synagogue of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexandrians, and of\r
+them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen.\r
+\r
+6:10 And they were not able to resist the wisdom and the spirit by\r
+which he spake.\r
+\r
+6:11 Then they suborned men, which said, We have heard him speak\r
+blasphemous words against Moses, and against God.\r
+\r
+6:12 And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the scribes,\r
+and came upon him, and caught him, and brought him to the council,\r
+6:13 And set up false witnesses, which said, This man ceaseth not to\r
+speak blasphemous words against this holy place, and the law: 6:14 For\r
+we have heard him say, that this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this\r
+place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered us.\r
+\r
+6:15 And all that sat in the council, looking stedfastly on him, saw\r
+his face as it had been the face of an angel.\r
+\r
+7:1 Then said the high priest, Are these things so? 7:2 And he said,\r
+Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto\r
+our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in\r
+Charran, 7:3 And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from\r
+thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee.\r
+\r
+7:4 Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in\r
+Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him\r
+into this land, wherein ye now dwell.\r
+\r
+7:5 And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set\r
+his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a\r
+possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child.\r
+\r
+7:6 And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a\r
+strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and\r
+entreat them evil four hundred years.\r
+\r
+7:7 And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said\r
+God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.\r
+\r
+7:8 And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat\r
+Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and\r
+Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.\r
+\r
+7:9 And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but\r
+God was with him, 7:10 And delivered him out of all his afflictions,\r
+and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt;\r
+and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house.\r
+\r
+7:11 Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan,\r
+and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance.\r
+\r
+7:12 But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out\r
+our fathers first.\r
+\r
+7:13 And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and\r
+Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh.\r
+\r
+7:14 Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his\r
+kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.\r
+\r
+7:15 So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers,\r
+7:16 And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that\r
+Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of\r
+Sychem.\r
+\r
+7:17 But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn\r
+to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, 7:18 Till another\r
+king arose, which knew not Joseph.\r
+\r
+7:19 The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our\r
+fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they\r
+might not live.\r
+\r
+7:20 In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and\r
+nourished up in his father's house three months: 7:21 And when he was\r
+cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her\r
+own son.\r
+\r
+7:22 And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was\r
+mighty in words and in deeds.\r
+\r
+7:23 And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to\r
+visit his brethren the children of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:24 And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged\r
+him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian: 7:25 For he supposed\r
+his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would\r
+deliver them: but they understood not.\r
+\r
+7:26 And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and\r
+would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why\r
+do ye wrong one to another? 7:27 But he that did his neighbour wrong\r
+thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?\r
+7:28 Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday? 7:29\r
+Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of\r
+Madian, where he begat two sons.\r
+\r
+7:30 And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the\r
+wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a\r
+bush.\r
+\r
+7:31 When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near\r
+to behold it, the voice of the LORD came unto him, 7:32 Saying, I am\r
+the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and\r
+the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold.\r
+\r
+7:33 Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for\r
+the place where thou standest is holy ground.\r
+\r
+7:34 I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in\r
+Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver\r
+them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt.\r
+\r
+7:35 This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a\r
+judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand\r
+of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.\r
+\r
+7:36 He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs\r
+in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty\r
+years.\r
+\r
+7:37 This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A\r
+prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren,\r
+like unto me; him shall ye hear.\r
+\r
+7:38 This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the\r
+angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who\r
+received the lively oracles to give unto us: 7:39 To whom our fathers\r
+would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned\r
+back again into Egypt, 7:40 Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go\r
+before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of\r
+Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.\r
+\r
+7:41 And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto\r
+the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.\r
+\r
+7:42 Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven;\r
+as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel,\r
+have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of\r
+forty years in the wilderness? 7:43 Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of\r
+Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to\r
+worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.\r
+\r
+7:44 Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as\r
+he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it\r
+according to the fashion that he had seen.\r
+\r
+7:45 Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into\r
+the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of\r
+our fathers, unto the days of David; 7:46 Who found favour before God,\r
+and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.\r
+\r
+7:47 But Solomon built him an house.\r
+\r
+7:48 Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as\r
+saith the prophet, 7:49 Heaven is my throne, and earth is my\r
+footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the\r
+place of my rest? 7:50 Hath not my hand made all these things? 7:51\r
+Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always\r
+resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.\r
+\r
+7:52 Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they\r
+have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of\r
+whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers: 7:53 Who have\r
+received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.\r
+\r
+7:54 When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and\r
+they gnashed on him with their teeth.\r
+\r
+7:55 But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into\r
+heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand\r
+of God, 7:56 And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son\r
+of man standing on the right hand of God.\r
+\r
+7:57 Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears,\r
+and ran upon him with one accord, 7:58 And cast him out of the city,\r
+and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young\r
+man's feet, whose name was Saul.\r
+\r
+7:59 And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord\r
+Jesus, receive my spirit.\r
+\r
+7:60 And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not\r
+this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.\r
+\r
+8:1 And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time there was\r
+a great persecution against the church which was at Jerusalem; and\r
+they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judaea and\r
+Samaria, except the apostles.\r
+\r
+8:2 And devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great\r
+lamentation over him.\r
+\r
+8:3 As for Saul, he made havock of the church, entering into every\r
+house, and haling men and women committed them to prison.\r
+\r
+8:4 Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where\r
+preaching the word.\r
+\r
+8:5 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ\r
+unto them.\r
+\r
+8:6 And the people with one accord gave heed unto those things which\r
+Philip spake, hearing and seeing the miracles which he did.\r
+\r
+8:7 For unclean spirits, crying with loud voice, came out of many that\r
+were possessed with them: and many taken with palsies, and that were\r
+lame, were healed.\r
+\r
+8:8 And there was great joy in that city.\r
+\r
+8:9 But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime in the\r
+same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Samaria, giving\r
+out that himself was some great one: 8:10 To whom they all gave heed,\r
+from the least to the greatest, saying, This man is the great power of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+8:11 And to him they had regard, because that of long time he had\r
+bewitched them with sorceries.\r
+\r
+8:12 But when they believed Philip preaching the things concerning the\r
+kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both\r
+men and women.\r
+\r
+8:13 Then Simon himself believed also: and when he was baptized, he\r
+continued with Philip, and wondered, beholding the miracles and signs\r
+which were done.\r
+\r
+8:14 Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria\r
+had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John: 8:15\r
+Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might\r
+receive the Holy Ghost: 8:16 (For as yet he was fallen upon none of\r
+them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.) 8:17\r
+Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+8:18 And when Simon saw that through laying on of the apostles' hands\r
+the Holy Ghost was given, he offered them money, 8:19 Saying, Give me\r
+also this power, that on whomsoever I lay hands, he may receive the\r
+Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+8:20 But Peter said unto him, Thy money perish with thee, because thou\r
+hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money.\r
+\r
+8:21 Thou hast neither part nor lot in this matter: for thy heart is\r
+not right in the sight of God.\r
+\r
+8:22 Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if perhaps\r
+the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee.\r
+\r
+8:23 For I perceive that thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in\r
+the bond of iniquity.\r
+\r
+8:24 Then answered Simon, and said, Pray ye to the LORD for me, that\r
+none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me.\r
+\r
+8:25 And they, when they had testified and preached the word of the\r
+Lord, returned to Jerusalem, and preached the gospel in many villages\r
+of the Samaritans.\r
+\r
+8:26 And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, and\r
+go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto\r
+Gaza, which is desert.\r
+\r
+8:27 And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch\r
+of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the\r
+charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship,\r
+8:28 Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Esaias the\r
+prophet.\r
+\r
+8:29 Then the Spirit said unto Philip, Go near, and join thyself to\r
+this chariot.\r
+\r
+8:30 And Philip ran thither to him, and heard him read the prophet\r
+Esaias, and said, Understandest thou what thou readest? 8:31 And he\r
+said, How can I, except some man should guide me? And he desired\r
+Philip that he would come up and sit with him.\r
+\r
+8:32 The place of the scripture which he read was this, He was led as\r
+a sheep to the slaughter; and like a lamb dumb before his shearer, so\r
+opened he not his mouth: 8:33 In his humiliation his judgment was\r
+taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is\r
+taken from the earth.\r
+\r
+8:34 And the eunuch answered Philip, and said, I pray thee, of whom\r
+speaketh the prophet this? of himself, or of some other man? 8:35\r
+Then Philip opened his mouth, and began at the same scripture, and\r
+preached unto him Jesus.\r
+\r
+8:36 And as they went on their way, they came unto a certain water:\r
+and the eunuch said, See, here is water; what doth hinder me to be\r
+baptized? 8:37 And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine\r
+heart, thou mayest.\r
+\r
+And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+8:38 And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they went down\r
+both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him.\r
+\r
+8:39 And when they were come up out of the water, the Spirit of the\r
+Lord caught away Philip, that the eunuch saw him no more: and he went\r
+on his way rejoicing.\r
+\r
+8:40 But Philip was found at Azotus: and passing through he preached\r
+in all the cities, till he came to Caesarea.\r
+\r
+9:1 And Saul, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the\r
+disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest, 9:2 And desired of\r
+him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of\r
+this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound\r
+unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:3 And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there\r
+shined round about him a light from heaven: 9:4 And he fell to the\r
+earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest\r
+thou me? 9:5 And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And the Lord said, I am\r
+Jesus whom thou persecutest: it is hard for thee to kick against the\r
+pricks.\r
+\r
+9:6 And he trembling and astonished said, Lord, what wilt thou have me\r
+to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the city, and it\r
+shall be told thee what thou must do.\r
+\r
+9:7 And the men which journeyed with him stood speechless, hearing a\r
+voice, but seeing no man.\r
+\r
+9:8 And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he\r
+saw no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into\r
+Damascus.\r
+\r
+9:9 And he was three days without sight, and neither did eat nor\r
+drink.\r
+\r
+9:10 And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and\r
+to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am\r
+here, Lord.\r
+\r
+9:11 And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the street which\r
+is called Straight, and enquire in the house of Judas for one called\r
+Saul, of Tarsus: for, behold, he prayeth, 9:12 And hath seen in a\r
+vision a man named Ananias coming in, and putting his hand on him,\r
+that he might receive his sight.\r
+\r
+9:13 Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have heard by many of this man,\r
+how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem: 9:14 And here\r
+he hath authority from the chief priests to bind all that call on thy\r
+name.\r
+\r
+9:15 But the Lord said unto him, Go thy way: for he is a chosen vessel\r
+unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the\r
+children of Israel: 9:16 For I will shew him how great things he must\r
+suffer for my name's sake.\r
+\r
+9:17 And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting\r
+his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that\r
+appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou\r
+mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+9:18 And immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales:\r
+and he received sight forthwith, and arose, and was baptized.\r
+\r
+9:19 And when he had received meat, he was strengthened. Then was Saul\r
+certain days with the disciples which were at Damascus.\r
+\r
+9:20 And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is\r
+the Son of God.\r
+\r
+9:21 But all that heard him were amazed, and said; Is not this he that\r
+destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither\r
+for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief\r
+priests? 9:22 But Saul increased the more in strength, and confounded\r
+the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very Christ.\r
+\r
+9:23 And after that many days were fulfilled, the Jews took counsel to\r
+kill him: 9:24 But their laying await was known of Saul. And they\r
+watched the gates day and night to kill him.\r
+\r
+9:25 Then the disciples took him by night, and let him down by the\r
+wall in a basket.\r
+\r
+9:26 And when Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join himself\r
+to the disciples: but they were all afraid of him, and believed not\r
+that he was a disciple.\r
+\r
+9:27 But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and\r
+declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he\r
+had spoken to him, and how he had preached boldly at Damascus in the\r
+name of Jesus.\r
+\r
+9:28 And he was with them coming in and going out at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+9:29 And he spake boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputed\r
+against the Grecians: but they went about to slay him.\r
+\r
+9:30 Which when the brethren knew, they brought him down to Caesarea,\r
+and sent him forth to Tarsus.\r
+\r
+9:31 Then had the churches rest throughout all Judaea and Galilee and\r
+Samaria, and were edified; and walking in the fear of the Lord, and in\r
+the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied.\r
+\r
+9:32 And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, he\r
+came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda.\r
+\r
+9:33 And there he found a certain man named Aeneas, which had kept his\r
+bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy.\r
+\r
+9:34 And Peter said unto him, Aeneas, Jesus Christ maketh thee whole:\r
+arise, and make thy bed. And he arose immediately.\r
+\r
+9:35 And all that dwelt at Lydda and Saron saw him, and turned to the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+9:36 Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which by\r
+interpretation is called Dorcas: this woman was full of good works and\r
+almsdeeds which she did.\r
+\r
+9:37 And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died:\r
+whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber.\r
+\r
+9:38 And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples had\r
+heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desiring him\r
+that he would not delay to come to them.\r
+\r
+9:39 Then Peter arose and went with them. When he was come, they\r
+brought him into the upper chamber: and all the widows stood by him\r
+weeping, and shewing the coats and garments which Dorcas made, while\r
+she was with them.\r
+\r
+9:40 But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down, and prayed; and\r
+turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes:\r
+and when she saw Peter, she sat up.\r
+\r
+9:41 And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up, and when he had\r
+called the saints and widows, presented her alive.\r
+\r
+9:42 And it was known throughout all Joppa; and many believed in the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+9:43 And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa with one\r
+Simon a tanner.\r
+\r
+10:1 There was a certain man in Caesarea called Cornelius, a centurion\r
+of the band called the Italian band, 10:2 A devout man, and one that\r
+feared God with all his house, which gave much alms to the people, and\r
+prayed to God alway.\r
+\r
+10:3 He saw in a vision evidently about the ninth hour of the day an\r
+angel of God coming in to him, and saying unto him, Cornelius.\r
+\r
+10:4 And when he looked on him, he was afraid, and said, What is it,\r
+Lord? And he said unto him, Thy prayers and thine alms are come up\r
+for a memorial before God.\r
+\r
+10:5 And now send men to Joppa, and call for one Simon, whose surname\r
+is Peter: 10:6 He lodgeth with one Simon a tanner, whose house is by\r
+the sea side: he shall tell thee what thou oughtest to do.\r
+\r
+10:7 And when the angel which spake unto Cornelius was departed, he\r
+called two of his household servants, and a devout soldier of them\r
+that waited on him continually; 10:8 And when he had declared all\r
+these things unto them, he sent them to Joppa.\r
+\r
+10:9 On the morrow, as they went on their journey, and drew nigh unto\r
+the city, Peter went up upon the housetop to pray about the sixth\r
+hour: 10:10 And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while\r
+they made ready, he fell into a trance, 10:11 And saw heaven opened,\r
+and a certain vessel descending upon him, as it had been a great sheet\r
+knit at the four corners, and let down to the earth: 10:12 Wherein\r
+were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts,\r
+and creeping things, and fowls of the air.\r
+\r
+10:13 And there came a voice to him, Rise, Peter; kill, and eat.\r
+\r
+10:14 But Peter said, Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten any thing\r
+that is common or unclean.\r
+\r
+10:15 And the voice spake unto him again the second time, What God\r
+hath cleansed, that call not thou common.\r
+\r
+10:16 This was done thrice: and the vessel was received up again into\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+10:17 Now while Peter doubted in himself what this vision which he had\r
+seen should mean, behold, the men which were sent from Cornelius had\r
+made enquiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate, 10:18 And\r
+called, and asked whether Simon, which was surnamed Peter, were lodged\r
+there.\r
+\r
+10:19 While Peter thought on the vision, the Spirit said unto him,\r
+Behold, three men seek thee.\r
+\r
+10:20 Arise therefore, and get thee down, and go with them, doubting\r
+nothing: for I have sent them.\r
+\r
+10:21 Then Peter went down to the men which were sent unto him from\r
+Cornelius; and said, Behold, I am he whom ye seek: what is the cause\r
+wherefore ye are come? 10:22 And they said, Cornelius the centurion,\r
+a just man, and one that feareth God, and of good report among all the\r
+nation of the Jews, was warned from God by an holy angel to send for\r
+thee into his house, and to hear words of thee.\r
+\r
+10:23 Then called he them in, and lodged them. And on the morrow Peter\r
+went away with them, and certain brethren from Joppa accompanied him.\r
+\r
+10:24 And the morrow after they entered into Caesarea. And Cornelius\r
+waited for them, and he had called together his kinsmen and near\r
+friends.\r
+\r
+10:25 And as Peter was coming in, Cornelius met him, and fell down at\r
+his feet, and worshipped him.\r
+\r
+10:26 But Peter took him up, saying, Stand up; I myself also am a man.\r
+\r
+10:27 And as he talked with him, he went in, and found many that were\r
+come together.\r
+\r
+10:28 And he said unto them, Ye know how that it is an unlawful thing\r
+for a man that is a Jew to keep company, or come unto one of another\r
+nation; but God hath shewed me that I should not call any man common\r
+or unclean.\r
+\r
+10:29 Therefore came I unto you without gainsaying, as soon as I was\r
+sent for: I ask therefore for what intent ye have sent for me? 10:30\r
+And Cornelius said, Four days ago I was fasting until this hour; and\r
+at the ninth hour I prayed in my house, and, behold, a man stood\r
+before me in bright clothing, 10:31 And said, Cornelius, thy prayer is\r
+heard, and thine alms are had in remembrance in the sight of God.\r
+\r
+10:32 Send therefore to Joppa, and call hither Simon, whose surname is\r
+Peter; he is lodged in the house of one Simon a tanner by the sea\r
+side: who, when he cometh, shall speak unto thee.\r
+\r
+10:33 Immediately therefore I sent to thee; and thou hast well done\r
+that thou art come. Now therefore are we all here present before God,\r
+to hear all things that are commanded thee of God.\r
+\r
+10:34 Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Of a truth I perceive\r
+that God is no respecter of persons: 10:35 But in every nation he that\r
+feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with him.\r
+\r
+10:36 The word which God sent unto the children of Israel, preaching\r
+peace by Jesus Christ: (he is Lord of all:) 10:37 That word, I say, ye\r
+know, which was published throughout all Judaea, and began from\r
+Galilee, after the baptism which John preached; 10:38 How God anointed\r
+Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about\r
+doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God\r
+was with him.\r
+\r
+10:39 And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the land\r
+of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they slew and hanged on a tree:\r
+10:40 Him God raised up the third day, and shewed him openly; 10:41\r
+Not to all the people, but unto witnesses chosen before God, even to\r
+us, who did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead.\r
+\r
+10:42 And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify\r
+that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and\r
+dead.\r
+\r
+10:43 To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name\r
+whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins.\r
+\r
+10:44 While Peter yet spake these words, the Holy Ghost fell on all\r
+them which heard the word.\r
+\r
+10:45 And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as\r
+many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured\r
+out the gift of the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+10:46 For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then\r
+answered Peter, 10:47 Can any man forbid water, that these should not\r
+be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we? 10:48\r
+And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of the Lord. Then\r
+prayed they him to tarry certain days.\r
+\r
+11:1 And the apostles and brethren that were in Judaea heard that the\r
+Gentiles had also received the word of God.\r
+\r
+11:2 And when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the\r
+circumcision contended with him, 11:3 Saying, Thou wentest in to men\r
+uncircumcised, and didst eat with them.\r
+\r
+11:4 But Peter rehearsed the matter from the beginning, and expounded\r
+it by order unto them, saying, 11:5 I was in the city of Joppa\r
+praying: and in a trance I saw a vision, A certain vessel descend, as\r
+it had been a great sheet, let down from heaven by four corners; and\r
+it came even to me: 11:6 Upon the which when I had fastened mine eyes,\r
+I considered, and saw fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts,\r
+and creeping things, and fowls of the air.\r
+\r
+11:7 And I heard a voice saying unto me, Arise, Peter; slay and eat.\r
+\r
+11:8 But I said, Not so, Lord: for nothing common or unclean hath at\r
+any time entered into my mouth.\r
+\r
+11:9 But the voice answered me again from heaven, What God hath\r
+cleansed, that call not thou common.\r
+\r
+11:10 And this was done three times: and all were drawn up again into\r
+heaven.\r
+\r
+11:11 And, behold, immediately there were three men already come unto\r
+the house where I was, sent from Caesarea unto me.\r
+\r
+11:12 And the Spirit bade me go with them, nothing doubting. Moreover\r
+these six brethren accompanied me, and we entered into the man's\r
+house: 11:13 And he shewed us how he had seen an angel in his house,\r
+which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for Simon,\r
+whose surname is Peter; 11:14 Who shall tell thee words, whereby thou\r
+and all thy house shall be saved.\r
+\r
+11:15 And as I began to speak, the Holy Ghost fell on them, as on us\r
+at the beginning.\r
+\r
+11:16 Then remembered I the word of the Lord, how that he said, John\r
+indeed baptized with water; but ye shall be baptized with the Holy\r
+Ghost.\r
+\r
+11:17 Forasmuch then as God gave them the like gift as he did unto us,\r
+who believed on the Lord Jesus Christ; what was I, that I could\r
+withstand God? 11:18 When they heard these things, they held their\r
+peace, and glorified God, saying, Then hath God also to the Gentiles\r
+granted repentance unto life.\r
+\r
+11:19 Now they which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that\r
+arose about Stephen travelled as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and\r
+Antioch, preaching the word to none but unto the Jews only.\r
+\r
+11:20 And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they\r
+were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the LORD\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+11:21 And the hand of the Lord was with them: and a great number\r
+believed, and turned unto the Lord.\r
+\r
+11:22 Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the church\r
+which was in Jerusalem: and they sent forth Barnabas, that he should\r
+go as far as Antioch.\r
+\r
+11:23 Who, when he came, and had seen the grace of God, was glad, and\r
+exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto\r
+the Lord.\r
+\r
+11:24 For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith:\r
+and much people was added unto the Lord.\r
+\r
+11:25 Then departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: 11:26 And\r
+when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to\r
+pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and\r
+taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in\r
+Antioch.\r
+\r
+11:27 And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch.\r
+\r
+11:28 And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by\r
+the Spirit that there should be great dearth throughout all the world:\r
+which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar.\r
+\r
+11:29 Then the disciples, every man according to his ability,\r
+determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judaea:\r
+11:30 Which also they did, and sent it to the elders by the hands of\r
+Barnabas and Saul.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now about that time Herod the king stretched forth his hands to\r
+vex certain of the church.\r
+\r
+12:2 And he killed James the brother of John with the sword.\r
+\r
+12:3 And because he saw it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to\r
+take Peter also. (Then were the days of unleavened bread.) 12:4 And\r
+when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him\r
+to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to\r
+bring him forth to the people.\r
+\r
+12:5 Peter therefore was kept in prison: but prayer was made without\r
+ceasing of the church unto God for him.\r
+\r
+12:6 And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter\r
+was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains: and the\r
+keepers before the door kept the prison.\r
+\r
+12:7 And, behold, the angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light\r
+shined in the prison: and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him\r
+up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands.\r
+\r
+12:8 And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy\r
+sandals.\r
+\r
+And so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy garment about thee, and\r
+follow me.\r
+\r
+12:9 And he went out, and followed him; and wist not that it was true\r
+which was done by the angel; but thought he saw a vision.\r
+\r
+12:10 When they were past the first and the second ward, they came\r
+unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city; which opened to them of\r
+his own accord: and they went out, and passed on through one street;\r
+and forthwith the angel departed from him.\r
+\r
+12:11 And when Peter was come to himself, he said, Now I know of a\r
+surety, that the LORD hath sent his angel, and hath delivered me out\r
+of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation of the people of\r
+the Jews.\r
+\r
+12:12 And when he had considered the thing, he came to the house of\r
+Mary the mother of John, whose surname was Mark; where many were\r
+gathered together praying.\r
+\r
+12:13 And as Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a damsel came to\r
+hearken, named Rhoda.\r
+\r
+12:14 And when she knew Peter's voice, she opened not the gate for\r
+gladness, but ran in, and told how Peter stood before the gate.\r
+\r
+12:15 And they said unto her, Thou art mad. But she constantly\r
+affirmed that it was even so. Then said they, It is his angel.\r
+\r
+12:16 But Peter continued knocking: and when they had opened the door,\r
+and saw him, they were astonished.\r
+\r
+12:17 But he, beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace,\r
+declared unto them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And\r
+he said, Go shew these things unto James, and to the brethren. And he\r
+departed, and went into another place.\r
+\r
+12:18 Now as soon as it was day, there was no small stir among the\r
+soldiers, what was become of Peter.\r
+\r
+12:19 And when Herod had sought for him, and found him not, he\r
+examined the keepers, and commanded that they should be put to death.\r
+And he went down from Judaea to Caesarea, and there abode.\r
+\r
+12:20 And Herod was highly displeased with them of Tyre and Sidon: but\r
+they came with one accord to him, and, having made Blastus the king's\r
+chamberlain their friend, desired peace; because their country was\r
+nourished by the king's country.\r
+\r
+12:21 And upon a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat upon his\r
+throne, and made an oration unto them.\r
+\r
+12:22 And the people gave a shout, saying, It is the voice of a god,\r
+and not of a man.\r
+\r
+12:23 And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave\r
+not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms, and gave up the ghost.\r
+\r
+12:24 But the word of God grew and multiplied.\r
+\r
+12:25 And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had\r
+fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was\r
+Mark.\r
+\r
+13:1 Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets\r
+and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and\r
+Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the\r
+tetrarch, and Saul.\r
+\r
+13:2 As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Ghost said,\r
+Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called\r
+them.\r
+\r
+13:3 And when they had fasted and prayed, and laid their hands on\r
+them, they sent them away.\r
+\r
+13:4 So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost, departed unto\r
+Seleucia; and from thence they sailed to Cyprus.\r
+\r
+13:5 And when they were at Salamis, they preached the word of God in\r
+the synagogues of the Jews: and they had also John to their minister.\r
+\r
+13:6 And when they had gone through the isle unto Paphos, they found a\r
+certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Barjesus:\r
+13:7 Which was with the deputy of the country, Sergius Paulus, a\r
+prudent man; who called for Barnabas and Saul, and desired to hear the\r
+word of God.\r
+\r
+13:8 But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation)\r
+withstood them, seeking to turn away the deputy from the faith.\r
+\r
+13:9 Then Saul, (who also is called Paul,) filled with the Holy Ghost,\r
+set his eyes on him.\r
+\r
+13:10 And said, O full of all subtilty and all mischief, thou child of\r
+the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to\r
+pervert the right ways of the Lord? 13:11 And now, behold, the hand\r
+of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun\r
+for a season. And immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness;\r
+and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand.\r
+\r
+13:12 Then the deputy, when he saw what was done, believed, being\r
+astonished at the doctrine of the Lord.\r
+\r
+13:13 Now when Paul and his company loosed from Paphos, they came to\r
+Perga in Pamphylia: and John departing from them returned to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+13:14 But when they departed from Perga, they came to Antioch in\r
+Pisidia, and went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and sat down.\r
+\r
+13:15 And after the reading of the law and the prophets the rulers of\r
+the synagogue sent unto them, saying, Ye men and brethren, if ye have\r
+any word of exhortation for the people, say on.\r
+\r
+13:16 Then Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand said, Men of\r
+Israel, and ye that fear God, give audience.\r
+\r
+13:17 The God of this people of Israel chose our fathers, and exalted\r
+the people when they dwelt as strangers in the land of Egypt, and with\r
+an high arm brought he them out of it.\r
+\r
+13:18 And about the time of forty years suffered he their manners in\r
+the wilderness.\r
+\r
+13:19 And when he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Chanaan,\r
+he divided their land to them by lot.\r
+\r
+13:20 And after that he gave unto them judges about the space of four\r
+hundred and fifty years, until Samuel the prophet.\r
+\r
+13:21 And afterward they desired a king: and God gave unto them Saul\r
+the son of Cis, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, by the space of forty\r
+years.\r
+\r
+13:22 And when he had removed him, he raised up unto them David to be\r
+their king; to whom also he gave their testimony, and said, I have\r
+found David the son of Jesse, a man after mine own heart, which shall\r
+fulfil all my will.\r
+\r
+13:23 Of this man's seed hath God according to his promise raised unto\r
+Israel a Saviour, Jesus: 13:24 When John had first preached before his\r
+coming the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel.\r
+\r
+13:25 And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think ye that I\r
+am? I am not he. But, behold, there cometh one after me, whose shoes\r
+of his feet I am not worthy to loose.\r
+\r
+13:26 Men and brethren, children of the stock of Abraham, and\r
+whosoever among you feareth God, to you is the word of this salvation\r
+sent.\r
+\r
+13:27 For they that dwell at Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they\r
+knew him not, nor yet the voices of the prophets which are read every\r
+sabbath day, they have fulfilled them in condemning him.\r
+\r
+13:28 And though they found no cause of death in him, yet desired they\r
+Pilate that he should be slain.\r
+\r
+13:29 And when they had fulfilled all that was written of him, they\r
+took him down from the tree, and laid him in a sepulchre.\r
+\r
+13:30 But God raised him from the dead: 13:31 And he was seen many\r
+days of them which came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are\r
+his witnesses unto the people.\r
+\r
+13:32 And we declare unto you glad tidings, how that the promise which\r
+was made unto the fathers, 13:33 God hath fulfilled the same unto us\r
+their children, in that he hath raised up Jesus again; as it is also\r
+written in the second psalm, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+13:34 And as concerning that he raised him up from the dead, now no\r
+more to return to corruption, he said on this wise, I will give you\r
+the sure mercies of David.\r
+\r
+13:35 Wherefore he saith also in another psalm, Thou shalt not suffer\r
+thine Holy One to see corruption.\r
+\r
+13:36 For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of\r
+God, fell on sleep, and was laid unto his fathers, and saw corruption:\r
+13:37 But he, whom God raised again, saw no corruption.\r
+\r
+13:38 Be it known unto you therefore, men and brethren, that through\r
+this man is preached unto you the forgiveness of sins: 13:39 And by\r
+him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye\r
+could not be justified by the law of Moses.\r
+\r
+13:40 Beware therefore, lest that come upon you, which is spoken of in\r
+the prophets; 13:41 Behold, ye despisers, and wonder, and perish: for\r
+I work a work in your days, a work which ye shall in no wise believe,\r
+though a man declare it unto you.\r
+\r
+13:42 And when the Jews were gone out of the synagogue, the Gentiles\r
+besought that these words might be preached to them the next sabbath.\r
+\r
+13:43 Now when the congregation was broken up, many of the Jews and\r
+religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas: who, speaking to\r
+them, persuaded them to continue in the grace of God.\r
+\r
+13:44 And the next sabbath day came almost the whole city together to\r
+hear the word of God.\r
+\r
+13:45 But when the Jews saw the multitudes, they were filled with\r
+envy, and spake against those things which were spoken by Paul,\r
+contradicting and blaspheming.\r
+\r
+13:46 Then Paul and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary\r
+that the word of God should first have been spoken to you: but seeing\r
+ye put it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life,\r
+lo, we turn to the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+13:47 For so hath the Lord commanded us, saying, I have set thee to be\r
+a light of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation unto the\r
+ends of the earth.\r
+\r
+13:48 And when the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified\r
+the word of the Lord: and as many as were ordained to eternal life\r
+believed.\r
+\r
+13:49 And the word of the Lord was published throughout all the\r
+region.\r
+\r
+13:50 But the Jews stirred up the devout and honourable women, and the\r
+chief men of the city, and raised persecution against Paul and\r
+Barnabas, and expelled them out of their coasts.\r
+\r
+13:51 But they shook off the dust of their feet against them, and came\r
+unto Iconium.\r
+\r
+13:52 And the disciples were filled with joy, and with the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+14:1 And it came to pass in Iconium, that they went both together into\r
+the synagogue of the Jews, and so spake, that a great multitude both\r
+of the Jews and also of the Greeks believed.\r
+\r
+14:2 But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and made their\r
+minds evil affected against the brethren.\r
+\r
+14:3 Long time therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord, which\r
+gave testimony unto the word of his grace, and granted signs and\r
+wonders to be done by their hands.\r
+\r
+14:4 But the multitude of the city was divided: and part held with the\r
+Jews, and part with the apostles.\r
+\r
+14:5 And when there was an assault made both of the Gentiles, and also\r
+of the Jews with their rulers, to use them despitefully, and to stone\r
+them, 14:6 They were ware of it, and fled unto Lystra and Derbe,\r
+cities of Lycaonia, and unto the region that lieth round about: 14:7\r
+And there they preached the gospel.\r
+\r
+14:8 And there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet,\r
+being a cripple from his mother's womb, who never had walked: 14:9 The\r
+same heard Paul speak: who stedfastly beholding him, and perceiving\r
+that he had faith to be healed, 14:10 Said with a loud voice, Stand\r
+upright on thy feet. And he leaped and walked.\r
+\r
+14:11 And when the people saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their\r
+voices, saying in the speech of Lycaonia, The gods are come down to us\r
+in the likeness of men.\r
+\r
+14:12 And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because\r
+he was the chief speaker.\r
+\r
+14:13 Then the priest of Jupiter, which was before their city, brought\r
+oxen and garlands unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with\r
+the people.\r
+\r
+14:14 Which when the apostles, Barnabas and Paul, heard of, they rent\r
+their clothes, and ran in among the people, crying out, 14:15 And\r
+saying, Sirs, why do ye these things? We also are men of like passions\r
+with you, and preach unto you that ye should turn from these vanities\r
+unto the living God, which made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and\r
+all things that are therein: 14:16 Who in times past suffered all\r
+nations to walk in their own ways.\r
+\r
+14:17 Nevertheless he left not himself without witness, in that he did\r
+good, and gave us rain from heaven, and fruitful seasons, filling our\r
+hearts with food and gladness.\r
+\r
+14:18 And with these sayings scarce restrained they the people, that\r
+they had not done sacrifice unto them.\r
+\r
+14:19 And there came thither certain Jews from Antioch and Iconium,\r
+who persuaded the people, and having stoned Paul, drew him out of the\r
+city, supposing he had been dead.\r
+\r
+14:20 Howbeit, as the disciples stood round about him, he rose up, and\r
+came into the city: and the next day he departed with Barnabas to\r
+Derbe.\r
+\r
+14:21 And when they had preached the gospel to that city, and had\r
+taught many, they returned again to Lystra, and to Iconium, and\r
+Antioch, 14:22 Confirming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting\r
+them to continue in the faith, and that we must through much\r
+tribulation enter into the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+14:23 And when they had ordained them elders in every church, and had\r
+prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they\r
+believed.\r
+\r
+14:24 And after they had passed throughout Pisidia, they came to\r
+Pamphylia.\r
+\r
+14:25 And when they had preached the word in Perga, they went down\r
+into Attalia: 14:26 And thence sailed to Antioch, from whence they had\r
+been recommended to the grace of God for the work which they\r
+fulfilled.\r
+\r
+14:27 And when they were come, and had gathered the church together,\r
+they rehearsed all that God had done with them, and how he had opened\r
+the door of faith unto the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+14:28 And there they abode long time with the disciples.\r
+\r
+15:1 And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren,\r
+and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye\r
+cannot be saved.\r
+\r
+15:2 When therefore Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and\r
+disputation with them, they determined that Paul and Barnabas, and\r
+certain other of them, should go up to Jerusalem unto the apostles and\r
+elders about this question.\r
+\r
+15:3 And being brought on their way by the church, they passed through\r
+Phenice and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles: and\r
+they caused great joy unto all the brethren.\r
+\r
+15:4 And when they were come to Jerusalem, they were received of the\r
+church, and of the apostles and elders, and they declared all things\r
+that God had done with them.\r
+\r
+15:5 But there rose up certain of the sect of the Pharisees which\r
+believed, saying, That it was needful to circumcise them, and to\r
+command them to keep the law of Moses.\r
+\r
+15:6 And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this\r
+matter.\r
+\r
+15:7 And when there had been much disputing, Peter rose up, and said\r
+unto them, Men and brethren, ye know how that a good while ago God\r
+made choice among us, that the Gentiles by my mouth should hear the\r
+word of the gospel, and believe.\r
+\r
+15:8 And God, which knoweth the hearts, bare them witness, giving them\r
+the Holy Ghost, even as he did unto us; 15:9 And put no difference\r
+between us and them, purifying their hearts by faith.\r
+\r
+15:10 Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke upon the neck of\r
+the disciples, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?\r
+15:11 But we believe that through the grace of the LORD Jesus Christ\r
+we shall be saved, even as they.\r
+\r
+15:12 Then all the multitude kept silence, and gave audience to\r
+Barnabas and Paul, declaring what miracles and wonders God had wrought\r
+among the Gentiles by them.\r
+\r
+15:13 And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men\r
+and brethren, hearken unto me: 15:14 Simeon hath declared how God at\r
+the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his\r
+name.\r
+\r
+15:15 And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written,\r
+15:16 After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of\r
+David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof,\r
+and I will set it up: 15:17 That the residue of men might seek after\r
+the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the\r
+Lord, who doeth all these things.\r
+\r
+15:18 Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the\r
+world.\r
+\r
+15:19 Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from\r
+among the Gentiles are turned to God: 15:20 But that we write unto\r
+them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from\r
+fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood.\r
+\r
+15:21 For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him,\r
+being read in the synagogues every sabbath day.\r
+\r
+15:22 Then pleased it the apostles and elders with the whole church,\r
+to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and\r
+Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas and Silas, chief men among\r
+the brethren: 15:23 And they wrote letters by them after this manner;\r
+The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren\r
+which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia.\r
+\r
+15:24 Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out from us\r
+have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must\r
+be circumcised, and keep the law: to whom we gave no such commandment:\r
+15:25 It seemed good unto us, being assembled with one accord, to send\r
+chosen men unto you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, 15:26 Men that\r
+have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+15:27 We have sent therefore Judas and Silas, who shall also tell you\r
+the same things by mouth.\r
+\r
+15:28 For it seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon you\r
+no greater burden than these necessary things; 15:29 That ye abstain\r
+from meats offered to idols, and from blood, and from things\r
+strangled, and from fornication: from which if ye keep yourselves, ye\r
+shall do well. Fare ye well.\r
+\r
+15:30 So when they were dismissed, they came to Antioch: and when they\r
+had gathered the multitude together, they delivered the epistle: 15:31\r
+Which when they had read, they rejoiced for the consolation.\r
+\r
+15:32 And Judas and Silas, being prophets also themselves, exhorted\r
+the brethren with many words, and confirmed them.\r
+\r
+15:33 And after they had tarried there a space, they were let go in\r
+peace from the brethren unto the apostles.\r
+\r
+15:34 Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still.\r
+\r
+15:35 Paul also and Barnabas continued in Antioch, teaching and\r
+preaching the word of the Lord, with many others also.\r
+\r
+15:36 And some days after Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and\r
+visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of\r
+the LORD, and see how they do.\r
+\r
+15:37 And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname\r
+was Mark.\r
+\r
+15:38 But Paul thought not good to take him with them, who departed\r
+from them from Pamphylia, and went not with them to the work.\r
+\r
+15:39 And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed\r
+asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto\r
+Cyprus; 15:40 And Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by\r
+the brethren unto the grace of God.\r
+\r
+15:41 And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches.\r
+\r
+16:1 Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple\r
+was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a\r
+Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: 16:2 Which was well\r
+reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium.\r
+\r
+16:3 Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and\r
+circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for\r
+they knew all that his father was a Greek.\r
+\r
+16:4 And as they went through the cities, they delivered them the\r
+decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and elders\r
+which were at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+16:5 And so were the churches established in the faith, and increased\r
+in number daily.\r
+\r
+16:6 Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the region of\r
+Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in\r
+Asia, 16:7 After they were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into\r
+Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered them not.\r
+\r
+16:8 And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas.\r
+\r
+16:9 And a vision appeared to Paul in the night; There stood a man of\r
+Macedonia, and prayed him, saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help\r
+us.\r
+\r
+16:10 And after he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavoured to\r
+go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for\r
+to preach the gospel unto them.\r
+\r
+16:11 Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to\r
+Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; 16:12 And from thence to\r
+Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a\r
+colony: and we were in that city abiding certain days.\r
+\r
+16:13 And on the sabbath we went out of the city by a river side,\r
+where prayer was wont to be made; and we sat down, and spake unto the\r
+women which resorted thither.\r
+\r
+16:14 And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple, of the city\r
+of Thyatira, which worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord\r
+opened, that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul.\r
+\r
+16:15 And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us,\r
+saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my\r
+house, and abide there. And she constrained us.\r
+\r
+16:16 And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel\r
+possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her\r
+masters much gain by soothsaying: 16:17 The same followed Paul and us,\r
+and cried, saying, These men are the servants of the most high God,\r
+which shew unto us the way of salvation.\r
+\r
+16:18 And this did she many days. But Paul, being grieved, turned and\r
+said to the spirit, I command thee in the name of Jesus Christ to come\r
+out of her.\r
+\r
+And he came out the same hour.\r
+\r
+16:19 And when her masters saw that the hope of their gains was gone,\r
+they caught Paul and Silas, and drew them into the marketplace unto\r
+the rulers, 16:20 And brought them to the magistrates, saying, These\r
+men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble our city, 16:21 And teach\r
+customs, which are not lawful for us to receive, neither to observe,\r
+being Romans.\r
+\r
+16:22 And the multitude rose up together against them: and the\r
+magistrates rent off their clothes, and commanded to beat them.\r
+\r
+16:23 And when they had laid many stripes upon them, they cast them\r
+into prison, charging the jailor to keep them safely: 16:24 Who,\r
+having received such a charge, thrust them into the inner prison, and\r
+made their feet fast in the stocks.\r
+\r
+16:25 And at midnight Paul and Silas prayed, and sang praises unto\r
+God: and the prisoners heard them.\r
+\r
+16:26 And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the\r
+foundations of the prison were shaken: and immediately all the doors\r
+were opened, and every one's bands were loosed.\r
+\r
+16:27 And the keeper of the prison awaking out of his sleep, and\r
+seeing the prison doors open, he drew out his sword, and would have\r
+killed himself, supposing that the prisoners had been fled.\r
+\r
+16:28 But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm:\r
+for we are all here.\r
+\r
+16:29 Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and came trembling,\r
+and fell down before Paul and Silas, 16:30 And brought them out, and\r
+said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved? 16:31 And they said, Believe\r
+on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house.\r
+\r
+16:32 And they spake unto him the word of the Lord, and to all that\r
+were in his house.\r
+\r
+16:33 And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their\r
+stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, straightway.\r
+\r
+16:34 And when he had brought them into his house, he set meat before\r
+them, and rejoiced, believing in God with all his house.\r
+\r
+16:35 And when it was day, the magistrates sent the serjeants, saying,\r
+Let those men go.\r
+\r
+16:36 And the keeper of the prison told this saying to Paul, The\r
+magistrates have sent to let you go: now therefore depart, and go in\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+16:37 But Paul said unto them, They have beaten us openly uncondemned,\r
+being Romans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust us\r
+out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves and fetch us\r
+out.\r
+\r
+16:38 And the serjeants told these words unto the magistrates: and\r
+they feared, when they heard that they were Romans.\r
+\r
+16:39 And they came and besought them, and brought them out, and\r
+desired them to depart out of the city.\r
+\r
+16:40 And they went out of the prison, and entered into the house of\r
+Lydia: and when they had seen the brethren, they comforted them, and\r
+departed.\r
+\r
+17:1 Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they\r
+came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews: 17:2 And\r
+Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days\r
+reasoned with them out of the scriptures, 17:3 Opening and alleging,\r
+that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead;\r
+and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ.\r
+\r
+17:4 And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and\r
+of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a\r
+few.\r
+\r
+17:5 But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them\r
+certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and\r
+set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and\r
+sought to bring them out to the people.\r
+\r
+17:6 And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain\r
+brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned\r
+the world upside down are come hither also; 17:7 Whom Jason hath\r
+received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying\r
+that there is another king, one Jesus.\r
+\r
+17:8 And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when\r
+they heard these things.\r
+\r
+17:9 And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they\r
+let them go.\r
+\r
+17:10 And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night\r
+unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews.\r
+\r
+17:11 These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they\r
+received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the\r
+scriptures daily, whether those things were so.\r
+\r
+17:12 Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which\r
+were Greeks, and of men, not a few.\r
+\r
+17:13 But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of\r
+God was preached of Paul at Berea, they came thither also, and stirred\r
+up the people.\r
+\r
+17:14 And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it\r
+were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still.\r
+\r
+17:15 And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and\r
+receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him\r
+with all speed, they departed.\r
+\r
+17:16 Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred\r
+in him, when he saw the city wholly given to idolatry.\r
+\r
+17:17 Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with\r
+the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+17:18 Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks,\r
+encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other\r
+some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he\r
+preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection.\r
+\r
+17:19 And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May\r
+we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is? 17:20 For\r
+thou bringest certain strange things to our ears: we would know\r
+therefore what these things mean.\r
+\r
+17:21 (For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent\r
+their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new\r
+thing.) 17:22 Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars' hill, and said,\r
+Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too\r
+superstitious.\r
+\r
+17:23 For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar\r
+with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye\r
+ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.\r
+\r
+17:24 God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he\r
+is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands;\r
+17:25 Neither is worshipped with men's hands, as though he needed any\r
+thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things; 17:26\r
+And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the\r
+face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and\r
+the bounds of their habitation; 17:27 That they should seek the Lord,\r
+if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far\r
+from every one of us: 17:28 For in him we live, and move, and have our\r
+being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also\r
+his offspring.\r
+\r
+17:29 Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to\r
+think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven\r
+by art and man's device.\r
+\r
+17:30 And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now\r
+commandeth all men every where to repent: 17:31 Because he hath\r
+appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness\r
+by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance\r
+unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.\r
+\r
+17:32 And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some\r
+mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter.\r
+\r
+17:33 So Paul departed from among them.\r
+\r
+17:34 Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the\r
+which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and\r
+others with them.\r
+\r
+18:1 After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to\r
+Corinth; 18:2 And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus,\r
+lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that\r
+Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto\r
+them.\r
+\r
+18:3 And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and\r
+wrought: for by their occupation they were tentmakers.\r
+\r
+18:4 And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the\r
+Jews and the Greeks.\r
+\r
+18:5 And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was\r
+pressed in the spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus was\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+18:6 And when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook his\r
+raiment, and said unto them, Your blood be upon your own heads; I am\r
+clean; from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+18:7 And he departed thence, and entered into a certain man's house,\r
+named Justus, one that worshipped God, whose house joined hard to the\r
+synagogue.\r
+\r
+18:8 And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the\r
+Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed,\r
+and were baptized.\r
+\r
+18:9 Then spake the Lord to Paul in the night by a vision, Be not\r
+afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace: 18:10 For I am with thee,\r
+and no man shall set on thee to hurt thee: for I have much people in\r
+this city.\r
+\r
+18:11 And he continued there a year and six months, teaching the word\r
+of God among them.\r
+\r
+18:12 And when Gallio was the deputy of Achaia, the Jews made\r
+insurrection with one accord against Paul, and brought him to the\r
+judgment seat, 18:13 Saying, This fellow persuadeth men to worship God\r
+contrary to the law.\r
+\r
+18:14 And when Paul was now about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto\r
+the Jews, If it were a matter of wrong or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews,\r
+reason would that I should bear with you: 18:15 But if it be a\r
+question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I\r
+will be no judge of such matters.\r
+\r
+18:16 And he drave them from the judgment seat.\r
+\r
+18:17 Then all the Greeks took Sosthenes, the chief ruler of the\r
+synagogue, and beat him before the judgment seat. And Gallio cared for\r
+none of those things.\r
+\r
+18:18 And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then\r
+took his leave of the brethren, and sailed thence into Syria, and with\r
+him Priscilla and Aquila; having shorn his head in Cenchrea: for he\r
+had a vow.\r
+\r
+18:19 And he came to Ephesus, and left them there: but he himself\r
+entered into the synagogue, and reasoned with the Jews.\r
+\r
+18:20 When they desired him to tarry longer time with them, he\r
+consented not; 18:21 But bade them farewell, saying, I must by all\r
+means keep this feast that cometh in Jerusalem: but I will return\r
+again unto you, if God will. And he sailed from Ephesus.\r
+\r
+18:22 And when he had landed at Caesarea, and gone up, and saluted the\r
+church, he went down to Antioch.\r
+\r
+18:23 And after he had spent some time there, he departed, and went\r
+over all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening\r
+all the disciples.\r
+\r
+18:24 And a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent\r
+man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus.\r
+\r
+18:25 This man was instructed in the way of the Lord; and being\r
+fervent in the spirit, he spake and taught diligently the things of\r
+the Lord, knowing only the baptism of John.\r
+\r
+18:26 And he began to speak boldly in the synagogue: whom when Aquila\r
+and Priscilla had heard, they took him unto them, and expounded unto\r
+him the way of God more perfectly.\r
+\r
+18:27 And when he was disposed to pass into Achaia, the brethren\r
+wrote, exhorting the disciples to receive him: who, when he was come,\r
+helped them much which had believed through grace: 18:28 For he\r
+mightily convinced the Jews, and that publickly, shewing by the\r
+scriptures that Jesus was Christ.\r
+\r
+19:1 And it came to pass, that, while Apollos was at Corinth, Paul\r
+having passed through the upper coasts came to Ephesus: and finding\r
+certain disciples, 19:2 He said unto them, Have ye received the Holy\r
+Ghost since ye believed? And they said unto him, We have not so much\r
+as heard whether there be any Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+19:3 And he said unto them, Unto what then were ye baptized? And they\r
+said, Unto John's baptism.\r
+\r
+19:4 Then said Paul, John verily baptized with the baptism of\r
+repentance, saying unto the people, that they should believe on him\r
+which should come after him, that is, on Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+19:5 When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+19:6 And when Paul had laid his hands upon them, the Holy Ghost came\r
+on them; and they spake with tongues, and prophesied.\r
+\r
+19:7 And all the men were about twelve.\r
+\r
+19:8 And he went into the synagogue, and spake boldly for the space of\r
+three months, disputing and persuading the things concerning the\r
+kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+19:9 But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil\r
+of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated\r
+the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus.\r
+\r
+19:10 And this continued by the space of two years; so that all they\r
+which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and\r
+Greeks.\r
+\r
+19:11 And God wrought special miracles by the hands of Paul: 19:12 So\r
+that from his body were brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or aprons,\r
+and the diseases departed from them, and the evil spirits went out of\r
+them.\r
+\r
+19:13 Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon them to\r
+call over them which had evil spirits the name of the LORD Jesus,\r
+saying, We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth.\r
+\r
+19:14 And there were seven sons of one Sceva, a Jew, and chief of the\r
+priests, which did so.\r
+\r
+19:15 And the evil spirit answered and said, Jesus I know, and Paul I\r
+know; but who are ye? 19:16 And the man in whom the evil spirit was\r
+leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that\r
+they fled out of that house naked and wounded.\r
+\r
+19:17 And this was known to all the Jews and Greeks also dwelling at\r
+Ephesus; and fear fell on them all, and the name of the Lord Jesus was\r
+magnified.\r
+\r
+19:18 And many that believed came, and confessed, and shewed their\r
+deeds.\r
+\r
+19:19 Many of them also which used curious arts brought their books\r
+together, and burned them before all men: and they counted the price\r
+of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver.\r
+\r
+19:20 So mightily grew the word of God and prevailed.\r
+\r
+19:21 After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when\r
+he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem,\r
+saying, After I have been there, I must also see Rome.\r
+\r
+19:22 So he sent into Macedonia two of them that ministered unto him,\r
+Timotheus and Erastus; but he himself stayed in Asia for a season.\r
+\r
+19:23 And the same time there arose no small stir about that way.\r
+\r
+19:24 For a certain man named Demetrius, a silversmith, which made\r
+silver shrines for Diana, brought no small gain unto the craftsmen;\r
+19:25 Whom he called together with the workmen of like occupation, and\r
+said, Sirs, ye know that by this craft we have our wealth.\r
+\r
+19:26 Moreover ye see and hear, that not alone at Ephesus, but almost\r
+throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much\r
+people, saying that they be no gods, which are made with hands: 19:27\r
+So that not only this our craft is in danger to be set at nought; but\r
+also that the temple of the great goddess Diana should be despised,\r
+and her magnificence should be destroyed, whom all Asia and the world\r
+worshippeth.\r
+\r
+19:28 And when they heard these sayings, they were full of wrath, and\r
+cried out, saying, Great is Diana of the Ephesians.\r
+\r
+19:29 And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught\r
+Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel,\r
+they rushed with one accord into the theatre.\r
+\r
+19:30 And when Paul would have entered in unto the people, the\r
+disciples suffered him not.\r
+\r
+19:31 And certain of the chief of Asia, which were his friends, sent\r
+unto him, desiring him that he would not adventure himself into the\r
+theatre.\r
+\r
+19:32 Some therefore cried one thing, and some another: for the\r
+assembly was confused: and the more part knew not wherefore they were\r
+come together.\r
+\r
+19:33 And they drew Alexander out of the multitude, the Jews putting\r
+him forward. And Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made\r
+his defence unto the people.\r
+\r
+19:34 But when they knew that he was a Jew, all with one voice about\r
+the space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians.\r
+\r
+19:35 And when the townclerk had appeased the people, he said, Ye men\r
+of Ephesus, what man is there that knoweth not how that the city of\r
+the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess Diana, and of the\r
+image which fell down from Jupiter? 19:36 Seeing then that these\r
+things cannot be spoken against, ye ought to be quiet, and to do\r
+nothing rashly.\r
+\r
+19:37 For ye have brought hither these men, which are neither robbers\r
+of churches, nor yet blasphemers of your goddess.\r
+\r
+19:38 Wherefore if Demetrius, and the craftsmen which are with him,\r
+have a matter against any man, the law is open, and there are\r
+deputies: let them implead one another.\r
+\r
+19:39 But if ye enquire any thing concerning other matters, it shall\r
+be determined in a lawful assembly.\r
+\r
+19:40 For we are in danger to be called in question for this day's\r
+uproar, there being no cause whereby we may give an account of this\r
+concourse.\r
+\r
+19:41 And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the assembly.\r
+\r
+20:1 And after the uproar was ceased, Paul called unto him the\r
+disciples, and embraced them, and departed for to go into Macedonia.\r
+\r
+20:2 And when he had gone over those parts, and had given them much\r
+exhortation, he came into Greece, 20:3 And there abode three months.\r
+And when the Jews laid wait for him, as he was about to sail into\r
+Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia.\r
+\r
+20:4 And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the\r
+Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and\r
+Timotheus; and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus.\r
+\r
+20:5 These going before tarried for us at Troas.\r
+\r
+20:6 And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened\r
+bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven\r
+days.\r
+\r
+20:7 And upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came\r
+together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on\r
+the morrow; and continued his speech until midnight.\r
+\r
+20:8 And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were\r
+gathered together.\r
+\r
+20:9 And there sat in a window a certain young man named Eutychus,\r
+being fallen into a deep sleep: and as Paul was long preaching, he\r
+sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken\r
+up dead.\r
+\r
+20:10 And Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said,\r
+Trouble not yourselves; for his life is in him.\r
+\r
+20:11 When he therefore was come up again, and had broken bread, and\r
+eaten, and talked a long while, even till break of day, so he\r
+departed.\r
+\r
+20:12 And they brought the young man alive, and were not a little\r
+comforted.\r
+\r
+20:13 And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there\r
+intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to\r
+go afoot.\r
+\r
+20:14 And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to\r
+Mitylene.\r
+\r
+20:15 And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios;\r
+and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and\r
+the next day we came to Miletus.\r
+\r
+20:16 For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not\r
+spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to\r
+be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost.\r
+\r
+20:17 And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of\r
+the church.\r
+\r
+20:18 And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from\r
+the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been\r
+with you at all seasons, 20:19 Serving the LORD with all humility of\r
+mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the\r
+lying in wait of the Jews: 20:20 And how I kept back nothing that was\r
+profitable unto you, but have shewed you, and have taught you\r
+publickly, and from house to house, 20:21 Testifying both to the Jews,\r
+and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our\r
+Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+20:22 And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not\r
+knowing the things that shall befall me there: 20:23 Save that the\r
+Holy Ghost witnesseth in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions\r
+abide me.\r
+\r
+20:24 But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear\r
+unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the\r
+ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the\r
+gospel of the grace of God.\r
+\r
+20:25 And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone\r
+preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more.\r
+\r
+20:26 Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the\r
+blood of all men.\r
+\r
+20:27 For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+20:28 Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over\r
+the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church\r
+of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.\r
+\r
+20:29 For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves\r
+enter in among you, not sparing the flock.\r
+\r
+20:30 Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse\r
+things, to draw away disciples after them.\r
+\r
+20:31 Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years\r
+I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears.\r
+\r
+20:32 And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his\r
+grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance\r
+among all them which are sanctified.\r
+\r
+20:33 I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel.\r
+\r
+20:34 Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto\r
+my necessities, and to them that were with me.\r
+\r
+20:35 I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to\r
+support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he\r
+said, It is more blessed to give than to receive.\r
+\r
+20:36 And when he had thus spoken, he kneeled down, and prayed with\r
+them all.\r
+\r
+20:37 And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck, and kissed him,\r
+20:38 Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they\r
+should see his face no more. And they accompanied him unto the ship.\r
+\r
+21:1 And it came to pass, that after we were gotten from them, and had\r
+launched, we came with a straight course unto Coos, and the day\r
+following unto Rhodes, and from thence unto Patara: 21:2 And finding a\r
+ship sailing over unto Phenicia, we went aboard, and set forth.\r
+\r
+21:3 Now when we had discovered Cyprus, we left it on the left hand,\r
+and sailed into Syria, and landed at Tyre: for there the ship was to\r
+unlade her burden.\r
+\r
+21:4 And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days: who said to\r
+Paul through the Spirit, that he should not go up to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+21:5 And when we had accomplished those days, we departed and went our\r
+way; and they all brought us on our way, with wives and children, till\r
+we were out of the city: and we kneeled down on the shore, and prayed.\r
+\r
+21:6 And when we had taken our leave one of another, we took ship; and\r
+they returned home again.\r
+\r
+21:7 And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to\r
+Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day.\r
+\r
+21:8 And the next day we that were of Paul's company departed, and\r
+came unto Caesarea: and we entered into the house of Philip the\r
+evangelist, which was one of the seven; and abode with him.\r
+\r
+21:9 And the same man had four daughters, virgins, which did prophesy.\r
+\r
+21:10 And as we tarried there many days, there came down from Judaea a\r
+certain prophet, named Agabus.\r
+\r
+21:11 And when he was come unto us, he took Paul's girdle, and bound\r
+his own hands and feet, and said, Thus saith the Holy Ghost, So shall\r
+the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall\r
+deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+21:12 And when we heard these things, both we, and they of that place,\r
+besought him not to go up to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+21:13 Then Paul answered, What mean ye to weep and to break mine\r
+heart? for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at\r
+Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+21:14 And when he would not be persuaded, we ceased, saying, The will\r
+of the Lord be done.\r
+\r
+21:15 And after those days we took up our carriages, and went up to\r
+Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+21:16 There went with us also certain of the disciples of Caesarea,\r
+and brought with them one Mnason of Cyprus, an old disciple, with whom\r
+we should lodge.\r
+\r
+21:17 And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us\r
+gladly.\r
+\r
+21:18 And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all\r
+the elders were present.\r
+\r
+21:19 And when he had saluted them, he declared particularly what\r
+things God had wrought among the Gentiles by his ministry.\r
+\r
+21:20 And when they heard it, they glorified the Lord, and said unto\r
+him, Thou seest, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which\r
+believe; and they are all zealous of the law: 21:21 And they are\r
+informed of thee, that thou teachest all the Jews which are among the\r
+Gentiles to forsake Moses, saying that they ought not to circumcise\r
+their children, neither to walk after the customs.\r
+\r
+21:22 What is it therefore? the multitude must needs come together:\r
+for they will hear that thou art come.\r
+\r
+21:23 Do therefore this that we say to thee: We have four men which\r
+have a vow on them; 21:24 Them take, and purify thyself with them, and\r
+be at charges with them, that they may shave their heads: and all may\r
+know that those things, whereof they were informed concerning thee,\r
+are nothing; but that thou thyself also walkest orderly, and keepest\r
+the law.\r
+\r
+21:25 As touching the Gentiles which believe, we have written and\r
+concluded that they observe no such thing, save only that they keep\r
+themselves from things offered to idols, and from blood, and from\r
+strangled, and from fornication.\r
+\r
+21:26 Then Paul took the men, and the next day purifying himself with\r
+them entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the\r
+days of purification, until that an offering should be offered for\r
+every one of them.\r
+\r
+21:27 And when the seven days were almost ended, the Jews which were\r
+of Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the people,\r
+and laid hands on him, 21:28 Crying out, Men of Israel, help: This is\r
+the man, that teacheth all men every where against the people, and the\r
+law, and this place: and further brought Greeks also into the temple,\r
+and hath polluted this holy place.\r
+\r
+21:29 (For they had seen before with him in the city Trophimus an\r
+Ephesian, whom they supposed that Paul had brought into the temple.)\r
+21:30 And all the city was moved, and the people ran together: and\r
+they took Paul, and drew him out of the temple: and forthwith the\r
+doors were shut.\r
+\r
+21:31 And as they went about to kill him, tidings came unto the chief\r
+captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in an uproar.\r
+\r
+21:32 Who immediately took soldiers and centurions, and ran down unto\r
+them: and when they saw the chief captain and the soldiers, they left\r
+beating of Paul.\r
+\r
+21:33 Then the chief captain came near, and took him, and commanded\r
+him to be bound with two chains; and demanded who he was, and what he\r
+had done.\r
+\r
+21:34 And some cried one thing, some another, among the multitude: and\r
+when he could not know the certainty for the tumult, he commanded him\r
+to be carried into the castle.\r
+\r
+21:35 And when he came upon the stairs, so it was, that he was borne\r
+of the soldiers for the violence of the people.\r
+\r
+21:36 For the multitude of the people followed after, crying, Away\r
+with him.\r
+\r
+21:37 And as Paul was to be led into the castle, he said unto the\r
+chief captain, May I speak unto thee? Who said, Canst thou speak\r
+Greek? 21:38 Art not thou that Egyptian, which before these days\r
+madest an uproar, and leddest out into the wilderness four thousand\r
+men that were murderers? 21:39 But Paul said, I am a man which am a\r
+Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I\r
+beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people.\r
+\r
+21:40 And when he had given him licence, Paul stood on the stairs, and\r
+beckoned with the hand unto the people. And when there was made a\r
+great silence, he spake unto them in the Hebrew tongue, saying, 22:1\r
+Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defence which I make now unto\r
+you.\r
+\r
+22:2 (And when they heard that he spake in the Hebrew tongue to them,\r
+they kept the more silence: and he saith,) 22:3 I am verily a man\r
+which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in\r
+this city at the feet of Gamaliel, and taught according to the perfect\r
+manner of the law of the fathers, and was zealous toward God, as ye\r
+all are this day.\r
+\r
+22:4 And I persecuted this way unto the death, binding and delivering\r
+into prisons both men and women.\r
+\r
+22:5 As also the high priest doth bear me witness, and all the estate\r
+of the elders: from whom also I received letters unto the brethren,\r
+and went to Damascus, to bring them which were there bound unto\r
+Jerusalem, for to be punished.\r
+\r
+22:6 And it came to pass, that, as I made my journey, and was come\r
+nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly there shone from heaven a\r
+great light round about me.\r
+\r
+22:7 And I fell unto the ground, and heard a voice saying unto me,\r
+Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? 22:8 And I answered, Who art\r
+thou, Lord? And he said unto me, I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou\r
+persecutest.\r
+\r
+22:9 And they that were with me saw indeed the light, and were afraid;\r
+but they heard not the voice of him that spake to me.\r
+\r
+22:10 And I said, What shall I do, LORD? And the Lord said unto me,\r
+Arise, and go into Damascus; and there it shall be told thee of all\r
+things which are appointed for thee to do.\r
+\r
+22:11 And when I could not see for the glory of that light, being led\r
+by the hand of them that were with me, I came into Damascus.\r
+\r
+22:12 And one Ananias, a devout man according to the law, having a\r
+good report of all the Jews which dwelt there, 22:13 Came unto me, and\r
+stood, and said unto me, Brother Saul, receive thy sight. And the same\r
+hour I looked up upon him.\r
+\r
+22:14 And he said, The God of our fathers hath chosen thee, that thou\r
+shouldest know his will, and see that Just One, and shouldest hear the\r
+voice of his mouth.\r
+\r
+22:15 For thou shalt be his witness unto all men of what thou hast\r
+seen and heard.\r
+\r
+22:16 And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away\r
+thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord.\r
+\r
+22:17 And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusalem,\r
+even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance; 22:18 And saw\r
+him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem:\r
+for they will not receive thy testimony concerning me.\r
+\r
+22:19 And I said, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every\r
+synagogue them that believed on thee: 22:20 And when the blood of thy\r
+martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting unto\r
+his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him.\r
+\r
+22:21 And he said unto me, Depart: for I will send thee far hence unto\r
+the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+22:22 And they gave him audience unto this word, and then lifted up\r
+their voices, and said, Away with such a fellow from the earth: for it\r
+is not fit that he should live.\r
+\r
+22:23 And as they cried out, and cast off their clothes, and threw\r
+dust into the air, 22:24 The chief captain commanded him to be brought\r
+into the castle, and bade that he should be examined by scourging;\r
+that he might know wherefore they cried so against him.\r
+\r
+22:25 And as they bound him with thongs, Paul said unto the centurion\r
+that stood by, Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman,\r
+and uncondemned? 22:26 When the centurion heard that, he went and\r
+told the chief captain, saying, Take heed what thou doest: for this\r
+man is a Roman.\r
+\r
+22:27 Then the chief captain came, and said unto him, Tell me, art\r
+thou a Roman? He said, Yea.\r
+\r
+22:28 And the chief captain answered, With a great sum obtained I this\r
+freedom. And Paul said, But I was free born.\r
+\r
+22:29 Then straightway they departed from him which should have\r
+examined him: and the chief captain also was afraid, after he knew\r
+that he was a Roman, and because he had bound him.\r
+\r
+22:30 On the morrow, because he would have known the certainty\r
+wherefore he was accused of the Jews, he loosed him from his bands,\r
+and commanded the chief priests and all their council to appear, and\r
+brought Paul down, and set him before them.\r
+\r
+23:1 And Paul, earnestly beholding the council, said, Men and\r
+brethren, I have lived in all good conscience before God until this\r
+day.\r
+\r
+23:2 And the high priest Ananias commanded them that stood by him to\r
+smite him on the mouth.\r
+\r
+23:3 Then said Paul unto him, God shall smite thee, thou whited wall:\r
+for sittest thou to judge me after the law, and commandest me to be\r
+smitten contrary to the law? 23:4 And they that stood by said,\r
+Revilest thou God's high priest? 23:5 Then said Paul, I wist not,\r
+brethren, that he was the high priest: for it is written, Thou shalt\r
+not speak evil of the ruler of thy people.\r
+\r
+23:6 But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the\r
+other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a\r
+Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the\r
+dead I am called in question.\r
+\r
+23:7 And when he had so said, there arose a dissension between the\r
+Pharisees and the Sadducees: and the multitude was divided.\r
+\r
+23:8 For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither\r
+angel, nor spirit: but the Pharisees confess both.\r
+\r
+23:9 And there arose a great cry: and the scribes that were of the\r
+Pharisees' part arose, and strove, saying, We find no evil in this\r
+man: but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him, let us not fight\r
+against God.\r
+\r
+23:10 And when there arose a great dissension, the chief captain,\r
+fearing lest Paul should have been pulled in pieces of them, commanded\r
+the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them, and\r
+to bring him into the castle.\r
+\r
+23:11 And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of\r
+good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so\r
+must thou bear witness also at Rome.\r
+\r
+23:12 And when it was day, certain of the Jews banded together, and\r
+bound themselves under a curse, saying that they would neither eat nor\r
+drink till they had killed Paul.\r
+\r
+23:13 And they were more than forty which had made this conspiracy.\r
+\r
+23:14 And they came to the chief priests and elders, and said, We have\r
+bound ourselves under a great curse, that we will eat nothing until we\r
+have slain Paul.\r
+\r
+23:15 Now therefore ye with the council signify to the chief captain\r
+that he bring him down unto you to morrow, as though ye would enquire\r
+something more perfectly concerning him: and we, or ever he come near,\r
+are ready to kill him.\r
+\r
+23:16 And when Paul's sister's son heard of their lying in wait, he\r
+went and entered into the castle, and told Paul.\r
+\r
+23:17 Then Paul called one of the centurions unto him, and said, Bring\r
+this young man unto the chief captain: for he hath a certain thing to\r
+tell him.\r
+\r
+23:18 So he took him, and brought him to the chief captain, and said,\r
+Paul the prisoner called me unto him, and prayed me to bring this\r
+young man unto thee, who hath something to say unto thee.\r
+\r
+23:19 Then the chief captain took him by the hand, and went with him\r
+aside privately, and asked him, What is that thou hast to tell me?\r
+23:20 And he said, The Jews have agreed to desire thee that thou\r
+wouldest bring down Paul to morrow into the council, as though they\r
+would enquire somewhat of him more perfectly.\r
+\r
+23:21 But do not thou yield unto them: for there lie in wait for him\r
+of them more than forty men, which have bound themselves with an oath,\r
+that they will neither eat nor drink till they have killed him: and\r
+now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee.\r
+\r
+23:22 So the chief captain then let the young man depart, and charged\r
+him, See thou tell no man that thou hast shewed these things to me.\r
+\r
+23:23 And he called unto him two centurions, saying, Make ready two\r
+hundred soldiers to go to Caesarea, and horsemen threescore and ten,\r
+and spearmen two hundred, at the third hour of the night; 23:24 And\r
+provide them beasts, that they may set Paul on, and bring him safe\r
+unto Felix the governor.\r
+\r
+23:25 And he wrote a letter after this manner: 23:26 Claudius Lysias\r
+unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting.\r
+\r
+23:27 This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been killed of\r
+them: then came I with an army, and rescued him, having understood\r
+that he was a Roman.\r
+\r
+23:28 And when I would have known the cause wherefore they accused\r
+him, I brought him forth into their council: 23:29 Whom I perceived to\r
+be accused of questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his\r
+charge worthy of death or of bonds.\r
+\r
+23:30 And when it was told me how that the Jews laid wait for the man,\r
+I sent straightway to thee, and gave commandment to his accusers also\r
+to say before thee what they had against him. Farewell.\r
+\r
+23:31 Then the soldiers, as it was commanded them, took Paul, and\r
+brought him by night to Antipatris.\r
+\r
+23:32 On the morrow they left the horsemen to go with him, and\r
+returned to the castle: 23:33 Who, when they came to Caesarea and\r
+delivered the epistle to the governor, presented Paul also before him.\r
+\r
+23:34 And when the governor had read the letter, he asked of what\r
+province he was. And when he understood that he was of Cilicia; 23:35\r
+I will hear thee, said he, when thine accusers are also come. And he\r
+commanded him to be kept in Herod's judgment hall.\r
+\r
+24:1 And after five days Ananias the high priest descended with the\r
+elders, and with a certain orator named Tertullus, who informed the\r
+governor against Paul.\r
+\r
+24:2 And when he was called forth, Tertullus began to accuse him,\r
+saying, Seeing that by thee we enjoy great quietness, and that very\r
+worthy deeds are done unto this nation by thy providence, 24:3 We\r
+accept it always, and in all places, most noble Felix, with all\r
+thankfulness.\r
+\r
+24:4 Notwithstanding, that I be not further tedious unto thee, I pray\r
+thee that thou wouldest hear us of thy clemency a few words.\r
+\r
+24:5 For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of\r
+sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of\r
+the sect of the Nazarenes: 24:6 Who also hath gone about to profane\r
+the temple: whom we took, and would have judged according to our law.\r
+\r
+24:7 But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great\r
+violence took him away out of our hands, 24:8 Commanding his accusers\r
+to come unto thee: by examining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge\r
+of all these things, whereof we accuse him.\r
+\r
+24:9 And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so.\r
+\r
+24:10 Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to\r
+speak, answered, Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years\r
+a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself:\r
+24:11 Because that thou mayest understand, that there are yet but\r
+twelve days since I went up to Jerusalem for to worship.\r
+\r
+24:12 And they neither found me in the temple disputing with any man,\r
+neither raising up the people, neither in the synagogues, nor in the\r
+city: 24:13 Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse\r
+me.\r
+\r
+24:14 But this I confess unto thee, that after the way which they call\r
+heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which\r
+are written in the law and in the prophets: 24:15 And have hope toward\r
+God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a\r
+resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust.\r
+\r
+24:16 And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience\r
+void to offence toward God, and toward men.\r
+\r
+24:17 Now after many years I came to bring alms to my nation, and\r
+offerings.\r
+\r
+24:18 Whereupon certain Jews from Asia found me purified in the\r
+temple, neither with multitude, nor with tumult.\r
+\r
+24:19 Who ought to have been here before thee, and object, if they had\r
+ought against me.\r
+\r
+24:20 Or else let these same here say, if they have found any evil\r
+doing in me, while I stood before the council, 24:21 Except it be for\r
+this one voice, that I cried standing among them, Touching the\r
+resurrection of the dead I am called in question by you this day.\r
+\r
+24:22 And when Felix heard these things, having more perfect knowledge\r
+of that way, he deferred them, and said, When Lysias the chief captain\r
+shall come down, I will know the uttermost of your matter.\r
+\r
+24:23 And he commanded a centurion to keep Paul, and to let him have\r
+liberty, and that he should forbid none of his acquaintance to\r
+minister or come unto him.\r
+\r
+24:24 And after certain days, when Felix came with his wife Drusilla,\r
+which was a Jewess, he sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the\r
+faith in Christ.\r
+\r
+24:25 And as he reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to\r
+come, Felix trembled, and answered, Go thy way for this time; when I\r
+have a convenient season, I will call for thee.\r
+\r
+24:26 He hoped also that money should have been given him of Paul,\r
+that he might loose him: wherefore he sent for him the oftener, and\r
+communed with him.\r
+\r
+24:27 But after two years Porcius Festus came into Felix' room: and\r
+Felix, willing to shew the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound.\r
+\r
+25:1 Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he\r
+ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+25:2 Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him\r
+against Paul, and besought him, 25:3 And desired favour against him,\r
+that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to\r
+kill him.\r
+\r
+25:4 But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and\r
+that he himself would depart shortly thither.\r
+\r
+25:5 Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down\r
+with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him.\r
+\r
+25:6 And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went\r
+down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat\r
+commanded Paul to be brought.\r
+\r
+25:7 And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem\r
+stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul,\r
+which they could not prove.\r
+\r
+25:8 While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the\r
+Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I\r
+offended any thing at all.\r
+\r
+25:9 But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and\r
+said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these\r
+things before me? 25:10 Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment\r
+seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as\r
+thou very well knowest.\r
+\r
+25:11 For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of\r
+death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things\r
+whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal\r
+unto Caesar.\r
+\r
+25:12 Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered,\r
+Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go.\r
+\r
+25:13 And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto\r
+Caesarea to salute Festus.\r
+\r
+25:14 And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's\r
+cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by\r
+Felix: 25:15 About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests\r
+and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment\r
+against him.\r
+\r
+25:16 To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to\r
+deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the\r
+accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself\r
+concerning the crime laid against him.\r
+\r
+25:17 Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the\r
+morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought\r
+forth.\r
+\r
+25:18 Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none\r
+accusation of such things as I supposed: 25:19 But had certain\r
+questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus,\r
+which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive.\r
+\r
+25:20 And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him\r
+whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these\r
+matters.\r
+\r
+25:21 But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of\r
+Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar.\r
+\r
+25:22 Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself.\r
+To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him.\r
+\r
+25:23 And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with\r
+great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief\r
+captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul\r
+was brought forth.\r
+\r
+25:24 And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here\r
+present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the\r
+Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that\r
+he ought not to live any longer.\r
+\r
+25:25 But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death,\r
+and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to\r
+send him.\r
+\r
+25:26 Of whom I have no certain thing to write unto my lord. Wherefore\r
+I have brought him forth before you, and specially before thee, O king\r
+Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write.\r
+\r
+25:27 For it seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not\r
+withal to signify the crimes laid against him.\r
+\r
+26:1 Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Thou art permitted to speak for\r
+thyself.\r
+\r
+Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for himself: 26:2 I\r
+think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall answer for myself\r
+this day before thee touching all the things whereof I am accused of\r
+the Jews: 26:3 Especially because I know thee to be expert in all\r
+customs and questions which are among the Jews: wherefore I beseech\r
+thee to hear me patiently.\r
+\r
+26:4 My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among\r
+mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews; 26:5 Which knew me\r
+from the beginning, if they would testify, that after the most\r
+straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee.\r
+\r
+26:6 And now I stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made of\r
+God, unto our fathers: 26:7 Unto which promise our twelve tribes,\r
+instantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which hope's\r
+sake, king Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews.\r
+\r
+26:8 Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God\r
+should raise the dead? 26:9 I verily thought with myself, that I\r
+ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth.\r
+\r
+26:10 Which thing I also did in Jerusalem: and many of the saints did\r
+I shut up in prison, having received authority from the chief priests;\r
+and when they were put to death, I gave my voice against them.\r
+\r
+26:11 And I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them\r
+to blaspheme; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted\r
+them even unto strange cities.\r
+\r
+26:12 Whereupon as I went to Damascus with authority and commission\r
+from the chief priests, 26:13 At midday, O king, I saw in the way a\r
+light from heaven, above the brightness of the sun, shining round\r
+about me and them which journeyed with me.\r
+\r
+26:14 And when we were all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice\r
+speaking unto me, and saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why\r
+persecutest thou me? it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks.\r
+\r
+26:15 And I said, Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus whom\r
+thou persecutest.\r
+\r
+26:16 But rise, and stand upon thy feet: for I have appeared unto thee\r
+for this purpose, to make thee a minister and a witness both of these\r
+things which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I will\r
+appear unto thee; 26:17 Delivering thee from the people, and from the\r
+Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee, 26:18 To open their eyes, and to\r
+turn them from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto\r
+God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among\r
+them which are sanctified by faith that is in me.\r
+\r
+26:19 Whereupon, O king Agrippa, I was not disobedient unto the\r
+heavenly vision: 26:20 But shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at\r
+Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the\r
+Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet\r
+for repentance.\r
+\r
+26:21 For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, and went\r
+about to kill me.\r
+\r
+26:22 Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day,\r
+witnessing both to small and great, saying none other things than\r
+those which the prophets and Moses did say should come: 26:23 That\r
+Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise\r
+from the dead, and should shew light unto the people, and to the\r
+Gentiles.\r
+\r
+26:24 And as he thus spake for himself, Festus said with a loud voice,\r
+Paul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make thee mad.\r
+\r
+26:25 But he said, I am not mad, most noble Festus; but speak forth\r
+the words of truth and soberness.\r
+\r
+26:26 For the king knoweth of these things, before whom also I speak\r
+freely: for I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from\r
+him; for this thing was not done in a corner.\r
+\r
+26:27 King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets? I know that thou\r
+believest.\r
+\r
+26:28 Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a\r
+Christian.\r
+\r
+26:29 And Paul said, I would to God, that not only thou, but also all\r
+that hear me this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am,\r
+except these bonds.\r
+\r
+26:30 And when he had thus spoken, the king rose up, and the governor,\r
+and Bernice, and they that sat with them: 26:31 And when they were\r
+gone aside, they talked between themselves, saying, This man doeth\r
+nothing worthy of death or of bonds.\r
+\r
+26:32 Then said Agrippa unto Festus, This man might have been set at\r
+liberty, if he had not appealed unto Caesar.\r
+\r
+27:1 And when it was determined that we should sail into Italy, they\r
+delivered Paul and certain other prisoners unto one named Julius, a\r
+centurion of Augustus' band.\r
+\r
+27:2 And entering into a ship of Adramyttium, we launched, meaning to\r
+sail by the coasts of Asia; one Aristarchus, a Macedonian of\r
+Thessalonica, being with us.\r
+\r
+27:3 And the next day we touched at Sidon. And Julius courteously\r
+entreated Paul, and gave him liberty to go unto his friends to refresh\r
+himself.\r
+\r
+27:4 And when we had launched from thence, we sailed under Cyprus,\r
+because the winds were contrary.\r
+\r
+27:5 And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we\r
+came to Myra, a city of Lycia.\r
+\r
+27:6 And there the centurion found a ship of Alexandria sailing into\r
+Italy; and he put us therein.\r
+\r
+27:7 And when we had sailed slowly many days, and scarce were come\r
+over against Cnidus, the wind not suffering us, we sailed under Crete,\r
+over against Salmone; 27:8 And, hardly passing it, came unto a place\r
+which is called The fair havens; nigh whereunto was the city of Lasea.\r
+\r
+27:9 Now when much time was spent, and when sailing was now dangerous,\r
+because the fast was now already past, Paul admonished them, 27:10 And\r
+said unto them, Sirs, I perceive that this voyage will be with hurt\r
+and much damage, not only of the lading and ship, but also of our\r
+lives.\r
+\r
+27:11 Nevertheless the centurion believed the master and the owner of\r
+the ship, more than those things which were spoken by Paul.\r
+\r
+27:12 And because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more\r
+part advised to depart thence also, if by any means they might attain\r
+to Phenice, and there to winter; which is an haven of Crete, and lieth\r
+toward the south west and north west.\r
+\r
+27:13 And when the south wind blew softly, supposing that they had\r
+obtained their purpose, loosing thence, they sailed close by Crete.\r
+\r
+27:14 But not long after there arose against it a tempestuous wind,\r
+called Euroclydon.\r
+\r
+27:15 And when the ship was caught, and could not bear up into the\r
+wind, we let her drive.\r
+\r
+27:16 And running under a certain island which is called Clauda, we\r
+had much work to come by the boat: 27:17 Which when they had taken up,\r
+they used helps, undergirding the ship; and, fearing lest they should\r
+fall into the quicksands, strake sail, and so were driven.\r
+\r
+27:18 And we being exceedingly tossed with a tempest, the next day\r
+they lightened the ship; 27:19 And the third day we cast out with our\r
+own hands the tackling of the ship.\r
+\r
+27:20 And when neither sun nor stars in many days appeared, and no\r
+small tempest lay on us, all hope that we should be saved was then\r
+taken away.\r
+\r
+27:21 But after long abstinence Paul stood forth in the midst of them,\r
+and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto me, and not have loosed\r
+from Crete, and to have gained this harm and loss.\r
+\r
+27:22 And now I exhort you to be of good cheer: for there shall be no\r
+loss of any man's life among you, but of the ship.\r
+\r
+27:23 For there stood by me this night the angel of God, whose I am,\r
+and whom I serve, 27:24 Saying, Fear not, Paul; thou must be brought\r
+before Caesar: and, lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+27:25 Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it\r
+shall be even as it was told me.\r
+\r
+27:26 Howbeit we must be cast upon a certain island.\r
+\r
+27:27 But when the fourteenth night was come, as we were driven up and\r
+down in Adria, about midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near\r
+to some country; 27:28 And sounded, and found it twenty fathoms: and\r
+when they had gone a little further, they sounded again, and found it\r
+fifteen fathoms.\r
+\r
+27:29 Then fearing lest we should have fallen upon rocks, they cast\r
+four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day.\r
+\r
+27:30 And as the shipmen were about to flee out of the ship, when they\r
+had let down the boat into the sea, under colour as though they would\r
+have cast anchors out of the foreship, 27:31 Paul said to the\r
+centurion and to the soldiers, Except these abide in the ship, ye\r
+cannot be saved.\r
+\r
+27:32 Then the soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, and let her\r
+fall off.\r
+\r
+27:33 And while the day was coming on, Paul besought them all to take\r
+meat, saying, This day is the fourteenth day that ye have tarried and\r
+continued fasting, having taken nothing.\r
+\r
+27:34 Wherefore I pray you to take some meat: for this is for your\r
+health: for there shall not an hair fall from the head of any of you.\r
+\r
+27:35 And when he had thus spoken, he took bread, and gave thanks to\r
+God in presence of them all: and when he had broken it, he began to\r
+eat.\r
+\r
+27:36 Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took some meat.\r
+\r
+27:37 And we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and\r
+sixteen souls.\r
+\r
+27:38 And when they had eaten enough, they lightened the ship, and\r
+cast out the wheat into the sea.\r
+\r
+27:39 And when it was day, they knew not the land: but they discovered\r
+a certain creek with a shore, into the which they were minded, if it\r
+were possible, to thrust in the ship.\r
+\r
+27:40 And when they had taken up the anchors, they committed\r
+themselves unto the sea, and loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up\r
+the mainsail to the wind, and made toward shore.\r
+\r
+27:41 And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran the ship\r
+aground; and the forepart stuck fast, and remained unmoveable, but the\r
+hinder part was broken with the violence of the waves.\r
+\r
+27:42 And the soldiers' counsel was to kill the prisoners, lest any of\r
+them should swim out, and escape.\r
+\r
+27:43 But the centurion, willing to save Paul, kept them from their\r
+purpose; and commanded that they which could swim should cast\r
+themselves first into the sea, and get to land: 27:44 And the rest,\r
+some on boards, and some on broken pieces of the ship.\r
+\r
+And so it came to pass, that they escaped all safe to land.\r
+\r
+28:1 And when they were escaped, then they knew that the island was\r
+called Melita.\r
+\r
+28:2 And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness: for they\r
+kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present\r
+rain, and because of the cold.\r
+\r
+28:3 And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on\r
+the fire, there came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+28:4 And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast hang on his hand,\r
+they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom,\r
+though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live.\r
+\r
+28:5 And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm.\r
+\r
+28:6 Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down\r
+dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no\r
+harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a\r
+god.\r
+\r
+28:7 In the same quarters were possessions of the chief man of the\r
+island, whose name was Publius; who received us, and lodged us three\r
+days courteously.\r
+\r
+28:8 And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick of a\r
+fever and of a bloody flux: to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and\r
+laid his hands on him, and healed him.\r
+\r
+28:9 So when this was done, others also, which had diseases in the\r
+island, came, and were healed: 28:10 Who also honoured us with many\r
+honours; and when we departed, they laded us with such things as were\r
+necessary.\r
+\r
+28:11 And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria,\r
+which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux.\r
+\r
+28:12 And landing at Syracuse, we tarried there three days.\r
+\r
+28:13 And from thence we fetched a compass, and came to Rhegium: and\r
+after one day the south wind blew, and we came the next day to\r
+Puteoli: 28:14 Where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with\r
+them seven days: and so we went toward Rome.\r
+\r
+28:15 And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to\r
+meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul\r
+saw, he thanked God, and took courage.\r
+\r
+28:16 And when we came to Rome, the centurion delivered the prisoners\r
+to the captain of the guard: but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself\r
+with a soldier that kept him.\r
+\r
+28:17 And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief\r
+of the Jews together: and when they were come together, he said unto\r
+them, Men and brethren, though I have committed nothing against the\r
+people, or customs of our fathers, yet was I delivered prisoner from\r
+Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans.\r
+\r
+28:18 Who, when they had examined me, would have let me go, because\r
+there was no cause of death in me.\r
+\r
+28:19 But when the Jews spake against it, I was constrained to appeal\r
+unto Caesar; not that I had ought to accuse my nation of.\r
+\r
+28:20 For this cause therefore have I called for you, to see you, and\r
+to speak with you: because that for the hope of Israel I am bound with\r
+this chain.\r
+\r
+28:21 And they said unto him, We neither received letters out of\r
+Judaea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed\r
+or spake any harm of thee.\r
+\r
+28:22 But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as\r
+concerning this sect, we know that every where it is spoken against.\r
+\r
+28:23 And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him\r
+into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of\r
+God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses,\r
+and out of the prophets, from morning till evening.\r
+\r
+28:24 And some believed the things which were spoken, and some\r
+believed not.\r
+\r
+28:25 And when they agreed not among themselves, they departed, after\r
+that Paul had spoken one word, Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the\r
+prophet unto our fathers, 28:26 Saying, Go unto this people, and say,\r
+Hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall\r
+see, and not perceive: 28:27 For the heart of this people is waxed\r
+gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes have they\r
+closed; lest they should see with their eyes, and hear with their\r
+ears, and understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I\r
+should heal them.\r
+\r
+28:28 Be it known therefore unto you, that the salvation of God is\r
+sent unto the Gentiles, and that they will hear it.\r
+\r
+28:29 And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had\r
+great reasoning among themselves.\r
+\r
+28:30 And Paul dwelt two whole years in his own hired house, and\r
+received all that came in unto him, 28:31 Preaching the kingdom of\r
+God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ,\r
+with all confidence, no man forbidding him.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle,\r
+separated unto the gospel of God, 1:2 (Which he had promised afore by\r
+his prophets in the holy scriptures,) 1:3 Concerning his Son Jesus\r
+Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the\r
+flesh; 1:4 And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to\r
+the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: 1:5 By whom\r
+we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith\r
+among all nations, for his name: 1:6 Among whom are ye also the called\r
+of Jesus Christ: 1:7 To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to\r
+be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord\r
+Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:8 First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your\r
+faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.\r
+\r
+1:9 For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel\r
+of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my\r
+prayers; 1:10 Making request, if by any means now at length I might\r
+have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you.\r
+\r
+1:11 For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual\r
+gift, to the end ye may be established; 1:12 That is, that I may be\r
+comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me.\r
+\r
+1:13 Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I\r
+purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have\r
+some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.\r
+\r
+1:14 I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to\r
+the wise, and to the unwise.\r
+\r
+1:15 So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you\r
+that are at Rome also.\r
+\r
+1:16 For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power\r
+of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first,\r
+and also to the Greek.\r
+\r
+1:17 For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to\r
+faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.\r
+\r
+1:18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all\r
+ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in\r
+unrighteousness; 1:19 Because that which may be known of God is\r
+manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.\r
+\r
+1:20 For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world\r
+are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even\r
+his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse: 1:21\r
+Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God,\r
+neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and\r
+their foolish heart was darkened.\r
+\r
+1:22 Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, 1:23 And\r
+changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to\r
+corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping\r
+things.\r
+\r
+1:24 Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts\r
+of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:\r
+1:25 Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and\r
+served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever.\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+1:26 For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even\r
+their women did change the natural use into that which is against\r
+nature: 1:27 And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the\r
+woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working\r
+that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of\r
+their error which was meet.\r
+\r
+1:28 And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge,\r
+God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are\r
+not convenient; 1:29 Being filled with all unrighteousness,\r
+fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy,\r
+murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, 1:30 Backbiters, haters\r
+of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things,\r
+disobedient to parents, 1:31 Without understanding, covenantbreakers,\r
+without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: 1:32 Who knowing\r
+the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of\r
+death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.\r
+\r
+2:1 Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that\r
+judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself;\r
+for thou that judgest doest the same things.\r
+\r
+2:2 But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth\r
+against them which commit such things.\r
+\r
+2:3 And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such\r
+things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of\r
+God? 2:4 Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance\r
+and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee\r
+to repentance? 2:5 But after thy hardness and impenitent heart\r
+treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and\r
+revelation of the righteous judgment of God; 2:6 Who will render to\r
+every man according to his deeds: 2:7 To them who by patient\r
+continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality,\r
+eternal life: 2:8 But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey\r
+the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, 2:9\r
+Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of\r
+the Jew first, and also of the Gentile; 2:10 But glory, honour, and\r
+peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to\r
+the Gentile: 2:11 For there is no respect of persons with God.\r
+\r
+2:12 For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without\r
+law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;\r
+2:13 (For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the\r
+doers of the law shall be justified.\r
+\r
+2:14 For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the\r
+things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto\r
+themselves: 2:15 Which shew the work of the law written in their\r
+hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the\r
+mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) 2:16 In the day\r
+when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to\r
+my gospel.\r
+\r
+2:17 Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest\r
+thy boast of God, 2:18 And knowest his will, and approvest the things\r
+that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law; 2:19 And art\r
+confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them\r
+which are in darkness, 2:20 An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of\r
+babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.\r
+\r
+2:21 Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself?\r
+thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal? 2:22\r
+Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit\r
+adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege? 2:23\r
+Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law\r
+dishonourest thou God? 2:24 For the name of God is blasphemed among\r
+the Gentiles through you, as it is written.\r
+\r
+2:25 For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if\r
+thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.\r
+\r
+2:26 Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the\r
+law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision? 2:27\r
+And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law,\r
+judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the\r
+law? 2:28 For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is\r
+that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: 2:29 But he is a\r
+Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in\r
+the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+3:1 What advantage then hath the Jew? or what profit is there of\r
+circumcision? 3:2 Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them\r
+were committed the oracles of God.\r
+\r
+3:3 For what if some did not believe? shall their unbelief make the\r
+faith of God without effect? 3:4 God forbid: yea, let God be true,\r
+but every man a liar; as it is written, That thou mightest be\r
+justified in thy sayings, and mightest overcome when thou art judged.\r
+\r
+3:5 But if our unrighteousness commend the righteousness of God, what\r
+shall we say? Is God unrighteous who taketh vengeance? (I speak as a\r
+man) 3:6 God forbid: for then how shall God judge the world? 3:7 For\r
+if the truth of God hath more abounded through my lie unto his glory;\r
+why yet am I also judged as a sinner? 3:8 And not rather, (as we be\r
+slanderously reported, and as some affirm that we say,) Let us do\r
+evil, that good may come? whose damnation is just.\r
+\r
+3:9 What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have\r
+before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin;\r
+3:10 As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one: 3:11\r
+There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after\r
+God.\r
+\r
+3:12 They are all gone out of the way, they are together become\r
+unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one.\r
+\r
+3:13 Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have\r
+used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: 3:14 Whose mouth\r
+is full of cursing and bitterness: 3:15 Their feet are swift to shed\r
+blood: 3:16 Destruction and misery are in their ways: 3:17 And the way\r
+of peace have they not known: 3:18 There is no fear of God before\r
+their eyes.\r
+\r
+3:19 Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to\r
+them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all\r
+the world may become guilty before God.\r
+\r
+3:20 Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be\r
+justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin.\r
+\r
+3:21 But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested,\r
+being witnessed by the law and the prophets; 3:22 Even the\r
+righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and\r
+upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: 3:23 For all\r
+have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; 3:24 Being justified\r
+freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus:\r
+3:25 Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his\r
+blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are\r
+past, through the forbearance of God; 3:26 To declare, I say, at this\r
+time his righteousness: that he might be just, and the justifier of\r
+him which believeth in Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:27 Where is boasting then? It is excluded. By what law? of works?\r
+Nay: but by the law of faith.\r
+\r
+3:28 Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without\r
+the deeds of the law.\r
+\r
+3:29 Is he the God of the Jews only? is he not also of the Gentiles?\r
+Yes, of the Gentiles also: 3:30 Seeing it is one God, which shall\r
+justify the circumcision by faith, and uncircumcision through faith.\r
+\r
+3:31 Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we\r
+establish the law.\r
+\r
+4:1 What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to\r
+the flesh, hath found? 4:2 For if Abraham were justified by works, he\r
+hath whereof to glory; but not before God.\r
+\r
+4:3 For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was\r
+counted unto him for righteousness.\r
+\r
+4:4 Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but\r
+of debt.\r
+\r
+4:5 But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth\r
+the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.\r
+\r
+4:6 Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto\r
+whom God imputeth righteousness without works, 4:7 Saying, Blessed are\r
+they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.\r
+\r
+4:8 Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.\r
+\r
+4:9 Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon\r
+the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham\r
+for righteousness.\r
+\r
+4:10 How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in\r
+uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.\r
+\r
+4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the\r
+righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that\r
+he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not\r
+circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also: 4:12\r
+And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision\r
+only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father\r
+Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.\r
+\r
+4:13 For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not\r
+to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the\r
+righteousness of faith.\r
+\r
+4:14 For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void,\r
+and the promise made of none effect: 4:15 Because the law worketh\r
+wrath: for where no law is, there is no transgression.\r
+\r
+4:16 Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end\r
+the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is\r
+of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is\r
+the father of us all, 4:17 (As it is written, I have made thee a\r
+father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who\r
+quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though\r
+they were.\r
+\r
+4:18 Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the\r
+father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall\r
+thy seed be.\r
+\r
+4:19 And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now\r
+dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness\r
+of Sarah's womb: 4:20 He staggered not at the promise of God through\r
+unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; 4:21 And being\r
+fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to\r
+perform.\r
+\r
+4:22 And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness.\r
+\r
+4:23 Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to\r
+him; 4:24 But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe\r
+on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead; 4:25 Who was\r
+delivered for our offences, and was raised again for our\r
+justification.\r
+\r
+5:1 Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through\r
+our Lord Jesus Christ: 5:2 By whom also we have access by faith into\r
+this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.\r
+\r
+5:3 And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also: knowing that\r
+tribulation worketh patience; 5:4 And patience, experience; and\r
+experience, hope: 5:5 And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of\r
+God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto\r
+us.\r
+\r
+5:6 For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for\r
+the ungodly.\r
+\r
+5:7 For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure\r
+for a good man some would even dare to die.\r
+\r
+5:8 But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet\r
+sinners, Christ died for us.\r
+\r
+5:9 Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be\r
+saved from wrath through him.\r
+\r
+5:10 For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the\r
+death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by\r
+his life.\r
+\r
+5:11 And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement.\r
+\r
+5:12 Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by\r
+sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: 5:13\r
+(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when\r
+there is no law.\r
+\r
+5:14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them\r
+that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who\r
+is the figure of him that was to come.\r
+\r
+5:15 But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through\r
+the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the\r
+gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto\r
+many.\r
+\r
+5:16 And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the\r
+judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many\r
+offences unto justification.\r
+\r
+5:17 For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they\r
+which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness\r
+shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ.) 5:18 Therefore as by the\r
+offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by\r
+the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto\r
+justification of life.\r
+\r
+5:19 For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by\r
+the obedience of one shall many be made righteous.\r
+\r
+5:20 Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But\r
+where sin abounded, grace did much more abound: 5:21 That as sin hath\r
+reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness\r
+unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.\r
+\r
+6:1 What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may\r
+abound? 6:2 God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any\r
+longer therein? 6:3 Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized\r
+into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? 6:4 Therefore we are\r
+buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised\r
+up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should\r
+walk in newness of life.\r
+\r
+6:5 For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death,\r
+we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection: 6:6 Knowing\r
+this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin\r
+might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin.\r
+\r
+6:7 For he that is dead is freed from sin.\r
+\r
+6:8 Now if we be dead with Christ, we believe that we shall also live\r
+with him: 6:9 Knowing that Christ being raised from the dead dieth no\r
+more; death hath no more dominion over him.\r
+\r
+6:10 For in that he died, he died unto sin once: but in that he\r
+liveth, he liveth unto God.\r
+\r
+6:11 Likewise reckon ye also yourselves to be dead indeed unto sin,\r
+but alive unto God through Jesus Christ our Lord.\r
+\r
+6:12 Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, that ye should\r
+obey it in the lusts thereof.\r
+\r
+6:13 Neither yield ye your members as instruments of unrighteousness\r
+unto sin: but yield yourselves unto God, as those that are alive from\r
+the dead, and your members as instruments of righteousness unto God.\r
+\r
+6:14 For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under\r
+the law, but under grace.\r
+\r
+6:15 What then? shall we sin, because we are not under the law, but\r
+under grace? God forbid.\r
+\r
+6:16 Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey,\r
+his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of\r
+obedience unto righteousness? 6:17 But God be thanked, that ye were\r
+the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart that form of\r
+doctrine which was delivered you.\r
+\r
+6:18 Being then made free from sin, ye became the servants of\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+6:19 I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your\r
+flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and\r
+to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to\r
+righteousness unto holiness.\r
+\r
+6:20 For when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from\r
+righteousness.\r
+\r
+6:21 What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now\r
+ashamed? for the end of those things is death.\r
+\r
+6:22 But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye\r
+have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.\r
+\r
+6:23 For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal\r
+life through Jesus Christ our Lord.\r
+\r
+7:1 Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law,)\r
+how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? 7:2\r
+For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the law to her husband\r
+so long as he liveth; but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from\r
+the law of her husband.\r
+\r
+7:3 So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another\r
+man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if her husband be dead,\r
+she is free from that law; so that she is no adulteress, though she be\r
+married to another man.\r
+\r
+7:4 Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the law by the\r
+body of Christ; that ye should be married to another, even to him who\r
+is raised from the dead, that we should bring forth fruit unto God.\r
+\r
+7:5 For when we were in the flesh, the motions of sins, which were by\r
+the law, did work in our members to bring forth fruit unto death.\r
+\r
+7:6 But now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we\r
+were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the\r
+oldness of the letter.\r
+\r
+7:7 What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid. Nay, I had not\r
+known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law\r
+had said, Thou shalt not covet.\r
+\r
+7:8 But sin, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all\r
+manner of concupiscence. For without the law sin was dead.\r
+\r
+7:9 For I was alive without the law once: but when the commandment\r
+came, sin revived, and I died.\r
+\r
+7:10 And the commandment, which was ordained to life, I found to be\r
+unto death.\r
+\r
+7:11 For sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me, and by\r
+it slew me.\r
+\r
+7:12 Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy, and just,\r
+and good.\r
+\r
+7:13 Was then that which is good made death unto me? God forbid. But\r
+sin, that it might appear sin, working death in me by that which is\r
+good; that sin by the commandment might become exceeding sinful.\r
+\r
+7:14 For we know that the law is spiritual: but I am carnal, sold\r
+under sin.\r
+\r
+7:15 For that which I do I allow not: for what I would, that do I not;\r
+but what I hate, that do I.\r
+\r
+7:16 If then I do that which I would not, I consent unto the law that\r
+it is good.\r
+\r
+7:17 Now then it is no more I that do it, but sin that dwelleth in me.\r
+\r
+7:18 For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good\r
+thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which\r
+is good I find not.\r
+\r
+7:19 For the good that I would I do not: but the evil which I would\r
+not, that I do.\r
+\r
+7:20 Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin\r
+that dwelleth in me.\r
+\r
+7:21 I find then a law, that, when I would do good, evil is present\r
+with me.\r
+\r
+7:22 For I delight in the law of God after the inward man: 7:23 But I\r
+see another law in my members, warring against the law of my mind, and\r
+bringing me into captivity to the law of sin which is in my members.\r
+\r
+7:24 O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver me from the body of\r
+this death? 7:25 I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord. So then\r
+with the mind I myself serve the law of God; but with the flesh the\r
+law of sin.\r
+\r
+8:1 There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ\r
+Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.\r
+\r
+8:2 For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me\r
+free from the law of sin and death.\r
+\r
+8:3 For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the\r
+flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and\r
+for sin, condemned sin in the flesh: 8:4 That the righteousness of the\r
+law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after\r
+the Spirit.\r
+\r
+8:5 For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh;\r
+but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit.\r
+\r
+8:6 For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded\r
+is life and peace.\r
+\r
+8:7 Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not\r
+subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.\r
+\r
+8:8 So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.\r
+\r
+8:9 But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the\r
+Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of\r
+Christ, he is none of his.\r
+\r
+8:10 And if Christ be in you, the body is dead because of sin; but the\r
+Spirit is life because of righteousness.\r
+\r
+8:11 But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell\r
+in you, he that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your\r
+mortal bodies by his Spirit that dwelleth in you.\r
+\r
+8:12 Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live\r
+after the flesh.\r
+\r
+8:13 For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through\r
+the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live.\r
+\r
+8:14 For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+8:15 For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but\r
+ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father.\r
+\r
+8:16 The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are\r
+the children of God: 8:17 And if children, then heirs; heirs of God,\r
+and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we\r
+may be also glorified together.\r
+\r
+8:18 For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not\r
+worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.\r
+\r
+8:19 For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the\r
+manifestation of the sons of God.\r
+\r
+8:20 For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but\r
+by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope, 8:21 Because the\r
+creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption\r
+into the glorious liberty of the children of God.\r
+\r
+8:22 For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in\r
+pain together until now.\r
+\r
+8:23 And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits\r
+of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for\r
+the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.\r
+\r
+8:24 For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope: for\r
+what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for? 8:25 But if we hope for\r
+that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it.\r
+\r
+8:26 Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not\r
+what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh\r
+intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered.\r
+\r
+8:27 And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the\r
+Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the\r
+will of God.\r
+\r
+8:28 And we know that all things work together for good to them that\r
+love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.\r
+\r
+8:29 For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be\r
+conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn\r
+among many brethren.\r
+\r
+8:30 Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom\r
+he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also\r
+glorified.\r
+\r
+8:31 What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who can\r
+be against us? 8:32 He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him\r
+up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all\r
+things? 8:33 Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It\r
+is God that justifieth.\r
+\r
+8:34 Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather,\r
+that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also\r
+maketh intercession for us.\r
+\r
+8:35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation,\r
+or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or\r
+sword? 8:36 As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day\r
+long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.\r
+\r
+8:37 Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him\r
+that loved us.\r
+\r
+8:38 For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor\r
+principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,\r
+8:39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to\r
+separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.\r
+\r
+9:1 I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing\r
+me witness in the Holy Ghost, 9:2 That I have great heaviness and\r
+continual sorrow in my heart.\r
+\r
+9:3 For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my\r
+brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh: 9:4 Who are Israelites;\r
+to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and\r
+the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; 9:5\r
+Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ\r
+came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+9:6 Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are\r
+not all Israel, which are of Israel: 9:7 Neither, because they are the\r
+seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed\r
+be called.\r
+\r
+9:8 That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not\r
+the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for\r
+the seed.\r
+\r
+9:9 For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and\r
+Sarah shall have a son.\r
+\r
+9:10 And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one,\r
+even by our father Isaac; 9:11 (For the children being not yet born,\r
+neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God\r
+according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that\r
+calleth;) 9:12 It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the\r
+younger.\r
+\r
+9:13 As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.\r
+\r
+9:14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God\r
+forbid.\r
+\r
+9:15 For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have\r
+mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.\r
+\r
+9:16 So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth,\r
+but of God that sheweth mercy.\r
+\r
+9:17 For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose\r
+have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my\r
+name might be declared throughout all the earth.\r
+\r
+9:18 Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he\r
+will he hardeneth.\r
+\r
+9:19 Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who\r
+hath resisted his will? 9:20 Nay but, O man, who art thou that\r
+repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed\r
+it, Why hast thou made me thus? 9:21 Hath not the potter power over\r
+the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another\r
+unto dishonour? 9:22 What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to\r
+make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of\r
+wrath fitted to destruction: 9:23 And that he might make known the\r
+riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore\r
+prepared unto glory, 9:24 Even us, whom he hath called, not of the\r
+Jews only, but also of the Gentiles? 9:25 As he saith also in Osee, I\r
+will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved,\r
+which was not beloved.\r
+\r
+9:26 And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said\r
+unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the\r
+children of the living God.\r
+\r
+9:27 Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the\r
+children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be\r
+saved: 9:28 For he will finish the work, and cut it short in\r
+righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth.\r
+\r
+9:29 And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us\r
+a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.\r
+\r
+9:30 What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not\r
+after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the\r
+righteousness which is of faith.\r
+\r
+9:31 But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath\r
+not attained to the law of righteousness.\r
+\r
+9:32 Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by\r
+the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; 9:33\r
+As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of\r
+offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.\r
+\r
+10:1 Brethren, my heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that\r
+they might be saved.\r
+\r
+10:2 For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not\r
+according to knowledge.\r
+\r
+10:3 For they being ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about\r
+to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves\r
+unto the righteousness of God.\r
+\r
+10:4 For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one\r
+that believeth.\r
+\r
+10:5 For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That\r
+the man which doeth those things shall live by them.\r
+\r
+10:6 But the righteousness which is of faith speaketh on this wise,\r
+Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to\r
+bring Christ down from above:) 10:7 Or, Who shall descend into the\r
+deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.) 10:8 But\r
+what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy\r
+heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach; 10:9 That if thou\r
+shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in\r
+thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be\r
+saved.\r
+\r
+10:10 For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with\r
+the mouth confession is made unto salvation.\r
+\r
+10:11 For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be\r
+ashamed.\r
+\r
+10:12 For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for\r
+the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.\r
+\r
+10:13 For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be\r
+saved.\r
+\r
+10:14 How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed?\r
+and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how\r
+shall they hear without a preacher? 10:15 And how shall they preach,\r
+except they be sent? as it is written, How beautiful are the feet of\r
+them that preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad tidings of good\r
+things! 10:16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Esaias\r
+saith, Lord, who hath believed our report? 10:17 So then faith cometh\r
+by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.\r
+\r
+10:18 But I say, Have they not heard? Yes verily, their sound went\r
+into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world.\r
+\r
+10:19 But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will\r
+provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish\r
+nation I will anger you.\r
+\r
+10:20 But Esaias is very bold, and saith, I was found of them that\r
+sought me not; I was made manifest unto them that asked not after me.\r
+\r
+10:21 But to Israel he saith, All day long I have stretched forth my\r
+hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people.\r
+\r
+11:1 I say then, Hath God cast away his people? God forbid. For I also\r
+am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin.\r
+\r
+11:2 God hath not cast away his people which he foreknew. Wot ye not\r
+what the scripture saith of Elias? how he maketh intercession to God\r
+against Israel saying, 11:3 Lord, they have killed thy prophets, and\r
+digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life.\r
+\r
+11:4 But what saith the answer of God unto him? I have reserved to\r
+myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to the image of\r
+Baal.\r
+\r
+11:5 Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant\r
+according to the election of grace.\r
+\r
+11:6 And if by grace, then is it no more of works: otherwise grace is\r
+no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is no more grace:\r
+otherwise work is no more work.\r
+\r
+11:7 What then? Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for;\r
+but the election hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded.\r
+\r
+11:8 (According as it is written, God hath given them the spirit of\r
+slumber, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not\r
+hear;) unto this day.\r
+\r
+11:9 And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and\r
+a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them: 11:10 Let their eyes be\r
+darkened, that they may not see, and bow down their back alway.\r
+\r
+11:11 I say then, Have they stumbled that they should fall? God\r
+forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the\r
+Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy.\r
+\r
+11:12 Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the\r
+diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their\r
+fulness? 11:13 For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the\r
+apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office: 11:14 If by any means\r
+I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save\r
+some of them.\r
+\r
+11:15 For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world,\r
+what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead? 11:16\r
+For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root\r
+be holy, so are the branches.\r
+\r
+11:17 And if some of the branches be broken off, and thou, being a\r
+wild olive tree, wert graffed in among them, and with them partakest\r
+of the root and fatness of the olive tree; 11:18 Boast not against the\r
+branches. But if thou boast, thou bearest not the root, but the root\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+11:19 Thou wilt say then, The branches were broken off, that I might\r
+be graffed in.\r
+\r
+11:20 Well; because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou\r
+standest by faith. Be not highminded, but fear: 11:21 For if God\r
+spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+11:22 Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God: on them which\r
+fell, severity; but toward thee, goodness, if thou continue in his\r
+goodness: otherwise thou also shalt be cut off.\r
+\r
+11:23 And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be\r
+graffed in: for God is able to graff them in again.\r
+\r
+11:24 For if thou wert cut out of the olive tree which is wild by\r
+nature, and wert graffed contrary to nature into a good olive tree:\r
+how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be graffed\r
+into their own olive tree? 11:25 For I would not, brethren, that ye\r
+should be ignorant of this mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own\r
+conceits; that blindness in part is happened to Israel, until the\r
+fulness of the Gentiles be come in.\r
+\r
+11:26 And so all Israel shall be saved: as it is written, There shall\r
+come out of Sion the Deliverer, and shall turn away ungodliness from\r
+Jacob: 11:27 For this is my covenant unto them, when I shall take away\r
+their sins.\r
+\r
+11:28 As concerning the gospel, they are enemies for your sakes: but\r
+as touching the election, they are beloved for the father's sakes.\r
+\r
+11:29 For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance.\r
+\r
+11:30 For as ye in times past have not believed God, yet have now\r
+obtained mercy through their unbelief: 11:31 Even so have these also\r
+now not believed, that through your mercy they also may obtain mercy.\r
+\r
+11:32 For God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might have\r
+mercy upon all.\r
+\r
+11:33 O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of\r
+God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding\r
+out! 11:34 For who hath known the mind of the Lord? or who hath been\r
+his counsellor? 11:35 Or who hath first given to him, and it shall be\r
+recompensed unto him again? 11:36 For of him, and through him, and to\r
+him, are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+12:1 I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye\r
+present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God,\r
+which is your reasonable service.\r
+\r
+12:2 And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the\r
+renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and\r
+acceptable, and perfect, will of God.\r
+\r
+12:3 For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is\r
+among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think;\r
+but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the\r
+measure of faith.\r
+\r
+12:4 For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not\r
+the same office: 12:5 So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and\r
+every one members one of another.\r
+\r
+12:6 Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given\r
+to us, whether prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion\r
+of faith; 12:7 Or ministry, let us wait on our ministering: or he that\r
+teacheth, on teaching; 12:8 Or he that exhorteth, on exhortation: he\r
+that giveth, let him do it with simplicity; he that ruleth, with\r
+diligence; he that sheweth mercy, with cheerfulness.\r
+\r
+12:9 Let love be without dissimulation. Abhor that which is evil;\r
+cleave to that which is good.\r
+\r
+12:10 Be kindly affectioned one to another with brotherly love; in\r
+honour preferring one another; 12:11 Not slothful in business; fervent\r
+in spirit; serving the Lord; 12:12 Rejoicing in hope; patient in\r
+tribulation; continuing instant in prayer; 12:13 Distributing to the\r
+necessity of saints; given to hospitality.\r
+\r
+12:14 Bless them which persecute you: bless, and curse not.\r
+\r
+12:15 Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that weep.\r
+\r
+12:16 Be of the same mind one toward another. Mind not high things,\r
+but condescend to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits.\r
+\r
+12:17 Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the\r
+sight of all men.\r
+\r
+12:18 If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with\r
+all men.\r
+\r
+12:19 Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place\r
+unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith\r
+the Lord.\r
+\r
+12:20 Therefore if thine enemy hunger, feed him; if he thirst, give\r
+him drink: for in so doing thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head.\r
+\r
+12:21 Be not overcome of evil, but overcome evil with good.\r
+\r
+13:1 Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no\r
+power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.\r
+\r
+13:2 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance\r
+of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation.\r
+\r
+13:3 For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt\r
+thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou\r
+shalt have praise of the same: 13:4 For he is the minister of God to\r
+thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he\r
+beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a\r
+revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil.\r
+\r
+13:5 Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also\r
+for conscience sake.\r
+\r
+13:6 For for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's\r
+ministers, attending continually upon this very thing.\r
+\r
+13:7 Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is\r
+due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour.\r
+\r
+13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth\r
+another hath fulfilled the law.\r
+\r
+13:9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill,\r
+Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt\r
+not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly\r
+comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as\r
+thyself.\r
+\r
+13:10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the\r
+fulfilling of the law.\r
+\r
+13:11 And that, knowing the time, that now it is high time to awake\r
+out of sleep: for now is our salvation nearer than when we believed.\r
+\r
+13:12 The night is far spent, the day is at hand: let us therefore\r
+cast off the works of darkness, and let us put on the armour of light.\r
+\r
+13:13 Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and\r
+drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and\r
+envying.\r
+\r
+13:14 But put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for\r
+the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof.\r
+\r
+14:1 Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful\r
+disputations.\r
+\r
+14:2 For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is\r
+weak, eateth herbs.\r
+\r
+14:3 Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not\r
+him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God hath received him.\r
+\r
+14:4 Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own\r
+master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is\r
+able to make him stand.\r
+\r
+14:5 One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every\r
+day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.\r
+\r
+14:6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he\r
+that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that\r
+eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that\r
+eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks.\r
+\r
+14:7 For none of us liveth to himself, and no man dieth to himself.\r
+\r
+14:8 For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die,\r
+we die unto the Lord: whether we live therefore, or die, we are the\r
+Lord's.\r
+\r
+14:9 For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he\r
+might be Lord both of the dead and living.\r
+\r
+14:10 But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at\r
+nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+14:11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall\r
+bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God.\r
+\r
+14:12 So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God.\r
+\r
+14:13 Let us not therefore judge one another any more: but judge this\r
+rather, that no man put a stumblingblock or an occasion to fall in his\r
+brother's way.\r
+\r
+14:14 I know, and am persuaded by the Lord Jesus, that there is\r
+nothing unclean of itself: but to him that esteemeth any thing to be\r
+unclean, to him it is unclean.\r
+\r
+14:15 But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou\r
+not charitably. Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died.\r
+\r
+14:16 Let not then your good be evil spoken of: 14:17 For the kingdom\r
+of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in\r
+the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+14:18 For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God,\r
+and approved of men.\r
+\r
+14:19 Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace,\r
+and things wherewith one may edify another.\r
+\r
+14:20 For meat destroy not the work of God. All things indeed are\r
+pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence.\r
+\r
+14:21 It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any\r
+thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak.\r
+\r
+14:22 Hast thou faith? have it to thyself before God. Happy is he that\r
+condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth.\r
+\r
+14:23 And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not\r
+of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin.\r
+\r
+15:1 We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the\r
+weak, and not to please ourselves.\r
+\r
+15:2 Let every one of us please his neighbour for his good to\r
+edification.\r
+\r
+15:3 For even Christ pleased not himself; but, as it is written, The\r
+reproaches of them that reproached thee fell on me.\r
+\r
+15:4 For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our\r
+learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might\r
+have hope.\r
+\r
+15:5 Now the God of patience and consolation grant you to be\r
+likeminded one toward another according to Christ Jesus: 15:6 That ye\r
+may with one mind and one mouth glorify God, even the Father of our\r
+Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+15:7 Wherefore receive ye one another, as Christ also received us to\r
+the glory of God.\r
+\r
+15:8 Now I say that Jesus Christ was a minister of the circumcision\r
+for the truth of God, to confirm the promises made unto the fathers:\r
+15:9 And that the Gentiles might glorify God for his mercy; as it is\r
+written, For this cause I will confess to thee among the Gentiles, and\r
+sing unto thy name.\r
+\r
+15:10 And again he saith, Rejoice, ye Gentiles, with his people.\r
+\r
+15:11 And again, Praise the Lord, all ye Gentiles; and laud him, all\r
+ye people.\r
+\r
+15:12 And again, Esaias saith, There shall be a root of Jesse, and he\r
+that shall rise to reign over the Gentiles; in him shall the Gentiles\r
+trust.\r
+\r
+15:13 Now the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in\r
+believing, that ye may abound in hope, through the power of the Holy\r
+Ghost.\r
+\r
+15:14 And I myself also am persuaded of you, my brethren, that ye also\r
+are full of goodness, filled with all knowledge, able also to admonish\r
+one another.\r
+\r
+15:15 Nevertheless, brethren, I have written the more boldly unto you\r
+in some sort, as putting you in mind, because of the grace that is\r
+given to me of God, 15:16 That I should be the minister of Jesus\r
+Christ to the Gentiles, ministering the gospel of God, that the\r
+offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, being sanctified by\r
+the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+15:17 I have therefore whereof I may glory through Jesus Christ in\r
+those things which pertain to God.\r
+\r
+15:18 For I will not dare to speak of any of those things which Christ\r
+hath not wrought by me, to make the Gentiles obedient, by word and\r
+deed, 15:19 Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the\r
+Spirit of God; so that from Jerusalem, and round about unto Illyricum,\r
+I have fully preached the gospel of Christ.\r
+\r
+15:20 Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel, not where Christ\r
+was named, lest I should build upon another man's foundation: 15:21\r
+But as it is written, To whom he was not spoken of, they shall see:\r
+and they that have not heard shall understand.\r
+\r
+15:22 For which cause also I have been much hindered from coming to\r
+you.\r
+\r
+15:23 But now having no more place in these parts, and having a great\r
+desire these many years to come unto you; 15:24 Whensoever I take my\r
+journey into Spain, I will come to you: for I trust to see you in my\r
+journey, and to be brought on my way thitherward by you, if first I be\r
+somewhat filled with your company.\r
+\r
+15:25 But now I go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints.\r
+\r
+15:26 For it hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a\r
+certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+15:27 It hath pleased them verily; and their debtors they are. For if\r
+the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, their\r
+duty is also to minister unto them in carnal things.\r
+\r
+15:28 When therefore I have performed this, and have sealed to them\r
+this fruit, I will come by you into Spain.\r
+\r
+15:29 And I am sure that, when I come unto you, I shall come in the\r
+fulness of the blessing of the gospel of Christ.\r
+\r
+15:30 Now I beseech you, brethren, for the Lord Jesus Christ's sake,\r
+and for the love of the Spirit, that ye strive together with me in\r
+your prayers to God for me; 15:31 That I may be delivered from them\r
+that do not believe in Judaea; and that my service which I have for\r
+Jerusalem may be accepted of the saints; 15:32 That I may come unto\r
+you with joy by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed.\r
+\r
+15:33 Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+16:1 I commend unto you Phebe our sister, which is a servant of the\r
+church which is at Cenchrea: 16:2 That ye receive her in the Lord, as\r
+becometh saints, and that ye assist her in whatsoever business she\r
+hath need of you: for she hath been a succourer of many, and of myself\r
+also.\r
+\r
+16:3 Greet Priscilla and Aquila my helpers in Christ Jesus: 16:4 Who\r
+have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give\r
+thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+16:5 Likewise greet the church that is in their house. Salute my\r
+well-beloved Epaenetus, who is the firstfruits of Achaia unto Christ.\r
+\r
+16:6 Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us.\r
+\r
+16:7 Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners,\r
+who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.\r
+\r
+16:8 Greet Amplias my beloved in the Lord.\r
+\r
+16:9 Salute Urbane, our helper in Christ, and Stachys my beloved.\r
+\r
+16:10 Salute Apelles approved in Christ. Salute them which are of\r
+Aristobulus' household.\r
+\r
+16:11 Salute Herodion my kinsman. Greet them that be of the household\r
+of Narcissus, which are in the Lord.\r
+\r
+16:12 Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. Salute the\r
+beloved Persis, which laboured much in the Lord.\r
+\r
+16:13 Salute Rufus chosen in the Lord, and his mother and mine.\r
+\r
+16:14 Salute Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermas, Patrobas, Hermes, and the\r
+brethren which are with them.\r
+\r
+16:15 Salute Philologus, and Julia, Nereus, and his sister, and\r
+Olympas, and all the saints which are with them.\r
+\r
+16:16 Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ\r
+salute you.\r
+\r
+16:17 Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and\r
+offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid\r
+them.\r
+\r
+16:18 For they that are such serve not our Lord Jesus Christ, but\r
+their own belly; and by good words and fair speeches deceive the\r
+hearts of the simple.\r
+\r
+16:19 For your obedience is come abroad unto all men. I am glad\r
+therefore on your behalf: but yet I would have you wise unto that\r
+which is good, and simple concerning evil.\r
+\r
+16:20 And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly.\r
+The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.\r
+\r
+16:21 Timotheus my workfellow, and Lucius, and Jason, and Sosipater,\r
+my kinsmen, salute you.\r
+\r
+16:22 I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.\r
+\r
+16:23 Gaius mine host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus\r
+the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother.\r
+\r
+16:24 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+16:25 Now to him that is of power to stablish you according to my\r
+gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation\r
+of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began, 16:26 But\r
+now is made manifest, and by the scriptures of the prophets, according\r
+to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations\r
+for the obedience of faith: 16:27 To God only wise, be glory through\r
+Jesus Christ for ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ through the will of\r
+God, and Sosthenes our brother, 1:2 Unto the church of God which is at\r
+Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be\r
+saints, with all that in every place call upon the name of Jesus\r
+Christ our Lord, both their's and our's: 1:3 Grace be unto you, and\r
+peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:4 I thank my God always on your behalf, for the grace of God which\r
+is given you by Jesus Christ; 1:5 That in every thing ye are enriched\r
+by him, in all utterance, and in all knowledge; 1:6 Even as the\r
+testimony of Christ was confirmed in you: 1:7 So that ye come behind\r
+in no gift; waiting for the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ: 1:8 Who\r
+shall also confirm you unto the end, that ye may be blameless in the\r
+day of our Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:9 God is faithful, by whom ye were called unto the fellowship of his\r
+Son Jesus Christ our Lord.\r
+\r
+1:10 Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no\r
+divisions among you; but that ye be perfectly joined together in the\r
+same mind and in the same judgment.\r
+\r
+1:11 For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them\r
+which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you.\r
+\r
+1:12 Now this I say, that every one of you saith, I am of Paul; and I\r
+of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ.\r
+\r
+1:13 Is Christ divided? was Paul crucified for you? or were ye\r
+baptized in the name of Paul? 1:14 I thank God that I baptized none\r
+of you, but Crispus and Gaius; 1:15 Lest any should say that I had\r
+baptized in mine own name.\r
+\r
+1:16 And I baptized also the household of Stephanas: besides, I know\r
+not whether I baptized any other.\r
+\r
+1:17 For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel: not\r
+with wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none\r
+effect.\r
+\r
+1:18 For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish\r
+foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God.\r
+\r
+1:19 For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and\r
+will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent.\r
+\r
+1:20 Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of\r
+this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? 1:21\r
+For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God,\r
+it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that\r
+believe.\r
+\r
+1:22 For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom:\r
+1:23 But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock,\r
+and unto the Greeks foolishness; 1:24 But unto them which are called,\r
+both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God.\r
+\r
+1:25 Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the\r
+weakness of God is stronger than men.\r
+\r
+1:26 For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men\r
+after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: 1:27 But\r
+God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise;\r
+and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the\r
+things which are mighty; 1:28 And base things of the world, and things\r
+which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not, to\r
+bring to nought things that are: 1:29 That no flesh should glory in\r
+his presence.\r
+\r
+1:30 But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us\r
+wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: 1:31\r
+That, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in\r
+the Lord.\r
+\r
+2:1 And I, brethren, when I came to you, came not with excellency of\r
+speech or of wisdom, declaring unto you the testimony of God.\r
+\r
+2:2 For I determined not to know any thing among you, save Jesus\r
+Christ, and him crucified.\r
+\r
+2:3 And I was with you in weakness, and in fear, and in much\r
+trembling.\r
+\r
+2:4 And my speech and my preaching was not with enticing words of\r
+man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power: 2:5\r
+That your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the\r
+power of God.\r
+\r
+2:6 Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: yet not the\r
+wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, that come to\r
+nought: 2:7 But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the\r
+hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: 2:8\r
+Which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it,\r
+they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.\r
+\r
+2:9 But as it is written, Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither\r
+have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared\r
+for them that love him.\r
+\r
+2:10 But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit\r
+searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God.\r
+\r
+2:11 For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man\r
+which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the\r
+Spirit of God.\r
+\r
+2:12 Now we have received, not the spirit of the world, but the spirit\r
+which is of God; that we might know the things that are freely given\r
+to us of God.\r
+\r
+2:13 Which things also we speak, not in the words which man's wisdom\r
+teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual\r
+things with spiritual.\r
+\r
+2:14 But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of\r
+God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them,\r
+because they are spiritually discerned.\r
+\r
+2:15 But he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is\r
+judged of no man.\r
+\r
+2:16 For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct\r
+him? But we have the mind of Christ.\r
+\r
+3:1 And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but\r
+as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ.\r
+\r
+3:2 I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were\r
+not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able.\r
+\r
+3:3 For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envying, and\r
+strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and walk as men? 3:4 For\r
+while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye\r
+not carnal? 3:5 Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers\r
+by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? 3:6 I have\r
+planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase.\r
+\r
+3:7 So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that\r
+watereth; but God that giveth the increase.\r
+\r
+3:8 Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man\r
+shall receive his own reward according to his own labour.\r
+\r
+3:9 For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye\r
+are God's building.\r
+\r
+3:10 According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise\r
+masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth\r
+thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon.\r
+\r
+3:11 For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is\r
+Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+3:12 Now if any man build upon this foundation gold, silver, precious\r
+stones, wood, hay, stubble; 3:13 Every man's work shall be made\r
+manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed\r
+by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is.\r
+\r
+3:14 If any man's work abide which he hath built thereupon, he shall\r
+receive a reward.\r
+\r
+3:15 If any man's work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss: but he\r
+himself shall be saved; yet so as by fire.\r
+\r
+3:16 Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of\r
+God dwelleth in you? 3:17 If any man defile the temple of God, him\r
+shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.\r
+\r
+3:18 Let no man deceive himself. If any man among you seemeth to be\r
+wise in this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise.\r
+\r
+3:19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is\r
+written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.\r
+\r
+3:20 And again, The Lord knoweth the thoughts of the wise, that they\r
+are vain.\r
+\r
+3:21 Therefore let no man glory in men. For all things are your's;\r
+3:22 Whether Paul, or Apollos, or Cephas, or the world, or life, or\r
+death, or things present, or things to come; all are your's; 3:23 And\r
+ye are Christ's; and Christ is God's.\r
+\r
+4:1 Let a man so account of us, as of the ministers of Christ, and\r
+stewards of the mysteries of God.\r
+\r
+4:2 Moreover it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful.\r
+\r
+4:3 But with me it is a very small thing that I should be judged of\r
+you, or of man's judgment: yea, I judge not mine own self.\r
+\r
+4:4 For I know nothing by myself; yet am I not hereby justified: but\r
+he that judgeth me is the Lord.\r
+\r
+4:5 Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, who\r
+both will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make\r
+manifest the counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have\r
+praise of God.\r
+\r
+4:6 And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to\r
+myself and to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to\r
+think of men above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed\r
+up for one against another.\r
+\r
+4:7 For who maketh thee to differ from another? and what hast thou\r
+that thou didst not receive? now if thou didst receive it, why dost\r
+thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it? 4:8 Now ye are full,\r
+now ye are rich, ye have reigned as kings without us: and I would to\r
+God ye did reign, that we also might reign with you.\r
+\r
+4:9 For I think that God hath set forth us the apostles last, as it\r
+were appointed to death: for we are made a spectacle unto the world,\r
+and to angels, and to men.\r
+\r
+4:10 We are fools for Christ's sake, but ye are wise in Christ; we are\r
+weak, but ye are strong; ye are honourable, but we are despised.\r
+\r
+4:11 Even unto this present hour we both hunger, and thirst, and are\r
+naked, and are buffeted, and have no certain dwellingplace; 4:12 And\r
+labour, working with our own hands: being reviled, we bless; being\r
+persecuted, we suffer it: 4:13 Being defamed, we intreat: we are made\r
+as the filth of the world, and are the offscouring of all things unto\r
+this day.\r
+\r
+4:14 I write not these things to shame you, but as my beloved sons I\r
+warn you.\r
+\r
+4:15 For though ye have ten thousand instructers in Christ, yet have\r
+ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through\r
+the gospel.\r
+\r
+4:16 Wherefore I beseech you, be ye followers of me.\r
+\r
+4:17 For this cause have I sent unto you Timotheus, who is my beloved\r
+son, and faithful in the Lord, who shall bring you into remembrance of\r
+my ways which be in Christ, as I teach every where in every church.\r
+\r
+4:18 Now some are puffed up, as though I would not come to you.\r
+\r
+4:19 But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord will, and will know,\r
+not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power.\r
+\r
+4:20 For the kingdom of God is not in word, but in power.\r
+\r
+4:21 What will ye? shall I come unto you with a rod, or in love, and\r
+in the spirit of meekness? 5:1 It is reported commonly that there is\r
+fornication among you, and such fornication as is not so much as named\r
+among the Gentiles, that one should have his father's wife.\r
+\r
+5:2 And ye are puffed up, and have not rather mourned, that he that\r
+hath done this deed might be taken away from among you.\r
+\r
+5:3 For I verily, as absent in body, but present in spirit, have\r
+judged already, as though I were present, concerning him that hath so\r
+done this deed, 5:4 In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, when ye are\r
+gathered together, and my spirit, with the power of our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, 5:5 To deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of\r
+the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+5:6 Your glorying is not good. Know ye not that a little leaven\r
+leaveneth the whole lump? 5:7 Purge out therefore the old leaven,\r
+that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our\r
+passover is sacrificed for us: 5:8 Therefore let us keep the feast,\r
+not with old leaven, neither with the leaven of malice and wickedness;\r
+but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.\r
+\r
+5:9 I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators:\r
+5:10 Yet not altogether with the fornicators of this world, or with\r
+the covetous, or extortioners, or with idolaters; for then must ye\r
+needs go out of the world.\r
+\r
+5:11 But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man\r
+that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater,\r
+or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not\r
+to eat.\r
+\r
+5:12 For what have I to do to judge them also that are without? do not\r
+ye judge them that are within? 5:13 But them that are without God\r
+judgeth. Therefore put away from among yourselves that wicked person.\r
+\r
+6:1 Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before\r
+the unjust, and not before the saints? 6:2 Do ye not know that the\r
+saints shall judge the world? and if the world shall be judged by you,\r
+are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters? 6:3 Know ye not that\r
+we shall judge angels? how much more things that pertain to this life?\r
+6:4 If then ye have judgments of things pertaining to this life, set\r
+them to judge who are least esteemed in the church.\r
+\r
+6:5 I speak to your shame. Is it so, that there is not a wise man\r
+among you? no, not one that shall be able to judge between his\r
+brethren? 6:6 But brother goeth to law with brother, and that before\r
+the unbelievers.\r
+\r
+6:7 Now therefore there is utterly a fault among you, because ye go to\r
+law one with another. Why do ye not rather take wrong? why do ye not\r
+rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded? 6:8 Nay, ye do wrong, and\r
+defraud, and that your brethren.\r
+\r
+6:9 Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of\r
+God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor\r
+adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind,\r
+6:10 Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor\r
+extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God.\r
+\r
+6:11 And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are\r
+sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by\r
+the Spirit of our God.\r
+\r
+6:12 All things are lawful unto me, but all things are not expedient:\r
+all things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the\r
+power of any.\r
+\r
+6:13 Meats for the belly, and the belly for meats: but God shall\r
+destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for fornication, but for\r
+the Lord; and the Lord for the body.\r
+\r
+6:14 And God hath both raised up the Lord, and will also raise up us\r
+by his own power.\r
+\r
+6:15 Know ye not that your bodies are the members of Christ? shall I\r
+then take the members of Christ, and make them the members of an\r
+harlot? God forbid.\r
+\r
+6:16 What? know ye not that he which is joined to an harlot is one\r
+body? for two, saith he, shall be one flesh.\r
+\r
+6:17 But he that is joined unto the Lord is one spirit.\r
+\r
+6:18 Flee fornication. Every sin that a man doeth is without the body;\r
+but he that committeth fornication sinneth against his own body.\r
+\r
+6:19 What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost\r
+which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? 6:20\r
+For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body,\r
+and in your spirit, which are God's.\r
+\r
+7:1 Now concerning the things whereof ye wrote unto me: It is good for\r
+a man not to touch a woman.\r
+\r
+7:2 Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own\r
+wife, and let every woman have her own husband.\r
+\r
+7:3 Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence: and likewise\r
+also the wife unto the husband.\r
+\r
+7:4 The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband: and\r
+likewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the\r
+wife.\r
+\r
+7:5 Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a\r
+time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come\r
+together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.\r
+\r
+7:6 But I speak this by permission, and not of commandment.\r
+\r
+7:7 For I would that all men were even as I myself. But every man hath\r
+his proper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that.\r
+\r
+7:8 I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them\r
+if they abide even as I.\r
+\r
+7:9 But if they cannot contain, let them marry: for it is better to\r
+marry than to burn.\r
+\r
+7:10 And unto the married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, Let not\r
+the wife depart from her husband: 7:11 But and if she depart, let her\r
+remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband: and let not the\r
+husband put away his wife.\r
+\r
+7:12 But to the rest speak I, not the Lord: If any brother hath a wife\r
+that believeth not, and she be pleased to dwell with him, let him not\r
+put her away.\r
+\r
+7:13 And the woman which hath an husband that believeth not, and if he\r
+be pleased to dwell with her, let her not leave him.\r
+\r
+7:14 For the unbelieving husband is sanctified by the wife, and the\r
+unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband: else were your children\r
+unclean; but now are they holy.\r
+\r
+7:15 But if the unbelieving depart, let him depart. A brother or a\r
+sister is not under bondage in such cases: but God hath called us to\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+7:16 For what knowest thou, O wife, whether thou shalt save thy\r
+husband? or how knowest thou, O man, whether thou shalt save thy\r
+wife? 7:17 But as God hath distributed to every man, as the Lord hath\r
+called every one, so let him walk. And so ordain I in all churches.\r
+\r
+7:18 Is any man called being circumcised? let him not become\r
+uncircumcised. Is any called in uncircumcision? let him not be\r
+circumcised.\r
+\r
+7:19 Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the\r
+keeping of the commandments of God.\r
+\r
+7:20 Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called.\r
+\r
+7:21 Art thou called being a servant? care not for it: but if thou\r
+mayest be made free, use it rather.\r
+\r
+7:22 For he that is called in the Lord, being a servant, is the Lord's\r
+freeman: likewise also he that is called, being free, is Christ's\r
+servant.\r
+\r
+7:23 Ye are bought with a price; be not ye the servants of men.\r
+\r
+7:24 Brethren, let every man, wherein he is called, therein abide with\r
+God.\r
+\r
+7:25 Now concerning virgins I have no commandment of the Lord: yet I\r
+give my judgment, as one that hath obtained mercy of the Lord to be\r
+faithful.\r
+\r
+7:26 I suppose therefore that this is good for the present distress, I\r
+say, that it is good for a man so to be.\r
+\r
+7:27 Art thou bound unto a wife? seek not to be loosed. Art thou\r
+loosed from a wife? seek not a wife.\r
+\r
+7:28 But and if thou marry, thou hast not sinned; and if a virgin\r
+marry, she hath not sinned. Nevertheless such shall have trouble in\r
+the flesh: but I spare you.\r
+\r
+7:29 But this I say, brethren, the time is short: it remaineth, that\r
+both they that have wives be as though they had none; 7:30 And they\r
+that weep, as though they wept not; and they that rejoice, as though\r
+they rejoiced not; and they that buy, as though they possessed not;\r
+7:31 And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion\r
+of this world passeth away.\r
+\r
+7:32 But I would have you without carefulness. He that is unmarried\r
+careth for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please the\r
+Lord: 7:33 But he that is married careth for the things that are of\r
+the world, how he may please his wife.\r
+\r
+7:34 There is difference also between a wife and a virgin. The\r
+unmarried woman careth for the things of the Lord, that she may be\r
+holy both in body and in spirit: but she that is married careth for\r
+the things of the world, how she may please her husband.\r
+\r
+7:35 And this I speak for your own profit; not that I may cast a snare\r
+upon you, but for that which is comely, and that ye may attend upon\r
+the Lord without distraction.\r
+\r
+7:36 But if any man think that he behaveth himself uncomely toward his\r
+virgin, if she pass the flower of her age, and need so require, let\r
+him do what he will, he sinneth not: let them marry.\r
+\r
+7:37 Nevertheless he that standeth stedfast in his heart, having no\r
+necessity, but hath power over his own will, and hath so decreed in\r
+his heart that he will keep his virgin, doeth well.\r
+\r
+7:38 So then he that giveth her in marriage doeth well; but he that\r
+giveth her not in marriage doeth better.\r
+\r
+7:39 The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but\r
+if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she\r
+will; only in the Lord.\r
+\r
+7:40 But she is happier if she so abide, after my judgment: and I\r
+think also that I have the Spirit of God.\r
+\r
+8:1 Now as touching things offered unto idols, we know that we all\r
+have knowledge. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth.\r
+\r
+8:2 And if any man think that he knoweth any thing, he knoweth nothing\r
+yet as he ought to know.\r
+\r
+8:3 But if any man love God, the same is known of him.\r
+\r
+8:4 As concerning therefore the eating of those things that are\r
+offered in sacrifice unto idols, we know that an idol is nothing in\r
+the world, and that there is none other God but one.\r
+\r
+8:5 For though there be that are called gods, whether in heaven or in\r
+earth, (as there be gods many, and lords many,) 8:6 But to us there is\r
+but one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we in him; and\r
+one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by him.\r
+\r
+8:7 Howbeit there is not in every man that knowledge: for some with\r
+conscience of the idol unto this hour eat it as a thing offered unto\r
+an idol; and their conscience being weak is defiled.\r
+\r
+8:8 But meat commendeth us not to God: for neither, if we eat, are we\r
+the better; neither, if we eat not, are we the worse.\r
+\r
+8:9 But take heed lest by any means this liberty of your's become a\r
+stumblingblock to them that are weak.\r
+\r
+8:10 For if any man see thee which hast knowledge sit at meat in the\r
+idol's temple, shall not the conscience of him which is weak be\r
+emboldened to eat those things which are offered to idols; 8:11 And\r
+through thy knowledge shall the weak brother perish, for whom Christ\r
+died? 8:12 But when ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their\r
+weak conscience, ye sin against Christ.\r
+\r
+8:13 Wherefore, if meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh\r
+while the world standeth, lest I make my brother to offend.\r
+\r
+9:1 Am I not an apostle? am I not free? have I not seen Jesus Christ\r
+our Lord? are not ye my work in the Lord? 9:2 If I be not an apostle\r
+unto others, yet doubtless I am to you: for the seal of mine\r
+apostleship are ye in the Lord.\r
+\r
+9:3 Mine answer to them that do examine me is this, 9:4 Have we not\r
+power to eat and to drink? 9:5 Have we not power to lead about a\r
+sister, a wife, as well as other apostles, and as the brethren of the\r
+Lord, and Cephas? 9:6 Or I only and Barnabas, have not we power to\r
+forbear working? 9:7 Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges?\r
+who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who\r
+feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock? 9:8 Say I\r
+these things as a man? or saith not the law the same also? 9:9 For it\r
+is written in the law of Moses, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the\r
+ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen? 9:10 Or\r
+saith he it altogether for our sakes? For our sakes, no doubt, this is\r
+written: that he that ploweth should plow in hope; and that he that\r
+thresheth in hope should be partaker of his hope.\r
+\r
+9:11 If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if\r
+we shall reap your carnal things? 9:12 If others be partakers of this\r
+power over you, are not we rather? Nevertheless we have not used this\r
+power; but suffer all things, lest we should hinder the gospel of\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+9:13 Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of\r
+the things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar are\r
+partakers with the altar? 9:14 Even so hath the Lord ordained that\r
+they which preach the gospel should live of the gospel.\r
+\r
+9:15 But I have used none of these things: neither have I written\r
+these things, that it should be so done unto me: for it were better\r
+for me to die, than that any man should make my glorying void.\r
+\r
+9:16 For though I preach the gospel, I have nothing to glory of: for\r
+necessity is laid upon me; yea, woe is unto me, if I preach not the\r
+gospel! 9:17 For if I do this thing willingly, I have a reward: but\r
+if against my will, a dispensation of the gospel is committed unto me.\r
+\r
+9:18 What is my reward then? Verily that, when I preach the gospel, I\r
+may make the gospel of Christ without charge, that I abuse not my\r
+power in the gospel.\r
+\r
+9:19 For though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant\r
+unto all, that I might gain the more.\r
+\r
+9:20 And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews;\r
+to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain\r
+them that are under the law; 9:21 To them that are without law, as\r
+without law, (being not without law to God, but under the law to\r
+Christ,) that I might gain them that are without law.\r
+\r
+9:22 To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am\r
+made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.\r
+\r
+9:23 And this I do for the gospel's sake, that I might be partaker\r
+thereof with you.\r
+\r
+9:24 Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one\r
+receiveth the prize? So run, that ye may obtain.\r
+\r
+9:25 And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all\r
+things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an\r
+incorruptible.\r
+\r
+9:26 I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so fight I, not as one\r
+that beateth the air: 9:27 But I keep under my body, and bring it into\r
+subjection: lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I\r
+myself should be a castaway.\r
+\r
+10:1 Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how\r
+that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the\r
+sea; 10:2 And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the\r
+sea; 10:3 And did all eat the same spiritual meat; 10:4 And did all\r
+drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock\r
+that followed them: and that Rock was Christ.\r
+\r
+10:5 But with many of them God was not well pleased: for they were\r
+overthrown in the wilderness.\r
+\r
+10:6 Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not\r
+lust after evil things, as they also lusted.\r
+\r
+10:7 Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written,\r
+The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play.\r
+\r
+10:8 Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and\r
+fell in one day three and twenty thousand.\r
+\r
+10:9 Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also tempted, and\r
+were destroyed of serpents.\r
+\r
+10:10 Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured, and were\r
+destroyed of the destroyer.\r
+\r
+10:11 Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they\r
+are written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are\r
+come.\r
+\r
+10:12 Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he\r
+fall.\r
+\r
+10:13 There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man:\r
+but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that\r
+ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape,\r
+that ye may be able to bear it.\r
+\r
+10:14 Wherefore, my dearly beloved, flee from idolatry.\r
+\r
+10:15 I speak as to wise men; judge ye what I say.\r
+\r
+10:16 The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of\r
+the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion\r
+of the body of Christ? 10:17 For we being many are one bread, and one\r
+body: for we are all partakers of that one bread.\r
+\r
+10:18 Behold Israel after the flesh: are not they which eat of the\r
+sacrifices partakers of the altar? 10:19 What say I then? that the\r
+idol is any thing, or that which is offered in sacrifice to idols is\r
+any thing? 10:20 But I say, that the things which the Gentiles\r
+sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not\r
+that ye should have fellowship with devils.\r
+\r
+10:21 Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye\r
+cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils.\r
+\r
+10:22 Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? are we stronger than he?\r
+10:23 All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient:\r
+all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not.\r
+\r
+10:24 Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth.\r
+\r
+10:25 Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat, asking no question\r
+for conscience sake: 10:26 For the earth is the Lord's, and the\r
+fulness thereof.\r
+\r
+10:27 If any of them that believe not bid you to a feast, and ye be\r
+disposed to go; whatsoever is set before you, eat, asking no question\r
+for conscience sake.\r
+\r
+10:28 But if any man say unto you, This is offered in sacrifice unto\r
+idols, eat not for his sake that shewed it, and for conscience sake:\r
+for the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof: 10:29\r
+Conscience, I say, not thine own, but of the other: for why is my\r
+liberty judged of another man's conscience? 10:30 For if I by grace\r
+be a partaker, why am I evil spoken of for that for which I give\r
+thanks? 10:31 Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye\r
+do, do all to the glory of God.\r
+\r
+10:32 Give none offence, neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor\r
+to the church of God: 10:33 Even as I please all men in all things,\r
+not seeking mine own profit, but the profit of many, that they may be\r
+saved.\r
+\r
+11:1 Be ye followers of me, even as I also am of Christ.\r
+\r
+11:2 Now I praise you, brethren, that ye remember me in all things,\r
+and keep the ordinances, as I delivered them to you.\r
+\r
+11:3 But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ;\r
+and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God.\r
+\r
+11:4 Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered,\r
+dishonoureth his head.\r
+\r
+11:5 But every woman that prayeth or prophesieth with her head\r
+uncovered dishonoureth her head: for that is even all one as if she\r
+were shaven.\r
+\r
+11:6 For if the woman be not covered, let her also be shorn: but if it\r
+be a shame for a woman to be shorn or shaven, let her be covered.\r
+\r
+11:7 For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is\r
+the image and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man.\r
+\r
+11:8 For the man is not of the woman: but the woman of the man.\r
+\r
+11:9 Neither was the man created for the woman; but the woman for the\r
+man.\r
+\r
+11:10 For this cause ought the woman to have power on her head because\r
+of the angels.\r
+\r
+11:11 Nevertheless neither is the man without the woman, neither the\r
+woman without the man, in the Lord.\r
+\r
+11:12 For as the woman is of the man, even so is the man also by the\r
+woman; but all things of God.\r
+\r
+11:13 Judge in yourselves: is it comely that a woman pray unto God\r
+uncovered? 11:14 Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a\r
+man have long hair, it is a shame unto him? 11:15 But if a woman have\r
+long hair, it is a glory to her: for her hair is given her for a\r
+covering.\r
+\r
+11:16 But if any man seem to be contentious, we have no such custom,\r
+neither the churches of God.\r
+\r
+11:17 Now in this that I declare unto you I praise you not, that ye\r
+come together not for the better, but for the worse.\r
+\r
+11:18 For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear\r
+that there be divisions among you; and I partly believe it.\r
+\r
+11:19 For there must be also heresies among you, that they which are\r
+approved may be made manifest among you.\r
+\r
+11:20 When ye come together therefore into one place, this is not to\r
+eat the Lord's supper.\r
+\r
+11:21 For in eating every one taketh before other his own supper: and\r
+one is hungry, and another is drunken.\r
+\r
+11:22 What? have ye not houses to eat and to drink in? or despise ye\r
+the church of God, and shame them that have not? What shall I say to\r
+you? shall I praise you in this? I praise you not.\r
+\r
+11:23 For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto\r
+you, That the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took\r
+bread: 11:24 And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said,\r
+Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in\r
+remembrance of me.\r
+\r
+11:25 After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped,\r
+saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft\r
+as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.\r
+\r
+11:26 For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do\r
+shew the Lord's death till he come.\r
+\r
+11:27 Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of\r
+the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+11:28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread,\r
+and drink of that cup.\r
+\r
+11:29 For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh\r
+damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord's body.\r
+\r
+11:30 For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many\r
+sleep.\r
+\r
+11:31 For if we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged.\r
+\r
+11:32 But when we are judged, we are chastened of the Lord, that we\r
+should not be condemned with the world.\r
+\r
+11:33 Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one\r
+for another.\r
+\r
+11:34 And if any man hunger, let him eat at home; that ye come not\r
+together unto condemnation. And the rest will I set in order when I\r
+come.\r
+\r
+12:1 Now concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I would not have you\r
+ignorant.\r
+\r
+12:2 Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb\r
+idols, even as ye were led.\r
+\r
+12:3 Wherefore I give you to understand, that no man speaking by the\r
+Spirit of God calleth Jesus accursed: and that no man can say that\r
+Jesus is the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+12:4 Now there are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit.\r
+\r
+12:5 And there are differences of administrations, but the same Lord.\r
+\r
+12:6 And there are diversities of operations, but it is the same God\r
+which worketh all in all.\r
+\r
+12:7 But the manifestation of the Spirit is given to every man to\r
+profit withal.\r
+\r
+12:8 For to one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom; to another\r
+the word of knowledge by the same Spirit; 12:9 To another faith by the\r
+same Spirit; to another the gifts of healing by the same Spirit; 12:10\r
+To another the working of miracles; to another prophecy; to another\r
+discerning of spirits; to another divers kinds of tongues; to another\r
+the interpretation of tongues: 12:11 But all these worketh that one\r
+and the selfsame Spirit, dividing to every man severally as he will.\r
+\r
+12:12 For as the body is one, and hath many members, and all the\r
+members of that one body, being many, are one body: so also is Christ.\r
+\r
+12:13 For by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we\r
+be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all\r
+made to drink into one Spirit.\r
+\r
+12:14 For the body is not one member, but many.\r
+\r
+12:15 If the foot shall say, Because I am not the hand, I am not of\r
+the body; is it therefore not of the body? 12:16 And if the ear shall\r
+say, Because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore\r
+not of the body? 12:17 If the whole body were an eye, where were the\r
+hearing? If the whole were hearing, where were the smelling? 12:18\r
+But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it\r
+hath pleased him.\r
+\r
+12:19 And if they were all one member, where were the body? 12:20 But\r
+now are they many members, yet but one body.\r
+\r
+12:21 And the eye cannot say unto the hand, I have no need of thee:\r
+nor again the head to the feet, I have no need of you.\r
+\r
+12:22 Nay, much more those members of the body, which seem to be more\r
+feeble, are necessary: 12:23 And those members of the body, which we\r
+think to be less honourable, upon these we bestow more abundant\r
+honour; and our uncomely parts have more abundant comeliness.\r
+\r
+12:24 For our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the\r
+body together, having given more abundant honour to that part which\r
+lacked.\r
+\r
+12:25 That there should be no schism in the body; but that the members\r
+should have the same care one for another.\r
+\r
+12:26 And whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it;\r
+or one member be honoured, all the members rejoice with it.\r
+\r
+12:27 Now ye are the body of Christ, and members in particular.\r
+\r
+12:28 And God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily\r
+prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of\r
+healings, helps, governments, diversities of tongues.\r
+\r
+12:29 Are all apostles? are all prophets? are all teachers? are all\r
+workers of miracles? 12:30 Have all the gifts of healing? do all\r
+speak with tongues? do all interpret? 12:31 But covet earnestly the\r
+best gifts: and yet shew I unto you a more excellent way.\r
+\r
+13:1 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have\r
+not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.\r
+\r
+13:2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all\r
+mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I\r
+could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing.\r
+\r
+13:3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I\r
+give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me\r
+nothing.\r
+\r
+13:4 Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity\r
+vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, 13:5 Doth not behave itself\r
+unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no\r
+evil; 13:6 Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; 13:7\r
+Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth\r
+all things.\r
+\r
+13:8 Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they\r
+shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there\r
+be knowledge, it shall vanish away.\r
+\r
+13:9 For we know in part, and we prophesy in part.\r
+\r
+13:10 But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in\r
+part shall be done away.\r
+\r
+13:11 When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child,\r
+I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish\r
+things.\r
+\r
+13:12 For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face:\r
+now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.\r
+\r
+13:13 And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the\r
+greatest of these is charity.\r
+\r
+14:1 Follow after charity, and desire spiritual gifts, but rather that\r
+ye may prophesy.\r
+\r
+14:2 For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men,\r
+but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he\r
+speaketh mysteries.\r
+\r
+14:3 But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification, and\r
+exhortation, and comfort.\r
+\r
+14:4 He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself; but he\r
+that prophesieth edifieth the church.\r
+\r
+14:5 I would that ye all spake with tongues but rather that ye\r
+prophesied: for greater is he that prophesieth than he that speaketh\r
+with tongues, except he interpret, that the church may receive\r
+edifying.\r
+\r
+14:6 Now, brethren, if I come unto you speaking with tongues, what\r
+shall I profit you, except I shall speak to you either by revelation,\r
+or by knowledge, or by prophesying, or by doctrine? 14:7 And even\r
+things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp, except they\r
+give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped\r
+or harped? 14:8 For if the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall\r
+prepare himself to the battle? 14:9 So likewise ye, except ye utter\r
+by the tongue words easy to be understood, how shall it be known what\r
+is spoken? for ye shall speak into the air.\r
+\r
+14:10 There are, it may be, so many kinds of voices in the world, and\r
+none of them is without signification.\r
+\r
+14:11 Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be\r
+unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a\r
+barbarian unto me.\r
+\r
+14:12 Even so ye, forasmuch as ye are zealous of spiritual gifts, seek\r
+that ye may excel to the edifying of the church.\r
+\r
+14:13 Wherefore let him that speaketh in an unknown tongue pray that\r
+he may interpret.\r
+\r
+14:14 For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my\r
+understanding is unfruitful.\r
+\r
+14:15 What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray\r
+with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit, and I will\r
+sing with the understanding also.\r
+\r
+14:16 Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that\r
+occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks,\r
+seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest? 14:17 For thou verily\r
+givest thanks well, but the other is not edified.\r
+\r
+14:18 I thank my God, I speak with tongues more than ye all: 14:19 Yet\r
+in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding,\r
+that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in\r
+an unknown tongue.\r
+\r
+14:20 Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be\r
+ye children, but in understanding be men.\r
+\r
+14:21 In the law it is written, With men of other tongues and other\r
+lips will I speak unto this people; and yet for all that will they not\r
+hear me, saith the LORD.\r
+\r
+14:22 Wherefore tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but\r
+to them that believe not: but prophesying serveth not for them that\r
+believe not, but for them which believe.\r
+\r
+14:23 If therefore the whole church be come together into one place,\r
+and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are\r
+unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad? 14:24\r
+But if all prophesy, and there come in one that believeth not, or one\r
+unlearned, he is convinced of all, he is judged of all: 14:25 And thus\r
+are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his\r
+face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth.\r
+\r
+14:26 How is it then, brethren? when ye come together, every one of\r
+you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine, hath a tongue, hath a revelation,\r
+hath an interpretation. Let all things be done unto edifying.\r
+\r
+14:27 If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at\r
+the most by three, and that by course; and let one interpret.\r
+\r
+14:28 But if there be no interpreter, let him keep silence in the\r
+church; and let him speak to himself, and to God.\r
+\r
+14:29 Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge.\r
+\r
+14:30 If any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the\r
+first hold his peace.\r
+\r
+14:31 For ye may all prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all\r
+may be comforted.\r
+\r
+14:32 And the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets.\r
+\r
+14:33 For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all\r
+churches of the saints.\r
+\r
+14:34 Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not\r
+permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under\r
+obedience as also saith the law.\r
+\r
+14:35 And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at\r
+home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church.\r
+\r
+14:36 What? came the word of God out from you? or came it unto you\r
+only? 14:37 If any man think himself to be a prophet, or spiritual,\r
+let him acknowledge that the things that I write unto you are the\r
+commandments of the Lord.\r
+\r
+14:38 But if any man be ignorant, let him be ignorant.\r
+\r
+14:39 Wherefore, brethren, covet to prophesy, and forbid not to speak\r
+with tongues.\r
+\r
+14:40 Let all things be done decently and in order.\r
+\r
+15:1 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I\r
+preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;\r
+15:2 By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached\r
+unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.\r
+\r
+15:3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received,\r
+how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; 15:4\r
+And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according\r
+to the scriptures: 15:5 And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the\r
+twelve: 15:6 After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at\r
+once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are\r
+fallen asleep.\r
+\r
+15:7 After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles.\r
+\r
+15:8 And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due\r
+time.\r
+\r
+15:9 For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called\r
+an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.\r
+\r
+15:10 But by the grace of God I am what I am: and his grace which was\r
+bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more abundantly than\r
+they all: yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me.\r
+\r
+15:11 Therefore whether it were I or they, so we preach, and so ye\r
+believed.\r
+\r
+15:12 Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say\r
+some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead? 15:13 But\r
+if there be no resurrection of the dead, then is Christ not risen:\r
+15:14 And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your\r
+faith is also vain.\r
+\r
+15:15 Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have\r
+testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if\r
+so be that the dead rise not.\r
+\r
+15:16 For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised: 15:17 And\r
+if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins.\r
+\r
+15:18 Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished.\r
+\r
+15:19 If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men\r
+most miserable.\r
+\r
+15:20 But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the\r
+firstfruits of them that slept.\r
+\r
+15:21 For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection\r
+of the dead.\r
+\r
+15:22 For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made\r
+alive.\r
+\r
+15:23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits;\r
+afterward they that are Christ's at his coming.\r
+\r
+15:24 Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom\r
+to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all\r
+authority and power.\r
+\r
+15:25 For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet.\r
+\r
+15:26 The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death.\r
+\r
+15:27 For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all\r
+things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which\r
+did put all things under him.\r
+\r
+15:28 And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the\r
+Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him,\r
+that God may be all in all.\r
+\r
+15:29 Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the\r
+dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead? 15:30\r
+And why stand we in jeopardy every hour? 15:31 I protest by your\r
+rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our LORD, I die daily.\r
+\r
+15:32 If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus,\r
+what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink;\r
+for to morrow we die.\r
+\r
+15:33 Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners.\r
+\r
+15:34 Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the\r
+knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame.\r
+\r
+15:35 But some man will say, How are the dead raised up? and with what\r
+body do they come? 15:36 Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not\r
+quickened, except it die: 15:37 And that which thou sowest, thou\r
+sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of\r
+wheat, or of some other grain: 15:38 But God giveth it a body as it\r
+hath pleased him, and to every seed his own body.\r
+\r
+15:39 All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind of flesh\r
+of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of\r
+birds.\r
+\r
+15:40 There are also celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial: but the\r
+glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is\r
+another.\r
+\r
+15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon,\r
+and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another\r
+star in glory.\r
+\r
+15:42 So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in\r
+corruption; it is raised in incorruption: 15:43 It is sown in\r
+dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised\r
+in power: 15:44 It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual\r
+body. There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body.\r
+\r
+15:45 And so it is written, The first man Adam was made a living soul;\r
+the last Adam was made a quickening spirit.\r
+\r
+15:46 Howbeit that was not first which is spiritual, but that which is\r
+natural; and afterward that which is spiritual.\r
+\r
+15:47 The first man is of the earth, earthy; the second man is the\r
+Lord from heaven.\r
+\r
+15:48 As is the earthy, such are they also that are earthy: and as is\r
+the heavenly, such are they also that are heavenly.\r
+\r
+15:49 And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear\r
+the image of the heavenly.\r
+\r
+15:50 Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit\r
+the kingdom of God; neither doth corruption inherit incorruption.\r
+\r
+15:51 Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not all sleep, but we\r
+shall all be changed, 15:52 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye,\r
+at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be\r
+raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.\r
+\r
+15:53 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal\r
+must put on immortality.\r
+\r
+15:54 So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and\r
+this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to\r
+pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory.\r
+\r
+15:55 O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?\r
+15:56 The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law.\r
+\r
+15:57 But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our\r
+Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+15:58 Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye stedfast, unmoveable,\r
+always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that\r
+your labour is not in vain in the Lord.\r
+\r
+16:1 Now concerning the collection for the saints, as I have given\r
+order to the churches of Galatia, even so do ye.\r
+\r
+16:2 Upon the first day of the week let every one of you lay by him in\r
+store, as God hath prospered him, that there be no gatherings when I\r
+come.\r
+\r
+16:3 And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your letters,\r
+them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem.\r
+\r
+16:4 And if it be meet that I go also, they shall go with me.\r
+\r
+16:5 Now I will come unto you, when I shall pass through Macedonia:\r
+for I do pass through Macedonia.\r
+\r
+16:6 And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you, that\r
+ye may bring me on my journey whithersoever I go.\r
+\r
+16:7 For I will not see you now by the way; but I trust to tarry a\r
+while with you, if the Lord permit.\r
+\r
+16:8 But I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost.\r
+\r
+16:9 For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are\r
+many adversaries.\r
+\r
+16:10 Now if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear:\r
+for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do.\r
+\r
+16:11 Let no man therefore despise him: but conduct him forth in\r
+peace, that he may come unto me: for I look for him with the brethren.\r
+\r
+16:12 As touching our brother Apollos, I greatly desired him to come\r
+unto you with the brethren: but his will was not at all to come at\r
+this time; but he will come when he shall have convenient time.\r
+\r
+16:13 Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong.\r
+\r
+16:14 Let all your things be done with charity.\r
+\r
+16:15 I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that\r
+it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted\r
+themselves to the ministry of the saints,) 16:16 That ye submit\r
+yourselves unto such, and to every one that helpeth with us, and\r
+laboureth.\r
+\r
+16:17 I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and\r
+Achaicus: for that which was lacking on your part they have supplied.\r
+\r
+16:18 For they have refreshed my spirit and your's: therefore\r
+acknowledge ye them that are such.\r
+\r
+16:19 The churches of Asia salute you. Aquila and Priscilla salute you\r
+much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house.\r
+\r
+16:20 All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with\r
+an holy kiss.\r
+\r
+16:21 The salutation of me Paul with mine own hand.\r
+\r
+16:22 If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be\r
+Anathema Maranatha.\r
+\r
+16:23 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.\r
+\r
+16:24 My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, and Timothy\r
+our brother, unto the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the\r
+saints which are in all Achaia: 1:2 Grace be to you and peace from God\r
+our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:3 Blessed be God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the\r
+Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort; 1:4 Who comforteth us\r
+in all our tribulation, that we may be able to comfort them which are\r
+in any trouble, by the comfort wherewith we ourselves are comforted of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+1:5 For as the sufferings of Christ abound in us, so our consolation\r
+also aboundeth by Christ.\r
+\r
+1:6 And whether we be afflicted, it is for your consolation and\r
+salvation, which is effectual in the enduring of the same sufferings\r
+which we also suffer: or whether we be comforted, it is for your\r
+consolation and salvation.\r
+\r
+1:7 And our hope of you is stedfast, knowing, that as ye are partakers\r
+of the sufferings, so shall ye be also of the consolation.\r
+\r
+1:8 For we would not, brethren, have you ignorant of our trouble which\r
+came to us in Asia, that we were pressed out of measure, above\r
+strength, insomuch that we despaired even of life: 1:9 But we had the\r
+sentence of death in ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves,\r
+but in God which raiseth the dead: 1:10 Who delivered us from so great\r
+a death, and doth deliver: in whom we trust that he will yet deliver\r
+us; 1:11 Ye also helping together by prayer for us, that for the gift\r
+bestowed upon us by the means of many persons thanks may be given by\r
+many on our behalf.\r
+\r
+1:12 For our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience, that\r
+in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the\r
+grace of God, we have had our conversation in the world, and more\r
+abundantly to you-ward.\r
+\r
+1:13 For we write none other things unto you, than what ye read or\r
+acknowledge; and I trust ye shall acknowledge even to the end; 1:14 As\r
+also ye have acknowledged us in part, that we are your rejoicing, even\r
+as ye also are our's in the day of the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:15 And in this confidence I was minded to come unto you before, that\r
+ye might have a second benefit; 1:16 And to pass by you into\r
+Macedonia, and to come again out of Macedonia unto you, and of you to\r
+be brought on my way toward Judaea.\r
+\r
+1:17 When I therefore was thus minded, did I use lightness? or the\r
+things that I purpose, do I purpose according to the flesh, that with\r
+me there should be yea yea, and nay nay? 1:18 But as God is true, our\r
+word toward you was not yea and nay.\r
+\r
+1:19 For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was preached among you by\r
+us, even by me and Silvanus and Timotheus, was not yea and nay, but in\r
+him was yea.\r
+\r
+1:20 For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen, unto\r
+the glory of God by us.\r
+\r
+1:21 Now he which stablisheth us with you in Christ, and hath anointed\r
+us, is God; 1:22 Who hath also sealed us, and given the earnest of the\r
+Spirit in our hearts.\r
+\r
+1:23 Moreover I call God for a record upon my soul, that to spare you\r
+I came not as yet unto Corinth.\r
+\r
+1:24 Not for that we have dominion over your faith, but are helpers of\r
+your joy: for by faith ye stand.\r
+\r
+2:1 But I determined this with myself, that I would not come again to\r
+you in heaviness.\r
+\r
+2:2 For if I make you sorry, who is he then that maketh me glad, but\r
+the same which is made sorry by me? 2:3 And I wrote this same unto\r
+you, lest, when I came, I should have sorrow from them of whom I ought\r
+to rejoice; having confidence in you all, that my joy is the joy of\r
+you all.\r
+\r
+2:4 For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote unto you\r
+with many tears; not that ye should be grieved, but that ye might know\r
+the love which I have more abundantly unto you.\r
+\r
+2:5 But if any have caused grief, he hath not grieved me, but in part:\r
+that I may not overcharge you all.\r
+\r
+2:6 Sufficient to such a man is this punishment, which was inflicted\r
+of many.\r
+\r
+2:7 So that contrariwise ye ought rather to forgive him, and comfort\r
+him, lest perhaps such a one should be swallowed up with overmuch\r
+sorrow.\r
+\r
+2:8 Wherefore I beseech you that ye would confirm your love toward\r
+him.\r
+\r
+2:9 For to this end also did I write, that I might know the proof of\r
+you, whether ye be obedient in all things.\r
+\r
+2:10 To whom ye forgive any thing, I forgive also: for if I forgave\r
+any thing, to whom I forgave it, for your sakes forgave I it in the\r
+person of Christ; 2:11 Lest Satan should get an advantage of us: for\r
+we are not ignorant of his devices.\r
+\r
+2:12 Furthermore, when I came to Troas to preach Christ's gospel, and\r
+a door was opened unto me of the Lord, 2:13 I had no rest in my\r
+spirit, because I found not Titus my brother: but taking my leave of\r
+them, I went from thence into Macedonia.\r
+\r
+2:14 Now thanks be unto God, which always causeth us to triumph in\r
+Christ, and maketh manifest the savour of his knowledge by us in every\r
+place.\r
+\r
+2:15 For we are unto God a sweet savour of Christ, in them that are\r
+saved, and in them that perish: 2:16 To the one we are the savour of\r
+death unto death; and to the other the savour of life unto life. And\r
+who is sufficient for these things? 2:17 For we are not as many,\r
+which corrupt the word of God: but as of sincerity, but as of God, in\r
+the sight of God speak we in Christ.\r
+\r
+3:1 Do we begin again to commend ourselves? or need we, as some\r
+others, epistles of commendation to you, or letters of commendation\r
+from you? 3:2 Ye are our epistle written in our hearts, known and\r
+read of all men: 3:3 Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the\r
+epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the\r
+Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables\r
+of the heart.\r
+\r
+3:4 And such trust have we through Christ to God-ward: 3:5 Not that we\r
+are sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves; but\r
+our sufficiency is of God; 3:6 Who also hath made us able ministers of\r
+the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the\r
+letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.\r
+\r
+3:7 But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones,\r
+was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly\r
+behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which glory\r
+was to be done away: 3:8 How shall not the ministration of the spirit\r
+be rather glorious? 3:9 For if the ministration of condemnation be\r
+glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+3:10 For even that which was made glorious had no glory in this\r
+respect, by reason of the glory that excelleth.\r
+\r
+3:11 For if that which is done away was glorious, much more that which\r
+remaineth is glorious.\r
+\r
+3:12 Seeing then that we have such hope, we use great plainness of\r
+speech: 3:13 And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that\r
+the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that\r
+which is abolished: 3:14 But their minds were blinded: for until this\r
+day remaineth the same vail untaken away in the reading of the old\r
+testament; which vail is done away in Christ.\r
+\r
+3:15 But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the vail is upon\r
+their heart.\r
+\r
+3:16 Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the vail shall be\r
+taken away.\r
+\r
+3:17 Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is,\r
+there is liberty.\r
+\r
+3:18 But we all, with open face beholding as in a glass the glory of\r
+the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even as\r
+by the Spirit of the LORD.\r
+\r
+4:1 Therefore seeing we have this ministry, as we have received mercy,\r
+we faint not; 4:2 But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty,\r
+not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully;\r
+but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's\r
+conscience in the sight of God.\r
+\r
+4:3 But if our gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost: 4:4 In\r
+whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of them which\r
+believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is\r
+the image of God, should shine unto them.\r
+\r
+4:5 For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and\r
+ourselves your servants for Jesus' sake.\r
+\r
+4:6 For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath\r
+shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory\r
+of God in the face of Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+4:7 But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency\r
+of the power may be of God, and not of us.\r
+\r
+4:8 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are\r
+perplexed, but not in despair; 4:9 Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast\r
+down, but not destroyed; 4:10 Always bearing about in the body the\r
+dying of the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made\r
+manifest in our body.\r
+\r
+4:11 For we which live are alway delivered unto death for Jesus' sake,\r
+that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest in our mortal\r
+flesh.\r
+\r
+4:12 So then death worketh in us, but life in you.\r
+\r
+4:13 We having the same spirit of faith, according as it is written, I\r
+believed, and therefore have I spoken; we also believe, and therefore\r
+speak; 4:14 Knowing that he which raised up the Lord Jesus shall raise\r
+up us also by Jesus, and shall present us with you.\r
+\r
+4:15 For all things are for your sakes, that the abundant grace might\r
+through the thanksgiving of many redound to the glory of God.\r
+\r
+4:16 For which cause we faint not; but though our outward man perish,\r
+yet the inward man is renewed day by day.\r
+\r
+4:17 For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for\r
+us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory; 4:18 While we\r
+look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not\r
+seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which\r
+are not seen are eternal.\r
+\r
+5:1 For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were\r
+dissolved, we have a building of God, an house not made with hands,\r
+eternal in the heavens.\r
+\r
+5:2 For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with\r
+our house which is from heaven: 5:3 If so be that being clothed we\r
+shall not be found naked.\r
+\r
+5:4 For we that are in this tabernacle do groan, being burdened: not\r
+for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might\r
+be swallowed up of life.\r
+\r
+5:5 Now he that hath wrought us for the selfsame thing is God, who\r
+also hath given unto us the earnest of the Spirit.\r
+\r
+5:6 Therefore we are always confident, knowing that, whilst we are at\r
+home in the body, we are absent from the Lord: 5:7 (For we walk by\r
+faith, not by sight:) 5:8 We are confident, I say, and willing rather\r
+to be absent from the body, and to be present with the Lord.\r
+\r
+5:9 Wherefore we labour, that, whether present or absent, we may be\r
+accepted of him.\r
+\r
+5:10 For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ; that\r
+every one may receive the things done in his body, according to that\r
+he hath done, whether it be good or bad.\r
+\r
+5:11 Knowing therefore the terror of the Lord, we persuade men; but we\r
+are made manifest unto God; and I trust also are made manifest in your\r
+consciences.\r
+\r
+5:12 For we commend not ourselves again unto you, but give you\r
+occasion to glory on our behalf, that ye may have somewhat to answer\r
+them which glory in appearance, and not in heart.\r
+\r
+5:13 For whether we be beside ourselves, it is to God: or whether we\r
+be sober, it is for your cause.\r
+\r
+5:14 For the love of Christ constraineth us; because we thus judge,\r
+that if one died for all, then were all dead: 5:15 And that he died\r
+for all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto\r
+themselves, but unto him which died for them, and rose again.\r
+\r
+5:16 Wherefore henceforth know we no man after the flesh: yea, though\r
+we have known Christ after the flesh, yet now henceforth know we him\r
+no more.\r
+\r
+5:17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old\r
+things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.\r
+\r
+5:18 And all things are of God, who hath reconciled us to himself by\r
+Jesus Christ, and hath given to us the ministry of reconciliation;\r
+5:19 To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto\r
+himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed\r
+unto us the word of reconciliation.\r
+\r
+5:20 Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech\r
+you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God.\r
+\r
+5:21 For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we\r
+might be made the righteousness of God in him.\r
+\r
+6:1 We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye\r
+receive not the grace of God in vain.\r
+\r
+6:2 (For he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the\r
+day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted\r
+time; behold, now is the day of salvation.) 6:3 Giving no offence in\r
+any thing, that the ministry be not blamed: 6:4 But in all things\r
+approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in\r
+afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, 6:5 In stripes, in\r
+imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; 6:6\r
+By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy\r
+Ghost, by love unfeigned, 6:7 By the word of truth, by the power of\r
+God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left,\r
+6:8 By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as\r
+deceivers, and yet true; 6:9 As unknown, and yet well known; as dying,\r
+and, behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed; 6:10 As sorrowful,\r
+yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing,\r
+and yet possessing all things.\r
+\r
+6:11 O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart is\r
+enlarged.\r
+\r
+6:12 Ye are not straitened in us, but ye are straitened in your own\r
+bowels.\r
+\r
+6:13 Now for a recompence in the same, (I speak as unto my children,)\r
+be ye also enlarged.\r
+\r
+6:14 Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what\r
+fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion\r
+hath light with darkness? 6:15 And what concord hath Christ with\r
+Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel? 6:16 And\r
+what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the\r
+temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and\r
+walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.\r
+\r
+6:17 Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the\r
+Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you.\r
+\r
+6:18 And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and\r
+daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.\r
+\r
+7:1 Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse\r
+ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting\r
+holiness in the fear of God.\r
+\r
+7:2 Receive us; we have wronged no man, we have corrupted no man, we\r
+have defrauded no man.\r
+\r
+7:3 I speak not this to condemn you: for I have said before, that ye\r
+are in our hearts to die and live with you.\r
+\r
+7:4 Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my glorying of\r
+you: I am filled with comfort, I am exceeding joyful in all our\r
+tribulation.\r
+\r
+7:5 For, when we were come into Macedonia, our flesh had no rest, but\r
+we were troubled on every side; without were fightings, within were\r
+fears.\r
+\r
+7:6 Nevertheless God, that comforteth those that are cast down,\r
+comforted us by the coming of Titus; 7:7 And not by his coming only,\r
+but by the consolation wherewith he was comforted in you, when he told\r
+us your earnest desire, your mourning, your fervent mind toward me; so\r
+that I rejoiced the more.\r
+\r
+7:8 For though I made you sorry with a letter, I do not repent, though\r
+I did repent: for I perceive that the same epistle hath made you\r
+sorry, though it were but for a season.\r
+\r
+7:9 Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed\r
+to repentance: for ye were made sorry after a godly manner, that ye\r
+might receive damage by us in nothing.\r
+\r
+7:10 For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be\r
+repented of: but the sorrow of the world worketh death.\r
+\r
+7:11 For behold this selfsame thing, that ye sorrowed after a godly\r
+sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, yea, what clearing of\r
+yourselves, yea, what indignation, yea, what fear, yea, what vehement\r
+desire, yea, what zeal, yea, what revenge! In all things ye have\r
+approved yourselves to be clear in this matter.\r
+\r
+7:12 Wherefore, though I wrote unto you, I did it not for his cause\r
+that had done the wrong, nor for his cause that suffered wrong, but\r
+that our care for you in the sight of God might appear unto you.\r
+\r
+7:13 Therefore we were comforted in your comfort: yea, and exceedingly\r
+the more joyed we for the joy of Titus, because his spirit was\r
+refreshed by you all.\r
+\r
+7:14 For if I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am not ashamed;\r
+but as we spake all things to you in truth, even so our boasting,\r
+which I made before Titus, is found a truth.\r
+\r
+7:15 And his inward affection is more abundant toward you, whilst he\r
+remembereth the obedience of you all, how with fear and trembling ye\r
+received him.\r
+\r
+7:16 I rejoice therefore that I have confidence in you in all things.\r
+\r
+8:1 Moreover, brethren, we do you to wit of the grace of God bestowed\r
+on the churches of Macedonia; 8:2 How that in a great trial of\r
+affliction the abundance of their joy and their deep poverty abounded\r
+unto the riches of their liberality.\r
+\r
+8:3 For to their power, I bear record, yea, and beyond their power\r
+they were willing of themselves; 8:4 Praying us with much intreaty\r
+that we would receive the gift, and take upon us the fellowship of the\r
+ministering to the saints.\r
+\r
+8:5 And this they did, not as we hoped, but first gave their own\r
+selves to the Lord, and unto us by the will of God.\r
+\r
+8:6 Insomuch that we desired Titus, that as he had begun, so he would\r
+also finish in you the same grace also.\r
+\r
+8:7 Therefore, as ye abound in every thing, in faith, and utterance,\r
+and knowledge, and in all diligence, and in your love to us, see that\r
+ye abound in this grace also.\r
+\r
+8:8 I speak not by commandment, but by occasion of the forwardness of\r
+others, and to prove the sincerity of your love.\r
+\r
+8:9 For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he\r
+was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye through his\r
+poverty might be rich.\r
+\r
+8:10 And herein I give my advice: for this is expedient for you, who\r
+have begun before, not only to do, but also to be forward a year ago.\r
+\r
+8:11 Now therefore perform the doing of it; that as there was a\r
+readiness to will, so there may be a performance also out of that\r
+which ye have.\r
+\r
+8:12 For if there be first a willing mind, it is accepted according to\r
+that a man hath, and not according to that he hath not.\r
+\r
+8:13 For I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened: 8:14 But\r
+by an equality, that now at this time your abundance may be a supply\r
+for their want, that their abundance also may be a supply for your\r
+want: that there may be equality: 8:15 As it is written, He that had\r
+gathered much had nothing over; and he that had gathered little had no\r
+lack.\r
+\r
+8:16 But thanks be to God, which put the same earnest care into the\r
+heart of Titus for you.\r
+\r
+8:17 For indeed he accepted the exhortation; but being more forward,\r
+of his own accord he went unto you.\r
+\r
+8:18 And we have sent with him the brother, whose praise is in the\r
+gospel throughout all the churches; 8:19 And not that only, but who\r
+was also chosen of the churches to travel with us with this grace,\r
+which is administered by us to the glory of the same Lord, and\r
+declaration of your ready mind: 8:20 Avoiding this, that no man should\r
+blame us in this abundance which is administered by us: 8:21 Providing\r
+for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the\r
+sight of men.\r
+\r
+8:22 And we have sent with them our brother, whom we have oftentimes\r
+proved diligent in many things, but now much more diligent, upon the\r
+great confidence which I have in you.\r
+\r
+8:23 Whether any do enquire of Titus, he is my partner and\r
+fellowhelper concerning you: or our brethren be enquired of, they are\r
+the messengers of the churches, and the glory of Christ.\r
+\r
+8:24 Wherefore shew ye to them, and before the churches, the proof of\r
+your love, and of our boasting on your behalf.\r
+\r
+9:1 For as touching the ministering to the saints, it is superfluous\r
+for me to write to you: 9:2 For I know the forwardness of your mind,\r
+for which I boast of you to them of Macedonia, that Achaia was ready a\r
+year ago; and your zeal hath provoked very many.\r
+\r
+9:3 Yet have I sent the brethren, lest our boasting of you should be\r
+in vain in this behalf; that, as I said, ye may be ready: 9:4 Lest\r
+haply if they of Macedonia come with me, and find you unprepared, we\r
+(that we say not, ye) should be ashamed in this same confident\r
+boasting.\r
+\r
+9:5 Therefore I thought it necessary to exhort the brethren, that they\r
+would go before unto you, and make up beforehand your bounty, whereof\r
+ye had notice before, that the same might be ready, as a matter of\r
+bounty, and not as of covetousness.\r
+\r
+9:6 But this I say, He which soweth sparingly shall reap also\r
+sparingly; and he which soweth bountifully shall reap also\r
+bountifully.\r
+\r
+9:7 Every man according as he purposeth in his heart, so let him give;\r
+not grudgingly, or of necessity: for God loveth a cheerful giver.\r
+\r
+9:8 And God is able to make all grace abound toward you; that ye,\r
+always having all sufficiency in all things, may abound to every good\r
+work: 9:9 (As it is written, He hath dispersed abroad; he hath given\r
+to the poor: his righteousness remaineth for ever.\r
+\r
+9:10 Now he that ministereth seed to the sower both minister bread for\r
+your food, and multiply your seed sown, and increase the fruits of\r
+your righteousness;) 9:11 Being enriched in every thing to all\r
+bountifulness, which causeth through us thanksgiving to God.\r
+\r
+9:12 For the administration of this service not only supplieth the\r
+want of the saints, but is abundant also by many thanksgivings unto\r
+God; 9:13 Whiles by the experiment of this ministration they glorify\r
+God for your professed subjection unto the gospel of Christ, and for\r
+your liberal distribution unto them, and unto all men; 9:14 And by\r
+their prayer for you, which long after you for the exceeding grace of\r
+God in you.\r
+\r
+9:15 Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift.\r
+\r
+10:1 Now I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentleness of\r
+Christ, who in presence am base among you, but being absent am bold\r
+toward you: 10:2 But I beseech you, that I may not be bold when I am\r
+present with that confidence, wherewith I think to be bold against\r
+some, which think of us as if we walked according to the flesh.\r
+\r
+10:3 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh:\r
+10:4 (For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty\r
+through God to the pulling down of strong holds;) 10:5 Casting down\r
+imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the\r
+knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the\r
+obedience of Christ; 10:6 And having in a readiness to revenge all\r
+disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled.\r
+\r
+10:7 Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? If any man\r
+trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this\r
+again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's.\r
+\r
+10:8 For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which\r
+the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction,\r
+I should not be ashamed: 10:9 That I may not seem as if I would\r
+terrify you by letters.\r
+\r
+10:10 For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his\r
+bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible.\r
+\r
+10:11 Let such an one think this, that, such as we are in word by\r
+letters when we are absent, such will we be also in deed when we are\r
+present.\r
+\r
+10:12 For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare\r
+ourselves with some that commend themselves: but they measuring\r
+themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves,\r
+are not wise.\r
+\r
+10:13 But we will not boast of things without our measure, but\r
+according to the measure of the rule which God hath distributed to us,\r
+a measure to reach even unto you.\r
+\r
+10:14 For we stretch not ourselves beyond our measure, as though we\r
+reached not unto you: for we are come as far as to you also in\r
+preaching the gospel of Christ: 10:15 Not boasting of things without\r
+our measure, that is, of other men's labours; but having hope, when\r
+your faith is increased, that we shall be enlarged by you according to\r
+our rule abundantly, 10:16 To preach the gospel in the regions beyond\r
+you, and not to boast in another man's line of things made ready to\r
+our hand.\r
+\r
+10:17 But he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.\r
+\r
+10:18 For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the\r
+Lord commendeth.\r
+\r
+11:1 Would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly: and\r
+indeed bear with me.\r
+\r
+11:2 For I am jealous over you with godly jealousy: for I have\r
+espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin\r
+to Christ.\r
+\r
+11:3 But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve\r
+through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the\r
+simplicity that is in Christ.\r
+\r
+11:4 For if he that cometh preacheth another Jesus, whom we have not\r
+preached, or if ye receive another spirit, which ye have not received,\r
+or another gospel, which ye have not accepted, ye might well bear with\r
+him.\r
+\r
+11:5 For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.\r
+\r
+11:6 But though I be rude in speech, yet not in knowledge; but we have\r
+been throughly made manifest among you in all things.\r
+\r
+11:7 Have I committed an offence in abasing myself that ye might be\r
+exalted, because I have preached to you the gospel of God freely?\r
+11:8 I robbed other churches, taking wages of them, to do you service.\r
+\r
+11:9 And when I was present with you, and wanted, I was chargeable to\r
+no man: for that which was lacking to me the brethren which came from\r
+Macedonia supplied: and in all things I have kept myself from being\r
+burdensome unto you, and so will I keep myself.\r
+\r
+11:10 As the truth of Christ is in me, no man shall stop me of this\r
+boasting in the regions of Achaia.\r
+\r
+11:11 Wherefore? because I love you not? God knoweth.\r
+\r
+11:12 But what I do, that I will do, that I may cut off occasion from\r
+them which desire occasion; that wherein they glory, they may be found\r
+even as we.\r
+\r
+11:13 For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming\r
+themselves into the apostles of Christ.\r
+\r
+11:14 And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of\r
+light.\r
+\r
+11:15 Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also be\r
+transformed as the ministers of righteousness; whose end shall be\r
+according to their works.\r
+\r
+11:16 I say again, Let no man think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a\r
+fool receive me, that I may boast myself a little.\r
+\r
+11:17 That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord, but as it\r
+were foolishly, in this confidence of boasting.\r
+\r
+11:18 Seeing that many glory after the flesh, I will glory also.\r
+\r
+11:19 For ye suffer fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise.\r
+\r
+11:20 For ye suffer, if a man bring you into bondage, if a man devour\r
+you, if a man take of you, if a man exalt himself, if a man smite you\r
+on the face.\r
+\r
+11:21 I speak as concerning reproach, as though we had been weak.\r
+Howbeit whereinsoever any is bold, (I speak foolishly,) I am bold\r
+also.\r
+\r
+11:22 Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelites? so am I. Are\r
+they the seed of Abraham? so am I.\r
+\r
+11:23 Are they ministers of Christ? (I speak as a fool) I am more; in\r
+labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prisons more\r
+frequent, in deaths oft.\r
+\r
+11:24 Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes save one.\r
+\r
+11:25 Thrice was I beaten with rods, once was I stoned, thrice I\r
+suffered shipwreck, a night and a day I have been in the deep; 11:26\r
+In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in\r
+perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in\r
+the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils\r
+among false brethren; 11:27 In weariness and painfulness, in watchings\r
+often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness.\r
+\r
+11:28 Beside those things that are without, that which cometh upon me\r
+daily, the care of all the churches.\r
+\r
+11:29 Who is weak, and I am not weak? who is offended, and I burn not?\r
+11:30 If I must needs glory, I will glory of the things which concern\r
+mine infirmities.\r
+\r
+11:31 The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which is blessed\r
+for evermore, knoweth that I lie not.\r
+\r
+11:32 In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king kept the city of\r
+the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me: 11:33 And\r
+through a window in a basket was I let down by the wall, and escaped\r
+his hands.\r
+\r
+12:1 It is not expedient for me doubtless to glory. I will come to\r
+visions and revelations of the Lord.\r
+\r
+12:2 I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the\r
+body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God\r
+knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven.\r
+\r
+12:3 And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body,\r
+I cannot tell: God knoweth;) 12:4 How that he was caught up into\r
+paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a\r
+man to utter.\r
+\r
+12:5 Of such an one will I glory: yet of myself I will not glory, but\r
+in mine infirmities.\r
+\r
+12:6 For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I\r
+will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me\r
+above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me.\r
+\r
+12:7 And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance\r
+of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the\r
+messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above\r
+measure.\r
+\r
+12:8 For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart\r
+from me.\r
+\r
+12:9 And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my\r
+strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I\r
+rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon\r
+me.\r
+\r
+12:10 Therefore I take pleasure in infirmities, in reproaches, in\r
+necessities, in persecutions, in distresses for Christ's sake: for\r
+when I am weak, then am I strong.\r
+\r
+12:11 I am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me: for I\r
+ought to have been commended of you: for in nothing am I behind the\r
+very chiefest apostles, though I be nothing.\r
+\r
+12:12 Truly the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all\r
+patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds.\r
+\r
+12:13 For what is it wherein ye were inferior to other churches,\r
+except it be that I myself was not burdensome to you? forgive me this\r
+wrong.\r
+\r
+12:14 Behold, the third time I am ready to come to you; and I will not\r
+be burdensome to you: for I seek not your's but you: for the children\r
+ought not to lay up for the parents, but the parents for the children.\r
+\r
+12:15 And I will very gladly spend and be spent for you; though the\r
+more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved.\r
+\r
+12:16 But be it so, I did not burden you: nevertheless, being crafty,\r
+I caught you with guile.\r
+\r
+12:17 Did I make a gain of you by any of them whom I sent unto you?\r
+12:18 I desired Titus, and with him I sent a brother. Did Titus make a\r
+gain of you? walked we not in the same spirit? walked we not in the\r
+same steps? 12:19 Again, think ye that we excuse ourselves unto you?\r
+we speak before God in Christ: but we do all things, dearly beloved,\r
+for your edifying.\r
+\r
+12:20 For I fear, lest, when I come, I shall not find you such as I\r
+would, and that I shall be found unto you such as ye would not: lest\r
+there be debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings,\r
+swellings, tumults: 12:21 And lest, when I come again, my God will\r
+humble me among you, and that I shall bewail many which have sinned\r
+already, and have not repented of the uncleanness and fornication and\r
+lasciviousness which they have committed.\r
+\r
+13:1 This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or\r
+three witnesses shall every word be established.\r
+\r
+13:2 I told you before, and foretell you, as if I were present, the\r
+second time; and being absent now I write to them which heretofore\r
+have sinned, and to all other, that, if I come again, I will not\r
+spare: 13:3 Since ye seek a proof of Christ speaking in me, which to\r
+you-ward is not weak, but is mighty in you.\r
+\r
+13:4 For though he was crucified through weakness, yet he liveth by\r
+the power of God. For we also are weak in him, but we shall live with\r
+him by the power of God toward you.\r
+\r
+13:5 Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own\r
+selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you,\r
+except ye be reprobates? 13:6 But I trust that ye shall know that we\r
+are not reprobates.\r
+\r
+13:7 Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear\r
+approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as\r
+reprobates.\r
+\r
+13:8 For we can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth.\r
+\r
+13:9 For we are glad, when we are weak, and ye are strong: and this\r
+also we wish, even your perfection.\r
+\r
+13:10 Therefore I write these things being absent, lest being present\r
+I should use sharpness, according to the power which the Lord hath\r
+given me to edification, and not to destruction.\r
+\r
+13:11 Finally, brethren, farewell. Be perfect, be of good comfort, be\r
+of one mind, live in peace; and the God of love and peace shall be\r
+with you.\r
+\r
+13:12 Greet one another with an holy kiss.\r
+\r
+13:13 All the saints salute you.\r
+\r
+13:14 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the\r
+communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle, (not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus\r
+Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead;) 1:2 And all\r
+the brethren which are with me, unto the churches of Galatia: 1:3\r
+Grace be to you and peace from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, 1:4 Who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us\r
+from this present evil world, according to the will of God and our\r
+Father: 1:5 To whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+1:6 I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into\r
+the grace of Christ unto another gospel: 1:7 Which is not another; but\r
+there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+1:8 But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel\r
+unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be\r
+accursed.\r
+\r
+1:9 As we said before, so say I now again, if any man preach any other\r
+gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed.\r
+\r
+1:10 For do I now persuade men, or God? or do I seek to please men?\r
+for if I yet pleased men, I should not be the servant of Christ.\r
+\r
+1:11 But I certify you, brethren, that the gospel which was preached\r
+of me is not after man.\r
+\r
+1:12 For I neither received it of man, neither was I taught it, but by\r
+the revelation of Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:13 For ye have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews'\r
+religion, how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and\r
+wasted it: 1:14 And profited in the Jews' religion above many my\r
+equals in mine own nation, being more exceedingly zealous of the\r
+traditions of my fathers.\r
+\r
+1:15 But when it pleased God, who separated me from my mother's womb,\r
+and called me by his grace, 1:16 To reveal his Son in me, that I might\r
+preach him among the heathen; immediately I conferred not with flesh\r
+and blood: 1:17 Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were\r
+apostles before me; but I went into Arabia, and returned again unto\r
+Damascus.\r
+\r
+1:18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to see Peter, and\r
+abode with him fifteen days.\r
+\r
+1:19 But other of the apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's\r
+brother.\r
+\r
+1:20 Now the things which I write unto you, behold, before God, I lie\r
+not.\r
+\r
+1:21 Afterwards I came into the regions of Syria and Cilicia; 1:22 And\r
+was unknown by face unto the churches of Judaea which were in Christ:\r
+1:23 But they had heard only, That he which persecuted us in times\r
+past now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed.\r
+\r
+1:24 And they glorified God in me.\r
+\r
+2:1 Then fourteen years after I went up again to Jerusalem with\r
+Barnabas, and took Titus with me also.\r
+\r
+2:2 And I went up by revelation, and communicated unto them that\r
+gospel which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately to them which\r
+were of reputation, lest by any means I should run, or had run, in\r
+vain.\r
+\r
+2:3 But neither Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled\r
+to be circumcised: 2:4 And that because of false brethren unawares\r
+brought in, who came in privily to spy out our liberty which we have\r
+in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage: 2:5 To whom we\r
+gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour; that the truth of the\r
+gospel might continue with you.\r
+\r
+2:6 But of these who seemed to be somewhat, (whatsoever they were, it\r
+maketh no matter to me: God accepteth no man's person:) for they who\r
+seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me: 2:7 But\r
+contrariwise, when they saw that the gospel of the uncircumcision was\r
+committed unto me, as the gospel of the circumcision was unto Peter;\r
+2:8 (For he that wrought effectually in Peter to the apostleship of\r
+the circumcision, the same was mighty in me toward the Gentiles:) 2:9\r
+And when James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived\r
+the grace that was given unto me, they gave to me and Barnabas the\r
+right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the heathen, and\r
+they unto the circumcision.\r
+\r
+2:10 Only they would that we should remember the poor; the same which\r
+I also was forward to do.\r
+\r
+2:11 But when Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood him to the face,\r
+because he was to be blamed.\r
+\r
+2:12 For before that certain came from James, he did eat with the\r
+Gentiles: but when they were come, he withdrew and separated himself,\r
+fearing them which were of the circumcision.\r
+\r
+2:13 And the other Jews dissembled likewise with him; insomuch that\r
+Barnabas also was carried away with their dissimulation.\r
+\r
+2:14 But when I saw that they walked not uprightly according to the\r
+truth of the gospel, I said unto Peter before them all, If thou, being\r
+a Jew, livest after the manner of Gentiles, and not as do the Jews,\r
+why compellest thou the Gentiles to live as do the Jews? 2:15 We who\r
+are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles, 2:16 Knowing that\r
+a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of\r
+Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be\r
+justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for\r
+by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified.\r
+\r
+2:17 But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves\r
+also are found sinners, is therefore Christ the minister of sin? God\r
+forbid.\r
+\r
+2:18 For if I build again the things which I destroyed, I make myself\r
+a transgressor.\r
+\r
+2:19 For I through the law am dead to the law, that I might live unto\r
+God.\r
+\r
+2:20 I am crucified with Christ: neverthless I live; yet not I, but\r
+Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live\r
+by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me.\r
+\r
+2:21 I do not frustrate the grace of God: for if righteousness come by\r
+the law, then Christ is dead in vain.\r
+\r
+3:1 O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not\r
+obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set\r
+forth, crucified among you? 3:2 This only would I learn of you,\r
+Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of\r
+faith? 3:3 Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now\r
+made perfect by the flesh? 3:4 Have ye suffered so many things in\r
+vain? if it be yet in vain.\r
+\r
+3:5 He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh\r
+miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the\r
+hearing of faith? 3:6 Even as Abraham believed God, and it was\r
+accounted to him for righteousness.\r
+\r
+3:7 Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the\r
+children of Abraham.\r
+\r
+3:8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen\r
+through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In\r
+thee shall all nations be blessed.\r
+\r
+3:9 So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham.\r
+\r
+3:10 For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse:\r
+for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all\r
+things which are written in the book of the law to do them.\r
+\r
+3:11 But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it\r
+is evident: for, The just shall live by faith.\r
+\r
+3:12 And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall\r
+live in them.\r
+\r
+3:13 Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a\r
+curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a\r
+tree: 3:14 That the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles\r
+through Jesus Christ; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit\r
+through faith.\r
+\r
+3:15 Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a\r
+man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth\r
+thereto.\r
+\r
+3:16 Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not,\r
+And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+3:17 And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of\r
+God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after,\r
+cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect.\r
+\r
+3:18 For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise:\r
+but God gave it to Abraham by promise.\r
+\r
+3:19 Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of\r
+transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was\r
+made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator.\r
+\r
+3:20 Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one.\r
+\r
+3:21 Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if\r
+there had been a law given which could have given life, verily\r
+righteousness should have been by the law.\r
+\r
+3:22 But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise\r
+by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe.\r
+\r
+3:23 But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto\r
+the faith which should afterwards be revealed.\r
+\r
+3:24 Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ,\r
+that we might be justified by faith.\r
+\r
+3:25 But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a\r
+schoolmaster.\r
+\r
+3:26 For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:27 For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+3:28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free,\r
+there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:29 And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs\r
+according to the promise.\r
+\r
+4:1 Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth\r
+nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all; 4:2 But is under\r
+tutors and governors until the time appointed of the father.\r
+\r
+4:3 Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the\r
+elements of the world: 4:4 But when the fulness of the time was come,\r
+God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, 4:5 To\r
+redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the\r
+adoption of sons.\r
+\r
+4:6 And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son\r
+into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.\r
+\r
+4:7 Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son,\r
+then an heir of God through Christ.\r
+\r
+4:8 Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which\r
+by nature are no gods.\r
+\r
+4:9 But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God,\r
+how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye\r
+desire again to be in bondage? 4:10 Ye observe days, and months, and\r
+times, and years.\r
+\r
+4:11 I am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain.\r
+\r
+4:12 Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have\r
+not injured me at all.\r
+\r
+4:13 Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel\r
+unto you at the first.\r
+\r
+4:14 And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor\r
+rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:15 Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record,\r
+that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own\r
+eyes, and have given them to me.\r
+\r
+4:16 Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?\r
+4:17 They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude\r
+you, that ye might affect them.\r
+\r
+4:18 But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing,\r
+and not only when I am present with you.\r
+\r
+4:19 My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ\r
+be formed in you, 4:20 I desire to be present with you now, and to\r
+change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.\r
+\r
+4:21 Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the\r
+law? 4:22 For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a\r
+bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.\r
+\r
+4:23 But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he\r
+of the freewoman was by promise.\r
+\r
+4:24 Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants;\r
+the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is\r
+Agar.\r
+\r
+4:25 For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to\r
+Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.\r
+\r
+4:26 But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us\r
+all.\r
+\r
+4:27 For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break\r
+forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many\r
+more children than she which hath an husband.\r
+\r
+4:28 Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are the children of promise.\r
+\r
+4:29 But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that\r
+was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.\r
+\r
+4:30 Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and\r
+her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son\r
+of the freewoman.\r
+\r
+4:31 So then, brethren, we are not children of the bondwoman, but of\r
+the free.\r
+\r
+5:1 Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us\r
+free, and be not entangled again with the yoke of bondage.\r
+\r
+5:2 Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ\r
+shall profit you nothing.\r
+\r
+5:3 For I testify again to every man that is circumcised, that he is a\r
+debtor to do the whole law.\r
+\r
+5:4 Christ is become of no effect unto you, whosoever of you are\r
+justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace.\r
+\r
+5:5 For we through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by\r
+faith.\r
+\r
+5:6 For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor\r
+uncircumcision; but faith which worketh by love.\r
+\r
+5:7 Ye did run well; who did hinder you that ye should not obey the\r
+truth? 5:8 This persuasion cometh not of him that calleth you.\r
+\r
+5:9 A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.\r
+\r
+5:10 I have confidence in you through the Lord, that ye will be none\r
+otherwise minded: but he that troubleth you shall bear his judgment,\r
+whosoever he be.\r
+\r
+5:11 And I, brethren, if I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet\r
+suffer persecution? then is the offence of the cross ceased.\r
+\r
+5:12 I would they were even cut off which trouble you.\r
+\r
+5:13 For, brethren, ye have been called unto liberty; only use not\r
+liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one another.\r
+\r
+5:14 For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou\r
+shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.\r
+\r
+5:15 But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not\r
+consumed one of another.\r
+\r
+5:16 This I say then, Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the\r
+lust of the flesh.\r
+\r
+5:17 For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against\r
+the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye\r
+cannot do the things that ye would.\r
+\r
+5:18 But if ye be led of the Spirit, ye are not under the law.\r
+\r
+5:19 Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these;\r
+Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, 5:20 Idolatry,\r
+witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions,\r
+heresies, 5:21 Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such\r
+like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time\r
+past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering,\r
+gentleness, goodness, faith, 5:23 Meekness, temperance: against such\r
+there is no law.\r
+\r
+5:24 And they that are Christ's have crucified the flesh with the\r
+affections and lusts.\r
+\r
+5:25 If we live in the Spirit, let us also walk in the Spirit.\r
+\r
+5:26 Let us not be desirous of vain glory, provoking one another,\r
+envying one another.\r
+\r
+6:1 Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are\r
+spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering\r
+thyself, lest thou also be tempted.\r
+\r
+6:2 Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ.\r
+\r
+6:3 For if a man think himself to be something, when he is nothing, he\r
+deceiveth himself.\r
+\r
+6:4 But let every man prove his own work, and then shall he have\r
+rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another.\r
+\r
+6:5 For every man shall bear his own burden.\r
+\r
+6:6 Let him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that\r
+teacheth in all good things.\r
+\r
+6:7 Be not deceived; God is not mocked: for whatsoever a man soweth,\r
+that shall he also reap.\r
+\r
+6:8 For he that soweth to his flesh shall of the flesh reap\r
+corruption; but he that soweth to the Spirit shall of the Spirit reap\r
+life everlasting.\r
+\r
+6:9 And let us not be weary in well doing: for in due season we shall\r
+reap, if we faint not.\r
+\r
+6:10 As we have therefore opportunity, let us do good unto all men,\r
+especially unto them who are of the household of faith.\r
+\r
+6:11 Ye see how large a letter I have written unto you with mine own\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+6:12 As many as desire to make a fair shew in the flesh, they\r
+constrain you to be circumcised; only lest they should suffer\r
+persecution for the cross of Christ.\r
+\r
+6:13 For neither they themselves who are circumcised keep the law; but\r
+desire to have you circumcised, that they may glory in your flesh.\r
+\r
+6:14 But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord\r
+Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the\r
+world.\r
+\r
+6:15 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor\r
+uncircumcision, but a new creature.\r
+\r
+6:16 And as many as walk according to this rule, peace be on them, and\r
+mercy, and upon the Israel of God.\r
+\r
+6:17 From henceforth let no man trouble me: for I bear in my body the\r
+marks of the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+6:18 Brethren, the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.\r
+\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, to the\r
+saints which are at Ephesus, and to the faithful in Christ Jesus:\r
+1:2 Grace be to you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord\r
+Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath\r
+blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ:\r
+1:4 According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the\r
+world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love:\r
+1:5 Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus\r
+Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will, 1:6 To\r
+the praise of the glory of his grace, wherein he hath made us accepted\r
+in the beloved.\r
+\r
+1:7 In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of\r
+sins, according to the riches of his grace; 1:8 Wherein he hath\r
+abounded toward us in all wisdom and prudence; 1:9 Having made known\r
+unto us the mystery of his will, according to his good pleasure which\r
+he hath purposed in himself: 1:10 That in the dispensation of the\r
+fulness of times he might gather together in one all things in Christ,\r
+both which are in heaven, and which are on earth; even in him: 1:11 In\r
+whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated\r
+according to the purpose of him who worketh all things after the\r
+counsel of his own will: 1:12 That we should be to the praise of his\r
+glory, who first trusted in Christ.\r
+\r
+1:13 In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth,\r
+the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye\r
+were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, 1:14 Which is the\r
+earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased\r
+possession, unto the praise of his glory.\r
+\r
+1:15 Wherefore I also, after I heard of your faith in the Lord Jesus,\r
+and love unto all the saints, 1:16 Cease not to give thanks for you,\r
+making mention of you in my prayers; 1:17 That the God of our Lord\r
+Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you the spirit of\r
+wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him: 1:18 The eyes of your\r
+understanding being enlightened; that ye may know what is the hope of\r
+his calling, and what the riches of the glory of his inheritance in\r
+the saints, 1:19 And what is the exceeding greatness of his power to\r
+us-ward who believe, according to the working of his mighty power,\r
+1:20 Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and\r
+set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, 1:21 Far above\r
+all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name\r
+that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to\r
+come: 1:22 And hath put all things under his feet, and gave him to be\r
+the head over all things to the church, 1:23 Which is his body, the\r
+fulness of him that filleth all in all.\r
+\r
+2:1 And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins;\r
+2:2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this\r
+world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit\r
+that now worketh in the children of disobedience: 2:3 Among whom also\r
+we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh,\r
+fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by\r
+nature the children of wrath, even as others.\r
+\r
+2:4 But God, who is rich in mercy, for his great love wherewith he\r
+loved us, 2:5 Even when we were dead in sins, hath quickened us\r
+together with Christ, (by grace ye are saved;) 2:6 And hath raised us\r
+up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ\r
+Jesus: 2:7 That in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches\r
+of his grace in his kindness toward us through Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+2:8 For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of\r
+yourselves: it is the gift of God: 2:9 Not of works, lest any man\r
+should boast.\r
+\r
+2:10 For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good\r
+works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.\r
+\r
+2:11 Wherefore remember, that ye being in time past Gentiles in the\r
+flesh, who are called Uncircumcision by that which is called the\r
+Circumcision in the flesh made by hands; 2:12 That at that time ye\r
+were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and\r
+strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without\r
+God in the world: 2:13 But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were\r
+far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.\r
+\r
+2:14 For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down\r
+the middle wall of partition between us; 2:15 Having abolished in his\r
+flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments contained in\r
+ordinances; for to make in himself of twain one new man, so making\r
+peace; 2:16 And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by\r
+the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: 2:17 And came and preached\r
+peace to you which were afar off, and to them that were nigh.\r
+\r
+2:18 For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the\r
+Father.\r
+\r
+2:19 Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but\r
+fellowcitizens with the saints, and of the household of God; 2:20 And\r
+are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus\r
+Christ himself being the chief corner stone; 2:21 In whom all the\r
+building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the\r
+Lord: 2:22 In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of\r
+God through the Spirit.\r
+\r
+3:1 For this cause I Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ for you\r
+Gentiles, 3:2 If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God\r
+which is given me to you-ward: 3:3 How that by revelation he made\r
+known unto me the mystery; (as I wrote afore in few words, 3:4\r
+Whereby, when ye read, ye may understand my knowledge in the mystery\r
+of Christ) 3:5 Which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of\r
+men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the\r
+Spirit; 3:6 That the Gentiles should be fellowheirs, and of the same\r
+body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel: 3:7\r
+Whereof I was made a minister, according to the gift of the grace of\r
+God given unto me by the effectual working of his power.\r
+\r
+3:8 Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints, is this grace\r
+given, that I should preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable riches\r
+of Christ; 3:9 And to make all men see what is the fellowship of the\r
+mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God,\r
+who created all things by Jesus Christ: 3:10 To the intent that now\r
+unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known\r
+by the church the manifold wisdom of God, 3:11 According to the\r
+eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord: 3:12 In\r
+whom we have boldness and access with confidence by the faith of him.\r
+\r
+3:13 Wherefore I desire that ye faint not at my tribulations for you,\r
+which is your glory.\r
+\r
+3:14 For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, 3:15 Of whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named,\r
+3:16 That he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to\r
+be strengthened with might by his Spirit in the inner man; 3:17 That\r
+Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and\r
+grounded in love, 3:18 May be able to comprehend with all saints what\r
+is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; 3:19 And to know\r
+the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled\r
+with all the fulness of God.\r
+\r
+3:20 Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all\r
+that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us, 3:21\r
+Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages,\r
+world without end. Amen.\r
+\r
+4:1 I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk\r
+worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, 4:2 With all lowliness\r
+and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love; 4:3\r
+Endeavouring to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace.\r
+\r
+4:4 There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one\r
+hope of your calling; 4:5 One Lord, one faith, one baptism, 4:6 One\r
+God and Father of all, who is above all, and through all, and in you\r
+all.\r
+\r
+4:7 But unto every one of us is given grace according to the measure\r
+of the gift of Christ.\r
+\r
+4:8 Wherefore he saith, When he ascended up on high, he led captivity\r
+captive, and gave gifts unto men.\r
+\r
+4:9 (Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first\r
+into the lower parts of the earth? 4:10 He that descended is the same\r
+also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all\r
+things.) 4:11 And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and\r
+some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; 4:12 For the\r
+perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the\r
+edifying of the body of Christ: 4:13 Till we all come in the unity of\r
+the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man,\r
+unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ: 4:14 That we\r
+henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about\r
+with every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning\r
+craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to deceive; 4:15 But speaking the\r
+truth in love, may grow up into him in all things, which is the head,\r
+even Christ: 4:16 From whom the whole body fitly joined together and\r
+compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the\r
+effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the\r
+body unto the edifying of itself in love.\r
+\r
+4:17 This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye henceforth\r
+walk not as other Gentiles walk, in the vanity of their mind, 4:18\r
+Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of\r
+God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of\r
+their heart: 4:19 Who being past feeling have given themselves over\r
+unto lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness.\r
+\r
+4:20 But ye have not so learned Christ; 4:21 If so be that ye have\r
+heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: 4:22\r
+That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which\r
+is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts; 4:23 And be renewed in\r
+the spirit of your mind; 4:24 And that ye put on the new man, which\r
+after God is created in righteousness and true holiness.\r
+\r
+4:25 Wherefore putting away lying, speak every man truth with his\r
+neighbour: for we are members one of another.\r
+\r
+4:26 Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your\r
+wrath: 4:27 Neither give place to the devil.\r
+\r
+4:28 Let him that stole steal no more: but rather let him labour,\r
+working with his hands the thing which is good, that he may have to\r
+give to him that needeth.\r
+\r
+4:29 Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth, but that\r
+which is good to the use of edifying, that it may minister grace unto\r
+the hearers.\r
+\r
+4:30 And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto\r
+the day of redemption.\r
+\r
+4:31 Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamour, and evil\r
+speaking, be put away from you, with all malice: 4:32 And be ye kind\r
+one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for\r
+Christ's sake hath forgiven you.\r
+\r
+5:1 Be ye therefore followers of God, as dear children; 5:2 And walk\r
+in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us\r
+an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour.\r
+\r
+5:3 But fornication, and all uncleanness, or covetousness, let it not\r
+be once named among you, as becometh saints; 5:4 Neither filthiness,\r
+nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient: but rather\r
+giving of thanks.\r
+\r
+5:5 For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor\r
+covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom\r
+of Christ and of God.\r
+\r
+5:6 Let no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these\r
+things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience.\r
+\r
+5:7 Be not ye therefore partakers with them.\r
+\r
+5:8 For ye were sometimes darkness, but now are ye light in the Lord:\r
+walk as children of light: 5:9 (For the fruit of the Spirit is in all\r
+goodness and righteousness and truth;) 5:10 Proving what is acceptable\r
+unto the Lord.\r
+\r
+5:11 And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but\r
+rather reprove them.\r
+\r
+5:12 For it is a shame even to speak of those things which are done of\r
+them in secret.\r
+\r
+5:13 But all things that are reproved are made manifest by the light:\r
+for whatsoever doth make manifest is light.\r
+\r
+5:14 Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the\r
+dead, and Christ shall give thee light.\r
+\r
+5:15 See then that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise,\r
+5:16 Redeeming the time, because the days are evil.\r
+\r
+5:17 Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what the will of\r
+the Lord is.\r
+\r
+5:18 And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with\r
+the Spirit; 5:19 Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and\r
+spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord;\r
+5:20 Giving thanks always for all things unto God and the Father in\r
+the name of our Lord Jesus Christ; 5:21 Submitting yourselves one to\r
+another in the fear of God.\r
+\r
+5:22 Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+5:23 For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the\r
+head of the church: and he is the saviour of the body.\r
+\r
+5:24 Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives\r
+be to their own husbands in every thing.\r
+\r
+5:25 Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church,\r
+and gave himself for it; 5:26 That he might sanctify and cleanse it\r
+with the washing of water by the word, 5:27 That he might present it\r
+to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such\r
+thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish.\r
+\r
+5:28 So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that\r
+loveth his wife loveth himself.\r
+\r
+5:29 For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and\r
+cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: 5:30 For we are members of\r
+his body, of his flesh, and of his bones.\r
+\r
+5:31 For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall\r
+be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be one flesh.\r
+\r
+5:32 This is a great mystery: but I speak concerning Christ and the\r
+church.\r
+\r
+5:33 Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife\r
+even as himself; and the wife see that she reverence her husband.\r
+\r
+6:1 Children, obey your parents in the Lord: for this is right.\r
+\r
+6:2 Honour thy father and mother; which is the first commandment with\r
+promise; 6:3 That it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long\r
+on the earth.\r
+\r
+6:4 And, ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath: but bring\r
+them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord.\r
+\r
+6:5 Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to\r
+the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as\r
+unto Christ; 6:6 Not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but as the\r
+servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; 6:7 With\r
+good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men: 6:8 Knowing\r
+that whatsoever good thing any man doeth, the same shall he receive of\r
+the Lord, whether he be bond or free.\r
+\r
+6:9 And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing\r
+threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is\r
+there respect of persons with him.\r
+\r
+6:10 Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power of\r
+his might.\r
+\r
+6:11 Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand\r
+against the wiles of the devil.\r
+\r
+6:12 For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against\r
+principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of\r
+this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places.\r
+\r
+6:13 Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be\r
+able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand.\r
+\r
+6:14 Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and\r
+having on the breastplate of righteousness; 6:15 And your feet shod\r
+with the preparation of the gospel of peace; 6:16 Above all, taking\r
+the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the\r
+fiery darts of the wicked.\r
+\r
+6:17 And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit,\r
+which is the word of God: 6:18 Praying always with all prayer and\r
+supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all\r
+perseverance and supplication for all saints; 6:19 And for me, that\r
+utterance may be given unto me, that I may open my mouth boldly, to\r
+make known the mystery of the gospel, 6:20 For which I am an\r
+ambassador in bonds: that therein I may speak boldly, as I ought to\r
+speak.\r
+\r
+6:21 But that ye also may know my affairs, and how I do, Tychicus, a\r
+beloved brother and faithful minister in the Lord, shall make known to\r
+you all things: 6:22 Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose,\r
+that ye might know our affairs, and that he might comfort your hearts.\r
+\r
+6:23 Peace be to the brethren, and love with faith, from God the\r
+Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+6:24 Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in\r
+sincerity.\r
+\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the\r
+saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and\r
+deacons: 1:2 Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and\r
+from the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:3 I thank my God upon every remembrance of you, 1:4 Always in every\r
+prayer of mine for you all making request with joy, 1:5 For your\r
+fellowship in the gospel from the first day until now; 1:6 Being\r
+confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in\r
+you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ: 1:7 Even as it is\r
+meet for me to think this of you all, because I have you in my heart;\r
+inasmuch as both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of\r
+the gospel, ye all are partakers of my grace.\r
+\r
+1:8 For God is my record, how greatly I long after you all in the\r
+bowels of Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:9 And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in\r
+knowledge and in all judgment; 1:10 That ye may approve things that\r
+are excellent; that ye may be sincere and without offence till the day\r
+of Christ.\r
+\r
+1:11 Being filled with the fruits of righteousness, which are by Jesus\r
+Christ, unto the glory and praise of God.\r
+\r
+1:12 But I would ye should understand, brethren, that the things which\r
+happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the furtherance of the\r
+gospel; 1:13 So that my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the\r
+palace, and in all other places; 1:14 And many of the brethren in the\r
+Lord, waxing confident by my bonds, are much more bold to speak the\r
+word without fear.\r
+\r
+1:15 Some indeed preach Christ even of envy and strife; and some also\r
+of good will: 1:16 The one preach Christ of contention, not sincerely,\r
+supposing to add affliction to my bonds: 1:17 But the other of love,\r
+knowing that I am set for the defence of the gospel.\r
+\r
+1:18 What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in\r
+truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will\r
+rejoice.\r
+\r
+1:19 For I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your\r
+prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ, 1:20 According\r
+to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be\r
+ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ\r
+shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death.\r
+\r
+1:21 For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.\r
+\r
+1:22 But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet\r
+what I shall choose I wot not.\r
+\r
+1:23 For I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and\r
+to be with Christ; which is far better: 1:24 Nevertheless to abide in\r
+the flesh is more needful for you.\r
+\r
+1:25 And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide and\r
+continue with you all for your furtherance and joy of faith; 1:26 That\r
+your rejoicing may be more abundant in Jesus Christ for me by my\r
+coming to you again.\r
+\r
+1:27 Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of\r
+Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear\r
+of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind\r
+striving together for the faith of the gospel; 1:28 And in nothing\r
+terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of\r
+perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God.\r
+\r
+1:29 For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ, not only to\r
+believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake; 1:30 Having the same\r
+conflict which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in me.\r
+\r
+2:1 If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of\r
+love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies, 2:2\r
+Fulfil ye my joy, that ye be likeminded, having the same love, being\r
+of one accord, of one mind.\r
+\r
+2:3 Let nothing be done through strife or vainglory; but in lowliness\r
+of mind let each esteem other better than themselves.\r
+\r
+2:4 Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the\r
+things of others.\r
+\r
+2:5 Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: 2:6 Who,\r
+being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God:\r
+2:7 But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a\r
+servant, and was made in the likeness of men: 2:8 And being found in\r
+fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death,\r
+even the death of the cross.\r
+\r
+2:9 Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name\r
+which is above every name: 2:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee\r
+should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under\r
+the earth; 2:11 And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ\r
+is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.\r
+\r
+2:12 Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my\r
+presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own\r
+salvation with fear and trembling.\r
+\r
+2:13 For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his\r
+good pleasure.\r
+\r
+2:14 Do all things without murmurings and disputings: 2:15 That ye may\r
+be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the\r
+midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights\r
+in the world; 2:16 Holding forth the word of life; that I may rejoice\r
+in the day of Christ, that I have not run in vain, neither laboured in\r
+vain.\r
+\r
+2:17 Yea, and if I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your\r
+faith, I joy, and rejoice with you all.\r
+\r
+2:18 For the same cause also do ye joy, and rejoice with me.\r
+\r
+2:19 But I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timotheus shortly unto you,\r
+that I also may be of good comfort, when I know your state.\r
+\r
+2:20 For I have no man likeminded, who will naturally care for your\r
+state.\r
+\r
+2:21 For all seek their own, not the things which are Jesus Christ's.\r
+\r
+2:22 But ye know the proof of him, that, as a son with the father, he\r
+hath served with me in the gospel.\r
+\r
+2:23 Him therefore I hope to send presently, so soon as I shall see\r
+how it will go with me.\r
+\r
+2:24 But I trust in the Lord that I also myself shall come shortly.\r
+\r
+2:25 Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my\r
+brother, and companion in labour, and fellowsoldier, but your\r
+messenger, and he that ministered to my wants.\r
+\r
+2:26 For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because\r
+that ye had heard that he had been sick.\r
+\r
+2:27 For indeed he was sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him;\r
+and not on him only, but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon\r
+sorrow.\r
+\r
+2:28 I sent him therefore the more carefully, that, when ye see him\r
+again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful.\r
+\r
+2:29 Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness; and hold\r
+such in reputation: 2:30 Because for the work of Christ he was nigh\r
+unto death, not regarding his life, to supply your lack of service\r
+toward me.\r
+\r
+3:1 Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same\r
+things to you, to me indeed is not grievous, but for you it is safe.\r
+\r
+3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision.\r
+\r
+3:3 For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and\r
+rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh.\r
+\r
+3:4 Though I might also have confidence in the flesh. If any other man\r
+thinketh that he hath whereof he might trust in the flesh, I more: 3:5\r
+Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of\r
+Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee;\r
+3:6 Concerning zeal, persecuting the church; touching the\r
+righteousness which is in the law, blameless.\r
+\r
+3:7 But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.\r
+\r
+3:8 Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency\r
+of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the\r
+loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ,\r
+3:9 And be found in him, not having mine own righteousness, which is\r
+of the law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the\r
+righteousness which is of God by faith: 3:10 That I may know him, and\r
+the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings,\r
+being made conformable unto his death; 3:11 If by any means I might\r
+attain unto the resurrection of the dead.\r
+\r
+3:12 Not as though I had already attained, either were already\r
+perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which\r
+also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:13 Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one\r
+thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching\r
+forth unto those things which are before, 3:14 I press toward the mark\r
+for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:15 Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if\r
+in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto\r
+you.\r
+\r
+3:16 Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by\r
+the same rule, let us mind the same thing.\r
+\r
+3:17 Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk\r
+so as ye have us for an ensample.\r
+\r
+3:18 (For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you\r
+even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ: 3:19\r
+Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is\r
+in their shame, who mind earthly things.) 3:20 For our conversation\r
+is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus\r
+Christ: 3:21 Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned\r
+like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is\r
+able even to subdue all things unto himself.\r
+\r
+4:1 Therefore, my brethren dearly beloved and longed for, my joy and\r
+crown, so stand fast in the Lord, my dearly beloved.\r
+\r
+4:2 I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same\r
+mind in the Lord.\r
+\r
+4:3 And I intreat thee also, true yokefellow, help those women which\r
+laboured with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my\r
+fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life.\r
+\r
+4:4 Rejoice in the Lord alway: and again I say, Rejoice.\r
+\r
+4:5 Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand.\r
+\r
+4:6 Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and\r
+supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto\r
+God.\r
+\r
+4:7 And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep\r
+your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:8 Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things\r
+are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure,\r
+whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if\r
+there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these\r
+things.\r
+\r
+4:9 Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard,\r
+and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you.\r
+\r
+4:10 But I rejoiced in the Lord greatly, that now at the last your\r
+care of me hath flourished again; wherein ye were also careful, but ye\r
+lacked opportunity.\r
+\r
+4:11 Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in\r
+whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content.\r
+\r
+4:12 I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every\r
+where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be\r
+hungry, both to abound and to suffer need.\r
+\r
+4:13 I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me.\r
+\r
+4:14 Notwithstanding ye have well done, that ye did communicate with\r
+my affliction.\r
+\r
+4:15 Now ye Philippians know also, that in the beginning of the\r
+gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church communicated with me\r
+as concerning giving and receiving, but ye only.\r
+\r
+4:16 For even in Thessalonica ye sent once and again unto my\r
+necessity.\r
+\r
+4:17 Not because I desire a gift: but I desire fruit that may abound\r
+to your account.\r
+\r
+4:18 But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of\r
+Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odour of a sweet\r
+smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God.\r
+\r
+4:19 But my God shall supply all your need according to his riches in\r
+glory by Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:20 Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+4:21 Salute every saint in Christ Jesus. The brethren which are with\r
+me greet you.\r
+\r
+4:22 All the saints salute you, chiefly they that are of Caesar's\r
+household.\r
+\r
+4:23 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God,\r
+and Timotheus our brother, 1:2 To the saints and faithful brethren\r
+in Christ which are at Colosse: Grace be unto you, and peace,\r
+from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:3 We give thanks to God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying\r
+always for you,\r
+1:4 Since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus, and of the love which ye\r
+have to all the saints,\r
+1:5 For the hope which is laid up for you in heaven, whereof ye heard\r
+before in the word of the truth of the gospel;\r
+1:6 Which is come unto you, as it is in all the world; and bringeth forth\r
+fruit, as it doth also in you, since the day ye heard of it, and knew the\r
+grace of God in truth:\r
+1:7 As ye also learned of Epaphras our dear fellowservant, who is for you\r
+a faithful minister of Christ;\r
+1:8 Who also declared unto us your love in the Spirit.\r
+\r
+1:9 For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to\r
+pray for you, and to desire that ye might be filled with the knowledge of his\r
+will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding;\r
+1:10 That ye might walk worthy of the Lord unto all pleasing, being\r
+fruitful in every good work, and increasing in the knowledge of God;\r
+1:11 Strengthened with all might, according to his glorious power, unto\r
+all patience and longsuffering with joyfulness;\r
+1:12 Giving thanks unto the Father, which hath made us meet to be\r
+partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light:\r
+1:13 Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated\r
+us into the kingdom of his dear Son:\r
+1:14 In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of\r
+sins:\r
+1:15 Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every\r
+creature:\r
+1:16 For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are\r
+in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or\r
+principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him:\r
+1:17 And he is before all things, and by him all things consist.\r
+\r
+1:18 And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the\r
+firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.\r
+\r
+1:19 For it pleased the Father that in him should all fulness dwell;\r
+1:20 And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to\r
+reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in\r
+earth, or things in heaven.\r
+\r
+1:21 And you, that were sometime alienated and enemies in your mind by\r
+wicked works, yet now hath he reconciled\r
+1:22 In the body of his flesh through death, to present you holy and\r
+unblameable and unreproveable in his sight:\r
+1:23 If ye continue in the faith grounded and settled, and be not moved\r
+away from the hope of the gospel, which ye have heard, and which was preached\r
+to every creature which is under heaven; whereof I Paul am made a minister;\r
+1:24 Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is\r
+behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh for his body's sake, which is\r
+the church:\r
+1:25 Whereof I am made a minister, according to the dispensation of God\r
+which is given to me for you, to fulfil the word of God;\r
+1:26 Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations,\r
+but now is made manifest to his saints:\r
+1:27 To whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this\r
+mystery among the Gentiles; which is Christ in you, the hope of glory:\r
+1:28 Whom we preach, warning every man, and teaching every man in all\r
+wisdom; that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus:\r
+1:29 Whereunto I also labour, striving according to his working, which\r
+worketh in me mightily.\r
+\r
+2:1 For I would that ye knew what great conflict I have for you, and for\r
+them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh;\r
+2:2 That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and\r
+unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the\r
+acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ;\r
+2:3 In whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.\r
+\r
+2:4 And this I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing words.\r
+\r
+2:5 For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit,\r
+joying and beholding your order, and the stedfastness of your faith in\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+2:6 As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in\r
+him:\r
+2:7 Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have\r
+been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.\r
+\r
+2:8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit,\r
+after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+2:9 For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.\r
+\r
+2:10 And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and\r
+power:\r
+2:11 In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without\r
+hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision\r
+of Christ:\r
+2:12 Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him\r
+through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead.\r
+\r
+2:13 And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your\r
+flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all\r
+trespasses;\r
+2:14 Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which\r
+was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross;\r
+2:15 And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them\r
+openly, triumphing over them in it.\r
+\r
+2:16 Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of\r
+an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:\r
+2:17 Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.\r
+\r
+2:18 Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and\r
+worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen,\r
+vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind,\r
+2:19 And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands\r
+having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the\r
+increase of God.\r
+\r
+2:20 Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world,\r
+why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances,\r
+2:21 (Touch not; taste not; handle not;\r
+2:22 Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and\r
+doctrines of men?\r
+2:23 Which things have indeed a shew of wisdom in will worship, and\r
+humility, and neglecting of the body: not in any honour to the satisfying\r
+of the flesh.\r
+\r
+3:1 If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above,\r
+where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God.\r
+\r
+3:2 Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth.\r
+\r
+3:3 For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God.\r
+\r
+3:4 When Christ, who is our life, shall appear, then shall ye also appear\r
+with him in glory.\r
+\r
+3:5 Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication,\r
+uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness,\r
+which is idolatry:\r
+3:6 For which things' sake the wrath of God cometh on the children of\r
+disobedience:\r
+3:7 In the which ye also walked some time, when ye lived in them.\r
+\r
+3:8 But now ye also put off all these; anger, wrath, malice, blasphemy,\r
+filthy communication out of your mouth.\r
+\r
+3:9 Lie not one to another, seeing that ye have put off the old man with\r
+his deeds;\r
+3:10 And have put on the new man, which is renewed in knowledge after the\r
+image of him that created him:\r
+3:11 Where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor\r
+uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all, and in\r
+all.\r
+\r
+3:12 Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of\r
+mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering;\r
+3:13 Forbearing one another, and forgiving one another, if any man have a\r
+quarrel against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye.\r
+\r
+3:14 And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of\r
+perfectness.\r
+\r
+3:15 And let the peace of God rule in your hearts, to the which also ye\r
+are called in one body; and be ye thankful.\r
+\r
+3:16 Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching\r
+and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing\r
+with grace in your hearts to the Lord.\r
+\r
+3:17 And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord\r
+Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.\r
+\r
+3:18 Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as it is fit in the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+3:19 Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.\r
+\r
+3:20 Children, obey your parents in all things: for this is well pleasing\r
+unto the Lord.\r
+\r
+3:21 Fathers, provoke not your children to anger, lest they be\r
+discouraged.\r
+\r
+3:22 Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not\r
+with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God;\r
+3:23 And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto\r
+men;\r
+3:24 Knowing that of the Lord ye shall receive the reward of the\r
+inheritance: for ye serve the Lord Christ.\r
+\r
+3:25 But he that doeth wrong shall receive for the wrong which he hath\r
+done: and there is no respect of persons.\r
+\r
+4:1 Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing\r
+that ye also have a Master in heaven.\r
+\r
+4:2 Continue in prayer, and watch in the same with thanksgiving;\r
+4:3 Withal praying also for us, that God would open unto us a door of\r
+utterance, to speak the mystery of Christ, for which I am also in bonds:\r
+4:4 That I may make it manifest, as I ought to speak.\r
+\r
+4:5 Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time.\r
+\r
+4:6 Let your speech be alway with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may\r
+know how ye ought to answer every man.\r
+\r
+4:7 All my state shall Tychicus declare unto you, who is a beloved\r
+brother, and a faithful minister and fellowservant in the Lord:\r
+4:8 Whom I have sent unto you for the same purpose, that he might know\r
+your estate, and comfort your hearts;\r
+4:9 With Onesimus, a faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They\r
+shall make known unto you all things which are done here.\r
+\r
+4:10 Aristarchus my fellowprisoner saluteth you, and Marcus, sister's son\r
+to Barnabas, (touching whom ye received commandments: if he come unto you,\r
+receive him;)\r
+4:11 And Jesus, which is called Justus, who are of the circumcision. These\r
+only are my fellowworkers unto the kingdom of God, which have been a comfort\r
+unto me.\r
+\r
+4:12 Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ, saluteth you,\r
+always labouring fervently for you in prayers, that ye may stand perfect and\r
+complete in all the will of God.\r
+\r
+4:13 For I bear him record, that he hath a great zeal for you, and them\r
+that are in Laodicea, and them in Hierapolis.\r
+\r
+4:14 Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you.\r
+\r
+4:15 Salute the brethren which are in Laodicea, and Nymphas, and the\r
+church which is in his house.\r
+\r
+4:16 And when this epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also\r
+in the church of the Laodiceans; and that ye likewise read the epistle from\r
+Laodicea.\r
+\r
+4:17 And say to Archippus, Take heed to the ministry which thou hast\r
+received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it.\r
+\r
+4:18 The salutation by the hand of me Paul. Remember my bonds. Grace be\r
+with you. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the\r
+Thessalonians which is in God the Father and in the Lord Jesus Christ:\r
+Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+1:2 We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in\r
+our prayers; 1:3 Remembering without ceasing your work of faith, and\r
+labour of love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, in the\r
+sight of God and our Father; 1:4 Knowing, brethren beloved, your\r
+election of God.\r
+\r
+1:5 For our gospel came not unto you in word only, but also in power,\r
+and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance; as ye know what manner\r
+of men we were among you for your sake.\r
+\r
+1:6 And ye became followers of us, and of the Lord, having received\r
+the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+1:7 So that ye were ensamples to all that believe in Macedonia and\r
+Achaia.\r
+\r
+1:8 For from you sounded out the word of the Lord not only in\r
+Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward\r
+is spread abroad; so that we need not to speak any thing.\r
+\r
+1:9 For they themselves shew of us what manner of entering in we had\r
+unto you, and how ye turned to God from idols to serve the living and\r
+true God; 1:10 And to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised\r
+from the dead, even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath to come.\r
+\r
+2:1 For yourselves, brethren, know our entrance in unto you, that it\r
+was not in vain: 2:2 But even after that we had suffered before, and\r
+were shamefully entreated, as ye know, at Philippi, we were bold in\r
+our God to speak unto you the gospel of God with much contention.\r
+\r
+2:3 For our exhortation was not of deceit, nor of uncleanness, nor in\r
+guile: 2:4 But as we were allowed of God to be put in trust with the\r
+gospel, even so we speak; not as pleasing men, but God, which trieth\r
+our hearts.\r
+\r
+2:5 For neither at any time used we flattering words, as ye know, nor\r
+a cloke of covetousness; God is witness: 2:6 Nor of men sought we\r
+glory, neither of you, nor yet of others, when we might have been\r
+burdensome, as the apostles of Christ.\r
+\r
+2:7 But we were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her\r
+children: 2:8 So being affectionately desirous of you, we were willing\r
+to have imparted unto you, not the gospel of God only, but also our\r
+own souls, because ye were dear unto us.\r
+\r
+2:9 For ye remember, brethren, our labour and travail: for labouring\r
+night and day, because we would not be chargeable unto any of you, we\r
+preached unto you the gospel of God.\r
+\r
+2:10 Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and justly and\r
+unblameably we behaved ourselves among you that believe: 2:11 As ye\r
+know how we exhorted and comforted and charged every one of you, as a\r
+father doth his children, 2:12 That ye would walk worthy of God, who\r
+hath called you unto his kingdom and glory.\r
+\r
+2:13 For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when\r
+ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not\r
+as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which\r
+effectually worketh also in you that believe.\r
+\r
+2:14 For ye, brethren, became followers of the churches of God which\r
+in Judaea are in Christ Jesus: for ye also have suffered like things\r
+of your own countrymen, even as they have of the Jews: 2:15 Who both\r
+killed the Lord Jesus, and their own prophets, and have persecuted us;\r
+and they please not God, and are contrary to all men: 2:16 Forbidding\r
+us to speak to the Gentiles that they might be saved, to fill up their\r
+sins alway: for the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost.\r
+\r
+2:17 But we, brethren, being taken from you for a short time in\r
+presence, not in heart, endeavoured the more abundantly to see your\r
+face with great desire.\r
+\r
+2:18 Wherefore we would have come unto you, even I Paul, once and\r
+again; but Satan hindered us.\r
+\r
+2:19 For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of rejoicing? Are not even\r
+ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his coming? 2:20 For\r
+ye are our glory and joy.\r
+\r
+3:1 Wherefore when we could no longer forbear, we thought it good to\r
+be left at Athens alone; 3:2 And sent Timotheus, our brother, and\r
+minister of God, and our fellowlabourer in the gospel of Christ, to\r
+establish you, and to comfort you concerning your faith: 3:3 That no\r
+man should be moved by these afflictions: for yourselves know that we\r
+are appointed thereunto.\r
+\r
+3:4 For verily, when we were with you, we told you before that we\r
+should suffer tribulation; even as it came to pass, and ye know.\r
+\r
+3:5 For this cause, when I could no longer forbear, I sent to know\r
+your faith, lest by some means the tempter have tempted you, and our\r
+labour be in vain.\r
+\r
+3:6 But now when Timotheus came from you unto us, and brought us good\r
+tidings of your faith and charity, and that ye have good remembrance\r
+of us always, desiring greatly to see us, as we also to see you: 3:7\r
+Therefore, brethren, we were comforted over you in all our affliction\r
+and distress by your faith: 3:8 For now we live, if ye stand fast in\r
+the Lord.\r
+\r
+3:9 For what thanks can we render to God again for you, for all the\r
+joy wherewith we joy for your sakes before our God; 3:10 Night and day\r
+praying exceedingly that we might see your face, and might perfect\r
+that which is lacking in your faith? 3:11 Now God himself and our\r
+Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, direct our way unto you.\r
+\r
+3:12 And the Lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward\r
+another, and toward all men, even as we do toward you: 3:13 To the end\r
+he may stablish your hearts unblameable in holiness before God, even\r
+our Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his\r
+saints.\r
+\r
+4:1 Furthermore then we beseech you, brethren, and exhort you by the\r
+Lord Jesus, that as ye have received of us how ye ought to walk and to\r
+please God, so ye would abound more and more.\r
+\r
+4:2 For ye know what commandments we gave you by the Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+4:3 For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye\r
+should abstain from fornication: 4:4 That every one of you should know\r
+how to possess his vessel in sanctification and honour; 4:5 Not in the\r
+lust of concupiscence, even as the Gentiles which know not God: 4:6\r
+That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter: because\r
+that the Lord is the avenger of all such, as we also have forewarned\r
+you and testified.\r
+\r
+4:7 For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness.\r
+\r
+4:8 He therefore that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God, who hath\r
+also given unto us his holy Spirit.\r
+\r
+4:9 But as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you:\r
+for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another.\r
+\r
+4:10 And indeed ye do it toward all the brethren which are in all\r
+Macedonia: but we beseech you, brethren, that ye increase more and\r
+more; 4:11 And that ye study to be quiet, and to do your own business,\r
+and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you; 4:12 That ye may\r
+walk honestly toward them that are without, and that ye may have lack\r
+of nothing.\r
+\r
+4:13 But I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning\r
+them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not, even as others which have\r
+no hope.\r
+\r
+4:14 For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them\r
+also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him.\r
+\r
+4:15 For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which\r
+are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent\r
+them which are asleep.\r
+\r
+4:16 For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with\r
+the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in\r
+Christ shall rise first: 4:17 Then we which are alive and remain shall\r
+be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the\r
+air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.\r
+\r
+4:18 Wherefore comfort one another with these words.\r
+\r
+5:1 But of the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need that I\r
+write unto you.\r
+\r
+5:2 For yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so cometh\r
+as a thief in the night.\r
+\r
+5:3 For when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden destruction\r
+cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child; and they shall\r
+not escape.\r
+\r
+5:4 But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should\r
+overtake you as a thief.\r
+\r
+5:5 Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we\r
+are not of the night, nor of darkness.\r
+\r
+5:6 Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be\r
+sober.\r
+\r
+5:7 For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken\r
+are drunken in the night.\r
+\r
+5:8 But let us, who are of the day, be sober, putting on the\r
+breastplate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of\r
+salvation.\r
+\r
+5:9 For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by\r
+our Lord Jesus Christ, 5:10 Who died for us, that, whether we wake or\r
+sleep, we should live together with him.\r
+\r
+5:11 Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another,\r
+even as also ye do.\r
+\r
+5:12 And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among\r
+you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; 5:13 And to\r
+esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake. And be at peace\r
+among yourselves.\r
+\r
+5:14 Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort\r
+the feebleminded, support the weak, be patient toward all men.\r
+\r
+5:15 See that none render evil for evil unto any man; but ever follow\r
+that which is good, both among yourselves, and to all men.\r
+\r
+5:16 Rejoice evermore.\r
+\r
+5:17 Pray without ceasing.\r
+\r
+5:18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ\r
+Jesus concerning you.\r
+\r
+5:19 Quench not the Spirit.\r
+\r
+5:20 Despise not prophesyings.\r
+\r
+5:21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good.\r
+\r
+5:22 Abstain from all appearance of evil.\r
+\r
+5:23 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God\r
+your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the\r
+coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+5:24 Faithful is he that calleth you, who also will do it.\r
+\r
+5:25 Brethren, pray for us.\r
+\r
+5:26 Greet all the brethren with an holy kiss.\r
+\r
+5:27 I charge you by the Lord that this epistle be read unto all the\r
+holy brethren.\r
+\r
+5:28 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, and Silvanus, and Timotheus, unto the church of the\r
+Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: 1:2 Grace\r
+unto you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:3 We are bound to thank God always for you, brethren, as it is meet,\r
+because that your faith groweth exceedingly, and the charity of every\r
+one of you all toward each other aboundeth; 1:4 So that we ourselves\r
+glory in you in the churches of God for your patience and faith in all\r
+your persecutions and tribulations that ye endure: 1:5 Which is a\r
+manifest token of the righteous judgment of God, that ye may be\r
+counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer: 1:6\r
+Seeing it is a righteous thing with God to recompense tribulation to\r
+them that trouble you; 1:7 And to you who are troubled rest with us,\r
+when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with his mighty\r
+angels, 1:8 In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not\r
+God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: 1:9 Who\r
+shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of\r
+the Lord, and from the glory of his power; 1:10 When he shall come to\r
+be glorified in his saints, and to be admired in all them that believe\r
+(because our testimony among you was believed) in that day.\r
+\r
+1:11 Wherefore also we pray always for you, that our God would count\r
+you worthy of this calling, and fulfil all the good pleasure of his\r
+goodness, and the work of faith with power: 1:12 That the name of our\r
+Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in you, and ye in him, according to\r
+the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+2:1 Now we beseech you, brethren, by the coming of our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, and by our gathering together unto him, 2:2 That ye be not\r
+soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit, nor by word,\r
+nor by letter as from us, as that the day of Christ is at hand.\r
+\r
+2:3 Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come,\r
+except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be\r
+revealed, the son of perdition; 2:4 Who opposeth and exalteth himself\r
+above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God\r
+sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.\r
+\r
+2:5 Remember ye not, that, when I was yet with you, I told you these\r
+things? 2:6 And now ye know what withholdeth that he might be\r
+revealed in his time.\r
+\r
+2:7 For the mystery of iniquity doth already work: only he who now\r
+letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way.\r
+\r
+2:8 And then shall that Wicked be revealed, whom the Lord shall\r
+consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the\r
+brightness of his coming: 2:9 Even him, whose coming is after the\r
+working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, 2:10 And\r
+with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish;\r
+because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be\r
+saved.\r
+\r
+2:11 And for this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they\r
+should believe a lie: 2:12 That they all might be damned who believed\r
+not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness.\r
+\r
+2:13 But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren\r
+beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to\r
+salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the\r
+truth: 2:14 Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of\r
+the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+2:15 Therefore, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye\r
+have been taught, whether by word, or our epistle.\r
+\r
+2:16 Now our Lord Jesus Christ himself, and God, even our Father,\r
+which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation and\r
+good hope through grace, 2:17 Comfort your hearts, and stablish you in\r
+every good word and work.\r
+\r
+3:1 Finally, brethren, pray for us, that the word of the Lord may have\r
+free course, and be glorified, even as it is with you: 3:2 And that we\r
+may be delivered from unreasonable and wicked men: for all men have\r
+not faith.\r
+\r
+3:3 But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and keep you\r
+from evil.\r
+\r
+3:4 And we have confidence in the Lord touching you, that ye both do\r
+and will do the things which we command you.\r
+\r
+3:5 And the Lord direct your hearts into the love of God, and into the\r
+patient waiting for Christ.\r
+\r
+3:6 Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh\r
+disorderly, and not after the tradition which he received of us.\r
+\r
+3:7 For yourselves know how ye ought to follow us: for we behaved not\r
+ourselves disorderly among you; 3:8 Neither did we eat any man's bread\r
+for nought; but wrought with labour and travail night and day, that we\r
+might not be chargeable to any of you: 3:9 Not because we have not\r
+power, but to make ourselves an ensample unto you to follow us.\r
+\r
+3:10 For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if\r
+any would not work, neither should he eat.\r
+\r
+3:11 For we hear that there are some which walk among you disorderly,\r
+working not at all, but are busybodies.\r
+\r
+3:12 Now them that are such we command and exhort by our Lord Jesus\r
+Christ, that with quietness they work, and eat their own bread.\r
+\r
+3:13 But ye, brethren, be not weary in well doing.\r
+\r
+3:14 And if any man obey not our word by this epistle, note that man,\r
+and have no company with him, that he may be ashamed.\r
+\r
+3:15 Yet count him not as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother.\r
+\r
+3:16 Now the Lord of peace himself give you peace always by all means.\r
+The Lord be with you all.\r
+\r
+3:17 The salutation of Paul with mine own hand, which is the token in\r
+every epistle: so I write.\r
+\r
+3:18 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our\r
+Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; 1:2 Unto Timothy,\r
+my own son in the faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God our Father\r
+and Jesus Christ our Lord.\r
+\r
+1:3 As I besought thee to abide still at Ephesus, when I went into\r
+Macedonia, that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other\r
+doctrine, 1:4 Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies,\r
+which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in\r
+faith: so do.\r
+\r
+1:5 Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and\r
+of a good conscience, and of faith unfeigned: 1:6 From which some\r
+having swerved have turned aside unto vain jangling; 1:7 Desiring to\r
+be teachers of the law; understanding neither what they say, nor\r
+whereof they affirm.\r
+\r
+1:8 But we know that the law is good, if a man use it lawfully; 1:9\r
+Knowing this, that the law is not made for a righteous man, but for\r
+the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners, for\r
+unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers,\r
+for manslayers, 1:10 For whoremongers, for them that defile themselves\r
+with mankind, for menstealers, for liars, for perjured persons, and if\r
+there be any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine; 1:11\r
+According to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, which was\r
+committed to my trust.\r
+\r
+1:12 And I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath enabled me, for that\r
+he counted me faithful, putting me into the ministry; 1:13 Who was\r
+before a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious: but I obtained\r
+mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief.\r
+\r
+1:14 And the grace of our Lord was exceeding abundant with faith and\r
+love which is in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:15 This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that\r
+Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief.\r
+\r
+1:16 Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus\r
+Christ might shew forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which\r
+should hereafter believe on him to life everlasting.\r
+\r
+1:17 Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise\r
+God, be honour and glory for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+1:18 This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, according to the\r
+prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war a\r
+good warfare; 1:19 Holding faith, and a good conscience; which some\r
+having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck: 1:20 Of whom is\r
+Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they\r
+may learn not to blaspheme.\r
+\r
+2:1 I exhort therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers,\r
+intercessions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men; 2:2 For\r
+kings, and for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and\r
+peaceable life in all godliness and honesty.\r
+\r
+2:3 For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour;\r
+2:4 Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge\r
+of the truth.\r
+\r
+2:5 For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the\r
+man Christ Jesus; 2:6 Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be\r
+testified in due time.\r
+\r
+2:7 Whereunto I am ordained a preacher, and an apostle, (I speak the\r
+truth in Christ, and lie not;) a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and\r
+verity.\r
+\r
+2:8 I will therefore that men pray every where, lifting up holy hands,\r
+without wrath and doubting.\r
+\r
+2:9 In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest\r
+apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or\r
+gold, or pearls, or costly array; 2:10 But (which becometh women\r
+professing godliness) with good works.\r
+\r
+2:11 Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.\r
+\r
+2:12 But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over\r
+the man, but to be in silence.\r
+\r
+2:13 For Adam was first formed, then Eve.\r
+\r
+2:14 And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in\r
+the transgression.\r
+\r
+2:15 Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they\r
+continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety.\r
+\r
+3:1 This is a true saying, If a man desire the office of a bishop, he\r
+desireth a good work.\r
+\r
+3:2 A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife,\r
+vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to\r
+teach; 3:3 Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre;\r
+but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; 3:4 One that ruleth well his\r
+own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; 3:5\r
+(For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take\r
+care of the church of God?) 3:6 Not a novice, lest being lifted up\r
+with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil.\r
+\r
+3:7 Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without;\r
+lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil.\r
+\r
+3:8 Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given\r
+to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; 3:9 Holding the mystery of\r
+the faith in a pure conscience.\r
+\r
+3:10 And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office\r
+of a deacon, being found blameless.\r
+\r
+3:11 Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober,\r
+faithful in all things.\r
+\r
+3:12 Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their\r
+children and their own houses well.\r
+\r
+3:13 For they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to\r
+themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in\r
+Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:14 These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly:\r
+3:15 But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to\r
+behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living\r
+God, the pillar and ground of the truth.\r
+\r
+3:16 And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God\r
+was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels,\r
+preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+4:1 Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some\r
+shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and\r
+doctrines of devils; 4:2 Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their\r
+conscience seared with a hot iron; 4:3 Forbidding to marry, and\r
+commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be\r
+received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth.\r
+\r
+4:4 For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if\r
+it be received with thanksgiving: 4:5 For it is sanctified by the word\r
+of God and prayer.\r
+\r
+4:6 If thou put the brethren in remembrance of these things, thou\r
+shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished up in the words of\r
+faith and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast attained.\r
+\r
+4:7 But refuse profane and old wives' fables, and exercise thyself\r
+rather unto godliness.\r
+\r
+4:8 For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable\r
+unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and of that\r
+which is to come.\r
+\r
+4:9 This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptation.\r
+\r
+4:10 For therefore we both labour and suffer reproach, because we\r
+trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of\r
+those that believe.\r
+\r
+4:11 These things command and teach.\r
+\r
+4:12 Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an example of the\r
+believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith,\r
+in purity.\r
+\r
+4:13 Till I come, give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to\r
+doctrine.\r
+\r
+4:14 Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by\r
+prophecy, with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery.\r
+\r
+4:15 Meditate upon these things; give thyself wholly to them; that thy\r
+profiting may appear to all.\r
+\r
+4:16 Take heed unto thyself, and unto the doctrine; continue in them:\r
+for in doing this thou shalt both save thyself, and them that hear\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+5:1 Rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father; and the younger\r
+men as brethren; 5:2 The elder women as mothers; the younger as\r
+sisters, with all purity.\r
+\r
+5:3 Honour widows that are widows indeed.\r
+\r
+5:4 But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to\r
+shew piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and\r
+acceptable before God.\r
+\r
+5:5 Now she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, trusteth in God, and\r
+continueth in supplications and prayers night and day.\r
+\r
+5:6 But she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth.\r
+\r
+5:7 And these things give in charge, that they may be blameless.\r
+\r
+5:8 But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his\r
+own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.\r
+\r
+5:9 Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore years\r
+old, having been the wife of one man.\r
+\r
+5:10 Well reported of for good works; if she have brought up children,\r
+if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the saints' feet, if\r
+she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently followed every\r
+good work.\r
+\r
+5:11 But the younger widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax\r
+wanton against Christ, they will marry; 5:12 Having damnation, because\r
+they have cast off their first faith.\r
+\r
+5:13 And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to\r
+house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking\r
+things which they ought not.\r
+\r
+5:14 I will therefore that the younger women marry, bear children,\r
+guide the house, give none occasion to the adversary to speak\r
+reproachfully.\r
+\r
+5:15 For some are already turned aside after Satan.\r
+\r
+5:16 If any man or woman that believeth have widows, let them relieve\r
+them, and let not the church be charged; that it may relieve them that\r
+are widows indeed.\r
+\r
+5:17 Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honour,\r
+especially they who labour in the word and doctrine.\r
+\r
+5:18 For the scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that\r
+treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward.\r
+\r
+5:19 Against an elder receive not an accusation, but before two or\r
+three witnesses.\r
+\r
+5:20 Them that sin rebuke before all, that others also may fear.\r
+\r
+5:21 I charge thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, and the\r
+elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one\r
+before another, doing nothing by partiality.\r
+\r
+5:22 Lay hands suddenly on no man, neither be partaker of other men's\r
+sins: keep thyself pure.\r
+\r
+5:23 Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's\r
+sake and thine often infirmities.\r
+\r
+5:24 Some men's sins are open beforehand, going before to judgment;\r
+and some men they follow after.\r
+\r
+5:25 Likewise also the good works of some are manifest beforehand; and\r
+they that are otherwise cannot be hid.\r
+\r
+6:1 Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own masters\r
+worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his doctrine be not\r
+blasphemed.\r
+\r
+6:2 And they that have believing masters, let them not despise them,\r
+because they are brethren; but rather do them service, because they\r
+are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit. These things teach\r
+and exhort.\r
+\r
+6:3 If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to wholesome words,\r
+even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine which is\r
+according to godliness; 6:4 He is proud, knowing nothing, but doting\r
+about questions and strifes of words, whereof cometh envy, strife,\r
+railings, evil surmisings, 6:5 Perverse disputings of men of corrupt\r
+minds, and destitute of the truth, supposing that gain is godliness:\r
+from such withdraw thyself.\r
+\r
+6:6 But godliness with contentment is great gain.\r
+\r
+6:7 For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can\r
+carry nothing out.\r
+\r
+6:8 And having food and raiment let us be therewith content.\r
+\r
+6:9 But they that will be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and\r
+into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in destruction\r
+and perdition.\r
+\r
+6:10 For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some\r
+coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves\r
+through with many sorrows.\r
+\r
+6:11 But thou, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after\r
+righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness.\r
+\r
+6:12 Fight the good fight of faith, lay hold on eternal life,\r
+whereunto thou art also called, and hast professed a good profession\r
+before many witnesses.\r
+\r
+6:13 I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all\r
+things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a\r
+good confession; 6:14 That thou keep this commandment without spot,\r
+unrebukable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ: 6:15 Which\r
+in his times he shall shew, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the\r
+King of kings, and Lord of lords; 6:16 Who only hath immortality,\r
+dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath\r
+seen, nor can see: to whom be honour and power everlasting. Amen.\r
+\r
+6:17 Charge them that are rich in this world, that they be not\r
+highminded, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living God, who\r
+giveth us richly all things to enjoy; 6:18 That they do good, that\r
+they be rich in good works, ready to distribute, willing to\r
+communicate; 6:19 Laying up in store for themselves a good foundation\r
+against the time to come, that they may lay hold on eternal life.\r
+\r
+6:20 O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding\r
+profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so\r
+called: 6:21 Which some professing have erred concerning the faith.\r
+Grace be with thee. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according to\r
+the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus, 1:2 To Timothy,\r
+my dearly beloved son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father\r
+and Christ Jesus our Lord.\r
+\r
+1:3 I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure\r
+conscience, that without ceasing I have remembrance of thee in my\r
+prayers night and day; 1:4 Greatly desiring to see thee, being mindful\r
+of thy tears, that I may be filled with joy; 1:5 When I call to\r
+remembrance the unfeigned faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in\r
+thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that\r
+in thee also.\r
+\r
+1:6 Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of\r
+God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands.\r
+\r
+1:7 For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of\r
+love, and of a sound mind.\r
+\r
+1:8 Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of\r
+me his prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the gospel\r
+according to the power of God; 1:9 Who hath saved us, and called us\r
+with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his\r
+own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the\r
+world began, 1:10 But is now made manifest by the appearing of our\r
+Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life\r
+and immortality to light through the gospel: 1:11 Whereunto I am\r
+appointed a preacher, and an apostle, and a teacher of the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+1:12 For the which cause I also suffer these things: nevertheless I am\r
+not ashamed: for I know whom I have believed, and am persuaded that he\r
+is able to keep that which I have committed unto him against that day.\r
+\r
+1:13 Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me,\r
+in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:14 That good thing which was committed unto thee keep by the Holy\r
+Ghost which dwelleth in us.\r
+\r
+1:15 This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away\r
+from me; of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes.\r
+\r
+1:16 The Lord give mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus; for he oft\r
+refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain: 1:17 But, when he was\r
+in Rome, he sought me out very diligently, and found me.\r
+\r
+1:18 The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of the Lord in\r
+that day: and in how many things he ministered unto me at Ephesus,\r
+thou knowest very well.\r
+\r
+2:1 Thou therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ\r
+Jesus.\r
+\r
+2:2 And the things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses,\r
+the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach\r
+others also.\r
+\r
+2:3 Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier of Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+2:4 No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this\r
+life; that he may please him who hath chosen him to be a soldier.\r
+\r
+2:5 And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned,\r
+except he strive lawfully.\r
+\r
+2:6 The husbandman that laboureth must be first partaker of the\r
+fruits.\r
+\r
+2:7 Consider what I say; and the Lord give thee understanding in all\r
+things.\r
+\r
+2:8 Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from\r
+the dead according to my gospel: 2:9 Wherein I suffer trouble, as an\r
+evil doer, even unto bonds; but the word of God is not bound.\r
+\r
+2:10 Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes, that they\r
+may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal\r
+glory.\r
+\r
+2:11 It is a faithful saying: For if we be dead with him, we shall\r
+also live with him: 2:12 If we suffer, we shall also reign with him:\r
+if we deny him, he also will deny us: 2:13 If we believe not, yet he\r
+abideth faithful: he cannot deny himself.\r
+\r
+2:14 Of these things put them in remembrance, charging them before the\r
+Lord that they strive not about words to no profit, but to the\r
+subverting of the hearers.\r
+\r
+2:15 Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth\r
+not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.\r
+\r
+2:16 But shun profane and vain babblings: for they will increase unto\r
+more ungodliness.\r
+\r
+2:17 And their word will eat as doth a canker: of whom is Hymenaeus\r
+and Philetus; 2:18 Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that\r
+the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some.\r
+\r
+2:19 Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this\r
+seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that\r
+nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.\r
+\r
+2:20 But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of\r
+silver, but also of wood and of earth; and some to honour, and some to\r
+dishonour.\r
+\r
+2:21 If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel\r
+unto honour, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared\r
+unto every good work.\r
+\r
+2:22 Flee also youthful lusts: but follow righteousness, faith,\r
+charity, peace, with them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart.\r
+\r
+2:23 But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they do\r
+gender strifes.\r
+\r
+2:24 And the servant of the Lord must not strive; but be gentle unto\r
+all men, apt to teach, patient, 2:25 In meekness instructing those\r
+that oppose themselves; if God peradventure will give them repentance\r
+to the acknowledging of the truth; 2:26 And that they may recover\r
+themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him\r
+at his will.\r
+\r
+3:1 This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come.\r
+\r
+3:2 For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters,\r
+proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3:3\r
+Without natural affection, trucebreakers, false accusers, incontinent,\r
+fierce, despisers of those that are good, 3:4 Traitors, heady,\r
+highminded, lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; 3:5 Having a\r
+form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.\r
+\r
+3:6 For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead\r
+captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts, 3:7\r
+Ever learning, and never able to come to the knowledge of the truth.\r
+\r
+3:8 Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses, so do these also resist\r
+the truth: men of corrupt minds, reprobate concerning the faith.\r
+\r
+3:9 But they shall proceed no further: for their folly shall be\r
+manifest unto all men, as their's also was.\r
+\r
+3:10 But thou hast fully known my doctrine, manner of life, purpose,\r
+faith, longsuffering, charity, patience, 3:11 Persecutions,\r
+afflictions, which came unto me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra;\r
+what persecutions I endured: but out of them all the Lord delivered\r
+me.\r
+\r
+3:12 Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer\r
+persecution.\r
+\r
+3:13 But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving,\r
+and being deceived.\r
+\r
+3:14 But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast\r
+been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them; 3:15 And that\r
+from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to\r
+make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+3:16 All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable\r
+for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in\r
+righteousness: 3:17 That the man of God may be perfect, throughly\r
+furnished unto all good works.\r
+\r
+4:1 I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who\r
+shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom;\r
+4:2 Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove,\r
+rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine.\r
+\r
+4:3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine;\r
+but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers,\r
+having itching ears; 4:4 And they shall turn away their ears from the\r
+truth, and shall be turned unto fables.\r
+\r
+4:5 But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of\r
+an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.\r
+\r
+4:6 For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is\r
+at hand.\r
+\r
+4:7 I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept\r
+the faith: 4:8 Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of\r
+righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at\r
+that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his\r
+appearing.\r
+\r
+4:9 Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me: 4:10 For Demas hath\r
+forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed unto\r
+Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia.\r
+\r
+4:11 Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he\r
+is profitable to me for the ministry.\r
+\r
+4:12 And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus.\r
+\r
+4:13 The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest,\r
+bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments.\r
+\r
+4:14 Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him\r
+according to his works: 4:15 Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath\r
+greatly withstood our words.\r
+\r
+4:16 At my first answer no man stood with me, but all men forsook me:\r
+I pray God that it may not be laid to their charge.\r
+\r
+4:17 Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me, and strengthened me; that\r
+by me the preaching might be fully known, and that all the Gentiles\r
+might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion.\r
+\r
+4:18 And the Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and will\r
+preserve me unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom be glory for ever and\r
+ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+4:19 Salute Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.\r
+\r
+4:20 Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus have I left at Miletum\r
+sick.\r
+\r
+4:21 Do thy diligence to come before winter. Eubulus greeteth thee,\r
+and Pudens, and Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren.\r
+\r
+4:22 The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy spirit. Grace be with you.\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Titus\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according\r
+to the faith of God's elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which\r
+is after godliness; 1:2 In hope of eternal life, which God, that\r
+cannot lie, promised before the world began; 1:3 But hath in due times\r
+manifested his word through preaching, which is committed unto me\r
+according to the commandment of God our Saviour; 1:4 To Titus, mine\r
+own son after the common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the\r
+Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour.\r
+\r
+1:5 For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in\r
+order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city, as\r
+I had appointed thee: 1:6 If any be blameless, the husband of one\r
+wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly.\r
+\r
+1:7 For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not\r
+selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given\r
+to filthy lucre; 1:8 But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men,\r
+sober, just, holy, temperate; 1:9 Holding fast the faithful word as he\r
+hath been taught, that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort\r
+and to convince the gainsayers.\r
+\r
+1:10 For there are many unruly and vain talkers and deceivers,\r
+specially they of the circumcision: 1:11 Whose mouths must be stopped,\r
+who subvert whole houses, teaching things which they ought not, for\r
+filthy lucre's sake.\r
+\r
+1:12 One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said, The\r
+Cretians are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies.\r
+\r
+1:13 This witness is true. Wherefore rebuke them sharply, that they\r
+may be sound in the faith; 1:14 Not giving heed to Jewish fables, and\r
+commandments of men, that turn from the truth.\r
+\r
+1:15 Unto the pure all things are pure: but unto them that are defiled\r
+and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is\r
+defiled.\r
+\r
+1:16 They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him,\r
+being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate.\r
+\r
+2:1 But speak thou the things which become sound doctrine: 2:2 That\r
+the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in charity,\r
+in patience.\r
+\r
+2:3 The aged women likewise, that they be in behaviour as becometh\r
+holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine, teachers of good\r
+things; 2:4 That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love\r
+their husbands, to love their children, 2:5 To be discreet, chaste,\r
+keepers at home, good, obedient to their own husbands, that the word\r
+of God be not blasphemed.\r
+\r
+2:6 Young men likewise exhort to be sober minded.\r
+\r
+2:7 In all things shewing thyself a pattern of good works: in doctrine\r
+shewing uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity, 2:8 Sound speech, that\r
+cannot be condemned; that he that is of the contrary part may be\r
+ashamed, having no evil thing to say of you.\r
+\r
+2:9 Exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters, and to\r
+please them well in all things; not answering again; 2:10 Not\r
+purloining, but shewing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the\r
+doctrine of God our Saviour in all things.\r
+\r
+2:11 For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all\r
+men, 2:12 Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we\r
+should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world;\r
+2:13 Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the\r
+great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; 2:14 Who gave himself for us,\r
+that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a\r
+peculiar people, zealous of good works.\r
+\r
+2:15 These things speak, and exhort, and rebuke with all authority.\r
+Let no man despise thee.\r
+\r
+3:1 Put them in mind to be subject to principalities and powers, to\r
+obey magistrates, to be ready to every good work, 3:2 To speak evil of\r
+no man, to be no brawlers, but gentle, shewing all meekness unto all\r
+men.\r
+\r
+3:3 For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient,\r
+deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in malice and\r
+envy, hateful, and hating one another.\r
+\r
+3:4 But after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man\r
+appeared, 3:5 Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but\r
+according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration,\r
+and renewing of the Holy Ghost; 3:6 Which he shed on us abundantly\r
+through Jesus Christ our Saviour; 3:7 That being justified by his\r
+grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life.\r
+\r
+3:8 This is a faithful saying, and these things I will that thou\r
+affirm constantly, that they which have believed in God might be\r
+careful to maintain good works. These things are good and profitable\r
+unto men.\r
+\r
+3:9 But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and\r
+strivings about the law; for they are unprofitable and vain.\r
+\r
+3:10 A man that is an heretick after the first and second admonition\r
+reject; 3:11 Knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sinneth,\r
+being condemned of himself.\r
+\r
+3:12 When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or Tychicus, be diligent to\r
+come unto me to Nicopolis: for I have determined there to winter.\r
+\r
+3:13 Bring Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their journey diligently,\r
+that nothing be wanting unto them.\r
+\r
+3:14 And let our's also learn to maintain good works for necessary\r
+uses, that they be not unfruitful.\r
+\r
+3:15 All that are with me salute thee. Greet them that love us in the\r
+faith. Grace be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Philemon\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, unto\r
+Philemon our dearly beloved, and fellowlabourer, 1:2 And to our\r
+beloved Apphia, and Archippus our fellowsoldier, and to the church in\r
+thy house: 1:3 Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father and the\r
+Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:4 I thank my God, making mention of thee always in my prayers, 1:5\r
+Hearing of thy love and faith, which thou hast toward the Lord Jesus,\r
+and toward all saints; 1:6 That the communication of thy faith may\r
+become effectual by the acknowledging of every good thing which is in\r
+you in Christ Jesus.\r
+\r
+1:7 For we have great joy and consolation in thy love, because the\r
+bowels of the saints are refreshed by thee, brother.\r
+\r
+1:8 Wherefore, though I might be much bold in Christ to enjoin thee\r
+that which is convenient, 1:9 Yet for love's sake I rather beseech\r
+thee, being such an one as Paul the aged, and now also a prisoner of\r
+Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:10 I beseech thee for my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in my\r
+bonds: 1:11 Which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but now\r
+profitable to thee and to me: 1:12 Whom I have sent again: thou\r
+therefore receive him, that is, mine own bowels: 1:13 Whom I would\r
+have retained with me, that in thy stead he might have ministered unto\r
+me in the bonds of the gospel: 1:14 But without thy mind would I do\r
+nothing; that thy benefit should not be as it were of necessity, but\r
+willingly.\r
+\r
+1:15 For perhaps he therefore departed for a season, that thou\r
+shouldest receive him for ever; 1:16 Not now as a servant, but above a\r
+servant, a brother beloved, specially to me, but how much more unto\r
+thee, both in the flesh, and in the Lord? 1:17 If thou count me\r
+therefore a partner, receive him as myself.\r
+\r
+1:18 If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put that on mine\r
+account; 1:19 I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will repay\r
+it: albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest unto me even thine own\r
+self besides.\r
+\r
+1:20 Yea, brother, let me have joy of thee in the Lord: refresh my\r
+bowels in the Lord.\r
+\r
+1:21 Having confidence in thy obedience I wrote unto thee, knowing\r
+that thou wilt also do more than I say.\r
+\r
+1:22 But withal prepare me also a lodging: for I trust that through\r
+your prayers I shall be given unto you.\r
+\r
+1:23 There salute thee Epaphras, my fellowprisoner in Christ Jesus;\r
+1:24 Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas, my fellowlabourers.\r
+\r
+1:25 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past\r
+unto the fathers by the prophets, 1:2 Hath in these last days spoken\r
+unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom\r
+also he made the worlds; 1:3 Who being the brightness of his glory,\r
+and the express image of his person, and upholding all things by the\r
+word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on\r
+the right hand of the Majesty on high: 1:4 Being made so much better\r
+than the angels, as he hath by inheritance obtained a more excellent\r
+name than they.\r
+\r
+1:5 For unto which of the angels said he at any time, Thou art my Son,\r
+this day have I begotten thee? And again, I will be to him a Father,\r
+and he shall be to me a Son? 1:6 And again, when he bringeth in the\r
+firstbegotten into the world, he saith, And let all the angels of God\r
+worship him.\r
+\r
+1:7 And of the angels he saith, Who maketh his angels spirits, and his\r
+ministers a flame of fire.\r
+\r
+1:8 But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is for ever and\r
+ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom.\r
+\r
+1:9 Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God,\r
+even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy\r
+fellows.\r
+\r
+1:10 And, Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the\r
+earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: 1:11 They shall\r
+perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a\r
+garment; 1:12 And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall\r
+be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail.\r
+\r
+1:13 But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right\r
+hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool? 1:14 Are they not all\r
+ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be\r
+heirs of salvation? 2:1 Therefore we ought to give the more earnest\r
+heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let\r
+them slip.\r
+\r
+2:2 For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every\r
+transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward;\r
+2:3 How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at\r
+the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by\r
+them that heard him; 2:4 God also bearing them witness, both with\r
+signs and wonders, and with divers miracles, and gifts of the Holy\r
+Ghost, according to his own will? 2:5 For unto the angels hath he not\r
+put in subjection the world to come, whereof we speak.\r
+\r
+2:6 But one in a certain place testified, saying, What is man, that\r
+thou art mindful of him? or the son of man that thou visitest him?\r
+2:7 Thou madest him a little lower than the angels; thou crownedst him\r
+with glory and honour, and didst set him over the works of thy hands:\r
+2:8 Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For in that\r
+he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put\r
+under him.\r
+\r
+But now we see not yet all things put under him.\r
+\r
+2:9 But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for\r
+the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the\r
+grace of God should taste death for every man.\r
+\r
+2:10 For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all\r
+things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their\r
+salvation perfect through sufferings.\r
+\r
+2:11 For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all\r
+of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren, 2:12\r
+Saying, I will declare thy name unto my brethren, in the midst of the\r
+church will I sing praise unto thee.\r
+\r
+2:13 And again, I will put my trust in him. And again, Behold I and\r
+the children which God hath given me.\r
+\r
+2:14 Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood,\r
+he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he\r
+might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil;\r
+2:15 And deliver them who through fear of death were all their\r
+lifetime subject to bondage.\r
+\r
+2:16 For verily he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took\r
+on him the seed of Abraham.\r
+\r
+2:17 Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his\r
+brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in\r
+things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the\r
+people.\r
+\r
+2:18 For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to\r
+succour them that are tempted.\r
+\r
+3:1 Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling,\r
+consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus;\r
+3:2 Who was faithful to him that appointed him, as also Moses was\r
+faithful in all his house.\r
+\r
+3:3 For this man was counted worthy of more glory than Moses, inasmuch\r
+as he who hath builded the house hath more honour than the house.\r
+\r
+3:4 For every house is builded by some man; but he that built all\r
+things is God.\r
+\r
+3:5 And Moses verily was faithful in all his house, as a servant, for\r
+a testimony of those things which were to be spoken after; 3:6 But\r
+Christ as a son over his own house; whose house are we, if we hold\r
+fast the confidence and the rejoicing of the hope firm unto the end.\r
+\r
+3:7 Wherefore (as the Holy Ghost saith, To day if ye will hear his\r
+voice, 3:8 Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day\r
+of temptation in the wilderness: 3:9 When your fathers tempted me,\r
+proved me, and saw my works forty years.\r
+\r
+3:10 Wherefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do\r
+alway err in their heart; and they have not known my ways.\r
+\r
+3:11 So I sware in my wrath, They shall not enter into my rest.) 3:12\r
+Take heed, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of\r
+unbelief, in departing from the living God.\r
+\r
+3:13 But exhort one another daily, while it is called To day; lest any\r
+of you be hardened through the deceitfulness of sin.\r
+\r
+3:14 For we are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the beginning of\r
+our confidence stedfast unto the end; 3:15 While it is said, To day if\r
+ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation.\r
+\r
+3:16 For some, when they had heard, did provoke: howbeit not all that\r
+came out of Egypt by Moses.\r
+\r
+3:17 But with whom was he grieved forty years? was it not with them\r
+that had sinned, whose carcases fell in the wilderness? 3:18 And to\r
+whom sware he that they should not enter into his rest, but to them\r
+that believed not? 3:19 So we see that they could not enter in\r
+because of unbelief.\r
+\r
+4:1 Let us therefore fear, lest, a promise being left us of entering\r
+into his rest, any of you should seem to come short of it.\r
+\r
+4:2 For unto us was the gospel preached, as well as unto them: but the\r
+word preached did not profit them, not being mixed with faith in them\r
+that heard it.\r
+\r
+4:3 For we which have believed do enter into rest, as he said, As I\r
+have sworn in my wrath, if they shall enter into my rest: although the\r
+works were finished from the foundation of the world.\r
+\r
+4:4 For he spake in a certain place of the seventh day on this wise,\r
+And God did rest the seventh day from all his works.\r
+\r
+4:5 And in this place again, If they shall enter into my rest.\r
+\r
+4:6 Seeing therefore it remaineth that some must enter therein, and\r
+they to whom it was first preached entered not in because of unbelief:\r
+4:7 Again, he limiteth a certain day, saying in David, To day, after\r
+so long a time; as it is said, To day if ye will hear his voice,\r
+harden not your hearts.\r
+\r
+4:8 For if Jesus had given them rest, then would he not afterward have\r
+spoken of another day.\r
+\r
+4:9 There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God.\r
+\r
+4:10 For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from\r
+his own works, as God did from his.\r
+\r
+4:11 Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man\r
+fall after the same example of unbelief.\r
+\r
+4:12 For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any\r
+twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and\r
+spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the\r
+thoughts and intents of the heart.\r
+\r
+4:13 Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight:\r
+but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we\r
+have to do.\r
+\r
+4:14 Seeing then that we have a great high priest, that is passed into\r
+the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our profession.\r
+\r
+4:15 For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the\r
+feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we\r
+are, yet without sin.\r
+\r
+4:16 Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we\r
+may obtain mercy, and find grace to help in time of need.\r
+\r
+5:1 For every high priest taken from among men is ordained for men in\r
+things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices\r
+for sins: 5:2 Who can have compassion on the ignorant, and on them\r
+that are out of the way; for that he himself also is compassed with\r
+infirmity.\r
+\r
+5:3 And by reason hereof he ought, as for the people, so also for\r
+himself, to offer for sins.\r
+\r
+5:4 And no man taketh this honour unto himself, but he that is called\r
+of God, as was Aaron.\r
+\r
+5:5 So also Christ glorified not himself to be made an high priest;\r
+but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to day have I begotten\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+5:6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever\r
+after the order of Melchisedec.\r
+\r
+5:7 Who in the days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and\r
+supplications with strong crying and tears unto him that was able to\r
+save him from death, and was heard in that he feared; 5:8 Though he\r
+were a Son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered;\r
+5:9 And being made perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation\r
+unto all them that obey him; 5:10 Called of God an high priest after\r
+the order of Melchisedec.\r
+\r
+5:11 Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered,\r
+seeing ye are dull of hearing.\r
+\r
+5:12 For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that\r
+one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of\r
+God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat.\r
+\r
+5:13 For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of\r
+righteousness: for he is a babe.\r
+\r
+5:14 But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even\r
+those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both\r
+good and evil.\r
+\r
+6:1 Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us\r
+go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance\r
+from dead works, and of faith toward God, 6:2 Of the doctrine of\r
+baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead,\r
+and of eternal judgment.\r
+\r
+6:3 And this will we do, if God permit.\r
+\r
+6:4 For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have\r
+tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy\r
+Ghost, 6:5 And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the\r
+world to come, 6:6 If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto\r
+repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh,\r
+and put him to an open shame.\r
+\r
+6:7 For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it,\r
+and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed,\r
+receiveth blessing from God: 6:8 But that which beareth thorns and\r
+briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be\r
+burned.\r
+\r
+6:9 But, beloved, we are persuaded better things of you, and things\r
+that accompany salvation, though we thus speak.\r
+\r
+6:10 For God is not unrighteous to forget your work and labour of\r
+love, which ye have shewed toward his name, in that ye have ministered\r
+to the saints, and do minister.\r
+\r
+6:11 And we desire that every one of you do shew the same diligence to\r
+the full assurance of hope unto the end: 6:12 That ye be not slothful,\r
+but followers of them who through faith and patience inherit the\r
+promises.\r
+\r
+6:13 For when God made promise to Abraham, because he could swear by\r
+no greater, he sware by himself, 6:14 Saying, Surely blessing I will\r
+bless thee, and multiplying I will multiply thee.\r
+\r
+6:15 And so, after he had patiently endured, he obtained the promise.\r
+\r
+6:16 For men verily swear by the greater: and an oath for confirmation\r
+is to them an end of all strife.\r
+\r
+6:17 Wherein God, willing more abundantly to shew unto the heirs of\r
+promise the immutability of his counsel, confirmed it by an oath: 6:18\r
+That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to\r
+lie, we might have a strong consolation, who have fled for refuge to\r
+lay hold upon the hope set before us: 6:19 Which hope we have as an\r
+anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into\r
+that within the veil; 6:20 Whither the forerunner is for us entered,\r
+even Jesus, made an high priest for ever after the order of\r
+Melchisedec.\r
+\r
+7:1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God,\r
+who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed\r
+him; 7:2 To whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all; first being by\r
+interpretation King of righteousness, and after that also King of\r
+Salem, which is, King of peace; 7:3 Without father, without mother,\r
+without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life;\r
+but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually.\r
+\r
+7:4 Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch\r
+Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils.\r
+\r
+7:5 And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the\r
+office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the\r
+people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they\r
+come out of the loins of Abraham: 7:6 But he whose descent is not\r
+counted from them received tithes of Abraham, and blessed him that had\r
+the promises.\r
+\r
+7:7 And without all contradiction the less is blessed of the better.\r
+\r
+7:8 And here men that die receive tithes; but there he receiveth them,\r
+of whom it is witnessed that he liveth.\r
+\r
+7:9 And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes\r
+in Abraham.\r
+\r
+7:10 For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedec met\r
+him.\r
+\r
+7:11 If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, (for\r
+under it the people received the law,) what further need was there\r
+that another priest should rise after the order of Melchisedec, and\r
+not be called after the order of Aaron? 7:12 For the priesthood being\r
+changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law.\r
+\r
+7:13 For he of whom these things are spoken pertaineth to another\r
+tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the altar.\r
+\r
+7:14 For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Juda; of which\r
+tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood.\r
+\r
+7:15 And it is yet far more evident: for that after the similitude of\r
+Melchisedec there ariseth another priest, 7:16 Who is made, not after\r
+the law of a carnal commandment, but after the power of an endless\r
+life.\r
+\r
+7:17 For he testifieth, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of\r
+Melchisedec.\r
+\r
+7:18 For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment going\r
+before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof.\r
+\r
+7:19 For the law made nothing perfect, but the bringing in of a better\r
+hope did; by the which we draw nigh unto God.\r
+\r
+7:20 And inasmuch as not without an oath he was made priest: 7:21 (For\r
+those priests were made without an oath; but this with an oath by him\r
+that said unto him, The Lord sware and will not repent, Thou art a\r
+priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec:) 7:22 By so much was\r
+Jesus made a surety of a better testament.\r
+\r
+7:23 And they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered\r
+to continue by reason of death: 7:24 But this man, because he\r
+continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood.\r
+\r
+7:25 Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come\r
+unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them.\r
+\r
+7:26 For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless,\r
+undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens;\r
+7:27 Who needeth not daily, as those high priests, to offer up\r
+sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people's: for this\r
+he did once, when he offered up himself.\r
+\r
+7:28 For the law maketh men high priests which have infirmity; but the\r
+word of the oath, which was since the law, maketh the Son, who is\r
+consecrated for evermore.\r
+\r
+8:1 Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have\r
+such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the\r
+Majesty in the heavens; 8:2 A minister of the sanctuary, and of the\r
+true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man.\r
+\r
+8:3 For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices:\r
+wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to\r
+offer.\r
+\r
+8:4 For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that\r
+there are priests that offer gifts according to the law: 8:5 Who serve\r
+unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was\r
+admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See,\r
+saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to\r
+thee in the mount.\r
+\r
+8:6 But now hath he obtained a more excellent ministry, by how much\r
+also he is the mediator of a better covenant, which was established\r
+upon better promises.\r
+\r
+8:7 For if that first covenant had been faultless, then should no\r
+place have been sought for the second.\r
+\r
+8:8 For finding fault with them, he saith, Behold, the days come,\r
+saith the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of\r
+Israel and with the house of Judah: 8:9 Not according to the covenant\r
+that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand\r
+to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they continued not in\r
+my covenant, and I regarded them not, saith the Lord.\r
+\r
+8:10 For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of\r
+Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their\r
+mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and\r
+they shall be to me a people: 8:11 And they shall not teach every man\r
+his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying, Know the Lord: for\r
+all shall know me, from the least to the greatest.\r
+\r
+8:12 For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins\r
+and their iniquities will I remember no more.\r
+\r
+8:13 In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now\r
+that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away.\r
+\r
+9:1 Then verily the first covenant had also ordinances of divine\r
+service, and a worldly sanctuary.\r
+\r
+9:2 For there was a tabernacle made; the first, wherein was the\r
+candlestick, and the table, and the shewbread; which is called the\r
+sanctuary.\r
+\r
+9:3 And after the second veil, the tabernacle which is called the\r
+Holiest of all; 9:4 Which had the golden censer, and the ark of the\r
+covenant overlaid round about with gold, wherein was the golden pot\r
+that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tables of the\r
+covenant; 9:5 And over it the cherubims of glory shadowing the\r
+mercyseat; of which we cannot now speak particularly.\r
+\r
+9:6 Now when these things were thus ordained, the priests went always\r
+into the first tabernacle, accomplishing the service of God.\r
+\r
+9:7 But into the second went the high priest alone once every year,\r
+not without blood, which he offered for himself, and for the errors of\r
+the people: 9:8 The Holy Ghost this signifying, that the way into the\r
+holiest of all was not yet made manifest, while as the first\r
+tabernacle was yet standing: 9:9 Which was a figure for the time then\r
+present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could\r
+not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the\r
+conscience; 9:10 Which stood only in meats and drinks, and divers\r
+washings, and carnal ordinances, imposed on them until the time of\r
+reformation.\r
+\r
+9:11 But Christ being come an high priest of good things to come, by a\r
+greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to\r
+say, not of this building; 9:12 Neither by the blood of goats and\r
+calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place,\r
+having obtained eternal redemption for us.\r
+\r
+9:13 For if the blood of bulls and of goats, and the ashes of an\r
+heifer sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth to the purifying of the\r
+flesh: 9:14 How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the\r
+eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your\r
+conscience from dead works to serve the living God? 9:15 And for this\r
+cause he is the mediator of the new testament, that by means of death,\r
+for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first\r
+testament, they which are called might receive the promise of eternal\r
+inheritance.\r
+\r
+9:16 For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the\r
+death of the testator.\r
+\r
+9:17 For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is\r
+of no strength at all while the testator liveth.\r
+\r
+9:18 Whereupon neither the first testament was dedicated without\r
+blood.\r
+\r
+9:19 For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people\r
+according to the law, he took the blood of calves and of goats, with\r
+water, and scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and\r
+all the people, 9:20 Saying, This is the blood of the testament which\r
+God hath enjoined unto you.\r
+\r
+9:21 Moreover he sprinkled with blood both the tabernacle, and all the\r
+vessels of the ministry.\r
+\r
+9:22 And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and\r
+without shedding of blood is no remission.\r
+\r
+9:23 It was therefore necessary that the patterns of things in the\r
+heavens should be purified with these; but the heavenly things\r
+themselves with better sacrifices than these.\r
+\r
+9:24 For Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands,\r
+which are the figures of the true; but into heaven itself, now to\r
+appear in the presence of God for us: 9:25 Nor yet that he should\r
+offer himself often, as the high priest entereth into the holy place\r
+every year with blood of others; 9:26 For then must he often have\r
+suffered since the foundation of the world: but now once in the end of\r
+the world hath he appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of\r
+himself.\r
+\r
+9:27 And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the\r
+judgment: 9:28 So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many;\r
+and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time\r
+without sin unto salvation.\r
+\r
+10:1 For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the\r
+very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they\r
+offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect.\r
+\r
+10:2 For then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that\r
+the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of\r
+sins.\r
+\r
+10:3 But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance again made of sins\r
+every year.\r
+\r
+10:4 For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and of goats\r
+should take away sins.\r
+\r
+10:5 Wherefore when he cometh into the world, he saith, Sacrifice and\r
+offering thou wouldest not, but a body hast thou prepared me: 10:6 In\r
+burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin thou hast had no pleasure.\r
+\r
+10:7 Then said I, Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is written\r
+of me,) to do thy will, O God.\r
+\r
+10:8 Above when he said, Sacrifice and offering and burnt offerings\r
+and offering for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst pleasure\r
+therein; which are offered by the law; 10:9 Then said he, Lo, I come\r
+to do thy will, O God. He taketh away the first, that he may establish\r
+the second.\r
+\r
+10:10 By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the\r
+body of Jesus Christ once for all.\r
+\r
+10:11 And every priest standeth daily ministering and offering\r
+oftentimes the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins: 10:12\r
+But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever,\r
+sat down on the right hand of God; 10:13 From henceforth expecting\r
+till his enemies be made his footstool.\r
+\r
+10:14 For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are\r
+sanctified.\r
+\r
+10:15 Whereof the Holy Ghost also is a witness to us: for after that\r
+he had said before, 10:16 This is the covenant that I will make with\r
+them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put my laws into their\r
+hearts, and in their minds will I write them; 10:17 And their sins and\r
+iniquities will I remember no more.\r
+\r
+10:18 Now where remission of these is, there is no more offering for\r
+sin.\r
+\r
+10:19 Having therefore, brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest\r
+by the blood of Jesus, 10:20 By a new and living way, which he hath\r
+consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh; 10:21\r
+And having an high priest over the house of God; 10:22 Let us draw\r
+near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts\r
+sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure\r
+water.\r
+\r
+10:23 Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering;\r
+(for he is faithful that promised;) 10:24 And let us consider one\r
+another to provoke unto love and to good works: 10:25 Not forsaking\r
+the assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but\r
+exhorting one another: and so much the more, as ye see the day\r
+approaching.\r
+\r
+10:26 For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge\r
+of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, 10:27 But a\r
+certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which\r
+shall devour the adversaries.\r
+\r
+10:28 He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or\r
+three witnesses: 10:29 Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall\r
+he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and\r
+hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified,\r
+an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?\r
+10:30 For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I\r
+will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his\r
+people.\r
+\r
+10:31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.\r
+\r
+10:32 But call to remembrance the former days, in which, after ye were\r
+illuminated, ye endured a great fight of afflictions; 10:33 Partly,\r
+whilst ye were made a gazingstock both by reproaches and afflictions;\r
+and partly, whilst ye became companions of them that were so used.\r
+\r
+10:34 For ye had compassion of me in my bonds, and took joyfully the\r
+spoiling of your goods, knowing in yourselves that ye have in heaven a\r
+better and an enduring substance.\r
+\r
+10:35 Cast not away therefore your confidence, which hath great\r
+recompence of reward.\r
+\r
+10:36 For ye have need of patience, that, after ye have done the will\r
+of God, ye might receive the promise.\r
+\r
+10:37 For yet a little while, and he that shall come will come, and\r
+will not tarry.\r
+\r
+10:38 Now the just shall live by faith: but if any man draw back, my\r
+soul shall have no pleasure in him.\r
+\r
+10:39 But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them\r
+that believe to the saving of the soul.\r
+\r
+11:1 Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of\r
+things not seen.\r
+\r
+11:2 For by it the elders obtained a good report.\r
+\r
+11:3 Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the\r
+word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things\r
+which do appear.\r
+\r
+11:4 By faith Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than\r
+Cain, by which he obtained witness that he was righteous, God\r
+testifying of his gifts: and by it he being dead yet speaketh.\r
+\r
+11:5 By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and\r
+was not found, because God had translated him: for before his\r
+translation he had this testimony, that he pleased God.\r
+\r
+11:6 But without faith it is impossible to please him: for he that\r
+cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of\r
+them that diligently seek him.\r
+\r
+11:7 By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet,\r
+moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the\r
+which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness\r
+which is by faith.\r
+\r
+11:8 By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which\r
+he should after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and he went out,\r
+not knowing whither he went.\r
+\r
+11:9 By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a strange\r
+country, dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with\r
+him of the same promise: 11:10 For he looked for a city which hath\r
+foundations, whose builder and maker is God.\r
+\r
+11:11 Through faith also Sara herself received strength to conceive\r
+seed, and was delivered of a child when she was past age, because she\r
+judged him faithful who had promised.\r
+\r
+11:12 Therefore sprang there even of one, and him as good as dead, so\r
+many as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the sand which is by\r
+the sea shore innumerable.\r
+\r
+11:13 These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but\r
+having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced\r
+them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the\r
+earth.\r
+\r
+11:14 For they that say such things declare plainly that they seek a\r
+country.\r
+\r
+11:15 And truly, if they had been mindful of that country from whence\r
+they came out, they might have had opportunity to have returned.\r
+\r
+11:16 But now they desire a better country, that is, an heavenly:\r
+wherefore God is not ashamed to be called their God: for he hath\r
+prepared for them a city.\r
+\r
+11:17 By faith Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac: and he\r
+that had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, 11:18\r
+Of whom it was said, That in Isaac shall thy seed be called: 11:19\r
+Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from\r
+whence also he received him in a figure.\r
+\r
+11:20 By faith Isaac blessed Jacob and Esau concerning things to come.\r
+\r
+11:21 By faith Jacob, when he was a dying, blessed both the sons of\r
+Joseph; and worshipped, leaning upon the top of his staff.\r
+\r
+11:22 By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of\r
+the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones.\r
+\r
+11:23 By faith Moses, when he was born, was hid three months of his\r
+parents, because they saw he was a proper child; and they were not\r
+afraid of the king's commandment.\r
+\r
+11:24 By faith Moses, when he was come to years, refused to be called\r
+the son of Pharaoh's daughter; 11:25 Choosing rather to suffer\r
+affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin\r
+for a season; 11:26 Esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches\r
+than the treasures in Egypt: for he had respect unto the recompence of\r
+the reward.\r
+\r
+11:27 By faith he forsook Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king:\r
+for he endured, as seeing him who is invisible.\r
+\r
+11:28 Through faith he kept the passover, and the sprinkling of blood,\r
+lest he that destroyed the firstborn should touch them.\r
+\r
+11:29 By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land: which\r
+the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned.\r
+\r
+11:30 By faith the walls of Jericho fell down, after they were\r
+compassed about seven days.\r
+\r
+11:31 By faith the harlot Rahab perished not with them that believed\r
+not, when she had received the spies with peace.\r
+\r
+11:32 And what shall I more say? for the time would fail me to tell of\r
+Gedeon, and of Barak, and of Samson, and of Jephthae; of David also,\r
+and Samuel, and of the prophets: 11:33 Who through faith subdued\r
+kingdoms, wrought righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths\r
+of lions.\r
+\r
+11:34 Quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword,\r
+out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to\r
+flight the armies of the aliens.\r
+\r
+11:35 Women received their dead raised to life again: and others were\r
+tortured, not accepting deliverance; that they might obtain a better\r
+resurrection: 11:36 And others had trial of cruel mockings and\r
+scourgings, yea, moreover of bonds and imprisonment: 11:37 They were\r
+stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain with the\r
+sword: they wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins; being\r
+destitute, afflicted, tormented; 11:38 (Of whom the world was not\r
+worthy:) they wandered in deserts, and in mountains, and in dens and\r
+caves of the earth.\r
+\r
+11:39 And these all, having obtained a good report through faith,\r
+received not the promise: 11:40 God having provided some better thing\r
+for us, that they without us should not be made perfect.\r
+\r
+12:1 Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a\r
+cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which\r
+doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is\r
+set before us, 12:2 Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our\r
+faith; who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross,\r
+despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+12:3 For consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners\r
+against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds.\r
+\r
+12:4 Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin.\r
+\r
+12:5 And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as\r
+unto children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord,\r
+nor faint when thou art rebuked of him: 12:6 For whom the Lord loveth\r
+he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.\r
+\r
+12:7 If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for\r
+what son is he whom the father chasteneth not? 12:8 But if ye be\r
+without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards,\r
+and not sons.\r
+\r
+12:9 Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us,\r
+and we gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection\r
+unto the Father of spirits, and live? 12:10 For they verily for a few\r
+days chastened us after their own pleasure; but he for our profit,\r
+that we might be partakers of his holiness.\r
+\r
+12:11 Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but\r
+grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of\r
+righteousness unto them which are exercised thereby.\r
+\r
+12:12 Wherefore lift up the hands which hang down, and the feeble\r
+knees; 12:13 And make straight paths for your feet, lest that which is\r
+lame be turned out of the way; but let it rather be healed.\r
+\r
+12:14 Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man\r
+shall see the Lord: 12:15 Looking diligently lest any man fail of the\r
+grace of God; lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you,\r
+and thereby many be defiled; 12:16 Lest there be any fornicator, or\r
+profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his\r
+birthright.\r
+\r
+12:17 For ye know how that afterward, when he would have inherited the\r
+blessing, he was rejected: for he found no place of repentance, though\r
+he sought it carefully with tears.\r
+\r
+12:18 For ye are not come unto the mount that might be touched, and\r
+that burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and darkness, and tempest,\r
+12:19 And the sound of a trumpet, and the voice of words; which voice\r
+they that heard intreated that the word should not be spoken to them\r
+any more: 12:20 (For they could not endure that which was commanded,\r
+And if so much as a beast touch the mountain, it shall be stoned, or\r
+thrust through with a dart: 12:21 And so terrible was the sight, that\r
+Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake:) 12:22 But ye are come unto\r
+mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly\r
+Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, 12:23 To the\r
+general assembly and church of the firstborn, which are written in\r
+heaven, and to God the Judge of all, and to the spirits of just men\r
+made perfect, 12:24 And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and\r
+to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of\r
+Abel.\r
+\r
+12:25 See that ye refuse not him that speaketh. For if they escaped\r
+not who refused him that spake on earth, much more shall not we\r
+escape, if we turn away from him that speaketh from heaven: 12:26\r
+Whose voice then shook the earth: but now he hath promised, saying,\r
+Yet once more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven.\r
+\r
+12:27 And this word, Yet once more, signifieth the removing of those\r
+things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things\r
+which cannot be shaken may remain.\r
+\r
+12:28 Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us\r
+have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and\r
+godly fear: 12:29 For our God is a consuming fire.\r
+\r
+13:1 Let brotherly love continue.\r
+\r
+13:2 Be not forgetful to entertain strangers: for thereby some have\r
+entertained angels unawares.\r
+\r
+13:3 Remember them that are in bonds, as bound with them; and them\r
+which suffer adversity, as being yourselves also in the body.\r
+\r
+13:4 Marriage is honourable in all, and the bed undefiled: but\r
+whoremongers and adulterers God will judge.\r
+\r
+13:5 Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content\r
+with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave\r
+thee, nor forsake thee.\r
+\r
+13:6 So that we may boldly say, The Lord is my helper, and I will not\r
+fear what man shall do unto me.\r
+\r
+13:7 Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto\r
+you the word of God: whose faith follow, considering the end of their\r
+conversation.\r
+\r
+13:8 Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and to day, and for ever.\r
+\r
+13:9 Be not carried about with divers and strange doctrines. For it is\r
+a good thing that the heart be established with grace; not with meats,\r
+which have not profited them that have been occupied therein.\r
+\r
+13:10 We have an altar, whereof they have no right to eat which serve\r
+the tabernacle.\r
+\r
+13:11 For the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the\r
+sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp.\r
+\r
+13:12 Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his\r
+own blood, suffered without the gate.\r
+\r
+13:13 Let us go forth therefore unto him without the camp, bearing his\r
+reproach.\r
+\r
+13:14 For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come.\r
+\r
+13:15 By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God\r
+continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name.\r
+\r
+13:16 But to do good and to communicate forget not: for with such\r
+sacrifices God is well pleased.\r
+\r
+13:17 Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves:\r
+for they watch for your souls, as they that must give account, that\r
+they may do it with joy, and not with grief: for that is unprofitable\r
+for you.\r
+\r
+13:18 Pray for us: for we trust we have a good conscience, in all\r
+things willing to live honestly.\r
+\r
+13:19 But I beseech you the rather to do this, that I may be restored\r
+to you the sooner.\r
+\r
+13:20 Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our Lord\r
+Jesus, that great shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of the\r
+everlasting covenant, 13:21 Make you perfect in every good work to do\r
+his will, working in you that which is wellpleasing in his sight,\r
+through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+13:22 And I beseech you, brethren, suffer the word of exhortation: for\r
+I have written a letter unto you in few words.\r
+\r
+13:23 Know ye that our brother Timothy is set at liberty; with whom,\r
+if he come shortly, I will see you.\r
+\r
+13:24 Salute all them that have the rule over you, and all the saints.\r
+\r
+They of Italy salute you.\r
+\r
+13:25 Grace be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The General Epistle of James\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ,\r
+to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting.\r
+\r
+1:2 My brethren, count it all joy when ye fall into divers\r
+temptations; 1:3 Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh\r
+patience.\r
+\r
+1:4 But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and\r
+entire, wanting nothing.\r
+\r
+1:5 If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all\r
+men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him.\r
+\r
+1:6 But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth\r
+is like a wave of the sea driven with the wind and tossed.\r
+\r
+1:7 For let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the\r
+Lord.\r
+\r
+1:8 A double minded man is unstable in all his ways.\r
+\r
+1:9 Let the brother of low degree rejoice in that he is exalted: 1:10\r
+But the rich, in that he is made low: because as the flower of the\r
+grass he shall pass away.\r
+\r
+1:11 For the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it\r
+withereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth, and the grace of\r
+the fashion of it perisheth: so also shall the rich man fade away in\r
+his ways.\r
+\r
+1:12 Blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is\r
+tried, he shall receive the crown of life, which the Lord hath\r
+promised to them that love him.\r
+\r
+1:13 Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God: for God\r
+cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man: 1:14 But\r
+every man is tempted, when he is drawn away of his own lust, and\r
+enticed.\r
+\r
+1:15 Then when lust hath conceived, it bringeth forth sin: and sin,\r
+when it is finished, bringeth forth death.\r
+\r
+1:16 Do not err, my beloved brethren.\r
+\r
+1:17 Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh\r
+down from the Father of lights, with whom is no variableness, neither\r
+shadow of turning.\r
+\r
+1:18 Of his own will begat he us with the word of truth, that we\r
+should be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures.\r
+\r
+1:19 Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear,\r
+slow to speak, slow to wrath: 1:20 For the wrath of man worketh not\r
+the righteousness of God.\r
+\r
+1:21 Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of\r
+naughtiness, and receive with meekness the engrafted word, which is\r
+able to save your souls.\r
+\r
+1:22 But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your\r
+own selves.\r
+\r
+1:23 For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like\r
+unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass: 1:24 For he\r
+beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what\r
+manner of man he was.\r
+\r
+1:25 But whoso looketh into the perfect law of liberty, and continueth\r
+therein, he being not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this\r
+man shall be blessed in his deed.\r
+\r
+1:26 If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his\r
+tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion is vain.\r
+\r
+1:27 Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To\r
+visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep\r
+himself unspotted from the world.\r
+\r
+2:1 My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord\r
+of glory, with respect of persons.\r
+\r
+2:2 For if there come unto your assembly a man with a gold ring, in\r
+goodly apparel, and there come in also a poor man in vile raiment; 2:3\r
+And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto\r
+him, Sit thou here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou\r
+there, or sit here under my footstool: 2:4 Are ye not then partial in\r
+yourselves, and are become judges of evil thoughts? 2:5 Hearken, my\r
+beloved brethren, Hath not God chosen the poor of this world rich in\r
+faith, and heirs of the kingdom which he hath promised to them that\r
+love him? 2:6 But ye have despised the poor. Do not rich men oppress\r
+you, and draw you before the judgment seats? 2:7 Do not they\r
+blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called? 2:8 If ye\r
+fulfil the royal law according to the scripture, Thou shalt love thy\r
+neighbour as thyself, ye do well: 2:9 But if ye have respect to\r
+persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of the law as transgressors.\r
+\r
+2:10 For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one\r
+point, he is guilty of all.\r
+\r
+2:11 For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill.\r
+Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a\r
+transgressor of the law.\r
+\r
+2:12 So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law\r
+of liberty.\r
+\r
+2:13 For he shall have judgment without mercy, that hath shewed no\r
+mercy; and mercy rejoiceth against judgment.\r
+\r
+2:14 What doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith,\r
+and have not works? can faith save him? 2:15 If a brother or sister\r
+be naked, and destitute of daily food, 2:16 And one of you say unto\r
+them, Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye\r
+give them not those things which are needful to the body; what doth it\r
+profit? 2:17 Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being\r
+alone.\r
+\r
+2:18 Yea, a man may say, Thou hast faith, and I have works: shew me\r
+thy faith without thy works, and I will shew thee my faith by my\r
+works.\r
+\r
+2:19 Thou believest that there is one God; thou doest well: the devils\r
+also believe, and tremble.\r
+\r
+2:20 But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead?\r
+2:21 Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he had\r
+offered Isaac his son upon the altar? 2:22 Seest thou how faith\r
+wrought with his works, and by works was faith made perfect? 2:23 And\r
+the scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it\r
+was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend\r
+of God.\r
+\r
+2:24 Ye see then how that by works a man is justified, and not by\r
+faith only.\r
+\r
+2:25 Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when\r
+she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way?\r
+2:26 For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without\r
+works is dead also.\r
+\r
+3:1 My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive\r
+the greater condemnation.\r
+\r
+3:2 For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word,\r
+the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body.\r
+\r
+3:3 Behold, we put bits in the horses' mouths, that they may obey us;\r
+and we turn about their whole body.\r
+\r
+3:4 Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and are\r
+driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small\r
+helm, whithersoever the governor listeth.\r
+\r
+3:5 Even so the tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things.\r
+\r
+Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! 3:6 And the tongue\r
+is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members,\r
+that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of\r
+nature; and it is set on fire of hell.\r
+\r
+3:7 For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of\r
+things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind: 3:8 But\r
+the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly\r
+poison.\r
+\r
+3:9 Therewith bless we God, even the Father; and therewith curse we\r
+men, which are made after the similitude of God.\r
+\r
+3:10 Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My\r
+brethren, these things ought not so to be.\r
+\r
+3:11 Doth a fountain send forth at the same place sweet water and\r
+bitter? 3:12 Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear olive berries?\r
+either a vine, figs? so can no fountain both yield salt water and\r
+fresh.\r
+\r
+3:13 Who is a wise man and endued with knowledge among you? let him\r
+shew out of a good conversation his works with meekness of wisdom.\r
+\r
+3:14 But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory\r
+not, and lie not against the truth.\r
+\r
+3:15 This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual,\r
+devilish.\r
+\r
+3:16 For where envying and strife is, there is confusion and every\r
+evil work.\r
+\r
+3:17 But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable,\r
+gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits,\r
+without partiality, and without hypocrisy.\r
+\r
+3:18 And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make\r
+peace.\r
+\r
+4:1 From whence come wars and fightings among you? come they not\r
+hence, even of your lusts that war in your members? 4:2 Ye lust, and\r
+have not: ye kill, and desire to have, and cannot obtain: ye fight and\r
+war, yet ye have not, because ye ask not.\r
+\r
+4:3 Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss, that ye may consume\r
+it upon your lusts.\r
+\r
+4:4 Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of\r
+the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of\r
+the world is the enemy of God.\r
+\r
+4:5 Do ye think that the scripture saith in vain, The spirit that\r
+dwelleth in us lusteth to envy? 4:6 But he giveth more grace.\r
+Wherefore he saith, God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the\r
+humble.\r
+\r
+4:7 Submit yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil, and he will\r
+flee from you.\r
+\r
+4:8 Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your\r
+hands, ye sinners; and purify your hearts, ye double minded.\r
+\r
+4:9 Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned to\r
+mourning, and your joy to heaviness.\r
+\r
+4:10 Humble yourselves in the sight of the Lord, and he shall lift you\r
+up.\r
+\r
+4:11 Speak not evil one of another, brethren. He that speaketh evil of\r
+his brother, and judgeth his brother, speaketh evil of the law, and\r
+judgeth the law: but if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the\r
+law, but a judge.\r
+\r
+4:12 There is one lawgiver, who is able to save and to destroy: who\r
+art thou that judgest another? 4:13 Go to now, ye that say, To day or\r
+to morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year, and\r
+buy and sell, and get gain: 4:14 Whereas ye know not what shall be on\r
+the morrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapour, that appeareth\r
+for a little time, and then vanisheth away.\r
+\r
+4:15 For that ye ought to say, If the Lord will, we shall live, and do\r
+this, or that.\r
+\r
+4:16 But now ye rejoice in your boastings: all such rejoicing is evil.\r
+\r
+4:17 Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to\r
+him it is sin.\r
+\r
+5:1 Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that shall\r
+come upon you.\r
+\r
+5:2 Your riches are corrupted, and your garments are motheaten.\r
+\r
+5:3 Your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust of them shall be a\r
+witness against you, and shall eat your flesh as it were fire. Ye have\r
+heaped treasure together for the last days.\r
+\r
+5:4 Behold, the hire of the labourers who have reaped down your\r
+fields, which is of you kept back by fraud, crieth: and the cries of\r
+them which have reaped are entered into the ears of the Lord of\r
+sabaoth.\r
+\r
+5:5 Ye have lived in pleasure on the earth, and been wanton; ye have\r
+nourished your hearts, as in a day of slaughter.\r
+\r
+5:6 Ye have condemned and killed the just; and he doth not resist you.\r
+\r
+5:7 Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord.\r
+\r
+Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth,\r
+and hath long patience for it, until he receive the early and latter\r
+rain.\r
+\r
+5:8 Be ye also patient; stablish your hearts: for the coming of the\r
+Lord draweth nigh.\r
+\r
+5:9 Grudge not one against another, brethren, lest ye be condemned:\r
+behold, the judge standeth before the door.\r
+\r
+5:10 Take, my brethren, the prophets, who have spoken in the name of\r
+the Lord, for an example of suffering affliction, and of patience.\r
+\r
+5:11 Behold, we count them happy which endure. Ye have heard of the\r
+patience of Job, and have seen the end of the Lord; that the Lord is\r
+very pitiful, and of tender mercy.\r
+\r
+5:12 But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven,\r
+neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be\r
+yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation.\r
+\r
+5:13 Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him\r
+sing psalms.\r
+\r
+5:14 Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church;\r
+and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the\r
+Lord: 5:15 And the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord\r
+shall raise him up; and if he have committed sins, they shall be\r
+forgiven him.\r
+\r
+5:16 Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another,\r
+that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man\r
+availeth much.\r
+\r
+5:17 Elias was a man subject to like passions as we are, and he prayed\r
+earnestly that it might not rain: and it rained not on the earth by\r
+the space of three years and six months.\r
+\r
+5:18 And he prayed again, and the heaven gave rain, and the earth\r
+brought forth her fruit.\r
+\r
+5:19 Brethren, if any of you do err from the truth, and one convert\r
+him; 5:20 Let him know, that he which converteth the sinner from the\r
+error of his way shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a\r
+multitude of sins.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Epistle General of Peter\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers scattered\r
+throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, 1:2 Elect\r
+according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through\r
+sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the\r
+blood of Jesus Christ: Grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied.\r
+\r
+1:3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, which\r
+according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto a lively\r
+hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 1:4 To an\r
+inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away,\r
+reserved in heaven for you, 1:5 Who are kept by the power of God\r
+through faith unto salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.\r
+\r
+1:6 Wherein ye greatly rejoice, though now for a season, if need be,\r
+ye are in heaviness through manifold temptations: 1:7 That the trial\r
+of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth,\r
+though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour\r
+and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ: 1:8 Whom having not seen,\r
+ye love; in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing, ye rejoice\r
+with joy unspeakable and full of glory: 1:9 Receiving the end of your\r
+faith, even the salvation of your souls.\r
+\r
+1:10 Of which salvation the prophets have enquired and searched\r
+diligently, who prophesied of the grace that should come unto you:\r
+1:11 Searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which\r
+was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings\r
+of Christ, and the glory that should follow.\r
+\r
+1:12 Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us\r
+they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them\r
+that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down\r
+from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into.\r
+\r
+1:13 Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to\r
+the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation\r
+of Jesus Christ; 1:14 As obedient children, not fashioning yourselves\r
+according to the former lusts in your ignorance: 1:15 But as he which\r
+hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation;\r
+1:16 Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.\r
+\r
+1:17 And if ye call on the Father, who without respect of persons\r
+judgeth according to every man's work, pass the time of your\r
+sojourning here in fear: 1:18 Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not\r
+redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain\r
+conversation received by tradition from your fathers; 1:19 But with\r
+the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without\r
+spot: 1:20 Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the\r
+world, but was manifest in these last times for you, 1:21 Who by him\r
+do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him\r
+glory; that your faith and hope might be in God.\r
+\r
+1:22 Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth through\r
+the Spirit unto unfeigned love of the brethren, see that ye love one\r
+another with a pure heart fervently: 1:23 Being born again, not of\r
+corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which\r
+liveth and abideth for ever.\r
+\r
+1:24 For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower\r
+of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away:\r
+1:25 But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word\r
+which by the gospel is preached unto you.\r
+\r
+2:1 Wherefore laying aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies,\r
+and envies, all evil speakings, 2:2 As newborn babes, desire the\r
+sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby: 2:3 If so be ye\r
+have tasted that the Lord is gracious.\r
+\r
+2:4 To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men,\r
+but chosen of God, and precious, 2:5 Ye also, as lively stones, are\r
+built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual\r
+sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+2:6 Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in\r
+Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on\r
+him shall not be confounded.\r
+\r
+2:7 Unto you therefore which believe he is precious: but unto them\r
+which be disobedient, the stone which the builders disallowed, the\r
+same is made the head of the corner, 2:8 And a stone of stumbling, and\r
+a rock of offence, even to them which stumble at the word, being\r
+disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed.\r
+\r
+2:9 But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy\r
+nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of\r
+him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light;\r
+2:10 Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of\r
+God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy.\r
+\r
+2:11 Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain\r
+from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul; 2:12 Having your\r
+conversation honest among the Gentiles: that, whereas they speak\r
+against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they\r
+shall behold, glorify God in the day of visitation.\r
+\r
+2:13 Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake:\r
+whether it be to the king, as supreme; 2:14 Or unto governors, as unto\r
+them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the\r
+praise of them that do well.\r
+\r
+2:15 For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to\r
+silence the ignorance of foolish men: 2:16 As free, and not using your\r
+liberty for a cloke of maliciousness, but as the servants of God.\r
+\r
+2:17 Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king.\r
+\r
+2:18 Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to\r
+the good and gentle, but also to the froward.\r
+\r
+2:19 For this is thankworthy, if a man for conscience toward God\r
+endure grief, suffering wrongfully.\r
+\r
+2:20 For what glory is it, if, when ye be buffeted for your faults, ye\r
+shall take it patiently? but if, when ye do well, and suffer for it,\r
+ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God.\r
+\r
+2:21 For even hereunto were ye called: because Christ also suffered\r
+for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps: 2:22\r
+Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth: 2:23 Who, when\r
+he was reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened\r
+not; but committed himself to him that judgeth righteously: 2:24 Who\r
+his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being\r
+dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were\r
+healed.\r
+\r
+2:25 For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the\r
+Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.\r
+\r
+3:1 Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that,\r
+if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the\r
+conversation of the wives; 3:2 While they behold your chaste\r
+conversation coupled with fear.\r
+\r
+3:3 Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the\r
+hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; 3:4 But let\r
+it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible,\r
+even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of\r
+God of great price.\r
+\r
+3:5 For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who\r
+trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own\r
+husbands: 3:6 Even as Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him lord: whose\r
+daughters ye are, as long as ye do well, and are not afraid with any\r
+amazement.\r
+\r
+3:7 Likewise, ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge,\r
+giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel, and as being\r
+heirs together of the grace of life; that your prayers be not\r
+hindered.\r
+\r
+3:8 Finally, be ye all of one mind, having compassion one of another,\r
+love as brethren, be pitiful, be courteous: 3:9 Not rendering evil for\r
+evil, or railing for railing: but contrariwise blessing; knowing that\r
+ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing.\r
+\r
+3:10 For he that will love life, and see good days, let him refrain\r
+his tongue from evil, and his lips that they speak no guile: 3:11 Let\r
+him eschew evil, and do good; let him seek peace, and ensue it.\r
+\r
+3:12 For the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are\r
+open unto their prayers: but the face of the Lord is against them that\r
+do evil.\r
+\r
+3:13 And who is he that will harm you, if ye be followers of that\r
+which is good? 3:14 But and if ye suffer for righteousness' sake,\r
+happy are ye: and be not afraid of their terror, neither be troubled;\r
+3:15 But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to\r
+give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that\r
+is in you with meekness and fear: 3:16 Having a good conscience; that,\r
+whereas they speak evil of you, as of evildoers, they may be ashamed\r
+that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ.\r
+\r
+3:17 For it is better, if the will of God be so, that ye suffer for\r
+well doing, than for evil doing.\r
+\r
+3:18 For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the\r
+unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the\r
+flesh, but quickened by the Spirit: 3:19 By which also he went and\r
+preached unto the spirits in prison; 3:20 Which sometime were\r
+disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of\r
+Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls\r
+were saved by water.\r
+\r
+3:21 The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not\r
+the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good\r
+conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: 3:22 Who\r
+is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God; angels and\r
+authorities and powers being made subject unto him.\r
+\r
+4:1 Forasmuch then as Christ hath suffered for us in the flesh, arm\r
+yourselves likewise with the same mind: for he that hath suffered in\r
+the flesh hath ceased from sin; 4:2 That he no longer should live the\r
+rest of his time in the flesh to the lusts of men, but to the will of\r
+God.\r
+\r
+4:3 For the time past of our life may suffice us to have wrought the\r
+will of the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness, lusts, excess\r
+of wine, revellings, banquetings, and abominable idolatries: 4:4\r
+Wherein they think it strange that ye run not with them to the same\r
+excess of riot, speaking evil of you: 4:5 Who shall give account to\r
+him that is ready to judge the quick and the dead.\r
+\r
+4:6 For for this cause was the gospel preached also to them that are\r
+dead, that they might be judged according to men in the flesh, but\r
+live according to God in the spirit.\r
+\r
+4:7 But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and\r
+watch unto prayer.\r
+\r
+4:8 And above all things have fervent charity among yourselves: for\r
+charity shall cover the multitude of sins.\r
+\r
+4:9 Use hospitality one to another without grudging.\r
+\r
+4:10 As every man hath received the gift, even so minister the same\r
+one to another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God.\r
+\r
+4:11 If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God; if any man\r
+minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth: that God\r
+in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise\r
+and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+4:12 Beloved, think it not strange concerning the fiery trial which is\r
+to try you, as though some strange thing happened unto you: 4:13 But\r
+rejoice, inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ's sufferings; that,\r
+when his glory shall be revealed, ye may be glad also with exceeding\r
+joy.\r
+\r
+4:14 If ye be reproached for the name of Christ, happy are ye; for the\r
+spirit of glory and of God resteth upon you: on their part he is evil\r
+spoken of, but on your part he is glorified.\r
+\r
+4:15 But let none of you suffer as a murderer, or as a thief, or as an\r
+evildoer, or as a busybody in other men's matters.\r
+\r
+4:16 Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but\r
+let him glorify God on this behalf.\r
+\r
+4:17 For the time is come that judgment must begin at the house of\r
+God: and if it first begin at us, what shall the end be of them that\r
+obey not the gospel of God? 4:18 And if the righteous scarcely be\r
+saved, where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear? 4:19 Wherefore\r
+let them that suffer according to the will of God commit the keeping\r
+of their souls to him in well doing, as unto a faithful Creator.\r
+\r
+5:1 The elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and\r
+a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the\r
+glory that shall be revealed: 5:2 Feed the flock of God which is among\r
+you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly;\r
+not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; 5:3 Neither as being lords\r
+over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock.\r
+\r
+5:4 And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown\r
+of glory that fadeth not away.\r
+\r
+5:5 Likewise, ye younger, submit yourselves unto the elder. Yea, all\r
+of you be subject one to another, and be clothed with humility: for\r
+God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble.\r
+\r
+5:6 Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he\r
+may exalt you in due time: 5:7 Casting all your care upon him; for he\r
+careth for you.\r
+\r
+5:8 Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a\r
+roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: 5:9 Whom\r
+resist stedfast in the faith, knowing that the same afflictions are\r
+accomplished in your brethren that are in the world.\r
+\r
+5:10 But the God of all grace, who hath called us unto his eternal\r
+glory by Christ Jesus, after that ye have suffered a while, make you\r
+perfect, stablish, strengthen, settle you.\r
+\r
+5:11 To him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+5:12 By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have\r
+written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace\r
+of God wherein ye stand.\r
+\r
+5:13 The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you,\r
+saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son.\r
+\r
+5:14 Greet ye one another with a kiss of charity. Peace be with you\r
+all that are in Christ Jesus. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second General Epistle of Peter\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them\r
+that have obtained like precious faith with us through the\r
+righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ: 1:2 Grace and peace\r
+be multiplied unto you through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus our\r
+Lord, 1:3 According as his divine power hath given unto us all things\r
+that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him\r
+that hath called us to glory and virtue: 1:4 Whereby are given unto us\r
+exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be\r
+partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is\r
+in the world through lust.\r
+\r
+1:5 And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue;\r
+and to virtue knowledge; 1:6 And to knowledge temperance; and to\r
+temperance patience; and to patience godliness; 1:7 And to godliness\r
+brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity.\r
+\r
+1:8 For if these things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye\r
+shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord\r
+Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:9 But he that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar\r
+off, and hath forgotten that he was purged from his old sins.\r
+\r
+1:10 Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your\r
+calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never\r
+fall: 1:11 For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly\r
+into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:12 Wherefore I will not be negligent to put you always in\r
+remembrance of these things, though ye know them, and be established\r
+in the present truth.\r
+\r
+1:13 Yea, I think it meet, as long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir\r
+you up by putting you in remembrance; 1:14 Knowing that shortly I must\r
+put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed\r
+me.\r
+\r
+1:15 Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to\r
+have these things always in remembrance.\r
+\r
+1:16 For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made\r
+known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were\r
+eyewitnesses of his majesty.\r
+\r
+1:17 For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there\r
+came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved\r
+Son, in whom I am well pleased.\r
+\r
+1:18 And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with\r
+him in the holy mount.\r
+\r
+1:19 We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well\r
+that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until\r
+the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts: 1:20 Knowing this\r
+first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private\r
+interpretation.\r
+\r
+1:21 For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but\r
+holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.\r
+\r
+2:1 But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there\r
+shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable\r
+heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon\r
+themselves swift destruction.\r
+\r
+2:2 And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the\r
+way of truth shall be evil spoken of.\r
+\r
+2:3 And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make\r
+merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not,\r
+and their damnation slumbereth not.\r
+\r
+2:4 For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down\r
+to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved\r
+unto judgment; 2:5 And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the\r
+eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon\r
+the world of the ungodly; 2:6 And turning the cities of Sodom and\r
+Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an\r
+ensample unto those that after should live ungodly; 2:7 And delivered\r
+just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked: 2:8 (For\r
+that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed\r
+his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds;) 2:9 The\r
+Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to\r
+reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished: 2:10 But\r
+chiefly them that walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness, and\r
+despise government. Presumptuous are they, selfwilled, they are not\r
+afraid to speak evil of dignities.\r
+\r
+2:11 Whereas angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not\r
+railing accusation against them before the Lord.\r
+\r
+2:12 But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and\r
+destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and\r
+shall utterly perish in their own corruption; 2:13 And shall receive\r
+the reward of unrighteousness, as they that count it pleasure to riot\r
+in the day time. Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves\r
+with their own deceivings while they feast with you; 2:14 Having eyes\r
+full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable\r
+souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed\r
+children: 2:15 Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray,\r
+following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of\r
+unrighteousness; 2:16 But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass\r
+speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet.\r
+\r
+2:17 These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a\r
+tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever.\r
+\r
+2:18 For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure\r
+through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that\r
+were clean escaped from them who live in error.\r
+\r
+2:19 While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants\r
+of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he\r
+brought in bondage.\r
+\r
+2:20 For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world\r
+through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are\r
+again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with\r
+them than the beginning.\r
+\r
+2:21 For it had been better for them not to have known the way of\r
+righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy\r
+commandment delivered unto them.\r
+\r
+2:22 But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The\r
+dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to\r
+her wallowing in the mire.\r
+\r
+3:1 This second epistle, beloved, I now write unto you; in both which\r
+I stir up your pure minds by way of remembrance: 3:2 That ye may be\r
+mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets,\r
+and of the commandment of us the apostles of the Lord and Saviour: 3:3\r
+Knowing this first, that there shall come in the last days scoffers,\r
+walking after their own lusts, 3:4 And saying, Where is the promise of\r
+his coming? for since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as\r
+they were from the beginning of the creation.\r
+\r
+3:5 For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God\r
+the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and\r
+in the water: 3:6 Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed\r
+with water, perished: 3:7 But the heavens and the earth, which are\r
+now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against\r
+the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men.\r
+\r
+3:8 But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is\r
+with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.\r
+\r
+3:9 The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count\r
+slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any\r
+should perish, but that all should come to repentance.\r
+\r
+3:10 But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the\r
+which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements\r
+shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are\r
+therein shall be burned up.\r
+\r
+3:11 Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner\r
+of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness, 3:12\r
+Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the\r
+heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt\r
+with fervent heat? 3:13 Nevertheless we, according to his promise,\r
+look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.\r
+\r
+3:14 Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things, be\r
+diligent that ye may be found of him in peace, without spot, and\r
+blameless.\r
+\r
+3:15 And account that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation; even\r
+as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto\r
+him hath written unto you; 3:16 As also in all his epistles, speaking\r
+in them of these things; in which are some things hard to be\r
+understood, which they that are unlearned and unstable wrest, as they\r
+do also the other scriptures, unto their own destruction.\r
+\r
+3:17 Ye therefore, beloved, seeing ye know these things before, beware\r
+lest ye also, being led away with the error of the wicked, fall from\r
+your own stedfastness.\r
+\r
+3:18 But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour\r
+Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The First Epistle General of John\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we\r
+have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have\r
+handled, of the Word of life; 1:2 (For the life was manifested, and we\r
+have seen it, and bear witness, and shew unto you that eternal life,\r
+which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us;) 1:3 That which\r
+we have seen and heard declare we unto you, that ye also may have\r
+fellowship with us: and truly our fellowship is with the Father, and\r
+with his Son Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:4 And these things write we unto you, that your joy may be full.\r
+\r
+1:5 This then is the message which we have heard of him, and declare\r
+unto you, that God is light, and in him is no darkness at all.\r
+\r
+1:6 If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness,\r
+we lie, and do not the truth: 1:7 But if we walk in the light, as he\r
+is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of\r
+Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin.\r
+\r
+1:8 If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth\r
+is not in us.\r
+\r
+1:9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our\r
+sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.\r
+\r
+1:10 If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his\r
+word is not in us.\r
+\r
+2:1 My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin\r
+not.\r
+\r
+And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ\r
+the righteous: 2:2 And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not\r
+for our's only, but also for the sins of the whole world.\r
+\r
+2:3 And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his\r
+commandments.\r
+\r
+2:4 He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a\r
+liar, and the truth is not in him.\r
+\r
+2:5 But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God\r
+perfected: hereby know we that we are in him.\r
+\r
+2:6 He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk,\r
+even as he walked.\r
+\r
+2:7 Brethren, I write no new commandment unto you, but an old\r
+commandment which ye had from the beginning. The old commandment is\r
+the word which ye have heard from the beginning.\r
+\r
+2:8 Again, a new commandment I write unto you, which thing is true in\r
+him and in you: because the darkness is past, and the true light now\r
+shineth.\r
+\r
+2:9 He that saith he is in the light, and hateth his brother, is in\r
+darkness even until now.\r
+\r
+2:10 He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is\r
+none occasion of stumbling in him.\r
+\r
+2:11 But he that hateth his brother is in darkness, and walketh in\r
+darkness, and knoweth not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath\r
+blinded his eyes.\r
+\r
+2:12 I write unto you, little children, because your sins are forgiven\r
+you for his name's sake.\r
+\r
+2:13 I write unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that is from\r
+the beginning. I write unto you, young men, because ye have overcome\r
+the wicked one. I write unto you, little children, because ye have\r
+known the Father.\r
+\r
+2:14 I have written unto you, fathers, because ye have known him that\r
+is from the beginning. I have written unto you, young men, because ye\r
+are strong, and the word of God abideth in you, and ye have overcome\r
+the wicked one.\r
+\r
+2:15 Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If\r
+any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.\r
+\r
+2:16 For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust\r
+of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of\r
+the world.\r
+\r
+2:17 And the world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that\r
+doeth the will of God abideth for ever.\r
+\r
+2:18 Little children, it is the last time: and as ye have heard that\r
+antichrist shall come, even now are there many antichrists; whereby we\r
+know that it is the last time.\r
+\r
+2:19 They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had\r
+been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us: but they went\r
+out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us.\r
+\r
+2:20 But ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things.\r
+\r
+2:21 I have not written unto you because ye know not the truth, but\r
+because ye know it, and that no lie is of the truth.\r
+\r
+2:22 Who is a liar but he that denieth that Jesus is the Christ? He is\r
+antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son.\r
+\r
+2:23 Whosoever denieth the Son, the same hath not the Father: he that\r
+acknowledgeth the Son hath the Father also.\r
+\r
+2:24 Let that therefore abide in you, which ye have heard from the\r
+beginning. If that which ye have heard from the beginning shall remain\r
+in you, ye also shall continue in the Son, and in the Father.\r
+\r
+2:25 And this is the promise that he hath promised us, even eternal\r
+life.\r
+\r
+2:26 These things have I written unto you concerning them that seduce\r
+you.\r
+\r
+2:27 But the anointing which ye have received of him abideth in you,\r
+and ye need not that any man teach you: but as the same anointing\r
+teacheth you of all things, and is truth, and is no lie, and even as\r
+it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him.\r
+\r
+2:28 And now, little children, abide in him; that, when he shall\r
+appear, we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before him at his\r
+coming.\r
+\r
+2:29 If ye know that he is righteous, ye know that every one that\r
+doeth righteousness is born of him.\r
+\r
+3:1 Behold, what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that\r
+we should be called the sons of God: therefore the world knoweth us\r
+not, because it knew him not.\r
+\r
+3:2 Beloved, now are we the sons of God, and it doth not yet appear\r
+what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be\r
+like him; for we shall see him as he is.\r
+\r
+3:3 And every man that hath this hope in him purifieth himself, even\r
+as he is pure.\r
+\r
+3:4 Whosoever committeth sin transgresseth also the law: for sin is\r
+the transgression of the law.\r
+\r
+3:5 And ye know that he was manifested to take away our sins; and in\r
+him is no sin.\r
+\r
+3:6 Whosoever abideth in him sinneth not: whosoever sinneth hath not\r
+seen him, neither known him.\r
+\r
+3:7 Little children, let no man deceive you: he that doeth\r
+righteousness is righteous, even as he is righteous.\r
+\r
+3:8 He that committeth sin is of the devil; for the devil sinneth from\r
+the beginning. For this purpose the Son of God was manifested, that he\r
+might destroy the works of the devil.\r
+\r
+3:9 Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; for his seed\r
+remaineth in him: and he cannot sin, because he is born of God.\r
+\r
+3:10 In this the children of God are manifest, and the children of the\r
+devil: whosoever doeth not righteousness is not of God, neither he\r
+that loveth not his brother.\r
+\r
+3:11 For this is the message that ye heard from the beginning, that we\r
+should love one another.\r
+\r
+3:12 Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his brother.\r
+And wherefore slew he him? Because his own works were evil, and his\r
+brother's righteous.\r
+\r
+3:13 Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you.\r
+\r
+3:14 We know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love\r
+the brethren. He that loveth not his brother abideth in death.\r
+\r
+3:15 Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and ye know that no\r
+murderer hath eternal life abiding in him.\r
+\r
+3:16 Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid down his life\r
+for us: and we ought to lay down our lives for the brethren.\r
+\r
+3:17 But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have\r
+need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth\r
+the love of God in him? 3:18 My little children, let us not love in\r
+word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth.\r
+\r
+3:19 And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our\r
+hearts before him.\r
+\r
+3:20 For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and\r
+knoweth all things.\r
+\r
+3:21 Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then have we confidence\r
+toward God.\r
+\r
+3:22 And whatsoever we ask, we receive of him, because we keep his\r
+commandments, and do those things that are pleasing in his sight.\r
+\r
+3:23 And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name\r
+of his Son Jesus Christ, and love one another, as he gave us\r
+commandment.\r
+\r
+3:24 And he that keepeth his commandments dwelleth in him, and he in\r
+him.\r
+\r
+And hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath\r
+given us.\r
+\r
+4:1 Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether\r
+they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the\r
+world.\r
+\r
+4:2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: Every spirit that confesseth\r
+that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: 4:3 And every spirit\r
+that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of\r
+God: and this is that spirit of antichrist, whereof ye have heard that\r
+it should come; and even now already is it in the world.\r
+\r
+4:4 Ye are of God, little children, and have overcome them: because\r
+greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.\r
+\r
+4:5 They are of the world: therefore speak they of the world, and the\r
+world heareth them.\r
+\r
+4:6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he that is not of\r
+God heareth not us. Hereby know we the spirit of truth, and the spirit\r
+of error.\r
+\r
+4:7 Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every\r
+one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God.\r
+\r
+4:8 He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love.\r
+\r
+4:9 In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God\r
+sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through\r
+him.\r
+\r
+4:10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and\r
+sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins.\r
+\r
+4:11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we ought also to love one another.\r
+\r
+4:12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God\r
+dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.\r
+\r
+4:13 Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, because he\r
+hath given us of his Spirit.\r
+\r
+4:14 And we have seen and do testify that the Father sent the Son to\r
+be the Saviour of the world.\r
+\r
+4:15 Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God\r
+dwelleth in him, and he in God.\r
+\r
+4:16 And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God\r
+is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him.\r
+\r
+4:17 Herein is our love made perfect, that we may have boldness in the\r
+day of judgment: because as he is, so are we in this world.\r
+\r
+4:18 There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear:\r
+because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in\r
+love.\r
+\r
+4:19 We love him, because he first loved us.\r
+\r
+4:20 If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar:\r
+for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love\r
+God whom he hath not seen? 4:21 And this commandment have we from\r
+him, That he who loveth God love his brother also.\r
+\r
+5:1 Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and\r
+every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten\r
+of him.\r
+\r
+5:2 By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love\r
+God, and keep his commandments.\r
+\r
+5:3 For this is the love of God, that we keep his commandments: and\r
+his commandments are not grievous.\r
+\r
+5:4 For whatsoever is born of God overcometh the world: and this is\r
+the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith.\r
+\r
+5:5 Who is he that overcometh the world, but he that believeth that\r
+Jesus is the Son of God? 5:6 This is he that came by water and blood,\r
+even Jesus Christ; not by water only, but by water and blood. And it\r
+is the Spirit that beareth witness, because the Spirit is truth.\r
+\r
+5:7 For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the\r
+Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.\r
+\r
+5:8 And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and\r
+the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.\r
+\r
+5:9 If we receive the witness of men, the witness of God is greater:\r
+for this is the witness of God which he hath testified of his Son.\r
+\r
+5:10 He that believeth on the Son of God hath the witness in himself:\r
+he that believeth not God hath made him a liar; because he believeth\r
+not the record that God gave of his Son.\r
+\r
+5:11 And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life,\r
+and this life is in his Son.\r
+\r
+5:12 He that hath the Son hath life; and he that hath not the Son of\r
+God hath not life.\r
+\r
+5:13 These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of\r
+the Son of God; that ye may know that ye have eternal life, and that\r
+ye may believe on the name of the Son of God.\r
+\r
+5:14 And this is the confidence that we have in him, that, if we ask\r
+any thing according to his will, he heareth us: 5:15 And if we know\r
+that he hear us, whatsoever we ask, we know that we have the petitions\r
+that we desired of him.\r
+\r
+5:16 If any man see his brother sin a sin which is not unto death, he\r
+shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that sin not unto\r
+death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray for\r
+it.\r
+\r
+5:17 All unrighteousness is sin: and there is a sin not unto death.\r
+\r
+5:18 We know that whosoever is born of God sinneth not; but he that is\r
+begotten of God keepeth himself, and that wicked one toucheth him not.\r
+\r
+5:19 And we know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in\r
+wickedness.\r
+\r
+5:20 And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an\r
+understanding, that we may know him that is true, and we are in him\r
+that is true, even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and\r
+eternal life.\r
+\r
+5:21 Little children, keep yourselves from idols. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Second Epistle General of John\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The elder unto the elect lady and her children, whom I love in\r
+the truth; and not I only, but also all they that have known the\r
+truth; 1:2 For the truth's sake, which dwelleth in us, and shall be\r
+with us for ever.\r
+\r
+1:3 Grace be with you, mercy, and peace, from God the Father, and from\r
+the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father, in truth and love.\r
+\r
+1:4 I rejoiced greatly that I found of thy children walking in truth,\r
+as we have received a commandment from the Father.\r
+\r
+1:5 And now I beseech thee, lady, not as though I wrote a new\r
+commandment unto thee, but that which we had from the beginning, that\r
+we love one another.\r
+\r
+1:6 And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the\r
+commandment, That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk\r
+in it.\r
+\r
+1:7 For many deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not\r
+that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an\r
+antichrist.\r
+\r
+1:8 Look to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have\r
+wrought, but that we receive a full reward.\r
+\r
+1:9 Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of\r
+Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he\r
+hath both the Father and the Son.\r
+\r
+1:10 If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, receive\r
+him not into your house, neither bid him God speed: 1:11 For he that\r
+biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds.\r
+\r
+1:12 Having many things to write unto you, I would not write with\r
+paper and ink: but I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face,\r
+that our joy may be full.\r
+\r
+1:13 The children of thy elect sister greet thee. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Third Epistle General of John\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The elder unto the wellbeloved Gaius, whom I love in the truth.\r
+\r
+1:2 Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be\r
+in health, even as thy soul prospereth.\r
+\r
+1:3 For I rejoiced greatly, when the brethren came and testified of\r
+the truth that is in thee, even as thou walkest in the truth.\r
+\r
+1:4 I have no greater joy than to hear that my children walk in truth.\r
+\r
+1:5 Beloved, thou doest faithfully whatsoever thou doest to the\r
+brethren, and to strangers; 1:6 Which have borne witness of thy\r
+charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey\r
+after a godly sort, thou shalt do well: 1:7 Because that for his\r
+name's sake they went forth, taking nothing of the Gentiles.\r
+\r
+1:8 We therefore ought to receive such, that we might be fellowhelpers\r
+to the truth.\r
+\r
+1:9 I wrote unto the church: but Diotrephes, who loveth to have the\r
+preeminence among them, receiveth us not.\r
+\r
+1:10 Wherefore, if I come, I will remember his deeds which he doeth,\r
+prating against us with malicious words: and not content therewith,\r
+neither doth he himself receive the brethren, and forbiddeth them that\r
+would, and casteth them out of the church.\r
+\r
+1:11 Beloved, follow not that which is evil, but that which is good.\r
+He that doeth good is of God: but he that doeth evil hath not seen\r
+God.\r
+\r
+1:12 Demetrius hath good report of all men, and of the truth itself:\r
+yea, and we also bear record; and ye know that our record is true.\r
+\r
+1:13 I had many things to write, but I will not with ink and pen write\r
+unto thee: 1:14 But I trust I shall shortly see thee, and we shall\r
+speak face to face. Peace be to thee. Our friends salute thee. Greet\r
+the friends by name.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The General Epistle of Jude\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, to them\r
+that are sanctified by God the Father, and preserved in Jesus Christ,\r
+and called: 1:2 Mercy unto you, and peace, and love, be multiplied.\r
+\r
+1:3 Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common\r
+salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you\r
+that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once\r
+delivered unto the saints.\r
+\r
+1:4 For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of\r
+old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of\r
+our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our\r
+Lord Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+1:5 I will therefore put you in remembrance, though ye once knew this,\r
+how that the Lord, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt,\r
+afterward destroyed them that believed not.\r
+\r
+1:6 And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their\r
+own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness\r
+unto the judgment of the great day.\r
+\r
+1:7 Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like\r
+manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange\r
+flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of\r
+eternal fire.\r
+\r
+1:8 Likewise also these filthy dreamers defile the flesh, despise\r
+dominion, and speak evil of dignities.\r
+\r
+1:9 Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he\r
+disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a\r
+railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee.\r
+\r
+1:10 But these speak evil of those things which they know not: but\r
+what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they\r
+corrupt themselves.\r
+\r
+1:11 Woe unto them! for they have gone in the way of Cain, and ran\r
+greedily after the error of Balaam for reward, and perished in the\r
+gainsaying of Core.\r
+\r
+1:12 These are spots in your feasts of charity, when they feast with\r
+you, feeding themselves without fear: clouds they are without water,\r
+carried about of winds; trees whose fruit withereth, without fruit,\r
+twice dead, plucked up by the roots; 1:13 Raging waves of the sea,\r
+foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the\r
+blackness of darkness for ever.\r
+\r
+1:14 And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these,\r
+saying, Behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, 1:15\r
+To execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly\r
+among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly\r
+committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have\r
+spoken against him.\r
+\r
+1:16 These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own lusts;\r
+and their mouth speaketh great swelling words, having men's persons in\r
+admiration because of advantage.\r
+\r
+1:17 But, beloved, remember ye the words which were spoken before of\r
+the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ; 1:18 How that they told you\r
+there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their\r
+own ungodly lusts.\r
+\r
+1:19 These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the\r
+Spirit.\r
+\r
+1:20 But ye, beloved, building up yourselves on your most holy faith,\r
+praying in the Holy Ghost, 1:21 Keep yourselves in the love of God,\r
+looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life.\r
+\r
+1:22 And of some have compassion, making a difference: 1:23 And others\r
+save with fear, pulling them out of the fire; hating even the garment\r
+spotted by the flesh.\r
+\r
+1:24 Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling, and to\r
+present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding\r
+joy, 1:25 To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty,\r
+dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+The Revelation of Saint John the Devine\r
+\r
+\r
+1:1 The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew\r
+unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent\r
+and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: 1:2 Who bare\r
+record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and\r
+of all things that he saw.\r
+\r
+1:3 Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this\r
+prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the\r
+time is at hand.\r
+\r
+1:4 John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto you,\r
+and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and\r
+from the seven Spirits which are before his throne; 1:5 And from Jesus\r
+Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the\r
+dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved\r
+us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood, 1:6 And hath made us\r
+kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him be glory and\r
+dominion for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+1:7 Behold, he cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him, and\r
+they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail\r
+because of him. Even so, Amen.\r
+\r
+1:8 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the\r
+Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.\r
+\r
+1:9 I John, who also am your brother, and companion in tribulation,\r
+and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was in the isle that\r
+is called Patmos, for the word of God, and for the testimony of Jesus\r
+Christ.\r
+\r
+1:10 I was in the Spirit on the Lord's day, and heard behind me a\r
+great voice, as of a trumpet, 1:11 Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the\r
+first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it\r
+unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto\r
+Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and\r
+unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea.\r
+\r
+1:12 And I turned to see the voice that spake with me. And being\r
+turned, I saw seven golden candlesticks; 1:13 And in the midst of the\r
+seven candlesticks one like unto the Son of man, clothed with a\r
+garment down to the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden\r
+girdle.\r
+\r
+1:14 His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow;\r
+and his eyes were as a flame of fire; 1:15 And his feet like unto fine\r
+brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of\r
+many waters.\r
+\r
+1:16 And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth\r
+went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun\r
+shineth in his strength.\r
+\r
+1:17 And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he laid his\r
+right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first and the\r
+last: 1:18 I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive\r
+for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.\r
+\r
+1:19 Write the things which thou hast seen, and the things which are,\r
+and the things which shall be hereafter; 1:20 The mystery of the seven\r
+stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden\r
+candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches:\r
+and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.\r
+\r
+2:1 Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith\r
+he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the\r
+midst of the seven golden candlesticks; 2:2 I know thy works, and thy\r
+labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are\r
+evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are\r
+not, and hast found them liars: 2:3 And hast borne, and hast patience,\r
+and for my name's sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted.\r
+\r
+2:4 Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left\r
+thy first love.\r
+\r
+2:5 Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do\r
+the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will\r
+remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.\r
+\r
+2:6 But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the\r
+Nicolaitanes, which I also hate.\r
+\r
+2:7 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of\r
+life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.\r
+\r
+2:8 And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things\r
+saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive; 2:9 I know\r
+thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I\r
+know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but\r
+are the synagogue of Satan.\r
+\r
+2:10 Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the\r
+devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye\r
+shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I\r
+will give thee a crown of life.\r
+\r
+2:11 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.\r
+\r
+2:12 And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things\r
+saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges; 2:13 I know thy\r
+works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is: and thou\r
+holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days\r
+wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where\r
+Satan dwelleth.\r
+\r
+2:14 But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there\r
+them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a\r
+stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed\r
+unto idols, and to commit fornication.\r
+\r
+2:15 So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the\r
+Nicolaitanes, which thing I hate.\r
+\r
+2:16 Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight\r
+against them with the sword of my mouth.\r
+\r
+2:17 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden\r
+manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name\r
+written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.\r
+\r
+2:18 And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things\r
+saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and\r
+his feet are like fine brass; 2:19 I know thy works, and charity, and\r
+service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to\r
+be more than the first.\r
+\r
+2:20 Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou\r
+sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to\r
+teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat\r
+things sacrificed unto idols.\r
+\r
+2:21 And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she\r
+repented not.\r
+\r
+2:22 Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery\r
+with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds.\r
+\r
+2:23 And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches\r
+shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I\r
+will give unto every one of you according to your works.\r
+\r
+2:24 But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as\r
+have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan,\r
+as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden.\r
+\r
+2:25 But that which ye have already hold fast till I come.\r
+\r
+2:26 And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him\r
+will I give power over the nations: 2:27 And he shall rule them with a\r
+rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to\r
+shivers: even as I received of my Father.\r
+\r
+2:28 And I will give him the morning star.\r
+\r
+2:29 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches.\r
+\r
+3:1 And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things\r
+saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I\r
+know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.\r
+\r
+3:2 Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are\r
+ready to die: for I have not found thy works perfect before God.\r
+\r
+3:3 Remember therefore how thou hast received and heard, and hold\r
+fast, and repent. If therefore thou shalt not watch, I will come on\r
+thee as a thief, and thou shalt not know what hour I will come upon\r
+thee.\r
+\r
+3:4 Thou hast a few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their\r
+garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy.\r
+\r
+3:5 He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white raiment;\r
+and I will not blot out his name out of the book of life, but I will\r
+confess his name before my Father, and before his angels.\r
+\r
+3:6 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches.\r
+\r
+3:7 And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things\r
+saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David,\r
+he that openeth, and no man shutteth; and shutteth, and no man\r
+openeth; 3:8 I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open\r
+door, and no man can shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and\r
+hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name.\r
+\r
+3:9 Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they\r
+are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come\r
+and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee.\r
+\r
+3:10 Because thou hast kept the word of my patience, I also will keep\r
+thee from the hour of temptation, which shall come upon all the world,\r
+to try them that dwell upon the earth.\r
+\r
+3:11 Behold, I come quickly: hold that fast which thou hast, that no\r
+man take thy crown.\r
+\r
+3:12 Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God,\r
+and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my\r
+God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which\r
+cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my\r
+new name.\r
+\r
+3:13 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches.\r
+\r
+3:14 And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These\r
+things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of\r
+the creation of God; 3:15 I know thy works, that thou art neither cold\r
+nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot.\r
+\r
+3:16 So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I\r
+will spue thee out of my mouth.\r
+\r
+3:17 Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and\r
+have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and\r
+miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: 3:18 I counsel thee to buy\r
+of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white\r
+raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy\r
+nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that\r
+thou mayest see.\r
+\r
+3:19 As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore,\r
+and repent.\r
+\r
+3:20 Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice,\r
+and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and\r
+he with me.\r
+\r
+3:21 To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne,\r
+even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne.\r
+\r
+3:22 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the\r
+churches.\r
+\r
+4:1 After this I looked, and, behold, a door was opened in heaven: and\r
+the first voice which I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with\r
+me; which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must\r
+be hereafter.\r
+\r
+4:2 And immediately I was in the spirit: and, behold, a throne was set\r
+in heaven, and one sat on the throne.\r
+\r
+4:3 And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine\r
+stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like\r
+unto an emerald.\r
+\r
+4:4 And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon\r
+the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white\r
+raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold.\r
+\r
+4:5 And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and\r
+voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne,\r
+which are the seven Spirits of God.\r
+\r
+4:6 And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal:\r
+and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four\r
+beasts full of eyes before and behind.\r
+\r
+4:7 And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a\r
+calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast\r
+was like a flying eagle.\r
+\r
+4:8 And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they\r
+were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying,\r
+Holy, holy, holy, LORD God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to\r
+come.\r
+\r
+4:9 And when those beasts give glory and honour and thanks to him that\r
+sat on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, 4:10 The four and\r
+twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship\r
+him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the\r
+throne, saying, 4:11 Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and\r
+honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy\r
+pleasure they are and were created.\r
+\r
+5:1 And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book\r
+written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals.\r
+\r
+5:2 And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is\r
+worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? 5:3 And no\r
+man in heaven, nor in earth, neither under the earth, was able to open\r
+the book, neither to look thereon.\r
+\r
+5:4 And I wept much, because no man was found worthy to open and to\r
+read the book, neither to look thereon.\r
+\r
+5:5 And one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion of\r
+the tribe of Juda, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book,\r
+and to loose the seven seals thereof.\r
+\r
+5:6 And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four\r
+beasts, and in the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been\r
+slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits\r
+of God sent forth into all the earth.\r
+\r
+5:7 And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that\r
+sat upon the throne.\r
+\r
+5:8 And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and\r
+twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them\r
+harps, and golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of\r
+saints.\r
+\r
+5:9 And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take the\r
+book, and to open the seals thereof: for thou wast slain, and hast\r
+redeemed us to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and\r
+people, and nation; 5:10 And hast made us unto our God kings and\r
+priests: and we shall reign on the earth.\r
+\r
+5:11 And I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about\r
+the throne and the beasts and the elders: and the number of them was\r
+ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands; 5:12\r
+Saying with a loud voice, Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive\r
+power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory,\r
+and blessing.\r
+\r
+5:13 And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and\r
+under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them,\r
+heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto\r
+him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+5:14 And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four and twenty elders\r
+fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+6:1 And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as\r
+it were the noise of thunder, one of the four beasts saying, Come and\r
+see.\r
+\r
+6:2 And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a\r
+bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and\r
+to conquer.\r
+\r
+6:3 And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast\r
+say, Come and see.\r
+\r
+6:4 And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given\r
+to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they\r
+should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.\r
+\r
+6:5 And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast\r
+say, Come and see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse; and he that sat\r
+on him had a pair of balances in his hand.\r
+\r
+6:6 And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure\r
+of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and\r
+see thou hurt not the oil and the wine.\r
+\r
+6:7 And when he had opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the\r
+fourth beast say, Come and see.\r
+\r
+6:8 And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on\r
+him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto\r
+them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with\r
+hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.\r
+\r
+6:9 And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the\r
+souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the\r
+testimony which they held: 6:10 And they cried with a loud voice,\r
+saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and\r
+avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth? 6:11 And white\r
+robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them,\r
+that they should rest yet for a little season, until their\r
+fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they\r
+were, should be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+6:12 And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there\r
+was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair,\r
+and the moon became as blood; 6:13 And the stars of heaven fell unto\r
+the earth, even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is\r
+shaken of a mighty wind.\r
+\r
+6:14 And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled together;\r
+and every mountain and island were moved out of their places.\r
+\r
+6:15 And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men,\r
+and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and\r
+every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the\r
+mountains; 6:16 And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and\r
+hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the\r
+wrath of the Lamb: 6:17 For the great day of his wrath is come; and\r
+who shall be able to stand? 7:1 And after these things I saw four\r
+angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four\r
+winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on\r
+the sea, nor on any tree.\r
+\r
+7:2 And I saw another angel ascending from the east, having the seal\r
+of the living God: and he cried with a loud voice to the four angels,\r
+to whom it was given to hurt the earth and the sea, 7:3 Saying, Hurt\r
+not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees, till we have sealed the\r
+servants of our God in their foreheads.\r
+\r
+7:4 And I heard the number of them which were sealed: and there were\r
+sealed an hundred and forty and four thousand of all the tribes of the\r
+children of Israel.\r
+\r
+7:5 Of the tribe of Juda were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of\r
+Reuben were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Gad were sealed\r
+twelve thousand.\r
+\r
+7:6 Of the tribe of Aser were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of\r
+Nephthalim were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Manasses were\r
+sealed twelve thousand.\r
+\r
+7:7 Of the tribe of Simeon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe\r
+of Levi were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Issachar were\r
+sealed twelve thousand.\r
+\r
+7:8 Of the tribe of Zabulon were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe\r
+of Joseph were sealed twelve thousand. Of the tribe of Benjamin were\r
+sealed twelve thousand.\r
+\r
+7:9 After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man\r
+could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues,\r
+stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white\r
+robes, and palms in their hands; 7:10 And cried with a loud voice,\r
+saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto\r
+the Lamb.\r
+\r
+7:11 And all the angels stood round about the throne, and about the\r
+elders and the four beasts, and fell before the throne on their faces,\r
+and worshipped God, 7:12 Saying, Amen: Blessing, and glory, and\r
+wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, be unto\r
+our God for ever and ever. Amen.\r
+\r
+7:13 And one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these\r
+which are arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? 7:14 And I\r
+said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they\r
+which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and\r
+made them white in the blood of the Lamb.\r
+\r
+7:15 Therefore are they before the throne of God, and serve him day\r
+and night in his temple: and he that sitteth on the throne shall dwell\r
+among them.\r
+\r
+7:16 They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more; neither shall\r
+the sun light on them, nor any heat.\r
+\r
+7:17 For the Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall feed them,\r
+and shall lead them unto living fountains of waters: and God shall\r
+wipe away all tears from their eyes.\r
+\r
+8:1 And when he had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in\r
+heaven about the space of half an hour.\r
+\r
+8:2 And I saw the seven angels which stood before God; and to them\r
+were given seven trumpets.\r
+\r
+8:3 And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden\r
+censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should\r
+offer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which\r
+was before the throne.\r
+\r
+8:4 And the smoke of the incense, which came with the prayers of the\r
+saints, ascended up before God out of the angel's hand.\r
+\r
+8:5 And the angel took the censer, and filled it with fire of the\r
+altar, and cast it into the earth: and there were voices, and\r
+thunderings, and lightnings, and an earthquake.\r
+\r
+8:6 And the seven angels which had the seven trumpets prepared\r
+themselves to sound.\r
+\r
+8:7 The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled\r
+with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of\r
+trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up.\r
+\r
+8:8 And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain\r
+burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea\r
+became blood; 8:9 And the third part of the creatures which were in\r
+the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were\r
+destroyed.\r
+\r
+8:10 And the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from\r
+heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of\r
+the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; 8:11 And the name of the\r
+star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became\r
+wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made\r
+bitter.\r
+\r
+8:12 And the fourth angel sounded, and the third part of the sun was\r
+smitten, and the third part of the moon, and the third part of the\r
+stars; so as the third part of them was darkened, and the day shone\r
+not for a third part of it, and the night likewise.\r
+\r
+8:13 And I beheld, and heard an angel flying through the midst of\r
+heaven, saying with a loud voice, Woe, woe, woe, to the inhabiters of\r
+the earth by reason of the other voices of the trumpet of the three\r
+angels, which are yet to sound! 9:1 And the fifth angel sounded, and\r
+I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the\r
+key of the bottomless pit.\r
+\r
+9:2 And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of\r
+the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were\r
+darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit.\r
+\r
+9:3 And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto\r
+them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power.\r
+\r
+9:4 And it was commanded them that they should not hurt the grass of\r
+the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those\r
+men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads.\r
+\r
+9:5 And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that\r
+they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the\r
+torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man.\r
+\r
+9:6 And in those days shall men seek death, and shall not find it; and\r
+shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them.\r
+\r
+9:7 And the shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared unto\r
+battle; and on their heads were as it were crowns like gold, and their\r
+faces were as the faces of men.\r
+\r
+9:8 And they had hair as the hair of women, and their teeth were as\r
+the teeth of lions.\r
+\r
+9:9 And they had breastplates, as it were breastplates of iron; and\r
+the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses\r
+running to battle.\r
+\r
+9:10 And they had tails like unto scorpions, and there were stings in\r
+their tails: and their power was to hurt men five months.\r
+\r
+9:11 And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the\r
+bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the\r
+Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon.\r
+\r
+9:12 One woe is past; and, behold, there come two woes more hereafter.\r
+\r
+9:13 And the sixth angel sounded, and I heard a voice from the four\r
+horns of the golden altar which is before God, 9:14 Saying to the\r
+sixth angel which had the trumpet, Loose the four angels which are\r
+bound in the great river Euphrates.\r
+\r
+9:15 And the four angels were loosed, which were prepared for an hour,\r
+and a day, and a month, and a year, for to slay the third part of men.\r
+\r
+9:16 And the number of the army of the horsemen were two hundred\r
+thousand thousand: and I heard the number of them.\r
+\r
+9:17 And thus I saw the horses in the vision, and them that sat on\r
+them, having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone: and\r
+the heads of the horses were as the heads of lions; and out of their\r
+mouths issued fire and smoke and brimstone.\r
+\r
+9:18 By these three was the third part of men killed, by the fire, and\r
+by the smoke, and by the brimstone, which issued out of their mouths.\r
+\r
+9:19 For their power is in their mouth, and in their tails: for their\r
+tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and with them they do\r
+hurt.\r
+\r
+9:20 And the rest of the men which were not killed by these plagues\r
+yet repented not of the works of their hands, that they should not\r
+worship devils, and idols of gold, and silver, and brass, and stone,\r
+and of wood: which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk: 9:21 Neither\r
+repented they of their murders, nor of their sorceries, nor of their\r
+fornication, nor of their thefts.\r
+\r
+10:1 And I saw another mighty angel come down from heaven, clothed\r
+with a cloud: and a rainbow was upon his head, and his face was as it\r
+were the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire: 10:2 And he had in his\r
+hand a little book open: and he set his right foot upon the sea, and\r
+his left foot on the earth, 10:3 And cried with a loud voice, as when\r
+a lion roareth: and when he had cried, seven thunders uttered their\r
+voices.\r
+\r
+10:4 And when the seven thunders had uttered their voices, I was about\r
+to write: and I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Seal up\r
+those things which the seven thunders uttered, and write them not.\r
+\r
+10:5 And the angel which I saw stand upon the sea and upon the earth\r
+lifted up his hand to heaven, 10:6 And sware by him that liveth for\r
+ever and ever, who created heaven, and the things that therein are,\r
+and the earth, and the things that therein are, and the sea, and the\r
+things which are therein, that there should be time no longer: 10:7\r
+But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he shall begin\r
+to sound, the mystery of God should be finished, as he hath declared\r
+to his servants the prophets.\r
+\r
+10:8 And the voice which I heard from heaven spake unto me again, and\r
+said, Go and take the little book which is open in the hand of the\r
+angel which standeth upon the sea and upon the earth.\r
+\r
+10:9 And I went unto the angel, and said unto him, Give me the little\r
+book. And he said unto me, Take it, and eat it up; and it shall make\r
+thy belly bitter, but it shall be in thy mouth sweet as honey.\r
+\r
+10:10 And I took the little book out of the angel's hand, and ate it\r
+up; and it was in my mouth sweet as honey: and as soon as I had eaten\r
+it, my belly was bitter.\r
+\r
+10:11 And he said unto me, Thou must prophesy again before many\r
+peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings.\r
+\r
+11:1 And there was given me a reed like unto a rod: and the angel\r
+stood, saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and\r
+them that worship therein.\r
+\r
+11:2 But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure\r
+it not; for it is given unto the Gentiles: and the holy city shall\r
+they tread under foot forty and two months.\r
+\r
+11:3 And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall\r
+prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in\r
+sackcloth.\r
+\r
+11:4 These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing\r
+before the God of the earth.\r
+\r
+11:5 And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their\r
+mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he\r
+must in this manner be killed.\r
+\r
+11:6 These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of\r
+their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and\r
+to smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will.\r
+\r
+11:7 And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that\r
+ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and\r
+shall overcome them, and kill them.\r
+\r
+11:8 And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city,\r
+which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was\r
+crucified.\r
+\r
+11:9 And they of the people and kindreds and tongues and nations shall\r
+see their dead bodies three days and an half, and shall not suffer\r
+their dead bodies to be put in graves.\r
+\r
+11:10 And they that dwell upon the earth shall rejoice over them, and\r
+make merry, and shall send gifts one to another; because these two\r
+prophets tormented them that dwelt on the earth.\r
+\r
+11:11 And after three days and an half the spirit of life from God\r
+entered into them, and they stood upon their feet; and great fear fell\r
+upon them which saw them.\r
+\r
+11:12 And they heard a great voice from heaven saying unto them, Come\r
+up hither. And they ascended up to heaven in a cloud; and their\r
+enemies beheld them.\r
+\r
+11:13 And the same hour was there a great earthquake, and the tenth\r
+part of the city fell, and in the earthquake were slain of men seven\r
+thousand: and the remnant were affrighted, and gave glory to the God\r
+of heaven.\r
+\r
+11:14 The second woe is past; and, behold, the third woe cometh\r
+quickly.\r
+\r
+11:15 And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in\r
+heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of\r
+our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+11:16 And the four and twenty elders, which sat before God on their\r
+seats, fell upon their faces, and worshipped God, 11:17 Saying, We\r
+give thee thanks, O LORD God Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to\r
+come; because thou hast taken to thee thy great power, and hast\r
+reigned.\r
+\r
+11:18 And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time\r
+of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give\r
+reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them\r
+that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which\r
+destroy the earth.\r
+\r
+11:19 And the temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen\r
+in his temple the ark of his testament: and there were lightnings, and\r
+voices, and thunderings, and an earthquake, and great hail.\r
+\r
+12:1 And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with\r
+the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of\r
+twelve stars: 12:2 And she being with child cried, travailing in\r
+birth, and pained to be delivered.\r
+\r
+12:3 And there appeared another wonder in heaven; and behold a great\r
+red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and seven crowns upon\r
+his heads.\r
+\r
+12:4 And his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did\r
+cast them to the earth: and the dragon stood before the woman which\r
+was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was\r
+born.\r
+\r
+12:5 And she brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations\r
+with a rod of iron: and her child was caught up unto God, and to his\r
+throne.\r
+\r
+12:6 And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a place\r
+prepared of God, that they should feed her there a thousand two\r
+hundred and threescore days.\r
+\r
+12:7 And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought\r
+against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, 12:8 And\r
+prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven.\r
+\r
+12:9 And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the\r
+Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out\r
+into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.\r
+\r
+12:10 And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come\r
+salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of\r
+his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which\r
+accused them before our God day and night.\r
+\r
+12:11 And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb, and by the word\r
+of their testimony; and they loved not their lives unto the death.\r
+\r
+12:12 Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to\r
+the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea! for the devil is come down\r
+unto you, having great wrath, because he knoweth that he hath but a\r
+short time.\r
+\r
+12:13 And when the dragon saw that he was cast unto the earth, he\r
+persecuted the woman which brought forth the man child.\r
+\r
+12:14 And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she\r
+might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished\r
+for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent.\r
+\r
+12:15 And the serpent cast out of his mouth water as a flood after the\r
+woman, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood.\r
+\r
+12:16 And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth,\r
+and swallowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth.\r
+\r
+12:17 And the dragon was wroth with the woman, and went to make war\r
+with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God, and\r
+have the testimony of Jesus Christ.\r
+\r
+13:1 And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out\r
+of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten\r
+crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy.\r
+\r
+13:2 And the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet\r
+were as the feet of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion: and\r
+the dragon gave him his power, and his seat, and great authority.\r
+\r
+13:3 And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his\r
+deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast.\r
+\r
+13:4 And they worshipped the dragon which gave power unto the beast:\r
+and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto the beast? who\r
+is able to make war with him? 13:5 And there was given unto him a\r
+mouth speaking great things and blasphemies; and power was given unto\r
+him to continue forty and two months.\r
+\r
+13:6 And he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme\r
+his name, and his tabernacle, and them that dwell in heaven.\r
+\r
+13:7 And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to\r
+overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues,\r
+and nations.\r
+\r
+13:8 And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names\r
+are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the\r
+foundation of the world.\r
+\r
+13:9 If any man have an ear, let him hear.\r
+\r
+13:10 He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that\r
+killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the\r
+patience and the faith of the saints.\r
+\r
+13:11 And I beheld another beast coming up out of the earth; and he\r
+had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.\r
+\r
+13:12 And he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him,\r
+and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the\r
+first beast, whose deadly wound was healed.\r
+\r
+13:13 And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down\r
+from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, 13:14 And deceiveth them\r
+that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had\r
+power to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on\r
+the earth, that they should make an image to the beast, which had the\r
+wound by a sword, and did live.\r
+\r
+13:15 And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that\r
+the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as\r
+would not worship the image of the beast should be killed.\r
+\r
+13:16 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free\r
+and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their\r
+foreheads: 13:17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had\r
+the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.\r
+\r
+13:18 Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number\r
+of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six\r
+hundred threescore and six.\r
+\r
+14:1 And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion, and with\r
+him an hundred forty and four thousand, having his Father's name\r
+written in their foreheads.\r
+\r
+14:2 And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and\r
+as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers\r
+harping with their harps: 14:3 And they sung as it were a new song\r
+before the throne, and before the four beasts, and the elders: and no\r
+man could learn that song but the hundred and forty and four thousand,\r
+which were redeemed from the earth.\r
+\r
+14:4 These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are\r
+virgins. These are they which follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth.\r
+These were redeemed from among men, being the firstfruits unto God and\r
+to the Lamb.\r
+\r
+14:5 And in their mouth was found no guile: for they are without fault\r
+before the throne of God.\r
+\r
+14:6 And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the\r
+everlasting gospel to preach unto them that dwell on the earth, and to\r
+every nation, and kindred, and tongue, and people, 14:7 Saying with a\r
+loud voice, Fear God, and give glory to him; for the hour of his\r
+judgment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and earth, and the\r
+sea, and the fountains of waters.\r
+\r
+14:8 And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is\r
+fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the\r
+wine of the wrath of her fornication.\r
+\r
+14:9 And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If\r
+any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his\r
+forehead, or in his hand, 14:10 The same shall drink of the wine of\r
+the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of\r
+his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in\r
+the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb:\r
+14:11 And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever:\r
+and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his\r
+image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name.\r
+\r
+14:12 Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the\r
+commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.\r
+\r
+14:13 And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me, Write, Blessed\r
+are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the\r
+Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do\r
+follow them.\r
+\r
+14:14 And I looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one\r
+sat like unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and\r
+in his hand a sharp sickle.\r
+\r
+14:15 And another angel came out of the temple, crying with a loud\r
+voice to him that sat on the cloud, Thrust in thy sickle, and reap:\r
+for the time is come for thee to reap; for the harvest of the earth is\r
+ripe.\r
+\r
+14:16 And he that sat on the cloud thrust in his sickle on the earth;\r
+and the earth was reaped.\r
+\r
+14:17 And another angel came out of the temple which is in heaven, he\r
+also having a sharp sickle.\r
+\r
+14:18 And another angel came out from the altar, which had power over\r
+fire; and cried with a loud cry to him that had the sharp sickle,\r
+saying, Thrust in thy sharp sickle, and gather the clusters of the\r
+vine of the earth; for her grapes are fully ripe.\r
+\r
+14:19 And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered\r
+the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the\r
+wrath of God.\r
+\r
+14:20 And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came\r
+out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a\r
+thousand and six hundred furlongs.\r
+\r
+15:1 And I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvellous, seven\r
+angels having the seven last plagues; for in them is filled up the\r
+wrath of God.\r
+\r
+15:2 And I saw as it were a sea of glass mingled with fire: and them\r
+that had gotten the victory over the beast, and over his image, and\r
+over his mark, and over the number of his name, stand on the sea of\r
+glass, having the harps of God.\r
+\r
+15:3 And they sing the song of Moses the servant of God, and the song\r
+of the Lamb, saying, Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God\r
+Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints.\r
+\r
+15:4 Who shall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name? for thou\r
+only art holy: for all nations shall come and worship before thee; for\r
+thy judgments are made manifest.\r
+\r
+15:5 And after that I looked, and, behold, the temple of the\r
+tabernacle of the testimony in heaven was opened: 15:6 And the seven\r
+angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues, clothed in\r
+pure and white linen, and having their breasts girded with golden\r
+girdles.\r
+\r
+15:7 And one of the four beasts gave unto the seven angels seven\r
+golden vials full of the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+15:8 And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, and\r
+from his power; and no man was able to enter into the temple, till the\r
+seven plagues of the seven angels were fulfilled.\r
+\r
+16:1 And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven\r
+angels, Go your ways, and pour out the vials of the wrath of God upon\r
+the earth.\r
+\r
+16:2 And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and\r
+there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark\r
+of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image.\r
+\r
+16:3 And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it\r
+became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the\r
+sea.\r
+\r
+16:4 And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and\r
+fountains of waters; and they became blood.\r
+\r
+16:5 And I heard the angel of the waters say, Thou art righteous, O\r
+Lord, which art, and wast, and shalt be, because thou hast judged\r
+thus.\r
+\r
+16:6 For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and thou\r
+hast given them blood to drink; for they are worthy.\r
+\r
+16:7 And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God\r
+Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments.\r
+\r
+16:8 And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power\r
+was given unto him to scorch men with fire.\r
+\r
+16:9 And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of\r
+God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to\r
+give him glory.\r
+\r
+16:10 And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the seat of the\r
+beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their\r
+tongues for pain, 16:11 And blasphemed the God of heaven because of\r
+their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds.\r
+\r
+16:12 And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river\r
+Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the\r
+kings of the east might be prepared.\r
+\r
+16:13 And I saw three unclean spirits like frogs come out of the mouth\r
+of the dragon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth\r
+of the false prophet.\r
+\r
+16:14 For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go\r
+forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather\r
+them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty.\r
+\r
+16:15 Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that watcheth, and\r
+keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame.\r
+\r
+16:16 And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew\r
+tongue Armageddon.\r
+\r
+16:17 And the seventh angel poured out his vial into the air; and\r
+there came a great voice out of the temple of heaven, from the throne,\r
+saying, It is done.\r
+\r
+16:18 And there were voices, and thunders, and lightnings; and there\r
+was a great earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the earth,\r
+so mighty an earthquake, and so great.\r
+\r
+16:19 And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities\r
+of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God,\r
+to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.\r
+\r
+16:20 And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found.\r
+\r
+16:21 And there fell upon men a great hail out of heaven, every stone\r
+about the weight of a talent: and men blasphemed God because of the\r
+plague of the hail; for the plague thereof was exceeding great.\r
+\r
+17:1 And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials,\r
+and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee\r
+the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters: 17:2\r
+With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the\r
+inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her\r
+fornication.\r
+\r
+17:3 So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I\r
+saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of\r
+blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.\r
+\r
+17:4 And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and\r
+decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup\r
+in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication:\r
+17:5 And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE\r
+GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.\r
+\r
+17:6 And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and\r
+with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered\r
+with great admiration.\r
+\r
+17:7 And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel? I will\r
+tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth\r
+her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns.\r
+\r
+17:8 The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out\r
+of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on\r
+the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of\r
+life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that\r
+was, and is not, and yet is.\r
+\r
+17:9 And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven\r
+mountains, on which the woman sitteth.\r
+\r
+17:10 And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is, and the\r
+other is not yet come; and when he cometh, he must continue a short\r
+space.\r
+\r
+17:11 And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and\r
+is of the seven, and goeth into perdition.\r
+\r
+17:12 And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have\r
+received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with\r
+the beast.\r
+\r
+17:13 These have one mind, and shall give their power and strength\r
+unto the beast.\r
+\r
+17:14 These shall make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome\r
+them: for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings: and they that are\r
+with him are called, and chosen, and faithful.\r
+\r
+17:15 And he saith unto me, The waters which thou sawest, where the\r
+whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues.\r
+\r
+17:16 And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall\r
+hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat\r
+her flesh, and burn her with fire.\r
+\r
+17:17 For God hath put in their hearts to fulfil his will, and to\r
+agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast, until the words of God\r
+shall be fulfilled.\r
+\r
+17:18 And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which\r
+reigneth over the kings of the earth.\r
+\r
+18:1 And after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven,\r
+having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory.\r
+\r
+18:2 And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the\r
+great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils,\r
+and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and\r
+hateful bird.\r
+\r
+18:3 For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her\r
+fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication\r
+with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the\r
+abundance of her delicacies.\r
+\r
+18:4 And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her,\r
+my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive\r
+not of her plagues.\r
+\r
+18:5 For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered\r
+her iniquities.\r
+\r
+18:6 Reward her even as she rewarded you, and double unto her double\r
+according to her works: in the cup which she hath filled fill to her\r
+double.\r
+\r
+18:7 How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so\r
+much torment and sorrow give her: for she saith in her heart, I sit a\r
+queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow.\r
+\r
+18:8 Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning,\r
+and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire: for strong is\r
+the Lord God who judgeth her.\r
+\r
+18:9 And the kings of the earth, who have committed fornication and\r
+lived deliciously with her, shall bewail her, and lament for her, when\r
+they shall see the smoke of her burning, 18:10 Standing afar off for\r
+the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas that great city Babylon,\r
+that mighty city! for in one hour is thy judgment come.\r
+\r
+18:11 And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her;\r
+for no man buyeth their merchandise any more: 18:12 The merchandise of\r
+gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen,\r
+and purple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner\r
+vessels of ivory, and all manner vessels of most precious wood, and of\r
+brass, and iron, and marble, 18:13 And cinnamon, and odours, and\r
+ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and\r
+wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves,\r
+and souls of men.\r
+\r
+18:14 And the fruits that thy soul lusted after are departed from\r
+thee, and all things which were dainty and goodly are departed from\r
+thee, and thou shalt find them no more at all.\r
+\r
+18:15 The merchants of these things, which were made rich by her,\r
+shall stand afar off for the fear of her torment, weeping and wailing,\r
+18:16 And saying, Alas, alas that great city, that was clothed in fine\r
+linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious\r
+stones, and pearls! 18:17 For in one hour so great riches is come to\r
+nought. And every shipmaster, and all the company in ships, and\r
+sailors, and as many as trade by sea, stood afar off, 18:18 And cried\r
+when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, What city is like unto\r
+this great city! 18:19 And they cast dust on their heads, and cried,\r
+weeping and wailing, saying, Alas, alas that great city, wherein were\r
+made rich all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness!\r
+for in one hour is she made desolate.\r
+\r
+18:20 Rejoice over her, thou heaven, and ye holy apostles and\r
+prophets; for God hath avenged you on her.\r
+\r
+18:21 And a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone, and\r
+cast it into the sea, saying, Thus with violence shall that great city\r
+Babylon be thrown down, and shall be found no more at all.\r
+\r
+18:22 And the voice of harpers, and musicians, and of pipers, and\r
+trumpeters, shall be heard no more at all in thee; and no craftsman,\r
+of whatsoever craft he be, shall be found any more in thee; and the\r
+sound of a millstone shall be heard no more at all in thee; 18:23 And\r
+the light of a candle shall shine no more at all in thee; and the\r
+voice of the bridegroom and of the bride shall be heard no more at all\r
+in thee: for thy merchants were the great men of the earth; for by thy\r
+sorceries were all nations deceived.\r
+\r
+18:24 And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of saints, and\r
+of all that were slain upon the earth.\r
+\r
+19:1 And after these things I heard a great voice of much people in\r
+heaven, saying, Alleluia; Salvation, and glory, and honour, and power,\r
+unto the Lord our God: 19:2 For true and righteous are his judgments:\r
+for he hath judged the great whore, which did corrupt the earth with\r
+her fornication, and hath avenged the blood of his servants at her\r
+hand.\r
+\r
+19:3 And again they said, Alleluia And her smoke rose up for ever and\r
+ever.\r
+\r
+19:4 And the four and twenty elders and the four beasts fell down and\r
+worshipped God that sat on the throne, saying, Amen; Alleluia.\r
+\r
+19:5 And a voice came out of the throne, saying, Praise our God, all\r
+ye his servants, and ye that fear him, both small and great.\r
+\r
+19:6 And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the\r
+voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying,\r
+Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.\r
+\r
+19:7 Let us be glad and rejoice, and give honour to him: for the\r
+marriage of the Lamb is come, and his wife hath made herself ready.\r
+\r
+19:8 And to her was granted that she should be arrayed in fine linen,\r
+clean and white: for the fine linen is the righteousness of saints.\r
+\r
+19:9 And he saith unto me, Write, Blessed are they which are called\r
+unto the marriage supper of the Lamb. And he saith unto me, These are\r
+the true sayings of God.\r
+\r
+19:10 And I fell at his feet to worship him. And he said unto me, See\r
+thou do it not: I am thy fellowservant, and of thy brethren that have\r
+the testimony of Jesus: worship God: for the testimony of Jesus is the\r
+spirit of prophecy.\r
+\r
+19:11 And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that\r
+sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he\r
+doth judge and make war.\r
+\r
+19:12 His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many\r
+crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself.\r
+\r
+19:13 And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name\r
+is called The Word of God.\r
+\r
+19:14 And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white\r
+horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean.\r
+\r
+19:15 And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should\r
+smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he\r
+treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God.\r
+\r
+19:16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING\r
+OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.\r
+\r
+19:17 And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud\r
+voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come\r
+and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God; 19:18\r
+That ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the\r
+flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on\r
+them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and\r
+great.\r
+\r
+19:19 And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their\r
+armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the\r
+horse, and against his army.\r
+\r
+19:20 And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that\r
+wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had\r
+received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image.\r
+These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone.\r
+\r
+19:21 And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon\r
+the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls\r
+were filled with their flesh.\r
+\r
+20:1 And I saw an angel come down from heaven, having the key of the\r
+bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand.\r
+\r
+20:2 And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the\r
+Devil, and Satan, and bound him a thousand years, 20:3 And cast him\r
+into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal upon him,\r
+that he should deceive the nations no more, till the thousand years\r
+should be fulfilled: and after that he must be loosed a little season.\r
+\r
+20:4 And I saw thrones, and they sat upon them, and judgment was given\r
+unto them: and I saw the souls of them that were beheaded for the\r
+witness of Jesus, and for the word of God, and which had not\r
+worshipped the beast, neither his image, neither had received his mark\r
+upon their foreheads, or in their hands; and they lived and reigned\r
+with Christ a thousand years.\r
+\r
+20:5 But the rest of the dead lived not again until the thousand years\r
+were finished. This is the first resurrection.\r
+\r
+20:6 Blessed and holy is he that hath part in the first resurrection:\r
+on such the second death hath no power, but they shall be priests of\r
+God and of Christ, and shall reign with him a thousand years.\r
+\r
+20:7 And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed\r
+out of his prison, 20:8 And shall go out to deceive the nations which\r
+are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog, and Magog, to gather them\r
+together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea.\r
+\r
+20:9 And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the\r
+camp of the saints about, and the beloved city: and fire came down\r
+from God out of heaven, and devoured them.\r
+\r
+20:10 And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire\r
+and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be\r
+tormented day and night for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+20:11 And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from\r
+whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no\r
+place for them.\r
+\r
+20:12 And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the\r
+books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of\r
+life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written\r
+in the books, according to their works.\r
+\r
+20:13 And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and\r
+hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged\r
+every man according to their works.\r
+\r
+20:14 And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the\r
+second death.\r
+\r
+20:15 And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast\r
+into the lake of fire.\r
+\r
+21:1 And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and\r
+the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.\r
+\r
+21:2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God\r
+out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.\r
+\r
+21:3 And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the\r
+tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they\r
+shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their\r
+God.\r
+\r
+21:4 And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there\r
+shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall\r
+there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.\r
+\r
+21:5 And he that sat upon the throne said, Behold, I make all things\r
+new.\r
+\r
+And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true and faithful.\r
+\r
+21:6 And he said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the\r
+beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the\r
+fountain of the water of life freely.\r
+\r
+21:7 He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his\r
+God, and he shall be my son.\r
+\r
+21:8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and\r
+murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all\r
+liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and\r
+brimstone: which is the second death.\r
+\r
+21:9 And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the\r
+seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me,\r
+saying, Come hither, I will shew thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.\r
+\r
+21:10 And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high\r
+mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem,\r
+descending out of heaven from God, 21:11 Having the glory of God: and\r
+her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like a jasper\r
+stone, clear as crystal; 21:12 And had a wall great and high, and had\r
+twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels, and names written\r
+thereon, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of\r
+Israel: 21:13 On the east three gates; on the north three gates; on\r
+the south three gates; and on the west three gates.\r
+\r
+21:14 And the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and in them the\r
+names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.\r
+\r
+21:15 And he that talked with me had a golden reed to measure the\r
+city, and the gates thereof, and the wall thereof.\r
+\r
+21:16 And the city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the\r
+breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand\r
+furlongs.\r
+\r
+The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal.\r
+\r
+21:17 And he measured the wall thereof, an hundred and forty and four\r
+cubits, according to the measure of a man, that is, of the angel.\r
+\r
+21:18 And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city\r
+was pure gold, like unto clear glass.\r
+\r
+21:19 And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with\r
+all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the\r
+second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald;\r
+21:20 The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh,\r
+chrysolyte; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a\r
+chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst.\r
+\r
+21:21 And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was\r
+of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were\r
+transparent glass.\r
+\r
+21:22 And I saw no temple therein: for the Lord God Almighty and the\r
+Lamb are the temple of it.\r
+\r
+21:23 And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to\r
+shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the\r
+light thereof.\r
+\r
+21:24 And the nations of them which are saved shall walk in the light\r
+of it: and the kings of the earth do bring their glory and honour into\r
+it.\r
+\r
+21:25 And the gates of it shall not be shut at all by day: for there\r
+shall be no night there.\r
+\r
+21:26 And they shall bring the glory and honour of the nations into\r
+it.\r
+\r
+21:27 And there shall in no wise enter into it any thing that\r
+defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie: but\r
+they which are written in the Lamb's book of life.\r
+\r
+22:1 And he shewed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal,\r
+proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.\r
+\r
+22:2 In the midst of the street of it, and on either side of the\r
+river, was there the tree of life, which bare twelve manner of fruits,\r
+and yielded her fruit every month: and the leaves of the tree were for\r
+the healing of the nations.\r
+\r
+22:3 And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of\r
+the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him: 22:4 And\r
+they shall see his face; and his name shall be in their foreheads.\r
+\r
+22:5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle,\r
+neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they\r
+shall reign for ever and ever.\r
+\r
+22:6 And he said unto me, These sayings are faithful and true: and the\r
+Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to shew unto his servants\r
+the things which must shortly be done.\r
+\r
+22:7 Behold, I come quickly: blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of\r
+the prophecy of this book.\r
+\r
+22:8 And I John saw these things, and heard them. And when I had heard\r
+and seen, I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel which\r
+shewed me these things.\r
+\r
+22:9 Then saith he unto me, See thou do it not: for I am thy\r
+fellowservant, and of thy brethren the prophets, and of them which\r
+keep the sayings of this book: worship God.\r
+\r
+22:10 And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of\r
+this book: for the time is at hand.\r
+\r
+22:11 He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is\r
+filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be\r
+righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still.\r
+\r
+22:12 And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give\r
+every man according as his work shall be.\r
+\r
+22:13 I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and\r
+the last.\r
+\r
+22:14 Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have\r
+right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the\r
+city.\r
+\r
+22:15 For without are dogs, and sorcerers, and whoremongers, and\r
+murderers, and idolaters, and whosoever loveth and maketh a lie.\r
+\r
+22:16 I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in\r
+the churches. I am the root and the offspring of David, and the bright\r
+and morning star.\r
+\r
+22:17 And the Spirit and the bride say, Come. And let him that heareth\r
+say, Come. And let him that is athirst come. And whosoever will, let\r
+him take the water of life freely.\r
+\r
+22:18 For I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the\r
+prophecy of this book, If any man shall add unto these things, God\r
+shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book: 22:19\r
+And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this\r
+prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and\r
+out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book.\r
+\r
+22:20 He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly.\r
+Amen.\r
+\r
+Even so, come, Lord Jesus.\r
+\r
+22:21 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The King James Bible\r
+\r
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+Full text of "The Collected Works of H.P. Lovecraft"
+See other formats
+11
+
+
+
+H. P Lovecraf t
+
+
+
+Cthulu Mythos
+
+
+
+Collected works
+
+
+
+11
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+This is a book that contains stories written by Howard Phihps Lovecraft that is
+beheved to be in the pubhc domain and were downloaded from the web. It was
+not created for profit - only for the purpose of having the stories in a singular
+location so as to be readily available for reading. The cover image is a 'doctored'
+photo that I took at Saint Kevin's Monastery, Ireland. The image was altered
+using the cartoon effect in GIMP. Use it as you wish.
+
+
+
+lU
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+Notes On Writing Weird Fiction 1
+
+History of the Necronomicon 5
+
+At the Mountains of Madness 8
+
+Azathoth 92
+
+Beyond the Wall of Sleep 93
+
+Celephais 102
+
+Cool Air 107
+
+Dagon 114
+
+Dreams in the Witch-House 119
+
+Ex Oblivione 149
+
+Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family 151
+
+From Beyond 159
+
+He 165
+
+Herbert West: Reanimator 174
+
+Hypnos 199
+
+Ibid 205
+
+Imprisoned with the Pharaos 209
+
+InTheVauh 232
+
+Memory 239
+
+Nyarlathotep 240
+
+Pickman's Model 243
+
+Polaris 254
+
+The Alchemist 258
+
+The Beast in the Cave 265
+
+The Book 270
+
+The Call of Cthulhu 273
+
+The Case of Charles Dexter Ward 298
+
+The Cats of Ulthar 401
+
+The Colour Out of Space 404
+
+The Descendant 427
+
+The Doom That Came to Sarnath 430
+
+The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath 436
+
+The Dunwich Horror 518
+
+The Evil Clergyman 554
+
+The Festival 558
+
+The Haunter Of The Dark 566
+
+The Horror at Red Hook 586
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+
+The Horror in the Museum 603
+
+1 603
+
+2 614
+
+The Hound 628
+
+The Music OF Erich Zann 635
+
+The Nameless City 642
+
+The Other Gods 652
+
+The Outsider 657
+
+The Picture in the House 663
+
+The Quest of Iranon 670
+
+The Rats in the Walls 676
+
+The Shadow Out of Time 693
+
+The Shadow Over Innsmouth 753
+
+The Shunned House 807
+
+The Silver Key 829
+
+The Statement of Randolph Carter 839
+
+The Strange High House in the Mist 845
+
+The Street 853
+
+The Temple 858
+
+The Terrible Old Man 869
+
+The Thing on the Doorstep 872
+
+The Tomb 894
+
+The Transition of Juan Romero 903
+
+The Tree 909
+
+The Unnamable 913
+
+The Very Old Folk 920
+
+The Whisperer in Darkness 925
+
+The White Ship 979
+
+What the Moon Brings 984
+
+Medusa's Coil - with Zealia Bishop 986
+
+Out of the Aeons - with Hazel Heald 1020
+
+Poetry and the Gods - with Anna Helen Crofts 1042
+
+The Crawling Chaos - with Elizabeth Berkeley 1048
+
+The Disinterment - with Duane W. Rimel 1054
+
+The Green Meadow - with Winifred V. Jackson 1064
+
+The Horror at Martin's Beach - with Sonia H. Greene 1069
+
+The Last Test - with Adolphe de Castro 1075
+
+The Man of Stone - with Hazel Heald 1117
+
+The Night Ocean - with R. H. Barlow 1130
+
+The Thing in the Moonlight - with J. Chapman Miske 1148
+
+The Trap - with Henry S. Whitehead 1150
+
+The Tree On The Hill - with Duane W. Rimel 1169
+
+Through the Gates of the Silver Key - with E. Hoffmann Price 1179
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+
+Till A' the Seas - with R. H Barlow 1210
+
+Two Black Bottles - with Wilfred Blai\ch Talman 1218
+
+Within the Walls of Eryx - with Kenneth Sterling 1229
+
+At the Root 1253
+
+Cats And Dogs 1255
+
+Letter to August Derleth 1267
+
+Metrical Regularity 1271
+
+The Allowable Rhyme 1274
+
+The Despised Pastoral 1278
+
+An American to Mother England 1280
+
+Astrophobos 1282
+
+Christmas Blessings 1284
+
+Christmastide 1285
+
+Despair 1286
+
+Fact and Fancy 1288
+
+Festival 1289
+
+Fungi from Yuggoth 1290
+
+I. The Book 1290
+
+II. Pursuit 1290
+
+III. The Key 1291
+
+IV. Recognition 1291
+
+V. Homecoming 1291
+
+VI. The Lamp 1292
+
+VIL Zaman's Hill 1292
+
+VIIL The Port 1293
+
+IX. The Courtyard 1293
+
+X. The Pigeon-Flyers 1294
+
+XL The Well 1294
+
+XIL The Howler 1294
+
+XIILHesperia 1295
+
+XIV. Star-Winds 1295
+
+XV. Antarktos 1296
+
+XVL The Window 1296
+
+XVIL A Memory 1297
+
+XVIIL The Gardens of Yin 1297
+
+XIX. The Bells 1297
+
+XX. Night-Gaunts 1298
+
+XXL Nyarlathotep 1298
+
+XXIL Azathoth 1299
+
+XXIIL Mirage 1299
+
+XXIV. The Canal 1300
+
+XXV. St Toad's 1300
+
+XXVL The Familiars 1300
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+
+XXVII. The Elder Pharos 1301
+
+XXVIII. Expectaiicy 1301
+
+XXIX. Nostalgia 1302
+
+XXX. Backgroui\d 1302
+
+XXXI. The Dweller 1303
+
+XXXII. Alienation 1303
+
+XXXIII. Harbour Whistles 1303
+
+XXXIV. Recapture 1304
+
+XXXV. Evening Star 1304
+
+XXXVI. Continuity 1305
+
+Hallowe'en in a Suburb 1307
+
+Laeta; A Lament 1309
+
+Lines on General Robert Edward Lee 1311
+
+Little Tiger 1313
+
+Nathicana 1314
+
+Nemesis 1317
+
+Ode for July Fourth, 1917 1319
+
+On Reading Lord Dunsany's Book of Wonder 1320
+
+On Receiving a Picture of Swans 1321
+
+Pacifist War Song - 1917 1322
+
+Poemata Minora 1323
+
+Ode to Selene or Diana 1323
+
+To the Old Pagan Religion 1324
+
+On the Ruin of Rome 1324
+
+To Pan 1324
+
+On the Vanity of Human Ambition 1325
+
+Providence 1326
+
+Revelation 1328
+
+The Bride of the Sea 1330
+
+The Cats 1332
+
+The City 1333
+
+The Conscript 1335
+
+The Garden 1337
+
+The House 1338
+
+The Messenger 1340
+
+The Peace Advocate 1341
+
+Epilogue 1343
+
+The Poe-et's Nightmare 1344
+
+A Fable 1344
+
+Aletheia Phrikodes 1345
+
+The Rose of England 1352
+
+The Wood 1353
+
+To Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkelt, Eighteenth Baron Dunsany 1354
+
+
+
+Vll
+
+
+
+Tosh Bosh 1356
+
+Dead Passion's Flame 1356
+
+Arcadia 1356
+
+Waste Paper: A Poem of Profound Insignificance 1357
+
+1 1357
+
+II 1357
+
+III 1358
+
+IV 1359
+
+Where Once Poe Walked 1361
+
+
+
+vui
+
+
+
+IX
+
+
+
+Notes On Writing Weird Fiction
+
+H. P. Lovecraft
+
+My reason for writing stories is to give myself the satisfaction of visualising more
+clearly and detailedly and stably the vague, elusive, fragmentary impressions of
+wonder, beauty, and adventurous expectancy which are conveyed to me by
+certain sights (scenic, architectural, atmospheric, etc.), ideas, occurrences, and
+images encountered in art and literature. I choose weird stories because they suit
+my inclination best - one of my strongest and most persistent wishes being to
+achieve, momentarily, the illusion of some strange suspension or violation of the
+galling limitations of time, space, and natural law which forever imprison us and
+frustrate our curiosity about the infinite cosmic spaces beyond the radius of our
+sight and analysis. These stories frequently emphasise the element of horror
+because fear is our deepest and strongest emotion, and the one which best lends
+itself to the creation of Nature-defying illusions. Horror and the unknown or the
+strange are always closely connected, so that it is hard to create a convincing
+picture of shattered natural law or cosmic alienage or "outsideness" without
+laying stress on the emotion of fear. The reason why time plays a great part in so
+many of my tales is that this element looms up in my mind as the most
+profoundly dramatic and grimly terrible thing in the universe. Conflict with time
+seems to me the most potent and fruitful theme in all human expression.
+
+While my chosen form of story-writing is obviously a special and perhaps a
+narrow one, it is none the less a persistent and permanent type of expression, as
+old as literature itself. There will always be a certain small percentage of persons
+who feel a burning curiosity about unknown outer space, and a burning desire to
+escape from the prison-house of the known and the real into those enchanted
+lands of incredible adventure and infinite possibilities which dreams open up to
+us, and which things like deep woods, fantastic urban towers, and flaming
+sunsets momentarily suggest. These persons include great authors as well as
+insignificant amateurs like myself - Dunsany, Poe, Arthur Machen, M. R. James,
+Algernon Blackwood, and Walter de la Mare being typical masters in this field.
+
+As to how I write a story - there is no one way. Each one of my tales has a
+different history. Once or twice I have literally written out a dream; but usually I
+start with a mood or idea or image which I wish to express, and revolve it in my
+mind until I can think of a good way of embodying it in some chain of dramatic
+occurrences capable of being recorded in concrete terms. I tend to run through a
+mental list of the basic conditions or situations best adapted to such a mood or
+idea or image, and then begin to speculate on logical and naturally motivated
+
+
+
+explanations of the given mood or idea or image in terms of the basic condition
+or situation chosen.
+
+The actual process of writing is of course as varied as the choice of theme and
+initial conception; but if the history of all my tales were analysed, it is just
+possible that the following set of rules might be deduced from the average
+procedure:
+
+1) Prepare a synopsis or scenario of events in the order of their absolute
+occurrence - not the order of their narration. Describe with enough fulness to
+cover all vital points and motivate all incidents planned. Details, comments, and
+estimates of consequences are sometimes desirable in this temporary framework
+
+2) Prepare a second synopsis or scenario of events - this one in order of narration
+(not actual occurrence), with ample fulness and detail, and with notes as to
+changing perspective, stresses, and climax. Change the original synopsis to fit if
+such a change will increase the dramatic force or general effectiveness of the
+story. Interpolate or delete incidents at will - never being bound by the original
+conception even if the ultimate result be a tale wholly different from that first
+planned. Let additions and alterations be made whenever suggested by anything
+in the for mulating process.
+
+3) Write out the story - rapidly, fluently, and not too critically - following the
+second or narrative-order synopsis. Change incidents and plot whenever the
+developing process seems to suggest such change, never being bound by any
+previous design. If the development suddenly reveals new opportunities for
+dramatic effect or vivid story telling, add whatever is thought advantageous -
+going back and reconciling the early parts to the new plan. Insert and delete
+whole sections if necessary or desirable, trying different beginnings and endings
+until the best arrangement is found. But be sure that all references throughout
+the story are thoroughly reconciled with the final design. Remove all possible
+superfluities - words, sentences, paragraphs, or whole episodes or elements -
+observing the usual precautions about the reconciling of all references.
+
+4) Revise the entire text, paying attention to vocabulary, syntax, rhythm of prose,
+proportioning of parts, niceties of tone, grace and convincingness of transitions
+(scene to scene, slow and detailed action to rapid and sketchy time-covering
+action and vice versa... etc., etc., etc.), effectiveness of beginning, ending,
+climaxes, etc., dramatic suspense and interest, plausibility and atmosphere, and
+various other elements.
+
+5) Prepare a neatly typed copy - not hesitating to add final revisory touches
+where they seem in order.
+
+
+
+The first of these stages is often purely a mental one - a set of conditions and
+happenings being worked out in my head, and never set down until I am ready
+to prepare a detailed synopsis of events in order of narration. Then, too, I
+sometimes begin even the actual writing before I know how I shall develop the
+idea - this beginning forming a problem to be motivated and exploited.
+
+There are, I think, four distinct types of weird story; one expressing a mood or
+feeling, another expressing a pictorial conception, a third expressing a general
+situation, condition, legend or intellectual conception, and a fourth explaining a
+definite tableau or specific dramatic situation or climax. In another way, weird
+tales may be grouped into two rough categories - those in which the marvel or
+horror concerns some condition or phenomenon, and those in which it concerns
+some action of persons in connexion with a bizarre condition or phenomenon.
+
+Each weird story - to speak more particularly of the horror type - seems to
+involve five definite elements: (a) some basic, underlying horror or abnormality -
+condition, entity, etc. - , (b) the general effects or bearings of the horror, (c) the
+mode of manifestation - object embodying the horror and phenomena observed -
+, (d) the types of fear-reaction pertaining to the horror, and (e) the specific effects
+of the horror in relation to the given set of conditions.
+
+In writing a weird story I always try very carefully to achieve the right mood and
+atmosphere, and place the emphasis where it belongs. One cannot, except in
+immature pulp charlatan-fiction, present an account of impossible, improbable,
+or inconceivable phenomena as a commonplace narrative of objective acts and
+conventional emotions. Inconceivable events and conditions have a special
+handicap to over come, and this can be accomplished only through the
+maintenance of a careful realism in every phase of the story except that touching
+on the one given marvel. This marvel must be treated very impressively and
+deliberately - with a careful emotional "build-up" - else it will seem flat and
+unconvincing. Being the principal thing in the story, its mere existence should
+overshadow the characters and events. But the characters and events must be
+consistent and natural except where they touch the single marvel. In relation to
+the central wonder, the characters should shew the same overwhelming emotion
+which similar characters would shew toward such a wonder in real life. Never
+have a wonder taken for granted. Even when the characters are supposed to be
+accustomed to the wonder I try to weave an air of awe and impressiveness
+corresponding to what the reader should feel. A casual style ruins any serious
+fantasy.
+
+Atmosphere, not action, is the great desideratum of weird fiction. Indeed, all that
+a wonder story can ever be is a vivid picture of a certain type of human mood.
+The moment it tries to be anything else it becomes cheap, puerile, and
+
+
+
+unconvincing. Prime emphasis should be given to subtle suggestion -
+imperceptible hints and touches of selective associative detail which express
+shadings of moods and build up a vague illusion of the strange reality of the
+unreal. Avoid bald catalogues of incredible happenings which can have no
+substance or meaning apart from a sustaining cloud of colour and symbolism.
+
+These are the rules or standards which I have followed - consciously or
+unconsciously - ever since I first attempted the serious writing of fantasy. That
+my results are successful may well be disputed - but I feel at least sure that, had I
+ignored the considerations mentioned in the last few paragraphs, they would
+have been much worse than they are.
+
+
+
+History of the Necronomicon
+
+Written 1927
+
+Published 1938
+
+Original title Al Azif — azif being the word used by Arabs to designate that
+nocturnal sound (made by insects) suppos'd to be the howling of daemons.
+
+Composed by Abdul Alhazred, a mad poet of Sanaa, in Yemen, who is said to
+have flourished during the period of the Ommiade caliphs, circa 700 A.D. He
+visited the ruins of Babylon and the subterranean secrets of Memphis and spent
+ten years alone in the great southern desert of Arabia — the Roba el Khaliyeh or
+"Empty Space" of the ancients — and "Dahna" or "Crimson" desert of the
+modern Arabs, which is held to be inhabited by protective evil spirits and
+monsters of death. Of this desert many strange and unbelievable marvels are told
+by those who pretend to have penetrated it. In his last years Alhazred dwelt in
+Damascus, where the Necronomicon (Al Azif) was written, and of his final death
+or disappearance (738 A.D.) many terrible and conflicting things are told. He is
+said by Ebn Khallikan (12th cent, biographer) to have been seized by an invisible
+monster in broad daylight and devoured horribly before a large number of
+fright-frozen witnesses. Of his madness many things are told. He claimed to have
+seen fabulous Irem, or City of Pillars, and to have found beneath the ruins of a
+certain nameless desert town the shocking annals and secrets of a race older than
+mankind. He was only an indifferent Moslem, worshipping unknown entities
+whom he called Yog-Sothoth and Cthulhu.
+
+In A.D. 950 the Azif, which had gained a considerable tho' surreptitious
+circulation amongst the philosophers of the age, was secretly translated into
+Greek by Theodorus Philetas of Constantinople under the title Necronomicon.
+For a century it impelled certain experimenters to terrible attempts, when it was
+suppressed and burnt by the patriarch Michael. After this it is only heard of
+furtively, but (1228) Olaus Wormius made a Latin translation later in the Middle
+Ages, and the Latin text was printed twice — once in the fifteenth century in
+black-letter (evidently in Germany) and once in the seventeenth (prob. Spanish)
+— both editions being without identifying marks, and located as to time and
+place by internal typographical evidence only. The work both Latin and Greek
+was banned by Pope Gregory IX in 1232, shortly after its Latin translation, which
+called attention to it. The Arabic original was lost as early as Wormius' time, as
+indicated by his prefatory note; and no sight of the Greek copy — which was
+printed in Italy between 1500 and 1550 — has been reported since the burning of
+a certain Salem man's library in 1692. An English translation made by Dr. Dee
+
+
+
+was never printed, and exists only in fragments recovered from the original
+manuscript. Of the Latin texts now existing one (15th cent.) is known to be in the
+British Museum under lock and key, while another (17th cent.) is in the
+Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. A seventeenth-century edition is in the Widener
+Library at Harvard, and in the library of Miskatonic University at Arkham. Also
+in the library of the University of Buenos Ayres. Numerous other copies
+probably exist in secret, and a fifteenth-century one is persistently rumoured to
+form part of the collection of a celebrated American millionaire. A still vaguer
+rumour credits the preservation of a sixteenth-century Greek text in the Salem
+family of Pickman; but if it was so preserved, it vanished with the artist R. U.
+Pickman, who disappeared early in 1926. The book is rigidly suppressed by the
+authorities of most countries, and by all branches of organised ecclesiasticism.
+Reading leads to terrible consequences. It was from rumours of this book (of
+which relatively few of the general public know) that R. W. Chambers is said to
+have derived the idea of his early novel The King in Yellow.
+
+Chronology
+
+Al Azif written circa 730 A.D. at Damascus by Abdul Alhazred
+
+Tr. to Greek 950 A.D. as Necronomicon by Theodorus Philetas
+
+Burnt by Patriarch Michael 1050 (i.e., Greek text). Arabic text now lost.
+
+Olaus translates Gr. to Latin 1228
+
+1232 Latin ed. (and Gr.) suppr. by Pope Gregory IX
+
+14... Black-letter printed edition (Germany)
+
+15. . . Gr. text printed in Italy
+
+16. . . Spanish reprint of Latin text
+
+This should be supplemented with a letter written to Clark Ashton Smith on
+November 27, 1927:
+
+I have had no chance to produce new material this autumn, but have been
+classifying notes & synopses in preparation for some monstrous tales later on. In
+particular I have drawn up some data on the celebrated & unmentionable
+Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred! It seems that this shocking
+blasphemy was produced by a native of Sanaa, in Yemen, who flourished about
+700 A.D. & made many mysterious pilgrimages to Babylon's ruins, Memphis's
+catacombs, & the devil-haunted & untrodden wastes of the great southern
+deserts of Arabia — the Roba el Khaliyeh, where he claimed to have found
+records of things older than mankind, & to have learnt the worship of Yog-
+Sothoth & Cthulhu. The book was a product of Abdul's old age, which was spent
+in Damascus, & the original title was Al Azif — azif (cf. Henley's notes to
+Vathek) being the name applied to those strange night noises (of insects) which
+the Arabs attribute to the howling of daemons. Alhazred died — or disappeared
+
+
+
+— under terrible circumstances in the year 738. In 950 Al Azif was translated into
+Greek by the Byzantine Theodorus Philetas under the title Necronomicon, & a
+century later it was burnt at the order of Michael, Patriarch of Constantinople. It
+was translated into Latin by Olaus in 1228, but placed on the Index
+Expurgatorius by Pope Gregory IX in 1232. The original Arabic was lost before
+Olaus' time, & the last known Greek copy perished in Salem in 1692. The work
+was printed in the 15th, 16th, & 17th centuries, but few copies are extant.
+Wherever existing, it is carefully guarded for the sake of the world's welfare &
+sanity. Once a man read through the copy in the library of Miskatonic University
+at Arkham — read it through & fled wild-eyed into the hills. . . but that is another
+story!
+
+In yet another letter (to James Blish and William Miller, 1936), Lovecraft says:
+
+You are fortunate in securing copies of the hellish and abhorred Necronomicon.
+Are they the Latin texts printed in Germany in the fifteenth century, or the Greek
+version printed in Italy in 1567, or the Spanish translation of 1623? Or do these
+copies represent different texts?
+
+
+
+At the Mountains of Madness
+
+Written Feb-22 Mar 1931
+
+Published February-April 1936 in Astounding Stories, Vol. 16, No. 6 February
+1936), p. 8-32; Vol. 17, No. 1 (March 1936), p. 125-55; Vol. 17, No. 2 (April 1936), p.
+132-50.
+
+I
+
+I am forced into speech because men of science have refused to follow my advice
+without knowing why. It is altogether against my will that I tell my reasons for
+opposing this contemplated invasion of the antarctic - with its vast fossil hunt
+and its wholesale boring and melting of the ancient ice caps. And I am the more
+reluctant because my warning may be in vain.
+
+Doubt of the real facts, as I must reveal them, is inevitable; yet, if I suppressed
+what will seem extravagant and incredible, there would be nothing left. The
+hitherto withheld photographs, both ordinary and aerial, will count in my favor,
+for they are damnably vivid and graphic. Still, they will be doubted because of
+the great lengths to which clever fakery can be carried. The ink drawings, of
+course, will be jeered at as obvious impostures, notwithstanding a strangeness of
+technique which art experts ought to remark and puzzle over.
+
+In the end I must rely on the judgment and standing of the few scientific leaders
+who have, on the one hand, sufficient independence of thought to weigh my data
+on its own hideously convincing merits or in the light of certain primordial and
+highly baffling myth cycles; and on the other hand, sufficient influence to deter
+the exploring world in general from any rash and over-ambitious program in the
+region of those mountains of madness. It is an unfortunate fact that relatively
+obscure men like myself and my associates, connected only with a small
+university, have little chance of making an impression where matters of a wildly
+bizarre or highly controversial nature are concerned.
+
+It is further against us that we are not, in the strictest sense, specialists in the
+fields which came primarily to be concerned. As a geologist, my object in leading
+the Miskatonic University Expedition was wholly that of securing deep-level
+specimens of rock and soil from various parts of the antarctic continent, aided by
+the remarkable drill devised by Professor Frank H. Pabodie of our engineering
+department. I had no wish to be a pioneer in any other field than this, but I did
+hope that the use of this new mechanical appliance at different points along
+
+
+
+previously explored paths would bring to light materials of a sort hitherto
+unreached by the ordinary methods of collection.
+
+Pabodie's drilling apparatus, as the public already knows from our reports, was
+unique and radical in its lightness, portability, and capacity to combine the
+ordinary artesian drill principle with the principle of the small circular rock drill
+in such a way as to cope quickly with strata of varying hardness. Steel head,
+jointed rods, gasoline motor, collapsible wooden derrick, dynamiting
+paraphernalia, cording, rubbish- removal auger, and sectional piping for bores
+five inches wide and up to one thousand feet deep all formed, with needed
+accessories, no greater load than three seven-dog sledges could carry. This was
+made possible by the clever aluminum alloy of which most of the metal objects
+were fashioned. Four large Dornier aeroplanes, designed especially for the
+tremendous altitude flying necessary on the antarctic plateau and with added
+fuel-warming and quick-starting devices worked out by Pabodie, could transport
+our entire expedition from a base at the edge of the great ice barrier to various
+suitable inland points, and from these points a sufficient quota of dogs would
+serve us.
+
+We planned to cover as great an area as one antarctic season - or longer, if
+absolutely necessary - would permit, operating mostly in the mountain ranges
+and on the plateau south of Ross Sea; regions explored in varying degree by
+Shackleton, Amundsen, Scott, and Byrd. With frequent changes of camp, made
+by aeroplane and involving distances great enough to be of geological
+significance, we expected to unearth a quite unprecedented amount of material -
+especially in the pre-Cambrian strata of which so narrow a range of antarctic
+specimens had previously been secured. We wished also to obtain as great as
+possible a variety of the upper fossiliferous rocks, since the primal life history of
+this bleak realm of ice and death is of the highest importance to our knowledge
+of the earth's past. That the antarctic continent was once temperate and even
+tropical, with a teeming vegetable and animal life of which the lichens, marine
+fauna, arachnida, and penguins of the northern edge are the only survivals, is a
+matter of common information; and we hoped to expand that information in
+variety, accuracy, and detail. When a simple boring revealed fossiliferous signs,
+we would enlarge the aperture by blasting, in order to get specimens of suitable
+size and condition.
+
+Our borings, of varying depth according to the promise held out by the upper
+soil or rock, were to be confined to exposed, or nearly exposed, land surfaces -
+these inevitably being slopes and ridges because of the mile or two-mile
+thickness of solid ice overlying the lower levels. We could not afford to waste
+drilling the depth of any considerable amount of mere glaciation, though
+Pabodie had worked out a plan for sinking copper electrodes in thick clusters of
+
+
+
+borings and melting off limited areas of ice with current from a gasoline-driven
+dynamo. It is this plan - which we could not put into effect except experimentally
+on an expedition such as ours - that the coming Starkweather-Moore Expedition
+proposes to follow, despite the warnings I have issued since our return from the
+antarctic.
+
+The public knows of the Miskatonic Expedition through our frequent wireless
+reports to the Arkham Advertiser and Associated Press, and through the later
+articles of Pabodie and myself. We consisted of four men from the University -
+Pabodie, Lake of the biology department, Atwood of the physics department -
+also a meteorologist - and myself, representing geology and having nominal
+command - besides sixteen assistants: seven graduate students from Miskatonic
+and nine skilled mechanics. Of these sixteen, twelve were qualified aeroplane
+pilots, all but two of whom were competent wireless operators. Eight of them
+understood navigation with compass and sextant, as did Pabodie, Atwood, and
+I. In addition, of course, our two ships - wooden ex-whalers, reinforced for ice
+conditions and having auxiliary steam - were fully manned.
+
+The Nathaniel Derby Pickman Foundation, aided by a few special contributions,
+financed the expedition; hence our preparations were extremely thorough,
+despite the absence of great publicity. The dogs, sledges, machines, camp
+materials, and unassembled parts of our five planes were delivered in Boston,
+and there our ships were loaded. We were marvelously well-equipped for our
+specific purposes, and in all matters pertaining to supplies, regimen,
+transportation, and camp construction we profited by the excellent example of
+our many recent and exceptionally brilliant predecessors. It was the unusual
+number and fame of these predecessors which made our own expedition - ample
+though it was - so little noticed by the world at large.
+
+As the newspapers told, we sailed from Boston Harbor on September 2nd, 1930,
+taking a leisurely course down the coast and through the Panama Canal, and
+stopping at Samoa and Hobart, Tasmania, at which latter place we took on final
+supplies. None of our exploring party had ever been in the polar regions before,
+hence we all relied greatly on our ship captains - J. B. Douglas, commanding the
+brig Arkham, and serving as commander of the sea party, and Georg
+Thorfinnssen, commanding the barque Miskatonic - both veteran whalers in
+antarctic waters.
+
+As we left the inhabited world behind, the sun sank lower and lower in the
+north, and stayed longer and longer above the horizon each day. At about 62°
+South Latitude we sighted our first icebergs - table-like objects with vertical sides
+- and just before reaching the antarctic circle, which we crossed on October 20th
+with appropriately quaint ceremonies, we were considerably troubled with field
+
+
+
+10
+
+
+
+ice. The falling temperature bothered me considerably after our long voyage
+through the tropics, but I tried to brace up for the worse rigors to come. On many
+occasions the curious atmospheric effects enchanted me vastly; these including a
+strikingly vivid mirage - the first I had ever seen - in which distant bergs became
+the battlements of unimaginable cosmic castles.
+
+Pushing through the ice, which was fortunately neither extensive nor thickly
+packed, we regained open water at South Latitude 67°, East Longitude 175° On
+the morning of October 26th a strong land blink appeared on the south, and
+before noon we all felt a thrill of excitement at beholding a vast, lofty, and snow-
+clad mountain chain which opened out and covered the whole vista ahead. At
+last we had encountered an outpost of the great unknown continent and its
+cryptic world of frozen death. These peaks were obviously the Admiralty Range
+discovered by Ross, and it would now be our task to round Cape Adare and sail
+down the east coast of Victoria Land to our contemplated base on the shore of
+McMurdo Sound, at the foot of the volcano Erebus in South Latitude 77° 9'.
+
+The last lap of the voyage was vivid and fancy-stirring. Great barren peaks of
+mystery loomed up constantly against the west as the low northern sun of noon
+or the still lower horizon-grazing southern sun of midnight poured its hazy
+reddish rays over the white snow, bluish ice and water lanes, and black bits of
+exposed granite slope. Through the desolate summits swept ranging,
+intermittent gusts of the terrible antarctic wind; whose cadences sometimes held
+vague suggestions of a wild and half-sentient musical piping, with notes
+extending over a wide range, and which for some subconscious mnemonic
+reason seemed to me disquieting and even dimly terrible. Something about the
+scene reminded me of the strange and disturbing Asian paintings of Nicholas
+Roerich, and of the still stranger and more disturbing descriptions of the evilly
+fabled plateau of Leng which occur in the dreaded Necronomicon of the mad
+Arab Abdul Alhazred. I was rather sorry, later on, that I had ever looked into
+that monstrous book at the college library.
+
+On the 7th of November, sight of the westward range having been temporarily
+lost, we passed Franklin Island; and the next day descried the cones of Mts.
+Erebus and Terror on Ross Island ahead, with the long line of the Parry
+Mountains beyond. There now stretched off to the east the low, white line of the
+great ice barrier, rising perpendicularly to a height of two hundred feet like the
+rocky cliffs of Quebec, and marking the end of southward navigation. In the
+afternoon we entered McMurdo Sound and stood off the coast in the lee of
+smoking Mt. Erebus. The scoriae peak towered up some twelve thousand, seven
+hundred feet against the eastern sky, like a Japanese print of the sacred Fujiyama,
+while beyond it rose the white, ghostlike height of Mt. Terror, ten thousand, nine
+hundred feet in altitude, and now extinct as a volcano.
+
+
+
+11
+
+
+
+that
+
+
+restlessly roll
+
+
+currents
+
+
+down Yaanek
+
+
+cHmes
+
+
+of the pole
+
+
+roll
+
+
+down Mount Yaanek
+
+
+
+Puffs of smoke from Erebus came intermittently, and one of the graduate
+assistants - a brilliant young fellow named Danforth - pointed out what looked
+like lava on the snowy slope, remarking that this mountain, discovered in 1840,
+had undoubtedly been the source of Poe's image when he wrote seven years
+later:
+
+the lavas
+
+Their sulphurous
+
+In the ultimate
+
+That groan as they
+
+In the realms of the boreal pole.
+
+Danforth was a great reader of bizarre material, and had talked a good deal of
+Poe. I was interested myself because of the antarctic scene of Poe's only long
+story - the disturbing and enigmatical Arthur Gordon Pym. On the barren shore,
+and on the lofty ice barrier in the background, myriads of grotesque penguins
+squawked and flapped their fins, while many fat seals were visible on the water,
+swimming or sprawling across large cakes of slowly drifting ice.
+
+Using small boats, we effected a difficult landing on Ross Island shortly after
+midnight on the morning of the 9th, carrying a line of cable from each of the
+ships and preparing to unload supplies by means of a breeches-buoy
+arrangement. Our sensations on first treading Antarctic soil were poignant and
+complex, even though at this particular point the Scott and Shackleton
+expeditions had preceded us. Our camp on the frozen shore below the volcano's
+slope was only a provisional one, headquarters being kept aboard the Arkham.
+We landed all our drilling apparatus, dogs, sledges, tents, provisions, gasoline
+tanks, experimental ice-melting outfit, cameras, both ordinary and aerial,
+aeroplane parts, and other accessories, including three small portable wireless
+outfits - besides those in the planes - capable of communicating with the
+Arkham's large outfit from any part of the antarctic continent that we would be
+likely to visit. The ship's outfit, communicating with the outside world, was to
+convey press reports to the Arkham Advertiser's powerful wireless station on
+Kingsport Head, Massachusetts. We hoped to complete our work during a single
+antarctic summer; but if this proved impossible, we would winter on the
+Arkham, sending the Miskatonic north before the freezing of the ice for another
+summer's supplies.
+
+I need not repeat what the newspapers have already published about our early
+work: of our ascent of Mt. Erebus; our successful mineral borings at several
+points on Ross Island and the singular speed with which Pabodie's apparatus
+accomplished them, even through solid rock layers; our provisional test of the
+small ice-melting equipment; our perilous ascent of the great barrier with sledges
+
+
+
+12
+
+
+
+and supplies; and our final assembling of five huge aeroplanes at the camp atop
+the barrier. The health of our land party - twenty men and fifty-five Alaskan
+sledge dogs - was remarkable, though of course we had so far encountered no
+really destructive temperatures or windstorms. For the most part, the
+thermometer varied between zero and 20° or 25° above, and our experience with
+New England winters had accustomed us to rigors of this sort. The barrier camp
+was semi-permanent, and destined to be a storage cache for gasoline, provisions,
+dynamite, and other supplies.
+
+Only four of our planes were needed to carry the actual exploring material, the
+fifth being left with a pilot and two men from the ships at the storage cache to
+form a means of reaching us from the Arkham in case all our exploring planes
+were lost. Later, when not using all the other planes for moving apparatus, we
+would employ one or two in a shuttle transportation service between this cache
+and another permanent base on the great plateau from six hundred to seven
+hundred miles southward, beyond Beardmore Glacier. Despite the almost
+unanimous accounts of appalling winds and tempests that pour down from the
+plateau, we determined to dispense with intermediate bases, taking our chances
+in the interest of economy and probable efficiency.
+
+Wireless reports have spoken of the breathtaking, four-hour, nonstop flight of
+our squadron on November 21st over the lofty shelf ice, with vast peaks rising on
+the west, and the unfathomed silences echoing to the sound of our engines. Wind
+troubled us only moderately, and our radio compasses helped us through the
+one opaque fog we encountered. When the vast rise loomed ahead, between
+Latitudes 83° and 84°, we knew we had reached Beardmore Glacier, the largest
+valley glacier in the world, and that the frozen sea was now giving place to a
+frowning and mountainous coast line. At last we were truly entering the white,
+aeon-dead world of the ultimate south. Even as we realized it we saw the peak of
+Mt. Nansen in the eastern distance, towering up to its height of almost fifteen
+thousand feet.
+
+The successful establishment of the southern base above the glacier in Latitude
+86° 7', East Longitude 174° 23', and the phenomenally rapid and effective borings
+and blastings made at various points reached by our sledge trips and short
+aeroplane flights, are matters of history; as is the arduous and triumphant ascent
+of Mt. Nansen by Pabodie and two of the graduate students - Gedney and
+Carroll - on December 13 - 15. We were some eight thousand, five hundred feet
+above sea-level, and when experimental drillings revealed solid ground only
+twelve feet down through the snow and ice at certain points, we made
+considerable use of the small melting apparatus and sunk bores and performed
+dynamiting at many places where no previous explorer had ever thought of
+securing mineral specimens. The pre-Cambrian granites and beacon sandstones
+
+
+
+13
+
+
+
+thus obtained confirmed our belief that this plateau was homogeneous, with the
+great bulk of the continent to the west, but somewhat different from the parts
+lying eastward below South America - which we then thought to form a separate
+and smaller continent divided from the larger one by a frozen junction of Ross
+and Weddell Seas, though Byrd has since disproved the hypothesis.
+
+In certain of the sandstones, dynamited and chiseled after boring revealed their
+nature, we found some highly interesting fossil markings and fragments; notably
+ferns, seaweeds, trilobites, crinoids, and such moUusks as linguellae and
+gastropods - all of which seemed of real significance in connection with the
+region's primordial history. There was also a queer triangular, striated marking,
+about a foot in greatest diameter, which Lake pieced together from three
+fragments of slate brought up from a deep-blasted aperture. These fragments
+came from a point to the westward, near the Queen Alexandra Range; and Lake,
+as a biologist, seemed to find their curious marking unusually puzzling and
+provocative, though to my geological eye it looked not unlike some of the ripple
+effects reasonably common in the sedimentary rocks. Since slate is no more than
+a metamorphic formation into which a sedimentary stratum is pressed, and since
+the pressure itself produces odd distorting effects on any markings which may
+exist, I saw no reason for extreme wonder over the striated depression.
+
+On January 6th, 1931, Lake, Pabodie, Danforth, the other six students, and myself
+flew directly over the south pole in two of the great planes, being forced down
+once by a sudden high wind, which, fortunately, did not develop into a typical
+storm. This was, as the papers have stated, one of several observation flights,
+during others of which we tried to discern new topographical features in areas
+unreached by previous explorers. Our early flights were disappointing in this
+latter respect, though they afforded us some magnificent examples of the richly
+fantastic and deceptive mirages of the polar regions, of which our sea voyage
+had given us some brief foretastes. Distant mountains floated in the sky as
+enchanted cities, and often the whole white world would dissolve into a gold,
+silver, and scarlet land of Dunsanian dreams and adventurous expectancy under
+the magic of the low midnight sun. On cloudy days we had considerable trouble
+in flying owing to the tendency of snowy earth and sky to merge into one
+mystical opalescent void with no visible horizon to mark the junction of the two.
+
+At length we resolved to carry out our original plan of flying five hundred miles
+eastward with all four exploring planes and establishing a fresh sub-base at a
+point which would probably be on the smaller continental division, as we
+mistakenly conceived it. Geological specimens obtained there would be desirable
+for purposes of comparison. Our health so far had remained excellent - lime juice
+well offsetting the steady diet of tinned and salted food, and temperatures
+generally above zero enabling us to do without our thickest furs. It was now
+
+
+
+14
+
+
+
+midsummer, and with haste and care we might be able to conclude work by
+March and avoid a tedious wintering through the long antarctic night. Several
+savage windstorms had burst upon us from the west, but we had escaped
+damage through the skill of Atwood in devising rudimentary aeroplane shelters
+and windbreaks of heavy snow blocks, and reinforcing the principal camp
+buildings with snow. Our good luck and efficiency had indeed been almost
+uncanny.
+
+The outside world knew, of course, of our program, and was told also of Lake's
+strange and dogged insistence on a westward - or rather, northwestward -
+prospecting trip before our radical shift to the new base. It seems that he had
+pondered a great deal, and with alarmingly radical daring, over that triangular
+striated marking in the slate; reading into it certain contradictions in nature and
+geological period which whetted his curiosity to the utmost, and made him avid
+to sink more borings and blastings in the west- stretching formation to which the
+exhumed fragments evidently belonged. He was strangely convinced that the
+marking was the print of some bulky, unknown, and radically unclassifiable
+organism of considerably advanced evolution, notwithstanding that the rock
+which bore it was of so vastly ancient a date - Cambrian if not actually pre-
+Cambrian - as to preclude the probable existence not only of all highly evolved
+life, but of any life at all above the unicellular or at most the trilobite stage. These
+fragments, with their odd marking, must have been five hundred million to a
+thousand million years old.
+
+II
+
+Popular imagination, I judge, responded actively to our wireless bulletins of
+Lake's start northwestward into regions never trodden by human foot or
+penetrated by human imagination, though we did not mention his wild hopes of
+revolutionizing the entire sciences of biology and geology. His preliminary
+sledging and boring journey of January 11th to 18th with Pabodie and five others
+- marred by the loss of two dogs in an upset when crossing one of the great
+pressure ridges in the ice - had brought up more and more of the Archaean slate;
+and even I was interested by the singular profusion of evident fossil markings in
+that unbelievably ancient stratum. These markings, however, were of very
+primitive life forms involving no great paradox except that any life forms should
+occur in rock as definitely pre-Cambrian as this seemed to be; hence I still failed
+to see the good sense of Lake's demand for an interlude in our time- saving
+program - an interlude requiring the use of all four planes, many men, and the
+whole of the expedition's mechanical apparatus. I did not, in the end, veto the
+plan, though I decided not to accompany the northwestward party despite
+Lake's plea for my geological advice. While they were gone, I would remain at
+the base with Pabodie and five men and work out final plans for the eastward
+
+
+
+15
+
+
+
+shift. In preparation for this transfer, one of the planes had begun to move up a
+good gasohne supply from McMurdo Sound; but this could wait temporarily. I
+kept with me one sledge and nine dogs, since it is unwise to be at any time
+without possible transportation in an utterly tenantless world of aeon-long
+death.
+
+Lake's sub-expedition into the unknown, as everyone will recall, sent out its own
+reports from the shortwave transmitters on the planes; these being
+simultaneously picked up by our apparatus at the southern base and by the
+Arkham at McMurdo Sound, whence they were relayed to the outside world on
+wave lengths up to fifty meters. The start was made January 22nd at 4 A.M., and
+the first wireless message we received came only two hours later, when Lake
+spoke of descending and starting a small- scale ice-melting and bore at a point
+some three hundred miles away from us. Six hours after that a second and very
+excited message told of the frantic, beaver-like work whereby a shallow shaft
+had been sunk and blasted, culminating in the discovery of slate fragments with
+several markings approximately like the one which had caused the original
+puzzlement.
+
+Three hours later a brief bulletin announced the resumption of the flight in the
+teeth of a raw and piercing gale; and when I dispatched a message of protest
+against further hazards. Lake replied curtly that his new specimens made any
+hazard worth taking. I saw that his excitement had reached the point of mutiny,
+and that I could do nothing to check this headlong risk of the whole expedition's
+success; but it was appalling to think of his plunging deeper and deeper into that
+treacherous and sinister white immensity of tempests and unfathomed mysteries
+which stretched off for some fifteen hundred miles to the half-known, half-
+suspected coast line of Queen Mary and Knox Lands.
+
+Then, in about an hour and a half more, came that doubly excited message from
+Lake's moving plane, which almost reversed my sentiments and made me wish I
+had accompanied the party:
+
+"10:05 P.M. On the wing. After snowstorm, have spied mountain range ahead
+higher than any hitherto seen. May equal Himalayas, allowing for height of
+plateau. Probable Latitude 76° 15', Longitude 113° 10' E. Reaches far as can see to
+right and left. Suspicion of two smoking cones. All peaks black and bare of snow.
+Gale blowing off them impedes navigation."
+
+After that Pabodie, the men and I hung breathlessly over the receiver. Thought of
+this titanic mountain rampart seven hundred miles away inflamed our deepest
+sense of adventure; and we rejoiced that our expedition, if not ourselves
+personally, had been its discoverers. In half an hour Lake called us again:
+
+
+
+16
+
+
+
+"Moulton's plane forced down on plateau in foothills, but nobody hurt and
+perhaps can repair. Shall transfer essentials to other three for return or further
+moves if necessary, but no more heavy plane travel needed just now. Mountains
+surpass anything in imagination. Am going up scouting in Carroll's plane, with
+all weight out.
+
+"You can't imagine anything like this. Highest peaks must go over thirty-five
+thousand feet. Everest out of the running. Atwood to work out height with
+theodolite while Carroll and I go up. Probably wrong about cones, for formations
+look stratified. Possibly pre-Cambrian slate with other strata mixed in. Queer
+skyline effects - regular sections of cubes clinging to highest peaks. Whole thing
+marvelous in red-gold light of low sun. Like land of mystery in a dream or
+gateway to forbidden world of untrodden wonder. Wish you were here to
+study."
+
+Though it was technically sleeping time, not one of us listeners thought for a
+moment of retiring. It must have been a good deal the same at McMurdo Sound,
+where the supply cache and the Arkham were also getting the messages; for
+Captain Douglas gave out a call congratulating everybody on the important find,
+and Sherman, the cache operator, seconded his sentiments. We were sorry, of
+course, about the damaged aeroplane, but hoped it could be easily mended.
+Then, at 11 P.M., came another call from Lake:
+
+"Up with Carroll over highest foothills. Don't dare try really tall peaks in present
+weather, but shall later. Frightful work climbing, and hard going at this altitude,
+but worth it. Great range fairly solid, hence can't get any glimpses beyond. Main
+summits exceed Himalayas, and very queer. Range looks like pre-Cambrian
+slate, with plain signs of many other upheaved strata. Was wrong about
+volcanism. Goes farther in either direction than we can see. Swept clear of snow
+above about twenty-one thousand feet.
+
+"Odd formations on slopes of highest mountains. Great low square blocks with
+exactly vertical sides, and rectangular lines of low, vertical ramparts, like the old
+Asian castles clinging to steep mountains in Roerich's paintings. Impressive from
+distance. Flew close to some, and Carroll thought they were formed of smaller
+separate pieces, but that is probably weathering. Most edges crumbled and
+rounded off as if exposed to storms and climate changes for millions of years.
+"Parts, especially upper parts, seem to be of lighter-colored rock than any visible
+strata on slopes proper, hence of evidently crystalline origin. Close flying shows
+many cave mouths, some unusually regular in outline, square or semicircular.
+You must come and investigate. Think I saw rampart squarely on top of one
+peak. Height seems about thirty thousand to thirty-five thousand feet. Am up
+twenty-one thousand, five hundred myself, in devilish, gnawing cold. Wind
+
+
+
+17
+
+
+
+whistles and pipes through passes and in and out of caves, but no flying danger
+so far."
+
+From then on for another half hour Lake kept up a running fire of comment, and
+expressed his intention of climbing some of the peaks on foot. I replied that I
+would join him as soon as he could send a plane, and that Pabodie and I would
+work out the best gasoline plan - just where and how to concentrate our supply
+in view of the expedition's altered character. Obviously, Lake's boring
+operations, as well as his aeroplane activities, would require a great deal for the
+new base which he planned to establish at the foot of the mountains; and it was
+possible that the eastward flight might not be made, after all, this season. In
+connection with this business I called Captain Douglas and asked him to get as
+much as possible out of the ships and up the barrier with the single dog team we
+had left there. A direct route across the unknown region between Lake and
+McMurdo Sound was what we really ought to establish.
+
+Lake called me later to say that he had decided to let the camp stay where
+Moulton's plane had been forced down, and where repairs had already
+progressed somewhat. The ice sheet was very thin, with dark ground here and
+there visible, and he would sink some borings and blasts at that very point before
+making any sledge trips or climbing expeditions. He spoke of the ineffable
+majesty of the whole scene, and the queer state of his sensations at being in the
+lee of vast, silent pinnacles whose ranks shot up like a wall reaching the sky at
+the world's rim. Atwood's theodolite observations had placed the height of the
+five tallest peaks at from thirty thousand to thirty-four thousand feet. The
+windswept nature of the terrain clearly disturbed Lake, for it argued the
+occasional existence of prodigious gales, violent beyond anything we had so far
+encountered. His camp lay a little more than five miles from where the higher
+foothills rose abruptly. I could almost trace a note of subconscious alarm in his
+words-flashed across a glacial void of seven hundred miles - as he urged that we
+all hasten with the matter and get the strange, new region disposed of as soon as
+possible. He was about to rest now, after a continuous day's work of almost
+unparalleled speed, strenuousness, and results.
+
+In the morning I had a three-cornered wireless talk with Lake and Captain
+Douglas at their widely separated bases. It was agreed that one of Lake's planes
+would come to my base for Pabodie, the five men, and myself, as well as for all
+the fuel it could carry. The rest of the fuel question, depending on our decision
+about an easterly trip, could wait for a few days, since Lake had enough for
+immediate camp heat and borings. Eventually the old southern base ought to be
+restocked, but if we postponed the easterly trip we would not use it till the next
+summer, and, meanwhile. Lake must send a plane to explore a direct route
+between his new mountains and McMurdo Sound.
+
+
+
+18
+
+
+
+Pabodie and I prepared to close our base for a short or long period, as the case
+might be. If we wintered in the antarctic we would probably fly straight from
+Lake's base to the Arkham without returning to this spot. Some of our conical
+tents had already been reinforced by blocks of hard snow, and now we decided
+to complete the job of making a permanent village. Owing to a very liberal tent
+supply. Lake had with him all that his base would need, even after our arrival. I
+wirelessed that Pabodie and I would be ready for the northwestward move after
+one day's work and one night's rest.
+
+Our labors, however, were not very steady after 4 P.M., for about that time Lake
+began sending in the most extraordinary and excited messages. His working day
+had started unpropitiously, since an aeroplane survey of the nearly-exposed rock
+surfaces showed an entire absence of those Archaean and primordial strata for
+which he was looking, and which formed so great a part of the colossal peaks
+that loomed up at a tantalizing distance from the camp. Most of the rocks
+glimpsed were apparently Jurassic and Comanchian sandstones and Permian
+and Triassic schists, with now and then a glossy black outcropping suggesting a
+hard and slaty coal. This rather discouraged Lake, whose plans all hinged on
+unearthing specimens more than five hundred million years older. It was clear to
+him that in order to recover the Archaean slate vein in which he had found the
+odd markings, he would have to make a long sledge trip from these foothills to
+the steep slopes of the gigantic mountains themselves.
+
+He had resolved, nevertheless, to do some local boring as part of the expedition's
+general program; hence he set up the drill and put five men to work with it while
+the rest finished settling the camp and repairing the damaged aeroplane. The
+softest visible rock - a sandstone about a quarter of a mile from the camp - had
+been chosen for the first sampling; and the drill made excellent progress without
+much supplementary blasting. It was about three hours afterward, following the
+first really heavy blast of the operation, that the shouting of the drill crew was
+heard; and that young Gedney - the acting foreman - rushed into the camp with
+the startling news.
+
+They had struck a cave. Early in the boring the sandstone had given place to a
+vein of Comanchian limestone, full of minute fossil cephalopods, corals, echini,
+and spirifera, and with occasional suggestions of siliceous sponges and marine
+vertebrate bones - the latter probably of teleosts, sharks, and ganoids. This, in
+itself, was important enough, as affording the first vertebrate fossils the
+expedition had yet secured; but when shortly afterward the drill head dropped
+through the stratum into apparent vacancy, a wholly new and doubly intense
+wave of excitement spread among the excavators. A good-sized blast had laid
+open the subterrene secret; and now, through a jagged aperture perhaps five feet
+across and three feet thick, there yawned before the avid searchers a section of
+
+
+
+19
+
+
+
+shallow limestone hollowing worn more than fifty million years ago by the
+trickling ground waters of a bygone tropic world.
+
+The hollowed layer was not more than seven or eight feet deep but extended off
+indefinitely in all directions and had a fresh, slightly moving air which suggested
+its membership in an extensive subterranean system. Its roof and floor were
+abundantly equipped with large stalactites and stalagmites, some of which met
+in columnar form: but important above all else was the vast deposit of shells and
+bones, which in places nearly choked the passage. Washed down from unknown
+jungles of Mesozoic tree ferns and fungi, and forests of Tertiary cycads, fan
+palms, and primitive angiosperms, this osseous medley contained
+representatives of more Cretaceous, Eocene, and other animal species than the
+greatest paleontologist could have counted or classified in a year. Mollusks,
+crustacean armor, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and early mammals - great
+and small, known and unknown. No wonder Gedney ran back to the camp
+shouting, and no wonder everyone else dropped work and rushed headlong
+through the biting cold to where the tall derrick marked a new-found gateway to
+secrets of inner earth and vanished aeons.
+
+When Lake had satisfied the first keen edge of his curiosity, he scribbled a
+message in his notebook and had young Moulton run back to the camp to
+dispatch it by wireless. This was my first word of the discovery, and it told of the
+identification of early shells, bones of ganoids and placoderms, remnants of
+labyrinthodonts and thecodonts, great mosasaur skull fragments, dinosaur
+vertebrae and armor plates, pterodactyl teeth and wing bones, Archaeopteryx
+debris, Miocene sharks' teeth, primitive bird skulls, and other bones of archaic
+mammals such as palaeotheres, Xiphodons, Eohippi, Oreodons, and titanotheres.
+There was nothing as recent as a mastodon, elephant, true camel, deer, or bovine
+animal; hence Lake concluded that the last deposits had occurred during the
+Oligocene Age, and that the hollowed stratum had lain in its present dried, dead,
+and inaccessible state for at least thirty million years.
+
+On the other hand, the prevalence of very early life forms was singular in the
+highest degree. Though the limestone formation was, on the evidence of such
+typical imbedded fossils as ventriculites, positively and unmistakably
+Comanchian and not a particle earlier, the free fragments in the hollow space
+included a surprising proportion from organisms hitherto considered as peculiar
+to far older periods - even rudimentary fishes, mollusks, and corals as remote as
+the Silunan or Ordovician. The inevitable inference was that in this part of the
+world there had been a remarkable and unique degree of continuity between the
+life of over three hundred million years ago and that of only thirty million years
+ago. How far this continuity had extended beyond the Oligocene Age when the
+cavern was closed was of course past all speculation. In any event, the coming of
+
+
+
+20
+
+
+
+the frightful ice in the Pleistocene some five hundred thousand years ago - a
+mere yesterday as compared with the age of this cavity - must have put an end to
+any of the primal forms which had locally managed to outlive their common
+terms.
+
+Lake was not content to let his first message stand, but had another bulletin
+written and dispatched across the snow to the camp before Moulton could get
+back. After that Moulton stayed at the wireless in one of the planes, transmitting
+to me - and to the Arkham for relaying to the outside world - the frequent
+postscripts which Lake sent him by a succession of messengers. Those who
+followed the newspapers will remember the excitement created among men of
+science by that afternoon's reports - reports which have finally led, after all these
+years, to the organization of that very Starkweather-Moore Expedition which I
+am so anxious to dissuade from its purposes. I had better give the messages
+literally as Lake sent them, and as our base operator McTighe translated them
+from the pencil shorthand:
+
+"Fowler makes discovery of highest importance in sandstone and limestone
+fragments from blasts. Several distinct triangular striated prints like those in
+Archaean slate, proving that source survived from over six hundred million
+years ago to Comanchian times without more than moderate morphological
+changes and decrease in average size. Comanchian prints apparently more
+primitive or decadent, if anything, than older ones. Emphasize importance of
+discovery in press. Will mean to biology what Einstein has meant to mathematics
+and physics. Joins up with my previous work and amplifies conclusions.
+
+"Appears to indicate, as I suspected, that earth has seen whole cycle or cycles of
+organic life before known one that begins with Archaeozoic cells. Was evolved
+and specialized not later than a thousand million years ago, when planet was
+young and recently uninhabitable for any life forms or normal protoplasmic
+structure. Question arises when, where, and how development took place."
+
+"Later. Examining certain skeletal fragments of large land and marine saurians
+and primitive mammals, find singular local wounds or injuries to bony structure
+not attributable to any known predatory or carnivorous animal of any period, of
+two sorts - straight, penetrant bores, and apparently hacking incisions. One or
+two cases of cleanly severed bones. Not many specimens affected. Am sending to
+camp for electric torches. Will extend search area underground by hacking away
+stalactites."
+
+"Still later. Have found peculiar soapstone fragment about six inches across and
+an inch and a half thick, wholly unlike any visible local formation - greenish, but
+no evidences to place its period. Has curious smoothness and regularity. Shaped
+
+
+
+21
+
+
+
+like five-pointed star with tips broken off, and signs of other cleavage at inward
+angles and in center of surface. Small, smooth depression in center of unbroken
+surface. Arouses much curiosity as to source and weathering. Probably some
+freak of water action. Carroll, with magnifier, thinks he can make out additional
+markings of geologic significance. Groups of tiny dots in regular patterns. Dogs
+growing uneasy as we work, and seem to hate this soapstone. Must see if it has
+any peculiar odor. Will report again when Mills gets back with light and we start
+on underground area."
+
+"10:15 P.M. Important discovery. Orrendorf and Watkins, working underground
+at 9:45 with light, found monstrous barrel-shaped fossil of wholly unknown
+nature; probably vegetable unless overgrown specimen of unknown marine
+radiata. Tissue evidently preserved by mineral salts. Tough as leather, but
+astonishing flexibility retained in places. Marks of broken-off parts at ends and
+around sides. Six feet end to end, three and five- tenths feet central diameter,
+tapering to one foot at each end. Like a barrel with five bulging ridges in place of
+staves. Lateral breakages, as of thinnish stalks, are at equator in middle of these
+ridges. In furrows between ridges are curious growths - combs or wings that fold
+up and spread out like fans. All greatly damaged but one, which gives almost
+seven-foot wing spread. Arrangement reminds one of certain monsters of primal
+myth, especially fabled Elder Things in Necronomicon.
+
+"Their wings seem to be membranous, stretched on frame work of glandular
+tubing. Apparent minute orifices in frame tubing at wing tips. Ends of body
+shriveled, giving no clue to interior or to what has been broken off there. Must
+dissect when we get back to camp. Can't decide whether vegetable or animal.
+Many features obviously of almost incredible primitiveness. Have set all hands
+cutting stalactites and looking for further specimens. Additional scarred bones
+found, but these must wait. Having trouble with dogs. They can't endure the
+new specimen, and would probably tear it to pieces if we didn't keep it at a
+distance from them."
+
+"11:30 P.M. Attention, Dyer, Pabodie, Douglas. Matter of highest - I might say
+transcendent - importance. Arkham must relay to Kingsport Head Station at
+once. Strange barrel growth is the Archaean thing that left prints in rocks. Mills,
+Boudreau, and Fowler discover cluster of thirteen more at underground point
+forty feet from aperture. Mixed with curiously rounded and configured
+soapstone fragments smaller than one previously found - star-shaped, but no
+marks of breakage except at some of the points.
+
+"Of organic specimens, eight apparently perfect, with all appendages. Have
+brought all to surface, leading off dogs to distance. They cannot stand the things.
+
+
+
+22
+
+
+
+Give close attention to description and repeat back for accuracy Papers must get
+this right.
+
+"Objects are eight feet long all over. Six-foot, five-ridged barrel torso three and
+five-tenths feet central diameter, one foot end diameters. Dark gray, flexible, and
+infinitely tough. Seven-foot membranous wings of same color, found folded,
+spread out of furrows between ridges. Wing framework tubular or glandular, of
+lighter gray, with orifices at wing tips. Spread wings have serrated edge. Around
+equator, one at central apex of each of the five vertical, stave-like ridges are five
+systems of light gray flexible arms or tentacles found tightly folded to torso but
+expansible to maximum length of over three feet. Like arms of primitive crinoid.
+Single stalks three inches diameter branch after six inches into five substalks,
+each of which branches after eight inches into small, tapering tentacles or
+tendrils, giving each stalk a total of twenty-five tentacles.
+
+"At top of torso blunt, bulbous neck of lighter gray, with gill-like suggestions,
+holds yellowish five-pointed starfish-shaped apparent head covered with three-
+inch wiry cilia of various prismatic colors.
+
+"Head thick and puffy, about two feet point to point, with three-inch flexible
+yellowish tubes projecting from each point. Slit in exact center of top probably
+breathing aperture. At end of each tube is spherical expansion where yellowish
+membrane rolls back on handling to reveal glassy, red-irised globe, evidently an
+eye.
+
+"Five slightly longer reddish tubes start from inner angles of starfish-shaped
+head and end in saclike swellings of same color which, upon pressure, open to
+bell-shaped orifices two inches maximum diameter and lined with sharp, white
+tooth like projections - probably mouths. All these tubes, cilia, and points of
+starfish head, found folded tightly down; tubes and points clinging to bulbous
+neck and torso. Flexibility surprising despite vast toughness.
+
+"At bottom of torso, rough but dissimilarly functioning counterparts of head
+arrangements exist. Bulbous light-gray pseudo-neck, without gill suggestions,
+holds greenish five-pointed starfish arrangement.
+
+"Tough, muscular arms four feet long and tapering from seven inches diameter
+at base to about two and five-tenths at point. To each point is attached small end
+of a greenish five- veined membranous triangle eight inches long and six wide at
+farther end. This is the paddle, fin, or pseudofoot which has made prints in rocks
+from a thousand million to fifty or sixty million years old.
+
+
+
+23
+
+
+
+"From inner angles of starfish arrangement project two-foot reddish tubes
+tapering from three inches diameter at base to one at tip. Orifices at tips. All
+these parts infinitely tough and leathery, but extremely flexible. Four-foot arms
+with paddles undoubtedly used for locomotion of some sort, marine or
+otherwise. When moved, display suggestions of exaggerated muscularity. As
+found, all these projections tightly folded over pseudoneck and end of torso,
+corresponding to projections at other end.
+
+"Cannot yet assign positively to animal or vegetable kingdom, but odds now
+favor animal. Probably represents incredibly advanced evolution of radiata
+without loss of certain primitive features. Echinoderm resemblances
+unmistakable despite local contradictory evidences.
+
+"Wing structure puzzles in view of probable marine habitat, but may have use in
+water navigation. Symmetry is curiously vegetablelike, suggesting vegetable 's
+essential up-and- down structure rather than animal's fore-and-aft structure.
+Fabulously early date of evolution, preceding even simplest Archaean protozoa
+hitherto known, baffles all conjecture as to origin.
+
+"Complete specimens have such uncanny resemblance to certain creatures of
+primal myth that suggestion of ancient existence outside antarctic becomes
+inevitable. Dyer and Pabodie have read Necronomicon and seen Clark Ashton
+Smith's nightmare paintings based on text, and will understand when I speak of
+Elder Things supposed to have created all earth life as jest or mistake. Students
+have always thought conception formed from morbid imaginative treatment of
+very ancient tropical radiata. Also like prehistoric folklore things Wilmarth has
+spoken of - Cthulhu cult appendages, etc.
+
+"Vast field of study opened. Deposits probably of late Cretaceous or early Eocene
+period, judging from associated specimens. Massive stalagmites deposited above
+them. Hard work hewing out, but toughness prevented damage. State of
+preservation miraculous, evidently owing to limestone action. No more found so
+far, but will resume search later. Job now to get fourteen huge specimens to camp
+without dogs, which bark furiously and can't be trusted near them.
+
+"With nine men - three left to guard the dogs - we ought to manage the three
+sledges fairly well, though wind is bad. Must establish plane communication
+with McMurdo Sound and begin shipping material. But I've got to dissect one of
+these things before we take any rest. Wish I had a real laboratory here. Dyer
+better kick himself for having tried to stop my westward trip. First the world's
+greatest mountains, and then this. If this last isn't the high spot of the expedition,
+I don't know what is. We're made scientifically. Congrats, Pabodie, on the drill
+that opened up the cave. Now will Arkham please repeat description?"
+
+
+
+24
+
+
+
+The sensations of Pabodie and myself at receipt of this report were almost
+beyond description, nor were our companions much behind us in enthusiasm.
+McTighe, who had hastily translated a few high spots as they came from the
+droning receiving set, wrote out the entire message from his shorthand version
+as soon as Lake's operator signed off. All appreciated the epoch-making
+significance of the discovery, and I sent Lake congratulations as soon as the
+Arkham's operator had repeated back the descriptive parts as requested; and my
+example was followed by Sherman from his station at the McMurdo Sound
+supply cache, as well as by Captain Douglas of the Arkham. Later, as head of the
+expedition, I added some remarks to be relayed through the Arkham to the
+outside world. Of course, rest was an absurd thought amidst this excitement; and
+my only wish was to get to Lake's camp as quickly as I could. It disappointed me
+when he sent word that a rising mountain gale made early aerial travel
+impossible.
+
+But within an hour and a half interest again rose to banish disappointment. Lake,
+sending more messages, told of the completely successful transportation of the
+fourteen great specimens to the camp. It had been a hard pull, for the things were
+surprisingly heavy; but nine men had accomplished it very neatly. Now some of
+the party were hurriedly building a snow corral at a safe distance from the camp,
+to which the dogs could be brought for greater convenience in feeding. The
+specimens were laid out on the hard snow near the camp, save for one on which
+Lake was making crude attempts at dissection.
+
+This dissection seemed to be a greater task than had been expected, for, despite
+the heat of a gasoline stove in the newly raised laboratory tent, the deceptively
+flexible tissues of the chosen specimen - a powerful and intact one - lost nothing
+of their more than leathery toughness. Lake was puzzled as to how he might
+make the requisite incisions without violence destructive enough to upset all the
+structural niceties he was looking for. He had, it is true, seven more perfect
+specimens; but these were too few to use up recklessly unless the cave might
+later yield an unlimited supply. Accordingly he removed the specimen and
+dragged in one which, though having remnants of the starfish arrangements at
+both ends, was badly crushed and partly disrupted along one of the great torso
+furrows.
+
+Results, quickly reported over the wireless, were baffling and provocative
+indeed. Nothing like delicacy or accuracy was possible with instruments hardly
+able to cut the anomalous tissue, but the little that was achieved left us all awed
+and bewildered. Existing biology would have to be wholly revised, for this thing
+was no product of any cell growth science knows about. There had been scarcely
+any mineral replacement, and despite an age of perhaps forty million years, the
+internal organs were wholly intact. The leathery, undeteriorative, and almost
+
+
+
+25
+
+
+
+indestructible quality was an inherent attribute of the thing's form of
+organization, and pertained to some paleogean cycle of invertebrate evolution
+utterly beyond our powers of speculation. At first all that Lake found was dry,
+but as the heated tent produced its thawing effect, organic moisture of pungent
+and offensive odor was encountered toward the thing's uninjured side. It was
+not blood, but a thick, dark-green fluid apparently answering the same purpose.
+By the time Lake reached this stage, all thirty-seven dogs had been brought to the
+still uncompleted corral near the camp, and even at that distance set up a savage
+barking and show of restlessness at the acrid, diffusive smell.
+
+Far from helping to place the strange entity, this provisional dissection merely
+deepened its mystery. All guesses about its external members had been correct,
+and on the evidence of these one could hardly hesitate to call the thing animal;
+but internal inspection brought up so many vegetable evidences that Lake was
+left hopelessly at sea. It had digestion and circulation, and eliminated waste
+matter through the reddish tubes of its starfish-shaped base. Cursorily, one
+would say that its respiration apparatus handled oxygen rather than carbon
+dioxide, and there were odd evidences of air-storage chambers and methods of
+shifting respiration from the external orifice to at least two other fully developed
+breathing systems - gills and pores. Clearly, it was amphibian, and probably
+adapted to long airless hibernation periods as well. Vocal organs seemed present
+in connection with the main respiratory system, but they presented anomalies
+beyond immediate solution. Articulate speech, in the sense of syllable utterance,
+seemed barely conceivable, but musical piping notes covering a wide range were
+highly probable. The muscular system was almost prematurely developed.
+
+The nervous system was so complex and highly developed as to leave Lake
+aghast. Though excessively primitive and archaic in some respects, the thing had
+a set of ganglial centers and connectives arguing the very extremes of specialized
+development. Its five-lobed brain was surprisingly advanced, and there were
+signs of a sensory equipment, served in part through the wiry cilia of the head,
+involving factors alien to any other terrestrial organism. Probably it has more
+than five senses, so that its habits could not be predicted from any existing
+analogy. It must. Lake thought, have been a creature of keen sensitiveness and
+delicately differentiated functions in its primal world - much like the ants and
+bees of today. It reproduced like the vegetable cryptogams, especially the
+Pteridophyta, having spore cases at the tips of the wings and evidently
+developing from a thallus or prothallus.
+
+But to give it a name at this stage was mere folly. It looked like a radiate, but was
+clearly something more. It was partly vegetable, but had three-fourths of the
+essentials of animal structure. That it was marine in origin, its symmetrical
+contour and certain other attributes clearly indicated; yet one could not be exact
+
+
+
+26
+
+
+
+as to the limit of its later adaptations. The wings, after all, held a persistent
+suggestion of the aerial. How it could have undergone its tremendously complex
+evolution on a new-born earth in time to leave prints in Archaean rocks was so
+far beyond conception as to make Lake whimsically recall the primal myths
+about Great Old Ones who filtered down from the stars and concocted earth life
+as a joke or mistake; and the wild tales of cosmic hill things from outside told by
+a folklorist colleague in Miskatonic's English department.
+
+Naturally, he considered the possibility of the pre-Cambrian prints having been
+made by a less evolved ancestor of the present specimens, but quickly rejected
+this too-facile theory upon considering the advanced structural qualities of the
+older fossils. If anything, the later contours showed decadence rather than higher
+evolution. The size of the pseudofeet had decreased, and the whole morphology
+seemed coarsened and simplified. Moreover, the nerves and organs just
+examined held singular suggestions of retrogression from forms still more
+complex. Atrophied and vestigial parts were surprisingly prevalent. Altogether,
+little could be said to have been solved; and Lake fell back on mythology for a
+provisional name - jocosely dubbing his finds "The Elder Ones."
+
+At about 2:30 A.M., having decided to postpone further work and get a little rest,
+he covered the dissected organism with a tarpaulin, emerged from the laboratory
+tent, and studied the intact specimens with renewed interest. The ceaseless
+antarctic sun had begun to limber up their tissues a trifle, so that the head points
+and tubes of two or three showed signs of unfolding; but Lake did not believe
+there was any danger of immediate decomposition in the almost subzero air. He
+did, however, move all the undissected specimens close together and throw a
+spare tent over them in order to keep off the direct solar rays. That would also
+help to keep their possible scent away from the dogs, whose hostile unrest was
+really becoming a problem, even at their substantial distance and behind the
+higher and higher snow walls which an increased quota of the men were
+hastening to raise around their quarters. He had to weight down the corners of
+the tent cloth with heavy blocks of snow to hold it in place amidst the rising gale,
+for the titan mountains seemed about to deliver some gravely severe blasts. Early
+apprehensions about sudden antarctic winds were revived, and under Atwood's
+supervision precautions were taken to bank the tents, new dog corral, and crude
+aeroplane shelters with snow on the mountainward side. These latter shelters,
+begun with hard snow blocks during odd moments, were by no means as high as
+they should have been; and Lake finally detached all hands from other tasks to
+work on them.
+
+It was after four when Lake at last prepared to sign off and advised us all to
+share the rest period his outfit would take when the shelter walls were a little
+higher. He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his
+
+
+
+27
+
+
+
+praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
+Atwood also sent greetings and praises. I gave Lake a warm word of
+congratulations, owning up that he was right about the western trip, and we all
+agreed to get in touch by wireless at ten in the morning. If the gale was then
+over. Lake would send a plane for the party at my base. Just before retiring I
+dispatched a final message to the Arkham with instructions about toning down
+the day's news for the outside world, since the full details seemed radical enough
+to rouse a wave of incredulity until further substantiated.
+
+Ill
+
+None of us, I imagine, slept very heavily or continuously that morning. Both the
+excitement of Lake's discovery and the mounting fury of the wind were against
+such a thing. So savage was the blast, even where we were, that we could not
+help wondering how much worse it was at Lake's camp, directly under the vast
+unknown peaks that bred and delivered it. McTighe was awake at ten o'clock
+and tried to get Lake on the wireless, as agreed, but some electrical condition in
+the disturbed air to the westward seemed to prevent communication. We did,
+however, get the Arkham, and Douglas told me that he had likewise been vainly
+trying to reach Lake. He had not known about the wind, for very little was
+blowing at McMurdo Sound, despite its persistent rage where we were.
+
+Throughout the day we all listened anxiously and tried to get Lake at intervals,
+but invariably without results. About noon a positive frenzy of wind stampeded
+out of the west, causing us to fear for the safety of our camp; but it eventually
+died down, with only a moderate relapse at 2 P.M. After three o'clock it was very
+quiet, and we redoubled our efforts to get Lake. Reflecting that he had four
+planes, each provided with an excellent short-wave outfit, we could not imagine
+any ordinary accident capable of crippling all his wireless equipment at once.
+Nevertheless the stony silence continued, and when we thought of the delirious
+force the wind must have had in his locality we could not help making the more
+direful conjectures.
+
+By six o'clock our fears had become intense and definite, and after a wireless
+consultation with Douglas and Thorfinnssen I resolved to take steps toward
+investigation. The fifth aeroplane, which we had left at the McMurdo Sound
+supply cache with Sherman and two sailors, was in good shape and ready for
+instant use, and it seemed that the very emergency for which it had been saved
+was now upon us. I got Sherman by wireless and ordered him to join me with
+the plane and the two sailors at the southern base as quickly as possible, the air
+conditions being apparently highly favorable. We then talked over the personnel
+of the coming investigation party, and decided that we would include all hands,
+together with the sledge and dogs which I had kept with me. Even so great a
+
+
+
+28
+
+
+
+load would not be too much for one of the huge planes built to our special orders
+for heavy machinery transportation. At intervals I still tried to reach Lake with
+the wireless, but all to no purpose.
+
+Sherman, with the sailors Gunnarsson and Larsen, took off at 7:30, and reported
+a quiet flight from several points on the wing. They arrived at our base at
+midnight, and all hands at once discussed the next move. It was risky business
+sailing over the antarctic in a single aeroplane without any line of bases, but no
+one drew back from what seemed like the plainest necessity. We turned in at two
+o'clock for a brief rest after some preliminary loading of the plane, but were up
+again in four hours to finish the loading and packing.
+
+At 7:15 A.M., January 25th, we started flying northwestward under McTighe's
+pilotage with ten men, seven dogs, a sledge, a fuel and food supply, and other
+items including the plane's wireless outfit. The atmosphere was clear, fairly
+quiet, and relatively mild in temperature, and we anticipated very little trouble
+in reaching the latitude and longitude designated by Lake as the site of his camp.
+Our apprehensions were over what we might find, or fail to find, at the end of
+our journey, for silence continued to answer all calls dispatched to the camp.
+
+Every incident of that four-and-a-half-hour flight is burned into my recollection
+because of its crucial position in my life. It marked my loss, at the age of fifty-
+four, of all that peace and balance which the normal mind possesses through its
+accustomed conception of external nature and nature's laws. Thenceforward the
+ten of us - but the student Danforth and myself above all others - were to face a
+hideously amplified world of lurking horrors which nothing can erase from our
+emotions, and which we would refrain from sharing with mankind in general if
+we could. The newspapers have printed the bulletins we sent from the moving
+plane, telling of our nonstop course, our two battles with treacherous upper-air
+gales, our glimpse of the broken surface where Lake had sunk his mid-journey
+shaft three days before, and our sight of a group of those strange fluffy snow
+cylinders noted by Amundsen and Byrd as rolling in the wind across the endless
+leagues of frozen plateau. There came a point, though, when our sensations
+could not be conveyed in any words the press would understand, and a latter
+point when we had to adopt an actual rule of strict censorship.
+
+The sailor Larsen was first to spy the jagged line of witchlike cones and pinnacles
+ahead, and his shouts sent everyone to the windows of the great cabined plane.
+Despite our speed, they were very slow in gaining prominence; hence we knew
+that they must be infinitely far off, and visible only because of their abnormal
+height. Little by little, however, they rose grimly into the western sky; allowing
+us to distinguish various bare, bleak, blackish summits, and to catch the curious
+sense of fantasy which they inspired as seen in the reddish antarctic light against
+
+
+
+29
+
+
+
+the provocative background of iridescent ice-dust clouds. In the whole spectacle
+there was a persistent, pervasive hint of stupendous secrecy and potential
+revelation. It was as if these stark, nightmare spires marked the pylons of a
+frightful gateway into forbidden spheres of dream, and complex gulfs of remote
+time, space, and ultra-dimensionality. I could not help feeling that they were evil
+things - mountains of madness whose farther slopes looked out over some
+accursed ultimate abyss. That seething, half-luminous cloud background held
+ineffable suggestions of a vague, ethereal beyondness far more than terrestrially
+spatial, and gave appalling reminders of the utter remoteness, separateness,
+desolation, and aeon-long death of this untrodden and unfathomed austral
+world.
+
+It was young Danforth who drew our notice to the curious regularities of the
+higher mountain skyline - regularities like clinging fragments of perfect cubes,
+which Lake had mentioned in his messages, and which indeed justified his
+comparison with the dreamlike suggestions of primordial temple ruins, on
+cloudy Asian mountaintops so subtly and strangely painted by Roerich. There
+was indeed something hauntingly Roerich-like about this whole unearthly
+continent of mountainous mystery. I had felt it in October when we first caught
+sight of Victoria Land, and I felt it afresh now. I felt, too, another wave of uneasy
+consciousness of Archaean mythical resemblances; of how disturbingly this
+lethal realm corresponded to the evilly famed plateau of Leng in the primal
+writings. Mythologists have placed Leng in Central Asia; but the racial memory
+of man - or of his predecessors - is long, and it may well be that certain tales have
+come down from lands and mountains and temples of horror earlier than Asia
+and earlier than any human world we know. A few daring mystics have hinted
+at a pre-Pleistocene origin for the fragmentary Pnakotic Manuscripts, and have
+suggested that the devotees of Tsathoggua were as alien to mankind as
+Tsathoggua itself. Leng, wherever in space or time it might brood, was not a
+region I would care to be in or near, nor did I relish the proximity of a world that
+had ever bred such ambiguous and Archaean monstrosities as those Lake had
+just mentioned. At the moment I felt sorry that I had ever read the abhorred
+Necronomicon, or talked so much with that unpleasantly erudite folklorist
+Wilmarth at the university.
+
+This mood undoubtedly served to aggravate my reaction to the bizarre mirage
+which burst upon us from the increasingly opalescent zenith as we drew near the
+mountains and began to make out the cumulative undulations of the foothills. I
+had seen dozens of polar mirages during the preceding weeks, some of them
+quite as uncanny and fantastically vivid as the present example; but this one had
+a wholly novel and obscure quality of menacing symbolism, and I shuddered as
+the seething labyrinth of fabulous walls and towers and minarets loomed out of
+the troubled ice vapors above our heads.
+
+
+
+30
+
+
+
+The effect was that of a Cyclopean city of no architecture known to man or to
+human imagination, with vast aggregations of night-black masonry embodying
+monstrous perversions of geometrical laws. There were truncated cones,
+sometimes terraced or fluted, surmounted by tall cylindrical shafts here and
+there bulbously enlarged and often capped with tiers of thinnish scalloped disks;
+and strange beetling, table-like constructions suggesting piles of multitudinous
+rectangular slabs or circular plates or five-pointed stars with each one
+overlapping the one beneath. There were composite cones and pyramids either
+alone or surmounting cylinders or cubes or flatter truncated cones and pyramids,
+and occasional needle-like spires in curious clusters of five. All of these febrile
+structures seemed knit together by tubular bridges crossing from one to the other
+at various dizzy heights, and the implied scale of the whole was terrifying and
+oppressive in its sheer gigantism. The general type of mirage was not unlike
+some of the wilder forms observed and drawn by the arctic whaler Scoresby in
+1820, but at this time and place, with those dark, unknown mountain peaks
+soaring stupendously ahead, that anomalous elder-world discovery in our
+minds, and the pall of probable disaster enveloping the greater part of our
+expedition, we all seemed to find in it a taint of latent malignity and infinitely
+evil portent.
+
+I was glad when the mirage began to break up, though in the process the various
+nightmare turrets and cones assumed distorted, temporary forms of even vaster
+hideousness. As the whole illusion dissolved to churning opalescence we began
+to look earthward again, and saw that our journey's end was not far off. The
+unknown mountains ahead rose dizzily up like a fearsome rampart of giants,
+their curious regularities showing with startling clearness even without a field
+glass. We were over the lowest foothills now, and could see amidst the snow, ice,
+and bare patches of their main plateau a couple of darkish spots which we took
+to be Lake's camp and boring. The higher foothills shot up between five and six
+miles away, forming a range almost distinct from the terrifying line of more than
+Himalayan peaks beyond them. At length Ropes - the student who had relieved
+McTighe at the controls - began to head downward toward the left-hand dark
+spot whose size marked it as the camp. As he did so, McTighe sent out the last
+uncensored wireless message the world was to receive from our expedition.
+
+Everyone, of course, has read the brief and unsatisfying bulletins of the rest of
+our antarctic sojourn. Some hours after our landing we sent a guarded report of
+the tragedy we found, and reluctantly announced the wiping out of the whole
+Lake party by the frightful wind of the preceding day, or of the night before that.
+Eleven known dead, young Gedney missing. People pardoned our hazy lack of
+details through realization of the shock the sad event must have caused us, and
+believed us when we explained that the mangling action of the wind had
+rendered all eleven bodies unsuitable for transportation outside. Indeed, I flatter
+
+
+
+31
+
+
+
+myself that even in the midst of our distress, utter bewilderment, and soul-
+clutching horror, we scarcely went beyond the truth in any specific instance. The
+tremendous significance lies in what we dared not tell; what I would not tell now
+but for the need of warning others off from nameless terrors.
+
+It is a fact that the wind had brought dreadful havoc. Whether all could have
+lived through it, even without the other thing, is gravely open to doubt. The
+storm, with its fury of madly driven ice particles, must have been beyond
+anything our expedition had encountered before. One aeroplane shelter-wall, it
+seems, had been left in a far too flimsy and inadequate state - was nearly
+pulverized - and the derrick at the distant boring was entirely shaken to pieces.
+The exposed metal of the grounded planes and drilling machinery was bruised
+into a high polish, and two of the small tents were flattened despite their snow
+banking. Wooden surfaces left out in the blaster were pitted and denuded of
+paint, and all signs of tracks in the snow were completely obliterated. It is also
+true that we found none of the Archaean biological objects in a condition to take
+outside as a whole. We did gather some minerals from a vast, tumbled pile,
+including several of the greenish soapstone fragments whose odd five-pointed
+rounding and faint patterns of grouped dots caused so many doubtful
+comparisons; and some fossil bones, among which were the most typical of the
+curiously injured specimens.
+
+None of the dogs survived, their hurriedly built snow inclosure near the camp
+being almost wholly destroyed. The wind may have done that, though the
+greater breakage on the side next the camp, which was not the windward one,
+suggests an outward leap or break of the frantic beasts themselves. All three
+sledges were gone, and we have tried to explain that the wind may have blown
+them off into the unknown. The drill and ice-melting machinery at the boring
+were too badly damaged to warrant salvage, so we used them to choke up that
+subtly disturbing gateway to the past which Lake had blasted. We likewise left at
+the camp the two most shaken up of the planes; since our surviving party had
+only four real pilots - Sherman, Danforth, McTighe, and Ropes - in all, with
+Danforth in a poor nervous shape to navigate. We brought back all the books,
+scientific equipment, and other incidentals we could find, though much was
+rather unaccountably blown away. Spare tents and furs were either missing or
+badly out of condition.
+
+It was approximately 4 P.M., after wide plane cruising had forced us to give
+Gedney up for lost, that we sent our guarded message to the Arkham for
+relaying; and I think we did well to keep it as calm and noncommittal as we
+succeeded in doing. The most we said about agitation concerned our dogs,
+whose frantic uneasiness near the biological specimens was to be expected from
+poor Lake's accounts. We did not mention, I think, their display of the same
+
+
+
+32
+
+
+
+uneasiness when sniffing around the queer greenish soapstones and certain other
+objects in the disordered region-objects including scientific instruments,
+aeroplanes, and machinery, both at the camp and at the boring, whose parts had
+been loosened, moved, or otherwise tampered with by winds that must have
+harbored singular curiosity and investigativeness.
+
+About the fourteen biological specimens, we were pardonably indefinite. We
+said that the only ones we discovered were damaged, but that enough was left of
+them to prove Lake's description wholly and impressively accurate. It was hard
+work keeping our personal emotions out of this matter - and we did not mention
+numbers or say exactly how we had found those which we did find. We had by
+that time agreed not to transmit anything suggesting madness on the part of
+Lake's men, and it surely looked like madness to find six imperfect monstrosities
+carefully buried upright in nine-foot snow graves under five-pointed mounds
+punched over with groups of dots in patterns exactly those on the queer greenish
+soapstones dug up from Mesozoic or Tertiary times. The eight perfect specimens
+mentioned by Lake seemed to have been completely blown away.
+
+We were careful, too, about the public's general peace of mind; hence Danforth
+and I said little about that frightful trip over the mountains the next day. It was
+the fact that only a radically lightened plane could possibly cross a range of such
+height, which mercifully limited that scouting tour to the two of us. On our
+return at one A.M., Danforth was close to hysterics, but kept an admirably stiff
+upper lip. It took no persuasion to make him promise not to show our sketches
+and the other things we brought away in our pockets, not to say anything more
+to the others than what we had agreed to relay outside, and to hide our camera
+films for private development later on; so that part of my present story will be as
+new to Pabodie, McTighe, Ropes, Sherman, and the rest as it will be to the world
+in general. Indeed, Danforth is closer mouthed than I: for he saw, or thinks he
+saw, one thing he will not tell even me.
+
+As all know, our report included a tale of a hard ascent - a confirmation of Lake's
+opinion that the great peaks are of Archaean slate and other very primal
+crumpled strata unchanged since at least middle Comanchian times; a
+conventional comment on the regularity of the clinging cube and rampart
+formations; a decision that the cave mouths indicate dissolved calcaerous veins; a
+conjecture that certain slopes and passes would permit of the scaling and
+crossing of the entire range by seasoned mountaineers; and a remark that the
+mysterious other side holds a lofty and immense superplateau as ancient and
+unchanging as the mountains themselves - twenty thousand feet in elevation,
+with grotesque rock formations protruding through a thin glacial layer and with
+low gradual foothills between the general plateau surface and the sheer
+precipices of the highest peaks.
+
+
+
+33
+
+
+
+This body of data is in every respect true so far as it goes, and it completely
+satisfied the men at the camp. We laid our absence of sixteen hours - a longer
+time than our announced flying, landing, reconnoitering, and rock-collecting
+program called for - to a long mythical spell of adverse wind conditions, and told
+truly of our landing on the farther foothills. Fortunately our tale sounded
+realistic and prosaic enough not to tempt any of the others into emulating our
+flight. Had any tried to do that, I would have used every ounce of my persuasion
+to stop them - and I do not know what Danforth would have done. While we
+were gone, Pabodie, Sherman, Ropes, McTighe, and Williamson had worked like
+beavers over Lake's two best planes, fitting them again for use despite the
+altogether unaccountable juggling of their operative mechanism.
+
+We decided to load all the planes the next morning and start back for our old
+base as soon as possible. Even though indirect, that was the safest way to work
+toward McMurdo Sound; for a straightline flight across the most utterly
+unknown stretches of the aeon-dead continent would involve many additional
+hazards. Further exploration was hardly feasible in view of our tragic decimation
+and the ruin of our drilling machinery. The doubts and horrors around us -
+which we did not reveal - made us wish only to escape from this austral world of
+desolation and brooding madness as swiftly as we could.
+
+As the public knows, our return to the world was accomplished without further
+disasters. All planes reached the old base on the evening of the next day -
+January 27th - after a swift nonstop flight; and on the 28th we made McMurdo
+Sound in two laps, the one pause being very brief, and occasioned by a faulty
+rudder in the furious wind over the ice shelf after we had cleared the great
+plateau. In five days more, the Arkham and Miskatonic, with all hands and
+equipment on board, were shaking clear of the thickening field ice and working
+up Ross Sea with the mocking mountains of Victoria Land looming westward
+against a troubled antarctic sky and twisting the wind's wails into a wide-ranged
+musical piping which chilled my soul to the quick. Less than a fortnight later we
+left the last hint of polar land behind us and thanked heaven that we were clear
+of a haunted, accursed realm where life and death, space and time, have made
+black and blasphemous alliances, in the unknown epochs since matter first
+writhed and swam on the planet's scarce-cooled crust.
+
+Since our return we have all constantly worked to discourage antarctic
+exploration, and have kept certain doubts and guesses to ourselves with
+splendid unity and faithfulness. Even young Danforth, with his nervous
+breakdown, has not flinched or babbled to his doctors - indeed, as I have said,
+there is one thing he thinks he alone saw which he will not tell even me, though I
+think it would help his psychological state if he would consent to do so. It might
+explain and relieve much, though perhaps the thing was no more than the
+
+
+
+34
+
+
+
+delusive aftermath of an earlier shock. That is the impression I gather after those
+rare, irresponsible moments when he whispers disjointed things to me - things
+which he repudiates vehemently as soon as he gets a grip on himself again.
+
+It will be hard work deterring others from the great white south, and some of our
+efforts may directly harm our cause by drawing inquiring notice. We might have
+known from the first that human curiosity is undying, and that the results we
+announced would be enough to spur others ahead on the same age-long pursuit
+of the unknown. Lake's reports of those biological monstrosities had aroused
+naturalists and paleontologists to the highest pitch, though we were sensible
+enough not to show the detached parts we had taken from the actual buried
+specimens, or our photographs of those specimens as they were found. We also
+refrained from showing the more puzzling of the scarred bones and greenish
+soapstones; while Danforth and I have closely guarded the pictures we took or
+drew on the superplateau across the range, and the crumpled things we
+smoothed, studied in terror, and brought away in our pockets.
+
+But now that Starkweather-Moore party is organizing, and with a thoroughness
+far beyond anything our outfit attempted. If not dissuaded, they will get to the
+innermost nucleus of the antarctic and melt and bore till they bring up that
+which we know may end the world. So I must break through all reticences at last
+- even about that ultimate, nameless thing beyond the mountains of madness.
+
+IV
+
+It is only with vast hesitancy and repugnance that I let my mind go back to
+Lake's camp and what we really found there - and to that other thing beyond the
+mountains of madness. I am constantly tempted to shirk the details, and to let
+hints stand for actual facts and ineluctable deductions. I hope I have said enough
+already to let me glide briefly over the rest; the rest, that is, of the horror at the
+camp. I have told of the wind-ravaged terrain, the damaged shelters, the
+disarranged machinery, the varied uneasiness of our dogs, the missing sledges
+and other items, the deaths of men and dogs, the absence of Gedney, and the six
+insanely buried biological specimens, strangely sound in texture for all their
+structural injuries, from a world forty million years dead. I do not recall whether
+I mentioned that upon checking up the canine bodies we found one dog missing.
+We did not think much about that till later - indeed, only Danforth and I have
+thought of it at all.
+
+The principal things I have been keeping back relate to the bodies, and to certain
+subtle points which may or may not lend a hideous and incredible kind of
+rationale to the apparent chaos. At the time, I tried to keep the men's minds off
+those points; for it was so much simpler - so much more normal - to lay
+
+
+
+35
+
+
+
+everything to an outbreak of madness on the part of some of Lake's party. From
+the look of things, that demon mountain wind must have been enough to drive
+any man mad in the midst of this center of all earthly mystery and desolation.
+
+The crowning abnormality, of course, was the condition of the bodies - men and
+dogs alike. They had all been in some terrible kind of conflict, and were torn and
+mangled in fiendish and altogether inexplicable ways. Death, so far as we could
+judge, had in each case come from strangulation or laceration. The dogs had
+evidently started the trouble, for the state of their ill-built corral bore witness to
+its forcible breakage from within. It had been set some distance from the camp
+because of the hatred of the animals for those hellish Archaean organisms, but
+the precaution seemed to have been taken in vain. When left alone in that
+monstrous wind, behind flimsy walls of insufficient height, they must have
+stampeded - whether from the wind itself, or from some subtle, increasing odor
+emitted by the nightmare specimens, one could not say.
+
+But whatever had happened, it was hideous and revolting enough. Perhaps I had
+better put squeamishness aside and tell the worst at last - though with a
+categorical statement of opinion, based on the first-hand observations and most
+rigid deductions of both Danforth and myself, that the then missing Gedney was
+in no way responsible for the loathsome horrors we found. I have said that the
+bodies were frightfully mangled. Now I must add that some were incised and
+subtracted from in the most curious, cold-blooded, and inhuman fashion. It was
+the same with dogs and men. All the healthier, fatter bodies, quadrupedal or
+bipedal, had had their most solid masses of tissue cut out and removed, as by a
+careful butcher; and around them was a strange sprinkling of salt - taken from
+the ravaged provision chests on the planes - which conjured up the most horrible
+associations. The thing had occurred in one of the crude aeroplane shelters from
+which the plane had been dragged out, and subsequent winds had effaced all
+tracks which could have supplied any plausible theory. Scattered bits of clothing,
+roughly slashed from the human incision subjects, hinted no clues. It is useless to
+bring up the half impression of certain faint snow prints in one shielded corner of
+the ruined inclosure - because that impression did not concern human prints at
+all, but was clearly mixed up with all the talk of fossil prints which poor Lake
+had been giving throughout the preceding weeks. One had to be careful of one's
+imagination in the lee of those overshadowing mountains of madness.
+
+As I have indicated, Gedney and one dog turned out to be missing in the end.
+When we came on that terrible shelter we had missed two dogs and two men;
+but the fairly unharmed dissecting tent, which we entered after investigating the
+monstrous graves, had something to reveal. It was not as Lake had left it, for the
+covered parts of the primal monstrosity had been removed from the improvised
+table. Indeed, we had already realized that one of the six imperfect and insanely
+
+
+
+36
+
+
+
+buried things we had found - the one with the trace of a pecuharly hateful odor -
+must represent the collected sections of the entity which Lake had tried to
+analyze. On and around that laboratory table were strewn other things, and it
+did not take long for us to guess that those things were the carefully though
+oddly and inexpertly dissected parts of one man and one dog. I shall spare the
+feelings of survivors by omitting mention of the man's identity. Lake's
+anatomical instruments were missing, but there were evidences of their careful
+cleansing. The gasoline stove was also gone, though around it we found a
+curious litter of matches. We buried the human parts beside the other ten men;
+and the canine parts with the other thirty-five dogs. Concerning the bizarre
+smudges on the laboratory table, and on the jumble of roughly handled
+illustrated books scattered near it, we were much too bewildered to speculate.
+
+This formed the worst of the camp horror, but other things were equally
+perplexing. The disappearance of Gedney, the one dog, the eight uninjured
+biological specimens, the three sledges, and certain instruments, illustrated
+technical and scientific books, writing materials, electric torches and batteries,
+food and fuel, heating apparatus, spare tents, fur suits, and the like, was utterly
+beyond sane conjecture; as were likewise the spatter-fringed ink blots on certain
+pieces of paper, and the evidences of curious alien fumbling and experimentation
+around the planes and all other mechanical devices both at the camp and at the
+boring.
+
+The dogs seemed to abhor this oddly disordered machinery. Then, too, there was
+the upsetting of the larder, the disappearance of certain staples, and the jarringly
+comical heap of tin cans pried open in the most unlikely ways and at the most
+unlikely places. The profusion of scattered matches, intact, broken, or spent,
+formed another minor enigma - as did the two or three tent cloths and fur suits
+which we found lying about with peculiar and unorthodox slashings conceivably
+due to clumsy efforts at unimaginable adaptations. The maltreatment of the
+human and canine bodies, and the crazy burial of the damaged Archaean
+specimens, were all of a piece with this apparent disintegrative madness. In view
+of just such an eventuality as the present one, we carefully photographed all the
+main evidences of insane disorder at the camp; and shall use the prints to
+buttress our pleas against the departure of the proposed Starkweather- Moore
+Expedition.
+
+Our first act after finding the bodies in the shelter was to photograph and open
+the row of insane graves with the five-pointed snow mounds. We could not help
+noticing the resemblance of these monstrous mounds, with their clusters of
+grouped dots, to poor Lake's descriptions of the strange greenish soapstones;
+and when we came on some of the soapstones themselves in the great mineral
+pile, we found the likeness very close indeed. The whole general formation, it
+
+
+
+37
+
+
+
+must be made clear, seemed abominably suggestive of the starfish head of the
+Archaean entities; and we agreed that the suggestion must have worked potently
+upon the sensitized minds of Lake's overwrought party.
+
+For madness - centering in Gedney as the only possible surviving agent - was the
+explanation spontaneously adopted by everybody so far as spoken utterance was
+concerned; though I will not be so naive as to deny that each of us may have
+harbored wild guesses which sanity forbade him to formulate completely.
+Sherman, Pabodie, and McTighe made an exhaustive aeroplane cruise over all
+the surrounding territory in the afternoon, sweeping the horizon with field
+glasses in quest of Gedney and of the various missing things; but nothing came
+to light. The party reported that the titan barrier range extended endlessly to
+right and left alike, without any diminution in height or essential structure. On
+some of the peaks, though, the regular cube and rampart formations were bolder
+and plainer, having doubly fantastic similitudes to Roerich-painted Asian hill
+ruins. The distribution of cryptical cave mouths on the black snow-denuded
+summits seemed roughly even as far as the range could be traced.
+
+In spite of all the prevailing horrors, we were left with enough sheer scientific
+zeal and adventurousness to wonder about the unknown realm beyond those
+mysterious mountains. As our guarded messages stated, we rested at midnight
+after our day of terror and bafflement - but not without a tentative plan for one
+or more range-crossing altitude flights in a lightened plane with aerial camera
+and geologist's outfit, beginning the following morning. It was decided that
+Danforth and I try it first, and we awaked at 7 A.M. intending an early flight;
+however, heavy winds - mentioned in our brief, bulletin to the outside world -
+delayed our start till nearly nine o'clock.
+
+I have already repeated the noncommittal story we told the men at camp - and
+relayed outside - after our return sixteen hours later. It is now my terrible duty to
+amplify this account by filling in the merciful blanks with hints of what we really
+saw in the hidden transmontane world - hints of the revelations which have
+finally driven Danforth to a nervous collapse. I wish he would add a really frank
+word about the thing which he thinks he alone saw - even though it was
+probably a nervous delusion - and which was perhaps the last straw that put him
+where he is; but he is firm against that. All I can do is to repeat his later
+disjointed whispers about what set him shrieking as the plane soared back
+through the wind-tortured mountain pass after that real and tangible shock
+which I shared. This will form my last word. If the plain signs of surviving elder
+horrors in what I disclose be not enough to keep others from meddling with the
+inner antarctic - or at least from prying too deeply beneath the surface of that
+ultimate waste of forbidden secrets and inhuman, aeon-cursed desolation - the
+responsibility for unnamable and perhaps immeasurable evils will not be mine.
+
+
+
+38
+
+
+
+Danforth and I, studying the notes made by Pabodie in his afternoon flight and
+checking up with a sextant, had calculated that the lowest available pass in the
+range lay somewhat to the right of us, within sight of camp, and about twenty-
+three thousand or twenty-four thousand feet above sea level. For this point, then,
+we first headed in the lightened plane as we embarked on our flight of discovery.
+The camp itself, on foothills which sprang from a high continental plateau, was
+some twelve thousand feet in altitude; hence the actual height increase necessary
+was not so vast as it might seem. Nevertheless we were acutely conscious of the
+rarefied air and intense cold as we rose; for, on account of visibility conditions,
+we had to leave the cabin windows open. We were dressed, of course, in our
+heaviest furs.
+
+As we drew near the forbidding peaks, dark and sinister above the line of
+crevasse-riven snow and interstitial glaciers, we noticed more and more the
+curiously regular formations clinging to the slopes; and thought again of the
+strange Asian paintings of Nicholas Roerich. The ancient and wind-weathered
+rock strata fully verified all of Lake's bulletins, and proved that these pinnacles
+had been towering up in exactly the same way since a surprisingly early time in
+earth's history - perhaps over fifty million years. How much higher they had
+once been, it was futile to guess; but everything about this strange region pointed
+to obscure atmospheric influences unfavorable to change, and calculated to
+retard the usual climatic processes of rock disintegration.
+
+But it was the mountainside tangle of regular cubes, ramparts, and cave mouths
+which fascinated and disturbed us most. I studied them with a field glass and
+took aerial photographs while Danforth drove; and at times I relieved him at the
+controls - though my aviation knowledge was purely an amateur's - in order to
+let him use the binoculars. We could easily see that much of the material of the
+things was a lightish Archaean quartzite, unlike any formation visible over broad
+areas of the general surface; and that their regularity was extreme and uncanny
+to an extent which poor Lake had scarcely hinted.
+
+As he had said, their edges were crumbled and rounded from untold aeons of
+savage weathering; but their preternatural solidity and tough material had saved
+them from obliteration. Many parts, especially those closest to the slopes, seemed
+identical in substance with the surrounding rock surface. The whole arrangement
+looked like the ruins of Macchu Picchu in the Andes, or the primal foundation
+walls of Kish as dug up by the Oxford Field Museum Expedition in 1929; and
+both Danforth and I obtained that occasional impression of separate Cyclopean
+blocks which Lake had attributed to his flight-companion Carroll. How to
+account for such things in this place was frankly beyond me, and I felt queerly
+humbled as a geologist. Igneous formations often have strange regularities - like
+the famous Giants' Causeway in Ireland - but this stupendous range, despite
+
+
+
+39
+
+
+
+Lake's original suspicion of smoking cones, was above all else nonvolcanic in
+evident structure.
+
+The curious cave mouths, near which the odd formations seemed most
+abundant, presented another albeit a lesser puzzle because of their regularity of
+outline. They were, as Lake's bulletin had said, often approximately square or
+semicircular; as if the natural orifices had been shaped to greater symmetry by
+some magic hand. Their numerousness and wide distribution were remarkable,
+and suggested that the whole region was honeycombed with tunnels dissolved
+out of limestone strata. Such glimpses as we secured did not extend far within
+the caverns, but we saw that they were apparently clear of stalactites and
+stalagmites. Outside, those parts of the mountain slopes adjoining the apertures
+seemed invariably smooth and regular; and Danforth thought that the slight
+cracks and pittings of the weathering tended toward unusual patterns. Filled as
+he was with the horrors and strangenesses discovered at the camp, he hinted that
+the pittings vaguely resembled those baffling groups of dots sprinkled over the
+primeval greenish soapstones, so hideously duplicated on the madly conceived
+snow mounds above those six buried monstrosities.
+
+We had risen gradually in flying over the higher foothills and along toward the
+relatively low pass we had selected. As we advanced we occasionally looked
+down at the snow and ice of the land route, wondering whether we could have
+attempted the trip with the simpler equipment of earlier days. Somewhat to our
+surprise we saw that the terrain was far from difficult as such things go; and that
+despite the crevasses and other bad spots it would not have been likely to deter
+the sledges of a Scott, a Shackleton, or an Amundsen. Some of the glaciers
+appeared to lead up to wind-bared passes with unusual continuity, and upon
+reaching our chosen pass we found that its case formed no exception.
+
+Our sensations of tense expectancy as we prepared to round the crest and peer
+out over an untrodden world can hardly be described on paper; even though we
+had no cause to think the regions beyond the range essentially different from
+those already seen and traversed. The touch of evil mystery in these barrier
+mountains, and in the beckoning sea of opalescent sky glimpsed betwixt their
+summits, was a highly subtle and attenuated matter not to be explained in literal
+words. Rather was it an affair of vague psychological symbolism and aesthetic
+association - a thing mixed up with exotic poetry and paintings, and with archaic
+myths lurking in shunned and forbidden volumes. Even the wind's burden held
+a peculiar strain of conscious malignity; and for a second it seemed that the
+composite sound included a bizarre musical whistling or piping over a wide
+range as the blast swept in and out of the omnipresent and resonant cave
+mouths. There was a cloudy note of reminiscent repulsion in this sound, as
+complex and unplaceable as any of the other dark impressions.
+
+
+
+40
+
+
+
+We were now, after a slow ascent, at a height of twenty-three thousand, five
+hundred and seventy feet according to the aneroid; and had left the region of
+clinging snow definitely below us. Up here were only dark, bare rock slopes and
+the start of rough-ribbed glaciers - but with those provocative cubes, ramparts,
+and echoing cave mouths to add a portent of the unnatural, the fantastic, and the
+dreamlike. Looking along the line of high peaks, I thought I could see the one
+mentioned by poor Lake, with a rampart exactly on top. It seemed to be half lost
+in a queer antarctic haze - such a haze, perhaps, as had been responsible for
+Lake's early notion of volcanism. The pass loomed directly before us, smooth
+and windswept between its jagged and malignly frowning pylons. Beyond it was
+a sky fretted with swirling vapors and lighted by the low polar sun - the sky of
+that mysterious farther realm upon which we felt no human eye had ever gazed.
+
+A few more feet of altitude and we would behold that realm. Danforth and I,
+unable to speak except in shouts amidst the howling, piping wind that raced
+through the pass and added to the noise of the unmuffled engines, exchanged
+eloquent glances. And then, having gained those last few feet, we did indeed
+stare across the momentous divide and over the unsampled secrets of an elder
+and utterly alien earth.
+
+V
+
+I think that both of us simultaneously cried out in mixed awe, wonder, terror,
+and disbelief in our own senses as we finally cleared the pass and saw what lay
+beyond. Of course, we must have had some natural theory in the back of our
+heads to steady our faculties for the moment. Probably we thought of such things
+as the grotesquely weathered stones of the Garden of the Gods in Colorado, or
+the fantastically symmetrical wind-carved rocks of the Arizona desert. Perhaps
+we even half thought the sight a mirage like that we had seen the morning before
+on first approaching those mountains of madness. We must have had some such
+normal notions to fall back upon as our eyes swept that limitless, tempest-
+scarred plateau and grasped the almost endless labyrinth of colossal, regular,
+and geometrically eurythmic stone masses which reared their crumbled and
+pitted crests above a glacial sheet not more than forty or fifty feet deep at its
+thickest, and in places obviously thinner.
+
+The effect of the monstrous sight was indescribable, for some fiendish violation
+of known natural law seemed certain at the outset. Here, on a hellishly ancient
+table-land fully twenty thousand feet high, and in a climate deadly to habitation
+since a prehuman age not less than five hundred thousand years ago, there
+stretched nearly to the vision's limit a tangle of orderly stone which only the
+desperation of mental self- defense could possibly attribute to any but conscious
+and artificial cause. We had previously dismissed, so far as serious thought was
+
+
+
+41
+
+
+
+concerned, any theory that the cubes and ramparts of the mountainsides were
+other than natural in origin. How could they be otherwise, when man himself
+could scarcely have been differentiated from the great apes at the time when this
+region succumbed to the present unbroken reign of glacial death?
+
+Yet now the sway of reason seemed irrefutably shaken, for this Cyclopean maze
+of squared, curved, and angled blocks had features which cut off all comfortable
+refuge. It was, very clearly, the blasphemous city of the mirage in stark, objective,
+and ineluctable reality. That damnable portent had had a material basis after all -
+there had been some horizontal stratum of ice dust in the upper air, and this
+shocking stone survival had projected its image across the mountains according
+to the simple laws of reflection. Of course, the phantom had been twisted and
+exaggerated, and had contained things which the real source did not contain; yet
+now, as we saw that real source, we thought it even more hideous and menacing
+than its distant image.
+
+Only the incredible, unhuman massiveness of these vast stone towers and
+ramparts had saved the frightful things from utter annihilation in the hundreds
+of thousands - perhaps millions - of years it had brooded there amidst the blasts
+of a bleak upland. "Corona Mundi - Roof of the World - " All sorts of fantastic
+phrases sprang to our lips as we looked dizzily down at the unbelievable
+spectacle. I thought again of the eldritch primal myths that had so persistently
+haunted me since my first sight of this dead antarctic world - of the demoniac
+plateau of Leng, of the Mi-Go, or abominable Snow Men of the Himalayas, of the
+Pnakotic Manuscripts with their prehuman implications, of the Cthulhu cult, of
+the Necronomicon, and of the Hyperborean legends of formless Tsathoggua and
+the worse than formless star spawn associated with that semientity.
+
+For boundless miles in every direction the thing stretched off with very little
+thinning; indeed, as our eyes followed it to the right and left along the base of the
+low, gradual foothills which separated it from the actual mountain rim, we
+decided that we could see no thinning at all except for an interruption at the left
+of the pass through which we had come. We had merely struck, at random, a
+limited part of something of incalculable extent. The foothills were more sparsely
+sprinkled with grotesque stone structures, linking the terrible city to the already
+familiar cubes and ramparts which evidently formed its mountain outposts.
+These latter, as well as the queer cave mouths, were as thick on the inner as on
+the outer sides of the mountains.
+
+The nameless stone labyrinth consisted, for the most part, of walls from ten to
+one hundred and fifty feet in ice-clear height, and of a thickness varying from
+five to ten feet. It was composed mostly of prodigious blocks of dark primordial
+slate, schist, and sandstone - blocks in many cases as large as 4 x 6 x 8 feet -
+
+
+
+42
+
+
+
+though in several places it seemed to be carved out of a solid, uneven bed rock of
+pre-Cambrian slate. The buildings were far from equal in size, there being
+innumerable honeycomb arrangements of enormous extent as well as smaller
+separate structures. The general shape of these things tended to be conical,
+pyramidal, or terraced; though there were many perfect cylinders, perfect cubes,
+clusters of cubes, and other rectangular forms, and a peculiar sprinkling of
+angled edifices whose five-pointed ground plan roughly suggested modern
+fortifications. The builders had made constant and expert use of the principle of
+the arch, and domes had probably existed in the city's heyday.
+
+The whole tangle was monstrously weathered, and the glacial surface from
+which the towers projected was strewn with fallen blocks and immemorial
+debris. Where the glaciation was transparent we could see the lower parts of the
+gigantic piles, and we noticed the ice-preserved stone bridges which connected
+the different towers at varying distances above the ground. On the exposed walls
+we could detect the scarred places where other and higher bridges of the same
+sort had existed. Closer inspection revealed countless largish windows; some of
+which were closed with shutters of a petrified material originally wood, though
+most gaped open in a sinister and menacing fashion. Many of the ruins, of
+course, were roofless, and with uneven though wind-rounded upper edges;
+whilst others, of a more sharply conical or pyramidal model or else protected by
+higher surrounding structures, preserved intact outlines despite the omnipresent
+crumbling and pitting. With the field glass we could barely make out what
+seemed to be sculptural decorations in horizontal bands - decorations including
+those curious groups of dots whose presence on the ancient soapstones now
+assumed a vastly larger significance.
+
+In many places the buildings were totally ruined and the ice sheet deeply riven
+from various geologic causes. In other places the stonework was worn down to
+the very level of the glaciation. One broad swath, extending from the plateau's
+interior, to a cleft in the foothills about a mile to the left of the pass we had
+traversed, was wholly free from buildings. It probably represented, we
+concluded, the course of some great river which in Tertiary times - millions of
+years ago - had poured through the city and into some prodigious subterranean
+abyss of the great barrier range. Certainly, this was above all a region of caves,
+gulfs, and underground secrets beyond human penetration.
+
+Looking back to our sensations, and recalling our dazedness at viewing this
+monstrous survival from aeons we had thought prehuman, I can only wonder
+that we preserved the semblance of equilibrium, which we did. Of course, we
+knew that something - chronology, scientific theory, or our own consciousness -
+was woefully awry; yet we kept enough poise to guide the plane, observe many
+things quite minutely, and take a careful series of photographs which may yet
+
+
+
+43
+
+
+
+serve both us and the world in good stead. In my case, ingrained scientific habit
+may have helped; for above all my bewilderment and sense of menace, there
+burned a dominant curiosity to fathom more of this age-old secret - to know
+what sort of beings had built and lived in this incalculably gigantic place, and
+what relation to the general world of its time or of other times so unique a
+concentration of life could have had.
+
+For this place could be no ordinary city. It must have formed the primary
+nucleus and center of some archaic and unbelievable chapter of earth's history
+whose outward ramifications, recalled only dimly in the most obscure and
+distorted myths, had vanished utterly amidst the chaos of terrene convulsions
+long before any human race we know had shambled out of apedom. Here
+sprawled a Palaeogaean megalopolis compared with which the fabled Atlantis
+and Lemuria, Commoriom and Uzuldaroum, and Olathoc in the land of Lomar,
+are recent things of today - not even of yesterday; a megalopolis ranking with
+such whispered prehuman blasphemies as Valusia, R'lyeh, lb in the land of
+Mnar, and the Nameless city of Arabia Deserta. As we flew above that tangle of
+stark titan towers my imagination sometimes escaped all bounds and roved
+aimlessly in realms of fantastic associations - even weaving links betwixt this lost
+world and some of my own wildest dreams concerning the mad horror at the
+camp.
+
+The plane's fuel tank, in the interest of greater lightness, had been only partly
+filled; hence we now had to exert caution in our explorations. Even so, however,
+we covered an enormous extent of ground - or, rather, air - after swooping down
+to a level where the wind became virtually negligible. There seemed to be no
+limit to the mountain range, or to the length of the frightful stone city which
+bordered its inner foothills. Fifty miles of flight in each direction showed no
+major change in the labyrinth of rock and masonry that clawed up corpselike
+through the eternal ice. There were, though, some highly absorbing
+diversifications; such as the carvings on the canyon where that broad river had
+once pierced the foothills and approached its sinking place in the great range.
+The headlands at the stream's entrance had been boldly carved into Cyclopean
+pylons; and something about the ridgy, barrel-shaped designs stirred up oddly
+vague, hateful, and confusing semi-remembrances in both Danforth and me.
+
+We also came upon several star-shaped open spaces, evidently public squares,
+and noted various undulations in the terrain. Where a sharp hill rose, it was
+generally hollowed out into some sort of rambling-stone edifice; but there were
+at least two exceptions. Of these latter, one was too badly weathered to disclose
+what had been on the jutting eminence, while the other still bore a fantastic
+conical monument carved out of the solid rock and roughly resembling such
+things as the well-known Snake Tomb in the ancient valley of Petra.
+
+
+
+44
+
+
+
+Flying inland from the mountains, we discovered that the city was not of infinite
+width, even though its length along the foothills seemed endless. After about
+thirty miles the grotesque stone buildings began to thin out, and in ten more
+miles we came to an unbroken waste virtually without signs of sentient artifice.
+The course of the river beyond the city seemed marked by a broad, depressed
+line, while the land assumed a somewhat greater ruggedness, seeming to slope
+slightly upward as it receded in the mist-hazed west.
+
+So far we had made no landing, yet to leave the plateau without an attempt at
+entering some of the monstrous structures would have been inconceivable.
+Accordingly, we decided to find a smooth place on the foothills near our
+navigable pass, there grounding the plane and preparing to do some exploration
+on foot. Though these gradual slopes were partly covered with a scattering of
+ruins, low flying soon disclosed an ampler number of possible landing places.
+Selecting that nearest to the pass, since our flight would be across the great range
+and back to camp, we succeeded about 12:30 P.M. in effecting a landing on a
+smooth, hard snow field wholly devoid of obstacles and well adapted to a swift
+and favorable take- off later on.
+
+It did not seem necessary to protect the plane with a snow banking for so brief a
+time and in so comfortable an absence of high winds at this level; hence we
+merely saw that the landing skis were safely lodged, and that the vital parts of
+the mechanism were guarded against the cold. For our foot journey we discarded
+the heaviest of our flying furs, and took with us a small outfit consisting of
+pocket compass, hand camera, light provisions, voluminous notebooks and
+paper, geologist's hammer and chisel, specimen bags, coil of climbing rope, and
+powerful electric torches with extra batteries; this equipment having been carried
+in the plane on the chance that we might be able to effect a landing, take ground
+pictures, make drawings and topographical sketches, and obtain rock specimens
+from some bare slope, outcropping, or mountain cave. Fortunately we had a
+supply of extra paper to tear up, place in a spare specimen bag, and use on the
+ancient principle of hare and hounds for marking our course in any interior
+mazes we might be able to penetrate. This had been brought in case we found
+some cave system with air quiet enough to allow such a rapid and easy method
+in place of the usual rock-chipping method of trail blazing.
+
+Walking cautiously downhill over the crusted snow toward the stupendous
+stone labyrinth that loomed against the opalescent west, we felt almost as keen a
+sense of imminent marvels as we had felt on approaching the unfathomed
+mountain pass four hours previously. True, we had become visually familiar
+with the incredible secret concealed by the barrier peaks; yet the prospect of
+actually entering primordial walls reared by conscious beings perhaps millions
+of years ago - before any known race of men could have existed - was none the
+
+
+
+45
+
+
+
+less awesome and potentially terrible in its implications of cosmic abnormality.
+Though the thinness of the air at this prodigious altitude made exertion
+somewhat more difficult than usual, both Danforth and I found ourselves
+bearing up very well, and felt equal to almost any task which might fall to our
+lot. It took only a few steps to bring us to a shapeless ruin worn level with the
+snow, while ten or fifteen rods farther on there was a huge, roofless rampart still
+complete in its gigantic five-pointed outline and rising to an irregular height of
+ten or eleven feet. For this latter we headed; and when at last we were actually
+able to touch its weathered Cyclopean blocks, we felt that we had established an
+unprecedented and almost blasphemous link with forgotten aeons normally
+closed to our species.
+
+This rampart, shaped like a star and perhaps three hundred feet from point to
+point, was built of Jurassic sandstone blocks of irregular size, averaging 6x8 feet
+in surface. There was a row of arched loopholes or windows about four feet wide
+and five feet high, spaced quite symmetrically along the points of the star and at
+its inner angles, and with the bottoms about four feet from the glaciated surface.
+Looking through these, we could see that the masonry was fully five feet thick,
+that there were no partitions remaining within, and that there were traces of
+banded carvings or bas-reliefs on the interior walls - facts we had indeed guessed
+before, when flying low over this rampart and others like it. Though lower parts
+must have originally existed, all traces of such things were now wholly obscured
+by the deep layer of ice and snow at this point.
+
+We crawled through one of the windows and vainly tried to decipher the nearly
+effaced mural designs, but did not attempt to disturb the glaciated floor. Our
+orientation flights had indicated that many buildings in the city proper were less
+ice-choked, and that we might perhaps find wholly clear interiors leading down
+to the true ground level if we entered those structures still roofed at the top.
+Before we left the rampart we photographed it carefully, and studied its mortar-
+less Cyclopean masonry with complete bewilderment. We wished that Pabodie
+were present, for his engineering knowledge might have helped us guess how
+such titanic blocks could have been handled in that unbelievably remote age
+when the city and its outskirts were built up.
+
+The half-mile walk downhill to the actual city, with the upper wind shrieking
+vainly and savagely through the skyward peaks in the background, was
+something of which the smallest details will always remain engraved on my
+mind. Only in fantastic nightmares could any human beings but Danforth and
+me conceive such optical effects. Between us and the churning vapors of the west
+lay that monstrous tangle of dark stone towers, its outre and incredible forms
+impressing us afresh at every new angle of vision. It was a mirage in solid stone,
+and were it not for the photographs, I would still doubt that such a thing could
+
+
+
+46
+
+
+
+be. The general type of masonry was identical with that of the rampart we had
+examined; but the extravagant shapes which this masonry took in its urban
+manifestations were past all description.
+
+Even the pictures illustrate only one or two phases of its endless variety,
+preternatural massiveness, and utterly alien exoticism. There were geometrical
+forms for which an Euclid would scarcely find a name - cones of all degrees of
+irregularity and truncation, terraces of every sort of provocative disproportion,
+shafts with odd bulbous enlargements, broken columns in curious groups, and
+five-pointed or five-ridged arrangements of mad grotesqueness. As we drew
+nearer we could see beneath certain transparent parts of the ice sheet, and detect
+some of the tubular stone bridges that connected the crazily sprinkled structures
+at various heights. Of orderly streets there seemed to be none, the only broad
+open swath being a mile to the left, where the ancient river had doubtless flowed
+through the town into the mountains.
+
+Our field glasses showed the external, horizontal bands of nearly effaced
+sculptures and dot groups to be very prevalent, and we could half imagine what
+the city must once have looked like - even though most of the roofs and tower
+tops had necessarily perished. As a whole, it had been a complex tangle of
+twisted lanes and alleys, all of them deep canyons, and some little better than
+tunnels because of the overhanging masonry or overarching bridges. Now,
+outspread below us, it loomed like a dream fantasy against a westward mist
+through whose northern end the low, reddish antarctic sun of early afternoon
+was struggling to shine; and when, for a moment, that sun encountered a denser
+obstruction and plunged the scene into temporary shadow, the effect was subtly
+menacing in a way I can never hope to depict. Even the faint howling and piping
+of the unfelt wind in the great mountain passes behind us took on a wilder note
+of purposeful malignity. The last stage of our descent to the town was unusually
+steep and abrupt, and a rock outcropping at the edge where the grade changed
+led us to think that an artificial terrace had once existed there. Under the
+glaciation, we believed, there must be a flight of steps or its equivalent.
+
+When at last we plunged into the town itself, clambering over fallen masonry
+and shrinking from the oppressive nearness and dwarfing height of omnipresent
+crumbling and pitted walls, our sensations again became such that I marvel at
+the amount of self-control we retained. Danforth was frankly jumpy, and began
+making some offensively irrelevant speculations about the horror at the camp -
+which I resented all the more because I could not help sharing certain
+conclusions forced upon us by many features of this morbid survival from
+nightmare antiquity. The speculations worked on his imagination, too; for in one
+place - where a debris-littered alley turned a sharp corner - he insisted that he
+saw faint traces of ground markings which he did not like; whilst elsewhere he
+
+
+
+47
+
+
+
+stopped to listen to a subtle, imaginary sound from some undefined point - a
+muffled musical piping, he said, not unlike that of the wind in the mountain
+caves, yet somehow disturbingly different. The ceaseless five-pointedness of the
+surrounding architecture and of the few distinguishable mural arabesques had a
+dimly sinister suggestiveness we could not escape, and gave us a touch of
+terrible subconscious certainty concerning the primal entities which had reared
+and dwelt in this unhallowed place.
+
+Nevertheless, our scientific and adventurous souls were not wholly dead, and
+we mechanically carried out our program of chipping specimens from all the
+different rock types represented in the masonry. We wished a rather full set in
+order to draw better conclusions regarding the age of the place. Nothing in the
+great outer walls seemed to date from later than the Jurassic and Comanchian
+periods, nor was any piece of stone in the entire place of a greater recency than
+the Pliocene Age. In stark certainty, we were wandering amidst a death which
+had reigned at least five hundred thousand years, and in all probability even
+longer.
+
+As we proceeded through this maze of stone-shadowed twilight we stopped at
+all available apertures to study interiors and investigate entrance possibilities.
+Some were above our reach, whilst others led only into ice-choked ruins as
+unroofed and barren as the rampart on the hill. One, though spacious and
+inviting, opened on a seemingly bottomless abyss without visible means of
+descent. Now and then we had a chance to study the petrified wood of a
+surviving shutter, and were impressed by the fabulous antiquity implied in the
+still discernible grain. These things had come from Mesozoic gymnosperms and
+conifers - especially Cretaceous cycads - and from fan palms and early
+angiosperms of plainly Tertiary date. Nothing definitely later than the Pliocene
+could be discovered. In the placing of these shutters - whose edges showed the
+former presence of queer and long-vanished hinges - usage seemed to be varied -
+some being on the outer and some on the inner side of the deep embrasures.
+They seemed to have become wedged in place, thus surviving the rusting of their
+former and probably metallic fixtures and fastenings.
+
+After a time we came across a row of windows - in the bulges of a colossal five-
+edged cone of undamaged apex - which led into a vast, well-preserved room
+with stone flooring; but these were too high in the room to permit descent
+without a rope. We had a rope with us, but did not wish to bother with this
+twenty-foot drop unless obliged to-especially in this thin plateau air where great
+demands were made upon the heart action. This enormous room was probably a
+hall or concourse of some sort, and our electric torches showed bold, distinct,
+and potentially startling sculptures arranged round the walls in broad,
+horizontal bands separated by equally broad strips of conventional arabesques.
+
+
+
+48
+
+
+
+We took careful note of this spot, planning to enter here unless a more easily
+gained interior were encountered.
+
+Finally, though, we did encounter exactly the opening we wished; an archway
+about six feet wide and ten feet high, marking the former end of an aerial bridge
+which had spanned an alley about five feet above the present level of glaciation.
+These archways, of course, were flush with upper-story floors, and in this case
+one of the floors still existed. The building thus accessible was a series of
+rectangular terraces on our left facing westward. That across the alley, where the
+other archway yawned, was a decrepit cylinder with no windows and with a
+curious bulge about ten feet above the aperture. It was totally dark inside, and
+the archway seemed to open on a well of illimitable emptiness.
+
+Heaped debris made the entrance to the vast left-hand building doubly easy, yet
+for a moment we hesitated before taking advantage of the long-wished chance.
+For though we had penetrated into this tangle of archaic mystery, it required
+fresh resolution to carry us actually inside a complete and surviving building of a
+fabulous elder world whose nature was becoming more and more hideously
+plain to us. In the end, however, we made the plunge, and scrambled up over the
+rubble into the gaping embrasure. The floor beyond was of great slate slabs, and
+seemed to form the outlet of a long, high corridor with sculptured walls.
+
+Observing the many inner archways which led off from it, and realizing the
+probable complexity of the nest of apartments within, we decided that we must
+begin our system of hare-and-hound trail blazing. Hitherto our compasses,
+together with frequent glimpses of the vast mountain range between the towers
+in our rear, had been enough to prevent our losing our way; but from now on,
+the artificial substitute would be necessary. Accordingly we reduced our extra
+paper to shreds of suitable size, placed these in a bag to be carried by Danforth,
+and prepared to use them as economically as safety would allow. This method
+would probably gain us immunity from straying, since there did not appear to be
+any strong air currents inside the primordial masonry. If such should develop, or
+if our paper supply should give out, we could of course fall back on the more
+secure though more tedious and retarding method of rock chipping.
+
+Just how extensive a territory we had opened up, it was impossible to guess
+without a trial. The close and frequent connection of the different buildings made
+it likely that we might cross from one to another on bridges underneath the ice,
+except where impeded by local collapses and geologic rifts, for very little
+glaciation seemed to have entered the massive constructions. Almost all the areas
+of transparent ice had revealed the submerged windows as tightly shuttered, as
+if the town had been left in that uniform state until the glacial sheet came to
+crystallize the lower part for all succeeding time. Indeed, one gained a curious
+
+
+
+49
+
+
+
+impression that this place had been dehberately closed and deserted in some
+dim, bygone aeon, rather than overwhelmed by any sudden calamity or even
+gradual decay. Had the coming of the ice been foreseen, and had a nameless
+population left en masse to seek a less doomed abode? The precise physiographic
+conditions attending the formation of the ice sheet at this point would have to
+wait for later solution. It had not, very plainly, been a grinding drive. Perhaps
+the pressure of accumulated snows had been responsible, and perhaps some
+flood from the river, or from the bursting of some ancient glacial dam in the
+great range, had helped to create the special state now observable. Imagination
+could conceive almost anything in connection with this place.
+
+VI
+
+It would be cumbrous to give a detailed, consecutive account of our wanderings
+inside that cavernous, aeon-dead honeycomb of primal masonry - that
+monstrous lair of elder secrets which now echoed for the first time, after
+uncounted epochs, to the tread of human feet. This is especially true because so
+much of the horrible drama and revelation came from a mere study of the
+omnipresent mural carvings. Our flashlight photographs of those carvings will
+do much toward proving the truth of what we are now disclosing, and it is
+lamentable that we had not a larger film supply with us. As it was, we made
+crude notebook sketches of certain salient features after all our films were used
+up.
+
+The building which we had entered was one of great size and elaborateness, and
+gave us an impressive notion of the architecture of that nameless geologic past.
+The inner partitions were less massive than the outer walls, but on the lower
+levels were excellently preserved. Labyrinthine complexity, involving curiously
+irregular difference in floor levels, characterized the entire arrangement; and we
+should certainly have been lost at the very outset but for the trail of torn paper
+left behind us. We decided to explore the more decrepit upper parts first of all,
+hence climbed aloft in the maze for a distance of some one hundred feet, to
+where the topmost tier of chambers yawned snowily and ruinously open to the
+polar sky. Ascent was effected over the steep, transversely ribbed stone ramps or
+inclined planes which everywhere served in lieu of stairs. The rooms we
+encountered were of all imaginable shapes and proportions, ranging from five-
+pointed stars to triangles and perfect cubes. It might be safe to say that their
+general average was about 30 x 30 feet in floor area, and 20 feet in height, though
+many larger apartments existed. After thoroughly examining the upper regions
+and the glacial level, we descended, story by story, into the submerged part,
+where indeed we soon saw we were in a continuous maze of connected
+chambers and passages probably leading over unlimited areas outside this
+particular building. The Cyclopean massiveness and gigantism of everything
+
+
+
+50
+
+
+
+about us became curiously oppressive; and there was something vaguely but
+deeply unhuman in all the contours, dimensions, proportions, decorations, and
+constructional nuances of the blasphemously archaic stonework. We soon
+realized, from what the carvings revealed, that this monstrous city was many
+million years old.
+
+We cannot yet explain the engineering principles used in the anomalous
+balancing and adjustment of the vast rock masses, though the function of the
+arch was clearly much relied on. The rooms we visited were wholly bare of all
+portable contents, a circumstance which sustained our belief in the city's
+deliberate desertion. The prime decorative feature was the almost universal
+system of mural sculpture, which tended to run in continuous horizontal bands
+three feet wide and arranged from floor to ceiling in alternation with bands of
+equal width given over to geometrical arabesques. There were exceptions to this
+rule of arrangement, but its preponderance was overwhelming. Often, however,
+a series of smooth car-touches containing oddly patterned groups of dots would
+be sunk along one of the arabesque bands.
+
+The technique, we soon saw, was mature, accomplished, and aesthetically
+evolved to the highest degree of civilized mastery, though utterly alien in every
+detail to any known art tradition of the human race. In delicacy of execution no
+sculpture I have ever seen could approach it. The minutest details of elaborate
+vegetation, or of animal life, were rendered with astonishing vividness despite
+the bold scale of the carvings; whilst the conventional designs were marvels of
+skillful intricacy. The arabesques displayed a profound use of mathematical
+principles, and were made up of obscurely symmetrical curves and angles based
+on the quantity of five. The pictorial bands followed a highly formalized
+tradition, and involved a peculiar treatment of perspective, but had an artistic
+force that moved us profoundly, notwithstanding the intervening gulf of vast
+geologic periods. Their method of design hinged on a singular juxtaposition of
+the cross section with the two-dimensional silhouette, and embodied an
+analytical psychology beyond that of any known race of antiquity. It is useless to
+try to compare this art with any represented in our museums. Those who see our
+photographs will probably find its closest analogue in certain grotesque
+conceptions of the most daring futurists.
+
+The arabesque tracery consisted altogether of depressed lines, whose depth on
+unweathered walls varied from one to two inches. When cartouches with dot
+groups appeared - evidently as inscriptions in some unknown and primordial
+language and alphabet - the depression of the smooth surface was perhaps an
+inch and a half, and of the dots perhaps a half inch more. The pictorial bands
+were in countersunk low relief, their background being depressed about two
+inches from the original wall surface. In some specimens marks of a former
+
+
+
+51
+
+
+
+coloration could be detected, though for the most part the untold aeons had
+disintegrated and banished any pigments which may have been applied. The
+more one studied the marvelous technique, the more one admired the things.
+Beneath their strict conventionalization one could grasp the minute and accurate
+observation and graphic skill of the artists; and indeed, the very conventions
+themselves served to symbolize and accentuate the real essence or vital
+differentiation of every object delineated. We felt, too, that besides these
+recognizable excellences there were others lurking beyond the reach of our
+perceptions. Certain touches here and there gave vague hints of latent symbols
+and stimuli which another mental and emotional background, and a fuller or
+different sensory equipment, might have made of profound and poignant
+significance to us.
+
+The subject matter of the sculptures obviously came from the life of the vanished
+epoch of their creation, and contained a large proportion of evident history. It is
+this abnormal historic-mindedness of the primal race - a chance circumstance
+operating, through coincidence, miraculously in our favor - which made the
+carvings so awesomely informative to us, and which caused us to place their
+photography and transcription above all other considerations. In certain rooms
+the dominant arrangement was varied by the presence of maps, astronomical
+charts, and other scientific designs of an enlarged scale - these things giving a
+naive and terrible corroboration to what we gathered from the pictorial friezes
+and dadoes. In hinting at what the whole revealed, I can only hope that my
+account will not arouse a curiosity greater than sane caution on the part of those
+who believe me at all. It would be tragic if any were to be allured to that realm of
+death and horror by the very warning meant to discourage them.
+
+Interrupting these sculptured walls were high windows and massive twelve-foot
+doorways; both now and then retaining the petrified wooden planks -
+elaborately carved and polished-of the actual shutters and doors. All metal
+fixtures had long ago vanished, but some of the doors remained in place and had
+to be forced aside as we progressed from room to room. Window frames with
+odd transparent panes - mostly elliptical - survived here and there, though in no
+considerable quantity. There were also frequent niches of great magnitude,
+generally empty, but once in a while containing some bizarre object carved from
+green soapstone which was either broken or perhaps held too inferior to warrant
+removal. Other apertures were undoubtedly connected with bygone mechanical
+facilities - heating, lighting, and the like-of a sort suggested in many of the
+carvings. Ceilings tended to be plain, but had sometimes been inlaid with green
+soapstone or other tiles, mostly fallen now. Floors were also paved with such
+tiles, though plain stonework predominated.
+
+
+
+52
+
+
+
+As I have said, all furniture and other movables were absent; but the sculptures
+gave a clear idea of the strange devices which had once filled these tomblike,
+echoing rooms. Above the glacial sheet the floors were generally thick with
+detritus, litter, and debris, but farther down this condition decreased. In some of
+the lower chambers and corridors there was little more than gritty dust or
+ancient incrustations, while occasional areas had an uncanny air of newly swept
+immaculateness. Of course, where rifts or collapses had occurred, the lower
+levels were as littered as the upper ones. A central court - as in other structures
+we had seen from the air - saved the inner regions from total darkness; so that we
+seldom had to use our electric torches in the upper rooms except when studying
+sculptured details. Below the ice cap, however, the twilight deepened; and in
+many parts of the tangled ground level there was an approach to absolute
+blackness.
+
+To form even a rudimentary idea of our thoughts and feelings as we penetrated
+this aeon-silent maze of unhuman masonry, one must correlate a hopelessly
+bewildering chaos of fugitive moods, memories, and impressions. The sheer
+appalling antiquity and lethal desolation of the place were enough to overwhelm
+almost any sensitive person, but added to these elements were the recent
+unexplained horror at the camp, and the revelations all too soon effected by the
+terrible mural sculptures around us. The moment we came upon a perfect section
+of carving, where no ambiguity of interpretation could exist, it took only a brief
+study to give us the hideous truth - a truth which it would be naive to claim
+Danforth and I had not independently suspected before, though we had carefully
+refrained from even hinting it to each other. There could now be no further
+merciful doubt about the nature of the beings which had built and inhabited this
+monstrous dead city millions of years ago, when man's ancestors were primitive
+archaic mammals, and vast dinosaurs roamed the tropical steppes of Europe and
+Asia.
+
+We had previously clung to a desperate alternative and insisted - each to himself
+- that the omnipresence of the five-pointed motifs meant only some cultural or
+religious exaltation of the Archaean natural object which had so patently
+embodied the quality of five-pointedness; as the decorative motifs of Minoan
+Crete exalted the sacred bull, those of Egypt the scarabaeus, those of Rome the
+wolf and the eagle, and those of various savage tribes some chosen totem animal.
+But this lone refuge was now stripped from us, and we were forced to face
+definitely the reason-shaking realization which the reader of these pages has
+doubtless long ago anticipated. I can scarcely bear to write it down in black and
+white even now, but perhaps that will not be necessary.
+
+The things once rearing and dwelling in this frightful masonry in the age of
+dinosaurs were not indeed dinosaurs, but far worse. Mere dinosaurs were new
+
+
+
+53
+
+
+
+and almost brainless objects - but the builders of the city were wise and old, and
+had left certain traces in rocks even then laid down well nigh a thousand million
+years - rocks laid down before the true life of earth had advanced beyond plastic
+groups of cells - rocks laid down before the true life of earth had existed at all.
+They were the makers and enslavers of that life, and above all doubt the originals
+of the fiendish elder myths which things like the Pnakotic Manuscripts and the
+Necronomicon affrightedly hint about. They were the great "Old Ones" that had
+filtered down from the stars when earth was young - the beings whose substance
+an alien evolution had shaped, and whose powers were such as this planet had
+never bred. And to think that only the day before Danforth and I had actually
+looked upon fragments of their millennially fossilized substance - and that poor
+Lake and his party had seen their complete outlines - It is of course impossible
+for me to relate in proper order the stages by which we picked up what we know
+of that monstrous chapter of prehuman life. After the first shock of the certain
+revelation, we had to pause a while to recuperate, and it was fully three o'clock
+before we got started on our actual tour of systematic research. The sculptures in
+the building we entered were of relatively late date - perhaps two million years
+ago-as checked up by geological, biological, and astronomical features - and
+embodied an art which would be called decadent in comparison with that of
+specimens we found in older buildings after crossing bridges under the glacial
+sheet. One edifice hewn from the solid rock seemed to go back forty or possibly
+even fifty million years - to the lower Eocene or upper Cretaceous - and
+contained bas-reliefs of an artistry surpassing anything else, with one
+tremendous exception, that we encountered. That was, we have since agreed, the
+oldest domestic structure we traversed.
+
+Were it not for the support of those flashlights soon to be made public, I would
+refrain from telling what I found and inferred, lest I be confined as a madman. Of
+course, the infinitely early parts of the patchwork tale - representing the
+preterrestrial life of the star-headed beings on other planets, in other galaxies,
+and in other universes - can readily be interpreted as the fantastic mythology of
+those beings themselves; yet such parts sometimes involved designs and
+diagrams so uncannily close to the latest findings of mathematics and
+astrophysics that I scarcely know what to think. Let others judge when they see
+the photographs I shall publish.
+
+Naturally, no one set of carvings which we encountered told more than a fraction
+of any connected story, nor did we even begin to come upon the various stages
+of that story in their proper order. Some of the vast rooms were independent
+units so far as their designs were concerned, whilst in other cases a continuous
+chronicle would be carried through a series of rooms and corridors. The best of
+the maps and diagrams were on the walls of a frightful abyss below even the
+ancient ground level - a cavern perhaps two hundred feet square and sixty feet
+
+
+
+54
+
+
+
+high, which had almost undoubtedly been an educational center of some sort.
+There were many provoking repetitions of the same material in different rooms
+and buildings, since certain chapters of experience, and certain summaries or
+phases of racial history, had evidently been favorites with different decorators or
+dwellers. Sometimes, though, variant versions of the same theme proved useful
+in settling debatable points and filling up gaps.
+
+I still wonder that we deduced so much in the short time at our disposal. Of
+course, we even now have only the barest outline - and much of that was
+obtained later on from a study of the photographs and sketches we made. It may
+be the effect of this later study - the revived memories and vague impressions
+acting in conjunction with his general sensitiveness and with that final supposed
+horror-glimpse whose essence he will not reveal even to me - which has been the
+immediate source of Danforth's present breakdown. But it had to be; for we
+could not issue our warning intelligently without the fullest possible
+information, and the issuance of that warning is a prime necessity. Certain
+lingering influences in that unknown antarctic world of disordered time and
+alien natural law make it imperative that further exploration be discouraged.
+
+VII
+
+The full story, so far as deciphered, will eventually appear in an official bulletin
+of Miskatonic University. Here I shall sketch only the salient highlights in a
+formless, rambling way. Myth or otherwise, the sculptures told of the coming of
+those star-headed things to the nascent, lifeless earth out of cosmic space - their
+coming, and the coming of many other alien entities such as at certain times
+embark upon spatial pioneering. They seemed able to traverse the interstellar
+ether on their vast membranous wings - thus oddly confirming some curious hill
+folklore long ago told me by an antiquarian colleague. They had lived under the
+sea a good deal, building fantastic cities and fighting terrific battles with
+nameless adversaries by means of intricate devices employing unknown
+principles of energy. Evidently their scientific and mechanical knowledge far
+surpassed man's today, though they made use of its more widespread and
+elaborate forms only when obliged to. Some of the sculptures suggested that they
+had passed through a stage of mechanized life on other planets, but had receded
+upon finding its effects emotionally unsatisfying. Their preternatural toughness
+of organization and simplicity of natural wants made them peculiarly able to live
+on a high plane without the more specialized fruits of artificial manufacture, and
+even without garments, except for occasional protection against the elements.
+
+It was under the sea, at first for food and later for other purposes, that they first
+created earth life - using available substances according to long-known methods.
+The more elaborate experiments came after the annihilation of various cosmic
+
+
+
+55
+
+
+
+enemies. They had done the same thing on other planets, having manufactured
+not only necessary foods, but certain multicellular protoplasmic masses capable
+of molding their tissues into all sorts of temporary organs under hypnotic
+influence and thereby forming ideal slaves to perform the heavy work of the
+community. These viscous masses were without doubt what Abdul Alhazred
+whispered about as the "Shoggoths" in his frightful Necronomicon, though even
+that mad Arab had not hinted that any existed on earth except in the dreams of
+those who had chewed a certain alkaloidal herb. When the star-headed Old Ones
+on this planet had synthesized their simple food forms and bred a good supply
+of Shoggoths, they allowed other cell groups to develop into other forms of
+animal and vegetable life for sundry purposes, extirpating any whose presence
+became troublesome.
+
+With the aid of the Shoggoths, whose expansions could be made to lift
+prodigious weights, the small, low cities under the sea grew to vast and
+imposing labyrinths of stone not unlike those which later rose on land. Indeed,
+the highly adaptable Old Ones had lived much on land in other parts of the
+universe, and probably retained many traditions of land construction. As we
+studied the architecture of all these sculptured palaeogean cities, including that
+whose aeon-dead corridors we were even then traversing, we were impressed by
+a curious coincidence which we have not yet tried to explain, even to ourselves.
+The tops of the buildings, which in the actual city around us had, of course, been
+weathered into shapeless ruins ages ago, were clearly displayed in the bas-
+reliefs, and showed vast clusters of needle-like spires, delicate finials on certain
+cone and pyramid apexes, and tiers of thin, horizontal scalloped disks capping
+cylindrical shafts. This was exactly what we had seen in that monstrous and
+portentous mirage, cast by a dead city whence such skyline features had been
+absent for thousands and tens of thousands of years, which loomed on our
+ignorant eyes across the unfathomed mountains of madness as we first
+approached poor Lake's ill-fated camp.
+
+Of the life of the Old Ones, both under the sea and after part of them migrated to
+land, volumes could be written. Those in shallow water had continued the fullest
+use of the eyes at the ends of their five main head tentacles, and had practiced
+the arts of sculpture and of writing in quite the usual way - the writing
+accomplished with a stylus on waterproof waxen surfaces. Those lower down in
+the ocean depths, though they used a curious phosphorescent organism to
+furnish light, pieced out their vision with obscure special senses operating
+through the prismatic cilia on their heads - senses which rendered all the Old
+Ones partly independent of light in emergencies. Their forms of sculpture and
+writing had changed curiously during the descent, embodying certain
+apparently chemical coating processes - probably to secure phosphorescence -
+which the basreliefs could not make clear to us. The beings moved in the sea
+
+
+
+56
+
+
+
+partly by swimming - using the lateral crinoid arms - and partly by wriggling
+with the lower tier of tentacles containing the pseudofeet. Occasionally they
+accomplished long swoops with the auxiliary use of two or more sets of their
+fanlike folding wings. On land they locally used the pseudofeet, but now and
+then flew to great heights or over long distances with their wings. The many
+slender tentacles into which the crinoid arms branched were infinitely delicate,
+flexible, strong, and accurate in muscular-nervous coordination - ensuring the
+utmost skill and dexterity in all artistic and other manual operations.
+
+The toughness of the things was almost incredible. Even the terrific pressure of
+the deepest sea bottoms appeared powerless to harm them. Very few seemed to
+die at all except by violence, and their burial places were very limited. The fact
+that they covered their vertically inhumed dead with five-pointed inscribed
+mounds set up thoughts in Danforth and me which made a fresh pause and
+recuperation necessary after the sculptures revealed it. The beings multiplied by
+means of spores - like vegetable pteridophytes, as Lake had suspected - but,
+owing to their prodigious toughness and longevity, and consequent lack of
+replacement needs, they did not encourage the large-scale development of new
+prothallia except when they had new regions to colonize. The young matured
+swiftly, and received an education evidently beyond any standard we can
+imagine. The prevailing intellectual and aesthetic life was highly evolved, and
+produced a tenaciously enduring set of customs and institutions which I shall
+describe more fully in my coming monograph. These varied slightly according to
+sea or land residence, but had the same foundations and essentials.
+
+Though able, like vegetables, to derive nourishment from inorganic substances,
+they vastly preferred organic and especially animal food. They ate uncooked
+marine life under the sea, but cooked their viands on land. They hunted game
+and raised meat herds - slaughtering with sharp weapons whose odd marks on
+certain fossil bones our expedition had noted. They resisted all ordinary
+temperatures marvelously, and in their natural state could live in water down to
+freezing. When the great chill of the Pleistocene drew on, however - nearly a
+million years ago-the land dwellers had to resort to special measures, including
+artificial heating - until at last the deadly cold appears to have driven them back
+into the sea. For their prehistoric flights through cosmic space, legend said, they
+absorbed certain chemicals and became almost independent of eating, breathing,
+or heat conditions - but by the time of the great cold they had lost track of the
+method. In any case they could not have prolonged the artificial state indefinitely
+without harm.
+
+Being nonpairing and semivegetable in structure, the Old Ones had no biological
+basis for the family phase of mammal life, but seemed to organize large
+households on the principles of comfortable space- utility and - as we deduced
+
+
+
+bl
+
+
+
+from the pictured occupations and diversions of co-dwellers - congenial mental
+association. In furnishing their homes they kept everything in the center of the
+huge rooms, leaving all the wall spaces free for decorative treatment. Lighting, in
+the case of the land inhabitants, was accomplished by a device probably electro-
+chemical in nature. Both on land and under water they used curious tables,
+chairs and couches like cylindrical frames - for they rested and slept upright with
+folded- down tentacles - and racks for hinged sets of dotted surfaces forming
+their books.
+
+Government was evidently complex and probably socialistic, though no
+certainties in this regard could be deduced from the sculptures we saw. There
+was extensive commerce, both local and between different cities - certain small,
+flat counters, five-pointed and inscribed, serving as money. Probably the smaller
+of the various greenish soapstones found by our expedition were pieces of such
+currency. Though the culture was mainly urban, some agriculture and much
+stock raising existed. Mining and a limited amount of manufacturing were also
+practiced. Travel was very frequent, but permanent migration seemed relatively
+rare except for the vast colonizing movements by which the race expanded. For
+personal locomotion no external aid was used, since in land, air, and water
+movement alike the Old Ones seemed to possess excessively vast capacities for
+speed. Loads, however, were drawn by beasts of burden - Shoggoths under the
+sea, and a curious variety of primitive vertebrates in the later years of land
+existence.
+
+These vertebrates, as well as an infinity of other life forms - animal and
+vegetable, marine, terrestrial, and aerial - were the products of unguided
+evolution acting on life cells made by the Old Ones, but escaping beyond their
+radius of attention. They had been suffered to develop unchecked because they
+had not come in conflict with the dominant beings. Bothersome forms, of course,
+were mechanically exterminated. It interested us to see in some of the very last
+and most decadent sculptures a shambling, primitive mammal, used sometimes
+for food and sometimes as an amusing buffoon by the land dwellers, whose
+vaguely simian and human foreshadowings were unmistakable. In the building
+of land cities the huge stone blocks of the high towers were generally lifted by
+vast-winged pterodactyls of a species heretofore unknown to paleontology.
+
+The persistence with which the Old Ones survived various geologic changes and
+convulsions of the earth's crust was little short of miraculous. Though few or
+none of their first cities seem to have remained beyond the Archaean Age, there
+was no interruption in their civilization or in the transmission of their records.
+Their original place of advent to the planet was the Antarctic Ocean, and it is
+likely that they came not long after the matter forming the moon was wrenched
+from the neighboring South Pacific. According to one of the sculptured maps the
+
+
+
+58
+
+
+
+whole globe was then under water, with stone cities scattered farther and farther
+from the antarctic as aeons passed. Another map shows a vast bulk of dry land
+around the south pole, where it is evident that some of the beings made
+experimental settlements, though their main centers were transferred to the
+nearest sea bottom. Later maps, which display the land mass as cracking and
+drifting, and sending certain detached parts northward, uphold in a striking way
+the theories of continental drift lately advanced by Taylor, Wegener, and Joly.
+
+With the upheaval of new land in the South Pacific tremendous events began.
+Some of the marine cities were hopelessly shattered, yet that was not the worst
+misfortune. Another race - a land race of beings shaped like octopi and probably
+corresponding to fabulous prehuman spawn of Cthulhu - soon began filtering
+down from cosmic infinity and precipitated a -monstrous war which for a time
+drove the Old Ones wholly back to the sea - a colossal blow in view of the
+increasing land settlements. Later peace was made, and the new lands were
+given to the Cthulhu spawn whilst the Old Ones held the sea and the older
+lands. New land cities were founded - the greatest of them in the antarctic, for
+this region of first arrival was sacred. From then on, as before, the antarctic
+remained the center of the Old Ones' civilization, and all the cities built there by
+the Cthulhu spawn were blotted out. Then suddenly the lands of the Pacific sank
+again, taking with them the frightful stone city of R'lyeh and all the cosmic
+octopi, so that the Old Ones were again supreme on the planet except for one
+shadowy fear about which they did not like to speak. At a rather later age their
+cities dotted all the land and water areas of the globe - hence the
+recommendation in my coming monograph that some archaeologist make
+systematic borings with Pabodie's type of apparatus in certain widely separated
+regions.
+
+The steady trend down the ages was from water to land - a movement
+encouraged by the rise of new land masses, though the ocean was never wholly
+deserted. Another cause of the landward movement was the new difficulty in
+breeding and managing the Shoggoths upon which successful sea life depended.
+With the march of time, as the sculptures sadly confessed, the art of creating new
+life from inorganic matter had been lost, so that the Old Ones had to depend on
+the molding of forms already in existence. On land the great reptiles proved
+highly tractable; but the Shoggoths of the sea, reproducing by fission and
+acquiring a dangerous degree of accidental intelligence, presented for a time a
+formidable problem.
+
+They had always been controlled through the hypnotic suggestions of the Old
+Ones, and had modeled their tough plasticity into various useful temporary
+limbs and organs; but now their self-modeling powers were sometimes exercised
+independently, and in various imitative forms implanted by past suggestion.
+
+
+
+59
+
+
+
+They had, it seems, developed a semistable brain whose separate and
+occasionally stubborn volition echoed the will of the Old Ones without always
+obeying it. Sculptured images of these Shoggoths filled Danforth and me with
+horror and loathing. They were normally shapeless entities composed of a
+viscous jelly which looked like an agglutination of bubbles, and each averaged
+about fifteen feet in diameter when a sphere. They had, however, a constantly
+shifting shape and volume - throwing out temporary developments or forming
+apparent organs of sight, hearing, and speech in imitation of their masters, either
+spontaneously or according to suggestion.
+
+They seem to have become peculiarly intractable toward the middle of the
+Permian Age, perhaps one hundred and fifty million years ago, when a veritable
+war of resubjugation was waged upon them by the marine Old Ones. Pictures of
+this war, and of the headless, slime-coated fashion in which the Shoggoths
+typically left their slain victims, held a marvelously fearsome quality despite the
+intervening abyss of untold ages. The Old Ones had used curious weapons of
+molecular and atomic disturbances against the rebel entities, and in the end had
+achieved a complete victory. Thereafter the sculptures showed a period in which
+Shoggoths were tamed and broken by armed Old Ones as the wild horses of the
+American west were tamed by cowboys. Though during the rebellion the
+Shoggoths had shown an ability to live out of water, this transition was not
+encouraged - since their usefulness on land would hardly have been
+commensurate with the trouble of their management.
+
+During the Jurassic Age the Old Ones met fresh adversity in the form of a new
+invasion from outer space - this time by half-fungous, half-crustacean creatures -
+creatures undoubtedly the same as those figuring in certain whispered hill
+legends of the north, and remembered in the Himalayas as the Mi-Go, or
+abominable Snow Men. To fight these beings the Old Ones attempted, for the
+first time since their terrene advent, to sally forth again into the planetary ether;
+but, despite all traditional preparations, found it no longer possible to leave the
+earth's atmosphere. Whatever the old secret of interstellar travel had been, it was
+now definitely lost to the race. In the end the Mi-Go drove the Old Ones out of all
+the northern lands, though they were powerless to disturb those in the sea. Little
+by little the slow retreat of the elder race to their original antarctic habitat was
+beginning.
+
+It was curious to note from the pictured battles that both the Cthulhu spawn and
+the Mi-Go seem to have been composed of matter more widely different from
+that which we know than was the substance of the Old Ones. They were able to
+undergo transformations and reintegrations impossible for their adversaries, and
+seem therefore to have originally come from even remoter gulfs of the cosmic
+space. The Old Ones, but for their abnormal toughness and peculiar vital
+
+
+
+60
+
+
+
+properties, were strictly material, and must have had their absolute origin within
+the known space-time continuum - whereas the first sources of the other beings
+can only be guessed at with bated breath. All this, of course, assuming that the
+non-terrestrial linkages and the anomalies ascribed to the invading foes are not
+pure mythology. Conceivably, the Old Ones might have invented a cosmic
+framework to account for their occasional defeats, since historical interest and
+pride obviously formed their chief psychological element. It is significant that
+their annals failed to mention many advanced and potent races of beings whose
+mighty cultures and towering cities figure persistently in certain obscure
+legends.
+
+The changing state of the world through long geologic ages appeared with
+startling vividness in many of the sculptured maps and scenes. In certain cases
+existing science will require revision, while in other cases its bold deductions are
+magnificently confirmed. As I have said, the hypothesis of Taylor, Wegener, and
+Joly that all the continents are fragments of an original antarctic land mass which
+cracked from centrifugal force and drifted apart over a technically viscous lower
+surface - an hypothesis suggested by such things as the complementary outlines
+of Africa and South America, and the way the great mountain chains are rolled
+and shoved up - receives striking support from this uncanny source.
+
+Maps evidently showing the Carboniferous world of an hundred million or more
+years ago displayed significant rifts and chasms destined later to separate Africa
+from the once continuous realms of Europe (then the Valusia of primal legend),
+Asia, the Americas, and the antarctic continent. Other charts - and most
+significantly one in connection with the founding fifty million years ago of the
+vast dead city around us - showed all the present continents well differentiated.
+And in the latest discoverable specimen - dating perhaps from the Pliocene Age -
+the approximate world of today appeared quite clearly despite the linkage of
+Alaska with Siberia, of North America with Europe through Greenland, and of
+South America with the antarctic continent through Graham Land. In the
+Carboniferous map the whole globe-ocean floor and rifted land mass alike - bore
+symbols of the Old Ones' vast stone cities, but in the later charts the gradual
+recession toward the antarctic became very plain. The final Pliocene specimen
+showed no land cities except on the antarctic continent and the tip of South
+America, nor any ocean cities north of the fiftieth parallel of South Latitude.
+Knowledge and interest in the northern world, save for a study of coast lines
+probably made during long exploration flights on those fanlike membranous
+wings, had evidently declined to zero among the Old Ones.
+
+Destruction of cities through the upthrust of mountains, the centrifugal rending
+of continents, the seismic convulsions of land or sea bottom, and other natural
+causes, was a matter of common record; and it was curious to observe how fewer
+
+
+
+61
+
+
+
+and fewer replacements were made as the ages wore on. The vast dead
+megalopoHs that yawned around us seemed to be the last general center of the
+race - built early in the Cretaceous Age after a titanic earth buckling had
+obliterated a still vaster predecessor not far distant. It appeared that this general
+region was the most sacred spot of all, where reputedly the first Old Ones had
+settled on a primal sea bottom. In the new city - many of whose features we
+could recognize in the sculptures, but which stretched fully a hundred miles
+along the mountain range in each direction beyond the farthest limits of our
+aerial survey - there were reputed to be preserved certain sacred stones forming
+part of the first sea-bottom city, which thrust up to light after long epochs in the
+course of the general crumbling of strata.
+
+VIII
+
+Naturally, Danforth and I studied with especial interest and a peculiarly
+personal sense of awe everything pertaining to the immediate district in which
+we were. Of this local material there was naturally a vast abundance; and on the
+tangled ground level of the city we were lucky enough to find a house of very
+late date whose walls, though somewhat damaged by a neighboring rift,
+contained sculptures of decadent workmanship carrying the story of the region
+much beyond the period of the Pliocene map whence we derived our last general
+glimpse of the prehuman world. This was the last place we examined in detail,
+since what we found there gave us a fresh immediate objective.
+
+Certainly, we were in one of the strangest, weirdest, and most terrible of all the
+corners of earth's globe. Of all existing lands, it was infinitely the most ancient.
+The conviction grew upon us that this hideous upland must indeed be the fabled
+nightmare plateau of Leng which even the mad author of the Necronomicon was
+reluctant to discuss. The great mountain chain was tremendously long - starting
+as a low range at Luitpold Land on the east coast of Weddell Sea and virtually
+crossing the entire continent. That really high part stretched in a mighty arc from
+about Latitude 82°, E. Longitude 60° to Latitude 70°, E. Longitude 115°, with its
+concave side toward our camp and its seaward end in the region of that long, ice-
+locked coast whose hills were glimpsed by Wilkes and Mawson at the antarctic
+circle.
+
+Yet even more monstrous exaggerations of nature seemed disturbingly close at
+hand. I have said that these peaks are higher than the Himalayas, but the
+sculptures forbid me to say that they are earth's highest. That grim honor is
+beyond doubt reserved for something which half the sculptures hesitated to
+record at all, whilst others approached it with obvious repugnance and
+trepidation. It seems that there was one part of the ancient land - the first part
+that ever rose from the waters after the earth had flung off the moon and the Old
+
+
+
+62
+
+
+
+Ones had seeped down, from the stars - which had come to be shunned as
+vaguely and namelessly evil. Cities built there had crumbled before their time,
+and had been found suddenly deserted. Then when the first great earth buckling
+had convulsed the region in the Comanchian Age, a frightful line of peaks had
+shot suddenly up amidst the most appalling din and chaos - and earth had
+received her loftiest and most terrible mountains.
+
+If the scale of the carvings was correct, these abhorred things must have been
+much over forty thousand feet high - radically vaster than even the shocking
+mountains of madness we had crossed. They extended, it appeared, from about
+Latitude 77°, E. Longitude 70° to Latitude 70°, E. Longitude 100° - less than three
+hundred miles away from the dead city, so that we would have spied their
+dreaded summits in the dim western distance had it not been for that vague,
+opalescent haze. Their northern end must likewise be visible from the long
+antarctic circle coast line at Queen Mary Land.
+
+Some of the Old Ones, in the decadent days, had made strange prayers to those
+mountains - but none ever went near them or dared to guess what lay beyond.
+No human eye had ever seen them, and as I studied the emotions conveyed in
+the carvings, I prayed that none ever might. There are protecting hills along the
+coast beyond them - Queen Mary and Kaiser Wilhelm Lands - and I thank
+Heaven no one has been able to land and climb those hills. I am not as sceptical
+about old tales and fears as I used to be, and I do not laugh now at the prehuman
+sculptor's notion that lightning paused meaningfully now and then at each of the
+brooding crests, and that an unexplained glow shone from one of those terrible
+pinnacles all through the long polar night. There may be a very real and very
+monstrous meaning in the old Pnakotic whispers about Kadath in the Cold
+Waste.
+
+But the terrain close at hand was hardly less strange, even if less namelessly
+accursed. Soon after the founding of the city the great mountain range became
+the seat of the principal temples, and many carvings showed what grotesque and
+fantastic towers had pierced the sky where now we saw only the curiously
+clinging cubes and ramparts. In the course of ages the caves had appeared, and
+had been shaped into adjuncts of the temples. With the advance of still later
+epochs, all the limestone veins of the region were hollowed out by ground
+waters, so that the mountains, the foothills, and the plains below them were a
+veritable network of connected caverns and galleries. Many graphic sculptures
+told of explorations deep underground, and of the final discovery of the Stygian
+sunless sea that lurked at earth's bowels.
+
+This vast nighted gulf had undoubtedly been worn by the great river which
+flowed down from the nameless and horrible westward mountains, and which
+
+
+
+63
+
+
+
+had formerly turned at the base of the Old Ones' range and flowed beside that
+chain into the Indian Ocean between Budd and Totten Lands on Wilkes's coast
+line. Little by little it had eaten away the limestone hill base at its turning, till at
+last its sapping currents reached the caverns of the ground waters and joined
+with them in digging a deeper abyss. Finally its whole bulk emptied into the
+hollow hills and left the old bed toward the ocean dry. Much of the later city as
+we now found it had been built over that former bed. The Old Ones,
+understanding what had happened, and exercising their always keen artistic
+sense, had carved into ornate pylons those headlands of the foothills where the
+great stream began its descent into eternal darkness.
+
+This river, once crossed by scores of noble stone bridges, was plainly the one
+whose extinct course we had seen in our aeroplane survey. Its position in
+different carvings of the city helped us to orient ourselves to the scene as it had
+been at various stages of the region's age-long, aeon-dead history, so that we
+were able to sketch a hasty but careful map of the salient features - squares,
+important buildings, and the like - for guidance in further explorations. We could
+soon reconstruct in fancy the whole stupendous thing as it was a million or ten
+million or fifty million years ago, for the sculptures told us exactly what the
+buildings and mountains and squares and suburbs and landscape setting and
+luxuriant Tertiary vegetation had looked like. It must have had a marvelous and
+mystic beauty, and as I thought of it, I almost forgot the clammy sense of sinister
+oppression with which the city's inhuman age and massiveness and deadness
+and remoteness and glacial twilight had choked and weighed on my spirit. Yet
+according to certain carvings, the denizens of that city had themselves known the
+clutch of oppressive terror; for there was a somber and recurrent type of scene in
+which the Old Ones were shown in the act of recoiling affrightedly from some
+object - never allowed to appear in the design - found in the great river and
+indicated as having been washed down through waving, vine-draped cycad
+forests from those horrible westward mountains.
+
+It was only in the one late-built house with the decadent carvings that we
+obtained any foreshadowing of the final calamity leading to the city's desertion.
+Undoubtedly there must have been many sculptures of the same age elsewhere,
+even allowing for the slackened energies and aspirations of a stressful and
+uncertain period; indeed, very certain evidence of the existence of others came to
+us shortly afterward. But this was the first and only set we directly encountered.
+We meant to look farther later on; but as I have said, immediate conditions
+dictated another present objective. There would, though, have been a limit - for
+after all hope of a long future occupancy of the place had perished among the
+Old Ones, there could not but have been a complete cessation of mural
+decoration. The ultimate blow, of course, was the coming of the great cold which
+once held most of the earth in thrall, and which has never departed from the ill-
+
+
+
+64
+
+
+
+fated poles - the great cold that, at the world's other extremity, put an end to the
+fabled lands of Lomar and Hyperborea.
+
+Just when this tendency began in the antarctic, it would be hard to say in terms
+of exact years. Nowadays we set the beginning of the general glacial periods at a
+distance of about five hundred thousand years from the present, but at the poles
+the terrible scourge must have commenced much earlier. All quantitative
+estimates are partly guesswork, but it is quite likely that the decadent sculptures
+were made considerably less than a million years ago, and that the actual
+desertion of the city was complete long before the conventional opening of the
+Pleistocene - five hundred thousand years ago - as reckoned in terms of the
+earth's whole surface.
+
+In the decadent sculptures there were signs of thinner vegetation everywhere,
+and of a decreased country life on the part of the Old Ones. Heating devices were
+shown in the houses, and winter travelers were represented as muffled in
+protective fabrics. Then we saw a series of cartouches - the continuous band
+arrangement being frequently interrupted in these late carvings - depicting a
+constantly growing migration to the nearest refuges of greater warmth - some
+fleeing to cities under the sea off the far-away coast, and some clambering down
+through networks of limestone caverns in the hollow hills to the neighboring
+black abyss of subterrene waters.
+
+In the end it seems to have been the neighboring abyss which received the
+greatest colonization. This was partly due, no doubt, to the traditional sacredness
+of this special region, but may have been more conclusively determined by the
+opportunities it gave for continuing the use of the great temples on the
+honeycombed mountains, and for retaining the vast land city as a place of
+summer residence and base of communication with various mines. The linkage
+of old and new abodes was made more effective by means of several gradings
+and improvements along the connecting routes, including the chiseling of
+numerous direct tunnels from the ancient metropolis to the black abyss - sharply
+down-pointing tunnels whose mouths we carefully drew, according to our most
+thoughtful estimates, on the guide map we were compiling. It was obvious that
+at least two of these tunnels lay within a reasonable exploring distance of where
+we were - both being on the mountainward edge of the city, one less than a
+quarter of a mile toward the ancient river course, and the other perhaps twice
+that distance in the opposite direction.
+
+The abyss, it seems, had shelving shores of dry land at certain places, but the Old
+Ones built their new city under water - no doubt because of its greater certainty
+of uniform warmth. The depth of the hidden sea appears to have been very great,
+so that the earth's internal heat could ensure its habitability for an indefinite
+
+
+
+65
+
+
+
+period. The beings seemed to have had no trouble in adapting themselves to
+part-time - and eventually, of course, whole-time - residence under water, since
+they had never allowed their gill systems to atrophy. There were many
+sculptures which showed how they had always frequently visited their
+submarine kinsfolk elsewhere, and how they had habitually bathed on the deep
+bottom of their great river. The darkness of inner earth could likewise have been
+no deterrent to a race accustomed to long antarctic nights.
+
+Decadent though their style undoubtedly was, these latest carvings had a truly
+epic quality where they told of the building of the new city in the cavern sea. The
+Old Ones had gone about it scientifically - quarrying insoluble rocks from the
+heart of the honeycombed mountains, and employing expert workers from the
+nearest submarine city to perform the construction according to the best
+methods. These workers brought with them all that was necessary to establish
+the new venture - Shoggoth tissue from which to breed stone lifters and
+subsequent beasts of burden for the cavern city, and other protoplasmic matter to
+mold into phosphorescent organisms for lighting purposes.
+
+At last a mighty metropolis rose on the bottom of that Stygian sea, its
+architecture much like that of the city above, and its workmanship displaying
+relatively little decadence because of the precise mathematical element inherent
+in building operations. The newly bred Shoggoths grew to enormous size and
+singular intelligence, and were represented as taking and executing orders with
+marvelous quickness. They seemed to converse with the Old Ones by mimicking
+their voices - a sort of musical piping over a wide range, if poor Lake's dissection
+had indicated aright - and to work more from spoken commands than from
+hypnotic suggestions as in earlier times. They were, however, kept in admirable
+control. The phosphorescent organisms supplied light With vast effectiveness,
+and doubtless atoned for the loss of the familiar polar auroras of the outer-world
+night.
+
+Art and decoration were pursued, though of course with a certain decadence.
+The Old Ones seemed to realize this falling off themselves, and in many cases
+anticipated the policy of Constantine the Great by transplanting especially fine
+blocks of ancient carving from their land city, just as the emperor, in a similar age
+of decline, stripped Greece and Asia of their finest art to give his new Byzantine
+capital greater splendors than its own people could create. That the transfer of
+sculptured blocks had not been more extensive was doubtless owing to the fact
+that the land city was not at first wholly abandoned. By the time total
+abandonment did occur - and it surely must have occurred before the polar
+Pleistocene was far advanced - the Old Ones had perhaps become satisfied with
+their decadent art - or had ceased to recognize the superior merit of the older
+carvings. At any rate, the aeon-silent ruins around us had certainly undergone no
+
+
+
+66
+
+
+
+wholesale sculptural denudation, though all the best separate statues, like other
+movables, had been taken away.
+
+The decadent cartouches and dadoes telling this story were, as I have said, the
+latest we could find in our limited search. They left us with a picture of the Old
+Ones shuttling back and forth betwixt the land city in summer and the sea-
+cavern city in winter, and sometimes trading with the sea-bottom cities off the
+antarctic coast. By this time the ultimate doom of the land city must have been
+recognized, for the sculptures showed many signs of the cold's malign
+encroachments. Vegetation was declining, and the terrible snows of the winter
+no longer melted completely even in midsummer. The saunan livestock were
+nearly all dead, and the mammals were standing it none too well. To keep on
+with the work of the upper world it had become necessary to adapt some of the
+amorphous and curiously cold-resistant Shoggoths to land life - a thing the Old
+Ones had formerly been reluctant to do. The great river was now lifeless, and the
+upper sea had lost most of its denizens except the seals and whales. All the birds
+had flown away, save only the great, grotesque penguins.
+
+What had happened afterward we could only guess. How long had the new sea-
+cavern city survived? Was it still down there, a stony corpse in eternal blackness?
+Had the subterranean waters frozen at last? To what fate had the ocean-bottom
+cities of the outer world been delivered? Had any of the Old Ones shifted north
+ahead of the creeping ice cap? Existing geology shows no trace of their presence.
+Had the frightful Mi-Go been still a menace in the outer land world of the north?
+Could one be sure of what might or might not linger, even to this day, in the
+lightless and unplumbed abysses of earth's deepest waters? Those things had
+seemingly been able to withstand any amount of pressure - and men of the sea
+have fished up curious objects at times. And has the killer-whale theory really
+explained the savage and mysterious scars on antarctic seals noticed a generation
+ago by Borchgrevingk?
+
+The specimens found by poor Lake did not enter into these guesses, for their
+geologic setting proved them to have lived at what must have been a very early
+date in the land city's history. They were, according to their location, certainly
+not less than thirty million years old, and we reflected that in their day the sea-
+cavern city, and indeed the cavern itself, had had no existence. They would have
+remembered an older scene, with lush Tertiary vegetation everywhere, a
+younger land city of flourishing arts around them, and a great river sweeping
+northward along the base of the mighty mountains toward a far-away tropic
+ocean.
+
+And yet we could not help thinking about these specimens - especially about the
+eight perfect ones that were missing from Lake's hideously ravaged camp. There
+
+
+
+67
+
+
+
+was something abnormal about that whole business - the strange things we had
+tried so hard to lay to somebody's madness - those frightful graves - the amount
+and nature of the missing material - Gedney - the unearthly toughness of those
+archaic monstrosities, and the queer vital freaks the sculptures now showed the
+race to have - Danforth and I had seen a good deal in the last few hours, and
+were prepared to believe and keep silent about many appalling and incredible
+secrets of primal nature.
+
+IX
+
+I have said that our study of the decadent sculptures brought about a change in
+our immediate objective. This, of course, had to do with the chiseled avenues to
+the black inner world, of whose existence we had not known before, but which
+we were now eager to find and traverse. From the evident scale of the carvings
+we deduced that a steeply descending walk of about a mile through either of the
+neighboring tunnels would bring us to the brink of the dizzy, sunless cliffs about
+the great abyss; down whose sides paths, improved by the Old Ones, led to the
+rocky shore of the hidden and nighted ocean. To behold this fabulous gulf in
+stark reality was a lure which seemed impossible of resistance once we knew of
+the thing - yet we realized we must begin the quest at once if we expected to
+include it in our present trip.
+
+It was now 8 P.M., and we did not have enough battery replacements to let our
+torches burn on forever. We had done so much studying and copying below the
+glacial level that our battery supply had had at least five hours of nearly
+continuous use, and despite the special dry cell formula, would obviously be
+good for only about four more - though by keeping one torch unused, except for
+especially interesting or difficult places, we might manage to eke out a safe
+margin beyond that. It would not do to be without a light in these Cyclopean
+catacombs, hence in order to make the abyss trip we must give up all further
+mural deciphering. Of course we intended to revisit the place for days and
+perhaps weeks of intensive study and photography - curiosity having long ago
+got the better of horror - but just now we must hasten.
+
+Our supply of trail-blazing paper was far from unlimited, and we were reluctant
+to sacrifice spare notebooks or sketching paper to augment it, but we did let one
+large notebook go. If worse came to worst we could resort to rock chipping - and
+of course it would be possible, even in case of really lost direction, to work up to
+full daylight by one channel or another if granted sufficient time for plentiful
+trial and error. So at last we set off eagerly in the indicated direction of the
+nearest tunnel.
+
+
+
+68
+
+
+
+According to the carvings from which we had made our map, the desired tunnel
+mouth could not be much more than a quarter of a mile from where we stood;
+the intervening space showing solid-looking buildings quite likely to be
+penetrable still at a sub-glacial level. The opening itself would be in the basement
+- on the angle nearest the foothills - of a vast five-pointed structure of evidently
+public and perhaps ceremonial nature, which we tried to identify from our aerial
+survey of the ruins.
+
+No such structure came to our minds as we recalled our flight, hence we
+concluded that its upper parts had been greatly damaged, or that it had been
+totally shattered in an ice rift we had noticed. In the latter case the tunnel would
+probably turn out to be choked, so that we would have to try the next nearest
+one - the one less than a mile to the north. The intervening river course
+prevented our trying any of the more southern tunnels on this trip; and indeed, if
+both of the neighboring ones were choked it was doubtful whether our batteries
+would warrant an attempt on the next northerly one - about a mile beyond our
+second choice.
+
+As we threaded our dim way through the labyrinth with the aid of map and
+compass - traversing rooms and corridors in every stage of ruin or preservation,
+clambering up ramps, crossing upper floors and bridges and clambering down
+again, encountering choked doorways and piles of debris, hastening now and
+then along finely preserved and uncannily immaculate stretches, taking false
+leads and retracing our way (in such cases removing the blind paper trail we had
+left), and once in a while striking the bottom of an open shaft through which
+daylight poured or trickled down - we were repeatedly tantalized by the
+sculptured walls along our route. Many must have told tales of immense
+historical importance, and only the prospect of later visits reconciled us to the
+need of passing them by. As it was, we slowed down once in a while and turned
+on our second torch. If we had had more films, we would certainly have paused
+briefly to photograph certain bas-reliefs, but time-consuming hand-copying was
+clearly out of the question.
+
+I come now once more to a place where the temptation to hesitate, or to hint
+rather than state, is very strong. It is necessary, however, to reveal the rest in
+order to justify my course in discouraging further exploration. We had wormed
+our way very close to the computed site of the tunnel's mouth - having crossed a
+second-story bridge to what seemed plainly the tip of a pointed wall, and
+descended to a ruinous corridor especially rich in decadently elaborate and
+apparently ritualistic sculptures of late workmanship - when, shortly before 8:30
+P.M., Danforth's keen young nostrils gave us the first hint of something unusual.
+If we had had a dog with us, I suppose we would have been warned before. At
+first we could not precisely say what was wrong with the formerly crystal-pure
+
+
+
+69
+
+
+
+air, but after a few seconds our memories reacted only too definitely. Let me try
+to state the thing without flinching. There was an odor - and that odor was
+vaguely, subtly, and unmistakably akin to what had nauseated us upon opening
+the insane grave of the horror poor Lake had dissected.
+
+Of course the revelation was not as clearly cut at the time as it sounds now. There
+were several conceivable explanations, and we did a good deal of indecisive
+whispering. Most important of all, we did not retreat without further
+investigation; for having come this far, we were loath to be balked by anything
+short of certain disaster. Anyway, what we must have suspected was altogether
+too wild to believe. Such things did not happen in any normal world. It was
+probably sheer irrational instinct which made us dim our single torch - tempted
+no longer by the decadent and sinister sculptures that leered menacingly from
+the oppressive walls - and which softened our progress to a cautious tiptoeing
+and crawling over the increasingly littered floor and heaps of debris.
+
+Danforth's eyes as well as nose proved better than mine, for it was likewise he
+who first noticed the queer aspect of the debris after we had passed many half-
+choked arches leading to chambers and corridors on the ground level. It did not
+look quite as it ought after countless thousands of years of desertion, and when
+we cautiously turned on more light we saw that a kind of swath seemed to have
+been lately tracked through it. The irregular nature of the litter precluded any
+definite marks, but in the smoother places there were suggestions of the
+dragging of heavy objects. Once we thought there was a hint of parallel tracks as
+if of runners. This was what made us pause again.
+
+It was during that pause that we caught - simultaneously this time - the other
+odor ahead. Paradoxically, it was both a less frightful and more frightful odor -
+less frightful intrinsically, but infinitely appalling in this place under the known
+circumstances - unless, of course, Gedney - for the odor was the plain and
+familiar one of common petrol - every-day gasoline.
+
+Our motivation after that is something I will leave to psychologists. We knew
+now that some terrible extension of the camp horrors must have crawled into this
+nighted burial place of the aeons, hence could not doubt any longer the existence
+of nameless conditions - present or at least recent just ahead. Yet in the end we
+did let sheer burning curiosity-or anxiety-or autohypnotism - or vague thoughts
+of responsibility toward Gedney - or what not - drive us on. Danforth whispered
+again of the print he thought he had seen at the alley turning in the ruins above;
+and of the faint musical piping - potentially of tremendous significance in the
+light of Lake's dissection report, despite its close resemblance to the cave-mouth
+echoes of the windy peaks - which he thought he had shortly afterward half
+heard from unknown depths below. I, in my turn, whispered of how the camp
+
+
+
+70
+
+
+
+was left - of what had disappeared, and of how the madness of a lone survivor
+might have conceived the inconceivable - a wild trip across the monstrous
+mountains and a descent into the unknown, primal masonry - But we could not
+convince each other, or even ourselves, of anything definite. We had turned off
+all light as we stood still, and vaguely noticed that a trace of deeply filtered
+upper day kept the blackness from being absolute. Having automatically begun
+to move ahead, we guided ourselves by occasional flashes from our torch. The
+disturbed debris formed an impression we could not shake off, and the smell of
+gasoline grew stronger. More and more ruin met our eyes and hampered our
+feet, until very soon we saw that the forward way was about to cease. We had
+been all too correct in our pessimistic guess about that rift glimpsed from the air.
+Our tunnel quest was a blind one, and we were not even going to be able to
+reach the basement out of which the abyssward aperture opened.
+
+The torch, flashing over the grotesquely carved walls of the blocked corridor in
+which we stood, showed several doorways in various states of obstruction; and
+from one of them the gasoline odor-quite submerging that other hint of odor -
+came with especial distinctness. As we looked more steadily, we saw that
+beyond a doubt there had been a slight and recent clearing away of debris from
+that particular opening. Whatever the lurking horror might be, we believed the
+direct avenue toward it was now plainly manifest. I do not think anyone will
+wonder that we waited an appreciable time before making any further motion.
+
+And yet, when we did venture inside that black arch, our first impression was
+one of anticlimax. For amidst the littered expanse of that sculptured Crypt - a
+perfect cube with sides of about twenty feet - there remained no recent object of
+instantly discernible size; so that we looked instinctively, though in vain, for a
+farther doorway. In another moment, however, Danforth's sharp vision had
+descried a place where the floor debris had been disturbed; and we turned on
+both torches full strength. Though what we saw in that light was actually simple
+and trifling, I am none the less reluctant to tell of it because of what it implied. It
+was a rough leveling of the debris, upon which several small objects lay
+carelessly scattered, and at one corner of which a considerable amount of
+gasoline must have been spilled lately enough to leave a strong odor even at this
+extreme superplateau altitude. In other words, it could not be other than a sort of
+camp - a camp made by questing beings who, like us, had been turned back by
+the unexpectedly choked way to the abyss.
+
+Let me be plain. The scattered objects were, so far as substance was concerned,
+all from Lake's camp; and consisted of tin cans as queerly opened as those we
+had seen at that ravaged place, many spent matches, three illustrated books more
+or less curiously smudged, an empty ink bottle with its pictorial and
+instructional carton, a broken fountain pen, some oddly snipped fragments of fur
+
+
+
+71
+
+
+
+and tent cloth, a used electric battery with circular of directions, a folder that
+came with our type of tent heater, and a sprinkling of crumpled papers. It was all
+bad enough but when we smoothed out the papers and looked at what was on
+them, we felt we had come to the worst. We had found certain inexplicably
+blotted papers at the camp which might have prepared us, yet the effect of the
+sight down there in the prehuman vaults of a nightmare city was almost too
+much to bear.
+
+A mad Gedney might have made the groups of dots in imitation of those found
+on the greenish soapstones, just as the dots on those insane five-pointed grave
+mounds might have been made; and he might conceivably have prepared rough,
+hasty sketches - varying in their accuracy or lack of it - which outlined the
+neighboring parts of the city and traced the way from a circularly represented
+place outside our previous route - a place we identified as a great cylindrical
+tower in the carvings and as a vast circular gulf glimpsed in our aerial survey - to
+the present five-pointed structure and the tunnel mouth therein.
+
+He might, I repeat, have prepared such sketches; for those before us were quite
+obviously compiled, as our own had been, from late sculptures somewhere in the
+glacial labyrinth, though not from the ones which we had seen and used. But
+what the art-blind bungler could never have done was to execute those sketches
+in a strange and assured technique perhaps superior, despite haste and
+carelessness, to any of the decadent carvings from which they were taken - the
+characteristic and unmistakable technique of the Old Ones themselves in the
+dead city's heyday.
+
+There are those who will say Danforth and I were utterly mad not to flee for our
+lives after that; since our conclusions were now - notwithstanding their wildness
+
+- completely fixed, and of a nature I need not even mention to those who have
+read my account as far as this. Perhaps we were mad - for have I not said those
+horrible peaks were mountains of madness? But I think I can detect something of
+the same spirit - albeit in a less extreme form - in the men who stalk deadly
+beasts through African jungles to photograph them or study their habits. Half
+paralyzed with terror though we were, there was nevertheless fanned within us a
+blazing flame of awe and curiosity which triumphed in the end.
+
+Of course we did not mean to face that - or those - which we knew had been
+there, but we felt that they must be gone by now. They would by this time have
+found the other neighboring entrance to the abyss, and have passed within, to
+whatever night-black fragments of the past might await them in the ultimate gulf
+
+- the ultimate gulf they had never seen. Or if that entrance, too, was blocked, they
+would have gone on to the north seeking another. They were, we remembered,
+partly independent of light.
+
+
+
+72
+
+
+
+Looking back to that moment, I can scarcely recall just what precise form our
+new emotions took - just what change of immediate objective it was that so
+sharpened our sense of expectancy. We certainly did not mean to face what we
+feared - yet I will not deny that we may have had a lurking, unconscious wish to
+spy certain things from some hidden vantage point. Probably we had not given
+up our zeal to glimpse the abyss itself, though there was interposed a new goal
+in the form of that great circular place shown on the crumpled sketches we had
+found. We had at once recognized it as a monstrous cylindrical tower figuring in
+the very earliest carvings, but appearing only as a prodigious round aperture
+from above. Something about the impressiveness of its rendering, even in these
+hasty diagrams, made us think that its subglacial levels must still form a feature
+of peculiar importance. Perhaps it embodied architectural marvels as yet
+unencountered by us. It was certainly of incredible age according to the
+sculptures in which it figured - being indeed among the first things built in the
+city. Its carvings, if preserved, could not but be highly significant. Moreover, it
+might form a good present link with the upper world - a shorter route than the
+one we were so carefully blazing, and probably that by which those others had
+descended.
+
+At any rate, the thing we did was to study the terrible sketches - which quite
+perfectly confirmed our own - and start back over the indicated course to the
+circular place; the course which our nameless predecessors must have traversed
+twice before us. The other neighboring gate to the abyss would lie beyond that. I
+need not speak of our journey - during which we continued to leave an
+economical trail of paper - for it was precisely the same in kind as that by which
+we had reached the cul-de-sac; except that it tended to adhere more closely to the
+ground level and even descend to basement corridors. Every now and then we
+could trace certain disturbing marks in the debris or litter underfoot; and after
+we had passed outside the radius of the gasoline scent, we were again faintly
+conscious - spasmodically - of that more hideous and more persistent scent. After
+the way had branched from our former course, we sometimes gave the rays of
+our single torch a furtive sweep along the walls; noting in almost every case the
+well-nigh omnipresent sculptures, which indeed seem to have formed a main
+aesthetic outlet for the Old Ones.
+
+About 9:30 P.M., while traversing a long, vaulted corridor whose increasingly
+glaciated floor seemed somewhat below the ground level and whose roof grew
+lower as we advanced, we began to see strong daylight ahead and were able to
+turn off our torch. It appeared that we were coming to the vast circular place,
+and that our distance from the upper air could not be very great. The corridor
+ended in an arch surprisingly low for these megalithic ruins, but we could see
+much through it even before we emerged. Beyond there stretched a prodigious
+round space - fully two hundred feet in diameter - strewn with debris and
+
+
+
+73
+
+
+
+containing many choked archways corresponding to the one we were about to
+cross. The walls were - in available spaces - boldly sculptured into a spiral band
+of heroic proportions; and displayed, despite the destructive weathering caused
+by the openness of the spot, an artistic splendor far beyond anything we had
+encountered before. The littered floor was quite heavily glaciated, and we
+fancied that the true bottom lay at a considerably lower depth.
+
+But the salient object of the place was the titanic stone ramp which, eluding the
+archways by a sharp turn outward into the open floor, wound spirally up the
+stupendous cylindrical wall like an inside counterpart of those once climbing
+outside the monstrous towers or ziggurats of antique Babylon. Only the rapidity
+of our flight, and the perspective which confounded the descent with the tower's
+inner wall, had prevented our noticing this feature from the air, and thus caused
+us to seek another avenue to the subglacial level. Pabodie might have been able
+to tell what sort of engineering held it in place, but Danforth and I could merely
+admire and marvel. We could see mighty stone corbels and pillars here and
+there, but what we saw seemed inadequate to the function performed. The thing
+was excellently preserved up to the present top of the tower - a highly
+remarkable circumstance in view of its exposure - and its shelter had done much
+to protect the bizarre and disturbing cosmic sculptures on the walls.
+
+As we stepped out into the awesome half daylight of this monstrous cylinder
+bottom - fifty million years old, and without doubt the most primally ancient
+structure ever to meet our eyes - we saw that the ramp- traversed sides stretched
+dizzily up to a height of fully sixty feet. This, we recalled from our aerial survey,
+meant an outside glaciation of some forty feet; since the yawning gulf we had
+seen from the plane had been at the top of an approximately twenty-foot mound
+of crumbled masonry, somewhat sheltered for three-fourths of its circumference
+by the massive curving walls of a line of higher ruins. According to the
+sculptures, the original tower had stood in the center of an immense circular
+plaza, and had been perhaps five hundred or six hundred feet high, with tiers of
+horizontal disks near the top, and a row of needlelike spires along the upper rim.
+Most of the masonry had obviously toppled outward rather than inward - a
+fortunate happening, since otherwise the ramp might have been shattered and
+the whole interior choked. As it was, the ramp showed sad battering; whilst the
+choking was such that all the archways at the bottom seemed to have been
+recently cleared.
+
+It took us only a moment to conclude that this was indeed the route by which
+those others had descended, and that this would be the logical route for our own
+ascent despite the long trail of paper we had left elsewhere. The tower's mouth
+was no farther from the foothills and our waiting plane than was the great
+terraced building we had entered, and any further subglacial exploration we
+
+
+
+74
+
+
+
+might make on this trip would He in this general region. Oddly, we were still
+thinking about possible later trips - even after all we had seen and guessed. Then,
+as we picked our way cautiously over the debris of the great floor, there came a
+sight which for the time excluded all other matters.
+
+It was the neatly huddled array of three sledges in that farther angle of the
+ramp's lower and outward- projecting course which had hitherto been screened
+from our view. There they were - the three sledges missing from Lake's camp -
+shaken by a hard usage which must have included forcible dragging along great
+reaches of snowless masonry and debris, as well as much hand portage over
+utterly unnavigable places. They were carefully and intelligently packed and
+strapped, and contained things memorably familiar enough: the gasoline stove,
+fuel cans, instrument cases, provision tins, tarpaulins obviously bulging with
+books, and some bulging with less obvious contents - everything derived from
+Lake's equipment.
+
+Alter what we had found in that other room, we were in a measure prepared for
+this encounter. The really great shock came when we stepped over and undid
+one tarpaulin whose outlines had peculiarly disquieted us. It seems that others as
+well as Lake had been interested in collecting typical specimens; for there were
+two here, both stiffly frozen, perfectly preserved, patched with adhesive plaster
+where some wounds around the neck had occurred, and wrapped with care to
+prevent further damage. They were the bodies of young Gedney and the missing
+dog.
+
+X
+
+Many people will probably judge us callous as well as mad for thinking about
+the northward tunnel and the abyss so soon after our somber discovery, and I am
+not prepared to say that we would have immediately revived such thoughts but
+for a specific circumstance which broke in upon us and set up a whole new train
+of speculations. We had replaced the tarpaulin over poor Gedney and were
+standing in a kind of mute bewilderment when the sounds finally reached our
+consciousness - the first sounds we had heard since descending out of the open
+where the mountain wind whined faintly from its unearthly heights. Well-
+known and mundane though they were, their presence in this remote world of
+death was more unexpected and unnerving than any grotesque or fabulous tones
+could possibly have been - since they gave a fresh upsetting to all our notions of
+cosmic harmony.
+
+Had it been some trace of that bizarre musical piping over a wide range which
+Lake's dissection report had led us to expect in those others - and which, indeed,
+our overwrought fancies had been reading into every wind howl we had heard
+
+
+
+7b
+
+
+
+since coining on the camp horror - it would have had a kind of helHsh congruity
+with the aeon-dead region around us. A voice from other epochs belongs in a
+graveyard of other epochs. As it was, however, the noise shattered all our
+profoundly seated adjustments - all our tacit acceptance of the inner antarctic as a
+waste utterly and irrevocably void of every vestige of normal life. What we heard
+was not the fabulous note of any buried blasphemy of elder earth from whose
+supernal toughness an age-denied polar sun had evoked a monstrous response.
+Instead, it was a thing so mockingly normal and so unerringly familiarized by
+our sea days off Victoria Land and our camp days at McMurdo Sound that we
+shuddered to think of it here, where such things ought not to be. To be brief - it
+was simply the raucous squawking of a penguin.
+
+The muffled sound floated from subglacial recesses nearly opposite to the
+corridor whence we had come - regions manifestly in the direction of that other
+tunnel to the vast abyss. The presence of a living water bird in such a direction -
+in a world whose surface was one of age-long and uniform lifelessness - could
+lead to only one conclusion; hence our first thought was to verify the objective
+reality of the sound. It was, indeed, repeated, and seemed at times to come from
+more than one throat. Seeking its source, we entered an archway from which
+much debris had been cleared; resuming our trail blazing - with an added paper
+supply taken with curious repugnance from one of the tarpaulin bundles on the
+sledges - when we left daylight behind.
+
+As the glaciated floor gave place to a litter of detritus, we plainly discerned some
+curious, dragging tracks; and once Danforth found a distinct print of a sort
+whose description would be only too superfluous. The course indicated by the
+penguin cries was precisely what our map and compass prescribed as an
+approach to the more northerly tunnel mouth, and we were glad to find that a
+bridgeless thoroughfare on the ground and basement levels seemed open. The
+tunnel, according to the chart, ought to start from the basement of a large
+pyramidal structure which we seemed vaguely to recall from our aerial survey as
+remarkably well-preserved. Along our path the single torch showed a customary
+profusion of carvings, but we did not pause to examine any of these.
+
+Suddenly a bulky white shape loomed up ahead of us, and we flashed on the
+second torch. It is odd how wholly this new quest had turned our minds from
+earlier fears of what might lurk near. Those other ones, having left their supplies
+in the great circular place, must have planned to return after their scouting trip
+toward or into the abyss; yet we had now discarded all caution concerning them
+as completely as if they had never existed. This white, waddling thing was fully
+six feet high, yet we seemed to realize at once that it was not one of those others.
+They were larger and dark, and, according to the sculptures, their motion over
+land surfaces was a swift, assured matter despite the queerness of their sea-born
+
+
+
+76
+
+
+
+tentacle equipment. But to say that the white thing did not profoundly frighten
+us would be vain. We were indeed clutched for an instant by primitive dread
+almost sharper than the worst of our reasoned fears regarding those others. Then
+came a flash of anticlimax as the white shape sidled into a lateral archway to our
+left to join two others of its kind which had summoned it in raucous tones. For it
+was only a penguin - albeit of a huge, unknown species larger than the greatest
+of the known king penguins, and monstrous in its combined albinism and virtual
+eyelessness.
+
+When we had followed the thing into the archway and turned both our torches
+on the indifferent and unheeding group of three, we saw that they were all
+eyeless albinos of the same unknown and gigantic species. Their size reminded
+us of some of the archaic penguins depicted in the Old Ones' sculptures, and it
+did not take us long to conclude that they were descended from the same stock-
+undoubtedly surviving through a retreat to some warmer inner region whose
+perpetual blackness had destroyed their pigmentation and atrophied their eyes
+to mere useless slits. That their present habitat was the vast abyss we sought, was
+not for a moment to be doubted; and this evidence of the gulf's continued
+warmth and habitability filled us with the most curious and subtly perturbing
+fancies.
+
+We wondered, too, what had caused these three birds to venture out of their
+usual domain. The state and silence of the great dead city made it clear that it
+had at no time been an habitual seasonal rookery, whilst the manifest
+indifference of the trio to our presence made it seem odd that any passing party
+of those others should have startled them. Was it possible that those others had
+taken some aggressive action or t- ried to increase their meat supply? We
+doubted whether that pungent odor which the dogs had hated could cause an
+equal antipathy in these penguins, since their ancestors had obviously lived on
+excellent terms with the Old Ones - an amicable relationship which must have
+survived in the abyss below as long as any of the Old Ones remained. Regretting
+- in a flare-up of the old spirit of pure science - that we could not photograph
+these anomalous creatures, we shortly left them to their squawking and pushed
+on toward the abyss whose openness was now so positively proved to us, and
+whose exact direction occasional penguin tracks made clear.
+
+Not long afterward a steep descent in a long, low, doorless, and peculiarly
+sculptureless corridor led us to believe that we were approaching the tunnel
+mouth at last. We had passed two more penguins, and heard others immediately
+ahead. Then the corridor ended in a prodigious open space which made us gasp
+involuntarily - a perfect inverted hemisphere, obviously deep underground; fully
+a hundred feet in diameter and fifty feet high, with low archways opening
+around all parts of the circumference but one, and that one yawning cavernously
+
+
+
+n
+
+
+
+with a black, arched aperture which broke the symmetry of the vauh to a height
+of nearly fifteen feet. It was the entrance to the great abyss.
+
+In this vast hemisphere, whose concave roof was impressively though
+decadently carved to a likeness of the primordial celestial dome, a few albino
+penguins waddled - aliens there, but indifferent and unseeing. The black tunnel
+yawned indefinitely off at a steep, descending grade, its aperture adorned with
+grotesquely chiseled jambs and lintel. From that cryptical mouth we fancied a
+current of slightly warmer air, and perhaps even a suspicion of vapor proceeded;
+and we wondered what living entities other than penguins the limitless void
+below, and the contiguous honeycombings of the land and the titan mountains,
+might conceal. We wondered, too, whether the trace of mountaintop smoke at
+first suspected by poor Lake, as well as the odd haze we had ourselves perceived
+around the rampart-crowned peak, might not be caused by the tortuous-
+channeled rising of some such vapor from the unfathomed regions of earth's
+core.
+
+Entering the tunnel, we saw that its outline was - at least at the start - about
+fifteen feet each way - sides, floor, and arched roof composed of the usual
+megalithic masonry. The sides were sparsely decorated with cartouches of
+conventional designs in a late, decadent style; and all the construction and
+carving were marvelously well-preserved. The floor was quite clear, except for a
+slight detritus bearing outgoing penguin tracks and the inward tracks of these
+others. The farther one advanced, the warmer it became; so that we were soon
+unbuttoning our heavy garments. We wondered whether there were any actually
+igneous manifestations below, and whether the waters of that sunless sea were
+hot. Alter a short distance the masonry gave place to solid rock, though the
+tunnel kept the same proportions and presented the same aspect of carved
+regularity. Occasionally its varying grade became so steep that grooves were cut
+in the floor. Several times we noted the mouths of small lateral galleries not
+recorded in our diagrams; none of them such as to complicate the problem of our
+return, and all of them welcome as possible refuges in case we met unwelcome
+entities on their way back from the abyss. The nameless scent of such things was
+very distinct. Doubtless it was suicidally foolish to venture into that tunnel under
+the known conditions, but the lure of the unplumbed is stronger in certain
+persons than most suspect - indeed, it was just such a lure which had brought us
+to this unearthly polar waste in the first place. We saw several penguins as we
+passed along, and speculated on the distance we would have to traverse. The
+carvings had led us to expect a steep downhill walk of about a mile to the abyss,
+but our previous wanderings had shown us that matters of scale were not wholly
+to be depended on.
+
+
+
+78
+
+
+
+Alter about a quarter of a mile that nameless scent became greatly accentuated,
+and we kept very careful track of the various lateral openings we passed. There
+was no visible vapor as at the mouth, but this was doubtless due to the lack of
+contrasting cooler air. The temperature was rapidly ascending, and we were not
+surprised to come upon a careless heap of material shudderingly familiar to us. It
+was composed of furs and tent cloth taken from Lake's camp, and we did not
+pause to study the bizarre forms into which the fabrics had been slashed. Slightly
+beyond this point we noticed a decided increase in the size and number of the
+side galleries, and concluded that the densely honeycombed region beneath the
+higher foothills must now have been reached. The nameless scent was now
+curiously mixed with another and scarcely less offensive odor - of what nature
+we could not guess, though we thought of decaying organisms and perhaps
+unknown subterranean fungi. Then came a startling expansion of the tunnel for
+which the carvings had not prepared us - a broadening and rising into a lofty,
+natural-looking elliptical cavern with a level floor, some seventy-five feet long
+and fifty broad, and with many immense side passages leading away into
+cryptical darkness.
+
+Though this cavern was natural in appearance, an inspection with both torches
+suggested that it had been formed by the artificial destruction of several walls
+between adjacent honey combings. The walls were rough, and the high, vaulted
+roof was thick with stalactites; but the solid rock floor had been smoothed off,
+and was free from all debris, detritus, or even dust to a positively abnormal
+extent. Except for the avenue through which we had come, this was true of the
+floors of all the great galleries opening off from it; and the singularity of the
+condition was such as to set us vainly puzzling. The curious new fetor which had
+supplemented the nameless scent was excessively pungent here; so much so that
+it destroyed all trace of the other. Something about this whole place, with its
+polished and almost glistening floor, struck us as more vaguely baffling and
+horrible than any of the monstrous things we had previously encountered.
+
+The regularity of the passage immediately ahead, as well as the larger proportion
+of penguin-droppings there, prevented all confusion as to the right course amidst
+this plethora of equally great cave mouths. Nevertheless we resolved to resume
+our paper trailblazing if any further complexity should develop; for dust tracks,
+of course, could no longer be expected. Upon resuming our direct progress we
+cast a beam of torchlight over the tunnel walls - and stopped short in amazement
+at the supremely radical change which had come over the carvings in this part of
+the passage. We realized, of course, the great decadence of the Old Ones'
+sculpture at the time of the tunneling, and had indeed noticed the inferior
+workmanship of the arabesques in the stretches behind us. But now, in this
+deeper section beyond the cavern, there was a sudden difference wholly
+transcending explanation - a difference in basic nature as well as in mere quality.
+
+
+
+79
+
+
+
+and involving so profound and calamitous a degradation of skill that nothing in
+the hitherto observed rate of decline could have led one to expect it.
+
+This new and degenerate work was coarse, bold, and wholly lacking in delicacy
+of detail. It was countersunk with exaggerated depth in bands following the
+same general line as the sparse car-touches of the earlier sections, but the height
+of the reliefs did not reach the level of the general surface. Danforth had the idea
+that it was a second carving - a sort of palimpsest formed after the obliteration of
+a previous design. In nature it was wholly decorative and conventional, and
+consisted of crude spirals and angles roughly following the quintile
+mathematical tradition of the Old Ones, yet seemingly more like a parody than a
+perpetuation of that tradition. We could not get it out of our minds that some
+subtly but profoundly alien element had been added to the aesthetic feeling
+behind the technique - an alien element, Danforth guessed, that was responsible
+for the laborious substitution. It was like, yet disturbingly unlike, what we had
+come to recognize as the Old Ones' art; and I was persistently reminded of such
+hybrid things as the ungainly Palmyrene sculptures fashioned in the Roman
+manner. That others had recently noticed this belt of carving was hinted by the
+presence of a used flashlight battery on the floor in front of one of the most
+characteristic cartouches.
+
+Since we could not afford to spend any considerable time in study, we resumed
+our advance after a cursory look; though frequently casting beams over the walls
+to see if any further decorative changes developed. Nothing of the sort was
+perceived, though the carvings were in places rather sparse because of the
+numerous mouths of smooth-floored lateral tunnels. We saw and heard fewer
+penguins, but thought we caught a vague suspicion of an infinitely distant
+chorus of them somewhere deep within the earth. The new and inexplicable odor
+was abominably strong, and we could detect scarcely a sign of that other
+nameless scent. Puffs of visible vapor ahead bespoke increasing contrasts in
+temperature, and the relative nearness of the sunless sea cliffs of the great abyss.
+Then, quite unexpectedly, we saw certain obstructions on the polished floor
+ahead - obstructions which were quite definitely not penguins - and turned on
+our second torch after making sure that the objects were quite stationary.
+
+XI
+
+Still another time have I come to a place where it is very difficult to proceed. I
+ought to be hardened by this stage; but there are some experiences and
+intimations which scar too deeply to permit of healing, and leave only such an
+added sensitiveness that memory reinspires all the original horror. We saw, as I
+have said, certain obstructions on the polished floor ahead; and I may add that
+our nostrils were assailed almost simultaneously by a very curious intensification
+
+
+
+80
+
+
+
+of the strange prevailing fetor, now quite plainly mixed with the nameless stench
+of those others which had gone before. The light of the second torch left no doubt
+of what the obstructions were, and we dared approach them only because we
+could see, even from a distance, that they were quite as past all harming power
+as had been the six similar specimens unearthed from the monstrous star-
+mounded graves at poor Lake's camp.
+
+They were, indeed, as lacking - in completeness as most of those we had
+unearthed - though it grew plain from the thick, dark green pool gathering
+around them that their incompleteness was of infinitely greater recency. There
+seemed to be only four of them, whereas Lake's bulletins would have suggested
+no less than eight as forming the group which had preceded us. To find them in
+this state was wholly unexpected, and we wondered what sort of monstrous
+struggle had occurred down here in the dark.
+
+Penguins, attacked in a body, retaliate savagely with their beaks, and our ears
+now made certain the existence of a rookery far beyond. Had those others
+disturbed such a place and aroused murderous pursuit? The obstructions did not
+suggest it, for penguins' beaks against the tough tissues Lake had dissected could
+hardly account for the terrible damage our approaching glance was beginning to
+make out. Besides, the huge blind birds we had seen appeared to be singularly
+peaceful.
+
+Had there, then, been a struggle among those others, and were the absent four
+responsible? If so, where were they? Were they close at hand and likely to form
+an immediate menace to us? We glanced anxiously at some of the smooth-
+floored lateral passages as we continued our slow and frankly reluctant
+approach. Whatever the conflict was, it had clearly been that which had
+frightened the penguins into their unaccustomed wandering. It must, then, have
+arisen near that faintly heard rookery in the incalculable gulf beyond, since there
+were no signs that any birds had normally dwelt here. Perhaps, we reflected,
+there had been a hideous running fight, with the weaker party seeking to get
+back to the cached sledges when their pursuers finished them. One could picture
+the demoniac fray between namelessly monstrous entities as it surged out of the
+black abyss with great clouds of frantic penguins squawking and scurrying
+ahead.
+
+I say that we approached those sprawling and incomplete obstructions slowly
+and reluctantly. Would to Heaven we had never approached them at all, but had
+run back at top speed out of that blasphemous tunnel with the greasily smooth
+floors and the degenerate murals aping and mocking the things they had
+superseded-run back, before we had seen what we did see, and before our minds
+were burned with something which will never let us breathe easily again!
+
+
+
+81
+
+
+
+Both of our torches were turned on the prostrate objects, so that we soon reaHzed
+the dominant factor in their incompleteness. Mauled, compressed, twisted, and
+ruptured as they were, their chief common injury was total decapitation. From
+each one the tentacled starfish head had been removed; and as we drew near we
+saw that the manner of removal looked more like some hellish tearing or suction
+than like any ordinary form of cleavage. Their noisome dark-green ichor formed
+a large, spreading pOOl; but its stench was half overshadowed by the newer and
+stranger stench, here more pungent than at any other point along our route. Only
+when we had come very close to the sprawling obstructions could we trace that
+second, unexplainable fetor to any immediate source - and the instant we did so
+Danforth, remembering certain very vivid sculptures of the Old Ones' history in
+the Permian Age one hundred and fifty million years ago, gave vent to a nerve-
+tortured cry which echoed hysterically through that vaulted and archaic passage
+with the evil, palimpsest carvings.
+
+I came only just short of echoing his cry myself; for I had seen those primal
+sculptures, too, and had shudderingly admired the way the nameless artist had
+suggested that hideous slime coating found on certain incomplete and prostrate
+Old Ones - those whom the frightful Shoggoths had characteristically slain and
+sucked to a ghastly headlessness in the great war of resubjugation. They were
+infamous, nightmare sculptures even when telling of age-old, bygone things; for
+Shoggoths and their work ought not to be seen by human beings or portrayed by
+any beings. The mad author of the Necronomicon had nervously tried to swear
+that none had been bred on this planet, and that only drugged dreamers had
+even conceived them. Formless protoplasm able to mock and reflect all forms
+and organs and processes - viscous agglutinations of bubbling cells - rubbery
+fifteen-foot spheroids infinitely plastic and ductile - slaves of suggestion, builders
+of cities - more and more sullen, more and more intelligent, more and more
+amphibious, more and more imitative! Great God! What madness made even
+those blasphemous Old Ones willing to use and carve such things?
+
+And now, when Danforth and I saw the freshly glistening and reflectively
+iridescent black slime which clung thickly to those headless bodies and stank
+obscenely with that new, unknown odor whose cause only a diseased fancy
+could envisage - clung to those bodies and sparkled less voluminously on a
+smooth part of the accursedly resculptured wall in a series of grouped dots - we
+understood the quality of cosmic fear to its uttermost depths. It was not fear of
+those four missing others - for all too well did we suspect they would do no
+harm again. Poor devils! Alter all, they were not evil things of their kind. They
+were the men of another age and another order of being. Nature had played a
+hellish jest on them - as it will on any others that human madness, callousness, or
+cruelty may hereafter dig up in that hideously dead or sleeping polar waste - and
+this was their tragic homecoming. They had not been even savages-for what
+
+
+
+82
+
+
+
+indeed had they done? That awful awakening in the cold of an unknown epoch -
+perhaps an attack by the furry, frantically barking quadrupeds, and a dazed
+defense against them and the equally frantic white simians with the queer
+wrappings and paraphernalia ... poor Lake, poor Gedney... and poor Old Ones!
+Scientists to the last - what had they done that we would not have done in their
+place? God, what intelligence and persistence! What a facing of the incredible,
+just as those carven kinsmen and forbears had faced things only a little less
+incredible! Radiates, vegetables, monstrosities, star spawn - whatever they had
+been, they were men!
+
+They had crossed the icy peaks on whose templed slopes they had once
+worshipped and roamed among the tree ferns. They had found their dead city
+brooding under its curse, and had read its carven latter days as we had done.
+They had tried to reach their living fellows in fabled depths of blackness they
+had never seen - and what had they found? All this flashed in unison through
+the thoughts of Danforth and me as we looked from those headless, slime-coated
+shapes to the loathsome palimpsest sculptures and the diabolical dot groups of
+fresh slime on the wall beside them - looked and understood what must have
+triumphed and survived down there in the Cyclopean water city of that nighted,
+penguin-fringed abyss, whence even now a sinister curling mist had begun to
+belch pallidly as if in answer to Danforth's hysterical scream.
+
+The shock of recognizing that monstrous slime and headlessness had frozen us
+into mute, motionless statues, and it is only through later conversations that we
+have learned of the complete identity of our thoughts at that moment. It seemed
+aeons that we stood there, but actually it could not have been more than ten or
+fifteen seconds. That hateful, pallid mist curled forward as if veritably driven by
+some remoter advancing bulk-and then came a sound which upset much of what
+we had just decided, and in so doing broke the spell and enabled us to run like
+mad past squawking, confused penguins over our former trail back to the city,
+along ice-sunken megalithic corridors to the great open circle, and up that
+archaic spiral ramp in a frenzied, automatic plunge for the sane outer air and
+light of day.
+
+The new sound, as I have intimated, upset much that we had decided; because it
+was what poor Lake's dissection had led us to attribute to those we had judged
+dead. It was, Danforth later told me, precisely what he had caught in infinitely
+muffled form when at that spot beyond the alley corner above the glacial level;
+and it certainly had a shocking resemblance to the wind pipings we had both
+heard around the lofty mountain caves. At the risk of seeming puerile I will add
+another thing, too, if only because of the surprising way Danforth's impressions
+chimed with mine. Of course common reading is what prepared us both to make
+the interpretation, though Danforth has hinted at queer notions about
+
+
+
+83
+
+
+
+unsuspected and forbidden sources to which Poe may have had access when
+writing his Arthur Gordon Pym a century ago. It will be remembered that in that
+fantastic tale there is a word of unknown but terrible and prodigious significance
+connected with the antarctic and screamed eternally by the gigantic spectrally
+snowy birds of that malign region's core. "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!" That, I may admit,
+is exactly what we thought we heard conveyed by that sudden sound behind the
+advancing white mist-that insidious musical piping over a singularly wide
+range.
+
+We were in full flight before three notes or syllables had been uttered, though we
+knew that the swiftness of the Old Ones would enable any scream-roused and
+pursuing survivor of the slaughter to overtake us in a moment if it really wished
+to do so. We had a vague hope, however, that nonaggressive conduct and a
+display of kindred reason might cause such a being to spare us in case of capture,
+if only from scientific curiosity. Alter all, if such an one had nothing to fear for
+itself, it would have no motive in harming us. Concealment being futile at this
+juncture, we used our torch for a running glance behind, and perceived that the
+mist was thinning. Would we see, at last, a complete and living specimen of
+those others? Again came that insidious musical piping- "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!"
+Then, noting that we were actually gaining on our pursuer, it occurred to us that
+the entity might be wounded. We could take no chances, however, since it was
+very obviously approaching in answer to Danforth's scream, rather than in flight
+from any other entity. The timing was too close to admit of doubt. Of the
+whereabouts of that less conceivable and less mentionable nightmare - that fetid,
+unglimpsed mountain of slime-spewing protoplasm whose race had conquered
+the abyss and sent land pioneers to recarve and squirm through the burrows of
+the hills - we could form no guess; and it cost us a genuine pang to leave this
+probably crippled Old One-perhaps a lone survivor - to the peril of recapture
+and a nameless fate.
+
+Thank Heaven we did not slacken our run. The curling mist had thickened again,
+and was driving ahead with increased speed; whilst the straying penguins in our
+rear were squawking and screaming and displaying signs of a panic really
+surprising in view of their relatively minor confusion when we had passed them.
+Once more came that sinister, wide-ranged piping - "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!" We had
+been wrong. The thing was not wounded, but had merely paused on
+encountering the bodies of its fallen kindred and the hellish slime inscription
+above them. We could never know what that demon message was - but those
+burials at Lake's camp had shown how much importance the beings attached to
+their dead. Our recklessly used torch now revealed ahead of us the large open
+cavern where various ways converged, and we were glad to be leaving those
+morbid palimpsest sculptures - almost felt even when scarcely seen-behind.
+Another thought which the advent of the cave inspired was the possibility of
+
+
+
+84
+
+
+
+losing our pursuer at this bewildering focus of large galleries. There were several
+of the blind albino penguins in the open space, and it seemed clear that their fear
+of the oncoming entity was extreme to the point of unaccountability. If at that
+point we dimmed our torch to the very lowest limit of traveling need, keeping it
+strictly in front of us, the frightened squawking motions of the huge birds in the
+mist might muffle our footfalls, screen our true course, and somehow set up a
+false lead. Amidst the churning, spiraling fog, the littered and unglistening floor
+of the main tunnel beyond this point, as differing from the other morbidly
+polished burrows, could hardly form a highly distinguishing feature; even, so far
+as we could conjecture, for those indicated special senses which made the Old
+Ones partly, though imperfectly, independent of light in emergencies. In fact, we
+were somewhat apprehensive lest we go astray ourselves in our haste. For we
+had, of course, decided to keep straight on toward the dead city; since the
+consequences of loss in those unknown foothill honeycombings would be
+unthinkable.
+
+The fact that we survived and emerged is sufficient proof that the thing did take
+a wrong gallery whilst we providentially hit on the right one. The penguins
+alone could not have saved us, but in conjunction with the mist they seem to
+have done so. Only a benign fate kept the curling vapors thick enough at the
+right moment, for they were constantly shifting and threatening to vanish.
+Indeed, they did lift for a second just before we emerged from the nauseously
+resculptured tunnel into the cave; so that we actually caught one first and only
+half glimpse of the oncoming entity as we cast a final, desperately fearful glance
+backward before dimming the torch and mixing with the penguins in the hope of
+dodging pursuit. If the fate which screened us was benign, that which gave us
+the half glimpse was infinitely the opposite; for to that flash of semivision can be
+traced a full half of the horror which has ever since haunted us.
+
+Our exact motive in looking back again was perhaps no more than the
+immemorial instinct of the pursued to gauge the nature and course of its
+pursuer; or perhaps it was an automatic attempt to answer a subconscious
+question raised by one of our senses. In the midst of our flight, with all our
+faculties centered on the problem of escape, we were in no condition to observe
+and analyze details; yet even so, our latent brain cells must have wondered at the
+message brought them by our nostrils. Alterward we realized what it was-that
+our retreat from the fetid slime coating on those headless obstructions, and the
+coincident approach of the pursuing entity, had not brought us the exchange of
+stenches which logic called for. In the neighborhood of the prostrate things that
+new and lately unexplainable fetor had been wholly dominant; but by this time it
+ought to have largely given place to the nameless stench associated with those
+others. This it had not done - for instead, the newer and less bearable smell was
+
+
+
+85
+
+
+
+now virtually undiluted, and growing more and more poisonously insistent each
+second.
+
+So we glanced back simultaneously, it would appear; though no doubt the
+incipient motion of one prompted the imitation of the other. As we did so we
+flashed both torches full strength at the momentarily thinned mist; either from
+sheer primitive anxiety to see all we could, or in a less primitive but equally
+unconscious effort to dazzle the entity before we dimmed our light and dodged
+among the penguins of the labyrinth center ahead. Unhappy act! Not Orpheus
+himself, or Lot's wife, paid much more dearly for a backward glance. And again
+came that shocking, wide-ranged piping - "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!"
+
+I might as well be frank - even if I cannot bear to be quite direct - in stating what
+we saw; though at the time we felt that it was not to be admitted even to each
+other. The words reaching the reader can never even suggest the awfulness of
+the sight itself. It crippled our consciousness so completely that I wonder we had
+the residual sense to dim our torches as planned, and to strike the right tunnel
+toward the dead city. Instinct alone must have carried us through - perhaps
+better than reason could have done; though if that was what saved us, we paid a
+high price. Of reason we certainly had little enough left.
+
+Danforth was totally unstrung, and the first thing I remember of the rest of the
+journey was hearing him lightheadedly chant an hysterical formula in which I
+alone of mankind could have found anything but insane irrelevance. It
+reverberated in falsetto echoes among the squawks of the penguins; reverberated
+through the vaultings ahead, and-thank God-through the now empty vaultings
+behind. He could not have begun it at once - else we would not have been alive
+and blindly racing. I shudder to think of what a shade of difference in his
+nervous reactions might have brought.
+
+"South Station Under - Washington Under - Park Street Under-Kendall - Central
+- Harvard - " The poor fellow was chanting the familiar stations of the Boston-
+Cambridge tunnel that burrowed through our peaceful native soil thousands of
+miles away in New England, yet to me the ritual had neither irrelevance nor
+home feeling. It had only horror, because I knew unerringly the monstrous,
+nefandous analogy that had suggested it. We had expected, upon looking back,
+to see a terrible and incredible moving entity if the mists were thin enough; but
+of that entity we had formed a clear idea. What we did see - for the mists were
+indeed all too malignly thinned - was something altogether different, and
+immeasurably more hideous and detestable. It was the utter, objective
+embodiment of the fantastic novelist's "thing that should not be"; and its nearest
+comprehensible analogue is a vast, onrushing subway train as one sees it from a
+station platform - the great black front looming colossally out of infinite
+
+
+
+86
+
+
+
+subterranean distance, constellated with strangely colored lights and filling the
+prodigious burrow as a piston fills a cylinder.
+
+But we were not on a station platform. We were on the track ahead as the
+nightmare, plastic column of fetid black iridescence oozed tightly onward
+through its fifteen-foot sinus, gathering unholy speed and driving before it a
+spiral, rethickening cloud of the pallid abyss vapor. It was a terrible,
+indescribable thing vaster than any subway train - a shapeless congeries of
+protoplasmic bubbles, faintly self-luminous, and with myriads of temporary eyes
+forming and un-forming as pustules of greenish light all over the tunnel-filling
+front that bore down upon us, crushing the frantic penguins and slithering over
+the glistening floor that it and its kind had swept so evilly free of all litter. Still
+came that eldritch, mocking cry- "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!" and at last we remembered
+that the demoniac Shoggoths - given life, thought, and plastic organ patterns
+solely by the Old Ones, and having no language save that which the dot groups
+expressed - had likewise no voice save the imitated accents of their bygone
+masters.
+
+XII
+
+Danforth and I have recollections of emerging into the great sculptured
+hemisphere and of threading our back trail through the Cyclopean rooms and
+corridors of the dead city; yet these are purely dream fragments involving no
+memory of volition, details, or physical exertion. It was as if we floated in a
+nebulous world or dimension without time, causation, or orientation. The gray
+half-daylight of the vast circular space sobered us somewhat; but we did not go
+near those cached sledges or look again at poor Gedney and the dog. They have a
+strange and titanic mausoleum, and I hope the end of this planet will find them
+still undisturbed.
+
+It was while struggling up the colossal spiral incline that we first felt the terrible
+fatigue and short breath which our race through the thin plateau air had
+produced; but not even fear of collapse could make us pause before reaching the
+normal outer realm of sun and sky. There was something vaguely appropriate
+about our departure from those buried epochs; for as we wound our panting
+way up the sixty-foot cylinder of primal masonry, we glimpsed beside us a
+continuous procession of heroic sculptures in the dead race's early and
+undecayed technique - a farewell from the Old Ones, written fifty million years
+ago.
+
+Finally scrambling out at the top, we found ourselves on a great mound of
+tumbled blocks, with the curved walls of higher stonework rising westward, and
+the brooding peaks of the great mountains showing beyond the more crumbled
+
+
+
+87
+
+
+
+structures toward the east. The low antarctic sun of midnight peered redly from
+the southern horizon through rifts in the jagged ruins, and the terrible age and
+deadness of the nightmare city seemed all the starker by contrast with such
+relatively known and accustomed things as the features of the polar landscape.
+The sky above was a churning and opalescent mass of tenuous ice-vapors, and
+the cold clutched at our vitals. Wearily resting the outfit-bags to which we had
+instinctively clung throughout our desperate flight, we rebuttoned our heavy
+garments for the stumbling climb down the mound and the walk through the
+aeon-old stone maze to the foothills where our aeroplane waited. Of what had
+set us fleeing from that darkness of earth's secret and archaic gulfs we said
+nothing at all.
+
+In less than a quarter of an hour we had found the steep grade to the foothills-the
+probable ancient terrace - by which we had descended, and could see the dark
+bulk of our great plane amidst the sparse ruins on the rising slope ahead.
+Halfway uphill toward our goal we paused for a momentary breathing spell, and
+turned to look again at the fantastic tangle of incredible stone shapes below us-
+once more outlined mystically against an unknown west. As we did so we saw
+that the sky beyond had lost its morning haziness; the restless ice-vapors having
+moved up to the zenith, where their mocking outlines seemed on the point of
+settling into some bizarre pattern which they feared to make quite definite or
+conclusive.
+
+There now lay revealed on the ultimate white horizon behind the grotesque city
+a dim, elfin line of pinnacled violet whose needle-pointed heights loomed
+dreamlike against the beckoning rose color of the western sky. Up toward this
+shimmering rim sloped the ancient table-land, the depressed course of the
+bygone river traversing it as an irregular ribbon of shadow. For a second we
+gasped in admiration of the scene's unearthly cosmic beauty, and then vague
+horror began to creep into our souls. For this far violet line could be nothing else
+than the terrible mountains of the forbidden land - highest of earth's peaks and
+focus of earth's evil; harborers of nameless horrors and Archaean secrets;
+shunned and prayed to by those who feared to carve their meaning; untrodden
+by any living thing on earth, but visited by the sinister lightnings and sending
+strange beams across the plains in the polar night - beyond doubt the unknown
+archetype of that dreaded Kadath in the Cold Waste beyond abhorrent Leng,
+whereof primal legends hint evasively.
+
+If the sculptured maps and pictures in that prehuman city had told truly, these
+cryptic violet mountains could not be much less than three hundred miles away;
+yet none the less sharply did their dim elfin essence appear above that remote
+and snowy rim, like the serrated edge of a monstrous alien planet about to rise
+into unaccustomed heavens. Their height, then, must have been tremendous
+
+
+
+88
+
+
+
+beyond all comparison - carrying them up into tenuous atmospheric strata
+peopled only by such gaseous wraiths as rash flyers have barely lived to whisper
+of after unexplainable falls. Looking at them, I thought nervously of certain
+sculptured hints of what the great bygone river had washed down into the city
+from their accursed slopes - and wondered how much sense and how much folly
+had lain in the fears of those Old Ones who carved them so reticently. I recalled
+how their northerly end must come near the coast at Queen Mary Land, where
+even at that moment Sir Douglas Mawson's expedition was doubtless working
+less than a thousand miles away; and hoped that no evil fate would give Sir
+Douglas and his men a glimpse of what might lie beyond the protecting coastal
+range. Such thoughts formed a measure of my overwrought condition at the time
+- and Danforth seemed to be even worse.
+
+Yet long before we had passed the great star-shaped ruin and reached our plane,
+our fears had become transferred to the lesser but vast-enough range whose
+recrossing lay ahead of us. From these foothills the black, ruin-crusted slopes
+reared up starkly and hideously against the east, again reminding us of those
+strange Asian paintings of Nicholas Roerich; and when we thought of the
+frightful amorphous entities that might have pushed their fetidly squirming way
+even to the topmost hollow pinnacles, we could not face without panic the
+prospect of again sailing by those suggestive skyward cave mouths where the
+wind made sounds like an evil musical piping over a wide range. To make
+matters worse, we saw distinct traces of local mist around several of the
+summits-as poor Lake must have done when he made that early mistake about
+volcanism - and thought shiveringly of that kindred mist from which we had just
+escaped; of that, and of the blasphemous, horror-fostering abyss whence all such
+vapors came.
+
+All was well with the plane, and we clumsily hauled on our heavy flying furs.
+Danforth got the engine started without trouble, and we made a very smooth
+take-off over the nightmare city. Below us the primal Cyclopean masonry spread
+out as it had done when first we saw it, and we began rising and turning to test
+the wind for our crossing through the pass. At a very high level there must have
+been great disturbance, since the ice-dust clouds of the zenith were doing all
+sorts of fantastic things; but at twenty-four thousand feet, the height we needed
+for the pass, we found navigation quite practicable. As we drew close to the
+jutting peaks the wind's strange piping again became manifest, and I could see
+Danforth's hands trembling at the controls. Rank amateur that I was, I thought at
+that moment that I might be a better navigator than he in effecting the dangerous
+crossing between pinnacles; and when I made motions to change seats and take
+over his duties he did not protest. I tried to keep all my skill and self-possession
+about me, and stared at the sector of reddish farther sky betwixt the walls of the
+pass-resolutely refusing to pay attention to the puffs of mountain-top vapor, and
+
+
+
+89
+
+
+
+wishing that I had wax-stopped ears hke Ulysses' men off the Siren's coast to
+keep that disturbing windpiping from my consciousness.
+
+But Danforth, released from his piloting and keyed up to a dangerous nervous
+pitch, could not keep quiet. I felt him turning and wriggling about as he looked
+back at the terrible receding city, ahead at the cave- riddled, cube-barnacled
+peaks, sidewise at the bleak sea of snowy, rampart-strewn foothills, and upward
+at the seething, grotesquely clouded sky. It was then, just as I was trying to steer
+safely through the pass, that his mad shrieking brought us so close to disaster by
+shattering my tight hold on myself and causing me to fumble helplessly with the
+controls for a moment. A second afterward my resolution triumphed and we
+made the crossing safely - yet I am afraid that Danforth will never be -the same
+again.
+
+I have said that Danforth refused to tell me what final horror made him scream
+out so insanely-a horror which, I feel sadly sure, is mainly responsible for his
+present breakdown. We had snatches of shouted conversation above the wind's
+piping and the engine's buzzing as we reached the safe side of the range and
+swooped slowly down toward the camp, but that had mostly to do with the
+pledges of secrecy we had made as we prepared to leave the nightmare city.
+Certain things, we had agreed, were not for people to know and discuss lightly-
+and I would not speak of them now but for the need of heading off that
+Starkweather-Moore Expedition, and others, at any cost. It is absolutely
+necessary, for the peace and safety of mankind, that some of earth's dark, dead
+corners and unplumbed depths be let alone; lest sleeping abnormalities wake to
+resurgent life, and blasphemously surviving nightmares squirm and splash out
+of their black lairs to newer and wider conquests.
+
+All that Danforth has ever hinted is that the final horror was a mirage. It was not,
+he declares, anything connected with the cubes and caves of those echoing,
+vaporous, wormily-honeycombed mountains of madness which we crossed; but
+a single fantastic, demoniac glimpse, among the churning zenith clouds, of what
+lay back of those other violet westward mountains which the Old Ones had
+shunned and feared. It is very probable that the thing was a sheer delusion born
+of the previous stresses we had passed through, and of the actual though
+unrecognized mirage of the dead transmontane city experienced near Lake's
+camp the day before; but it was so real to Danforth that he suffers from it still.
+
+He has on rare occasions whispered disjointed and irresponsible things about
+"The black pit," "the carven rim," "the protoShoggoths," "the windowless solids
+with five dimensions," "the nameless cylinder," "the elder Pharos," "Yog-
+Sothoth," "the primal white jelly," "the color out of space," "the wings," "the
+eyes in darkness," "the moon-ladder," "the original, the eternal, the undying,"
+
+
+
+90
+
+
+
+and other bizarre conceptions; but when he is fully himself he repudiates all this
+and attributes it to his curious and macabre reading of earlier years. Danforth,
+indeed, is known to be among the few who have ever dared go completely
+through that worm-riddled copy of the Necronomicon kept under lock and key
+in the college library.
+
+The higher sky, as we crossed the range, was surely vaporous and disturbed
+enough; and although I did not see the zenith, I can well imagine that its swirls
+of ice dust may have taken strange forms. Imagination, knowing how vividly
+distant scenes can sometimes be reflected, refracted, and magnified by such
+layers of restless cloud, might easily have supplied the rest - and, of course,
+Danforth did not hint any of these specific horrors till after his memory had had
+a chance to draw on his bygone reading. He could never have seen so much in
+one instantaneous glance.
+
+At the time, his shrieks were confined to the repetition of a single, mad word of
+all too obvious source: "Tekeli-li! Tekeli-li!"
+
+
+
+91
+
+
+
+Azathoth
+
+
+
+Written June 1922
+
+Published 1938 in Leaves, Vol. 2: p. 107.
+
+When age fell upon the world, and wonder went out of the minds of men; when
+grey cities reared to smoky skies tall towers grim and ugly, in whose shadow
+none might dream of the sun or of Spring's flowering meads; when learning
+stripped the Earth of her mantle of beauty and poets sang no more of twisted
+phantoms seen with bleared and inward looking eyes; when these things had
+come to pass, and childish hopes had gone forever, there was a man who
+traveled out of life on a quest into spaces whither the world's dreams had fled.
+
+Of the name and abode of this man little is written, for they were of the waking
+world only; yet it is said that both were obscure. It is enough to say that he dwelt
+in a city of high walls where sterile twilight reigned, that he toiled all day among
+shadow and turmoil, coming home at evening to a room whose one window
+opened not to open fields and groves but on to a dim court where other windows
+stared in dull despair. From that casement one might see only walls and
+windows, except sometimes when one leaned so far out and peered at the small
+stars that passed. And because mere walls and windows must soon drive a man
+to madness who dreams and reads much, the dweller in that roOm used night
+after night to lean out and peer aloft to glimpse some fragment of things beyond
+the waking world and the tall cities. After years he began to call the slow sailing
+stars by name, and to follow them in fancy when they glided regretfully out of
+sight; till at length his vision opened to many secret vistas whose existance no
+common eye suspected. And one night a mighty gulf was bridged, and the
+dream haunted skies swelled down to the lonely watcher's window to merge
+with the close air of his room and to make him a part of their fabulous wonder.
+
+There came to that room wild streams of violet midnight glittering with dust of
+gold, vortices of dust and fire, swirling out of the ultimate spaces and heavy
+perfumes from beyond the worlds. Opiate oceans poured there, litten by suns
+that the eye may never behold and having in their whirlpools strange dolphins
+and sea-nymphs of unrememberable depths. Noiseless infinity eddied around
+the dreamer and wafted him away without touching the body that leaned stiffly
+from the lonely window; and for days not counted in men's calandars the tides
+of far spheres that bore him gently to join the course of other cycles that tenderly
+left him sleeping on a green sunrise shore, a green shore fragrant with lotus
+blossums and starred by red camalotes...
+
+
+
+92
+
+
+
+Beyond the Wall of Sleep
+
+Written 1919
+
+Published October 1919 in Pine Cones, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 2-10
+
+I have often wondered if the majority of mankind ever pause to reflect upon the
+occasionally titanic significance of dreams, and of the obscure world to which
+they belong. Whilst the greater number of our nocturnal visions are perhaps no
+more than faint and fantastic reflections of our waking experiences - Freud to the
+contrary with his puerile symbolism - there are still a certain remainder whose
+immundane and ethereal character permit of no ordinary interpretation, and
+whose vaguely exciting and disquieting effect suggests possible minute glimpses
+into a sphere of mental existence no less important than physical life, yet
+separated from that life by an all but impassable barrier. From my experience I
+cannot doubt but that man, when lost to terrestrial consciousness, is indeed
+sojourning in another and uncorporeal life of far different nature from the life we
+know, and of which only the slightest and most indistinct memories linger after
+waking. From those blurred and fragmentary memories we may infer much, yet
+prove little. We may guess that in dreams life, matter, and vitality, as the earth
+knows such things, are not necessarily constant; and that time and space do not
+exist as our waking selves comprehend them. Sometimes I believe that this less
+material life is our truer life, and that our vain presence on the terraqueous globe
+is itself the secondary or merely virtual phenomenon.
+
+It was from a youthful revery filled with speculations of this sort that I arose one
+afternoon in the winter of 1900-01, when to the state psychopathic institution in
+which I served as an intern was brought the man whose case has ever since
+haunted me so unceasingly. His name, as given on the records, was Joe Slater, or
+Slaader, and his appearance was that of the typical denizen of the Catskill
+Mountain region; one of those strange, repellent scions of a primitive Colonial
+peasant stock whose isolation for nearly three centuries in the hilly fastnesses of
+a little-traveled countryside has caused them to sink to a kind of barbaric
+degeneracy, rather than advance with their more fortunately placed brethren of
+the thickly settled districts. Among these odd folk, who correspond exactly to the
+decadent element of "white trash" in the South, law and morals are non-existent;
+and their general mental status is probably below that of any other section of
+native American people.
+
+Joe Slater, who came to the institution in the vigilant custody of four state
+policemen, and who was described as a highly dangerous character, certainly
+presented no evidence of his perilous disposition when I first beheld him.
+
+
+
+93
+
+
+
+Though well above the middle stature, and of somewhat brawny frame, he was
+given an absurd appearance of harmless stupidity by the pale, sleepy blueness of
+his small watery eyes, the scantiness of his neglected and never-shaven growth
+of yellow beard, and the listless drooping of his heavy nether lip. His age was
+unknown, since among his kind neither family records nor permanent family ties
+exist; but from the baldness of his head in front, and from the decayed condition
+of his teeth, the head surgeon wrote him down as a man of about forty.
+
+From the medical and court documents we learned all that could be gathered of
+his case: this man, a vagabond, hunter and trapper, had always been strange in
+the eyes of his primitive associates. He had habitually slept at night beyond the
+ordinary time, and upon waking would often talk of unknown things in a
+manner so bizarre as to inspire fear even in the hearts of an unimaginative
+populace. Not that his form of language was at all unusual, for he never spoke
+save in the debased patois of his environment; but the tone and tenor of his
+utterances were of such mysterious wildness, that none might listen without
+apprehension. He himself was generally as terrified and baffled as his auditors,
+and within an hour after awakening would forget all that he had said, or at least
+all that had caused him to say what he did; relapsing into a bovine, half-amiable
+normality like that of the other hilldwellers.
+
+As Slater grew older, it appeared, his matutinal aberrations had gradually
+increased in frequency and violence; till about a month before his arrival at the
+institution had occurred the shocking tragedy which caused his arrest by the
+authorities. One day near noon, after a profound sleep begun in a whiskey
+debauch at about five of the previous afternoon, the man had roused himself
+most suddenly, with ululations so horrible and unearthly that they brought
+several neighbors to his cabin - a filthy sty where he dwelt with a family as
+indescribable as himself. Rushing out into the snow, he had flung his arms aloft
+and commenced a series of leaps directly upward in the air; the while shouting
+his determination to reach some "big, big cabin with brightness in the roof and
+walls and floor and the loud queer music far away". As two men of moderate
+size sought to restrain him, he had struggled with maniacal force and fury,
+screaming of his desire and need to find and kill a certain "thing that shines and
+shakes and laughs". At length, after temporarily felling one of his detainers with
+a sudden blow, he had flung himself upon the other in a demoniac ecstasy of
+blood-thirstiness, shrieking fiendishly that he would "jump high in the air and
+burn his way through anything that stopped him".
+
+Family and neighbors had now fled in a panic, and when the more courageous of
+them returned. Slater was gone, leaving behind an unrecognizable pulp-like
+thing that had been a living man but an hour before. None of the mountaineers
+had dared to pursue him, and it is likely that they would have welcomed his
+
+
+
+94
+
+
+
+death from the cold; but when several mornings later they heard his screams
+from a distant ravine they realized that he had somehow managed to survive,
+and that his removal in one way or another would be necessary. Then had
+followed an armed searching-party, whose purpose (whatever it may have been
+originally) became that of a sheriff's posse after one of the seldom popular state
+troopers had by accident observed, then questioned, and finally joined the
+seekers.
+
+On the third day Slater was found unconscious in the hollow of a tree, and taken
+to the nearest jail, where alienists from Albany examined him as soon as his
+senses returned. To them he told a simple story. He had, he said, gone to sleep
+one afternoon about sundown after drinking much liquor. He had awakened to
+find himself standing bloody-handed in the snow before his cabin, the mangled
+corpse of his neighbor Peter Slader at his feet. Horrified, he had taken to the
+woods in a vague effort to escape from the scene of what must have been his
+crime. Beyond these things he seemed to know nothing, nor could the expert
+questioning of his interrogators bring out a single additional fact.
+
+That night Slater slept quietly, and the next morning he awakened with no
+singular feature save a certain alteration of expression. Doctor Barnard, who had
+been watching the patient, thought he noticed in the pale blue eyes a certain
+gleam of peculiar quality, and in the flaccid lips an all but imperceptible
+tightening, as if of intelligent determination. But when questioned. Slater
+relapsed into the habitual vacancy of the mountaineer, and only reiterated what
+he had said on the preceding day.
+
+On the third morning occurred the first of the man's mental attacks. After some
+show of uneasiness in sleep, he burst forth into a frenzy so powerful that the
+combined efforts of four men were needed to bind him in a straightjacket. The
+alienists listened with keen attention to his words, since their curiosity had been
+aroused to a high pitch by the suggestive yet mostly conflicting and incoherent
+stories of his family and neighbors. Slater raved for upward of fifteen minutes,
+babbling in his backwoods dialect of green edifices of light, oceans of space,
+strange music, and shadowy mountains and valleys. But most of all did he dwell
+upon some mysterious blazing entity that shook and laughed and mocked at
+him. This vast, vague personality seemed to have done him a terrible wrong, and
+to kill it in triumphant revenge was his paramount desire. In order to reach it, he
+said, he would soar through abysses of emptiness, burning every obstacle that
+stood in his way. Thus ran his discourse, until with the greatest suddenness he
+ceased. The fire of madness died from his eyes, and in dull wonder he looked at
+his questioners and asked why he was bound. Dr. Barnard unbuckled the leather
+harness and did not restore it till night, when he succeeded in persuading Slater
+
+
+
+95
+
+
+
+to don it of his own volition, for his own good. The man had now admitted that
+he sometimes talked queerly, though he knew not why.
+
+Within a week two more attacks appeared, but from them the doctors learned
+little. On the source of Slater's visions they speculated at length, for since he
+could neither read nor write, and had apparently never heard a legend or fairy-
+tale, his gorgeous imagery was quite inexplicable. That it could not come from
+any known myth or romance was made especially clear by the fact that the
+unfortunate lunatic expressed himself only in his own simple manner. He raved
+of things he did not understand and could not interpret; things which he claimed
+to have experienced, but which he could not have learned through any normal or
+connected narration. The alienists soon agreed that abnormal dreams were the
+foundation of the trouble; dreams whose vividness could for a time completely
+dominate the waking mind of this basically inferior man. With due formality
+Slater was tried for murder, acquitted on the ground of insanity, and committed
+to the institution wherein I held so humble a post.
+
+I have said that I am a constant speculator concerning dream-life, and from this
+you may judge of the eagerness with which I applied myself to the study of the
+new patient as soon as I had fully ascertained the facts of his case. He seemed to
+sense a certain friendliness in me, born no doubt of the interest I could not
+conceal, and the gentle manner in which I questioned him. Not that he ever
+recognized me during his attacks, when I hung breathlessly upon his chaotic but
+cosmic word-pictures; but he knew me in his quiet hours, when he would sit by
+his barred window weaving baskets of straw and willow, and perhaps pining for
+the mountain freedom he could never again enjoy. His family never called to see
+him; probably it had found another temporary head, after the manner of
+decadent mountain folk.
+
+By degrees I commenced to feel an overwhelming wonder at the mad and
+fantastic conceptions of Joe Slater. The man himself was pitiably inferior in
+mentality and language alike; but his glowing, titanic visions, though described
+in a barbarous disjointed jargon, were assuredly things which only a superior or
+even exceptional brain could conceive How, I often asked myself, could the
+stolid imagination of a Catskill degenerate conjure up sights whose very
+possession argued a lurking spark of genius? How could any backwoods dullard
+have gained so much as an idea of those glittering realms of supernal radiance
+and space about which Slater ranted in his furious delirium? More and more I
+inclined to the belief that in the pitiful personality who cringed before me lay the
+disordered nucleus of something beyond my comprehension; something
+infinitely beyond the comprehension of my more experienced but less
+imaginative medical and scientific colleagues.
+
+
+
+96
+
+
+
+And yet I could extract nothing definite from the man. The sum of all my
+investigation was, that in a kind of semi-corporeal dream-life Slater wandered or
+floated through resplendent and prodigious valleys, meadows, gardens, cities,
+and palaces of light, in a region unbounded and unknown to man; that there he
+was no peasant or degenerate, but a creature of importance and vivid life,
+moving proudly and dominantly, and checked only by a certain deadly enemy,
+who seemed to be a being of visible yet ethereal structure, and who did not
+appear to be of human shape, since Slater never referred to it as a man, or as
+aught save a thing. This thing had done Slater some hideous but unnamed
+wrong, which the maniac (if maniac he were) yearned to avenge.
+
+From the manner in which Slater alluded to their dealings, I judged that he and
+the luminous thing had met on equal terms; that in his dream existence the man
+was himself a luminous thing of the same race as his enemy. This impression
+was sustained by his frequent references to flying through space and burning all
+that impeded his progress. Yet these conceptions were formulated in rustic
+words wholly inadequate to convey them, a circumstance which drove me to the
+conclusion that if a dream world indeed existed, oral language was not its
+medium for the transmission of thought. Could it be that the dream soul
+inhabiting this inferior body was desperately struggling to speak things which
+the simple and halting tongue of dullness could not utter? Could it be that I was
+face to face with intellectual emanations which would explain the mystery if I
+could but learn to discover and read them? I did not tell the older physicians of
+these things, for middle age is skeptical, cynical, and disinclined to accept new
+ideas. Besides, the head of the institution had but lately warned me in his
+paternal way that I was overworking; that my mind needed a rest.
+
+It had long been my belief that human thought consists basically of atomic or
+molecular motion, convertible into ether waves or radiant energy like heat, light
+and electricity. This belief had early led me to contemplate the possibility of
+telepathy or mental communication by means of suitable apparatus, and I had in
+my college days prepared a set of transmitting and receiving instruments
+somewhat similar to the cumbrous devices employed in wireless telegraphy at
+that crude, pre-radio period. These I had tested with a fellow-student, but
+achieving no result, had soon packed them away with other scientific odds and
+ends for possible future use.
+
+Now, in my intense desire to probe into the dream-life of Joe Slater, I sought
+these instruments again, and spent several days in repairing them for action.
+When they were complete once more I missed no opportunity for their trial. At
+each outburst of Slater's violence, I would fit the transmitter to his forehead and
+the receiver to my own, constantly making delicate adjustments for various
+hypothetical wave- lengths of intellectual energy. I had but little notion of how
+
+
+
+97
+
+
+
+the thought-impressions would, if successfully conveyed, arouse an intelligent
+response in my brain, but I felt certain that I could detect and interpret them.
+Accordingly I continued my experiments, though informing no one of their
+nature.
+
+It was on the twenty-first of February, 1901, that the thing occurred. As I look
+back across the years I realize how unreal it seems, and sometimes wonder if old
+Doctor Fenton was not right when he charged it all to my excited imagination. I
+recall that he listened with great kindness and patience when I told him, but
+afterward gave me a nerve-powder and arranged for the half-year's vacation on
+which I departed the next week.
+
+That fateful night I was wildly agitated and perturbed, for despite the excellent
+care he had received, Joe Slater was unmistakably dying. Perhaps it was his
+mountain freedom that he missed, or perhaps the turmoil in his brain had grown
+too acute for his rather sluggish physique; but at all events the flame of vitality
+flickered low in the decadent body. He was drowsy near the end, and as
+darkness fell he dropped off into a troubled sleep.
+
+I did not strap on the straightjacket as was customary when he slept, since I saw
+that he was too feeble to be dangerous, even if he woke in mental disorder once
+more before passing away. But I did place upon his head and mine the two ends
+of my cosmic "radio", hoping against hope for a first and last message from the
+dream world in the brief time remaining. In the cell with us was one nurse, a
+mediocre fellow who did not understand the purpose of the apparatus, or think
+to inquire into my course. As the hours wore on I saw his head droop
+awkwardly in sleep, but I did not disturb him. I myself, lulled by the rhythmical
+breathing of the healthy and the dying man, must have nodded a little later.
+
+The sound of weird lyric melody was what aroused me. Chords, vibrations, and
+harmonic ecstasies echoed passionately on every hand, while on my ravished
+sight burst the stupendous spectacle ultimate beauty. Walls, columns, and
+architraves of living fire blazed effulgently around the spot where I seemed to
+float in air, extending upward to an infinitely high vaulted dome of indescribable
+splendor. Blending with this display of palatial magnificence, or rather,
+supplanting it at times in kaleidoscopic rotation, were glimpses of wide plains
+and graceful valleys, high mountains and inviting grottoes, covered with every
+lovely attribute of scenery which my delighted eyes could conceive of, yet
+formed wholly of some glowing, ethereal plastic entity, which in consistency
+partook as much of spirit as of matter. As I gazed, I perceived that my own brain
+held the key to these enchanting metamorphoses; for each vista which appeared
+to me was the one my changing mind most wished to behold. Amidst this
+elysian realm I dwelt not as a stranger, for each sight and sound was familiar to
+
+
+
+98
+
+
+
+me; just as it had been for uncounted eons of eternity before, and would be for
+like eternities to come.
+
+Then the resplendent aura of my brother of light drew near and held colloquy
+with me, soul to soul, with silent and perfect interchange of thought. The hour
+was one of approaching triumph, for was not my fellow-being escaping at last
+from a degrading periodic bondage; escaping forever, and preparing to follow
+the accursed oppressor even unto the uttermost fields of ether, that upon it might
+be wrought a flaming cosmic vengeance which would shake the spheres? We
+floated thus for a little time, when I perceived a slight blurring and fading of the
+objects around us, as though some force were recalling me to earth - where I least
+wished to go. The form near me seemed to feel a change also, for it gradually
+brought its discourse toward a conclusion, and itself prepared to quit the scene,
+fading from my sight at a rate somewhat less rapid than that of the other objects.
+A few more thoughts were exchanged, and I knew that the luminous one and I
+were being recalled to bondage, though for my brother of light it would be the
+last time. The sorry planet shell being well-nigh spent, in less than an hour my
+fellow would be free to pursue the oppressor along the Milky Way and past the
+hither stars to the very confines of infinity.
+
+A well-defined shock separates my final impression of the fading scene of light
+from my sudden and somewhat shamefaced awakening and straightening up in
+my chair as I saw the dying figure on the couch move hesitantly. Joe Slater was
+indeed awaking, though probably for the last time. As I looked more closely, I
+saw that in the sallow cheeks shone spots of color which had never before been
+present. The lips, too, seemed unusual, being tightly compressed, as if by the
+force of a stronger character than had been Slater's. The whole face finally began
+to grow tense, and the head turned restlessly with closed eyes.
+
+I did not rouse the sleeping nurse, but readjusted the slightly disarranged
+headband of my telepathic "radio", intent to catch any parting message the
+dreamer might have to deliver. All at once the head turned sharply in my
+direction and the eyes fell open, causing me to stare in blank amazement at what
+I beheld. The man who had been Joe Slater, the Catskill decadent, was gazing at
+me with a pair of luminous, expanding eyes whose blue seemed subtly to have
+deepened. Neither mania nor degeneracy was visible in that gaze, and I felt
+beyond a doubt that I was viewing a face behind which lay an active mind of
+high order.
+
+At this juncture my brain became aware of a steady external influence operating
+upon it. I closed my eyes to concentrate my thoughts more profoundly and was
+rewarded by the positive knowledge that my long-sought mental message had
+come at last. Each transmitted idea formed rapidly in my mind, and though no
+
+
+
+99
+
+
+
+actual language was employed, my habitual association of conception and
+expression was so great that I seemed to be receiving the message in ordinary
+English.
+
+"Joe Slater is dead/' came the soul-petrifying voice of an agency from beyond the
+wall of sleep. My opened eyes sought the couch of pain in curious horror, but the
+blue eyes were still calmly gazing, and the countenance was still intelligently
+animated. "He is better dead, for he was unfit to bear the active intellect of
+cosmic entity. His gross body could not undergo the needed adjustments
+between ethereal life and planet life. He was too much an animal, too little a
+man; yet it is through his deficiency that you have come to discover me, for the
+cosmic and planet souls rightly should never meet. He has been in my torment
+and diurnal prison for forty-two of your terrestrial years.
+
+"I am an entity like that which you yourself become in the freedom of dreamless
+sleep. I am your brother of light, and have floated with you in the effulgent
+valleys. It is not permitted me to tell your waking earth-self of your real self, but
+we are all roamers of vast spaces and travelers in many ages. Next year I may be
+dwelling in the Egypt which you call ancient, or in the cruel empire of Tsan Chan
+which is to come three thousand years hence. You and I have drifted to the
+worlds that reel about the red Arcturus, and dwelt in the bodies of the insect-
+philosophers that crawl proudly over the fourth moon of Jupiter. How little does
+the earth self know life and its extent! How little, indeed, ought it to know for its
+own tranquility!
+
+"Of the oppressor I cannot speak. You on earth have unwittingly felt its distant
+presence - you who without knowing idly gave the blinking beacon the name of
+Algol, the Demon-Star. It is to meet and conquer the oppressor that I have vainly
+striven for eons, held back by bodily encumbrances. Tonight I go as a Nemesis
+bearing just and blazingly cataclysmic vengeance. Watch me in the sky close by
+the Demon-Star.
+
+"I cannot speak longer, for the body of Joe Slater grows cold and rigid, and the
+coarse brains are ceasing to vibrate as I wish. You have been my only friend on
+this planet - the only soul to sense and seek for me within the repellent form
+which lies on this couch. We shall meet again - perhaps in the shining mists of
+Orion's Sword, perhaps on a bleak plateau in prehistoric Asia, perhaps in
+unremembered dreams tonight, perhaps in some other form an eon hence, when
+the solar system shall have been swept away."
+
+At this point the thought-waves abruptly ceased, the pale eyes of the dreamer -
+or can I say dead man? - commenced to glaze fishily. In a half-stupor I crossed
+over to the couch and felt of his wrist, but found it cold, stiff, and pulseless. The
+
+
+
+100
+
+
+
+sallow cheeks paled again, and the thick lips fell open, disclosing the repulsively
+rotten fangs of the degenerate Joe Slater. I shivered, pulled a blanket over the
+hideous face, and awakened the nurse. Then I left the cell and went silently to
+my room. I had an instant and unaccountable craving for a sleep whose dreams I
+should not remember.
+
+The climax? What plain tale of science can boast of such a rhetorical effect? I have
+merely set down certain things appealing to me as facts, allowing you to
+construe them as you will. As I have already admitted, my superior, old Doctor
+Fenton, denies the reality of everything I have related. He vows that I was
+broken down with nervous strain, and badly in need of a long vacation on full
+pay which he so generously gave me. He assures me on his professional honor
+that Joe Slater was but a low-grade paranoiac, whose fantastic notions must have
+come from the crude hereditary folk-tales which circulated in even the most
+decadent of communities. All this he tells me - yet I cannot forget what I saw in
+the sky on the night after Slater died. Lest you think me a biased witness, another
+pen must add this final testimony, which may perhaps supply the climax you
+expect. I will quote the following account of the star Nova Persei verbatim from
+the pages of that eminent astronomical authority. Professor Garrett P. Serviss:
+
+"On February 22, 1901, a marvelous new star was discovered by Doctor
+Anderson of Edinburgh, not very far from Algol. No star had been visible at that
+point before. Within twenty-four hours the stranger had become so bright that it
+outshone Capella. In a week or two it had visibly faded, and in the course of a
+few months it was hardly discernible with the naked eye
+
+
+
+101
+
+
+
+Celephais
+
+
+
+Written early Nov 1920
+
+Published May 1922 in The Rainbow, No. 2, p. 10-12.
+
+In a dream Kuranes saw the city in the valley, and the seacoast beyond, and the
+snowy peak overlooking the sea, and the gaily painted galleys that sail out of the
+harbour toward distant regions where the sea meets the sky. In a dream it was
+also that he came by his name of Kuranes, for when awake he was called by
+another name. Perhaps it was natural for him to dream a new name; for he was
+the last of his family, and alone among the indifferent millions of London, so
+there were not many to speak to him and to remind him who he had been. His
+money and lands were gone, and he did not care for the ways of the people
+about him, but preferred to dream and write of his dreams. What he wrote was
+laughed at by those to whom he showed it, so that after a time he kept his
+writings to himself, and finally ceased to write. The more he withdrew from the
+world about him, the more wonderful became his dreams; and it would have
+been quite futile to try to describe them on paper. Kuranes was not modern, and
+did not think like others who wrote. Whilst they strove to strip from life its
+embroidered robes of myth and to show in naked ugliness the foul thing that is
+reality, Kuranes sought for beauty alone. When truth and experience failed to
+reveal it, he sought it in fancy and illusion, and found it on his very doorstep,
+amid the nebulous memories of childhood tales and dreams.
+
+There are not many persons who know what wonders are opened to them in the
+stories and visions of their youth; for when as children we listen and dream, we
+think but half-formed thoughts, and when as men we try to remember, we are
+dulled and prosaic with the poison of life. But some of us awake in the night with
+strange phantasms of enchanted hills and gardens, of fountains that sing in the
+sun, of golden cliffs overhanging murmuring seas, of plains that stretch down to
+sleeping cities of bronze and stone, and of shadowy companies of heroes that
+ride caparisoned white horses along the edges of thick forests; and then we know
+that we have looked back through the ivory gates into that world of wonder
+which was ours before we were wise and unhappy.
+
+Kuranes came very suddenly upon his old world of childhood. He had been
+dreaming of the house where he had been born; the great stone house covered
+with ivy, where thirteen generations of his ancestors had lived, and where he
+had hoped to die. It was moonlight, and he had stolen out into the fragrant
+summer night, through the gardens, down the terraces, past the great oaks of the
+park, and along the long white road to the village. The village seemed very old.
+
+
+
+102
+
+
+
+eaten away at the edge like the moon which had commenced to wane, and
+Kuranes wondered whether the peaked roofs of the small houses hid sleep or
+death. In the streets were spears of long grass, and the window-panes on either
+side broken or filmily staring. Kuranes had not lingered, but had plodded on as
+though summoned toward some goal. He dared not disobey the summons for
+fear it might prove an illusion like the urges and aspirations of waking life,
+which do not lead to any goal. Then he had been drawn down a lane that led off
+from the village street toward the channel cliffs, and had come to the end of
+things to the precipice and the abyss where all the village and all the world fell
+abruptly into the unechoing emptiness of infinity, and where even the sky ahead
+was empty and unlit by the crumbling moon and the peering stars. Faith had
+urged him on, over the precipice and into the gulf, where he had floated down,
+down, down; past dark, shapeless, undreamed dreams, faintly glowing spheres
+that may have been partly dreamed dreams, and laughing winged things that
+seemed to mock the dreamers of all the worlds. Then a rift seemed to open in the
+darkness before him, and he saw the city of the valley, glistening radiantly far,
+far below, with a background of sea and sky, and a snowcapped mountain near
+the shore.
+
+Kuranes had awakened the very moment he beheld the city, yet he knew from
+his brief glance that it was none other than Celephais, in the Valley of Ooth-
+Nargai beyond the Tanarian Hills where his spirit had dwelt all the eternity of an
+hour one summer afternoon very long ago, when he had slipt away from his
+nurse and let the warm sea-breeze lull him to sleep as he watched the clouds
+from the cliff near the village. He had protested then, when they had found him,
+waked him, and carried him home, for just as he was aroused he had been about
+to sail in a golden galley for those alluring regions where the sea meets the sky.
+And now he was equally resentful of awaking, for he had found his fabulous city
+after forty weary years.
+
+But three nights afterward Kuranes came again to Celephais. As before, he
+dreamed first of the village that was asleep or dead, and of the abyss down
+which one must float silently; then the rift appeared again, and he beheld the
+glittering minarets of the city, and saw the graceful galleys riding at anchor in
+the blue harbour, and watched the gingko trees of Mount Aran swaying in the
+sea-breeze. But this time he was not snatched away, and like a winged being
+settled gradually over a grassy hillside till finally his feet rested gently on the
+turf. He had indeed come back to the Valley of Ooth-Nargai and the splendid
+city of Celephais.
+
+Down the hill amid scented grasses and brilliant flowers walked Kuranes, over
+the bubbling Naraxa on the small wooden bridge where he had carved his name
+so many years ago, and through the whispering grove to the great stone bridge
+
+
+
+103
+
+
+
+by the city gate. All was as of old, nor were the marble walls discoloured, nor the
+polished bronze statues upon them tarnished. And Kuranes saw that he need not
+tremble lest the things he knew be vanished; for even the sentries on the
+ramparts were the same, and still as young as he remembered them. When he
+entered the city, past the bronze gates and over the onyx pavements, the
+merchants and camel-drivers greeted him as if he had never been away; and it
+was the same at the turquoise temple of Nath-Horthath, where the orchid-
+wreathed priests told him that there is no time in Ooth-Nargai, but only
+perpetual youth. Then Kuranes walked through the Street of Pillars to the
+seaward wall, where gathered the traders and sailors, and strange men from the
+regions where the sea meets the sky. There he stayed long, gazing out over the
+bright harbour where the ripples sparkled beneath an unknown sun, and where
+rode lightly the galleys from far places over the water. And he gazed also upon
+Mount Aran rising regally from the shore, its lower slopes green with swaying
+trees and its white summit touching the sky.
+
+More than ever Kuranes wished to sail in a galley to the far places of which he
+had heard so many strange tales, and he sought again the captain who had
+agreed to carry him so long ago. He found the man, Athib, sitting on the same
+chest of spice he had sat upon before, and Athib seemed not to realize that any
+time had passed. Then the two rowed to a galley in the harbour, and giving
+orders to the oarmen, commenced to sail out into the billowy Cerenarian Sea that
+leads to the sky. For several days they glided undulatingly over the water, till
+finally they came to the horizon, where the sea meets the sky. Here the galley
+paused not at all, but floated easily in the blue of the sky among fleecy clouds
+tinted with rose. And far beneath the keel Kuranes could see strange lands and
+rivers and cities of surpassing beauty, spread indolently in the sunshine which
+seemed never to lessen or disappear. At length Athib told him that their journey
+was near its end, and that they would soon enter the harbour of Serannian, the
+pink marble city of the clouds, which is built on that ethereal coast where the
+west wind flows into the sky; but as the highest of the city's carven towers came
+into sight there was a sound somewhere in space, and Kuranes awaked in his
+London garret.
+
+For many months after that Kuranes sought the marvellous city of Celephais and
+its sky-bound galleys in vain; and though his dreams carried him to many
+gorgeous and unheard-of places, no one whom he met could tell him how to find
+Ooth-Nargai beyond the Tanarian Hills. One night he went flying over dark
+mountains where there were faint, lone campfires at great distances apart, and
+strange, shaggy herds with tinkling bells on the leaders, and in the wildest part
+of this hilly country, so remote that few men could ever have seen it, he found a
+hideously ancient wall or causeway of stone zigzagging along the ridges and
+valleys; too gigantic ever to have risen by human hands, and of such a length
+
+
+
+104
+
+
+
+that neither end of it could be seen. Beyond that wall in the grey dawn he came
+to a land of quaint gardens and cherry trees, and when the sun rose he beheld
+such beauty of red and white flowers, green foliage and lawns, white paths,
+diamond brooks, blue lakelets, carven bridges, and red-roofed pagodas, that he
+for a moment forgot Celephais in sheer delight. But he remembered it again
+when he walked down a white path toward a red-roofed pagoda, and would
+have questioned the people of this land about it, had he not found that there
+were no people there, but only birds and bees and butterflies. On another night
+Kuranes walked up a damp stone spiral stairway endlessly, and came to a tower
+window overlooking a mighty plain and river lit by the full moon; and in the
+silent city that spread away from the river bank he thought he beheld some
+feature or arrangement which he had known before. He would have descended
+and asked the way to Ooth-Nargai had not a fearsome aurora sputtered up from
+some remote place beyond the horizon, showing the ruin and antiquity of the
+city, and the stagnation of the reedy river, and the death lying upon that land, as
+it had lain since King Kynaratholis came home from his conquests to find the
+vengeance of the gods.
+
+So Kuranes sought fruitlessly for the marvellous city of Celephais and its galleys
+that sail to Serannian in the sky, meanwhile seeing many wonders and once
+barely escaping from the high-priest not to be described, which wears a yellow
+silken mask over its face and dwells all alone in a prehistoric stone monastery in
+the cold desert plateau of Leng. In time he grew so impatient of the bleak
+intervals of day that he began buying drugs in order to increase his periods of
+sleep. Hasheesh helped a great deal, and once sent him to a part of space where
+form does not exist, but where glowing gases study the secrets of existence. And
+a violet-coloured gas told him that this part of space was outside what he had
+called infinity. The gas had not heard of planets and organisms before, but
+identified Kuranes merely as one from the infinity where matter, energy, and
+gravitation exist. Kuranes was now very anxious to return to minaret-studded
+Celephais, and increased his doses of drugs; but eventually he had no more
+money left, and could buy no drugs. Then one summer day he was turned out of
+his garret, and wandered aimlessly through the streets, drifting over a bridge to a
+place where the houses grew thinner and thinner. And it was there that
+fulfillment came, and he met the cortege of knights come from Celephais to bear
+him thither forever.
+
+Handsome knights they were, astride roan horses and clad in shining armour
+with tabards of cloth-of- gold curiously emblazoned. So numerous were they,
+that Kuranes almost mistook them for an army, but they were sent in his honour;
+since it was he who had created Ooth-Nargai in his dreams, on which account he
+was now to be appointed its chief god for evermore. Then they gave Kuranes a
+horse and placed him at the head of the cavalcade, and all rode majestically
+
+
+
+105
+
+
+
+through the downs of Surrey and onward toward the region where Kuranes and
+his ancestors were born. It was very strange, but as the riders went on they
+seemed to gallop back through Time; for whenever they passed through a village
+in the twilight they saw only such houses and villagers as Chaucer or men before
+him might have seen, and sometimes they saw knights on horseback with small
+companies of retainers. When it grew dark they travelled more swiftly, till soon
+they were flying uncannily as if in the air. In the dim dawn they came upon the
+village which Kuranes had seen alive in his childhood, and asleep or dead in his
+dreams. It was alive now, and early villagers curtsied as the horsemen clattered
+down the street and turned off into the lane that ends in the abyss of dreams.
+Kuranes had previously entered that abyss only at night, and wondered what it
+would look like by day; so he watched anxiously as the column approached its
+brink. Just as they galloped up the rising ground to the precipice a golden glare
+came somewhere out of the west and hid all the landscape in effulgent draperies.
+The abyss was a seething chaos of roseate and cerulean splendour, and invisible
+voices sang exultantly as the knightly entourage plunged over the edge and
+floated gracefully down past glittering clouds and silvery coruscations. Endlessly
+down the horsemen floated, their chargers pawing the aether as if galloping over
+golden sands; and then the luminous vapours spread apart to reveal a greater
+brightness, the brightness of the city Celephais, and the sea coast beyond, and the
+snowy peak overlooking the sea, and the gaily painted galleys that sail out of the
+harbour toward distant regions where the sea meets the sky.
+
+And Kuranes reigned thereafter over Ooth-Nargai and all the neighboring
+regions of dream, and held his court alternately in Celephais and in the cloud-
+fashioned Serannian. He reigns there still, and will reign happily for ever, though
+below the cliffs at Innsmouth the channel tides played mockingly with the body
+of a tramp who had stumbled through the half-deserted village at dawn; played
+mockingly, and cast it upon the rocks by ivy-covered Trevor Towers, where a
+notably fat and especially offensive millionaire brewer enjoys the purchased
+atmosphere of extinct nobility.
+
+
+
+106
+
+
+
+Cool Air
+
+
+
+Written March 1926
+
+Published March 1928 in Tales of Magic and Mystery, Vol. 1, No. 4, 29-34.
+
+You ask me to explain why I am afraid of a draught of cool air; why I shiver
+more than others upon entering a cold room, and seem nauseated and repelled
+when the chill of evening creeps through the heat of a mild autumn day. There
+are those who say I respond to cold as others do to a bad odour, and I am the last
+to deny the impression. What I will do is to relate the most horrible circumstance
+I ever encountered, and leave it to you to judge whether or not this forms a
+suitable explanation of my peculiarity.
+
+It is a mistake to fancy that horror is associated inextricably with darkness,
+silence, and solitude. I found it in the glare of mid-afternoon, in the clangour of a
+metropolis, and in the teeming midst of a shabby and commonplace rooming-
+house with a prosaic landlady and two stalwart men by my side. In the spring of
+1923 I had secured some dreary and unprofitable magazine work in the city of
+New York; and being unable to pay any substantial rent, began drifting from one
+cheap boarding establishment to another in search of a room which might
+combine the qualities of decent cleanliness, endurable furnishings, and very
+reasonable price. It soon developed that I had only a choice between different
+evils, but after a time I came upon a house in West Fourteenth Street which
+disgusted me much less than the others I had sampled.
+
+The place was a four-story mansion of brownstone, dating apparently from the
+late forties, and fitted with woodwork and marble whose stained and sullied
+splendour argued a descent from high levels of tasteful opulence. In the rooms,
+large and lofty, and decorated with impossible paper and ridiculously ornate
+stucco cornices, there lingered a depressing mustiness and hint of obscure
+cookery; but the floors were clean, the linen tolerably regular, and the hot water
+not too often cold or turned off, so that I came to regard it as at least a bearable
+place to hibernate till one might really live again. The landlady, a slatternly,
+almost bearded Spanish woman named Herrero, did not annoy me with gossip
+or with criticisms of the late-burning electric light in my third-floor front hall
+room; and my fellow-lodgers were as quiet and uncommunicative as one might
+desire, being mostly Spaniards a little above the coarsest and crudest grade. Only
+the din of street cars in the thoroughfare below proved a serious annoyance.
+
+I had been there about three weeks when the first odd incident occurred. One
+evening at about eight I heard a spattering on the floor and became suddenly
+
+
+
+107
+
+
+
+aware that I had been smeUing the pungent odour of ammonia for some time.
+Looking about, I saw that the ceihng was wet and dripping; the soaking
+apparently proceeding from a corner on the side toward the street. Anxious to
+stop the matter at its source, I hastened to the basement to tell the landlady; and
+was assured by her that the trouble would quickly be set right.
+
+"Doctair Munoz," she cried as she rushed upstairs ahead of me, "he have speel
+hees chemicals. He ees too seeck for doctair heemself-seecker and seecker all the
+time-but he weel not have no othair for help. He ees vairy queer in hees
+seeckness-all day he take funnee-smelling baths, and he cannot get excite or
+warm. All hees own housework he do-hees leetle room are full of bottles and
+machines, and he do not work as doctair. But he was great once-my fathair in
+Barcelona have hear of heem-and only joost now he feex a arm of the plumber
+that get hurt of sudden. He nevair go out, only on roof, and my boy Esteban he
+breeng heem hees food and laundry and mediceens and chemicals. My Gawd,
+the sal-ammoniac that man use for keep heem cool!"
+
+Mrs. Herrero disappeared up the staircase to the fourth floor, and I returned to
+my room. The ammonia ceased to drip, and as I cleaned up what had spilled and
+opened the window for air, I heard the landlady's heavy footsteps above me. Dr.
+Munoz I had never heard, save for certain sounds as of some gasoline- driven
+mechanism; since his step was soft and gentle. I wondered for a moment what
+the strange affliction of this man might be, and whether his obstinate refusal of
+outside aid were not the result of a rather baseless eccentricity. There is, I
+reflected tritely, an infinite deal of pathos in the state of an eminent person who
+has come down in the world.
+
+I might never have known Dr. Munoz had it not been for the heart attack that
+suddenly seized me one forenoon as I sat writing in my room. Physicians had
+told me of the danger of those spells, and I knew there was no time to be lost; so
+remembering what the landlady had said about the invalid's help of the injured
+workman, I dragged myself upstairs and knocked feebly at the door above mine.
+My knock was answered in good English by a curious voice some distance to the
+right, asking my name and business; and these things being stated, there came an
+opening of the door next to the one I had sought.
+
+A rush of cool air greeted me; and though the day was one of the hottest of late
+June, I shivered as I crossed the threshold into a large apartment whose rich and
+tasteful decoration surprised me in this nest of squalor and seediness. A folding
+couch now filled its diurnal role of sofa, and the mahogany furniture, sumptuous
+hangings, old paintings, and mellow bookshelves all bespoke a gentleman's
+study rather than a boarding-house bedroom. I now saw that the hall room
+above mine-the "leetle room" of bottles and machines which Mrs. Herrero had
+
+
+
+108
+
+
+
+mentioned-was merely the laboratory of the doctor; and that his main living
+quarters lay in the spacious adjoining room whose convenient alcoves and large
+contiguous bathroom permitted him to hide all dressers and obtrusively
+utilitarian devices. Dr. Munoz, most certainly, was a man of birth, cultivation,
+and discrimination.
+
+The figure before me was short but exquisitely proportioned, and clad in
+somewhat formal dress of perfect cut and fit. A high-bred face of masterful
+though not arrogant expression was adorned by a short iron-grey full beard, and
+an old-fashioned pince-nez shielded the full, dark eyes and surmounted an
+aquiline nose which gave a Moorish touch to a physiognomy otherwise
+dominantly Celtiberian. Thick, well-trimmed hair that argued the punctual calls
+of a barber was parted gracefully above a high forehead; and the whole picture
+was one of striking intelligence and superior blood and breeding.
+
+Nevertheless, as I saw Dr. Munoz in that blast of cool air, I felt a repugnance
+which nothing in his aspect could justify. Only his lividly inclined complexion
+and coldness of touch could have afforded a physical basis for this feeling, and
+even these things should have been excusable considering the man's known
+invalidism. It might, too, have been the singular cold that alienated me; for such
+chilliness was abnormal on so hot a day, and the abnormal always excites
+aversion, distrust, and fear.
+
+But repugnance was soon forgotten in admiration, for the strange physician's
+extreme skill at once became manifest despite the ice-coldness and shakiness of
+his bloodless-looking hands. He clearly understood my needs at a glance, and
+ministered to them with a master's deftness; the while reassuring me in a finely
+modulated though oddly hollow and timbreless voice that he was the bitterest of
+sworn enemies to death, and had sunk his fortune and lost all his friends in a
+lifetime of bizarre experiment devoted to its bafflement and extirpation.
+Something of the benevolent fanatic seemed to reside in him, and he rambled on
+almost garrulously as he sounded my chest and mixed a suitable draught of
+drugs fetched from the smaller laboratory room. Evidently he found the society
+of a well-born man a rare novelty in this dingy environment, and was moved to
+unaccustomed speech as memories of better days surged over him.
+
+His voice, if queer, was at least soothing; and I could not even perceive that he
+breathed as the fluent sentences rolled urbanely out. He sought to distract my
+mind from my own seizure by speaking of his theories and experiments; and I
+remember his tactfully consoling me about my weak heart by insisting that will
+and consciousness are stronger than organic life itself, so that if a bodily frame be
+but originally healthy and carefully preserved, it may through a scientific
+enhancement of these qualities retain a kind of nervous animation despite the
+
+
+
+109
+
+
+
+most serious impairments, defects, or even absences in the battery of specific
+organs. He might, he half jestingly said, some day teach me to live-or at least to
+possess some kind of conscious existence-without any heart at all! For his part,
+he was afflicted with a complication of maladies requiring a very exact regimen
+which included constant cold. Any marked rise in temperature might, if
+prolonged, affect him fatally; and the frigidity of his habitation-some 55 or 56
+degrees Fahrenheit- was maintained by an absorption system of ammonia
+cooling, the gasoline engine of whose pumps I had often heard in my own room
+below.
+
+Relieved of my seizure in a marvellously short while, I left the shivery place a
+disciple and devotee of the gifted recluse. After that I paid him frequent
+overcoated calls; listening while he told of secret researches and almost ghastly
+results, and trembling a bit when I examined the unconventional and
+astonishingly ancient volumes on his shelves. I was eventually, I may add,
+almost cured of my disease for all time by his skillful ministrations. It seems that
+he did not scorn the incantations of the mediaevalists, since he believed these
+cryptic formulae to contain rare psychological stimuli which might conceivably
+have singular effects on the substance of a nervous system from which organic
+pulsations had fled. I was touched by his account of the aged Dr. Torres of
+Valencia, who had shared his earlier experiments and nursed him through the
+great illness of eighteen years before, whence his present disorders proceeded.
+No sooner had the venerable practitioner saved his colleague than he himself
+succumbed to the grim enemy he had fought. Perhaps the strain had been too
+great; for Dr. Munoz made it whisperingly clear- though not in detail-that the
+methods of healing had been most extraordinary, involving scenes and processes
+not welcomed by elderly and conservative Galens.
+
+As the weeks passed, I observed with regret that my new friend was indeed
+slowly but unmistakably losing ground physically, as Mrs. Herrero had
+suggested. The livid aspect of his countenance was intensified, his voice became
+more hollow and indistinct, his muscular motions were less perfectly
+coordinated, and his mind and will displayed less resilience and initiative. Of
+this sad change he seemed by no means unaware, and little by little his
+expression and conversation both took on a gruesome irony which restored in
+me something of the subtle repulsion I had originally felt.
+
+He developed strange caprices, acquiring a fondness for exotic spices and
+Egyptian incense till his room smelled like a vault of a sepulchred Pharaoh in the
+Valley of Kings. At the same time his demands for cold air increased, and with
+my aid he amplified the ammonia piping of his room and modified the pumps
+and feed of his refrigerating machine till he could keep the temperature as low as
+34 degrees or 40 degrees, and finally even 28 degrees; the bathroom and
+
+
+
+110
+
+
+
+laboratory, of course, being less chilled, in order that water might not freeze, and
+that chemical processes might not be impeded. The tenant adjoining him
+complained of the icy air from around the connecting door, so I helped him fit
+heavy hangings to obviate the difficulty. A kind of growing horror, of outre and
+morbid cast, seemed to possess him. He talked of death incessantly, but laughed
+hollowly when such things as burial or funeral arrangements were gently
+suggested.
+
+All in all, he became a disconcerting and even gruesome companion; yet in my
+gratitude for his healing I could not well abandon him to the strangers around
+him, and was careful to dust his room and attend to his needs each day, muffled
+in a heavy ulster which I bought especially for the purpose. I likewise did much
+of his shopping, and gasped in bafflement at some of the chemicals he ordered
+from druggists and laboratory supply houses.
+
+An increasing and unexplained atmosphere of panic seemed to rise around his
+apartment. The whole house, as I have said, had a musty odour; but the smell in
+his room was worse-and in spite of all the spices and incense, and the pungent
+chemicals of the now incessant baths which he insisted on taking unaided. I
+perceived that it must be connected with his ailment, and shuddered when I
+reflected on what that ailment might be. Mrs. Herrero crossed herself when she
+looked at him, and gave him up unreservedly to me; not even letting her son
+Esteban continue to run errands for him. When I suggested other physicians, the
+sufferer would fly into as much of a rage as he seemed to dare to entertain. He
+evidently feared the physical effect of violent emotion, yet his will and driving
+force waxed rather than waned, and he refused to be confined to his bed. The
+lassitude of his earlier ill days gave place to a return of his fiery purpose, so that
+he seemed about to hurl defiance at the death-daemon even as that ancient
+enemy seized him. The pretence of eating, always curiously like a formality with
+him, he virtually abandoned; and mental power alone appeared to keep him
+from total collapse.
+
+He acquired a habit of writing long documents of some sort, which he carefully
+sealed and filled with injunctions that I transmit them after his death to certain
+persons whom he named-for the most part lettered East Indians, but including a
+once celebrated French physician now generally thought dead, and about whom
+the most inconceivable things had been whispered. As it happened, I burned all
+these papers undelivered and unopened. His aspect and voice became utterly
+frightful, and his presence almost unbearable. One September day an unexpected
+glimpse of him induced an epileptic fit in a man who had come to repair his
+electric desk lamp; a fit for which he prescribed effectively whilst keeping
+himself well out of sight. That man, oddly enough, had been through the terrors
+of the Great War without having incurred any fright so thorough.
+
+
+
+Ill
+
+
+
+Then, in the middle of October, the horror of horrors came with stupefying
+suddenness. One night about eleven the pump of the refrigerating machine
+broke down, so that within three hours the process of ammonia cooling became
+impossible. Dr. Munoz summoned me by thumping on the floor, and I worked
+desperately to repair the injury while my host cursed in a tone whose lifeless,
+rattling hollowness surpassed description. My amateur efforts, however, proved
+of no use; and when I had brought in a mechanic from a neighbouring all-night
+garage, we learned that nothing could be done till morning, when a new piston
+would have to be obtained. The moribund hermit's rage and fear, swelling to
+grotesque proportions, seemed likely to shatter what remained of his failing
+physique, and once a spasm caused him to clap his hands to his eyes and rush
+into the bathroom. He groped his way out with face tightly bandaged, and I
+never saw his eyes again.
+
+The frigidity of the apartment was now sensibly diminishing, and at about 5 a.m.
+the doctor retired to the bathroom, commanding me to keep him supplied with
+all the ice I could obtain at all-night drug stores and cafeterias. As I would return
+from my sometimes discouraging trips and lay my spoils before the closed
+bathroom door, I could hear a restless splashing within, and a thick voice
+croaking out the order for "More-more!" At length a warm day broke, and the
+shops opened one by one. I asked Esteban either to help with the ice-fetching
+whilst I obtained the pump piston, or to order the piston while I continued with
+the ice; but instructed by his mother, he absolutely refused.
+
+Finally I hired a seedy-looking loafer whom I encountered on the corner of
+Eighth Avenue to keep the patient supplied with ice from a little shop where I
+introduced him, and applied myself diligently to the task of finding a pump
+piston and engaging workmen competent to install it. The task seemed
+interminable, and I raged almost as violently as the hermit when I saw the hours
+slipping by in a breathless, foodless round of vain telephoning, and a hectic quest
+from place to place, hither and thither by subway and surface car. About noon I
+encountered a suitable supply house far downtown, and at approximately 1:30
+p.m. arrived at my boarding-place with the necessary paraphernalia and two
+sturdy and intelligent mechanics. I had done all I could, and hoped I was in time.
+
+Black terror, however, had preceded me. The house was in utter turmoil, and
+above the chatter of awed voices I heard a man praying in a deep basso. Fiendish
+things were in the air, and lodgers told over the beads of their rosaries as they
+caught the odour from beneath the doctor's closed door. The lounger I had hired,
+it seems, had fled screaming and mad-eyed not long after his second delivery of
+ice; perhaps as a result of excessive curiosity. He could not, of course, have
+locked the door behind him; yet it was now fastened, presumably from the
+inside. There was no sound within save a nameless sort of slow, thick dripping.
+
+
+
+112
+
+
+
+Briefly consulting with Mrs. Herrero and the workmen despite a fear that
+gnawed my inmost soul, I advised the breaking down of the door; but the
+landlady found a way to turn the key from the outside with some wire device.
+We had previously opened the doors of all the other rooms on that hall, and
+flung all the windows to the very top. Now, noses protected by handkerchiefs,
+we tremblingly invaded the accursed south room which blazed with the warm
+sun of early afternoon.
+
+A kind of dark, slimy trail led from the open bathroom door to the hall door, and
+thence to the desk, where a terrible little pool had accumulated. Something was
+scrawled there in pencil in an awful, blind hand on a piece of paper hideously
+smeared as though by the very claws that traced the hurried last words. Then the
+trail led to the couch and ended unutterably.
+
+What was, or had been, on the couch I cannot and dare not say here. But this is
+what I shiveringly puzzled out on the stickily smeared paper before I drew a
+match and burned it to a crisp; what I puzzled out in terror as the landlady and
+two mechanics rushed frantically from that hellish place to babble their
+incoherent stories at the nearest police station. The nauseous words seemed well-
+nigh incredible in that yellow sunlight, with the clatter of cars and motor trucks
+ascending clamorously from crowded Fourteenth Street, yet I confess that I
+believed them then. Whether I believe them now I honestly do not know. There
+are things about which it is better not to speculate, and all that I can say is that I
+hate the smell of ammonia, and grow faint at a draught of unusually cool air.
+
+"The end," ran that noisome scrawl, "is here. No more ice-the man looked and
+ran away. Warmer every minute, and the tissues can't last. I fancy you know-
+what I said about the will and the nerves and the preserved body after the organs
+ceased to work. It was good theory, but couldn't keep up indefinitely. There was
+a gradual deterioration I had not foreseen. Dr. Torres knew, but the shock killed
+him. He couldn't stand what he had to do-he had to get me in a strange, dark
+place when he minded my letter and nursed me back. And the organs never
+would work again. It had to be done my way-preservation-for you see I died
+that time eighteen years ago."
+
+
+
+113
+
+
+
+Dagon
+
+Written July 1917
+
+Published November 1919 in The Vagrant, No. 11, 23-29.
+
+I am writing this under an appreciable mental strain, since by tonight I shall be
+no more. Penniless, and at the end of my supply of the drug which alone, makes
+life endurable, I can bear the torture no longer; and shall cast myself from this
+garret window into the squalid street below. Do not think from my slavery to
+morphine that I am a weakling or a degenerate. When you have read these
+hastily scrawled pages you may guess, though never fully realise, why it is that I
+must have forgetfulness or death.
+
+It was in one of the most open and least frequented parts of the broad Pacific that
+the packet of which I was supercargo fell a victim to the German sea-raider. The
+great war was then at its very beginning, and the ocean forces of the Hun had not
+completely sunk to their later degradation; so that our vessel was made a
+legitimate prize, whilst we of her crew were treated with all the fairness and
+consideration due us as naval prisoners. So liberal, indeed, was the discipline of
+our captors, that five days after we were taken I managed to escape alone in a
+small boat with water and provisions for a good length of time.
+
+When I finally found myself adrift and free, I had but little idea of my
+surroundings. Never a competent navigator, I could only guess vaguely by the
+sun and stars that I was somewhat south of the equator. Of the longitude I knew
+nothing, and no island or coastline was in sight. The weather kept fair, and for
+uncounted days I drifted aimlessly beneath the scorching sun; waiting either for
+some passing ship, or to be cast on the shores of some habitable land. But neither
+ship nor land appeared, and I began to despair in my solitude upon the heaving
+vastness of unbroken blue.
+
+The change happened whilst I slept. Its details I shall never know; for my
+slumber, though troubled and dream-infested, was continuous. When at last I
+awakened, it was to discover myself half sucked into a slimy expanse of hellish
+black mire which extended about me in monotonous undulations as far as I
+could see, and in which my boat lay grounded some distance away.
+
+Though one might well imagine that my first sensation would be of wonder at so
+prodigious and unexpected a transformation of scenery, I was in reality more
+horrified than astonished; for there was in the air and in the rotting soil a sinister
+quality which chilled me to the very core. The region was putrid with the
+
+
+
+114
+
+
+
+carcasses of decaying fish, and of other less describable things which I saw
+protruding from the nasty mud of the unending plain. Perhaps I should not hope
+to convey in mere words the unutterable hideousness that can dwell in absolute
+silence and barren immensity. There was nothing within hearing, and nothing in
+sight save a vast reach of black slime; yet the very completeness of the stillness
+and the homogeneity of the landscape oppressed me with a nauseating fear.
+
+The sun was blazing down from a sky which seemed to me almost black in its
+cloudless cruelty; as though reflecting the inky marsh beneath my feet. As I
+crawled into the stranded boat I realised that only one theory could explain my
+position. Through some unprecedented volcanic upheaval, a portion of the ocean
+floor must have been thrown to the surface, exposing regions which for
+innumerable millions of years had lain hidden under unfathomable watery
+depths. So great was the extent of the new land which had risen beneath me, that
+I could not detect the faintest noise of the surging ocean, strain my ears as I
+might. Nor were there any sea-fowl to prey upon the dead things.
+
+For several hours I sat thinking or brooding in the boat, which lay upon its side
+and afforded a slight shade as the sun moved across the heavens. As the day
+progressed, the ground lost some of its stickiness, and seemed likely to dry
+sufficiently for travelling purposes in a short time. That night I slept but little,
+and the next day I made for myself a pack containing food and water,
+preparatory to an overland journey in search of the vanished sea and possible
+rescue.
+
+On the third morning I found the soil dry enough to walk upon with ease. The
+odour of the fish was maddening; but I was too much concerned with graver
+things to mind so slight an evil, and set out boldly for an unknown goal. All day
+I forged steadily westward, guided by a far-away hummock which rose higher
+than any other elevation on the rolling desert. That night I encamped, and on the
+following day still travelled toward the hummock, though that object seemed
+scarcely nearer than when I had first espied it. By the fourth evening I attained
+the base of the mound, which turned out to be much higher than it had appeared
+from a distance, an intervening valley setting it out in sharper relief from the
+general surface. Too weary to ascend, I slept in the shadow of the hill.
+
+I know not why my dreams were so wild that night; but ere the waning and
+fantastically gibbous moon had risen far above the eastern plain, I was awake in
+a cold perspiration, determined to sleep no more. Such visions as I had
+experienced were too much for me to endure again. And in the glow of the moon
+I saw how unwise I had been to travel by day. Without the glare of the parching
+sun, my journey would have cost me less energy; indeed, I now felt quite able to
+
+
+
+115
+
+
+
+perform the ascent which had deterred me at sunset. Picking up my pack, I
+started for the crest of the eminence.
+
+I have said that the unbroken monotony of the rolHng plain was a source of
+vague horror to me; but I think my horror was greater when I gained the summit
+of the mound and looked down the other side into an immeasurable pit or
+canyon, whose black recesses the moon had not yet soared high enough to
+illumine. I felt myself on the edge of the world, peering over the rim into a
+fathomless chaos of eternal night. Through my terror ran curious reminiscences
+of Paradise Lost, and Satan's hideous climb through the unfashioned realms of
+darkness.
+
+As the moon climbed higher in the sky, I began to see that the slopes of the valley
+were not quite so perpendicular as I had imagined. Ledges and outcroppings of
+rock afforded fairly easy footholds for a descent, whilst after a drop of a few
+hundred feet, the declivity became very gradual. Urged on by an impulse which
+I cannot definitely analyse, I scrambled with difficulty down the rocks and stood
+on the gentler slope beneath, gazing into the Stygian deeps where no light had
+yet penetrated.
+
+All at once my attention was captured by a vast and singular object on the
+opposite slope, which rose steeply about a hundred yards ahead of me; an object
+that gleamed whitely in the newly bestowed rays of the ascending moon. That it
+was merely a gigantic piece of stone, I soon assured myself; but I was conscious
+of a distinct impression that its contour and position were not altogether the
+work of Nature. A closer scrutiny filled me with sensations I cannot express; for
+despite its enormous magnitude, and its position in an abyss which had yawned
+at the bottom of the sea since the world was young, I perceived beyond a doubt
+that the strange object was a well-shaped monolith whose massive bulk had
+known the workmanship and perhaps the worship of living and thinking
+creatures.
+
+Dazed and frightened, yet not without a certain thrill of the scientist's or
+archaeologist's delight, I examined my surroundings more closely. The moon,
+now near the zenith, shone weirdly and vividly above the towering steeps that
+hemmed in the chasm, and revealed the fact that a far-flung body of water
+flowed at the bottom, winding out of sight in both directions, and almost lapping
+my feet as I stood on the slope. Across the chasm, the wavelets washed the base
+of the Cyclopean monolith, on whose surface I could now trace both inscriptions
+and crude sculptures. The writing was in a system of hieroglyphics unknown to
+me, and unlike anything I had ever seen in books, consisting for the most part of
+conventionalised aquatic symbols such as fishes, eels, octopi, crustaceans,
+molluscs, whales and the like. Several characters obviously represented marine
+
+
+
+116
+
+
+
+things which are unknown to the modern world, but whose decomposing forms
+I had observed on the ocean-risen plain.
+
+It was the pictorial carving, however, that did most to hold me spellbound.
+Plainly visible across the intervening water on account of their enormous size
+was an array of bas-reliefs whose subjects would have excited the envy of a Dore.
+I think that these things were supposed to depict men — at least, a certain sort of
+men; though the creatures were shown disporting like fishes in the waters of
+some marine grotto, or paying homage at some monolithic shrine which
+appeared to be under the waves as well. Of their faces and forms I dare not speak
+in detail, for the mere remembrance makes me grow faint. Grotesque beyond the
+imagination of a Poe or a Bulwer, they were damnably human in general outline
+despite webbed hands and feet, shockingly wide and flabby lips, glassy, bulging
+eyes, and other features less pleasant to recall. Curiously enough, they seemed to
+have been chiselled badly out of proportion with their scenic background; for
+one of the creatures was shown in the act of killing a whale represented as but
+little larger than himself. I remarked, as I say, their grotesqueness and strange
+size; but in a moment decided that they were merely the imaginary gods of some
+primitive fishing or seafaring tribe; some tribe whose last descendant had
+perished eras before the first ancestor of the Piltdown or Neanderthal Man was
+born. Awestruck at this unexpected glimpse into a past beyond the conception of
+the most daring anthropologist, I stood musing whilst the moon cast queer
+reflections on the silent channel before me.
+
+Then suddenly I saw it. With only a slight churning to mark its rise to the
+surface, the thing slid into view above the dark waters. Vast, Polyphemus-like,
+and loathsome, it darted like a stupendous monster of nightmares to the
+monolith, about which it flung its gigantic scaly arms, the while it bowed its
+hideous head and gave vent to certain measured sounds. I think I went mad
+then.
+
+Of my frantic ascent of the slope and cliff, and of my delirious journey back to
+the stranded boat, I remember little. I believe I sang a great deal, and laughed
+oddly when I was unable to sing. I have indistinct recollections of a great storm
+some time after I reached the boat; at any rate, I knew that I heard peals of
+thunder and other tones which Nature utters only in her wildest moods.
+
+When I came out of the shadows I was in a San Francisco hospital; brought
+thither by the captain of the American ship which had picked up my boat in mid-
+ocean. In my delirium I had said much, but found that my words had been given
+scant attention. Of any land upheaval in the Pacific, my rescuers knew nothing;
+nor did I deem it necessary to insist upon a thing which I knew they could not
+believe. Once I sought out a celebrated ethnologist, and amused him with
+
+
+
+117
+
+
+
+peculiar questions regarding the ancient Philistine legend of Dagon, the Fish-
+God; but soon perceiving that he was hopelessly conventional, I did not press my
+inquiries.
+
+It is at night, especially when the moon is gibbous and waning, that I see the
+thing. I tried morphine; but the drug has given only transient surcease, and has
+drawn me into its clutches as a hopeless slave. So now I am to end it all, having
+written a full account for the information or the contemptuous amusement of my
+fellow-men. Often I ask myself if it could not all have been a pure phantasm — a
+mere freak of fever as I lay sun-stricken and raving in the open boat after my
+escape from the German man-of-war. This I ask myself, but ever does there come
+before me a hideously vivid vision in reply. I cannot think of the deep sea
+without shuddering at the nameless things that may at this very moment be
+crawling and floundering on its slimy bed, worshipping their ancient stone idols
+and carving their own detestable likenesses on submarine obelisks of water-
+soaked granite. I dream of a day when they may rise above the billows to drag
+down in their reeking talons the remnants of puny, war-exhausted mankind —
+of a day when the land shall sink, and the dark ocean floor shall ascend amidst
+universal pandemonium.
+
+The end is near. I hear a noise at the door, as of some immense slippery body
+lumbering against it. It shall not find me. God, that hand! The window! The
+window!
+
+
+
+118
+
+
+
+Dreams in the Witch-House
+
+Written Jan-28 Feb 1932
+
+Published July 1933 in Weird Tales, Vol. 22, No. 1, 86-111.
+
+Whether the dreams brought on the fever or the fever brought on the dreams
+Walter Gilman did not know. Behind everything crouched the brooding,
+festering horror of the ancient town, and of the mouldy, unhallowed garret gable
+where he wrote and studied and wrestled with figures and formulae when he
+was not tossing on the meagre iron bed. His ears were growing sensitive to a
+preternatural and intolerable degree, and he had long ago stopped the cheap
+mantel clock whose ticking had come to seem like a thunder of artillery. At night
+the subtle stirring of the black city outside, the sinister scurrying of rats in the
+wormy partitions, and the creaking of hidden timbers in the centuried house,
+were enough to give him a sense of strident pandemonium. The darkness always
+teemed with unexplained sound - and yet he sometimes shook with fear lest the
+noises he heard should subside and allow him to hear certain other fainter noises
+which he suspected were lurking behind them.
+
+He was in the changeless, legend-haunted city of Arkham, with its clustering
+gambrel roofs that sway and sag over attics where witches hid from the King's
+men in the dark, olden years of the Province. Nor was any spot in that city more
+steeped in macabre memory than the gable room which harboured him - for it
+was this house and this room which had likewise harboured old Keziah Mason,
+whose flight from Salem Gaol at the last no one was ever able to explain. That
+was in 1692 - the gaoler had gone mad and babbled of a small white-fanged furry
+thing which scuttled out of Keziah's cell, and not even Cotton Mather could
+explain the curves and angles smeared on the grey stone walls with some red,
+sticky fluid.
+
+Possibly Gilman ought not to have studied so hard. Non-Euclidean calculus and
+quantum physics are enough to stretch any brain, and when one mixes them
+with folklore, and tries to trace a strange background of multi-dimensional
+reality behind the ghoulish hints of the Gothic tales and the wild whispers of the
+chimney-corner, one can hardly expect to be wholly free from mental tension.
+Gilman came from Haverhill, but it was only after he had entered college in
+Arkham that he began to connect his mathematics with the fantastic legends of
+elder magic. Something in the air of the hoary town worked obscurely on his
+imagination. The professors at Miskatonic had urged him to slacken up, and had
+voluntarily cut down his course at several points. Moreover, they had stopped
+him from consulting the dubious old books on forbidden secrets that were kept
+
+
+
+119
+
+
+
+under lock and key in a vault at the university library. But all these precautions
+came late in the day, so that Gilman had some terrible hints from the dreaded
+Necronomicon of Abdul Alhazred, the fragmentary Book of Eibon, and the
+suppressed Unaussprechlicken Kulten of von Junzt to correlate with his abstract
+formulae on the properties of space and the linkage of dimensions known and
+unknown.
+
+He knew his room was in the old Witch-House - that, indeed, was why he had
+taken it. There was much in the Essex County records about Keziah Mason's
+trial, and what she had admitted under pressure to the Court of Oyer and
+Terminer had fascinated Gilman beyond all reason. She had told Judge Hathorne
+of lines and curves that could be made to point out directions leading through
+the walls of space to other spaces beyond, and had implied that such lines and
+curves were frequently used at certain midnight meetings in the dark valley of
+the white stone beyond Meadow Hill and on the unpeopled island in the river.
+She had spoken also of the Black Man, of her oath, and of her new secret name of
+Nahab. Then she had drawn those devices on the walls of her cell and vanished.
+
+Gilman believed strange things about Keziah, and had felt a queer thrill on
+learning that her dwelling was still standing after more than two hundred and
+thirty-five years. When he heard the hushed Arkham whispers about Keziah's
+persistent presence in the old house and the narrow streets, about the irregular
+human tooth-marks left on certain sleepers in that and other houses, about the
+childish cries heard near May-Eve, and Hallowmass, about the stench often
+noted in the old house's attic just after those dreaded seasons, and about the
+small, furry, sharp-toothed thing which haunted the mouldering structure and
+the town and nuzzled people curiously in the black hours before dawn, he
+resolved to live in the place at any cost. A room was easy to secure, for the house
+was unpopular, hard to rent, and long given over to cheap lodgings. Gilman
+could not have told what he expected to find there, but he knew he wanted to be
+in the building where some circumstance had more or less suddenly given a
+mediocre old woman of the Seventeenth Century an insight into mathematical
+depths perhaps beyond the utmost modern delvings of Planck, Heisenberg,
+Einstein, and de Sitter.
+
+He studied the timber and plaster walls for traces of cryptic designs at every
+accessible spot where the paper had peeled, and within a week managed to get
+the eastern attic room where Keziah was held to have practised her spells. It had
+been vacant from the first - for no one had ever been willing to stay there long -
+but the Polish landlord had grown wary about renting it. Yet nothing whatever
+happened to Gilman till about the time of the fever. No ghostly Keziah flitted
+through the sombre halls and chambers, no small furry thing crept into his
+dismal eyrie to nuzzle him, and no record of the witch's incantations rewarded
+
+
+
+120
+
+
+
+his constant search. Sometimes he would take walks through shadowy tangles of
+unpaved musty-smelling lanes where eldritch brown houses of unknown age
+leaned and tottered and leered mockingly through narrow, small-paned
+windows. Here he knew strange things had happened once, and there was a
+faint suggestion behind the surface that everything of that monstrous past might
+not - at least in the darkest, narrowest, and most intricately crooked alleys - have
+utterly perished. He also rowed out twice to the ill-regarded island in the river,
+and made a sketch of the singular angles described by the moss-grown rows of
+grey standing stones whose origin was so obscure and immemorial.
+
+Gilman's room was of good size but queerly irregular shape; the north wall
+slating perceptibly inward from the outer to the inner end, while the low ceiling
+slanted gently downward in the same direction. Aside from an obvious rat-hole
+and the signs of other stopped-up ones, there was no access - nor any appearance
+of a former avenue of access - to the space which must have existed between the
+slanting wall and the straight outer wall on the house's north side, though a view
+from the exterior showed where a window had heen boarded up at a very
+remote date. The loft above the ceiling - which must have had a slanting floor -
+was likewise inaccessible. When Gilman climbed up a ladder to the cob-webbed
+level loft above the rest of the attic he found vestiges of a bygone aperture tightly
+and heavily covered with ancient planking and secured by the stout wooden
+pegs common in Colonial carpentry. No amount of persuasion, however, could
+induce the stolid landlord to let him investigate either of these two closed spaces.
+
+As time wore along, his absorption in the irregular wall and ceiling of his room
+increased; for he began to read into the odd angles a mathematical significance
+which seemed to offer vague clues regarding their purpose. Old Keziah, he
+reflected, might have had excellent reasons for living in a room with peculiar
+angles; for was it not through certain angles that she claimed to have gone
+outside the boundaries of the world of space we know? His interest gradually
+veered away from the unplumbed voids beyond the slanting surfaces, since it
+now appeared that the purpose of those surfaces concerned the side he was on.
+
+The touch of brain-fever and the dreams began early in February. For some time,
+apparently, the curious angles of Gilman's room had been having a strange,
+almost hypnotic effect on him; and as the bleak winter advanced he had found
+himself staring more and more intently at the corner where the down- slanting
+ceiling met the inward-slanting wall. About this period his inability to
+concentrate on his formal studies worried him considerably, his apprehensions
+about the mid-year examinations being very acute. But the exaggerated sense of
+bearing was scarcely less annoying. Life had become an insistent and almost
+unendurable cacophony, and there was that constant, terrifying impression of
+other sounds - perhaps from regions beyond life - trembling on the very brink of
+
+
+
+121
+
+
+
+audibility. So far as concrete noises went, the rats in the ancient partitions were
+the worst. Sometimes their scratching seemed not only furtive but deliberate.
+When it came from beyond the slanting north wall it was mixed with a sort of
+dry rattling; and when it came from the century-closed loft above the slanting
+ceiling Gilman always braced himself as if expecting some horror which only
+bided its time before descending to engulf him utterly.
+
+The dreams were wholly beyond the pale of sanity, and Gilman fell that they
+must be a result, jointly, of his studies in mathematics and in folklore. He had
+been thinking too much about the vague regions which his formulae told him
+must lie beyond the three dimensions we know, and about the possibility that
+old Keziah Mason - guided by some influence past all conjecture - had actually
+found the gate to those regions. The yellowed country records containing her
+testimony and that of her accusers were so damnably suggestive of things
+beyond human experience - and the descriptions of the darting little furry object
+which served as her familiar were so painfully realistic despite their incredible
+details.
+
+That object - no larger than a good-sized rat and quaintly called by the
+townspeople "Brown Jenkins - seemed to have been the fruit of a remarkable
+case of sympathetic herd-delusion, for in 1692 no less than eleven persons had
+testified to glimpsing it. There were recent rumours, too, with a baffling and
+disconcerting amount of agreement. Witnesses said it had long hair and the
+shape of a rat, but that its sharp-toothed, bearded face was evilly human while its
+paws were like tiny human hands. It took messages betwixt old Keziah and the
+devil, and was nursed on the witch's blood, which it sucked like a vampire. Its
+voice was a kind of loathsome titter, and it could speak all languages. Of all the
+bizarre monstrosities in Oilman's dreams, nothing filled him with greater panic
+and nausea than this blasphemous and diminutive hybrid, whose image flitted
+across his vision in a form a thousandfold more hateful than anything his waking
+mind had deduced from the ancient records and the modern whispers.
+
+Oilman's dreams consisted largely in plunges through limitless abysses of
+inexplicably coloured twilight and baffingly disordered sound; abysses whose
+material and gravitational properties, and whose relation to his own entity, he
+could not even begin to explain. He did not walk or climb, fly or swim, crawl or
+wriggle; yet always experienced a mode of motion partly voluntary and partly
+involuntary. Of his own condition he could not well judge, for sight of his arms,
+legs, and torso seemed always cut off by some odd disarrangement of
+perspective; but he felt that his physical organization and faculties were
+somehow marvellously transmuted and obliquely projected - though not without
+a certain grotesque relationship to his normal proportions and properties.
+
+
+
+122
+
+
+
+The abysses were by no means vacant, being crowded with indescribably angled
+masses of alien-hued substance, some of which appeared to be organic while
+others seemed inorganic. A few of the organic objects tended to awake vague
+memories in the back of his mind, though he could form no conscious idea of
+what they mockingly resembled or suggested. In the later dreams he began to
+distinguish separate categories into which the organic objects appeared to be
+divided, and which seemed to involve in each case a radically different species of
+conduct-pattern and basic motivation. Of these categories one seemed to him to
+include objects slightly less illogical and irrelevant in their motions than the
+members of the other categories.
+
+All the objects - organic and inorganic alike - were totally beyond description or
+even comprehension. Gilman sometimes compared the inorganic matter to
+prisms, labyrinths, clusters of cubes and planes, and Cyclopean buildings; and
+the organic things struck him variously as groups of bubbles, octopi, centipedes,
+living Hindoo idols, and intricate arabesques roused into a kind of ophidian
+animation. Everything he saw was unspeakably menacing and horrible; and
+whenever one of the organic entities appeared by its motions to be noticing him,
+he felt a stark, hideous fright which generally jolted him awake. Of how the
+organic entities moved, he could tell no more than of how he moved himself. In
+time he observed a further mystery - the tendency of certain entities to appear
+suddenly out of empty space, or to disappear totally with equal suddenness. The
+shrieking, roaring confusion of sound which permeated the abysses was past all
+analysis as to pitch, timbre or rhythm; but seemed to be synchronous with vague
+visual changes in all the indefinite objects, organic and inorganic alike. Gilman
+had a constant sense of dread that it might rise to some unbearable degree of
+intensity during one or another of its obscure, relentlessly inevitable fluctuations.
+
+But it was not in these vortices of complete alienage that he saw Brown Jenkin.
+That shocking little horror was reserved for certain lighter, sharper dreams
+which assailed him just before he dropped into the fullest depths of sleep. He
+would be lying in the dark fighting to keep awake when a faint lambent glow
+would seem to shimmer around the centuried room, showing in a violet mist the
+convergence of angled planes which had seized his brain so insidiously. The
+horror would appear to pop out of the rat-hole in the corner and patter toward
+him over the sagging, wide-planked floor with evil expectancy in its tiny,
+bearded human face; but mercifully, this dream always melted away before the
+object got close enough to nuzzle him. It had hellishly long, sharp, canine teeth;
+Gilman tried to stop up the rat-hole every day, but each night the real tenants of
+the partitions would gnaw away the obstruction, whatever it might be. Once he
+had the landlord nail a tin over it, but the next night the rats gnawed a fresh hole,
+in making which they pushed or dragged out into the room a curious little
+fragment of bone.
+
+
+
+123
+
+
+
+Gilman did not report his fever to the doctor, for he knew he could not pass the
+examinations if ordered to the college infirmary when every moment was
+needed for cramming. As it was, he failed in Calculus D and Advanced General
+Psychology, though not without hope of making up lost ground before the end
+of the term.
+
+It was in March when the fresh element entered his lighter preliminary
+dreaming, and the nightmare shape of Brown Jenkin began to be companioned
+by the nebulous blur which grew more and more to resemble a bent old woman.
+This addition disturbed him more than he could account for, but finally he
+decided that it was like an ancient crone whom he had twice actually
+encountered in the dark tangle of lanes near the abandoned wharves. On those
+occasions the evil, sardonic, and seemingly unmotivated stare of the beldame
+had set him almost shivering - especially the first time when an overgrown rat
+darting across the shadowed mouth of a neighbouring alley had made him think
+irrationally of Brown Jenkin. Now, he reflected, those nervous fears were being
+mirrored in his disordered dreams. That the influence of the old house was
+unwholesome he could not deny, but traces of his early morbid interest still held
+him there. He argued that the fever alone was responsible for his nightly
+fantasies, and that when the touch abated he would be free from the monstrous
+visions. Those visions, however, were of absorbing vividness and
+convincingness, and whenever he awaked he retained a vague sense of having
+undergone much more than he remembered. He was hideously sure that in
+unrecalled dreams he had talked with both Brown Jenkin and the old woman,
+and that they had been urging him to go somewhere with them and to meet a
+third being of greater potency.
+
+Toward the end of March he began to pick up in his mathematics, though the
+other studies bothered him increasingly. He was getting an intuitive knack for
+solving Riemannian equations, and astonished Professor Upham by his
+comprehension of fourth-dimensional and other problems which had floored all
+the rest of the class. One afternoon there was a discussion of possible freakish
+curvatures in space, and of theoretical points of approach or even contact
+between our part of the cosmos and various other regions as distant as the
+farthest stars or the transgalactic gulfs themselves - or even as fabulously remote
+as the tentatively conceivable cosmic units beyond the whole Einsteinian space-
+time continuum. Oilman's handling of this theme filled everyone with
+admiration, even though some of his hypothetical illustrations caused an
+increase in the always plentiful gossip about his nervous and solitary
+eccentricity. What made the students shake their heads was his sober theory that
+a man might - given mathematical knowledge admittedly beyond all likelihood
+of human acquirement - step deliberately from the earth to any other celestial
+body which might lie at one of an infinity of specifc points in the cosmic pattern.
+
+
+
+124
+
+
+
+Such a step, he said, would require only two stages; first, a passage out of the
+three-dimensional sphere we know, and second, a passage back to the three-
+dimensional sphere at another point, perhaps one of infinite remoteness. That
+this could be accomplished without loss of life was in many cases conceivable.
+Any being from any part of three-dimensional space could probably survive in
+the fourth dimension; and its survival of the second stage would depend upon
+what alien part of three-dimensional space it might select for its re-entry.
+Denizens of some planets might be able to live on certain others - even planets
+belonging to other galaxies, or to similar dimensional phases of other space-time
+continua - though of course there must be vast numbers of mutually
+uninhabitable even though mathematically juxtaposed bodies or zones of space.
+
+It was also possible that the inhabitants of a given dimensional realm could
+survive entry to many unknown and incomprehensible realms of additional or
+indefinitely multiplied dimensions - be they within or outside the given space-
+time continuum - and that the converse would be likewise true. This was a
+matter for speculation, though one could be fairly certain that the type of
+mutation involved in a passage from any given dimensional plane to the next
+higher one would not be destructive of biological integrity as we understand it.
+Gilman could not be very clear about his reasons for this last assumption, but his
+haziness here was more than overbalanced by his clearness on other complex
+points. Professor Upham especially liked his demonstration of the kinship of
+higher mathematics to certain phases of magical lore transmitted down the ages
+from an ineffable antiquity - human or pre-human - whose knowledge of the
+cosmos and its laws was greater than ours.
+
+Around 1 April Gilman worried cosiderably because his slow fever did not
+abate. He was also troubled by what some of his fellow lodgers said about his
+sleep-walking. It seened that he was often absent from his bed and that the
+creaking of his floor at certain hours of the night was remarked by the man in the
+room below. This fellow also spoke of hearing the tread of shod feet in the night;
+but Gilman was sure he must have been mistaken in this, since shoes as well as
+other apparel were always precisely in place in the morning. One could develop
+all sorts of aural delusions in this morbid old house - for did not Gilman himself,
+even in daylight, now feel certain that noises other than rat-scratching came from
+the black voids beyond the slanting wall and above the slanting ceiling? His
+pathologically sensitive ears began to listen for faint footfalls in the
+immemorially sealed loft overhead, and sometimes the illusion of such things
+was agonizingly realistic.
+
+However, he knew that he had actually become a somnambulist; for twice at
+night his room had been found vacant, though with all his clothing in place. Of
+this he had been assured by Frank Elwood, the one fellow-student whose
+
+
+
+125
+
+
+
+poverty forced him to room in this squahd and unpopular house. Elwood had
+been studying in the small hours and had come up for help on a differential
+equation, only to find Gilman absent. It had been rather presumptuous of him to
+open the unlocked door after knocking had failed to rouse a response, but he had
+needed the help very badly and thought that his host would not mind a gentle
+prodding awake. On neither occasion, though, had Gilman been there; and when
+told of the matter he wondered where he could have been wandering, barefoot
+and with only his night clothes on. He resolved to investigate the matter if
+reports of his sleep-walking continued, and thought of sprinkling flour on the
+floor of the corridor to see where his footsteps might lead. The door was the only
+conceivable egress, for there was no possible foothold outside the narrow
+window.
+
+As April advanced. Oilman's fever-sharpened ears were disturbed by the
+whining prayers of a superstitious loom-fixer named Joe Mazurewicz who had a
+room on the ground floor. Mazurewicz had told long, rambling stories about the
+ghost of old Keziah and the furry sharp-fanged, nuzzling thing, and had said he
+was so badly haunted at times that only his silver crucifix - given him for the
+purpose by Father Iwanicki of St. Stanislaus' Church - could bring him relief.
+Now he was praying because the Witches' Sabbath was drawing near. May Eve
+was Walpurgis Night, when hell's blackest evil roamed the earth and all the
+slaves of Satan gathered for nameless rites and deeds. It was always a very bad
+lime in Arkham, even though the fine folks up in Miskatonic Avenue and High
+and Saltonstall Streets pretended to know nothing about it. There would be bad
+doings, and a child or two would probably be missing. Joe knew about such
+things, for his grandmother in the old country had heard tales from her
+grandmother. It was wise to pray and count one's beads at this season. For three
+months Keziah and Brown Jenkin had not been near Joe's room, nor near Paul
+Choynski's room, nor anywhere else - and it meant no good when they held off
+like that. They must be up to something.
+
+Oilman dropped in at the doctor's office on the sixteenth of the month, and was
+surprised to find his temperature was not as high as he had feared. The physician
+questioned him sharply, and advised him to see a nerve specialist. On reflection,
+he was glad he had not consulted the still more inquisitive college doctor. Old
+Waldron, who had curtailed his activities before, would have made him take a
+rest - an impossible thing now that he was so close to great results in his
+equations. He was certainly near the boundary between the known universe and
+the fourth dimension, and who could say how much farther he might go?
+
+But even as these thoughts came to him he wondered at the source of his strange
+confidence. Did all of this perilous sense of immininence come from the formulae
+on the sheets he covered day by day? The soft, stealthy, imaginary footsteps in
+
+
+
+126
+
+
+
+the sealed loft above were unnerving. And now, too, there was a growing feeling
+that somebody was constantly persuading him to do something terrible which he
+could not do. How about the somnambulism? Where did he go sometimes in the
+night? And what was that faint suggestion of sound which once in a while
+seemed to trickle through the confusion of identifiable sounds even in broad
+daylight and full wakefulness? Its rhythm did not correspond to anything on
+earth, unless perhaps to the cadence of one or two unmentionable Sabbat-chants,
+and sometimes he feared it corresponded to certain attributes of the vague
+shrieking or roaring in those wholly alien abysses of dream.
+
+The dreams were meanwhile getting to be atrocious. In the lighter preliminary
+phase the evil old woman was now of fiendish distinctness, and Gilman knew
+she was the one who had frightened him in the slums. Her bent back, long nose,
+and shrivelled chin were unmistakable, and her shapeless brown garments were
+like those he remembered. The expression on her face was one of hideous
+malevolence and exultation, and when he awaked he could recall a croaking
+voice that persuaded and threatened. He must meet the Black Man and go with
+them all to the throne of Azathoth at the centre of ultimate chaos. That was what
+she said. He must sign the book of Azathoth in his own blood and take a new
+secret name now that his independent delvings had gone so far. What kept him
+from going with her and Brown Jenkin and the other to the throne of Chaos
+where the thin flutes pipe mindlessly was the fact that he had seen the name
+"Azathoth" in the Necronomicon, and knew it stood for a primal evil too horrible
+for description.
+
+The old woman always appeared out of thin air near the corner where the
+downward slant met the inward slant. She seemed to crystallize at a point closer
+to the ceiling than to the floor, and every night she was a little nearer and more
+distinct before the dream shifted. Brown Jenkin, too was always a little nearer at
+the last, and its yellowish-white fangs glistened shockingly in that unearthly
+violet phosphorescence. Its shrill loathsome tittering struck more and more into
+Gilman's head, and he could remember in the morning how it had pronounced
+the words "Azathoth" and "Nyarlathotep".
+
+In the deeper dreams everything was likewise more distinct, and Gilman felt that
+the twilight abysses around him were those of the fourth dimension. Those
+organic entities whose motions seemed least flagrantly irrelevant and
+unmotivated were probably projections of life-forms from our own planet,
+including human beings. What the others were in their own dimensional sphere
+or spheres he dared not try to think. Two of the less irrelevantly moving things -
+a rather large congeries of iridescent, prolately spheroidal bubbles and a very
+much smaller polyhedron of unknown colours and rapidly shifting surface
+angles - seemed to take notice of him and follow him about or float ahead as he
+
+
+
+127
+
+
+
+changed position among the titan prisms, labyrinths, cube-and-plane clusters
+and quasi-buildings; and all the while the vague shrieking and roaring waxed
+louder and louder, as if approaching some monstrous climax of utterly
+unendurable intensity.
+
+During the night of 19-20 April the new development occurred. Gilman was half
+involuntarily moving about in the twilight abysses with the bubble-mass and the
+small polyhedron floating ahead when he noticed the peculiarly regular angles
+formed by the edges of some gigantic neighbouring prism-clusters. In another
+second he was out of the abyss and standing tremulously on a rocky hillside
+bathed in intense, diffused green light. He was barefooted and in his
+nightclothes. and when he tried to walk discovered that he could scarcely lift his
+feet. A swirling vapour hid everything but the immediate sloping terrain from
+sight, and he shrank from the thought of the sounds, that might surge out of that
+vapour.
+
+Then he saw the two shapes laboriously crawling toward him - the old woman
+and the little furry thing. The crone strained up to her knees and managed to
+cross her arms in a singular fashion, while Brown Jenkin pointed in a certain
+direction with a horribly anthropoid forepaw which it raised with evident
+difficulty. Spurred by an impulse he did not originate, Gilman dragged himself
+forward along a course determined by the angle of the old woman's arms and
+the direction of the small monstrosity's paw, and before he had shuffled three
+steps he was back in the twilight abysses. Geometrical shapes seethed around
+him, and he fell dizzily and interminably. At last he woke in his bed in the
+crazily angled garret of the eldritch old house.
+
+He was good for nothing that morning, and stayed away from all his classes.
+Some unknown attraction was pulling his eyes in a seemingly irrelevant
+direction, for he could not help staring at a certain vacant spot on the floor. As
+the day advanced, the focus of his unseeing eyes changed position, and by noon
+he had conquered the impulse to stare at vacancy. About two o'clock he went out
+for lunch and as he threaded the narrow lanes of the city he found himself
+turning always to the southeast. Only an effort halted him at a cafeteria in
+Church Street, and after the meal he felt the unknown pull still more strongly.
+
+He would have to consult a nerve specialist after all - perhaps there was a
+connection with his somnambulism - but meanwhile he might at least try to
+break the morbid spell himself. Undoubtedly he could still manage to walk away
+from the pull, so with great resolution he headed against it and dragged himself
+deliberately north along Garrison Street. By the time he had reached the bridge
+over the Miskatonic he was in a cold perspiration, and he clutched at the iron
+
+
+
+128
+
+
+
+railing as he gazed upstream at the ill- regarded island whose regular lines of
+ancient standing stones brooded sullenly in the afternoon sunlight.
+
+Then he gave a start. For there was a clearly visible living figure on that desolate
+island, and a second glance told him it was certainly the strange old woman
+whose sinister aspect had worked itself so disastrously into his dreams. The tall
+grass near her was moving, too, as if some other living thing were crawling close
+to the ground. When the old woman began to turn toward him he fled
+precipitately off the bridge and into the shelter of the town's labyrinthine
+waterfront alleys. Distant though the island was, he felt that a monstrous and
+invincible evil could flow from the sardonic stare of that bent, ancient figure in
+brown.
+
+The southeastwards pull still held, and only with tremendous resolution could
+Gilman drag himself into the old house and up the rickety stairs. For hours he sat
+silent and aimless, with his eyes shifting gradually westward. About six o'clock
+his sharpened ears caught the whining prayers of Joe Mazurewicz two floors
+below, and in desperation he seized his hat and walked out into the sunset-
+golden streets, letting the now directly southward pull carry him where it might.
+An hour later darkness found him in the open fields beyond Hangman's Brook,
+with the glimmering spring stars shining ahead. The urge to walk was gradually
+changing to an urge to leap mystically into space, and suddenly he realized just
+where the source of the pull lay.
+
+It was in the sky. A definite point among the stars had a claim on him and was
+calling him. Apparently it was a point somewhere between Hydra and Argo
+Navis, and he knew that he had been urged toward it ever since he had awaked
+soon after dawn. In the morning it had been underfoot, and now it was roughly
+south but stealing toward the west. What was the meaning of this new thing?
+Was he going mad? How long would it last? Again mustering his resolution,
+Gilman turned and dragged himself back to the sinister old house.
+
+Mazurewicz was waiting for him at the door, and seemed both anxious and
+reluctant to whisper some fresh bit of superstition. It was about the witch-light.
+Joe had been out celebrating the night before - and it was Patriots' Day in
+Massachusetts - and had come home after midnight. Looking up at the house
+from outside, he had thought at first that Oilman's window was dark, but then
+he had seen the faint violet glow within. He wanted to warn the gentleman about
+that glow, for everybody in Arkham knew it was Keziah's witch-light which
+played near Brown Jenkin and the ghost of the old crone herself. He had not
+mentioned this before, but now he must tell about it because it meant that Keziah
+and her long-toothed familiar were haunting the young gentleman. Sometimes
+he and Paul Choynski and Landlord Dombrowski thought they saw that light
+
+
+
+129
+
+
+
+seeping out of cracks in the sealed loft above the young gentleman's room, but
+they had all agreed not to talk about that. However, it would be better for the
+gentleman to take another room and get a crucifix from some good priest like
+Father Iwanicki.
+
+As the man rambled on, Gilman felt a nameless panic clutch at his throat. He
+knew that Joe must have been half drunk when he came home the night before;
+yet the mention of a violet light in the garret window was of frightful import. It
+was a lambent glow of this sort which always played about the old woman and
+the small furry thing in those lighter, sharper dreams which prefaced his plunge
+into unknown abysses, and the thought that a wakeful second person could see
+the dream-luminance was utterly beyond sane harborage. Yet where had the
+fellow got such an odd notion? Had he himself talked as well as walked around
+the house in his sleep? No, Joe said, he had not - but he must check up on this.
+Perhaps Frank Elwood could tell him something, though he hated to ask.
+
+Fever - wild dreams - somnambulism - illusions of sounds - a pull toward a point
+in the sky - and now a suspicion of insane sleep-talking! He must stop studying,
+see a nerve specialist, and take himself in hand. When he climbed to the second
+storey he paused at Elwood's door but saw that the other youth was out.
+Reluctantly he continued up to his garret room and sat down in the dark. His
+gaze was still pulled to the southward, but he also found himself listening
+intently for some sound in the closed loft above, and half imagining that an evil
+violet light seeped down through an infinitesimal crack in the low, slanting
+ceiling.
+
+That night as Gilman slept, the violet light broke upon him with heightened
+intensity, and the old witch and small furry thing, getting closer than ever before,
+mocked him with inhuman squeals and devilish gestures. He was glad to sink
+into the vaguely roaring twilight abysses, though the pursuit of that iridescent
+bubble-congeries and that kaleidoscopic little polyhedron was menacing and
+irritating. Then came the shift as vast converging planes of a slippery-looking
+substance loomed above and below him - a shift which ended in a flash of
+delirium and a blaze of unknown, alien light in which yellow, carmine, and
+indigo were madly and inextricably blended.
+
+He was half lying on a high, fantastically balustraded terrace above a boundless
+jungle of outlandish, incredible peaks, balanced planes, domes, minarets,
+horizontal disks poised on pinnacles, and numberless forms of still greater
+wildness - some of stone and some of metal - which glittered gorgeously in the
+mixed, almost blistering glare from a poly-chromatic sky. Looking upward he
+saw three stupendous disks of flame, each of a different hue, and at a different
+height above an infinitely distant curving horizon of low mountains. Behind him
+
+
+
+130
+
+
+
+tiers of higher terraces towered aloft as far as he could see. The city below
+stretched away to the limits of vision, and he hoped that no sound would well up
+from it.
+
+The pavement from which he easily raised himself was a veined polished stone
+beyond his power to identify, and the tiles were cut in bizarre-angled shapes
+which struck himm as less asymmetrical than based on some unearthly
+symmetry whose laws he could not comprehend. The balustrade was chest-high,
+delicate, and fantastically wrought, while along the rail were ranged at short
+intervals little figures of grotesque design and exquisite workmanship. They, like
+the whole balustrade, seemed to be made of some sort of shining metal whose
+colour could not be guessed in the chaos of mixed effulgences, and their nature
+utterly defied conjecture. They represented some ridged barrel-shaped objects
+with thin horizontal arms radiating spoke-like from a central ring and with
+vertical knobs or bulbs projecting from the head and base of the barrel. Each of
+these knobs was the hub of a system of five long, flat, triangularly tapering arms
+arranged around it like the arms of a starfish - nearly horizontal, but curving
+slightly away from the central barrel. The base of the bottom knob was fused to
+the long railing with so delicate a point of contact that several figures had been
+broken off and were missing. The figures were about four and a half inches in
+height, while the spiky arms gave them a maximum diameter of about two and a
+half inches.
+
+When Gilman stood up, the tiles felt hot to his bare feet. He was wholly alone,
+and his first act was to walk to the balustrade and look dizzily down at the
+endless, Cyclopean city almost two thousand feet below. As he listened he
+thought a rhythmic confusion of faint musical pipings covering a wide tonal
+range welled up from the narrow streets beneath, and he wished he might
+discern the denizens of the place. The sight turned him giddy after a while, so
+that he would have fallen to the pavement had he not clutched instinctively at
+the lustrous balustrade. His right hand fell on one of the projecting figures, the
+touch seeming to steady him slightly. It was too much, however, for the exotic
+delicacy of the metal- work, and the spiky figure snapped off under his grasp.
+Still half dazed, he continued to clutch it as his other hand seized a vacant space
+on the smooth railing.
+
+But now his over-sensitive ears caught something behind him, and he looked
+back across the level terrace. Approaching him softly though without apparent
+furtiveness were five figures, two of which were the sinister old woman and the
+fanged, furry little animal. The other three were what sent him unconscious; for
+they were living entities about eight feet high, shaped precisely like the spiky
+images on the balustrade, and propelling themselves by a spider-like wriggling
+of their lower set of starfish-arms.
+
+
+
+131
+
+
+
+Gilman awoke in his bed, drenched by a cold perspiration and with a smarting
+sensation in his face, hands and feet. Springing to the floor, he washed and
+dressed in frantic haste, as if it were necessary for him to get out of the house as
+quickly as possible. He did not know where he wished to go, but felt that once
+more he would have to sacrifice his classes. The odd pull toward that spot in the
+sky between Hydra and Argo had abated, but another of even greater strength
+had taken its place. Now he felt that he must go north - infinitely north. He
+dreaded to cross the bridge that gave a view of the desolate island in the
+Miskatonic, so went over the Peabody Avenue bridge. Very often he stumbled,
+for his eyes and ears were chained to an extremely lofty point in the blank blue
+sky.
+
+After about an hour he got himself under better control, and saw that he was far
+from the city. All around him stretched the bleak emptiness of salt marshes,
+while the narrow road ahead led to Innsmouth - that ancient, half-deserted town
+which Arkham people were so curiously unwilling to visit. Though the
+northward pull had not diminished, he resisted it as he had resisted the other
+pull, and finally found that he could almost balance the one against the other.
+Plodding back to town and getting some coffee at a soda fountain, he dragged
+himself into the public library and browsed aimlessly among the lighter
+magazines. Once he met some friends who remarked how oddly sunburned he
+looked, but he did not tell them of his walk. At three o'clock he took some lunch
+at a restaurant, noting meanwhile that the pull had either lessened or divided
+itself. After that he killed the time at a cheap cinema show, seeing the inane
+performance over and over again without paying any attention to it.
+
+About nine at night he drifted homeward and shuffled into the ancient house.
+Joe Mazurewicz was whining unintelligible prayers, and Gilman hastened up to
+his own garret chamber without pausing to see if Elwood was in. It was when he
+turned on the feeble electric light that the shock came. At once he saw there was
+something on the table which did not belong there, and a second look left no
+room for doubt. Lying on its side - for it could not stand up alone - was the exotic
+spiky figure which in his monstrous dream he had broken off the fantastic
+balustrade. No detail was missing. The ridged, barrel-shaped center, the thin
+radiating arms, the knobs at each end, and the flat, slightly outward-curving
+starfish-arms spreading from those knobs - all were there. In the electric light the
+colour seemed to be a kind of iridescent grey veined with green; and Gilman
+could see amidst his horror and bewilderment that one of the knobs ended in a
+jagged break, corresponding to its former point of attachment to the dream-
+railing.
+
+Only his tendency toward a dazed stupor prevented him from screaming aloud.
+This fusion of dream and reality was too much to bear. Still dazed, he clutched at
+
+
+
+132
+
+
+
+the spiky thing and staggered downstairs to Landlord Dombrowski's quarters.
+The whining prayers of the superstitious loom-fixer were still sounding through
+the mouldy halls, but Gilman did not mind them now. The landlord was in, and
+greeted him pleasantly. No, he had not seen that thing before and did not know
+anything about it. But his wife had said she found a funny tin thing in one of the
+beds when she fixed the rooms at noon, and maybe that was it. Dombrowski
+called her, and she waddled in. Yes, that was the thing. She had found it in the
+young gentleman's bed - on the side next the wall. It had looked very queer to
+her, but of course the young gentleman had lots of queer things in his room -
+books and curios and pictures and markings on paper. She certainly knew
+nothing about it.
+
+So Gilman climbed upstairs again in mental turmoil, convinced that he was
+either still dreaming or that his somnambulism had run to incredible extremes
+and led him to depredations in unknown places. Where had he got this outre
+thing? He did not recall seeing it in any museum in Arkham. It must have been
+somewhere, though; and the sight of it as he snatched it in his sleep must have
+caused the odd dream- picture of the balustraded terrace. Next day he would
+make some very guarded inquiries - and perhaps see the nerve specialist.
+
+Meanwhile he would try to keep track of his somnambulism. As he went
+upstairs and across the garret hall he sprinkled about some flour which he had
+borrowed - with a frank admission as to its purpose - from the landlord. He had
+stopped at Elwood's door on the way, but had found all dark within. Entering
+his room, he placed the spiky thing on the table, and lay down in complete
+mental and physical exhaustion without pausing to undress. From the closed loft
+above the slating ceiling he thought he heard a faint scratching and padding, but
+he was too disorganized even to mind it. That cryptical pull from the north was
+getting very strong again, though it seemed now to come from a lower place in
+the sky.
+
+In the dazzling violet light of dream the old woman and the fanged, furry thing
+came again and with a greater distinctness than on any former occasion. This
+time they actually reached him, and he felt the crone's withered claws clutching
+at him. He was pulled out of bed and into empty space, and for a moment he
+heard a rhythmic roaring and saw the twilight amorphousness of the vague
+abysses seething around him. But that moment was very brief, for presently he
+was in a crude, windowless little space with rough beams and planks rising to a
+peak just above his head, and with a curious slanting floor underfoot. Propped
+level on that floor were low cases full of books of every degree of antiquity and
+disintegration, and in the centre were a table and bench, both apparently
+fastened in place. Small objects of unknown shape and nature were ranged on
+the tops of the cases, and in the flaming violet light Gilman thought he saw a
+
+
+
+133
+
+
+
+counterpart of the spiky image which had puzzled him so horribly. On the left
+the floor fell abruptly away, leaving a black triangular gulf out of which, after a
+second's dry rattling, there presently climbed the hateful little furry thing with
+the yellow fangs and bearded human face.
+
+The evilly-grinning beldame still clutched him, and beyond the table stood a
+figure he had never seen before - a tall, lean man of dead black colouration but
+without the slightest sign of negroid features: wholly devoid of either hair or
+beard, and wearing as his only garment a shapeless robe of some heavy black
+fabric. His feet were indistinguishable because of the table and bench, but he
+must have been shod, since there was a clicking whenever he changed position.
+The man did not speak, and bore no trace of expression on his small, regular
+features. He merely pointed to a book of prodigious size which lay open on the
+table, while the beldame thrust a huge grey quill into Gilman's right hand. Over
+everything was a pall of intensely maddening fear, and the climax was reached
+when the furry thing ran up the dreamer's clothing to his shoulders and then
+down his left arm, finally biting him sharply in the wrist just below his cuff. As
+the blood spurted from this wound Gilman lapsed into a faint.
+
+He awaked on the morning of the twenty-second with a pain in his left wrist, and
+saw that his cuff was brown with dried blood. His recollections were very
+confused, but the scene with the black man in the unknown space stood out
+vividly. The rats must have bitten him as he slept, giving rise to the climax of that
+frightful dream. Opening the door, he saw that the flour on the corridor floor
+was undisturbed except for the huge prints of the loutish fellow who roomed at
+the other end of the garret. So he had not been sleep-walking this time. But
+something would have to be done about those rats. He would speak to the
+landlord about them. Again he tried to stop up the hole at the base of the slanting
+wall, wedging in a candlestick which seemed of about the right size. His ears
+were ringing horribly, as if with the residual echoes of some horrible noise heard
+in dreams.
+
+As he bathed and changed clothes he tried to recall what he had dreamed after
+the scene in the violet-litten space, but nothing definite would crystallize in his
+mind. That scene itself must have corresponded to the sealed loft overhead,
+which had begun to attack his imagination so violently, but later impressions
+were faint and hazy. There were suggestions of the vague, twilight abysses, and
+of still vaster, blacker abysses beyond them - abysses in which all fixed
+suggestions were absent. He had been taken there by the bubble- congeries and
+the little polyhedron which always dogged him; but they, like himself, had
+changed to wisps of mist in this farther void of ultimate blackness. Something
+else had gone on ahead - a larger wisp which now and then condensed into
+nameless approximations of form - and he thought that their progress had not
+
+
+
+134
+
+
+
+been in a straight line, but rather along the alien curves and spirals of some
+ethereal vortex which obeyed laws unknown to the physics and mathematics of
+any conceivable cosmos. Eventually there had been a hint of vast, leaping
+shadows, of a monstrous, half-acoustic pulsing, and of the thin, monotonous
+piping of an unseen flute - but that was all. Gilman decided he had picked up
+that last conception from what he had read in the Necronomicon about the
+mindless entity Azathoth, which rules all time and space from a black throne at
+the centre of Chaos.
+
+When the blood was washed away the wrist wound proved very slight, and
+Gilman puzzled over the location of the two tiny punctures. It occurred to him
+that there was no blood on the bedspread where he had lain - which was very
+curious in view of the amount on his skin and cuff. Had he been sleep-walking
+within his room, and had the rat bitten him as he sat in some chair or paused in
+some less rational position? He looked in every corner for brownish drops or
+stains, but did not find any. He had better, he thought, spinkle flour within the
+room as well as outside the door - though after all no further proof of his sleep-
+walking was needed. He knew he did walk and the thing to do now was to stop
+it. He must ask Frank Elwood for help. This morning the strange pulls from
+space seemed lessened, though they were replaced by another sensation even
+more inexplicable. It was a vague, insistent impulse to fly away from his present
+situation, but held not a hint of the specific direction in which he wished to fly.
+As he picked up the strange spiky image on the table he thought the older
+northward pull grew a trifle stronger; but even so, it was wholly overruled by
+the newer and more bewildering urge.
+
+He took the spiky image down to Elwood's room, steeling himself against the
+whines of the loom-fixer which welled up from the ground floor. Elwood was in,
+thank heaven, and appeared to be stirring about. There was time for a little
+conversation before leaving for breakfast and college, so Gilman hurriedly
+poured forth an account of his recent dreams and fears. His host was very
+sympathetic, and agreed that something ought to be done. He was shocked by
+his guest's drawn, haggard aspect, and noticed the queer, abnormal-looking
+sunburn which others had remarked during the past week.
+
+There was not much, though, that he could say. He had not seen Gilman on any
+sleep-walking expedition, and had no idea what the curious image could be. He
+had, though, heard the French-Canadian who lodged just under Gilman talking
+to Mazurewicz one evening. They were telling each other how badly they
+dreaded the coming of Walpurgis Night, now only a few days off; and were
+exchanging pitying comments about the poor, doomed young gentleman.
+Desrochers, the fellow under Gilman's room, had spoken of nocturnal footsteps
+shod and unshod, and of the violet light he saw one night when he had stolen
+
+
+
+135
+
+
+
+fearfully up to peer through Gilman's keyhole. He had not dared to peer, he told
+Mazurewicz, after he had glimpsed that light through the cracks around the
+door. There had been soft talking, too - and as he began to describe it his voice
+had sunk to an inaudible whisper.
+
+Elwood could not imagine what had set these superstitious creatures gossiping,
+but supposed their imaginations had been roused by Gilman's late hours and
+somnolent walking and talking on the one hand, and by the nearness of
+traditionally-feared May Eve on the other hand. That Oilman talked in his sleep
+was plain, and it was obviously from Desrochers' keyhole listenings that the
+delusive notion of the violet dream-light had got abroad. These simple people
+were quick to imagine they had seen any odd thing they had heard about. As for
+a plan of action - Gilman had better move down to Elwood's room and avoid
+sleeping alone. Elwood would, if awake, rouse him whenever he began to talk or
+rise in his sleep. Very soon, too, he must see the specialist. Meanwhile they
+would take the spiky image around to the various museums and to certain
+professors; seeking identification and slating that it had been found in a public
+rubbish-can. Also, Dombrowski must attend to the poisoning of those rats in the
+walls.
+
+Braced up by Elwood's companionship, Gilman attended classes that day.
+Strange urges still tugged at him, but he could sidetrack them with considerable
+success. During a free period he showed the queer image to several professors,
+all of whom were intensely interested, though none of them could shed any light
+upon its nature or origin. That night he slept on a couch which Elwood had had
+the landlord bring to the second-storey room, and for the first time in weeks was
+wholly free from disquieting dreams. But the feverishness still hung on, and the
+whines of the loom-fixer were an unnerving influence.
+
+During the next few days Gilman enjoyed an almost perfect immunity from
+morbid manifestations. He had, Elwood said, showed no tendency to talk or rise
+in his sleep; and meanwhile the landlord was putting rat-poison everywhere.
+The only disturbing element was the talk among the superstitious foreigners,
+whose imaginations had become highly excited. Mazurewicz was always trying
+to make him get a crucifix, and finally forced one upon him which he said had
+been blessed by the good Father Iwanicki. Desrochers, too, had something to say;
+in fact, he insisted that cautious steps had sounded in the now vacant room
+above him on the first and second nights of Gilinan's absence from it. Paul
+Choynski thought he heard sounds in the halls and on the stairs at night, and
+claimed that his door had been softly tried, while Mrs. Dombrowski vowed she
+had seen Brown Jenkin for the first time since All-Hallows. But such naive
+reports could mean very little, and Gilman let the cheap metal crucifix hang idly
+from a knob on his host's dresser.
+
+
+
+136
+
+
+
+For three days Gilman and Elwood canvassed the local museums in an effort to
+identify the strange spiky image, but always without success. In every quarter,
+however, interest was intense; for the utter alienage of the thing was a
+tremendous challenge to scientific curiosity. One of the small radiating arms was
+broken off and subjected to chemical analysis. Professor Ellery found platinum,
+iron and tellurium in the strange alloy; but mixed with these were at least three
+other apparent elements of high atomic weight which chemistry was absolutely
+powerless to classify. Not only did they fail to correspond with any known
+element, but they did not even fit the vacant places reserved for probable
+elements in the periodic system. The mystery remains unsolved to this day,
+though the image is on exhibition at the museum of Miskatonic University.
+
+On the morning of April twenty-seventh a fresh rat-bole appeared in the room
+where Gilman was a guest, but Dombrowski tinned it up during the day. The
+poison was not having much effect, for scratchings and scurryings in the walls
+were virtually undiminished.
+
+Elwood was out late that night, and Gilman waited up for him. He did not wish
+to go to sleep in a room alone - especially since he thought he had glimpsed in
+the evening twilight the repellent old woman whose image had become so
+horribly transferred to his dreams. He wondered who she was, and what had
+been near her rattling the tin can in a rubbish-heap at the mouth of a squalid
+courtyard. The crone had seemed to notice him and leer evilly at him - though
+perhaps this was merely his imagination.
+
+The next day both youths felt very tired, and knew they would sleep like logs
+when night came. In the evening they drowsily discussed the mathematical
+studies which had so completely and perhaps harmfully engrossed Gilman, and
+speculated about the linkage with ancient magic and folklore which seemed so
+darkly probable. They spoke of old Keziah Mason, and Elwood agreed that
+Gilman had good scientific grounds for thinking she might have stumbled on
+strange and significant information. The hidden cults to which these witches
+belonged often guarded and handed down surprising secrets from elder,
+forgotten eons; and it was by no means impossible that Keziah had actually
+mastered the art of passing through dimensional gates. Tradition emphasizes the
+uselessness of material barriers in halting a witch's notions, and who can say
+what underlies the old tales of broomstick rides through the night?
+
+Whether a modern student could ever gain similar powers from mathematical
+research alone, was still to be seen. Suceess, Gilman added, might lead to
+dangerous and unthinkable situations, for who could foretell the conditions
+pervading an adjacent but normally inaccessible dimension? On the other hand,
+the picturesque possibilities were enormous. Time could not exist in certain belts
+
+
+
+137
+
+
+
+of space, and by entering and remaining in such a belt one might preserve one's
+hfe and age indefinitely; never suffering organic metabolism or deterioration
+except for slight amounts incurred during visits to one's own or similar planes.
+One might, for example, pass into a timeless dimension and emerge at some
+remote period of the earth's history as young as before.
+
+Whether anybody had ever managed to do this, one could hardly conjecture with
+any degree of authority. Old legends are hazy and ambiguous, and in historic
+times all attempts at crossing forbidden gaps seem complicated by strange and
+terrible alliances with beings and messengers from outside. There was the
+immemorial figure of the deputy or messenger of hidden and terrible powers -
+the "Black Man" of the witch-cult, and the "Nyarlathotep" of the Necronomicon.
+There was, too, the baffling problem of the lesser messengers or intermediaries -
+the quasi-animals and queer hybrids which legend depicts as witches' familiars.
+As Oilman and Elwood retired, too sleepy to argue further, they heard Joe
+Mazurewicz reel into the house half drunk, and shuddered at the desperate
+wildness of his whining prayers.
+
+That night Oilman saw the violet light again. In his dream he had heard a
+scratching and gnawing in the partitions, and thought that someone fumbled
+clumsily at the latch. Then he saw the old woman and the small furry thing
+advancing toward him over the carpeted floor. The beldame's face was alight
+with inhuman exultation, and the little yellow-toothed morbidity tittered
+mockingly as it pointed at the heavily- sleeping form of Elwood on the other
+couch across the room. A paralysis of fear stifled all attempts to cry out. As once
+before, the hideous crone seized Oilman by the shoulders, yanking him out of
+bed and into empty space. Again the infinitude of the shrieking abysses flashed
+past him, but in another second he thought he was in a dark, muddy, unknown
+alley of foetid odors with the rotting walls of ancient houses towering up on
+every hand.
+
+Ahead was the robed black man he had seen in the peaked space in the other
+dream, while from a lesser distance the old woman was beckoning and
+grimacing imperiously. Brown Jenkin was rubbing itself with a kind of
+affectionate playfulness around the ankles of the black man, which the deep mud
+largely concealed. There was a dark open doorway on the right, to which the
+black man silently pointed. Into this the grinning crone started, dragging Oilman
+after her by his pajama sleeves. There were evil-smelling staircases which
+creaked ominously, and on which the old woman seemed to radiate a faint violet
+light; and finally a door leading off a landing. The crone fumbled with the latch
+and pushed the door open, motioning to Oilman to wait, and disappearing inside
+the black aperture.
+
+
+
+138
+
+
+
+The youth's over-sensitive ears caught a hideous strangled cry, and presently the
+beldame came out of the room bearing a small, senseless form which she thrust
+at the dreamer as if ordering him to carry it. The sight of this form, and the
+expression on its face, broke the spell. Still too dazed to cry out, he plunged
+recklessly down the noisome staircase and into the mud outside, halting only
+when seized and choked by the waiting black man. As consciousness departed
+he heard the faint, shrill tittering of the fanged, rat-like abnormality.
+
+On the morning of the twenty-ninth Gilman awaked into a maelstrom of horror.
+The instant he opened his eyes he knew something was terribly wrong, for he
+was back in his old garret room with the slanting wall and ceiling, sprawled on
+the now unmade bed. His throat was aching inexplicably, and as he struggled to
+a sitting posture he saw with growing fright that his feet and pajama bottoms
+were brown with caked mud. For the moment his recollections were hopelessly
+hazy, but he knew at least that he must have been sleep-walking. Elwood had
+been lost too deeply in slumber to hear and stop him. On the floor were confused
+muddy prints, but oddly enough they did not extend all the way to the door. The
+more Gilman looked at them, the more peculiar they seemed; for in addition to
+those he could recognize as his there were some smaller, almost round markings
+- such as the legs of a large chair or a table might make, except that most of them
+tended to be divided into halves. There were also some curious muddy rat-tracks
+leading out of a fresh hole and back into it again. Utter bewilderment and the
+fear of madness racked Gilman as he staggered to the door and saw that there
+were no muddy prints outside. The more he remembered of his hideous dream
+the more terrified he felt, and it added to his desperation to hear Joe Mazurewicz
+chanting mournfully two floors below.
+
+Descending to Elwood's room he roused his still-sleeping host and began telling
+of how he had found himself, but Elwood could form no idea of what might
+really have happened. Where Gilman could have been, how he got back to his
+room without making tracks in the hall, and how the muddy, furniture-like
+prints came to be mixed with his in the garret chamber, were wholly beyond
+conjecture. Then there were those dark, livid marks on his throat, as if he had
+tried to strangle himself. He put his hands up to them, but found that they did
+not even approximately fit. While they were talking, Desrochers dropped in to
+say that he had heard a terrific clattering overhead in the dark small hours. No,
+there had been no one on the stairs after midnight, though just before midnight
+he had heard faint footfalls in the garret, and cautiously descending steps he did
+not like. It was, he added, a very bad time of year for Arkham. The young
+gentleman had better be sure to wear the circifix Joe Mazurewicz had given him.
+Even the daytime was not safe, for after dawn there had been strange sounds in
+the house - especially a thin, childish wail hastily choked off.
+
+
+
+139
+
+
+
+Gilman mechanically attended classes that morning, but was wholly unable to fix
+his mind on his studies. A mood of hideous apprehension and expectancy had
+seized him, and he seemed to be awaiting the fall of some annihilating blow. At
+noon he lunched at the University spa, picking up a paper from the next seat as
+he waited for dessert. But he never ate that dessert; for an item on the paper's
+first page left him limp, wild-eyed, and able only to pay his check and stagger
+back to Elwood's room.
+
+There had been a strange kidnapping the night before in Orne's Gangway, and
+the two-year-old child of a clod-like laundry worker named Anastasia Wolejko
+had completely vanished from sight. The mother, it appeared, had feared the
+event for some time; but the reasons she assigned for her fear were so grotesque
+that no one took them seriously. She had, she said, seen Brown Jenkin about the
+place now and then ever since early in March, and knew from its grimaces and
+titterings that little Ladislas must be marked for sacrifice at the awful Sabbat on
+Walpurgis Night. She had asked her neighbour Mary Czanek to sleep in the
+room and try to protect the child, but Mary had not dared. She could not tell the
+police, for they never believed such things. Children had been taken that way
+every year ever since she could remember. And her friend Pete Stowacki would
+not help because he wanted the child out of the way.
+
+But what threw Gilman into a cold perspiration was the report of a pair of
+revellers who had been walking past the mouth of the gangway just after
+midnight. They admitted they had been drunk, but both vowed they had seen a
+crazily dressed trio furtively entering the dark passageway. There had, they said,
+been a huge robed negro, a little old woman in rags, and a young white man in
+his night-clothes. The old woman had been dragging the youth, while around the
+feet of the negro a tame rat was rubbing and weaving in the brown mud.
+
+Gilman sat in a daze all the afternoon, and Elwood - who had meanwhile seen
+the papers and formed terrible conjectures from them - found him thus when he
+came home. This time neither could doubt but that something hideously serious
+was closing in around them. Between the phantasms of nightmare and the
+realities of the objective world a monstrous and unthinkable relationship was
+crystallizing, and only stupendous vigilance could avert still more direful
+developments. Gilman must see a specialist sooner or later, but not just now,
+when all the papers were full of this kidnapping business.
+
+Just what had really happened was maddeningly obscure, and for a moment
+both Gilman and Elwood exchanged whispered theories of the wildest kind. Had
+Gilman unconsciously succeeded better than he knew in his studies of space and
+its dimensions? Had he actually slipped outside our sphere to points unguessed
+and unimaginable? Where - if anywhere - had he been on those nights of
+
+
+
+140
+
+
+
+demoniac alienage? The roaring twilight abysses - the green hillside - the
+blistering terrace - the pulls from the stars - the ultimate black vortex - the black
+man - the muddy alley and the stairs - the old witch and the fanged, furry horror
+
+- the bubble-congeries and the little polyhedron - the strange sunburn - the wrist-
+wound - the unexplained image - the muddy feet - the throat marks - the tales
+and fears of the superstitious foreigners - what did all this mean? To what extent
+could the laws of sanity apply to such a case?
+
+There was no sleep for either of them that night, but next day they both cut
+classes and drowsed. This was April thirtieth, and with the dusk would come the
+hellish Sabbat-time which all the foreigners and the superstitious old folk feared.
+Mazurewicz came home at six o'clock and said people at the mill were
+whispering that the Walpurgis revels would be held in the dark ravine beyond
+Meadow Hill where the old white stone stands in a place queerly devoid of all
+plant-life. Some of them had even told the police and advised them to look there
+for the missing Wolejko child, but they did not believe anything would be done.
+Joe insisted that the poor young gentleman wear his nickel-chained crucifix, and
+Gilman put it on and dropped it inside his shirt to humour the fellow.
+
+Late at night the two youths sat drowsing in their chairs, lulled by the praying of
+the loom-fixer on the floor below. Gilman listened as he nodded, his
+preternaturally sharpened hearing seeming to strain for some subtle, dreaded
+murmur beyond the noises in the ancient house. Unwholesome recollections of
+things in the Necronomicon and the Black Book welled up, and he found himself
+swaying to infandous rhythms said to pertain to the blackest ceremonies of the
+Sabbat and to have an origin outside the time and space we comprehend.
+
+Presently he realized what he was listening for - the hellish chant of the
+celebrants in the distant black valley. How did he know so much about what
+they expected? How did he know the time when Nahab and her acolyte were
+due to bear the brimming bowl which would follow the black cock and the black
+goat? He saw that Elwood had dropped asleep, and tried to call out and waken
+him. Something, however, closed his throat. He was not his own master. Had he
+signed the black man's book after all?
+
+Then his fevered, abnormal hearing caught the distant, windborne notes. Over
+miles of hill and field and alley they came, but he recognized them none the less.
+The fires must be lit, and the dancers must be starting in. How could he keep
+himself from going? What was it that had enmeshed him? Mathematics - folklore
+
+- the house - old Keziah - Brown Jenkin . . . and now he saw that there was a fresh
+rat-hole in the wall near his couch. Above the distant chanting and the nearer
+praying of Joe Mazurewicz came another sound - a stealthy, determined
+scratching in the partitions. He hoped the electric lights would not go out. Then
+
+
+
+141
+
+
+
+he saw the fanged, bearded Httle face in the rat-hole - the accursed httle face
+which he at last realized bore such a shocking, mocking resemblance to old
+Keziah's - and heard the faint fumbling at the door.
+
+The screaming twilight abysses flashed before him, and he felt himself helpless
+in the formless grasp of the iridescent bubble-congeries. Ahead raced the small,
+kaleidoscopic polyhedron and all through the churning void there was a
+heightening and acceleration of the vague tonal pattern which seemed to
+foreshadow some unutterable and unendurable climax. He seemed to know
+what was coming - the monstrous burst of Walpurgis-rhythm in whose cosmic
+timbre would be concentrated all the primal, ultimate space-time seethings
+which lie behind the massed spheres of matter and sometimes break forth in
+measured reverberations that penetrate faintly to every layer of entity and give
+hideous significance throughout the worlds to certain dreaded periods.
+
+But all this vanished in a second. He was again in the cramped, violet-litten
+peaked space with the slanting floor, the low cases of ancient books, the bench
+and table, the queer objects, and the triangular gulf at one side. On the table lay a
+small white figure - an infant boy, unclothed and unconscious - while on the
+other side stood the monstrous, leering old woman with a gleaming, grotesque-
+hafted knife in her right hand, and a queerly proportioned pale metal bowl
+covered with curiously chased designs and having delicate lateral handles in her
+left. She was intoning some croaking ritual in a language which Gilman could
+not understand, but which seemed like something guardedly quoted in the
+Necronomicon.
+
+As the scene grew clearer he saw the ancient crone bend forward and extend the
+empty bowl across the table - and unable to control his own emotions, he
+reached far forward and took it in both hands, noticing as he did so its
+comparative lightness. At the same moment the disgusting form of Brown Jenkin
+scrambled up over the brink of the triangular black gulf on his left. The crone
+now motioned him to hold the bowl in a certain position while she raised the
+huge, grotesque knife above the small white victim as high as her right hand
+could reach. The fanged, furry thing began tittering a continuation of the
+unknown ritual, while the witch croaked loathsome responses. Gilman felt a
+gnawing poignant abhorrence shoot through his mental and emotional paralysis,
+and the light metal bowl shook in his grasp. A second later the downward
+motion of the knife broke the spell conpletely, and he dropped the bowl with a
+resounding bell-like clangour while his hands darted out frantically to stop the
+monstrous deed.
+
+In an instant he had edged up the slanting floor around the end of the table and
+wrenched the knife from the old woman's claws; sending it clattering over the
+
+
+
+142
+
+
+
+brink of the narrow triangular gulf. In another instant, however, matters were
+reversed; for those murderous claws had locked themselves tightly around his
+own throat, while the wrinkled face was twisted with insane fury. He felt the
+chain of the cheap crucifix grinding into his neck, and in his peril wondered how
+the sight of the object itself would affect the evil creature. Her strength was
+altogether superhuman, but as she continued her choking he reached feebly in
+his shirt and drew out the metal symbol, snapping the chain and pulling it free.
+
+At sight of the device the witch seemed struck with panic, and her grip relaxed
+long enough to give Gilman a chance to break it entirely. He pulled the steel-like
+claws from his neck, and would have dragged the beldame over the edge of the
+gulf had not the claws received a fresh access of strength and closed in again.
+This time he resolved to reply in kind, and his own hands reached out for the
+creature's throat. Before she saw what he was doing he had the chain of the
+crucifix twisted about her neck, and a moment later he had tightened it enough
+to cut off her breath. During her last struggle he felt something bite at his ankle,
+and saw that Brown Jenkin had come to her aid. With one savage kick he sent the
+morbidity over the edge of the gulf and heard it whimper on some level far
+below.
+
+Whether he had killed the ancient crone he did not know, but he let her rest on
+the floor where she had fallen. Then, as he turned away, he saw on the table a
+sight which nearly snapped the last thread of his reason. Brown Jenkin, tough of
+sinew and with four tiny hands of demoniac dexterity, had been busy while the
+witch was throttling him, and his efforts had been in vain. What he had
+prevented the knife from doing to the victim's chest, the yellow fangs of the furry
+blasphemy had done to a wrist - and the bowl so lately on the floor stood full
+beside the small lifeless body.
+
+In his dream-delirium Gilman heard the hellish alien-rhythmed chant of the
+Sabbat coming from an infinite distance, and knew the black man must be there.
+Confused memories mixed themselves with his mathematics, and he believed his
+subconscious mind held the angles which he needed to guide him back to the
+normal world alone and unaided for the first time. He felt sure he was in the
+immemorially sealed loft above his own room, but whether he could ever escape
+through the slanting floor or the long-stooped egress he doubted greatly.
+Besides, would not an escape from a dream-loft bring him merely into a dream-
+house - an abnormal projection of the actual place he sought? He was wholly
+bewildered as to the relation betwixt dream and reality in all his experiences.
+
+The passage through the vague abysses would be frightful, for the Walpurgis-
+rhythm would be vibrating, and at last he would have to hear that hitherto-
+veiled cosmic pulsing which he so mortally dreaded. Even now he could detect a
+
+
+
+143
+
+
+
+low, monstrous shaking whose tempo he suspected all too well. At Sabbat-time it
+always mounted and reached through to the worlds to summon the initiate to
+nameless rites. Half the chants of the Sabbat were patterned on this faintly
+overheard pulsing which no earthly ear could endure in its unveiled spatial
+fulness. Gilman wondered, too, whether he could trust his instincts to take him
+back to the right part of space. How could he be sure he would not land on that
+green-litten hillside of a far planet, on the tessellated terrace above the city of
+tentacled monsters somewhere beyond the galaxy or in the spiral black vortices
+of that ultimate void of Chaos where reigns the mindless demon-sultan
+Azathoth?
+
+Just before he made the plunge the violet light went out and left him in utter
+blackness. The witch - old Keziah - Nahab - that must have meant her death. And
+mixed with the distant chant of the Sabbat and the whimpers of Brown Jenkin in
+the gulf below he thought he heard another and wilder whine from unknown
+depths. Joe Mazurewicz - the prayers against the Crawling Chaos now turning to
+an inexplicably triumphant shriek - worlds of sardonic actuality impinging on
+vortices of febrile dream - la! Shub-Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand
+Young...
+
+They found Gilman on the floor of his queerly-angled old garret room long
+before dawn, for the terrible cry had brought Desrochers and Choynski and
+Dombrowski and Mazurewicz at once, and had even wakened the soundly
+sleeping Elwood in his chair. He was alive, and with open, staring eyes, but
+seemed largely unconscious. On his throat were the marks of murderous hands,
+and on his left ankle was a distressing rat-bite. His clothing was badly rumpled
+and Joe's crucifix was missing, Elwood trembled, afraid even to speculate what
+new form his friend's sleep-walking had taken. Mazurewicz seemed half dazed
+because of a "sign" he said he had had in response to his prayers, and he crossed
+himself frantically when the squealing and whimpering of a rat sounded from
+beyond the slanting partition.
+
+When the dreamer was settled on his couch in Elwood's room they sent for
+Doctor Malkowski - a local practitioner who would repeat no tales where they
+might prove embarrassing - and he gave Gilman two hypodermic injections
+which caused him to relax in something like natural drowsiness. During the day
+the patient regained consciousness at times and whispered his newest dream
+disjointedly to Elwood. It was a painful process, and at its very start brought out
+a fresh and disconcerting fact.
+
+Gilman - whose ears had so lately possessed an abnormal sensitiveness - was
+now stone-deaf. Doctor Malkowski, summoned again in haste, told Elwood that
+both ear-drums were ruptured, as if by the impact of some stupendous sound
+
+
+
+144
+
+
+
+intense beyond all human conception or endurance. How such a sound could
+have been heard in the last few hours without arousing all the Miskatonic Valley
+was more than the honest physician could say.
+
+Elwood wrote his part of the colloquy on paper, so that a fairly easy
+communication was maintained. Neither knew what to make of the whole
+chaotic business, and decided it would be better if they thought as little as
+possible about it. Both, though, agreed that they must leave this ancient and
+accursed house as soon as it could be arranged. Evening papers spoke of a police
+raid on some curious revellers in a ravine beyond Meadow Hill just before dawn,
+and mentioned that the white stone there was an object of age- long superstitious
+regard. Nobody had been caught, but among the scattering fugitives had been
+glimpsed a huge negro. In another column it was stated that no trace of the
+missing child Ladislas Wolejko had been found.
+
+The crowning horror came that very night. Elwood will never forget it, and was
+forced to stay out of college the rest of the term because of the resulting nervous
+breakdown. He had thought he heard rats in the partition all the evening, but
+paid little attention to them. Then, long after both he and Gilman had retired, the
+atrocious shrieking began. Elwood jumped up, turned on the lights and rushed
+over to his guest's couch. The occupant was emitting sounds of veritably
+inhuman nature, as if racked by some torment beyond description. He was
+writhing under the bedclothes, and a great stain was beginning to appear on the
+blankets.
+
+Elwood scarcely dared to touch him, but gradually the screaming and writhing
+subsided. By this time Dombrowski, Choynski, Desrochers, Mazurewicz, and the
+top-floor lodger were all crowding into the doorway, and the landlord had sent
+his wife back to telephone for Doctor Malkowaki. Everybody shrieked when a
+large rat-like form suddenly jumped out from beneath the ensanguined
+bedclothes and scuttled across the floor to a fresh, open hole close by. When the
+doctor arrived and began to pull down those frightful covers Walter Gilman was
+dead.
+
+It would be barbarous to do more than suggest what had killed Gilman. There
+had been virtually a tunnel through his body - something had eaten his heart out.
+Dombrowski, frantic at the failure of his rat- poisoning efforts, cast aside all
+thought of his lease and within a week had moved with all his older lodgers to a
+dingy but less ancient house in Walnut Street. The worst thing for a while was
+keeping Joe Mazurewicz quiet; for the brooding loom-fixer would never stay
+sober, and was constantly whining and muttering about spectral and terrible
+things.
+
+
+
+145
+
+
+
+It seems that on that last hideous night Joe had stooped to look at the crimson
+rat-tracks which led from Gilman's couch to the near-by hole. On the carpet they
+were very indistinct, but a piece of open flooring intervened between the carpet's
+edge and the baseboard. There Mazurewicz had found something monstrous - or
+thought he had, for no one else could quite agree with him despite the
+undeniable queerness of the prints. The tracks on the flooring were certainly
+vastly unlike the average prints of a rat but even Choynski and Desrochers
+would not admit that they were like the prints of four tiny human hands.
+
+The house was never rented again. As soon as Dombrowski left it the pall of its
+final desolation began to descend, for people shunned it both on account of its
+old reputation and because of the new foetid odour. Perhaps the ex-landlord's
+rat-poison had worked after all, for not long after his departure the place became
+a neighbourhood nuisance. Health officials traced the smell to the closed spaces
+above and beside the eastern garret room, and agreed that the number of dead
+rats must be enormous. They decided, however, that it was not worth their while
+to hew open and disinfect the long-sealed spaces; for the foetor would soon be
+over, and the locality was not one which encouraged fastidious standards.
+Indeed, there were always vague local tales of unexplained stenches upstairs in
+the Witch-House just after May-Eve and Hallowmass. The neighbours
+acquiesced in the inertia - but the foetor none the less formed an additional count
+against the place. Toward the last the house was condemned as a habitation by
+the building inspector.
+
+Gilman's dreams and their attendant circumstances have never been explained.
+Elwood, whose thoughts on the entire episode are sometimes almost maddening,
+came back to college the next autumn and was graduated in the following June.
+He found the spectral gossip of the town much disminished, and it is indeed a
+fact that - notwithstanding certain reports of a ghostly tittering in the deserted
+house which lasted almost as long as that edifice itself - no fresh appearances
+either of Old Keziah or of Brown Jenkin have been muttered of since Gilman's
+death. It is rather fortunate that Elwood was not in Arkham in that later year
+when certain events abruptly renewed the local whispers about elder horrors. Of
+course he heard about the matter afterward and suffered untold torments of
+black and bewildered speculation; but even that was not as bad as actual
+nearness and several possible sights would have been.
+
+In March, 1931, a gale wrecked the roof and great chimney of the vacant Witch-
+House, so that a chaos of crumbling bricks, blackened, moss-grown shingles, and
+rotting planks and timbers crashed down into the loft and broke through the
+floor beneath. The whole attic storey was choked with debris from above, but no
+one took the trouble to touch the mess before the inevitable razing of the decrepit
+structure. That ultimate step came in the following December, and it was when
+
+
+
+146
+
+
+
+Gilman's old room was cleared out by reluctant, apprehensive workmen that the
+gossip began.
+
+Among the rubbish which had crashed through the ancient slanting ceiling were
+several things which made the workmen pause and call in the police. Later the
+police in turn called in the coroner and several professors from the university.
+There were bones - badly crushed and splintered, but clearly recognizable as
+human - whose manifestly modern date conflicted puzzlingly with the remote
+period at which their only possible lurking place, the low, slant-floored loft
+overhead, had supposedly been sealed from all human access. The coroner's
+physician decided that some belonged to a small child, while certain others -
+found mixed with shreds of rotten brownish cloth - belonged to a rather
+undersized, bent female of advanced years. Careful sifting of debris also
+disclosed many tiny bones of rats caught in the collapse, as well as older rat-
+bones gnawed by small fangs in a fashion now and then highly productive of
+controversy and reflection.
+
+Other objects found included the mangled fragments of many books and papers,
+together with a yellowish dust left from the total disintegration of still older
+books and papers. All, without exception, appeared to deal with black magic in
+its most advanced and horrible forms; and the evidently recent date of certain
+items is still a mystery as unsolved as that of the modern human bones. An even
+greater mystery is the absolute homogeneity of the crabbed, archaic writing
+found on a wide range of papers whose conditions and watermarks suggest age
+differences of at least one hundred and fifty to two hundred years. To some,
+though, the greatest mystery of all is the variety of utterly inexplicable objects -
+objects whose shapes, materials, types of workmanship, and purposes baffle all
+conjecture - found scattered amidst the wreckage in evidently diverse states of
+injury. One of these things - which excited several Miskatonie professors
+profoundly is a badly damaged monstrosity plainly resembling the strange
+image which Oilman gave to the college museum, save that it is large, wrought
+of some peculiar bluish stone instead of metal, and possessed of a singularly
+angled pedestal with undecipherable hieroglyphics.
+
+Archaeologists and anthropologists are still trying to explain the bizarre designs
+chased on a crushed bowl of light metal whose inner side bore ominous
+brownish stains when found. Foreigners and credulous grandmothers are
+equally garrulous about the modern nickel crucifix with broken chain mixed in
+the rubbish and shiveringly identified by Joe Maturewicz as that which he had
+given poor Oilman many years before. Some believe this crucifix was dragged up
+to the sealed loft by rats, while others think it must have been on the floor in
+some corner of Oilman's old room at the time. Still others, including Joe himself,
+have theories too wild and fantastic for sober credence.
+
+
+
+147
+
+
+
+When the slanting wall of Gilman's room was torn out, the once-sealed
+triangular space between that partition and the house's north wall was found to
+contain much less structural debris, even in proportion to its size, than the room
+itself, though it had a ghastly layer of older materials which paralyzed the
+wreckers with horror. In brief, the floor was a veritable ossuary of the bones of
+small children - some fairly modern, but others extending back in infinite
+gradations to a period so remote that crumbling was almost complete. On this
+deep bony layer rested a knife of great size, obvious antiquity, and grotesque,
+ornate, and exotic design - above which the debris was piled.
+
+In the midst of this debris, wedged between a fallen plank and a cluster of
+cemented bricks from the ruined chimney, was an object destined to cause more
+bafflement, veiled fright, and openly superstitious talk in Arkham than anything
+else discovered in the haunted and accursed building.
+
+This object was the partly crushed skeleton of a huge diseased rat, whose
+abnormalities of form are still a topic of debate and source of singular reticence
+among the members of Miskatonic's department of comparative anatomy. Very
+little concerning this skeleton has leaked out, but the workmen who found it
+whisper in shocked tones about the long, brownish hairs with which it was
+associated.
+
+The bones of the tiny paws, it is rumoured, imply prehensile characteristics more
+typical of a diminutive monkey than of a rat, while the small skull with its
+savage yellow fangs is of the utmost anomalousness, appearing from certain
+angles like a miniature, monstrously degraded parody of a human skull. The
+workmen crossed themselves in fright when they came upon this blasphemy, but
+later burned candles of gratitude in St. Stanislaus' Church because of the shrill,
+ghostly tittering they felt they would never hear again.
+
+
+
+148
+
+
+
+Ex Oblivione
+
+
+
+Written 1920
+
+Published March 1921 in The United Amateur, Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 59-60.
+
+When the last days were upon me, and the ugly trifles of existence began to drive
+me to madness like the small drops of water that torturers let fall ceaselessly
+upon one spot of their victims body, I loved the irradiate refuge of sleep. In my
+dreams I found a little of the beauty I had vainly sought in life, and wandered
+through old gardens and enchanted woods.
+
+Once when the wind was soft and scented I heard the south calling, and sailed
+endlessly and languorously under strange stars.
+
+Once when the gentle rain fell I glided in a barge down a sunless stream under
+the earth till I reached another world of purple twilight, iridescent arbours, and
+undying roses.
+
+And once I walked through a golden valley that led to shadowy groves and
+ruins, and ended in a mighty wall green with antique vines, and pierced by a
+little gate of bronze.
+
+Many times I walked through that valley, and longer and longer would I pause
+in the spectral half-light where the giant trees squirmed and twisted grotesquely,
+and the grey ground stretched damply from trunk to trunk, some times
+disclosing the mould-stained stones of buried temples. And alway the goal of my
+fancies was the mighty vine-grown wall with the little gate of bronze therein.
+
+After a while, as the days of waking became less and less bearable from their
+greyness and sameness, I would often drift in opiate peace through the valley
+and the shadowy groves, and wonder how I might seize them for my eternal
+dwelling-place, so that I need no more crawl back to a dull world stript of
+interest and new colours. And as I looked upon the little gate in the mighty wall,
+I felt that beyond it lay a dream-country from which, once it was entered, there
+would be no return.
+
+So each night in sleep I strove to find the hidden latch of the gate in the ivied
+antique wall, though it was exceedingly well hidden. And I would tell myself
+that the realm beyond the wall was not more lasting merely, but more lovely and
+radiant as well.
+
+
+
+149
+
+
+
+Then one night in the dream-city of Zakarion I found a yellowed papyrus filled
+with the thoughts of dream-sages who dwelt of old in that city, and who were
+too wise ever to be born in the waking world. Therein were written many things
+concerning the world of dream, and among them was lore of a golden valley and
+a sacred grove with temples, and a high wall pierced by a little bronze gate.
+When I saw this lore, I knew that it touched on the scenes I had haunted, and I
+therefore read long in the yellowed papyrus.
+
+Some of the dream-sages wrote gorgeously of the wonders beyond the
+irrepassable gate, but others told of horror and disappointment. I knew not
+which to believe, yet longed more and more to cross for ever into the unknown
+land; for doubt and secrecy are the lure of lures, and no new horror can be more
+terrible than the daily torture of the commonplace. So when I learned of the drug
+which would unlock the gate and drive me through, I resolved to take it when
+next I awaked.
+
+Last night I swallowed the drug and floated dreamily into the golden valley and
+the shadowy groves; and when I came this time to the antique wall, I saw that
+the small gate of bronze was ajar. From beyond came a glow that weirdly lit the
+giant twisted trees and the tops of the buried temples, and I drifted on songfully,
+expectant of the glories of the land from whence I should never return.
+
+But as the gate swung wider and the sorcery of the drug and the dream pushed
+me through, I knew that all sights and glories were at an end; for in that new
+realm was neither land nor sea, but only the white void of unpeopled and
+illimitable space. So, happier than I had ever dared hope to be, I dissolved again
+into that native infinity of crystal oblivion from which the daemon Life had
+called me for one brief and desolate hour.
+
+
+
+150
+
+
+
+Facts Concerning the Late Arthur
+Jermyn and His Family
+
+Written 1920
+
+Published March 1921 in The Wolverine, No. 9, p. 3-11.
+
+I
+
+Life is a hideous thing, and from the background behind what we know of it
+peer daemoniacal hints of truth which make it sometimes a thousandfold more
+hideous. Science, already oppressive with its shocking revelations, will perhaps
+be the ultimate exterminator of our human species-if separate species we be-for
+its reserve of unguessed horrors could never be borne by mortal brains if loosed
+upon the world. If we knew what we are, we should do as Sir Arthur Jermyn did;
+and Arthur Jermyn soaked himself in oil and set fire to his clothing one night. No
+one placed the charred fragments in an urn or set a memorial to him who had
+been; for certain papers and a certain boxed object were found which made men
+wish to forget. Some who knew him do not admit that he ever existed.
+
+Arthur Jermyn went out on the moor and burned himself after seeing the boxed
+object which had come from Africa. It was this object, and not his peculiar
+personal appearance, which made him end his life. Many would have disliked to
+live if possessed of the peculiar features of Arthur Jermyn, but he had been a
+poet and scholar and had not minded. Learning was in his blood, for his great-
+grandfather. Sir Robert Jermyn, Bt., had been an anthropologist of note, whilst
+his great-great-great-grandfather. Sir Wade Jermyn, was one of the earliest
+explorers of the Congo region, and had written eruditely of its tribes, animals,
+and supposed antiquities. Indeed, old Sir Wade had possessed an intellectual
+zeal amounting almost to a mania; his bizarre conjectures on a prehistoric white
+Congolese civilisation earning him much ridicule when his book. Observation on
+the Several Parts of Africa, was published. In 1765 this fearless explorer had been
+placed in a madhouse at Huntingdon.
+
+Madness was in all the Jermyns, and people were glad there were not many of
+them. The line put forth no branches, and Arthur was the last of it. If he had not
+been, one can not say what he would have done when the object came. The
+Jermyns never seemed to look quite right-something was amiss, though Arthur
+was the worst, and the old family portraits in Jermyn House showed fine faces
+enough before Sir Wade's time. Certainly, the madness began with Sir Wade,
+whose wild stories of Africa were at once the delight and terror of his few
+
+
+
+151
+
+
+
+friends. It showed in his collection of trophies and specimens, which were not
+such as a normal man would accumulate and preserve, and appeared strikingly
+in the Oriental seclusion in which he kept his wife. The latter, he had said, was
+the daughter of a Portuguese trader whom he had met in Africa; and did not like
+English ways. She, with an infant son born in Africa, had accompanied him back
+from the second and longest of his trips, and had gone with him on the third and
+last, never returning. No one had ever seen her closely, not even the servants; for
+her disposition had been violent and singular. During her brief stay at Jermyn
+House she occupied a remote wing, and was waited on by her husband alone. Sir
+Wade was, indeed, most peculiar in his solicitude for his family; for when he
+returned to Africa he would permit no one to care for his young son save a
+loathsome black woman from Guinea. Upon coming back, after the death of
+Lady Jermyn, he himself assumed complete care of the boy.
+
+But it was the talk of Sir Wade, especially when in his cups, which chiefly led his
+friends to deem him mad. In a rational age like the eighteenth century it was
+unwise for a man of learning to talk about wild sights and strange scenes under a
+Congo moon; of the gigantic walls and pillars of a forgotten city, crumbling and
+vine-grown, and of damp, silent, stone steps leading interminably down into the
+darkness of abysmal treasure-vaults and inconceivable catacombs. Especially
+was it unwise to rave of the living things that might haunt such a place; of
+creatures half of the jungle and half of the impiously aged city-fabulous
+creatures which even a Pliny might describe with scepticism; things that might
+have sprung up after the great apes had overrun the dying city with the walls
+and the pillars, the vaults and the weird carvings. Yet after he came home for the
+last time Sir Wade would speak of such matters with a shudderingly uncanny
+zest, mostly after his third glass at the Knight's Head; boasting of what he had
+found in the jungle and of how he had dwelt among terrible ruins known only to
+him. And finally he had spoken of the living things in such a manner that he was
+taken to the madhouse. He had shown little regret when shut into the barred
+room at Huntingdon, for his mind moved curiously. Ever since his son had
+commenced to grow out of infancy, he had liked his home less and less, till at last
+he had seemed to dread it. The Knight's Head had been his headquarters, and
+when he was confined he expressed some vague gratitude as if for protection.
+Three years later he died.
+
+Wade Jermyn's son Philip was a highly peculiar person. Despite a strong
+physical resemblance to his father, his appearance and conduct were in many
+particulars so coarse that he was universally shunned. Though he did not inherit
+the madness which was feared by some, he was densely stupid and given to brief
+periods of uncontrollable violence. In frame he was small, but intensely
+powerful, and was of incredible agility. Twelve years after succeeding to his title
+he married the daughter of his gamekeeper, a person said to be of gypsy
+
+
+
+152
+
+
+
+extraction, but before his son was born joined the navy as a common sailor,
+completing the general disgust which his habits and misalliance had begun.
+After the close of the American war he was heard of as sailor on a merchantman
+in the African trade, having a kind of reputation for feats of strength and
+climbing, but finally disappearing one night as his ship lay off the Congo coast.
+
+In the son of Sir Philip Jermyn the now accepted family peculiarity took a strange
+and fatal turn. Tall and fairly handsome, with a sort of weird Eastern grace
+despite certain slight oddities of proportion, Robert Jermyn began life as a
+scholar and investigator. It was he who first studied scientifically the vast
+collection of relics which his mad grandfather had brought from Africa, and who
+made the family name as celebrated in ethnology as in exploration. In 1815 Sir
+Robert married a daughter of the seventh Viscount Brightholme and was
+subsequently blessed with three children, the eldest and youngest of whom were
+never publicly seen on account of deformities in mind and body. Saddened by
+these family misfortunes, the scientist sought relief in work, and made two long
+expeditions in the interior of Africa. In 1849 his second son, Nevil, a singularly
+repellent person who seemed to combine the surliness of Philip Jermyn with the
+hauteur of the Brightholmes, ran away with a vulgar dancer, but was pardoned
+upon his return in the following year. He came back to Jermyn House a widower
+with an infant son, Alfred, who was one day to be the father of Arthur Jermyn.
+
+Friends said that it was this series of griefs which unhinged the mind of Sir
+Robert Jermyn, yet it was probably merely a bit of African folklore which caused
+the disaster. The elderly scholar had been collecting legends of the Onga tribes
+near the field of his grandfather's and his own explorations, hoping in some way
+to account for Sir Wade's wild tales of a lost city peopled by strange hybrid
+creatures. A certain consistency in the strange papers of his ancestor suggested
+that the madman's imagination might have been stimulated by native myths. On
+October 19, 1852, the explorer Samuel Seaton called at Jermyn House with a
+manuscript of notes collected among the Ongas, believing that certain legends of
+a gray city of white apes ruled by a white god might prove valuable to the
+ethnologist. In his conversation he probably supplied many additional details;
+the nature of which will never be known, since a hideous series of tragedies
+suddenly burst into being. When Sir Robert Jermyn emerged from his library he
+left behind the strangled corpse of the explorer, and before he could be
+restrained, had put an end to all three of his children; the two who were never
+seen, and the son who had run away. Nevil Jermyn died in the successful
+defence of his own two-year-old son, who had apparently been included in the
+old man's madly murderous scheme. Sir Robert himself, after repeated attempts
+at suicide and a stubborn refusal to utter an articulate sound, died of apoplexy in
+the second year of his confinement.
+
+
+
+153
+
+
+
+Sir Alfred Jermyn was a baronet before his fourth birthday, but his tastes never
+matched his title. At twenty he had joined a band of music-hall performers, and
+at thirty-six had deserted his wife and child to travel with an itinerant American
+circus. His end was very revolting. Among the animals in the exhibition with
+which he travelled was a huge bull gorilla of lighter colour than the average; a
+surprisingly tractable beast of much popularity with the performers. With this
+gorilla Alfred Jermyn was singularly fascinated, and on many occasions the two
+would eye each other for long periods through the intervening bars. Eventually
+Jermyn asked and obtained permission to train the animal, astonishing audiences
+and fellow performers alike with his success. One morning in Chicago, as the
+gorilla and Alfred Jermyn were rehearsing an exceedingly clever boxing match,
+the former delivered a blow of more than the usual force, hurting both the body
+and the dignity of the amateur trainer. Of what followed, members of "The
+Greatest Show On Earth" do not like to speak. They did not expect to hear Sir
+Alfred Jermyn emit a shrill, inhuman scream, or to see him seize his clumsy
+antagonist with both hands, dash it to the floor of the cage, and bite fiendishly at
+its hairy throat. The gorilla was off its guard, but not for long, and before
+anything could be done by the regular trainer, the body which had belonged to a
+baronet was past recognition.
+
+II
+
+Arthur Jermyn was the son of Sir Alfred Jermyn and a music-hall singer of
+unknown origin. When the husband and father deserted his family, the mother
+took the child to Jermyn House; where there was none left to object to her
+presence. She was not without notions of what a nobleman's dignity should be,
+and saw to it that her son received the best education which limited money could
+provide. The family resources were now sadly slender, and Jermyn House had
+fallen into woeful disrepair, but young Arthur loved the old edifice and all its
+contents. He was not like any other Jermyn who had ever lived, for he was a poet
+and a dreamer. Some of the neighbouring families who had heard tales of old Sir
+Wade Jermyn's unseen Portuguese wife declared that her Latin blood must be
+showing itself; but most persons merely sneered at his sensitiveness to beauty,
+attributing it to his music-hall mother, who was socially unrecognised. The
+poetic delicacy of Arthur Jermyn was the more remarkable because of his
+uncouth personal appearance. Most of the Jermyns had possessed a subtly odd
+and repellent cast, but Arthur's case was very striking. It is hard to say just what
+he resembled, but his expression, his facial angle, and the length of his arms gave
+a thrill of repulsion to those who met him for the first time.
+
+It was the mind and character of Arthur Jermyn which atoned for his aspect.
+Gifted and learned, he took highest honours at Oxford and seemed likely to
+redeem the intellectual fame of his family. Though of poetic rather than scientific
+
+
+
+154
+
+
+
+temperament, he planned to continue the work of his forefathers in African
+ethnology and antiquities, utilising the truly wonderful though strange collection
+of Sir Wade. With his fanciful mind he thought often of the prehistoric
+civilisation in which the mad explorer had so implicitly believed, and would
+weave tale after tale about the silent jungle city mentioned in the latter's wilder
+notes and paragraphs. For the nebulous utterances concerning a nameless,
+unsuspected race of jungle hybrids he had a peculiar feeling of mingled terror
+and attraction, speculating on the possible basis of such a fancy, and seeking to
+obtain light among the more recent data gleaned by his great-grandfather and
+Samuel Seaton amongst the Ongas.
+
+In 1911, after the death of his mother. Sir Arthur Jermyn determined to pursue
+his investigations to the utmost extent. Selling a portion of his estate to obtain the
+requisite money, he outfitted an expedition and sailed for the Congo. Arranging
+with the Belgian authorities for a party of guides, he spent a year in the Onga
+and Kahn country, finding data beyond the highest of his expectations. Among
+the Kaliris was an aged chief called Mwanu, who possessed not only a highly
+retentive memory, but a singular degree of intelligence and interest in old
+legends. This ancient confirmed every tale which Jermyn had heard, adding his
+own account of the stone city and the white apes as it had been told to him.
+
+According to Mwanu, the gray city and the hybrid creatures were no more,
+having been annihilated by the warlike N'bangus many years ago. This tribe,
+after destroying most of the edifices and killing the live beings, had carried off
+the stuffed goddess which had been the object of their quest; the white ape-
+goddess which the strange beings worshipped, and which was held by Congo
+tradition to be the form of one who had reigned as a princess among these
+beings. Just what the white apelike creatures could have been, Mwanu had no
+idea, but he thought they were the builders of the ruined city. Jermyn could form
+no conjecture, but by close questioning obtained a very picturesque legend of the
+stuffed goddess.
+
+The ape-princess, it was said, became the consort of a great white god who had
+come out of the West. For a long time they had reigned over the city together, but
+when they had a son, all three went away. Later the god and princess had
+returned, and upon the death of the princess her divine husband had
+mummified the body and enshrined it in a vast house of stone, where it was
+worshipped. Then he departed alone. The legend here seemed to present three
+variants. According to one story, nothing further happened save that the stuffed
+goddess became a symbol of supremacy for whatever tribe might possess it. It
+was for this reason that the N'bangus carried it off. A second story told of a god's
+return and death at the feet of his enshrined wife. A third told of the return of the
+son, grown to manhood-or apehood or godhood, as the case might be-yet
+
+
+
+155
+
+
+
+unconscious of his identity. Surely the imaginative blacks had made the most of
+whatever events might lie behind the extravagant legendry.
+
+Of the reality of the jungle city described by old Sir Wade, Arthur Jermyn had no
+further doubt; and was hardly astonished when early in 1912 he came upon what
+was left of it. Its size must have been exaggerated, yet the stones lying about
+proved that it was no mere Negro village. Unfortunately no carvings could be
+found, and the small size of the expedition prevented operations toward clearing
+the one visible passageway that seemed to lead down into the system of vaults
+which Sir Wade had mentioned. The white apes and the stuffed goddess were
+discussed with all the native chiefs of the region, but it remained for a European
+to improve on the data offered by old Mwanu. M. Verhaeren, Belgian agent at a
+trading-post on the Congo, believed that he could not only locate but obtain the
+stuffed goddess, of which he had vaguely heard; since the once mighty N'bangus
+were now the submissive servants of King Albert's government, and with but
+little persuasion could be induced to part with the gruesome deity they had
+carried off. When Jermyn sailed for England, therefore, it was with the exultant
+probability that he would within a few months receive a priceless ethnological
+relic confirming the wildest of his great-great-great-grandfather's narratives-that
+is, the wildest which he had ever heard. Countrymen near Jermyn House had
+perhaps heard wilder tales handed down from ancestors who had listened to Sir
+Wade around the tables of the Knight's Head.
+
+Arthur Jermyn waited very patiently for the expected box from M. Verhaeren,
+meanwhile studying with increased diligence the manuscripts left by his mad
+ancestor. He began to feel closely akin to Sir Wade, and to seek relics of the
+latter's personal life in England as well as of his African exploits. Oral accounts
+of the mysterious and secluded wife had been numerous, but no tangible relic of
+her stay at Jermyn House remained. Jermyn wondered what circumstance had
+prompted or permitted such an effacement, and decided that the husband's
+insanity was the prime cause. His great-great-great-grandmother, he recalled,
+was said to have been the daughter of a Portuguese trader in Africa. No doubt
+her practical heritage and superficial knowledge of the Dark Continent had
+caused her to flout Sir Wade's tales of the interior, a thing which such a man
+would not be likely to forgive. She had died in Africa, perhaps dragged thither
+by a husband determined to prove what he had told. But as Jermyn indulged in
+these reflections he could not but smile at their futility, a century and a half after
+the death of both his strange progenitors.
+
+In June, 1913, a letter arrived from M. Verhaeren, telling of the finding of the
+stuffed goddess. It was, the Belgian averred, a most extraordinary object; an
+object quite beyond the power of a layman to classify. Whether it was human or
+simian only a scientist could determine, and the process of determination would
+
+
+
+156
+
+
+
+be greatly hampered by its imperfect condition. Time and the Congo chmate are
+not kind to mummies; especially when their preparation is as amateurish as
+seemed to be the case here. Around the creature's neck had been found a golden
+chain bearing an empty locket on which were armorial designs; no doubt some
+hapless traveller's keepsake, taken by the N'bangus and hung upon the goddess
+as a charm. In commenting on the contour of the mummy's face, M. Verhaeren
+suggested a whimsical comparison; or rather, expressed a humorous wonder just
+how it would strike his corespondent, but was too much interested scientifically
+to waste many words in levity. The stuffed goddess, he wrote, would arrive duly
+packed about a month after receipt of the letter.
+
+The boxed object was delivered at Jermyn House on the afternoon of August 3,
+1913, being conveyed immediately to the large chamber which housed the
+collection of African specimens as arranged by Sir Robert and Arthur. What
+ensued can best be gathered from the tales of servants and from things and
+papers later examined. Of the various tales, that of aged Soames, the family
+butler, is most ample and coherent. According to this trustworthy man. Sir
+Arthur Jermyn dismissed everyone from the room before opening the box,
+though the instant sound of hammer and chisel showed that he did not delay the
+operation. Nothing was heard for some time; just how long Soames cannot
+exactly estimate, but it was certainly less than a quarter of an hour later that the
+horrible scream, undoubtedly in Jermyn's voice, was heard. Immediately
+afterward Jermyn emerged from the room, rushing frantically toward the front of
+the house as if pursued by some hideous enemy. The expression on his face, a
+face ghastly enough in repose, was beyond description. When near the front door
+he seemed to think of something, and turned back in his flight, finally
+disappearing down the stairs to the cellar. The servants were utterly
+dumbfounded, and watched at the head of the stairs, but their master did not
+return. A smell of oil was all that came up from the regions below. After dark a
+rattling was heard at the door leading from the cellar into the courtyard; and a
+stable-boy saw Arthur Jermyn, glistening from head to foot with oil and redolent
+of that fluid, steal furtively out and vanish on the black moor surrounding the
+house. Then, in an exaltation of supreme horror, everyone saw the end. A spark
+appeared on the moor, a flame arose, and a pillar of human fire reached to the
+heavens. The house of Jermyn no longer existed.
+
+The reason why Arthur Jermyn's charred fragments were not collected and
+buried lies in what was found afterward, principally the thing in the box. The
+stuffed goddess was a nauseous sight, withered and eaten away, but it was
+clearly a mummified white ape of some unknown species, less hairy than any
+recorded variety, and infinitely nearer mankind-quite shockingly so. Detailed
+description would be rather unpleasant, but two salient particulars must be told,
+for they fit in revoltingly with certain notes of Sir Wade Jermyn's African
+
+
+
+157
+
+
+
+expeditions and with the Congolese legends of the white god and the ape-
+princess. The two particulars in question are these: the arms on the golden locket
+about the creature's neck were the Jermyn arms, and the jocose suggestion of M.
+Verhaeren about certain resemblance as connected with the shrivelled face
+applied with vivid, ghastly, and unnatural horror to none other than the
+sensitive Arthur Jermyn, great-great-great-grandson of Sir Wade Jermyn and an
+unknown wife. Members of the Royal Anthropological Institute burned the thing
+and threw the locket into a well, and some of them do not admit that Arthur
+Jermyn ever existed.
+
+
+
+158
+
+
+
+From Beyond
+
+
+
+Written 1920
+
+Published June 1934 in The Fantasy Fan, 1, No. 10, 147-51, 160.
+
+Horrible beyond conception was the change which had taken place in my best
+friend, Crawford Tillinghast. I had not seen him since that day, two months and
+a half before, when he told me toward what goal his physical and metaphysical
+researches were leading; when he had answered my awed and almost frightened
+remonstrances by driving me from his laboratory and his house in a burst of
+fanatical rage. I had known that he now remained mostly shut in the attic
+laboratory with that accursed electrical machine, eating little and excluding even
+the servants, but I had not thought that a brief period of ten weeks could so alter
+and disfigure any human creature. It is not pleasant to see a stout man suddenly
+grown thin, and it is even worse when the baggy skin becomes yellowed or
+grayed, the eyes sunken, circled, and uncannily glowing, the forehead veined
+and corrugated, and the hands tremulous and twitching. And if added to this
+there be a repellent unkemptness, a wild disorder of dress, a bushiness of dark
+hair white at the roots, and an unchecked growth of white beard on a face once
+clean-shaven, the cumulative effect is quite shocking. But such was the aspect of
+Crawford TilUinghast on the night his half coherent message brought me to his
+door after my weeks of exile; such was the specter that trembled as it admitted
+me, candle in hand, and glanced furtively over its shoulder as if fearful of unseen
+things in the ancient, lonely house set back from Benevolent Street.
+
+That Crawford Tilinghast should ever have studied science and philosophy was
+a mistake. These things should be left to the frigid and impersonal investigator
+for they offer two equally tragic alternatives to the man of feeling and action;
+despair, if he fail in his quest, and terrors unutterable and unimaginable if he
+succeed. Tillinghast had once been the prey of failure, solitary and melancholy;
+but now I knew, with nauseating fears of my own, that he was the prey of
+success. I had indeed warned him ten weeks before, when he burst forth with his
+tale of what he felt himself about to discover. He had been flushed and excited
+then, talking in a high and unnatural, though always pedantic, voice.
+
+"What do we know," he had said, "of the world and the universe about us? Our
+means of receiving impressions are absurdly few, and our notions of
+surrounding objects infinitely narrow. We see things only as we are constructed
+to see them, and can gain no idea of their absolute nature. With five feeble senses
+we pretend to comprehend the boundlessly complex cosmos, yet other beings
+with wider, stronger, or different range of senses might not only see very
+
+
+
+159
+
+
+
+differently the things we see, but might see and study whole worlds of matter,
+energy, and life which lie close at hand yet can never be detected with the senses
+we have. I have always believed that such strange, inaccessible worlds exist at
+our very elbows, and now I believe I have found a way to break dawn the
+barriers. I am not joking. Within twenty-four hours that machine near the table
+will generate waves acting on unrecognized sense organs that exist in us as
+atrophied or rudimentary vestiges. Those waves will open up to us many vistas
+unknown to man and several unknown to anything we consider organic life. We
+shall see that at which dogs howl in the dark, and that at which cats prick up
+their ears after midnight. We shall see these things, and other things which no
+breathing creature has yet seen. We shall overleap time, space, and dimensions,
+and without bodily motion peer to the bottom of creation."
+
+When Tillinghast said these things I remonstrated, for I knew him well enough to
+be frightened rather than amused; but he was a fanatic, and drove me from the
+house. Now he was no less a fanatic, but his desire to speak had conquered his
+resentment, and he had written me imperatively in a hand I could scarcely
+recognize. As I entered the abode of the friend so suddenly metamorphosed to a
+shivering gargoyle, I became infected with the terror which seemed stalking in
+all the shadows. The words and beliefs expressed ten weeks before seemed
+bodied forth in the darkness beyond the small circle of candle light, and I
+sickened at the hollow, altered voice of my host. I wished the servants were
+about, and did not like it when he said they had all left three days previously. It
+seemed strange that old Gregory, at least, should desert his master without
+telling as tried a friend as I. It was he who had given me all the information I had
+of Tillinghast after I was repulsed in rage.
+
+Yet I soon subordinated all my fears to my growing curiosity and fascination.
+Just what Crawford Tillinghast now wished of me I could only guess, but that he
+had some stupendous secret or discovery to impart, I could not doubt. Before I
+had protested at his unnatural pryings into the unthinkable; now that he had
+evidently succeeded to some degree I almost shared his spirit, terrible though the
+cost of victory appeared. Up through the dark emptiness of the house I followed
+the bobbing candle in the hand of this shaking parody on man. The electricity
+seemed to be turned off, and when I asked my guide he said it was for a definite
+reason.
+
+"It would he too much... I would not dare," he continued to mutter. I especially
+noted his new habit of muttering, for it was not like him to talk to himself. We
+entered the laboratory in the attic, and I observed that detestable electrical
+machine, glowing with a sickly, sinister violet luminosity. It was connected with
+a powerful chemical battery, but seemed to be receiving no current; for I recalled
+that in its experimental stage it had sputtered and purred when in action. In
+
+
+
+160
+
+
+
+reply to my question Tillinghast mumbled that this permanent glow was not
+electrical in any sense that I could understand.
+
+He now seated me near the machine, so that it was on my right, and turned a
+switch somewhere below the crowning cluster of glass bulbs. The usual
+sputtering began, turned to a whine, and terminated in a drone so soft as to
+suggest a return to silence. Meanwhile the luminosity increased, waned again,
+then assumed a pale, outre colour or blend of colours which I could neither place
+nor describe. Tillinghast had been watching me, and noted my puzzled
+expression.
+
+"Do you know what that is?" he whispered, "That is ultra-violet." He chuckled
+oddly at my surprise. "You thought ultra-violet was invisible, and so it is - but
+you can see that and many other invisible things now.
+
+"Listen to me! The waves from that thing are waking a thousand sleeping senses
+in us; senses which we inherit from aeons of evolution from the state of detached
+electrons to the state of organic humanity. I have seen the truth, and I intend to
+show it to you. Do you wonder how it will seem? I will tell you." Here
+Trninghast seated himself directly opposite me, blowing out his candle and
+staring hideously into my eyes. "Your existing sense-organs - ears first, I think -
+will pick up many of the impressions, for they are closely connected with the
+dormant organs. Then there will be others. You have heard of the pineal gland? I
+laugh at the shallow endocrinologist, fellow-dupe and fellow-parvenu of the
+Freudian. That gland is the great sense organ of organs - I have found out. It is
+like sight in the end, and transmits visual pictures to the brain. If you are normal,
+that is the way you ought to get most of it. . . I mean get most of the evidence
+from beyond."
+
+I looked about the immense attic room with the sloping south wall, dimly lit by
+rays which the every day eye cannot see. The far corners were all shadows and
+the whole place took on a hazy unreality which obscured its nature and invited
+the imagination to symbolism and phantasm. During the interval that Tillinghast
+was long silent I fancied myself in some vast incredible temple of long-dead
+gods; some vague edifice of innumerable black stone columns reaching up from
+a floor of damp slabs to a cloudy height beyond the range of my vision. The
+picture was very vivid for a while, but gradually gave way to a more horrible
+conception; that of utter, absolute solitude in infinite, sightless, soundless space.
+There seemed to a void, and nothing more, and I felt a childish fear which
+prompted me to draw from my hip pocket the revolver I carried after dark since
+the night I was held up in East Providence. Then from the farthermost regions of
+remoteness, the sound softly glided into existence. It was infinitely faint, subtly
+vibrant, and unmistakably musical, but held a quality of surpassing wildness
+
+
+
+161
+
+
+
+which made its impact feel Hke a dehcate torture of my whole body. I felt
+sensations like those one feels when accidentally scratching ground glass.
+Simultaneously there developed something like a cold draught, which
+apparently swept past me from the direction of the distant sound. As I waited
+breathlessly I perceived that both sound and wind were increasing; the effect
+being to give me an odd notion of myself as tied to a pair of rails in the path of a
+gigantic approaching locomotive. I began to speak to Tillinghast, and as I did so
+all the unusual impressions abruptly vanished. I saw only the man, the glowing
+machines, and the dim apartment. Tillinghast was grinning repulsively at the
+revolver which I had almost unconsciously drawn, but from his expression I was
+sure he had seen and heard as much as I, if not a great deal more. I whispered
+what I had experienced and he bade me to remain as quiet and receptive as
+possible.
+
+"Don't move," he cautioned, "for in these rays we are able to be seen as well as to
+see. I told you the servants left, but I didn't tell you how. It was that thick-witted
+house-keeper - she turned on the lights downstairs after I had warned her not to,
+and the wires picked up sympathetic vibrations. It must have been frightful - I
+could hear the screams up here in spite of all I was seeing and hearing from
+another direction, and later it was rather awful to find those empty heaps of
+clothes around the house. Mrs. Updike's clothes were close to the front hall
+switch - that's how I know she did it. It got them all. But so long as we don't
+move we're fairly safe. Remember we're dealing with a hideous world in which
+we are practically helpless... Keep still!"
+
+The combined shock of the revelation and of the abrupt command gave me a
+kind of paralysis, and in my terror my mind again opened to the impressions
+coming from what Tillinghast called "beyond." I was now in a vortex of sound
+and motion, with confused pictures before my eyes. I saw the blurred outlines of
+the room, but from some point in space there seemed to be pouring a seething
+column of unrecognizable shapes or clouds, penetrating the solid roof at a point
+ahead and to the right of me. Then I glimpsed the temple - like effect again, but
+this time the pillars reached up into an aerial ocean of light, which sent down one
+blinding beam along the path of the cloudy column I had seen before. After that
+the scene was almost wholly kaleidoscopic, and in the jumble of sights, sounds,
+and unidentified sense-impressions I felt that I was about to dissolve or in some
+way lose the solid form. One definite flash I shall always remember. I seemed for
+an instant to behold a patch of strange night sky filled with shining, revolving
+spheres, and as it receded I saw that the glowing suns formed a constellation or
+galaxy of settled shape; this shape being the distorted face of Crawford
+Tillinghast. At another time I felt the huge animate things brushing past me and
+occasionally walking or drifting through my supposedly solid body, and thought
+I saw Tillinghast look at them as though his better trained senses could catch
+
+
+
+162
+
+
+
+them visually. I recalled what he had said of the pineal gland, and wondered
+what he saw with this preternatural eye.
+
+Suddenly I myself became possessed of a kind of augmented sight. Over and
+above the luminous and shadowy chaos arose a picture which, though vague,
+held the elements of consistency and permanence. It was indeed somewhat
+familiar, for the unusual part was superimposed upon the usual terrestrial scene
+much as a cinema view may be thrown upon the painted curtain of a theater. I
+saw the attic laboratory, the electrical machine, and the unsightly form of
+Tillinghast opposite me; but of all the space unoccupied by familiar objects not
+one particle was vacant. Indescribable shapes both alive and otherwise were
+mixed in disgusting disarray, and close to every known thing were whole worlds
+of alien, unknown entities. It likewise seemed that all the known things entered
+into the composition of other unknown things and vice versa. Foremost among
+the living objects were inky, jellyfish monstrosities which flabbily quivered in
+harmony with the vibrations from the machine. They were present in loathsome
+profusion, and I saw to my horror that they overlapped; that they were semi-
+fluid and capable of passing through one another and through what we know as
+solids. These things were never still, but seemed ever floating about with some
+malignant purpose. Sometimes they appeared to devour one another, the
+attacker launching itself at its victim and instantaneously obliterating the latter
+from sight. Shudderingly I felt that I knew what had obliterated the unfortunate
+servants, and could not exclude the thing from my mind as I strove to observe
+other properties of the newly visible world that lies unseen around us. But
+Tillinghast had been watching me and was speaking.
+
+"You see them? You see them? You see the things that float and flop about you
+and through you every moment of your life? You see the creatures that form
+what men call the pure air and the blue sky? Have I not succeeded in breaking
+down the barrier; have I not shown you worlds that no other living men have
+seen?" I heard his scream through the horrible chaos, and looked at the wild face
+thrust so offensively close to mine. His eyes were pits of flame, and they glared
+at me with what I now saw was overwhelming hatred. The machine droned
+detestably.
+
+"You think those floundering things wiped out the servants? Fool, they are
+harmless! But the servants are gone, aren't they? You tried to stop me; you
+discouraged me when I needed every drop of encouragement I could get; you
+were afraid of the cosmic truth, you damned coward, but now I've got you! What
+swept up the servants? What made them scream so loud?... Don't know, eh!
+You'll know soon enough. Look at me - listen to what I say - do you suppose
+there are really any such things as time and magnitude? Do you fancy there are
+such things as form or matter? I tell you, I have struck depths that your little
+
+
+
+163
+
+
+
+brain can't picture. I have seen beyond the bounds of infinity and drawn down
+daemons from the stars... I have harnessed the shadows that stride from world
+to world to sow death and madness... Space belongs to me, do you hear? Things
+are hunting me now - the things that devour and dissolve - but I know how to
+elude them. It is you they will get, as they got the servants... Stirring, dear sir? I
+told you it was dangerous to move, I have saved you so far by telling you to keep
+still - saved you to see more sights and to listen to me. If you had moved, they
+would have been at you long ago. Don't worry, they won't hurt you. They didn't
+hurt the servants - it was the seeing that made the poor devils scream so. My pets
+are not pretty, for they come out of places where aesthetic standards are - very
+different. Disintegration is quite painless, I assure you — but I want you to see
+them. I almost saw them, but I knew how to stop. You are curious? I always
+knew you were no scientist. Trembling, eh. Trembling with anxiety to see the
+ultimate things I have discovered. Why don't you move, then? Tired? Well, don't
+worry, my friend, for they are coming... Look, look, curse you, look... it's just
+over your left shoulder. . ."
+
+What remains to be told is very brief, and may be familiar to you from the
+newspaper accounts. The police heard a shot in the old Tillinghast house and
+found us there - Tillinghast dead and me unconscious. They arrested me because
+the revolver was in my hand, but released me in three hours, after they found it
+was apoplexy which had finished Tillinghast and saw that my shot had been
+directed at the noxious machine which now lay hopelessly shattered on the
+laboratory floor. I did not tell very much of what I had seen, for I feared the
+coroner would be skeptical; but from the evasive outline I did give, the doctor
+told me that I had undoubtedly been hypnotized by the vindictive and homicidal
+madman.
+
+I wish I could believe that doctor. It would help my shaky nerves if I could
+dismiss what I now have to think of the air and the sky about and above me. I
+never feel alone or comfortable, and a hideous sense of pursuit sometimes comes
+chillingly on me when I am weary. What prevents me from believing the doctor
+is one simple fact - that the police never found the bodies of those servants whom
+they say Crawford Tillinghast murdered.
+
+
+
+164
+
+
+
+He
+
+Written 11 Aug 1925
+
+Published September 1926 in Weird Tales, Vol. 8, No. 3, P. 373-80.
+
+I saw him on a sleepless night when I was walking desperately to save my soul
+and my vision. My coming to New York had been a mistake; for whereas I had
+looked for poignant wonder and inspiration in the teeming labyrinths of ancient
+streets that twist endlessly from forgotten courts and squares and waterfronts to
+courts and squares and waterfronts equally forgotten, and in the Cyclopean
+modern towers and pinnacles that rise blackly Babylonian under waning moons,
+I had found instead only a sense of horror and oppression which threatened to
+master, paralyze, and annihilate me.
+
+The disillusion had been gradual. Coming for the first time upon the town, I had
+seen it in the sunset from a bridge, majestic above its waters, its incredible peaks
+and pyramids rising flowerlike and delicate from pools of violet mist to play
+with the flaming clouds and the first stars of evening. Then it had lighted up
+window by window above the shimmering tides where lanterns nodded and
+glided and deep horns bayed weird harmonies, and had itself become a starry
+firmament of dream, redolent of faery music, and one with the marvels of
+Carcassonne and Samarcand and El Dorado and all glorious and half- fabulous
+cities. Shortly afterward I was taken through those antique ways so dear to my
+fancy-narrow, curving alleys and passages where rows of red Georgian brick
+blinked with small-paned dormers above pillared doorways that had looked on
+gilded sedans and paneled coaches - and in the first flush of realization of these
+long-wished things I thought I had indeed achieved such treasures as would
+make me in time a poet.
+
+But success and happiness were not to be. Garish daylight showed only squalor
+and alienage and the noxious elephantiasis of climbing, spreading stone where
+the moon had hinted of loveliness and elder magic; and the throngs of people
+that seethed through the flume-like streets were squat, swarthy strangers with
+hardened faces and narrow eyes, shrewd strangers without dreams and without
+kinship to the scenes about them, who could never mean aught to a blue-eyed
+man of the old folk, with the love of fair green lanes and white New England
+village steeples in his heart.
+
+So instead of the poems I had hoped for, there came only a shuddering blackness
+and ineffable loneliness; and I saw at last a fearful truth which no one had ever
+dared to breathe before - the unwhisperable secret of secrets - the fact that this
+
+
+
+165
+
+
+
+city of stone and stridor is not a sentient perpetuation of Old New York as
+London is of Old London and Paris of Old Paris, but that it is in fact quite dead,
+its sprawling body imperfectly embalmed and infested with queer animate
+things which have nothing to do with it as it was in life. Upon making this
+discovery I ceased to sleep comfortably; though something of resigned
+tranquillity came back as I gradually formed the habit of keeping off the streets
+by day and venturing abroad only at night, when darkness calls forth what little
+of the past still hovers wraith-like about, and old white doorways remember the
+stalwart forms that once passed through them. With this mode of relief I even
+wrote a few poems, and still refrained from going home to my people lest I seem
+to crawl back ignobly in defeat.
+
+Then, on a sleepless night's walk, I met the man. It was in a grotesque hidden
+courtyard of the Greenwich section, for there in my ignorance I had settled,
+having heard of the place as the natural home of poets and artists. The archaic
+lanes and houses and unexpected bits of square and court had indeed delighted
+me, and when I found the poets and artists to be loud-voiced pretenders whose
+quaintness is tinsel and whose lives are a denial of all that pure beauty which is
+poetry and art, I stayed on for love of these venerable things. I fancied them as
+they were in their prime, when Greenwich was a placid village not yet engulfed
+by the town; and in the hours before dawn, when all the revellers had slunk
+away, I used to wander alone among their cryptical windings and brood upon
+the curious arcana which generations must have deposited there. This kept my
+soul alive, and gave me a few of those dreams and visions for which the poet far
+within me cried out.
+
+The man came upon me at about two one cloudy August morning, as I was
+threading a series of detached courtyards; now accessible only through the
+unlighted hallways of intervening buildings, but once forming parts of a
+continuous network of picturesque alleys. I had heard of them by vague rumor,
+and realized that they could not be upon any map of today; but the fact that they
+were forgotten only endeared them to me, so that I had sought them with twice
+my usual eagerness. Now that I had found them, my eagerness was again
+redoubled; for something in their arrangement dimly hinted that they might be
+only a few of many such, with dark, dumb counterparts wedged obscurely
+betwixt high blank walls and deserted rear tenements, or lurking lamplessly
+behind archways unbetrayed by hordes of the foreign-speaking or guarded by
+furtive and uncommunicative artists whose practises do not invite publicity or
+the light of day.
+
+He spoke to me without invitation, noting my mood and glances as I studied
+certain knockered doorways above iron-railed steps, the pallid glow of traceried
+transoms feebly lighting my face. His own face was in shadow, and he wore a
+
+
+
+166
+
+
+
+wide-brimmed hat which somehow blended perfectly with the out-of-date cloak
+he affected; but I was subtly disquieted even before he addressed me. His form
+was very slight; thin almost to cadaverousness; and his voice proved
+phenomenally soft and hollow, though not particularly deep. He had, he said,
+noticed me several times at my wanderings; and inferred that I resembled him in
+loving the vestiges of former years. Would I not like the guidance of one long
+practised in these explorations, and possessed of local information profoundly
+deeper than any which an obvious newcomer could possibly have gained?
+
+As he spoke, I caught a glimpse of his face in the yellow beam from a solitary
+attic window. It was a noble, even a handsome elderly countenance; and bore the
+marks of a lineage and refinement unusual for the age and place. Yet some
+quality about it disturbed me almost as much as its features pleased me - perhaps
+it was too white, or too expressionless, or too much out of keeping with the
+locality, to make me feel easy or comfortable. Nevertheless I followed him; for in
+those dreary days my quest for antique beauty and mystery was all that I had to
+keep my soul alive, and I reckoned it a rare favor of Fate to fall in with one
+whose kindred seekings seemed to have penetrated so much farther than mine.
+
+Something in the night constrained the cloaked man to silence and for a long
+hour he led me forward without needless words; making only the briefest of
+comments concerning ancient names and dates and changes, and directing my
+progress very largely by gestures as we squeezed through interstices, tiptoed
+through corridors clambered over brick walls, and once crawled on hands and
+knees through a low, arched passage of stone whose immense length and
+tortuous twistings effaced at last every hint of geographical location I had
+managed to preserve. The things we saw were very old and marvelous, or at
+least they seemed so in the few straggling rays of light by which I viewed them,
+and I shall never forget the tottering Ionic columns and fluted pilasters and urn-
+headed iron fenceposts and flaring-linteled windows and decorative fanlights
+that appeared to grow quainter and stranger the deeper we advanced into this
+inexhaustible maze of unknown antiquity.
+
+We met no person, and as time passed the lighted windows became fewer and
+fewer. The streetlights we first encountered had been of oil, and of the ancient
+lozenge pattern. Later I noticed some with candles; and at last, after traversing a
+horrible unlighted court where my guide had to lead with his gloved hand
+through total blackness to a narrow wooded gate in a high wall, we came upon a
+fragment of alley lit only by lanterns in front of every seventh house -
+unbelievably Colonial tin lanterns with conical tops and holes punched in the
+sides. This alley led steeply uphill - more steeply than I thought possible in this
+part of New York - and the upper end was blocked squarely by the ivy-clad wall
+of a private estate, beyond which I could see a pale cupola, and the tops of trees
+
+
+
+167
+
+
+
+waving against a vague lightness in the sky. In this wall was a small, low-arched
+gate of nail-studded black oak, which the man proceeded to unlock with a
+ponderous key. Leading me within, he steered a course in utter blackness over
+what seemed to be a gravel path, and finally up a flight of stone steps to the door
+of the house, which he unlocked and opened for me.
+
+We entered, and as we did so I grew faint from a reek of infinite mustiness which
+welled out to meet us, and which must have been the fruit of unwholesome
+centuries of decay. My host appeared not to notice this, and in courtesy I kept
+silent as he piloted me up a curving stairway, across a hall, and into a room
+whose door I heard him lock behind us. Then I saw him pull the curtains of the
+three small-paned windows that barely showed themselves against the
+lightening sky; after which he crossed to the mantel, struck flint and steel, lighted
+two candles of a candelabrum of twelve sconces, and made a gesture enjoining
+soft-toned speech.
+
+In this feeble radiance I saw that we were in a spacious, well-furnished and
+paneled library dating from the first quarter of the Eighteenth Century, with
+splendid doorway pediments, a delightful Doric cornice, and a magnificently
+carved overmantel with scroU-and-urn top. Above the crowded bookshelves at
+intervals along the walls were well-wrought family portraits; all tarnished to an
+enigmatical dimness, and bearing an unmistakable likeness to the man who now
+motioned me to a chair beside the graceful Chippendale table. Before seating
+himself across the table from me, my host paused for a moment as if in
+embarrassment; then, tardily removing his gloves, wide-brimmed hat, and cloak,
+stood theatrically revealed in full mid-Georgian costume from queued hair and
+neck ruffles to knee-breeches, silk hose, and the buckled shoes I had not
+previously noticed. Now slowly sinking into a lyre-back chair, he commenced to
+eye me intently.
+
+Without his hat he took on an aspect of extreme age which was scarcely visible
+before, and I wondered if this unperceived mark of singular longevity were not
+one of the sources of my disquiet. When he spoke at length, his soft, hollow, and
+carefully muffled voice not infrequently quavered; and now and then I had great
+difficulty in following him as I listened with a thrill of amazement and half-
+disavowed alarm which grew each instant.
+
+"You behold. Sir," my host began, "a man of very eccentrical habits for whose
+costume no apology need be offered to one with your wit and inclinations.
+Reflecting upon better times, I have not scrupled to ascertain their ways, and
+adopt their dress and manners; an indulgence which offends none if practised
+without ostentation. It hath been my good fortune to retain the rural seat of my
+ancestors, swallowed though it was by two towns, first Greenwich, which built
+
+
+
+168
+
+
+
+up hither after 1800, then New York, which joined on near 1830. There were
+many reasons for the close keeping of this place in my family, and I have not
+been remiss in discharging such obligations. The squire who succeeded to it in
+1768 studied sartain arts and made sartain discoveries, all connected with
+influences residing in this particular plot of ground, and eminently desarving of
+the strongest guarding. Some curious effects of these arts and discoveries I now
+purpose to show you, under the strictest secrecy; and I believe I may rely on my
+judgement of men enough to have no distrust of either your interest or your
+fidelity."
+
+He paused, but I could only nod my head. I have said that I was alarmed, yet to
+my soul nothing was more deadly than the material daylight world of New York,
+and whether this man were a harmless eccentric or a wielder of dangerous arts, I
+had no choice save to follow him and slake my sense of wonder on whatever he
+might have to offer. So I listened.
+
+"To - my ancestor," he softly continued, "there appeared to reside some very
+remarkable qualities in the will of mankind; qualities having a little-suspected
+dominance not only over the acts of one's self and of others, but over every
+variety of force and substance in Nature, and over many elements and
+dimensions deemed more universal than Nature herself. May I say that he
+flouted the sanctity of things as great as space and time and that he put to
+strange uses the rites of sartain half-breed red Indians once encamped upon this
+hill? These Indians showed choler when the place was built, and were plaguey
+pestilent in asking to visit the grounds at the full of the moon. For years they
+stole over the wall each month when they could, and by stealth performed
+sartain acts. Then, in '68, the new squire catched them at their doings, and stood
+still at what he saw. Thereafter he bargained with them and exchanged the free
+access of his grounds for the exact inwardness of what they did, larning that their
+grandfathers got part of their custom from red ancestors and part from an old
+Dutchman in the time of the States-General. Arid pox on him, I'm afeared the
+squire must have sarved them monstrous bad rum - whether or not by intent -
+for a week after he larnt the secret he was the only man living that knew it. You,
+Sir, are the first outsider to be told there is a secret, and split me if I'd have risked
+tampering that much with - the powers - had ye not been so hot after bygone
+things."
+
+I shuddered as the man grew colloquial - and with the familiar speech of another
+day. He went on.
+
+"But you must know. Sir, that what - the squire - got from those mongrel savages
+was but a small part of the larning he came to have. He had not been at Oxford
+for nothing, nor talked to no account with an ancient chymist and astrologer in
+
+
+
+169
+
+
+
+Paris. He was, in fine, made sensible that all the world is but the smoke of our
+intellects; past the bidding of the vulgar, but by the wise to be puffed out and
+drawn in like any cloud of prime Virginia tobacco. What we want, we may make
+about us; and what we don't want, we may sweep away. I won't say that all this
+is wholly true in body, but 'tis sufficient true to furnish a very pretty spectacle
+now and then. You, I conceive, would be tickled hy a better sight of sartain other
+years than your fancy affords you; so be pleased to hold back any fright at what I
+design to show. Come to the window and be quiet."
+
+My host now took my hand to draw me to one of the two windows on the long
+side of the malodorous room, and at the first touch of his ungloved fingers I
+turned cold. His flesh, though dry and firm, was of the quality of ice; and I
+almost shrank away from his pulling. But again I thought of the emptiness and
+horror of reality, and boldly prepared to follow whithersoever I might be led.
+Once at the window, the man drew apart the yellow silk curtains and directed
+my stare into the blackness outside. For a moment I saw nothing save a myriad
+of tiny dancing lights, far, far before me. Then, as if in response to an insidious
+motion of my host's hand, a flash of heat-lightning played over the scene, and I
+looked out upon a sea of luxuriant foliage - foliage unpolluted, and not the sea of
+roofs to be expected by any normal mind. On my right the Hudson glittered
+wickedly, and in the distance ahead I saw the unhealthy shimmer of a vast salt
+marsh constellated with nervous fireflies. The flash died, and an evil smile
+illumined the waxy face of the aged necromancer.
+
+"That was before my time - before the new squire's time. Pray let us try again."
+
+I was faint, even fainter than the hateful modernity of that accursed city had
+made me.
+
+"Good God!" I whispered, "can you do that for any time?" And as he nodded,
+and bared the black stumps of what had once been yellow fangs, I clutched at the
+curtains to prevent myself from falling. But he steadied me with that terrible, ice-
+cold claw, and once more made his insidious gesture.
+
+Again the lightning flashed - but this time upon a scene not wholly strange. It
+was Greenwich, the Greenwich that used to be, with here and there a roof or row
+of houses as we see it now, yet with lovely green lanes and fields and bits of
+grassy common. The marsh still glittered beyond, but in the farther distance I
+saw the steeples of what was then all of New York; Trinity and St. Paul's and the
+Brick Church dominating their sisters, and a faint haze of wood smoke hovering
+over the whole. I breathed hard, hut not so much from the sight itself as from the
+possibilities my imagination terrifiedly conjured up.
+
+
+
+170
+
+
+
+"Can you - dare you - go far?" I spoke with awe and I think he shared it for a
+second, but the evil grin returned.
+
+"Far? What I have seen would blast ye to a mad statue of stone! Back, back -
+forward, forward - look ye puling lackwit!"
+
+And as he snarled the phrase under his breath he gestured anew bringing to the
+sky a flash more blinding than either which had come before. For full three
+seconds I could glimpse that pandemoniac sight, and in those seconds I saw a
+vista which will ever afterward torment me in dreams. I saw the heavens
+verminous with strange flying things, and beneath them a hellish black city of
+giant stone terraces with impious pyramids flung savagely to the moon, and
+devil-lights burning from unnumbered windows. And swarming loathsomely on
+aerial galleries I saw the yellow, squint-eyed people of that city, robed horribly in
+orange and red, and dancing insanely to the pounding of fevered kettle-drums,
+the clatter of obscene crotala, and the maniacal moaning of muted horns whose
+ceaseless dirges rose and fell undulantly like the wave of an unhallowed ocean of
+bitumen.
+
+I saw this vista, I say, and heard as with the mind's ear the blasphemous
+domdaniel of cacophony which companioned it. It was the shrieking fulfilment
+of all the horror which that corpse-city had ever stirred in my soul, and
+forgetting every injunction to silence I screamed and screamed and screamed as
+my nerves gave way and the walls quivered about me.
+
+Then, as the flash subsided, I saw that my host was trembling too; a look of
+shocking fear half-blotting from his face the serpent distortion of rage which my
+screams had excited. He tottered, clutched at the curtains as I had done before,
+and wriggled his head wildly, like a hunted animal. God knows he had cause, for
+as the echoes of my screaming died away there came another sound so hellishly
+suggestive that only numbed emotion kept me sane and conscious. It was the
+steady, stealthy creaking of the stairs beyond the locked door, as with the ascent
+of a barefoot or skin-shod horde; and at last the cautious, purposeful rattling of
+the brass latch that glowed in the feeble candlelight. The old man clawed and
+spat at me through the moldy air, and barked things in his throat as he swayed
+with the yellow curtain he clutched.
+
+"The full moon - damn ye - ye... ye yelping dog - ye called 'em, and they've
+come for me! Moccasined feet - dead men - Gad sink ye, ye red devils, but I
+poisoned no rum o' yours - han't I kept your pox-rotted magic safe - ye swilled
+yourselves sick, curse ye, and yet must needs blame the squire - let go, you!
+Unhand that latch - I've naught for ye here - "
+
+
+
+171
+
+
+
+At this point three slow and very dehberate raps shook the panels of the door,
+and a white foam gathered at the mouth of the frantic magician. His fright,
+turning to steely despair, left room for a resurgence of his rage against me; and
+he staggered a step toward the table on whose edge I was steadying myself. The
+curtains, still clutched in his right hand as his left clawed out at me, grew taut
+and finally crashed down from their lofty fastenings; admitting to the room a
+flood of that full moonlight which the brightening of the sky had presaged. In
+those greenish beams the candles paled, and a new semblance of decay spread
+over the musk-reeking room with its wormy paneling, sagging floor, battered
+mantel, rickety furniture, and ragged draperies. It spread over the old man, too,
+whether from the same source or because of his fear and vehemence, and I saw
+him shrivel and blacken as he lurched near and strove to rend me with vulturine
+talons. Only his eyes stayed whole, and they glared with a propulsive, dilated
+incandescence which grew as the face around them charred and dwindled.
+
+The rapping was now repeated with greater insistence, and this time bore a hint
+of metal. The black thing facing me had become only a head with eyes,
+impotently trying to wriggle across the sinking floor in my direction, and
+occasionally emitting feeble little spits of immortal malice. Now swift and
+splintering blows assailed the sickly panels, and I saw the gleam of a tomahawk
+as it cleft the rending wood. I did not move, for I could not; but watched dazedly
+as the door fell in pieces to admit a colossal, shapeless influx of inky substance
+starred with shining, malevolent eyes. It poured thickly, like a flood of oil
+bursting a rotten bulkhead, overturned a chair as it spread, and finally flowed
+under the table and across the room to where the blackened head with the eyes
+still glared at me. Around that head it closed, totally swallowing it up, and in
+another moment it had begun to recede; bearing away its invisible burden
+without touching me, and flowing again out that black doorway and down the
+unseen stairs, which creaked as before, though in reverse order.
+
+Then the floor gave way at last, and I slid gaspingly down into the nighted
+chamber below, choking with cobwebs and half-swooning with terror. The green
+moon, shining through broken windows, showed me the hall door half open;
+and as I rose from the plaster-strewn floor and twisted myself free from the
+sagged ceiling, I saw sweep past it an awful torrent of blackness, with scores of
+baleful eyes glowing in it. It was seeking the door to the cellar, and when it
+found it, vanished therein. I now felt the floor of this lower room giving as that of
+the upper chamber had done, and once a crashing above had been followed by
+the fall past the west window of some thing which must have been the cupola.
+Now liberated for the instant from the wreckage, I rushed through the hall to the
+front door and finding myself unable to open it, seized a chair and broke a
+window, climbing frenziedly out upon the unkempt lawn where moon light
+danced over yard-high grass and weeds. The wall was high and all the gates
+
+
+
+172
+
+
+
+were locked but moving a pile of boxes in a corner I managed to gain the top and
+cling to the great stone urn set there.
+
+About me in my exhaustion I could see only strange walls and windows and old
+gambrel roofs. The steep street of my approach was nowhere visible, and the
+little I did see succumbed rapidly to a mist that rolled in from the river despite
+the glaring moonlight. Suddenly the urn to which I clung began to tremble, as if
+sharing my own lethal dizziness; and in another instant my body was plunging
+downward to I knew not what fate.
+
+The man who found me said that I must have crawled a long way despite my
+broken bones, for a trail of blood stretched off as far as he dared look. The
+gathering rain soon effaced this link with the scene of my ordeal, and reports
+could state no more than that I had appeared from a place unknown, at the
+entrance to a little black court off Perry Street.
+
+I never sought to return to those tenebrous labyrinths, nor would I direct any
+sane man thither if I could. Of who or what that ancient creature was, I have no
+idea; but I repeat that the city is dead and full of unsuspected horrors. Whither
+he has gone, I do not know; but I have gone home to the pure New England
+lanes up which fragrant sea-winds sweep at evening.
+
+
+
+173
+
+
+
+Herbert West: Reanitnator
+
+Written Sep 1921-mid 1922
+
+Published in six parts, February-July 1922 in Home Brew, Vol. 1, Nos. 1-6.
+
+I. From The Dark
+
+Published Februrary 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 19-25.
+
+Of Herbert West, who was my friend in college and in after life, I can speak only
+with extreme terror. This terror is not due altogether to the sinister manner of his
+recent disappearance, but was engendered by the whole nature of his life-work,
+and first gained its acute form more than seventeen years ago, when we were in
+the third year of our course at the Miskatonic University Medical School in
+Arkham. While he was with me, the wonder and diabolism of his experiments
+fascinated me utterly, and I was his closest companion. Now that he is gone and
+the spell is broken, the actual fear is greater. Memories and possibilities are ever
+more hideous than realities.
+
+The first horrible incident of our acquaintance was the greatest shock I ever
+experienced, and it is only with reluctance that I repeat it. As I have said, it
+happened when we were in the medical school where West had already made
+himself notorious through his wild theories on the nature of death and the
+possibility of overcoming it artificially. His views, which were widely ridiculed
+by the faculty and by his fellow-students, hinged on the essentially mechanistic
+nature of life; and concerned means for operating the organic machinery of
+mankind by calculated chemical action after the failure of natural processes. In
+his experiments with various animating solutions, he had killed and treated
+immense numbers of rabbits, guinea-pigs, cats, dogs, and monkeys, till he had
+become the prime nuisance of the college. Several times he had actually obtained
+signs of life in animals supposedly dead; in many cases violent signs but he soon
+saw that the perfection of his process, if indeed possible, would necessarily
+involve a lifetime of research. It likewise became clear that, since the same
+solution never worked alike on different organic species, he would require
+human subjects for further and more specialised progress. It was here that he
+first came into conflict with the college authorities, and was debarred from future
+experiments by no less a dignitary than the dean of the medical school himself —
+the learned and benevolent Dr. Allan Halsey, whose work in behalf of the
+stricken is recalled by every old resident of Arkham.
+
+
+
+174
+
+
+
+I had always been exceptionally tolerant of West's pursuits, and we frequently
+discussed his theories, whose ramifications and corollaries were almost infinite.
+Holding with Haeckel that all life is a chemical and physical process, and that the
+so-called "soul" is a myth, my friend believed that artificial reanimation of the
+dead can depend only on the condition of the tissues; and that unless actual
+decomposition has set in, a corpse fully equipped with organs may with suitable
+measures be set going again in the peculiar fashion known as life. That the
+psychic or intellectual life might be impaired by the slight deterioration of
+sensitive brain-cells which even a short period of death would be apt to cause.
+West fully realised. It had at first been his hope to find a reagent which would
+restore vitality before the actual advent of death, and only repeated failures on
+animals had shewn him that the natural and artificial life-motions were
+incompatible. He then sought extreme freshness in his specimens, injecting his
+solutions into the blood immediately after the extinction of life. It was this
+circumstance which made the professors so carelessly sceptical, for they felt that
+true death had not occurred in any case. They did not stop to view the matter
+closely and reasoningly.
+
+It was not long after the faculty had interdicted his work that West confided to
+me his resolution to get fresh human bodies in some manner, and continue in
+secret the experiments he could no longer perform openly. To hear him
+discussing ways and means was rather ghastly, for at the college we had never
+procured anatomical specimens ourselves. Whenever the morgue proved
+inadequate, two local negroes attended to this matter, and they were seldom
+questioned. West was then a small, slender, spectacled youth with delicate
+features, yellow hair, pale blue eyes, and a soft voice, and it was uncanny to hear
+him dwelling on the relative merits of Christchurch Cemetery and the potter's
+field. We finally decided on the potter's field, because practically every body in
+Christchurch was embalmed; a thing of course ruinous to West's researches.
+
+I was by this time his active and enthralled assistant, and helped him make all
+his decisions, not only concerning the source of bodies but concerning a suitable
+place for our loathsome work. It was I who thought of the deserted Chapman
+farmhouse beyond Meadow Hill, where we fitted up on the ground floor an
+operating room and a laboratory, each with dark curtains to conceal our
+midnight doings. The place was far from any road, and in sight of no other
+house, yet precautions were none the less necessary; since rumours of strange
+lights, started by chance nocturnal roamers, would soon bring disaster on our
+enterprise. It was agreed to call the whole thing a chemical laboratory if
+discovery should occur. Gradually we equipped our sinister haunt of science
+with materials either purchased in Boston or quietly borrowed from the college
+— materials carefully made unrecognisable save to expert eyes — and provided
+spades and picks for the many burials we should have to make in the cellar. At
+
+
+
+175
+
+
+
+the college we used an incinerator, but the apparatus was too costly for our
+unauthorised laboratory. Bodies were always a nuisance — even the small
+guinea-pig bodies from the slight clandestine experiments in West's room at the
+boarding-house.
+
+We followed the local death-notices like ghouls, for our specimens demanded
+particular qualities. What we wanted were corpses interred soon after death and
+without artificial preservation; preferably free from malforming disease, and
+certainly with all organs present. Accident victims were our best hope. Not for
+many weeks did we hear of anything suitable; though we talked with morgue
+and hospital authorities, ostensibly in the college's interest, as often as we could
+without exciting suspicion. We found that the college had first choice in every
+case, so that it might be necessary to remain in Arkham during the summer,
+when only the limited summer-school classes were held. In the end, though, luck
+favoured us; for one day we heard of an almost ideal case in the potter's field; a
+brawny young workman drowned only the morning before in Summer's Pond,
+and buried at the town's expense without delay or embalming. That afternoon
+we found the new grave, and determined to begin work soon after midnight. It
+was a repulsive task that we undertook in the black small hours, even though we
+lacked at that time the special horror of graveyards which later experiences
+brought to us. We carried spades and oil dark lanterns, for although electric
+torches were then manufactured, they were not as satisfactory as the tungsten
+contrivances of today. The process of unearthing was slow and sordid — it might
+have been gruesomely poetical if we had been artists instead of scientists — and
+we were glad when our spades struck wood. When the pine box was fully
+uncovered. West scrambled down and removed the lid, dragging out and
+propping up the contents. I reached down and hauled the contents out of the
+grave, and then both toiled hard to restore the spot to its former appearance. The
+affair made us rather nervous, especially the stiff form and vacant face of our
+first trophy, but we managed to remove all traces of our visit. When we had
+patted down the last shovelful of earth, we put the specimen in a canvas sack
+and set out for the old Chapman place beyond Meadow Hill.
+
+On an improvised dissecting-table in the old farmhouse, by the light of a
+powerful acetylene lamp, the specimen was not very spectral looking. It had
+been a sturdy and apparently unimaginative youth of wholesome plebeian type
+— large-framed, grey-eyed, and brown-haired — a sound animal without
+psychological subtleties, and probably having vital processes of the simplest and
+healthiest sort. Now, with the eyes closed, it looked more asleep than dead;
+though the expert test of my friend soon left no doubt on that score. We had at
+last what West had always longed for — a real dead man of the ideal kind, ready
+for the solution as prepared according to the most careful calculations and
+theories for human use. The tension on our part became very great. We knew
+
+
+
+176
+
+
+
+that there was scarcely a chance for anything hke complete success, and could
+not avoid hideous fears at possible grotesque results of partial animation.
+Especially were we apprehensive concerning the mind and impulses of the
+creature, since in the space following death some of the more delicate cerebral
+cells might well have suffered deterioration. I, myself, still held some curious
+notions about the traditional "soul" of man, and felt an awe at the secrets that
+might be told by one returning from the dead. I wondered what sights this placid
+youth might have seen in inaccessible spheres, and what he could relate if fully
+restored to life. But my wonder was not overwhelming, since for the most part I
+shared the materialism of my friend. He was calmer than I as he forced a large
+quantity of his fluid into a vein of the body's arm, immediately binding the
+incision securely.
+
+The waiting was gruesome, but West never faltered. Every now and then he
+applied his stethoscope to the specimen, and bore the negative results
+philosophically. After about three-quarters of an hour without the least sign of
+life he disappointedly pronounced the solution inadequate, but determined to
+make the most of his opportunity and try one change in the formula before
+disposing of his ghastly prize. We had that afternoon dug a grave in the cellar,
+and would have to fill it by dawn — for although we had fixed a lock on the
+house, we wished to shun even the remotest risk of a ghoulish discovery.
+Besides, the body would not be even approximately fresh the next night. So
+taking the solitary acetylene lamp into the adjacent laboratory, we left our silent
+guest on the slab in the dark, and bent every energy to the mixing of a new
+solution; the weighing and measuring supervised by West with an almost
+fanatical care.
+
+The awful event was very sudden, and wholly unexpected. I was pouring
+something from one test-tube to another, and West was busy over the alcohol
+blast-lamp which had to answer for a Bunsen burner in this gasless edifice, when
+from the pitch-black room we had left there burst the most appalling and
+daemoniac succession of cries that either of us had ever heard. Not more
+unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had
+opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable cacophony
+was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature.
+Human it could not have been — it is not in man to make such sounds — and
+without a thought of our late employment or its possible discovery, both West
+and I leaped to the nearest window like stricken animals; overturning tubes,
+lamp, and retorts, and vaulting madly into the starred abyss of the rural night. I
+think we screamed ourselves as we stumbled frantically toward the town,
+though as we reached the outskirts we put on a semblance of restraint — just
+enough to seem like belated revellers staggering home from a debauch.
+
+
+
+177
+
+
+
+We did not separate, but managed to get to West's room, where we whispered
+with the gas up until dawn. By then we had calmed ourselves a little with
+rational theories and plans for investigation, so that we could sleep through the
+day — classes being disregarded. But that evening two items in the paper,
+wholly unrelated, made it again impossible for us to sleep. The old deserted
+Chapman house had inexplicably burned to an amorphous heap of ashes; that
+we could understand because of the upset lamp. Also, an attempt had been made
+to disturb a new grave in the potter's field, as if by futile and spadeless clawing
+at the earth. That we could not understand, for we had patted down the mould
+very carefully.
+
+And for seventeen years after that West would look frequently over his shoulder,
+and complain of fancied footsteps behind him. Now he has disappeared.
+
+II. The Plague-Daemon
+
+Pubhshed March 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 45-50.
+
+I shall never forget that hideous summer sixteen years ago, when like a noxious
+afrite from the halls of Eblis typhoid stalked leeringly through Arkham. It is by
+that Satanic scourge that most recall the year, for truly terror brooded with bat-
+wings over the piles of coffins in the tombs of Christchurch Cemetery; yet for me
+there is a greater horror in that time — a horror known to me alone now that
+Herbert West has disappeared.
+
+West and I were doing post-graduate work in summer classes at the medical
+school of Miskatonic University, and my friend had attained a wide notoriety
+because of his experiments leading toward the revivification of the dead. After
+the scientific slaughter of uncounted small animals the freakish work had
+ostensibly stopped by order of our sceptical dean. Dr. Allan Halsey; though West
+had continued to perform certain secret tests in his dingy boarding-house room,
+and had on one terrible and unforgettable occasion taken a human body from its
+grave in the potter's field to a deserted farmhouse beyond Meadow Hill.
+
+I was with him on that odious occasion, and saw him inject into the still veins the
+elixir which he thought would to some extent restore life's chemical and physical
+processes. It had ended horribly — in a delirium of fear which we gradually
+came to attribute to our own overwrought nerves — and West had never
+afterward been able to shake off a maddening sensation of being haunted and
+hunted. The body had not been quite fresh enough; it is obvious that to restore
+normal mental attributes a body must be very fresh indeed; and the burning of
+the old house had prevented us from burying the thing. It would have been
+better if we could have known it was underground.
+
+
+
+178
+
+
+
+After that experience West had dropped his researches for some time; but as the
+zeal of the born scientist slowly returned, he again became importunate with the
+college faculty, pleading for the use of the dissecting-room and of fresh human
+specimens for the work he regarded as so overwhelmingly important. His pleas,
+however, were wholly in vain; for the decision of Dr. Halsey was inflexible, and
+the other professors all endorsed the verdict of their leader. In the radical theory
+of reanimation they saw nothing but the immature vagaries of a youthful
+enthusiast whose slight form, yellow hair, spectacled blue eyes, and soft voice
+gave no hint of the supernormal — almost diabolical — power of the cold brain
+within. I can see him now as he was then — and I shiver. He grew sterner of face,
+but never elderly. And now Sefton Asylum has had the mishap and West has
+vanished.
+
+West clashed disagreeably with Dr. Halsey near the end of our last
+undergraduate term in a wordy dispute that did less credit to him than to the
+kindiy dean in point of courtesy. He felt that he was needlessly and irrationally
+retarded in a supremely great work; a work which he could of course conduct to
+suit himself in later years, but which he wished to begin while still possessed of
+the exceptional facilities of the university. That the tradition-bound elders should
+ignore his singular results on animals, and persist in their denial of the
+possibility of reanimation, was inexpressibly disgusting and almost
+incomprehensible to a youth of West's logical temperament. Only greater
+maturity could help him understand the chronic mental limitations of the
+"professor-doctor" type — the product of generations of pathetic Puritanism;
+kindly, conscientious, and sometimes gentle and amiable, yet always narrow,
+intolerant, custom-ridden, and lacking in perspective. Age has more charity for
+these incomplete yet high-souled characters, whose worst real vice is timidity,
+and who are ultimately punished by general ridicule for their intellectual sins —
+sins like Ptolemaism, Calvinism, anti-Darwinism, anti-Nietzscheism, and every
+sort of Sabbatarianism and sumptuary legislation. West, young despite his
+marvellous scientific acquirements, had scant patience with good Dr. Halsey and
+his erudite colleagues; and nursed an increasing resentment, coupled with a
+desire to prove his theories to these obtuse worthies in some striking and
+dramatic fashion. Like most youths, he indulged in elaborate daydreams of
+revenge, triumph, and final magnanimous forgiveness.
+
+And then had come the scourge, grinning and lethal, from the nightmare caverns
+of Tartarus. West and I had graduated about the time of its beginning, but had
+remained for additional work at the summer school, so that we were in Arkham
+when it broke with full daemoniac fury upon the town. Though not as yet
+licenced physicians, we now had our degrees, and were pressed frantically into
+public service as the numbers of the stricken grew. The situation was almost past
+management, and deaths ensued too frequently for the local undertakers fully to
+
+
+
+179
+
+
+
+handle. Burials without embalming were made in rapid succession, and even the
+Christchurch Cemetery receiving tomb was crammed with coffins of the
+unembalmed dead. This circumstance was not without effect on West, who
+thought often of the irony of the situation — so many fresh specimens, yet none
+for his persecuted researches! We were frightfully overworked, and the terrific
+mental and nervous strain made my friend brood morbidly.
+
+But West's gentle enemies were no less harassed with prostrating duties. College
+had all but closed, and every doctor of the medical faculty was helping to fight
+the typhoid plague. Dr. Halsey in particular had distinguished himself in
+sacrificing service, applying his extreme skill with whole-hearted energy to cases
+which many others shunned because of danger or apparent hopelessness. Before
+a month was over the fearless dean had become a popular hero, though he
+seemed unconscious of his fame as he struggled to keep from collapsing with
+physical fatigue and nervous exhaustion. West could not withhold admiration
+for the fortitude of his foe, but because of this was even more determined to
+prove to him the truth of his amazing doctrines. Taking advantage of the
+disorganisation of both college work and municipal health regulations, he
+managed to get a recently deceased body smuggled into the university
+dissecting-room one night, and in my presence injected a new modification of his
+solution. The thing actually opened its eyes, but only stared at the ceiling with a
+look of soul-petrifying horror before collapsing into an inertness from which
+nothing could rouse it. West said it was not fresh enough — the hot summer air
+does not favour corpses. That time we were almost caught before we incinerated
+the thing, and West doubted the advisability of repeating his daring misuse of
+the college laboratory.
+
+The peak of the epidemic was reached in August. West and I were almost dead,
+and Dr. Halsey did die on the 14th. The students all attended the hasty funeral
+on the 15th, and bought an impressive wreath, though the latter was quite
+overshadowed by the tributes sent by wealthy Arkham citizens and by the
+municipality itself. It was almost a public affair, for the dean had surely been a
+public benefactor. After the entombment we were all somewhat depressed, and
+spent the afternoon at the bar of the Commercial House; where West, though
+shaken by the death of his chief opponent, chilled the rest of us with references to
+his notorious theories. Most of the students went home, or to various duties, as
+the evening advanced; but West persuaded me to aid him in "making a night of
+it." West's landlady saw us arrive at his room about two in the morning, with a
+third man between us; and told her husband that we had all evidently dined and
+wined rather well.
+
+Apparently this acidulous matron was right; for about 3 a.m. the whole house
+was aroused by cries coming from West's room, where when they broke down
+
+
+
+180
+
+
+
+the door, they found the two of us unconscious on the blood-stained carpet,
+beaten, scratched, and mauled, and with the broken remnants of West's bottles
+and instruments around us. Only an open window told what had become of our
+assailant, and many wondered how he himself had fared after the terrific leap
+from the second story to the lawn which he must have made. There were some
+strange garments in the room, but West upon regaining consciousness said they
+did not belong to the stranger, but were specimens collected for bacteriological
+analysis in the course of investigations on the transmission of germ diseases. He
+ordered them burnt as soon as possible in the capacious fireplace. To the police
+we both declared ignorance of our late companion's identity. He was. West
+nervously said, a congenial stranger whom we had met at some downtown bar
+of uncertain location. We had all been rather jovial, and West and I did not wish
+to have our pugnacious companion hunted down.
+
+That same night saw the beginning of the second Arkham horror — the horror
+that to me eclipsed the plague itself. Christchurch Cemetery was the scene of a
+terrible killing; a watchman having been clawed to death in a manner not only
+too hideous for description, but raising a doubt as to the human agency of the
+deed. The victim had been seen alive considerably after midnight — the dawn
+revealed the unutterable thing. The manager of a circus at the neighbouring town
+of Bolton was questioned, but he swore that no beast had at any time escaped
+from its cage. Those who found the body noted a trail of blood leading to the
+receiving tomb, where a small pool of red lay on the concrete just outside the
+gate. A fainter trail led away toward the woods, but it soon gave out.
+
+The next night devils danced on the roofs of Arkham, and unnatural madness
+howled in the wind. Through the fevered town had crept a curse which some
+said was greater than the plague, and which some whispered was the embodied
+daemon-soul of the plague itself. Eight houses were entered by a nameless thing
+which strewed red death in its wake — in all, seventeen maimed and shapeless
+remnants of bodies were left behind by the voiceless, sadistic monster that crept
+abroad. A few persons had half seen it in the dark, and said it was white and like
+a malformed ape or anthropomorphic fiend. It had not left behind quite all that it
+had attacked, for sometimes it had been hungry. The number it had killed was
+fourteen; three of the bodies had been in stricken homes and had not been alive.
+
+On the third night frantic bands of searchers, led by the police, captured it in a
+house on Crane Street near the Miskatonic campus. They had organised the quest
+with care, keeping in touch by means of volunteer telephone stations, and when
+someone in the college district had reported hearing a scratching at a shuttered
+window, the net was quickly spread. On account of the general alarm and
+precautions, there were only two more victims, and the capture was effected
+without major casualties. The thing was finally stopped by a bullet, though not a
+
+
+
+181
+
+
+
+fatal one, and was rushed to the local hospital amidst universal excitement and
+loathing.
+
+For it had been a man. This much was clear despite the nauseous eyes, the
+voiceless simianism, and the daemoniac savagery. They dressed its wound and
+carted it to the asylum at Sefton, where it beat its head against the walls of a
+padded cell for sixteen years — until the recent mishap, when it escaped under
+circumstances that few like to mention. What had most disgusted the searchers
+of Arkham was the thing they noticed when the monster's face was cleaned —
+the mocking, unbelievable resemblance to a learned and self-sacrificing martyr
+who had been entombed but three days before — the late Dr. Allan Halsey,
+public benefactor and dean of the medical school of Miskatonic University.
+
+To the vanished Herbert West and to me the disgust and horror were supreme. I
+shudder tonight as I think of it; shudder even more than I did that morning
+when West muttered through his bandages, "Damn it, it wasn't quite fresh
+enough!"
+
+III. Six Shots by MoonHght
+
+Pubhshed April 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 21-26.
+
+It is uncommon to fire all six shots of a revolver with great suddenness when one
+would probably be sufficient, but many things in the life of Herbert West were
+uncommon. It is, for instance, not often that a young physician leaving college is
+obliged to conceal the principles which guide his selection of a home and office,
+yet that was the case with Herbert West. When he and I obtained our degrees at
+the medical school of Miskatonic University, and sought to relieve our poverty
+by setting up as general practitioners, we took great care not to say that we chose
+our house because it was fairly well isolated, and as near as possible to the
+potter's field.
+
+Reticence such as this is seldom without a cause, nor indeed was ours; for our
+requirements were those resulting from a life-work distinctly unpopular.
+Outwardly we were doctors only, but beneath the surface were aims of far
+greater and more terrible moment — for the essence of Herbert West's existence
+was a quest amid black and forbidden realms of the unknown, in which he
+hoped to uncover the secret of life and restore to perpetual animation the
+graveyard's cold clay. Such a quest demands strange materials, among them
+fresh human bodies; and in order to keep supplied with these indispensable
+things one must live quietly and not far from a place of informal interment.
+
+
+
+182
+
+
+
+West and I had met in college, and I had been the only one to sympathise with
+his hideous experiments. Gradually I had come to be his inseparable assistant,
+and now that we were out of college we had to keep together. It was not easy to
+find a good opening for two doctors in company, but finally the influence of the
+university secured us a practice in Bolton — a factory town near Arkham, the
+seat of the college. The Bolton Worsted Mills are the largest in the Miskatonic
+Valley, and their polyglot employees are never popular as patients with the local
+physicians. We chose our house with the greatest care, seizing at last on a rather
+run-down cottage near the end of Pond Street; five numbers from the closest
+neighbour, and separated from the local potter's field by only a stretch of
+meadow land, bisected by a narrow neck of the rather dense forest which lies to
+the north. The distance was greater than we wished, but we could get no nearer
+house without going on the other side of the field, wholly out of the factory
+district. We were not much displeased, however, since there were no people
+between us and our sinister source of supplies. The walk was a trifle long, but we
+could haul our silent specimens undisturbed.
+
+Our practice was surprisingly large from the very first — large enough to please
+most young doctors, and large enough to prove a bore and a burden to students
+whose real interest lay elsewhere. The mill-hands were of somewhat turbulent
+inclinations; and besides their many natural needs, their frequent clashes and
+stabbing affrays gave us plenty to do. But what actually absorbed our minds was
+the secret laboratory we had fitted up in the cellar — the laboratory with the long
+table under the electric lights, where in the small hours of the morning we often
+injected West's various solutions into the veins of the things we dragged from
+the potter's field. West was experimenting madly to find something which
+would start man's vital motions anew after they had been stopped by the thing
+we call death, but had encountered the most ghastly obstacles. The solution had
+to be differently compounded for different types — what would serve for
+guinea-pigs would not serve for human beings, and different human specimens
+required large modifications.
+
+The bodies had to be exceedingly fresh, or the slight decomposition of brain
+tissue would render perfect reanimation impossible. Indeed, the greatest
+problem was to get them fresh enough — West had had horrible experiences
+during his secret college researches with corpses of doubtful vintage. The results
+of partial or imperfect animation were much more hideous than were the total
+failures, and we both held fearsome recollections of such things. Ever since our
+first daemoniac session in the deserted farmhouse on Meadow Hill in Arkham,
+we had felt a brooding menace; and West, though a calm, blond, blue-eyed
+scientific automaton in most respects, often confessed to a shuddering sensation
+of stealthy pursuit. He half felt that he was followed — a psychological delusion
+of shaken nerves, enhanced by the undeniably disturbing fact that at least one of
+
+
+
+183
+
+
+
+our reanimated specimens was still alive — a frightful carnivorous thing in a
+padded cell at Sefton. Then there was another — our first — whose exact fate we
+had never learned.
+
+We had fair luck with specimens in Bolton — much better than in Arkham. We
+had not been settled a week before we got an accident victim on the very night of
+burial, and made it open its eyes with an amazingly rational expression before
+the solution failed. It had lost an arm — if it had been a perfect body we might
+have succeeded better. Between then and the next January we secured three
+more; one total failure, one case of marked muscular motion, and one rather
+shivery thing — it rose of itself and uttered a sound. Then came a period when
+luck was poor; interments fell off, and those that did occur were of specimens
+either too diseased or too maimed for use. We kept track of all the deaths and
+their circumstances with systematic care.
+
+One March night, however, we unexpectedly obtained a specimen which did not
+come from the potter's field. In Bolton the prevailing spirit of Puritanism had
+outlawed the sport of boxing — with the usual result. Surreptitious and ill-
+conducted bouts among the mill-workers were common, and occasionally
+professional talent of low grade was imported. This late winter night there had
+been such a match; evidently with disastrous results, since two timorous Poles
+had come to us with incoherently whispered entreaties to attend to a very secret
+and desperate case. We followed them to an abandoned barn, where the
+remnants of a crowd of frightened foreigners were watching a silent black form
+on the floor.
+
+The match had been between Kid O'Brien — a lubberly and now quaking youth
+with a most un-Hibernian hooked nose — and Buck Robinson, "The Harlem
+Smoke." The negro had been knocked out, and a moment's examination shewed
+us that he would permanently remain so. He was a loathsome, gorilla-like thing,
+with abnormally long arms which I could not help calling fore legs, and a face
+that conjured up thoughts of unspeakable Congo secrets and tom-tom poundings
+under an eerie moon. The body must have looked even worse in life — but the
+world holds many ugly things. Fear was upon the whole pitiful crowd, for they
+did not know what the law would exact of them if the affair were not hushed up;
+and they were grateful when West, in spite of my involuntary shudders, offered
+to get rid of the thing quietly — for a purpose I knew too well.
+
+There was bright moonlight over the snowless landscape, but we dressed the
+thing and carried it home between us through the deserted streets and meadows,
+as we had carried a similar thing one horrible night in Arkham. We approached
+the house from the field in the rear, took the specimen in the back door and
+down the cellar stairs, and prepared it for the usual experiment. Our fear of the
+
+
+
+184
+
+
+
+police was absurdly great, though we had timed our trip to avoid the solitary
+patrolman of that section.
+
+The result was wearily anticlimactic. Ghastly as our prize appeared, it was
+wholly unresponsive to every solution we injected in its black arm; solutions
+prepared from experience with white specimens only. So as the hour grew
+dangerously near to dawn, we did as we had done with the others — dragged
+the thing across the meadows to the neck of the woods near the potter's field,
+and buried it there in the best sort of grave the frozen ground would furnish. The
+grave was not very deep, but fully as good as that of the previous specimen —
+the thing which had risen of itself and uttered a sound. In the light of our dark
+lanterns we carefully covered it with leaves and dead vines, fairly certain that the
+police would never find it in a forest so dim and dense.
+
+The next day I was increasingly apprehensive about the police, for a patient
+brought rumours of a suspected fight and death. West had still another source of
+worry, for he had been called in the afternoon to a case which ended very
+threateningly. An Italian woman had become hysterical over her missing child —
+a lad of five who had strayed off early in the morning and failed to appear for
+dinner — and had developed symptoms highly alarming in view of an always
+weak heart. It was a very foolish hysteria, for the boy had often run away before;
+but Italian peasants are exceedingly superstitious, and this woman seemed as
+much harassed by omens as by facts. About seven o'clock in the evening she had
+died, and her frantic husband had made a frightful scene in his efforts to kill
+West, whom he wildly blamed for not saving her life. Friends had held him
+when he drew a stiletto, but West departed amidst his inhuman shrieks, curses
+and oaths of vengeance. In his latest affliction the fellow seemed to have
+forgotten his child, who was still missing as the night advanced. There was some
+talk of searching the woods, but most of the family's friends were busy with the
+dead woman and the screaming man. Altogether, the nervous strain upon West
+must have been tremendous. Thoughts of the police and of the mad Italian both
+weighed heavily.
+
+We retired about eleven, but I did not sleep well. Bolton had a surprisingly good
+police force for so small a town, and I could not help fearing the mess which
+would ensue if the affair of the night before were ever tracked down. It might
+mean the end of all our local work — and perhaps prison for both West and me. I
+did not like those rumours of a fight which were floating about. After the clock
+had struck three the moon shone in my eyes, but I turned over without rising to
+pull down the shade. Then came the steady rattling at the back door.
+
+I lay still and somewhat dazed, but before long heard West's rap on my door. He
+was clad in dressing- gown and slippers, and had in his hands a revolver and an
+
+
+
+185
+
+
+
+electric flashlight. From the revolver I knew that he was thinking more of the
+crazed Italian than of the police.
+
+"We'd better both go/' he whispered. "It wouldn't do not to answer it anyway,
+and it may be a patient — it would be like one of those fools to try the back
+door."
+
+So we both went down the stairs on tiptoe, with a fear partly justified and partly
+that which comes only from the soul of the weird small hours. The rattling
+continued, growing somewhat louder. When we reached the door I cautiously
+unbolted it and threw it open, and as the moon streamed revealingly down on
+the form silhouetted there. West did a peculiar thing. Despite the obvious danger
+of attracting notice and bringing down on our heads the dreaded police
+investigation — a thing which after all was mercifully averted by the relative
+isolation of our cottage — my friend suddenly, excitedly, and unnecessarily
+emptied all six chambers of his revolver into the nocturnal visitor.
+
+For that visitor was neither Italian nor policeman. Looming hideously against the
+spectral moon was a gigantic misshapen thing not to be imagined save in
+nightmares — a glassy-eyed, ink-black apparition nearly on all fours, covered
+with bits of mould, leaves, and vines, foul with caked blood, and having between
+its glistening teeth a snow-white, terrible, cylindrical object terminating in a tiny
+hand.
+
+IV. The Scream of the Dead
+
+Pubhshed May 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 53-58.
+
+The scream of a dead man gave to me that acute and added horror of Dr. Herbert
+West which harassed the latter years of our companionship. It is natural that
+such a thing as a dead man's scream should give horror, for it is obviously, not a
+pleasing or ordinary occurrence; but I was used to similar experiences, hence
+suffered on this occasion only because of a particular circumstance. And, as I
+have implied, it was not of the dead man himself that I became afraid.
+
+Herbert West, whose associate and assistant I was, possessed scientific interests
+far beyond the usual routine of a village physician. That was why, when
+establishing his practice in Bolton, he had chosen an isolated house near the
+potter's field. Briefly and brutally stated. West's sole absorbing interest was a
+secret study of the phenomena of life and its cessation, leading toward the
+reanimation of the dead through injections of an excitant solution. For this
+ghastly experimenting it was necessary to have a constant supply of very fresh
+human bodies; very fresh because even the least decay hopelessly damaged the
+
+
+
+186
+
+
+
+brain structure, and human because we found that the solution had to be
+compounded differently for different types of organisms. Scores of rabbits and
+guinea-pigs had been killed and treated, but their trail was a blind one. West had
+never fully succeeded because he had never been able to secure a corpse
+sufficiently fresh. What he wanted were bodies from which vitality had only just
+departed; bodies with every cell intact and capable of receiving again the
+impulse toward that mode of motion called life. There was hope that this second
+and artificial life might be made perpetual by repetitions of the injection, but we
+had learned that an ordinary natural life would not respond to the action. To
+establish the artificial motion, natural life must be extinct — the specimens must
+be very fresh, but genuinely dead.
+
+The awesome quest had begun when West and I were students at the Miskatonic
+University Medical School in Arkham, vividly conscious for the first time of the
+thoroughly mechanical nature of life. That was seven years before, but West
+looked scarcely a day older now — he was small, blond, clean-shaven, soft-
+voiced, and spectacled, with only an occasional flash of a cold blue eye to tell of
+the hardening and growing fanaticism of his character under the pressure of his
+terrible investigations. Our experiences had often been hideous in the extreme;
+the results of defective reanimation, when lumps of graveyard clay had been
+galvanised into morbid, unnatural, and brainless motion by various
+modifications of the vital solution.
+
+One thing had uttered a nerve-shattering scream; another had risen violently,
+beaten us both to unconsciousness, and run amuck in a shocking way before it
+could be placed behind asylum bars; still another, a loathsome African
+monstrosity, had clawed out of its shallow grave and done a deed — West had
+had to shoot that object. We could not get bodies fresh enough to shew any trace
+of reason when reanimated, so had perforce created nameless horrors. It was
+disturbing to think that one, perhaps two, of our monsters still lived — that
+thought haunted us shadowingly, till finally West disappeared under frightful
+circumstances. But at the time of the scream in the cellar laboratory of the
+isolated Bolton cottage, our fears were subordinate to our anxiety for extremely
+fresh specimens. West was more avid than I, so that it almost seemed to me that
+he looked half-covetously at any very healthy living physique.
+
+It was in July, 1910, that the bad luck regarding specimens began to turn. I had
+been on a long visit to my parents in Illinois, and upon my return found West in
+a state of singular elation. He had, he told me excitedly, in all likelihood solved
+the problem of freshness through an approach from an entirely new angle — that
+of artificial preservation. I had known that he was working on a new and highly
+unusual embalming compound, and was not surprised that it had turned out
+well; but until he explained the details I was rather puzzled as to how such a
+
+
+
+187
+
+
+
+compound could help in our work, since the objectionable staleness of the
+specimens was largely due to delay occurring before we secured them. This, I
+now saw. West had clearly recognised; creating his embalming compound for
+future rather than immediate use, and trusting to fate to supply again some very
+recent and unburied corpse, as it had years before when we obtained the negro
+killed in the Bolton prize-fight. At last fate had been kind, so that on this occasion
+there lay in the secret cellar laboratory a corpse whose decay could not by any
+possibility have begun. What would happen on reanimation, and whether we
+could hope for a revival of mind and reason. West did not venture to predict. The
+experiment would be a landmark in our studies, and he had saved the new body
+for my return, so that both might share the spectacle in accustomed fashion.
+
+West told me how he had obtained the specimen. It had been a vigorous man; a
+well-dressed stranger just off the train on his way to transact some business with
+the Bolton Worsted Mills. The walk through the town had been long, and by the
+time the traveller paused at our cottage to ask the way to the factories, his heart
+had become greatly overtaxed. He had refused a stimulant, and had suddenly
+dropped dead only a moment later. The body, as might be expected, seemed to
+West a heaven-sent gift. In his brief conversation the stranger had made it clear
+that he was unknown in Bolton, and a search of his pockets subsequently
+revealed him to be one Robert Leavitt of St. Louis, apparently without a family to
+make instant inquiries about his disappearance. If this man could not be restored
+to life, no one would know of our experiment. We buried our materials in a
+dense strip of woods between the house and the potter's field. If, on the other
+hand, he could be restored, our fame would be brilliantly and perpetually
+established. So without delay West had injected into the body's wrist the
+compound which would hold it fresh for use after my arrival. The matter of the
+presumably weak heart, which to my mind imperilled the success of our
+experiment, did not appear to trouble West extensively. He hoped at last to
+obtain what he had never obtained before — a rekindled spark of reason and
+perhaps a normal, living creature.
+
+So on the night of July 18, 1910, Herbert West and I stood in the cellar laboratory
+and gazed at a white, silent figure beneath the dazzling arc-light. The embalming
+compound had worked uncannily well, for as I stared fascinatedly at the sturdy
+frame which had lain two weeks without stiffening, I was moved to seek West's
+assurance that the thing was really dead. This assurance he gave readily enough;
+reminding me that the reanimating solution was never used without careful tests
+as to life, since it could have no effect if any of the original vitality were present.
+As West proceeded to take preliminary steps, I was impressed by the vast
+intricacy of the new experiment; an intricacy so vast that he could trust no hand
+less delicate than his own. Forbidding me to touch the body, he first injected a
+drug in the wrist just beside the place his needle had punctured when injecting
+
+
+
+188
+
+
+
+the embalming compound. This, he said, was to neutrahse the compound and
+release the system to a normal relaxation so that the reanimating solution might
+freely work when injected. Slightly later, when a change and a gentle tremor
+seemed to affect the dead limbs; West stuffed a pillow-like object violently over
+the twitching face, not withdrawing it until the corpse appeared quiet and ready
+for our attempt at reanimation. The pale enthusiast now applied some last
+perfunctory tests for absolute lifelessness, withdrew satisfied, and finally injected
+into the left arm an accurately measured amount of the vital elixir, prepared
+during the afternoon with a greater care than we had used since college days,
+when our feats were new and groping. I cannot express the wild, breathless
+suspense with which we waited for results on this first really fresh specimen —
+the first we could reasonably expect to open its lips in rational speech, perhaps to
+tell of what it had seen beyond the unfathomable abyss.
+
+West was a materialist, believing in no soul and attributing all the working of
+consciousness to bodily phenomena; consequently he looked for no revelation of
+hideous secrets from gulfs and caverns beyond death's barrier. I did not wholly
+disagree with him theoretically, yet held vague instinctive remnants of the
+primitive faith of my forefathers; so that I could not help eyeing the corpse with a
+certain amount of awe and terrible expectation. Besides — I could not extract
+from my memory that hideous, inhuman shriek we heard on the night we tried
+our first experiment in the deserted farmhouse at Arkham.
+
+Very little time had elapsed before I saw the attempt was not to be a total failure.
+A touch of colour came to cheeks hitherto chalk-white, and spread out under the
+curiously ample stubble of sandy beard. West, who had his hand on the pulse of
+the left wrist, suddenly nodded significantly; and almost simultaneously a mist
+appeared on the mirror inclined above the body's mouth. There followed a few
+spasmodic muscular motions, and then an audible breathing and visible motion
+of the chest. I looked at the closed eyelids, and thought I detected a quivering.
+Then the lids opened, shewing eyes which were grey, calm, and alive, but still
+unintelligent and not even curious.
+
+In a moment of fantastic whim I whispered questions to the reddening ears;
+questions of other worlds of which the memory might still be present.
+Subsequent terror drove them from my mind, but I think the last one, which I
+repeated, was: "Where have you been?" I do not yet know whether I was
+answered or not, for no sound came from the well-shaped mouth; but I do know
+that at that moment I firmly thought the thin lips moved silently, forming
+syllables which I would have vocalised as "only now" if that phrase had
+possessed any sense or relevancy. At that moment, as I say, I was elated with the
+conviction that the one great goal had been attained; and that for the first time a
+reanimated corpse had uttered distinct words impelled by actual reason. In the
+
+
+
+189
+
+
+
+next moment there was no doubt about the triumph; no doubt that the solution
+had truly accomplished, at least temporarily, its full mission of restoring rational
+and articulate life to the dead. But in that triumph there came to me the greatest
+of all horrors — not horror of the thing that spoke, but of the deed that I had
+witnessed and of the man with whom my professional fortunes were joined.
+
+For that very fresh body, at last writhing into full and terrifying consciousness
+with eyes dilated at the memory of its last scene on earth, threw out its frantic
+hands in a life and death struggle with the air, and suddenly collapsing into a
+second and final dissolution from which there could be no return, screamed out
+the cry that will ring eternally in my aching brain:
+
+"Help! Keep off, you cursed little tow-head fiend — keep that damned needle
+away from me!"
+
+V. The Horror From the Shadows
+
+Pubhshed June 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 5, p. 45-50.
+
+Many men have related hideous things, not mentioned in print, which happened
+on the battlefields of the Great War. Some of these things have made me faint,
+others have convulsed me with devastating nausea, while still others have made
+me tremble and look behind me in the dark; yet despite the worst of them I
+believe I can myself relate the most hideous thing of all — the shocking, the
+unnatural, the unbelievable horror from the shadows.
+
+In 1915 I was a physician with the rank of First Lieutenant in a Canadian
+regiment in Flanders, one of many Americans to precede the government itself
+into the gigantic struggle. I had not entered the army on my own initiative, but
+rather as a natural result of the enlistment of the man whose indispensable
+assistant I was — the celebrated Boston surgical specialist. Dr. Herbert West. Dr.
+West had been avid for a chance to serve as surgeon in a great war, and when the
+chance had come, he carried me with him almost against my will. There were
+reasons why I could have been glad to let the war separate us; reasons why I
+found the practice of medicine and the companionship of West more and more
+irritating; but when he had gone to Ottawa and through a colleague's influence
+secured a medical commission as Major, I could not resist the imperious
+persuasion of one determined that I should accompany him in my usual
+capacity.
+
+When I say that Dr. West was avid to serve in battle, I do not mean to imply that
+he was either naturally warlike or anxious for the safety of civilisation. Always
+an ice-cold intellectual machine; slight, blond, blue-eyed, and spectacled; I think
+
+
+
+190
+
+
+
+he secretly sneered at my occasional martial enthusiasms and censures of supine
+neutrality. There was, however, something he wanted in embattled Flanders; and
+in order to secure it had had to assume a military exterior. What he wanted was
+not a thing which many persons want, but something connected with the
+peculiar branch of medical science which he had chosen quite clandestinely to
+follow, and in which he had achieved amazing and occasionally hideous results.
+It was, in fact, nothing more or less than an abundant supply of freshly killed
+men in every stage of dismemberment.
+
+Herbert West needed fresh bodies because his life-work was the reanimation of
+the dead. This work was not known to the fashionable clientele who had so
+swiftly built up his fame after his arrival in Boston; but was only too well known
+to me, who had been his closest friend and sole assistant since the old days in
+Miskatonic University Medical School at Arkham. It was in those college days
+that he had begun his terrible experiments, first on small animals and then on
+human bodies shockingly obtained. There was a solution which he injected into
+the veins of dead things, and if they were fresh enough they responded in
+strange ways. He had had much trouble in discovering the proper formula, for
+each type of organism was found to need a stimulus especially adapted to it.
+Terror stalked him when he reflected on his partial failures; nameless things
+resulting from imperfect solutions or from bodies insufficiently fresh. A certain
+number of these failures had remained alive — one was in an asylum while
+others had vanished — and as he thought of conceivable yet virtually impossible
+eventualities he often shivered beneath his usual stolidity.
+
+West had soon learned that absolute freshness was the prime requisite for useful
+specimens, and had accordingly resorted to frightful and unnatural expedients in
+body-snatching. In college, and during our early practice together in the factory
+town of Bolton, my attitude toward him had been largely one of fascinated
+admiration; but as his boldness in methods grew, I began to develop a gnawing
+fear. I did not like the way he looked at healthy living bodies; and then there
+came a nightmarish session in the cellar laboratory when I learned that a certain
+specimen had been a living body when he secured it. That was the first time he
+had ever been able to revive the quality of rational thought in a corpse; and his
+success, obtained at such a loathsome cost, had completely hardened him.
+
+Of his methods in the intervening five years I dare not speak. I was held to him
+by sheer force of fear, and witnessed sights that no human tongue could repeat.
+Gradually I came to find Herbert West himself more horrible than anything he
+did — that was when it dawned on me that his once normal scientific zeal for
+prolonging life had subtly degenerated into a mere morbid and ghoulish
+curiosity and secret sense of charnel picturesqueness. His interest became a
+hellish and perverse addiction to the repellently and fiendishly abnormal; he
+
+
+
+191
+
+
+
+gloated calmly over artificial monstrosities which would make most healthy men
+drop dead from fright and disgust; he became, behind his pallid intellectuality, a
+fastidious Baudelaire of physical experiment — a languid Elagabalus of the
+tombs.
+
+Dangers he met unflinchingly; crimes he committed unmoved. I think the climax
+came when he had proved his point that rational life can be restored, and had
+sought new worlds to conquer by experimenting on the reanimation of detached
+parts of bodies. He had wild and original ideas on the independent vital
+properties of organic cells and nerve-tissue separated from natural physiological
+systems; and achieved some hideous preliminary results in the form of never-
+dying, artificially nourished tissue obtained from the nearly hatched eggs of an
+indescribable tropical reptile. Two biological points he was exceedingly anxious
+to settle — first, whether any amount of consciousness and rational action be
+possible without the brain, proceeding from the spinal cord and various nerve-
+centres; and second, whether any kind of ethereal, intangible relation distinct
+from the material cells may exist to link the surgically separated parts of what
+has previously been a single living organism. All this research work required a
+prodigious supply of freshly slaughtered human flesh — and that was why
+Herbert West had entered the Great War.
+
+The phantasmal, unmentionable thing occurred one midnight late in March,
+1915, in a field hospital behind the lines of St. Eloi. I wonder even now if it could
+have been other than a daemoniac dream of delirium. West had a private
+laboratory in an east room of the barn-like temporary edifice, assigned him on
+his plea that he was devising new and radical methods for the treatment of
+hitherto hopeless cases of maiming. There he worked like a butcher in the midst
+of his gory wares — I could never get used to the levity with which he handled
+and classified certain things. At times he actually did perform marvels of surgery
+for the soldiers; but his chief delights were of a less public and philanthropic
+kind, requiring many explanations of sounds which seemed peculiar even
+amidst that babel of the damned. Among these sounds were frequent revolver-
+shots — surely not uncommon on a battlefield, but distinctly uncommon in an
+hospital. Dr. West's reanimated specimens were not meant for long existence or a
+large audience. Besides human tissue. West employed much of the reptile
+embryo tissue which he had cultivated with such singular results. It was better
+than human material for maintaining life in organless fragments, and that was
+now my friend's chief activity. In a dark corner of the laboratory, over a queer
+incubating burner, he kept a large covered vat full of this reptilian cell-matter;
+which multiplied and grew puffily and hideously.
+
+On the night of which I speak we had a splendid new specimen — a man at once
+physically powerful and of such high mentality that a sensitive nervous system
+
+
+
+192
+
+
+
+was assured. It was rather ironic, for he was the officer who had helped West to
+his commission, and who was now to have been our associate. Moreover, he had
+in the past secretly studied the theory of reanimation to some extent under West.
+Major Sir Eric Moreland Clapham-Lee, D.S.O., was the greatest surgeon in our
+division, and had been hastily assigned to the St. Eloi sector when news of the
+heavy fighting reached headquarters. He had come in an aeroplane piloted by
+the intrepid Lieut. Ronald Hill, only to be shot down when directly over his
+destination. The fall had been spectacular and awful; Hill was unrecognisable
+afterward, but the wreck yielded up the great surgeon in a nearly decapitated
+but otherwise intact condition. West had greedily seized the lifeless thing which
+had once been his friend and fellow-scholar; and I shuddered when he finished
+severing the head, placed it in his hellish vat of pulpy reptile-tissue to preserve it
+for future experiments, and proceeded to treat the decapitated body on the
+operating table. He injected new blood, joined certain veins, arteries, and nerves
+at the headless neck, and closed the ghastly aperture with engrafted skin from an
+unidentified specimen which had borne an officer's uniform. I knew what he
+wanted — to see if this highly organised body could exhibit, without its head,
+any of the signs of mental life which had distinguished Sir Eric Moreland
+Clapham-Lee. Once a student of reanimation, this silent trunk was now
+gruesomely called upon to exemplify it.
+
+I can still see Herbert West under the sinister electric light as he injected his
+reanimating solution into the arm of the headless body. The scene I cannot
+describe — I should faint if I tried it, for there is madness in a room full of
+classified charnel things, with blood and lesser human debris almost ankle-deep
+on the slimy floor, and with hideous reptilian abnormalities sprouting, bubbling,
+and baking over a winking bluish-green spectre of dim flame in a far corner of
+black shadows.
+
+The specimen, as West repeatedly observed, had a splendid nervous system.
+Much was expected of it; and as a few twitching motions began to appear, I
+could see the feverish interest on West's face. He was ready, I think, to see proof
+of his increasingly strong opinion that consciousness, reason, and personality can
+exist independently of the brain — that man has no central connective spirit, but
+is merely a machine of nervous matter, each section more or less complete in
+itself. In one triumphant demonstration West was about to relegate the mystery
+of life to the category of myth. The body now twitched more vigorously, and
+beneath our avid eyes commenced to heave in a frightful way. The arms stirred
+disquietingly, the legs drew up, and various muscles contracted in a repulsive
+kind of writhing. Then the headless thing threw out its arms in a gesture which
+was unmistakably one of desperation — an intelligent desperation apparently
+sufficient to prove every theory of Herbert West. Certainly, the nerves were
+recalling the man's last act in life; the struggle to get free of the falling aeroplane.
+
+
+
+193
+
+
+
+What followed, I shall never positively know. It may have been wholly an
+hallucination from the shock caused at that instant by the sudden and complete
+destruction of the building in a cataclysm of German shell-fire — who can
+gainsay it, since West and I were the only proved survivors? West liked to think
+that before his recent disappearance, but there were times when he could not; for
+it was queer that we both had the same hallucination. The hideous occurrence
+itself was very simple, notable only for what it implied.
+
+The body on the table had risen with a blind and terrible groping, and we had
+heard a sound. I should not call that sound a voice, for it was too awful. And yet
+its timbre was not the most awful thing about it. Neither was its message — it
+had merely screamed, "Jump, Ronald, for God's sake, jump!" The awful thing
+was its source.
+
+For it had come from the large covered vat in that ghoulish corner of crawling
+black shadows.
+
+VI. The Tomb-Legions
+
+Pubhshed July 1922 in Home Brew Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 57-62.
+
+When Dr. Herbert West disappeared a year ago, the Boston police questioned me
+closely. They suspected that I was holding something back, and perhaps
+suspected graver things; but I could not tell them the truth because they would
+not have believed it. They knew, indeed, that West had been connected with
+activities beyond the credence of ordinary men; for his hideous experiments in
+the reanimation of dead bodies had long been too extensive to admit of perfect
+secrecy; but the final soul-shattering catastrophe held elements of daemoniac
+phantasy which make even me doubt the reality of what I saw.
+
+I was West's closest friend and only confidential assistant. We had met years
+before, in medical school, and from the first I had shared his terrible researches.
+He had slowly tried to perfect a solution which, injected into the veins of the
+newly deceased, would restore life; a labour demanding an abundance of fresh
+corpses and therefore involving the most unnatural actions. Still more shocking
+were the products of some of the experiments — grisly masses of flesh that had
+been dead, but that West waked to a blind, brainless, nauseous ammation. These
+were the usual results, for in order to reawaken the mind it was necessary to
+have specimens so absolutely fresh that no decay could possibly affect the
+delicate brain- cells.
+
+This need for very fresh corpses had been West's moral undoing. They were hard
+to get, and one awful day he had secured his specimen while it was still alive and
+
+
+
+194
+
+
+
+vigorous. A struggle, a needle, and a powerful alkaloid had transformed it to a
+very fresh corpse, and the experiment had succeeded for a brief and memorable
+moment; but West had emerged with a soul calloused and seared, and a
+hardened eye which sometimes glanced with a kind of hideous and calculating
+appraisal at men of especially sensitive brain and especially vigorous physique.
+Toward the last I became acutely afraid of West, for he began to look at me that
+way. People did not seem to notice his glances, but they noticed my fear; and
+after his disappearance used that as a basis for some absurd suspicions.
+
+West, in reality, was more afraid than I; for his abominable pursuits entailed a
+life of furtiveness and dread of every shadow. Partly it was the police he feared;
+but sometimes his nervousness was deeper and more nebulous, touching on
+certain indescribable things into which he had injected a morbid life, and from
+which he had not seen that life depart. He usually finished his experiments with
+a revolver, but a few times he had not been quick enough. There was that first
+specimen on whose rifled grave marks of clawing were later seen. There was also
+that Arkham professor's body which had done cannibal things before it had been
+captured and thrust unidentified into a madhouse cell at Sefton, where it beat the
+walls for sixteen years. Most of the other possibly surviving results were things
+less easy to speak of — for in later years West's scientific zeal had degenerated to
+an unhealthy and fantastic mania, and he had spent his chief skill in vitalising
+not entire human bodies but isolated parts of bodies, or parts joined to organic
+matter other than human. It had become fiendishly disgusting by the time he
+disappeared; many of the experiments could not even be hinted at in print. The
+Great War, through which both of us served as surgeons, had intensified this
+side of West.
+
+In saying that West's fear of his specimens was nebulous, I have in mind
+particularly its complex nature. Part of it came merely from knowing of the
+existence of such nameless monsters, while another part arose from
+apprehension of the bodily harm they might under certain circumstances do him.
+Their disappearance added horror to the situation — of them all. West knew the
+whereabouts of only one, the pitiful asylum thing. Then there was a more subtle
+fear — a very fantastic sensation resulting from a curious experiment in the
+Canadian army in 1915. West, in the midst of a severe battle, had reanimated
+Major Sir Eric Moreland Clapham-Lee, D.S.O., a fellow-physician who knew
+about his experiments and could have duplicated them. The head had been
+removed, so that the possibilities of quasi-intelligent life in the trunk might be
+investigated. Just as the building was wiped out by a German shell, there had
+been a success. The trunk had moved intelligently; and, unbelievable to relate,
+we were both sickeningly sure that articulate sounds had come from the
+detached head as it lay in a shadowy corner of the laboratory. The shell had been
+merciful, in a way — but West could never feel as certain as he wished, that we
+
+
+
+195
+
+
+
+two were the only survivors. He used to make shuddering conjectures about the
+possible actions of a headless physician with the power of reanimating the dead.
+
+West's last quarters were in a venerable house of much elegance, overlooking
+one of the oldest burying- grounds in Boston. He had chosen the place for purely
+symbolic and fantastically aesthetic reasons, since most of the interments were of
+the colonial period and therefore of little use to a scientist seeking very fresh
+bodies. The laboratory was in a sub-cellar secretly constructed by imported
+workmen, and contained a huge incinerator for the quiet and complete disposal
+of such bodies, or fragments and synthetic mockeries of bodies, as might remain
+from the morbid experiments and unhallowed amusements of the owner. During
+the excavation of this cellar the workmen had struck some exceedingly ancient
+masonry; undoubtedly connected with the old burying-ground, yet far too deep
+to correspond with any known sepulchre therein. After a number of calculations
+West decided that it represented some secret chamber beneath the tomb of the
+Averills, where the last interment had been made in 1768. I was with him when
+he studied the nitrous, dripping walls laid bare by the spades and mattocks of
+the men, and was prepared for the gruesome thrill which would attend the
+uncovering of centuried grave-secrets; but for the first time West's new timidity
+conquered his natural curiosity, and he betrayed his degenerating fibre by
+ordering the masonry left intact and plastered over. Thus it remained till that
+final hellish night; part of the walls of the secret laboratory. I speak of West's
+decadence, but must add that it was a purely mental and intangible thing.
+Outwardly he was the same to the last — calm, cold, slight, and yellow-haired,
+with spectacled blue eyes and a general aspect of youth which years and fears
+seemed never to change. He seemed calm even when he thought of that clawed
+grave and looked over his shoulder; even when he thought of the carnivorous
+thing that gnawed and pawed at Sefton bars.
+
+The end of Herbert West began one evening in our joint study when he was
+dividing his curious glance between the newspaper and me. A strange headline
+item had struck at him from the crumpled pages, and a nameless titan claw had
+seemed to reach down through sixteen years. Something fearsome and incredible
+had happened at Sefton Asylum fifty miles away, stunning the neighbourhood
+and baffling the police. In the small hours of the morning a body of silent men
+had entered the grounds, and their leader had aroused the attendants. He was a
+menacing military figure who talked without moving his lips and whose voice
+seemed almost ventriloquially connected with an immense black case he carried.
+His expressionless face was handsome to the point of radiant beauty, but had
+shocked the superintendent when the hall light fell on it — for it was a wax face
+with eyes of painted glass. Some nameless accident had befallen this man. A
+larger man guided his steps; a repellent hulk whose bluish face seemed half
+eaten away by some unknown malady. The speaker had asked for the custody of
+
+
+
+196
+
+
+
+the cannibal monster committed from Arkham sixteen years before; and upon
+being refused, gave a signal which precipitated a shocking riot. The fiends had
+beaten, trampled, and bitten every attendant who did not flee; killing four and
+finally succeeding in the liberation of the monster. Those victims who could
+recall the event without hysteria swore that the creatures had acted less like men
+than like unthinkable automata guided by the wax-faced leader. By the time help
+could be summoned, every trace of the men and of their mad charge had
+vanished.
+
+From the hour of reading this item until midmght. West sat almost paralysed. At
+midnight the doorbell rang, startling him fearfully. All the servants were asleep
+in the attic, so I answered the bell. As I have told the police, there was no wagon
+in the street, but only a group of strange-looking figures bearing a large square
+box which they deposited in the hallway after one of them had grunted in a
+highly unnatural voice, "Express — prepaid." They filed out of the house with a
+jerky tread, and as I watched them go I had an odd idea that they were turning
+toward the ancient cemetery on which the back of the house abutted. When I
+slammed the door after them West came downstairs and looked at the box. It
+was about two feet square, and bore West's correct name and present address. It
+also bore the inscription, "From Eric Moreland Clapham-Lee, St. Eloi, Flanders."
+Six years before, in Flanders, a shelled hospital had fallen upon the headless
+reanimated trunk of Dr. Clapham-Lee, and upon the detached head which —
+perhaps — had uttered articulate sounds.
+
+West was not even excited now. His condition was more ghastly. Quickly he
+said, "It's the finish — but let's incinerate — this." We carried the thing down to
+the laboratory — listening. I do not remember many particulars — you can
+imagine my state of mind — but it is a vicious lie to say it was Herbert West's
+body which I put into the incinerator. We both inserted the whole unopened
+wooden box, closed the door, and started the electricity. Nor did any sound come
+from the box, after all.
+
+It was West who first noticed the falling plaster on that part of the wall where the
+ancient tomb masonry had been covered up. I was going to run, but he stopped
+me. Then I saw a small black aperture, felt a ghoulish wind of ice, and smelled
+the charnel bowels of a putrescent earth. There was no sound, but just then the
+electric lights went out and I saw outlined against some phosphorescence of the
+nether world a horde of silent toiling things which only insanity — or worse —
+could create. Their outlines were human, semi-human, fractionally human, and
+not human at all — the horde was grotesquely heterogeneous. They were
+removing the stones quietly, one by one, from the centuried wall. And then, as
+the breach became large enough, they came out into the laboratory in single file;
+led by a talking thing with a beautiful head made of wax. A sort of mad-eyed
+
+
+
+197
+
+
+
+monstrosity behind the leader seized on Herbert West. West did not resist or
+utter a sound. Then they all sprang at him and tore him to pieces before my eyes,
+bearing the fragments away into that subterranean vault of fabulous
+abominations. West's head was carried off by the wax-headed leader, who wore
+a Canadian officer's uniform. As it disappeared I saw that the blue eyes behind
+the spectacles were hideously blazing with their first touch of frantic, visible
+emotion.
+
+Servants found me unconscious in the morning. West was gone. The incinerator
+contained only unidentifiable ashes. Detectives have questioned me, but what
+can I say? The Sefton tragedy they will not connect with West; not that, nor the
+men with the box, whose existence they deny. I told them of the vault, and they
+pointed to the unbroken plaster wall and laughed. So I told them no more. They
+imply that I am either a madman or a murderer — probably I am mad. But I
+might not be mad if those accursed tomb- legions had not been so silent.
+
+
+
+198
+
+
+
+Hypnos
+
+Written Mar 1922
+
+Published May 1923 in The National Amateur, Vol. 45, No. 5, pages 1-3.
+
+Apropos of sleep, that sinister adventure of all our nights, we may say that men
+go to bed daily with an audacity that would be incomprehensible if we did not
+know that it is the result of ignorance of the danger.
+
+- Baudelaire
+
+May the merciful gods, if indeed there be such, guard those hours when no
+power of the will, or drug that the cunning of man devises, can keep me from the
+chasm of sleep. Death is merciful, for there is no return therefrom, but with him
+who has come back out of the nethermost chambers of night, haggard and
+knowing, peace rests nevermore. Fool that I was to plunge with such
+unsanctioned phrensy into mysteries no man was meant to penetrate; fool or god
+that he was - my only friend, who led me and went before me, and who in the
+end passed into terrors which may yet be mine!
+
+We met, I recall, in a railway station, where he was the center of a crowd of the
+vulgarly curious. He was unconscious, having fallen in a kind of convulsion
+which imparted to his slight black-clad body a strange rigidity. I think he was
+then approaching forty years of age, for there were deep lines in the face, wan
+and hollow-cheeked, but oval and actually beautiful; and touches of gray in the
+thick, waving hair and small full beard which had once been of the deepest raven
+black. His brow was white as the marble of Pentelicus, and of a height and
+breadth almost god-like.
+
+I said to myself, with all the ardor of a sculptor, that this man was a faun's statue
+out of antique Hellas, dug from a temple's ruins and brought somehow to life in
+our stifling age only to feel the chill and pressure of devastating years. And when
+he opened his immense, sunken, and wildly luminous black eyes I knew he
+would be thenceforth my only friend - the only friend of one who had never
+possessed a friend before - for I saw that such eyes must have looked fully upon
+the grandeur and the terror of realms beyond normal consciousness and reality;
+realms which I had cherished in fancy, but vainly sought. So as I drove the
+crowd away I told him he must come home with me and be my teacher and
+leader in unfathomed mysteries, and he assented without speaking a word.
+Afterward I found that his voice was music - the music of deep viols and of
+crystalline spheres. We talked often in the night, and in the day, when I chiseled
+
+
+
+199
+
+
+
+busts of him and carved miniature heads in ivory to immortahze his different
+expressions.
+
+Of our studies it is impossible to speak, since they held so slight a connection
+with anything of the world as living men conceive it. They were of that vaster
+and more appalling universe of dim entity and consciousness which lies deeper
+than matter, time, and space, and whose existence we suspect only in certain
+forms of sleep - those rare dreams beyond dreams which come never to common
+men, and but once or twice in the lifetime of imaginative men. The cosmos of our
+waking knowledge, born from such an universe as a bubble is born from the pipe
+of a jester, touches it only as such a bubble may touch its sardonic source when
+sucked back by the jester's whim. Men of learning suspect it little and ignore it
+mostly. Wise men have interpreted dreams, and the gods have laughed. One
+man with Oriental eyes has said that all time and space are relative, and men
+have laughed. But even that man with Oriental eyes has done no more than
+suspect. I had wished and tried to do more than suspect, and my friend had tried
+and partly succeeded. Then we both tried together, and with exotic drugs
+courted terrible and forbidden dreams in the tower studio chamber of the old
+manor-house in hoary Kent.
+
+Among the agonies of these after days is that chief of torments - inarticulateness.
+What I learned and saw in those hours of impious exploration can never be told -
+for want of symbols or suggestions in any language. I say this because from first
+to last our discoveries partook only of the nature of sensations; sensations
+correlated with no impression which the nervous system of normal humanity is
+capable of receiving. They were sensations, yet within them lay unbelievable
+elements of time and space - things which at bottom possess no distinct and
+definite existence. Human utterance can best convey the general character of our
+experiences by calling them plungings or soarings; for in every period of
+revelation some part of our minds broke boldly away from all that is real and
+present, rushing aerially along shocking, unlighted, and fear-haunted abysses,
+and occasionally tearing through certain well-marked and typical obstacles
+describable only as viscous, uncouth clouds of vapors.
+
+In these black and bodiless flights we were sometimes alone and sometimes
+together. When we were together, my friend was always far ahead; I could
+comprehend his presence despite the absence of form by a species of pictorial
+memory whereby his face appeared to me, golden from a strange light and
+frightful with its weird beauty, its anomalously youthful cheeks, its burning
+eyes, its Olympian brow, and its shadowing hair and growth of beard.
+
+Of the progress of time we kept no record, for time had become to us the merest
+illusion. I know only that there must have been something very singular
+
+
+
+200
+
+
+
+involved, since we came at length to marvel why we did not grow old. Our
+discourse was unholy, and always hideously ambitious - no god or daemon
+could have aspired to discoveries and conquest like those which we planned in
+whispers. I shiver as I speak of them, and dare not be explicit; though I will say
+that my friend once wrote on paper a wish which he dared not utter with his
+tongue, and which made me burn the paper and look affrightedly out of the
+window at the spangled night sky. I will hint - only hint - that he had designs
+which involved the rulership of the visible universe and more; designs whereby
+the earth and the stars would move at his command, and the destinies of all
+living things be his. I affirm - I swear - that I had no share in these extreme
+aspirations. Anything my friend may have said or written to the contrary must
+be erroneous, for I am no man of strength to risk the unmentionable spheres by
+which alone one might achieve success.
+
+There was a night when winds from unknown spaces whirled us irresistibly into
+limitless vacua beyond all thought and entity. Perceptions of the most
+maddeningly untransmissible sort thronged upon us; perceptions of infinity
+which at the time convulsed us with joy, yet which are now partly lost to my
+memory and partly incapable of presentation to others. Viscous obstacles were
+clawed through in rapid succession, and at length I felt that we had been borne
+to realms of greater remoteness than any we had previously known.
+
+My friend was vastly in advance as we plunged into this awesome ocean of
+virgin aether, and I could see the sinister exultation on his floating, luminous,
+too-youthful memory-face. Suddenly that face became dim and quickly
+disappeared, and in a brief space I found myself projected against an obstacle
+which I could not penetrate. It was like the others, yet incalculably denser; a
+sticky clammy mass, if such terms can be applied to analogous qualities in a non-
+material sphere.
+
+I had, I felt, been halted by a barrier which my friend and leader had successfully
+passed. Struggling anew, I came to the end of the drug-dream and opened my
+physical eyes to the tower studio in whose opposite corner reclined the pallid
+and still unconscious form of my fellow dreamer, weirdly haggard and wildly
+beautiful as the moon shed gold-green light on his marble features.
+
+Then, after a short interval, the form in the corner stirred; and may pitying
+heaven keep from my sight and sound another thing like that which took place
+before me. I cannot tell you how he shrieked, or what vistas of unvisitable hells
+gleamed for a second in black eyes crazed with fright. I can only say that I
+fainted, and did not stir till he himself recovered and shook me in his phrensy for
+someone to keep away the horror and desolation.
+
+
+
+201
+
+
+
+That was the end of our voluntary searchings in the caverns of dream. Awed,
+shaken, and portentous, my friend who had been beyond the barrier warned me
+that we must never venture within those realms again. What he had seen, he
+dared not tell me; but he said from his wisdom that we must sleep as little as
+possible, even if drugs were necessary to keep us awake. That he was right, I
+soon learned from the unutterable fear which engulfed me whenever
+consciousness lapsed.
+
+After each short and inevitable sleep I seemed older, whilst my friend aged with
+a rapidity almost shocking. It is hideous to see wrinkles form and hair whiten
+almost before one's eyes. Our mode of life was now totally altered. Heretofore a
+recluse so far as I know - his true name and origin never having passed his lips -
+my friend now became frantic in his fear of solitude. At night he would not be
+alone, nor would the company of a few persons calm him. His sole relief was
+obtained in revelry of the most general and boisterous sort; so that few
+assemblies of the young and gay were unknown to us.
+
+Our appearance and age seemed to excite in most cases a ridicule which I keenly
+resented, but which my friend considered a lesser evil than solitude. Especially
+was he afraid to be out of doors alone when the stars were shining, and if forced
+to this condition he would often glance furtively at the sky as if hunted by some
+monstrous thing therein. He did not always glance at the same place in the sky -
+it seemed to be a different place at different times. On spring evenings it would
+be low in the northeast. In the summer it would be nearly overhead. In the
+autumn it would be in the northwest. In winter it would be in the east, but
+mostly if in the small hours of morning.
+
+Midwinter evenings seemed least dreadful to him. Only after two years did I
+connect this fear with anything in particular; but then I began to see that he must
+be looking at a special spot on the celestial vault whose position at different
+times corresponded to the direction of his glance - a spot roughly marked by the
+constellation Corona Borealis.
+
+We now had a studio in London, never separating, but never discussing the days
+when we had sought to plumb the mysteries of the unreal world. We were aged
+and weak from our drugs, dissipations, and nervous overstrain, and the thinning
+hair and beard of my friend had become snow-white. Our freedom from long
+sleep was surprising, for seldom did we succumb more than an hour or two at a
+time to the shadow which had now grown so frightful a menace.
+
+Then came one January of fog and rain, when money ran low and drugs were
+hard to buy. My statues and ivory heads were all sold, and I had no means to
+purchase new materials, or energy to fashion them even had I possessed them.
+
+
+
+202
+
+
+
+We suffered terribly, and on a certain night my friend sank into a deep-breathing
+sleep from which I could not awaken him. I can recall the scene now - the
+desolate, pitch-black garret studio under the eaves with the rain beating down;
+the ticking of our lone clock; the fancied ticking of our watches as they rested on
+the dressing-table; the creaking of some swaying shutter in a remote part of the
+house; certain distant city noises muffled by fog and space; and, worst of all, the
+deep, steady, sinister breathing of my friend on the couch - a rhythmical
+breathing which seemed to measure moments of supernal fear and agony for his
+spirit as it wandered in spheres forbidden, unimagined, and hideously remote.
+
+The tension of my vigil became oppressive, and a wild train of trivial
+impressions and associations thronged through my almost unhinged mind. I
+heard a clock strike somewhere - not ours, for that was not a striking clock - and
+my morbid fancy found in this a new starting-point for idle wanderings. Clocks -
+time - space - infinity - and then my fancy reverted to the locale as I reflected that
+even now, beyond the roof and the fog and the rain and the atmosphere. Corona
+Borealis was rising in the northeast. Corona Borealis, which my friend had
+appeared to dread, and whose scintillant semicircle of stars must even now be
+glowing unseen through the measureless abysses of aether. All at once my
+feverishly sensitive ears seemed to detect a new and wholly distinct component
+in the soft medley of drug-magnified sounds - a low and damnably insistent
+whine from very far away; droning, clamoring, mocking, calling, from the
+northeast.
+
+But it was not that distant whine which robbed me of my faculties and set upon
+my soul such a seal of fright as may never in life be removed; not that which
+drew the shrieks and excited the convulsions which caused lodgers and police to
+break down the door. It was not what I heard, but what I saw; for in that dark,
+locked, shuttered, and curtained room there appeared from the black northeast
+corner a shaft of horrible red-gold light - a shaft which bore with it no glow to
+disperse the darkness, but which streamed only upon the recumbent head of the
+troubled sleeper, bringing out in hideous duplication the luminous and strangely
+youthful memory-face as I had known it in dreams of abysmal space and
+unshackled time, when my friend had pushed behind the barrier to those secret,
+innermost and forbidden caverns of nightmare.
+
+And as I looked, I beheld the head rise, the black, liquid, and deep-sunken eyes
+open in terror, and the thin, shadowed lips part as if for a scream too frightful to
+be uttered. There dwelt in that ghastly and flexible face, as it shone bodiless,
+luminous, and rejuvenated in the blackness, more of stark, teeming, brain-
+shattering fear than all the rest of heaven and earth has ever revealed to me.
+
+
+
+203
+
+
+
+No word was spoken amidst the distant sound that grew nearer and nearer, but
+as I followed the memory- face's mad stare along that cursed shaft of light to its
+source, the source whence also the whining came, I, too, saw for an instant what
+it saw, and fell with ringing ears in that fit of shrieking epilepsy which brought
+the lodgers and the police. Never could I tell, try as I might, what it actually was
+that I saw; nor could the still face tell, for although it must have seen more than I
+did, it will never speak again. But always I shall guard against the mocking and
+insatiate Hypnos, lord of sleep, against the night sky, and against the mad
+ambitions of knowledge and philosophy.
+
+Just what happened is unknown, for not only was my own mind unseated by the
+strange and hideous thing, but others were tainted with a forgetfulness which
+can mean nothing if not madness. They have said, I know not for what reason,
+that I never had a friend; but that art, philosophy, and insanity had filled all my
+tragic life. The lodgers and police on that night soothed me, and the doctor
+administered something to quiet me, nor did anyone see what a nightmare event
+had taken place. My stricken friend moved them to no pity, but what they found
+on the couch in the studio made them give me a praise which sickened me, and
+now a fame which I spurn in despair as I sit for hours, bald, gray-bearded,
+shriveled, palsied, drug-crazed, and broken, adoring and praying to the object
+they found.
+
+For they deny that I sold the last of my statuary, and point with ecstasy at the
+thing which the shining shaft of light left cold, petrified, and unvocal. It is all that
+remains of my friend; the friend who led me on to madness and wreckage; a
+godlike head of such marble as only old Hellas could yield, young with the
+youth that is outside time, and with beauteous bearded face, curved, smiling lips,
+Olympian brow, and dense locks waving and poppy-crowned. They say that that
+haunting memory-face is modeled from my own, as it was at twenty-five; but
+upon the marble base is carven a single name in the letters of Attica - HYPNOS.
+
+
+
+204
+
+
+
+Ibid
+
+" . . .as Ibid says in his famous Lives of the Poets."
+
+- From a student theme.
+
+The erroneous idea that Ibid is the author of the Lives is so frequently met with,
+even among those pretending to a degree of cuhure, that it is worth correcting. It
+should be a matter of general knowledge that Cf. is responsible for this work.
+Ibid's masterpiece, on the other hand, was the famous Op. Cit. wherein all the
+significant undercurrents of Graeco-Roman expression were crystallised once for
+all - and with admirable acuteness, notwithstanding the surprisingly late date at
+which Ibid wrote. There is a false report - very commonly reproduced in modern
+books prior to Von Schweinkopf's monumental Geschichte der Ostrogothen in
+Italien - that Ibid was a Romanised Visigoth of Ataulf's horde who settled in
+Placentia about 410 A. D. The contrary cannot be too strongly emphasised; for
+Von Schweinkopf, and since his time Littlewitl and Betenoir,2 have shewn with
+irrefutable force that this strikingly isolated figure was a genuine Roman - or at
+least as genuine a Roman as that degenerate and mongrelised age could produce
+
+- of whom one might well say what Gibbon said of Boethius, "that he was the
+last whom Cato or Tully could have acknowledged for their countryman." He
+was, like Boethius and nearly all the eminent men of his age, of the great Anician
+family, and traced his genealogy with much exactitude and self-satisfaction to all
+the heroes of the republic. His full name - long and pompous according to the
+custom of an age which had lost the trinomial simplicity of classic Roman
+nomenclature - is stated by Von Schweinkopf3 to have been Caius Anicius
+Magnus Furius Camillus Aemilianus Cornelius Valerius Pompeius Julius Ibidus;
+though Littlewit4 rejects Aemilianus and adds Claudius Deciusfunianus; whilst
+BetenoirS differs radically, giving the full name as Magnus Furius Camillus
+Aurelius Antoninus Flavins Anicius Petronius Valentinianus Aegidus Ibidus.
+
+The eminent critic and biographer was born in the year 486, shortly after the
+extinction of the Roman rule in Gaul by Clovis. Rome and Ravenna are rivals for
+the honour of his birth, though it is certain that he received his rhetorical and
+philosophical training in the schools of Athens - the extent of whose suppression
+by Theodosius a century before is grossly exaggerated by the superficial. In 512,
+under the benign rule of the Ostrogoth Theodoric, we behold him as a teacher of
+rhetoric at Rome, and in 516 he held the consulship together with Pompilius
+Numantius Bombastes Marcellinus Deodamnatus. Upon the death of Theodoric
+in 526, Ibidus retired from public life to compose his celebrated work (whose
+pure Ciceronian style is as remarkable a case of classic atavism as is the verse of
+Claudius Claudianus, who flourished a century before Ibidus); but he was later
+
+
+
+205
+
+
+
+recalled to scenes of pomp to act as court rhetorician for Theodatus, nephew of
+Theodoric.
+
+Upon the usurpation of Vitiges, Ibidus fell into disgrace and was for a time
+imprisoned; but the coming of the Byzantine-Roman army under Belisarius soon
+restored him to liberty and honours. Throughout the siege of Rome he served
+bravely in the army of the defenders, and afterward followed the eagles of
+Belisarius to Alba, Porto, and Centumcellae. After the Prankish siege of Milan,
+Ibidus was chosen to accompany the learned Bishop Datius to Greece, and
+resided with him at Corinth in the year 539. About 541 he removed to
+Constantinopolis, where he received every mark of imperial favour both from
+Justinianus and Justinus the Second. The Pmperors Tiberius and Maurice did
+kindly honour to his old age, and contributed much to his immortality -
+especially Maurice, whose delight it was to trace his ancestry to old Rome
+notwithstanding his birth at Arabiscus, in Cappadocia. It was Maurice who, in
+the poet's 101st year, secured the adoption of his work as a textbook in the
+schools of the empire, an honour which proved a fatal tax on the aged
+rhetorician's emotions, since he passed away peacefully at his home near the
+church of St. Sophia on the sixth day before the Kalends of September, A. D. 587,
+in the 102nd year of his age.
+
+His remains, notwithstanding the troubled state of Italy, were taken to Ravenna
+for interment; but being interred in the suburb of Classe, were exhumed and
+ridiculed by the Lombard Duke of Spoleto, who took his skull to King Autharis
+for use as a wassail-bowl. Ibid's skull was proudly handed down from king to
+king of the Lombard line. Upon the capture of Pavia by Charlemagne in 774, the
+skull was seized from the tottering Desiderius and carried in the train of the
+Prankish conqueror. It was from this vessel, indeed, that Pope Leo administered
+the royal unction which made of the hero-nomad a Holy Roman Pmperor.
+Charlemagne took Ibid's skull to his capital at Aix, soon after- ward presenting it
+to his Saxon teacher Alcuin, upon whose death in 804 it was sent to Alcuin's
+kinsfolk in Pngland.
+
+William the Conqueror, finding it in an abbey niche where the pious family of
+Alcuin had placed it (believing it to be the skull of a saint6 who had miraculously
+annihilated the Lombards by his prayers), did reverence to its osseous antiquity;
+and even the rough soldiers of Cromwell, upon destroying Ballylough Abbey in
+Ireland in 1650 (it having been secretly transported thither by a devout Papist in
+1539, upon Henry VII's dissolution of the English monasteries), declined to offer
+violence to a relic so venerable.
+
+It was captured by the private soldier Read-'em-and-Weep Hopkins, who not
+long after traded it to Rest- in-Jehovah Stubbs for a quid of new Virginia weed.
+
+
+
+206
+
+
+
+Stubbs, upon sending forth his son Zerubbabel to seek his fortune in New
+England in 1661 (for he thought ill of the Restoration atmosphere for a pious
+young yeoman), gave him St. Ibid's - or rather Brother Ibid's, for he abhorred all
+that was Popish - skull as a talisman. Upon landing in Salem Zerubbabel set it up
+in his cupboard beside the chimney, he having built a modest house near the
+town pump. However, he had not been wholly unaffected by the Restoration
+influence; and having become addicted to gaming, lost the skull to one Epenetus
+Dexter, a visiting freeman of Providence.
+
+It was in the house of Dexter, in the northern part of the town near the present
+intersection of North Main and Olney Streets, on the occasion of Canonchet's
+raid of March 30, 1676, during King Philip's War; and the astute sachem,
+recognising it at once as a thing of singular venerableness and dignity, sent it as a
+symbol of alliance to a faction of the Pequots in Connecticut with whom he was
+negotiating. On April 4 he was captured by the colonists and soon after executed,
+but the austere head of Ibid continued on its wanderings.
+
+The Pequots, enfeebled by a previous war, could give the now stricken
+Narragansetts no assistance; and in 1680 a Dutch furtrader of Albany, Petrus van
+Schaack, secured the distinguished cranium for the modest sum of two guilders,
+he having recognised its value from the half-effaced inscription carved in
+Lombardic minuscules (palaeography, it might be explained, was one of the
+leading accomplishments of New-Netherland fur-traders of the seventeenth
+century).
+
+From van Schaack, sad to say, the relic was stolen in 1683 by a French trader,
+Jean Grenier, whose Popish zeal recognised the features of one whom he had
+been taught at his mother's knee to revere as St. Ibide. Grenier, fired with
+virtuous rage at the possession of this holy symbol by a Protestant, crushed van
+Schaack's head one night with an axe and escaped to the north with his booty;
+soon, however, being robbed and slain by the half-breed voyageur Michel
+Savard, who took the skull - despite the illiteracy which prevented his
+recognising it - to add to a collection of similar but more recent material.
+
+Upon his death in 1701 his half-breed son Pierre traded it among other things to
+some emissaries of the Sacs and Foxes, and it was found outside the chief's tepee
+a generation later by Charles de Langlade, founder of the trading post at Green
+Bay, Wisconsin. De Langlade regarded this sacred object with proper veneration
+and ransomed it at the expense of many glass beads; yet after his time it found
+itself in many other hands, being traded to settlements at the head of Lake
+Winnebago, to tribes around Lake Mendota, and finally, early in the nineteenth
+century, to one Solomon Juneau, a Frenchman, at the new trading post of
+Milwaukee on the Menominee River and the shore of Lake Michigan.
+
+
+
+207
+
+
+
+Later traded to Jacques Caboche, another settler, it was in 1850 lost in a game of
+chess or poker to a newcomer named Hans Zimmerman; being used by him as a
+beer-stein until one day, under the spell of its contents, he suffered it to roll from
+his front stoop to the prairie path before his home - where, falling into the
+burrow of a prairie-dog, it passed beyond his power of discovery or recovery
+upon his awaking.
+
+So for generations did the sainted skull of Caius Anicius Magnus Furius
+Camillus Aemilianus Cornelius Valerius Pompeius Julius Ibidus, consul of
+Rome, favourite of emperors, and saint of the Romish church, lie hidden beneath
+the soil of a growing town. At first worshipped with dark rites by the prairie-
+dogs, who saw in it a deity sent from the upper world, it afterward fell into dire
+neglect as the race of simple, artless burrowers succumbed before the onslaught
+of the conquering Aryan. Sewers came, but they passed by it. Houses went up -
+2303 of them, and more - and at last one fateful night a titan thing occurred.
+Subtle Nature, convulsed with a spiritual ecstasy, like the froth of that region's
+quondam beverage, laid low the lofty and heaved high the humble - and behold!
+In the roseal dawn the burghers of Milwaukee rose to find a former prairie
+turned to a highland! Vast and far-reaching was the great upheaval. Subterrene
+arcana, hidden for years, came at last to the light. For there, full in the rifted
+roadway, lay bleached and tranquil in bland, saintly, and consular pomp the
+dome-like skull of Ibid!
+
+[Notes]
+
+1 Rome and Byzantium: A Study in Survival (Waukesha, 1869), Vol. XX, p. 598. 2
+Influences Romains clans le Moyen Age (Fond du Lac, 1877), Vol. XV, p. 720.
+3Following Procopius, Goth, x.y.z. 4Following Jornandes, Codex Murat. xxj.
+4144. 5After Pagi, 50-50. 6Not till the appearance of von Schweinkopf's work in
+1797 were St. Ibid and the rhetorician properly re- identified.
+
+
+
+208
+
+
+
+Imprisoned with the Pharaos
+
+Written in March of 1924
+
+Published in May of 1924 in Weird Tales
+
+Mystery attracts mystery. Ever since the wide appearance of my name as a
+performer of unexplained feats, I have encountered strange narratives and events
+which my calling has led people to link with my interests and activities. Some of
+these have been trivial and irrelevant, some deeply dramatic and absorbing,
+some productive of weird and perilous experiences and some involving me in
+extensive scientific and historical research. Many of these matters I have told and
+shall continue to tell very freely; but there is one of which I speak with great
+reluctance, and which I am now relating only after a session of grilling
+persuasion from the publishers of this magazine, who had heard vague rumors
+of it from other members of my family.
+
+The hitherto guarded subject pertains to my non-professional visit to Egypt
+fourteen years ago, and has been avoided by me for several reasons. For one
+thing, I am averse to exploiting certain unmistakably actual facts and conditions
+obviously unknown to the myriad tourists who throng about the pyramids and
+apparently secreted with much diligence by the authorities at Cairo, who cannot
+be wholly ignorant of them. For another thing, I dislike to recount an incident in
+which my own fantastic imagination must have played so great a part. What I
+saw - or thought I saw - certainly did not take place; but is rather to be viewed as
+a result of my then recent readings in Egyptology, and of the speculations anent
+this theme which my environment naturally prompted. These imaginative
+stimuli, magnified by the excitement of an actual event terrible enough in itself,
+undoubtedly gave rise to the culminating horror of that grotesque night so long
+past.
+
+In January, 1910, I had finished a professional engagement in England and
+signed a contract for a tour of Australian theatres. A liberal time being allowed
+for the trip, I determined to make the most of it in the sort of travel which chiefly
+interests me; so accompanied by my wife I drifted pleasantly down the Continent
+and embarked at Marseilles on the P & O Steamer Malwa, bound for Port Said.
+From that point I proposed to visit the principal historical localities of lower
+Egypt before leaving finally for Australia.
+
+The voyage was an agreeable one, and enlivened by many of the amusing
+incidents which befall a magical performer apart from his work. I had intended,
+for the sake of quiet travel, to keep my name a secret; but was goaded into
+
+
+
+209
+
+
+
+betraying myself by a fellow-magician whose anxiety to astound the passengers
+with ordinary tricks tempted me to duplicate and exceed his feats in a manner
+quite destructive of my incognito. I mention this because of its ultimate effect - an
+effect I should have foreseen before unmasking to a shipload of tourists about to
+scatter throughout the Nile valley. What it did was to herald my identity
+wherever I subsequently went, and deprive my wife and me of all the placid
+inconspicuousness we had sought. Traveling to seek curiosities, I was often
+forced to stand inspection as a sort of curiosity myself!
+
+We had come to Egypt in search of the picturesque and the mystically
+impressive, but found little enough when the ship edged up to Port Said and
+discharged its passengers in small boats. Low dunes of sand, bobbing buoys in
+shallow water, and a drearily European small town with nothing of interest save
+the great De Lesseps statue, made us anxious to get to something more worth
+our while. After some discussion we decided to proceed at once to Cairo and the
+Pyramids, later going to Alexandria for the Australian boat and for whatever
+Greco-Roman sights that ancient metropolis might present.
+
+The railway journey was tolerable enough, and con sumed only four hours and a
+half. We saw much of the Suez Canal, whose route we followed as far as
+Ismailiya and later had a taste of Old Egypt in our glimpse of the restored fresh-
+water canal of the Middle Empire. Then at last we saw Cairo glimmering
+through the growing dusk; a winkling constellation which became a blaze as we
+halted at the great Care Centrale.
+
+But once more disappointment awaited us, for all that we beheld was European
+save the costumes and the crowds. A prosaic subway led to a square teeming
+with carriages, taxicabs, and trolley-cars and gorgeous with electric lights
+shining on tall buildings; whilst the very theatre where I was vainly requested to
+play and which I later attended as a spectator, had recently been renamed the
+'American Cosmograph'. We stopped at Shepheard's Hotel, reached in a taxi that
+sped along broad, smartly built-up streets; and amidst the perfect service of its
+restaurant, elevators and generally Anglo-American luxuries the mysterious East
+and immemorial past seemed very far away.
+
+The next day, however, precipitated us delightfully into the heart of the Arabian
+Nights atmosphere; and in the winding ways and exotic skyline of Cairo, the
+Bagdad of Harun-al-Rashid seemed to live again. Guided by our Baedeker, we
+had struck east past the Ezbekiyeh Gardens along the Mouski in quest of the
+native quarter, and were soon in the hands of a clamorous cicerone who -
+notwith standing later developments - was assuredly a master at his trade.
+
+
+
+210
+
+
+
+Not until afterward did I see that I should have applied at the hotel for a licensed
+guide. This man, a shaven, peculiarly hollow-voiced and relatively cleanly fellow
+who looked like a Pharaoh and called himself 'Abdul Reis el Drogman' appeared
+to have much power over others of his kind; though subsequently the police
+professed not to know him, and to suggest that reis is merely a name for any
+person in authority, whilst 'Drogman' is obviously no more than a clumsy
+modification of the word for a leader of tourist parties - dragoman.
+
+Abdul led us among such wonders as we had before only read and dreamed of.
+Old Cairo is itself a story-book and a dream - labyrinths of narrow alleys
+redolent of aromatic secrets; Arabesque balconies and oriels nearly meeting
+above the cobbled streets; maelstroms of Oriental traffic with strange cries,
+cracking whips, rattling carts, jingling money, and braying donkeys;
+kaleidoscopes of polychrome robes, veils, turbans, and tarbushes; water-carriers
+and dervishes, dogs and cats, soothsayers and barbers; and over all the whining
+of blind beggars crouched in alcoves, and the sonorous chanting of muezzins
+from minarets limned delicately against a sky of deep, unchanging blue.
+
+The roofed, quieter bazaars were hardly less alluring. Spice, perfume, incense
+beads, rugs, silks, and brass - old Mahmoud Suleiman squats cross-legged
+amidst his gummy bottles while chattering youths pulverize mustard in the
+hoUowed-out capital of an ancient classic column - a Roman Corinthian, perhaps
+from neighboring Heliopolis, where Augustus stationed one of his three
+Egyptian legions. Antiquity begins to mingle with exoticism. And then the
+mosques and the museum - we saw them all, and tried not to let our Arabian
+revel succumb to the darker charm of Pharaonic Egypt which the museum's
+priceless treasures offered. That was to be our climax, and for the present we
+concentrated on the mediaeval Saracenic glories of the Califs whose magnificent
+tomb-mosques form a glittering faery necropolis on the edge of the Arabian
+Desert.
+
+At length Abdul took us along the Sharia Mohammed Ali to the ancient mosque
+of Sultan Hassan, and the tower-flanked Babel-Azab, beyond which climbs the
+steep-walled pass to the mighty citadel that Saladin himself built with the stones
+of forgotten pyramids. It was sunset when we scaled that cliff, circled the
+modern mosque of Mohammed Ali, and looked down from the dizzy parapet
+over mystic Cairo - mystic Cairo all golden with its carven domes, its ethereal
+minarets and its flaming gardens.
+
+Far over the city towered the great Roman dome of the new museum; and
+beyond it - across the cryptic yellow Nile that is the mother of eons and dynasties
+- lurked the menacing sands of the Libyan Desert, undulant and iridesc ent and
+evil with older arcana.
+
+
+
+211
+
+
+
+The red sun sank low, bringing the relentless chill of Egyptian dusk; and as it
+stood poised on the world's rim like that ancient god of Heliopolis - Re-
+Harakhte, the Horizon-Sun - we saw silhouetted against its vermeil holocaust the
+black outlines of the Pyramids of Gizeh - the palaeogean tombs there were hoary
+with a thousand years when Tut-Ankh-Amen mounted his golden throne in
+distant Thebes. Then we knew that we were done with Saracen Cairo, and that
+we must taste the deeper mysteries of primal Egypt - the black Kem of Re and
+Amen, Isis and Osiris.
+
+The next morning we visited the Pyramids, riding out in a Victoria across the
+island of Chizereh with its massive lebbakh trees, and the smaller English bridge
+to the western shore. Down the shore road we drove, between great rows of
+lebbakhs and past the vast Zoological Gardens to the suburb of Gizeh, where a
+new bridge to Cairo proper has since been built. Then, turning inland along the
+Sharia-el-Haram, we crossed a region of glassy canals and shabby native villages
+till before us loomed the objects of our quest, cleaving the mists of dawn and
+forming inverted replicas in the roadside pools. Forty centuries, as Napoleon had
+told his campaigners there, indeed looked down upon us.
+
+The road now rose abruptly, till we finally reached our place of transfer between
+the trolley station and the Mena House Hotel. Abdul Reis, who capably
+purchased our Pyramid tickets, seemed to have an understanding with the
+crowding, yelling and offensive Bedouins who inhabited a squalid mud village
+some distance away and pestiferously assailed every traveler; for he kept them
+very decently at bay and secured an excellent pair of camels for us, himself
+mounting a donkey and assigning the leadership of our animals to a group of
+men and boys more expensive than useful. The area to be traversed was so small
+that camels were hardly needed, but we did not regret adding to our experience
+this troublesome form of desert navigation.
+
+The pyramids stand on a high rock plateau, this group forming next to the
+northernmost of the series of regal and aristocratic cemeteries built in the
+neighborhood of the extinct capital Memphis, which lay on the same side of the
+Nile, somewhat south of Gizeh, and which flourished between 3400 and 2000
+B.C. The greatest pyramid, which lies nearest the modern road, was built by King
+Cheops or Khufu about 2800 B.C., and stands more than 450 feet in
+perpendicular height. In a line southwest from this are successively the Second
+Pyramid, built a generation later by King Khephren, and though slightly smaller,
+looking even larger because set on higher ground, and the radically smaller
+Third Pyramid of King Mycerinus, built about 2700 B.C. Near the edge of the
+plateau and due east of the Second Pyramid, with a face probably altered to form
+a colossal portrait of Khephren, its royal restorer, stands the monstrous Sphinx -
+mute, sardonic, and wise beyond mankind and memory.
+
+
+
+212
+
+
+
+Minor pyramids and the traces of ruined minor pyramids are found in several
+places, and the whole plateau is pitted with the tombs of dignitaries of less than
+royal rank. These latter were originally marked by mastabas, or stone bench- like
+structures about the deep burial shafts, as found in other Memphian cemeteries
+and exemplified by Perneb's Tomb in the Metropolitan Museum of New York.
+At Gizeb, however, all such visible things have been swept away by time and
+pillage; and only the rock-hewn shafts, either sand-filled or cleared out by
+archaeologists, remain to attest their former existence. Connected with each tomb
+was a chapel in which priests and relatives offered food and prayer to the
+hovering ka or vital principle of the deceased. The small tombs have their
+chapels contained in their stone mastabas or superstructures, but the mortuary
+chapels of the pyramids, where regal Pharaohs lay, were separate temples, each
+to the east of its corresponding pyramid, and connec ted by a causeway to a
+massive gate-chapel or propylon at the edge of the rock plateau.
+
+The gate-chapel leading to the Second Pyramid, nearly buried in the drifting
+sands, yawns subterraneously south-east of the Sphinx. Persistent tradition dubs
+it the 'Temple of the Sphinx'; and it may perhaps be rightly called such if the
+Sphinx indeed represents the Second Pyramid's builder Khephren. There are
+unpleasant tales of the Sphinx before Khephren - but whatever its elder features
+were, the monarch replaced them with his own that men might look at the
+colossus without fear.
+
+It was in the great gateway-temple that the life-size diorite statue of Khephren
+now in the Cairo museum was found; a statue before which I stood in awe when
+I beheld it. Whether the whole edifice is now excavated I am not certain, but in
+1910 most of it was below ground, with the entrance heavily barred at night.
+Germans were in charge of the work, and the war or other things may have
+stopped them. I would give much, in view of my experience and of certain
+Bedouin whisperings discredited or unknown in Cairo, to know what has
+developed in connection with a certain well in a transverse gallery where statues
+of the Pharaoh were found in curious juxtaposition to the statues of baboons.
+
+The road, as we traversed it on our camels that morning, curved sharply past the
+wooden police quarters, post office, drug store and shops on the left, and
+plunged south and east in a complete bend that scaled the rock plateau and
+brought us face to face with the desert under the lee of the Great Pyramid. Past
+Cyclopean masonry we rode, rounding the eastern face and looking down ahead
+into a valley of minor pyramids beyond which the eternal Nile glistened to the
+east, and the eternal desert shimmered to the west. Very close loomed the three
+major pyramids, the greatest devoid of outer casing and showing its bulk of
+great stones, but the others retaining here and there the neatly fitted covering
+which had made them smooth and finished in their day.
+
+
+
+213
+
+
+
+Presently we descended toward the Sphinx, and sat silent beneath the spell of
+those terrible unseeing eyes. On the vast stone breast we faintly discerned the
+emblem of Re-Harakhte, for whose image the Sphinx was mistaken in a late
+dynasty; and though sand covered the tablet between the great paws, we recalled
+what Thutmosis IV inscribed thereon, and the dream he had when a prince. It
+was then that the smile of the Sphinx vaguely displeased us, and made us
+wonder about the legends of subterranean pas sages beneath the monstrous
+creature, leading down, down, to depths none might dare hint at - depths
+connected with mysteries older than the dynastic Egypt we excavate, and having
+a sinister relation to the persistence of abnormal, animal-headed gods in the
+ancient Nilotic pantheon. Then, too, it was I asked myself in idle question whose
+hideous significance was not to appear for many an hour.
+
+Other tourists now began to overtake us, and we moved on to the sand-choked
+Temple of the Sphinx, fifty yards to the southeast, which I have previously
+mentioned as the great gate of the causeway to the Second Pyramid's mortuary
+chapel on the plateau. Most of it was still underground, and although we
+dismounted and descended through a modern passageway to its alabaster
+corridor and pillared hall, I felt that Adul and the local German attendant had
+not shown us all there was to see.
+
+After this we made the conventional circuit of the pyramid plateau, examining
+the Second Pyramid and the peculiar ruins of its mortuary chapel to the east, the
+Third Pyramid and its miniature southern satellites and ruined eastern chapel,
+the rock tombs and the honeycombings of the Fourth and Fifth dynasties, and the
+famous Campbell's Tomb whose shadowy shaft sinks precipitously for fifty-
+three feet to a sinister sarcophagus which one of our camel drivers divested of
+the cumbering sand after a vertiginous descent by rope.
+
+Cries now assailed us from the Great Pyramid, where Bedouins were besieging a
+party of tourists with offers of speed in the performance of solitary trips up and
+down. Seven minutes is said to be the record for such an ascent and descent, but
+many lusty sheiks and sons of sheiks assured us they could cut it to five if given
+the requisite impetus of liberal baksheesh. They did not get this impetus, though
+we did let Abdul take us up, thus obtaining a view of unprecedented
+magnificence which included not only remote and glittering Cairo with its
+crowned citadel back ground of gold-violet hills, but all the pyramids of the
+Memphian district as well, from Abu Roash on the north to the Dashur on the
+south. The Sakkara step-pyramid, which marks the evolution of the low mastaba
+into the true pyramid, showed clearly and alluringly in the sandy distance. It is
+close to this transition-monument that the famed :omb of Perneb was found -
+more than four hundred miles orth of the Theban rock valley where Tut-Ankh-
+Amen sleeps. Again I was forced to silence through sheer awe. The prospect of
+
+
+
+214
+
+
+
+such antiquity, and the secrets each hoary monument seemed to hold and brood
+over, filled me with a reverence and sense of immensity nothing else ever gave
+me.
+
+Fatigued by our climb, and disgusted with the importunate Bedouins whose
+actions seemed to defy every rule of taste, we omitted the arduous detail of
+entering the cramped interior passages of any of the pyramids, though we saw
+several of the hardiest tourists preparing for the suffocating crawl through
+Cheops' mightiest memorial. As we dismissed and overpaid our local bodyguard
+and drove back to Cairo with Abdul Reis under the afternoon sun, we half
+regretted the omission we had made. Such fascinating things were whispered
+about lower pyramid pas sages not in the guide books; passages whose entrances
+had been hastily blocked up and concealed by certain uncommunicative
+archaeologists who had found and begun to explore them.
+
+Of course, this whispering was largely baseless on the face of it; but it was
+curious to reflect how persistently visitors were forbidden to enter the Pyramids
+at night, or to visit the lowest burrows and crypt of the Great Pyramid. Perhaps
+in the latter case it was the psychological effect which was feared - the effect on
+the visitor of feeling himself huddled down beneath a gigantic world of solid
+masonry; joined to the life he has known by the merest tube, in which he may
+only crawl, and which any accident or evil design might block. The whole subject
+seemed so weird and alluring that we resolved to pay the pyramid plateau
+another visit at the earliest possible opportun ity. For me this opportunity came
+much earlier than I expected.
+
+That evening, the members of our party feeling some what tired after the
+strenuous program of the day, I went alone with Abdul Reis for a walk through
+the picturesque Arab quarter. Though I had seen it by day, I wished to study the
+alleys and bazaars in the dusk, when rich shadows and mellow gleams of light
+would add to their glamor and fantastic illusion. The native crowds were
+thinning, but were still very noisy and numerous when we came upon a knot of
+reveling Bedouins in the Suken-Nahhasin, or bazaar of the coppersmiths. Their
+apparent leader, an insolent youth with heavy features and saucily cocked
+tarbush, took some notice of us, and evidently recognized with no great
+friendliness my competent but admittedly supercilious and sneeringly disposed
+guide.
+
+Perhaps, I thought, he resented that odd reproduction of the Sphinx's half-smile
+which I had often remarked with amused irritation; or perhaps he did not like
+the hollow and sepulchral resonance of Abdul's voice. At any rate, the exchange
+of ancestrally opprobrious language became very brisk; and before long Ali Ziz,
+as I heard the stranger called when called by no worse name, began to pull
+
+
+
+215
+
+
+
+violently at Abdul's robe, an action quickly reciprocated and leading to a spirited
+scuffle in which both combatants lost their sacredly cherished headgear and
+would have reached an even direr condition had I not intervened and separated
+them by main force.
+
+My interference, at first seemingly unwelcome on both sides, succeeded at last in
+effecting a truce. Sullenly each belligerent composed his wrath and his attire, and
+with an assumption of dignity as profound as it was sudden, the two formed a
+curious pact of honor which I soon learned is a custom of great antiquity in Cairo
+- a pact for the settle ment of their difference by means of a nocturnal fist fight
+atop the Great Pyramid, long after the departure of the last moon light sightseer.
+Each duelist was to assemble a party of seconds, and the affair was to begin at
+midnight, proceeding by rounds in the most civilized possible fashion.
+
+In all this planning there was much which excited my interest. The fight itself
+promised to be unique and spectacular, while the thought of the scene on that
+hoary pile overlooking the antediluvian plateau of Gizeh under the wan moon of
+the pallid small hours appealed to every fiber of imagination in me. A request
+found Abdul exceedingly willing to admit me to his party of seconds; so that all
+the rest of the early evening I accompanied him to various dens in the most
+lawless regions of the town - mostly northeast of the Ezbekiyeh - where he
+gathered one by one a select and formidable band of congenial cutthroats as his
+pugilistic background.
+
+Shortly after nine our party, mounted on donkeys bearing such royal or tourist-
+reminiscent names as 'Rameses,' 'Mark Twain,' 'J. P. Morgan,' and 'Minnehaha',
+edged through street labyrinths both Oriental and Occidental, crossed the
+muddy and mast-forested Nile by the bridge of the bronze lions, and cantered
+philosophically between the lebbakhs on the road to Gizeh. Slightly over two
+hours were consumed by the trip, toward the end of which we passed the last of
+the returning tourists, saluted the last inbound trolley-car, and were alone with
+the night and the past and the spectral moon.
+
+Then we saw the vast pyramids at the end of the avenue, ghoulish with a dim
+atavistical menace which I had not seemed to notice in the daytime. Even the
+smallest of them held a hint of the ghastly -for was it not in this that they had
+buried Queen Nitocris alive in the Sixth Dynasty; subtle Queen Nitocris, who
+once invited all her enemies to a feast in a temple below the Nile, and drowned
+them by opening the water-gates? I recalled that the Arabs whisper things about
+Nitocris, and shun the Third Pyramid at certain phases of the moon. It must have
+been over her that Thomas Moore was brooding when he wrote a thing muttered
+about by Memphian boatmen:
+
+
+
+216
+
+
+
+'The subterranean nymph that dwells
+
+'Mid sunless gems and glories hid
+
+The lady of the Pyramid!'
+
+Early as we were, Ali Ziz and his party were ahead of us; for we saw their
+donkeys outlined against the desert plateau at Kafrel-Haram; toward which
+squalid Arab settlement, close to the Sphinx, we had diverged instead of
+following the regular road to the Mena House, where some of the sleepy,
+inefficient police might have observed and halted us. Here, where filthy
+Bedouins stabled camels and donkeys in the rock tombs of Khephren's courtiers,
+we were led up the rocks and over the sand to the Great Pyramid, up whose
+time-worn sides the Arabs swarmed eagerly, Abdul Reis offering me the
+assistance I did not need.
+
+As most travelers know, the actual apex of this structure has long been worn
+away, leaving a reasonably flat platform twelve yards square. On this eery
+pinnacle a squared circle was formed, and in a few moments the sardonic desert
+moon leered down upon a battle which, but for the quality of the ringside cries,
+might well have occurred at some minor athletic club in America. As I watched
+it, I felt that some of our less -desirable institutions were not lacking; for every
+blow, feint, and defense bespoke 'stalling' to my not inexperienced eye. It was
+quickly over, and despite my misgivings as to methods I felt a sort of proprietary
+pride when Abdul Reis was adjudged the winner.
+
+Reconciliation was phenomenally rapid, and amidst the singing, fraternizing and
+drinking that followed, I found it difficult to realize that a quarrel had ever
+occurred. Oddly enough, I myself seemed to be more a center of notice than the
+antagonists; and from my smattering of Arabic I judged that they were
+discussing my professional performances and escapes from every sort of manacle
+and confinement, in a manner which indicated not only a surprising knowledge
+of me, but a distinct hostility and skepticism concerning my feats of escape. It
+gradually dawned on me that the elder magic of Egypt did not depart without
+leaving traces, and that fragments of a strange secret lore and priestly cult
+practises have survived surreptitiously amongst the fella heen to such an extent
+that the prowess of a strange hahwi or magician is resented and disputed. I
+thought of how much my hollow-voiced guide Abdul Reis looked like an old
+Egyptian priest or Pharaoh or smiling Sphinx . . . and wondered.
+
+Suddenly something happened which in a flash proved the correctness of my
+reflections and made me curse the denseness whereby I had accepted this night's
+events as other than the empty and malicious 'frame-up' they now showed
+themselves to be. Without warning, and doubtless in answer to some subtle sign
+from Abdul, the entire band of Bedouins precipitated itself upon me; and having
+
+
+
+217
+
+
+
+produced heavy ropes, soon had me bound as securely as I was ever bound in
+the course of my Hfe, either on the stage or off.
+
+I struggled at first, but soon saw that one man could make no headway against a
+band of over twenty sinewy barbarians. My hands were tied behind my back, my
+knees bent to their fullest extent, and my wrists and ankles stoutly linked
+together with unyielding cords. A stifling gag was forced into my mouth, and a
+blindfold fastened tightly over my eyes. Then, as Arabs bore me aloft on their
+shoulders and began a jouncing descent of the pyramid, I heard the taunts of my
+late guide Abdul, who mocked and jeered delightedly in his hollow voice, and
+assured me that I was soon to have my 'magic -powers' put to a supreme test -
+which would quickly remove any egotism I might have gained through
+triumphing over all the tests offered by America and Europe. Egypt, he
+reminded me, is very old, and full of inner mysteries and antique powers not
+even conceivable to the experts of today, whose devices had so uniformly failed
+to entrap me.
+
+How far or in what direction I was carried, I cannot tell; for the circumstances
+were all against the formation of any accurate judgment. I know, however, that it
+could not have been a great distance; since my bearers at no point hastened
+beyond a walk, yet kept me aloft a surprisingly short time. It is this perplexing
+brevity which makes me feel almost like shuddering whenever I think of Gizeh
+and its plateau - for one is oppressed by hints of the closeness to everyday tourist
+routes of what existed then and must exist still.
+
+The evil abnormality I speak of did not become manifest at first. Setting me
+down on a surface which I recognized as sand rather than rock, my captors
+passed a rope around my chest and dragged me a few feet to a ragged opening in
+the ground, into which they presently lowered me with much rough handling.
+For apparent eons I bumped against the stony irregular sides of a narrow hewn
+well which I took to be one of the numerous burial-shafts of the plateau until the
+prodigious, almost incredible depth of it robbed me of all bases of conjecture.
+
+The horror of the experience deepened with every dragging second. That any
+descent through the sheer solid rock could be so vast without reaching the core
+of the planet itself, or that any rope made by man could be so long as to dangle
+me in these unholy and seemingly fathomless pro fundities of nether earth, were
+beliefs of such grotesqueness that it was easier to doubt my agitated senses than
+to accept them. Even now I am uncertain, for I know how deceitful the sense of
+time becomes when one is removed or distorted. But I am quite sure that I
+preserved a logical consciousness that far; that at least I did not add any
+fullgrown phantoms of imagination to a picture hideous enough in its reality,
+and explicable by a type of cerebral illusion vastly short of actual hallucination.
+
+
+
+218
+
+
+
+All this was not the cause of my first bit of fainting. The shocking ordeal was
+cumulative, and the beginning of the later terrors was a very perceptible increase
+in my rate of descent. They were paying out that infinitely long rope very swiftly
+now, and I scraped cruelly against the rough and constricted sides of the shaft as
+I shot madly downward. My clothing was in tatters, and I felt the trickle of blood
+all over, even above the mounting and excruciating pain. My nostrils, too, were
+assailed by a scarcely definable menace: a creeping odor of damp and staleness
+curiously unlike anything I had ever smelled before, and having faint overtones
+of spice and incense that lent an element of mockery.
+
+Then the mental cataclysm came. It was horrible - hideous beyond all articulate
+description because it was all of the soul, with nothing of detail to describe. It
+was the ecstasy of nightmare and the summation of the fiendish. The suddenness
+of it was apocalyptic and demoniac - one moment I was plunging agonizingly
+down that narrow well of million-toothed torture, yet the next moment I was
+soaring on bat-wings in the gulfs of hell; swinging free and swooping through
+illimitable miles of boundless, musty space; rising dizzily to measureless
+pinnacles of chilling ether, then diving gaspingly to sucking nadirs of ravenous,
+nauseous lower vacua ... Thank God for the mercy that shut out in oblivion
+those clawing Furies of consciousness which half unhinged my faculties, and tore
+harpy-like at my spirit! That one respite, short as it was, gave me the strength
+and sanity to endure those still greater sublima tions of cosmic panic that lurked
+and gibbered on the road ahead.
+
+II
+
+It was very gradually that I regained my senses after that eldritch flight through
+Stygian space. The process was infinitely painful, and colored by fantastic
+dreams in which my bound and gagged condition found singular embodiment.
+The precise nature of these dreams was very clear while I was experiencing
+them, but became blurred in my recollection almost immediately afterward, and
+was soon reduced to the merest outline by the terrible events - real or imaginary -
+which followed. I dreamed that I was in the grasp of a great and horrible paw; a
+yellow, hairy, five- clawed paw which had reached out of the earth to crush and
+engulf me. And when I stopped to reflect what the paw was, it seemed to me that
+it was Egypt. In the dream I looked back at the events of the preceding weeks,
+and saw myself lured and enmeshed little by little, subtly and insidiously, by
+some hellish ghoul-spirit of the elder Nile sorcery; some spirit that was in Egypt
+before ever man was, and that will be when man is no more.
+
+I saw the horror and unwholesome antiquity of Egypt, and the grisly alliance it
+has always had with the tombs and temples of the dead. I saw phantom
+processions of priests with the heads of bulls, falcons, cats, and ibises; phantom
+processions marching interminably through subterraneous labyrinths and
+
+
+
+219
+
+
+
+avenues of titanic propylaea beside which a man is as a fly, and offering
+unnamable sacrifice to indescribable gods. Stone colossi marched in endless
+night and drove herds of grinning androsphinxes down to the shores of
+illimitable stagnant rivers of pitch. And behind it all I saw the ineffable malignity
+of primordial necromancy, black and amorphous, and fumbling greedily after
+me in the darkness to choke out the spirit that had dared to mock it by
+emulation.
+
+In my sleeping brain there took shape a melodrama of sinister hatred and
+pursuit, and I saw the black soul of Egypt singling me out and calling me in
+inaudible whispers; calling and luring me, leading me on with the glitter and
+glamor of a Saracenic surface, but ever pulling me down to the age-mad
+catacombs and horrors of its dead and abysmal pharaonic heart.
+
+Then the dream faces took on human resemblances, and I saw my guide Abdul
+Reis in the robes of a king, with the sneer of the Sphinx on his features. And I
+knew that those features were the features of Khephren the Great, who raised the
+Second Pyramid, carved over the Sphinx's face in the likeness of his own and
+built that titanic gateway temple whose myriad corridors the archaeologists
+think they have dug out of the cryptical sand and the uninformative rock. And I
+looked at the long, lean rigid hand of Khephren; the long, lean, rigid hand as I
+had seen it on the diorite statue in the Cairo Museum - the statue they had found
+in the terrible gateway temple - and wondered that I had not shrieked when I
+saw it on Abdul Reis... That hand! It was hideously cold, and it was crushing
+me; it was the cold and cramping of the sarcophagus . . . the chill and constriction
+of unrememberable Egypt... It was nighted, necropolitan Egypt itself.., that
+yellow paw. .. and they whisper such things of Khephren. . .
+
+But at this juncture I began to wake - or at least, to assume a condition less
+completely that of sleep than the one just preceding. I recalled the fight atop the
+pyramid, the treacherous Bedouins and their attack, my frightful descent by rope
+through endless rock depths, and my mad swinging and plunging in a chill void
+redolent of aromatic putrescence. I perceived that I now lay on a damp rock
+floor, and that my bonds were still biting into me with unloosened force. It was
+very cold, and I seemed to detect a faint current of noisome air sweeping across
+me. The cuts and bruises I had received from the jagged sides of the rock shaft
+were paining me woefully, their soreness enhanced to a stinging or burning
+acuteness by some pungent quality in the faint draft, and the mere act of rolling
+over was enough to set my whole frame throbbing with untold agony.
+
+As I turned I felt a tug from above, and concluded that the rope whereby I was
+lowered still reached to the surface. Whether or not the Arabs still held it, I had
+no idea; nor had I any idea how far within the earth I was. I knew that the
+
+
+
+220
+
+
+
+darkness around me was wholly or nearly total, since no ray of moonlight
+penetrated my blindfold; but I did not trust my senses enough to accept as
+evidence of extreme depth the sensation of vast duration which had
+characterized my descent.
+
+Knowing at least that I was in a space of considerable extent reached from the
+above surface directly by an opening in the rock, I doubtfully conjectured that
+my prison was perhaps the buried gateway chapel of old Khephren - the Temple
+of the Sphinx - perhaps some inner corridors which the guides had not shown
+me during my morning visit, and from which I might easily escape if I could find
+my way to the barred entrance. It would be a labyrinthine wandering, but no
+worse than others out of which I had in the past found my way.
+
+The first step was to get free of my bonds, gag, and blindfold; and this I knew
+would be no great task, since subtler experts than these Arabs had tried every
+known species of fetter upon me during my long and varied career as an
+exponent of escape, yet had never succeeded in defeating my methods.
+
+Then it occurred to me that the Arabs might be ready to meet and attack me at
+the entrance upon any evidence of my probable escape from the binding cords,
+as would be furnished by any decided agitation of the rope which they probably
+held. This, of course, was taking for granted that my place of confinement was
+indeed Khephren's Temple of the Sphinx. The direct opening in the roof,
+wherever it might lurk, could not be beyond easy reach of the ordinary modern
+entrance near the Sphinx; if in truth it were any great distance at all on the
+surface, since the total area known to visitors is not at all enormous. I had not
+noticed any such opening during my daytime pilgrimage, but knew that these
+things are easily overlooked amidst the drifting sands.
+
+Thinking these matters over as I lay bent and bound on the rock floor, I nearly
+forgot the horrors of abysmal descent and cavernous swinging which had so
+lately reduced me to a coma. My present thought was only to outwit the Arabs,
+and I accordingly determined to work myself free as quickly as possible,
+avoiding any tug on the descending line which might betray an effective or even
+problematical attempt at freedom.
+
+This, however, was more easily determined than effected. A few preliminary
+trials made it clear that little could be accomplished without considerable
+motion; and it did not surprise me when, after one especially energetic struggle, I
+began to feel the coils of falling rope as they piled up about me and upon me.
+Obviously, I thought, the Bedouins had felt my movements and released their
+end of the rope; hastening no doubt to the temple's true entrance to lie
+murderously in wait for me.
+
+
+
+221
+
+
+
+The prospect was not pleasing - but I had faced worse in my time without
+flinching, and would not flinch now. At present I must first of all free myself of
+bonds, then trust to ingenuity to escape from the temple unharmed. It is curious
+how implicitly I had come to believe myself in the old temple of Khephren beside
+the Sphinx, only a short dis tance below the ground.
+
+That belief was shattered, and every pristine apprehen sion of preternattiral
+depth and demoniac mystery revived, by a circumstance which grew in horror
+and significance even as I formulated my philosophical plan. I have said that the
+falling rope was piling up about and upon me. Now I saw that it was continuing
+to pile, as no rope of normal length could possibly do. It gained in momentum
+and became an avalanche of hemp, accumulating moun tainously on the floor
+and half burying me beneath its swiftly multiplying coils. Soon I was completely
+engulfed and gasping for breath as the increasing convolutions submerged and
+stifled me.
+
+My senses tottered again, and I vaguely tried to fight off a menace desperate and
+ineluctable. It was not merely that I was tortured beyond human endurance - not
+merely that life and breath seemed to be crushed slowly out of me - it was the
+knowledge of what those unnatural lengths of rope implied, and the
+consciousness of what unknown and incalculable gulfs of inner earth must at this
+moment be surrounding me. My endless descent and swinging flight through
+goblin space, then, must have been real, and even now I must be lying helpless in
+some nameless cavern world toward the core of the planet. Such a sudden
+confirmation of ultimate horror was insupportable, and a second time I lapsed
+into merciful oblivion.
+
+When I say oblivion, I do not imply that I was free from dreams. On the contrary,
+my absence from the conscious world was marked by visions of the most
+unutterable hideousness. God! ... If only I had not read so much Egyptology
+before coming to this land which is the fountain of all darkness and terror! This
+second spell of fainting filled my sleeping mind anew with shivering realization
+of the country and its archaic secrets, and through some damnable chance my
+dreams turned to the ancient notions of the dead and their sojournings in soul
+and body beyond those mysterious tombs which were more houses than graves.
+I recalled, in dream-shapes which it is well that I do not remember, the peculiar
+and elaborate construction of Egyptian sepulchers; and the exceedingly singular
+and terrific doctrines which determined this construction.
+
+All these people thought of was death and the dead. They conceived of a literal
+resurrection of the body which made them mummify it with desperate care, and
+preserve all the vital organs in canopic jars near the corpse; whilst besides the
+body they believed in two other elements, the soul, which after its weighing and
+
+
+
+222
+
+
+
+approval by Osiris dwelt in the land of the blest, and the obscure and portentous
+ka or life-principle which wandered about the upper and lower worlds in a
+horrible way, demanding occasional access to the preserved body, consuming
+the food offerings brought by priests and pious relatives to the mortuary chapel,
+and sometimes - as men whispered - taking its body or the wooden double
+always buried beside it and stalking noxiously abroad on errands peculiarly
+repellent.
+
+For thousands of years those bodies rested gorgeously encased and staring
+glassily upward when not visited by the ka, awaiting the day when Osiris should
+restore both ka and soul, and lead forth the stiff legions of the dead from the
+sunken houses of sleep. It was to have been a glorious rebirth - but not all souls
+were approved, nor were all tombs inviolate, so that certain grotesque mistakes
+and fiendish abnormalities were to be looked for. Even today the Arabs murmur
+of unsanctified convocations and unwholesome worship in forgotten nether
+abysses, which only winged invisible kas and soulless mummies may visit and
+return unscathed.
+
+Perhaps the most leeringly blood-congealing legends are those which relate to
+certain perverse products of decadent priestcraft - composite mummies made by
+the artificial union of human trunks and limbs with the heads of animals in
+imitation of the elder gods. At all stages of history the sacred animals were
+mummified, so that consecrated bulls, cats, ibises, crocodiles and the like might
+return some day to greater glory. But only in the decadence did they mix the
+human and the animal in the same mummy - only in the decadence, when they
+did not understand the rights and prerogatives of the ka and the soul.
+
+What happened to those composite mummies is not told of- at least publicly -
+and it is certain that no Egyptologist ever found one. The whispers of Arabs are
+very wild, and cannot be relied upon. They even hint that old Khephren - he of
+the Sphinx, the Second Pyramid and the yawning gateway temple - lives far
+underground wedded to the ghoul-queen Nitocris and ruling over the mummies
+that are neither of man nor of beast.
+
+It was of these - of Khephren and his consort and his strange armies of the hybrid
+dead - that I dreamed, and that is why I am glad the exact dream-shapes have
+faded from my memory. My most horrible vision was connected with an idle
+question I had asked myself the day before when looking at the great carven
+riddle of the desert and wondering with what unknown depth the temple close
+to it might be secretly connected. That question, so innocent and whimsical then,
+assumed in my dream a meaning of frenetic and hysterical madness ... what
+huge and loathsome abnormality was the Sphinx originally carven to represent?
+
+
+
+223
+
+
+
+My second awakening - if awakening it was - is a memory of stark hideousness
+which nothing else in my Hfe - save one thing which came after - can parallel;
+and that life has been full and adventurous beyond most men's. Remember that I
+had lost consciousness whilst buried beneath a cascade of falling rope whose
+immensity revealed the cataclysmic depth of my present position. Now, as
+perception returned, I felt the entire weight gone; and realized upon rolling over
+that although I was still tied, gagged and blindfolded, some agency had removed
+completely the suffocating hempen landslide which had overwhelmed me. The
+significance of this condition, of course, came to me only gradually; but even so I
+think it would have brought unconsciousness again had I not by this time
+reached such a state of emotional exhaustion that no new horror could make
+much difference. I was alone. . . with what?
+
+Before I could torture myself with any new reflection, or make any fresh effort to
+escape from my bonds, an additional circumstance became manifest. Pains not
+formerly felt were racking my arms and legs, and I seemed coated with a
+profusion of dried blood beyond anything my former cuts and abrasions could
+furnish. My chest, too, seemed pierced by a hundred wounds, as though some
+malign, titanic ibis had been pecking at it. Assuredly the agency which had
+removed the rope was a hostile one, and had begun to wreak terrible injuries
+upon me when somehow impelled to desist. Yet at the same time my sensations
+were distinctly the reverse of what one might expect. Instead of sinking into a
+bottomless pit of despair, I was stirred to a new courage and action; for now I felt
+that the evil forces were physical things which a fearless man might encounter on
+an even basis.
+
+On the strength of this thought I tugged again at my bonds, and used all the art
+of a lifetime to free myself as I had so often done amidst the glare of lights and
+the applause of vast crowds. The familiar details of my escaping process
+commenced to engross me, and now that the long rope was gone I half regained
+my belief that the supreme horrors were hallucinations after all, and that there
+had never been any terrible shaft, measureless abyss or interminable rope. Was I
+after all in the gateway temple of Khephren beside the Sphinx, and had the
+sneaking Arabs stolen in to torture me as I lay helpless there? At any rate, I must
+be free. Let me stand up unbound, ungagged, and with eyes open to catch any
+glimmer of light which might come trickling from any source, and I could
+actually delight in the combat against evil and treacherous foes!
+
+How long I took in shaking off my encumbrances I cannot tell. It must have been
+longer than in my exhibition performances, because I was wounded, exhausted,
+and enervated by the experiences I had passed through. When I was finally free,
+and taking deep breaths of a chill, damp, evilly spiced air all the more horrible
+when encountered without the screen of gag and blindfold edges, I found that I
+
+
+
+224
+
+
+
+was too cramped and fatigued to move at once. There I lay, trying to stretch a
+frame bent and mangled, for an indefinite period, and straining my eyes to catch
+a glimpse of some ray of light which would give a hint as to my position.
+
+By degrees my strength and flexibility returned, but my eyes beheld nothing. As
+I staggered to my feet I peered diligently in every direction, yet met only an
+ebony blackness as great as that I had known when blindfolded. I tried my legs,
+blood-encrusted beneath my shredded trousers, and found that I could walk; yet
+could not decide in what direction to go. Obviously I ought not to walk at
+random, and perhaps retreat directly from the entrance I sought; so I paused to
+note the difference of the cold, fetid, natron-scented air-current which I had
+never ceased to feel. Accepting the point of its source as the possible entrance to
+the abyss, I strove to keep track of this landmark and to walk consistently toward
+it.
+
+I had a match-box with me, and even a small electric flashlight; but of course the
+pockets of my tossed and tattered clothing were long since emptied of all heavy
+articles. As I walked cautiously in the blackness, the draft grew stronger and
+more offensive, till at length I could regard it as nothing less than a tangible
+stream of detestable vapor pouring out of some aperture like the smoke of the
+genie from the fisherman's jar in the Eastern tale. The East . . . Egypt . . . truly, this
+dark cradle of civilization was ever the wellspring of horrors and marvels
+unspeakable!
+
+The more I reflected on the nature of this cavern wind, the greater my sense of
+disquiet became; for although despite its odor I had sought its source as at least
+an indirect clue to the outer world, I now saw plainly that this foul emanation
+could have no admixture or connection whatsoever with the clean air of the
+Libyan Desert, but must be essentially a thing vomited from sinister gulfs still
+lower down. I had, then, been walking in the wrong direction!
+
+After a moment's reflection I decided not to retrace my steps. Away from the
+draft I would have no landmarks, for the roughly level rock floor was devoid of
+distinctive configurations. If, however, I followed up the strange current, I would
+undoubtedly arrive at an aperture of some sort, from whose gate I could perhaps
+work round the walls to the opposite side of this Cyclopean and otherwise
+unnavigable hall. That I might fail, I well realized. I saw that this was no part of
+Khephren's gateway temple which tourists know, and it struck me that this
+particular hall might be unknown even to archaeologists, and merely stumbled
+upon by the inquisitive and malignant Arabs who had imprisoned me. If so, was
+there any present gate of escape to the known parts or to the outer air?
+
+
+
+225
+
+
+
+What evidence, indeed, did I now possess that this was the gateway temple at
+all? For a moment all my wildest speculations rushed back upon me, 'and I
+thought of that vivid melange of impressions - descent, suspension in space, the
+rope, my wounds, and the dreams that were frankly dreams. Was this the end of
+life for me? Or indeed, would it be merciful if this moment were the end? I could
+answer none of my own questions, but merely kept on, till Fate for a third time
+reduced me to oblivion.
+
+This time there were no dreams, for the suddenness of the incident shocked me
+out of all thought either conscious or subconscious. Tripping on an unexpected
+descending step at a point where the offensive draft became strong enough to
+offer an actual physical resistance, I was precipitated headlong down a black
+flight of huge stone stairs into a gulf of hideousness unrelieved.
+
+That I ever breathed again is a tribute to the inherent vitality of the healthy
+human organism. Often I look back to that night and feel a touch of actual humor
+in those repeated lapses of consciousness; lapses whose succession reminded me
+at the time of nothing more than the crude cinema melodramas of that period. Of
+course, it is possible that the repeated lapses never occurred; and that all the
+features of that underground nightmare were merely the dreams of one long
+coma which began with the shock of my descent into that abyss and ended with
+the healing balm of the outer air and of the rising sun which found me stretched
+on the sands of Gizeh before the sardonic and dawn-flushed face of the Great
+Sphinx.
+
+I prefer to believe this latter explanation as much as I can, hence was glad when
+the police told me that the barrier to Krephren's gateway temple had been found
+unfastened, and that a sizeable rift to the surface did actually exist in one corner
+of the still buried part. I was glad, too, when the doctors pronounced my wounds
+only those to be expected from my seizure, blindfolding, lowering, struggling
+with bonds, falling some distance - perhaps into a depression in the temple's
+inner gallery - dragging myself to the outer barrier and escaping from it, and
+experiences like that.., a very soothing diagnosis. And yet I know that there must
+be more than appears on the surface. That extreme descent is too vivid a memory
+to be dismissed - and it is odd that no one has ever been able to find a man
+answering the description of my guide, Abdul Reis el Drogman- the tomb-
+throated guide who looked and smiled like King Khephren.
+
+I have digressed from my connected narrative - perhaps in the vain hope of
+evading the telling of that final incident; that incident which of all is most
+certainly an hallucination. But I promised to relate it, and I do not break
+promises. When I recovered - or seemed to recover - my senses after that fall
+down the black stone stairs, I was quite as alone and in darkness as before. The
+
+
+
+226
+
+
+
+windy stench, bad enough before, was now fiendish; yet I had acquired enough
+famiharity by this time to bear it stoically. Dazedly I began to crawl away from
+the place whence the putrid wind came, and with my bleeding hands felt the
+colossal blocks of a mighty pavement. Once my head struck against a hard
+object, and when I felt of it I learned that it was the base of a column - a column
+of unbelievable immensity - whose surface was covered with gigantic chiseled
+hieroglyphics very perceptible to my touch.
+
+Crawling on, I encountered other titan columns at incomprehensible distances
+apart; when suddenly my attention was captured by the realization of something
+which must have been impinging on my subconscious hearing long before the
+conscious sense was aware of it.
+
+From some still lower chasm in earth's bowels were proceeding certain sounds,
+measured and definite, and like nothing I had ever heard before. That they were
+very ancient and distinctly ceremonial I felt almost intuitively; and much reading
+in Egyptology led me to associate them with the flute, the sambuke, the sistrum,
+and the tympa num. In their rhythmic piping, droning, rattling and beat ing I felt
+an element of terror beyond all the known terrors of earth - a terror peculiarly
+dissociated from personal fear, and taking the form of a sort of objective pity for
+our planet, that it should hold within its depths such horrors as must lie beyond
+these aegipanic cacophonies. The sounds increased in volume, and I felt that they
+were approaching. Then - and may all the gods of all pantheons unite to keep the
+like from my ears again - I began to hear, faintly and afar off, the morbid and
+millennial tramping of the marching things.
+
+It was hideous that footfalls so dissimilar should move in such perfect rhythm.
+The training of unhallowed thousands of years must lie behind that march of
+earth's inmost monstrosities ... padding, clicking, walking, stalking, rumbling,
+lumbering, crawling.. . and all to the abhorrent discords of those mocking
+instruments. And then - God keep the memory of those Arab legends out of my
+
+head! - the mummies without souls ... the meeting-place of the wandering
+
+the hordes of the devil-cursed pharaonic dead of forty centuries.. . the composite
+mummies led through the uttermost onyx voids by King Khephren and his
+ghoul-queen Nitocris . . .
+
+The tramping drew nearer - Heaven save me from the sound of those feet and
+paws and hooves and pads and talons as it commenced to acquire detail! Down
+limitless reaches of sunless pavement a spark of light flickered in the malodorous
+wind and I drew behind the enormous circumference of a Cyclopic column that I
+might escape for a while the horror that was stalking million-footed toward me
+through gigantic hypostyles of inhuman dread and phobic antiquity. The flickers
+increased, and the tramping and dissonant rhythm grew sickeningly loud. In the
+
+
+
+227
+
+
+
+quivering orange light there stood faintly forth a scene of such stony awe that I
+gasped from sheer wonder that conquered even fear and repulsion. Bases of
+columns whose middles were higher than human sight. . . mere bases of things
+that must each dwarf the Eiffel Tower to insignificance . . . hieroglyphics carved
+by unthinkable hands in caverns where daylight can be only a remote legend. . .
+
+I would not look at the marching things. That I desperately resolved as I heard
+their creaking joints and nitrous wheezing above the dead music and the dead
+tramping. It was merciful that they did not speak... but God! their crazy torches
+began to cast shadows on the surface of those stupendous columns.
+Hippopotami should not have human hands and carzy torches. . . men should not
+have the heads of crocodiles. . .
+
+I tried to turn away, but the shadows and the sounds and the stench were
+everywhere. Then I remembered something I used to do in half-conscious
+nightmares as a boy, and began to repeat to myself, 'This is a dream! This is a
+dream!' But it was of no use, and I could only shut my eyes and pray ... at least,
+that is what I think I did, for one is never sure in visions - and I know this can
+have been nothing more. I wondered whether I should ever reach the world
+again, and at times would furtively open my eyes to see if I could discern any
+feature of the place other than the wind of spiced putrefaction, the topless
+columns, and the thaumatropically grotesque shadows of abnormal horror. The
+sputtering glare of multiplying torches now shone, and unless this hellish place
+were wholly without walls, I could not fail to see some boundary or fixed
+landmark soon. But I had to shut my eyes again when I realized how many of the
+things were assembling - and when I glimpsed a certain object walking solemnly
+and steadily without any body above the waist.
+
+A fiendish and ululant corpse-gurgle or death-rattle now split the very
+atmosphere - the charnel atmosphere poisonous with naftha and bitumen blasts -
+in one concerted chorus from the ghoulish legion of hybrid blasphemies. My
+eyes, perversely shaken open, gazed for an instant upon a sight which no human
+creature could even imagine without panic, fear and physical exhaustion. The
+things had filed ceremonially in one direction, the direction of the noisome wind,
+where the light of their torches showed their bended heads - or the bended heads
+of such as had heads. They were worshipping before a great black fetor-belching
+aperture which reached up almost out of sight, -and which I could see was
+flanked at right angles by two giant staircases whose ends were far away in
+shadow. One of these was indubitably the staircase I had fallen down.
+
+The dimensions of the hole were fully in proportion with those of the columns -
+an ordinary house would have been lost in it, and any average public building
+could easily have been moved in and out. It was so vast a surface that only by
+
+
+
+228
+
+
+
+moving the eye could one trace its boundaries.. . so vast, so hideously black, and
+so aromatically stinking . .. Directly in front of this yawning Polyphemus-door
+the things were throwing objects - evidently sacrifices or religious offerings, to
+judge by their gestures. Khephren was their leader; sneering King Khephren or
+the guide Abdul Reis, crowned with a golden pshent and intoning endless
+formulae with the hollow voice of the dead. By his side knelt beautiful Queen
+Nitocris, whom I saw in profile for a moment, noting that the right half of her
+face was eaten away by rats or other ghouls. And I shut my eyes again when I
+saw what objects were being thrown as offerings to the fetid aperture or its
+possible local deity.
+
+It occurred to me that, judging from the elaborateness of this worship, the
+concealed deity must be one of considerable importance. Was it Osiris or Isis,
+Horus or Anubis, or some vast unknown God of the Dead still more central and
+supreme? There is a legend that terrible altars and colossi were reared to an
+Unknown One before ever the known gods were worshipped. . .
+
+And now, as I steeled myself to watch the rapt and sepulchral adorations of
+those nameless things, a thought of escape flashed upon me. The hall was dim,
+and the columns heavy with shadow. With every creature of that nightmare
+throng absorbed in shocking raptures, it might be barely possible for me to creep
+past to the far-away end of one of the staircases and ascend unseen; trusting to
+Fate and skill to deliver me from the upper reaches. Where I was, I neither knew
+nor seriously reflected upon - and for a
+
+moment it struck me as amusing to plan a serious escape from that which I knew
+to be a dream. Was I in some hidden and unsuspected lower realm of
+Khephren' s gateway temple - that temple which generations have persis tently
+called the Temple of the Sphinx? I could not conjecture, but I resolved to ascend
+to life and consciousness if wit and muscle could carry me.
+
+Wriggling flat on my stomach, I began the anxious journey toward the foot of the
+left-hand staircase, which seemed the more accessible of the two. I cannot
+describe the incidents and sensations of that crawl, but they may be guessed
+when one reflects on what I had to watch steadily in that malign, wind-blown
+torchlight in order to avoid detection. The bottom of the staircase was, as I have
+said, far away in shadow, as it had to be to rise without a bend to the dizzy
+parapeted landing above the titanic aperture. This placed the last stages of my
+crawl at some distance from the noisome herd, though the spectacle chilled me
+even when quite remote at my right.
+
+At length I succeeded in reaching the steps and began to climb; keeping close to
+the wall, on which I observed decorations of the most hideous sort, and relying
+
+
+
+229
+
+
+
+for safety on the absorbed, ecstatic interest with which the monstrosities watched
+the foul-breezed aperture and the impious objects of nourishment they had flung
+on the pavement before it. Though the staircase was huge and steep, fashioned of
+vast porphyry blocks as if for the feet of a giant, the ascent seemed virtually
+interminable. Dread of discovery and the pain which renewed exercise had
+brought to my wounds combined to make that upward crawl a thing of
+agonizing memory. I had intended, on reaching the landing, to climb
+immediately onward along whatever upper staircase might mount from there;
+stopping for no last look at the carrion abominations that pawed and genuflected
+some seventy or eighty feet below - yet a sudden repetition of that thunderous
+corpse-gurgle and death-rattle chorus, coming as I had nearly gained the top of
+the flight and showing by its ceremonial rhythm that it was not an alarm of my
+discovery, caused me to pause and peer cautiously over the parapet.
+
+The monstrosities were hailing something which had poked itself out of the
+nauseous aperture to seize the hellish fare proffered it. It was something quite
+ponderous, even as seen from my height; something yellowish and hairy, and
+endowed with a sort of nervous motion. It was as large, perhaps, as a good-sized
+hippopotamus, but very curiously shaped. It seemed to have no neck, but five
+separate shaggy heads springing in a row from a roughly cylindrical trunk; the
+first very small, the second good-sized, the third and fourth equal and largest of
+all, and the fifth rather small, though not so small as the first.
+
+Out of these heads darted curious rigid tentacles which seized ravenously on the
+excessively great quantities of unmentionable food placed before the aperture.
+Once in a while the thing would leap up, and occasionally it would retreat into
+its den in a very odd manner. Its locomotion was so inexplicable that I stared in
+fascination, wishing it would emerge farther from the cavernous lair beneath me.
+
+Then it did emerge ... it did emerge, and at the sight I turned and fled into the
+darkness up the higher staircase that rose behind me; fled unknowingly up
+incredible steps and ladders and inclined planes to which no human sight or
+logic guided me, and which I must ever relegate to the world of dreams for want
+of any confirmation. It must have been a dream, or the dawn would never have
+found me breathing on the sands of Gizeh before the sardonic dawn-flushed face
+of the Great Sphinx.
+
+The Great Sphinx! God! - that idle question I asked myself on that sun-blest
+morning before ... what huge and loathsome abnormality was the Sphinx
+originally carven to represent?
+
+Accursed is the sight, be it in dream or not, that revealed to me the supreme
+horror - the unknown God of the Dead, which licks its colossal chops in the
+
+
+
+230
+
+
+
+unsuspected abyss, fed hideous morsels by soulless absurdities that should not
+exist. The five-headed monster that emerged ... that five-headed monster as
+large as a hippopotamus ... the five headed monster - and that of which it is the
+merest forepaw. . .
+
+But I survived, and I know it was only a dream.
+
+
+
+231
+
+
+
+In The Vault
+
+Written on September 18, 1925
+
+Published November 1925 in The Tryout
+
+There is nothing more absurd, as 1 view it, than that conventional association of
+the homely and the wholesome which seems to pervade the psychology of the
+multitude. Mention a bucolic Yankee setting, a bungling and thick-fibred village
+undertaker, and a careless mishap in a tomb, and no average reader can be
+brought to expect more than a hearty albeit grotesque phase of comedy. God
+knows, though, that the prosy tale which George Birch's death permits me to tell
+has in it aspects beside which some of our darkest tragedies are light.
+
+Birch acquired a limitation and changed his business in 1881, yet never discussed
+the case when he could avoid it. Neither did his old physician Dr. Davis, who
+died years ago. It was generally stated that the affliction and shock were results
+of an unlucky slip whereby Birch had locked himself for nine hours in the
+receiving tomb of Peck Valley Cemetery, escaping only by crude and disastrous
+mechanical means; but while this much was undoubtedly true, there were other
+and blacker things which the man used to whisper to me in his drunken delirium
+toward the last. He confided in me because I was his doctor, and because he
+probably felt the need of confiding in someone else after Davis died. He was a
+bachelor, wholly without relatives.
+
+Birch, before 1881, had been the village undertaker of Peck Valley; and was a
+very calloused and primitive specimen even as such specimens go. The practices
+I heard attributed to him would be unbelievable today, at least in a city; and even
+Peck Valley would have shuddered a bit had it known the easy ethics of its
+mortuary artist in such debatable matters as the ownership of costly "laying-out"
+apparel invisible beneath the casket's lid, and the degree of dignity to be
+maintained in posing and adapting the unseen members of lifeless tenants to
+containers not always calculated with sublimest accuracy. Most distinctly Birch
+was lax, insensitive, and professionally undesirable; yet I still think he was not an
+evil man. He was merely crass of fibre and function- thoughtless, careless, and
+liquorish, as his easily avoidable accident proves, and without that modicum of
+imagination which holds the average citizen within certain limits fixed by taste.
+
+Just where to begin Birch's story I can hardly decide, since I am no practiced
+teller of tales. I suppose one should start in the cold December of 1880, when the
+ground froze and the cemetery delvers found they could dig no more graves till
+spring. Fortunately the village was small and the death rate low, so that it was
+
+
+
+232
+
+
+
+possible to give all of Birch's inanimate charges a temporary haven in the single
+antiquated receiving tomb. The undertaker grew doubly lethargic in the bitter
+weather, and seemed to outdo even himself in carelessness. Never did he knock
+together flimsier and ungainlier caskets, or disregard more flagrantly the needs
+of the rusty lock on the tomb door which he slammed open and shut with such
+nonchalant abandon.
+
+At last the spring thaw came, and graves were laboriously prepared for the nine
+silent harvests of the grim reaper which waited in the tomb. Birch, though
+dreading the bother of removal and interment, began his task of transference one
+disagreeable April morning, but ceased before noon because of a heavy rain that
+seemed to irritate his horse, after having laid but one mortal tenement to its
+permanent rest. That was Darius Peck, the nonagenarian, whose grave was not
+far from the tomb. Birch decided that he would begin the next day with little old
+Matthew Tenner, whose grave was also near by; but actually postponed the
+matter for three days, not getting to work till Good Priday, the 15th. Being
+without superstition, he did not heed the day at all; though ever afterward he
+refused to do anything of importance on that fateful sixth day of the week.
+Certainly, the events of that evening greatly changed George Birch.
+
+On the afternoon of Triday, April 15th, then. Birch set out for the tomb with
+horse and wagon to transfer the body of Matthew Tenner. That he was not
+perfectly sober, he subsequently admitted; though he had not then taken to the
+wholesale drinking by which he later tried to forget certain things. He was just
+dizzy and careless enough to annoy his sensitive horse, which as he drew it
+viciously up at the tomb neighed and pawed and tossed its head, much as on
+that former occasion when the rain had vexed it. The day was clear, but a high
+wind had sprung up; and Birch was glad to get to shelter as he unlocked the iron
+door and entered the side-hill vault. Another might not have relished the damp,
+odorous chamber with the eight carelessly placed coffins; but Birch in those days
+was insensitive, and was concerned only in getting the right coffin for the right
+grave. He had not forgotten the criticism aroused when Hannah Bixby's
+relatives, wishing to transport her body to the cemetery in the city whither they
+had moved, found the casket of Judge Capwell beneath her headstone.
+
+The light was dim, but Birch's sight was good, and he did not get Asaph
+Sawyer's coffin by mistake, although it was very similar. He had, indeed, made
+that coffin for Matthew Tenner; but had cast it aside at last as too awkward and
+flimsy, in a fit of curious sentimentality aroused by recalling how kindly and
+generous the little old man had been to him during his bankruptcy five years
+before. He gave old Matt the very best his skill could produce, but was thrifty
+enough to save the rejected specimen, and to use it when Asaph Sawyer died of a
+malignant fever. Sawyer was not a lovable man, and many stories were told of
+
+
+
+233
+
+
+
+his almost inhuman vindictiveness and tenacious memory for wrongs real or
+fancied. To him Birch had felt no compunction in assigning the carelessly made
+coffin which he now pushed out of the way in his quest for the Fenner casket.
+
+It was just as he had recognised old Matt's coffin that the door slammed to in the
+wind, leaving him in a dusk even deeper than before. The narrow transom
+admitted only the feeblest of rays, and the overhead ventilation funnel virtually
+none at all; so that he was reduced to a profane fumbling as he made his halting
+way among the long boxes toward the latch. In this funereal twilight he rattled
+the rusty handles, pushed at the iron panels, and wondered why the massive
+portal had grown so suddenly recalcitrant. In this twilight too, he began to
+realise the truth and to shout loudly as if his horse outside could do more than
+neigh an unsympathetic reply. For the long-neglected latch was obviously
+broken, leaving the careless undertaker trapped in the vault, a victim of his own
+oversight.
+
+The thing must have happened at about three-thirty in the afternoon. Birch,
+being by temperament phlegmatic and practical, did not shout long; but
+proceeded to grope about for some tools which he recalled seeing in a corner of
+the tomb. It is doubtful whether he was touched at all by the horror and exquisite
+weirdness of his position, but the bald fact of imprisonment so far from the daily
+paths of men was enough to exasperate him thoroughly. His day's work was
+sadly interrupted, and unless chance presently brought some rambler hither, he
+might have to remain all night or longer. The pile of tools soon reached, and a
+hammer and chisel selected. Birch returned over the coffins to the door. The air
+had begun to be exceedingly unwholesome; but to this detail he paid no
+attention as he toiled, half by feeling, at the heavy and corroded metal of the
+latch. He would have given much for a lantern or bit of candle; but lacking these,
+bungled semi-sightlessly as best he might.
+
+When he perceived that the latch was hopelessly unyielding, at least to such
+meagre tools and under such tenebrous conditions as these. Birch glanced about
+for other possible points of escape. The vault had been dug from a hillside, so
+that the narrow ventilation funnel in the top ran through several feet of earth,
+making this direction utterly useless to consider. Over the door, however, the
+high, slit-like transom in the brick facade gave promise of possible enlargement
+to a diligent worker; hence upon this his eyes long rested as he racked his brains
+for means to reach it. There was nothing like a ladder in the tomb, and the coffin
+niches on the sides and rear- which Birch seldom took the trouble to use-
+afforded no ascent to the space above the door. Only the coffins themselves
+remained as potential stepping-stones, and as he considered these he speculated
+on the best mode of transporting them. Three coffin-heights, he reckoned, would
+permit him to reach the transom; but he could do better with four. The boxes
+
+
+
+234
+
+
+
+were fairly even, and could be piled up like blocks; so he began to compute how
+he might most stably use the eight to rear a scalable platform four deep. As he
+planned, he could not but wish that the units of his contemplated staircase had
+been more securely made. Whether he had imagination enough to wish they
+were empty, is strongly to be doubted.
+
+Finally he decided to lay a base of three parallel with the wall, to place upon this
+two layers of two each, and upon these a single box to serve as the platform. This
+arrangement could be ascended with a minimum of awkwardness, and would
+furnish the desired height. Better still, though, he would utilise only two boxes of
+the base to support the superstructure, leaving one free to be piled on top in case
+the actual feat of escape required an even greater altitude. And so the prisoner
+toiled in the twilight, heaving the unresponsive remnants of mortality with little
+ceremony as his miniature Tower of Babel rose course by course. Several of the
+coffins began to split under the stress of handling, and he planned to save the
+stoutly built casket of little Matthew Tenner for the top, in order that his feet
+might have as certain a surface as possible. In the semi-gloom he trusted mostly
+to touch to select the right one, and indeed came upon it almost by accident,
+since it tumbled into his hands as if through some odd volition after he had
+unwittingly placed it beside another on the third layer.
+
+The tower at length finished, and his aching arms rested by a pause during
+which he sat on the bottom step of his grim device. Birch cautiously ascended
+with his tools and stood abreast of the narrow transom. The borders of the space
+were entirely of brick, and there seemed little doubt but that he could shortly
+chisel away enough to allow his body to pass. As his hammer blows began to
+fall, the horse outside whinnied in a tone which may have been encouraging and
+to others may have been mocking. In either case it would have been appropriate;
+for the unexpected tenacity of the easy-looking brickwork was surely a sardonic
+commentary on the vanity of mortal hopes, and the source of a task whose
+performance deserved every possible stimulus.
+
+Dusk fell and found Birch still toiling. He worked largely by feeling now, since
+newly gathered clouds hid the moon; and though progress was still slow, he felt
+heartened at the extent of his encroachments on the top and bottom of the
+aperture. He could, he was sure, get out by midnight- though it is characteristic
+of him that this thought was untinged with eerie implications. Undisturbed by
+oppressive reflections on the time, the place, and the company beneath his feet,
+he philosophically chipped away the stony brickwork; cursing when a fragment
+hit him in the face, and laughing when one struck the increasingly excited horse
+that pawed near the cypress tree. In time the hole grew so large that he ventured
+to try his body in it now and then, shifting about so that the coffins beneath him
+rocked and creaked. He would not, he found, have to pile another on his
+
+
+
+235
+
+
+
+platform to make the proper height; for the hole was on exactly the right level to
+use as soon as its size might permit.
+
+It must have been midnight at least when Birch decided he could get through the
+transom. Tired and perspiring despite many rests, he descended to the floor and
+sat a while on the bottom box to gather strength for the final wriggle and leap to
+the ground outside. The hungry horse was neighing repeatedly and almost
+uncannily, and he vaguely wished it would stop. He was curiously unelated over
+his impending escape, and almost dreaded the exertion, for his form had the
+indolent stoutness of early middle age. As he remounted the splitting coffins he
+felt his weight very poignantly; especially when, upon reaching the topmost one,
+he heard that aggravated crackle which bespeaks the wholesale rending of wood.
+He had, it seems, planned in vain when choosing the stoutest coffin for the
+platform; for no sooner was his full bulk again upon it than the rotting lid gave
+way, jouncing him two feet down on a surface which even he did not care to
+imagine. Maddened by the sound, or by the stench which billowed forth even to
+the open air, the waiting horse gave a scream that was too frantic for a neigh, and
+plunged madly off through the night, the wagon rattling crazily behind it.
+
+Birch, in his ghastly situation, was now too low for an easy scramble out of the
+enlarged transom; but gathered his energies for a determined try. Clutching the
+edges of the aperture, he sought to pull himself up, when he noticed a queer
+retardation in the form of an apparent drag on both his ankles. In another
+moment he knew fear for the first time that night; for struggle as he would, he
+could not shake clear of the unknown grasp which held his feet in relentless
+captivity. Horrible pains, as of savage wounds, shot through his calves; and in
+his mind was a vortex of fright mixed with an unquenchable materialism that
+suggested splinters, loose nails, or some other attribute of a breaking wooden
+box. Perhaps he screamed. At any rate he kicked and squirmed frantically and
+automatically whilst his consciousness was almost eclipsed in a half-swoon.
+
+Instinct guided him in his wriggle through the transom, and in the crawl which
+followed his jarring thud on the damp ground. He could not walk, it appeared,
+and the emerging moon must have witnessed a horrible sight as he dragged his
+bleeding ankles toward the cemetery lodge; his fingers clawing the black mould
+in brainless haste, and his body responding with that maddening slowness from
+which one suffers when chased by the phantoms of nightmare. There was
+evidently, however, no pursuer; for he was alone and alive when Armington, the
+lodge-keeper, answered his feeble clawing at the door.
+
+Armington helped Birch to the outside of a spare bed and sent his little son
+Edwin for Dr. Davis. The afflicted man was fully conscious, but would say
+nothing of any consequence; merely muttering such things as "Oh, my ankles!".
+
+
+
+236
+
+
+
+"Let go!", or "Shut in the tomb". Then the doctor came with his medicine-case
+and asked crisp questions, and removed the patient's outer clothing, shoes, and
+socks. The wounds- for both ankles were frightfully lacerated about the Achilles'
+tendons- seemed to puzzle the old physician greatly, and finally almost to
+frighten him. His questioning grew more than medically tense, and his hands
+shook as he dressed the mangled members; binding them as if he wished to get
+the wounds out of sight as quickly as possible.
+
+For an impersonal doctor, Davis' ominous and awestruck cross-examination
+became very strange indeed as he sought to drain from the weakened undertaker
+every least detail of his horrible experience. He was oddly anxious to know if
+Birch were sure- absolutely sure- of the identity of that top coffin of the pile; how
+he had chosen it, how he had been certain of it as the Tenner coffin in the dusk,
+and how he had distinguished it from the inferior duplicate coffin of vicious
+Asaph Sawyer. Would the firm Tenner casket have caved in so readily? Davis, an
+old-time village practitioner, had of course seen both at the respective funerals,
+as indeed he had attended both Tenner and Sawyer in their last illnesses. He had
+even wondered, at Sawyer's funeral, how the vindictive farmer had managed to
+lie straight in a box so closely akin to that of the diminutive Tenner.
+
+After a full two hours Dr. Davis left, urging Birch to insist at all times that his
+wounds were caused entirely by loose nails and splintering wood. What else, he
+added, could ever in any case be proved or believed? But it would be well to say
+as little as could be said, and to let no other doctor treat the wounds. Birch
+heeded this advice all the rest of his life till he told me his story; and when I saw
+the scars- ancient and whitened as they then were- 1 agreed that he was wise in
+so doing. He always remained lame, for the great tendons had been severed; but
+I think the greatest lameness was in his soul. His thinking processes, once so
+phlegmatic and logical, had become ineffaceably scarred; and it was pitiful to
+note his response to certain chance allusions such as "Triday", "Tomb", "Coffin",
+and words of less obvious concatenation. His frightened horse had gone home,
+but his frightened wits never quite did that. He changed his business, but
+something always preyed upon him. It may have been just fear, and it may have
+been fear mixed with a queer belated sort of remorse for bygone crudities. His
+drinking, of course, only aggravated what it was meant to alleviate.
+
+When Dr. Davis left Birch that night he had taken a lantern and gone to the old
+receiving tomb. The moon was shining on the scattered brick fragments and
+marred facade, and the latch of the great door yielded readily to a touch from the
+outside. Steeled by old ordeals in dissecting rooms, the doctor entered and
+looked about, stifling the nausea of mind and body that everything in sight and
+smell induced. He cried aloud once, and a little later gave a gasp that was more
+terrible than a cry. Then he fled back to the lodge and broke all the rules of his
+
+
+
+237
+
+
+
+calling by rousing and shaking his patient, and hurling at him a succession of
+shuddering whispers that seared into the bewildered ears like the hissing of
+vitriol.
+
+"It was Asaph's coffin. Birch, just as I thought! I knew his teeth, with the front
+ones missing on the upper jaw- never, for God's sake, show those wounds! The
+body was pretty badly gone, but if ever I saw vindictiveness on any face- or
+former face... You know what a fiend he was for revenge- how he ruined old
+Raymond thirty years after their boundary suit, and how he stepped on the
+puppy that snapped at him a year ago last August. . . He was the devil incarnate.
+Birch, and I believe his eye-for-an-eye fury could beat old Father Death himself.
+God, what a rage! I'd hate to have it aimed at me!
+
+"Why did you do it. Birch? He was a scoundrel, and I don't blame you for giving
+him a cast-aside coffin, but you always did go too damned far! Well enough to
+skimp on the thing some way, but you knew what a little man old Fenner was.
+
+"I'll never get the picture out of my head as long as I live. You kicked hard, for
+Asaph's coffin was on the floor. His head was broken in, and everything was
+tumbled about. I've seen sights before, but there was one thing too much here.
+An eye for an eye! Great heavens. Birch, but you got what you deserved. The
+skull turned my stomach, but the other was worse- those ankles cut neatly off to
+fit Matt Fenner's cast-aside coffin!"
+
+
+
+238
+
+
+
+Memory
+
+Written 1919
+
+Published May 1923 in The National Amateur, Vol. 45, No. p. 5, 9.
+
+In the valley of Nis the accursed waning moon shines thinly, tearing a path for its
+light with feeble horns through the lethal foliage of a great upas-tree. And within
+the depths of the valley, where the light reaches not, move forms not meant to be
+beheld. Rank is the herbage on each slope, where evil vines and creeping plants
+crawl amidst the stones of ruined palaces, twining tightly about broken columns
+and strange monoliths, and heaving up marble pavements laid by forgotten
+hands. And in trees that grow gigantic in crumbling courtyards leap little apes,
+while in and out of deep treasure-vaults writhe poison serpents and scaly things
+without a name. Vast are the stones which sleep beneath coverlets of dank moss,
+and mighty were the walls from which they fell. For all time did their builders
+erect them, and in sooth they yet serve nobly, for beneath them the grey toad
+makes his habitation.
+
+At the very bottom of the valley lies the river Than, whose waters are slimy and
+filled with weeds. From hidden springs it rises, and to subterranean grottoes it
+flows, so that the Daemon of the Valley knows not why its waters are red, nor
+whither they are bound.
+
+The Genie that haunts the moonbeams spake to the Daemon of the Valley,
+saying, "I am old, and forget much. Tell me the deeds and aspect and name of
+them who built these things of Stone." And the Daemon replied, "I am Memory,
+and am wise in lore of the past, but I too am old. These beings were like the
+waters of the river Than, not to be understood. Their deeds I recall not, for they
+were but of the moment. Their aspect I recall dimly, it was like to that of the little
+apes in the trees. Their name I recall clearly, for it rhymed with that of the river.
+These beings of yesterday were called Man."
+
+So the Genie flew back to the thin horned moon, and the Daemon looked intently
+at a little ape in a tree that grew in a crumbling courtyard.
+
+
+
+239
+
+
+
+Nyarlathotep
+
+
+
+Written in December of 1920
+
+Published November 1920 in The United Amateur
+
+Nyarlathotep. . . the crawling chaos. . . I am the last. . . I will tell the audient void. . .
+
+I do not recall distinctly when it began, but it was months ago. The general
+tension was horrible. To a season of political and social upheaval was added a
+strange and brooding apprehension of hideous physical danger; a danger
+widespread and all-embracing, such a danger as may be imagined only in the
+most terrible phantasms of the night. I recall that the people went about with
+pale and worried faces, and whispered warnings and prophecies which no one
+dared consciously repeat or acknowledge to himself that he had heard. A sense
+of monstrous guilt was upon the land, and out of the abysses between the stars
+swept chill currents that made men shiver in dark and lonely places. There was a
+demoniac alteration in the sequence of the seasons the autumn heat lingered
+fearsomely, and everyone felt that the world and perhaps the universe had
+passed from the control of known gods or forces to that of gods or forces which
+were unknown.
+
+And it was then that Nyarlathotep came out of Egypt. Who he was, none could
+tell, but he was of the old native blood and looked like a Pharaoh. The fellahin
+knelt when they saw him, yet could not say why. He said he had risen up out of
+the blackness of twenty-seven centuries, and that he had heard messages from
+places not on this planet. Into the lands of civilisation came Nyarlathotep,
+swarthy, slender, and sinister, always buying strange instruments of glass and
+metal and combining them into instruments yet stranger. He spoke much of the
+sciences of electricity and psychology and gave exhibitions of power which sent
+his spectators away speechless, yet which swelled his fame to exceeding
+magnitude. Men advised one another to see Nyarlathotep, and shuddered. And
+where Nyarlathotep went, rest vanished, for the small hours were rent with the
+screams of nightmare. Never before had the screams of nightmare been such a
+public problem; now the wise men almost wished they could forbid sleep in the
+small hours, that the shrieks of cities might less horribly disturb the pale, pitying
+moon as it glimmered on green waters gliding under bridges, and old steeples
+crumbling against a sickly sky.
+
+I remember when Nyarlathotep came to my city the great, the old, the terrible
+city of unnumbered crimes. My friend had told me of him, and of the impelling
+fascination and allurement of his revelations, and I burned with eagerness to
+
+
+
+240
+
+
+
+explore his uttermost mysteries. My friend said they were horrible and
+impressive beyond my most fevered imaginings; and what was thrown on a
+screen in the darkened room prophesied things none but Nyarlathotep dared
+prophesy, and in the sputter of his sparks there was taken from men that which
+had never been taken before yet which showed only in the eyes. And I heard it
+hinted abroad that those who knew Nyarlathotep looked on sights which others
+saw not.
+
+It was in the hot autumn that I went through the night with the restless crowds
+to see Nyarlathotep; through the stifling night and up the endless stairs into the
+choking room. And shadowed on a screen, I saw hooded forms amidst ruins, and
+yellow evil faces peering from behind fallen monuments. And I saw the world
+battling against blackness; against the waves of destruction from ultimate space;
+whirling, churning, struggling around the dimming, cooling sun. Then the
+sparks played amazingly around the heads of the spectators, and hair stood up
+on end whilst shadows more grotesque than I can tell came out and squatted on
+the heads. And when I, who was colder and more scientific than the rest,
+mumbled a trembling protest about imposture and static electricity,
+Nyarlathotep drove us all out, down the dizzy stairs into the damp, hot, deserted
+midnight streets. I screamed aloud that I was not afraid; that I never could be
+afraid; and others screamed with me for solace. We swore to one another that the
+city was exactly the same, and still alive; and when the electric lights began to
+fade we cursed the company over and over again, and laughed at the queer faces
+we made.
+
+I believe we felt something coming down from the greenish moon, for when we
+began to depend on its light we drifted into curious involuntary marching
+formations and seemed to know our destinations though we dared not think of
+them. Once we looked at the pavement and found the blocks loose and displaced
+by grass, with scarce a line of rusted metal to show where the tramways had run.
+And again we saw a tram-car, lone, windowless, dilapidated, and almost on its
+side. When we gazed around the horizon, we could not find the third tower by
+the river, and noticed that the silhouette of the second tower was ragged at the
+top. Then we split up into narrow columns, each of which seemed drawn in a
+different direction. One disappeared in a narrow alley to the left, leaving only the
+echo of a shocking moan. Another filed down a weed-choked subway entrance,
+howling with a laughter that was mad. My own column was sucked toward the
+open country, and presently I felt a chill which was not of the hot autumn; for as
+we stalked out on the dark moor, we beheld around us the hellish moon-glitter
+of evil snows. Trackless, inexplicable snows, swept asunder in one direction only,
+where lay a gulf all the blacker for its glittering walls. The column seemed very
+thin indeed as it plodded dreamily into the gulf. I lingered behind, for the black
+rift in the green-litten snow was frightful, and I thought I had heard the
+
+
+
+241
+
+
+
+reverberations of a disquieting wail as my companions vanished; but my power
+to linger was slight. As if beckoned by those who had gone before, I half-floated
+between the titanic snowdrifts, quivering and afraid, into the sightless vortex of
+the unimaginable.
+
+Screamingly sentient, dumbly delirious, only the gods that were can tell. A
+sickened, sensitive shadow writhing in hands that are not hands, and whirled
+blindly past ghastly midnights of rotting creation, corpses of dead worlds with
+sores that were cities, charnel winds that brush the pallid stars and make them
+flicker low. Beyond the worlds vague ghosts of monstrous things; half-seen
+columns of unsanctifled temples that rest on nameless rocks beneath space and
+reach up to dizzy vacua above the spheres of light and darkness. And through
+this revolting graveyard of the universe the muffled, maddening beating of
+drums, and thin, monotonous whine of blasphemous flutes from inconceivable,
+unlighted chambers beyond Time; the detestable pounding and piping
+whereunto dance slowly, awkwardly, and absurdly the gigantic, tenebrous
+ultimate gods the blind, voiceless, mindless gargoyles whose soul is
+Nyarlathotep.
+
+
+
+242
+
+
+
+Picktnan's Model
+
+Written in 1926
+
+Published October 1927 in Weird Tales
+
+You needn't think I'm crazy, Eliot- plenty of others have queerer prejudices than
+this. Why don't you laugh at Oliver's grandfather, who won't ride in a motor? If
+I don't like that damned subway, it's my own business; and we got here more
+quickly anyhow in the taxi. We'd have had to walk up the hill from Park Street if
+we'd taken the car.
+
+I know I'm more nervous than I was when you saw me last year, but you don't
+need to hold a clinic over it. There's plenty of reason, God knows, and I fancy I'm
+lucky to be sane at all. Why the third degree? You didn't use to be so inquisitive.
+
+Well, if you must hear it, I don't know why you shouldn't. Maybe you ought to,
+anyhow, for you kept writing me like a grieved parent when you heard I'd
+begun to cut the Art Club and keep away from Pickman. Now that he's
+disappeared I go round to the club once in a while, but my nerves aren't what
+they were.
+
+No, I don't know what's become of Pickman, and I don't like to guess. You might
+have surmised I had some inside information when I dropped him- and that's
+why I don't want to think where he's gone. Let the police find what they can- it
+won't be much, judging from the fact that they don't know yet of the old North
+End place he hired under the name of Peters.
+
+I'm not sure that I could find it again myself- not that I'd ever try, even in broad
+daylight!
+
+Yes, I do know, or am afraid I know, why he maintained it. I'm coming to that.
+And I think you'll understand before I'm through why I don't tell the police.
+They would ask me to guide them, but I couldn't go back there even if I knew the
+way. There was something there- and now I can't use the subway or (and you
+may as well have your laugh at this, too) go down into cellars any more.
+
+I should think you'd have known I didn't drop Pickman for the same silly
+reasons that fussy old women like Dr. Reid or Joe Minot or Rosworth did.
+Morbid art doesn't shock me, and when a man has the genius Pickman had I feel
+it an honour to know him, no matter what direction his work takes. Boston never
+had a greater painter than Richard Upton Pickman. I said it at first and I say it
+
+
+
+243
+
+
+
+still, and I never swenved an inch, either, when he showed that 'Ghoul Feeding'.
+That, you remember, was when Minot cut him.
+
+You know, it takes profound art and profound insight into Nature to turn out
+stuff like Pickman's. Any magazine-cover hack can splash paint around wildly
+and call it a nightmare or a Witches' Sabbath or a portrait of the devil, but only a
+great painter can make such a thing really scare or ring true. That's because only
+a real artist knows the actual anatomy of the terrible or the physiology of fear-
+the exact sort of lines and proportions that connect up with latent instincts or
+hereditary memories of fright, and the proper colour contrasts and lighting
+effects to stir the dormant sense of strangeness. I don't have to tell you why a
+Fuseli really brings a shiver while a cheap ghost-story frontispiece merely makes
+us laugh. There's something those fellows catch- beyond life- that they're able to
+make us catch for a second. Dore had it. Sime has it. Angarola of Chicago has it.
+And Pickman had it as no man ever had it before or- I hope to Heaven- ever will
+again.
+
+Don't ask me what it is they see. You know, in ordinary art, there's all the
+difference in the world between the vital, breathing things drawn from Nature or
+models and the artificial truck that commercial small fry reel off in a bare studio
+by rule. Well, I should say that the really weird artist has a kind of vision which
+makes models, or summons up what amounts to actual scenes from the spectral
+world he lives in. Anyhow, he manages to turn out results that differ from the
+pretender's mince-pie dreams in just about the same way that the life painter's
+results differ from the concoctions of a correspondence-school cartoonist. If I had
+ever seen what Pickman saw- but no! Here, let's have a drink before we get any
+deeper. God, I wouldn't be alive if I'd ever seen what that man- if he was a man-
+saw !
+
+You recall that Pickman's forte was faces. I don't believe anybody since Goya
+could put so much of sheer hell into a set of features or a twist of expression.
+And before Goya you have to go back to the mediaeval chaps who did the
+gargoyles and chimaeras on Notre Dame and Mont Saint-Michel. They believed
+all sorts of things- and maybe they saw all sorts of things, too, for the Middle
+Ages had some curious phases I remember your asking Pickman yourself once,
+the year before you went away, wherever in thunder he got such ideas and
+visions. Wasn't that a nasty laugh he gave you? It was partly because of that
+laugh that Reid dropped him. Reid, you know, had just taken up comparative
+pathology, and was full of pompous 'inside stuff about the biological or
+evolutionary significance of this or that mental or physical symptom. He said
+Pickman repelled him more and more every day, and almost frightened him
+towards the last- that the fellow's features and expression were slowly
+developing in a way he didn't like; in a way that wasn't human. He had a lot of
+
+
+
+244
+
+
+
+talk about diet, and mid Pickman must be abnormal and eccentric to the last
+degree. I suppose you told Reid, if you and he had any correspondence over it,
+that he'd let Pickman's paintings get on his nerves or harrow up his imagination.
+I know I told him that myself- then.
+
+But keep in mind that I didn't drop Pickman for anything like this. On the
+contrary, my admiration for him kept growing; for that 'Ghoul Feeding' was a
+tremendous achievement. As you know, the club wouldn't exhibit it, and the
+Museum of Fine Arts wouldn't accept it as a gift; and I can add that nobody
+would buy it, so Pickman had it right in his house till he went. Now his father
+has it in Salem- you know Pickman comes of old Salem stock, and had a witch
+ancestor hanged in 1692.
+
+I got into the habit of calling on Pickman quite often, especially after I began
+making notes for a monograph on weird art. Probably it was his work which put
+the idea into my head, and anyhow, I found him a mine of data and suggestions
+when I came to develop it. He showed me all the paintings and drawings he had
+about; including some pen-and-ink sketches that would, I verily believe, have got
+him kicked out of the club if many of the members had seen them. Before long I
+was pretty nearly a devotee, and would listen for hours like a schoolboy to art
+theories and philosophic speculations wild enough to qualify him for the
+Danvers asylum. My hero-worship, coupled with the fact that people generally
+were commencing to have less and less to do with him, made him get very
+confidential with me; and one evening he hinted that if I were fairly close-
+mouthed and none too squeamish, he might show me something rather unusual-
+something a bit stronger than anything he had in the house.
+
+'You know,' he said, 'there are things that won't do for Newbury Street- things
+that are out of place here, and that can't be conceived here, anyhow. It's my
+business to catch the overtones of the soul, and you won't find those in a
+parvenu set of artificial streets on made land. Back Bay isn't Boston- it isn't
+anything yet, because it's had no time to pick up memories and attract local
+spirits. If there are any ghosts here, they're the tame ghosts of a salt marsh and a
+shallow cove; and I want human ghosts- the ghosts of beings highly organized
+enough to have looked on hell and known the meaning of what they saw.
+
+'The place for an artist to live is the North End. If any aesthete were sincere, he'd
+put up with the slums for the sake of the massed traditions. God, man! Don't you
+realize that places like that weren't merely made, but actually grew? Generation
+after generation lived and felt and died there, and in days when people weren't
+afraid to live and fed and die. Don't you know there was a mill on Copp's Hill in
+1632, and that half the present streets were laid out by 1650? I can show you
+houses that have stood two centuries and a half and more; houses that have
+
+
+
+245
+
+
+
+witnessed what would make a modern house crumble into powder. What do
+moderns know of life and the forces behind it? You call the Salem witchcraft a
+delusion, but I'll wager my four-times-great-grandmother could have told you
+things. They hanged her on Gallows Hill, with Cotton Mather looking
+sanctimoniously on. Mather, damn him, was afraid somebody might succeed in
+kicking free of this accursed cage of monotony- I wish someone had laid a spell
+on him or sucked his blood in the night!
+
+'I can show you a house he lived in, and I can show you another one he was
+afraid to enter in spite of all his fine bold talk. He knew things he didn't dare put
+into that stupid Magnalia or that puerile Wonders of the Invisible World. Look
+here, do you know the whole North End once had a set of tunnels that kept
+certain people in touch with each other's houses, and the burying ground, and
+the sea? Let them prosecute and persecute above ground- things went on every
+day that they couldn't reach, and voices laughed at night that they couldn't
+place!
+
+'Why, man, out of ten surviving houses built before 1700 and not moved since I'll
+wager that in eight I can show you something queer in the cellar. There's hardly
+a month that you don't read of workmen finding bricked-up arches and wells
+leading nowhere in this or that old place as it comes down- you could see one
+near Henchman Street from the elevated last year. There were witches and what
+their spells summoned; pirates and what they brought in from the sea;
+smugglers; privateers- and I tell you, people knew how to live, and how to
+enlarge the bounds of life, in the old time! This wasn't the only world a bold and
+wise man could know- faugh! And to think of today in contrast, with such pale-
+pink brains that even a club of supposed artists gets shudders and convulsions if
+a picture goes beyond the feelings of a Beacon Street tea-table!
+
+'The only saving grace of the present is that it's too damned stupid to question
+the past very closely. What do maps and records and guide-books really tell of
+the North End? Bah! At a guess I'll guarantee to lead you to thirty or forty alleys
+and networks of alleys north of Prince Street that aren't suspected by ten living
+beings outside of the foreigners that swarm them. And what do those Dagoes
+know of their meaning? No, Thurber, these ancient places are dreaming
+gorgeously and over-flowing with wonder and terror and escapes from the
+commonplace, and yet there's not a living soul to understand or profit by them.
+Or rather, there's only one living soul- for I haven't been digging around in the
+past for nothing !
+
+'See here, you're interested in this sort of thing. What if I told you that I've got
+another studio up there, where I can catch the night-spirit of antique horror and
+paint things that I couldn't even think of in Newbury Street? Naturally I don't
+
+
+
+246
+
+
+
+tell those cursed old maids at the club - with Reid, damn him, whispering even
+as it is that I'm a sort of monster bound down the toboggan of reverse evolution.
+Yes, Thurber, I decided long ago that one must paint terror as well as beauty
+from life, so I did some exploring in places where I had reason to know terror
+lives.
+
+'I've got a place that I don't believe three living Nordic men besides myself have
+ever seen. It isn't so very far from the elevated as distance goes, but it's centuries
+away as the soul goes. I took it because of the queer old brick well in the cellar-
+one of the sort I told you about. The shack's almost tumbling down so that
+nobody else would live there, and I'd hate to tell you how little I pay for it. The
+windows are boarded up, but I like that all the better, since I don't want daylight
+for what I do. I paint in the cellar, where the inspiration is thickest, but I've other
+rooms furnished on the ground floor. A Sicilian owns it, and I've hired it under
+the name of Peters.
+
+'Now, if you're game, I'll take you there tonight. I think you'd enjoy the pictures,
+for, as I said, I've let myself go a bit there. It's no vast tour- I sometimes do it on
+foot, for I don't want to attract attention with a taxi in such a place. We can take
+the shuttle at the South Station for Battery Street, and after that the walk isn't
+much.'
+
+Well, Eliot, there wasn't much for me to do after that harangue but to keep
+myself from running instead of walking for the first vacant cab we could sight.
+We changed to the elevated at the South Station, and at about twelve o'clock had
+climbed down the steps at Battery Street and struck along the old waterfront past
+Constitution Wharf. I didn't keep track of the cross streets, and can't tell you yet
+which it was we turned up, but I know it wasn't Greenough Lane.
+
+When we did turn, it was to climb through the deserted length of the oldest and
+dirtiest alley I ever saw in my life, with crumbling-looking gables, broken small-
+paned windows, and archaic chimneys that stood out half-disintegrated against
+the moonlit sky. I don't believe there were three houses in sight that hadn't been
+standing in Cotton Mather's time- certainly I glimpsed at least two with an
+overhang, and once I thought I saw a peaked roof-line of the almost forgotten
+pre-gambrel type, though antiquarians tell us there are none left in Boston.
+
+From that alley, which had a dim light, we turned to the left into an equally silent
+and still narrower alley with no light at all: and in a minute made what I think
+was an obtuse-angled bend towards the right in the dark. Not long after this
+Pickman produced a flashlight and revealed an antediluvian ten-panelled door
+that looked damnably worm-eaten. Unlocking it, he ushered me into a barren
+hallway with what was once splendid dark-oak panelling- simple, of course, but
+
+
+
+247
+
+
+
+thrillingly suggestive of the times of Andros and Phipps and the Witchcraft.
+Then he took me through a door on the left, Hghted an oil lamp, and told me to
+make myself at home.
+
+Now, Eliot, I'm what the man in the street would call fairly 'hard-boiled,' but I'll
+confess that what I saw on the walls of that room gave me a bad turn. They were
+his pictures, you know - the ones he couldn't paint or even show in Newbury
+Street- and he was right when he said he had 'let himself go.' Here- have another
+drink- I need one anyhow!
+
+There's no use in my trying to tell you what they were like, because the awful,
+the blasphemous horror, and the unbelievable loathsomeness and moral foetor
+came from simple touches quite beyond the power of words to classify. There
+was none of the exotic technique you see in Sidney Sime, none of the trans-
+Saturnian landscapes and lunar fungi that Clark Ashton Smith uses to freeze the
+blood. The backgrounds were mostly old churchyards, deep woods, cliffs by the
+sea, brick tunnels, ancient panelled rooms, or simple vaults of masonry. Copp's
+Hill Burying Ground, which could not be many blocks away from this very
+house, was a favourite scene.
+
+The madness and monstrosity lay in the figures in the foreground- for Pickman's
+morbid art was pre-eminently one of demoniac portraiture. These figures were
+seldom completely human, but often approached humanity in varying degree.
+Most of the bodies, while roughly bipedal, had a forward slumping, and a
+vaguely canine cast. The texture of the majority was a kind of unpleasant
+rubberiness. Ugh! I can see them now! Their occupations - well, don't ask me to
+be too precise. They were usually feeding- I won't say on what. They were
+sometimes shown in groups in cemeteries or underground passages, and often
+appeared to be in battle over their prey- or rather, their treasure-trove. And what
+damnable expressiveness Pickman sometimes gave the sightless faces of this
+charnel booty! Occasionally the things were shown leaping through open
+windows at night, or squatting on the chests of sleepers, worrying at their
+throats. One canvas showed a ring of them baying about a hanged witch on
+Gallows Hill, whose dead face held a close kinship to theirs.
+
+But don't get the idea that it was all this hideous business of theme and setting
+which struck me faint. I'm not a three-year-old kid, and I'd seen much like this
+before. It was the faces, Eliot, those accursed faces, that leered and slavered out
+of the canvas with the very breath of life! By God, man, I verily believe they were
+alive! That nauseous wizard had waked the fires of hell in pigment, and his
+brush had been a nightmare-spawning wand. Give me that decanter, Eliot!
+
+
+
+248
+
+
+
+There was one thing called 'The Lesson'- Heaven pity me, that I ever saw it!
+Listen- can you fancy a squatting circle of nameless dog-like things in a
+churchyard teaching a small child how to feed like themselves? The price of a
+changeling, I suppose- you know the old myth about how the weird people leave
+their spawn in cradles in exchange for the human babes they steal. Pickman was
+showing what happens to those stolen babes- how they grow up- and then I
+began to see a hideous relationship in the faces of the human and non-human
+figures. He was, in all his gradations of morbidity between the frankly non-
+human and the degradedly human, establishing a sardonic linkage and
+evolution. The dog- things were developed from mortals!
+
+And no sooner had I wondered what he made of their own young as left with
+mankind in the form of changelings, than my eye caught a picture embodying
+that very thought. It was that of an ancient Puritan interior- a heavily beamed
+room with lattice windows, a settle, and clumsy seventeenth-century furniture,
+with the family sitting about while the father read from the Scriptures. Every face
+but one showed nobility and reverence, but that one reflected the mockery of the
+pit. It was that of a young man in years, and no doubt belonged to a supposed
+son of that pious father, but in essence it was the kin of the unclean things. It was
+their changeling- and in a spirit of supreme irony Pickman had given the features
+a very perceptible resemblance to his own.
+
+By this time Pickman had lighted a lamp in an adjoining room and was politely
+holding open the door for me; asking me if I would care to see his 'modern
+studies.' I hadn't been able to give him much of my opinions- I was too
+speechless with fright and loathing- but I think he fully understood and felt
+highly complimented. And now I want to assure you again, Eliot, that I'm no
+mollycoddle to scream at anything which shows a bit of departure from the
+usual. I'm middle-aged and decently sophisticated, and I guess you saw enough
+of me in France to know I'm not easily knocked out. Remember, too, that I'd just
+about recovered my wind and gotten used to those frightful pictures which
+turned colonial New England into a kind of annex of hell. Well, in spite of all
+this, that next room forced a real scream out of me, and I had to clutch at the
+doorway to keep from keeling over. The other chamber had shown a pack of
+ghouls and witches over-running the world of our forefathers, but this one
+brought the horror right into our own daily life!
+
+God, how that man could paint! There was a study called 'Subway Accident,' in
+which a flock of the vile things were clambering up from some unknown
+catacomb through a crack in the floor of the Boston Street subway and attacking
+a crowd of people on the platform. Another showed a dance on Copp's Hill
+among the tombs with the background of today. Then there were any number of
+cellar views, with monsters creeping in through holes and rifts in the masonry
+
+
+
+249
+
+
+
+and grinning as they squatted behind barrels or furnaces and waited for their
+first victim to descend the stairs.
+
+One disgusting canvas seemed to depict a vast cross-section of Beacon Hill, with
+ant-like armies of the mephitic monsters squeezing themselves through burrows
+that honeycombed the ground. Dances in the modern cemeteries were freely
+pictured, and another conception somehow shocked me more than all the rest- a
+scene in an unknown vault, where scores of the beasts crowded about one who
+had a well-known Boston guidebook and was evidently reading aloud. All were
+pointing to a certain passage, and every face seemed so distorted with epileptic
+and reverberant laughter that I almost thought I heard the fiendish echoes. The
+title of the picture was, 'Holmes, Lowell and Longfellow Lie Buried in Mount
+Auburn.'
+
+As I gradually steadied myself and got readjusted to this second room of deviltry
+and morbidity, I began to analyse some of the points in my sickening loathing. In
+the first place, I said to myself, these things repelled because of the utter
+inhumanity and callous crudity they showed in Pickman. The fellow must be a
+relentless enemy of all mankind to take such glee in the torture of brain and flesh
+and the degradation of the mortal tenement. In the second place, they terrified
+because of their very greatness. Their art was the art that convinced- when we
+saw the pictures we saw the demons themselves and were afraid of them. And
+the queer part was, that Pickman got none of his power from the use of
+selectiveness or bizarrerie. Nothing was blurred, distorted, or conventionalized;
+outlines were sharp and lifelike, and details were almost painfully defined. And
+the faces!
+
+It was not any mere artist's interpretation that we saw; it was pandemonium
+itself, crystal clear in stark objectivity. That was it, by Heaven! The man was not a
+fantaisiste or romanticist at all- he did not even try to give us the churning,
+prismatic ephemera of dreams, but coldly and sardonically reflected some stable,
+mechanistic, and well-established horror- world which he saw fully, brilliantly,
+squarely, and unfalteringly. God knows what that world can have been, or
+where he ever glimpsed the blasphemous shapes that loped and trotted and
+crawled through it; but whatever the baffling source of his images, one thing was
+plain. Pickman was in every sense- in conception and in execution- a thorough,
+painstaking, and almost scientific realist.
+
+My host was now leading the way down the cellar to his actual studio, and I
+braced myself for some hellish efforts among the unfinished canvases. As we
+reached the bottom of the damp stairs he fumed his flash-light to a corner of the
+large open space at hand, revealing the circular brick curb of what was evidently
+a great well in the earthen floor. We walked nearer, and I saw that it must be five
+
+
+
+250
+
+
+
+feet across, with walls a good foot thick and some six inches above the ground
+level- solid work of the seventeenth century, or I was much mistaken. That,
+Pickman said, was the kind of thing he had been talking about- an aperture of
+the network of tunnels that used to undermine the hill. I noticed idly that it did
+not seem to be bricked up, and that a heavy disc of wood formed the apparent
+cover. Thinking of the things this well must have been connected with if
+Pickman's wild hints had not been mere rhetoric, I shivered slightly; then turned
+to follow him up a step and through a narrow door into a room of fair size,
+provided with a wooden floor and furnished as a studio. An acetylene gas outfit
+gave the light necessary for work.
+
+The unfinished pictures on easels or propped against the walls were as ghastly as
+the finished ones upstairs, and showed the painstaking methods of the artist.
+Scenes were blocked out with extreme care, and pencilled guide lines told of the
+minute exactitude which Pickman used in getting the right perspective and
+proportions. The man was great- I say it even now, knowing as much as I do. A
+large camera on a table excited my notice, and Pickman told me that he used it in
+taking scenes for backgrounds, so that he might paint them from photographs in
+the studio instead of carting his oufit around the town for this or that view. He
+thought a photograph quite as good as an actual scene or model for sustained
+work, and declared he employed them regularly.
+
+There was something very disturbing about the nauseous sketches and half-
+finished monstrosities that leered round from every side of the room, and when
+Pickman suddenly unveiled a huge canvas on the side away from the light I
+could not for my life keep back a loud scream- the second I had emitted that
+night. It echoed and echoed through the dim vaultings of that ancient and
+nitrous cellar, and I had to choke back a flood of reaction that threatened to burst
+out as hysterical laughter. Merciful Creator! Eliot, but I don't know how much
+was real and how much was feverish fancy. It doesn't seem to me that earth can
+hold a dream like that!
+
+It was a colossal and nameless blasphemy with glaring red eyes, and it held in
+bony claws a thing that had been a man, gnawing at the head as a child nibbles at
+a stick of candy. Its position was a kind of crouch, and as one looked one felt that
+at any moment it might drop its present prey and seek a juicier morsel. But damn
+it all, it wasn't even the fiendish subject that made it such an immortal fountain-
+head of all panic- not that, nor the dog face with its pointed ears, bloodshot eyes,
+flat nose, and drooling lips. It wasn't the scaly claws nor the mould-caked body
+nor the half-hooved feet- none of these, though any one of them might well have
+driven an excitable man to madness.
+
+
+
+251
+
+
+
+It was the technique, Ehot- the cursed, the impious, the unnatural technique! As I
+am a Hving being, I never elsewhere saw the actual breath of life so fused into a
+canvas. The monster was there- it glared and gnawed and gnawed and glared-
+and I knew that only a suspension of Nature's laws could ever let a man paint a
+thing like that without a model- without some glimpse of the nether world which
+no mortal unsold to the Fiend has ever had.
+
+Pinned with a thumb-tack to a vacant part of the canvas was a piece of paper
+now badly curled up- probably, I thought, a photograph from which Pickman
+meant to paint a background as hideous as the nightmare it was to enhance. I
+reached out to uncurl and look at it, when suddenly I saw Pickman start as if
+shot. He had been listening with peculiar intensity ever since my shocked scream
+had waked unaccustomed echoes in the dark cellar, and now he seemed struck
+with a fright which, though not comparable to my own, had in it more of the
+physical than of the spiritual. He drew a revolver and motioned me to silence,
+then stepped out into the main cellar and closed the door behind him.
+
+I think I was paralysed for an instant. Imitating Pickman's listening, I fancied I
+heard a faint scurrying sound somewhere, and a series of squeals or beats in a
+direction I couldn't determine. I thought of huge rats and shuddered. Then there
+came a subdued sort of clatter which somehow set me all in gooseflesh- a furtive,
+groping kind of clatter, though I can't attempt to convey what I mean in words. It
+was like heavy wood falling on stone or brick- wood on brick- what did that
+make me think of?
+
+It came again, and louder. There was a vibration as if the wood had fallen farther
+than it had fallen before. After that followed a sharp grating noise, a shouted
+gibberish from Pickman, and the deafening discharge of all six chambers of a
+revolver, fired spectacularly as a lion tamer might fire in the air for effect. A
+muffled squeal or squawk, and a thud. Then more wood and brick grating, a
+pause, and the opening of the door- at which I'll confess I started violently.
+Pickman reappeared with his smoking weapon, cursing the bloated rats that
+infested the ancient well.
+
+'The deuce knows what they eat, Thurber,' he grinned, 'for those archaic tunnels
+touched graveyard and witch-den and sea-coast. But whatever it is, they must
+have run short, for they were devilish anxious to get out. Your yelling stirred
+them up, I fancy. Better be cautious in these old places- our rodent friends are the
+one drawback, though I sometimes think they're a positive asset by way of
+atmosphere and colour.'
+
+Well, Eliot, that was the end of the night's adventure. Pickman had promised to
+show me the place, and Heaven knows he had done it. He led me out of that
+
+
+
+252
+
+
+
+tangle of alleys in another direction, it seems, for when we sighted a lamp-post
+we were in a half-familiar street with monotonous rows of mingled tenement
+blocks and old houses. Charter Street, it turned out to be, but I was too flustered
+to notice just where we hit it. We were too late for the elevated, and walked back
+downtown through Hanover Street. I remember that wall. We switched from
+Tremont up Beacon, and Pickman left me at the corner of Joy, where I turned off.
+I never spoke to him again.
+
+Why did I drop him? Don't be impatient. Wait till I ring for coffee. We've had
+enough of the other stuff, but I for one need something. No -it wasn't the
+paintings I saw in that place; though I'll swear they were enough to get him
+ostracised in nine-tenths of the homes and clubs of Boston, and I guess you won't
+wonder now why I have to steer clear of subways and cellars. It was- something I
+found in my coat the next morning. You know, the curled-up paper tacked to the
+frightful canvas in the cellar; the thing I thought was a photograph of some scene
+he meant to use as a background for that monster. That last scare had come while
+I was reaching to uncurl it, and it seems I had vacantly crumpled it into my
+pocket. But here's the coffee- take it black, Eliot, if you're wise.
+
+Yes, that paper was the reason I dropped Pickman; Richard Upton Pickman, the
+greatest artist I have ever known- and the foulest being that ever leaped the
+bounds of life into the pits of myth and madness. Eliot- old Reid was right. He
+wasn't strictly human. Either he was born in strange shadow, or he'd found a
+way to unlock the forbidden gate. It's all the same now, for he's gone- back into
+the fabulous darkness he loved to haunt. Here, let's have the chandelier going.
+
+Don't ask me to explain or even conjecture about what I burned. Don't ask me,
+either, what lay behind that mole-like scrambling Pickman was so keen to pass
+off as rats. There are secrets, you know, which might have come down from old
+Salem times, and Cotton Mather tells even stranger things. You know how
+damned lifelike Pickman's paintings were- how we all wondered where he got
+those faces.
+
+Well - that paper wasn't a photograph of any background, after all. What it
+showed was simply the monstrous being he was painting on that awful canvas.
+It was the model he was using- and its background was merely the wall of the
+cellar studio in minute detail. But by God, Eliot, it was a photograph from life!
+
+
+
+253
+
+
+
+Polaris
+
+
+
+Written in 1918
+
+Published December in 1920 in The Philosopher
+
+Into the North Window of my chamber glows the Pole Star with uncanny light.
+All through the long hellish hours of blackness it shines there. And in the
+autumn of the year, when the winds from the north curse and whine, and the
+red-leaved trees of the swamp mutter things to one another in the small hours of
+the morning under the horned waning moon, I sit by the casement and watch
+that star. Down from the heights reels the glittering Cassiopeia as the hours wear
+on, while Charles' Wain lumbers up from behind the vapour-soaked swamp
+trees that sway in the night wind. Just before dawn Arcturus winks ruddily from
+above the cemetary on the low hillock, and Coma Berenices shimmers weirdly
+afar off in the mysterious east; but still the Pole Star leers down from the same
+place in the black vault, winking hideously like an insane watching eye which
+strives to convey some strange message, yet recalls nothing save that it once had
+a message to convey. Sometimes, when it is cloudy, I can sleep.
+Well do I remember the night of the great Aurora, when over the swamp played
+the shocking corruscations of the demon light. After the beam came clouds, and
+then I slept.
+
+And it was under a horned waning moon that I saw the city for the first time.
+Still and somnolent did it lie, on a strange plateau in a hollow between strange
+peaks. Of ghastly marble were its walls and its towers, its columns, domes, and
+pavements. In the marble streets were marble pillars, the upper parts of which
+were carven into the images of grave bearded men. The air was warm and stirred
+not. And overhead, scarce ten degrees from the zenith, glowed that watching
+Pole Star. Long did I gaze on the city, but the day came not. When the red
+Aldebaran, which blinked low in the sky but never set, had crawled a quarter of
+the way around the horizon, I saw light and motion in the houses and the streets.
+Forms strangely robed, but at once noble and familiar, walked abroad and under
+the horned waning moon men talked wisdom in a tongue which I understood,
+though it was unlike any language which I had ever known. And when the red
+Aldebaran had crawled more than half-way around the horizon, there were
+again darkness and silence.
+
+When I awaked, I was not as I had been. Upon my memory was graven the
+vision of the city, and within my soul had arisen another and vaguer recollection,
+of whose nature I was not then certain. Thereafter, on the cloudy nights when I
+could not sleep, I saw the city often; sometimes under the hot, yellow rays of a
+
+
+
+254
+
+
+
+sun which did not set, but which wheeled low in the horizon. And on the clear
+nights the Pole Star leered as never before.
+
+Gradually I came to wonder what might be my place in that city on the strange
+plateau betwixt strange peaks. At first content to view the scene as an all-
+observant uncorporeal presence, I now desired to define my relation to it, and to
+speak my mind amongst the grave men who conversed each day in the public
+squares. I said to myself, "This is no dream, for by what means can I prove the
+greater reality of that other life in the house of stone and brick south of the
+sinister swamp and the cemetery on the low hillock, where the Pole Star peeps
+into my north window each night?"
+
+One night as I listened to the discourses in the large square containing many
+statues, I felt a change; and perceived that I had at last a bodily form. Nor was I a
+stranger in the streets of Olathoe, which lies on the plateau of Sarkia, betwixt the
+peaks of Noton and Kadiphonek. It was my friend Alos who spoke, and his
+speech was one that pleased my soul, for it was the speech of a true man and
+patriot. That night had the news come of Daikos' fall, and of the advance of the
+Inutos; squat, hellish yellow fiends who five years ago had appeared out of the
+unknown west to ravage the confines of our kingdom, and to besiege many of
+our towns. Having taken the fortified places at the foot of the mountains, their
+way now lay open to the plateau, unless every citizen could resist with the
+strength of ten men. For the squat creatures were mighty in the arts of war, and
+knew not the scruples of honour which held back our tall, grey-eyed men of
+Lomar from ruthless conquest.
+
+Alos, my friend, was commander of all the forces on the plateau, and in him lay
+the last hope of our country. On this occasion he spoke of the perils to be faced
+and exhorted the men of Olathoe, bravest of the Lomarians, to sustain the
+traditions of their ancestors, who when forced to move southward from Zobna
+before the advance of the great ice sheet (even as our descendents must some day
+flee from the land of Lomar) valiently and victoriously swept aside the hairly,
+long-armed, cannibal Gnophkehs that stood in their way. To me Alos denied the
+warriors part, for I was feeble and given to strange faintings when subjected to
+stress and hardships. But my eyes were the keenest in the city, despite the long
+hours I gave each day to the study of the Pnakotic manuscripts and the wisdom
+of the Zobnarian Fathers; so my friend, desiring not to doom me to inaction,
+rewarded me with that duty which was second to nothing in importance. To the
+watchtower of Thapnen he sent me, there to serve as the eyes of our army.
+Should the Inutos attempt to gain the citadel by the narrow pass behind the peak
+Noton and thereby surprise the garrison, I was to give the signal of fire which
+would warn the waiting soldiers and save the town from immediate disaster.
+
+
+
+255
+
+
+
+Alone I mounted the tower, for every man of stout body was needed in the
+passes below. My brain was sore dazed with excitement and fatigue, for I had
+not slept in many days; yet was my purpose firm, for I loved my native land of
+Lomar, and the marble city Olathoe that lies betwixt the peaks Noton and
+Kadiphonek.
+
+But as I stood in the tower's topmost chamber, I beheld the horned waning
+moon, red and sinister, quivering through the vapours that hovered over the
+distant valley of Banof. And through an opening in the roof glittered the pale
+Pole Star, fluttering as if alive, and leering like a fiend and tempter. Methought
+its spirit whispered evil counsel, soothing me to traitorous somnolence with a
+damnable rhythmical promise which it repeated over and over:
+
+
+
+Slumber,
+
+
+watcher.
+
+
+
+
+till
+
+
+
+
+
+
+the
+
+
+
+
+spheres.
+
+
+Six
+Have
+
+
+and
+
+revolv'd.
+
+
+twenty
+
+and
+
+
+
+
+thousand
+I
+
+
+
+
+years
+return
+
+
+To
+
+
+the spot
+
+
+
+
+where
+
+
+
+
+now
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+burn.
+
+
+Other
+
+
+stars
+
+
+
+
+anon
+
+
+
+
+
+
+shall
+
+
+
+
+rise
+
+
+To
+
+
+the axis
+
+
+
+
+of
+
+
+
+
+the
+
+
+
+
+skies;
+
+
+Stars
+
+
+that soothe
+
+
+
+
+and
+
+
+
+
+stars
+
+
+
+
+that
+
+
+bless
+
+
+With
+
+
+a
+
+
+
+
+sweet
+
+
+
+
+
+
+for
+
+
+getfulness:
+
+
+Only
+
+
+when
+
+
+my
+
+
+
+
+round
+
+
+
+
+is
+
+
+o'er
+
+
+
+Shall the past disturb thy door.
+
+Vainly did I struggle with my drowsiness, seeking to connect these strange
+words with some lore of the skies which I had learnt from the Pnakotic
+manuscripts. My head, heavy and reeling, drooped to my breast, and when next
+I looked up it was in a dream, with the Pole Star grinning at me through a
+window from over the horrible and swaying trees of a dream swamp. And I am
+still dreaming.
+
+In my shame and despair I sometimes scream frantically, begging the dream-
+creatures around me to waken me ere the Inutos steal up the pass behind the
+peak Noton and take the citadel by surprise; but these creatures are demons, for
+they laugh at me and tell me I am not dreaming. They mock me whilst I sleep,
+and whilst the squat yellow foe may be creeping silently upon us. I have failed in
+my duties and betrayed the marble city of Olathoe; I have proven false to Alos,
+my friend and commander. But still these shadows of my dreams deride me.
+They say there is no land of Lomar, save in my nocturnal imaginings; that in
+these realms where the Pole Star shines high, and red Aldebaran crawls low
+around the horizon, there has been naught save ice and snow for thousands of
+years of years, and never a man save squat, yellow creatures, blighted by the
+cold, called "Esquimaux."
+
+
+
+256
+
+
+
+And as I writhe in my guilty agony, frantic to save the city whose peril every
+moment grows, and vainly striving to shake off this unnatural dream of a house
+of stone and brick south of a sinister swamp and a cemetery on a low hillock, the
+Pole Star, evil and monstrous, leers down from the black vault, winking
+hideously like an insane watching eye which strives to convey some message, yet
+recalls nothing save that it once had a message to convey.
+
+
+
+257
+
+
+
+The Alchemist
+
+Written in 1908
+
+Published November 1916 in The United Amateur
+
+High up, crowning the grassy summit of a swelHng mount whose sides are
+wooded near the base with the gnarled trees of the primeval forest stands the old
+chateau of my ancestors. For centuries its lofty battlements have frowned down
+upon the wild and rugged countryside about, serving as a home and stronghold
+for the proud house whose honored line is older even than the moss-grown
+castle walls. These ancient turrets, stained by the storms of generations and
+crumbling under the slow yet mighty pressure of time, formed in the ages of
+feudalism one of the most dreaded and formidable fortresses in all France. From
+its machicolated parapets and mounted battlements Barons, Counts, and even
+Kings had been defied, yet never had its spacious halls resounded to the
+footsteps of the invader.
+
+But since those glorious years, all is changed. A poverty but little above the level
+of dire want, together with a pride of name that forbids its alleviation by the
+pursuits of commercial life, have prevented the scions of our line from
+maintaining their estates in pristine splendour; and the falling stones of the
+walls, the overgrown vegetation in the parks, the dry and dusty moat, the ill-
+paved courtyards, and toppling towers without, as well as the sagging floors, the
+worm-eaten wainscots, and the faded tapestries within, all tell a gloomy tale of
+fallen grandeur. As the ages passed, first one, then another of the four great
+turrets were left to ruin, until at last but a single tower housed the sadly reduced
+descendants of the once mighty lords of the estate.
+
+It was in one of the vast and gloomy chambers of this remaining tower that I,
+Antoine, last of the unhappy and accursed Counts de C-, first saw the light of
+day, ninety long years ago. Within these walls and amongst the dark and
+shadowy forests, the wild ravines and grottos of the hillside below, were spent
+the first years of my troubled life. My parents I never knew. My father had been
+killed at the age of thirty-two, a month before I was born, by the fall of a stone
+somehow dislodged from one of the deserted parapets of the castle. And my
+mother having died at my birth, my care and education devolved solely upon
+one remaining servitor, an old and trusted man of considerable intelligence,
+whose name I remember as Pierre. I was an only child and the lack of
+companionship which this fact entailed upon me was augmented by the strange
+care exercised by my aged guardian, in excluding me from the society of the
+peasant children whose abodes were scattered here and there upon the plains
+
+
+
+258
+
+
+
+that surround the base of the hill. At that time, Pierre said that this restriction
+was imposed upon me because my noble birth placed me above association with
+such plebeian company. Now I know that its real object was to keep from my
+ears the idle tales of the dread curse upon our line that were nightly told and
+magnified by the simple tenantry as they conversed in hushed accents in the
+glow of their cottage hearths.
+
+Thus isolated, and thrown upon my own resources, I spent the hours of my
+childhood in poring over the ancient tomes that filled the shadow haunted
+library of the chateau, and in roaming without aim or purpose through the
+perpetual dust of the spectral wood that clothes the side of the hill near its foot. It
+was perhaps an effect of such surroundings that my mind early acquired a shade
+of melancholy. Those studies and pursuits which partake of the dark and occult
+in nature most strongly claimed my attention.
+
+Of my own race I was permitted to learn singularly little, yet what small
+knowledge of it I was able to gain seemed to depress me much. Perhaps it was at
+first only the manifest reluctance of my old preceptor to discuss with me my
+paternal ancestry that gave rise to the terror which I ever felt at the mention of
+my great house, yet as I grew out of childhood, I was able to piece together
+disconnected fragments of discourse, let slip from the unwilling tongue which
+had begun to falter in approaching senility, that had a sort of relation to a certain
+circumstance which I had always deemed strange, but which now became dimly
+terrible. The circumstance to which I allude is the early age at which all the
+Counts of my line had met their end. Whilst I had hitherto considered this but a
+natural attribute of a family of short-lived men, I afterward pondered long upon
+these premature deaths, and began to connect them with the wanderings of the
+old man, who often spoke of a curse which for centuries had prevented the lives
+of the holders of my title from much exceeding the span of thirty-two years.
+Upon my twenty-first birthday, the aged Pierre gave to me a family document
+which he said had for many generations been handed down from father to son,
+and continued by each possessor. Its contents were of the most startling nature,
+and its perusal confirmed the gravest of my apprehensions. At this time, my
+belief in the supernatural was firm and deep-seated, else I should have dismissed
+with scorn the incredible narrative unfolded before my eyes.
+
+The paper carried me back to the days of the thirteenth century, when the old
+castle in which I sat had been a feared and impregnable fortress. It told of a
+certain ancient man who had once dwelled on our estates, a person of no small
+accomplishments, though little above the rank of peasant, by name, Michel,
+usually designated by the surname of Mauvais, the Evil, on account of his
+sinister reputation. He had studied beyond the custom of his kind, seeking such
+things as the Philosopher's Stone or the Elixir of Eternal Life, and was reputed
+
+
+
+259
+
+
+
+wise in the terrible secrets of Black Magic and Alchemy. Michel Mauvais had one
+son, named Charles, a youth as proficient as himself in the hidden arts, who had
+therefore been called Le Sorcier, or the Wizard. This pair, shunned by all honest
+folk, were suspected of the most hideous practices. Old Michel was said to have
+burnt his wife alive as a sacrifice to the Devil, and the unaccountable
+disappearance of many small peasant children was laid at the dreaded door of
+these two. Yet through the dark natures of the father and son ran one redeeming
+ray of humanity; the evil old man loved his offspring with fierce intensity, whilst
+the youth had for his parent a more than filial affection.
+
+One night the castle on the hill was thrown into the wildest confusion by the
+vanishment of young Godfrey, son to Henri, the Count. A searching party,
+headed by the frantic father, invaded the cottage of the sorcerers and there came
+upon old Michel Mauvais, busy over a huge and violently boiling cauldron.
+Without certain cause, in the ungoverned madness of fury and despair, the
+Count laid hands on the aged wizard, and ere he released his murderous hold,
+his victim was no more. Meanwhile, joyful servants were proclaiming the finding
+of young Godfrey in a distant and unused chamber of the great edifice, telling
+too late that poor Michel had been killed in vain. As the Count and his associates
+turned away from the lowly abode of the alchemist, the form of Charles Le
+Sorcier appeared through the trees. The excited chatter of the menials standing
+about told him what had occurred, yet he seemed at first unmoved at his father's
+fate. Then, slowly advancing to meet the Count, he pronounced in dull yet
+terrible accents the curse that ever afterward haunted the house of C-.
+
+'May ne'er a noble of thy murd'rous line
+
+Survive to reach a greater age than thine!'
+
+spake he, when, suddenly leaping backwards into the black woods, he drew
+from his tunic a phial of colourless liquid which he threw into the face of his
+father's slayer as he disappeared behind the inky curtain of the night. The Count
+died without utterance, and was buried the next day, but little more than two
+and thirty years from the hour of his birth. No trace of the assassin could be
+found, though relentless bands of peasants scoured the neighboring woods and
+the meadowland around the hill.
+
+Thus time and the want of a reminder dulled the memory of the curse in the
+minds of the late Count's family, so that when Godfrey, innocent cause of the
+whole tragedy and now bearing the title, was killed by an arrow whilst hunting
+at the age of thirty-two, there were no thoughts save those of grief at his demise.
+But when, years afterward, the next young Count, Robert by name, was found
+dead in a nearby field of no apparent cause, the peasants told in whispers that
+their seigneur had but lately passed his thirty-second birthday when surprised
+
+
+
+260
+
+
+
+by early death. Louis, son to Robert, was found drowned in the moat at the same
+fateful age, and thus down through the centuries ran the ominous chronicle:
+Henris, Roberts, Antoines, and Armands snatched from happy and virtuous lives
+when little below the age of their unfortunate ancestor at his murder.
+
+That I had left at most but eleven years of further existence was made certain to
+me by the words which I had read. My life, previously held at small value, now
+became dearer to me each day, as I delved deeper and deeper into the mysteries
+of the hidden world of black magic. Isolated as I was, modern science had
+produced no impression upon me, and I laboured as in the Middle Ages, as
+wrapt as had been old Michel and young Charles themselves in the acquisition of
+demonological and alchemical learning. Yet read as I might, in no manner could I
+account for the strange curse upon my line. In unusually rational moments I
+would even go so far as to seek a natural explanation, attributing the early deaths
+of my ancestors to the sinister Charles Le Sorcier and his heirs; yet, having found
+upon careful inquiry that there were no known descendants of the alchemist, I
+would fall back to occult studies, and once more endeavor to find a spell, that
+would release my house from its terrible burden. Upon one thing I was
+absolutely resolved. I should never wed, for, since no other branch of my family
+was in existence, I might thus end the curse with myself.
+
+As I drew near the age of thirty, old Pierre was called to the land beyond. Alone I
+buried him beneath the stones of the courtyard about which he had loved to
+wander in life. Thus was I left to ponder on myself as the only human creature
+within the great fortress, and in my utter solitude my mind began to cease its
+vain protest against the impending doom, to become almost reconciled to the fate
+which so many of my ancestors had met. Much of my time was now occupied in
+the exploration of the ruined and abandoned halls and towers of the old chateau,
+which in youth fear had caused me to shun, and some of which old Pierre had
+once told me had not been trodden by human foot for over four centuries.
+Strange and awesome were many of the objects I encountered. Furniture,
+covered by the dust of ages and crumbling with the rot of long dampness, met
+my eyes. Cobwebs in a profusion never before seen by me were spun
+everywhere, and huge bats flapped their bony and uncanny wings on all sides of
+the otherwise untenanted gloom.
+
+Of my exact age, even down to days and hours, I kept a most careful record, for
+each movement of the pendulum of the massive clock in the library told off so
+much of my doomed existence. At length I approached that time which I had so
+long viewed with apprehension. Since most of my ancestors had been seized
+some little while before they reached the exact age of Count Henri at his end, I
+was every moment on the watch for the coming of the unknown death. In what
+strange form the curse should overtake me, I knew not; but I was resolved at
+
+
+
+261
+
+
+
+least that it should not find me a cowardly or a passive victim. With new vigour I
+applied myself to my examination of the old chateau and its contents.
+
+It was upon one of the longest of all my excursions of discovery in the deserted
+portion of the castle, less than a week before that fatal hour which I felt must
+mark the utmost limit of my stay on earth, beyond which I could have not even
+the slightest hope of continuing to draw breath that I came upon the culminating
+event of my whole life. I had spent the better part of the morning in climbing up
+and down half ruined staircases in one of the most dilapidated of the ancient
+turrets. As the afternoon progressed, I sought the lower levels, descending into
+what appeared to be either a mediaeval place of confinement, or a more recently
+excavated storehouse for gunpowder. As I slowly traversed the nitre-encrusted
+passageway at the foot of the last staircase, the paving became very damp, and
+soon I saw by the light of my flickering torch that a blank, water-stained wall
+impeded my journey. Turning to retrace my steps, my eye fell upon a small
+trapdoor with a ring, which lay directly beneath my foot. Pausing, I succeeded
+with difficulty in raising it, whereupon there was revealed a black aperture,
+exhaling noxious fumes which caused my torch to sputter, and disclosing in the
+unsteady glare the top of a flight of stone steps.
+
+As soon as the torch which I lowered into the repellent depths burned freely and
+steadily, I commenced my descent. The steps were many, and led to a narrow
+stone-flagged passage which I knew must be far underground. This passage
+proved of great length, and terminated in a massive oaken door, dripping with
+the moisture of the place, and stoutly resisting all my attempts to open it.
+Ceasing after a time my efforts in this direction, I had proceeded back some
+distance toward the steps when there suddenly fell to my experience one of the
+most profound and maddening shocks capable of reception by the human mind.
+Without warning, I heard the heavy door behind me creak slowly open upon its
+rusted hinges. My immediate sensations were incapable of analysis. To be
+confronted in a place as thoroughly deserted as I had deemed the old castle with
+evidence of the presence of man or spirit produced in my brain a horror of the
+most acute description. When at last I turned and faced the seat of the sound, my
+eyes must have started from their orbits at the sight that they beheld.
+
+There in the ancient Gothic doorway stood a human figure. It was that of a man
+clad in a skull-cap and long mediaeval tunic of dark colour. His long hair and
+flowing beard were of a terrible and intense black hue, and of incredible
+profusion. His forehead, high beyond the usual dimensions; his cheeks, deep-
+sunken and heavily lined with wrinkles; and his hands, long, claw-like, and
+gnarled, were of such a deadly marble-like whiteness as I have never elsewhere
+seen in man. His figure, lean to the proportions of a skeleton, was strangely bent
+and almost lost within the voluminous folds of his peculiar garment. But
+
+
+
+262
+
+
+
+strangest of all were his eyes, twin caves of abysmal blackness, profound in
+expression of understanding, yet inhuman in degree of wickedness. These were
+now fixed upon me, piercing my soul with their hatred, and rooting me to the
+spot whereon I stood.
+
+At last the figure spoke in a rumbling voice that chilled me through with its dull
+hoUowness and latent malevolence. The language in which the discourse was
+clothed was that debased form of Latin in use amongst the more learned men of
+the Middle Ages, and made familiar to me by my prolonged researches into the
+works of the old alchemists and demonologists. The apparition spoke of the
+curse which had hovered over my house, told me of my coming end, dwelt on
+the wrong perpetrated by my ancestor against old Michel Mauvais, and gloated
+over the revenge of Charles Le Sorcier. He told how young Charles has escaped
+into the night, returning in after years to kill Godfrey the heir with an arrow just
+as he approached the age which had been his father's at his assassination; how
+he had secretly returned to the estate and established himself, unknown, in the
+even then deserted subterranean chamber whose doorway now framed the
+hideous narrator, how he had seized Robert, son of Godfrey, in a field, forced
+poison down his throat, and left him to die at the age of thirty-two, thus
+maintaing the foul provisions of his vengeful curse. At this point I was left to
+imagine the solution of the greatest mystery of all, how the curse had been
+fulfilled since that time when Charles Le Sorcier must in the course of nature
+have died, for the man digressed into an account of the deep alchemical studies
+of the two wizards, father and son, speaking most particularly of the researches
+of Charles Le Sorcier concerning the elixir which should grant to him who
+partook of it eternal life and youth.
+
+His enthusiasm had seemed for the moment to remove from his terrible eyes the
+black malevolence that had first so haunted me, but suddenly the fiendish glare
+returned and, with a shocking sound like the hissing of a serpent, the stranger
+raised a glass phial with the evident intent of ending my life as had Charles Le
+Sorcier, six hundred years before, ended that of my ancestor. Prompted by some
+preserving instinct of self-defense, I broke through the spell that had hitherto
+held me immovable, and flung my now dying torch at the creature who menaced
+my existence. I heard the phial break harmlessly against the stones of the passage
+as the tunic of the strange man caught fire and lit the horrid scene with a ghastly
+radiance. The shriek of fright and impotent malice emitted by the would-be
+assassin proved too much for my already shaken nerves, and I fell prone upon
+the slimy floor in a total faint.
+
+When at last my senses returned, all was frightfully dark, and my mind,
+remembering what had occurred, shrank from the idea of beholding any more;
+yet curiosity over-mastered all. Who, I asked myself, was this man of evil, and
+
+
+
+263
+
+
+
+how came he within the castle walls? Why should he seek to avenge the death of
+Michel Mauvais, and how bad the curse been carried on through all the long
+centuries since the time of Charles Le Sorcier? The dread of years was lifted from
+my shoulder, for I knew that he whom I had felled was the source of all my
+danger from the curse; and now that I was free, I burned with the desire to learn
+more of the sinister thing which had haunted my line for centuries, and made of
+my own youth one long-continued nightmare. Determined upon further
+exploration, I felt in my pockets for flint and steel, and lit the unused torch which
+I had with me.
+
+First of all, new light revealed the distorted and blackened form of the
+mysterious stranger. The hideous eyes were now closed. Disliking the sight, I
+turned away and entered the chamber beyond the Gothic door. Here I found
+what seemed much like an alchemist's laboratory. In one corner was an immense
+pile of shining yellow metal that sparkled gorgeously in the light of the torch. It
+may have been gold, but I did not pause to examine it, for I was strangely
+affected by that which I had undergone. At the farther end of the apartment was
+an opening leading out into one of the many wild ravines of the dark hillside
+forest. Filled with wonder, yet now realizing how the man had obtained access to
+the chauteau, I proceeded to return. I had intended to pass by the remains of the
+stranger with averted face but, as I approached the body, I seemed to hear
+emanating from it a faint sound, as though life were not yet wholly extinct.
+Aghast, I turned to examine the charred and shrivelled figure on the floor.
+
+Then all at once the horrible eyes, blacker even than the seared face in which they
+were set, opened wide with an expression which I was unable to interpret. The
+cracked lips tried to frame words which I could not well understand. Once I
+caught the name of Charles Le Sorcier, and again I fancied that the words 'years'
+and 'curse' issued from the twisted mouth. Still I was at a loss to gather the
+purport of his disconnnected speech. At my evident ignorance of his meaning,
+the pitchy eyes once more flashed malevolently at me, until, helpless as I saw my
+opponent to be, I trembled as I watched him.
+
+Suddenly the wretch, animated with his last burst of strength, raised his piteous
+head from the damp and sunken pavement. Then, as I remained, paralyzed with
+fear, he found his voice and in his dying breath screamed forth those words
+which have ever afterward haunted my days and nights. 'Fool!' he shrieked,
+'Can you not guess my secret? Have you no brain whereby you may recognize
+the will which has through six long centuries fulfilled the dreadful curse upon
+the house? Have I not told you of the great elixir of eternal life? Know you not
+how the secret of Alchemy was solved? I tell you, it is I! I! I! that have lived for
+six hundred years to maintain my revenge, for I am Charles Le Sorcier!'
+
+
+
+264
+
+
+
+The Beast in the Cave
+
+Written on April 21, 1905
+
+Published in June 1918 in The Vagrant
+
+The horrible conclusion which had been gradually intruding itself upon my
+confused and reluctant mind was now an awful certainty. I was lost, completely,
+hopelessly lost in the vast and labyrinthine recess of the Mammoth Cave. Turn as
+I might, in no direction could my straining vision seize on any object capable of
+serving as a guidepost to set me on the outward path. That nevermore should I
+behold the blessed light of day, or scan the pleasant bills and dales of the
+beautiful world outside, my reason could no longer entertain the slightest
+unbelief. Hope had departed. Yet, indoctrinated as I was by a life of
+philosophical study, I derived no small measure of satisfaction from my
+unimpassioned demeanour; for although I had frequently read of the wild
+frenzies into which were thrown the victims of similar situations, I experienced
+none of these, but stood quiet as soon as I clearly realised the loss of my bearings.
+
+Nor did the thought that I had probably wandered beyond the utmost limits of
+an ordinary search cause me to abandon my composure even for a moment. If I
+must die, I reflected, then was this terrible yet majestic cavern as welcome a
+sepulchre as that which any churchyard might afford, a conception which carried
+with it more of tranquillity than of despair.
+
+Starving would prove my ultimate fate; of this I was certain. Some, I knew, had
+gone mad under circumstances such as these, but I felt that this end would not be
+mine. My disaster was the result of no fault save my own, since unknown to the
+guide I had separated myself from the regular party of sightseers; and,
+wandering for over an hour in forbidden avenues of the cave, had found myself
+unable to retrace the devious windings which I had pursued since forsaking my
+companions.
+
+Already my torch had begun to expire; soon I would be enveloped by the total
+and almost palpable blackness of the bowels of the earth. As I stood in the
+waning, unsteady light, I idly wondered over the exact circumstances of my
+coming end. I remembered the accounts which I had heard of the colony of
+consumptives, who, taking their residence in this gigantic grotto to find health
+from the apparently salubrious air of the underground world, with its steady,
+uniform temperature, pure air, and peaceful quiet, had found, instead, death in
+strange and ghastly form. I had seen the sad remains of their ill-made cottages as
+I passed them by with the party, and had wondered what unnatural influence a
+
+
+
+265
+
+
+
+long sojourn in this immense and silent cavern would exert upon one as healthy
+and vigorous as I. Now, I grimly told myself, my opportunity for settling this
+point had arrived, provided that want of food should not bring me too speedy a
+departure from this life.
+
+As the last fitful rays of my torch faded into obscurity, I resolved to leave no
+stone unturned, no possible means of escape neglected; so, summoning all the
+powers possessed by my lungs, I set up a series of loud shoutings, in the vain
+hope of attracting the attention of the guide by my clamour. Yet, as I called, I
+believed in my heart that my cries were to no purpose, and that my voice,
+magnified and reflected by the numberless ramparts of the black maze about me,
+fell upon no ears save my own.
+
+All at once, however, my attention was fixed with a start as I fancied that I heard
+the sound of soft approaching steps on the rocky floor of the cavern.
+
+Was my deliverance about to be accomplished so soon? Had, then, all my
+horrible apprehensions been for naught, and was the guide, having marked my
+unwarranted absence from the party, following my course and seeking me out in
+this limestone labyrinth? Whilst these joyful queries arose in my brain, I was on
+the point of renewing my cries, in order that my discovery might come the
+sooner, when in an instant my delight was turned to horror as I listened; for my
+ever acute ear, now sharpened in even greater degree by the complete silence of
+the cave, bore to my benumbed understanding the unexpected and dreadful
+knowledge that these footfalls were not like those of any mortal man. In the
+unearthly stillness of this subterranean region, the tread of the booted guide
+would have sounded like a series of sharp and incisive blows. These impacts
+were soft, and stealthy, as of the paws of some feline. Besides, when I listened
+carefully, I seemed to trace the falls of four instead of two feet.
+
+I was now convinced that I had by my own cries aroused and attracted some
+wild beast, perhaps a mountain lion which had accidentally strayed within the
+cave. Perhaps, I considered, the Almighty had chosen for me a swifter and more
+merciful death than that of hunger; yet the instinct of self-preservation, never
+wholly dormant, was stirred in my breast, and though escape from the on-
+coming peril might but spare me for a sterner and more lingering end, I
+determined nevertheless to part with my life at as high a price as I could
+command. Strange as it may seem, my mind conceived of no intent on the part of
+the visitor save that of hostility. Accordingly, I became very quiet, in the hope
+that the unknown beast would, in the absence of a guiding sound, lose its
+direction as had I, and thus pass me by. But this hope was not destined for
+realisation, for the strange footfalls steadily advanced, the animal evidently
+having obtained my scent, which in an atmosphere so absolutely free from all
+
+
+
+266
+
+
+
+distracting influences as is that of the cave, could doubtless be followed at great
+distance.
+
+Seeing therefore that I must be armed for defense against an uncanny and unseen
+attack in the dark, I groped about me the largest of the fragments of rock which
+were strewn upon all parts of the floor of the cavern in the vicinity, and grasping
+one in each hand for immediate use, awaited with resignation the inevitable
+result. Meanwhile the hideous pattering of the paws drew near. Certainly, the
+conduct of the creature was exceedingly strange. Most of the time, the tread
+seemed to be that of a quadruped, walking with a singular lack of unison betwixt
+hind and fore feet, yet at brief and infrequent intervals I fancied that but two feet
+were engaged in the process of locomotion. I wondered what species of animal
+was to confront me; it must, I thought, be some unfortunate beast who had paid
+for its curiosity to investigate one of the entrances of the fearful grotto with a life-
+long confinement in its interminable recesses. It doubtless obtained as food the
+eyeless fish, bats and rats of the cave, as well as some of the ordinary fish that are
+wafted in at every freshet of Green River, which communicates in some occult
+manner with the waters of the cave. I occupied my terrible vigil with grotesque
+conjectures of what alteration cave life might have wrought in the physical
+structure of the beast, remembering the awful appearances ascribed by local
+tradition to the consumptives who had died after long residence in the cave.
+Then I remembered with a start that, even should I succeed in felling my
+antagonist, I should never behold its form, as my torch had long since been
+extinct, and I was entirely unprovided with matches. The tension on my brain
+now became frightful. My disordered fancy conjured up hideous and fearsome
+shapes from the sinister darkness that surrounded me, and that actually seemed
+to press upon my body. Nearer, nearer, the dreadful footfalls approached. It
+seemed that I must give vent to a piercing scream, yet had I been sufficiently
+irresolute to attempt such a thing, my voice could scarce have responded. I was
+petrified, rooted to the spot. I doubted if my right arm would allow me to hurl its
+missile at the oncoming thing when the crucial moment should arrive. Now the
+steady pat, pat, of the steps was close at hand; now very close. I could hear the
+laboured breathing of the animal, and terror-struck as I was, I realised that it
+must have come from a considerable distance, and was correspondingly
+fatigued. Suddenly the spell broke. My right hand, guided by my ever
+trustworthy sense of hearing, threw with full force the sharp-angled bit of
+limestone which it contained, toward that point in the darkness from which
+emanated the breathing and pattering, and, wonderful to relate, it nearly reached
+its goal, for I heard the thing jump, landing at a distance away, where it seemed
+to pause.
+
+Having readjusted my aim, I discharged my second missile, this time most
+effectively, for with a flood of joy I listened as the creature fell in what sounded
+
+
+
+267
+
+
+
+like a complete collapse and evidently remained prone and unmoving. Almost
+overpowered by the great relief which rushed over me, I reeled back against the
+wall. The breathing continued, in heavy, gasping inhalations and expirations,
+whence I realised that I had no more than wounded the creature. And now all
+desire to examine the thing ceased. At last something allied to groundless,
+superstitious fear had entered my brain, and I did not approach the body, nor
+did I continue to cast stones at it in order to complete the extinction of its life.
+Instead, I ran at full speed in what was, as nearly as I could estimate in my
+frenzied condition, the direction from which I had come. Suddenly I heard a
+sound or rather, a regular succession of sounds. In another Instant they had
+resolved themselves into a series of sharp, metallic clicks. This time there was no
+doubt. It was the guide. And then I shouted, yelled, screamed, even shrieked
+with joy as I beheld in the vaulted arches above the faint and glimmering
+effulgence which I knew to be the reflected light of an approaching torch. I ran to
+meet the flare, and before I could completely understand what had occurred, was
+lying upon the ground at the feet of the guide, embracing his boots and
+gibbering, despite my boasted reserve, in a most meaningless and idiotic
+manner, pouring out my terrible story, and at the same time overwhelming my
+auditor with protestations of gratitude. At length, I awoke to something like my
+normal consciousness. The guide had noted my absence upon the arrival of the
+party at the entrance of the cave, and had, from his own intuitive sense of
+direction, proceeded to make a thorough canvass of by-passages just ahead of
+where he had last spoken to me, locating my whereabouts after a quest of about
+four hours.
+
+By the time he had related this to me, I, emboldened by his torch and his
+company, began to reflect upon the strange beast which I had wounded but a
+short distance back in the darkness, and suggested that we ascertain, by the
+flashlight's aid, what manner of creature was my victim. Accordingly I retraced
+my steps, this time with a courage born of companionship, to the scene of my
+terrible experience. Soon we descried a white object upon the floor, an object
+whiter even than the gleaming limestone itself. Cautiously advancing, we gave
+vent to a simultaneous ejaculation of wonderment, for of all the unnatural
+monsters either of us had in our lifetimes beheld, this was in surpassing degree
+the strangest. It appeared to be an anthropoid ape of large proportions, escaped,
+perhaps, from some itinerant menagerie. Its hair was snow-white, a thing due no
+doubt to the bleaching action of a long existence within the inky confines of the
+cave, but it was also surprisingly thin, being indeed largely absent save on the
+head, where it was of such length and abundance that it fell over the shoulders in
+considerable profusion. The face was turned away from us, as the creature lay
+almost directly upon it. The inclination of the limbs was very singular,
+explaining, however, the alternation in their use which I bad before noted,
+whereby the beast used sometimes all four, and on other occasions but two for its
+
+
+
+268
+
+
+
+progress. From the tips of the fingers or toes, long rat-Hke claws extended. The
+hands or feet were not prehensile, a fact that I ascribed to that long residence in
+the cave which, as I before mentioned, seemed evident from the all-pervading
+and almost unearthly whiteness so characteristic of the whole anatomy. No tail
+seemed to be present.
+
+The respiration had now grown very feeble, and the guide had drawn his pistol
+with the evident intent of despatching the creature, when a sudden sound
+emitted by the latter caused the weapon to fall unused. The sound was of a
+nature difficult to describe. It was not like the normal note of any known species
+of simian, and I wonder if this unnatural quality were not the result of a long
+continued and complete silence, broken by the sensations produced by the
+advent of the light, a thing which the beast could not have seen since its first
+entrance into the cave. The sound, which I might feebly attempt to classify as a
+kind of deep-tone chattering, was faintly continued.
+
+All at once a fleeting spasm of energy seemed to pass through the frame of the
+beast. The paws went through a convulsive motion, and the limbs contracted.
+With a jerk, the white body rolled over so that its face was turned in our
+direction. For a moment I was so struck with horror at the eyes thus revealed that
+I noted nothing else. They were black, those eyes, deep jetty black, in hideous
+contrast to the snow-white hair and flesh. Like those of other cave denizens, they
+were deeply sunken in their orbits, and were entirely destitute of iris. As I looked
+more closely, I saw that they were set in a face less prognathous than that of the
+average ape, and infinitely less hairy. The nose was quite distinct. As we gazed
+upon the uncanny sight presented to our vision, the thick lips opened, and
+several sounds issued from them, after which the thing relaxed in death.
+
+The guide clutched my coat sleeve and trembled so violently that the light shook
+fitfully, casting weird moving shadows on the walls.
+
+I made no motion, but stood rigidly still, my horrified eyes fixed upon the floor
+ahead.
+
+The fear left, and wonder, awe, compassion, and reverence succeeded in its
+place, for the sounds uttered by the stricken figure that lay stretched out on the
+limestone had told us the awesome truth. The creature I had killed, the strange
+beast of the unfathomed cave, was, or had at one time been a MAN!!!
+
+
+
+269
+
+
+
+The Book
+
+Written in 1934
+
+My memories are very confused. There is even much doubt as to where they
+begin; for at times I feel appaUing vistas of years stretching behind me, while at
+other times it seems as if the present moment were an isolated point in a grey,
+formless infinity. I am not even certain how I am communicating this message.
+While I know I am speaking, I have a vague impression that some strange and
+perhaps terrible mediation will be needed to bear what I say to the points where
+I wish to be heard. My identity, too, is bewilderingly cloudy. I seem to have
+suffered a great shock- perhaps from some utterly monstrous outgrowth of my
+cycles of unique, incredible experience.
+
+These cycles of experience, of course, all stem from that worm-riddled book. I
+remember when I found it- in a dimly lighted place near the black, oily river
+where the mists always swirl. That place was very old, and the ceiling-high
+shelves full of rotting volumes reached back endlessly through windowless inner
+rooms and alcoves. There were, besides, great formless heaps of books on the
+floor and in crude bins; and it was in one of these heaps that I found the thing. I
+never learned its title, for the early pages were missing; but it fell open toward
+the end and gave me a glimpse of something which sent my senses reeling.
+
+There was a formula- a sort of list of things to say and do- which I recognized as
+something black and forbidden; something which I had read of before in furtive
+paragraphs of mixed abhorrence and fascination penned by those strange ancient
+delvers into the universe's guarded secrets whose decaying texts I loved to
+absorb. It was a key- a guide- to certain gateways and transitions of which
+mystics have dreamed and whispered since the race was young, and which lead
+to freedoms and discoveries beyond the three dimensions and realms of life and
+matter that we know. Not for centuries had any man recalled its vital substance
+or known where to find it, but this book was very old indeed. No printing-press,
+but the hand of some half-crazed monk, had traced these ominous Latin phrases
+in uncials of awesome antiquity.
+
+I remember how the old man leered and tittered, and made a curious sign with
+his hand when I bore it away. He had refused to take pay for it, and only long
+afterwards did I guess why. As I hurried home through those narrow, winding,
+mist-cloaked waterfront streets I had a frightful impression of being stealthily
+followed by softly padding feet. The centuried, tottering houses on both sides
+seemed alive with a fresh and morbid malignity- as if some hitherto closed
+channel of evil understanding had abruptly been opened. I felt that those walls
+
+
+
+270
+
+
+
+and over-hanging gables of mildewed brick and fungoid plaster and timber-
+with eyelike, diamond-paned windows that leered- could hardly desist from
+advancing and crushing me . . . yet I had read only the least fragment of that
+blasphemous rune before closing the book and bringing it away.
+
+I remember how I read the book at last- white-faced, and locked in the attic room
+that I had long devoted to strange searchings. The great house was very still, for I
+had not gone up till after midnight. I think I had a family then- though the details
+are very uncertain- and I know there were many servants. Just what the year was
+I cannot say; for since then I have known many ages and dimensions, and have
+had all my notions of time dissolved and refashioned. It was by the light of
+candles that I read- I recall the relentless dripping of the wax- and there were
+chimes that came every now and then from distant belfries. I seemed to keep
+track of those chimes with a peculiar intentness, as if I feared to hear some very
+remote, intruding note among them.
+
+Then came the first scratching and fumbling at the dormer window that looked
+out high above the other roofs of the city. It came as I droned aloud the ninth
+verse of that primal lay, and I knew amidst my shudders what it meant. For he
+who passes the gateways always wins a shadow, and never again can he be
+alone. I had evoked- and the book was indeed all I had suspected. That night I
+passed the gateway to a vortex of twisted time and vision, and when morning
+found me in the attic room I saw in the walls and shelves and fittings that which
+I had never seen before.
+
+Nor could I ever after see the world as I had known it. Mixed with the present
+scene was always a little of the past and a little of the future, and every once-
+familiar object loomed alien in the new perspective brought by my widened
+sight. From then on I walked in a fantastic dream of unknown and half-known
+shapes; and with each new gateway crossed, the less plainly could I recognise the
+things of the narrow sphere to which I had so long been bound. What I saw
+about me, none else saw; and I grew doubly silent and aloof lest I be thought
+mad. Dogs had a fear of me, for they felt the outside shadow which never left my
+side. But still I read more- in hidden, forgotten books and scrolls to which my
+new vision led me- and pushed through fresh gateways of space and being and
+life-patterns toward the core of the unknown cosmos.
+
+I remember the night I made the five concentric circles of fire on the floor, and
+stood in the innermost one chanting that monstrous litany the messenger from
+Tartary had brought. The walls melted away, and I was swept by a black wind
+through gulfs of fathomless grey with the needle-like pinnacles of unknown
+mountains miles below me. After a while there was utter blackness, and then the
+light of myriad stars forming strange, alien constellations. Finally I saw a green-
+
+
+
+271
+
+
+
+litten plain far below me, and discerned on it the twisted towers of a city built in
+no fashion I had ever known or read or dreamed of. As I floated closer to that
+city I saw a great square building of stone in an open space, and felt a hideous
+fear clutching at me. I screamed and struggled, and after a blankness was again
+in my attic room sprawled flat over the five phosphorescent circles on the floor.
+In that night's wandering there was no more of strangeness than in many a
+former night's wandering; but there was more of terror because I knew I was
+closer to those outside gulfs and worlds than I had ever been before. Thereafter I
+was more cautious with my incantations, for I had no wish to be cut off from my
+body and from the earth in unknown abysses whence I could never return. . .
+
+
+
+272
+
+
+
+The Call of Cthulhu
+
+
+
+Written in 1926
+
+Of such great powers or beings there may be conceivably a survival. . . a survival
+of a hugely remote period when... consciousness was manifested, perhaps, in
+shapes and forms long since withdrawn before the tide of advancing humanity. . .
+forms of which poetry and legend alone have caught a flying memory and called
+them gods, monsters, mythical beings of all sorts and kinds. . .
+
+- Algernon Blackwood
+
+I. The Horror In Clay
+
+The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind
+to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of
+black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The
+sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but
+some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such
+terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall
+either go mad from the revelation or flee from the light into the peace and safety
+of a new dark age.
+
+Theosophists have guessed at the awesome grandeur of the cosmic cycle wherein
+our world and human race form transient incidents. They have hinted at strange
+survivals in terms which would freeze the blood if not masked by a bland
+optimism. But it is not from them that there came the single glimpse of forbidden
+eons which chills me when I think of it and maddens me when I dream of it. That
+glimpse, like all dread glimpses of truth, flashed out from an accidental piecing
+together of separated things - in this case an old newspaper item and the notes of
+a dead professor. I hope that no one else will accomplish this piecing out;
+certainly, if I live, I shall never knowingly supply a link in so hideous a chain. I
+think that the professor, too intented to keep silent regarding the part he knew,
+and that he would have destroyed his notes had not sudden death seized him.
+
+My knowledge of the thing began in the winter of 1926-27 with the death of my
+great-uncle, George Gammell Angell, Professor Emeritus of Semitic Languages in
+Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Professor Angell was widely
+known as an authority on ancient inscriptions, and had frequently been resorted
+to by the heads of prominent museums; so that his passing at the age of ninety-
+two may be recalled by many. Locally, interest was intensified by the obscurity
+of the cause of death. The professor had been stricken whilst returning from the
+
+
+
+273
+
+
+
+Newport boat; falling suddenly; as witnesses said, after having been jostled by a
+nautical-looking negro who had come from one of the queer dark courts on the
+precipitous hillside which formed a short cut from the waterfront to the
+deceased's home in Williams Street. Physicians were unable to find any visible
+disorder, but concluded after perplexed debate that some obscure lesion of the
+heart, induced by the brisk ascent of so steep a hill by so elderly a man, was
+responsible for the end. At the time I saw no reason to dissent from this dictum,
+but latterly I am inclined to wonder - and more than wonder.
+
+As my great-uncle's heir and executor, for he died a childless widower, I was
+expected to go over his papers with some thoroughness; and for that purpose
+moved his entire set of files and boxes to my quarters in Boston. Much of the
+material which I correlated will be later published by the American
+Archaeological Society, but there was one box which I found exceedingly
+puzzling, and which I felt much averse from showing to other eyes. It had been
+locked and I did not find the key till it occurred to me to examine the personal
+ring which the professor carried in his pocket. Then, indeed, I succeeded in
+opening it, but when I did so seemed only to be confronted by a greater and
+more closely locked barrier. For what could be the meaning of the queer clay bas-
+relief and the disjointed jottings, ramblings, and cuttings which I found? Had my
+uncle, in his latter years become credulous of the most superficial impostures? I
+resolved to search out the eccentric sculptor responsible for this apparent
+disturbance of an old man's peace of mind.
+
+The bas-relief was a rough rectangle less than an inch thick and about five by six
+inches in area; obviously of modern origin. Its designs, however, were far from
+modern in atmosphere and suggestion; for, although the vagaries of cubism and
+futurism are many and wild, they do not often reproduce that cryptic regularity
+which lurks in prehistoric writing. And writing of some kind the bulk of these
+designs seemed certainly to be; though my memory, despite much the papers
+and collections of my uncle, failed in any way to identify this particular species,
+or even hint at its remotest affiliations.
+
+Above these apparent hieroglyphics was a figure of evident pictorial intent,
+though its impressionistic execution forbade a very clear idea of its nature. It
+seemed to be a sort of monster, or symbol representing a monster, of a form
+which only a diseased fancy could conceive. If I say that my somewhat
+extravagant imagination yielded simultaneous pictures of an octopus, a dragon,
+and a human caricature, I shall not be unfaithful to the spirit of the thing. A
+pulpy, tentacled head surmounted a grotesque and scaly body with rudimentary
+wings; but it was the general outline of the whole which made it most shockingly
+frightful. Behind the figure was a vague suggestions of a Cyclopean architectural
+background.
+
+
+
+274
+
+
+
+The writing accompanying this oddity was, aside from a stack of press cuttings,
+in Professor Angell's most recent hand; and made no pretense to Hterary style.
+What seemed to be the main document was headed "CTHULHU CULT" in
+characters painstakingly printed to avoid the erroneous reading of a word so
+unheard-of. This manuscript was divided into two sections, the first of which
+was headed "1925 - Dream and Dream Work of H.A. Wilcox, 7 Thomas St.,
+Providence, R. I.", and the second, "Narrative of Inspector John R. Legrasse, 121
+Bienville St., New Orleans, La., at 1908 A. A. S. Mtg. - Notes on Same, & Prof.
+Webb's Acct." The other manuscript papers were brief notes, some of them
+accounts of the queer dreams of different persons, some of them citations from
+theosophical books and magazines (notably W. Scott-Elliot's Atlantis and the
+Lost Lemuria), and the rest comments on long-surviving secret societies and
+hidden cults, with references to passages in such mythological and
+anthropological source-books as Frazer's Golden Bough and Miss Murray's
+Witch-Cult in Western Europe. The cuttings largely alluded to outre mental
+illness and outbreaks of group folly or mania in the spring of 1925.
+
+The first half of the principal manuscript told a very particular tale. It appears
+that on March 1st, 1925, a thin, dark young man of neurotic and excited aspect
+had called upon Professor Angell bearing the singular clay bas-relief, which was
+then exceedingly damp and fresh. His card bore the name of Henry Anthony
+Wilcox, and my uncle had recognized him as the youngest son of an excellent
+family slightly known to him, who had latterly been studying sculpture at the
+Rhode Island School of Design and living alone at the Fleur-de-Lys Building near
+that institution. Wilcox was a precocious youth of known genius but great
+eccentricity, and had from chidhood excited attention through the strange stories
+and odd dreams he was in the habit of relating. He called himself "psychically
+hypersensitive", but the staid folk of the ancient commercial city dismissed him
+as merely "queer." Never mingling much with his kind, he had dropped
+gradually from social visibility, and was now known only to a small group of
+esthetes from other towns. Even the Providence Art Club, anxious to preserve its
+conservatism, had found him quite hopeless.
+
+On the ocassion of the visit, ran the professor's manuscript, the sculptor abruptly
+asked for the benefit of his host's archeological knowledge in identifying the
+hieroglyphics of the bas-relief. He spoke in a dreamy, stilted manner which
+suggested pose and alienated sympathy; and my uncle showed some sharpness
+in replying, for the conspicuous freshness of the tablet implied kinship with
+anything but archeology. Young Wilcox's rejoinder, which impressed my uncle
+enough to make him recall and record it verbatim, was of a fantastically poetic
+cast which must have typified his whole conversation, and which I have since
+found highly characteristic of him. He said, "It is new, indeed, for I made it last
+
+
+
+275
+
+
+
+night in a dream of strange cities; and dreams are older than brooding Tyre, or
+the contemplative Sphinx, or garden-girdled Babylon."
+
+It was then that he began that rambling tale which suddenly played upon a
+sleeping memory and won the fevered interest of my uncle. There had been a
+slight earthquake tremor the night before, the most considerable felt in New
+England for some years; and Wilcox's imagination had been keenly affected.
+Upon retiring, he had had an unprecedented dream of great Cyclopean cities of
+Titan blocks and sky-flung monoliths, all dripping with green ooze and sinister
+with latent horror. Hieroglyphics had covered the walls and pillars, and from
+some undetermined point below had come a voice that was not a voice; a chaotic
+sensation which only fancy could transmute into sound, but which he attempted
+to render by the almost unpronounceable jumble of letters: "Cthulhu fhtagn."
+
+This verbal jumble was the key to the recollection which excited and disturbed
+Professor Angell. He questioned the sculptor with scientific minuteness; and
+studied with frantic intensity the bas-relief on which the youth had found
+himself working, chilled and clad only in his night clothes, when waking had
+stolen bewilderingly over him. My uncle blamed his old age, Wilcox afterwards
+said, for his slowness in recognizing both hieroglyphics and pictorial design.
+Many of his questions seemed highly out of place to his visitor, especially those
+which tried to connect the latter with strange cults or societies; and Wilcox could
+not understand the repeated promises of silence which he was offered in
+exchange for an admission of membership in some widespread mystical or
+paganly religious body. When Professor Angell became convinced that the
+sculptor was indeed ignorant of any cult or system of cryptic lore, he besieged
+his visitor with demands for future reports of dreams. This bore regular fruit, for
+after the first interview the manuscript records daily calls of the young man,
+during which he related startling fragments of nocturnal imaginery whose
+burden was always some terrible Cyclopean vista of dark and dripping stone,
+with a subterrene voice or intelligence shouting monotonously in enigmatical
+sense-impacts uninscribable save as gibberish. The two sounds frequently
+repeated are those rendered by the letters "Cthulhu" and "R'lyeh."
+
+On March 23, the manuscript continued, Wilcox failed to appear; and inquiries at
+his quarters revealed that he had been stricken with an obscure sort of fever and
+taken to the home of his family in Waterman Street. He had cried out in the
+night, arousing several other artists in the building, and had manifested since
+then only alternations of unconsciousness and delirium. My uncle at once
+telephoned the family, and from that time forward kept close watch of the case;
+calling often at the Thayer Street office of Dr. Tobey, whom he learned to be in
+charge. The youth's febrile mind, apparently, was dwelling on strange things;
+and the doctor shuddered now and then as he spoke of them. They included not
+
+
+
+276
+
+
+
+only a repetition of what he had formerly dreamed, but touched wildly on a
+gigantic thing "miles high" which walked or lumbered about.
+
+He at no time fully described this object but occasional frantic words, as repeated
+by Dr. Tobey, convinced the professor that it must be identical with the nameless
+monstrosity he had sought to depict in his dream-sculpture. Reference to this
+object, the doctor added, was invariably a prelude to the young man's
+subsidence into lethargy. His temperature, oddly enough, was not greatly above
+normal; but the whole condition was otherwise such as to suggest true fever
+rather than mental disorder.
+
+On April 2 at about 3 P.M. every trace of Wilcox's malady suddenly ceased. He
+sat upright in bed, astonished to find himself at home and completely ignorant of
+what had happened in dream or reality since the night of March 22. Pronounced
+well by his physician, he returned to his quarters in three days; but to Professor
+Angell he was of no further assistance. All traces of strange dreaming had
+vanished with his recovery, and my uncle kept no record of his night-thoughts
+after a week of pointless and irrelevant accounts of thoroughly usual visions.
+
+Here the first part of the manuscript ended, but references to certain of the
+scattered notes gave me much material for thought - so much, in fact, that only
+the ingrained skepticism then forming my philosophy can account for my
+continued distrust of the artist. The notes in question were those descriptive of
+the dreams of various persons covering the same period as that in which young
+Wilcox had had his strange visitations. My uncle, it seems, had quickly instituted
+a prodigiously far-flung body of inquires amongst nearly all the friends whom
+he could question without impertinence, asking for nightly reports of their
+dreams, and the dates of any notable visions for some time past. The reception of
+his request seems to have varied; but he must, at the very least, have received
+more responses than any ordinary man could have handled without a secretary.
+This original correspondence was not preserved, but his notes formed a
+thorough and really significant digest. Average people in society and business -
+New England's traditional "salt of the earth" - gave an almost completely
+negative result, though scattered cases of uneasy but formless nocturnal
+impressions appear here and there, always between March 23 and and April 2 -
+the period of young Wilcox's delirium. Scientific men were little more affected,
+though four cases of vague description suggest fugitive glimpses of strange
+landscapes, and in one case there is mentioned a dread of something abnormal.
+
+It was from the artists and poets that the pertinent answers came, and I know
+that panic would have broken loose had they been able to compare notes. As it
+was, lacking their original letters, I half suspected the compiler of having asked
+leading questions, or of having edited the correspondence in corroboration of
+
+
+
+277
+
+
+
+what he had latently resolved to see. That is why I continued to feel that Wilcox,
+somehow cognizant of the old data which my uncle had possessed, had been
+imposing on the veteran scientist. These responses from esthetes told disturbing
+tale. From February 28 to April 2 a large proportion of them had dreamed very
+bizarre things, the intensity of the dreams being immeasurably the stronger
+during the period of the sculptor's delirium. Over a fourth of those who reported
+anything, reported scenes and half-sounds not unlike those which Wilcox had
+described; and some of the dreamers confessed acute fear of the gigantic
+nameless thing visible toward the last. One case, which the note describes with
+emphasis, was very sad. The subject, a widely known architect with leanings
+toward theosophy and occultism, went violently insane on the date of young
+Wilcox's seizure, and expired several months later after incessant screamings to
+be saved from some escaped denizen of hell. Had my uncle referred to these
+cases by name instead of merely by number, I should have attempted some
+corroboration and personal investigation; but as it was, I succeeded in tracing
+down only a few. All of these, however, bore out the notes in full. I have often
+wondered if all the the objects of the professor's questioning felt as puzzled as
+did this fraction. It is well that no explanation shall ever reach them.
+
+The press cuttings, as I have intimated, touched on cases of panic, mania, and
+eccentricity during the given period. Professor Angell must have employed a
+cutting bureau, for the number of extracts was tremendous, and the sources
+scattered throughout the globe. Here was a nocturnal suicide in London, where a
+lone sleeper had leaped from a window after a shocking cry. Here likewise a
+rambling letter to the editor of a paper in South America, where a fanatic
+deduces a dire future from visions he has seen. A dispatch from California
+describes a theosophist colony as donning white robes en masse for some
+"glorious fulfiment" which never arrives, whilst items from India speak
+guardedly of serious native unrest toward the end of March 22-23.
+
+The west of Ireland, too, is full of wild rumour and legendry, and a fantastic
+painter named Ardois-Bonnot hangs a blasphemous Dream Landscape in the
+Paris spring salon of 1926. And so numerous are the recorded troubles in insane
+asylums that only a miracle can have stopped the medical fraternity from noting
+strange parallelisms and drawing mystified conclusions. A weird bunch of
+cuttings, all told; and I can at this date scarcely envisage the callous rationalism
+with which I set them aside. But I was then convinced that young Wilcox had
+known of the older matters mentioned by the professor.
+
+II. The Tale of Inspector Legrasse.
+
+The older matters which had made the sculptor's dream and bas-relief so
+significant to my uncle formed the subject of the second half of his long
+
+
+
+278
+
+
+
+manuscript. Once before, it appears. Professor Angell had seen the helHsh
+outhnes of the nameless monstrosity, puzzled over the unknown hieroglyphics,
+and heard the ominous syllables which can be rendered only as "Cthulhu"; and
+all this in so stirring and horrible a connexion that it is small wonder he pursued
+young Wilcox with queries and demands for data.
+
+This earlier experience had come in 1908, seventeen years before, when the
+American Archaeological Society held its annual meeting in St. Louis. Professor
+Angell, as befitted one of his authority and attainments, had had a prominent
+part in all the deliberations; and was one of the first to be approached by the
+several outsiders who took advantage of the convocation to offer questions for
+correct answering and problems for expert solution.
+
+The chief of these outsiders, and in a short time the focus of interest for the entire
+meeting, was a commonplace-looking middle-aged man who had travelled all
+the way from New Orleans for certain special information unobtainable from any
+local source. His name was John Raymond Legrasse, and he was by profession
+an Inspector of Police. With him he bore the subject of his visit, a grotesque,
+repulsive, and apparently very ancient stone statuette whose origin he was at a
+loss to determine. It must not be fancied that Inspector Legrasse had the least
+interest in archaeology. On the contrary, his wish for enlightenment was
+prompted by purely professional considerations. The statuette, idol, fetish, or
+whatever it was, had been captured some months before in the wooded swamps
+south of New Orleans during a raid on a supposed voodoo meeting; and so
+singular and hideous were the rites connected with it, that the police could not
+but realise that they had stumbled on a dark cult totally unknown to them, and
+infinitely more diabolic than even the blackest of the African voodoo circles. Of
+its origin, apart from the erratic and unbelievable tales extorted from the
+captured members, absolutely nothing was to be discovered; hence the anxiety of
+the police for any antiquarian lore which might help them to place the frightful
+symbol, and through it track down the cult to its fountain-head.
+
+Inspector Legrasse was scarcely prepared for the sensation which his offering
+created. One sight of the thing had been enough to throw the assembled men of
+science into a state of tense excitement, and they lost no time in crowding around
+him to gaze at the diminutive figure whose utter strangeness and air of
+genuinely abysmal antiquity hinted so potently at unopened and archaic vistas.
+No recognised school of sculpture had animated this terrible object, yet centuries
+and even thousands of years seemed recorded in its dim and greenish surface of
+unplaceable stone.
+
+The figure, which was finally passed slowly from man to man for close and
+careful study, was between seven and eight inches in height, and of exquisitely
+
+
+
+279
+
+
+
+artistic workmanship. It represented a monster of vaguely anthropoid outHne,
+but with an octopus-Hke head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-
+looking body, prodigious claws on hind and fore feet, and long, narrow wings
+behind. This thing, which seemed instinct with a fearsome and unnatural
+malignancy, was of a somewhat bloated corpulence, and squatted evilly on a
+rectangular block or pedestal covered with undecipherable characters. The tips of
+the wings touched the back edge of the block, the seat occupied the centre, whilst
+the long, curved claws of the doubled-up, crouching hind legs gripped the front
+edge and extended a quarter of the way clown toward the bottom of the
+pedestal. The cephalopod head was bent forward, so that the ends of the facial
+feelers brushed the backs of huge fore paws which clasped the croucher's
+elevated knees. The aspect of the whole was abnormally life-like, and the more
+subtly fearful because its source was so totally unknown. Its vast, awesome, and
+incalculable age was unmistakable; yet not one link did it shew with any known
+type of art belonging to civilisation's youth - or indeed to any other time. Totally
+separate and apart, its very material was a mystery; for the soapy, greenish-black
+stone with its golden or iridescent flecks and striations resembled nothing
+familiar to geology or mineralogy. The characters along the base were equally
+baffling; and no member present, despite a representation of half the world's
+expert learning in this field, could form the least notion of even their remotest
+linguistic kinship. They, like the subject and material, belonged to something
+horribly remote and distinct from mankind as we know it. something frightfully
+suggestive of old and unhallowed cycles of life in which our world and our
+conceptions have no part.
+
+And yet, as the members severally shook their heads and confessed defeat at the
+Inspector's problem, there was one man in that gathering who suspected a touch
+of bizarre familiarity in the monstrous shape and writing, and who presently
+told with some diffidence of the odd trifle he knew. This person was the late
+William Channing Webb, Professor of Anthropology in Princeton University,
+and an explorer of no slight note. Professor Webb had been engaged, forty-eight
+years before, in a tour of Greenland and Iceland in search of some Runic
+inscriptions which he failed to unearth; and whilst high up on the West
+Greenland coast had encountered a singular tribe or cult of degenerate
+Esquimaux whose religion, a curious form of devil-worship, chilled him with its
+deliberate bloodthirstiness and repulsiveness. It was a faith of which other
+Esquimaux knew little, and which they mentioned only with shudders, saying
+that it had come down from horribly ancient aeons before ever the world was
+made. Besides nameless rites and human sacrifices there were certain queer
+hereditary rituals addressed to a supreme elder devil or tornasuk; and of this
+Professor Webb had taken a careful phonetic copy from an aged angekok or
+wizard-priest, expressing the sounds in Roman letters as best he knew how. But
+just now of prime significance was the fetish which this cult had cherished, and
+
+
+
+280
+
+
+
+around which they danced when the aurora leaped high over the ice chffs. It
+was, the professor stated, a very crude bas-rehef of stone, comprising a hideous
+picture and some cryptic writing. And so far as he could tell, it was a rough
+parallel in all essential features of the bestial thing now lying before the meeting.
+
+This data, received with suspense and astonishment by the assembled members,
+proved doubly exciting to Inspector Legrasse; and he began at once to ply his
+informant with questions. Having noted and copied an oral ritual among the
+swamp cult-worshippers his men had arrested, he besought the professor to
+remember as best he might the syllables taken down amongst the diabolist
+Esquimaux. There then followed an exhaustive comparison of details, and a
+moment of really awed silence when both detective and scientist agreed on the
+virtual identity of the phrase common to two hellish rituals so many worlds of
+distance apart. What, in substance, both the Esquimaux wizards and the
+Louisiana swamp-priests had chanted to their kindred idols was something very
+like this: the word-divisions being guessed at from traditional breaks in the
+phrase as chanted aloud:
+
+"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn."
+
+Legrasse had one point in advance of Professor Webb, for several among his
+mongrel prisoners had repeated to him what older celebrants had told them the
+words meant. This text, as given, ran something like this:
+
+"In his house at R'lyeh dead Cthulhu waits dreaming."
+
+And now, in response to a general and urgent demand. Inspector Legrasse
+related as fully as possible his experience with the swamp worshippers; telling a
+story to which I could see my uncle attached profound significance. It savoured
+of the wildest dreams of myth-maker and theosophist, and disclosed an
+astonishing degree of cosmic imagination among such half-castes and pariahs as
+might be least expected to possess it.
+
+On November 1st, 1907, there had come to the New Orleans police a frantic
+summons from the swamp and lagoon country to the south. The squatters there,
+mostly primitive but good-natured descendants of Lafitte's men, were in the grip
+of stark terror from an unknown thing which had stolen upon them in the night.
+It was voodoo, apparently, but voodoo of a more terrible sort than they had ever
+known; and some of their women and children had disappeared since the
+malevolent tom-tom had begun its incessant beating far within the black haunted
+woods where no dweller ventured. There were insane shouts and harrowing
+screams, soul-chilling chants and dancing devil-flames; and, the frightened
+messenger added, the people could stand it no more.
+
+
+
+281
+
+
+
+So a body of twenty police, filling two carriages and an automobile, had set out
+in the late afternoon with the shivering squatter as a guide. At the end of the
+passable road they alighted, and for miles splashed on in silence through the
+terrible cypress woods where day never came. Ugly roots and malignant
+hanging nooses of Spanish moss beset them, and now and then a pile of dank
+stones or fragment of a rotting wall intensified by its hint of morbid habitation a
+depression which every malformed tree and every fungous islet combined to
+create. At length the squatter settlement, a miserable huddle of huts, hove in
+sight; and hysterical dwellers ran out to cluster around the group of bobbing
+lanterns. The muffled beat of tom-toms was now faintly audible far, far ahead;
+and a curdling shriek came at infrequent intervals when the wind shifted. A
+reddish glare, too, seemed to filter through pale undergrowth beyond the endless
+avenues of forest night. Reluctant even to be left alone again, each one of the
+cowed squatters refused point-blank to advance another inch toward the scene of
+unholy worship, so Inspector Legrasse and his nineteen colleagues plunged on
+unguided into black arcades of horror that none of them had ever trod before.
+
+The region now entered by the police was one of traditionally evil repute,
+substantially unknown and untraversed by white men. There were legends of a
+hidden lake unglimpsed by mortal sight, in which dwelt a huge, formless white
+polypous thing with luminous eyes; and squatters whispered that bat-winged
+devils flew up out of caverns in inner earth to worship it at midnight. They said
+it had been there before d'Iberville, before La Salle, before the Indians, and before
+even the wholesome beasts and birds of the woods. It was nightmare itself, and
+to see it was to die. But it made men dream, and so they knew enough to keep
+away. The present voodoo orgy was, indeed, on the merest fringe of this
+abhorred area, but that location was bad enough; hence perhaps the very place of
+the worship had terrified the squatters more than the shocking sounds and
+incidents.
+
+Only poetry or madness could do justice to the noises heard by Legrasse's men
+as they ploughed on through the black morass toward the red glare and muffled
+tom-toms. There are vocal qualities peculiar to men, and vocal qualities peculiar
+to beasts; and it is terrible to hear the one when the source should yield the other.
+Animal fury and orgiastic license here whipped themselves to daemoniac heights
+by howls and squawking ecstacies that tore and reverberated through those
+nighted woods like pestilential tempests from the gulfs of hell. Now and then the
+less organized ululation would cease, and from what seemed a well-drilled
+chorus of hoarse voices would rise in sing-song chant that hideous phrase or
+ritual:
+
+"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn."
+
+
+
+282
+
+
+
+Then the men, having reached a spot where the trees were thinner, came
+suddenly in sight of the spectacle itself. Four of them reeled, one fainted, and two
+were shaken into a frantic cry which the mad cacophony of the orgy fortunately
+deadened. Legrasse dashed swamp water on the face of the fainting man, and all
+stood trembling and nearly hypnotised with horror.
+
+In a natural glade of the swamp stood a grassy island of perhaps an acre's extent,
+clear of trees and tolerably dry. On this now leaped and twisted a more
+indescribable horde of human abnormality than any but a Sime or an Angarola
+could paint. Void of clothing, this hybrid spawn were braying, bellowing, and
+writhing about a monstrous ring-shaped bonfire; in the centre of which, revealed
+by occasional rifts in the curtain of flame, stood a great granite monolith some
+eight feet in height; on top of which, incongruous in its diminutiveness, rested
+the noxious carven statuette. From a wide circle of ten scaffolds set up at regular
+intervals with the flame-girt monolith as a centre hung, head downward, the
+oddly marred bodies of the helpless squatters who had disappeared. It was
+inside this circle that the ring of worshippers jumped and roared, the general
+direction of the mass motion being from left to right in endless Bacchanal
+between the ring of bodies and the ring of fire.
+
+It may have been only imagination and it may have been only echoes which
+induced one of the men, an excitable Spaniard, to fancy he heard antiphonal
+responses to the ritual from some far and unillumined spot deeper within the
+wood of ancient legendry and horror. This man, Joseph D. Galvez, I later met
+and questioned; and he proved distractingly imaginative. He indeed went so far
+as to hint of the faint beating of great wings, and of a glimpse of shining eyes and
+a mountainous white bulk beyond the remotest trees but I suppose he had been
+hearing too much native superstition.
+
+Actually, the horrified pause of the men was of comparatively brief duration.
+Duty came first; and although there must have been nearly a hundred mongrel
+celebrants in the throng, the police relied on their firearms and plunged
+determinedly into the nauseous rout. For five minutes the resultant din and
+chaos were beyond description. Wild blows were struck, shots were fired, and
+escapes were made; but in the end Legrasse was able to count some forty-seven
+sullen prisoners, whom he forced to dress in haste and fall into line between two
+rows of policemen. Five of the worshippers lay dead, and two severely wounded
+ones were carried away on improvised stretchers by their fellow-prisoners. The
+image on the monolith, of course, was carefully removed and carried back by
+Legrasse.
+
+Examined at headquarters after a trip of intense strain and weariness, the
+prisoners all proved to be men of a very low, mixed-blooded, and mentally
+
+
+
+283
+
+
+
+aberrant type. Most were seamen, and a sprinkling of Negroes and mulattoes,
+largely West Indians or Brava Portuguese from the Cape Verde Islands, gave a
+colouring of voodooism to the heterogeneous cult. But before many questions
+were asked, it became manifest that something far deeper and older than Negro
+fetishism was involved. Degraded and ignorant as they were, the creatures held
+with surprising consistency to the central idea of their loathsome faith.
+
+They worshipped, so they said, the Great Old Ones who lived ages before there
+were any men, and who came to the young world out of the sky. Those Old Ones
+were gone now, inside the earth and under the sea; but their dead bodies had
+told their secrets in dreams to the first men, who formed a cult which had never
+died. This was that cult, and the prisoners said it had always existed and always
+would exist, hidden in distant wastes and dark places all over the world until the
+time when the great priest Cthulhu, from his dark house in the mighty city of
+R'lyeh under the waters, should rise and bring the earth again beneath his sway.
+Some day he would call, when the stars were ready, and the secret cult would
+always be waiting to liberate him.
+
+Meanwhile no more must be told. There was a secret which even torture could
+not extract. Mankind was not absolutely alone among the conscious things of
+earth, for shapes came out of the dark to visit the faithful few. But these were not
+the Great Old Ones. No man had ever seen the Old Ones. The carven idol was
+great Cthulhu, but none might say whether or not the others were precisely like
+him. No one could read the old writing now, but things were told by word of
+mouth. The chanted ritual was not the secret - that was never spoken aloud, only
+whispered. The chant meant only this: "In his house at R'lyeh dead Cthulhu
+waits dreaming."
+
+Only two of the prisoners were found sane enough to be hanged, and the rest
+were committed to various institutions. All denied a part in the ritual murders,
+and averred that the killing had been done by Black Winged Ones which had
+come to them from their immemorial meeting-place in the haunted wood. But of
+those mysterious allies no coherent account could ever be gained. What the
+police did extract, came mainly from the immensely aged mestizo named Castro,
+who claimed to have sailed to strange ports and talked with undying leaders of
+the cult in the mountains of China.
+
+Old Castro remembered bits of hideous legend that paled the speculations of
+theosophists and made man and the world seem recent and transient indeed.
+There had been aeons when other Things ruled on the earth, and They had had
+great cities. Remains of Them, he said the deathless Chinamen had told him,
+were still be found as Cyclopean stones on islands in the Pacific. They all died
+vast epochs of time before men came, but there were arts which could revive
+
+
+
+284
+
+
+
+Them when the stars had come round again to the right positions in the cycle of
+eternity. They had, indeed, come themselves from the stars, and brought Their
+images with Them.
+
+These Great Old Ones, Castro continued, were not composed altogether of flesh
+and blood. They had shape - for did not this star-fashioned image prove it? - but
+that shape was not made of matter. When the stars were right. They could
+plunge from world to world through the sky; but when the stars were wrong.
+They could not live. But although They no longer lived. They would never really
+die. They all lay in stone houses in Their great city of R'lyeh, preserved by the
+spells of mighty Cthulhu for a glorious surrection when the stars and the earth
+might once more be ready for Them. But at that time some force from outside
+must serve to liberate Their bodies. The spells that preserved them intact
+likewise prevented Them from making an initial move, and They could only lie
+awake in the dark and think whilst uncounted millions of years rolled by. They
+knew all that was occurring in the universe, for Their mode of speech was
+transmitted thought. Even now They talked in Their tombs. When, after infinities
+of chaos, the first men came, the Great Old Ones spoke to the sensitive among
+them by moulding their dreams; for only thus could Their language reach the
+fleshly minds of mammals.
+
+Then, whispered Castro, those first men formed the cult around tall idols which
+the Great Ones shewed them; idols brought in dim eras from dark stars. That cult
+would never die till the stars came right again, and the secret priests would take
+great Cthulhu from His tomb to revive His subjects and resume His rule of earth.
+The time would be easy to know, for then mankind would have become as the
+Great Old Ones; free and wild and beyond good and evil, with laws and morals
+thrown aside and all men shouting and killing and revelling in joy. Then the
+liberated Old Ones would teach them new ways to shout and kill and revel and
+enjoy themselves, and all the earth would flame with a holocaust of ecstasy and
+freedom. Meanwhile the cult, by appropriate rites, must keep alive the memory
+of those ancient ways and shadow forth the prophecy of their return.
+
+In the elder time chosen men had talked with the entombed Old Ones in dreams,
+but then something happened. The great stone city R'lyeh, with its monoliths
+and sepulchres, had sunk beneath the waves; and the deep waters, full of the one
+primal mystery through which not even thought can pass, had cut off the
+spectral intercourse. But memory never died, and the high-priests said that the
+city would rise again when the stars were right. Then came out of the earth the
+black spirits of earth, mouldy and shadowy, and full of dim rumours picked up
+in caverns beneath forgotten sea-bottoms. But of them old Castro dared not
+speak much. He cut himself off hurriedly, and no amount of persuasion or
+subtlety could elicit more in this direction. The size of the Old Ones, too, he
+
+
+
+285
+
+
+
+curiously declined to mention. Of the cult, he said that he thought the centre lay
+amid the pathless desert of Arabia, where Irem, the City of Pillars, dreams
+hidden and untouched. It was not allied to the European witch-cult, and was
+virtually unknown beyond its members. No book had ever really hinted of it,
+though the deathless Chinamen said that there were double meanings in the
+Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred which the initiated might read
+as they chose, especially the much-discussed couplet:
+
+That is not dead which can eternal lie.
+
+And with strange aeons even death may die.
+
+Legrasse, deeply impressed and not a little bewildered, had inquired in vain
+concerning the historic affiliations of the cult. Castro, apparently, had told the
+truth when he said that it was wholly secret. The authorities at Tulane University
+could shed no light upon either cult or image, and now the detective had come to
+the highest authorities in the country and met with no more than the Greenland
+tale of Professor Webb.
+
+The feverish interest aroused at the meeting by Legrasse's tale, corroborated as it
+was by the statuette, is echoed in the subsequent correspondence of those who
+attended; although scant mention occurs in the formal publications of the society.
+Caution is the first care of those accustomed to face occasional charlatanry and
+imposture. Legrasse for some time lent the image to Professor Webb, but at the
+latter's death it was returned to him and remains in his possession, where I
+viewed it not long ago. It is truly a terrible thing, and unmistakably akin to the
+dream-sculpture of young Wilcox.
+
+That my uncle was excited by the tale of the sculptor I did not wonder, for what
+thoughts must arise upon hearing, after a knowledge of what Legrasse had
+learned of the cult, of a sensitive young man who had dreamed not only the
+figure and exact hieroglyphics of the swamp-found image and the Greenland
+devil tablet, but had come in his dreams upon at least three of the precise words
+of the formula uttered alike by Esquimaux diabolists and mongrel Louisianans?.
+Professor Angell's instant start on an investigation of the utmost thoroughness
+was eminently natural; though privately I suspected young Wilcox of having
+heard of the cult in some indirect way, and of having invented a series of dreams
+to heighten and continue the mystery at my uncle's expense. The dream-
+narratives and cuttings collected by the professor were, of course, strong
+corroboration; but the rationalism of my mind and the extravagance of the whole
+subject led me to adopt what I thought the most sensible conclusions. So, after
+thoroughly studying the manuscript again and correlating the theosophical and
+anthropological notes with the cult narrative of Legrasse, I made a trip to
+
+
+
+286
+
+
+
+Providence to see the sculptor and give him the rebuke I thought proper for so
+boldly imposing upon a learned and aged man.
+
+Wilcox still lived alone in the Fleur-de-Lys Building in Thomas Street, a hideous
+Victorian imitation of seventeenth century Breton Architecture which flaunts its
+stuccoed front amidst the lovely olonial houses on the ancient hill, and under the
+very shadow of the finest Georgian steeple in America, I found him at work in
+his rooms, and at once conceded from the specimens scattered about that his
+genius is indeed profound and authentic. He will, I believe, some time be heard
+from as one of the great decadents; for he has crystallised in clay and will one
+day mirror in marble those nightmares and phantasies which Arthur Machen
+evokes in prose, and Clark Ashton Smith makes visible in verse and in painting.
+
+Dark, frail, and somewhat unkempt in aspect, he turned languidly at my knock
+and asked me my business without rising. Then I told him who I was, he
+displayed some interest; for my uncle had excited his curiosity in probing his
+strange dreams, yet had never explained the reason for the study. I did not
+enlarge his knowledge in this regard, but sought with some subtlety to draw him
+out. In a short time I became convinced ofhis absolute sincerity, for he spoke of
+the dreams in a manner none could mistake. They and their subconscious
+residuum had influenced his art profoundly, and he shewed me a morbid statue
+whose contours almost made me shake with the potency of its black suggestion.
+He could not recall having seen the original of this thing except in his own dream
+bas-relief, but the outlines had formed themselves insensibly under his hands. It
+was, no doubt, the giant shape he had raved of in delirium. That he really knew
+nothing of the hidden cult, save from what my uncle's relentless catechism had
+let fall, he soon made clear; and again I strove to think of some way in which he
+could possibly have received the weird impressions.
+
+He talked of his dreams in a strangely poetic fashion; making me see with
+terrible vividness the damp Cyclopean city of slimy green stone - whose
+geometry, he oddly said, was all wrong - and hear with frightened expectancy
+the ceaseless, half-mental calling from underground: "Cthulhu fhtagn",
+"Cthulhu fhtagn."
+
+These words had formed part of that dread ritual which told of dead Cthulhu's
+dream-vigil in his stone vault at R'lyeh, and I felt deeply moved despite my
+rational beliefs. Wilcox, I was sure, had heard of the cult in some casual way, and
+had soon forgotten it amidst the mass of his equally weird reading and
+imagining. Later, by virtue of its sheer impressiveness, it had found subconscious
+expression in dreams, in the bas-relief, and in the terrible statue I now beheld; so
+that his imposture upon my uncle had been a very innocent one. The youth was
+of a type, at once slightly affected and slightly ill-mannered, which I could never
+
+
+
+287
+
+
+
+like, but I was willing enough now to admit both his genius and his honesty. I
+took leave of him amicably, and wish him all the success his talent promises.
+
+The matter of the cult still remained to fascinate me, and at times I had visions of
+personal fame from researches into its origin and connexions. I visited New
+Orleans, talked with Legrasse and others of that old-time raiding-party, saw the
+frightful image, and even questioned such of the mongrel prisoners as still
+survived. Old Castro, unfortunately, had been dead for some years. What I now
+heard so graphically at first-hand, though it was really no more than a detailed
+confirmation of what my uncle had written, excited me afresh; for I felt sure that
+I was on the track of a very real, very secret, and very ancient religion whose
+discovery would make me an anthropologist of note. My attitude was still one of
+absolute materialism, as 1 wish it still were, and I discounted with almost
+inexplicable perversity the coincidence of the dream notes and odd cuttings
+collected by Professor Angell.
+
+One thing I began to suspect, and which I now fear I know, is that my uncle's
+death was far from natural. He fell on a narrow hill street leading up from an
+ancient waterfront swarming with foreign mongrels, after a careless push from a
+Negro sailor. I did not forget the mixed blood and marine pursuits of the cult-
+members in Louisiana, and would not be surprised to learn of secret methods
+and rites and beliefs. Legrasse and his men, it is true, have been let alone; but in
+Norway a certain seaman who saw things is dead. Might not the deeper inquiries
+of my uncle after encountering the sculptor's data have come to sinister ears?. I
+think Professor Angell died because he knew too much, or because he was likely
+to learn too much. Whether I shall go as he did remains to be seen, for I have
+learned much now.
+
+III. The Madness from the Sea
+
+If heaven ever wishes to grant me a boon, it will be a total effacing of the results
+of a mere chance which fixed my eye on a certain stray piece of shelf-paper. It
+was nothing on which I would naturally have stumbled in the course of my daily
+round, for it was an old number of an Australian journal, the Sydney Bulletin for
+April 18, 1925. It had escaped even the cutting bureau which had at the time of
+its issuance been avidly collecting material for my uncle's research.
+
+I had largely given over my inquiries into what Professor Angell called the
+"Cthulhu Cult", and was visiting a learned friend in Pater son. New Jersey; the
+curator of a local museum and a mineralogist of note. Examining one day the
+reserve specimens roughly set on the storage shelves in a rear room of the
+museum, my eye was caught by an odd picture in one of the old papers spread
+beneath the stones. It was the Sydney Bulletin I have mentioned, for my friend
+
+
+
+288
+
+
+
+had wide affiliations in all conceivable foreign parts; and the picture was a half-
+tone cut of a hideous stone image almost identical with that which Legrasse had
+found in the swamp.
+
+Eagerly clearing the sheet of its precious contents, I scanned the item in detail;
+and was disappointed to find it of only moderate length. What it suggested,
+however, was of portentous significance to my flagging quest; and I carefully
+tore it out for immediate action. It read as follows:
+
+MYSTERY DERELICT FOUND AT SEA
+
+Vigilant Arrives With Helpless Armed New Zealand Yacht in Tow. One Survivor
+and Dead Man Found Aboard. Tale of Desperate Battle and Deaths at Sea.
+Rescued Seaman Refuses Particulars of Strange Experience. Odd Idol Found in
+His Possession. Inquiry to Follow.
+
+The Morrison Co.'s freighter Vigilant, bound from Valparaiso, arrived this
+morning at its wharf in Darling Harbour, having in tow the battled and disabled
+but heavily armed steam yacht Alert of Dunedin, N.Z., which was sighted April
+12th in S. Latitude 34°21', W. Longitude 152°17', with one living and one dead
+man aboard.
+
+The Vigilant left Valparaiso March 25th, and on April 2nd was driven
+considerably south of her course by exceptionally heavy storms and monster
+waves. On April 12th the derelict was sighted; and though apparently deserted,
+was found upon boarding to contain one survivor in a half-delirious condition
+and one man who had evidently been dead for more than a week. The living
+man was clutching a horrible stone idol of unknown origin, about foot in height,
+regarding whose nature authorities at Sydney University, the Royal Society, and
+the Museum in College Street all profess complete bafflement, and which the
+survivor says he found in the cabin of the yacht, in a small carved shrine of
+common pattern.
+
+This man, after recovering his senses, told an exceedingly strange story of piracy
+and slaughter. He is Gustaf Johansen, a Norwegian of some intelligence, and had
+been second mate of the two-masted schooner Emma of Auckland, which sailed
+for Callao February 20th with a complement of eleven men. The Emma, he says,
+was delayed and thrown widely south of her course by the great storm of March
+1st, and on March 22nd, in S. Latitude 49°51' W. Longitude 128°34', encountered
+the Alert, manned by a queer and evil-looking crew of Kanakas and half-castes.
+Being ordered peremptorily to turn back, Capt. Collins refused; whereupon the
+strange crew began to fire savagely and without warning upon the schooner
+with a peculiarly heavy battery of brass cannon forming part of the yacht's
+
+
+
+289
+
+
+
+equipment. The Emma's men shewed fight, says the survivor, and though the
+schooner began to sink from shots beneath the water-hne they managed to heave
+alongside their enemy and board her, grappHng with the savage crew on the
+yacht's deck, and being forced to kill them all, the number being slightly
+superior, because of their particularly abhorrent and desperate though rather
+clumsy mode of fighting.
+
+Three of the Emma's men, including Capt. Collins and First Mate Green, were
+killed; and the remaining eight under Second Mate Johansen proceeded to
+navigate the captured yacht, going ahead in their original direction to see if any
+reason for their ordering back had existed. The next day, it appears, they raised
+and landed on a small island, although none is known to exist in that part of the
+ocean; and six of the men somehow died ashore, though Johansen is queerly
+reticent about this part of his story, and speaks only of their falling into a rock
+chasm. Later, it seems, he and one companion boarded the yacht and tried to
+manage her, but were beaten about by the storm of April 2nd, From that time till
+his rescue on the 12th the man remembers little, and he does not even recall
+when William Briden, his companion, died. Briden's death reveals no apparent
+cause, and was probably due to excitement or exposure. Cable advices from
+Dunedin report that the Alert was well known there as an island trader, and bore
+an evil reputation along the waterfront. It was owned by a curious group of half-
+castes whose frequent meetings and night trips to the woods attracted no little
+curiosity; and it had set sail in great haste just after the storm and earth tremors
+of March 1st. Our Auckland correspondent gives the Emma and her crew an
+excellent reputation, and Johansen is described as a sober and worthy man. The
+admiralty will institute an inquiry on the whole matter beginning tomorrow, at
+which every effort will be made to induce Johansen to speak more freely than he
+has done hitherto.
+
+This was all, together with the picture of the hellish image; but what a train of
+ideas it started in my mind! Here were new treasuries of data on the Cthulhu
+Cult, and evidence that it had strange interests at sea as well as on land. What
+motive prompted the hybrid crew to order back the Emma as they sailed about
+with their hideous idol? What was the unknown island on which six of the
+Emma's crew had died, and about which the mate Johansen was so secretive?
+What had the vice-admiralty's investigation brought out, and what was known
+of the noxious cult in Dunedin? And most marvellous of all, what deep and more
+than natural linkage of dates was this which gave a malign and now undeniable
+significance to the various turns of events so carefully noted by my uncle?
+
+March 1st - or February 28th according to the International Date Line - the
+earthquake and storm had come. From Dunedin the Alert and her noisome crew
+had darted eagerly forth as if imperiously summoned, and on the other side of
+
+
+
+290
+
+
+
+the earth poets and artists had begun to dream of a strange, dank Cyclopean city
+whilst a young sculptor had moulded in his sleep the form of the dreaded
+Cthulhu. March 23rd the crew of the Emma landed on an unknown island and
+left six men dead; and on that date the dreams of sensitive men assumed a
+heightened vividness and darkened with dread of a giant monster's malign
+pursuit, whilst an architect had gone mad and a sculptor had lapsed suddenly
+into delirium! And what of this storm of April 2nd - the date on which all dreams
+of the dank city ceased, and Wilcox emerged unharmed from the bondage of
+strange fever? What of all this - and of those hints of old Castro about the
+sunken, star-born Old Ones and their coming reign; their faithful cult and their
+mastery of dreams? Was I tottering on the brink of cosmic horrors beyond man's
+power to bear? If so, they must be horrors of the mind alone, for in some way the
+second of April had put a stop to whatever monstrous menace had begun its
+siege of mankind's soul.
+
+That evening, after a day of hurried cabling and arranging, I bade my host adieu
+and took a train for San Francisco. In less than a month I was in Dunedin; where,
+however, I found that little was known of the strange cult-members who had
+lingered in the old sea-taverns. Waterfront scum was far too common for special
+mentnon; though there was vague talk about one inland trip these mongrels had
+made, during which faint drumming and red flame were noted on the distant
+hills. In Auckland I learned that Johansen had returned with yellow hair turned
+white after a perfunctory and inconclusive questioning at Sydney, and had
+thereafter sold his cottage in West Street and sailed with his wife to his old home
+in Oslo. Of his stirring experience he would tell his friends no more than he had
+told the admiralty officials, and all they could do was to give me his Oslo
+address.
+
+After that I went to Sydney and talked profitlessly with seamen and members of
+the vice-admiralty court. I saw the Alert, now sold and in commercial use, at
+Circular Quay in Sydney Cove, but gained nothing from its non-committal bulk.
+The crouching image with its cuttlefish head, dragon body, scaly wings, and
+hieroglyphed pedestal, was preserved in the Museum at Hyde Park; and I
+studied it long and well, finding it a thing of balefully exquisite workmanship,
+and with the same utter mystery, terrible antiquity, and unearthly strangeness of
+material which I had noted in Legrasse's smaller specimen. Geologists, the
+curator told me, had found it a monstrous puzzle; for they vowed that the world
+held no rock like it. Then I thought with a shudder of what Old Castro had told
+Legrasse about the Old Ones; "They had come from the stars, and had brought
+Their images with Them."
+
+Shaken with such a mental revolution as I had never before known, I now
+resolved to visit Mate Johansen in Oslo. Sailing for London, I reembarked at once
+
+
+
+291
+
+
+
+for the Norwegian capital; and one autumn day landed at the trim wharves in
+the shadow of the Egeberg. Johansen's address, I discovered, lay in the Old
+Town of King Harold Haardrada, which kept alive the name of Oslo during all
+the centuries that the greater city masqueraded as "Christiana." I made the brief
+trip by taxicab, and knocked with palpitant heart at the door of a neat and
+ancient building with plastered front. A sad-faced woman in black answered my
+summons, and I was stung th disappointment when she told me in halting
+English that Gustaf Johansen was no more.
+
+He had not long survived his return, said his wife, for the doings sea in 1925 had
+broken him. He had told her no more than he told the public, but had left a long
+manuscript - of "technical matters" as he said - written in English, evidently in
+order to guard her from the peril of casual perusal. During a walk rough a
+narrow lane near the Gothenburg dock, a bundle of papers falling from an attic
+window had knocked him down. Two Lascar sailors at once helped him to his
+feet, but before the ambulance could reach him he was dead. Physicians found
+no adequate cause the end, and laid it to heart trouble and a weakened
+constitution. I now felt gnawing at my vitals that dark terror which will never
+leave me till I, too, am at rest; "accidentally" or otherwise. Persuad-g the widow
+that my connexion with her husband's "technical matters" was sufficient to
+entitle me to his manuscript, I bore the document away and began to read it on
+the London boat.
+
+It was a simple, rambling thing - a naive sailor's effort at a post-facto diary - and
+strove to recall day by day that last awful voyage. I cannot attempt to transcribe
+it verbatim in all its cloudiness and redundance, but I will tell its gist enough to
+shew why the sound the water against the vessel's sides became so unendurable
+to me that I stopped my ears with cotton.
+
+Johansen, thank God, did not know quite all, even though he saw the city and
+the Thing, but I shall never sleep calmly again when I think of the horrors that
+lurk ceaselessly behind life in time and in space, and of those unhallowed
+blasphemies from elder stars which dream beneath the sea, known and favoured
+by a nightmare cult ready and eager to loose them upon the world whenever
+another earthquake shall heave their monstrous stone city again to the sun and
+air.
+
+Johansen's voyage had begun just as he told it to the vice-admiralty. The Emma,
+in ballast, had cleared Auckland on February 20th, and had felt the full force of
+that earthquake-born tempest which must have heaved up from the sea-bottom
+the horrors that filled men's dreams. Once more under control, the ship was
+making good progress when held up by the Alert on March 22nd, and I could
+feel the mate's regret as he wrote of her bombardment and sinking. Of the
+
+
+
+292
+
+
+
+swarthy cult-fiends on the Alert he speaks with significant horror. There was
+some peculiarly abominable quality about them which made their destruction
+seem almost a duty, and Johansen shews ingenuous wonder at the charge of
+ruthlessness brought against his party during the proceedings of the court of
+inquiry. Then, driven ahead by curiosity in their captured yacht under
+Johansen's command, the men sight a great stone pillar sticking out of the sea,
+and in S. Latitude 47°9', W. Longitude 123°43', come upon a coastline of mingled
+mud, ooze, and weedy Cyclopean masonry which can be nothing less than the
+tangible substance of earth's supreme terror - the nightmare corpse-city of
+R'lyeh, that was built in measureless aeons behind history by the vast, loathsome
+shapes that seeped down from the dark stars. There lay great Cthulhu and his
+hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults and sending out at last, after cycles
+incalculable, the thoughts that spread fear to the dreams of the sensitive and
+called imperiously to the faithfull to come on a pilgrimage of liberation and
+restoration. All this Johansen did not suspect, but God knows he soon saw
+enough!
+
+I suppose that only a single mountain-top, the hideous monolith-crowned citadel
+whereon great Cthulhu was buried, actually emerged from the waters. When I
+think of the extent of all that may be brooding down there I almost wish to kill
+myself forthwith. Johansen and his men were awed by the cosmic majesty of this
+dripping Babylon of elder daemons, and must have guessed without guidance
+that it was nothing of this or of any sane planet. Awe at the unbelievable size of
+the greenish stone blocks, at the dizzying height of the great carven monolith,
+and at the stupefying identity of the colossal statues and bas-reliefs with the
+queer image found in the shrine on the Alert, is poignantly visible in every line
+of the mates frightened description.
+
+Without knowing what futurism is like, Johansen achieved something very close
+to it when he spoke of the city; for instead of describing any definite structure or
+building, he dwells only on broad impressions of vast angles and stone surfaces -
+surfaces too great to belong to anything right or proper for this earth, and
+impious with horrible images and hieroglyphs. I mention his talk about angles
+because it suggests something Wilcox had told me of his awful dreams. He said
+that the geometry of the dream-place he saw was abnormal, non-Euclidean, and
+loathsomely redolent of spheres and dimensions apart from ours. Now an
+unlettered seaman felt the same thing whilst gazing at the terrible reality.
+
+Johansen and his men landed at a sloping mud-bank on this monstrous
+Acropolis, and clambered slipperily up over titan oozy blocks which could have
+been no mortal staircase. The very sun of heaven seemed distorted when viewed
+through the polarising miasma welling out from this sea-soaked perversion, and
+twisted menace and suspense lurked leeringly in those crazily elusive angles of
+
+
+
+293
+
+
+
+carven rock where a second glance shewed concavity after the first shewed
+convexity.
+
+Something very hke fright had come over all the explorers before anything more
+definite than rock and ooze and weed was seen. Each would have fled had he not
+feared the scorn of the others, and it was only half-heartedly that they searched -
+vainly, as it proved - for some portable souvenir to bear away.
+
+It was Rodriguez the Portuguese who climbed up the foot of the monolith and
+shouted of what he had found. The rest followed him, and looked curiously at
+the immense carved door with the now familiar squid-dragon bas-relief. It was,
+Johansen said, like a great barn-door; and they all felt that it was a door because
+of the ornate lintel, threshold, and jambs around it, though they could not decide
+whether it lay flat like a trap-door or slantwise like an outside cellar-door. As
+Wilcox would have said, the geometry of the place was all wrong. One could not
+be sure that the sea and the ground were horizontal, hence the relative position
+of everything else seemed phantasmally variable.
+
+Briden pushed at the stone in several places without result. Then Donovan felt
+over it delicately around the edge, pressing each point separately as he went. He
+climbed interminably along the grotesque stone moulding - that is, one would
+call it climbing if the thing was not after all horizontal - and the men wondered
+how any door in the universe could be so vast. Then, very softly and slowly, the
+acre-great lintel began to give inward at the top; and they saw that it was
+balanced
+
+Donovan slid or somehow propelled himself down or along the jamb and
+rejoined his fellows, and everyone watched the queer recession of the
+monstrously carven portal. In this phantasy of prismatic distortion it moved
+anomalously in a diagonal way, so that all the rules of matter and perspective
+seemed upset.
+
+The aperture was black with a darkness almost material. That tenebrousness was
+indeed a positive quality; for it obscured such parts of the inner walls as ought to
+have been revealed, and actually burst forth like smoke from its aeon-long
+imprisonment, visibly darkening the sun as it slunk away into the shrunken and
+gibbous sky on flapping membraneous wings. The odour rising from the newly
+opened depths was intolerable, and at length the quick-eared Hawkins thought
+he heard a nasty, slopping sound down there. Everyone listened, and everyone
+was listening still when It lumbered slobberingly into sight and gropingly
+squeezed Its gelatinous green immensity through the black doorway into the
+tainted outside air of that poison city of madness.
+
+
+
+294
+
+
+
+Poor Johansen's handwriting almost gave out when he wrote of this. Of the six
+men who never reached the ship, he thinks two perished of pure fright in that
+accursed instant. The Thing cannot be described - there is no language for such
+abysms of shrieking and immemorial lunacy, such eldritch contradictions of all
+matter, force, and cosmic order. A mountain walked or stumbled. God! What
+wonder that across the earth a great architect went mad, and poor Wilcox raved
+with fever in that telepathic instant? The Thing of the idols, the green, sticky
+spawn of the stars, had awaked to claim his own. The stars were right again, and
+what an age-old cult had failed to do by design, a band of innocent sailors had
+done by accident. After vigintillions of years great Cthulhu was loose again, and
+ravening for delight.
+
+Three men were swept up by the flabby claws before anybody turned. God rest
+them, if there be any rest in the universe. They were Donovan, Guerrera, and
+Angstrom. Parker slipped as the other three were plunging frenziedly over
+endless vistas of green-crusted rock to the boat, and Johansen swears he was
+swallowed up by an angle of masonry which shouldn't have been there; an angle
+which was acute, but behaved as if it were obtuse. So only Briden and Johansen
+reached the boat, and pulled desperately for the Alert as the mountainous
+monstrosity flopped down the slimy stones and hesitated, floundering at the
+edge of the water.
+
+Steam had not been suffered to go down entirely, despite the departure of all
+hands for the shore; and it was the work of only a few moments of feverish
+rushing up and down between wheel and engines to get the Alert under way.
+Slowly, amidst the distorted horrors of that indescribable scene, she began to
+churn the lethal waters; whilst on the masonry of that charnel shore that was not
+of earth the titan Thing from the stars slavered and gibbered like Polypheme
+cursing the fleeing ship of Odysseus. Then, bolder than the storied Cyclops, great
+Cthulhu slid greasily into the water and began to pursue with vast wave-raising
+strokes of cosmic potency. Briden looked back and went mad, laughing shrilly as
+he kept on laughing at intervals till death found him one night in the cabin whilst
+Johansen was wandering deliriously.
+
+But Johansen had not given out yet. Knowing that the Thing could surely
+overtake the Alert until steam was fully up, he resolved on a desperate chance;
+and, setting the engine for full speed, ran lightning-like on deck and reversed the
+wheel. There was a mighty eddying and foaming in the noisome brine, and as
+the steam mounted higher and higher the brave Norwegian drove his vessel
+head on against the pursuing jelly which rose above the unclean froth like the
+stern of a daemon galleon. The awful squid-head with writhing feelers came
+nearly up to the bowsprit of the sturdy yacht, but johansen drove on relentlessly.
+There was a bursting as of an exploding bladder, a slushy nastiness as of a cloven
+
+
+
+295
+
+
+
+sunfish, a stench as of a thousand opened graves, and a sound that the chronicler
+could not put on paper. For an instant the ship was befouled by an acrid and
+blinding green cloud, and then there was only a venomous seething astern;
+where - God in heaven! - the scattered plasticity of that nameless sky-spawn was
+nebulously recombining in its hateful original form, whilst its distance widened
+every second as the Alert gained impetus from its mounting steam.
+
+That was all. After that Johansen only brooded over the idol in the cabin and
+attended to a few matters of food for himself and the laughing maniac by his
+side. He did not try to navigate after the first bold flight, for the reaction had
+taken something out of his soul. Then came the storm of April 2nd, and a
+gathering of the clouds about his consciousness. There is a sense of spectral
+whirling through liquid gulfs of infinity, of dizzying rides through reeling
+universes on a comets tail, and of hysterical plunges from the pit to the moon
+and from the moon back again to the pit, all livened by a cachinnating chorus of
+the distorted, hilarious elder gods and the green, bat-winged mocking imps of
+Tartarus.
+
+Out of that dream came rescue-the Vigilant, the vice-admiralty court, the streets
+of Dunedin, and the long voyage back home to the old house by the Egeberg. He
+could not tell - they would think him mad. He would write of what he knew
+before death came, but his wife must not guess. Death would be a boon if only it
+could blot out the memories.
+
+That was the document I read, and now I have placed it in the tin box beside the
+bas-relief and the papers of Professor Angell. With it shall go this record of mine
+- this test of my own sanity, wherein is pieced together that which I hope may
+never be pieced together again. I have looked upon all that the universe has to
+hold of horror, and even the skies of spring and the flowers of summer must ever
+afterward be poison to me. But I do not think my life will be long. As my uncle
+went, as poor Johansen went, so I shall go. I know too much, and the cult still
+lives.
+
+Cthulhu still lives, too, I suppose, again in that chasm of stone which has
+shielded him since the sun was young. His accursed city is sunken once more, for
+the Vigilant sailed over the spot after the April storm; but his ministers on earth
+still bellow and prance and slay around idol-capped monoliths in lonely places.
+He must have been trapped by the sinking whilst within his black abyss, or else
+the world would by now be screaming with fright and frenzy. Who knows the
+end? What has risen may sink, and what has sunk may rise. Loathsomeness
+waits and dreams in the deep, and decay spreads over the tottering cities of men.
+A time will come - but I must not and cannot think! Let me pray that, if I do not
+
+
+
+296
+
+
+
+survive this manuscript, my executors may put caution before audacity and see
+that it meets no other eye.
+
+
+
+297
+
+
+
+The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
+
+Written from January to March, 1927
+
+Published May and July of 1941 in Weird Tales
+
+'The essential Saltes of Animals may be so prepared and preserved, that an
+ingenious Man may have the whole Ark of Noah in his own Studie, and raise the
+fine Shape of an Animal out of its Ashes at his Pleasure; and by the lyke Method
+from the essential Saltes of humane Dust, a Philosopher may, without any
+criminal Necromancy, call up the Shape of any dead Ancestour from the Dust
+whereinto his Bodie has been incinerated.'
+
+- Borellus
+
+I. A Result and a Prologe
+
+1
+
+From a private hospital for the insane near Providence, Rhode Island, there
+recently disappeared an exceedingly singular person. He bore the name of
+Charles Dexter Ward, and was placed under restraint most reluctantly by the
+grieving father who had watched his aberration grow from a mere eccentricity to
+a dark mania involving both a possibility of murderous tendencies and a
+profound and peculiar change in the apparent contents of his mind. Doctors
+confess themselves quite baffled by his case, since it presented oddities of a
+general physiological as well as psychological character.
+
+In the first place, the patient seemed oddly older than his twenty-six years would
+warrant. Mental disturbance, it is true, will age one rapidly; but the face of this
+young man had taken on a subtle cast which only the very aged normally
+acquire. In the second place, his organic processes shewed a certain queerness of
+proportion which nothing in medical experience can parallel. Respiration and
+heart action had a baffling lack of symmetry; the voice was lost, so that no
+sounds above a whisper were possible; digestion was incredibly prolonged and
+minimised, and neural reactions to standard stimuli bore no relation at all to
+anything heretofore recorded, either normal or pathological. The skin had a
+morbid chill and dryness, and the cellular structure of the tissue seemed
+exaggeratedly coarse and loosely knit. Even a large olive birthmark on the right
+hip had disappeared, whilst there had formed on the chest a very peculiar mole
+or blackish spot of which no trace existed before. In general, all physicians agree
+that in Ward the processes of metabolism had become retarded to a degree
+beyond precedent.
+
+
+
+298
+
+
+
+Psychologically, too, Charles Ward was unique. His madness held no affinity to
+any sort recorded in even the latest and most exhaustive of treatises, and was
+conjoined to a mental force which would have made him a genius or a leader had
+it not been twisted into strange and grotesque forms. Dr. Willett, who was
+Ward's family physician, affirms that the patient's gross mental capacity, as
+gauged by his response to matters outside the sphere of his insanity, had actually
+increased since the seizure. Ward, it is true, was always a scholar and an
+antiquarian; but even his most brilliant early work did not shew the prodigious
+grasp and insight displayed during his last examinations by the alienists. It was,
+indeed, a difficult matter to obtain a legal commitment to the hospital, so
+powerful and lucid did the youth's mind seem; and only on the evidence of
+others, and on the strength of many abnormal gaps in his stock of information as
+distinguished from his intelligence, was he finally placed in confinement. To the
+very moment of his vanishment he was an omnivorous reader and as great a
+conversationalist as his poor voice permitted; and shrewd observers, failing to
+foresee his escape, freely predicted that he would not be long in gaining his
+discharge from custody.
+
+Only Dr. Willett, who brought Charles Ward into the world and had watched his
+growth of body and mind ever since, seemed frightened at the thought of his
+future freedom. He had had a terrible experience and had made a terrible
+discovery which he dared not reveal to his sceptical colleagues. Willett, indeed,
+presents a minor mystery all his own in his connexion with the case. He was the
+last to see the patient before his flight, and emerged from that final conversation
+in a state of mixed horror and relief which several recalled when Ward's escape
+became known three hours later. That escape itself is one of the unsolved
+wonders of Dr. Waite's hospital. A window open above a sheer drop of sixty feet
+could hardly explain it, yet after that talk with Willett the youth was undeniably
+gone. Willett himself has no public explanations to offer, though he seems
+strangely easier in mind than before the escape. Many, indeed, feel that he would
+like to say more if he thought any considerable number would believe him. He
+had found Ward in his room, but shortly after his departure the attendants
+knocked in vain. When they opened the door the patient was not there, and all
+they found was the open window with a chill April breeze blowing in a cloud of
+fine bluish-grey dust that almost choked them. True, the dogs howled some time
+before; but that was while Willett was still present, and they had caught nothing
+and shewn no disturbance later on. Ward's father was told at once over the
+telephone, but he seemed more saddened than surprised. By the time Dr. Waite
+called in person. Dr. Willett had been talking with him, and both disavowed any
+knowledge or complicity in the escape. Only from certain closely confidential
+friends of Willett and the senior Ward have any clues been gained, and even
+these are too wildly fantastic for general credence. The one fact which remains is
+that up to the present time no trace of the missing madman has been unearthed.
+
+
+
+299
+
+
+
+Charles Ward was an antiquarian from infancy, no doubt gaining his taste from
+the venerable town around him, and from the relics of the past which filled every
+corner of his parents' old mansion in Prospect Street on the crest of the hill. With
+the years his devotion to ancient things increased; so that history, genealogy, and
+the study of colonial architecture, furniture, and craftsmanship at length
+crowded everything else from his sphere of interests. These tastes are important
+to remember in considering his madness; for although they do not form its
+absolute nucleus, they play a prominent part in its superficial form. The gaps of
+information which the alienists noticed were all related to modern matters, and
+were invariably offset by a correspondingly excessive though outwardly
+concealed knowledge of bygone matters as brought out by adroit questioning; so
+that one would have fancied the patient literally transferred to a former age
+through some obscure sort of auto-hypnosis. The odd thing was that Ward
+seemed no longer interested in the antiquities he knew so well. He had, it
+appears, lost his regard for them through sheer familiarity; and all his final
+efforts were obviously bent toward mastering those common facts of the modern
+world which had been so totally and unmistakably expunged from his brain.
+That this wholesale deletion had occurred, he did his best to hide; but it was clear
+to all who watched him that his whole programme of reading and conversation
+was determined by a frantic wish to imbibe such knowledge of his own life and
+of the ordinary practical and cultural background of the twentieth century as
+ought to have been his by virtue of his birth in 1902 and his education in the
+schools of our own time. Alienists are now wondering how, in view of his vitally
+impaired range of data, the escaped patient manages to cope with the
+complicated world of today; the dominant opinion being that he is "lying low" in
+some humble and unexacting position till his stock of modern information can be
+brought up to the normal.
+
+The beginning of Ward's madness is a matter of dispute among alienists. Dr.
+Lyman, the eminent Boston authority, places it in 1919 or 1920, during the boy's
+last year at the Moses Brown School, when he suddenly turned from the study of
+the past to the study of the occult, and refused to qualify for college on the
+ground that he had individual researches of much greater importance to make.
+This is certainly borne out by Ward's altered habits at the time, especially by his
+continual search through town records and among old burying-grounds for a
+certain grave dug in 1771; the grave of an ancestor named Joseph Curwen, some
+of whose papers he professed to have found behind the panelling of a very old
+house in Olney Court, on Stampers' Hill, which Curwen was known to have
+built and occupied. It is, broadly speaking, undeniable that the winter of 1919-20
+saw a great change in Ward; whereby he abruptly stopped his general
+antiquarian pursuits and embarked on a desperate delving into occult subjects
+both at home and abroad, varied only by this strangely persistent search for his
+forefather's grave.
+
+
+
+300
+
+
+
+From this opinion, however. Dr. Willett substantially dissents; basing his verdict
+on his close and continuous knowledge of the patient, and on certain frightful
+investigations and discoveries which he made toward the last. Those
+investigations and discoveries have left their mark upon him; so that his voice
+trembles when he tells them, and his hand trembles when he tries to write of
+them. Willett admits that the change of 1919-20 would ordinarily appear to mark
+the beginning of a progressive decadence which culminated in the horrible and
+uncanny alienation of 1928; but believes from personal observation that a finer
+distinction must be made. Granting freely that the boy was always ill-balanced
+temperamentally, and prone to be unduly susceptible and enthusiastic in his
+responses to phenomena around him, he refuses to concede that the early
+alteration marked the actual passage from sanity to madness; crediting instead
+Ward's own statement that he had discovered or rediscovered something whose
+effect on human though was likely to be marvellous and profound. The true
+madness, he is certain, came with a later change; after the Curwen portrait and
+the ancient papers had been unearthed; after a trip to strange foreign places had
+been made, and some terrible invocations chanted under strange and secret
+circumstances; after certain answers to these invocations had been plainly
+indicated, and a frantic letter penned under agonising and inexplicable
+conditions; after the wave of vampirism and the ominous Pawtuxet gossip; and
+after the patient's memory commenced to exclude contemporary images whilst
+his physical aspect underwent the subtle modification so many subsequently
+noticed.
+
+It was only about this time, Willett points out with much acuteness, that the
+nightmare qualities became indubitably linked with Ward; and the doctor feels
+shudderingly sure that enough solid evidence exists to sustain the youth's claim
+regarding his crucial discovery. In the first place, two workmen of high
+intelligence saw Joseph Curwen's ancient papers found. Secondly, the boy once
+shewed Dr. Willett those papers and a page of the Curwen diary, and each of the
+documents had every appearance of genuineness. The hole where Ward claimed
+to have found them was long a visible reality, and Willett had a very convincing
+final glimpse of them in surroundings which can scarcely be believed and can
+never perhaps be proved. Then there were the mysteries and coincidences of the
+Orne and Hutchinson letters, and the problem of the Curwen penmanship and of
+what the detectives brought to light about Dr. Allen; these things, and the terrible
+message in mediaeval minuscules found in Willett's pocket when he gained
+consciousness after his shocking experience.
+
+And most conclusive of all, there are the two hideous results which the doctor
+obtained from a certain pair of formulae during his final investigations; results
+which virtually proved the authenticity of the papers and of their monstrous
+
+
+
+301
+
+
+
+implications at the same time that those papers were borne forever from human
+knowledge.
+
+
+
+One must look back at Charles Ward's earlier life as at something belonging as
+much to the past as the antiquities he loved so keenly. In the autumn of 1918, and
+with a considerable show of zest in the military training of the period, he had
+begun his junior year at the Moses Brown School, which lies very near his home.
+The old main building, erected in 1819, had always charmed his youthful
+antiquarian sense; and the spacious park in which the academy is set appealed to
+his sharp eye for landscape. His social activities were few; and his hours were
+spent mainly at home, in rambling walks, in his classes and drills, and in pursuit
+of antiquarian and genealogical data at the City Hall, the State House, the Public
+Library, the Athenaeum, the Historical Society, the John Carter Brown and John
+Hay Libraries of Brown University, and the newly opened Shepley Library in
+Benefit Street. One may picture him yet as he was in those days; tall, slim, and
+blond, with studious eyes and a slight droop, dressed somewhat carelessly, and
+giving a dominant impression of harmless awkwardness rather than
+attractiveness.
+
+His walks were always adventures in antiquity, during which he managed to
+recapture from the myriad relics of a glamorous old city a vivid and connected
+picture of the centuries before. His home was a great Georgian mansion atop the
+well-nigh precipitous hill that rises just east of the river; and from the rear
+windows of its rambling wings he could look dizzily out over all the clustered
+spires, domes, roofs, and skyscraper summits of the lower town to the purple
+hills of the countryside beyond. Here he was born, and from the lovely classic
+porch of the double-bayed brick facade his nurse had first wheeled him in his
+carriage; past the little white farmhouse of two hundred years before that the
+town had long ago overtaken, and on toward the stately colleges along the
+shady, sumptuous street, whose old square brick mansions and smaller wooden
+houses with narrow, heavy-columned Doric porches dreamed solid and
+exclusive amidst their generous yards and gardens.
+
+He had been wheeled, too, along sleepy Congdon Street, one tier lower down on
+the steep hill, and with all its eastern homes on high terraces. The small wooden
+houses averaged a greater age here, for it was up this hill that the growing town
+had climbed; and in these rides he had imbibed something of the colour of a
+quaint colonial village. The nurse used to stop and sit on the benches of Prospect
+Terrace to chat with policemen; and one of the child's first memories was of the
+great westward sea of hazy roofs and domes and steeples and far hills which he
+saw one winter afternoon from that great railed embankment, and violet and
+
+
+
+302
+
+
+
+mystic against a fevered, apocalyptic sunset of reds and golds and purples and
+curious greens. The vast marble dome of the State House stood out in massive
+silhouette, its crowning statue haloed fantastically by a break in one of the tinted
+stratus clouds that barred the flaming sky.
+
+When he was larger his famous walks began; first with his impatiently dragged
+nurse, and then alone in dreamy meditation. Farther and farther down that
+almost perpendicular hill he would venture, each time reaching older and
+quainter levels of the ancient city. He would hesitate gingerly down vertical
+Jenckes Street with its bank walls and colonial gables to the shady Benefit Street
+corner, where before him was a wooden antique with an lonic-pilastered pair of
+doorways, and beside him a prehistoric gambrel-roofer with a bit of primal
+farmyard remaining, and the great Judge Durfee house with its fallen vestiges of
+Georgian grandeur. It was getting to be a slum here; but the titan elms cast a
+restoring shadow over the place, and the boy used to stroll south past the long
+lines of the pre-Revolutionary homes with their great central chimneys and
+classic portals. On the eastern side they were set high over basements with railed
+double flights of stone steps, and the young Charles could picture them as they
+were when the street was new, and red heels and periwigs set off the painted
+pediments whose signs of wear were now becoming so visible.
+
+Westward the hill dropped almost as steeply as above, down to the old "Town
+Street" that the founders had laid out at the river's edge in 1636. Here ran
+innumerable little lanes with leaning, huddled houses of immense antiquity; and
+fascinated though he was, it was long before he dared to thread their archaic
+verticality for fear they would turn out a dream or a gateway to unknown
+terrors. He found it much less formidable to continue along Benefit Street past
+the iron fence of St. John's hidden churchyard and the rear of the 1761 Colony
+House and the mouldering bulk of the Golden Ball Inn where Washington
+stopped. At Meeting Street - the successive Gaol Lane and King Street of other
+periods - he would look upward to the east and see the arched flight of steps to
+which the highway had to resort in climbing the slope, and downward to the
+west, glimpsing the old brick colonial schoolhouse that smiles across the road at
+the ancient Sign of Shakespeare's Head where the Providence Gazette and
+Country-Journal was printed before the Revolution. Then came the exquisite
+First Baptist Church of 1775, luxurious with its matchless Gibbs steeple, and the
+Georgian roofs and cupolas hovering by. Here and to the southward the
+neighbourhood became better, flowering at last into a marvellous group of early
+mansions; but still the little ancient lanes led off down the precipice to the west,
+spectral in their many-gabled archaism and dipping to a riot of iridescent decay
+where the wicked old water-front recalls its proud East India days amidst
+polyglot vice and squalor, rotting wharves, and blear-eyed ship-chandleries.
+
+
+
+303
+
+
+
+with such surviving alley names as Packet, Bullion, Gold, Silver, Coin, Doubloon,
+Sovereign, Guilder, Dollar, Dime, and Cent.
+
+Sometimes, as he grew taller and more adventurous, young Ward would venture
+down into this maelstrom of tottering houses, broken transoms, tumbling steps,
+twisted balustrades, swarthy faces, and nameless odours; winding from South
+Main to South Water, searching out the docks where the bay and sound steamers
+still touched, and returning northward at this lower level past the steep-roofed
+1816 warehouses and the broad square at the Great Bridge, where the 1773
+Market House still stands firm on its ancient arches. In that square he would
+pause to drink in the bewildering beauty of the old town as it rises on its
+eastward bluff, decked with its two Georgian spires and crowned by the vast
+new Christian Science dome as London is crowned by St. Paul's. He like mostly
+to reach this point in the late afternoon, when the slanting sunlight touches the
+Market House and the ancient hill roofs and belfries with gold, and throws
+magic around the dreaming wharves where Providence Indiamen used to ride at
+anchor. After a long look he would grow almost dizzy with a poet's love for the
+sight, and then he would scale the slope homeward in the dusk past the old
+white church and up the narrow precipitous ways where yellow gleams would
+begin to peep out in small-paned windows and through fanlights set high over
+double flights of steps with curious wrought-iron railings.
+
+At other times, and in later years, he would seek for vivid contrasts; spending
+half a walk in the crumbling colonial regions northwest of his home, where the
+hill drops to the lower eminence of Stampers' Hill with its ghetto and negro
+quarter clustering round the place where the Boston stage coach used to start
+before the Revolution, and the other half in the gracious southerly realm about
+George, Benevolent, Power, and Williams Streets, where the old slope holds
+unchanged the fine estates and bits of walled garden and steep green lane in
+which so many fragrant memories linger. These rambles, together with the
+diligent studies which accompanied them, certainly account for a large amount
+of the antiquarian lore which at last crowded the modern world from Charles
+Ward's mind; and illustrate the mental soil upon which fell, in that fateful winter
+of 1919-20, the seeds that came to such strange and terrible fruition.
+
+Dr. Willett is certain that, up to this ill-omened winter of first change, Charles
+Ward's antiquarianism was free from every trace of the morbid. Graveyards held
+for him no particular attraction beyond their quaintness and historic value, and
+of anything like violence or savage instinct he was utterly devoid. Then, by
+insidious degrees, there appeared to develop a curious sequel to one of his
+genealogical triumphs of the year before; when he had discovered among his
+maternal ancestors a certain very long-lived man named Joseph Curwen, who
+
+
+
+304
+
+
+
+had come from Salem in March of 1692, and about whom a whispered series of
+highly peculiar and disquieting stories clustered.
+
+Ward's great-great-grandfather Welcome Potter had in 1785 married a certain
+'Ann Tillinghast, daughter of Mrs. Eliza, daughter to Capt. James Tillinghast,' of
+whose paternity the family had preserved no trace. Late in 1918, whilst
+examining a volume of original town records in manuscript, the young
+genealogist encountered an entry describing a legal change of name, by which in
+1772 a Mrs. Eliza Curwen, widow of Joseph Curwen, resumed, along with her
+seven-year-old daughter Ann, her maiden name of Tillinghast; on the ground
+'that her Husband's name was become a public Reproach by Reason of what was
+knowne after his Decease; the which confirming an antient common Rumour,
+tho' not to be credited by a loyall Wife till so proven as to be wholely past
+Doubting.'
+
+This entry came to light upon the accidental separation of two leaves which had
+been carefully pasted together and treated as one by a laboured revision of the
+page numbers.
+
+It was at once clear to Charles Ward that he had indeed discovered a hitherto
+unknown great-great-great-grandfather. The discovery doubly excited him
+because he had already heard vague reports and seen scattered allusions relating
+to this person; about whom there remained so few publicly available records,
+aside from those becoming public only in modern times, that it almost seemed as
+if a conspiracy had existed to blot him from memory. What did appear,
+moreover, was of such a singular and provocative nature that one could not fail
+to imagine curiously what it was that the colonial recorders were so anxious to
+conceal and forget; or to suspect that the deletion had reasons all too valid.
+
+Before this. Ward had been content to let his romancing about old Joseph
+Curwen remain in the idle stage; but having discovered his own relationship to
+this apparently "hushed-up" character, he proceeded to hunt out as
+systematically as possible whatever he might find concerning him. In this excited
+quest he eventually succeeded beyond his highest expectations; for old letters,
+diaries, and sheaves of unpublished memoirs in cobwebbed Providence garrets
+and elsewhere yielded many illuminating passages which their writers had not
+thought it worth their while to destroy. One important sidelight came from a
+point as remote as New York, where some Rhode Island colonial correspondence
+was stored in the Museum at Fraunces' Tavern. The really crucial thing, though,
+and what in Dr, Willett's opinion formed the definite source of Ward's undoing,
+was the matter found in August 1919 behind the panelling of the crumbling
+house in Olney Court. It was that, beyond a doubt, which opened up those black
+vistas whose end was deeper than the pit.
+
+
+
+305
+
+
+
+II. An Antecedent and a Horror
+
+
+
+Joseph Curwen, as revealed by the rambhng legends embodied in what Ward
+heard and unearthed, was a very astonishing, enigmatic, and obscurely horrible
+individual. He had fled from Salem to Providence - that universal haven of the
+odd, the free, and the dissenting - at the beginning of the great witchcraft panic;
+being in fear of accusation because of his solitary ways and queer chemical or
+alchemical experiments. He was a colourless-looking man of about thirty, and
+was soon found qualified to become a freeman of Providence; thereafter buying a
+home lot just north of Gregory Dexter's at about the foot of Olney Street. His
+house was built on Stampers' Hill west of the Town Street, in what later became
+Olney Court; and in 1761 he replaced this with a larger one, on the same site,
+which is still standing.
+
+Now the first odd thing about Joseph Curwen was that he did not seem to grow
+much older than he had been on his arrival. He engaged in shipping enterprises,
+purchased wharfage near Mile-End Cove, helped rebuild the Great Bridge in
+1713, and in 1723 was one of the founders of the Congregational Church on the
+hill; but always did he retain his nondescript aspect of a man not greatly over
+thirty or thirty-five. As decades mounted up, this singular quality began to excite
+wide notice; but Curwen always explained it by saying that he came of hardy
+forefathers, and practised a simplicity of living which did not wear him our.
+How such simplicity could be reconciled with the inexplicable comings and
+goings of the secretive merchant, and with the queer gleaming of his windows at
+all hours of night, was not very clear to the townsfolk; and they were prone to
+assign other reasons for his continued youth and longevity. It was held, for the
+most part, that Curwen's incessant mixings and boilings of chemicals had much
+to do with his condition. Gossip spoke of the strange substances he brought from
+London and the Indies on his ships or purchased in Newport, Boston, and New
+York; and when old Dr. Jabez Bowen came from Rehoboth and opened his
+apothecary shop across the Great Bridge at the Sign of the Unicorn and Mortar,
+there was ceaseless talk of the drugs, acids, and metals that the taciturn recluse
+incessantly bought or ordered from him. Acting on the assumption that Curwen
+possessed a wondrous and secret medical skill, many sufferers of various sorts
+applied to him for aid; but though he appeared to encourage their belief in a non-
+committal way, and always gave them odd-coloured potions in response to their
+requests, it was observed that his ministrations to others seldom proved of
+benefit. At length, when over fifty years had passed since the stranger's advent,
+and without producing more than five years' apparent change in his face and
+physique, the people began to whisper more darkly; and to meet more than half
+way that desire for isolation which he had always shewn.
+
+
+
+306
+
+
+
+Private letters and diaries of the period reveal, too, a multitude of other reasons
+why Joseph Curwen was marvelled at, feared, and finally shunned like a plague.
+His passion for graveyards, in which he was glimpsed at all hours, and under all
+conditions, was notorious; though no one had witnessed any deed on his part
+which could actually be termed ghoulish. On the Pawtuxet Road he had a farm,
+at which he generally lived during the summer, and to which he would
+frequently be seen riding at various odd times of the day or night. Here his only
+visible servants, farmers, and caretakers were a sullen pair of aged Narragansett
+Indians; the husband dumb and curiously scarred, and the wife of a very
+repulsive cast of countenance, probably due to a mixture of negro blood. In the
+lead-to of this house was the laboratory where most of the chemical experiments
+were conducted. Curious porters and teamers who delivered bottles, bags, or
+boxes at the small read door would exchange accounts of the fantastic flasks,
+crucibles, alembics, and furnaces they saw in the low shelved room; and
+prophesied in whispers that the close-mouthed "chymist" - by which they meant
+alchemist - would not be long in finding the Philosopher's Stone. The nearest
+neighbours to this farm - the Fenners, a quarter of a mile away - had still queerer
+things to tell of certain sounds which they insisted came from the Curwen place
+in the night. There were cries, they said, and sustained bowlings; and they did
+not like the large numbers of livestock which thronged the pastures, for no such
+amount was needed to keep a lone old man and a very few servants in meat,
+milk, and wool. The identity of the stock seemed to change from week to week as
+new droves were purchased from the Kingstown farmers. Then, too, there was
+something very obnoxious about a certain great stone outbuilding with only high
+narrow slits for windows.
+
+Great Bridge idlers likewise had much to say of Curwen's town house in Olney
+Court; not so much the fine new one built in 1761, when the man must have been
+nearly a century old, but the first low gambrel-roofed one with the windowless
+attic and shingled sides, whose timbers he took the peculiar precaution of
+burning after its demolition. Here there was less mystery, it is true; but the hours
+at which lights were seen, the secretiveness of the two swarthy foreigners who
+comprised the only menservants, the hideous indistinct mumbling of the
+incredibly aged French housekeeper, the large amounts of food seen to enter a
+door within which only four persons lived, and the quality of certain voices often
+heard in muffled conversation at highly unseasonable times, all combined with
+what was known of the Pawtuxet farm to give the place a bad name.
+
+In choicer circles, too, the Curwen home was by no means undiscussed; for as the
+newcomer had gradually worked into the church and trading life of the town, he
+had naturally made acquaintances of the better sort, whose company and
+conversation he was well fitted by education to enjoy. His birth was known to be
+good, since the Curwens or Corwins of Salem needed no introduction in New
+
+
+
+307
+
+
+
+England. It developed that Joseph Curwen had travelled much in very early life,
+living for a time in England and making at least two voyages to the Orient; and
+his speech, when he deigned to use it, was that of a learned and cultivated
+Englishman. But for some reason or other Curwen did not care for society.
+Whilst never actually rebuffing a visitor, he always reared such a wall of reserve
+that few could think of anything to say to him which would not sound inane.
+
+There seemed to lurk in his bearing some cryptic, sardonic arrogance, as if he
+had come to find all human beings dull though having moved among stranger
+and more potent entities. When Dr. Checkley the famous wit came from Boston
+in 1738 to be rector of King's Church, he did not neglect calling on one of whom
+he soon heard so much; but left in a very short while because of some sinister
+undercurrent he detected in his host's discourse. Charles Ward told his father,
+when they discussed Curwen one winter evening, that he would give much to
+learn what the mysterious old man had said to the sprightly cleric, but that all
+diarists agree concerning Dr. Checkley's reluctance to repeat anything he had
+heard. The good man had been hideously shocked, and could never recall Joseph
+Curwen without a visible loss of the gay urbanity for which he was famed.
+
+More definite, however, was the reason why another man of taste and breeding
+avoided the haughty hermit. In 1746 Mr. John Merritt, an elderly English
+gentleman of literary and scientific leanings, came from Newport to the town
+which was so rapidly overtaking it in standing, and built a fine country seat on
+the Neck in what is now the heart of the best residence section. He lived in
+considerable style and comfort, keeping the first coach and liveried servants in
+town, and taking great pride in his telescope, his microscope, and his well-
+chosen library of English and Latin books. Hearing of Curwen as the owner of
+the best library in Providence, Mr. Merritt early paid him a call, and was more
+cordially received than most other callers at the house had been. His admiration
+for his host's ample shelves, which besides the Greek, Latin, and English classics
+were equipped with a remarkable battery of philosophical, mathematical, and
+scientific works including Paracelsus, Agricola, Van Helmont, Sylvius, Glauber,
+Boyle, Boerhaave, Becher, and Stahl, led Curwen to suggest a visit to the
+farmhouse and laboratory whither he had never invited anyone before; and the
+two drove out at once in Mr. Merritt's coach.
+
+Mr. Merritt always confessed to seeing nothing really horrible at the farmhouse,
+but maintained that the titles of the books in the special library of
+thaumaturgical, alchemical, and theological subjects which Curwen kept in a
+front room were alone sufficient to inspire him with a lasting loathing. Perhaps,
+however, the facial expression of the owner in exhibiting them contributed much
+of the prejudice. This bizarre collection, besides a host of standard works which
+Mr. Merritt was not too alarmed to envy, embraced nearly all the cabbalists.
+
+
+
+308
+
+
+
+daemonologists, and magicians known to man; and was a treasure-house of lore
+in the doubtful realms of alchemy and astrology. Hermes Trismegistus in
+Mesnard's edition, the Turba Philosophorum, Geber's Liber Investigationis, and
+Artephius's Key of Wisdom all were there; with the cabbalistic Zohar, Peter
+Jammy's set of Albertus Magnus, Raymond Lully's Ars Magna et Ultima in
+Zetsner's edition, Roger Bacon's Thesaurus Chemicus, Fludd's Clavis Alchimiae,
+and Trithemius's De Lapide Philosophico crowding them close. Mediaeval Jews
+and Arabs were represented in profusion, and Mr. Merritt turned pale when,
+upon taking down a fine volume conspicuously labelled as the Qanoon-e-Islam,
+he found it was in truth the forbidden Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul
+Alhazred, of which he had heard such monstrous things whispered some years
+previously after the exposure of nameless rites at the strange little fishing village
+of Kingsport, in the province of the Massachussetts-Bay.
+
+But oddly enough, the worthy gentleman owned himself most impalpably
+disquieted by a mere minor detail. On the huge mahogany table there lay face
+downwards a badly worn copy of Borellus, bearing many cryptical marginalia
+and interlineations in Curwen's hand. The book was open at about its middle,
+and one paragraph displayed such thick and tremulous pen-strokes beneath the
+lines of mystic black-letter that the visitor could not resist scanning it through.
+Whether it was the nature of the passage underscored, or the feverish heaviness
+of the strokes which formed the underscoring, he could not tell; but something in
+that combination affected him very badly and very peculiarly. He recalled it to
+the end of his days, writing it down from memory in his diary and once trying to
+recite it to his close friend Dr. Checkley till he saw how greatly it disturbed the
+urbane rector. It read:
+
+'The essential Saltes of Animals may be so prepared and preserved, that an
+ingenious Man may have the whole Ark of Noah in his own Studie, and raise the
+fine Shape of an Animal out of its Ashes at his Pleasure; and by the lyke Method
+from the essential Saltes of humane Dust, a Philosopher may, without any
+criminal Necromancy, call up the Shape of any dead Ancestour from the Dust
+whereinto his Bodie has been incinerated.'
+
+It was near the docks along the southerly part of the Town Street, however, that
+the worst things were muttered about Joseph Curwen. Sailors are superstitious
+folk; and the seasoned salts who manned the infinite rum, slave, and molasses
+sloops, the rakish privateers, and the great brigs of the Browns, Crawfords, and
+Tillinghasts, all made strange furtive signs of protection when they saw the slim,
+deceptively young-looking figure with its yellow hair and slight stoop entering
+the Curwen warehouse in Doubloon Street or talking with captains and
+supercargoes on the long quay where the Curwen ships rode restlessly.
+Curwen's own clerks and captains hated and feared him, and all his sailors were
+
+
+
+309
+
+
+
+mongrel riff-raff from Martinique, St. Eustatius, Havana, or Port Royal. It was, in
+a way, the frequency with which these sailors were replaced which inspired the
+acutest and most tangible part of the fear in which the old man was held. A crew
+would be turned loose in the town on shore leave, some of its members perhaps
+charged with this errand or that; and when reassembled it would be almost sure
+to lack one or more men. That many of the errands had concerned the farm of
+Pawtuxet Road, and that few of the sailors had ever been seen to return from that
+place, was not forgotten; so that in time it became exceedingly difficult for
+Curwen to keep his oddly assorted hands. Almost invariably several would
+desert soon after hearing the gossip of the Providence wharves, and their
+replacement in the West Indies became an increasingly great problem to the
+merchant.
+
+By 1760 Joseph Curwen was virtually an outcast, suspected of vague horrors and
+daemoniac alliances which seemed all the more menacing because they could not
+be named, understood, or even proved to exist. The last straw may have come
+from the affair of the missing soldiers in 1758, for in March and April of that year
+two Royal regiments on their way to New France were quartered in Providence,
+and depleted by an inexplicable process far beyond the average rate of desertion.
+Rumour dwelt on the frequency with which Curwen was wont to be seen talking
+with the red-coated strangers; and as several of them began to be missed, people
+thought of the odd conditions among his own seamen. What would have
+happened if the regiments had not been ordered on, no one can tell.
+
+Meanwhile the merchant's worldly affairs were prospering. He had a virtual
+monopoly of the town's trade in saltpetre, black pepper, and cinnamon, and
+easily led any other one shipping establishment save the Browns in his
+importation of brassware, indigo, cotton, woollens, salt, rigging, iron, paper, and
+English goods of every kind. Such shopkeepers as James Green, at the Sign of the
+Elephant in Cheapside, the Russells, at the Sign of the Golden Eagle across the
+Bridge, or Clark and Nightingale at the Frying-Pan and Fish near New Coffee-
+House, depended almost wholly upon him for their stock; and his arrangements
+with the local distillers, the Narragansett dairymen and horse-breeders, and the
+Newport candle-makers, made him one of the prime exporters of the Colony.
+
+Ostracised though he was, he did not lack for civic spirit of a sort. When the
+Colony House burned down, he subscribed handsomely to the lotteries by which
+the new brick one - still standing at the head of its parade in the old main street -
+was built in 1761. In that same year, too, he helped rebuild the Great Bridge after
+the October gale. He replaced many of the books of the public library consumed
+in the Colony House fire, and bought heavily in the lottery that gave the muddy
+Market Parade and deep-rutted Town Street their pavement of great round
+stones with a brick footwalk or "causey" in the middle. About this time, also, he
+
+
+
+310
+
+
+
+built the plain but excellent new house whose doorway is still such a triumph of
+carving. When the Whitefield adherents broke off from Dr. Cotton's hill church
+in 1743 and founded Deacon Snow's church across the Bridge, Curwen had gone
+with them; though his zeal and attendance soon abated. Now, however, he
+cultivated piety once more; as if to dispel the shadow which had thrown him into
+isolation and would soon begin to wreck his business fortunes if not sharply
+checked.
+
+
+
+The sight of this strange, pallid man, hardly middle-aged in aspect yet certainly
+not less than a full century old, seeking at last to emerge from a cloud of fright
+and detestation too vague to pin down or analyse, was at once a pathetic, a
+dramatic, and a contemptible thing. Such is the power of wealth and of surface
+gestures, however, that there came indeed a slight abatement in the visible
+aversion displayed toward him; especially after the rapid disappearances of his
+sailors abruptly ceased. He must likewise have begun to practice an extreme care
+and secrecy in his graveyard expeditions, for he was never again caught at such
+wanderings; whilst the rumours of uncanny sounds and manoeuvres at his
+Pawtuxet farm diminished in proportion. His rate of food consumption and
+cattle replacement remained abnormally high; but not until modern times, when
+Charles Ward examined a set of his accounts and invoices in the Shepley Library,
+did it occur to any person - save one embittered youth, perhaps - to make dark
+comparisons between the large number of Guinea blacks he imported until 1766,
+and the disturbingly small number for whom he could produce bona fide bills of
+sale either to slave-dealers at the Great Bridge or to the planters of the
+Narragansett Country. Certainly, the cunning and ingenuity of this abhorred
+character were uncannily profound, once the necessity for their exercise had
+become impressed upon him.
+
+But of course the effect of all this belated mending was necessarily slight.
+Curwen continued to be avoided and distrusted, as indeed the one fact of his
+continued air of youth at a great age would have been enough to warrant; and he
+could see that in the end his fortunes would be likely to suffer. His elaborate
+studies and experiments, whatever they may have been, apparently required a
+heavy income for their maintenance; and since a change of environment would
+deprive him of the trading advantages he had gained, it would not have profited
+him to begin anew in a different region just then. Judgement demanded that he
+patch up his relations with the townsfolk of Providence, so that his presence
+might no longer be a signal for hushed conversation, transparent excuses or
+errands elsewhere, and a general atmosphere of constraint and uneasiness. His
+clerks, being now reduced to the shiftless and impecunious residue whom no
+one else would employ, were giving him much worry; and he held to his sea-
+
+
+
+311
+
+
+
+captains and mates only by shrewdness in gaining some kind of ascendancy over
+them - a mortgage, a promissory note, or a bit of information very pertinent to
+their welfare. In many cases, diarists have recorded with some awe, Curwen
+shewed almost the power of a wizard in unearthing family secrets for
+questionable use. During the final five years of his life it seemed as though only
+direct talks with the long-dead could possibly have furnished some of the data
+which he had so glibly at his tongue's end.
+
+About this time the crafty scholar hit upon a last desperate expedient to regain
+his footing in the community. Hitherto a complete hermit, he now determined to
+contract an advantageous marriage; securing as a bride some lady whose
+unquestioned position would make all ostracism of his home impossible. It may
+be that he also had deeper reasons for wishing an alliance; reasons so far outside
+the known cosmic sphere that only papers found a century and a half after his
+death caused anyone to suspect them; but of this nothing certain can ever be
+learned. Naturally he was aware of the horror and indignation with which any
+ordinary courtship of his would be received, hence he looked about for some
+likely candidate upon whose parents he might exert a suitable pressure. Such
+candidates, he found, were not at all easy to discover; since he had very
+particular requirements in the way of beauty, accomplishments, and social
+security. At length his survey narrowed down to the household of one of his best
+and oldest ship-captains, a widower of high birth and unblemished standing
+named Dutee Tillinghast, whose only daughter Eliza seemed dowered with
+every conceivable advantage save prospects as an heiress. Capt. Tillinghast was
+completely under the domination of Curwen; and consented, after a terrible
+interview in his cupolaed house on Power's Lane hill, to sanction the
+blasphemous alliance.
+
+Eliza Tillinghast was at that time eighteen years of age, and had been reared as
+gently as the reduced circumstances of her father permitted. She had attended
+Stephen Jackson's school opposite the Court-House Parade; and had been
+diligently instructed by her mother, before the latter's death of smallpox in 1757,
+in all the arts and refinements of domestic life. A sampler of hers, worked in 1753
+at the age of nine, may still be found in the rooms of the Rhode Island Historical
+Society. After her mother's death she had kept the house, aided only by one old
+black woman. Her arguments with her father concerning the proposed Curwen
+marriage must have been painful indeed; but of these we have no record. Certain
+it is that her engagement to young Ezra Weeden, second mate of the Crawford
+packet Enterprise, was dutifully broken off, and that her union with Joseph
+Curwen took place on the seventh of March, 1763, in the Baptist church, in the
+presence of the most distinguished assemblages which the town could boast; the
+ceremony being performed by the younger Samuel Winsor. The Gazette
+mentioned the event very briefly, and in most surviving copies the item in
+
+
+
+312
+
+
+
+question seems to be cut or torn out. Ward found a single intact copy after much
+search in the archives of a private collector of note, observing with amusement
+the meaningless urbanity of the language:
+
+'Monday evening last, Mr. Joseph Curwen, of this Town, Merchant, was married
+to Miss Eliza Tillinghast, Daughter of Capt. Dutee Tillinghast, a young Lady who
+has real Merit, added to a beautiful Person, to grace the connubial State and
+perpetuate its Felicity.'
+
+The collection of Durfee-Arnold letters, discovered by Charles Ward shortly
+before his first reputed madness in the private collection of Melville F. Peters,
+Esq., of George St., and covering this and a somewhat antecedent period, throws
+vivid light on the outrage done to public sentiment by this ill-assorted match.
+The social influence of the Tillinghasts, however, was not to be denied; and once
+more Joseph Curwen found his house frequented by persons whom he could
+never otherwise have induced to cross his threshold. His acceptance was by no
+means complete, and his bride was socially the sufferer through her forced
+venture; but at all events the wall of utter ostracism was somewhat torn down. In
+his treatment of his wife the strange bridegroom astonished both her and the
+community by displaying an extreme graciousness and consideration. The new
+house in Olney Court was now wholly free from disturbing manifestations, and
+although Curwen was much absent at the Pawtuxet farm which his wife never
+visited, he seemed more like a normal citizen than at any other time in his long
+years of residence. Only one person remained in open enmity with him, this
+being the youthful ship's officer whose engagement to Eliza Tillinghast had been
+so abruptly broken. Ezra Weeden had frankly vowed vengeance; and though of a
+quiet and ordinarily mild disposition, was now gaining a hate-bred, dogged
+purpose which boded no good to the usurping husband.
+
+On the seventh of May, 1765, Curwen's only child Ann was born; and was
+christened by the Rev. John Graves of King's Church, of which both husband and
+wife had become communicants shortly after their marriage, in order to
+compromise between their respective Congregational and Baptist affiliations.
+The record of this birth, as well as that of the marriage two years before, was
+stricken from most copies of the church and town annals where it ought to
+appear; and Charles Ward located both with the greatest difficulty after his
+discover of the widow's change of name had apprised him of his own
+relationship, and engendered the feverish interest which culminated in his
+madness. The birth entry, indeed, was found very curiously through
+correspondence with the heirs of the loyalist Dr. Graves, who had taken with
+him a duplicate set of records when he left his pastorate at the outbreak of the
+Revolution. Ward had tried this source because he knew that his great-great-
+grandmother Ann Tillinghast Potter had been an Episcopalian.
+
+
+
+313
+
+
+
+Shortly after the birth of his daughter, an event he seemed to welcome with a
+fervour greatly out of keeping with his usual coldness, Curwen resolved to sit for
+a portrait. This he had painted by a very gifted Scotsman named Cosmo
+Alexander, then a resident of Newport, and since famous as the early teacher of
+Gilbert Stuart. The likeness was said to have been executed on a wall-panel of the
+library of the house in Olney Court, but neither of the two old diaries mentioning
+it gave any hint of its ultimate disposition. At this period the erratic scholar
+shewed signs of unusual abstraction, and spent as much time as he possibly
+could at his farm on the Pawtuxet Road. He seemed, as was stated, in a condition
+of suppressed excitement or suspense; as if expecting some phenomenal thing or
+on the brink of some strange discovery. Chemistry or alchemy would appear to
+have played a great part, for he took from his house to the farm the greater
+number of his volumes on that subject.
+
+His affectation of civic interest did not diminish, and he lost no opportunities for
+helping such leaders as Stephen Hopkins, Joseph Brown, and Benjamin West in
+their efforts to raise the cultural tone of the town, which was then much below
+the level of Newport in its patronage of the liberal arts. He had helped Daniel
+Jenckes found his bookshop in 1763, and was thereafter his best customer;
+extending aid likewise to the struggling Gazette that appeared each Wednesday
+at the Sign of Shakespeare's Head. In politics he ardently supported Governor
+Hopkins against the Ward party whose prime strength was in Newport, and his
+really eloquent speech at Hacher's Hall in 1765 against the setting off of North
+Providence as a separate town with a pro-Ward vote in the General Assembly
+did more than any other thing to wear down the prejudice against him. But Ezra
+Weeden, who watched him closely, sneered cynically at all this outward activity;
+and freely swore it was no more than a mask for some nameless traffick with the
+blackest gulfs of Tartarus. The revengeful youth began a systematic study of the
+man and his doings whenever he was in port; spending hours at night by the
+wharves with a dory in readiness when he saw lights in the Curwen warehouses,
+and following the small boat which would sometimes steal quietly off and down
+the bay. He also kept as close a watch as possible on the Pawtuxet farm, and was
+once severely bitten by the dogs the old Indian couple loosed upon him.
+
+
+
+In 1766 came the final change in Joseph Curwen. It was very sudden, and gained
+wide notice amongst the curious townsfolk; for the air of suspense and
+expectancy dropped like an old cloak, giving instant place to an ill-concealed
+exaltation of perfect triumph. Curwen seemed to have difficulty in restraining
+himself from public harangues on what he had found or learned or made; but
+apparently the need of secrecy was greater than the longing to share his
+rejoicing, for no explanation was ever offered by him. It was after this transition.
+
+
+
+314
+
+
+
+which appears to have come early in July, that the sinister scholar began to
+astonish people by his possession of information which only their long-dead
+ancestors would seem to be able to impart.
+
+But Curwen's feverish secret activities by no means ceased with this change. On
+the contrary, they tended rather to increase; so that more and more of his
+shipping business was handled by the captains whom he now bound to him by
+ties of fear as potent as those of bankruptcy had been. He altogether abandoned
+the slave trade, alleging that its profits were constantly decreasing. Every
+possible moment was spent at the Pawtuxet farm; although there were rumours
+now and then of his presence in places which, though not actually near
+graveyards, were yet so situated in relation to graveyards that thoughtful people
+wondered just how thorough the old merchant's change of habits really was.
+Ezra Weeden, though his periods of espionage were necessarily brief and
+intermittent on account of his sea voyaging, had a vindictive persistence which
+the bulk of the practical townsfolk and farmers lacked; and subjected Curwen's
+affairs to a scrutiny such as they had never had before.
+
+Many of the odd manoeuvres of the strange merchant's vessels had been taken
+for granted on account of the unrest of the times, when every colonist seemed
+determined to resist the provisions of the Sugar Act which hampered a
+prominent traffick. Smuggling and evasion were the rule in Narragansett Bay,
+and nocturnal landings of illicit cargoes were continuous commonplaces. But
+Weeden, night after night following the lighters or small sloops which he saw
+steal off from the Curwen warehouses at the Town Street docks, soon felt
+assured that it was not merely His Majesty's armed ships which the sinister
+skulker was anxious to avoid. Prior to the change in 1766 these boats had for the
+most part contained chained negroes, who were carried down and across the bay
+and landed at an obscure point on the shore just north of Pawtuxet; being
+afterward driven up the bluff and across country to the Curwen farm, where
+they were locked in that enormous stone outbuilding which had only five high
+narrow slits for windows. After that change, however, the whole programme
+was altered. Importation of slaves ceased at once, and for a time Curwen
+abandoned his midnight sailings. Then, about the spring of 1767, a new policy
+appeared. Once more the lighters grew wont to put out from the black, silent
+docks, and this time they would go down the bay some distance, perhaps as far
+as Namquit Point, where they would meet and receive cargo from strange ships
+of considerable size and widely varied appearance. Curwen's sailors would then
+deposit this cargo at the usual point on the shore, and transport it overland to the
+farm; locking it in the same cryptical stone building which had formerly received
+the negroes. The cargo consisted almost wholly of boxes and cases, of which a
+large proportion were oblong and heavy and disturbingly suggestive of coffins.
+
+
+
+315
+
+
+
+Weeden always watched the farm with unremitting assiduity; visiting it each
+night for long periods, and seldom letting a week go by without a sight except
+when the ground bore a footprint-revealing snow. Even then he would often
+walk as close as possible in the travelled road or on the ice of the neighbouring
+river to see what tracks others might have left. Finding his own vigils interrupted
+by nautical duties, he hired a tavern companion named Eleazar Smith to
+continue the survey during his absence; and between them the two could have
+set in motion some extraordinary rumours. That they did not do so was only
+because they knew the effect of publicity would be to warn their quarry and
+make further progress impossible. Instead, they wished to learn something
+definite before taking any action. What they did learn must have been startling
+indeed, and Charles Ward spoke many times to his parents of his regret at
+Weeden's later burning of his notebooks. All that can be told of their discoveries
+is what Eleazar Smith jotted down in a non too coherent diary, and what other
+diarists and letter-writers have timidly repeated from the statements which they
+finally made - and according to which the farm was only the outer shell of some
+vast and revolting menace, of a scope and depth too profound and intangible for
+more than shadowy comprehension.
+
+It is gathered that Weeden and Smith became early convinced that a great series
+of tunnels and catacombs, inhabited by a very sizeable staff of persons besides
+the old Indian and his wife, underlay the farm. The house was an old peaked
+relic of the middle seventeenth century with enormous stack chimney and
+diamond-paned lattice windows, the laboratory being in a lean-to toward the
+north, where the roof came nearly to the ground. This building stood clear of any
+other; yet judging by the different voices heard at odd times within, it must have
+been accessible through secret passages beneath. These voices, before 1766, were
+mere mumblings and negro whisperings and frenzied screams, coupled with
+curious chants or invocations. After that date, however, they assumed a very
+singular and terrible cast as they ran the gamut betwixt dronings of dull
+acquiescence and explosions of frantic pain or fury, rumblings of conversations
+and whines of entreaty, pantings of eagerness and shouts of protest. They
+appeared to be in different languages, all known to Curwen, whose rasping
+accents were frequently distinguishable in reply, reproof, or threatening.
+Sometimes it seemed that several persons must be in the house; Curwen, certain
+captives, and the guards of those captives. There were voices of a sort that
+neither Weeden nor Smith had ever heard before despite their wide knowledge
+of foreign parts, and many that they did seem to place as belonging to this or that
+nationality. The nature of the conversations seemed always a kind of catechism,
+as if Curwen were extorting some sort of information from terrified or rebellious
+prisoners.
+
+
+
+316
+
+
+
+Weeden had many verbatim reports of overheard scraps in his notebook, for
+Enghsh, French, and Spanish, which he knew, were frequently used; but of these
+nothing has survived. He did, however, say that besides a few ghouhsh
+dialogues in which the past affairs of Providence families were concerned, most
+of the questions and answers he could understand were historical or scientific;
+occasionally pertaining to very remote places and ages. Once, for example, an
+alternately raging and sullen figure was questioned in French about the Black
+Prince's massacre at Limoges in 1370, as if there were some hidden reason which
+he ought to know. Curwen asked the prisoner - if prisoner he were - whether the
+order to slay was given because of the Sign of the Goat found on the altar in the
+ancient Roman crypt beneath the Cathedral, or whether the Dark Man of the
+Haute Vienne had spoken the Three Words. Failing to obtain replies, the
+inquisitor had seemingly resorted to extreme means; for there was a terrific
+shriek followed by silence and muttering and a bumping sound.
+
+None of these colloquies was ever ocularly witnessed, since the windows were
+always heavily draped. Once, though, during a discourse in an unknown tongue,
+a shadow was seen on the curtain which startled Weeden exceedingly;
+reminding him of one of the puppets in a show he had seen in the autumn of
+1764 in Hacher's Hall, when a man from Germantown, Pennsylvania, had given
+a clever mechanical spectacle advertised as
+
+'A View of the Famous City of Jerusalem, in which are represented Jerusalem,
+the Temple of Solomon, his Royal Throne, the noted Towers, and Hills, likewise
+the Suffering of Our Saviour from the Garden of Gethsemane to the Cross on the
+Hill of Golgotha; an artful piece of Statuary, Worthy to be seen by the Curious.'
+
+It was on this occasion that the listener, who had crept close to the window of the
+front room whence the speaking proceeded, gave a start which roused the old
+Indian pair and caused them to loose the dogs on him. After that no more
+conversations were ever heard in the house, and Weeden and Smith concluded
+that Curwen had transferred his field of action to regions below.
+
+That such regions in truth existed, seemed amply clear from many things. Faint
+cries and groans unmistakably came up now and then from what appeared to be
+the solid earth in places far from any structure; whilst hidden in the bushes along
+the river-bank in the rear, where the high ground sloped steeply down to the
+valley of the Pawtuxet, there was found an arched oaken door in a frame of
+heavy masonry, which was obviously an entrance to caverns within the hill.
+When or how these catacombs could have been constructed, Weeden was unable
+to say; but he frequently pointed out how easily the place might have been
+reached by bands of unseen workmen from the river. Joseph Curwen put his
+mongrel seamen to diverse uses indeed! During the heavy spring rains of 1769
+
+
+
+317
+
+
+
+the two watchers kept a sharp eye on the steep river-bank to see if any
+subterrene secrets might be washed to hght, and were rewarded by the sight of a
+profusion of both human and animal bones in places where deep gullies had
+been worn in the banks. Naturally there might be many explanations of such
+things in the rear of a stock farm, and a locality where old Indian bury-grounds
+were common, but Weeden and Smith drew their own inferences.
+
+It was in January 1770, whilst Weeden and Smith were still debating vainly on
+what, if anything, to think or do about the whole bewildering business, that the
+incident of the Fortaleza occurred. Exasperated by the burning of the revenue
+sloop Liberty at Newport during the previous summer, the customs fleet under
+Admiral Wallace had adopted an increased vigilance concerning strange vessels;
+and on this occasion His Majesty's armed schooner Cygnet, under Capt. Charles
+Leslie, captured after a short pursuit one early morning the scow Fortaleza of
+Barcelona, Spain, under Capt. Manuel Arruda, bound according to its log from
+Grand Cairo, Egypt, to Providence. When searched for contraband material, this
+ship revealed the astonishing fact that its cargo consisted exclusively of Egyptian
+mummies, consigned to "Sailor A. B. C", who would come to remove his goods
+in a lighter just off Namquit Point and whose identity Capt. Arruda felt himself
+in honour bound not to reveal. The Vice-Admiralty at Newport, at a loss what to
+do in view of the non-contraband nature of the cargo on the one hand and of the
+unlawful secrecy of the entry on the other hand, compromised on Collector
+Robinson's recommendation by freeing the ship but forbidding it a port in Rhode
+Island waters. There were later rumours of its having been seen in Boston
+Harbour, though it never openly entered the Port of Boston.
+
+This extraordinary incident did not fail of wide remark in Providence, and there
+were not many who doubted the existence of some connexion between the cargo
+of mummies and the sinister Joseph Curwen. His exotic studies and his curious
+chemical importations being common knowledge, and his fondness for
+graveyards being common suspicion; it did not take much imagination to link
+him with a freakish importation which could not conceivably have been destined
+for anyone else in the town. As if conscious of this natural belief, Curwen took
+care to speak casually on several occasions of the chemical value of the balsams
+found in mummies; thinking perhaps that he might make the affair seem less
+unnatural, yet stopping just short of admitting his participation. Weeden and
+Smith, of course, felt no doubt whatsoever of the significance of the thing; and
+indulged in the wildest theories concerning Curwen and his monstrous labours.
+
+The following spring, like that of the year before, had heavy rains; and the
+watchers kept careful track of the river-bank behind the Curwen farm. Large
+sections were washed away, and a certain number of bones discovered; but no
+glimpse was afforded of any actual subterranean chambers or burrows.
+
+
+
+318
+
+
+
+Something was rumoured, however, at the village of Pawtuxet about a mile
+below, where the river flows in falls over a rocky terrace to join the placed
+landlocked cove. There, where quaint old cottages climbed the hill from the
+rustic bridge, and fishing-smacks lay anchored at their sleepy docks, a vague
+report went round of things that were floating down the river and flashing into
+sight for a minute as they went over the falls. Of course the Pawtuxet in a long
+river which winds through many settled regions abounding in graveyards, and
+of course the spring rains had been very heavy; but the fisherfolk about the
+bridge did not like the wild way that one of the things stared as it shot down to
+the still waters below, or the way that another half cried out although its
+condition had greatly departed from that of objects which normally cried out.
+That rumour sent Smith - for Weeden was just then at sea - in haste to the river-
+bank behind the farm; where surely enough there remained the evidence of an
+extensive cave-in. There was, however, no trace of a passage into the steep bank;
+for the miniature avalanche had left behind a solid wall of mixed earth and
+shrubbery from aloft. Smith went to the extent of some experimental digging, but
+was deterred by lack of success - or perhaps by fear of possible success. It is
+interesting to speculate on what the persistent and revengeful Weeden would
+have done had he been ashore at the time.
+
+
+
+By the autumn of 1770 Weeden decided that the time was ripe to tell others of his
+discoveries; for he had a large number of facts to link together, and a second eye-
+witness to refute the possible charge that jealousy and vindictiveness had
+spurred his fancy. As his first confidant he selected Capt. James Mathewson of
+the Enterprise, who on the one hand knew him well enough not to doubt his
+veracity, and on the other hand was sufficiently influential in the town to be
+heard in turn with respect. The colloquy took place in an upper room of Sabin's
+Tavern near the docks, with Smith present to corroborate virtually every
+statement; and it could be seen that Capt. Mathewson was tremendously
+impressed. Like nearly everyone else in the town, he had had black suspicions of
+his own anent Joseph Curwen; hence it needed only this confirmation and
+enlargement of data to convince him absolutely. At the end of the conference he
+was very grave, and enjoined strict silence upon the two younger men. He
+would, he said, transmit the information separately to some ten or so of the most
+learned and prominent citizens of Providence; ascertaining their views and
+following whatever advice they might have to offer. Secrecy would probably be
+essential in any case, for this was no matter that the town constables or militia
+could cope with; and above all else the excitable crowd must be kept in
+ignorance, lest there be enacted in these already troublous times a repetition of
+that frightful Salem panic of less than a century before which had first brought
+Curwen hither.
+
+
+
+319
+
+
+
+The right persons to tell, he believed, would be Dr. Benjamin West, whose
+pamphlet on the late transit of Venus proved him a scholar and keen thinker;
+Rev. James Manning, President of the College which had just moved up from
+Warren and was temporarily housed in the new King Street schoolhouse
+awaiting the completion of its building on the hill above Presbyterian-Lane; ex-
+Governor Stephen Hopkins, who had been a member of the Philosophical
+Society at Newport, and was a man of very broad perceptions; John Carter,
+publisher of the Gazette; all four of the Brown brothers, John, Joseph, Nicholas,
+and Moses, who formed the recognised local magnates, and of whom Joseph was
+an amateur scientist of parts; old Dr. Jabez Bowen, whose erudition was
+considerable, and who had much first-hand knowledge of Curwen's odd
+purchases; and Capt. Abraham Whipple, a privateersman of phenomenal
+boldness and energy who could be counted on to lead in any active measures
+needed. These men, if favourable, might eventually be brought together for
+collective deliberation; and with them would rest the responsibility of deciding
+whether or not to inform the Governor of the Colony, Joseph Wanton of
+Newport, before taking action.
+
+The mission of Capt. Mathewson prospered beyond his highest expectations; for
+whilst he found one or two of the chosen confidants somewhat sceptical of the
+possible ghastly side of Weeden's tale, there was not one who did not think it
+necessary to take some sort of secret and coordinated action. Curwen, it was
+clear, formed a vague potential menace to the welfare of the town and Colony;
+and must be eliminated at any cost. Late in December 1770 a group of eminent
+townsmen met at the home of Stephen Hopkins and debated tentative measures.
+Weeden's notes, which he had given to Capt. Mathewson, were carefully read;
+and he and Smith were summoned to give testimony anent details. Something
+very like fear seized the whole assemblage before the meeting was over, though
+there ran through that fear a grim determination which Capt. Whipple's bluff
+and resonant profanity best expressed. They would not notify the Governor,
+because a more than legal course seemed necessary. With hidden powers of
+uncertain extent apparently at his disposal, Curwen was not a man who could
+safely be warned to leave town. Nameless reprisals might ensue, and even if the
+sinister creature complied, the removal would be no more than the shifting of an
+unclean burden to another place. The times were lawless, and men who had
+flouted the King's revenue forces for years were not the ones to balk at sterner
+things when duty impelled. Curwen must be surprised at his Pawtuxet farm by a
+large raiding-party of seasoned privateersmen and given one decisive chance to
+explain himself. If he proved a madman, amusing himself with shrieks and
+imaginary conversations in different voices, he would be properly confined. If
+something graver appeared, and if the underground horrors indeed turned out
+to be real, he and all with him must die. It could be done quietly, and even the
+widow and her father need not be told how it came about.
+
+
+
+320
+
+
+
+While these serious steps were under discussion there occurred in the town an
+incident so terrible and inexplicable that for a time little else was mentioned for
+miles around. In the middle of a moon-light January night with heavy snow
+underfoot there resounded over the river and up the hill a shocking series of
+cries which brought sleepy heads to every window; and people around
+Weybosset Point saw a great white thing plunging frantically along the badly
+cleared space in front of the Turk's Head. There was a baying of dogs in the
+distance, but this subsided as soon as the clamour of the awakened town became
+audible. Parties of men with lanterns and muskets hurried out to see what was
+happening, but nothing rewarded their search. The next morning, however, a
+giant, muscular body, stark naked, was found on the jams of ice around the
+southern piers of the Great Bridge, where the Long Dock stretched out beside
+Abbott's distil-house, and the identity of this object became a theme for endless
+speculation and whispering. It was not so much the younger as the older folk
+who whispered, for only in the patriarchs did that rigid face with horror-bulging
+eyes strike any chord of memory. They, shaking as they did so, exchanged
+furtive murmurs of wonder and fear; for in those stiff, hideous features lay a
+resemblance so marvellous as to be almost an identity - and that identity was
+with a man who had died full fifty years before.
+
+Ezra Weeden was present at the finding; and remembering the baying of the
+night before, set out along Weybosset Street and across Muddy Dock Bridge
+whence the sound had come. He had a curious expectancy, and was not
+surprised when, reaching the edge of the settled district where the street merged
+into the Pawtuxet Road, he came upon some very curious tracks in the snow. The
+naked giant had been pursued by dogs and many booted men, and the returning
+tracks of the hounds and their masters could be easily traced. They had given up
+the chase upon coming too near the town. Weeden smiled grimly, and as a
+perfunctory detail traced the footprints back to their source. It was the Pawtuxet
+farm of Joseph Curwen, as he well knew it would be; and he would have given
+much had the yard been less confusingly trampled. As it was, he dared not seem
+too interested in full daylight. Dr. Bowen, to whom Weeden went at once with
+his report, performed an autopsy on the strange corpse, and discovered
+peculiarities which baffled him utterly. The digestive tracts of the huge man
+seemed never to have been in use, whilst the whole skin had a coarse, loosely
+knit texture impossible to account for. Impressed by what the old men whispered
+of this body's likeness to the long-dead blacksmith Daniel Green, whose great-
+grandson Aaron Hoppin was a supercargo in Curwen's employ, Weeden asked
+casual questions till he found where Green was buried. That night a party of ten
+visited the old North Burying Ground opposite Herrenden's Lane and opened a
+grave. They found it vacant, precisely as they had expected.
+
+
+
+321
+
+
+
+Meanwhile arrangements had been made with the post riders to intercept Joseph
+Curwen's mail, and shortly before the incident of the naked body there was
+found a letter from one Jedediah Orne of Salem which made the cooperating
+citizens think deeply. Parts of it, copied and preserved in the private archives of
+the Smith family where Charles Ward found it, ran as follows.
+
+I delight that you continue in ye Gett'g at Olde Matters in your Way, and doe not
+think better was done at Mr. Hutchinson's in Salem- Village. Certainely, there
+was Noth'g but ye liveliest Awfulness in that which H. rais'd upp from What he
+cou'd gather onlie a part of. What you sente, did not Worke, whether because of
+Any Thing miss'g, or because ye Wordes were not Righte from my Speak'g or yr
+Copy'g. I alone am at a Loss. I have not ye Chymicall art to foUowe Borellus, and
+owne my Self confounded by ye VII. Booke of ye Necronomicon that you
+recommende. But I wou'd have you Observe what was told to us aboute tak'g
+Care whom to calle upp, for you are Sensible what Mr. Mather writ in ye
+
+Magnalia of , and can judge how truely that Horrendous thing is reported. I
+
+say to you againe, doe not call up Any that you can not put downe; by the Which
+I meane. Any that can in Turne call up Somewhat against you, whereby your
+PowerfuUest Devices may not be of use. Ask of the Lesser, lest the Greater shal
+not wish to Answer, and shal commande more than you. I was frighted when I
+read of your know'g what Ben Zariatnatmik hadde in his ebony Boxe, for I was
+conscious who must have tolde you. And againe I ask that you shalle write me as
+Jedediah and not Simon. In this Community a Man may not live too long, and
+you knowe my Plan by which I came back as my Son. I am desirous you will
+Acquaint me with what ye Black Man learnt from Sylvanus Cocidius in ye Vault,
+under ye Roman Wall, and will be oblig'd for ye lend'g of ye MS. you speak of.
+
+Another and unsigned letter from Philadelphia provoked equal thought,
+especially for the following passage:
+
+I will observe what you say respecting the sending of Accounts only by yr
+Vessels, but can not always be certain when to expect them. In the Matter spoke
+of, I require onlie one more thing; but wish to be sure I apprehend you exactly.
+You inform me, that no Part must be missing if the finest Effects are to be had,
+but you can not but know how hard it is to be sure. It seems a great Hazard and
+Burthen to take away the whole Box, and in Town (i.e. St. Peter's, St. Paul's, St.
+Mary's or Christ Church) it can scarce be done at all. But I know what
+Imperfections were in the one I rais'd up October last, and how many live
+Specimens you were forc'd to imploy before you hit upon the right Mode in the
+year 1766; so will be guided by you in all Matters. I am impatient for yr Brig, and
+inquire daily at Mr. Biddle's Wharf.
+
+
+
+322
+
+
+
+A third suspicious letter was in an unknown tongue and even an unknown
+alphabet. In the Smith diary found by Charles Ward a single oft-repeated
+combination of characters is clumsily copied; and authorities at Brown
+University have pronounced the alphabet Amharic or Abyssinian, although they
+do not recognise the word. None of these epistles was ever delivered to Curwen,
+though the disappearance of Jedediah Orne from Salem as recorded shortly
+afterward shewed that the Providence men took certain quiet steps. The
+Pennsylvania Historical Society also has some curious letters received by Dr.
+Shippen regarding the presence of an unwholesome character in Philadelphia.
+But more decisive steps were in the air, and it is in the secret assemblages of
+sworn and tested sailors and faithful old privateersmen in the Brown
+warehouses by night that we must look for the main fruits of Weeden's
+disclosures. Slowly and surely a plan of campaign was under development
+which would leave no trace of Joseph Curwen's noxious mysteries.
+
+Curwen, despite all precautions, apparently felt that something was in the wind;
+for he was now remarked to wear an unusually worried look. His coach was seen
+at all hours in the town and on the Pawtuxet Road, and he dropped little by little
+the air of forced geniality with which he had latterly sought to combat the town's
+prejudice. The nearest neighbours to his farm, the Fenners, one night remarked a
+great shaft of light shooting into the sky from some aperture in the roof of that
+cryptical stone building with the high, excessively narrow windows; an event
+which they quickly communicated to John Brown in Providence. Mr. Brown had
+become the executive leader of the select group bent on Curwen's extirpation,
+and had informed the Fenners that some action was about to be taken. This he
+deemed needful because of the impossibility of their not witnessing the final
+raid; and he explained his course by saying that Curwen was known to be a spy
+of the customs officers at Newport, against whom the hand of every Providence
+skipper, merchant, and farmer was openly or clandestinely raised. Whether the
+ruse was wholly believed by neighbours who had seen so many queer things is
+not certain; but at any rate the Fenners were willing to connect any evil with a
+man of such queer ways. To them Mr. Brown had entrusted the duty of watching
+the Curwen farmhouse, and of regularly reporting every incident which took
+place there.
+
+
+
+The probability that Curwen was on guard and attempting unusual things, as
+suggested by the odd shaft of light, precipitated at last the action so carefully
+devised by the band of serious citizens. According to the Smith diary a company
+of about 100 men met at 10 p.m. on Friday, April 12th, 1771, in the great room of
+Thurston's Tavern at the Sign of the Golden Lion on Weybosset Point across the
+Bridge. Of the guiding group of prominent men in addition to the leader John
+
+
+
+323
+
+
+
+Brown there were present Dr. Bowen, with his case of surgical instruments.
+President Manning without the great periwig (the largest in the Colonies) for
+which he was noted. Governor Hopkins, wrapped in his dark cloak and
+accompanied by his seafaring brother Esek, whom he had initiated at the last
+moment with the permission of the rest, John Carter, Capt. Mathewson, and
+Capt. Whipple, who was to lead the actual raiding party. These chiefs conferred
+apart in a rear chamber, after which Capt. Whipple emerged to the great room
+and gave the gathered seamen their last oaths and instructions. Eleazar Smith
+was with the leaders as they sat in the rear apartment awaiting the arrival of Ezra
+Weeden, whose duty was to keep track of Curwen and report the departure of
+his coach for the farm.
+
+About 10:30 a heavy rumble was heard on the Great Bridge, followed by the
+sound of a coach in the street outside; and at that hour there was no need of
+waiting for Weeden in order to know that the doomed man had set out for his
+last night of unhallowed wizardry. A moment later, as the receding coach
+clattered faintly over the Muddy Dock Bridge, Weeden appeared; and the raiders
+fell silently into military order in the street, shouldering the firelocks, fowling-
+pieces, or whaling harpoons which they had with them. Weeden and Smith were
+with the party, and of the deliberating citizens there were present for active
+service Capt. Whipple, the leader, Capt. Esek Hopkins, John Carter, President
+Manning, Capt. Mathewson, and Dr. Bowen; together with Moses Brown, who
+had come up at the eleventh hour though absent from the preliminary session in
+the tavern. All these freemen and their hundred sailors began the long march
+without delay, grim and a trifle apprehensive as they left the Muddy Dock
+behind and mounted the gentle rise of Broad Street toward the Pawtuxet Road.
+Just beyond Elder Snow's church some of the men turned back to take a parting
+look at Providence lying outspread under the early spring stars. Steeples and
+gables rose dark and shapely, and salt breezes swept up gently from the cove
+north of the Bridge. Vega was climbing above the great hill across the water,
+whose crest of trees was broken by the roof-line of the unfinished College edifice.
+At the foot of that hill, and along the narrow mounting lanes of its side, the old
+town dreamed; Old Providence, for whose safety and sanity so monstrous and
+colossal a blasphemy was about to be wiped out.
+
+An hour and a quarter later the raiders arrived, as previously agreed, at the
+Fenner farmhouse; where they heard a final report on their intended victim. He
+had reached his farm over half an hour before, and the strange light had soon
+afterward shot once more into the sky, but there were no lights in any visible
+windows. This was always the case of late. Even as this news was given another
+great glare arose toward the south, and the party realised that they had indeed
+come close to the scene of awesome and unnatural wonders. Capt. Whipple now
+ordered his force to separate into three divisions; one of twenty men under
+
+
+
+324
+
+
+
+Eleazar Smith to strike across to the shore and guard the landing-place against
+possible reinforcements for Curwen until summoned by a messenger for
+desperate service, a second of twenty men under Capt. Esek Hopkins to steal
+down into the river valley behind the Curwen farm and demolish with axes or
+gunpowder the oaken door in the high, steep bank, and the third to close in on
+the house and adjacent buildings themselves. Of this division one third was to be
+led by Capt. Mathewson to the cryptical stone edifice with high narrow
+windows, another third to follow Capt. Whipple himself to the main farmhouse,
+and the remaining third to preserve a circle around the whole group of buildings
+until summoned by a final emergency signal.
+
+The river party would break down the hillside door at the sound of a single
+whistle-blast, then wait and capture anything which might issue from the regions
+within. At the sound of two whistle-blasts it would advance through the
+aperture to oppose the enemy or join the rest of the raiding contingent. The party
+at the stone building would accept these respective signals in an analogous
+manner; forcing an entrance at the first, and at the second descending whatever
+passage into the ground might be discovered, and joining the general or focal
+warfare expected to take place within the caverns. A third or emergency signal of
+three blasts would summon the immediate reserve from its general guard duty;
+its twenty men dividing equally and entering the unknown depths through both
+farmhouse and stone building. Capt. Whipple's belief in the existence of
+catacombs was absolute, and he took no alternative into consideration when
+making his plans. He had with him a whistle of great power and shrillness, and
+did not fear any upsetting or misunderstanding of signals. The final reserve at
+the landing, of course, was nearly out of the whistle's range; hence would require
+a special messenger if needed for help. Moses Brown and John Carter went with
+Capt. Hopkins to the river-bank, while President Manning was detailed with
+Capt. Mathewson to the stone building. Dr. Bowen, with Ezra Weeden, remained
+in Capt. Whipple's party which was to storm the farmhouse itself. The attack was
+to begin as soon as a messenger from Capt. Hopkins had joined Capt. Whipple to
+notify him of the river party's readiness. The leader would then deliver the loud
+single blast, and the various advance parties would commence their
+simultaneous attack on three points. Shortly before 1 a.m. the three divisions left
+the Fenner farmhouse; one to guard the landing, another to seek the river valley
+and the hillside door, and the third to subdivide and attend to teh actual
+buildings of the Curwen farm.
+
+Eleazar Smith, who accompanied the shore-guarding party, records in his diary
+an uneventful march and a long wait on the bluff by the bay; broken once by
+what seemed to be the distant sound of the signal whistle and again by a peculiar
+muffled blend of roaring and crying and a powder blast which seemed to come
+from the same direction. Later on one man thought he caught some distant
+
+
+
+325
+
+
+
+gunshots, and still later Smith himself felt the throb of titanic and thunderous
+words resounding in upper air. It was just before dawn that a single haggard
+messenger with wild eyes and a hideous unknown odour about his clothing
+appeared and told the detachment to disperse quietly to their homes and never
+again think or speak of the night's doings or of him who had been Joseph
+Curwen. Something about the bearing of the messenger carried a conviction
+which his mere words could never have conveyed; for though he was a seaman
+well known to many of them, there was something obscurely lost or gained in his
+soul which set him for evermore apart. It was the same later on when they met
+other old companions who had gone into that zone of horror. Most of them had
+lost or gained something imponderable and indescribable. They had seen or
+heard or felt something which was not for human creatures, and could not forget
+it. From them there was never any gossip, for to even the commonest of mortal
+instincts there are terrible boundaries. And from that single messenger the party
+at the shore caught a nameless awe which almost sealed their own lips. Very few
+are the rumours which ever came from any of them, and Eleazar Smith's diary is
+the only written record which has survived from that whole expedition which set
+forth from the Sign of the Golden Lion under the stars.
+
+Charles Ward, however, discovered another vague sidelight in some Fenner
+correspondence which he found in New London, where he knew another branch
+of the family had lived. It seems that the Fenners, from whose house the doomed
+farm was distantly visible, had watched the departing columns of raiders; and
+had heard very clearly the angry barking of the Curwen dogs, followed by the
+first shrill blast which precipitated the attack. This blast had been followed by a
+repetition of the great shaft of light from the stone building, and in another
+moment, after a quick sounding of the second signal ordering a general invasion,
+there had come a subdued prattle of musketry followed by a horrible roaring cry
+which the correspondent Luke Fenner had represented in his epistle by the
+characters 'Waaaahrrrrr-R'waaahrrr.'
+
+This cry, however, had possessed a quality which no mere writing could convey,
+and the correspondent mentions that his mother fainted completely at the sound.
+It was later repeated less loudly, and further but more muffled evidences of
+gunfire ensued; together with a loud explosion of powder from the direction of
+the river. About an hour afterward all the dogs began to bark frightfully, and
+there were vague ground rumblings so marked that the candlesticks tottered on
+the mantelpiece. A strong smell of sulphur was noted; and Luke Tenner's father
+declared that he heard the third or emergency whistle signal, though the others
+failed to detect it. Muffled musketry sounded again, followed by a deep scream
+less piercing but even more horrible than the those which had preceded it; a kind
+of throaty, nastily plastic cough or gurgle whose quality as a scream must have
+
+
+
+326
+
+
+
+come more from its continuity and psychological import than from its actual
+acoustic value.
+
+Then the flaming thing burst into sight at a point where the Curwen farm ought
+to lie, and the human cries of desperate and frightened men were heard. Muskets
+flashed and cracked, and the flaming thing fell to the ground. A second flaming
+thing appeared, and a shriek of human origin was plainly distinguished. Fenner
+wrote that he could even gather a few words belched in frenzy: Almighty,
+protect thy lamb! Then there were more shots, and the second flaming thing fell.
+After that came silence for about three-quarters of an hour; at the end of which
+time little Arthur Fenner, Luke's brother, exclaimed that he saw "a red fog"
+going up to the stars from the accursed farm in the distance. No one but the child
+can testify to this, but Luke admits the significant coincidence implied by the
+panic of almost convulsive fright which at the same moment arched the backs
+and stiffened the fur of the three cats then within the room.
+
+Five minutes later a chill wind blew up, and the air became suffused with an
+intolerable stench that only the strong freshness of the sea could have prevented
+its being notice by the shore party or by any wakeful souls in the Pawtuxet
+village. This stench was nothing which any of the Tenners had ever encountered
+before, and produced a kind of clutching, amorphous fear beyond that of the
+tomb or the charnel-house. Close upon it came the awful voice which no hapless
+hearer will ever be able to forget. It thundered out of the sky like a doom, and
+windows rattled as its echoes died away. It was deep and musical; powerful as a
+bass organ, but evil as the forbidden books of the Arabs. What it said no man can
+tell, for it spoke in an unknown tongue, but this is the writing Luke Fenner set
+down to portray the daemoniac intonations: 'DEESMEES JESHET BONE
+DOSEFE DUVEMA ENITEMOSS.' Not till the year 1919 did any soul link this
+crude transcript with anything else in mortal knowledge, but Charles Ward
+paled as he recognised what Mirandola had denounced in shudders as the
+ultimate horror among black magic's incantations.
+
+An unmistakable human shout or deep chorused scream seemed to answer this
+malign wonder from the Curwen farm, after which the unknown stench grew
+complex with an added odour equally intolerable. A wailing distinctly different
+from the scream now burst out, and was protracted ululantly in rising and falling
+paroxysms. At times it became almost articulate, though no auditor could trace
+any definite words; and at one point it seemed to verge toward the confines of
+diabolic and hysterical laughter. Then a yell of utter, ultimate fright and stark
+madness wrenched from scores of human throats - a yell which came strong and
+clear despite the depth from which it must have burst; after which darkness and
+silence ruled all things. Spirals of acrid smoke ascended to blot out the stars.
+
+
+
+327
+
+
+
+though no flames appeared and no buildings were observed to be gone or
+injured on the following day.
+
+Toward dawn two frightened messengers with monstrous and unplaceable
+odours saturating their clothing knocked at the Fenner door and requested a keg
+of rum, for which they paid very well indeed. One of them told the family that
+the affair of Joseph Curwen was over, and that the events of the night were not to
+be mentioned again. Arrogant as the order seemed, the aspect of him who gave it
+took away all resentment and lent it a fearsome authority; so that only these
+furtive letters of Luke Fenner, which he urged his Connecticut relative to
+destroy, remain to tell what was seen and heard. The non-compliance of that
+relative, whereby the letters were saved after all, has alone kept the matter from
+a merciful oblivion. Charles Ward had one detail to add as a result of a long
+canvass of Pawtuxet residents for ancestral traditions. Old Charles Slocum of that
+village said that there was known to his grandfather a queer rumour concerning
+a charred, distorted body found in the fields a week after the death of Joseph
+Curwen was announced. What kept the talk alive was the notion that this body,
+so far as could be seen in its burnt and twisted condition, was neither thoroughly
+human nor wholly allied to any animal which Pawtuxet folk had ever seen or
+read about.
+
+
+
+Not one man who participated in that terrible raid could ever be induced to say a
+word concerning it, and every fragment of the vague data which survives comes
+from those outside the final fighting party. There is something frightful in the
+care with which these actual raiders destroyed each scrap which bore the least
+allusion to the matter. Eight sailors had been killed, but although their bodies
+were not produced their families were satisfied with the statement that a clash
+with customs officers had occurred. The same statement also covered the
+numerous cases of wounds, all of which were extensively bandaged and treated
+only by Dr. Jabez Bowen, who had accompanied the party. Hardest to explain
+was the nameless odour clinging to all the raiders, a thing which was discussed
+for weeks. Of the citizen leaders, Capt. Whipple and Moses Brown were most
+severely hurt, and letters of their wives testify the bewilderment which their
+reticence and close guarding of their bandages produced. Psychologically every
+participant was aged, sobered, and shaken. It is fortunate that they were all
+strong men of action and simple, orthodox religionists, for with more subtle
+introspectiveness and mental complexity they would have fared ill indeed.
+President Manning was the most disturbed; but even he outgrew the darkest
+shadow, and smothered memories in prayers. Every man of those leaders had a
+stirring part to play in later years, and it is perhaps fortunate that this is so. Little
+more than a twelvemonth afterward Capt. Whipple led the mob who burnt the
+
+
+
+328
+
+
+
+revenue ship Gaspee, and in this bold act we may trace one step in the blotting
+out of unwholesome images.
+
+There was delivered to the widow of Joseph Curwen a sealed leaden coffin of
+curious design, obviously found ready on the spot when needed, in which she
+was told her husband's body lay. He had, it was explained, been killed in a
+customs battle about which it was not politic to give details. More than this no
+tongue ever uttered of Joseph Curwen's end, and Charles Ward had only a single
+hint wherewith to construct a theory. This hint was the merest thread - a shaky
+underscoring of a passage in Jedediah Orne's confiscated letter to Curwen, as
+partly copied in Ezra Weeden's handwriting. The copy was found in the
+possession of Smith's descendants; and we are left to decide whether Weeden
+gave it to his companion after the end, as a mute clue to the abnormality which
+had occurred, or whether, as is more probable. Smith had it before, and added
+the underscoring himself from what he had managed to extract from his friend
+by shrewd guessing and adroit cross-questioning. The underlined passage is
+merely this:
+
+I say to you againe, doe not call up Any that you can not put downe; by the
+Which I meane. Any that can in Turne call up Somewhat against you, whereby
+your Powerfullest Devices may not be of use. Ask of the Lesser, lest the Greater
+shal not wish to Answer, and shal commande more than you.
+
+In the light of this passage, and reflecting on what last unmentionable allies a
+beaten man might try to summon in his direst extremity, Charles Ward may well
+have wondered whether any citizen of Providence killed Joseph Curwen.
+
+The deliberate effacement of every memory of the dead man from Providence life
+and annals was vastly aided by the influence of the raiding leaders. They had not
+at first meant to be so thorough, and had allowed the widow and her father and
+child to remain in ignorance of the true conditions; but Capt. Tillinghast was an
+astute man, and soon uncovered enough rumours to whet his horror and cause
+him to demand that the daughter and granddaughter change their name, burn
+the library and all remaining papers, and chisel the inscription from the slate slab
+above Joseph Curwen's grave. He knew Capt. Whipple well, and probably
+extracted more hints from that bluff mariner and anyone else ever gained
+repecting the end of the accursed sorcerer.
+
+From that time on the obliteration of Curwen's memory became increasingly
+rigid, extending at last by common consent even to the town records and files of
+the Gazette. It can be compared in spirit only to the hush that lay on Oscar
+Wilde's name for a decade after his disgrace, and in extent only to the fate of that
+
+
+
+329
+
+
+
+sinful King of Runazar in Lord Dunsany's tale, whom the Gods decided must not
+only cease to be, but must cease ever to have been.
+
+Mrs. Tillinghast, as the widow became known after 1772, sold the house in Olney
+Court and resided with her father in Power's Lane till her death in 1817. The
+farm at Pawtuxet, shunned by every living soul, remained to moulder through
+the years; and seemed to decay with unaccountable rapidity. By 1780 only the
+stone and brickwork were standing, and by 1800 even these had fallen to
+shapeless heaps. None ventured to pierce the tangled shrubbery on the river-
+bank behind which the hillside door may have lain, nor did any try to frame a
+definite image of the scenes amidst which Joseph Curwen departed from the
+horrors he had wrought.
+
+Only robust old Capt. Whipple was heard by alert listeners to mutter once in a
+
+while to himself, "Pox on that , but he had no business to laugh while he
+
+screamed. 'Twas as though the damn'd had some'at up his sleeve. For half a
+
+crown I'd burn his home.'
+
+III. A Search and an Evocation
+
+
+
+Charles Ward, as we have seen, first learned in 1918 of his descent from Joseph
+Curwen. That he at once took an intense interest in everything pertaining to the
+bygone mystery is not to be wondered at; for every vague rumour that he had
+heard of Curwen now became something vital to himself, in whom flowed
+Curwen's blood. No spirited and imaginative genealogist could have done
+otherwise than begin forthwith an avid and systematic collection of Curwen
+data.
+
+In his first delvings there was not the slightest attempt at secrecy; so that even
+Dr. Lyman hesitates to date the youth's madness from any period before the
+close of 1919. He talked freely with his family - though his mother was not
+particularly pleased to own an ancestor like Curwen - and with the officials of
+the various museums and libraries he visited. In applying to private families for
+records thought to be in their possession he made no concealment of his object,
+and shared the somewhat amused scepticism with which the accounts of the old
+diarists and letter-writers were regarded. He often expressed a keen wonder as
+to what really had taken place a century and a half before at the Pawtuxet
+farmhouse whose site he vainly tried to find, and what Joseph Curwen really had
+been.
+
+
+
+330
+
+
+
+When he came across the Smith diary and archives and encountered the letter
+from Jedediah Orne he decided to visit Salem and look up Curwen's early
+activities and connexions there, which he did during the Easter vacation of 1919.
+At the Essex Institute, which was well known to him from former sojourns in the
+glamorous old town of crumbling Puritan gables and clustered gambrel roofs, he
+was very kindly received, and unearthed there a considerable amount of Curwen
+data. He found that his ancestor was born in Salem-Village, now Danvers, seven
+miles from town, on the eighteenth of February (O.S.) 1662-3; and that he had run
+away to sea at the age of fifteen, not appearing again for nine years, when he
+returned with the speech, dress, and manners of a native Englishman and settled
+in Salem proper. At that time he had little to do with his family, but spent most
+of his hours with the curious books he had brought from Europe, and the strange
+chemicals which came for him on ships from England, France, and Holland.
+Certain trips of his into the country were the objects of much local
+inquisitiveness, and were whisperingly associated with vague rumours of fires
+on the hills at night.
+
+Curwen's only close friends had been one Edward Hutchinson of Salem-Village
+and one Simon Orne of Salem. With these men he was often seen in conference
+about the Common, and visits among them were by no means infrequent.
+Hutchinson had a house well out toward the woods, and it was not altogether
+liked by sensitive people because of the sounds heard there at night. He was said
+to entertain strange visitors, and the lights seen from his windows were not
+always of the same colour. The knowledge he displayed concerning long-dead
+persons and long-forgotten events was considered distinctly unwholesome, and
+he disappeared about the time the witchcraft panic began, never to be heard
+from again. At that time Joseph Curwen also departed, but his settlement in
+Providence was soon learned of. Simon Orne lived in Salem until 1720, when his
+failure to grow visibly old began to excite attention. He thereafter disappeared,
+though thirty years later his precise counterpart and self-styled son turned up to
+claim his property. The claim was allowed on the strength of documents in
+Simon Orne's known hand, and Jedediah Orne continued to dwell in Salem till
+1771, when certain letters from Providence citizens to the Rev. Thomas Barnard
+and others brought about his quiet removal to parts unknown.
+
+Certain documents by and about all of the strange characters were available at
+teh Essex Institute, the Court House, and the Registry of Deeds, and included
+both harmless commonplaces such as land titles and bills of sale, and furtive
+fragments of a more provocative nature. There were four or five unmistakable
+allusions to them on the witchcraft trial records; as when one Hepzibah Lawson
+swore on July 10, 1692, at the Court of Oyer and Terminer under Judge
+Hathorne, that: 'fortie Witches and the Blacke Man were wont to meete in the
+Woodes behind Mr. Hutchinson's house', and one Amity How declared at a
+
+
+
+331
+
+
+
+session of August 8th before Judge Gedney that:'Mr. G. B. (Rev. George
+Burroughs) on that Nighte putt ye Divell his Marke upon Bridget S., Jonathan A.,
+Simon O., Dehverance W., Joseph C, Susan P., Mehitable C, and Deborah B.'
+
+Then there was a catalogue of Hutchinson's uncanny Hbrary as found after his
+disappearance, and an unfinished manuscript in his handwriting, couched in a
+cipher none could read. Ward had a photostatic copy of this manuscript made,
+and began to work casually on the cipher as soon as it was delivered to him.
+After the following August his labours on the cipher became intense and
+feverish, and there is reason to believe from his speech and conduct that he hit
+upon the key before October or November. He never stated, though, whether or
+not he had succeeded.
+
+But of greatest immediate interest was the Orne material. It took Ward only a
+short time to prove from identity of penmanship a thing he had already
+considered established from the text of the letter to Curwen; namely, that Simon
+Orne and his supposed son were one and the same person. As Orne had said to
+his correspondent, it was hardly safe to live too long in Salem, hence he resorted
+to a thirty -year sojourn abroad, and did not return to claim his lands except as a
+representative of a new generation. Orne had apparently been careful to destroy
+most of his correspondence, but the citizens who took action in 1771 found and
+preserved a few letters and papers which excited their wonder. There were
+cryptic formulae and diagrams in his and other hands which Ward now either
+copied with care or had photographed, and one extremely mysterious letter in a
+chirography that the searcher recognised from items in the Registry of Deeds as
+positively Joseph Curwen's.
+
+This Curwen letter, though undated as to the year, was evidently not the one in
+answer to which Orne had written the confiscated missive; and from internal
+evidence Ward placed it not much later than 1750. It may not be amiss to give the
+text in full, as a sample of the style of one whose history was so dark and terrible.
+The recipient is addressed as "Simon", but a line (whether drawn by Curwen or
+Orne Ward could not tell) is run through the word.
+
+Providence, 1. May
+
+Brother:-
+
+My honour'd Antient Friende, due Respects and earnest Wishes to Him whom
+we serue for yr eternall Power. I am just come upon That which you ought to
+knowe, concern'g the Matter of the Laste Extremitie and what to doe regard'g yt.
+I am not dispos'd to foUowe you in go'g Away on acct. of my Yeares, for
+Prouidence hath not ye Sharpeness of ye Bay in hunt'g oute uncommon Things
+
+
+
+332
+
+
+
+and bringinge to Tryall. I am ty'd up in Shippes and Goodes, and cou'd not doe
+as you did, besides the Whiche my Farme at Patuxet hath under it What you
+Knowe, and wou'd not waite for my com'g Backe as an Other.
+
+But I am unreadie for harde Fortunes, as I haue tolde you, and haue longe
+work'd upon ye Way of get'g Backe after ye Laste. I laste Night strucke on ye
+Wordes that bringe up YOGGE-SOTHOTHE, and sawe for ye first Time that
+
+Face spoke of by Ibn Schacabao in ye . And IT said, that ye III Psalme in ye
+
+Liber-Damnatus holdes ye Clauicle. With Sunne in V House, Saturne in Trine,
+drawe ye Pentagram of Fire, and saye ye ninth Uerse thrice. This Uerse repeate
+eache Roodemas and Hallow's Eue; and ye Thing will breede in ye Outside
+Spheres.
+
+And of ye Seede of Olde shal One be borne who shal looke Backe, tho' know'g
+not what he seekes.
+
+Yett will this auaile Nothing if there be no Heir, and if the Saltes, or the Way to
+make the Saltes, bee not Readie for his Hande; and here I will owne, I haue not
+taken needed Stepps nor founde Much. Ye Process is plaguy harde to come
+neare; and it used up such a Store of Specimens, I am harde putte to it to get
+Enough, notwithstand'g the Sailors I haue from ye Indies. Ye People aboute are
+become curious, but I can stande them off. Ye Gentry are worse that the
+Populace, be'g more Circumstantiall in their Accts. and more belieu'd in what
+they tell. That Parson and Mr. Merritt haue talk'd Some, I am fearfuU, but no
+Thing soe far is Dangerous. Ye Chymical Substances are easie of get'g, there be'g
+II. goode Chymists in Towne, Dr, Bowen and Sam: Carew. I am foll'g oute what
+Borellus saith, and haue Helpe in Abdool Al-Hazred his VII. Booke. Whateuer I
+gette, you shal haue. And in ye meane while, do not neglect to make use of ye
+Wordes I haue here giuen. I haue them Righte, but if you Desire to see HIM,
+
+imploy the Writings on ye Piece of that I am putt'g in this Packet. Saye ye
+
+Uerses euery Roodmas and Hallow's Eue; and if ye Line runn out not, one shal
+bee in yeares to come that shal looke backe and use what Saltes or Stuff for Saltes
+you shal leaue him. Job XIV. XIV.
+
+I rejoice you are again at Salem, and hope I may see you not longe hence. I haue a
+goode Stallion, and am think'g of get'g a Coach, there be'g one (Mr. Merritt's) in
+Prouidence already, tho' ye Roades are bad. If you are dispos'd to Trauel, doe
+not pass me bye. From Boston take ye Post Rd. thro' Dedham, Wrentham, and
+Attleborough, goode Tauerns be'g at all these Townes. Stop at Mr. Balcom's in
+Wrentham, where ye Beddes are finer than Mr. Hatch's, but eate at ye other
+House for their Cooke is better. Turne into Prou. by Patucket Falls, and ye Rd.
+past Mr. Sayles's Tauern. My House opp. Mr. Epenetus Olney's Tauern off ye
+
+
+
+333
+
+
+
+Towne Street, 1st on ye N. side of Olney's Court. Distance from Boston Stone abt.
+XLIV Miles.
+
+Sir, I am ye olde and true Friend and Serut. in Almonsin-Metraton.
+
+Josephus C.
+
+To Mr. Simon Orne,
+
+William 's-Lane, in Salem.
+
+This letter, oddly enough, was what first gave Ward the exact location of
+Curwen's Providence home; for none of the records encountered up to that time
+had been at all specific. The discovery was doubly striking because it indicated as
+the newer Curwen house, built in 1761 on the site of the old, a dilapidated
+building still standing in Olney Court and well known to Ward in his
+antiquarian rambles over Stampers' Hill. The place was indeed only a few
+squares from his own home on the great hill's higher ground, and was now the
+abode of a negro family much esteemed for occasional washing, housecleaning,
+and furnace-tending services. To find, in distant Salem, such sudden proof of the
+significance of this familiar rookery in his own family history, was a highly
+impressive thing to Ward; and he resolved to explore the place immediately
+upon his return. The more mystical phases of the letter, which he took to be some
+extravagant kind of symbolism, frankly baffled him; though he noted with a
+thrill of curiousity that the Biblical passage referred to - Job 14,14 - was the
+familiar verse, 'If a man die, shall he live again? All the days of my appointed
+time will I wait, until my change come.'
+
+
+
+Young Ward came home in a state of pleasant excitement, and spent the
+following Saturday in a long and exhaustive study of the house in Olney Court.
+The place, now crumbling with age, had never been a mansion; but was a modest
+two-and-a-half story wooden town house of the familiar Providence colonial
+type, with plain peaked roof, large central chimney, and artistically carved
+doorway with rayed fanlight, triangular pediment, and trim Doric pilasters. It
+had suffered but little alteration externally, and Ward felt he was gazing on
+something very close to the sinister matters of his quest.
+
+The present negro inhabitants were known to him, and he was very courteously
+shewn about the interior by old Asa and his stout wife Hannah. Here there was
+more change than the outside indicated, and Ward saw with regret that fully half
+of the fine scroll-and-urn overmantels and shell-carved cupboard linings were
+gone, whilst most of the fine wainscotting and bolection moulding was marked.
+
+
+
+334
+
+
+
+hacked, and gouged, or covered up altogether with cheap wall-paper. In general,
+the survey did not yield as much as Ward had somehow expected; but it was at
+least exciting to stand within the ancestral walls which had housed such a man of
+horror as Joseph Curwen. He saw with a thrill that a monogram had been very
+carefully effaced from the ancient brass knocker.
+
+From then until after the close of school Ward spent his time on the photostatic
+copy of the Hutchinson cipher and the accumulation of local Curwen data. The
+former still proved unyielding; but of the latter he obtained so much, and so
+many clues to similar data elsewhere, that he was ready by July to make a trip to
+New London and New York to consult old letters whose presence in those places
+was indicated. This trip was very fruitful, for it brought him the Tenner letters
+with their terrible description of the Pawtuxet farmhouse raid, and the
+Nightingale-Talbot letters in which he learned of the portrait painted on a panel
+of the Curwen library. This matter of the portrait interested him particularly,
+since he would have given much to know just what Joseph Curwen looked like;
+and he decided to make a second search of the house in Olney Court to see if
+there might not be some trace of the ancient features beneath peeling coats of
+later paint or layers of mouldy wall-paper.
+
+Early in August that search took place, and Ward went carefully over the walls
+of every room sizeable enough to have been by any possibility the library of the
+evil builder. He paid especial attention to the large panels of such overmantels as
+still remained; and was keenly excited after about an hour, when on a broad area
+above the fireplace in a spacious ground-floor room he became certain that the
+surface brought out by the peeling of several coats of paint was sensibly darker
+than any ordinary interior paint or the wood beneath it was likely to have been.
+A few more careful tests with a thin knife, and he knew that he had come upon
+an oil portrait of great extent. With truly scholarly restraint the youth did not risk
+the damage which an immediate attempt to uncover the hidden picture with the
+knife might have been, but just retired from the scene of his discovery to enlist
+expert help. In three days he returned with an artist of long experience, Mr.
+Walter C. Dwight, whose studio is near the foot of College Hill; and that
+accomplished restorer of paintings set to work at once with proper methods and
+chemical substances. Old Asa and his wife were duly excited over their strange
+visitors, and were properly reimbursed for this invasion of their domestic hearth.
+
+As day by the day the work of restoration progressed, Charles Ward looked on
+with growing interest at the lines and shades gradually unveiled after their long
+oblivion. Dwight had begun at the bottom; hence since the picture was a three-
+quarter-length one, the face did not come out for some time. It was meanwhile
+seen that the subject was a spare, well-shaped man with dark-blue coat,
+embroidered waistcoat, black satin small-clothes, and white silk stockings, seated
+
+
+
+335
+
+
+
+in a carved chair against the background of a window with wharves and ships
+beyond. When the head came out it was observed to bear a neat Albemarle wig,
+and to possess a thin, calm, undistinguished face which seemed somehow
+familiar to both Ward and the artist. Only at the very last, though, did the
+restorer and his client begin to grasp with astonishment at the details of that lean,
+pallid visage, and to recognise with a touch of awe the dramatic trick which
+heredity had played. For it took the final bath of oil and the final stroke of the
+delicate scraper to bring out fully the expression which centuries had hidden;
+and to confront the bewildered Charles Dexter Ward, dweller in the past, with
+his own living features in the countenance of his horrible great-great-great-
+grandfather.
+
+Ward brought his parents to see the marvel he had uncovered, and his father at
+once determined to purchase the picture despite its execution on stationary
+panelling. The resemblance to the boy, despite an appearance of rather great age,
+was marvellous; and it could be seen that through some trick of atavism the
+physical contours of Joseph Curwen had found precise duplication after a
+century and a half. Mrs. Ward's resemblance to her ancestor was not at all
+marked, though she could recall relatives who had some of the facial
+characteristics shared by her son and by the bygone Curwen. She did not relish
+the discovery, and told her husband that he had better burn the picture instead
+of bringing it home. There was, she averred, something unwholesome about it;
+not only intrinsically, but in its very resemblance to Charles. Mr. Ward, however,
+was a practical man of power and affairs - a cotton manufacturer with extensive
+mills at Riverpoint in the Pawtuxet Valley - and not one to listen to feminine
+scruples. The picture impressed him mightily with its likeness to his son, and he
+believed the boy deserved it as a present. In this opinion, it is needless to say,
+Charles most heartily concurred; and a few days later Mr. Ward located the
+owner of the house - a small rodent-featured person with a guttural accent - and
+obtained the whole mantel and overmantel bearing the picture at a curtly fixed
+price which cut short the impending torrent of unctuous haggling.
+
+It now remained to take off the panelling and remove it to the Ward home,
+where provisions were made for its thorough restoration and installation with an
+electric mock-fireplace in Charles's third-floor study or library. To Charles was
+left the task of superintending this removal, and on the twenty -eighth of August
+he accompanied two expert workmen from the Crooker decorating firm to the
+house in Olney Court, where the mantel and portrait-bearing overmantel were
+detached with great care and precision for transportation in the company's
+motor truck. There was left a space of exposed brickwork marking the chimney's
+course, and in this young Ward observed a cubical recess about a foot square,
+which must have lain directly behind the head of the portrait. Curious as to what
+such a space might mean or contain, the youth approached and looked within;
+
+
+
+336
+
+
+
+finding beneath the deep coatings of dust and soot some loose yellowed papers,
+a crude, thick copybook, and a few mouldering textile shreds which may have
+formed the ribbon binding the rest together. Blowing away the bulk of the dirt
+and cinders, he took up the book and looked at the bold inscription on its cover.
+It was in a hand which he had learned to recognise at the Essex Institute, and
+proclaimed the volume as the 'Journall and Notes of Jos: Curwen, Gent, of
+Prouidence-Plantations, Late of Salem.'
+
+Excited beyond measure by his discovery. Ward shewed the book to the two
+curious workmen beside him. Their testimony is absolute as to the nature and
+genuineness of the finding, and Dr. Willett relies on them to help establish his
+theory that the youth was not mad when he began his major eccentricities. All
+the other papers were likewise in Curwen's handwriting, and one of them
+seemed especially portentous because of its inscription: 'To Him Who Shal Come
+After, & How He May Gett Beyonde Time & Ye Spheres.'
+
+Another was in a cipher; the same. Ward hoped, as the Hutchinson cipher which
+had hitherto baffled him. A third, and here the searcher rejoiced, seemed to be a
+key to the cipher; whilst the fourth and fifth were addressed respectively
+to:'Edw: Hutchinson, Armiger' and Jedediah Orne, esq.', 'or Their Heir or Heirs,
+or Those Represent'g Them.' The sixth and last was inscribed: 'Joseph Curwen
+his Life and Travells Bet'n ye yeares 1678 and 1687: Of Whither He Voyag'd,
+Where He Stay'd, Whom He Sawe, and What He Learnt.'
+
+
+
+We have now reached the point from which the more academic school of
+alienists date Charles Ward's madness. Upon his discovery the youth had looked
+immediately at a few of the inner pages of the book and manuscripts, and had
+evidently seen something which impressed him tremendously. Indeed, in
+shewing the titles to the workmen, he appeared to guard the text itself with
+peculiar care, and to labour under a perturbation for which even the antiquarian
+and genealogical significance of the find could hardly account. Upon returning
+home he broke the news with an almost embarrassed air, as if he wished to
+convey an idea of its supreme importance without having to exhibit the evidence
+itself. He did not even shew the titles to his parents, but simply told them that he
+had found some documents in Joseph Curwen's handwriting, 'mostly in cipher',
+which would have to be studied very carefully before yielding up their true
+meaning. It is unlikely that he would have shewn what he did to the workmen,
+had it not been for their unconcealed curiousity. As it was he doubtless wished to
+avoid any display of peculiar reticence which would increase their discussion of
+the matter.
+
+
+
+337
+
+
+
+That night Charles Ward sat up in his room reading the new-found book and
+papers, and when day came he did not desist. His meals, on his urgent request
+when his mother called to see what was amiss, were sent up to him; and in the
+afternoon he appeared only briefly when the men came to install the Curwen
+picture and mantelpiece in his study. The next night he slept in snatches in his
+clothes, meanwhile wrestling feverishly with the unravelling of the cipher
+manuscript. In the morning his mother saw that he was at work on the
+photostatic copy of the Hutchinson cipher, which he had frequently shewn her
+before; but in response to her query he said that the Curwen key could not be
+applied to it. That afternoon he abandoned his work and watched the men
+fascinatedly as they finished their installation of the picture with its woodwork
+above a cleverly realistic electric log, setting the mock-fireplace and overmantel a
+little out from the north wall as if a chimney existed, and boxing in the sides with
+panelling to match the room's. The front panel holding the picture was sawn and
+hinged to allow cupboard space behind it. After the workmen went he moved his
+work into the study and sat down before it with his eyes half on the cipher and
+half on the portrait which stared back at him like a year-adding and century-
+recalling mirror.
+
+His parents, subsequently recalling his conduct at this period, give interesting
+details anent the policy of concealment which he practised. Before servants he
+seldom hid any paper which he might by studying, since he rightly assumed that
+Curwen's intricate and archaic chirography would be too much for them. With
+his parents, however, he was more circumspect; and unless the manuscript in
+question were a cipher, or a mere mass of cryptic symbols and unknown
+ideographs (as that entitled 'To Him Who Shal Come After, etc' seemed to be),
+he would cover it with some convenient paper until his caller had departed. At
+night he kept the papers under lock and key in an antique cabinet of his, where
+he also placed them whenever he left the room. He soon resumed fairly regular
+hours and habits, except that his long walks and other outside interests seemed
+to cease. The opening of school, where he now began his senior year, seemed a
+great bore to him; and he frequently asserted his determination never to bother
+with college. He had, he said, important special investigations to make, which
+would provide him with more avenues toward knowledge and the humanities
+than any university which the world could boast.
+
+Naturally, only one who had always been more or less studious, eccentric, and
+solitary could have pursued this course for many days without attracting notice.
+Ward, however, was constitutionally a scholar and a hermit; hence his parents
+were less surprised than regretful at the close confinement and secrecy he
+adopted. At the same time, both his father and mother thought it odd that he
+would shew them no scrap of his treasure-trove, nor give any connected account
+of such data as he had deciphered. This reticence he explained away as due to a
+
+
+
+338
+
+
+
+wish to wait until he might announce some connected revelation, but as the
+weeks passed without further disclosures there began to grow up between the
+youth and his family a kind of constraint; intensified in his mother's case by her
+manifest disapproval of all Curwen delvings.
+
+During October Ward began visiting the libraries again, but no longer for the
+antiquarian matter of his former days. Witchcraft and magic, occultism and
+daemonology, were what he sought now; and when Providence sources proved
+unfruitful he would take the train for Boston and tap the wealth of the great
+library in Copley Square, the Widener Library at Harvard, or the Zion Research
+Library in Brookline, where certain rare works on Biblical subjects are available.
+He bought extensively, and fitted up a whole additional set of shelves in his
+study for newly acquired works on uncanny subjects; while during the
+Christmas holidays he made a round of out-of-town trips including one to Salem
+to consult certain records at the Essex Institute.
+
+About the middle of January, 1920, there entered Ward's bearing an element of
+triumph which he did not explain, and he was no more found at work upon the
+Hutchinson cipher. Instead, he inaugurated a dual policy of chemical research
+and record-scanning; fitting up for the one a laboratory in the unused attic of the
+house, and for the latter haunting all the sources of vital statistics in Providence.
+Local dealers in drugs and scientific supplies, later questioned, gave
+astonishingly queer and meaningless catalogues of the substances and
+instruments he purchased; but clerks at the State House, the City Hall, and the
+various libraries agree as to the definite object of his second interest. He was
+searching intensely and feverishly for the grave of Joseph Curwen, from whose
+slate slab an older generation had so wisely blotted the name.
+
+Little by little there grew upon the Ward family the conviction that something
+was wrong. Charles had had freaks and changes of minor interests before, but
+this growing secrecy and absorption in strange pursuits was unlike even him.
+His school work was the merest pretence; and although he failed in no test, it
+could be seen that the older application had all vanished. He had other
+concernments now; and when not in his new laboratory with a score of obsolete
+alchemical books, could be found either poring over old burial records down
+town or glued to his volumes of occult lore in his study, where the startlingly -
+one almost fancied increasingly - similar features of Joseph Curwen stared
+blandly at him from the great overmantel on the North wall.
+
+Late in March Ward added to his archive-searching a ghoulish series of rambles
+about the various ancient cemeteries of the city. The cause appeared later, when
+it was learned from City Hall clerks that he had probably found an important
+clue. His quest had suddenly shifted from the grave of Joseph Curwen to that of
+
+
+
+339
+
+
+
+one Naphthali Field; and this shift was explained when, upon going over the files
+that he had been over, the investigators actually found a fragmentary record of
+Curwen's burial which had escaped the general obliteration, and which stated
+that the curious leaden coffin had been interred '10 ft. S. and 5 ft. W. of Naphthali
+Field's grave in y-.' The lack of a specified burying-ground in the surviving entry
+greatly complicated the search, and Naphthali Field's grave seemed as elusive as
+that of Curwen; but here no systematic effacement had existed, and one might
+reasonably be expected to stumble on the stone itself even if its record had
+perished. Hence the rambles - from which St. John's (the former King's)
+Churchyard and the ancient Congregational burying-ground in the midst of
+Swan Point Cemetery were excluded, since other statistics had shewn that the
+only Naphthali Field (obiit 1729) whose grave could have been meant had been a
+Baptist.
+
+
+
+It was toward May when Dr. Willett, at the request of the senior Ward, and
+fortified with all the Curwen data which the family had gleaned from Charles in
+his non-secretive days, talked with the young man. The interview was of little
+value or conclusiveness, for Willett felt at every moment that Charles was
+thorough master of himself and in touch with matters of real importance; but it
+at least force the secretive youth to offer some rational explanation of his recent
+demeanour. Of a pallid, impassive type not easily shewing embarrassment.
+Ward seemed quite ready to discuss his pursuits, though not to reveal their
+object. He stated that the papers of his ancestor had contained some remarkable
+secrets of early scientific knowledge, for the most part in cipher, of an apparent
+scope comparable only to the discoveries of Friar Bacon and perhaps surpassing
+even those. They were, however, meaningless except when correlated with a
+body of learning now wholly obsolete; so that their immediate presentation to a
+world equipped only with modern science would rob them of all impressiveness
+and dramatic significance. To take their vivid place in the history of human
+thought they must first be correlated by one familiar with the background out of
+which they evolved, and to this task of correlation Ward was now devoting
+himself. He was seeking to acquire as fast as possible those neglected arts of old
+which a true interpreter of the Curwen data must possess, and hoped in time to
+made a full announcement and presentation of the utmost interest to mankind
+and to the world of thought. Not even Einstein, he declared, could more
+profoundly revolutionise the current conception of things.
+
+As to his graveyard search, whose object he freely admitted, but the details of
+whose progress he did not relate, he said he had reason to think that Joseph
+Curwen's mutilated headstone bore certain mystic symbols - carved from
+directions in his will and ignorantly spared by those who had effaced the name -
+
+
+
+340
+
+
+
+which were absolutely essential to the final solution of his cryptic system.
+Curwen, he believed, had wish to guard his secret with care; and had
+consequently distributed the data in an exceedingly curious fashion. When Dr.
+Willett asked to see the mystic documents. Ward displayed much reluctance and
+tried to put him off with such things as photostatic copies of the Hutchinson
+cipher and Orne formulae and diagrams; but finally shewed him the exteriors of
+some of the real Curwen finds - the 'Journall and Notes', the cipher (title in
+cipher also), and the formula-filled message 'To Him Who Shal Come After' -
+and let him glance inside such as were in obscure characters.
+
+He also opened the diary at a page carefully selected for its innocuousness and
+gave Willett a glimpse of Curwen's connected handwriting in English. The
+doctor noted very closely the crabbed and complicated letters, and the general
+aura of the seventeenth century which clung round both penmanship and style
+despite the writer's survival into the eighteenth century, and became quickly
+certain that the document was genuine. The text itself was relatively trivial, and
+Willett recalled only a fragment:
+
+'Wedn. 16 Octr. 1754. My Sloope the Wakeful this Day putt in from London with
+XX newe Men pick'd up in ye Indies, Spaniards from Martineco and 2 Dutch
+Men from Surinam. Ye Dutch Men are like to Desert from have'g hearde
+Somewhat ill of these Ventures, but I will see to ye Inducing of them to Staye. For
+Mr. Knight Dexter of ye Bay and Book 120 Pieces Camblets, 100 Pieces Assrtd.
+Cambleteens, 20 Pieces blue Duffles, 100 Pieces Shalloons, 50 Pieces
+Calamancoes, 300 Pieces each, Shendsoy and Humhums. For Mr. Green at ye
+Elephant 50 Gallon Cyttles, 20 Warm'g Pannes, 15 Bake Cyttles, 10 pr. Smoke'g
+Tonges. For Mr. Perrigo 1 Sett of Awles. For Mr. Nightingale 50 Reames prime
+Foolscap. Say'd ye SABAOTH thrice last Nighte but None appear'd. I must heare
+more from Mr. H. in Transylvania, tho' it is Harde reach'g him and exceeding
+strange he can not give me the Use of What he hath so well us'd these hundred
+Yeares. Simon hath not writ these V. Weekes, but I expecte soon hear'g from
+Him.'
+
+When upon reaching this point Dr. Willett turned the leaf he was quickly
+checked by Ward, who almost snatched the book from his grasp. All that the
+doctor had a chance to see on the newly opened page was a brief pair of
+sentences; but these, strangely enough, lingered tenacious in his memory. They
+ran: 'Ye Verse from Liber-Damnatus be'g spoke V Roodmasses and IV Hallows-
+Eves, I am Hopeful ye Thing is breed'g Outside ye Spheres. It will drawe One
+who is to Come, if I can make sure he shal Bee, and he shal think on Past Thinges
+and look back thro' all ye Yeares, against ye Which I must have ready ye Saltes or
+That to make 'em with.'
+
+
+
+341
+
+
+
+Willett saw no more, but somehow this small glimpse gave a new and vague
+terror to the painted features of Joseph Curwen which stared blandly down from
+the overmantel. Even after that he entertained the odd fancy - which his medical
+skill of course assured him was only a fancy - that the eyes of the portrait had a
+sort of wish, if not an actual tendency, to follow young Charles Ward as he move
+about the room. He stopped before leaving to study the picture closely,
+marvelling at its resemblance to Charles and memorising every minute detail of
+the cryptical, colourless face, even down to a slight scar or pit in the smooth
+brow above the right eye. Cosmo Alexander, he decided, was a painter worthy of
+the Scotland that produced Raeburn, and a teacher worthy of his illustrious pupil
+Gilbert Stuart.
+
+Assured by the doctor that Charles's mental health was in no danger, but that on
+the other hand he was engaged in researches which might prove of real
+importance, the Wards were more lenient than they might otherwise have been
+when during the following June the youth made positive his refusal to attend
+college. He had, he declared, studies of much more vital importance to pursue;
+and intimated a wish to go abroad the following year in order to avail himself of
+certain sources of data not existing in America. The senior Ward, while denying
+this latter wish as absurd for a boy of only eighteen, acquiesced regarding the
+university; so that after a none too brilliant graduation from the Moses Brown
+School there ensued for Charles a three-year period of intensive occult study and
+graveyard searching. He became recognised as an eccentric, and dropped even
+more completely from the sight of his family's friends than he had been before;
+keeping close to his work and only occasionally making trips to other cities to
+consult obscure records. Once he went south to talk to a strange mulatto who
+dwelt in a swamp and about whom a newspaper hand printed a curious article.
+Again he sought a small village in the Adirondacks whence reports of certain
+odd ceremonial practices had come. But still his parents forbade him the trip to
+the Old World which he desired.
+
+Coming of age in April, 1923, and having previously inherited a small
+competence from his maternal grandfather. Ward determined at last to take the
+European trip hitherto denied him. Of his proposed itinerary he would say
+nothing save that the needs of his studies would carry him to many places, but
+he promised to write his parents fully and faithfully. When they saw he could
+not be dissuaded, they ceased all opposition and helped as best they could; so
+that in June the young man sailed for Liverpool with the farewell blessings of his
+father and mother, who accompanied him to Boston and waved him out of sight
+from the White Star pier in Charlestown. Letters soon told of his safe arrival, and
+of his securing good quarters in Great Russell Street, London; where he proposed
+to stay, shunning all family friends, till he had exhausted the resources of the
+British Museum in a certain direction. Of his daily life he wrote by little, for there
+
+
+
+342
+
+
+
+was little to write. Study and experiment consumed all his time, and he
+mentioned a laboratory which he had established in one of his rooms. That he
+said nothing of antiquarian rambles in the glamorous old city with its luring
+skyline of ancient domes and steeples and its tangles of roads and alleys whose
+mystic convolutions and sudden vistas alternately beckon and surprise, was
+taken by his parents as a good index of the degree to which his new interests had
+engrossed his mind.
+
+In June, 1924, a brief note told of his departure for Paris, to which he had before
+made one or two flying trips for material in the Bibliotheque Nationale. For three
+months thereafter he sent only postal cards, giving an address in the Rue St.
+Jacques and referring to a special search among rare manuscripts in the library of
+an unnamed private collector. He avoided acquaintances, and no tourists
+brought back reports of having seen him. Then came a silence, and in October the
+Wards received a picture card from Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, stating that
+Charles was in that ancient town for the purpose of conferring with a certain
+very aged man supposed to be the last living possessor of some very curious
+mediaeval information. He gave an address in the Neustadt, and announced no
+move till the following January; when he dropped several cards from Vienna
+telling of his passage through that city on the way toward a more easterly region
+whither one of his correspondents and fellow-delvers into the occult had invited
+him.
+
+The next card was from Klausenburg in Transylvania, and told of Ward's
+progress toward his destination. He was going to visit a Baron Ferenczy, whose
+estate lay in the mountains east of Rakus; and was to be addressed at Rakus in
+the care of that nobleman. Another card from Rakus a week later, saying that his
+host's carriage had met him and that he was leaving the village for the
+mountains, was his last message for a considerable time; indeed, he did reply to
+his parents' frequent letters until May, when he wrote to discourage the plan of
+his mother for a meeting in London, Paris, or Rome during the summer, when
+the elder Wards were planning to travel to Europe. His researches, he said, were
+such that he could not leave his present quarters; while the situation of Baron
+Ferenczy's castle did not favour visits. It was on a crag in the dark wooded
+mountains, and the region was so shunned by the country folk that normal
+people could not help feeling ill at ease. Moreover, the Baron was not a person
+likely to appeal to correct and conservative New England gentlefolk. His aspect
+and manners had idiosyncrasies, and his age was so great as to be disquieting. It
+would be better, Charles said, if his parents would wait for his return to
+Providence; which could scarcely be far distant.
+
+That return did not, however, take place until May 1926, when after a few
+heralding cards the young wanderer quietly slipped into New York on the
+
+
+
+343
+
+
+
+Homeric and traversed the long miles to Providence by motor-coach, eagerly
+drinking in the green rolling hills, and fragrant, blossoming orchards, and the
+white steepled towns of vernal Connecticut; his first taste of ancient New
+England in nearly four years. When the coach crossed the Pawcatuck and
+entered Rhode Island amidst the faery goldenness of a late spring afternoon his
+heart beat with quickened force, and the entry to Providence along Reservoir and
+Elmwood Avenues was a breathless and wonderful thing despite the depths of
+forbidden lore to which he had delved. At the high square where Broad,
+Weybosset, and Empire Streets join, he saw before and below him in the fire of
+sunset the pleasant, remembered houses and domes and steeples of the old town;
+and his head swam curiously as the vehicle rolled down to the terminal behind
+the Biltmore, bringing into view the great dome and soft, roof-pierced greenery
+of the ancient hill across the river, and the tall colonial spire of the First Baptist
+Church limned pink in the magic evening against the fresh springtime verdure of
+its precipitous background.
+
+Old Providence! It was this place and the mysterious forces of its long,
+continuous history which had brought him into being, and which had drawn
+him back toward marvels and secrets whose boundaries no prophet might fix.
+Here lay the arcana, wondrous or dreadful as the case may be, for which all his
+years of travel and application had been preparing him. A taxicab whirled him
+through Post Office Square with its glimpse of the river, the old Market House,
+and the head of the bay, and up the steep curved slope of Waterman Street to
+Prospect, where the vast gleaming dome and sunset-flushed Ionic columns of the
+Christian Science Church beckoned northward. Then eight squares past the fine
+old estates his childish eyes had known, and the quaint brick sidewalks so often
+trodden by his youthful feet. And at last the little white overtaken farmhouse on
+the right, on the left the classic Adam porch and stately facade of the great brick
+house where he was born. It was twilight, and Charles Dexter Ward had come
+home.
+
+
+
+A school of alienists slightly less academic than Dr. Lyman's assign to Ward's
+European trip the beginning of his true madness. Admitting that he was sane
+when he started, they believe that his conduct upon returning implies a
+disastrous change. But even to this claim Dr. Willett refuses to concede. There
+was, he insists, something later; and the queerness of the youth at this stage he
+attributes to the practice of rituals learned abroad - odd enough things, to be
+sure, but by no means implying mental aberration on the part of their celebrant.
+Ward himself, though visibly aged and hardened, was still normal in his general
+reactions; and in several talks with Dr. Willett displayed a balance which no
+madman - even an incipient one - could feign continuously for long. What
+
+
+
+344
+
+
+
+elicited the notion of insanity at this period were the sounds heard at all hours
+from Ward's attic laboratory, in which he kept himself most of the time. There
+were chantings and repetitions, and thunderous declamations in uncanny
+rhythms; and although these sounds were always in Ward's own voice, there
+was something in the quality of that voice, and in the accents of the formulae it
+pronounced, which could not by chill the blood of every hearer. It was noticed
+that Nig, the venerable and beloved black cat of the household, bristled and
+arched his back perceptibly when certain of the tones were heard.
+
+The odours occasionally wafted from the laboratory were likewise exceedingly
+strange. Sometimes they were very noxious, but more often they were aromatic,
+with a haunting, elusive quality which seemed to have the power of inducing
+fantastic images. People who smelled them had a tendency to glimpse
+momentary mirages of enormous vistas, with strange hills or endless avenues of
+sphinxes and hippogriffs stretching off into infinite distance. Ward did not
+resume his old-time rambles, but applied himself diligently to the strange books
+he had brought home, and to equally strange delvings within his quarters;
+explaining that European sources had greatly enlarged the possibilities of his
+work, and promising great revelations in the years to come. His older aspect
+increased to a startling degree his resemblance to the Curwen portrait in his
+library; and Dr. Willett would often pause by the latter after a call, marvelling at
+the virtual identity, and reflecting that only the small pit above the picture's right
+eye now remained to differentiate the long-dead wizard from the living youth.
+These calls of Willett' s, undertaken at the request of teh senior Wards, were
+curious affairs. Ward at no time repulsed the doctor, but the latter saw that he
+could never reach the young man's inner psychology. Frequently he noted
+peculiar things about; little wax images of grotesque design on the shelves or
+tables, and the half-erased remnants of circles, triangles, and pentagrams in chalk
+or charcoal on the cleared central space of the large room. And always in the
+night those rhythms and incantations thundered, till it became very difficult to
+keep servants or suppress furtive talk of Charles's madness.
+
+In January, 1927, a peculiar incident occurred. One night about midnight, as
+Charles was chanting a ritual whose weird cadence echoed unpleasantly through
+the house below, there came a sudden gust of chill wind from the bay, and a
+faint, obscure trembling of the earth which everyone in the neighbourhood
+noted. At the same time the cat exhibited phenomenal traces of fright, while dogs
+bayed for as much as a mile around. This was the prelude to a sharp
+thunderstorm, anomalous for the season, which brought with it such a crash that
+Mr. and Mrs. Ward believed the house had been struck. They rushed upstairs to
+see what damage had been done, but Charles met them at the door to the attic;
+pale, resolute, and portentous, with an almost fearsome combination of triumph
+and seriousness on his face. He assured them that the house had not really been
+
+
+
+345
+
+
+
+struck, and that the storm would soon be over. They paused, and looking
+through a window saw that he was indeed right; for the lightning flashed farther
+and farther off, whilst the trees ceased to bend in the strange frigid gust from the
+water. The thunder sank to a sort of dull mumbling chuckle and finally died
+away. Stars came out, and the stamp of triumph on Charles Ward's face
+crystallised into a very singular expression.
+
+For two months or more after this incident Ward was less confined than usual to
+his laboratory. He exhibited a curious interest in the weather, and made odd
+inquires about the date of the spring thawing of the ground. One night late in
+March he left the house after midnight, and did not return till almost morning;
+when his mother, being wakeful, heard a rumbling motor draw up to the
+carriage entrance. Muffled oaths could be distinguished, and Mrs. Ward, rising
+and going to the window, saw four dark figures removing a long, heavy box
+from a truck at Charles's direction and carrying it within by the side door. She
+heard laboured breathing and ponderous footfalls on the stairs, and finally a dull
+thumping in the attic; after which the footfalls descended again, and the four
+reappeared outside and drove off in their truck.
+
+The next day Charles resumed his strict attic seclusion, drawing down the dark
+shades of his laboratory windows and appearing to be working on some metal
+substance. He would open the door to no one, and steadfastly refused all
+proffered food. About noon a wrenching sound followed by a terrible cry and a
+fall were heard, but when Mrs. Ward rapped at the door her son at length
+answered faintly, and told her that nothing had gone amiss. The hideous and
+indescribable stench now welling out was absolutely harmless and unfortunately
+necessary. Solitude was the one prime essential, and he would appear later for
+dinner. That afternoon, after the conclusion of some odd hissing sounds which
+came from behind the locked portal, he did finally appear; wearing an extremely
+haggard aspect and forbidding anyone to enter the laboratory upon any pretext.
+This, indeed, proved the beginning of a new policy of secrecy; for never
+afterward was any other person permitted to visit either the mysterious garret
+workroom or the adjacent storeroom which he cleaned out, furnished roughly,
+and added to his inviolable private domain as a sleeping apartment. Here he
+lived, with books brought up from his library beneath, till the time he purchased
+the Pawtuxet bungalow and moved to it all his scientific effects.
+
+In the evening Charles secured the paper before the rest of the family and
+damaged part of it through an apparent accident. Later on Dr. Willett, having
+fixed the date from statements by various members of the household, looked up
+an intact copy at the Journal office and found that in the destroyed section the
+following small item had occurred:
+
+
+
+346
+
+
+
+Nocturnal Diggers Surprised in North Burial Ground
+
+Robert Hart, night watchman at the North Burial Ground, this morning
+discovered a party of several men with a motor truck in the oldest part of the
+cemetery, but apparently frightened them off before they had accomplished
+whatever their object may have been.
+
+The discovery took place at about four o'clock, when Hart's attention was
+attracted by the sound of a motor outside his shelter. Investigating, he saw a
+large truck on the main drive several rods away; but could not reach it before the
+noise of his feet on the gravel had revealed his approach. The men hastily placed
+a large box in the truck and drove away toward the street before they could be
+overtaken; and since no known grave was disturbed. Hart believes that this box
+was an object which they wished to bury.
+
+The diggers must have been at work for a long while before detection, for Hart
+found an enormous hold dug at a considerable distance back from the roadway
+in the lot of Amasa Field, where most of the old stones have long ago
+disappeared. The hole, a place as large and deep as a grave, was empty; and did
+not coincide with any interment mentioned in the cemetery records.
+
+Sergt. Riley of the Second Station viewed the spot and gave the opinion that the
+hole was dug by bootleggers rather gruesomely and ingeniously seeking a safe
+cache for liquor in a place not likely to be disturbed. In reply to questions Hart
+said he though the escaping truck had headed up Rochambeau Avenue, though
+he could not be sure.
+
+During the next few days Charles Ward was seldom seen by his family. Having
+added sleeping quarters to his attic realm, he kept closely to himself there,
+ordering food brought to the door and not taking it in until after the servant had
+gone away. The droning of monotonous formulae and the chanting of bizarre
+rhythms recurred at intervals, while at other times occasional listeners could
+detect the sound of tinkling glass, hissing chemicals, running water, or roaring
+gas flames. Odours of the most unplaceable quality, wholly unlike any before
+noted, hung at times around the door; and the air of tension observable in the
+young recluse whenever he did venture briefly forth was such as to excite the
+keenest speculation. Once he made a hasty trip to the Athenaeum for a book he
+required, and again he hired a messenger to fetch him a highly obscure volume
+from Boston. Suspense was written portentously over the whole situation, and
+both the family and Dr. Willett confessed themselves wholly at a loss what to do
+or think about it.
+
+
+
+347
+
+
+
+Then on the fifteenth of April a strange development occurred. While nothing
+appeared to grow different in kind, there was certainly a very terrible difference
+in degree; and Dr. Willett somehow attaches great significance to the change. The
+day was Good Friday, a circumstance of which the servants made much, but
+which others quite naturally dismiss as an irrelevant coincidence. Late in the
+afternoon young Ward began repeating a certain formula in a singularly loud
+voice, at the same time burning some substance so pungent that its fumes
+escaped over the entire house. The formula was so plainly audible in the hall
+outside the locked door that Mrs. Ward could not help memorising it as she
+waited and listened anxiously, and later on she was able to write it down at Dr.
+Willett's request. It ran as follows, and experts have told Dr. Willett that its very
+close analogue can be found in the mystic writings of "Eliphas Levi", that cryptic
+soul who crept through a crack in the forbidden door and glimpsed the frightful
+vistas of the void beyond:
+
+'Per Adonai Eloim, Adonai Jehova,
+
+Adonai Sabaoth, Metraton On Agla Mathon,
+
+verbum pythonicum, mysterium salamandrae,
+
+conventus sylvorum, antra gnomorum,
+
+daemonia Coeli God, Almonsin, Gibor, Jehosua,
+Evam, Zariatnatmik, veni, veni, veni.'
+
+This had been going on for two hours without change or intermission when over
+all the neighbourhood a pandaemoniac howling of dogs set in. The extent of this
+howling can be judged from the space it received in the papers the next day, but
+to those in the Ward household it was overshadowed by the odour which
+instantly followed it; a hideous, all-pervasive odour which non of them had ever
+smelt before or have ever smelt since. In the midst of this mephitic flood there
+came a very perceptible flash like that of lightning, which would have been
+blinding and impressive but for the daylight around; and then was heard the
+voice that no listener can ever forget because of its thunderous remoteness, its
+incredible depth, and its eldritch dissimilarity to Charles Ward's voice. It shook
+the house, and was clearly heard by at least two neighbours above the howling
+of the dogs. Mrs. Ward, who had been listening in despair outside her son's
+locked laboratory, shivered as she recognised its hellish imports; for Charles had
+told of its evil fame in dark books, and of the manner in which it had thundered,
+according to the Tenner letter, above the doomed Pawtuxet farmhouse on the
+night of Joseph Curwen's annihilation. There was no mistaking that nightmare
+phrase, for Charles had described it too vividly in the old days when he had
+talked frankly of his Curwen investigations. And yet it was only this fragment of
+an archaic and forgotten language: 'DIES MIES JESCHET BOENE DOESEF
+DOUVEMA ENITEMAUS.'
+
+
+
+348
+
+
+
+Close upon this thundering there came a momentary darkening of the dayhght,
+though sunset was still an hour distant, and then a puff of added odour different
+from the first but equally unknown and intolerable. Charles was chanting again
+now and his mother could hear syllables that sounded like 'Yi nash Yog Sothoth
+he Igeb throdag' - ending in a 'Yah!' whose maniacal force mounted in an ear-
+splitting crescendo. A second later all previous memories were effaced by the
+wailing scream which burst out with frantic explosiveness and gradually
+changed form to a paroxysm of diabolic and hysterical laughter. Mrs. Ward, with
+the mingled fear and blind courage of maternity, advanced and knocked
+affrightedly at the concealing panels, but obtained no sign of recognition. She
+knocked again, but paused nervelessly as a second shriek arose, this one
+unmistakably in the familiar voice of her son, and sounding concurrently with
+the still bursting cachinnations of that other voice. Presently she fainted,
+although she is still unable to recall the precise and immediate cause. Memory
+sometimes makes merciful deletions.
+
+Mr. Ward returned from the business section at about quarter past six; and not
+finding his wife downstairs, was told by the frightened servants that she was
+probably watching at Charles's door, from which the sounds had been far
+stranger than ever before. Mounting the stairs at once, he saw Mrs. Ward
+stretched out at full length on the floor of the corridor outside the laboratory; and
+realising that she had fainted, hastened to fetch a glass of water from a set bowl
+in a neighbouring alcove. Dashing the cold fluid in her face, he was heartened to
+observe an immediate response on her part, and was watching the bewildered
+opening of her eyes when a chill shot through him and threatened to reduce him
+to the very state from which she was emerging. For the seemingly silent
+laboratory was not as silent as it had appeared to be, but held the murmurs of a
+tense, muffled conversation in tones too low for comprehension, yet of a quality
+profoundly disturbing to the soul.
+
+It was not, of course, new for Charles to mutter formulae; but this muttering was
+definitely different. It was so palpably a dialogue, or imitation of a dialogue, with
+the regular alteration of inflections suggesting question and answer, statement
+and response. One voice was undisguisedly that of Charles, but the other had a
+depth and hoUowness which the youth's best powers of ceremonial mimicry had
+scarcely approached before. There was something hideous, blasphemous, and
+abnormal about it, and but for a cry from his recovering wife which cleared his
+mind by arousing his protective instincts it is not likely that Theodore Rowland
+Ward could have maintained for nearly a year more his old boast that he had
+never fainted. As it was, he seized his wife in his arms and bore her quickly
+downstairs before she could notice the voices which had so horribly disturbed
+him. Even so, however, he was not quick enough to escape catching something
+himself which caused him to stagger dangerously with his burden. For Mrs.
+
+
+
+349
+
+
+
+Ward's cry had evidently been heard by others than he, and there had come in
+response to it from behind the locked door the first distinguishable words which
+that masked and terrible colloquy had yielded. They were merely an excited
+caution in Charles's own voice, but somehow their implications held a nameless
+fright for the father who overheard them. The phrase was just this: 'Sshh!-write!'
+
+Mr. and Mrs. Ward conferred at some length after dinner, and the former
+resolved to have a firm and serious talk with Charles that very night. No matter
+how important the object, such conduct could no longer be permitted; for these
+latest developments transcended every limit of sanity and formed a menace to
+the order and nervous well-being of the entire household. The youth must
+indeed have taken complete leave of his senses, since only downright madness
+could have prompted the wild screams and imaginary conversations in assumed
+voices which the present day had brought forth. All this must be stopped, or
+Mrs. Ward would be made ill and the keeping of servants become an
+impossibility.
+
+Mr. Ward rose at the close of the meal and started upstairs for Charles's
+laboratory. On the third floor, however, he paused at the sounds which he heard
+proceeding from the now disused library of his son. Books were apparently
+being flung about and papers wildly rustled, and upon stepping to the door Mr.
+Ward beheld the youth within, excitedly assembling a vast armful of literary
+matter of every size and shape. Charles's aspect was very drawn and haggard,
+and he dropped his entire load with a start at the sound of his father's voice. At
+the elder man's command he sat down, and for some time listened to the
+admonitions he had so long deserved. There was no scene. At the end of the
+lecture he agreed that his father was right, and that his noises, mutterings,
+incantations, and chemical odours were indeed inexcusable nuisances. He agreed
+to a policy of great quiet, though insisting on a prolongation of his extreme
+privacy. Much of his future work, he said, was in any case purely book research;
+and he could obtain quarters elsewhere for any such vocal rituals as might be
+necessary at a later stage. For the fright and fainting of his mother he expressed
+the keenest contrition, and explained that the conversation later heard was part
+of an elaborate symbolism designed to create a certain mental atmosphere. His
+use of abstruse technical terms somewhat bewildered Mr. Ward, but the parting
+impression was one of undeniable sanity and poise despite a mysterious tension
+of the utmost gravity. The interview was really quite inconclusive, and as
+Charles picked up his armful and left the room Mr. Ward hardly knew what to
+make of the entire business. It was as mysterious as the death of poor old Nig,
+whose stiffening form had been found an hour before in the basement, with
+staring eyes and fear-distorted mouth.
+
+
+
+350
+
+
+
+Driven by some vague detective instinct, the bewildered parent now glanced
+curiously at the vacant shelves to see what his son had taken up to the attic. The
+youth's library was plainly and rigidly classified, so that one might tell at a
+glance the books or at least the kind of books which had been withdrawn. On
+this occasion Mr. Ward was astonished to find that nothing of the occult or the
+antiquarian, beyond what had been previously removed, was missing. These
+new withdrawals were all modern items; histories, scientific treatises,
+geographies, manuals of literature, philosophic works, and certain contemporary
+newspapers and magazines. It was a very curious shift from Charles Ward's
+recent run of reading, and the father paused in a growing vortex of perplexity
+and an engulfing sense of strangeness. The strangeness was a very poignant
+sensation, and almost clawed at his chest as he strove to see just what was wrong
+around him. Something was indeed wrong, and tangibly as well as spiritually so.
+Ever since he had been in this room he had known that something was amiss,
+and at last it dawned upon him what it was.
+
+On the north wall rose still the ancient carved overmantel from the house in
+Olney Court, but to the cracked and precariously restored oils of the large
+Curwen portrait disaster had come. Time and unequal heating had done their
+work at last, and at some time since the room's last cleaning the worst had
+happened. Peeling clear of the wood, curling tighter and tighter, and finally
+crumbling into small bits with what must have been malignly silent suddenness,
+the portrait of Joseph Curwen had resigned forever its staring surveillance of the
+youth it so strangely resembled, and now lay scattered on the floor as a thin
+coating of fine blue-grey dust.
+
+IV. A Mutation and a Madness
+
+
+
+In the week following that memorable Good Friday Charles Ward was seen more
+often than usual, and was continually carrying books between his library and the
+attic laboratory. His actions were quiet and rational, but he had a furtive, hunted
+look which his mother did not like, and developed an incredibly ravenous
+appetite as gauged by his demands upon the cook. Dr. Willett had been told of
+those Friday noises and happenings, and on the following Tuesday had a long
+conversation with the youth in the library where the picture stared no more. The
+interview was, as always, inconclusive; but Willett is still ready to swear that the
+youth was sane and himself at the time. He held out promises of an early
+revelation, and spoke of the need of securing a laboratory elsewhere. At the loss
+of the portrait he grieved singularly little considering his first enthusiasm over it,
+but seemed to find something of positive humour in its sudden crumbling.
+
+
+
+351
+
+
+
+About the second week Charles began to be absent from the house for long
+periods, and one day when good old black Hannah came to help with the spring
+cleaning she mentioned his frequent visits to the old house in Olney Court,
+where he would come with a large valise and perform curious delvings in the
+cellar. He was always very liberal to her and to old Asa, but seemed more
+worried than he used to be; which grieved her very much, since she had watched
+him grow up from birth. Another report of his doings came from Pawtuxet,
+where some friends of the family saw him at a distance a surprising number of
+times. He seemed to haunt the resort and canoe-house of Rhodes-on-the-
+Pawtuxet, and subsequent inquiries by Dr. Willett at that place brought out the
+fact that his purpose was always to secure access to the rather hedged-in river-
+bank, along which he would walk toward the north, usually not reappearing for
+a very long while.
+
+Late in May came a momentary revival of ritualistic sounds in the attic
+laboratory which brought a stern reproof from Mr. Ward and a somewhat
+distracted promise of amendment from Charles. It occurred one morning, and
+seemed to form a resumption of the imaginary conversation noted on that
+turbulent Good Friday. The youth was arguing or remonstrating hotly with
+himself, for there suddenly burst forth a perfectly distinguishable series of
+clashing shouts in differentiated tones like alternate demands and denials which
+caused Mrs. Ward to run upstairs and listen at the door. She could hear no more
+than a fragment whose only plain words were 'must have it red for three
+months', and upon her knocking all sounds ceased at once. When Charles was
+later questioned by his father he said that there were certain conflicts of spheres
+of consciousness which only great skill could avoid, but which he would try to
+transfer to other realms.
+
+About the middle of June a queer nocturnal incident occurred. In the early
+evening there had been some noise and thumping in the laboratory upstairs, and
+Mr. Ward was on the point of investigating when it suddenly quieted down.
+That midnight, after the family had retired, the butler was nightlocking the front
+door when according to his statement Charles appeared somewhat blunderingly
+and uncertainly at the foot of the stairs with a large suitcase and made signs that
+he wished egress. The youth spoke no word, but the worthy Yorkshireman
+caught one sight of his fevered eyes and trembled causelessly. He opened the
+door and young Ward went out, but in the morning he presented his resignation
+to Mrs. Ward. There was, he said, something unholy in the glance Charles had
+fixed on him. It was no way for a young gentleman to look at an honest person,
+and he could not possibly stay another night. Mrs. Ward allowed the man to
+depart, but she did not value his statement highly. To fancy Charles in a savage
+state that night was quite ridiculous, for as long as she had remained awake she
+had heard faint sounds from the laboratory above; sounds as if of sobbing and
+
+
+
+352
+
+
+
+pacing, and of a sighing which told only of despair's profoundest depths. Mrs.
+Ward had grown used to listening for sounds in the night, for the mystery of her
+son was fast driving all else from her mind.
+
+The next evening, much as on another evening nearly three months before,
+Charles Ward seized the newspaper very early and accidentally lost the main
+section. This matter was not recalled till later, when Dr. Willett began checking
+up loose ends and searching out missing links here and there. In the Journal
+office he found the section which Charles had lost, and marked two items as of
+possible significance. They were as follows:
+
+More Cemetery Delving
+
+It was this morning discovered by Robert Hart, night watchman at the North
+Burial Ground, that ghouls were again at work in the ancient portion of the
+cemetery. The grave of Ezra Weeden, who was born in 1740 and died in 1824
+according to his uprooted and savagely splintered slate headstone, was found
+excavated and rifled, the work being evidently done with a spade stolen from an
+adjacent tool-shed.
+
+Whatever the contents may have been after more than a century of burial, all was
+gone except a few slivers of decayed wood. There were no wheel tracks, but the
+police have measured a single set of footprints which they found in the vicinity,
+and which indicate the boots of a man of refinement.
+
+Hart is inclined to link this incident with the digging discovered last March,
+when a party in a motor truck were frightened away after making a deep
+excavation; but Sergt. Riley of the Second Station discounts this theory and
+points to vital differences in the two cases. In March the digging had been in a
+spot where no grave was known; but this time a well-marked and cared-for
+grave had been rifled with every evidence of deliberate purpose, and with a
+conscious malignity expressed in the splintering of the slab which had been
+intact up to the day before.
+
+Members of the Weeden family, notified of the happening, expressed their
+astonishment and regret; and were wholly unable to think of any enemy who
+would care to violate the grave of their ancestor. Hazard Weeden of 598 Angell
+Street recalls a family legend according to which Ezra Weeden was involved in
+some very peculiar circumstances, not dishonourable to himself, shortly before
+the Revolution; but of any modern feud or mystery he is frankly ignorant.
+Inspector Cunningham has been assigned to the case, and hopes to uncover some
+valuable clues in the near future.
+
+
+
+353
+
+
+
+Dogs Noisy in Pawtuxet
+
+Residents of Pawtuxet were aroused about 3 a.m. today by a phenomenal baying
+of dogs which seemed to centre near the river just north of Rhodes-on-the-
+Pawtuxet. The volume and quality of the howling were unusually odd,
+according to most who heart it; and Fred Lemdin, night watchman at Rhodes,
+declares it was mixed with something very like the shrieks of a man in mortal
+terror and agony. A sharp and very brief thunderstorm, which seemed to strike
+somewhere near the bank of the river, put an end to the disturbance. Strange and
+unpleasant odours, probably from the oil tanks along the bay, are popularly
+linked with this incident; and may have had their share in exciting the dogs.
+
+The aspect of Charles now became very haggard and hunted, and all agreed in
+retrospect that he may have wished at this period to make some statement or
+confession from which sheer terror withheld him. The morbid listening of his
+mother in the night brought out the fact that he made frequent sallies abroad
+under cover of darkness, and most of the more academic alienists unite at
+present in charging him with the revolting cases of vampirism which the press so
+sensationally reported about this time, but which have not yet been definitely
+traced to any known perpetrator. These cases, too recent and celebrated to need
+detailed mention, involved victims of every age and type and seemed to cluster
+around two distinct localities; the residential hill and the North End, near the
+Ward home, and the suburban districts across the Cranston line near Pawtuxet.
+Both late wayfarers and sleepers with open windows were attacked, and those
+who lived to tell the tale spoke unanimously of a lean, lithe, leaping monster
+with burning eyes which fastened its teeth in the throat or upper arm and feasted
+ravenously.
+
+Dr. Willett, who refuses to date the madness of Charles Ward as far back as even
+this, is cautious in attempting to explain these horrors. He has, he declares,
+certain theories of his own; and limits his positive statements to a peculiar kind
+of negation: 'I will not,' he says, 'state who or what I believe perpetrated these
+attacks and murders, but I will declare that Charles Ward was innocent of them. I
+have reason to be sure he was ignorant of the taste of blood, as indeed his
+continued anaemic decline and increasing pallor prove better than any verbal
+argument. Ward meddled with terrible things, but he has paid for it, and he was
+never a monster or a villain. As for now - I don't like to think. A change came,
+and I'm content to believe that the old Charles Ward died with it. His soul did,
+anyhow, for that mad flesh that vanished from Waite's hospital had another.'
+
+Willett speaks with authority, for he was often at the Ward home attending Mrs.
+Ward, whose nerves had begun to snap under the strain. Her nocturnal listening
+had bred some morbid hallucinations which she confided to the doctor with
+
+
+
+354
+
+
+
+hesitancy, and which he ridiculed in talking to her, although they made him
+ponder deeply when alone. These delusions always concerning the faint sounds
+which she fancied she heard in the attic laboratory and bedroom, and
+emphasised the occurrence of muffled sighs and sobbings at the most impossible
+times. Early in July Willett ordered Mrs. Ward to Atlantic City for an indefinite
+recuperative sojourn, and cautioned both Mr. Ward and the haggard and elusive
+Charles to write her only cheering letters. It is probably to this enforced and
+reluctant escape that she owes her life and continued sanity.
+
+
+
+Not long after his mother's departure, Charles Ward began negotiating for the
+Pawtuxet bungalow. It was a squalid little wooden edifice with a concrete
+garage, perched high on the sparsely settled bank of the river slightly above
+Rhodes, but for some odd reason the youth would have nothing else. He gave
+the real-estate agencies no peace till one of them secured it for him at an
+exorbitant price from a somewhat reluctant owner, and as soon as it was vacant
+he took possession under cover of darkness,, transporting in a great closed van
+the entire contents of his attic laboratory, including the books both weird and
+modern which he had borrowed from his study. He had this van loaded in the
+black small hours, and his father recalls only a drowsy realisation of stifled oaths
+and stamping feet on the night the goods were taken away. After that Charles
+moved back to his own old quarters on the third floor, and never haunted the
+attic again.
+
+To the Pawtuxet bungalow Charles transferred all the secrecy with which he had
+surrounded his attic realm, save that he now appeared to have two sharers of his
+mysteries; a villainous-looking Portuguese half-caste from the South Main St.
+waterfront who acted as a servant, and a thin, scholarly stranger with dark
+glasses and a stubbly full beard of dyed aspect whose status was evidently that
+of a colleague. Neighbours vainly tried to engage these odd persons in
+conversation. The mulatto Gomes spoke very little English, and the bearded
+man, who gave his name as Dr. Allen, voluntarily followed his example. Ward
+himself tried to be more affable, but succeeded only in provoking curiousity with
+his rambling accounts of chemical research. Before long queer tales began to
+circulate regarding the all-night burning of lights; and somewhat later, after this
+burning had suddenly ceased, there rose still queerer tales of disproportionate
+orders of meat from the butcher's and of the muffled shouting, declamation,
+rhythmic chanting, and screaming supposed to come from some very cellar
+below the place. Most distinctly the new and strange household was bitterly
+disliked by the honest bourgeoisie of the vicinity, and it is not remarkable that
+dark hints were advanced connecting the hated establishment with the current
+epidemic of vampiristic attacks and murders; especially since the radius of that
+
+
+
+355
+
+
+
+plague seemed now confined wholly to Pawtuxet and the adjacent streets of
+Edgewood.
+
+Ward spent most of his time at the bungalow, but slept occasionally at home and
+was still reckoned a dweller beneath his father's roof. Twice he was absent from
+the city on week-long trips, whose destinations have not yet been discovered. He
+grew steadily paler and more emaciated even than before, and lacked some of his
+former assurance when repeating to Dr. Willett his old, old story of vital research
+and future revelations. Willett often waylaid him at his father's house, for the
+elder Ward was deeply worried and perplexed, and wished his son to get as
+much sound oversight as could be managed in the case of so secretive and
+independent an adult. The doctor still insists that the youth was sane even as late
+as this, and adduces many a conversation to prove his point.
+
+About September the vampirism declined, but in the following January almost
+became involved in serious trouble. For some time the nocturnal arrival and
+departure of motor trucks at the Pawtuxet bungalow had been commented upon,
+and at this juncture an unforeseen hitch exposed the nature of at least one item of
+their contents. In a lonely spot near Hope Valley had occurred one of the
+frequent sordid waylaying of trucks by "hi-jackers" in quest of liquor shipments,
+but this time the robbers had been destined to receive the greater shock. For the
+long cases they seized proved upon opening to contain some exceedingly
+gruesome things; so gruesome, in fact, that the matter could not be kept quiet
+amongst the denizens of the underworld. The thieves had hastily buried what
+they discovered, but when the State Police got wind of the matter a careful search
+was made. A recently arrived vagrant, under promise of immunity from
+prosecution on any additional charge, at last consented to guide a party of
+troopers to the spot; and there was found in that hasty cache a very hideous and
+shameful thing. It would not be well for the national - or even the international -
+sense of decorum if the public were ever to know what was uncovered by that
+awestruck party. There was no mistaking it, even by those far from studious
+officers; and telegrams to Washington ensued with feverish rapidity.
+
+The cases were addressed to Charles Ward at his Pawtuxet bungalow, and State
+and Federal officials at once paid him a very forceful and serious call. They
+found him pallid and worried with his two odd companions, and received from
+him what seemed to be a valid explanation and evidence of innocence. He had
+needed certain anatomical specimens as part of a programme of research whose
+depth and genuineness anyone who had known him in the last decade could
+prove, and had ordered the required kind and number from agencies which he
+had thought as reasonably legitimate as such things can be. Of the identity of the
+specimens he had known absolutely nothing, and was properly shocked when
+the inspectors hinted at the monstrous effect on public sentiment and national
+
+
+
+356
+
+
+
+dignity which a knowledge of the matter would produce. In this statement he
+was firmly sustained by his bearded colleague Dr. Allen, whose oddly hollow
+voice carried even more conviction than his own nervous tones; so that in the
+end the officials took no action, but carefully set down the New York name and
+address which Ward gave them a basis for a search which came to nothing. It is
+only fair to add that the specimens were quickly and quietly restored to their
+proper places, and that the general public will never know of their blasphemous
+disturbance.
+
+On February 9, 1928, Dr. Willett received a letter from Charles Ward which he
+considers of extraordinary importance, and about which he has frequently
+quarrelled with Dr. Lyman. Lyman believes that this note contains positive proof
+of a well-developed case of dementia praecox, but Willett on the other hand
+regards it as the last perfectly sane utterance of the hapless youth. He calls
+especial attention to the normal character of the penmanship; which though
+shewing traces of shattered nerves, is nevertheless distinctly Ward's own. The
+text in full is as follows:
+
+100 Prospect St.
+
+Providence, R.I.,
+
+February 8, 1928.
+
+Dear Dr. Willett:-
+
+I feel that at last the time has come for me to make the disclosures which I have
+so long promised you, and for which you have pressed me so often. The patience
+you have shewn in waiting, and the confidence you have shewn in my mind and
+integrity, are things I shall never cease to appreciate.
+
+And now that I am ready to speak, I must own with humiliation that no triumph
+such as I dreamed of can ever by mine. Instead of triumph I have found terror,
+and my talk with you will not be a boast of victory but a plea for help and advice
+in saving both myself and the world from a horror beyond all human conception
+or calculation. You recall what those Fenner letters said of the old raiding party
+at Pawtuxet. That must all be done again, and quickly. Upon us depends more
+than can be put into words - all civilisation, all natural law, perhaps even the fate
+of the solar system and the universe. I have brought to light a monstrous
+abnormality, but I did it for the sake of knowledge. Now for the sake of all life
+and Nature you must help me thrust it back into the dark again.
+
+I have left that Pawtuxet place forever, and we must extirpate everything
+existing there, alive or dead. I shall not go there again, and you must not believe
+it if you ever hear that I am there. I will tell you why I say this when I see you. I
+
+
+
+357
+
+
+
+have come home for good, and wish you would call on me at the very first
+moment that you can spare five or six hours continuously to hear what I have to
+say. It will take that long - and believe me when I tell you that you never had a
+more genuine professional duty than this. My life and reason are the very least
+things which hang in the balance.
+
+I dare not tell my father, for he could not grasp the whole thing. But I have told
+him of my danger, and he has four men from a detective agency watching the
+house. I don't know how much good they can do, for they have against them
+forces which even you could scarcely envisage or acknowledge. So come quickly
+if you wish to see me alive and hear how you may help to save the cosmos from
+stark hell.
+
+Any time will do - I shall not be out of the house. Don't telephone ahead, for
+there is no telling who or what may try to intercept you. And let us pray to
+whatever gods there be that nothing may prevent this meeting.
+
+In utmost gravity and desperation,
+
+Charles Dexter Ward.
+
+P.S. Shoot Dr. Allen on sight and dissolve his body in acid. Don't burn it.
+
+Dr. Willett received this note about 10:30 a.m., and immediately arranged to
+spare the whole late afternoon and evening for the momentous talk, letting it
+extend on into the night as long as might be necessary. He planned to arrive
+about four o'clock, and through all the intervening hours was so engulfed in
+every sort of wild speculation that most of his tasks were very mechanically
+performed. Maniacal as the letter would have sounded to a stranger, Willett had
+seen too much of Charles Ward's oddities to dismiss it as sheer raving. That
+something very subtle, ancient, and horrible was hovering about he felt quite
+sure, and the reference to Dr. Allen could almost be comprehended in view of
+what Pawtuxet gossip said of Ward's enigmatical colleague. Willett had never
+seen the man, but had heard much of his aspect and bearing, and could not but
+wonder what sort of eyes those much-discussed dark glasses might conceal.
+
+Promptly at four Dr. Willett presented himself at the Ward residence, but found
+to his annoyance that Charles had not adhered to his determination to remain
+indoors. The guards were there, but said that the young man seemed to have lost
+part of his timidity. He had that morning done much apparently frightened
+arguing and protesting over the telephone, one of the detectives said, replying to
+some unknown voice with phrases such as 'I am very tired and must rest a
+while', 'I can't receive anyone for some time', 'you'll have to excuse me', 'Please
+
+
+
+358
+
+
+
+postpone decisive action till we can arrange some sort of compromise', or 'I am
+very sorry, but I must take a complete vacation from everything; I'll talk with
+you later.' Then, apparently gaining boldness through meditation, he had
+slipped out so quietly that no one had seen him depart or knew that he had gone
+until he returned about one o'clock and entered the house without a word. He
+had gone upstairs, where a bit of his fear must have surged back; for he was
+heard to cry out in a highly terrified fashion upon entering his library, afterward
+trailing off into a kind of choking gasp. When, however, the butler had gone to
+inquire what the trouble was, he had appeared at the door with a great show of
+boldness, and had silently gestured the man away in a manner that terrified him
+unaccountably. Then he had evidently done some rearranging of his shelves, for
+a great clattering and thumping and creaking ensued; after which he had
+reappeared and left at once. Willett inquired whether or not any message had
+been left, but was told that there was no none. The butler seemed queerly
+disturbed about something in Charles's appearance and manner, and asked
+solicitously if there was much hope for a cure of his disordered nerves.
+
+For almost two hours Dr. Willett waited vainly in Charles Ward's library,
+watching the dusty shelves with their wide gaps where books had been
+removed, and smiling grimly at the panelled overmantel on the north wall,
+whence a year before the suave features of old Joseph Curwen had looked mildly
+down. After a time the shadows began to gather, and the sunset cheer gave place
+to a vague growing terror which flew shadow-like before the night. Mr. Ward
+finally arrived, and shewed much surprise and anger at his son's absence after all
+the pains which had been taken to guard him. He had not known of Charles's
+appointment, and promised to notify Willett when the youth returned. In
+bidding the doctor goodnight he expressed his utter perplexity at his son's
+condition, and urged his caller to do all he could to restore the boy to normal
+poise. Willett was glad to escape from that library, for something frightful and
+unholy seemed to haunt it; as if the vanished picture had left behind a legacy of
+evil. He had never liked that picture; and even now, strong-nerved though he
+was, there lurked a quality in its vacant panel which made him feel an urgent
+need to get out into the pure air as soon as possible.
+
+
+
+The next morning Willett received a message from the senior Ward, saying that
+Charles was still absent. Mr. Ward mentioned that Dr. Allen had telephoned him
+to say that Charles would remain at Pawtuxet for some time, and that he must
+not be disturbed. This was necessary because Allen himself was suddenly called
+away for an indefinite period, leaving the researches in need of Charles's
+constant oversight. Charles sent his best wishes, and regretted any bother his
+abrupt change of plans might have caused. It listening to this message Mr. Ward
+
+
+
+359
+
+
+
+heard Dr. Allen's voice for the first time, and it seemed to excite some vague and
+elusive memory which could not be actually placed, but which was disturbing to
+the point of tearfulness.
+
+Faced by these baffling and contradictory reports. Dr. Willett was frankly at a
+loss what to do. The frantic earnestness of Charles's note was not to be denied,
+yet what could one think of its writer's immediate violation of his own expressed
+policy? Young Ward had written that his delvings had become blasphemous and
+menacing, that they and his bearded colleague must be extirpated at any cost,
+and that he himself would never return to their final scene; yet according to latest
+advices he had forgotten all this and was back in the thick of the mystery.
+Common sense bade one leave the youth alone with his freakishness, yet some
+deeper instinct would not permit the impression of that frenzied letter to
+subside. Willett read it over again, and could not make its essence sound as
+empty and insane as both its bombastic verbiage and its lack of fulfilment would
+seem to imply. Its terror was too profound and real, and in conjunction with
+what the doctor already knew evoked too vivid hints of monstrosities from
+beyond time and space to permit of any cynical explanation. There were
+nameless horrors abroad; and no matter how little one might be able to get at
+them, one ought to stand prepared for any sort of action at any time.
+
+For over a week Dr. Willett pondered on the dilemma which seemed thrust upon
+him, and became more and more inclined to pay Charles a call at the Pawtuxet
+bungalow. No friend of the youth had ever ventured to storm this forbidden
+retreat, and even his father knew of its interior only from such descriptions as he
+chose to give; but Willett felt that some direct conversation with his patient was
+necessary. Mr. Ward had been receiving brief and non-committal typed notes
+from his son, and said that Mrs. Ward in her Atlantic City retirement had had no
+better word. So at length the doctor resolved to act; and despite a curious
+sensation inspired by old legends of Joseph Curwen, and by more recent
+revelations and warnings from Charles Ward, set boldly out for the bungalow on
+the bluff above the river.
+
+Willett had visited the spot before through sheer curiousity, though of course
+never entering the house or proclaiming his presence; hence knew exactly the
+route to take. Driving out Broad Street one early afternoon toward the end of
+February in his small motor, he thought oddly of the grim party which had taken
+that selfsame road a hundred and fifty-seven years before on a terrible errand
+which none might ever comprehend.
+
+The ride through the city's decaying fringe was short, and trim Edgewood and
+sleepy Pawtuxet presently spread out ahead. Willett turned to the right down
+Lockwood Street and drove his car as far along that rural road as he could, then
+
+
+
+360
+
+
+
+alighted and walked north to where the bluff towered above the lovely bends of
+the river and the sweep of misty downlands beyond. Houses were still few here,
+and there was no mistaking the isolated bungalow with its concrete garage on a
+high point of land at his left. Stepping briskly up the neglected gravel walk he
+rapped at the door with a firm hand, and spoke without a tremor to the evil
+Portuguese mulatto who opened it to the width of a crack.
+
+He must, he said, see Charles Ward at once on vitally important business. No
+excuse would be accepted, and a repulse would mean only a full report of the
+matter to the elder Ward. The mulatto still hesitated, and pushed against the
+door when Willett attempted to open it; but the doctor merely raised his voice
+and renewed his demands. Then there came from the dark interior a husky
+whisper which somehow chilled the hearer through and through though he did
+not know why he feared it. 'Let him in, Tony,' it said, 'we may as well talk now
+as ever.' But disturbing as was the whisper, the greater fear was that which
+immediately followed. The floor creaked and the speaker hove in sight - and the
+owner of those strange and resonant tones was seen to be no other than Charles
+Dexter Ward.
+
+The minuteness with which Dr. Willett recalled and recorded his conversation of
+that afternoon is due to the importance he assigns to this particular period. For at
+last he concedes a vital change in Charles Dexter Ward's mentality, and believes
+that the youth now spoke from a brain hopelessly alien to the brain whose
+growth he had watched for six and twenty years. Controversy with Dr. Lyman
+has compelled him to be very specific, and he definitely dates the madness of
+Charles Ward from the time the typewritten notes began to reach his parents.
+Those notes are not in Ward's normal style; not even in the style of that last
+frantic letter to Willett. Instead, they are strange and archaic, as if the snapping of
+the writer's mind had released a flood of tendencies and impressions picked up
+unconsciously through boyhood antiquarianism. There is an obvious effort to be
+modern, but the spirit and occasionally the language are those of the past.
+
+The past, too, was evident in Ward's every tone and gesture as he received the
+doctor in that shadowy bungalow. He bowed, motioned Willett to a seat, and
+began to speak abruptly in that strange whisper which he sought to explain at
+the very outset.
+
+'I am grown phthisical,' he began, 'from this cursed river air. You must excuse
+my speech. I suppose you are come from my father to see what ails me, and I
+hope you will say nothing to alarm him.'
+
+Willett was studying these scraping tones with extreme care, but studying even
+more closely the face of the speaker. Something, he felt, was wrong; and he
+
+
+
+361
+
+
+
+thought of what the family had told him about the fright of that Yorkshire butler
+one night. He wished it were not so dark, but did not request that the blind be
+opened. Instead, he merely asked Ward why he had so belied the frantic note of
+little more than a week before.
+
+'I was coming to that,' the host replied. 'You must know, I am in a very bad state
+of nerves, and do and say queer things I cannot account for. As I have told you
+often, I am on the edge of great matters; and the bigness of them has a way of
+making me light-headed. Any man might well be frighted of what I have found,
+but I am not to be put off for long. I was a dunce to have that guard and stick at
+home; for having gone this far, my place is here. I am not well spoke of my
+prying neighbours, and perhaps I was led by weakness to believe myself what
+they say of me. There is no evil to any in what I do, so long as I do it rightly.
+Have the goodness to wait six months, and I'll shew you what will pay your
+patience well.'
+
+'You may as well know I have a way of learning old matters from things surer
+than books, and I'll leave you to judge the importance of what I can give to
+history, philosophy, and the arts by reason of the doors I have access to. My
+ancestor had all this when those witless peeping Toms came and murdered him.
+I now have it again, or am coming very imperfectly to have a part of it. This time
+nothing must happen, and least of all though any idiot fears of my own. Pray
+forget all I writ you. Sir, and have no fear of this place or any in it. Dr. Allen is a
+man of fine parts, and I own him an apology for anything ill I have said of him. I
+wish I had no need to spare him, but there were things he had to do elsewhere.
+His zeal is equal to mine in all those matters, and I suppose that when I feared
+the work I feared him too as my greatest helper in it.'
+
+Ward paused, and the doctor hardly knew what to say or think. He felt almost
+foolish in the face of this calm repudiation of the letter; and yet there clung to
+him the fact that while the present discourse was strange and alien and
+indubitably mad, the note itself had been tragic in its naturalness and likeness to
+the Charles Ward he knew. Willett now tried to turn the talk on early matters,
+and recall to the youth some past events which would restore a familiar mood;
+but in this process he obtained only the most grotesque results. It was the same
+with all the alienists later on. Important sections of Charles Ward's store of
+mental images, mainly those touching modern times and his own personal life,
+had been unaccountably expunged; whilst all the massed antiquarianism of his
+youth had welled up from some profound subconsciousness to engulf the
+contemporary and the individual. The youth's intimate knowledge of elder
+things was abnormal and unholy, and he tried his best to hide it. When Willett
+would mention some favourite object of his boyhood archaistic studies he often
+
+
+
+362
+
+
+
+shed by pure accident such a hght as no normal mortal could conceivably be
+expected to possess, and the doctor shuddered as the glib allusion glided by.
+
+It was not wholesome to know so much about the way the fat sheriff's wig fell off
+as he leaned over at the play in Mr. Douglass's Histrionick Academy in King
+Street on the eleventh of February, 1762, which fell on a Thursday; or about how
+the actors cut the text of Steele's Conscious Lover so badly that one was almost
+glad the Baptist-ridden legislature closed the theatre a fortnight later. That
+Thomas Sabin's Boston coach was "damn'd uncomfortable" old letters may well
+have told; but what healthy antiquarian could recall how the creaking of
+Epenetus Olney's new signboard (the gaudy crown he set up after he took to
+calling his tavern the Crown Coffee House) was exactly like the first few notes of
+the new jazz piece all the radios in Pawtuxet were playing?
+
+Ward, however, would not be quizzed long in this vein. Modern and personal
+topics he waved aside quite summarily, whilst regarding antique affairs he soon
+shewed the plainest boredom. What he wished clearly enough was only to
+satisfy his visitor enough to make him depart without the intention of returning.
+To this end he offered to shew Willett the entire house, and at once proceeded to
+lead the doctor through every room from cellar to attic. Willett looked sharply,
+but noted that the visible books were far too few and trivial to have ever filled
+the wide gaps on Ward's shelves at home, and that the meagre so-called
+"laboratory" was the flimsiest sort of a blind. Clearly, there were a library and a
+laboratory elsewhere; but just where, it was impossible to say. Essentially
+defeated in his quest for something he could not name, Willett returned to town
+before evening and told the senior Ward everything which had occurred. They
+agreed that the youth must be definitely out of his mind, but decided that
+nothing drastic need be done just then. Above all, Mrs. Ward must be kept in as
+complete an ignorance as her son's own strange typed notes would permit.
+
+Mr. Ward now determined to call in person upon his son, making it wholly a
+surprise visit. Dr. Willett took him in his car one evening, guiding him to within
+sight of the bungalow and waiting patiently for his return. The session was a
+long one, and the father emerged in a very saddened and perplexed state. His
+reception had developed much like Willett's, save that Charles had been an
+excessively long time in appearing after the visitor had forced his way into the
+hall and sent the Portuguese away with an imperative demand; and in the
+bearing of the altered son there was no trace of filial affection. The lights had
+been dim, yet even so the youth had complained that they dazzled him
+outrageously. He had not spoken out loud at all, averring that his throat was in
+very poor condition; but in his hoarse whisper there was a quality so vaguely
+disturbing that Mr. Ward could not banish it from his mind.
+
+
+
+363
+
+
+
+Now definitely leagued together to do all they could toward the youth's mental
+salvation, Mr. Ward and Dr. Willett set about collecting every scrap of data
+which the case might afford. Pawtuxet gossip was the first item they studied, and
+this was relatively easy to glean since both had friends in that region. Dr. Willett
+obtained the most rumours because people talked more frankly to him than to a
+parent of the central figure, and from all he heard he could tell that young
+Ward's life had become indeed a strange one. Common tongues would not
+dissociate his household from the vampirism of the previous summer, while the
+nocturnal comings and goings of the motor trucks provided their share of dark
+speculations. Local tradesmen spoke of the queerness of the orders brought them
+by the evil-looking mulatto, and in particular of the inordinate amounts of mean
+and fresh blood secured from the two butcher shops in the immediate
+neighbourhood. For a household of only three, these quantities were quite
+absurd.
+
+Then there was the matter of the sounds beneath the earth. Reports of these
+things were harder to point down, but all the vague hints tallied in certain basic
+essentials. Noises of a ritual nature positively existed, and at times when the
+bungalow was dark. They might, of course, have come from the known cellar;
+but rumour insisted that there were deeper and more spreading crypts. Recalling
+the ancient tales of Joseph Curwen's catacombs, and assuming for granted that
+the present bungalow had been selected because of its situation on the old
+Curwen site as revealed in one of another of the documents found behind the
+picture, Willett and Mr. Ward gave this phase of the gossip much attention; and
+searched many times without success for the door in the river-bank which old
+manuscripts mentioned. As to popular opinions of the bungalow's various
+inhabitants, it was soon plain that the Brava Portuguese was loathed, the
+bearded and spectacled Dr. Allen feared, and the pallid young scholar disliked to
+a profound degree. During the last week or two Ward had obviously changed
+much, abandoning his attempts at affability and speaking only in hoarse but
+oddly repellent whispers on the few occasions that he ventured forth.
+
+Such were the shreds and fragments gathered here and there; and over these Mr.
+Ward and Dr. Willett held many long and serious conferences. They strove to
+exercise deduction, induction, and constructive imagination to their utmost
+extent; and to correlate every known fact of Charles's later life, including the
+frantic letter which the doctor now shewed the father, with the meagre
+documentary evidence available concerning old Joseph Curwen. They would
+have given much for a glimpse of the papers Charles had found, for very clearly
+the key to the youth's madness lay in what he had learned of the ancient wizard
+and his doings.
+
+
+
+364
+
+
+
+And yet, after all, it was from no step of Mr. Ward's or Dr. Willett's that the next
+move in this singular case proceeded. The father and the physician, rebuffed and
+confused by a shadow too shapeless and intangible to combat, had rested
+uneasily on their oars while the typed notes of young Ward to his parents grew
+fewer and fewer. Then came the first of the month with its customary financial
+adjustments, and the clerks at certain banks began a peculiar shaking of heads
+and telephoning from one to the other. Officials who knew Charles Ward by
+sight went down to the bungalow to ask why every cheque of his appearing at
+this juncture was a clumsy forgery, and were reassured less than they ought to
+have been when the youth hoarsely explained that he hand had lately been so
+much affected by a nervous shock as to make normal writing impossible. He
+could, he said, from no written characters at all except with great difficulty; and
+could prove it by the fact that he had been forced to type all his recent letters,
+even those to his father and mother, who would bear out the assertion.
+
+What made the investigators pause in confusion was not this circumstance alone,
+for that was nothing unprecedented or fundamentally suspicious, nor even the
+Pawtuxet gossip, of which one or two of them had caught echoes. It was the
+muddled discourse of the young man which nonplussed them, implying as it did
+a virtually total loss of memory concerning important monetary matters which
+he had had at his fingertips only a month or two before. Something was wrong;
+for despite the apparent coherence and rationality of his speech, there could be
+no normal reason for this ill-concealed blankness on vital points. Moreover,
+although none of these men knew Ward well, they could not help observing the
+change in his language and manner. They had heard he was an antiquarian, but
+even the most hopeless antiquarians do not make daily use of obsolete
+phraseology and gestures. Altogether, this combination of hoarseness, palsied
+hands, bad memory, and altered speech and bearing must represent some
+disturbance or malady of genuine gravity, which no doubt formed the basis of
+the prevailing odd rumours; and after their departure the party of officials
+decided that a talk with the senior Ward was imperative.
+
+So on the sixth of March, 1928, there was a long and serious conference in Mr.
+Ward's office, after which the utterly bewildered father summoned Dr. Willett in
+a kind of helpless resignation. Willett looked over the strained and awkward
+signatures of the cheque, and compared them in his mind with the penmanship
+of that last frantic note. Certainly, the change was radical and profound, and yet
+there was something damnably familiar about the new writing. It had crabbed
+and archaic tendencies of a very curious sort, and seemed to result from a type of
+stroke utterly different from that which the youth had always used. It was
+strange - but where had he seen it before? On the whole, it was obvious that
+Charles was insane. Of that there could be no doubt. And since it appeared
+unlikely that he could handle his property or continue to deal with the outside
+
+
+
+365
+
+
+
+world much longer, something must quickly be done toward his oversight and
+possible cure. It was then that the alienists were called in, Drs. Peck and Waite of
+Providence and Dr. Lyman of Boston, to whom Mr. Ward and Dr. Willett gave
+the most exhaustive possible history of the case, and who conferred at length in
+the now unused library of their young patient, examining what books and
+papers of his were left in order to gain some further notion of his habitual mental
+cast. After scanning this material and examining the ominous note to Willett they
+all agreed that Charles Ward's studies had been enough to unseat or at least to
+warp any ordinary intellect, and wished most heartily that they could see his
+more intimate volumes and documents; but this latter they knew they could do,
+if at all, only after a scene at the bungalow itself. Willett now reviewed the whole
+case with febrile energy; it being at this time that he obtained the statements of
+the workmen who had seen Charles find the Curwen documents, and that he
+collated the incidents of the destroyed newspaper items, looking up the latter at
+the Journal office.
+
+On Thursday, the eighth of March, Drs. Willett, Peck, Lyman, and Waite,
+accompanied by Mr. Ward, paid the youth their momentous call; making no
+concealment of their object and questioning the now acknowledged patient with
+extreme minuteness. Charles, although he was inordinately long in answering
+the summons and was still redolent of strange and noxious laboratory odours
+when he did finally make his agitated appearance, proved a far from recalcitrant
+subject; and admitted freely that his memory and balance had suffered
+somewhat from close application to abstruse studies. He offered no resistance
+when his removal to other quarters was insisted upon; and seemed, indeed, to
+display a high degree of intelligence as apart from mere memory. His conduct
+would have sent his interviewers away in bafflement had not the persistently
+archaic trend of his speech and unmistakable replacement of modern by ancient
+ideas in his consciousness marked him out as one definitely removed from the
+normal. Of his work he would say no more to the group of doctors than he had
+formerly said to his family and to Dr. Willett, and his frantic note of the previous
+month he dismissed as mere nerves and hysteria. He insisted that this shadowy
+bungalow possessed no library possessed no library or laboratory beyond the
+visible ones, and waxed abstruse in explaining the absence from the house of
+such odours as now saturated all his clothing. Neighbourhood gossip he
+attributed to nothing more than the cheap inventiveness of baffled curiousity. Of
+the whereabouts of Dr. Allen he said he did not feel at liberty to speak definitely,
+but assured his inquisitors that the bearded and spectacled man would return
+when needed. In paying off the stolid Brava who resisted all questioning by the
+visitors, and in closing the bungalow which still seemed to hold such nighted
+secrets. Ward shewed no signs of nervousness save a barely noticed tendency to
+pause as though listening for something very faint. He was apparently animated
+by a calmly philosophic resignation, as if he removal were the merest transient
+
+
+
+366
+
+
+
+incident which would cause the least trouble if facilitated and disposed of once
+and for all. It was clear that he trusted to his obviously unimpaired keenness of
+absolute mentality to overcome all the embarrassments into which his twisted
+memory, his lost voice and handwriting, and his secretive and eccentric
+behaviour had led him. His mother, it was agreed, was not to be told of the
+change; his father supplying typed notes in his name. Ward was taken to the
+restfuUy and picturesquely situated private hospital maintained by Dr. Waite on
+Conanicut Island in the bay, and subjected to the closest scrutiny and
+questioning by all the physicians connected with the case. It was then that the
+physical oddities were noticed; the slackened metabolism, the altered skin, and
+the disproportionate neural reactions. Dr. Willett was the most perturbed of the
+various examiners, for he had attended Ward all his life and could appreciate
+with terrible keenness the extent of his physical disorganisation. Even the
+familiar olive mark on his hip was gone, while on his chest was a great black
+mole or cicatrice which had never been there before, and which made Willett
+wonder whether the youth had ever submitted to any of the witch markings
+reputed to be inflicted at certain unwholesome nocturnal meetings in wild and
+lonely places. The doctor could not keep his mind off a certain transcribed witch-
+trial record from Salem which Charles had shewn him in the old non-secretive
+days, and which read: 'Mr. G. B. on that Nighte putt ye Divell his Marke upon
+Bridget S., Jonathan A., Simon O., Deliverance W., Joseph C, Susan P., Mehitable
+C, and Deborah B.' Ward's face, too, troubled him horribly, till at length he
+suddenly discovered why he was horrified. For above the young man's right eye
+was something which he had never previously noticed - a small scar or pit
+precisely like that in the crumbled painting of old Joseph Curwen, and perhaps
+attesting some hideous ritualistic inoculation to which both had submitted at a
+certain stage of their occult careers.
+
+While Ward himself was puzzling all the doctors at the hospital a very strict
+watch was kept on all mail addressed either to him or to Dr. Allen, which Mr.
+Ward had ordered delivered at the family home. Willett had predicted that very
+little would be found, since any communications of a vital nature would
+probably have been exchanged by messenger; but in the latter part of March
+there did come a letter from Prague for Dr. Allen which gave both the doctor and
+the father deep thought. It was in a very crabbed and archaic hand; and though
+clearly not the effort of a foreigner, shewed almost as singular a departure from
+modern English as the speech of young Ward himself. It read:
+
+Kleinstrasse 11,
+
+Altstadt, Prague,
+
+11th Feby. 1928.
+
+Brother in Almonsin-Metraton:-
+
+
+
+367
+
+
+
+I this day receiv'd yr mention of what came up from the Sahes I sent you. It was
+wrong, and meanes clearly that ye Headstones had been chang'd when Barnabas
+gott me the Specimen. It is often so, as you must be sensible of from the Thing
+you gott from ye Kings Chapell ground in 1769 and what H. gott from Olde
+Bury'g Point in 1690, that was like to ende him. I gott such a Thing in Aegypt 7b
+yeares gone, from the which came that Scar ye Boy saw on me here in 1924. As I
+told you longe ago, do not calle up That which you can not put downe; either
+from dead Saltes or out of ye Spheres beyond. Have ye Wordes for laying at all
+times readie, and stopp not to be sure when there is any Doubte of Whom you
+have. Stones are all chang'd now in Nine groundes out of 10. You are never sure
+till you question. I this day heard from H., who has had Trouble with the
+Soldiers. He is like to be sorry Transylvania is pass't from Hungary to Roumania,
+and wou'd change his Seat if the Castel weren't so fulle of What we Knowe. But
+of this he hath doubtless writ you. In my next Send'g there will be Somewhat
+from a Hill tomb from ye East that will delight you greatly. Meanwhile forget not
+I am desirous of B. F. if you can possibly get him for me. You know G. in Philada.
+better than I. Have him upp firste if you will, but doe not use him soe hard he
+will be Difficult, for I must speake to him in ye End.
+
+Yogg-Sothoth Neblod Zin
+
+Simon O.
+
+To Mr. J. C. in
+
+Providence.
+
+Mr. Ward and Dr. Willett paused in utter chaos before this apparent bit of
+unrelieved insanity. Only by degrees did they absorb what it seemed to imply.
+So the absent Dr. Allen, and not Charles Ward, had come to be the leading spirit
+at Pawtuxet? That must explain the wild reference and denunciation in the
+youth's last frantic letter. And what of this addressing of the bearded and
+spectacled stranger as "Mr. J. C"? There was no escaping the inference, but there
+are limits to possible monstrosity. Who was "Simon O."; the old man Ward had
+visited in Prague four years previously? Perhaps, but in the centuries behind
+there had been another Simon O. - Simon Orne, alias Jedediah, of Salem, who
+vanished in 1771, and whose peculiar handwriting Dr. Willett now unmistakably
+recognised from the photostatic copies of the Orne formulae which Charles had
+once shown him. What horrors and mysteries, what contradictions and
+contraventions of Nature, had come back after a century and a half to harass Old
+Providence with her clustered spires and domes?
+
+The father and the old physician, virtually at a loss what to do or think, went to
+see Charles at the hospital and questioned him as delicately as they could about
+Dr. Allen, about the Prague visit, and about what he had learned of Simon or
+
+
+
+368
+
+
+
+Jedediah Orne of Salem. To all these enquiries the youth was politely non-
+committal, merely barking in his hoarse whisper that he had found Dr. Allen to
+have a remarkable spiritual rapport with certain souls from the past, and that
+any correspondent the bearded man might have in Prague would probably be
+similarly gifted. When they left, Mr. Ward and Dr. Willett realised to their
+chagrin that they had really been the ones under catechism; and that without
+imparting anything vital himself, the confined youth had adroitly pumped them
+of everything the Prague letter had contained.
+
+Drs. Peck, Waite, and Lyman were not inclined to attach much importance to the
+strange correspondence of young Ward's companion; for they knew the
+tendency of kindred eccentrics and monomaniacs to band together, and believed
+that Charles or Allen had merely unearthed an expatriated counterpart - perhaps
+one who had seen Orne's handwriting and copied it in an attempt to pose as the
+bygone character's reincarnation. Allen himself was perhaps a similar case, and
+may have persuaded the youth into accepting him as an avatar of the long-dead
+Curwen. Such things had been known before, and on the same basis the hard-
+headed doctors disposed of Willett's growing disquiet about Charles Ward's
+present handwriting, as studied from unpremeditated specimens obtained by
+various ruses. Willett thought he had placed its odd familiarity at last, and that
+what it vaguely resembled was the bygone penmanship of old Joseph Curwen
+himself; but this the other physicians regarded as a phase of imitativeness only to
+be expected in a mania of this sort, and refused to grant it any importance either
+favourable or unfavourable. Recognising this prosaic attitude in his colleagues,
+Willett advised Mr. Ward to keep to himself the letter which arrived for Dr. Allen
+on the second of April from Rakus, Transylvania, in a handwriting so intensely
+and fundamentally like that of the Hutchinson cipher that both father and
+physician paused in awe before breaking the seal. This read as follows:
+
+Castle Ferenczy
+
+7 March 1928.
+
+Dear C.:-
+
+Hadd a Squad of 20 Militia up to talk about what the Country Folk say. Must
+digg deeper and have less Hearde. These Roumanians plague me damnably,
+being officious and particular where you cou'd buy a Magyar off with a Drinke
+and Food.
+
+Last monthe M. got me ye Sarcophagus of ye Five Sphinxes from ye Acropolis
+where He whome I call'd up say'd it wou'd be, and I have hadde 3 Talkes with
+What was therein inhum'd. It will go to S. O. in Prague directly, and thence to
+you. It is stubborn but you know ye Way with Such.
+
+
+
+369
+
+
+
+You shew Wisdom in having lesse about than Before; for there was no Neede to
+keep the Guards in Shape and eat'g off their Heads, and it made Much to be
+founde in Case of Trouble, as you too welle knowe. You can now move and
+worke elsewhere with no Kill'g Trouble if needful, tho' I hope no Thing will soon
+force you to so Bothersome a Course.
+
+I rejoice that you traffick not so much with Those Outside; for there was ever a
+Mortall Peril in it, and you are sensible what it did when you ask'd Protection of
+One not dispos'd to give it.
+
+You excel me in gett'g ye Formulae so another may saye them with Success, but
+Borellus fancy'd it wou'd be so if just ye right Wordes were hadd. Does ye Boy
+use 'em often? I regret that he growes squeamish, as I fear'd he wou'd when I
+hadde him here nigh 15 Monthes, but am sensible you knowe how to deal with
+him. You can't saye him down with ye Formula, for that will Worke only upon
+such as ye other Formula hath call'd up from Saltes; but you still have strong
+Handes and Knife and Pistol, and Graves are not harde to digg, nor Acids loth to
+burne.
+
+O. sayes you have promis'd him B. F. I must have him after. B. goes to you soone,
+and may he give you what you wishe of that Darke Thing belowe Memphis.
+Imploy care in what you calle up, and beware of ye Boy.
+
+It will be ripe in a yeare's time to have up ye Legions from Underneath, and then
+there are no Boundes to what shal be oures. Have Confidence in what I saye, for
+you knowe O. and I have hadd these 150 yeares more than you to consulte these
+Matters in.
+
+Nephreu - Ka nai Hadoth
+
+Edw. H.
+
+For J Curwen, Esq.
+
+Providence.
+
+But if Willett and Mr. Ward refrained from shewing this letter to the alienists,
+they did not refrain from acting upon it themselves. No amount of learned
+sophistry could controvert the fact that the strangely bearded and spectacled Dr.
+Allen, of whom Charles's frantic letter had spoken as such a monstrous menace,
+was in close and sinister correspondence with two inexplicable creatures whom
+Ward had visited in his travels and who plainly claimed to be survivals or
+avatars of Curwen's old Salem colleagues; that he was regarding himself as the
+reincarnation of Joseph Curwen, and that he entertained - or was at least advised
+to entertain - murderous designs against a "boy" who could scarcely be other
+
+
+
+370
+
+
+
+than Charles Ward. There was organised horror afoot; and no matter who had
+started it, the missing Allen was by this time at the bottom of it. Therefore,
+thanking heaven that Charles was now safe in the hospital, Mr. Ward lost no
+time in engaging detectives to learn all they could of the cryptic, bearded doctor;
+finding whence he had come and what Pawtuxet knew of him, and if possible
+discovering his present whereabouts. Supplying the men with one of the
+bungalow keys which Charles yielded up, he urged them to explore Allen's
+vacant room which had been identified when the patient's belongings had been
+packed; obtaining what clues they could from any effects he might have left
+about. Mr. Ward talked with the detectives in his son's old library, and they felt a
+marked relief when they left it at last; for there seemed to hover about the place a
+vague aura of evil. Perhaps it was what they had heard of the infamous old
+wizard whose picture had once stared from the panelled overmantel, and
+perhaps it was something different and irrelevant; but in any case they all half
+sensed an intangible miasma which centred in that carven vestige of an older
+dwelling and which at times almost rose to the intensity of a material emanation.
+
+V. A Nightmare and a Cataclysm
+
+
+
+And now swiftly followed that hideous experience which has left its indelible
+mark of fear on the soul of Marinus Bicknell Willett, and has added a decade to
+the visible age of one whose youth was even then far behind. Dr. Willett had
+conferred at length with Mr. Ward, and had come to an agreement with him on
+several points which both felt the alienists would ridicule. There was, they
+conceded, a terrible movement alive in the world, whose direct connexion with a
+necromancy even older than the Salem witchcraft could not be doubted. That at
+least two living men - and one other of whom they dared not think - were in
+absolute possession of minds or personalities which had functioned as early as
+1690 or before was likewise almost unassailably proved even in the face of all
+known natural laws. What these horrible creatures - and Charles Ward as well -
+were doing or trying to do seemed fairly clear from their letters and from every
+bit of light both old and new which had filtered in upon the case. They were
+robbing the tombs of all the ages, including those of the world's wisest and
+greatest men, in the hope of recovering from the bygone ashes some vestige of
+the consciousness and lore which had once animated and informed them.
+
+A hideous traffic was going on among these nightmare ghouls, whereby
+illustrious bones were bartered with the calm calculativeness of schoolboys
+swapping books; and from what was extorted from this centuried dust there was
+anticipated a power and a wisdom beyond anything which the cosmos had ever
+seen concentred in one man or group. They had found unholy ways to keep their
+
+
+
+371
+
+
+
+brains alive, either in the same body or different bodies; and had evidently
+achieved a way of tapping the consciousness of the dead whom they gathered
+together. There had, it seems, been some truth in chimerical old Borellus when he
+wrote of preparing from even the most antique remains certain "Essential Saltes"
+from which the shade of a long-dead living thing might be raised up. There was
+a formula for evoking such a shade, and another for putting it down; and it had
+now been so perfected that it could be taught successfully. One must be careful
+about evocations, for the markers of old graves are not always accurate.
+
+Willett and Mr. Ward shivered as they passed from conclusion to conclusion.
+Things - presences or voices of some sort - could be drawn down from unknown
+places as well as from the grave, and in this process also one must be careful.
+Joseph Curwen had indubitably evoked many forbidden things, and as for
+Charles - what might one think of him? What forces "outside the spheres" had
+reached him from Joseph Curwen's day and turned his mind on forgotten
+things? He had been led to find certain directions, and he had used them. He had
+talked with the man of horror in Prague and stayed long with the creature in the
+mountains of Transylvania. And he must have found the grave of Joseph
+Curwen at last. That newspaper item and what his mother had heard in the night
+were too significant to overlook. Then he had summoned something, and it must
+have come. That mighty voice aloft on Good Friday, and those different tones in
+the locked attic laboratory. What were they like, with their depth and
+hoUowness? Was there not here some awful foreshadowing of the dreaded
+stranger Dr. Allen with his spectral bass? Yes, that was what Mr. Ward had felt
+with vague horror in his single talk with the man - if man it were - over the
+telephone!
+
+What hellish consciousness or voice, what morbid shade or presence, had come
+to answer Charles Ward's secret rites behind that locked door? Those voices
+heard in argument - "must have it red for three months" - Good God! Was not
+that just before the vampirism broke out? The rifling of Ezra Weeden's ancient
+grave, and the cries later at Pawtuxet - whose mind had planned the vengeance
+and rediscovered the shunned seat of elder blasphemies? And then the
+bungalow and the bearded stranger, and the gossip, and the fear. The final
+madness of Charles neither father nor doctor could attempt to explain, but they
+did feel sure that the mind of Joseph Curwen had come to earth again and was
+following its ancient morbidities. Was daemoniac possession in truth a
+possibility? Allen had something to do with it, and the detectives must find out
+more about one whose existence menaced the young man's life. In the meantime,
+since the existence of some vast crypt beneath the bungalow seemed virtually
+beyond dispute, some effort must be made to find it. Willett and Mr. Ward,
+conscious of the sceptical attitude of the alienists, resolved during their final
+conference to undertake a joint secret exploration of unparalleled thoroughness;
+
+
+
+372
+
+
+
+and agreed to meet at the bungalow on the following morning with valises and
+with certain tools and accessories suited to architectural search and underground
+exploration.
+
+The morning of April 6th dawned clear, and both explorers were at the
+bungalow by ten o'clock. Mr. Ward had the key, and an entry and cursory
+survey were made. From the disordered condition of Dr. Allen's room it was
+obvious that the detectives had been there before, and the later searchers hoped
+that they had found some clue which might prove of value. Of course the main
+business lay in the cellar; so thither they descended without much delay, again
+making the circuit which each had vainly made before in the presence of the mad
+young owner. For a time everything seemed baffling, each inch of the earthen
+floor and stone walls having so solid and innocuous an aspect that the thought of
+a yearning aperture was scarcely to be entertained. Willett reflected that since the
+original cellar was dug without knowledge of any catacombs beneath, the
+beginning of the passage would represent the strictly modern delving of young
+Ward and his associates, where they had probed for the ancient vaults whose
+rumour could have reached them by no wholesome means.
+
+The doctor tried to put himself in Charles's place to see how a delver would be
+likely to start, but could not gain much inspiration from this method. Then he
+decided on elimination as a policy, and went carefully over the whole
+subterranean surface both vertical and horizontal, trying to account for every
+inch separately. He was soon substantially narrowed down, and at last had
+nothing left but the small platform before the washtubs, which he tried once
+before in vain. Now experimenting in every possible way, and exerting a double
+strength, he finally found that the top did indeed turn and slide horizontally on a
+corner pivot. Beneath it lay a trim concrete surface with an iron manhole, to
+which Mr. Ward at once rushed with excited zeal. The cover was not hard to lift,
+and the father had quite removed it when Willett noticed the queerness of his
+aspect. He was swaying and nodding dizzily, and in the gust of noxious air
+which swept up from the black pit beneath the doctor soon recognised ample
+cause.
+
+In a moment Dr. Willett had his fainting companion on the floor above and was
+reviving him with cold water. Mr. Ward responded feebly, but it could be seen
+that the mephitic blast from the crypt had in some way gravely sickened him.
+Wishing to take no chances, Willett hastened out to Broad Street for a taxicab and
+had soon dispatched the sufferer home despite his weak-voiced protests; after
+which he produced an electric torch, covered his nostrils with a band of sterile
+gauze, and descended once more to peer into the new-found depths. The foul air
+had now slightly abated, and Willett was able to send a beam of light down the
+Stygian hold. For about ten feet, he saw, it was a sheer cylindrical drop with
+
+
+
+373
+
+
+
+concrete walls and an iron ladder; after which the hole appeared to strike a flight
+of old stone steps which must originally have emerged to earth somewhat
+southwest of the present building.
+
+
+
+Willett freely admits that for a moment the memory of the old Curwen legends
+kept him from climbing down alone into that malodorous gulf. He could not
+help thinking of what Like Fenner had reported on that last monstrous night.
+Then duty asserted itself and he made the plunge, carrying a great valise for the
+removal of whatever papers might prove of supreme importance. Slowly, as
+befitted one of his years, he descended the ladder and reached the slimy steps
+below. This was ancient masonry, his torch told him; and upon the dripping
+walls he saw the unwholesome moss of centuries. Down, down, ran the steps;
+not spirally, but in three abrupt turns; and with such narrowness that two men
+could have passed only with difficulty. He had counted about thirty when a
+sound reached him very faintly; and after that he did not feel disposed to count
+any more.
+
+It was a godless sound; one of those low-keyed, insidious outrages of Nature
+which are not meant to be. To call it a dull wail, a doom-dragged whine, or a
+hopeless howl of chorused anguish and stricken flesh without mind would be to
+miss its quintessential loathsomeness and soul-sickening overtones. Was it for
+this that Ward had seemed to listen on that day he was removed? It was the most
+shocking thing that Willett had ever heard, and it continued from no determinate
+point as the doctor reached the bottom of the steps and cast his torchlight around
+on lofty corridor walls surmounted by Cyclopean vaulting and pierced by
+numberless black archways. The hall in which he stood was perhaps fourteen
+feet high in the middle of the vaulting and ten or twelve feet broad. Its pavement
+was of large chipped flagstone, and its walls and roof were of dressed masonry.
+Its length he could not imagine, for it stretched ahead indefinitely into the
+blackness. Of the archways, some had doors of the old six-panelled colonial type,
+whilst others had none.
+
+Overcoming the dread induced by the smell and the howling, Willett began to
+explore these archways one by one; finding beyond them rooms with groined
+stone ceilings, each of medium size and apparently of bizarre used. Most of them
+had fireplaces, the upper courses of whose chimneys would have formed an
+interesting study in engineering. Never before or since had he seen such
+instruments or suggestions of instruments as here loomed up on every hand
+through the burying dust and cobwebs of a century and a half, in many cases
+evidently shattered as if by the ancient raiders. For many of the chambers
+seemed wholly untrodden by modern feet, and must have represented the
+
+
+
+374
+
+
+
+earliest and most obsolete phases of Joseph Curwen's experimentation. Finally
+there came a room of obvious modernity, or at least of recent occupancy. There
+were oil heaters, bookshelves and tables, chairs and cabinets, and a desk piled
+high with papers of varying antiquity and contemporaneousness. Candlesticks
+and oil lamps stood about in several places; and finding a match-safe handy,
+Willett lighted such as were ready for use.
+
+In the fuller gleam it appeared that this apartment was nothing less than the
+latest study or library of Charles Ward. Of the books the doctor had seen many
+before, and a good part of the furniture had plainly come from the Prospect
+Street mansion. Here and there was a piece well known to Willett, and the sense
+of familiarity became so great that he half forgot the noisomness and the wailing,
+both of which were plainer here than they had been at the foot of the steps. His
+first duty, as planned long ahead, was to find and seize any papers which might
+seem of vital importance; especially those portentous documents found by
+Charles so long ago behind the picture in Olney Court. As he search he perceived
+how stupendous a task the final unravelling would be; for file on file was stuffed
+with papers in curious hands and bearing curious designs, so that months or
+even years might be needed for a thorough deciphering and editing. Once he
+found three large packets of letters with Prague and Rakus postmarks, and in
+writing clearly recognisable as Orne's and Hutchinson's; all of which he took
+with him as part of the bundle to be removed in his valise.
+
+At last, in a locked mahogany cabinet once gracing the Ward home, Willett
+found the batch of old Curwen papers; recognising them from the reluctant
+glimpse Charles had granted him so many years ago. The youth had evidently
+kept them together very much as they had been when first he found them, since
+all the titles recalled by the workmen were present except the papers addressed
+to Orne and Hutchinson, and the cipher with its key. Willett placed the entire lot
+in his valise and continued his examination of the files. Since young Ward's
+immediate condition was the greatest matter at stake, the closest searching was
+done among the most obviously recent matter; and in this abundance of
+contemporary manuscript one very baffling oddity was noted. The oddity was
+the slight amount in Charles's normal writing, which indeed included nothing
+more recent than two months before. On the other hand, there were literally
+reams of symbols and formulae, historical notes and philosophical comment, in a
+crabbed penmanship absolutely identical with the ancient script of Joseph
+Curwen, though of undeniably modern dating. Plainly, a part of the latter-day
+programme had been a sedulous imitation of the old wizard's writing, which
+Charles seemed to have carried to a marvellous state of perfection. Of any third
+hand which might have been Allen's there was not a trace. If he had indeed come
+to be the leader, he must have forced young Ward to act as his amanuensis.
+
+
+
+375
+
+
+
+In this new material one mystic formula, or rather pair of formulae, recurred so
+often that Willett had it by heart before he had half finished his quest. It
+consisted of two parallel columns, the left-hand one surmounted by the archaic
+symbol called "Dragon's Head" and used in almanacs to indicate the ascending
+node, and the right-hand one headed by a corresponding sign of "Dragon's Tail"
+or descending node. The appearance of the whole was something like this, and
+almost unconsciously the doctor realised that the second half was no more than
+the first written syllabically backward with the exception of the final
+monosyllables and of the odd name Yog-Sothoth, which he had come to
+recognise under various spellings from other things he had seen in connexion
+with this horrible matter. The formulae were as follows - exactly so, as Willett is
+abundantly able to testify - and the first one struck an odd note of uncomfortable
+latent memory in his brain, which he recognised later when reviewing the events
+of that horrible Good Friday of the previous year.
+
+Y'AI 'NG'NGAH,
+
+YOG-SOTHOTH
+
+H'EE-L'GEB
+
+F'AI THRODOG
+
+UAAAH
+
+OGTHROD AI'F
+
+GEB'L-EE'H
+
+YOG-SOTHOTH
+
+'NGAH'NG AI'Y
+
+ZHRO
+
+So haunting were these formulae, and so frequently did he come upon them, that
+before the doctor knew it he was repeating them under his breath. Eventually,
+however, he felt he had secured all the papers he could digest to advantage for
+the present; hence resolved to examine no more till he could bring the sceptical
+alienists en masse for an ampler and more systematic raid. He had still to find
+the hidden laboratory, so leaving his valise in the lighted room he emerged again
+into the black noisome corridor whose vaulting echoed ceaseless with that dull
+and hideous whine.
+
+The next few rooms he tried were all abandoned, or filled only with crumbling
+boxes and ominous-looking leaden coffins; but impressed him deeply with the
+magnitude of Joseph Curwen's original operations. He thought of the slaves and
+seamen who had disappeared, of the graves which had been violated in every
+part of the world, and of what that final raiding party must have seen; and then
+he decided it was better not to think any more. Once a great stone staircase
+mounted at his right, and he deduced that this must have reached to one of the
+
+
+
+376
+
+
+
+Curwen outbuildings - perhaps the famous stone edifice with the high sht-Hke
+windows - provided the steps he had descended had led from the steep-roofed
+farmhouse. Suddenly the walls seemed to fall away ahead, and the stench and
+the wailing grew stronger. Willett saw that he had come upon a vast open space,
+so great that his torchlight would not carry across it; and as he advanced he
+encountered occasional stout pillars supporting the arches of the roof.
+
+After a time he reached a circle of pillars grouped like the monoliths of
+Stonehenge, with a large carved altar on a base of three steps in the centre; and
+so curious were the carvings on that altar that he approached to study them with
+his electric light. But when he saw what they were he shrank away shuddering,
+and did not stop to investigate the dark stains which discoloured the upper
+surface and had spread down the sides in occasional thin lines. Instead, he found
+the distant wall and traced it as it swept round in a gigantic circle perforated by
+occasional black doorways and indented by a myriad of shallow cells with iron
+gratings and wrist and ankle bonds on chains fastened to the stone of the
+concave rear masonry. These cells were empty, but still the horrible odour and
+the dismal moaning continued, more insistent now than ever, and seemingly
+varied at time by a sort of slippery thumping.
+
+
+
+From that frightful smell and that uncanny noise Willett's attention could no
+longer be diverted. Both were plainer and more hideous in the great pillared hall
+than anywhere else, and carried a vague impression of being far below, even in
+this dark nether world of subterrene mystery. Before trying any of the black
+archways for steps leading further down, the doctor cast his beam of light about
+the stone-flagged floor. It was very loosely paved, and at irregular intervals there
+would occur a slab curiously pierced by small holes in no definite arrangement,
+while at one point there lay a very long ladder carelessly flung down. To this
+ladder, singularly enough, appeared to cling a particularly large amount of the
+frightful odour which encompassed everything. As he walked slowly about it
+suddenly occurred to Willett that both the noise and the odour seemed strongest
+above the oddly pierced slabs, as if they might be crude trap-doors leading down
+to some still deeper region of horror. Kneeling by one, he worked at it with his
+hands, and found that with extreme difficulty he could budge it. At his touch the
+moaning beneath ascended to a louder key, and only with vast trepidation did he
+persevere in the lifting of the heavy stone. A stench unnameable now rose up
+from below, and the doctor's head reeled dizzily as he laid back the slab and
+turned his torch upon the exposed square yard of gaping blackness.
+
+If he had expected a flight of steps to some wide gulf of ultimate abomination,
+Willett was destined to be disappointed; for amidst that foetor and cracked
+
+
+
+377
+
+
+
+whining he discerned only the brick-faced top of a cyhndrical well perhaps a
+yard and a half in diameter and devoid of any ladder or other means of descent.
+As the light shone down, the wailing changed suddenly to a series of horrible
+yelps; in conjunction with which there came again that sound of blind, futile
+scrambling and slippery thumping. The explorer trembled, unwilling even to
+imagine what noxious thing might be lurking in that abyss, but in a moment
+mustered up the courage to peer over the rough-hewn brink; lying at full length
+and holding the torch downward at arm's length to see what might lie below.
+For a second he could distinguish nothing but the slimy, moss-grown brick walls
+sinking illimitably into that half-tangible miasma of murk and foulness and
+anguished frenzy; and then he saw that something dark was leaping clumsily
+and frantically up and down at the bottom of the narrow shaft, which must have
+been from twenty to twenty-five feet below the stone floor where he lay. The
+torch shook in his hand, but he looked again to see what manner of living
+creature might be immured there in the darkness of that unnatural well; left
+starving by young Ward through all the long month since the doctors had taken
+him away, and clearly only one of a vast number prisoned in the kindred wells
+whose pierced stone covers so thickly studded the floor of the great vaulted
+cavern. Whatever the things were, they could not lie down in their cramped
+spaces; but must have crouched and whined and waited and feebly leaped all
+those hideous weeks since their master had abandoned them unheeded.
+
+But Marinus Bicknell Willett was sorry that he looked again; for surgeon and
+veteran of the dissecting-room though he was, he has not been the same since. It
+is hard to explain just how a single sight of a tangible object with measurable
+dimensions could so shake and change a man; and we may only say that there is
+about certain outlines and entities a power of symbolism and suggestion which
+acts frightfully on a sensitive thinker's perspective and whispers terrible hints of
+obscure cosmic relationships and unnameable realities behind the protective
+illusions of common vision. In that second look Willett saw such an outline or
+entity, for during the next few instants he was undoubtedly as stark raving mad
+as any inmate of Dr. Waite's private hospital. He dropped the electric torch from
+a hand drained of muscular power or nervous coordination, nor heeded the
+sound of crunching teeth which told of its fate at the bottom of the pit. He
+screamed and screamed and screamed in a voice whose falsetto panic no
+acquaintance of his would ever have recognised; and though he could not rise to
+his feet he crawled and rolled desperately away from the damp pavement where
+dozens of Tartarean wells poured forth their exhausted whining and yelping to
+answer his own insane cries. He tore his hands on the rough, loose stones, and
+many times bruised his head against the frequent pillars, but still he kept on.
+Then at last he slowly came to himself in the utter blackness and stench, and
+stopped his ears against the droning wail into which the burst of yelping had
+subsided. He was drenched with perspiration and without means of producing a
+
+
+
+378
+
+
+
+light; stricken and unnerved in the abysmal blackness and horror, and crushed
+with a memory he never could efface. Beneath him dozens of those things still
+lived, and from one of those shafts the cover was removed. He knew that what
+he had seen could never climb up the slippery walls, yet shuddered at the
+thought that some obscure foot-hold might exist.
+
+What the thing was, he would never tell. It was like some of the carvings on the
+hellish altar, but it was alive. Nature had never made it in this form, for it was
+too palpably unfinished. The deficiencies were of the most surprising sort, and
+the abnormalities of proportion could not be described. Willett consents only to
+say that this type of thing must have represented entities which Ward called up
+from imperfect salts, and which he kept for servile or ritualistic purposes. If it
+had not had a certain significance, its image would not have been carved on that
+damnable stone. It was not the worst thing depicted on that stone - but Willett
+never opened the other pits. At the time, the first connected idea in his mind was
+an idle paragraph from some of the old Curwen data he had digested long
+before; a phrase used by Simon or Jedediah Orne in that portentous confiscated
+letter to the bygone sorcerer:
+
+'Certainely, there was Noth'g but ye liveliest Awfulness in that which H. rais'd
+upp from What he cou'd gather onlie a part of.'
+
+Then, horribly supplementing rather than displacing this image, there came a
+recollection of those ancient lingering rumours anent the burned, twisted thing
+found in the fields a week after the Curwen raid. Charles Ward had once told the
+doctor what old Slocum said of that object; that it was neither thoroughly human,
+nor wholly allied to any animal which Pawtuxet folk had ever seen or read
+about.
+
+These words hummed in the doctor's mind as he rocked to and fro, squatting on
+the nitrous stone floor. He tried to drive them out, and repeated the Lord's
+Prayer to himself; eventually trailing off into a mnemonic hodge-podge like the
+modernistic Waste Land of Mr. T. S. Eliot, and finally reverting to the oft-
+repeated dual formula he had lately found in Ward's underground library: 'Y'ai
+'ng'ngah, Yog-Sothoth' and so on till the final underlined Zhro.
+
+It seemed to soothe him, and he staggered to his feet after a time; lamenting
+bitterly his fright-lost torch and looking wildly about for any gleam of light in the
+clutching inkiness of the chilly air. Think he would not; but he strained his eyes
+in every direction for some faint glint or reflection of the bright illumination he
+had left in the library. After a while he thought he detected a suspicion of a glow
+infinitely far away, and toward this he crawled in agonised caution on hands and
+
+
+
+379
+
+
+
+knees amidst the stench and howHng, always feeHng ahead lest he collide with
+the numerous great pillars or stumble into the abominable pit he had uncovered.
+
+Once his shaking fingers touched something which he knew must be the steps
+leading to the hellish altar, and from this spot he recoiled in loathing. At another
+time he encountered the pierced slab he had removed, and here his caution
+became almost pitiful. But he did not come upon the dread aperture after all, nor
+did anything issue from that aperture to detain him. What had been down there
+made no sound nor stir. Evidently its crunching of the fallen electric torch had
+not been good for it. Each time Willett's fingers felt a perforated slab he
+trembled. His passage over it would sometimes increase the groaning below, but
+generally it would produce no effect at all, since he moved very noiselessly.
+Several times during his progress the glow ahead diminished perceptibly, and he
+realised that the various candles and lamps he had left must be expiring one by
+one. The thought of being lost in utter darkness without matches amidst this
+underground world of nightmare labyrinths impelled him to rise to his feet and
+run, which he could safely do now that he had passed the open pit; for he knew
+that once the light failed, his only hope of rescue and survival would lie in
+whatever relief party Mr. Ward might send after missing him for a sufficient
+period. Presently, however, he emerged from the open space into the narrower
+corridor and definitely located the glow as coming from a door on his right. In a
+moment he had reached it and was standing once more in young Ward's secret
+library, trembling with relief, and watching the sputterings of that last lamp
+which had brought him to safety.
+
+
+
+In another moment he was hastily filling the burned-out lamps from an oil
+supply he had previously noticed, and when the room was bright again he
+looked about to see if he might find a lantern for further exploration. For racked
+though he was with horror, his sense of grim purpose was still uppermost; and
+he was firmly determined to leave no stone unturned in his search for the
+hideous facts behind Charles Ward's bizarre madness. Failing to find a lantern,
+he chose the smallest of the lamps to carry; also filling his pockets with candles
+and matches, and taking with him a gallon can of oil, which he proposed to keep
+for reserve use in whatever hidden laboratory he might uncover beyond the
+terrible open space with its unclean altar and nameless covered wells. To traverse
+that space again would require his utmost fortitude, but he knew it must be
+done. Fortunately neither the frightful altar nor the opened shaft was near the
+vast cell-indented wall which bounded the cavern area, and whose black
+mysterious archways would form the next goals of a logical search.
+
+
+
+380
+
+
+
+So Willett went back to that great pillared hall of stench and anguished howling;
+turning down his lamp to avoid any distant glimpse of the hellish altar, or of the
+uncovered pit with the pierced stone slab beside it. Most of the black doorways
+led merely to small chambers, some vacant and some evidently used as
+storerooms; and in several of the latter he saw some very curious accumulations
+of various objects. One was packed with rotting and dust-draped bales of spare
+clothing, and the explorer thrilled when he saw that it was unmistakably the
+clothing of a century and a half before. In another room he found numerous odds
+and ends of modern clothing, as if gradual provisions were being made to equip
+a large body of men. But what he disliked most of all were the huge copper vats
+which occasionally appeared; these, and the sinister incrustations upon them. He
+liked them even less than the weirdly figured leaden bowls whose rims retained
+such obnoxious deposits and around which clung repellent odours perceptible
+above even the general noisomness of the crypt. When he had completed about
+half the entire circuit of the wall he found another corridor like that from which
+he had come, and out of which many doors opened. This he proceeded to
+investigate; and after entering three rooms of medium size and of no significant
+contents, he came at last to a large oblong apartment whose business-like tanks
+and tables, furnaces and modern instruments, occasional books and endless
+shelves of jars and bottles proclaimed it indeed the long-sought laboratory of
+Charles Ward - and no doubt of old Joseph Curwen before him.
+
+After lighting the three lamps which he found filled and ready. Dr. Willett
+examined the place and all the appurtenances with the keenest interest; noting
+from the relative quantities of various reagents on the shelves that young Ward's
+dominant concern must have been with some branch of organic chemistry. On
+the whole, little could be learned from the scientific ensemble, which included a
+gruesome-looking dissecting-table; so that the room was really rather a
+disappointment. Among the books was a tattered old copy of Borellus in black-
+letter, and it was weirdly interesting to note that Ward had underlined the same
+passage whose marking had so perturbed good Mr. Merritt in Curwen's
+farmhouse more than a century and half before. That old copy, of course, must
+have perished along with the rest of Curwen's occult library in the final raid.
+Three archways opened off the laboratory, and these the doctor proceeded to
+sample in turn. From his cursory survey he saw that two led merely to small
+storerooms; but these he canvassed with care, remarking the piles of coffins in
+various stages of damage and shuddering violently at two or three of the few
+coffin-plates he could decipher. There was much clothing also stored in these
+rooms, and several new and tightly nailed boxes which he did not stop to
+investigate. Most interesting of all, perhaps, were some odd bits which he judged
+to be fragments of old Joseph Curwen's laboratory appliances. These had
+suffered damage at the hands of the raiders, but were still partly recognisable as
+the chemical paraphernalia of the Georgian period.
+
+
+
+381
+
+
+
+The third archway led to a very sizeable chamber entirely lined with shelves and
+having in the centre a table bearing two lamps. These lamps Willett lighted, and
+in their brilliant glow studied the endless shelving which surrounded him. Some
+of the upper levels were wholly vacant, but most of the space was filled with
+small odd-looking leaden jars of two general types; one tall and without handles
+like a Grecian lekythos or oil-jug, and the other with a single handle and
+proportioned like a Phaleron jug. All had metal stoppers, and were covered with
+peculiar-looking symbols moulded in low relief. In a moment the doctor noticed
+that these jugs were classified with great rigidity; all the lekythoi being on one
+side of the room with a large wooden sign reading 'Custodes' above them, and
+all the Phalerons on the other, correspondingly labelled with a sign reading
+'Materia'.
+
+Each of the jars of jugs, except some on the upper shelves that turned out to be
+vacant, bore a cardboard tag with a number apparently referring to a catalogue;
+and Willett resolved to look for the latter presently. For the moment, however, he
+was more interested in the nature of the array as a whole, and experimentally
+opened several of the lekythoi and Phalerons at random with a view to a rough
+generalisation. The result was invariable. Both types of jar contained a small
+quantity of a single kind of substance; a fine dusty powder of very light weight
+and of many shades of dull, neutral colour. To the colours which formed the only
+point of variation there was no apparent method of disposal; and no distinction
+between what occurred in the lekythoi and what occurred in the Phalerons. A
+bluish-grey powder might be by the side of a pinkish-white one, and any one in a
+Phaleron might have its exact counterpart in a lekythos. The most individual
+feature about the powders was their non-adhesiveness. Willett would pour one
+into his hand, and upon returning it to its jug would find that no residue
+whatever remained on his palm.
+
+The meaning of the two signs puzzled him, and he wondered why this battery of
+chemicals was separated so radically from those in glass jars on the shelves of the
+laboratory proper. "Custodes", "Materia"; that was the Latin for "Guards" and
+"Materials", respectively - and then there came a flash of memory as to where he
+had seen that word "Guards" before in connexion with this dreadful mystery. It
+was, of course, in the recent letter to Dr. Allen purporting to be from old Edwin
+Hutchinson; and the phrase had read: 'There was no Neede to keep the Guards
+in Shape and eat'g off their Heads, and it made Much to be founde in Case of
+Trouble, as you too welle knowe.' What did this signify? But wait - was there not
+still another reference to "guards" in this matter which he had failed wholly to
+recall when reading the Hutchinson letter? Back in the old non-secretive days
+Ward had told him of the Eleazar Smith diary recording the spying of Smith and
+Weeden on the Curwen farm, and in that dreadful chronicle there had been a
+mention of conversations overheard before the old wizard betook himself wholly
+
+
+
+382
+
+
+
+beneath the earth. There had been. Smith and Weeden insisted, terrible
+colloquies wherein figured Curwen, certain captives of his, and the guards of
+those captives. Those guards, according to Hutchinson or his avatar, had "eaten
+their heads off", so that now Dr. Allen did not keep them in shape. And if not in
+shape, how save as the "salts" to which it appears this wizard band was engaged
+in reducing as many human bodies or skeletons as they could?
+
+So that was what these lekythoi contained; the monstrous fruit of unhallowed
+rites and deeds, presumably won or cowed to such submission as to help, when
+called up by some hellish incantation, in the defence of their blasphemous master
+or the questioning of those who were not so willing? Willett shuddered at the
+thought of what he had been pouring in and out of his hands, and for a moment
+felt an impulse to flee in panic from that cavern of hideous shelves with their
+silent and perhaps watching sentinels. Then he thought of the "Materia" - in the
+myriad Phaleron jugs on the other side of the room. Salts too - and if not the salts
+of "guards", then the salts of what? God! Could it be possible that here lay the
+mortal relics of half the titan thinkers of all the ages; snatched by supreme ghouls
+from crypts where the world thought them safe, and subject to the beck and call
+of madmen who sought to drain their knowledge for some still wilder end whose
+ultimate effect would concern, as poor Charles had hinted in his frantic note, "all
+civilisation, all natural law, perhaps even the fate of the solar system and the
+universe"? And Marinus Bicknell Willett had sifted their dust through his hands!
+
+Then he noticed a small door at the further end of the room, and calmed himself
+enough to approach it and examine the crude sign chiselled above. It was only a
+symbol, but it filled him with vague spiritual dread; for a morbid, dreaming
+friend of his had once drawn it on paper and told him a few of the things it
+means in the dark abyss of sleep. It was the sign of Koth, that dreamers see fixed
+above the archway of a certain black tower standing alone in twilight - and
+Willett did not like what his friend Randolph Carter had said of its powers. But a
+moment later he forgot the sign as he recognised a new acrid odour in the
+stench-filled air. This was a chemical rather than animal smell, and came clearly
+from the room beyond the door. And it was, unmistakably, the same odour
+which had saturated Charles Ward's clothing on the day the doctors had taken
+him away. So it was here that the youth had been interrupted by the final
+summons? He was wiser that old Joseph Curwen, for he had not resisted. Willett,
+boldly determined to penetrate every wonder and nightmare this nether realm
+might contain, seized the small lamp and crossed the threshold. A wave of
+nameless fright rolled out to meet him, but he yielded to no whim and deferred
+to no intuition. There was nothing alive here to harm him, and he would not be
+stayed in his piercing of the eldritch cloud which engulfed his patient.
+
+
+
+383
+
+
+
+The room beyond the door was of medium size, and had no furniture save a
+table, a single chair, and two groups of curious machines with clamps and
+wheels, which Willett recognised after a moment as mediaeval instruments of
+torture. On one side of the door stood a rack of savage whips, above which were
+some shelves bearing empty rows of shallow pedestalled cups of lead shaped
+like Grecian kylikes. On the other side was the table; with a powerful Argand
+lamp, a pad and pencil, and two of the stoppered lekythoi from the shelves
+outside set down at irregular places as if temporarily or in haste. Willett lighted
+the lamp and looked carefully at the pad, to see what notes Ward might have
+been jotting down when interrupted; but found nothing more intelligible than
+the following disjointed fragments in that crabbed Curwen chirography, which
+shed no light on the case as a whole:
+
+'B. dy'd not. Escap'd into walls and founde Place below.'
+'Sawe olde V. saye ye Sabaoth and learnt yee Way.'
+'Rais'd Yog-Sothoth thrice and was ye nexte Day deliver'd.'
+'F. soughte to wipe out all know'g howe to raise Those from Outside.'
+
+As the strong Argand blaze lit up the entire chamber the doctor saw that the wall
+opposite the door, between the two groups of torturing appliances in the corners,
+was covered with pegs from which hung a set of shapeless-looking robes of a
+rather dismal yellowish-white. But far more interesting were the two vacant
+walls, both of which were thickly covered with mystic symbols and formulae
+roughly chiselled in the smooth dressed stone. The damp floor also bore marks
+of carving; and with but little difficulty Willett deciphered a huge pentagram in
+the centre, with a plain circle about three feet wide half way between this and
+each corner. In one of these four circles, near where a yellowish robe had been
+flung carelessly down, there stood a shallow kylix of the sort found on the
+shelves above the whip-rack; and just outside the periphery was one of the
+Phaleron jugs from the shelves in the other room, its tag numbered 118. This was
+unstoppered, and proved upon inspection to be empty; but the explorer saw
+with a shiver that the kylix was not. Within its shallow area, and saved from
+scattering only by the absence of wind in this sequestered cavern, lay a small
+amount of a dry, dull-greenish efflorescent powder which must have belonged in
+the jug; and Willett almost reeled at the implications that came sweeping over
+him as he correlated little by little the several elements and antecedents of the
+scene. The whips and the instruments of torture, the dust or salts from the jug of
+"Materia", the two lekythoi from the "Custodes" shelf, the robes, the formulae
+on the walls, the notes on the pad, the hints from letters and legends, and the
+thousand glimpses, doubts, and suppositions which had come to torment the
+friends and parents of Charles Ward - all these engulfed the doctor in a tidal
+wave of horror as he looked at that dry greenish powder outspread in the
+pedestalled leaden kylix on the floor.
+
+
+
+384
+
+
+
+With an effort, however, Willett pulled himself together and began studying the
+formulae chiselled on the walls. From the stained and incrusted letters it was
+obvious that they were carved in Joseph Curwen's time, and their text was such
+as to be vaguely familiar to one who had read much Curwen material or delved
+extensively into the history of magic. One the doctor clearly recognised as what
+Mrs. Ward heard her son chanting on that ominous Good Friday a year before,
+and what an authority had told him was a very terrible invocation addressed to
+secret gods outside the normal spheres. It was not spelled here exactly as Mrs.
+Ward had set it down from memory, nor yet as the authority had shewn it to him
+in the forbidden pages of "Eliphas Levi"; but its identity was unmistakable, and
+such words as Sabaoth, Metraton, Almonsin, and Zariatnatmik sent a shudder of
+fright through the search who had seen and felt so much of cosmic abomination
+just around the corner.
+
+This was on the left-hand wall as one entered the room. The right-hand wall was
+no less thickly inscribed, and Willett felt a start of recognition when he came up
+the pair of formulae so frequently occurring in the recent notes in the library.
+They were, roughly speaking, the same; with the ancient symbols of "Dragon's
+Head" and "Dragon's Tail" heading them as in Ward's scribblings. But the
+spelling differed quite widely from that of the modern versions, as if old Curwen
+had had a different way of recording sound, or as if later study had evolved
+more powerful and perfected variants of the invocations in question. The doctor
+tried to reconcile the chiselled version with the one which still ran persistently in
+his head, and found it hard to do. Where the script he had memorised began
+"Y'ai 'ng'ngah, Yog-Sothoth", this epigraph started out as "Aye, engengah,
+Yogge-Sothotha"; which to his mind would seriously interfere with the
+syllabification of the second word.
+
+Ground as the later text was into his consciousness, the discrepancy disturbed
+him; and he found himself chanting the first of the formulae aloud in an effort to
+square the sound he conceived with the letters he found carved. Weird and
+menacing in that abyss of antique blasphemy rang his voice; its accents keyed to
+a droning sing-song either through the spell of the past and the unknown, or
+through the hellish example of that dull, godless wail from the pits whose
+inhuman cadences rose and fell rhythmically in the distance through the stench
+and the darkness.
+
+Y'AI 'NG'NGAH,
+
+YOG-SOTHOTH
+
+H'EE-L'GEB
+
+F'AI THRODOG
+
+UAAAH!
+
+
+
+385
+
+
+
+But what was this cold wind which had sprung into hfe at the very outset of the
+chant? The lamps were sputtering woefully, and the gloom grew so dense that
+the letters on the wall nearly faded from sight. There was smoke, too, and an
+acrid odour which quite drowned out the stench from the far-away wells; an
+odour like that he had smelt before, yet infinitely stronger and more pungent. He
+turned from the inscriptions to face the room with its bizarre contents, and saw
+that the kylix on the floor, in which the ominous efflorescent powder had lain,
+was giving forth a cloud of thick, greenish-black vapour of surprising volume
+and opacity. That powder - Great God! it had come from the shelf of "Materia" -
+what was it doing now, and what had started it? The formula he had been
+chanting - the first of the pair - Dragon's Head, ascending node - Blessed Saviour,
+could it be ...
+
+The doctor reeled, and through his head raced wildly disjointed scraps from all
+he had seen, heard, and read of the frightful case of Joseph Curwen and Charles
+Dexter Ward. "I say to you againe, doe not call up Any that you can not put
+downe . . . Have ye Wordes for laying at all times readie, and stopp not to be sure
+when there is any Doubte of Whom you have ... 3 Talkes with What was therein
+inhum'd ..." Mercy of Heaven, what is that shape behind the parting smoke?
+
+
+
+Marinus Bicknell Willett has not hope that any part of his tale will be believed
+except by certain sympathetic friends, hence he has made no attempt to tell it
+beyond his most intimate circle. Only a few outsiders have ever heard it
+repeated, and of these the majority laugh and remark that the doctor surely is
+getting old. He has been advised to take a long vacation and to shun future cases
+dealing with mental disturbance. But Mr. Ward knows that the veteran physician
+speaks only a horrible truth. Did not he himself see the noisome aperture in the
+bungalow cellar? Did not Willett send him home overcome and ill at eleven
+o'clock that portentous morning? Did he not telephone the doctor in vain that
+evening, and again the next day, and had he not driven to the bungalow itself on
+that following noon, finding his friend unconscious but unharmed on one of the
+beds upstairs? Willett had been breathing stertorously, and opened his eyes
+slowly when Mr. Ward gave him some brandy fetched from the car. Then he
+shuddered and screamed, crying out, 'That beard... those eyes... God, who are
+you?' A very strange thing to say to a trim, blue-eyed, clean-shaven gentleman
+whom he had known from the latter's boyhood.
+
+In the bright noon sunlight the bungalow was unchanged since the previous
+morning. Willett's clothing bore no disarrangement beyond certain smudges and
+worn places at the knees, and only a faint acrid odour reminded Mr. Ward of
+what he had smelt on his son that day he was taken to the hospital. The doctor's
+
+
+
+386
+
+
+
+flashlight was missing, but his valise was safely there, as empty as when he had
+brought it. Before indulging in any explanations, and obviously with great moral
+effort, Willett staggered dizzily down to the cellar and tried the fateful platform
+before the tubs. It was unyielding. Crossing to where he had left his yet unused
+tool satchel the day before, he obtained a chisel and began to pry up the stubborn
+planks one by one. Underneath the smooth concrete was still visible, but of any
+opening or perforation there was no longer a trace. Nothing yawned this time to
+sicken the mystified father who had followed the doctor downstairs; only the
+smooth concrete underneath the planks - no noisome well, no world of
+subterrene horrors, no secret library, no Curwen papers, no nightmare pits of
+stench and howling, no laboratory or shelves or chiselled formulae, no... Dr.
+Willett turned pale, and clutched at the younger man. 'Yesterday,' he asked
+softly, 'did you see it here ... and smell it?' And when Mr. Ward, himself
+transfixed with dread and wonder, found strength to nod an affirmative, the
+physician gave a sound half a sigh and half a gasp, and nodded in turn. 'Then I
+will tell you', he said.
+
+So for an hour, in the sunniest room they could find upstairs, the physician
+whispered his frightful tale to the wondering father. There was nothing to relate
+beyond the looming up of that form when the greenish-black vapour from the
+kylix parted, and Willett was too tired to ask himself what had really occurred.
+There were futile, bewildered head-shakings from both men, and once Mr. Ward
+ventured a hushed suggestion, 'Do you suppose it would be of any use to dig?'
+The doctor was silent, for it seemed hardly fitting for any human brain to answer
+when powers of unknown spheres had so vitally encroached on this side of the
+Great Abyss. Again Mr. Ward asked, 'But where did it go? It brought you here,
+you know, and it sealed up the hole somehow.' And Willett again let silence
+answer for him.
+
+But after all, this was not the final phase of the matter. Reaching for his
+handkerchief before rising to leave. Dr. Willett's fingers closed upon a piece of
+paper in his pocket which had not been there before, and which was
+companioned by the candles and matches he had seized in the vanished vault. It
+was a common sheet, torn obviously from the cheap pad in that fabulous room of
+horror somewhere underground, and the writing upon it was that of an ordinary
+lead pencil - doubtless the one which had lain beside the pad. It was folded very
+carelessly, and beyond the faint acrid scent of the cryptic chamber bore no print
+or mark of any world but this. But in the text itself it did indeed reek with
+wonder; for here was no script of any wholesome age, but the laboured strokes
+of mediaeval darkness, scarcely legible to the laymen who now strained over it,
+yet having combinations of symbols which seemed vaguely familiar. The briefly
+scrawled message was this, and its mystery lent purpose to the shaken pair, who
+
+
+
+387
+
+
+
+forthwith walked steadily out to the Ward car and gave orders to be driven first
+to a quiet dining place and then to the John Hay Library on the hill.
+
+At the library it was easy to find good manuals of palaeography, and over these
+the two men puzzled till the lights of evening shone out from the great
+chandelier. In the end they found what was needed. The letters were indeed no
+fantastic invention, but the normal script of a very dark period. They were the
+pointed Saxon minuscules of the eighth or ninth century A.D., and brought with
+them memories of an uncouth time when under a fresh Christian veneer ancient
+faiths and ancient rites stirred stealthily, and the pale moon of Britain looked
+sometimes on strange deeds in the Roman ruins of Caerleon and Hexham, and
+by the towers along Hadrian's crumbling wall. The words were in such Latin as a
+barbarous age might remember - 'Corvinus necandus est. Cadaver aq(ua) forti
+dissolvendum, nee aliq(ui)d retinendum. Tace ut potes.' - which may roughly be
+translated, "Curwen must be killed. The body must be dissolved in aqua fortis,
+nor must anything be retained. Keep silence as best you are able."
+
+Willett and Mr. Ward were mute and baffled. They had met the unknown, and
+found that they lacked emotions to respond to it as they vaguely believed they
+ought. With Willett, especially, the capacity for receiving fresh impressions of
+awe was well-nigh exhausted; and both men sat still and helpless till the closing
+of the library forced them to leave. Then they drove listlessly to the Ward
+mansion in Prospect Street, and talked to no purpose into the night. The doctor
+rested toward morning, but did not go home. And he was still there Sunday
+noon when a telephone message came from the detectives who had been
+assigned to look up Dr. Allen.
+
+Mr. Ward, who was pacing nervously about in a dressing-gown, answered the
+call in person; and told the men to come up early the next day when he heard
+their report was almost ready. Both Willett and he were glad that this phase of
+the matter was taking form, for whatever the origin of the strange minuscule
+message, it seemed certain the "Curwen" who must be destroyed could be no
+other than the bearded and spectacled stranger. Charles had feared this man, and
+had said in the frantic note that he must be killed and dissolved in acid. Allen,
+moreover, had been receiving letters from the strange wizards in Europe under
+the name of Curwen, and palpably regarded himself as an avatar of the bygone
+necromancer. And now from a fresh and unknown source had come a message
+saying that "Curwen" must be killed and dissolved in acid. The linkage was too
+unmistakable to be factitious; and besides, was not Allen planning to murder
+young Ward upon the advice of the creature called Hutchinson? Of course, the
+letter they had seen had never reached the bearded stranger; but from its text
+they could see that Allen had already formed plans for dealing with the youth if
+he grew too "squeamish". Without doubt, Allen must be apprehended; and even
+
+
+
+388
+
+
+
+if the most drastic directions were not carried out, he must be placed where he
+could inflict no harm upon Charles Ward.
+
+That afternoon, hoping against hope to extract some gleam of information anent
+the inmost mysteries from the only available one capable of giving it, the father
+and the doctor went down the bay and called on young Charles at the hospital.
+Simply and gravely Willett told him all he had found, and noticed how pale he
+turned as each description made certain the truth of the discovery. The physician
+employed as much dramatic effect as he could, and watched for a wincing on
+Charles's part when he approached the matter of the covered pits and the
+nameless hybrids within. But Ward did not wince. Willett paused, and his voice
+grew indignant as he spoke of how the things were starving. He taxed the youth
+with shocking inhumanity, and shivered when only a sardonic laugh came in
+reply. For Charles, having dropped as useless his pretence that the crypt did not
+exist, seemed to see some ghastly jest in this affair; and chucked hoarsely at
+something which amused him. Then he whispered, in accents doubly terrible
+because of the cracked voice he used, 'Damn 'em, they do eat, but they don't
+need to! That's the rare part! A month, you say, without food? Lud, Sir, you be
+modest! D'ye know, that was the joke on poor old Whipple with his virtuous
+bluster! Kill everything off, would he? Why, damme, he was half-deaf with noise
+from Outside and never saw or heard aught from the wells! He never dreamed
+they were there at all! Devil take ye, those cursed things have been howling
+down there ever since Curwen was done for a hundred and fifty-seven years
+gone!'
+
+But no more than this could Willett get from the youth. Horrified, yet almost
+convinced against his will, he went on with his tale in the hope that some
+incident might startle his auditor out of the mad composure he maintained.
+Looking at the youth's face, the doctor could not but feel a kind of terror at the
+changes which recent months had wrought. Truly, the boy had drawn down
+nameless horrors from the skies. When the room with the formulae and the
+greenish dust was mentioned, Charles shewed his first sign of animation. A
+quizzical look overspread his face as he heard what Willett had read on the pad,
+and he ventured the mild statement that those notes were old ones, of no
+possible significance to anyone not deeply initiated in the history of magic. But,
+he added, 'had you but known the words to bring up that which I had out in the
+cup, you had not been here to tell me this. 'Twas Number 118, and I conceive you
+would have shook had you looked it up in my list in t'other room. 'Twas never
+raised by me, but I meant to have it up that day you came to invite me hither.'
+
+Then Willett told of the formula he had spoken and of the greenish-black smoke
+which had arisen; and as he did so he saw true fear dawn for the first time on
+Charles Ward's face. 'It came, and you be here alive?' As Ward croaked the
+
+
+
+389
+
+
+
+words his voice seemed almost to burst free of its trammels and sink to
+cavernous abysses of uncanny resonance. Willett, gifted with a flash of
+inspiration, believed he saw the situation, and wove into his reply a caution from
+a letter he remembered. 'No. 118, you say? But don't forget that stones are all
+changed now in nine grounds out of ten. You are never sure till you question!'
+And then, without warning, he drew forth the minuscule message and flashed it
+before the patient's eyes. He could have wished no stronger result, for Charles
+Ward fainted forthwith.
+
+All this conversation, of course, had been conducted with the greatest secrecy
+lest the resident alienists accuse the father and the physician of encouraging a
+madman in his delusions. Unaided, too. Dr. Willett and Mr. Ward picked up the
+stricken youth and placed him on the couch. In reviving, the patient mumbled
+many times of some word which he must get to Orne and Hutchinson at once; so
+when his consciousness seemed fully back the doctor told him that of those
+strange creatures at least one was his bitter enemy, and had given Dr. Allen
+advice for his assassination. This revelation produced no visible effect, and
+before it was made the visitors could see that their host had already the look of a
+hunted man. After that he would converse no more, so Willett and the father
+departed presently; leaving behind a caution against the bearded Allen, to which
+the youth only replied that this individual was very safely taken care of, and
+could do no one any harm even if he wished. This was said with an almost evil
+chuckle very painful to hear. They did not worry about any communications
+Charles might indite to that monstrous pair in Europe, since they knew that the
+hospital authorities seized all outgoing mail for censorship and would pass no
+wild or outre-looking missive.
+
+There is, however, a curious sequel to the matter of Orne and Hutchinson, if such
+indeed the exiled wizards were. Moved by some vague presentiment amidst the
+horrors of that period, Willett arranged with an international press-cutting
+bureau for accounts of notable current crimes and accidents in Prague and in
+eastern Transylvania; and after six months believed that he had found two very
+significant things amongst the multifarious items he received and had translated.
+One was the total wrecking of a house by night in the oldest quarter of Prague,
+and the disappearance of the evil old man called Josef Nadek, who had dwelt in
+it alone ever since anyone could remember. The other was a titan explosion in
+the Transylvanian mountains east of Rakus, and the utter extirpation with all its
+inmates of the ill-regarded Castle Ferenczy, whose master was so badly spoken
+of by peasants and soldiery alike that he would shortly have been summoned to
+Bucharest for serious questioning had not this incident cut off a career already so
+long as to antedate all common memory. Willett maintains that the hand which
+wrote those minuscules was able to wield stronger weapons as well; and that
+while Curwen was left to him to dispose of, the writer felt able to find and deal
+
+
+
+390
+
+
+
+with Orne and Hutchinson itself. If what their fate may have been the doctor
+strives sedulously not to think.
+
+
+
+The following morning Dr. Willett hastened to the Ward home to be present
+when the detectives arrived. Allen's destruction or imprisonment - or Curwen's
+if one might regard the tacit claim to reincarnation as valid - he felt must be
+accomplished at any cost, and he communicated this conviction to Mr. Ward as
+they sat waiting for the men to come. They were downstairs this time, for the
+upper parts of the house were beginning to be shunned because of a particular
+nauseousness which hung indefinitely about; a nauseousness which the older
+servants connected with some curse left by the vanished Curwen portrait.
+
+At nine o'clock the three detectives presented themselves and immediately
+delivered all that they had to say. They had not, regrettably enough, located the
+Brava Tony Gomes as they had wished, nor had they found the least trace of Dr.
+Allen's source or present whereabouts; but they had managed to unearth a
+considerable number of local impressions and facts concerning the reticent
+stranger. Allen had struck Pawtuxet people as a vaguely unnatural being, and
+there was a universal belief that his thick sandy beard was either dyed or false - a
+belief conclusively upheld by the finding of such a false beard, together with a
+pair of dark glasses, in his room at the fateful bungalow. His voice, Mr. Ward
+could well testify from his one telephone conversation, had a depth and
+hoUowness that could not be forgotten; and his glanced seemed malign even
+through his smoked and horn-rimmed glasses. One shopkeeper, in the course of
+negotiations, had seen a specimen of his handwriting and declared it was very
+queer and crabbed; this being confirmed by pencilled notes of no clear meaning
+found in his room and identified by the merchant. In connexion with the
+vampirism rumours of the preceding summer, a majority of the gossips believed
+that Allen rather than Ward was the actual vampire. Statements were also
+obtained from the officials who had visited the bungalow after the unpleasant
+incident of the motor truck robbery. They had felt less of the sinister in Dr. Allen,
+but had recognised him as the dominant figure in the queer shadowy cottage.
+The place had been too dark for them to observe him clearly, but they would
+know him again if they saw him. His beard had looked odd, and they thought he
+had some slight scar above his dark spectacled right eye. As for the detectives'
+search of Allen's room, it yielded nothing definite save the beard and glasses,
+and several pencilled notes in a crabbed writing which Willett at once saw was
+identical with that shared by the old Curwen manuscripts and by the
+voluminous recent notes of young Ward found in the vanished catacombs of
+horror.
+
+
+
+391
+
+
+
+Dr. Willett and Mr. Ward caught something of a profound, subtle, and insidious
+cosmic fear from this data as it was gradually unfolded, and almost trembled in
+following up the vague, mad thought which had simultaneously reached their
+minds. The false beard and glasses - the crabbed Curwen penmanship - the old
+portrait and its tiny scar - and the altered youth in the hospital with such a scar -
+that deep, hollow voice on the telephone - was it not of this that Mr. Ward was
+reminded when his son barked forth those pitiable tones to which he now
+claimed to be reduced? Who had ever seen Charles and Allen together? Yes, the
+officials had once, but who later on? Was it not when Allen left that Charles
+suddenly lost his growing fright and began to live wholly at the bungalow?
+Curwen - Allen - Ward - in what blasphemous and abominable fusion had two
+ages and two persons become involved? That damnable resemblance of the
+picture to Charles - had it not used to stare and stare, and follow the boy around
+the room with its eyes? Why, too, did both Allen and Charles copy Joseph
+Curwen's handwriting, even when alone and off guard? And then the frightful
+work of those people - the lost crypt of horrors that had aged the doctor
+overnight; the starving monsters in the noisome pits; the awful formula which
+had yielded such nameless results; the message in minuscules found in Willett's
+pocket; the papers and the letters and all the talk of graves and "salts" and
+discoveries - whither did everything lead? In the end Mr. Ward did the most
+sensible thing. Steeling himself against any realisation of why he did it, he gave
+the detectives an article to be shewn to such Pawtuxet shopkeepers as had seen
+the portentous Dr. Allen. That article was a photograph of his luckless son, on
+which he now carefully drew in ink the pair of heavy glasses and the black
+pointed beard which the men had brought from Allen's room.
+
+For two hours he waited with the doctor in the oppressive house where fear and
+miasma were slowly gathering as the empty panel in the upstairs library leered
+and leered and leered. Then the men returned. Yes. The altered photograph was
+a very passable likeness of Dr. Allen. Mr. Ward turned pale, and Willett wiped a
+suddenly dampened brow with his handkerchief. Allen - Ward - Curwen - it was
+becoming too hideous for coherent thought. What had the boy called out of the
+void, and what had it done to him? What, really, had happened from first to last?
+Who was this Allen who sought to kill Charles as too "squeamish", and why had
+his destined victim said in the postscript to that frantic letter that he must be so
+completely obliterated in acid? Why, too, had the minuscule message, of whose
+origin no one dared think, said that "Curwen" must be likewise obliterated?
+What was the change, and when had the final stage occurred? That day when his
+frantic note was received - he had been nervous all the morning, then there was
+an alteration. He had slipped out unseen and swaggered boldly in past the men
+hired to guard him. That was the time, when he was out. But no - had he not
+cried out in terror as he entered his study - this very room? What had he found
+there? Or wait - what had found him? That simulacrum which brushed boldly in
+
+
+
+392
+
+
+
+without having been seen to go - was that an ahen shadow and a horror forcing
+itself upon a trembhng figure which had never gone out at all? Had not the
+butler spoken of queer noises?
+
+Willett rang for the man and asked him some low -toned questions. It had, surely
+enough, been a bad business. There had been noises - a cry, a gasp, a choking,
+and a sort of clattering or creaking or thumping, or all of these. And Mr. Charles
+was not the same when he stalked out without a word. The butler shivered as he
+spoke, and sniffed at the heavy air that blew down from some open window
+upstairs. Terror had settled definitely upon the house, and only the business-like
+detectives failed to imbibe a full measure of it. Even they were restless, for this
+case had held vague elements in the background which pleased them not at all.
+Dr. Willett was thinking deeply and rapidly, and his thoughts were terrible ones.
+Now and then he would almost break into muttering as he ran over in his head a
+new, appalling, and increasingly conclusive chain of nightmare happenings.
+
+Then Mr. Ward made a sign that the conference was over, and everyone save
+him and the doctor left the room. It was noon now, but shadows as of coming
+night seemed to engulf the phantom-haunted mansion. Willett began talking
+very seriously to his host, and urged that he leave a great deal of the future
+investigation to him. There would be, he predicted, certain obnoxious elements
+which a friend could bear better than a relative. As family physician he must
+have a free hand, and the first thing he required was a period alone and
+undisturbed in the abandoned library upstairs, where the ancient overmantel
+had gathered about itself an aura of noisome horror more intense than when
+Joseph Curwen's features themselves glanced slyly down from the painted
+panel.
+
+Mr. Ward, dazed by the flood of grotesque morbidities and unthinkably
+maddening suggestions that poured in upon him from every side, could only
+acquiesce; and half an hour later the doctor was locked in the shunned room
+with the panelling from Olney Court. The father, listening outside, heard
+fumbling sounds of moving and rummaging as the moments passed; and finally
+a wrench and a creak, as if a tight cupboard door were being opened. Then there
+was a muffled cry, a kind of snorting choke, and a hasty slamming of whatever
+had been opened. Almost at once the key rattled and Willett appeared in the hall,
+haggard and ghastly, and demanding wood for the real fireplace on the south
+wall of the room. The furnace was not enough, he said; and the electric log had
+little practical use. Longing yet not daring to ask questions, Mr. Ward gave the
+requisite orders and a man brought some stout pine logs, shuddering as he
+entered the tainted air of the library to place them in the grate. Willett meanwhile
+had gone up to the dismantled laboratory and brought down a few odds and
+
+
+
+393
+
+
+
+ends not included in the moving of the July before. They were in a covered
+basket, and Mr. Ward never saw what they were.
+
+Then the doctor locked himself in the library once more, and by the clouds of
+smoke which rolled down past the windows from the chimney it was known that
+he had lighted the fire. Later, after a great rustling of newspapers, that odd
+wrench and creaking were heard again; followed by a thumping which none of
+the eavesdroppers liked. Thereafter two suppressed cries of Willett's were heard,
+and hard upon these came a swishing rustle of indefinable hatefulness. Finally
+the smoke that the wind beat down from the chimney grew very dark and acrid,
+and everyone wished that the weather had spared them this choking and
+venomous inundation of peculiar fumes. Mr. Ward's head reeled, and the
+servants all clustered together in a knot to watch the horrible black smoke swoop
+down. After an age of waiting the vapours seemed to lighted, and half-formless
+sounds of scraping, sweeping, and other minor operations were heard behind
+the bolted door. And at last, after the slamming of some cupboard within, Willett
+made his appearance - sad, pale, and haggard, and bearing the cloth-draped
+basket he had taken from the upstairs laboratory. He had left the window open,
+and into that once accursed room was pouring a wealth of pure, wholesome air
+to mix with a queer new smell of disinfectants. The ancient overmantel still
+lingered; but it seemed robbed of malignity now, and rose as calm and stately in
+its white panelling as if it had never borne the picture of Joseph Curwen. Night
+was coming on, yet this time its shadows held no latent fright, but only a gentle
+melancholy. Of what he had done the doctor would never speak. To Mr. Ward
+he said, 'I can answer no questions, but I will say that there are different kinds of
+magic. I have made a great purgation, and those in this house will sleep the
+better for it.'
+
+
+
+That Dr. Willett's "purgation" had been an ordeal almost as nerve-racking in its
+way as his hideous wandering in the vanished crypt is shewn by the fact that the
+elderly physician gave out completely as soon as he reached home that evening.
+For three days he rested constantly in his room, though servants later muttered
+something about having heard him after midnight on Wednesday, when the
+outer door softly opened and closed with phenomenal softness. Servants'
+imaginations, fortunately, are limited, else comment might have been excited by
+an item in Thursday's Evening Bulletin which ran as follows:
+
+North End Ghouls Again Active
+
+After a lull of ten months since the dastardly vandalism in the Weeden lot at the
+North Burial Ground, a nocturnal prowler was glimpsed early this morning in
+
+
+
+394
+
+
+
+the same cemetery by Robert Hart, the night watchman. Happening to glance for
+a moment from his shelter at about 2 a.m.. Hart observed the glow of a lantern or
+pocket torch not far to the northwest, and upon opening the door detected the
+figure of a man with a trowel very plainly silhouetted against a nearby electric
+light. At once starting in pursuit, he saw the figure dart hurriedly toward the
+main entrance, gaining the street and losing himself among the shadows before
+approach or capture was possible.
+
+Like the first of the ghouls active during the past year, this intruder had done no
+real damage before detection. A vacant part of the Ward lot shewed signs of a
+little superficial digging, but nothing even nearly the size of a grave had been
+attempted, and no previous grave had been disturbed.
+
+Hart, who cannot describe the prowler except as a small man probably having a
+full beard, inclines to the view that all three of the digging incidents have a
+common source; but police from the Second Station think otherwise on account
+of the savage nature of teh second incident, where an ancient coffin was removed
+and its headstone violently shattered.
+
+The first of the incidents, in which it is thought an attempt to bury something
+was frustrated, occurred a year ago last March, and has been attributed to
+bootleggers seeking a cache. It is possible, says Sergt. Riley, that this third affair
+is of similar nature. Officers at the Second Station are taking especial pains to
+capture the gang of miscreants responsible for these repeated outrages.
+
+All day Thursday Dr. Willett rested as if recuperating from something past or
+nerving himself for something to come. In the evening he wrote a note to Mr.
+Ward, which was delivered the next morning and which caused the half-dazed
+parent to ponder long and deeply. Mr. Ward had not been able to go down to
+business since the shock of Monday with its baffling reports and its sinister
+"purgation", but he found something calming about the doctor's letter in spite of
+the despair it seemed to promise and the fresh mysteries it seemed to evoke.
+
+10 Barnes St.,
+
+Providence, R. I.
+
+April 12, 1928.
+
+Dear Theodore:-
+
+I feel that I must say a word to you before doing what I am going to do
+tomorrow. It will conclude the terrible business we have been going through (for
+I feel that no spade is ever likely to reach that monstrous place we know of), but
+
+
+
+395
+
+
+
+I'm afraid it won't set your mind at rest unless I expressly assure you how very
+conclusive it is.
+
+You have known me ever since you were a small boy, so I think you will not
+distrust me when I hint that some matters are best left undecided and
+unexplored. It is better that you attempt no further speculation as to Charles's
+case, and almost imperative that you tell his mother nothing more than she
+already suspects. When I call on you tomorrow Charles will have escaped. That
+is all which need remain in anyone's mind. He was mad, and he escaped. You
+can tell his mother gently and gradually about the mad part when you stop
+sending the typed notes in his name. I'd advise you to join her in Atlantic City
+and take a rest yourself. God knows you need one after this shock, as I do myself.
+I am going South for a while to calm down and brace up.
+
+So don't ask me any questions when I call. It may be that something will go
+wrong, but I'll tell you if it does. I don't think it will. There will be nothing more
+to worry about, for Charles will be very, very safe. He is now - safer than you
+dream. You need hold no fears about Allen, and who or what he is. He forms as
+much a part of the past as Joseph Curwen's picture, and when I ring your
+doorbell you may feel certain that there is no such person. And what wrote that
+minuscule message will never trouble you or yours.
+
+But you must steel yourself to melancholy, and prepare your wife to do the
+same. I must tell you frankly that Charles's escape will not mean his restoration
+to you. He has been afflicted with a peculiar disease, as you must realise from the
+subtle physical as well as mental changes in him, and you must not hope to see
+him again. Have only this consolation - that he was never a fiend or even truly a
+madman, but only an eager, studious, and curious boy whose love of mystery
+and of the past was his undoing. He stumbled on things no mortal ought ever to
+know, and reached back through the years as no one ever should reach; and
+something came out of those years to engulf him.
+
+And now comes the matter in which I must ask you to trust me most of all. For
+there will be, indeed, no uncertainty about Charles's fate. In about a year, say,
+you can if you wish devise a suitable account of the end; for the boy will be no
+more. You can put up a stone in your lot at the North Burial Ground exactly ten
+feet west of your father's and facing the same way, and that will mark the true
+resting-place of your son. Nor need you fear that it will mark any abnormality or
+changeling. The ashes in that grave will be those of your own unaltered bone and
+sinew - of the real Charles Dexter Ward whose mind you watched from infancy -
+the real Charles with the olive-mark on his hip and without the black witch-mark
+on his chest or the pit on his forehead. The Charles who never did actual evil,
+and who will have paid with his life for his "squeamishness".
+
+
+
+396
+
+
+
+That is all. Charles will have escaped, and a year from now you can put up his
+stone. Do not question me tomorrow. And believe that the honour of your
+ancient family remains untainted now, as it has been at all times in the past.
+
+With profoundest sympathy, and exhortations to fortitude, calmness, and
+resignation, I am ever
+
+Sincerely your friend,
+
+Marinus B. Willett.
+
+So on the morning of Friday, April 13, 1928, Marinus Bicknell Willett visited the
+room of Charles Dexter Ward at Dr. Waite's private hospital on Conanicut
+Island. The youth, though making no attempt to evade his caller, was in a sullen
+mood; and seemed disinclined to open the conversation which Willett obviously
+desired. The doctor's discovery of the crypt and his monstrous experience
+therein had of course created a new source of embarrassment, so that both
+hesitated perceptibly after the interchange of a few strained formalities. Then a
+new element of constraint crept in, as Ward seemed to read behind the doctor's
+mask-like face a terrible purpose which had never been there before. The patient
+quailed, conscious that since the last visit there had been a change whereby the
+solicitous family physician had given place to the ruthless and implacable
+avenger.
+
+Ward actually turned pale, and the doctor was the first to speak. 'More,' he said,
+'has been found out, and I must warn you fairly that a reckoning is due.'
+
+'Digging again, and coming upon more poor starving pets?' was the ironic reply.
+It was evident that the youth meant to shew bravado to the last.
+
+'No,' Willett slowly rejoined, 'this time I did not have to dig. We have had men
+looking up Dr. Allen, and they found the false beard and spectacles in the
+bungalow.'
+
+'Excellent,' commented the disquieted host in an effort to be wittily insulting,
+'and I trust they proved more becoming than the beard and glasses you now
+have on!'
+
+'They would become you very well,' came the even and studied response, 'as
+indeed they seem to have done.'
+
+As Willett said this, it almost seemed as though a cloud passed over the sun;
+though there was no change in the shadows on the floor. Then Ward ventured:
+
+
+
+397
+
+
+
+'And is this what asks so hotly for a reckoning? Suppose a man does find it now
+and then useful to be twofold?'
+
+'No', said Willett gravely, 'again you are wrong. It is no business of mine if any
+man seeks duality; provided he has any right to exist at all, and provided he does
+not destroy what called him out of space.'
+
+Ward now started violently. 'Well, Sir, what have ye found, and what d'ye want
+of me?'
+
+The doctor let a little time elapse before replying, as if choosing his words for an
+effective answer.
+
+'I have found', he finally intoned, 'something in a cupboard behind an ancient
+overmantel where a picture once was, and I have burned it and buried the ashes
+where the grave of Charles Dexter Ward ought to be.'
+
+The madman choked and sprang from the chair in which he had been sitting:
+
+'Damn ye, who did ye tell - and who'll believe it was he after these two full
+months, with me alive? What d'ye mean to do?'
+
+Willett, though a small man, actually took on a kind of judicial majesty as he
+calmed the patient with a gesture.
+
+'I have told no one. This is no common case - it is a madness out of time and a
+horror from beyond the spheres which no police or lawyers or courts or alienists
+could ever fathom or grapple with. Thank God some chance has left inside me
+the spark of imagination, that I might not go astray in thinking out this thing.
+You cannot deceive me, Joseph Curwen, for I know that your accursed magic is
+true!'
+
+'I know how you wove the spell that brooded outside the years and fastened on
+your double and descendant; I know how you drew him into the past and got
+him to raise you up from your detestable grave; I know how he kept you hidden
+in his laboratory while you studied modern things and roved abroad as a
+vampire by night, and how you later shewed yourself in beard and glasses that
+no one might wonder at your godless likeness to him; I know what you resolved
+to do when he balked at your monstrous rifling of the world's tombs, and at
+what you planned afterward , and I know how you did it.'
+
+'You left off your beard and glasses and fooled the guards around the house.
+They thought it was he who went in, and they thought it was he who came out
+when you had strangled and hidden him. But you hadn't reckoned on the
+
+
+
+398
+
+
+
+different contents of two minds. You were a fool, Joseph Curwen, to fancy that a
+mere visual identity would be enough. Why didn't you think of the speech and
+the voice and the handwriting? It hasn't worked, you see, after all. You know
+better than I who or what wrote that message in minuscules, but I will warn you
+it was not written in vain. There are abominations and blasphemies which must
+be stamped out, and I believe that the writer of those words will attend to Orne
+and Hutchinson. One of those creatures wrote you once, "do not call up any that
+you can not put down". You were undone once before, perhaps in that very way,
+and it may be that your own evil magic will undo you all again. Curwen, a man
+can't tamper with Nature beyond certain limits, and every horror you have
+woven will rise up to wipe you out.'
+
+But here the doctor was cut short by a convulsive cry from the creature before
+him. Hopelessly at bay, weaponless, and knowing that any show of physical
+violence would bring a score of attendants to the doctor's rescue, Joseph Curwen
+had recourse to his one ancient ally, and began a series of cabbalistic motions
+with his forefingers as his deep, hollow voice, now unconcealed by feigned
+hoarseness, bellowed out the opening words of a terrible formula.
+
+'PER ADONAI ELOIM, ADONAI JEHOVA, ADONAI SABAOTH, METRATON
+
+
+
+But Willett was too quick for him. Even as the dogs in the yard outside began to
+howl, and even as a chill wind sprang suddenly up from the bay, the doctor
+commenced the solemn and measured intonation of that which he had meant all
+along to recite. An eye for an eye - magic for magic - let the outcome shew how
+well the lesson of the abyss had been learned! So in a clear voice Marinus
+Bicknell Willett began the second of that pair of formulae whose first had raised
+the writer of those minuscules - the cryptic invocation whose heading was the
+Dragon's Tail, sign of the descending node -
+
+OGTHROD AI'F
+
+GEB'L-EE'H
+
+YOG-SOTHOTH
+
+'NGAH'NG AI'Y
+
+ZHRO!
+
+At the very first word from Willett's mouth the previously commenced formula
+of the patient stopped short. Unable to speak, the monster made wild motions
+with his arms until they too were arrested. When the awful name of Yog-Sothoth
+was uttered, the hideous change began. It was not merely a dissolution, but
+rather a transformation or recapitulation; and Willett shut his eyes lest he faint
+before the rest of the incantation could be pronounced.
+
+
+
+399
+
+
+
+But he did not faint, and that man of unholy centuries and forbidden secrets
+never troubled the world again. The madness out of time had subsided, and the
+case of Charles Dexter Ward was closed. Opening his eyes before staggering out
+of that room of horror. Dr. Willett saw that what he had kept in memory had not
+been kept amiss. There had, as he had predicted, been no need for acids. For like
+his accursed picture a year before, Joseph Curwen now lay scattered on the floor
+as a thin coating of fine bluish-grey dust.
+
+
+
+400
+
+
+
+The Cats of Ulthar
+
+Written on JunelS, 1920
+
+Published in November 1920 in The Tryout
+
+It is said that in Ulthar, which lies beyond the river Skai, no man may kill a cat;
+and this I can verily believe as I gaze upon him who sitteth purring before the
+fire. For the cat is cryptic, and close to strange things which men cannot see. He
+is the soul of antique Aegyptus, and bearer of tales from forgotten cities in Meroe
+and Ophir. He is the kin of the jungle's lords, and heir to the secrets of hoary and
+sinister Africa. The Sphinx is his cousin, and he speaks her language; but he is
+more ancient than the Sphinx, and remembers that which she hath forgotten.
+
+In Ulthar, before ever the burgesses forbade the killing of cats, there dwelt an old
+cotter and his wife who delighted to trap and slay the cats of their neighbors.
+Why they did this I know not; save that many hate the voice of the cat in the
+night, and take it ill that cats should run stealthily about yards and gardens at
+twilight. But whatever the reason, this old man and woman took pleasure in
+trapping and slaying every cat which came near to their hovel; and from some of
+the sounds heard after dark, many villagers fancied that the manner of slaying
+was exceedingly peculiar. But the villagers did not discuss such things with the
+old man and his wife; because of the habitual expression on the withered faces of
+the two, and because their cottage was so small and so darkly hidden under
+spreading oaks at the back of a neglected yard. In truth, much as the owners of
+cats hated these odd folk, they feared them more; and instead of berating them as
+brutal assassins, merely took care that no cherished pet or mouser should stray
+toward the remote hovel under the dark trees. When through some unavoidable
+oversight a cat was missed, and sounds heard after dark, the loser would lament
+impotently; or console himself by thanking Fate that it was not one of his
+children who had thus vanished. For the people of Ulthar were simple, and knew
+not whence it is all cats first came.
+
+One day a caravan of strange wanderers from the South entered the narrow
+cobbled streets of Ulthar. Dark wanderers they were, and unlike the other roving
+folk who passed through the village twice every year. In the market-place they
+told fortunes for silver, and bought gay beads from the merchants. What was the
+land of these wanderers none could tell; but it was seen that they were given to
+strange prayers, and that they had painted on the sides of their wagons strange
+figures with human bodies and the heads of cats, hawks, rams and lions. And the
+leader of the caravan wore a headdress with two horns and a curious disk
+betwixt the horns.
+
+
+
+401
+
+
+
+There was in this singular caravan a Httle boy with no father or mother, but only
+a tiny black kitten to cherish. The plague had not been kind to him, yet had left
+him this small furry thing to mitigate his sorrow; and when one is very young,
+one can find great relief in the lively antics of a black kitten. So the boy whom the
+dark people called Menes smiled more often than he wept as he sat playing with
+his graceful kitten on the steps of an oddly painted wagon.
+
+On the third morning of the wanderers' stay in Ulthar, Menes could not find his
+kitten; and as he sobbed aloud in the market-place certain villagers told him of
+the old man and his wife, and of sounds heard in the night. And when he heard
+these things his sobbing gave place to meditation, and finally to prayer. He
+stretched out his arms toward the sun and prayed in a tongue no villager could
+understand; though indeed the villagers did not try very hard to understand,
+since their attention was mostly taken up by the sky and the odd shapes the
+clouds were assuming. It was very peculiar, but as the little boy uttered his
+petition there seemed to form overhead the shadowy, nebulous figures of exotic
+things; of hybrid creatures crowned with horn-flanked disks. Nature is full of
+such illusions to impress the imaginative.
+
+That night the wanderers left Ulthar, and were never seen again. And the
+householders were troubled when they noticed that in all the village there was
+not a cat to be found. From each hearth the familiar cat had vanished; cats large
+and small, black, grey, striped, yellow and white. Old Kranon, the burgomaster,
+swore that the dark folk had taken the cats away in revenge for the killing of
+Menes' kitten; and cursed the caravan and the little boy. But Nith, the lean
+notary, declared that the old cotter and his wife were more likely persons to
+suspect; for their hatred of cats was notorious and increasingly bold. Still, no one
+durst complain to the sinister couple; even when little Atal, the innkeeper's son,
+vowed that he had at twilight seen all the cats of Ulthar in that accursed yard
+under the trees, pacing very slowly and solemnly in a circle around the cottage,
+two abreast, as if in performance of some unheard-of rite of beasts. The villagers
+did not know how much to believe from so small a boy; and though they feared
+that the evil pair had charmed the cats to their death, they preferred not to chide
+the old cotter till they met him outside his dark and repellent yard.
+
+So Ulthar went to sleep in vain anger; and when the people awakened at dawn—
+behold! every cat was back at his accustomed hearth! Large and small, black,
+grey, striped, yellow and white, none was missing. Very sleek and fat did the
+cats appear, and sonorous with purring content. The citizens talked with one
+another of the affair, and marveled not a little. Old Kranon again insisted that it
+was the dark folk who had taken them, since cats did not return alive from the
+cottage of the ancient man and his wife. But all agreed on one thing: that the
+refusal of all the cats to eat their portions of meat or drink their saucers of milk
+
+
+
+402
+
+
+
+was exceedingly curious. And for two whole days the sleek, lazy cats of Ulthar
+would touch no food, but only doze by the fire or in the sun.
+
+It was fully a week before the villagers noticed that no lights were appearing at
+dusk in the windows of the cottage under the trees. Then the lean Nith remarked
+that no one had seen the old man or his wife since the night the cats were away.
+In another week the burgomaster decided to overcome his fears and call at the
+strangely silent dwelling as a matter of duty, though in so doing he was careful
+to take with him Shang the blacksmith and Thul the cutter of stone as witnesses.
+And when they had broken down the frail door they found only this: two cleanly
+picked human skeletons on the earthen floor, and a number of singular beetles
+crawling in the shadowy corners.
+
+There was subsequently much talk among the burgesses of Ulthar. Zath, the
+coroner, disputed at length with Nith, the lean notary; and Kranon and Shang
+and Thul were overwhelmed with questions. Even little Atal, the innkeeper's
+son, was closely questioned and given a sweetmeat as reward. They talked of the
+old cotter and his wife, of the caravan of dark wanderers, of small Menes and his
+black kitten, of the prayer of Menes and of the sky during that prayer, of the
+doings of the cats on the night the caravan left, and of what was later found in
+the cottage under the dark trees in the repellent yard.
+
+And in the end the burgesses passed that remarkable law which is told of by
+traders in Hatheg and discussed by travelers in Nir; namely, that in Ulthar no
+man may kill a cat.
+
+
+
+403
+
+
+
+The Colour Out of Space
+
+Written in March of 1927
+
+Published in September 1927 in Amazing Stories
+
+West of Arkham the hills rise wild, and there are valleys with deep woods that
+no axe has ever cut. There are dark narrow glens where the trees slope
+fantastically, and where thin brooklets trickle without ever having caught the
+glint of sunlight. On the gentle slopes there are farms, ancient and rocky, with
+squat, moss-coated cottages brooding eternally over old New England secrets in
+the lee of great ledges; but these are all vacant now, the wide chimneys
+crumbling and the shingled sides bulging perilously beneath low gambrel roofs.
+
+The old folk have gone away, and foreigners do not like to live there. French-
+Canadians have tried it, Italians have tried it, and the Poles have come and
+departed. It is not because of anything that can be seen or heard or handled, but
+because of something that is imagined. The place is not good for imagination,
+and does not bring restful dreams at night. It must be this which keeps the
+foreigners away, for old Ammi Pierce has never told them of anything he recalls
+from the strange days. Ammi, whose head has been a little queer for years, is the
+only one who still remains, or who ever talks of the strange days; and he dares to
+do this because his house is so near the open fields and the travelled roads
+around Arkham.
+
+There was once a road over the hills and through the valleys, that ran straight
+where the blasted heath is now; but people ceased to use it and a new road was
+laid curving far toward the south. Traces of the old one can still be found amidst
+the weeds of a returning wilderness, and some of them will doubtless linger even
+when half the hollows are flooded for the new reservoir. Then the dark woods
+will be cut down and the blasted heath will slumber far below blue waters whose
+surface will mirror the sky and ripple in the sun. And the secrets of the strange
+days will be one with the deep's secrets; one with the hidden lore of old ocean,
+and all the mystery of primal earth.
+
+When I went into the hills and vales to survey for the new reservoir they told me
+the place was evil. They told me this in Arkham, and because that is a very old
+town full of witch legends I thought the evil must he something which grandams
+had whispered to children through centuries. The name "blasted heath" seemed
+to me very odd and theatrical, and I wondered how it had come into the folklore
+of a Puritan people. Then I saw that dark westward tangle of glens and slopes for
+myself, end ceased to wonder at anything beside its own elder mystery. It was
+
+
+
+404
+
+
+
+morning when I saw it, but shadow lurked always there. The trees grew too
+thickly, and their trunks were too big for any healthy New England wood. There
+was too much silence in the dim alleys between them, and the floor was too soft
+with the dank moss and mattings of infinite years of decay.
+
+In the open spaces, mostly along the line of the old road, there were little hillside
+farms; sometimes with all the buildings standing, sometimes with only 6ne or
+two, and sometimes with only a lone chimney or fast-filling cellar. Weeds and
+briers reigned, and furtive wild things rustled in the undergrowth. Upon
+everything was a haze of restlessness and oppression; a touch of the unreal and
+the grotesque, as if some vital element of perspective or chiaroscuro were awry. I
+did not wonder that the foreigners would not stay, for this was no region to sleep
+in. It was too much like a landscape of Salvator Rosa; too much like some
+forbidden woodcut in a tale of terror.
+
+But even all this was not so bad as the blasted heath. I knew it the moment I
+came upon it at the bottom of a spacious valley; for no other name could fit such
+a thing, or any other thing fit such a name. It was as if the poet had coined the
+phrase from having seen this one particular region. It must, I thought as I viewed
+it, be the outcome of a fire; but why had nothing new ever grown over these five
+acres of grey desolation that sprawled open to the sky like a great spot eaten by
+acid in the woods and fields? It lay largely to the north of the ancient road line,
+but encroached a little on the other side. I felt an odd reluctance about
+approaching, and did so at last only because my business took me through and
+past it. There was no vegetation of any kind on that broad expanse, but only a
+fine grey dust or ash which no wind seemed ever to blow about. The trees near it
+were sickly and stunted, and many dead trunks stood or lay rotting at the rim.
+As I walked hurriedly by I saw the tumbled bricks and stones of an old chimney
+and cellar on my right, and the yawning black maw of an abandoned well whose
+stagnant vapours played strange tricks with the hues of the sunlight. Even the
+long, dark woodland climb beyond seemed welcome in contrast, and I marvelled
+no more at the frightened whispers of Arkham people. There had been no house
+or ruin near; even in the old days the place must have been lonely and remote.
+And at twilight, dreading to repass that ominous spot, I walked circuitously back
+to the town by the curious road on the south. I vaguely wished some clouds
+would gather, for an odd timidity about the deep skyey voids above had crept
+into my soul.
+
+In the evening I asked old people in Arkham about the blasted heath, and what
+was meant by that phrase "strange days" which so many evasively muttered. I
+could not, however, get any good answersl except that all the mystery was much
+more recent than I had dreamed. It was not a matter of old legendry at all, but
+something within the lifetime of those who spoke. It had happened in the
+
+
+
+405
+
+
+
+'eighties, and a family had disappeared or was killed. Speakers would not be
+exact; and because they all told me to pay no attention to old Ammi Pierce's
+crazy tales, I sought him out the next morning, having heard that he lived alone
+in the ancient tottering cottage where the trees first begin to get very thick. It was
+a fearsomely ancient place, and had begun to exude the faint miasmal odour
+which clings about houses that have stood too long. Only with persistent
+knocking could I rouse the aged man, and when he shuffled timidly to the door
+could could tell he was not glad to see me. He was not so feeble as I had
+expected; but his eyes drooped in a curious way, and his unkempt clothing and
+white beard made him seem very worn and dismal.
+
+Not knowing just how he could best be launched on his tales, I feigned a matter
+of business; told him of my surveying, and asked vague questions about the
+district. He was far brighter and more educated than I had been led to think, and
+before I knew it had graNped quite as much of the subject as any man I had
+talked with in Arkham. He was not like other rustics I bad known in the sections
+where reservoirs were to be. From him there were no protests at the miles of old
+wood and farmland to be blotted out, though perhaps there would have been
+had not his home lain outside the bounds of the future lake. Relief was all that he
+showed; relief at the doom of the dark ancient valleys through which he had
+roamed all his life. They were better under water now - better under water since
+the strange days. And with this opening his husky voice sank low, while his
+body leaned forward and his right forefinger began to point shakily and
+impressively.
+
+It was then that I heard the story, and as the rambling voice scraped and
+whispered on I shivered again and again spite the summer day. Often I had to
+recall the speaker from ramblings, piece out scientific points which he knew only
+by a fading parrot memory of professors' talk, or bridge over gaps, where his
+sense of logic and continuity broke down. When he was done I did not wonder
+that his mind had snapped a trifle, or that the folk of Arkham would not speak
+much of the blasted heath. I hurried back before sunset to my hotel, unwilling to
+have the stars come out above me in the open; and the next day returned to -
+Boston to give up my position. I could not go into that dim chaos of old forest
+and slope again, or face another time that grey blasted heath where the black
+well yawned deep beside the tumbled bricks and stones. The reservoir will soon
+be built now, and all those elder secrets will be safe forever under watery
+fathoms. But even then I do not believe I would like to visit that country by night
+- at least not when the sinister stars are out; and nothing could bribe me to drink
+the new city water of Arkham.
+
+It all began, old Ammi said, with the meteorite. Before that time there had been
+no wild legends at all since the witch trials, and even then these western woods
+
+
+
+406
+
+
+
+were not feared half so much as the small island in the Miskatonic where the
+devil held court beside a curious 'lone altar older than the Indians. These were
+not haunted woods, and their fantastic dusk was never terrible till the strange
+days. Then there had come that white noontide cloud, that string of explosions in
+the air, and that pillar of smoke from the valley far in the wood. And by night all
+Arkham had heard of the great rock that fell out of the sky and bedded itself in
+the ground beside the well at the Nahum Gardner place. That was the house
+which had stood where the blasted heath was to come - the trim white Nahum
+Gardner house amidst its fertile gardens and orchards.
+
+Nahum had come to town to tell people about the stone, and dropped in at
+Ammi Pierce's on the way. Ammi was forty then, and all the queer things were
+fixed very strongly in his mind. He and his wife had gone with the three
+professors from Miskatonic University who hastened out the next morning to see
+the weird visitor from unknown stellar space, and had wondered why Nahum
+had called it so large the day before. It had shrunk, Nahum said as he pointed
+out the big brownish mound above the ripped earth and charred grass near the
+archaic well-sweep in his front yard; but the wise men answered that stones do
+not shrink. Its heat lingered persistently, and Nahum declared it had glowed
+faintly in the night. The professors tried it with a geologist's hammer and found
+it was oddly soft. It was, in truth, so soft as to be almost plastic; and they gouged
+rather than chipped a specimen to take back to the college for testing. They took
+it in an old pail borrowed from Nahum's kitchen, for even the small piece
+refused to grow cool. On the trip back they stopped at Ammi's to rest, and
+seemed thoughtful when Mrs. Pierce remarked that the fragment was growing
+smaller and burning the bottom of the pail. Truly, it was not large, but perhaps
+they had taken less than they thought.
+
+The day after that-all this was in June of '82-the professors had trooped out again
+in a great excitement. As they passed Ammi's they told him what queer things
+the specimen had done, and how it had faded wholly away when they put it in a
+glass beaker. The beaker had gone, too, and the wise men talked of the strange
+stone's affinity for silicon. It had acted quite unbelievably in that well-ordered
+laboratory; doing nothing at all and showing no occluded gases when heated on
+charcoal, being wholly negative in the borax bead, and soon proving itself
+absolutely non-volatile at any producible temperature, including that of the oxy-
+hydrogen blowpipe. On an anvil it appeared highly malleable, and in the dark its
+luminosity was very marked. Stubbornly refusing to grow cool, it soon had the
+college in a state of real excitement; and when upon heating before the
+spectroscope it displayed shining bands unlike any known colours of the normal
+spectrum there was much breathless talk of new elements, bizarre optical
+properties, and other things which puzzled men of science are wont to say when
+faced by the unknown.
+
+
+
+407
+
+
+
+Hot as it was, they tested it in a crucible with all the proper reagents. Water did
+nothing. Hydrochloric acid was the same. Nitric acid and even aqua regia merely
+hissed and spattered against its torrid invulnerability. Ammi had difficulty in
+recalling all these things, but recognized some solvents as I mentioned them in
+the usual order of use. There were am monia and caustic soda, alcohol and ether,
+nauseous carbon disulphide and a dozen others; but although the weight grew
+steadily less as time passed, and the fragment seemed to be slightly cooling,
+there was no change in the solvents to show that they had attacked the substance
+at all. It was a metal, though, beyond a doubt. It was magnetic, for one thing; and
+after its immersion in the acid solvents there seemed to be faint traces of the
+Widmanstatten figures found on meteoric iron. When the cooling had grown
+very considerable, the testing was carried on in glass; and it was in a glass beaker
+that they left all the chips made of the original fragment during the work. The
+next morning both chips and beaker were gone without trace, and only a charred
+spot marked the place on the wooden shelf where they had been.
+
+All this the professors told Ammi as they paused at his door, and once more he
+went with them to see the stony messenger from the stars, though this time his
+wife did not accompany him. It had now most cer tainly shrunk, and even the
+sober professors could not doubt the truth of what they saw. All around the
+dwindling brown lump near the well was a vacant space, except where the earth
+had caved in; and whereas it had been a good seven feet across the day before, it
+was now scarcely five. It was still hot, and the sages studied its surface curiously
+as they detached another and larger piece with hammer and chisel. They gouged
+deeply this time, and as they pried away the smaller mass they saw that the core
+of the thing was not quite homogeneous.
+
+They had uncovered what seemed to be the side of a large coloured globule
+embedded in the substance. The colour, which resembled some of the bands in
+the meteor's strange spectrum, was almost impossible to describe; and it was
+only by analogy that they called it colour at all. Its texture was glossy, and upon
+tapping it appeared to promise both brittle ness and hollowness. One of the
+professors gave it a smart blow with a hammer, and it burst with a nervous little
+pop. Nothing was emitted, and all trace of the thing vanished with the
+puncturing. It left behind a hollow spherical space about three inches across, and
+all thought it probable that others would be discovered as the enclosing
+substance wasted away.
+
+Conjecture was vain; so after a futile attempt to find additional globules by
+drilling, the seekers left again with their new specimen which proved, however,
+as baffling in the laboratory as its predecessor. Aside from being almost plastic,
+having heat, magnetism, and slight luminosity, cooling slightly in powerful
+acids, possessing an unknown spec trum, wasting away in air, and attacking
+
+
+
+408
+
+
+
+silicon compounds with mutual destruction as a result, it presented no
+identifying features whatsoever; and at the end of the tests the college scientists
+were forced to own that they could not place it. It was nothing of this earth, but a
+piece of the great outside; and as such dowered with outside properties and
+obedient to outside laws.
+
+That night there was a thunderstorm, and when the professors went out to
+Nahum's the next day they met with a bitter disappointment. The stone,
+magnetic as it had been, must have had some peculiar electrical property; for it
+had "drawn the lightning," as Nahum said, with a singular persistence. Six times
+within an hour the farmer saw the lightning strike the furrow in the front yard,
+and when the storm was over nothing remained but a ragged pit by the ancient
+well-sweep, half-choked with a caved-in earth. Digging had borne no fruit, and
+the scientists verified the fact of the utter vanishment. The failure was total; so
+that nothing was left to do but go back to the laboratory and test again the
+disappearing fragment left carefully cased in lead. That fragment lasted a week,
+at the end of which nothing of value had been learned of it. When it had gone, no
+residue was left behind, and in time the professors felt scarcely sure they had
+indeed seen with waking eyes that cryptic vestige of the fathomless gulfs
+outside; that lone, weird message from other universes and other realms of
+matter, force, and entity.
+
+As was natural, the Arkham papers made much of the incident with its collegiate
+sponsoring, and sent reporters to talk with Nahum Gardner and his family. At
+least one Boston daily also sent a scribe, and Nahum quickly became a kind of
+local celebrity. He was a lean, genial person of about fifty, living with his wife
+and three sons on the pleasant farmstead in the valley. He and Ammi exchanged
+visits frequently, as did their wives; and Ammi had nothing but praise for him
+after all these years. He seemed slightly proud of the notice his place had
+attracted, and talked often of the meteorite in the succeeding weeks. That July
+and August were hot; and Nahum worked hard at his haying in the ten-acre
+pasture across Chapman's Brook; his rattling wain wearing deep ruts in the
+shadowy lanes between. The labour tired him more than it had in other years,
+and he felt that age was beginning to tell on him.
+
+Then fell the time of fruit and harvest. The pears and apples slowly ripened, and
+Nahum vowed that his orchards were prospering as never before. The fruit was
+growing to phenomenal size and unwonted gloss, and in such abundance that
+extra barrels were ordered to handle the future crop. But with the ripening came
+sore disappointment, for of all that gorgeous array of specious lusciousness not
+one single jot was fit to eat. Into the fine flavour of the pears and apples had
+crept a stealthy bitterness and sickishness, so that even the smallest bites induced
+a lasting disgust. It was the same with the melons and tomatoes, and Nahum
+
+
+
+409
+
+
+
+sadly saw that his entire crop was lost. Quick to connect events, he declared that
+the meteorite had poisoned the soil, and thanked Heaven that most of the other
+crops were in the upland lot along the road.
+
+Winter came early, and was very cold. Ammi saw Nahum less often than usual,
+and observed that he had begun to look worried. The rest of his family too,
+seemed to have grown taciturn; and were far from steady in their church-going
+or their attendance at the various social events of the countryside. For this
+reserve or melancholy no cause could be found, though all the household
+confessed now and then to poorer health and a feeling of vague disquiet. Nahum
+himself gave the most definite statement of anyone when he said he was
+disturbed about certain footprints in the snow. They were the usual winter prints
+of red squirrels, white rabbits, and foxes, but the brooding farmer professed to
+see something not quite right about their nature and arrangement. He was never
+specific, but appeared to think that they were not as characteristic of the anatomy
+and habits of squirrels and rabbits and foxes as they ought to be. Ammi listened
+without interest to this talk until one night when he drove past Nahum's house
+in his sleigh on the way back from Clark's Comer. There had been a moon, and a
+rabbit had run across the road, and the leaps of that rabbit were longer than
+either Ammi or his horse liked. The latter, indeed, had almost run away when
+brought up by a firm rein. Thereafter Ammi gave Nahum's tales more respect,
+and wondered why the Gardner dogs seemed so cowed and quivering every
+morning. They had, it developed, nearly lost the spirit to bark.
+
+In February the McGregor boys from Meadow Hill were out shooting
+woodchucks, and not far from the Gardner place bagged a very peculiar
+specimen. The proportions of its body seemed slightly altered in a queer way
+impossible to describe, while its face had taken on an expression which no one
+ever saw in a woodchuck before. The boys were genuinely frightened, and threw
+the thing away at once, so that only their grotesque tales of it ever reached the
+people of the countryside. But the shying of horses near Nahum's house had
+now become an acknowledged thing, and all the basis for a cycle of whispered
+legend was fast taking form.
+
+People vowed that the snow melted faster around Nahum's than it did anywhere
+else, and early in March there was an awed discussion in Potter's general store at
+Clark's Corners. Stephen Rice had driven past Gardner's in the morning, and
+had noticed the skunk-cabbages coming up through the mud by the woods
+across the road. Never were things of such size seen before, and they held
+strange colours that could not be put into any words. Their shapes were
+monstrous, and the horse had snorted at an odour which struck Stephen as
+wholly unprecedented. That afternoon several persons drove past to see the
+abnormal growth, and all agreed that plants of that kind ought never to sprout in
+
+
+
+410
+
+
+
+a healthy world. The bad fruit of the fall before was freely mentioned, and it
+went from mouth to mouth that there was poison in Nahum's ground. Of course
+it was the meteorite; and remembering how strange the men from the college
+had found that stone to be, several farmers spoke about the matter to them.
+
+One day they paid Nahum a visit; but having no love of wild tales and folklore
+were very conservative in what they inferred. The plants were certainly odd, but
+all skunk-cabbages are more or less odd in shape and hue. Perhaps some mineral
+element from the stone had entered the soil, but it would soon be washed away.
+And as for the footprints and frightened horses - of course this was mere country
+talk which such a phenomenon as the aerolite would be certain to start. There
+was really nothing for serious men to do in cases of wild gossip, for superstitious
+rustics will say and believe anything. And so all through the strange days the
+professors stayed away in contempt. Only one of them, when given two phials of
+dust for analysis in a police job over a year and half later, recalled that the queer
+colour of that skunk-cabbage had been very like one of the anomalous bands of
+light shown by the meteor fragment in the college spectroscope, and like the
+brittle globule found imbedded in the stone from the abyss. The samples in this
+analysis case gave the same odd bands at first, though later they lost the
+property.
+
+The trees budded prematurely around Nahum's, and at night they swayed
+ominously in the wind. Nahum's second son Thaddeus, a lad of fifteen, swore
+that they swayed also when there was no wind; but even the gossips would not
+credit this. Certainly, however, restlessness was in the air. The entire Gardner
+family developed the habit of stealthy listening, though not for any sound which
+they could consciously name. The listening was, indeed, rather a product of
+moments when consciousness seemed half to slip away. Unfortunately such
+moments increased week by week, till it became common speech that
+"something was wrong with all Nahum's folks." When the early saxifrage came
+out it had another strange colour; not quite like that of the skunk-cabbage, but
+plainly related and equally unknown to anyone who saw it. Nahum took some
+blossoms to Arkham and showed them to the editor of the Gazette, but that
+dignitary did no more than write a humorous article about them, in which the
+dark fears of rustics were held up to polite ridicule. It was a mistake of Nahum's
+to tell a stolid city man about the way the great, overgrown mourning-cloak
+butterflies behaved in connection with these saxifrages.
+
+April brought a kind of madness to the country folk, and began that disuse of the
+road past Nahum's which led to its ultimate abandonment. It was the vegetation.
+All the orchard trees blossomed forth in strange colours, and through the stony
+soil of the yard and adjacent pasturage there sprang up a bizarre growth which
+only a botanist could connect with the proper flora of the region. No sane
+
+
+
+411
+
+
+
+wholesome colours were anywhere to be seen except in the green grass and
+leafage; but everywhere were those hectic and prismatic variants of some
+diseased, underlying primary tone without a place among the' known tints of
+earth. The "Dutchman's breeches" became a thing of sinister menace, and the
+bloodroots grew insolent in their chromatic perversion. Ammi and the Gardners
+thought that most of the colours had a sort of haunting familiarity, and decided
+that they reminded one of the brittle globule in the meteor. Nahum ploughed
+and sowed the ten-acre pasture and the upland lot, but did nothing with the land
+around the house. He knew it would be of no use, and hoped that the summer's
+strange growths would draw all the poison from the soil. He was prepared for
+almost anything now, and had grown used to the sense of something near him
+waiting to be heard. The shunning of his house by neighbors told on him, of
+course; but it told on his wife more. The boys were better off, being at school
+each day; but they could not help being frightened by the gossip. Thaddeus, an
+especially sensitive youth, suffered the most.
+
+In May the insects came, and Nahum's place became a nightmare of buzzing and
+crawling. Most of the creatures seemed not quite usual in their aspects and
+motions, and their nocturnal habits contradicted all former experience. The
+Gardners took to watching at night - watching in all directions at random for
+something - they could not tell what. It was then that they owned that Thaddeus
+had been right about the trees. Mrs. Gardner was the next to see it from the
+window as she watched the swollen boughs of a maple against a moonlit sky.
+The boughs surely moved, and there was no 'wind. It must be the sap.
+Strangeness had come into everything growing now. Yet it was none of Nahum's
+family at all who made the next discovery. Familiarity had dulled them, and
+what they could not see was glimpsed by a timid windmill salesman from Bolton
+who drove by one night in ignorance of the country legends. What he told in
+Arkham was given a short paragraph in the Gazette; and it was there that all the
+farmers, Nahum included, saw it first. The night had been dark and the buggy-
+lamps faint, but around a farm in the valley which everyone knew from the
+account must be Nahum's, the darkness had been less thick. A dim though
+distinct luminosity seemed to inhere in all the vegetation, grass, leaves, and
+blossoms alike, while at one moment a detached piece of the phosphorescence
+appeared to stir furtively in the yard near the barn.
+
+The grass had so far seemed untouched, and the cows were freely pastured in the
+lot near the house, but toward the end of May the milk began to be bad. Then
+Nahum had the cows driven to the uplands, after which this trouble ceased. Not
+long after this the change in grass and leaves became apparent to the eye. All the
+verdure was going grey, and was developing a highly singular quality of
+brittleness. Ammi was now the only person who ever visited the place, and his
+visits were becoming fewer and fewer. When school closed the Gardners were
+
+
+
+412
+
+
+
+virtually cut off from the world, and sometimes let Ammi do their errands in
+town. They were failing curiously both physically and mentally, and no one was
+surprised when the news of Mrs. Gardner's madness stole around.
+
+It happened in June, about the anniversary of the meteor's fall, and the poor
+woman screamed about things in the air which she could not describe. In her
+raving there was not a single specific noun, but only verbs and pronouns. Things
+moved and changed and fluttered, and ears tingled to impulses which were not
+wholly sounds. Something was taken away - she was being drained of something
+- something was fastening itself on her that ought not to be - someone must make
+it keep off - nothing was ever still in the night - the walls and windows shifted.
+Nahum did not send her to the county asylum, but let her wander about the
+house as long as she was harmless to herself and others. Even when her
+expression changed he did nothing. But when the boys grew afraid of her, and
+Thaddeus nearly fainted at the way she made faces at him, he decided to keep
+her locked in the attic. By July she had ceased to speak and crawled on all fours,
+and before that month was over Nahum got the mad notion that she was slightly
+luminous in the dark, as he now clearly saw was the case with the nearby
+vegetation.
+
+It was a little before this that the horses had stampeded. Something had aroused
+them in the night, and their neighing and kicking in their stalls had been terrible.
+There seemed virtually nothing to do to calm them, and when Nahum opened
+the stable door they all bolted out like frightened woodland deer. It took a week
+to track all four, and when found they were seen to be quite useless and
+unmanageable. Something had snapped in their brains, and each one had to be
+shot for its own good. Nahum borrowed a horse from Ammi for his haying, but
+found it would not approach the barn. It shied, balked, and whinnied, and in the
+end he could do nothing but drive it into the yard while the men used their own
+strength to get the heavy wagon near enough the hayloft for convenient pitching.
+And all the while the vegetation was turning grey and brittle. Even the flowers
+whose hues had been so strange were greying now, and the fruit was coming out
+grey and dwarfed and tasteless. The asters and golden-rod bloomed grey and
+distorted, and the roses and zinneas and hollyhocks in the front yard were such
+blasphemous-looking things that Nahum's oldest boy Zenas cut them down. The
+strangely puffed insects died about that time, even the bees that had left their
+hives and taken to the woods.
+
+By September all the vegetation was fast crumbling to a greyish powder, and
+Nahum feared that the trees would die before the poison was out of the soil. His
+wife now had spells of terrific screaming, and he and the boys were in a constant
+state of nervous tension. They shunned people now, and when school opened the
+boys did not go. But it was Ammi, on one of his rare visits, who first realised that
+
+
+
+413
+
+
+
+the well water was no longer good. It had an evil taste that was not exactly fetid
+nor exactly salty, and Ammi advised his friend to dig another well on higher
+ground to use till the soil was good again. Nahum, however, ignored the
+warning, for he had by that time become calloused to strange and unpleasant
+things. He and the boys continued to use the tainted supply, drinking it as
+listlessly and mechanically as they ate their meagre and ill-cooked meals and did
+their thankless and monotonous chores through the aimless days. There was
+something of stolid resignation about them all, as if they walked half in another
+world between lines of nameless guards to a certain and familiar doom.
+
+Thaddeus went mad in September after a visit to the well. He had gone with a
+pail and had come back empty-handed, shrieking and waving his arms, and
+sometimes lapsing into an inane titter or a whisper about "the moving colours
+down there." Two in one family was pretty bad, but Nahum was very brave
+about it. He let the boy run about for a week until he began stumbling and
+hurting himself, and then he shut him in an attic room across the hall from his
+mother's. The way they screamed at each other from behind their locked doors
+was very terrible, especially to little Merwin, who fancied they talked in some
+terrible language that was not of earth. Merwin was getting frightfully
+imaginative, and his restlessness was worse after the shutting away of the
+brother who had been his greatest playmate.
+
+Almost at the same time the mortality among the livestock commenced. Poultry
+turned greyish and died very quickly, their meat being found dry and noisome
+upon cutting. Hogs grew inordinately fat, then suddenly began to undergo
+loathsome changes which no one could explain. Their meat was of course
+useless, and Nahum was at his wit's end. No rural veterinary would approach
+his place, and the city veterinary from Arkham was openly baffled. The swine
+began growing grey and brittle and falling to pieces before they died, and their
+eyes and muzzles developed singular alterations. It was very inexplicable, for
+they had never been fed from the tainted vegetation. Then something struck the
+cows. Certain areas or sometimes the whole body would be uncannily shrivelled
+or compressed, and atrocious collapses or disintegrations were common. In the
+last stages - and death was always the result - there would be a greying and
+turning brittle like that which beset the hogs. There could be no question of
+poison, for all the cases occurred in a locked and undisturbed barn. No bites of
+prowling things could have brought the virus, for what live beast of earth can
+pass through solid obstacles? It must be only natural disease - yet what disease
+could wreak such results was beyond any mind's guessing. When the harvest
+came there was not an animal surviving on the place, for the stock and poultry
+were dead and the dogs had run away. These dogs, three in number, had all
+vanished one night and were never heard of again. The five cats had left some
+
+
+
+414
+
+
+
+time before, but their going was scarcely noticed since there now seemed to be no
+mice, and only Mrs. Gardner had made pets of the graceful felines.
+
+On the nineteenth of October Nahum staggered into Ammi's house with hideous
+news. The death had come to poor Thaddeus in his attic room, and it had come
+in a way which could not be told. Nahum had dug a grave in the railed family
+plot behind the farm, and had put therein what he found. There could have been
+nothing from outside, for the small barred window and locked door were intact;
+but it was much as it had been in the barn. Ammi and his wife consoled the
+stricken man as best they could, but shuddered as they did so. Stark terror
+seemed to cling round the Gardners and all they touched, and the very presence
+of one in the house was a breath from regions unnamed and unnamable. Ammi
+accompanied Nahum home with the greatest reluctance, and did what he might
+to calm the hysterical sobbing of little Merwin. Zenas needed no calming. He had
+come of late to do nothing but stare into space and obey what his father told him;
+and Ammi thought that his fate was very merciful. Now and then Merwin's
+screams were answered faintly from the attic, and in response to an inquiring
+look Nahum said that his wife was getting very feeble. When night approached,
+Ammi managed to get away; for not even friendship could make him stay in that
+spot when the faint glow of the vegetation began and the trees may or may not
+have swayed without wind. It was really lucky for Ammi that he was not more
+imaginative. Even as things were, his mind was bent ever so slightly; but had he
+been able to connect and reflect upon all the portents around him he must
+inevitably have turned a total maniac. In the twilight he hastened home, the
+screams of the mad woman and the nervous child ringing horribly in his ears.
+
+Three days later Nahum burst into Ammi's kitchen in the early morning, and in
+the absence of his host stammered out a desperate tale once more, while Mrs.
+Pierce listened in a clutching fright. It was little Merwin this time. He was gone.
+He had gone out late at night with a lantern and pail for water, and had never
+come back. He'd been going to pieces for days, and hardly knew what he was
+about. Screamed at everything. There had been a frantic shriek from the yard
+then, but before the father could get to the door the boy was gone. There was no
+glow from the lantern he had taken, and of the child himself no trace. At the time
+Nahum thought the lantern and pail were gone too; but when dawn came, and
+the man had plodded back from his all-night search of the woods and fields, he
+had found some very curious things near the well. There was a crushed and
+apparently somewhat melted mass of iron which had certainly been the lantern;
+while a bent handle and twisted iron hoops beside it, both half-fused, seemed to
+hint at the remnants of the pail. That was all. Nahum was past imagining, Mrs.
+Pierce was blank, and Ammi, when he had reached home and heard the tale,
+could give no guess. Merwin was gone, and there would be no use in telling the
+people around, who shunned all Gardners now. No use, either, in telling the city
+
+
+
+415
+
+
+
+people at Arkham who laughed at everything. Thad was gone, and now Merwin
+was gone. Something was creeping and creeping and waiting to be seen and
+heard. Nahum would go soon, and he wanted Ammi to look after his wife and
+Zenas if they survived him. It must all be a judgment of some sort; though he
+could not fancy what for, since he had always walked uprightly in the Lord's
+ways so far as he knew.
+
+For over two weeks Ammi saw nothing of Nahum; and then, worried about
+what might have happened, he overcame his fears and paid the Gardner place a
+visit. There was no smoke from the great chimney, and for a moment the visitor
+was apprehensive of the worst. The aspect of the whole farm was shocking -
+greyish withered grass and leaves on the ground, vines falling in brittle
+wreckage from archaic walls and gables, and great bare trees clawing up at the
+grey November sky with a studied malevolence which Ammi could not but feel
+had come from some subtle change in the tilt of the branches. But Nahum was
+alive, after all. He was weak, and lying on a couch in the low-ceiled kitchen, but
+perfectly conscious and able to give simple orders to Zenas. The room was
+deadly cold; and as Ammi visibly shivered, the host shouted huskily to Zenas for
+more wood. Wood, indeed, was sorely needed; since the cavernous fireplace was
+unlit and empty, with a cloud of soot blowing about in the chill wind that came
+down the chimney. Presently Nahum asked him if the extra wood had made him
+any more comfortable, and then Ammi saw what had happened. The stoutest
+cord had broken at last, and the hapless farmer's mind was proof against more
+sorrow.
+
+Questioning tactfully, Ammi could get no clear data at all about the missing
+Zenas. "In the well - he lives in the well - " was all that the clouded father would
+say. Then there flashed across the visitor's mind a sudden thought of the mad
+wife, and he changed his line of inquiry. "Nabby? Why, here she is!" was the
+surprised response of poor Nahum, and Ammi soon saw that he must search for
+himself. Leaving the harmless babbler on the couch, he took the keys from their
+nail beside the door and climbed the creaking stairs to the attic. It was very close
+and noisome up there, and no sound could be heard from any direction. Of the
+four doors in sight, only one was locked, and on this he tried various keys of the
+ring he had taken. The third key proved the right one, and after some fumbling
+Ammi threw open the low white door.
+
+It was quite dark inside, for the window was small and half-obscured by the
+crude wooden bars; and Ammi could see nothing at all on the wide-planked
+floor. The stench was beyond enduring, and before proceeding further he had to
+retreat to another room and return with his lungs filled with breathable air.
+When he did enter he saw something dark in the corner, and upon seeing it more
+clearly he screamed outright. While he screamed he thought a momentary cloud
+
+
+
+416
+
+
+
+eclipsed the window, and a second later he felt himself brushed as if by some
+hateful current of vapour. Strange colours danced before his eyes; and had not a
+present horror numbed him he would have thought of the globule in the meteor
+that the geologist's hammer had shattered, and of the morbid vegetation that had
+sprouted in the spring. As it was he thought only of the blasphemous
+monstrosity which confronted him, and which all too clearly had shared the
+nameless fate of young Thaddeus and the livestock. But the terrible thing about
+the horror was that it very slowly and perceptibly moved as it continued to
+crumble.
+
+Ammi would give me no added particulars of this scene, but the shape in the
+comer does not reappear in his tale as a moving object. There are things which
+cannot be mentioned, and what is done in common humanity is sometimes
+cruelly judged by the law. I gathered that no moving thing was left in that attic
+room, and that to leave anything capable of motion there would have been a
+deed so monstrous as to damn any accountable being to eternal torment. Anyone
+but a stolid farmer would have fainted or gone mad, but Ammi walked
+conscious through that low doorway and locked the accursed secret behind him.
+There would be Nahum to deal with now; he must be fed and tended, and
+removed to some place where he could be cared for.
+
+Commencing his descent of the dark stairs. Ammi heard a thud below him. He
+even thought a scream had been suddenly choked off, and recalled nervously the
+clammy vapour which had brushed by him in that frightful room above. What
+presence had his cry and entry started up? Halted by some vague fear, he heard
+still further sounds below. Indubitably there was a sort of heavy dragging, and a
+most detestably sticky noise as of some fiendish and unclean species of suction.
+With an associative sense goaded to feverish heights, he thought unaccountably
+of what he had seen upstairs. Good God! What eldritch dream-world was this
+into which he had blundered? He dared move neither backward nor forward,
+but stood there trembling at the black curve of the boxed-in staircase. Every trifle
+of the scene burned itself into his brain. The sounds, the sense of dread
+expectancy, the darkness, the steepness of the narrow step - and merciful
+Heaven! - the faint but unmistakable luminosity of all the woodwork in sight;
+steps, sides, exposed laths, and beams alike.
+
+Then there burst forth a frantic whinny from Ammi's horse outside, followed at
+once by a clatter which told of a frenzied runaway. In another moment horse and
+buggy had gone beyond earshot, leaving the frightened man on the dark stairs to
+guess what had sent them. But that was not all. There had been another sound
+out there. A sort of liquid splash - water - it must have been the well. He had left
+Hero untied near it, and a buggy wheel must have brushed the coping and
+knocked in a stone. And still the pale phosphorescence glowed in that detestably
+
+
+
+417
+
+
+
+ancient woodwork. God! how old the house was! Most of it buih before 1670,
+and the gambrel roof no later than 1730.
+
+A feeble scratching on the floor downstairs now sounded distinctly, and Ammi's
+grip tightened on a heavy stick he had picked up in the attic for some purpose.
+Slowly nerving himself, he finished his descent and walked boldly toward the
+kitchen. But he did not complete the walk, because what he sought was no
+longer there. It had come to meet him, and it was still alive after a fashion.
+Whether it had crawled or whether it had been dragged by any external forces,
+Ammi could not say; but the death had been at it. Everything had happened in
+the last half-hour, but collapse, greying, and disintegration were already far
+advanced. There was a horrible brittleness, and dry fragments were scaling off.
+Ammi could not touch it, but looked horrifiedly into the distorted parody that
+had been a face. "What was it, Nahum - what was it?" He whispered, and the
+cleft, bulging lips were just able to crackle out a final answer.
+
+"Nothin'... nothin'... the colour... it burns... cold an' wet, but it burns... it lived
+in the well... I seen it... a kind of smoke... jest like the flowers last spring... the
+well shone at night... Thad an' Merwin an' Zenas... everything alive... suckin'
+the life out of everything... in that stone... it must a' come in that stone pizened
+the whole place... dun't know what it wants... that round thing them men from
+the college dug outen the stone. . . they smashed it. . . it was the same colour. . . jest
+the same, like the flowers an' plants... must a' ben more of 'em... seeds...
+seeds... they growed... I seen it the fust time this week... must a' got strong on
+Zenas... he was a big boy, full o' life... it beats down your mind an' then gets
+ye... burns ye up... in the well water... you was right about that... evil water...
+Zenas never come back from the well... can't git away... draws ye... ye know
+summ'at's comin' but tain't no use... I seen it time an' agin senct Zenas was
+took... whar's Nabby, Ammi?... my head's no good... dun't know how long
+sense I fed her. . . it'll git her ef we ain't keerful. . . jest a colour. . . her face is gittin'
+to hev that colour sometimes towards night... an' it burns an' sucks... it come
+from some place whar things ain't as they is here... one o' them professors said
+so. . . he was right. . . look out, Ammi, it'll do suthin' more. . . sucks the life out. . ."
+
+But that was all. That which spoke could speak no more because it had
+completely caved in. Ammi laid a red checked tablecloth over what was left and
+reeled out the back door into the fields. He climbed the slope to the ten-acre
+pasture and stumbled home by the north road and the woods. He could not pass
+that well from which his horses had run away. He had looked at it through the
+window, and had seen that no stone was missing from the rim. Then the lurching
+buggy had not dislodged anything after all - the splash had been something else -
+something which went into the well after it had done with poor Nahum.
+
+
+
+418
+
+
+
+When Ammi reached his house the horses and buggy had arrived before him
+and thrown his wife into fits of anxiety. Reassuring her without explanations, he
+set out at once for Arkham and notified the authorities that the Gardner family
+was no more. He indulged in no details, but merely told of the deaths of Nahum
+and Nabby, that of Thaddeus being already known, and mentioned that the
+cause seemed to be the same strange ailment which had killed the live-stock. He
+also stated that Merwin and Zenas had disappeared. There was considerable
+questioning at the police station, and in the end Ammi was compelled to take
+three officers to the Gardner farm, together with the coroner, the medical
+examiner, and the veterinary who had treated the diseased animals. He went
+much against his will, for the afternoon was advancing and he feared the fall of
+night over that accursed place, but it was some comfort to have so many people
+with him.
+
+The six men drove out in a democrat-wagon, following Ammi's buggy, and
+arrived at the pest-ridden farmhouse about four o'clock. Used as the officers
+were to gruesome experiences, not one remained unmoved at what was found in
+the attic and under the red checked tablecloth on the floor below. The whole
+aspect of the farm with its grey desolation was terrible enough, but those two
+crumbling objects were beyond all bounds. No one could look long at them, and
+even the medical examiner admitted that there was very little to examine.
+Specimens could be analysed, of course, so he busied himself in obtaining them -
+and here it develops that a very puzzling aftermath occurred at the college
+laboratory where the two phials of dust were finally taken. Under the
+spectroscope both samples gave off an unknown spectrum, in which many of the
+baffling bands were precisely like those which the strange meteor had yielded in
+the previous year. The property of emitting this spectrum vanished in a month,
+the dust thereafter consisting mainly of alkaline phosphates and carbonates.
+
+Ammi would not have told the men about the well if he had thought they meant
+to do anything then and there. It was getting toward sunset, and he was anxious
+to be away. But he could not help glancing nervously at the stony curb by the
+great sweep, and when a detective questioned him he admitted that Nahum had
+feared something down there so much so that he had never even thought of
+searching it for Merwin or Zenas. After that nothing would do but that they
+empty and explore the well immediately, so Ammi had to wait trembling while
+pail after pail of rank water was hauled up and splashed on the soaking ground
+outside. The men sniffed in disgust at the fluid, and toward the last held their
+noses against the foetor they were uncovering. It was not so long a job as they
+had feared it would be, since the water was phenomenally low. There is no need
+to speak too exactly of what they found. Merwin and Zenas were both there, in
+part, though the vestiges were mainly skeletal. There were also a small deer and
+a large dog in about the same state, and a number of bones of small animals. The
+
+
+
+419
+
+
+
+ooze and slime at the bottom seemed inexplicably porous and bubbling, and a
+man who descended on hand-holds with a long pole found that he could sink the
+wooden shaft to any depth in the mud of the floor without meeting any solid
+obstruction.
+
+Twilight had now fallen, and lanterns were brought from the house. Then, when
+it was seen that nothing further could be gained from the well, everyone went
+indoors and conferred in the ancient sitting-room while the intermittent light of a
+spectral half-moon played wanly on the grey desolation outside. The men were
+frankly nonplussed by the entire case, and could find no convincing common
+element to link the strange vegetable conditions, the unknown disease of live-
+stock and humans, and the unaccountable deaths of Merwin and Zenas in the
+tainted well. They had heard the common country talk, it is true; but could not
+believe that anything contrary to natural law had occurred. No doubt the meteor
+had poisoned the soil, but the illness of persons and animals who had eaten
+nothing grown in that soil was another matter. Was it the well water? Very
+possibly. It might be a good idea to analyze it. But what peculiar madness could
+have made both boys jump into the well? Their deeds were so similar-and the
+fragments showed that they had both suffered from the grey brittle death. Why
+was everything so grey and brittle?
+
+It was the coroner, seated near a window overlooking the yard, who first noticed
+the glow about the well. Night had fully set in, and all the abhorrent grounds
+seemed faintly luminous with more than the fitful moonbeams; but this new
+glow was something definite and distinct, and appeared to shoot up from the
+black pit like a softened ray from a searchlight, giving dull reflections in the little
+ground pools where the water had been emptied. It had a very queer colour, and
+as all the men clustered round the window Ammi gave a violent start. For this
+strange beam of ghastly miasma was to him of no unfamiliar hue. He had seen
+that colour before, and feared to think what it might mean. He had seen it in the
+nasty brittle globule in that aerolite two summers ago, had seen it in the crazy
+vegetation of the springtime, and had thought he had seen it for an instant that
+very morning against the small barred window of that terrible attic room where
+nameless things had happened. It had flashed there a second, and a clammy and
+hateful current of vapour had brushed past him - and then poor Nahum had
+been taken by something of that colour. He had said so at the last - said it was
+like the globule and the plants. After that had come the runaway in the yard and
+the splash in the well-and now that well was belching forth to the night a pale
+insidious beam of the same demoniac tint.
+
+It does credit to the alertness of Ammi's mind that he puzzled even at that tense
+moment over a point which was essentially scientific. He could not but wonder
+at his gleaning of the same impression from a vapour glimpsed in the daytime.
+
+
+
+420
+
+
+
+against a window opening on the morning sky, and from a nocturnal exhalation
+seen as a phosphorescent mist against the black and blasted landscape. It wasn't
+right - it was against Nature - and he thought of those terrible last words of his
+stricken friend, "It come from some place whar things ain't as they is here... one
+o' them professors said so..."
+
+All three horses outside, tied to a pair of shrivelled saplings by the road, were
+now neighing and pawing frantically. The wagon driver started for the door to
+do something, but Ammi laid a shaky hand on his shoulder. "Dun't go out thar,"
+he whispered. "They's more to this nor what we know. Nahum said somethin'
+lived in the well that sucks your life out. He said it must be some'at growed from
+a round ball like one we all seen in the meteor stone that fell a year ago June.
+Sucks an' burns, he said, an' is jest a cloud of colour like that light out thar now,
+that ye can hardly see an' can't tell what it is. Nahum thought it feeds on
+everything livin' an' gits stronger all the time. He said he seen it this last week. It
+must be somethin' from away off in the sky like the men from the college last
+year says the meteor stone was. The way it's made an' the way it works ain't like
+no way 0' God's world. It's some'at from beyond."
+
+So the men paused indecisively as the light from the well grew stronger and the
+hitched horses pawed and whinnied in increasing frenzy. It was truly an awful
+moment; with terror in that ancient and accursed house itself, four monstrous
+sets of fragments-two from the house and two from the well-in the woodshed
+behind, and that shaft of unknown and unholy iridescence from the slimy depths
+in front. Ammi had restrained the driver on impulse, forgetting how uninjured
+he himself was after the clammy brushing of that coloured vapour in the attic
+room, but perhaps it is just as well that he acted as he did. No one will ever know
+what was abroad that night; and though the blasphemy from beyond had not so
+far hurt any human of unweakened mind, there is no telling what it might not
+have done at that last moment, and with its seemingly increased strength and the
+special signs of purpose it was soon to display beneath the half-clouded moonlit
+sky.
+
+All at once one of the detectives at the window gave a short, sharp gasp. The
+others looked at him, and then quickly followed his own gaze upward to the
+point at which its idle straying had been suddenly arrested. There was no need
+for words. What had been disputed in country gossip was disputable no longer,
+and it is because of the thing which every man of that party agreed in whispering
+later on, that the strange days are never talked about in Arkham. It is necessary
+to premise that there was no wind at that hour of the evening. One did arise not
+long afterward, but there was absolutely none then. Even the dry tips of the
+lingering hedge-mustard, grey and blighted, and the fringe on the roof of the
+standing democrat-wagon were unstirred. And yet amid that tense godless calm
+
+
+
+421
+
+
+
+the high bare boughs of all the trees in the yard were moving. They were
+twitching morbidly and spasmodically, clawing in convulsive and epileptic
+madness at the moonlit clouds; scratching impotently in the noxious air as if
+jerked by some allied and bodiless line of linkage with subterrene horrors
+writhing and struggling below the black roots.
+
+Not a man breathed for several seconds. Then a cloud of darker depth passed
+over the moon, and the silhouette of clutching branches faded out momentarily.
+At this there was a general cry; muffled with awe, but husky and almost identical
+from every throat. For the terror had not faded with the silhouette, and in a
+fearsome instant of deeper darkness the watchers saw wriggling at that tree top
+height a thousand tiny points of faint and unhallowed radiance, tipping each
+bough like the fire of St. Elmo or the flames that come down on the apostles'
+heads at Pentecost. It was a monstrous constellation of unnatural light, like a
+glutted swarm of corpse-fed fireflies dancing hellish sarabands over an accursed
+marsh, and its colour was that same nameless intrusion which Ammi had come
+to recognize and dread. All the while the shaft of phosphorescence from the well
+was getting brighter and brighter, bringing to the minds of the huddled men, a
+sense of doom and abnormality which far outraced any image their conscious
+minds could form. It was no longer shining out; it was pouring out; and as the
+shapeless stream of unplaceable colour left the well it seemed to flow directly
+into the sky.
+
+The veterinary shivered, and walked to the front door to drop the heavy extra
+bar across it. Ammi shook no less, and had to tug and point for lack of
+controllable voice when he wished to draw notice to the growing luminosity of
+the trees. The neighing and stamping of the horses had become utterly frightful,
+but not a soul of that group in the old house would have ventured forth for any
+earthly reward. With the moments the shining of the trees increased, while their
+restless branches seemed to strain more and more toward verticality. The wood
+of the well-sweep was shining now, and presently a policeman dumbly pointed
+to some wooden sheds and bee-hives near the stone wall on the west. They were
+commencing to shine, too, though the tethered vehicles of the visitors seemed so
+far unaffected. Then there was a wild commotion and clopping in the road, and
+as Ammi quenched the lamp for better seeing they realized that the span of
+frantic greys had broken their sapling and run off with the democrat-wagon.
+
+The shock served to loosen several tongues, and embarrassed whispers were
+exchanged. "It spreads on everything organic that's been around here," muttered
+the medical examiner. No one replied, but the man who had been in the well
+gave a hint that his long pole must have stirred up something intangible. "It was
+awful," he added. "There was no bottom at all. Just ooze and bubbles and the
+feeling of something lurking under there." Ammi's horse still pawed and
+
+
+
+422
+
+
+
+screamed deafeningly in the road outside, and nearly drowned its owner's faint
+quaver as he mumbled his formless reflections. "It come from that stone - it
+growed down thar - it got everything livin' - it fed itself on 'em, mind and body -
+Thad an' Merwin, Zenas an' Nabby - Nahum was the last - they all drunk the
+water - it got strong on 'em - it come from beyond, whar things ain't like they be
+here - now it's goin' home -"
+
+At this point, as the column of unknown colour flared suddenly stronger and
+began to weave itself into fantastic suggestions of shape which each spectator
+described differently, there came from poor tethered Hero such a sound as no
+man before or since ever heard from a horse. Every person in that low-pitched
+sitting room stopped his ears, and Ammi turned away from the window in
+horror and nausea. Words could not convey it - when Ammi looked out again
+the hapless beast lay huddled inert on the moonlit ground between the
+splintered shafts of the buggy. That was the last of Hero till they buried him next
+day. But the present was no time to mourn, for almost at this instant a detective
+silently called attention to something terrible in the very room with them. In the
+absence of the lamplight it was clear that a faint phosphorescence had begun to
+pervade the entire apartment. It glowed on the broad-planked floor and the
+fragment of rag carpet, and shimmered over the sashes of the small-paned
+windows. It ran up and down the exposed corner-posts, coruscated about the
+shelf and mantel, and infected the very doors and furniture. Each minute saw it
+strengthen, and at last it was very plain that healthy living things must leave that
+house.
+
+Ammi showed them the back door and the path up through the fields to the ten-
+acre pasture. They walked and stumbled as in a dream, and did not dare look
+back till they were far away on the high ground. They were glad of the path, for
+they could not have gone the front way, by that well. It was bad enough passing
+the glowing barn and sheds, and those shining orchard trees with their gnarled,
+fiendish contours; but thank Heaven the branches did their worst twisting high
+up. The moon went under some very black clouds as they crossed the rustic
+bridge over Chapman's Brook, and it was blind groping from there to the open
+meadows.
+
+When they looked back toward the valley and the distant Gardner place at the
+bottom they saw a fearsome sight. At the farm was shining with the hideous
+unknown blend of colour; trees, buildings, and even such grass and herbage as
+had not been wholly changed to lethal grey brittleness. The boughs were all
+straining skyward, tipped with tongues of foul flame, and lambent tricklings of
+the same monstrous fire were creeping about the ridgepoles of the house, barn
+and sheds. It was a scene from a vision of Fuseli, and over all the rest reigned
+that riot of luminous amorphousness, that alien and undimensioned rainbow of
+
+
+
+423
+
+
+
+cryptic poison from the well - seething, feeling, lapping, reaching, scintillating,
+straining, and malignly bubbling in its cosmic and unrecognizable chromaticism.
+
+Then without warning the hideous thing shot vertically up toward the sky like a
+rocket or meteor, leaving behind no trail and disappearing through a round and
+curiously regular hole in the clouds before any man could gasp or cry out. No
+watcher can ever forget that sight, and Ammi stared blankly at the stars of
+Cygnus, Deneb twinkling above the others, where the unknown colour had
+melted into the Milky Way. But his gaze was the next moment called swiftly to
+earth by the crackling in the valley. It was just that. Only a wooden ripping and
+crackling, and not an explosion, as so many others of the party vowed. Yet the
+outcome was the same, for in one feverish kaleidoscopic instant there burst up
+from that doomed and accursed farm a gleamingly eruptive cataclysm of
+unnatural sparks and substance; blurring the glance of the few who saw it, and
+sending forth to the zenith a bombarding cloudburst of such coloured and
+fantastic fragments as our universe must needs disown. Through quickly
+reclosing vapours they followed the great morbidity that had vanished, and in
+another second they had vanished too. Behind and below was only a darkness to
+which the men dared not return, and all about was a mounting wind which
+seemed to sweep down in black, frore gusts from interstellar space. It shrieked
+and howled, and lashed the fields and distorted woods in a mad cosmic frenzy,
+till soon the trembling party realized it would be no use waiting for the moon to
+show what was left down there at Nahum's.
+
+Too awed even to hint theories, the seven shaking men trudged back toward
+Arkham by the north road. Ammi was worse than his fellows, and begged them
+to see him inside his own kitchen, instead of keeping straight on to town. He did
+not wish to cross the blighted, wind-whipped woods alone to his home on the
+main road. For he had had an added shock that the others were spared, and was
+crushed forever with a brooding fear he dared not even mention for many years
+to come. As the rest of the watchers on that tempestuous hill had stolidly set
+their faces toward the road, Ammi had looked back an instant at the shadowed
+valley of desolation so lately sheltering his ill-starred friend. And from that
+stricken, far-away spot he had seen something feebly rise, only to sink down
+again upon the place from which the great shapeless horror had shot into the
+sky. It was just a colour - but not any colour of our earth or heavens. And
+because Ammi recognized that colour, and knew that this last faint remnant
+must still lurk down there in the well, he has never been quite right since.
+
+Ammi would never go near the place again. It is forty-four years now since the
+horror happened, but he has never been there, and will be glad when the new
+reservoir blots it out. I shall be glad, too, for I do not like the way the sunlight
+changed colour around the mouth of that abandoned well I passed. I hope the
+
+
+
+424
+
+
+
+water will always be very deep - but even so, I shall never drink it. I do not think
+I shall visit the Arkham country hereafter. Three of the men who had been with
+Ammi returned the next morning to see the ruins by daylight, but there were not
+any real ruins. Only the bricks of the chimney, the stones of the cellar, some
+mineral and metallic litter here and there, and the rim of that nefandous well.
+Save for Ammi's dead horse, which they towed away and buried, and the buggy
+which they shortly returned to him, everything that had ever been living had
+gone. Five eldritch acres of dusty grey desert remained, nor has anything ever
+grown there since. To this day it sprawls open to the sky like a great spot eaten
+by acid in the woods and fields, and the few who have ever dared glimpse it in
+spite of the rural tales have named it "the blasted heath."
+
+The rural tales are queer. They might be even queerer if city men and college
+chemists could be interested enough to analyze the water from that disused well,
+or the grey dust that no wind seems to disperse. Botanists, too, ought to study
+the stunted flora on the borders of that spot, for they might shed light on the
+country notion that the blight is spreading - little by little, perhaps an inch a year.
+People say the colour of the neighboring herbage is not quite right in the spring,
+and that wild things leave queer prints in the light winter snow. Snow never
+seems quite so heavy on the blasted heath as it is elsewhere. Horses - the few that
+are left in this motor age - grow skittish in the silent valley; and hunters cannot
+depend on their dogs too near the splotch of greyish dust.
+
+They say the mental influences are very bad, too; numbers went queer in the
+years after Nahum's taking, and always they lacked the power to get away. Then
+the stronger-minded folk all left the region, and only the foreigners tried to live
+in the crumbling old homesteads. They could not stay, though; and one
+sometimes wonders what insight beyond ours their wild, weird stories of
+whispered magic have given them. Their dreams at night, they protest, are very
+horrible in that grotesque country; and surely the very look of the dark realm is
+enough to stir a morbid fancy. No traveler has ever escaped a sense of
+strangeness in those deep ravines, and artists shiver as they paint thick woods
+whose mystery is as much of the spirits as of the eye. I myself am curious about
+the sensation I derived from my one lone walk before Ammi told me his tale.
+When twilight came I had vaguely wished some clouds would gather, for an odd
+timidity about the deep skyey voids above had crept into my soul.
+
+Do not ask me for my opinion. I do not know - that is all. There was no one but
+Ammi to question; for Arkham people will not talk about the strange days, and
+all three professors who saw the aerolite and its coloured globule are dead. There
+were other globules - depend upon that. One must have fed itself and escaped,
+and probably there was another which was too late. No doubt it is still down the
+well - I know there was something wrong with the sunlight I saw above the
+
+
+
+425
+
+
+
+miasmal brink. The rustics say the bhght creeps an inch a year, so perhaps there
+is a kind of growth or nourishment even now. But whatever demon hatchhng is
+there, it must be tethered to something or else it would quickly spread. Is it
+fastened to the roots of those trees that claw the air? One of the current Arkham
+tales is about fat oaks that shine and move as they ought not to do at night.
+
+What it is, only God knows. In terms of matter I suppose the thing Ammi
+described would be called a gas, but this gas obeyed the laws that are not of our
+cosmos. This was no fruit of such worlds and suns as shine on the telescopes and
+photographic plates of our observatories. This was no breath from the skies
+whose motions and dimensions our astronomers measure or deem too vast to
+measure. It was just a colour out of space - a frightful messenger from unformed
+realms of infinity beyond all Nature as we know it; from realms whose mere
+existence stuns the brain and numbs us with the black extra-cosmic gulfs it
+throws open before our frenzied eyes.
+
+I doubt very much if Ammi consciously lied to me, and I do not think his tale
+was all a freak of madness as the townsfolk had forewarned. Something terrible
+came to the hills and valleys on that meteor, and something terrible - though I
+know not in what proportion - still remains. I shall be glad to see the water come.
+Meanwhile I hope nothing will happen to Ammi. He saw so much of the thing -
+and its influence was so insidious. Why has he never been able to move away?
+How clearly he recalled those dying words of Nahum's - "Can't git away - draws
+ye - ye know summ'at's comin' but tain't no use - ". Ammi is such a good old
+man - when the reservoir gang gets to work I must write the chief engineer to
+keep a sharp watch on him. I would hate to think of him as the grey, twisted,
+brittle monstrosity which persists more and more in troubling my sleep.
+
+
+
+426
+
+
+
+The Descendant
+
+Written in 1926
+
+Published in 1938 in Leaves
+
+Writing on what my doctor tells me is my deathbed, my most hideous fear is that
+the man is wrong. I suppose I shall seem to be buried next week, but. . .
+
+In London there is a man who screams when the church bells ring. He lives all
+alone with his streaked cat in Gray's Inn, and people call him harmlessly mad.
+His room is filled with books of the tamest and most puerile kind, and hour after
+hour he tries to lose himself in their feeble pages. All he seeks from life is not to
+think. For some reason thought is very horrible to him, and anything which stirs
+the imagination he flees as a plague. He is very thin and grey and wrinkled, but
+there are those who declare he is not nearly so old as he looks. Fear has its grisly
+claws upon him, and a sound will make him start with staring eyes and sweat-
+beaded forehead. Friends and companions he shuns, for he wishes to answer no
+questions. Those who once knew him as scholar and aesthete say it is very pitiful
+to see him now. He dropped them all years ago, and no one feels sure whether
+he left the country or merely sank from sight in some hidden byway. It is a
+decade now since he moved into Gray's Inn, and of where he had been he would
+say nothing till the night young Williams bought the Necronomicon.
+
+Williams was a dreamer, and only twenty-three, and when he moved into the
+ancient house he felt a strangeness and a breath of cosmic wind about the grey
+wizened man in the next room. He forced his friendship where old friends dared
+not force theirs, and marvelled at the fright that sat upon this gaunt, haggard
+watcher and listener. For that the man always watched and listened no one could
+doubt. He watched and listened with his mind more than with his eyes and ears,
+and strove every moment to drown something in his ceaseless poring over gay,
+insipid novels. And when the church bells rang he would stop his ears and
+scream, and the grey cat that dwelt with him would howl in unison till the last
+peal died reverberantly away.
+
+But try as Williams would, he could not make his neighbour speak of anything
+profound or hidden. The old man would not live up to his aspect and manner,
+but would feign a smile and a light tone and prattle feverishly and frantically of
+cheerful trifles; his voice every moment rising and thickening till at last it would
+split in a piping and incoherent falsetto. That his learning was deep and
+thorough, his most trivial remarks made abundantly clear; and Williams was not
+surprised to hear that he had been to Harrow and Oxford. Later it developed that
+
+
+
+427
+
+
+
+he was none other than Lord Northam, of whose ancient hereditary castle on the
+Yorkshire coast so many odd things were told; but when Williams tried to talk of
+the castle, and of its reputed Roman origin, he refused to admit that there was
+anything unusual about it. He even tittered shrilly when the subject of the
+supposed under crypts, hewn out of the solid crag that frowns on the North Sea,
+was brought up.
+
+So matters went till that night when Williams brought home the infamous
+Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred. He had known of the dreaded
+volume since his sixteenth year, when his dawning love of the bizarre had led
+him to ask queer questions of a bent old bookseller in Chandos Street; and he had
+always wondered why men paled when they spoke of it. The old bookseller had
+told him that only five copies were known to have survived the shocked edicts of
+the priests and lawgivers against it and that all of these were locked up with
+frightened care by custodians who had ventured to begin a reading of the hateful
+black-letter. But now, at last, he had not only found an accessible copy but had
+made it his own at a ludicrously low figure. It was at a Jew's shop in the squalid
+precincts of Clare Market, where he had often bought strange things before, and
+he almost fancied the gnarled old Levite smiled amidst tangles of beard as the
+great discovery was made. The bulky leather cover with the brass clasp had been
+so prominently visible, and the price was so absurdly slight.
+
+The one glimpse he had had of the title was enough to send him into transports,
+and some of the diagrams set in the vague Latin text excited the tensest and most
+disquieting recollections in his brain. He felt it was highly necessary to get the
+ponderous thing home and begin deciphering it, and bore it out of the shop with
+such precipitate haste that the old Jew chuckled disturbingly behind him. But
+when at last it was safe in his room he found the combination of black-letter and
+debased idiom too much for his powers as a linguist, and reluctantly called on
+his strange, frightened friend for help with the twisted, mediaeval Latin. Lord
+Northam was simpering inanities to his streaked cat, and started violently when
+the young man entered. Then he saw the volume and shuddered wildly, and
+fainted altogether when Williams uttered the title. It was when he regained his
+senses that he told his story; told his fantastic figment of madness in frantic
+whispers, lest his friend be not quick to burn the accursed book and give wide
+scattering to its ashes.
+
+
+
+* * * *
+
+
+
+There must. Lord Northam whispered, have been something wrong at the start;
+but it would never have come to a head if he had not explored too far. He was
+the nineteenth Baron of a line whose beginings went uncomfortably far back into
+the past- unbelievably far, if vague tradition could be heeded, for there were
+
+
+
+428
+
+
+
+family tales of a descent from pre-Saxon times, when a certain Lunaeus Gabinius
+Capito, military tribune in the Third Augustan Legion then stationed at Lindum
+in Roman Britain, had been summarily expelled from his command for
+participation in certain rites unconnected with any known religion. Gabinius
+had, the rumour ran, come upon a cliffside cavern where strange folk met
+together and made the Elder Sign in the dark; strange folk whom the Britons
+knew not save in fear, and who were the last to survive from a great land in the
+west that had sunk, leaving only the islands with the roths and circles and
+shrines of which Stonehenge was the greatest. There was no certainty, of course,
+in the legend that Gabinius had built an impregnable fortress over the forbidden
+cave and founded a line which Pict and Saxon, Dane and Norman were
+powerless to obliterate; or in the tacit assumption that from this line sprang the
+bold companion and lieutenant of the Black Prince whom Edward Third created
+Baron of Northam. These things were not certain, yet they were often told; and in
+truth the stonework of Northam Keep did look alarmingly like the masonry of
+Hadrian's Wall. As a child Lord Northam had had peculiar dreams when
+sleeping in the older parts of the castle, and had acquired a constant habit of
+looking back through his memory for half-amorphous scenes and patterns and
+impressions which formed no part of his waking experience. He became a
+dreamer who found life tame and unsatisfying; a searcher for strange realms and
+relationships once familiar, yet lying nowhere in the visible regions of earth.
+
+Filled with a feeling that our tangible world is only an atom in a fabric vast and
+ominous, and that unknown demesnes press on and permeate the sphere of the
+known at every point, Northam in youth and young manhood drained in turn
+the founts of formal religion and occult mystery. Nowhere, however, could he
+find ease and content; and as he grew older the staleness and limitations of life
+became more and more maddening to him. During the 'nineties he dabbled in
+Satanism, and at all times he devoured avidly any doctrine or theory which
+seemed to promise escape from the close vistas of science and the dully
+unvarying laws of Nature. Books like Ignatius Donnelly's commerical account of
+Atlantis he absorbed with zest, and a dozen obscure precursors of Charles Fort
+enthralled him with their vagaries. He would travel leagues to follow up a
+furtive village tale of abnormal wonder, and once went into the desert of Araby
+to seek a Nameless City of faint report, which no man has ever beheld. There
+rose within him the tantalising faith that somewhere an easy gate existed, which
+if one found would admit him freely to those outer deeps whose echoes rattled
+so dimly at the back of his memory. It might be in the visible world, yet it might
+be only in his mind and soul. Perhaps he held within his own half-explored brain
+that cryptic link which would awaken him to elder and future lives in forgotten
+dimensions; which would bind him to the stars, and to the infinities and
+eternities beyond them.
+
+
+
+429
+
+
+
+The Doom That Came to Sarnath
+
+Written on December 3, 1919
+
+Published June 1920 in The Scot
+
+There is in the land of Mnar a vast still lake that is fed by no stream, and out of
+which no stream flows. Ten thousand years ago there stood by its shore the
+mighty city of Sarnath, but Sarnath stands there no more.
+
+It is told that in the immemorial years when the world was young, before ever
+the men of Sarnath came to the land of Mnar, another city stood beside the lake;
+the gray stone city of lb, which was old as the lake itself, and peopled with
+beings not pleasing to behold. Very odd and ugly were these beings, as indeed
+are most beings of a world yet inchoate and rudely fashioned. It is written on the
+brick cylinders of Kadatheron that the beings of lb were in hue as green as the
+lake and the mists that rise above it; that they had bulging eyes, pouting, flabby
+lips, and curious ears, and were without voice. It is also written that they
+descended one night from the moon in a mist; they and the vast still lake and
+gray stone city lb. However this may be, it is certain that they worshipped a sea-
+green stone idol chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the great water-lizard; before
+which they danced horribly when the moon was gibbous. And it is written in the
+papyrus of Ilarnek, that they one day discovered fire, and thereafter kindled
+flames on many ceremonial occasions. But not much is written of these beings,
+because they lived in very ancient times, and man is young, and knows but little
+of the very ancient living things.
+
+After many eons men came to the land of Mnar, dark shepherd folk with their
+fleecy flocks, who built Thraa, Ilarnek, and Kadatheron on the winding river Ai.
+And certain tribes, more hardy than the rest, pushed on to the border of the lake
+and built Sarnath at a spot where precious metals were found in the earth.
+
+Not far from the gray city of lb did the wandering tribes lay the first stones of
+Sarnath, and at the beings of lb they marveled greatly. But with their marveling
+was mixed hate, for they thought it not meet that beings of such aspect should
+walk about the world of men at dusk. Nor did they like the strange sculptures
+upon the gray monoliths of lb, for why those sculptures lingered so late in the
+world, even until the coming men, none can tell; unless it was because the land
+of Mnar is very still, and remote from most other lands, both of waking and of
+dream.
+
+
+
+430
+
+
+
+As the men of Sarnath beheld more of the beings of lb their hate grew, and it was
+not less because they found the beings weak, and soft as jelly to the touch of
+stones and arrows. So one day the young warriors, the slingers and the spearmen
+and the bowmen, marched against lb and slew all the inhabitants thereof,
+pushing the queer bodies into the lake with long spears, because they did not
+wish to touch them. And because they did not like the gray sculptured monoliths
+of lb they cast these also into the lake; wondering from the greatness of the labor
+how ever the stones were brought from afar, as they must have been, since there
+is naught like them in the land of Mnar or in the lands adjacent.
+
+Thus of the very ancient city of lb was nothing spared, save the sea-green stone
+idol chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the water-lizard. This the young warriors
+took back with them as a symbol of conquest over the old gods and beings of Th,
+and as a sign of leadership in Mnar. But on the night after it was set up in the
+temple, a terrible thing must have happened, for weird lights were seen over the
+lake, and in the morning the people found the idol gone and the high-priest
+Taran-Ish lying dead, as from some fear unspeakable. And before he died, Taran-
+Ish had scrawled upon the altar of chrysolite with coarse shaky strokes the sign
+of DOOM.
+
+After Taran-Ish there were many high-priests in Sarnath but never was the sea-
+green stone idol found. And many centuries came and went, wherein Sarnath
+prospered exceedingly, so that only priests and old women remembered what
+Taran-Ish had scrawled upon the altar of chrysolite. Betwixt Sarnath and the city
+of Ilarnek arose a caravan route, and the precious metals from the earth were
+exchanged for other metals and rare cloths and jewels and books and tools for
+artificers and all things of luxury that are known to the people who dwell along
+the winding river Ai and beyond. So Sarnath waxed mighty and learned and
+beautiful, and sent forth conquering armies to subdue the neighboring cities; and
+in time there sate upon a throne in Sarnath the kings of all the land of Mnar and
+of many lands adjacent.
+
+The wonder of the world and the pride of all mankind was Sarnath the
+magnificent. Of polished desert-quarried marble were its walls, in height three
+hundred cubits and in breadth seventy-five, so that chariots might pass each
+other as men drove them along the top. For full five hundred stadia did they run,
+being open only on the side toward the lake where a green stone sea-wall kept
+back the waves that rose oddly once a year at the festival of the destroying of lb.
+In Sarnath were fifty streets from the lake to the gates of the caravans, and fifty
+more intersecting them. With onyx were they paved, save those whereon the
+horses and camels and elephants trod, which were paved with granite. And the
+gates of Sarnath were as many as the landward ends of the streets, each of
+bronze, and flanked by the figures of lions and elephants carven from some stone
+
+
+
+431
+
+
+
+no longer known among men. The houses of Sarnath were of glazed brick and
+chalcedony, each having its walled garden and crystal lakelet. With strange art
+were they builded, for no other city had houses like them; and travelers from
+Thraa and Ilarnek and Kadatheron marveled at the shining domes wherewith
+they were surmounted.
+
+But more marvelous still were the palaces and the temples, and the gardens
+made by Zokkar the olden king. There were many palaces, the last of which were
+mightier than any in Thraa or Ilarnek or Kadatheron. So high were they that one
+within might sometimes fancy himself beneath only the sky; yet when lighted
+with torches dipt in the oil of Dother their walls showed vast paintings of kings
+and armies, of a splendor at once inspiring and stupefying to the beholder. Many
+were the pillars of the palaces, all of tinted marble, and carven into designs of
+surpassing beauty. And in most of the palaces the floors were mosaics of beryl
+and lapis lazuli and sardonyx and carbuncle and other choice materials, so
+disposed that the beholder might fancy himself walking over beds of the rarest
+flowers. And there were likewise fountains, which cast scented waters about in
+pleasing jets arranged with cunning art. Outshining all others was the palace of
+the kings of Mnar and of the lands adjacent. On a pair of golden crouching lions
+rested the throne, many steps above the gleaming floor. And it was wrought of
+one piece of ivory, though no man lives who knows whence so vast a piece could
+have come. In that palace there were also many galleries, and many
+amphitheaters where lions and men and elephants battled at the pleasure of the
+kings. Sometimes the amphitheaters were flooded with water conveyed from the
+lake in mighty aqueducts, and then were enacted stirring sea-fights, or combats
+betwixt swimmers and deadly marine things.
+
+Lofty and amazing were the seventeen tower-like temples of Sarnath, fashioned
+of a bright multi-colored stone not known elsewhere. A full thousand cubits high
+stood the greatest among them, wherein the high-priests dwelt with a
+magnificence scarce less than that of the kings. On the ground were halls as vast
+and splendid as those of the palaces; where gathered throngs in worship of Zo-
+Kalar and Tamash and Lobon, the chief gods of Sarnath, whose incense-
+enveloped shrines were as the thrones of monarchs. Not like the eikons of other
+gods were those of Zo-Kalar and Tamash and Lobon. For so close to life were
+they that one might swear the graceful bearded gods themselves sate on the
+ivory thrones. And up unending steps of zircon was the tower-chamber,
+wherefrom the high-priests looked out over the city and the plains and the lake
+by day; and at the cryptic moon and significant stars and planets, and their
+reflections in the lake, at night. Here was done the very secret and ancient rite in
+detestation of Bokrug, the water-lizard, and here rested the altar of chrysolite
+which bore the Doom-scrawl of Taran-Ish.
+
+
+
+432
+
+
+
+Wonderful likewise were the gardens made by Zokkar the olden king. In the
+center of Sarnath they lay, covering a great space and encircled by a high wall.
+And they were surmounted by a mighty dome of glass, through which shone the
+sun and moon and planets when it was clear, and from which were hung fulgent
+images of the sun and moon and stars and planets when it was not clear. In
+summer the gardens were cooled with fresh odorous breezes skilfully wafted by
+fans, and in winter they were heated with concealed fires, so that in those
+gardens it was always spring. There ran little streams over bright pebbles,
+dividing meads of green and gardens of many hues, and spanned by a multitude
+of bridges. Many were the waterfalls in their courses, and many were the hued
+lakelets into which they expanded. Over the streams and lakelets rode white
+swans, whilst the music of rare birds chimed in with the melody of the waters. In
+ordered terraces rose the green banks, adorned here and there with bowers of
+vines and sweet blossoms, and seats and benches of marble and porphyry. And
+there were many small shrines and temples where one might rest or pray to
+small gods.
+
+Each year there was celebrated in Sarnath the feast of the destroying of lb, at
+which time wine, song, dancing, and merriment of every kind abounded. Great
+honors were then paid to the shades of those who had annihilated the odd
+ancient beings, and the memory of those beings and of their elder gods was
+derided by dancers and lutanists crowned with roses from the gardens of
+Zokkar. And the kings would look out over the lake and curse the bones of the
+dead that lay beneath it.
+
+At first the high-priests liked not these festivals, for there had descended
+amongst them queer tales of how the sea-green eikon had vanished, and how
+Taran-Ish had died from fear and left a warning. And they said that from their
+high tower they sometimes saw lights beneath the waters of the lake. But as
+many years passed without calamity even the priests laughed and cursed and
+joined in the orgies of the feasters. Indeed, had they not themselves, in their high
+tower, often performed the very ancient and secret rite in detestation of Bokrug,
+the water-lizard? And a thousand years of riches and delight passed over
+Sarnath, wonder of the world.
+
+Gorgeous beyond thought was the feast of the thousandth year of the destroying
+of lb. For a decade had it been talked of in the land of Mnar, and as it drew nigh
+there came to Sarnath on horses and camels and elephants men from Thraa,
+Ilarnek, and Kadetheron, and all the cities of Mnar and the lands beyond. Before
+the marble walls on the appointed night were pitched the pavilions of princes
+and the tents of travelers. Within his banquet-hall reclined Nargis-Hei, the king,
+drunken with ancient wine from the vaults of conquered Pnoth, and surrounded
+by feasting nobles and hurrying slaves. There were eaten many strange delicacies
+
+
+
+433
+
+
+
+at that feast; peacocks from the distant hills of Linplan, heels of camels from the
+Bnazic desert, nuts and spices from Sydathrian groves, and pearls from wave-
+washed Mtal dissolved in the vinegar of Thraa. Of sauces there were an untold
+number, prepared by the subtlest cooks in all Mnar, and suited to the palate of
+every feaster. But most prized of all the viands were the great fishes from the
+lake, each of vast size, and served upon golden platters set with rubies and
+diamonds.
+
+Whilst the king and his nobles feasted within the palace, and viewed the
+crowning dish as it awaited them on golden platters, others feasted elsewhere. In
+the tower of the great temple the priests held revels, and in pavilions without the
+walls the princes of neighboring lands made merry. And it was the high-priest
+Gnai-Kah who first saw the shadows that descended from the gibbous moon into
+the lake, and the damnable green mists that arose from the lake to meet the moon
+and to shroud in a sinister haze the towers and the domes of fated Sarnath.
+Thereafter those in the towers and without the walls beheld strange lights on the
+water, and saw that the gray rock Akurion, which was wont to rear high above it
+near the shore, was almost submerged. And fear grew vaguely yet swiftly, so
+that the princes of Ilarnek and of far Rokol took down and folded their tents and
+pavilions and departed, though they scarce knew the reason for their departing.
+
+Then, close to the hour of midnight, all the bronze gates of Sarnath burst open
+and emptied forth a frenzied throng that blackened the plain, so that all the
+visiting princes and travelers fled away in fright. For on the faces of this throng
+was writ a madness born of horror unendurable, and on their tongues were
+words so terrible that no hearer paused for proof. Men whose eyes were wild
+with fear shrieked aloud of the sight within the king's banquet-hall, where
+through the windows were seen no longer the forms of Nargis-Hei and his
+nobles and slaves, but a horde of indescribable green voiceless things with
+bulging eyes, pouting, flabby lips, and curious ears; things which danced
+horribly, bearing in their paws golden platters set with rubies and diamonds and
+containing uncouth flames. And the princes and travelers, as they fled from the
+doomed city of Sarnath on horses and camels and elephants, looked again upon
+the mist-begetting lake and saw the gray rock Akurion was quite submerged.
+Through all the land of Mnar and the land adjacent spread the tales of those who
+had fled from Sarnath, and caravans sought that accursed city and its precious
+metals no more. It was long ere any travelers went thither, and even then only
+the brave and adventurous young men of yellow hair and blue eyes, who are no
+kin to the men of Mnar. These men indeed went to the lake to view Sarnath; but
+though they found the vast still lake itself, and the gray rock Akurion which
+rears high above it near the shore, they beheld not the wonder of the world and
+pride of all mankind. Where once had risen walls of three hundred cubits and
+towers yet higher, now stretched only the marshy shore, and where once had
+
+
+
+434
+
+
+
+dwelt fifty million of men now crawled the detestable water-lizard. Not even the
+mines of precious metal remained. DOOM had come to Sarnath.
+
+But half buried in the rushes was spied a curious green idol; an exceedingly
+ancient idol chiseled in the likeness of Bokrug, the great water-lizard. That idol,
+enshrined in the high temple at Ilarnek, was subsequently worshipped beneath
+the gibbous moon throughout the land of Mnar.
+
+
+
+435
+
+
+
+The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath
+
+Written in January of 1927
+
+Published in Beyond the Wall of Sleep
+
+Three times Randolph Carter dreamed of the marvelous city, and three times
+was he snatched away while still he paused on the high terrace above it. All
+golden and lovely it blazed in the sunset, with walls, temples, colonnades and
+arched bridges of veined marble, silver-basined fountains of prismatic spray in
+broad squares and perfumed gardens, and wide streets marching between
+delicate trees and blossom-laden urns and ivory statues in gleaming rows; while
+on steep northward slopes climbed tiers of red roofs and old peaked gables
+harbouring little lanes of grassy cobbles. It was a fever of the gods, a fanfare of
+supernal trumpets and a clash of immortal cymbals. Mystery hung about it as
+clouds about a fabulous unvisited mountain; and as Carter stood breathless and
+expectant on that balustraded parapet there swept up to him the poignancy and
+suspense of almost-vanished memory, the pain of lost things and the maddening
+need to place again what once had been an awesome and momentous place.
+
+He knew that for him its meaning must once have been supreme; though in what
+cycle or incarnation he had known it, or whether in dream or in waking, he could
+not tell. Vaguely it called up glimpses of a far forgotten first youth, when wonder
+and pleasure lay in all the mystery of days, and dawn and dusk alike strode forth
+prophetic to the eager sound of lutes and song, unclosing fiery gates toward
+further and surprising marvels. But each night as he stood on that high marble
+terrace with the curious urns and carven rail and looked off over that hushed
+sunset city of beauty and unearthly immanence he felt the bondage of dream's
+tyrannous gods; for in no wise could he leave that lofty spot, or descend the wide
+marmoreal fights flung endlessly down to where those streets of elder witchery
+lay outspread and beckoning.
+
+When for the third time he awakened with those flights still undescended and
+those hushed sunset streets still untraversed, he prayed long and earnestly to the
+hidden gods of dream that brood capricious above the clouds on unknown
+Kadath, in the cold waste where no man treads. But the gods made no answer
+and shewed no relenting, nor did they give any favouring sign when he prayed
+to them in dream, and invoked them sacrificially through the bearded priests of
+Nasht and Kaman-Thah, whose cavern-temple with its pillar of flame lies not far
+from the gates of the waking world. It seemed, however, that his prayers must
+have been adversely heard, for after even the first of them he ceased wholly to
+
+
+
+436
+
+
+
+behold the marvellous city; as if his three glimpses from afar had been mere
+accidents or oversights, and against some hidden plan or wish of the gods.
+
+At length, sick with longing for those glittering sunset streets and cryptical hill
+lanes among ancient tiled roofs, nor able sleeping or waking to drive them from
+his mind. Carter resolved to go with bold entreaty whither no man had gone
+before, and dare the icy deserts through the dark to where unknown Kadath,
+veiled in cloud and crowned with unimagined stars, holds secret and nocturnal
+the onyx castle of the Great Ones.
+
+In light slumber he descended the seventy steps to the cavern of flame and talked
+of this design to the bearded priests Nasht and Kaman-Thah. And the priests
+shook their pshent-bearing heads and vowed it would be the death of his soul.
+They pointed out that the Great Ones had shown already their wish, and that it is
+not agreeable to them to be harassed by insistent pleas. They reminded him, too,
+that not only had no man ever been to Kadath, but no man had ever suspected in
+what part of space it may lie; whether it be in the dreamlands around our own
+world, or in those surrounding some unguessed companion of Fomalhaut or
+Aldebaran. If in our dreamland, it might conceivably be reached, but only three
+human souls since time began had ever crossed and recrossed the black impious
+gulfs to other dreamlands, and of that three, two had come back quite mad.
+There were, in such voyages, incalculable local dangers; as well as that shocking
+final peril which gibbers unmentionably outside the ordered universe, where no
+dreams reach; that last amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which
+blasphemes and bubbles at the centre of all infinity - the boundless daemon
+sultan Azathoth, whose name no lips dare speak aloud, and who gnaws hungrily
+in inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time amidst the muffled,
+maddening beating of vile drums and the thin, monotonous whine of accursed
+flutes; to which detestable pounding and piping dance slowly, awkwardly, and
+absurdly the gigantic Ultimate gods, the blind, voiceless, tenebrous, mindless
+Other gods whose soul and messenger is the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep.
+
+Of these things was Carter warned by the priests Nasht and Kaman-Thah in the
+cavern of flame, but still he resolved to find the gods on unknown Kadath in the
+cold waste, wherever that might be, and to win from them the sight and
+remembrance and shelter of the marvellous sunset city. He knew that his journey
+would be strange and long, and that the Great Ones would be against it; but
+being old in the land of dream he counted on many useful memories and devices
+to aid him. So asking a formal blessing of the priests and thinking shrewdly on
+his course, he boldly descended the seven hundred steps to the Gate of Deeper
+Slumber and set out through the Enchanted Wood.
+
+
+
+437
+
+
+
+In the tunnels of that twisted wood, whose low prodigious oaks twine groping
+boughs and shine dim with the phosphorescence of strange fungi, dwell the
+furtive and secretive Zoogs; who know many obscure secrets of the dream world
+and a few of the waking world, since the wood at two places touches the lands of
+men, though it would be disastrous to say where. Certain unexplained rumours,
+events, and vanishments occur among men where the Zoogs have access, and it
+is well that they cannot travel far outside the world of dreams. But over the
+nearer parts of the dream world they pass freely, flitting small and brown and
+unseen and bearing back piquant tales to beguile the hours around their hearths
+in the forest they love. Most of them live in burrows, but some inhabit the trunks
+of the great trees; and although they live mostly on fungi it is muttered that they
+have also a slight taste for meat, either physical or spiritual, for certainly many
+dreamers have entered that wood who have not come out. Carter, however, had
+no fear; for he was an old dreamer and had learnt their fluttering language and
+made many a treaty with them; having found through their help the splendid
+city of Celephais in Ooth-Nargai beyond the Tanarian Hills, where reigns half
+the year the great King Kuranes, a man he had known by another name in life.
+Kuranes was the one soul who had been to the star-gulls and returned free from
+madness.
+
+Threading now the low phosphorescent aisles between those gigantic trunks.
+Carter made fluttering sounds in the manner of the Zoogs, and listened now and
+then for responses. He remembered one particular village of the creatures was in
+the centre of the wood, where a circle of great mossy stones in what was once a
+cleaning tells of older and more terrible dwellers long forgotten, and toward this
+spot he hastened. He traced his way by the grotesque fungi, which always seem
+better nourished as one approaches the dread circle where elder beings danced
+and sacrificed. Finally the great light of those thicker fungi revealed a sinister
+green and grey vastness pushing up through the roof of the forest and out of
+sight. This was the nearest of the great ring of stones, and Carter knew he was
+close to the Zoog village. Renewing his fluttering sound, he waited patiently; and
+was at last rewarded by an impression of many eyes watching him. It was the
+Zoogs, for one sees their weird eyes long before one can discern their small,
+slippery brown outlines.
+
+Out they swarmed, from hidden burrow and honeycombed tree, till the whole
+dim-litten region was alive with them. Some of the wilder ones brushed Carter
+unpleasantly, and one even nipped loathsomely at his ear; but these lawless
+spirits were soon restrained by their elders. The Council of Sages, recognizing the
+visitor, offered a gourd of fermented sap from a haunted tree unlike the others,
+which had grown from a seed dropt down by someone on the moon; and as
+Carter drank it ceremoniously a very strange colloquy began. The Zoogs did not,
+unfortunately, know where the peak of Kadath lies, nor could they even say
+
+
+
+438
+
+
+
+whether the cold waste is in our dream world or in another. Rumours of the
+Great Ones came equally from all points; and one might only say that they were
+likelier to be seen on high mountain peaks than in valleys, since on such peaks
+they dance reminiscently when the moon is above and the clouds beneath.
+
+Then one very ancient Zoog recalled a thing unheard-of by the others; and said
+that in Ulthar, beyond the River Skai, there still lingered the last copy of those
+inconceivably old Pnakotic Manuscripts made by waking men in forgotten
+boreal kingdoms and borne into the land of dreams when the hairy cannibal
+Gnophkehs overcame many-templed Olathoe and slew all the heroes of the land
+of Lomar. Those manuscripts he said, told much of the gods, and besides, in
+Ulthar there were men who had seen the signs of the gods, and even one old
+priest who had scaled a great mountain to behold them dancing by moonlight.
+He had failed, though his companion had succeeded and perished namelessly.
+
+So Randolph Carter thanked the Zoogs, who fluttered amicably and gave him
+another gourd of moon-tree wine to take with him, and set out through the
+phosphorescent wood for the other side, where the rushing Skai flows down
+from the slopes of Lerion, and Hatheg and Nir and Ulthar dot the plain. Behind
+him, furtive and unseen, crept several of the curious Zoogs; for they wished to
+learn what might befall him, and bear back the legend to their people. The vast
+oaks grew thicker as he pushed on beyond the village, and he looked sharply for
+a certain spot where they would thin somewhat, standing quite dead or dying
+among the unnaturally dense fungi and the rotting mould and mushy logs of
+their fallen brothers. There he would turn sharply aside, for at that spot a mighty
+slab of stone rests on the forest floor; and those who have dared approach it say
+that it bears an iron ring three feet wide. Remembering the archaic circle of great
+mossy rocks, and what it was possibly set up for, the Zoogs do not pause near
+that expansive slab with its huge ring; for they realise that all which is forgotten
+need not necessarily be dead, and they would not like to see the slab rise slowly
+and deliberately.
+
+Carter detoured at the proper place, and heard behind him the frightened
+fluttering of some of the more timid Zoogs. He had known they would follow
+him, so he was not disturbed; for one grows accustomed to the anomalies of
+these prying creatures. It was twilight when he came to the edge of the wood,
+and the strengthening glow told him it was the twilight of morning. Over fertile
+plains rolling down to the Skai he saw the smoke of cottage chimneys, and on
+every hand were the hedges and ploughed fields and thatched roofs of a peaceful
+land. Once he stopped at a farmhouse well for a cup of water, and all the dogs
+barked affrightedly at the inconspicuous Zoogs that crept through the grass
+behind. At another house, where people were stirring, he asked questions about
+
+
+
+439
+
+
+
+the gods, and whether they danced often upon Lerion; but the farmer and his
+wile would only make the Elder Sign and tell him the way to Nir and Ulthar.
+
+At noon he walked through the one broad high street of Nir, which he had once
+visited and which marked his farthest former travels in this direction; and soon
+afterward he came to the great stone bridge across the Skai, into whose central
+piece the masons had sealed a living human sacrifice when they built it thirteen-
+hundred years before. Once on the other side, the frequent presence of cats (who
+all arched their backs at the trailing Zoogs) revealed the near neighborhood of
+Ulthar; for in Ulthar, according to an ancient and significant law, no man may
+kill a cat. Very pleasant were the suburbs of Ulthar, with their little green
+cottages and neatly fenced farms; and still pleasanter was the quaint town itself,
+with its old peaked roofs and overhanging upper stories and numberless
+chimney-pots and narrow hill streets where one can see old cobbles whenever
+the graceful cats afford space enough. Carter, the cats being somewhat dispersed
+by the half-seen Zoogs, picked his way directly to the modest Temple of the
+Elder Ones where the priests and old records were said to be; and once within
+that venerable circular tower of ivied stone - which crowns Ulthar's highest hill -
+he sought out the patriarch Atal, who had been up the forbidden peak Hatheg-
+Kia in the stony desert and had come down again alive.
+
+Atal, seated on an ivory dais in a festooned shrine at the top of the temple, was
+fully three centuries old; but still very keen of mind and memory. From him
+Carter learned many things about the gods, but mainly that they are indeed only
+Earth's gods, ruling feebly our own dreamland and having no power or
+habitation elsewhere. They might, Atal said, heed a man's prayer if in good
+humour; but one must not think of climbing to their onyx stronghold atop
+Kadath in the cold waste. It was lucky that no man knew where Kadath towers,
+for the fruits of ascending it would be very grave. Atal's companion Banni the
+Wise had been drawn screaming into the sky for climbing merely the known
+peak of Hatheg-Kia. With unknown Kadath, if ever found, matters would be
+much worse; for although Earth's gods may sometimes be surpassed by a wise
+mortal, they are protected by the Other Gods from Outside, whom it is better not
+to discuss. At least twice in the world's history the Other Gods set their seal upon
+Earth's primal granite; once in antediluvian times, as guessed from a drawing in
+those parts of the Pnakotic Manuscripts too ancient to be read, and once on
+Hatheg-Kia when Barzai the Wise tried to see Earth's gods dancing by
+moonlight. So, Atal said, it would be much better to let all gods alone except in
+tactful prayers.
+
+Carter, though disappointed by Atal's discouraging advice and by the meagre
+help to be found in the Pnakotic Manuscripts and the Seven Cryptical Books of
+Hsan, did not wholly despair. First he questioned the old priest about that
+
+
+
+440
+
+
+
+marvellous sunset city seen from the railed terrace, thinking that perhaps he
+might find it without the gods' aid; but Atal could tell him nothing. Probably,
+Atal said, the place belonged to his especial dream world and not to the general
+land of vision that many know; and conceivably it might be on another planet. In
+that case Earth's gods could not guide him if they would. But this was not likely,
+since the stopping of the dreams shewed pretty clearly that it was something the
+Great Ones wished to hide from him.
+
+Then Carter did a wicked thing, offering his guileless host so many draughts of
+the moon-wine which the Zoogs had given him that the old man became
+irresponsibly talkative. Robbed of his reserve, poor Atal babbled freely of
+forbidden things; telling of a great image reported by travellers as carved on the
+solid rock of the mountain Ngranek, on the isle of Oriab in the Southern Sea, and
+hinting that it may be a likeness which Earth's gods once wrought of their own
+features in the days when they danced by moonlight on that mountain. And he
+hiccoughed likewise that the features of that image are very strange, so that one
+might easily recognize them, and that they are sure signs of the authentic race of
+the gods.
+
+Now the use of all this in finding the gods became at once apparent to Carter. It
+is known that in disguise the younger among the Great Ones often espouse the
+daughters of men, so that around the borders of the cold waste wherein stands
+Kadath the peasants must all bear their blood. This being so, the way to find that
+waste must be to see the stone face on Ngranek and mark the features; then,
+having noted them with care, to search for such features among living men.
+Where they are plainest and thickest, there must the gods dwell nearest; and
+whatever stony waste lies back of the villages in that place must be that wherein
+stands Kadath.
+
+Much of the Great Ones might be learnt in such regions, and those with their
+blood might inherit little memories very useful to a seeker. They might not know
+their parentage, for the gods so dislike to be known among men that none can be
+found who has seen their faces wittingly; a thing which Carter realized even as
+he sought to scale Kadath. But they would have queer lofty thoughts
+misunderstood by their fellows, and would sing of far places and gardens so
+unlike any known even in the dreamland that common folk would call them
+fools; and from all this one could perhaps learn old secrets of Kadath, or gain
+hints of the marvellous sunset city which the gods held secret. And more, one
+might in certain cases seize some well-loved child of a god as hostage; or even
+capture some young god himself, disguised and dwelling amongst men with a
+comely peasant maiden as his bride.
+
+
+
+441
+
+
+
+Atal, however, did not know how to find Ngranek on its isle of Oriab; and
+recommended that Carter follow the singing Skai under its bridges down to the
+Southern Sea; where no burgess of Ulthar has ever been, but whence the
+merchants come in boats or with long caravans of mules and two-wheeled carts.
+There is a great city there, Dylath-Leen, but in Ulthar its reputation is bad
+because of the black three-banked galleys that sail to it with rubies from no
+clearly named shore. The traders that come from those galleys to deal with the
+jewellers are human, or nearly so, but the rowers are never beheld; and it is not
+thought wholesome in Ulthar that merchants should trade with black ships from
+unknown places whose rowers cannot be exhibited.
+
+By the time he had given this information Atal was very drowsy, and Carter laid
+him gently on a couch of inlaid ebony and gathered his long beard decorously on
+his chest. As he turned to go, he observed that no suppressed fluttering followed
+him, and wondered why the Zoogs had become so lax in their curious pursuit.
+Then he noticed all the sleek complacent cats of Ulthar licking their chops with
+unusual gusto, and recalled the spitting and caterwauling he had faintly heard,
+in lower parts of the temple while absorbed in the old priest's conversation. He
+recalled, too, the evilly hungry way in which an especially impudent young
+Zoog had regarded a small black kitten in the cobbled street outside. And
+because he loved nothing on earth more than small black kittens, he stooped and
+petted the sleek cats of Ulthar as they licked their chops, and did not mourn
+because those inquisitive Zoogs would escort him no farther.
+
+It was sunset now, so Carter stopped at an ancient inn on a steep little street
+overlooking the lower town. And as he went out on the balcony of his room and
+gazed down at the sea of red tiled roofs and cobbled ways and the pleasant fields
+beyond, all mellow and magical in the slanted light, he swore that Ulthar would
+be a very likely place to dwell in always, were not the memory of a greater
+sunset city ever goading one onward toward unknown perils. Then twilight fell,
+and the pink walls of the plastered gables turned violet and mystic, and little
+yellow lights floated up one by one from old lattice windows. And sweet bells
+pealed in. the temple tower above, and the first star winked softly above the
+meadows across the Skai. With the night came song, and Carter nodded as the
+lutanists praised ancient days from beyond the filigreed balconies and tesselated
+courts of simple Ulthar. And there might have been sweetness even in the voices
+of Ulthar's many cats, but that they were mostly heavy and silent from strange
+feasting. Some of them stole off to those cryptical realms which are known only
+to cats and which villagers say are on the moon's dark side, whither the cats leap
+from tall housetops, but one small black kitten crept upstairs and sprang in
+Carter's lap to purr and play, and curled up near his feet when he lay down at
+last on the little couch whose pillows were stuffed with fragrant, drowsy herbs.
+
+
+
+442
+
+
+
+In the morning Carter joined a caravan of merchants bound for Dylath-Leen with
+the spun wool of Ulthar and the cabbages of Ulthar's busy farms. And for six
+days they rode with tinkhng bells on the smooth road beside the Skai; stopping
+some nights at the inns of little quaint fishing towns, and on other nights
+camping under the stars while snatches of boatmen's songs came from the placid
+river. The country was very beautiful, with green hedges and groves and
+picturesque peaked cottages and octagonal windmills.
+
+On the seventh day a blur of smoke rose on the horizon ahead, and then the tall
+black towers of Dylath-Leen, which is built mostly of basalt. Dylath-Leen with its
+thin angular towers looks in the distance like a bit of the Giant's Causeway, and
+its streets are dark and uninviting. There are many dismal sea-taverns near the
+myriad wharves, and all the town is thronged with the strange seamen of every
+land on earth and of a few which are said to be not on earth. Carter questioned
+the oddly robed men of that city about the peak of Ngranek on the isle of Oriab,
+and found that they knew of it well.
+
+Ships came from Bahama on that island, one being due to return thither in only a
+month, and Ngranek is but two days' zebra-ride from that port. But few had seen
+the stone face of the god, because it is on a very difficult side of Ngranek, which
+overlooks only sheer crags and a valley of sinister lava. Once the gods were
+angered with men on that side, and spoke of the matter to the Other Gods.
+
+It was hard to get this information from the traders and sailors in Dylath-Leen's
+sea taverns, because they mostly preferred to whisper of the black galleys. One of
+them was due in a week with rubies from its unknown shore, and the townsfolk
+dreaded to see it dock. The mouths of the men who came from it to trade were
+too wide, and the way their turbans were humped up in two points above their
+foreheads was in especially bad taste. And their shoes were the shortest and
+queerest ever seen in the Six Kingdoms. But worst of all was the matter of the
+unseen rowers. Those three banks of oars moved too briskly and accurately and
+vigorously to be comfortable, and it was not right for a ship to stay in port for
+weeks while the merchants traded, yet to give no glimpse of its crew. It was not
+fair to the tavern-keepers of Dylath-Leen, or to the grocers and butchers, either;
+for not a scrap of provisions was ever sent aboard. The merchants took only gold
+and stout black slaves from Parg across the river. That was all they ever took,
+those unpleasantly featured merchants and their unseen rowers; never anything
+from the butchers and grocers, but only gold and the fat black men of Parg
+whom they bought by the pound. And the odours from those galleys which the
+south wind blew in from the wharves are not to be described. Only by constantly
+smoking strong thagweed could even the hardiest denizen of the old sea-taverns
+bear them. Dylath-Leen would never have tolerated the black galleys had such
+
+
+
+443
+
+
+
+rubies been obtainable elsewhere, but no mine in all Earth's dreamland was
+known to produce their like.
+
+Of these things Dylath-Leen's cosmopolitan folk chiefly gossiped whilst Carter
+waited patiently for the ship from Bahama, which might bear him to the isle
+whereon carven Ngranek towers lofty and barren. Meanwhile he did not fall to
+seek through the haunts of far travellers for any tales they might have concerning
+Kadath in the cold waste or a marvellous city of marble walls and silver
+fountains seen below terraces in the sunset. Of these things, however, he learned
+nothing; though he once thought that a certain old slant-eyed merchant looked
+queerly intelligent when the cold waste was spoken of. This man was reputed to
+trade with the horrible stone villages on the icy desert plateau of Leng, which no
+healthy folk visit and whose evil fires are seen at night from afar. He was even
+rumoured to have dealt with that High-Priest Not To Be Described, which wears
+a yellow silken mask over its face and dwells all alone in a prehistoric stone
+monastery. That such a person might well have had nibbling traffick with such
+beings as may conceivably dwell in the cold waste was not to be doubted, but
+Carter soon found that it was no use questioning him.
+
+Then the black galley slipped into the harbour past the basalt wale and the tall
+lighthouse, silent and alien, and with a strange stench that the south wind drove
+into the town. Uneasiness rustled through the taverns along that waterfront, and
+after a while the dark wide-mouthed merchants with humped turbans and short
+feet clumped steathily ashore to seek the bazaars of the jewellers. Carter
+observed them closely, and disliked them more the longer he looked at them.
+Then he saw them drive the stout black men of Parg up the gangplank grunting
+and sweating into that singular galley, and wondered in what lands - or if in any
+lands at all - those fat pathetic creatures might be destined to serve.
+
+And on the third evening of that galley's stay one of the uncomfortable
+merchants spoke to him, smirking sinfully and hinting of what he had heard in
+the taverns of Carter's quest. He appeared to have knowledge too secret for
+public telling; and although the sound of his voice was unbearably hateful.
+Carter felt that the lore of so far a traveller must not be overlooked. He bade him
+therefore be his guest in locked chambers above, and drew out the last of the
+Zoogs' moon-wine to loosen his tongue. The strange merchant drank heavily, but
+smirked unchanged by the draught. Then he drew forth a curious bottle with
+wine of his own, and Carter saw that the bottle was a single hollowed ruby,
+grotesquely carved in patterns too fabulous to be comprehended. He offered his
+wine to his host, and though Carter took only the least sip, he felt the dizziness of
+space and the fever of unimagined jungles. All the while the guest had been
+smiling more and more broadly, and as Carter slipped into blankness the last
+thing he saw was that dark odious face convulsed with evil laughter and
+
+
+
+444
+
+
+
+something quite unspeakable where one of the two frontal puffs of that orange
+turban had become disarranged with the shakings of that epileptic mirth.
+
+Carter next had consciousness amidst horrible odours beneath a tent-like awning
+on the deck of a ship, with the marvellous coasts of the Southern Sea flying by in
+unnatural swiftness. He was not chained, but three of the dark sardonic
+merchants stood grinning nearby, and the sight of those humps in their turbans
+made him almost as faint as did the stench that filtered up through the sinister
+hatches. He saw slip past him the glorious lands and cities of which a fellow-
+dreamer of earth - a lighthouse-keeper in ancient Kingsport - had often
+discoursed in the old days, and recognized the templed terraces of Zak, abode of
+forgotten dreams; the spires of infamous Thalarion, that daemon-city of a
+thousand wonders where the eidolon Lathi reigns; the charnel gardens of Zura,
+land of pleasures unattained, and the twin headlands of crystal, meeting above in
+a resplendent arch, which guard the harbour of Sona-Nyl, blessed land of fancy.
+
+Past all these gorgeous lands the malodourous ship flew unwholesomely, urged
+by the abnormal strokes of those unseen rowers below. And before the day was
+done Carter saw that the steersman could have no other goal than the Basalt
+Pillars of the West, beyond which simple folk say splendid Cathuria lies, but
+which wise dreamers well know are the gates of a monstrous cataract wherein
+the oceans of earth's dreamland drop wholly to abysmal nothingness and shoot
+through the empty spaces toward other worlds and other stars and the awful
+voids outside the ordered universe where the daemon sultan Azathoth gnaws
+hungrily in chaos amid pounding and piping and the hellish dancing of the
+Other Gods, blind, voiceless, tenebrous, and mindless, with their soul and
+messenger Nyarlathotep.
+
+Meanwhile the three sardonic merchants would give no word of their intent,
+though Carter well knew that they must be leagued with those who wished to
+hold him from his quest. It is understood in the land of dream that the Other
+Gods have many agents moving among men; and all these agents, whether
+wholly human or slightly less than human, are eager to work the will of those
+blind and mindless things in return for the favour of their hideous soul and
+messenger, the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep. So Carter inferred that the
+merchants of the humped turbans, hearing of his daring search for the Great
+Ones in their castle of Kadath, had decided to take him away and deliver him to
+Nyarlathotep for whatever nameless bounty might be offered for such a prize.
+What might be the land of those merchants in our known universe or in the
+eldritch spaces outside. Carter could not guess; nor could he imagine at what
+hellish trysting-place they would meet the crawling chaos to give him up and
+claim their reward. He knew, however, that no beings as nearly human as these
+
+
+
+445
+
+
+
+would dare approach the ultimate nighted throne of the daemon Azathoth in the
+formless central void.
+
+At the set of sun the merchants licked their excessively wide lips and glared
+hungrily and one of them went below and returned from some hidden and
+offensive cabin with a pot and basket of plates. Then they squatted close together
+beneath the awning and ate the smoking meat that was passed around. But when
+they gave Carter a portion, he found something very terrible in the size and
+shape of it; so that he turned even paler than before and cast that portion into the
+sea when no eye was on him. And again he thought of those unseen rowers
+beneath, and of the suspicious nourishment from which their far too mechanical
+strength was derived.
+
+It was dark when the galley passed betwixt the Basalt Pillars of the West and the
+sound of the ultimate cataract swelled portentous from ahead. And the spray of
+that cataract rose to obscure the stars, and the deck grew damp, and the vessel
+reeled in the surging current of the brink. Then with a queer whistle and plunge
+the leap was taken, and Carter felt the terrors of nightmare as earth fell away and
+the great boat shot silent and comet-like into planetary space. Never before had
+he known what shapeless black things lurk and caper and flounder all through
+the aether, leering and grinning at such voyagers as may pass, and sometimes
+feeling about with slimy paws when some moving object excites their curiosity.
+These are the nameless larvae of the Other Gods, and like them are blind and
+without mind, and possessed of singular hungers and thirsts.
+
+But that offensive galley did not aim as far as Carter had feared, for he soon saw
+that the helmsman was steering a course directly for the moon. The moon was a
+crescent shining larger and larger as they approached it, and shewing its singular
+craters and peaks uncomfortably. The ship made for the edge, and it soon
+became clear that its destination was that secret and mysterious side which is
+always turned away from earth, and which no fully human person, save perhaps
+the dreamer Snireth-Ko, has ever beheld. The close aspect of the moon as the
+galley drew near proved very disturbing to Carter, and he did not like the size
+and shape of the ruins which crumbled here and there. The dead temples on the
+mountains were so placed that they could have glorified no suitable or
+wholesome gods, and in the symmetries of the broken columns there seemed to
+be some dark and inner meaning which did not invite solution. And what the
+structure and proportions of the olden worshippers could have been. Carter
+steadily refused to conjecture.
+
+When the ship rounded the edge, and sailed over those lands unseen by man,
+there appeared in the queer landscape certain signs of life, and Carter saw many
+low, broad, round cottages in fields of grotesque whitish fungi. He noticed that
+
+
+
+446
+
+
+
+these cottages had no windows, and thought that their shape suggested the huts
+of Esquimaux. Then he ghmpsed the oily waves of a sluggish sea, and knew that
+the voyage was once more to be by water - or at least through some liquid. The
+galley struck the surface with a peculiar sound, and the odd elastic way the
+waves received it was very perplexing to Carter.
+
+They now slid along at great speed, once passing and hailing another galley of
+kindred form, but generally seeing nothing but that curious sea and a sky that
+was black and star-strewn even though the sun shone scorchingly in it.
+
+There presently rose ahead the jagged hills of a leprous-looking coast, and Carter
+saw the thick unpleasant grey towers of a city. The way they leaned and bent, the
+manner in which they were clustered, and the fact that they had no windows at
+all, was very disturbing to the prisoner; and he bitterly mourned the folly which
+had made him sip the curious wine of that merchant with the humped turban.
+As the coast drew nearer, and the hideous stench of that city grew stronger, he
+saw upon the jagged hills many forests, some of whose trees he recognized as
+akin to that solitary moon-tree in the enchanted wood of earth, from whose sap
+the small brown Zoogs ferment their curious wine.
+
+Carter could now distinguish moving figures on the noisome wharves ahead,
+and the better he saw them the worse he began to fear and detest them. For they
+were not men at all, or even approximately men, but great greyish-white slippery
+things which could expand and contract at will, and whose principal shape -
+though it often changed - was that of a sort of toad without any eyes, but with a
+curious vibrating mass of short pink tentacles on the end of its blunt, vague
+snout. These objects were waddling busily about the wharves, moving bales and
+crates and boxes with preternatural strength, and now and then hopping on or
+off some anchored galley with long oars in their forepaws. And now and then
+one would appear driving a herd of clumping slaves, which indeed were
+approximate human beings with wide mouths like those merchants who traded
+in Dylath-Leen; only these herds, being without turbans or shoes or clothing, did
+not seem so very human after all. Some of the slaves - the fatter ones, whom a
+sort of overseer would pinch experimentally - were unloaded from ships and
+nailed in crates which workers pushed into the low warehouses or loaded on
+great lumbering vans.
+
+Once a van was hitched and driven off, and the, fabulous thing which drew it
+was such that Carter gasped, even after having seen the other monstrosities of
+that hateful place. Now and then a small herd of slaves dressed and turbaned
+like the dark merchants would be driven aboard a galley, followed by a great
+crew of the slippery toad-things as officers, navigators, and rowers. And Carter
+saw that the almost-human creatures were reserved for the more ignominious
+
+
+
+447
+
+
+
+kinds of servitude which required no strength, such as steering and cooking,
+fetching and carrying, and bargaining with men on the earth or other planets
+where they traded. These creatures must have been convenient on earth, for they
+were truly not unlike men when dressed and carefully shod and turbaned, and
+could haggle in the shops of men without embarrassment or curious
+explanations. But most of them, unless lean or ill-favoured, were unclothed and
+packed in crates and drawn off in lumbering lorries by fabulous things.
+Occasionally other beings were unloaded and crated; some very like these semi-
+humans, some not so similar, and some not similar at all. And he wondered if
+any of the poor stout black men of Parg were left to be unloaded and crated and
+shipped inland in those obnoxious drays.
+
+When the galley landed at a greasy-looking quay of spongy rock a nightmare
+horde of toad-things wiggled out of the hatches, and two of them seized Carter
+and dragged him ashore. The smell and aspect of that city are beyond telling,
+and Carter held only scattered images of the tiled streets and black doorways
+and endless precipices of grey vertical walls without windows. At length he was
+dragged within a low doorway and made to climb infinite steps in pitch
+blackness. It was, apparently, all one to the toad-things whether it were light or
+dark. The odour of the place was intolerable, and when Carter was locked into a
+chamber and left alone he scarcely had strength to crawl around and ascertain its
+form and dimensions. It was circular, and about twenty feet across.
+
+From then on time ceased to exist. At intervals food was pushed in, but Carter
+would not touch it. What his fate would be, he did not know; but he felt that he
+was held for the coming of that frightful soul and messenger of infinity's Other
+Gods, the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep. Finally, after an unguessed span of
+hours or days, the great stone door swung wide again, and Carter was shoved
+down the stairs and out into the red-litten streets of that fearsome city. It was
+night on the moon, and all through the town were stationed slaves bearing
+torches.
+
+In a detestable square a sort of procession was formed; ten of the toad-things and
+twenty-four almost human torch-bearers, eleven on either side, and one each
+before and behind. Carter was placed in the middle of the line; five toad-things
+ahead and five behind, and one almost-human torch-bearer on either side of him.
+Certain of the toad-things produced disgustingly carven flutes of ivory and made
+loathsome sounds. To that hellish piping the column advanced out of the tiled
+streets and into nighted plains of obscene fungi, soon commencing to climb one
+of the lower and more gradual hills that lay behind the city. That on some
+frightful slope or blasphemous plateau the crawling chaos waited. Carter could
+not doubt; and he wished that the suspense might soon be over. The whining of
+those impious flutes was shocking, and he would have given worlds for some
+
+
+
+448
+
+
+
+even half-normal sound; but these toad-things had no voices, and the slaves did
+not talk.
+
+Then through that star-specked darkness there did come a normal sound. It
+rolled from the higher hills, and from all the jagged peaks around it was caught
+up and echoed in a swelling pandaemoniac chorus. It was the midnight yell of
+the cat, and Carter knew at last that the old village folk were right when they
+made low guesses about the cryptical realms which are known only to cats, and
+to which the elders among cats repair by stealth nocturnally, springing from high
+housetops. Verily, it is to the moon's dark side that they go to leap and gambol
+on the hills and converse with ancient shadows, and here amidst that column of
+foetid things Carter heard their homely, friendly cry, and thought of the steep
+roofs and warm hearths and little lighted windows of home.
+
+Now much of the speech of cats was known to Randolph Carter, and in this far
+terrible place he uttered the cry that was suitable. But that he need not have
+done, for even as his lips opened he heard the chorus wax and draw nearer, and
+saw swift shadows against the stars as small graceful shapes leaped from hill to
+hill in gathering legions. The call of the clan had been given, and before the foul
+procession had time even to be frightened a cloud of smothering fur and a
+phalanx of murderous claws were tidally and tempestuously upon it. The flutes
+stopped, and there were shrieks in the night. Dying almost-humans screamed,
+and cats spit and yowled and roared, but the toad-things made never a sound as
+their stinking green ichor oozed fatally upon that porous earth with the obscene
+fungi.
+
+It was a stupendous sight while the torches lasted, and Carter had never before
+seen so many cats. Black, grey, and white; yellow, tiger, and mixed; common,
+Persian, and Marix; Thibetan, Angora, and Egyptian; all were there in the fury of
+battle, and there hovered over them some trace of that profound and inviolate
+sanctity which made their goddess great in the temples of Bubastis. They would
+leap seven strong at the throat of an almost-human or the pink tentacled snout of
+a toad-thing and drag it down savagely to the fungous plain, where myriads of
+their fellows would surge over it and into it with the frenzied claws and teeth of
+a divine battle-fury. Carter had seized a torch from a stricken slave, but was soon
+overborne by the surging waves of his loyal defenders. Then he lay in the utter
+blackness hearing the clangour of war and the shouts of the victors, and feeling
+the soft paws of his friends as they rushed to and fro over him in the fray.
+
+At last awe and exhaustion closed his eyes, and when he opened them again it
+was upon a strange scene. The great shining disc of the earth, thirteen times
+greater than that of the moon as we see it, had risen with floods of weird light
+over the lunar landscape; and across all those leagues of wild plateau and ragged
+
+
+
+449
+
+
+
+crest there squatted one endless sea of cats in orderly array. Circle on circle they
+reached, and two or three leaders out of the ranks were licking his face and
+purring to him consolingly. Of the dead slaves and toad-things there were not
+many signs, but Carter thought he saw one bone a little way off in the open space
+between him and the warriors.
+
+Carter now spoke with the leaders in the soft language of cats, and learned that
+his ancient friendship with the species was well known and often spoken of in
+the places where cats congregate. He had not been unmarked in Ulthar when he
+passed through, and the sleek old cats had remembered how he patted them
+after they had attended to the hungry Zoogs who looked evilly at a small black
+kitten. And they recalled, too, how he had welcomed the very little kitten who
+came to see him at the inn, and how he had given it a saucer of rich cream in the
+morning before he left. The grandfather of that very little kitten was the leader of
+the army now assembled, for he had seen the evil procession from a far hill and
+recognized the prisoner as a sworn friend of his kind on earth and in the land of
+dream.
+
+A yowl now came from the farther peak, and the old leader paused abruptly in
+his conversation. It was one of the army's outposts, stationed on the highest of
+the mountains to watch the one foe which Earth's cats fear; the very large and
+peculiar cats from Saturn, who for some reason have not been oblivious of the
+charm of our moon's dark side. They are leagued by treaty with the evil toad-
+things, and are notoriously hostile to our earthly cats; so that at this juncture a
+meeting would have been a somewhat grave matter.
+
+After a brief consultation of generals, the cats rose and assumed a closer
+formation, crowding protectingly around Carter and preparing to take the great
+leap through space back to the housetops of our earth and its dreamland. The old
+field-marshal advised Carter to let himself be borne along smoothly and
+passively in the massed ranks of furry leapers, and told him how to spring when
+the rest sprang and land gracefully when the rest landed. He also offered to
+deposit him in any spot he desired, and Carter decided on the city of Dylath-
+Leen whence the black galley had set out; for he wished to sail thence for Oriab
+and the carven crest Ngranek, and also to warn the people of the city to have no
+more traffick with black galleys, if indeed that traffick could be tactfully and
+judiciously broken off. Then, upon a signal, the cats all leaped gracefully with
+their friend packed securely in their midst; while in a black cave on an
+unhallowed summit of the moon-mountains still vainly waited the crawling
+chaos Nyarlathotep.
+
+The leap of the cats through space was very swift; and being surrounded by his
+companions Carter did not see this time the great black shapelessnesses that lurk
+
+
+
+450
+
+
+
+and caper and flounder in the abyss. Before he fully realised what had happened
+he was back in his familiar room at the inn at Dylath-Leen, and the stealthy,
+friendly cats were pouring out of the window in streams. The old leader from
+Ulthar was the last to leave, and as Carter shook his paw he said he would be
+able to get home by cockcrow. When dawn came. Carter went downstairs and
+learned that a week had elapsed since his capture and leaving. There was still
+nearly a fortnight to wait for the ship bound toward Oriab, and during that time
+he said what he could against the black galleys and their infamous ways. Most of
+the townsfolk believed him; yet so fond were the jewellers of great rubies that
+none would wholly promise to cease trafficking with the wide-mouthed
+merchants. If aught of evil ever befalls Dylath-Leen through such traffick, it will
+not be his fault.
+
+In about a week the desiderate ship put in by the black wale and tall lighthouse,
+and Carter was glad to see that she was a barque of wholesome men, with
+painted sides and yellow lateen sails and a grey captain in silken robes. Her
+cargo was the fragrant resin of Oriab's inner groves, and the delicate pottery
+baked by the artists of Bahama, and the strange little figures carved from
+Ngranek's ancient lava. For this they were paid in the wool of Ulthar and the
+iridescent textiles of Hatheg and the ivory that the black men carve across the
+river in Parg. Carter made arrangements with the captain to go to Bahama and
+was told that the voyage would take ten days. And during his week of waiting
+he talked much with that captain of Ngranek, and was told that very few had
+seen the carven face thereon; but that most travellers are content to learn its
+legends from old people and lava-gatherers and image-makers in Bahama and
+afterward say in their far homes that they have indeed beheld it. The captain was
+not even sure that any person now living had beheld that carven face, for the
+wrong side of Ngranek is very difficult and barren and sinister, and there are
+rumours of caves near the peak wherein dwell the night-gaunts. But the captain
+did not wish to say just what a night-gaunt might be like, since such cattle are
+known to haunt most persistently the dreams of those who think too often of
+them. Then Carter asked that captain about unknown Kadath in the cold waste,
+and the marvellous sunset city, but of these the good man could truly tell
+nothing.
+
+Carter sailed out of Dylath-Leen one early morning when the tide turned, and
+saw the first rays of sunrise on the thin angular towers of that dismal basalt
+town. And for two days they sailed eastward in sight of green coasts, and saw
+often the pleasant fishing towns that climbed up steeply with their red roofs and
+chimney-pots from old dreaming wharves and beaches where nets lay drying.
+But on the third day they turned sharply south where the roll of water was
+stronger, and soon passed from sight of any land. On the fifth day the sailors
+were nervous, but the captain apologized for their fears, saying that the ship was
+
+
+
+451
+
+
+
+about to pass over the weedy walls and broken columns of a sunken city too old
+for memory, and that when the water was clear one could see so many moving
+shadows in that deep place that simple folk disliked it. He admitted, moreover,
+that many ships had been lost in that part of the sea; having been hailed when
+quite close to it, but never seen again.
+
+That night the moon was very bright, and one could see a great way down in the
+water. There was so little wind that the ship could not move much, and the ocean
+was very calm. Looking over the rail Carter saw many fathoms deep the dome of
+the great temple, and in front of it an avenue of unnatural sphinxes leading to
+what was once a public square. Dolphins sported merrily in and out of the ruins,
+and porpoises revelled clumsily here and there, sometimes coming to the surface
+and leaping clear out of the sea. As the ship drifted on a little the floor of the
+ocean rose in hills, and one could clearly mark the lines of ancient climbing
+streets and the washed-down walls of myriad little houses.
+
+Then the suburbs appeared, and finally a great lone building on a hill, of simpler
+architecture than the other structures, and in much better repair. It was dark and
+low and covered four sides of a square, with a tower at each corner, a paved
+court in the centre, and small curious round windows all over it. Probably it was
+of basalt, though weeds draped the greater part; and such was its lonely and
+impressive place on that far hill that it may have been a temple or a monastery.
+Some phosphorescent fish inside it gave the small round windows an aspect of
+shining, and Carter did not blame the sailors much for their fears. Then by the
+watery moonlight he noticed an odd high monolith in the middle of that central
+court, and saw that something was tied to it. And when after getting a telescope
+from the captain's cabin he saw that that bound thing was a sailor in the silk
+robes of Oriab, head downward and without any eyes, he was glad that a rising
+breeze soon took the ship ahead to more healthy parts of the sea.
+
+The next day they spoke with a ship with violet sails bound for Zar, in the land
+of forgotten dreams, with bulbs of strange coloured lilies for cargo. And on the
+evening of the eleventh day they came in sight of the isle of Oriab with Ngranek
+rising jagged and snow-crowned in the distance. Oriab is a very great isle, and its
+port of Bahama a mighty city. The wharves of Bahama are of porphyry, and the
+city rises in great stone terraces behind them, having streets of steps that are
+frequently arched over by buildings and the bridges between buildings. There is
+a great canal which goes under the whole city in a tunnel with granite gates and
+leads to the inland lake of Yath, on whose farther shore are the vast clay-brick
+ruins of a primal city whose name is not remembered. As the ship drew into the
+harbour at evening the twin beacons Thon and Thai gleamed a welcome, and in
+all the million windows of Bahama's terraces mellow lights peeped out quietly
+and gradually as the stars peep out overhead in the dusk, till that steep and
+
+
+
+452
+
+
+
+climbing seaport became a glittering constellation hung between the stars of
+heaven and the reflections of those stars in the still harbour.
+
+The captain, after landing, made Carter a guest in his own small house on the
+shores of Yath where the rear of the town slopes down to it; and his wife and
+servants brought strange toothsome foods for the traveller's delight. And in the
+days after that Carter asked for rumours and legends of Ngranek in all the
+taverns and public places where lava-gatherers and image-makers meet, but
+could find no one who had been up the higher slopes or seen the carven face.
+Ngranek was a hard mountain with only an accursed valley behind it, and
+besides, one could never depend on the certainty that night-gaunts are altogether
+fabulous.
+
+When the captain sailed hack to Dylath-Leen Carter took quarters in an ancient
+tavern opening on an alley of steps in the original part of the town, which is built
+of brick and resembles the ruins of Yath's farther shore. Here he laid his plans for
+the ascent of Ngranek, and correlated all that he had learned from the lava-
+gatherers about the roads thither. The keeper of the tavern was a very old man,
+and had heard so many legends that he was a great help. He even took Carter to
+an upper room in that ancient house and shewed him a crude picture which a
+traveller had scratched on the clay wall in the old days when men were bolder
+and less reluctant to visit Ngranek's higher slopes. The old tavern-keeper's great-
+grandfather had heard from his great-grandfather that the traveller who
+scratched that picture had climbed Ngranek and seen the carven face, here
+drawing it for others to behold, but Carter had very great doubts, since the large
+rough features on the wall were hasty and careless, and wholly overshadowed
+by a crowd of little companion shapes in the worst possible taste, with horns and
+wings and claws and curling tails.
+
+At last, having gained all the information he was likely to gain in the taverns and
+public places of Bahama, Carter hired a zebra and set out one morning on the
+road by Yath's shore for those inland parts wherein towers stony Ngranek. On
+his right were rolling hills and pleasant orchards and neat little stone
+farmhouses, and he was much reminded of those fertile fields that flank the Skai.
+By evening he was near the nameless ancient ruins on Yath's farther shore, and
+though old lava-gatherers had warned him not to camp there at night, he
+tethered his zebra to a curious pillar before a crumbling wall and laid his blanket
+in a sheltered corner beneath some carvings whose meaning none could
+decipher. Around him he wrapped another blanket, for the nights are cold in
+Oriab; and when upon awaking once he thought he felt the wings of some insect
+brushing his face he covered his head altogether and slept in peace till roused by
+the magah birds in distant resin groves.
+
+
+
+453
+
+
+
+The sun had just come up over the great slope whereon leagues of primal brick
+foundations and worn walls and occasional cracked pillars and pedestals
+stretched down desolate to the shore of Yath, and Carter looked about for his
+tethered zebra. Great was his dismay to see that docile beast stretched prostrate
+beside the curious pillar to which it had been tied, and still greater was he vexed
+on finding that the steed was quite dead, with its blood all sucked away through
+a singular wound in its throat. His pack had been disturbed, and several shiny
+knickknacks taken away, and all round on the dusty soil' were great webbed
+footprints for which he could not in any way account. The legends and warnings
+of lava-gatherers occurred to him, and he thought of what had brushed his face
+in the night. Then he shouldered his pack and strode on toward Ngranek, though
+not without a shiver when he saw close to him as the highway passed through
+the ruins a great gaping arch low in the wall of an old temple, with steps leading
+down into darkness farther than he could peer.
+
+His course now lay uphill through wilder and partly wooded country, and he
+saw only the huts of charcoal-burners and the camp of those who gathered resin
+from the groves. The whole air was fragrant with balsam, and all the magah
+birds sang blithely as they flashed their seven colours in the sun. Near sunset he
+came on a new camp of lava-gatherers returning with laden sacks from
+Ngranek's lower slopes; and here he also camped, listening to the songs and tales
+of the men, and overhearing what they whispered about a companion they had
+lost. He had climbed high to reach a mass of fine lava above him, and at nightfall
+did not return to his fellows. When they looked for him the next day they found
+only his turban, nor was there any sign on the crags below that he had fallen.
+They did not search any more, because the old man among them said it would be
+of no use.
+
+No one ever found what the night-gaunts took, though those beasts themselves
+were so uncertain as to be almost fabulous. Carter asked them if night-gaunts
+sucked blood and liked shiny things and left webbed footprints, but they all
+shook their heads negatively and seemed frightened at his making such an
+inquiry. When he saw how taciturn they had become he asked them no more,
+but went to sleep in his blanket.
+
+The next day he rose with the lava-gatherers and exchanged farewells as they
+rode west and he rode east on a zebra he bought of them. Their older men gave
+him blessings and warnings, and told him he had better not climb too high on
+Ngranek, but while he thanked them heartily he was in no wise dissuaded. For
+still did he feel that he must find the gods on unknown Kadath; and win from
+them a way to that haunting and marvellous city in the sunset. By noon, after a
+long uphill ride, he came upon some abandoned brick villages of the hill-people
+who had once dwelt thus close to Ngranek and carved images from its smooth
+
+
+
+454
+
+
+
+lava. Here they had dweh till the days of the old tavernkeeper's grandfather, but
+about that time they felt that their presence was disliked. Their homes had crept
+even up the mountain's slope, and the higher they built the more people they
+would miss when the sun rose. At last they decided it would be better to leave
+altogether, since things were sometimes glimpsed in the darkness which no one
+could interpret favourably; so in the end all of them went down to the sea and
+dwelt in Bahama, inhabiting a very old quarter and teaching their sons the old
+art of image-making which to this day they carry on. It was from these children
+of the exiled hill-people that Carter had heard the best tales about Ngranek when
+searching through Bahama's ancient taverns.
+
+All this time the great gaunt side of Ngranek was looming up higher and higher
+as Carter approached it. There were sparse trees on the lower slopes and feeble
+shrubs above them, and then the bare hideous rock rose spectral into the sky, to
+mix with frost and ice and eternal snow. Carter could see the rifts and
+ruggedness of that sombre stone, and did not welcome the prospect of climbing
+it. In places there were solid streams of lava, and scoriae heaps that littered
+slopes and ledges. Ninety aeons ago, before even the gods had danced upon its
+pointed peak, that mountain had spoken with fire and roared with the voices of
+the inner thunders. Now it towered all silent and sinister, bearing on the hidden
+side that secret titan image whereof rumour told. And there were caves in that
+mountain, which might be empty and alone with elder darkness, or might - if
+legend spoke truly - hold horrors of a form not to be surmised.
+
+The ground sloped upward to the foot of Ngranek, thinly covered with scrub
+oaks and ash trees, and strewn with bits of rock, lava, and ancient cinder. There
+were the charred embers of many camps, where the lava-gatherers were wont to
+stop, and several rude altars which they had built either to propitiate the Great
+Ones or to ward off what they dreamed of in Ngranek's high passes and
+labyrinthine caves. At evening Carter reached the farthermost pile of embers and
+camped for the night, tethering his zebra to a sapling and wrapping himself well
+in his blankets before going to sleep. And all through the night a voonith howled
+distantly from the shore of some hidden pool, but Carter felt no fear of that
+amphibious terror, since he had been told with certainty that not one of them
+dares even approach the slope of Ngranek.
+
+In the clear sunshine of morning Carter began the long ascent, taking his zebra as
+far as that useful beast could go, but tying it to a stunted ash tree when the floor
+of the thin wood became too steep. Thereafter he scrambled up alone; first
+through the forest with its ruins of old villages in overgrown clearings, and then
+over the tough grass where anaemic shrubs grew here and there. He regretted
+coming clear of the trees, since the slope was very precipitous and the whole
+thing rather dizzying. At length he began to discern all the countryside spread
+
+
+
+455
+
+
+
+out beneath him whenever he looked about; the deserted huts of the image-
+makers, the groves of resin trees and the camps of those who gathered from
+them, the woods where prismatic magahs nest and sing, and even a hint very far
+away of the shores of Yath and of those forbidding ancient ruins whose name is
+forgotten. He found it best not to look around, and kept on climbing and
+climbing till the shrubs became very sparse and there was often nothing but the
+tough grass to cling to.
+
+Then the soil became meagre, with great patches of bare rock cropping out, and
+now and then the nest of a condor in a crevice. Finally there was nothing at all
+but the bare rock, and had it not been very rough and weathered, he could
+scarcely have ascended farther. Knobs, ledges, and pinnacles, however, helped
+greatly; and it was cheering to see occasionally the sign of some lava-gatherer
+scratched clumsily in the friable stone, and know that wholesome human
+creatures had been there before him. After a certain height the presence of man
+was further shewn by handholds and footholds hewn where they were needed,
+and by little quarries and excavations where some choice vein or stream of lava
+had been found. In one place a narrow ledge had been chopped artificially to an
+especially rich deposit far to the right of the main line of ascent. Once or twice
+Carter dared to look around, and was almost stunned by the spread of landscape
+below. All the island betwixt him and the coast lay open to his sight, with
+Bahama's stone terraces and the smoke of its chimneys mystical in the distance.
+And beyond that the illimitable Southern Sea with all its curious secrets.
+
+Thus far there had been much winding around the mountain, so that the farther
+and carven side was still hidden. Carter now saw a ledge running upward and to
+the left which seemed to head the way he wished, and this course he took in the
+hope that it might prove continuous. After ten minutes he saw it was indeed no
+cul-de-sac, but that it led steeply on in an arc which would, unless suddenly
+interrupted or deflected, bring him after a few hours' climbing to that unknown
+southern slope overlooking the desolate crags and the accursed valley of lava. As
+new country came into view below him he saw that it was bleaker and wilder
+than those seaward lands he had traversed. The mountain's side, too, was
+somewhat different; being here pierced by curious cracks and caves not found on
+the straighter route he had left. Some of these were above him and some beneath
+him, all opening on sheerly perpendicular cliffs and wholly unreachable by the
+feet of man. The air was very cold now, but so hard was the climbing that he did
+not mind it. Only the increasing rarity bothered him, and he thought that
+perhaps it was this which had turned the heads of other travellers and excited
+those absurd tales of night-gaunts whereby they explained the loss of such
+climbers as fell from these perilous paths. He was not much impressed by
+travellers' tales, but had a good curved scimitar in case of any trouble. All lesser
+
+
+
+456
+
+
+
+thoughts were lost in the wish to see that carven face which might set him on the
+track of the gods atop unknown Kadath.
+
+At last, in the fearsome iciness of upper space, he came round fully to the hidden
+side of Ngranek and saw in infinite gulfs below him the lesser crags and sterile
+abysses of lava which marked olden wrath of the Great Ones. There was
+unfolded, too, a vast expanse of country to the south; but it was a desert land
+without fair fields or cottage chimneys, and seemed to have no ending. No trace
+of the sea was visible on this side, for Oriab is a great island. Black caverns and
+odd crevices were still numerous on the sheer vertical cliffs, but none of them
+was accessible to a climber. There now loomed aloft a great beetling mass which
+hampered the upward view, and Carter was for a moment shaken with doubt
+lest it prove impassable. Poised in windy insecurity miles above earth, with only
+space and death on one side and only slippery walls of rock on the other, he
+knew for a moment the fear that makes men shun Ngranek's hidden side. He
+could not turn round, yet the sun was already low. If there were no way aloft, the
+night would find him crouching there still, and the dawn would not find him at
+all.
+
+But there was a way, and he saw it in due season. Only a very expert dreamer
+could have used those imperceptible footholds, yet to Carter they were sufficient.
+Surmounting now the outward-hanging rock, he found the slope above much
+easier than that below, since a great glacier's melting had left a generous space
+with loam and ledges. To the left a precipice dropped straight from unknown
+heights to unknown depths, with a cave's dark mouth just out of reach above
+him. Elsewhere, however, the mountain slanted back strongly, and even gave
+him space to lean and rest.
+
+He felt from the chill that he must be near the snow line, and looked up to see
+what glittering pinnacles might be shining in that late ruddy sunlight. Surely
+enough, there was the snow uncounted thousands of feet above, and below it a
+great beetling crag like that, he had just climbed; hanging there forever in bold
+outline. And when he saw that crag he gasped and cried out aloud, and clutched
+at the jagged rock in awe; for the titan bulge had not stayed as earth's dawn had
+shaped it, but gleamed red and stupendous in the sunset with the carved and
+polished features of a god.
+
+Stern and terrible shone that face that the sunset lit with fire. How vast it was no
+mind can ever measure, but Carter knew at once that man could never have
+fashioned it. It was a god chiselled by the hands of the gods, and it looked down
+haughty and majestic upon the seeker. Rumour had said it was strange and not
+to be mistaken, and Carter saw that it was indeed so; for those long narrow eyes
+
+
+
+457
+
+
+
+and long-lobed ears, and that thin nose and pointed chin, all spoke of a race that
+is not of men but of gods.
+
+He clung overawed in that lofty and perilous eyrie, even though it was this
+which he had expected and come to find; for there is in a god's face more of
+marvel than prediction can tell, and when that face is vaster than a great temple
+and seen looking downward at sunset in the scyptic silences of that upper world
+from whose dark lava it was divinely hewn of old, the marvel is so strong that
+none may escape it.
+
+Here, too, was the added marvel of recognition; for although he had planned to
+search all dreamland over for those whose likeness to this face might mark them
+as the god's children, he now knew that he need not do so. Certainly, the great
+face carven on that mountain was of no strange sort, but the kin of such as he
+had seen often in the taverns of the seaport Celephais which lies in Ooth-Nargai
+beyond the Tanarian Hills and is ruled over by that King Kuranes whom Carter
+once knew in waking life. Every year sailors with such a face came in dark ships
+from the north to trade their onyx for the carved jade and spun gold and little red
+singing birds of Celephais, and it was clear that these could be no others than the
+hall-gods he sought. Where they dwelt, there must the cold waste lie close, and
+within it unknown Kadath and its onyx castle for the Great Ones. So to Celephais
+he must go, far distant from the isle of Oriab, and in such parts as would take
+him back to Dylath-Teen and up the Skai to the bridge by Nir, and again into the
+enchanted wood of the Zoogs, whence the way would bend northward through
+the garden lands by Oukranos to the gilded spires of Thran, where he might find
+a galleon bound over the Cerenarian Sea.
+
+But dusk was now thick, and the great carven face looked down even sterner in
+shadow. Perched on that ledge night found the seeker; and in the blackness he
+might neither go down nor go up, but only stand and cling and shiver in that
+narrow place till the day came, praying to keep awake lest sleep loose his hold
+and send him down the dizzy miles of air to the crags and sharp rocks of the
+accursed valley. The stars came out, but save for them there was only black
+nothingness in his eyes; nothingness leagued with death, against whose
+beckoning he might do no more than cling to the rocks and lean back away from
+an unseen brink. The last thing of earth that he saw in the gloaming was a condor
+soaring close to the westward precipice beside him, and darting screaming away
+when it came near the cave whose mouth yawned just out of reach.
+
+Suddenly, without a warning sound in the dark. Carter felt his curved scimitar
+drawn stealthily out of his belt by some unseen hand. Then he heard it clatter
+down over the rocks below. And between him and the Milky Way he thought he
+saw a very terrible outline of something noxiously thin and horned and tailed
+
+
+
+458
+
+
+
+and bat-winged. Other things, too, had begun to blot out patches of stars west of
+him, as if a flock of vague entities were flapping thickly and silently out of that
+inaccessible cave in the face of the precipice. Then a sort of cold rubbery arm
+seized his neck and something else seized his feet, and he was lifted
+inconsiderately up and swung about in space. Another minute and the stars were
+gone, and Carter knew that the night-gaunts had got him.
+
+They bore him breathless into that cliffside cavern and through monstrous
+labyrinths beyond. When he struggled, as at first he did by instinct, they tickled
+him with deliberation. They made no sound at all themselves, and even their
+membranous wings were silent. They were frightfully cold and damp and
+slippery, and their paws kneaded one detestably. Soon they were plunging
+hideously downward through inconceivable abysses in a whirling, giddying,
+sickening rush of dank, tomb-like air; and Carter felt they were shooting into the
+ultimate vortex of shrieking and daemonic madness. He screamed again and
+again, but whenever he did so the black paws tickled him with greater subtlety.
+Then he saw a sort of grey phosphorescence about, and guessed they were
+coming even to that inner world of subterrene horror of which dim legends tell,
+and which is litten only by the pale death-fire wherewith reeks the ghoulish air
+and the primal mists of the pits at earth's core.
+
+At last far below him he saw faint lines of grey and ominous pinnacles which he
+knew must be the fabled Peaks of Throk. Awful and sinister they stand in the
+haunted disc of sunless and eternal depths; higher than man may reckon, and
+guarding terrible valleys where the Dholes crawl and burrow nastily. But Carter
+preferred to look at them than at his captors, which were indeed shocking and
+uncouth black things with smooth, oily, whale-like surfaces, unpleasant horns
+that curved inward toward each other, bat wings whose beating made no sound,
+ugly prehensile paws, and barbed tails that lashed needlessly and disquietingly.
+And worst of all, they never spoke or laughed, and never smiled because they
+had no faces at all to smile with, but only a suggestive blankness where a face
+ought to be. All they ever did was clutch and fly and tickle; that was the way of
+night-gaunts.
+
+As the band flew lower the Peaks of Throk rose grey and towering on all sides,
+and one saw clearly that nothing lived on that austere and impressive granite of
+the endless twilight. At still lower levels the death-fires in the air gave out, and
+one met only the primal blackness of the void save aloft where the thin peaks
+stood out goblin-like. Soon the peaks were very far away, and nothing about but
+great rushing winds with the dankness of nethermost grottoes in them. Then in
+the end the night-gaunts landed on a floor of unseen things which felt like layers
+of bones, and left Carter all alone in that black valley. To bring him thither was
+the duty of the night-gaunts that guard Ngranek; and this done, they flapped
+
+
+
+459
+
+
+
+away silently. When Carter tried to trace their flight he found he could not, since
+even the Peaks of Throk had faded out of sight. There was nothing anywhere but
+blackness and horror and silence and bones.
+
+Now Carter knew from a certain source that he was in the vale of Pnoth, where
+crawl and burrow the enormous Dholes; but he did not know what to expect,
+because no one has ever seen a Dhole or even guessed what such a thing may be
+like. Dholes are known only by dim rumour, from the rustling they make
+amongst mountains of bones and the slimy touch they have when they wriggle
+past one. They cannot be seen because they creep only in the dark. Carter did not
+wish to meet a Dhole, so listened intently for any sound in the unknown depths
+of bones about him. Even in this fearsome place he had a plan and an objective,
+for whispers of Pnoth were not unknown to one with whom he had talked much
+in the old days. In brief, it seemed fairly likely that this was the spot into which
+all the ghouls of the waking world cast the refuse of their feastings; and that if he
+but had good luck he might stumble upon that mighty crag taller even than
+Throk's peaks which marks the edge of their domain. Showers of bones would
+tell him where to look, and once found he could call to a ghoul to let down a
+ladder; for strange to say, he had a very singular link with these terrible
+creatures.
+
+A man he had known in Boston - a painter of strange pictures with a secret
+studio in an ancient and unhallowed alley near a graveyard - had actually made
+friends with the ghouls and had taught him to understand the simpler part of
+their disgusting meeping and glibbering. This man had vanished at last, and
+Carter was not sure but that he might find him now, and use for the first time in
+dreamland that far-away English of his dim waking life. In any case, he felt he
+could persuade a ghoul to guide him out of Pnoth; and it would be better to meet
+a ghoul, which one can see, than a Dhole, which one cannot see.
+
+So Carter walked in the dark, and ran when he thought he heard something
+among the bones underfoot. Once he bumped into a stony slope, and knew it
+must be the base of one of Throk's peaks. Then at last he heard a monstrous
+rattling and clatter which reached far up in the air, and became sure he had come
+nigh the crag of the ghouls. He was not sure he could be heard from this valley
+miles below, but realised that the inner world has strange laws. As he pondered
+he was struck by a flying bone so heavy that it must have been a skull, and
+therefore realising his nearness to the fateful crag he sent up as best he might that
+meeping cry which is the call of the ghoul.
+
+Sound travels slowly, so it was some time before he heard an answering glibber.
+But it came at last, and before long he was told that a rope ladder would be
+lowered. The wait for this was very tense, since there was no telling what might
+
+
+
+460
+
+
+
+not have been stirred up among those bones by his shouting. Indeed, it was not
+long before he actually did hear a vague rustling afar off. As this thoughtfully
+approached, he became more and more uncomfortable; for he did not wish to
+move away from the spot where the ladder would come. Finally the tension
+grew almost unbearable, and he was about to flee in panic when the thud of
+something on the newly heaped bones nearby drew his notice from the other
+sound. It was the ladder, and after a minute of groping he had it taut in his
+hands. But the other sound did not cease, and followed him even as he climbed.
+He had gone fully five feet from the ground when the rattling beneath waxed
+emphatic, and was a good ten feet up when something swayed the ladder from
+below. At a height which must have been fifteen or twenty feet he felt his whole
+side brushed by a great slippery length which grew alternately convex and
+concave with wriggling; and hereafter he climbed desperately to escape the
+unendurable nuzzling of that loathsome and overfed Dhole whose form no man
+might see.
+
+For hours he climbed with aching and blistered hands, seeing again the grey
+death-fire and Throk's uncomfortable pinnacles. At last he discerned above him
+the projecting edge of the great crag of the ghouls, whose vertical side he could
+not glimpse; and hours later he saw a curious face peering over it as a gargoyle
+peers over a parapet of Notre Dame. This almost made him lose his hold through
+faintness, but a moment later he was himself again; for his vanished friend
+Richard Pickman had once introduced him to a ghoul, and he knew well their
+canine faces and slumping forms and unmentionable idiosyncrasies. So he had
+himself well under control when that hideous thing pulled him out of the dizzy
+emptiness over the edge of the crag, and did not scream at the partly consumed
+refuse heaped at one side or at the squatting circles of ghouls who gnawed and
+watched curiously.
+
+He was now on a dim-litten plain whose sole topographical features were great
+boulders and the entrances of burrows. The ghouls were in general respectful,
+even if one did attempt to pinch him while several others eyed his leanness
+speculatively. Through patient glibbering he made inquiries regarding his
+vanished friend, and found he had become a ghoul of some prominence in
+abysses nearer the waking world. A greenish elderly ghoul offered to conduct
+him to Pickman's present habitation, so despite a natural loathing he followed
+the creature into a capacious burrow and crawled after him for hours in the
+blackness of rank mould. They emerged on a dim plain strewn with singular
+relics of earth - old gravestones, broken urns, and grotesque fragments of
+monuments - and Carter realised with some emotion that he was probably
+nearer the waking world than at any other time since he had gone down the
+seven hundred steps from the cavern of flame to the Gate of Deeper Slumber.
+
+
+
+461
+
+
+
+There, on a tombstone of 1768 stolen from the Granary Burying Ground in
+Boston, sat a ghoul which was once the artist Richard Upton Pickman. It was
+naked and rubbery, and had acquired so much of the ghoulish physiognomy that
+its human origin was already obscure. But it still remembered a little English,
+and was able to converse with Carter in grunts and monosyllables, helped out
+now and then by the glibbering of ghouls. When it learned that Carter wished to
+get to the enchanted wood and from there to the city Celephais in Ooth-Nargai
+beyond the Tanarian Hills, it seemed rather doubtful; for these ghouls of the
+waking world do no business in the graveyards of upper dreamland (leaving
+that to the red-footed wamps that are spawned in dead cities), and many things
+intervene betwixt their gulf and the enchanted wood, including the terrible
+kingdom of the Gugs.
+
+The Gugs, hairy and gigantic, once reared stone circles in that wood and made
+strange sacrifices to the Other Gods and the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep, until
+one night an abomination of theirs reached the ears of earth's gods and they were
+banished to caverns below. Only a great trap door of stone with an iron ring
+connects the abyss of the earth-ghouls with the enchanted wood, and this the
+Gugs are afraid to open because of a curse. That a mortal dreamer could traverse
+their cavern realm and leave by that door is inconceivable; for mortal dreamers
+were their former food, and they have legends of the toothsomeness of such
+dreamers even though banishment has restricted their diet to the ghasts, those
+repulsive beings which die in the light, and which live in the vaults of Zin and
+leap on long hind legs like kangaroos.
+
+So the ghoul that was Pickman advised Carter either to leave the abyss at
+Sarkomand, that deserted city in the valley below Leng where black nitrous
+stairways guarded by winged diarote lions lead down from dreamland to the
+lower gulfs, or to return through a churchyard to the waking world and begin
+the quest anew down the seventy steps of light slumber to the cavern of flame
+and the seven hundred steps to the Gate of Deeper Slumber and the enchanted
+wood. This, however, did not suit the seeker; for he knew nothing of the way
+from Leng to Ooth-Nargai, and was likewise reluctant to awake lest he forget all
+he had so far gained in this dream. It was disastrous to his quest to forget the
+august and celestial faces of those seamen from the north who traded onyx in
+Celephais, and who, being the sons of gods, must point the way to the cold waste
+and Kadath where the Great Ones dwell.
+
+After much persuasion the ghoul consented to guide his guest inside the great
+wall of the Gugs' kingdom. There was one chance that Carter might be able to
+steal through that twilight realm of circular stone towers at an hour when the
+giants would be all gorged and snoring indoors, and reach the central tower with
+the sign of Koth upon it, which has the stairs leading up to that stone trap door
+
+
+
+462
+
+
+
+in the enchanted wood. Pickman even consented to lend three ghouls to help
+with a tombstone lever in raising the stone door; for of ghouls the Gugs are
+somewhat afraid, and they often flee from their own colossal graveyards when
+they see them feasting there.
+
+He also advised Carter to disguise as a ghoul himself; shaving the beard he had
+allowed to grow (for ghouls have none), wallowing naked in the mould to get
+the correct surface, and loping in the usual slumping way, with his clothing
+carried in a bundle as if it were a choice morsel from a tomb. They would reach
+the city of Gugs - which is coterminous with the whole kingdom - through the
+proper burrows, emerging in a cemetery not far from the stair-containing Tower
+of Koth. They must beware, however, of a large cave near the cemetery; for this is
+the mouth of the vaults of Zin, and the vindictive ghasts are always on watch
+there murderously for those denizens of the upper abyss who hunt and prey on
+them. The ghasts try to come out when the Gugs sleep and they attack ghouls as
+readily as Gugs, for they cannot discriminate. They are very primitive, and eat
+one another. The Gugs have a sentry at a narrow in the vaults of Zin, but he is
+often drowsy and is sometimes surprised by a party of ghasts. Though ghasts
+cannot live in real light, they can endure the grey twilight of the abyss for hours.
+
+So at length Carter crawled through endless burrows with three helpful ghouls
+bearing the slate gravestone of Col. Nepemiah Derby, obit 1719, from the Charter
+Street Burying Ground in Salem. When they came again into open twilight they
+were in a forest of vast lichened monoliths reaching nearly as high as the eye
+could see and forming the modest gravestones of the Gugs. On the right of the
+hole out of which they wriggled, and seen through aisles of monoliths, was a
+stupendous vista of cyclopean round towers mounting up illimitable into the
+grey air of inner earth. This was the great city of the Gugs, whose doorways are
+thirty feet high. Ghouls come here often, for a buried Gug will feed a community
+for almost a year, and even with the added peril it is better to burrow for Gugs
+than to bother with the graves of men. Carter now understood the occasional
+titan bones he had felt beneath him in the vale of Pnoth.
+
+Straight ahead, and just outside the cemetery, rose a sheer perpendicular cliff at
+whose base an immense and forbidding cavern yawned. This the ghouls told
+Carter to avoid as much as possible, since it was the entrance to the unhallowed
+vaults of Zin where Gugs hunt ghasts in the darkness. And truly, that warning
+was soon well justified; for the moment a ghoul began to creep toward the
+towers to see if the hour of the Gugs' resting had been rightly timed, there
+glowed in the gloom of that great cavern's mouth first one pair of yellowish-red
+eyes and then another, implying that the Gugs were one sentry less, and that
+ghasts have indeed an excellent sharpness of smell. So the ghoul returned to the
+burrow and motioned his companions to be silent. It was best to leave the ghasts
+
+
+
+463
+
+
+
+to their own devices, and there was a possibihty that they might soon withdraw,
+since they must naturally be rather tired after coping with a Gug sentry in the
+black vaults. After a moment something about the size of a small horse hopped
+out into the grey twilight, and Carter turned sick at the aspect of that scabrous
+and unwholesome beast, whose face is so curiously human despite the absence
+of a nose, a forehead, and other important particulars.
+
+Presently three other ghasts hopped out to join their fellow, and a ghoul
+glibbered softly at Carter that their absence of battle-scars was a bad sign. It
+proved that theY had not fought the Gug sentry at all, but had merely slipped
+past him as he slept, so that their strength and savagery were still unimpaired
+and would remain so till they had found and disposed of a victim. It was very
+unpleasant to see those filthy and disproportioned animals which soon
+numbered about fifteen, grubbing about and making their kangaroo leaps in the
+grey twilight where titan towers and monoliths arose, but it was still more
+unpleasant when they spoke among themselves in the coughing gutturals of
+ghasts. And yet, horrible as they were, they were not so horrible as what
+presently came out of the cave after them with disconcerting suddenness.
+
+It was a paw, fully two feet and a half across, and equipped with formidable
+talons. Alter it came another paw, and after that a great black-furred arm to
+which both of the paws were attached by short forearms. Then two pink eyes
+shone, and the head of the awakened Gug sentry, large as a barrel, wabbled into
+view. The eyes jutted two inches from each side, shaded by bony protuberances
+overgrown with coarse hairs. But the head was chiefly terrible because of the
+mouth. That mouth had great yellow fangs and ran from the top to the bottom of
+the head, opening vertically instead of horizontally.
+
+But before that unfortunate Gug could emerge from the cave and rise to his full
+twenty feet, the vindictive ghasts were upon him. Carter feared for a moment
+that he would give an alarm and arouse all his kin, till a ghoul softly glibbered
+that Gugs have no voice but talk by means of facial expression. The battle which
+then ensued was truly a frightful one. From all sides the venomous ghasts
+rushed feverishly at the creeping Gug, nipping and tearing with their muzzles,
+and mauling murderously with their hard pointed hooves. All the time they
+coughed excitedly, screaming when the great vertical mouth of the Gug would
+occasionally bite into one of their number, so that the noise of the combat would
+surely have aroused the sleeping city had not the weakening of the sentry begun
+to transfer the action farther and farther within the cavern. As it was, the tumult
+soon receded altogether from sight in the blackness, with only occasional evil
+echoes to mark its continuance.
+
+
+
+464
+
+
+
+Then the most alert of the ghouls gave the signal for all to advance, and Carter
+followed the loping three out of the forest of monoliths and into the dark
+noisome streets of that awful city whose rounded towers of cyclopean stone
+soared up beyond the sight. Silently they shambled over that rough rock
+pavement, hearing with disgust the abominable muffled snortings from great
+black doorways which marked the slumber of the Gugs. Apprehensive of the
+ending of the rest hour, the ghouls set a somewhat rapid pace; but even so the
+journey was no brief one, for distances in that town of giants are on a great scale.
+At last, however, they came to a somewhat open space before a tower even
+vaster than the rest; above whose colossal doorway was fixed a monstrous
+symbol in bas-relief which made one shudder without knowing its meaning.
+This was the central tower with the sign of Koth, and those huge stone steps just
+visible through the dusk within were the beginning of the great flight leading to
+upper dreamland and the enchanted wood.
+
+There now began a climb of interminable length in utter blackness: made almost
+impossible by the monstrous size of the steps, which were fashioned for Gugs,
+and were therefore nearly a yard high. Of their number Carter could form no just
+estimate, for he soon became so worn out that the tireless and elastic ghouls were
+forced to aid him. All through the endless climb there lurked the peril of
+detection and pursuit; for though no Gug dares lift the stone door to the forest
+because of the Great One's curse, there are no such restraints concerning the
+tower and the steps, and escaped ghasts are often chased, even to the very top.
+So sharp are the ears of Gugs, that the bare feet and hands of the climbers might
+readily be heard when the city awoke; and it would of course take but little time
+for the striding giants, accustomed from their ghast-hunts in the vaults of Zin to
+seeing without light, to overtake their smaller and slower quarry on those
+cyclopean steps. It was very depressing to reflect that the silent pursuing Gugs
+would not be heard at all, but would come very suddenly and shockingly in the
+dark upon the climbers. Nor could the traditional fear of Gugs for ghouls be
+depended upon in that peculiar place where the advantages lay so heavily with
+the Gugs. There was also some peril from the furtive and venomous ghasts,
+which frequently hopped up onto the tower during the sleep hour of the Gugs. If
+the Gugs slept long, and the ghasts returned soon from their deed in the cavern,
+the scent of the climbers might easily be picked up by those loathsome and ill-
+disposed things; in which case it would almost be better to be eaten by a Gug.
+
+Then, after aeons of climbing, there came a cough from the darkness above; and
+matters assumed a very grave and unexpected turn.
+
+It was clear that a ghast, or perhaps even more, had strayed into that tower
+before the coming of Carter and his guides; and it was equally clear that this peril
+was very close. Alter a breathless second the leading ghoul pushed Carter to the
+
+
+
+465
+
+
+
+wall and arranged his kinfolk in the best possible way, with the old slate
+tombstone raised for a crushing blow whenever the enemy might come in sight.
+Ghouls can see in the dark, so the party was not as badly off as Carter would
+have been alone. In another moment the clatter of hooves revealed the
+downward hopping of at least one beast, and the slab-bearing ghouls poised
+their weapon for a desperate blow. Presently two yellowish-red eyes flashed into
+view, and the panting of the ghast became audible above its clattering. As it
+hopped down to the step above the ghouls, they wielded the ancient gravestone
+with prodigious force, so that there was only a wheeze and a choking before the
+victim collapsed in a noxious heap. There seemed to be only this one animal, and
+after a moment of listening the ghouls tapped Carter as a signal to proceed again.
+As before, they were obliged to aid him; and he was glad to leave that place of
+carnage where the ghast's uncouth remains sprawled invisible in the blackness.
+
+At last the ghouls brought their companion to a halt; and feeling above him.
+Carter realised that the great stone trap door was reached at last. To open so vast
+a thing completely was not to be thought of, but the ghouls hoped to get it up
+just enough to slip the gravestone under as a prop, and permit Carter to escape
+through the crack. They themselves planned to descend again and return
+through the city of the Gugs, since their elusiveness was great, and they did not
+know the way overland to spectral Sarkomand with its lion-guarded gate to the
+abyss.
+
+Mighty was the straining of those three ghouls at the stone of the door above
+them, and Carter helped push with as much strength as he had. They judged the
+edge next the top of the staircase to be the right one, and to this they bent all the
+force of their disreputably nourished muscles. Alter a few moments a crack of
+light appeared; and Carter, to whom that task had been entrusted, slipped the
+end of the old gravestone in the aperture. There now ensued a mighty heaving;
+but progress was very slow, and they had of course to return to their first
+position every time they failed to turn the slab and prop the portal open.
+
+Suddenly their desperation was magnified a thousand fold by a sound on the
+steps below them. It was only the thumping and rattling of the slain ghast's
+hooved body as it rolled down to lower levels; but of all the possible causes of
+that body's dislodgement and rolling, none was in the least reassuring.
+Therefore, knowing the ways of Gugs, the ghouls set to with something of a
+frenzy; and in a surprisingly short time had the door so high that they were able
+to hold it still whilst Carter turned the slab and left a generous opening. They
+now helped Carter through, letting him climb up to their rubbery shoulders and
+later guiding his feet as he clutched at the blessed soil of the upper dreamland
+outside. Another second and they were through themselves, knocking away the
+gravestone and closing the great trap door while a panting became audible
+
+
+
+466
+
+
+
+beneath. Because of the Great One's curse no Gug might ever emerge from that
+portal, so with a deep rehef and sense of repose Carter lay quietly on the thick
+grotesque fungi of the enchanted wood while his guides squatted near in the
+manner that ghouls rest.
+
+Weird as was that enchanted wood through which he had fared so long ago, it
+was verily a haven and a delight after those gulfs he had now left behind. There
+was no living denizen about, for Zoogs shun the mysterious door in fear and
+Carter at once consulted with his ghouls about their future course. To return
+through the tower they no longer dared, and the waking world did not appeal to
+them when they learned that they must pass the priests Nasht and Kaman-Thah
+in the cavern of flame. So at length they decided to return through Sarkomand
+and its gate of the abyss, though of how to get there they knew nothing. Carter
+recalled that it lies in the valley below Leng, and recalled likewise that he had
+seen in Dylath-Leen a sinister, slant-eyed old merchant reputed to trade on Leng,
+therefore he advised the ghouls to seek out Dylath-Leen, crossing the fields to
+Nir and the Skai and following the river to its mouth. This they at once resolved
+to do, and lost no time in loping off, since the thickening of the dusk promised a
+full night ahead for travel. And Carter shook the paws of those repulsive beasts,
+thanking them for their help and sending his gratitude to the beast which once
+was Pickman; but could not help sighing with pleasure when they left. For a
+ghoul is a ghoul, and at best an unpleasant companion for man. After that Carter
+sought a forest pool and cleansed himself of the mud of nether earth, thereupon
+reassuming the clothes he had so carefully carried.
+
+It was now night in that redoubtable wood of monstrous trees, but because of the
+phosphorescence one might travel as well as by day; wherefore Carter set out
+upon the well-known route toward Celephais, in Ooth-Nargai beyond the
+Tanarian Hills. And as he went he thought of the zebra he had left tethered to an
+ash-tree on Ngranek in far-away Oriab so many aeons ago, and wondered if any
+lava-gatherers had fed and released it. And he wondered, too, if he would ever
+return to Bahama and pay for the zebra that was slain by night in those ancient
+ruins by Yath's shore, and if the old tavernkeeper would remember him. Such
+were the thoughts that came to him in the air of the regained upper dreamland.
+
+But presently his progress was halted by a sound from a very large hollow tree.
+He had avoided the great circle of stones, since he did not care to speak with
+Zoogs just now; but it appeared from the singular fluttering in that huge tree that
+important councils were in session elsewhere. Upon drawing nearer he made out
+the accents of a tense and heated discussion; and before long became conscious
+of matters which he viewed with the greatest concern. For a war on the cats was
+under debate in that sovereign assembly of Zoogs. It all came from the loss of the
+party which had sneaked after Carter to Ulthar, and which the cats had justly
+
+
+
+467
+
+
+
+punished for unsuitable intentions. The matter had long rankled; and now, or at
+least within a month, the marshalled Zoogs were about to strike the whole feline
+tribe in a series of surprise attacks, taking individual cats or groups of cats
+unawares, and giving not even the myriad cats of Ulthar a proper chance to drill
+and mobilise. This was the plan of the Zoogs, and Carter saw that he must foil it
+before leaving upon his mighty quest.
+
+Very quietly therefore did Randolph Carter steal to the edge of the wood and
+send the cry of the cat over the starlit fields. And a great grimalkin in a nearby
+cottage took up the burden and relayed it across leagues of rolling meadow to
+warriors large and small, black, grey, tiger, white, yellow, and mixed, and it
+echoed through Nir and beyond the Skai even into Ulthar, and Ulthar's
+numerous cats called in chorus and fell into a line of march. It was fortunate that
+the moon was not up, so that all the cats were on earth. Swiftly and silently
+leaping, they sprang from every hearth and housetop and poured in a great furry
+sea across the plains to the edge of the wood. Carter was there to greet them, and
+the sight of shapely, wholesome cats was indeed good for his eyes after the
+things he had seen and walked with in the abyss. He was glad to see his
+venerable friend and one-time rescuer at the head of Ulthar's detachment, a
+collar of rank around his sleek neck, and whiskers bristling at a martial angle.
+Better still, as a sub-lieutenant in that army was a brisk young fellow who proved
+to be none other than the very little kitten at the inn to whom Carter had given a
+saucer of rich cream on that long-vanished morning in Ulthar. He was a
+strapping and promising cat now, and purred as he shook hands with his friend.
+His grandfather said he was doing very well in the army, and that he might well
+expect a captaincy after one more campaign.
+
+Carter now outlined the peril of the cat tribe, and was rewarded by deep-
+throated purrs of gratitude from all sides. Consulting with the generals, he
+prepared a plan of instant action which involved marching at once upon the
+Zoog council and other known strongholds of Zoogs; forestalling their surprise
+attacks and forcing them to terms before the mobilization of their army of
+invasion. Thereupon without a moment's loss that great ocean of cats flooded the
+enchanted wood and surged around the council tree and the great stone circle.
+Flutterings rose to panic pitch as the enemy saw the newcomers and there was
+very little resistance among the furtive and curious brown Zoogs. They saw that
+they were beaten in advance, and turned from thoughts of vengeance to
+thoughts of present self-preservation.
+
+Half the cats now seated themselves in a circular formation with the captured
+Zoogs in the centre, leaving open a lane down which were marched the
+additional captives rounded up by the other cats in other parts of the wood.
+Terms were discussed at length. Carter acting as interpreter, and it was decided
+
+
+
+468
+
+
+
+that the Zoogs might remain a free tribe on condition of rendering to the cats a
+large tribute of grouse, quail, and pheasants from the less fabulous parts of the
+forest. Twelve young Zoogs of noble families were taken as hostages to be kept
+in the Temple of Cats at Ulthar, and the victors made it plain that any
+disappearances of cats on the borders of the Zoog domain would be followed by
+consequences highly disastrous to Zoogs. These matters disposed of, the
+assembled cats broke ranks and permitted the Zoogs to slink off one by one to
+their respective homes, which they hastened to do with many a sullen backward
+glance.
+
+The old cat general now offered Carter an escort through the forest to whatever
+border he wished to reach, deeming it likely that the Zoogs would harbour dire
+resentment against him for the frustration of their warlike enterprise. This offer
+he welcomed with gratitude; not only for the safety it afforded, but because he
+liked the graceful companionship of cats. So in the midst of a pleasant and
+playful regiment, relaxed after the successful performance of its duty, Randolph
+Carter walked with dignity through that enchanted and phosphorescent wood of
+titan trees, talking of his quest with the old general and his grandson whilst
+others of the band indulged in fantastic gambols or chased fallen leaves that the
+wind drove among the fungi of that primeval floor. And the old cat said that he
+had heard much of unknown Kadath in the cold waste, but did not know where
+it was. As for the marvellous sunset city, he had not even heard of that, but
+would gladly relay to Carter anything he might later learn.
+
+He gave the seeker some passwords of great value among the cats of dreamland,
+and commended him especially to the old chief of the cats in Celephais, whither
+he was bound. That old cat, already slightly known to Carter, was a dignified
+maltese; and would prove highly influential in any transaction. It was dawn
+when they came to the proper edge of the wood, and Carter bade his friends a
+reluctant farewell. The young sub-lieutenant he had met as a small kitten would
+have followed him had not the old general forbidden it, but that austere
+patriarch insisted that the path of duty lay with the tribe and the army. So Carter
+set out alone over the golden fields that stretched mysterious beside a willow-
+fringed river, and the cats went back into the wood.
+
+Well did the traveller know those garden lands that lie betwixt the wood of the
+Cerenerian Sea, and blithely did he follow the singing river Oukianos that
+marked his course. The sun rose higher over gentle slopes of grove and lawn,
+and heightened the colours of the thousand flowers that starred each knoll and
+dangle. A blessed haze lies upon all this region, wherein is held a little more of
+the sunlight than other places hold, and a little more of the summer's humming
+music of birds and bees; so that men walk through it as through a faery place,
+and feel greater joy and wonder than they ever afterward remember.
+
+
+
+469
+
+
+
+By noon Carter reached the jasper terraces of Kiran which slope down to the
+river's edge and bear that temple of loveliness wherein the King of Ilek-Vad
+comes from his far realm on the twilight sea once a year in a golden palanqnin to
+pray to the god of Oukianos, who sang to him in youth when he dwelt in a
+cottage by its banks. All of jasper is that temple, and covering an acre of ground
+with its walls and courts, its seven pinnacled towers, and its inner shrine where
+the river enters through hidden channels and the god sings softly in the night.
+Many times the moon hears strange music as it shines on those courts and
+terraces and pinnacles, but whether that music be the song of the god or the
+chant of the cryptical priests, none but the King of Ilek-Vad may say; for only he
+had entered the temple or seen the priests. Now, in the drowsiness of day, that
+carven and delicate fane was silent, and Carter heard only the murmur of the
+great stream and the hum of the birds and bees as he walked onward under the
+enchanted sun.
+
+All that afternoon the pilgrim wandered on through perfumed meadows and in
+the lee of gentle riverward hills bearing peaceful thatched cottages and the
+shrines of amiable gods carven from jasper or chrysoberyl. Sometimes he walked
+close to the bank of Oukianos and whistled to the sprightly and iridescent fish of
+that crystal stream, and at other times he paused amidst the whispering rushes
+and gazed at the great dark wood on the farther side, whose trees came down
+clear to the water's edge. In former dreams he had seen quaint lumbering
+buopoths come shyly out of that wood to drink, but now he could not glimpse
+any. Once in a while he paused to watch a carnivorous fish catch a fishing bird,
+which it lured to the water by showing its tempting scales in the sun, and
+grasped by the beak with its enormous mouth as the winged hunter sought to
+dart down upon it.
+
+Toward evening he mounted a low grassy rise and saw before him flaming in the
+sunset the thousand gilded spires of Thran. Lofty beyond belief are the alabaster
+walls of that incredible city, sloping inward toward the top and wrought in one
+solid piece by what means no man knows, for they are more ancient than
+memory. Yet lofty as they are with their hundred gates and two hundred turrets,
+the clustered towers within, all white beneath their golden spires, are loftier still;
+so that men on the plain around see them soaring into the sky, sometimes
+shining clear, sometimes caught at the top in tangles of cloud and mist, and
+sometimes clouded lower down with their utmost pinnacles blazing free above
+the vapours. And where Thran's gates open on the river are great wharves of
+marble, with ornate galleons of fragrant cedar and calamander riding gently at
+anchor, and strange bearded sailors sitting on casks and bales with the
+hieroglyphs of far places. Landward beyond the walls lies the farm country,
+where small white cottages dream between little hills, and narrow roads with
+many stone bridges wind gracefully among streams and gardens.
+
+
+
+470
+
+
+
+Down through this verdant land Carter walked at evening, and saw twilight
+float up from the river to the marvellous golden spires of Thran. And just at the
+hour of dusk he came to the southern gate, and was stopped by a red-robed
+sentry till he had told three dreams beyond belief, and proved himself a dreamer
+worthy to walk up Thran's steep mysterious streets and linger in the bazaars
+where the wares of the ornate galleons were sold. Then into that incredible city
+he walked; through a wall so thick that the gate was a tunnel, and thereafter
+amidst curved and undulant ways winding deep and narrow between the
+heavenward towers. Lights shone through grated and balconied windows,
+and,the sound of lutes and pipes stole timid from inner courts where marble
+fountains bubbled. Carter knew his way, and edged down through darker streets
+to the river, where at an old sea tavern he found the captains and seamen he had
+known in myriad other dreams. There he bought his passage to Celephais on a
+great green galleon, and there he stopped for the night after speaking gravely to
+the venerable cat of that inn, who blinked dozing before an enormous hearth and
+dreamed of old wars and forgotten gods.
+
+In the morning Carter boarded the galleon bound for Celephais, and sat in the
+prow as the ropes were cast off and the long sail down to the Cerenerian Sea
+begun. For many leagues the banks were much as they were above Thran, with
+now and then a curious temple rising on the farther hills toward the right, and a
+drowsy village on the shore, with steep red roofs and nets spread in the sun.
+Mindful of his search. Carter questioned all the mariners closely about those
+whom they had met in the taverns of Celephais, asking the names and ways of
+the strange men with long, narrow eyes, long-lobed ears, thin noses, and pointed
+chins who came in dark ships from the north and traded onyx for the carved jade
+and spun gold and little red singing birds of Celephais. Of these men the sailors
+knew not much, save that they talked but seldom and spread a kind of awe
+about them.
+
+Their land, very far away, was called Inquanok, and not many people cared to go
+thither because it was a cold twilight land, and said to be close to unpleasant
+Leng; although high impassable mountains towered on the side where Leng was
+thought to lie, so that none might say whether this evil plateau with its horrible
+stone villages and unmentionable monastery were really there, or whether the
+rumour were only a fear that timid people felt in the night when those
+formidable barrier peaks loomed black against a rising moon. Certainly, men
+reached Leng from very different oceans. Of other boundaries of Inquanok those
+sailors had no notion, nor had they heard of the cold waste and unknown Kadath
+save from vague unplaced report. And of the marvellous sunset city which
+Carter sought they knew nothing at all. So the traveller asked no more of far
+things, but bided his time till he might talk with those strange men from cold and
+
+
+
+471
+
+
+
+twilight Inquanok who are the seed of such gods as carved their features on
+Ngranek.
+
+Late in the day the galleon reached those bends of the river which traverse the
+perfumed jungles of Kied. Here Carter wished he might disembark, for in those
+tropic tangles sleep wondrous palaces of ivory, lone and unbroken, where once
+dwelt fabulous monarchs of a land whose name is forgotten. Spells of the Elder
+Ones keep those places unharmed and undecayed, for it is written that there may
+one day be need of them again; and elephant caravans have glimpsed them from
+afar by moonlight, though none dares approach them closely because of the
+guardians to which their wholeness is due. But the ship swept on, and dusk
+hushed the hum of the day, and the first stars above blinked answers to the early
+fireflies on the banks as that jungle fell far behind, leaving only its fragrance as a
+memory that it had been. And all through the night that galleon floated on past
+mysteries unseen and unsuspected. Once a lookout reported fires on the hills to
+the east, but the sleepy captain said they had better not be looked at too much,
+since it was highly uncertain just who or what had lit them.
+
+In the morning the river had broadened out greatly, and Carter saw by the
+houses along the banks that they were close to the vast trading city of Hlanith on
+the Cerenerian Sea. Here the walls are of rugged granite, and the houses
+peakedly fantastic with beamed and plastered gables. The men of Hlanith are
+more like those of the waking world than any others in dreamland; so that the
+city is not sought except for barter, but is prized for the solid work of its artisans.
+The wharves of Hlanith are of oak, and there the galleon made fast while the
+captain traded in the taverns. Carter also went ashore, and looked curiously
+upon the rutted streets where wooden ox carts lumbered and feverish merchants
+cried their wares vacuously in the bazaars. The sea taverns were all close to the
+wharves on cobbled lanes salted with the spray of high tides, and seemed
+exceedingly ancient with their low black-beamed ceilings and casements of
+greenish bull's-eye panes. Ancient sailors in those taverns talked much of distant
+ports, and told many stories of the curious men from twilight Inquanok, but had
+little to add to what the seamen of the galleon had told. Then at last, after much
+unloading and loading, the ship set sail once more over the sunset sea, and the
+high walls and gables of Hlanith grew less as the last golden light of day lent
+them a wonder and beauty beyond any that men had given them.
+
+Two nights and two days the galleon sailed over the Cerenerian Sea, sighting no
+land and speaking but one other vessel. Then near sunset of the second day there
+loomed up ahead the snowy peak of Aran with its gingko-trees swaying on the
+lower slope, and Carter knew that they were come to the land of Ooth-Nargai
+and the marvellous city of Celephais. Swiftly there came into sight the glittering
+minarets of that fabulous town, and the untarnished marble walls with their
+
+
+
+472
+
+
+
+bronze statues, and the great stone bridge where Naraxa joins the sea. Then rose
+the gentle hills behind the town, with their groves and gardens of asphodels and
+the small shrines and cottages upon them; and far in the background the purple
+ridge of the Tanarians, potent and mystical, behind which lay forbidden ways
+into the waking world and toward other regions of dream.
+
+The harbour was full of painted galleys, some of which were from the marble
+cloud-city of Serannian, that lies in ethereal space beyond where the sea meets
+the sky, and some of which were from more substantial parts of dreamland.
+Among these the steersman threaded his way up to the spice-fragrant wharves,
+where the galleon made fast in the dusk as the city's million lights began to
+twinkle out over the water. Ever new seemed this deathless city of vision, for
+here time has no power to tarnish or destroy. As it has always been is still the
+turquoise of Nath-Horthath, and the eighty orchid-wreathed priests are the same
+who builded it ten thousand years ago. Shining still is the bronze of the great
+gates, nor are the onyx pavements ever worn or broken. And the great bronze
+statues on the walls look down on merchants and camel drivers older than fable,
+yet without one grey hair in their forked beards.
+
+Carter did not once seek out the temple or the palace or the citadel, but stayed by
+the seaward wall among traders and sailors. And when it was too late for
+rumours and legends he sought out an ancient tavern he knew well, and rested
+with dreams of the gods on unknown Kadath whom he sought. The next day he
+searched all along the quays for some of the strange mariners of Inquanok, but
+was told that none were now in port, their galley not being due from the north
+for full two weeks. He found, however, one Thorabonian sailor who had been to
+Inquanok and had worked in the onyx quarries of that twilight place; and this
+sailor said there was certainly a descent to the north of the peopled region, which
+everybody seemed to fear and shun. The Thorabonian opined that this desert led
+around the utmost rim of impassable peaks into Leng's horrible plateau, and that
+this was why men feared it; though he admitted there were other vague tales of
+evil presences and nameless sentinels. Whether or not this could be the fabled
+waste wherein unknown Kadath stands he did not know; but it seemed unlikely
+that those presences and sentinels, if indeed they existed, were stationed for
+nought.
+
+On the following day Carter walked up the Street of the Pillars to the turquoise
+temple and talked with the High-Priest. Though Nath-Horthath is chiefly
+worshipped in Celephais, all the Great Ones are mentioned in diurnal prayers;
+and the priest was reasonably versed in their moods. Like Atal in distant Ulthar,
+he strongly advised against any attempts to see them; declaring that they are
+testy and capricious, and subject to strange protection from the mindless Other
+Gods from Outside, whose soul and messenger is the crawling chaos
+
+
+
+473
+
+
+
+Nyarlathotep. Their jealous hiding of the marvellous sunset city shewed clearly
+that they did not wish Carter to reach it, and it was doubtful how they would
+regard a guest whose object was to see them and plead before them. No man had
+ever found Kadath in the past, and it might be just as well if none ever found it in
+the future. Such rumours as were told about that onyx castle of the Great Ones
+were not by any means reassuring.
+
+Having thanked the orchid-crowned High-Priest, Carter left the temple and
+sought out the bazaar of the sheep-butchers, where the old chief of Celephais'
+cats dwelt sleek and contented. That grey and dignified being was sunning
+himself on the onyx pavement, and extended a languid paw as his caller
+approached. But when Carter repeated the passwords and introductions
+furnished him by the old cat general of Ulthar, the furry patriarch became very
+cordial and communicative; and told much of the secret lore known to cats on
+the seaward slopes of Ooth-Nargai. Best of all, he repeated several things told
+him furtively by the timid waterfront cats of Celephais about the men of
+Inquanok, on whose dark ships no cat will go.
+
+It seems that these men have an aura not of earth about them, though that is not
+the reason why no cat will sail on their ships. The reason for this is that Inquanok
+holds shadows which no cat can endure, so that in all that cold twilight realm
+there is never a cheering purr or a homely mew. Whether it be because of things
+wafted over the impassable peaks from hypothetical Leng, or because of things
+filtering down from the chilly desert to the north, none may say; but it remains a
+fact that in that far land there broods a hint of outer space which cats do not like,
+and to which they are more sensitive than men. Therefore they will not go on the
+dark ships that seek the basalt quays of Inquanok.
+
+The old chief of the cats also told him where to find his friend King Kuranes,
+who in Carter's latter dreams had reigned alternately in the rose-crystal Palace of
+the Seventy Delights at Celephais and in the turreted cloud-castle of sky-floating
+Serannian. It seemed that he could no more find content in those places, but had
+formed a mighty longing for the English cliffs and downlands of his boyhood;
+where in little dreaming villages England's old songs hover at evening behind
+lattice windows, and where grey church towers peep lovely through the verdure
+of distant valleys. He could not go back to these things in the waking world
+because his body was dead; but he had done the next best thing and dreamed a
+small tract of such countryside in the region east of the city where meadows roll
+gracefully up from the sea-cliffs to the foot of the Tanarian Hills. There he dwelt
+in a grey Gothic manor-house of stone looking on the sea, and tried to think it
+was ancient Trevor Towers, where he was born and where thirteen generations
+of his forefathers had first seen the light. And on the coast nearby he had built a
+little Cornish fishing village with steep cobbled ways, settling therein such
+
+
+
+474
+
+
+
+people as had the most Enghsh faces, and seeking ever to teach them the dear
+remembered accents of old Cornwall fishers. And in a valley not far off he had
+reared a great Norman Abbey whose tower he could see from his window,
+placing around it in the churchyard grey stones with the names of his ancestors
+carved thereon, and with a moss somewhat like Old England's moss. For though
+Kuranes was a monarch in the land of dream, with all imagined pomps and
+marvels, splendours and beauties, ecstasies and delights, novelties and
+excitements at his command, he would gladly have resigned forever the whole of
+his power and luxury and freedom for one blessed day as a simple boy in that
+pure and quiet England, that ancient, beloved England which had moulded his
+being and of which he must always be immutably a part.
+
+So when Carter bade that old grey chief of the cats adieu, he did not seek the
+terraced palace of rose crystal but walked out the eastern gate and across the
+daisied fields toward a peaked gable which he glimpsed through the oaks of a
+park sloping up to the sea-cliffs. And in time he came to a great hedge and a gate
+with a little brick lodge, and when he rang the bell there hobbled to admit him
+no robed and annointed lackey of the palace, but a small stubby old man in a
+smock who spoke as best he could in the quaint tones of far Cornwall. And
+Carter walked up the shady path between trees as near as possible to England's
+trees, and clumbed the terraces among gardens set out as in Queen Anne's time.
+At the door, flanked by stone cats in the old way, he was met by a whiskered
+butler in suitable livery; and was presently taken to the library where Kuranes,
+Lord of Ooth-Nargai and the Sky around Serannian, sat pensive in a chair by the
+window looking on his little seacoast village and wishing that his old nurse
+would come in and scold him because he was not ready for that hateful lawn-
+party at the vicar's, with the carriage waiting and his mother nearly out of
+patience.
+
+Kuranes, clad in a dressing gown of the sort favoured by London tailors in his
+youth, rose eagerly to meet his guest; for the sight of an Anglo-Saxon from the
+waking world was very dear to him, even if it was a Saxon from Boston,
+Massachusetts, instead of from Cornwall. And for long they talked of old times,
+having much to say because both were old dreamers and well versed in the
+wonders of incredible places. Kuranes, indeed, had been out beyond the stars in
+the ultimate void, and was said to be the only one who had ever returned sane
+from such a voyage.
+
+At length Carter brought up the subject of his quest, and asked of his host those
+questions he had asked of so many others. Kuranes did not know where Kadath
+was, or the marvellous sunset city; but he did know that the Great Ones were
+very dangerous creatures to seek out, and that the Other Gods had strange ways
+of protecting them from impertinent curiosity. He had learned much of the Other
+
+
+
+475
+
+
+
+Gods in distant parts of space, especially in that region where form does not
+exist, and coloured gases study the innermost secrets. The violet gas S'ngac had
+told him terrible things of the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep, and had warned him
+never to approach the central void where the daemon sultan Azathoth gnaws
+hungrily in the dark.
+
+Altogether, it was not well to meddle with the Elder Ones; and if they
+persistently denied all access to the marvellous sunset city, it were better not to
+seek that city.
+
+Kuranes furthermore doubted whether his guest would profit aught by coming
+to the city even were he to gain it. He himself had dreamed and yearned long
+years for lovely Celephais and the land of Ooth-Nargai, and for the freedom and
+colour and high experience of life devoid of its chains, and conventions, and
+stupidities. But now that he was come into that city and that land, and was the
+king thereof, he found the freedom and the vividness all too soon worn out, and
+monotonous for want of linkage with anything firm in his feelings and
+memories. He was a king in Ooth-Nargai, but found no meaning therein, and
+drooped always for the old familiar things of England that had shaped his youth.
+All his kingdom would he give for the sound of Cornish church bells over the
+downs, and all the thousand minarets of Celephais for the steep homely roofs of
+the village near his home. So he told his guest that the unknown sunset city
+might not hold quite that content he sought, and that perhaps it had better
+remain a glorious and half-remembered dream. For he had visited Carter often in
+the old waking days, and knew well the lovely New England slopes that had
+given him birth.
+
+At the last, he was very certain, the seeker would long only for the early
+remembered scenes; the glow of Beacon Hill at evening, the tall steeples and
+winding hill streets of quaint Kingsport, the hoary gambrel roofs of ancient and
+witch-haunted Arkham, and the blessed meads and valleys where stone walls
+rambled and white farmhouse gables peeped out from bowers of verdure. These
+things he told Randolph Carter, but still the seeker held to his purpose. And in
+the end they parted each with his own conviction, and Carter went back through
+the bronze gate into Celephais and down the Street of Pillars to the old sea wall,
+where he talked more with the mariners of far ports and waited for the dark ship
+from cold and twilight Inquanok, whose strange-faced sailors and onyx-traders
+had in them the blood of the Great Ones.
+
+One starlit evening when the Pharos shone splendid over the harbour the
+longed-for ship put in, and strange-faced sailors and traders appeared one by
+one and group by group in the ancient taverns along the sea wall. It was very
+exciting to see again those living faces so like the godlike features of Ngranek,
+
+
+
+476
+
+
+
+but Carter did not hasten to speak with the silent seamen. He did not know how
+much of pride and secrecy and dim supernal memory might fill those children of
+the Great Ones, and was sure it would not be wise to tell them of his quest or ask
+too closely of that cold desert stretching north of their twilight land. They talked
+little with the other folk in those ancient sea taverns; but would gather in groups
+in remote comers and sing among themselves the haunting airs of unknown
+places, or chant long tales to one another in accents alien to the rest of
+dreamland. And so rare and moving were those airs and tales that one might
+guess their wonders from the faces of those who listened, even though the words
+came to common ears only as strange cadence and obscure melody.
+
+For a week the strange seamen lingered in the taverns and traded in the bazaars
+of Celephais, and before they sailed Carter had taken passage on their dark ship,
+telling them that he was an old onyx miner and wishful to work in their quarries.
+That ship was very lovey and cunningly wrought, being of teakwood with ebony
+fittings and traceries of gold, and the cabin in which the traveller lodged had
+hangings of silk and velvet. One morning at the turn of the tide the sails were
+raised and the anchor lilted, and as Carter stood on the high stern he saw the
+sunrise-blazing walls and bronze statues and golden minarets of ageless
+Celephais sink into the distance, and the snowy peak of Mount Man grow
+smaller and smaller. By noon there was nothing in sight save the gentle blue of
+the Cerenerian Sea, with one painted galley afar off bound for that realm of
+Serannian where the sea meets the sky.
+
+And the night came with gorgeous stars, and the dark ship steered for Charles'
+Wain and the Little Bear as they swung slowly round the pole. And the sailors
+sang strange songs of unknown places, and they stole off one by one to the
+forecastle while the wistful watchers murmured old chants and leaned over the
+rail to glimpse the luminous fish playing in bowers beneath the sea. Carter went
+to sleep at midnight, and rose in the glow of a young morning, marking that the
+sun seemed farther south than was its wont. And all through that second day he
+made progress in knowing the men of the ship, getting them little by little to talk
+of their cold twilight land, of their exquisite onyx city, and of their fear of the
+high and impassable peaks beyond which Leng was said to be. They told him
+how sorry they were that no cats would stay in the land of Inquanok, and how
+they thought the hidden nearness of Leng was to blame for it. Only of the stony
+desert to the north they would not talk. There was something disquieting about
+that desert, and it was thought expedient not to admit its existence.
+
+On later days they talked of the quarries in which Carter said he was going to
+work. There were many of them, for all the city of Inquanok was builded of
+onyx, whilst great polished blocks of it were traded in Rinar, Ogrothan, and
+Celephais and at home with the merchants of Thraa, Flarnek, and Kadatheron,
+
+
+
+477
+
+
+
+for the beautiful wares of those fabulous ports. And far to the north, almost in
+the cold desert whose existence the men of Inquanok did not care to admit, there
+was an unused quarry greater than all the rest; from which had been hewn in
+forgotten times such prodigious lumps and blocks that the sight of their chiselled
+vacancies struck terror to all who beheld. Who had mined those incredible
+blocks, and whither they had been transported, no man might say; but it was
+thought best not to trouble that quarry, around which such inhuman memories
+might conceivably cling. So it was left all alone in the twilight, with only the
+raven and the rumoured Shantak-bird to brood on its immensities, when Carter
+heard of this quarry he was moved to deep thought, for he knew from old tales
+that the Great Ones' castle atop unknown Kadath is of onyx.
+
+Each day the sun wheeled lower and lower in the sky, and the mists overhead
+grew thicker and thicker. And in two weeks there was not any sunlight at all, but
+only a weird grey twilight shining through a dome of eternal cloud by day, and a
+cold starless phosphorescence from the under side of that cloud by night. On the
+twentieth day a great jagged rock in the sea was sighted from afar, the first land
+glimpsed since Man's snowy peak had dwindled behind the ship. Carter asked
+the captain the name of that rock, but was told that it had no name and had
+never been sought by any vessel because of the sounds that came from it at night.
+And when, after dark, a dull and ceaseless howling arose from that jagged
+granite place, the traveller was glad that no stop had been made, and that the
+rock had no name. The seamen prayed and chanted till the noise was out of
+earshot, and Carter dreamed terrible dreams within dreams in the small hours.
+
+Two mornings after that there loomed far ahead and to the east a line of great
+grey peaks whose tops were lost in the changeless clouds of that twilight world.
+And at the sight of them the sailors sang glad songs, and some knelt down on the
+deck to pray, so that Carter knew they were come to the land of Inquanok and
+would soon be moored to the basalt quays of the great town bearing that land's
+name. Toward noon a dark coastline appeared, and before three o'clock there
+stood out against the north the bulbous domes and fantastic spires of the onyx
+city. Rare and curious did that archaic city rise above its walls and quays, all of
+delicate black with scrolls, flutings, and arabesques of inlaid gold. Tall and
+many-windowed were the houses, and carved on every side with flowers and
+patterns whose dark symmetries dazzled the eye with a beauty more poignant
+than light. Some ended in swelling domes that tapered to a point, others in
+terraced pyramids whereon rose clustered minarets displaying every phase of
+strangeness and imagination. The walls were low, and pierced by frequent gates,
+each under a great arch rising high above the general level and capped by the
+head of a god chiselled with that same skill displayed in the monstrous face on
+distant Ngranek. On a hill in the centre rose a sixteen-angled tower greater than
+all the rest and bearing a high pinnacled belfry resting on a flattened dome. This,
+
+
+
+478
+
+
+
+the seamen said, was the Temple of the Elder Ones, and was ruled by an old
+High-Priest sad with inner secrets.
+
+At intervals the clang of a strange bell shivered over the onyx city, answered
+each time by a peal of mystic music made up of horns, viols, and chanting voices.
+And from a row of tripods on a galley round the high dome of the temple there
+burst flares of flame at certain moments; for the priests and people of that city
+were wise in the primal mysteries, and faithful in keeping the rhythms of the
+Great Ones as set forth in scrolls older than the Pnakotic Manuscripts. As the
+ship rode past the great basalt breakwater into the harbour the lesser noises of
+the city grew manifest, and Carter saw the slaves, sailors, and merchants on the
+docks. The sailors and merchants were of the strange-faced race of the gods, but
+the slaves were squat, slant-eyed folk said by rumour to have drifted somehow
+across or around the impassable peaks from the valleys beyond Leng. The
+wharves reached wide outside the city wall and bore upon them all manner of
+merchandise from the galleys anchored there, while at one end were great piles
+of onyx both carved and uncarved awaiting shipment to the far markets of Rinar,
+Ograthan and Celephais.
+
+It was not yet evening when the dark ship anchored beside a jutting quay of
+stone, and all the sailors and traders filed ashore and through the arched gate
+into the city. The streets of that city were paved with onyx and some of them
+were wide and straight whilst others were crooked and narrow. The houses near
+the water were lower than the rest, and bore above their curiously arched
+doorways certain signs of gold said to be in honour of the respective small gods
+that favoured each. The captain of the ship took Carter to an old sea tavern
+where flocked the mariners of quaint countries, and promised that he would next
+day shew him the wonders of the twilight city, and lead him to the taverns of the
+onyx-miners by the northern wall. And evening fell, and little bronze lamps were
+lighted, and the sailors in that tavern sang songs of remote places. But when
+from its high tower the great bell shivered over the city, and the peal of the horns
+and viols and voices rose cryptical in answer thereto, all ceased their songs or
+tales and bowed silent till the. last echo died away. For there is a wonder and a
+strangeness on the twilight city of Inquanok, and men fear to be lax in its rites
+lest a doom and a vengeance lurk unsuspectedly close.
+
+Far in the shadows of that tavern Carter saw a squat form he did not like, for it
+was unmistakably that of the old slant-eyed merchant he had seen so long before
+in the taverns of Dylath-Leen, who was reputed to trade with the horrible stone
+villages of Leng which no healthy folk visit and whose evil fires are seen at night
+from afar, and even to have dealt with that High-Priest Not To Be Described,
+which wears a yellow silken mask over its face and dwells all alone in a
+prehistoric stone monastery. This man had seemed to shew a queer gleam of
+
+
+
+479
+
+
+
+knowing when Carter asked the traders of DylathLeen about the cold waste and
+Kadath; and somehow his presence in dark and haunted Inquanok, so close to
+the wonders of the north, was not a reassuring thing. He slipped wholly out of
+sight before Carter could speak to him, and sailors later said that he had come
+with a yak caravan from some point not well determined, bearing the colossal
+and rich-flavoured eggs of the rumoured Shantak-bird to trade for the dextrous
+jade goblets that merchants brought from Ilarnek.
+
+On the following morning the ship-captain led Carter through the onyx streets of
+Inquanok, dark under their twilight sky. The inlaid doors and figured house-
+fronts, carven balconies and crystal-paned oriels all gleamed with a sombre and
+polished loveliness; and now and then a plaza would open out with black pillars,
+colonades, and the statues of curious beings both human and fabulous. Some of
+the vistas down long and unbending streets, or through side alleys and over
+bulbous domes, spires, and arabesqued roofs, were weird and beautiful beyond
+words; and nothing was more splendid than the massive heights of the great
+central Temple of the Elder Ones with its sixteen carven sides, its flattened dome,
+and its lofty pinnacled belfry, overtopping all else, and majestic whatever its
+foreground. And always to the east, far beyond the city walls and the leagues of
+pasture land, rose the gaunt grey sides of those topless and impassable peaks
+across which hideous Leng was said to lie.
+
+The captain took Carter to the mighty temple, which is set with its walled garden
+in a great round plaza whence the streets go as spokes from a wheel's hub. The
+seven arched gates of that garden, each having over it a carven face like those on
+the city's gates, are always open, and the people roam reverently at will down
+the tiled paths and through the little lanes lined with grotesque termini and the
+shrines of modest gods. And there are fountains, pools, and basins there to
+reflect the frequent blaze of the tripods on the high balcony, all of onyx and
+having in them small luminous fish taken by divers from the lower bowers of
+ocean. When the deep clang from the temple belfry shivers over the garden and
+the city, and the answer of the horns and viols and voices peals out from the
+seven lodges by the garden gates, there issue from the seven doors of the temple
+long columns of masked and hooded priests in black, bearing at arm's length
+before them great golden bowls from which a curious steam rises. And all the
+seven columns strut peculiarly in single file, legs thrown far forward without
+bending the knees, down the walks that lead to the seven lodges, wherein they
+disappear and do not appear again. It is said that subterrene paths connect the
+lodges with the temple, and that the long files of priests return through them; nor
+is it unwhispered that deep flights of onyx steps go down to mysteries that are
+never told. But only a few are those who hint that the priests in the masked and
+hooded columns are not human beings.
+
+
+
+480
+
+
+
+Carter did not enter the temple, because none but the Veiled King is permitted to
+do that. But before he left the garden the hour of the bell came, and he heard the
+shivering clang deafening above him, and the wailing of the horns and viols and
+voices loud from the lodges by the gates. And down the seven great walks
+stalked the long files of bowl-bearing priests in their singular way, giving to the
+traveller a fear which human priests do not often give. When the last of them had
+vanished he left that garden, noting as he did so a spot on the pavement over
+which the bowls had passed. Even the ship-captain did not like that spot, and
+hurried him on toward the hill whereon the Veiled King's palace rises many-
+domed and marvellous.
+
+The ways to the onyx palace are steep and narrow, all but the broad curving one
+where the king and his companions ride on yaks or in yak-drawn chariots. Carter
+and his guide climbed up an alley that was all steps, between inlaid walls
+hearing strange signs in gold, and under balconies and oriels whence sometimes
+floated soft strains of music or breaths of exotic fragrance. Always ahead loomed
+those titan walls, mighty buttresses, and clustered and bulbous domes for which
+the Veiled King's palace is famous; and at length they passed under a great black
+arch and emerged in the gardens of the monarch's pleasure. There Carter paused
+in faintness at so much beauty, for the onyx terraces and colonnaded walks, the
+gay porterres and delicate flowering trees espaliered to golden lattices, the
+brazen urns and tripods with cunning bas-reliefs, the pedestalled and almost
+breathing statues of veined black marble, the basalt-bottomed lagoon's tiled
+fountains with luminous fish, the tiny temples of iridescent singing birds atop
+carven columns, the marvellous scrollwork of the great bronze gates, and the
+blossoming vines trained along every inch of the polished walls all joined to
+form a sight whose loveliness was beyond reality, and half-fabulous even in the
+land of dreams. There it shimmered like a vision under that grey twilight sky,
+with the domed and fretted magnificence of the palace ahead, and the fantastic
+silhouette of the distant impassable peaks on the right. And ever the small birds
+and the fountains sang, while the perfume of rare blossoms spread like a veil
+over that incredible garden. No other human presence was there, and Carter was
+glad it was so. Then they turned and descended again the onyx alley of steps, for
+the palace itself no visitor may enter; and it is not well to look too long and
+steadily at the great central dome, since it is said to house the archaic father of all
+the rumoured Shantak-birds, and to send out queer dreams to the curious.
+
+After that the captain took Carter to the north quarter of the town, near the Gate
+of the Caravans, where are the taverns of the yak-merchants and the onyx-
+miners. And there, in a low-ceiled inn of quarrymen, they said farewell; for
+business called the captain whilst Carter was eager to talk with miners about the
+north. There were many men in that inn, and the traveller was not long in
+speaking to some of them; saying that he was an old miner of onyx, and anxious
+
+
+
+481
+
+
+
+to know somewhat of Inquanok's quarries. But all that he learned was not much
+more than he knew before, for the miners were timid and evasive about the cold
+desert to the north and the quarry that no man visits. They had fears of fabled
+emissaries from around the mountains where Leng is said to lie, and of evil
+presences and nameless sentinels far north among the scattered rocks. And they
+whispered also that the rumoured Shantak-birds are no wholesome things; it
+being, indeed for the best that no man has ever truly seen one (for that fabled
+father of Shantaks in the king's dome is fed in the dark).
+
+The next day, saying that he wished to look over all the various mines for himself
+and to visit the scattered farms and quaint onyx villages of Inquanok, Carter
+hired a yak and stuffed great leathern saddle-bags for a journey. Beyond the Gate
+of the Caravans the road lay straight betwixt tilled fields, with many odd
+farmhouses crowned by low domes. At some of these houses the seeker stopped
+to ask questions; once finding a host so austere and reticent, and so full of an
+unplaced majesty like to that in the huge features on Ngranek, that he felt certain
+he had come at last upon one of the Great Ones themselves, or upon one with
+full nine-tenths of their blood, dwelling amongst men. And to that austere and
+reticent cotter he was careful to speak very well of the gods, and to praise all the
+blessings they had ever accorded him.
+
+That night Carter camped in a roadside meadow beneath a great lygath-tree to
+which he tied his yak, and in the morning resumed his northward pilgrimage. At
+about ten o'clock he reached the small-domed village of Urg, where traders rest
+and miners tell their tales, and paused in its taverns till noon. It is here that the
+great caravan road turns west toward Selarn, but Carter kept on north by the
+quarry road. All the afternoon he followed that rising road, which was somewhat
+narrower than the great highway, and which now led through a region with
+more rocks than tilled fields. And by evening the low hills on his left had risen
+into sizable black cliffs, so that he knew he was close to the mining country. All
+the while the great gaunt sides of the impassable mountains towered afar off at
+his right, and the farther he went, the worse tales he heard of them from the
+scattered farmers and traders and drivers of lumbering onyx-carts along the way.
+
+On the second night he camped in the shadow of a large black crag, tethering his
+yak to a stake driven in the ground. He observed the greater phosphorescence of
+the clouds at his northerly point, and more than once thought he saw dark
+shapes outlined against them. And on the third morning he came in sight of the
+first onyx quarry, and greeted the men who there laboured with picks and
+chisels. Before evening he had passed eleven quarries; the land being here given
+over altogether to onyx cliffs and boulders, with no vegetation at all, but only
+great rocky fragments scattered about a floor of black earth, with the grey
+impassable peaks always rising gaunt and sinister on his right. The third night he
+
+
+
+482
+
+
+
+spent in a camp of quarry men whose flickering fires cast weird reflections on the
+polished cliffs to the west. And they sang many songs and told many tales,
+shewing such strange knowledge of the olden days and the habits of gods that
+Carter could see they held many latent memories of their sires the Great Ones.
+They asked him whither he went, and cautioned him not to go too far to the
+north; but he replied that he was seeking new cliffs of onyx, and would take no
+more risks than were common among prospectors. In the morning he bade them
+adieu and rode on into the darkening north, where they had warned him he
+would find the feared and unvisited quarry whence hands older than men's
+hands had wrenched prodigious blocks. But he did not like it when, turning back
+to wave a last farewell, he thought he saw approaching the camp that squat and
+evasive old merchant with slanting eyes, whose conjectured traffick with Leng
+was the gossip of distant Dylath-Leen.
+
+After two more quarries the inhabited part of Inquanok seemed to end, and the
+road narrowed to a steeply rising yak-path among forbidding black cliffs.
+Always on the right towered the gaunt and distant peaks, and as Carter climbed
+farther and farther into this untraversed realm he found it grew darker and
+colder. Soon he perceived that there were no prints of feet or hooves on the black
+path beneath, and realised that he was indeed come into strange and deserted
+ways of elder time. Once in a while a raven would croak far overhead, and now
+and then a flapping behind some vast rock would make him think
+uncomfortably of the rumoured Shantak-bird. But in the main he was alone with
+his shaggy steed, and it troubled him to observe that this excellent yak became
+more and more reluctant to advance, and more and more disposed to snort
+affrightedly at any small noise along the route.
+
+The path now contracted between sable and glistening walls, and began to
+display an even greater steepness than before. It was a bad footing, and the yak
+often slipped on the stony fragments strewn thickly about. In two hours Carter
+saw ahead a definite crest, beyond which was nothing but dull grey sky, and
+blessed the prospect of a level or downward course. To reach this crest, however,
+was no easy task; for the way had grown nearly perpendicular, and was perilous
+with loose black gravel and small stones. Eventually Carter dismounted and led
+his dubious yak; pulling very hard when the animal balked or stumbled, and
+keeping his own footing as best he might. Then suddenly he came to the top and
+saw beyond, and gasped at what he saw.
+
+The path indeed led straight ahead and slightly down, with the same lines of
+high natural walls as before; but on the left hand there opened out a monstrous
+space, vast acres in extent, where some archaic power had riven and rent the
+native cliffs of onyx in the form of a giant's quarry. Far back into the solid
+precipice ran that Cyclopean gouge, and deep down within earth's bowels its
+
+
+
+483
+
+
+
+lower delvings yawned. It was no quarry of man, and the concave sides were
+scarred with great squares, yards wide, which told of the size of the blocks once
+hewn by nameless hands and chisels. High over its jagged rim huge ravens
+flapped and croaked, and vague whirrings in the unseen depths told of bats or
+urhags or less mentionable presences haunting the endless blackness. There
+Carter stood in the narrow way amidst the twilight with the rocky path sloping
+down before him; tall onyx cliffs on his right that led on as far as he could see
+and tall cliffs on the left chopped off just ahead to make that terrible and
+unearthly quarry.
+
+All at once the yak uttered a cry and burst from his control, leaping past him and
+darting on in a panic till it vanished down the narrow slope toward the north.
+Stones kicked by its flying hooves fell over the brink of the quarry and lost
+themselves in the dark without any sound of striking bottom; but Carter ignored
+the perils of that scanty path as he raced breathlessly after the flying steed. Soon
+the left-behind cliffs resumed their course, making the way once more a narrow
+lane; and still the traveller leaped on after the yak whose great wide prints told
+of its desperate flight.
+
+Once he thought he heard the hoofbeats of the frightened beast, and doubled his
+speed from this encouragement. He was covering miles, and little by little the
+way was broadening in front till he knew he must soon emerge on the cold and
+dreaded desert to the north. The gaunt grey flanks of the distant impassable
+peaks were again visible above the right-hand crags, and ahead were the rocks
+and boulders of an open space which was clearly a foretaste of the dark arid
+limitless plain. And once more those hoofbeats sounded in his ears, plainer than
+before, but this time giving terror instead of encouragement because he realised
+that they were not the frightened hoofbeats of his fleeing yak. The beats were
+ruthless and purposeful, and they were behind him.
+
+Carter's pursuit of the yak became now a flight from an unseen thing, for though
+he dared not glance over his shoulder he felt that the presence behind him could
+be nothing wholesome or mentionable. His yak must have heard or felt it first,
+and he did not like to ask himself whether it had followed him from the haunts
+of men or had floundered up out of that black quarry pit. Meanwhile the cliffs
+had been left behind, so that the oncoming night fell over a great waste of sand
+and spectral rocks wherein all paths were lost. He could not see the hoofprints of
+his yak, but always from behind him there came that detestable clopping;
+mingled now and then with what he fancied were titanic flappings and
+whirrings. That he was losing ground seemed unhappily clear to him, and he
+knew he was hopelessly lost in this broken and blasted desert of meaningless
+rocks and untravelled sands. Only those remote and impassable peaks on the
+
+
+
+484
+
+
+
+right gave him any sense of direction, and even they were less clear as the grey
+twilight waned and the sickly phosphorescence of the clouds took its place.
+
+Then dim and misty in the darkling north before him he glimpsed a terrible
+thing. He had thought it for some moments a range of black mountains, but now
+he saw it was something more. The phosphorescence of the brooding clouds
+shewed it plainly, and even silhouetted parts of it as vapours glowed behind.
+How distant it was he could not tell, but it must have been very far. It was
+thousands of feet high, stretching in a great concave arc from the grey
+impassable peaks to the unimagined westward spaces, and had once indeed been
+a ridge of mighty onyx hills. But now these hills were hills no more, for some
+hand greater than man's had touched them. Silent they squatted there atop the
+world like wolves or ghouls, crowned with clouds and mists and guarding the
+secrets of the north forever. All in a great half circle they squatted, those dog-like
+mountains carven into monstrous watching statues, and their right hands were
+raised in menace against mankind.
+
+It was only the flickering light of the clouds that made their mitred double heads
+seem to move, but as Carter stumbled on he saw arise from their shadowy caps
+great forms whose motions were no delusion. Winged and whirring, those forms
+grew larger each moment, and the traveller knew his stumbling was at an end.
+They were not any birds or bats known elsewhere on earth or in dreamland, for
+they were larger than elephants and had heads like a horse's. Carter knew that
+they must be the Shantak-birds of ill rumour, and wondered no more what evil
+guardians and nameless sentinels made men avoid the boreal rock desert. And as
+he stopped in final resignation he dared at last to look behind him, where indeed
+was trotting the squat slant-eyed trader of evil legend, grinning astride a lean
+yak and leading on a noxious horde of leering Shantaks to whose wings still
+clung the rime and nitre of the nether pits.
+
+Trapped though he was by fabulous and hippocephalic winged nightmares that
+pressed around in great unholy circles, Randolph Carter did not lose
+consciousness. Lofty and horrible those titan gargoyles towered above him,
+while the slant-eyed merchant leaped down from his yak and stood grinning
+before the captive. Then the man motioned Carter to mount one of the repugnant
+Shantaks, helping him up as his judgement struggled with his loathing. It was
+hard work ascending, for the Shantak-bird has scales instead of feathers, and
+those scales are very slippery. Once he was seated, the slant-eyed man hopped
+up behind him, leaving the lean yak to be led away northward toward the ring of
+carven mountains by one of the incredible bird colossi.
+
+There now followed a hideous whirl through frigid space, endlessly up and
+eastward toward the gaunt grey flanks of those impassable mountains beyond
+
+
+
+485
+
+
+
+which Leng was said to be. Far above the clouds they flew, till at last there lay
+beneath them those fabled summits which the folk of Inquanok have never seen,
+and which lie always in high vortices of gleaming mist. Carter beheld them very
+plainly as they passed below, and saw upon their topmost peaks strange caves
+which made him think of those on Ngranek; but he did not question his captor
+about these things when he noticed that both the man and the horse-headed
+Shantak appeared oddly fearful of them, hurrying past nervously and shewing
+great tension until they were left far in the rear.
+
+The Shantak now flew lower, revealing beneath the canopy of cloud a grey
+barren plain whereon at great distances shone little feeble fires. As they
+descended there appeared at intervals lone huts of granite and bleak stone
+villages whose tiny windows glowed with pallid light. And there came from
+those huts and villages a shrill droning of pipes and a nauseous rattle of crotala
+which proved at once that Inquanok's people are right in their geographic
+rumours. For travellers have heard such sounds before, and know that they float
+only from the cold desert plateau which healthy folk never visit; that haunted
+place of evil and mystery which is Leng.
+
+Around the feeble fires dark forms were dancing, and Carter was curious as to
+what manner of beings they might be; for no healthy folk have ever been to Leng,
+and the place is known only by its fires and stone huts as seen from afar. Very
+slowly and awkwardly did those forms leap, and with an insane twisting and
+bending not good to behold; so that Carter did not wonder at the monstrous evil
+imputed to them by vague legend, or the fear in which all dreamland holds their
+abhorrent frozen plateau. As the Shantak flew lower, the repulsiveness of the
+dancers became tinged with a certain hellish familiarity; and the prisoner kept
+straining his eyes and racking his memory for clues to where he had seen such
+creatures before.
+
+They leaped as though they had hooves instead of feet, and seemed to wear a
+sort of wig or headpiece with small horns. Of other clothing they had none, but
+most of them were quite furry. Behind they had dwarfish tails, and when they
+glanced upward he saw the excessive width of their mouths. Then he knew what
+they were, and that they did not wear any wigs or headpieces after all. For the
+cryptic folk of Leng were of one race with the uncomfortable merchants of the
+black galleys that traded rubies at Dylath-Leen; those not quite human
+merchants who are the slaves of the monstrous moon-things! They were indeed
+the same dark folk who had shanghaied Carter on their noisome galley so long
+ago, and whose kith he had seen driven in herds about the unclean wharves of
+that accursed lunar city, with the leaner ones toiling and the fatter ones taken
+away in crates for other needs of their polypous and amorphous masters. Now
+he saw where such ambiguous creatures came from, and shuddered at the
+
+
+
+486
+
+
+
+thought that Leng must be known to these formless abominations from the
+moon.
+
+But the Shantak flew on past the fires and the stone huts and the less than human
+dancers, and soared over sterile hills of grey granite and dim wastes of rock and
+ice and snow. Day came, and the phosphorescence of low clouds gave place to
+the misty twilight of that northern world, and still the vile bird winged
+meaningly through the cold and silence. At times the slant-eyed man talked with
+his steed in a hateful and guttural language, and the Shantak would answer with
+tittering tones that rasped like the scratching of ground glass. All this while the
+land was getting higher, and finally they came to a wind-swept table-land which
+seemed the very roof of a blasted and tenantless world. There, all alone in the
+hush and the dusk and the cold, rose the uncouth stones of a squat windowless
+building, around which a circle of crude monoliths stood. In all this arrangement
+there was nothing human, and Carter surmised from old tales that he was indeed
+come to that most dreadful and legendary of all places, the remote and
+prehistoric monastery wherein dwells uncompanioned the High-Priest Not To Be
+Described, which wears a yellow silken mask over its face and prays to the Other
+Gods and their crawling chaos Nyarlathotep.
+
+The loathsome bird now settled to the ground, and the slant-eyed man hopped
+down and helped his captive alight. Of the purpose of his seizure Carter now felt
+very sure; for clearly the slant-eyed merchant was an agent of the darker powers,
+eager to drag before his masters a mortal whose presumption had aimed at the
+finding of unknown Kadath and the saying of a prayer before the faces of the
+Great Ones in their onyx castle. It seemed likely that this merchant had caused
+his former capture by the slaves of the moon-things in Dylath-Leen, and that he
+now meant to do what the rescuing cats had baffled; taking the victim to some
+dread rendezvous with monstrous Nyarlathotep and telling with what boldness
+the seeking of unknown Kadath had been tried. Leng and the cold waste north of
+Inquanok must be close to the Other Gods, and there the passes to Kadath are
+well guarded.
+
+The slant-eyed man was small, but the great hippocephalic bird was there to see
+he was obeyed; so Carter followed where he led, and passed within the circle of
+standing rocks and into the low arched doorway of that windowless stone
+monastery. There were no lights inside, but the evil merchant lit a small clay
+lamp bearing morbid bas-reliefs and prodded his prisoner on through mazes of
+narrow winding corridors. On the walls of the corridors were printed frightful
+scenes older than history, and in a style unknown to the archaeologists of earth.
+After countless aeons their pigments were brilliant still, for the cold and dryness
+of hideous Leng keep alive many primal things. Carter saw them fleetingly in the
+rays of that dim and moving lamp, and shuddered at the tale they told.
+
+
+
+487
+
+
+
+Through those archaic frescoes Leng's annals stalked; and the horned, hooved,
+and wide-mouthed almost-humans danced evilly amidst forgotten cities. There
+were scenes of old wars, wherein Leng's almost-humans fought with the bloated
+purple spiders of the neighbouring vales; and there were scenes also of the
+coming of the black galleys from the moon, and of the submission of Leng's
+people to the polypous and amorphous blasphemies that hopped and floundered
+and wriggled out of them. Those slippery greyish-white blasphemies they
+worshipped as gods, nor ever complained when scores of their best and fatted
+males were taken away in the black galleys. The monstrous moon-beasts made
+their camp on a jagged isle in the sea, and Carter could tell from the frescoes that
+this was none other than the lone nameless rock he had seen when sailing to
+Inquanok; that grey accursed rock which Inquanok's seamen shun, and from
+which vile bowlings reverberate all through the night.
+
+And in those frescoes was shewn the great seaport and capital of the almost-
+humans; proud and pillared betwixt the cliffs and the basalt wharves, and
+wondrous with high fanes and carven places. Great gardens and columned
+streets led from the cliffs and from each of the six sphinx-crowned gates to a vast
+central plaza, and in that plaza was a pair of winged colossal lions guarding the
+top of a subterrene staircase. Again and again were those huge winged lions
+shewn, their mighty flanks of diarite glistening in the grey twilight of the day
+and the cloudy phosphorescence of the night. And as Carter stumbled past their
+frequent and repeated pictures it came to him at last what indeed they were, and
+what city it was that the almost-humans had ruled so anciently before the
+coming of the black galleys. There could be no mistake, for the legends of
+dreamland are generous and profuse. Indubitably that primal city was no less a
+place than storied Sarkomand, whose ruins had bleached for a million years
+before the first true human saw the light, and whose twin titan lions guard
+eternally the steps that lead down from dreamland to the Great Abyss.
+
+Other views shewed the gaunt grey peaks dividing Leng from Inquanok, and the
+monstrous Shantak-birds that build nests on the ledges half way up. And they
+shewed likewise the curious caves near the very topmost pinnacles, and how
+even the boldest of the Shantaks fly screaming away from them. Carter had seen
+those caves when he passed over them, and had noticed their likeness to the
+caves on Ngranek. Now he knew that the likeness was more than a chance one,
+for in these pictures were shewn their fearsome denizens; and those bat-wings,
+curving horns, barbed tails, prehensile paws and rubbery bodies were not
+strange to him. He had met those silent, flitting and clutching creatures before;
+those mindless guardians of the Great Abyss whom even the Great Ones fear,
+and who own not Nyarlathotep but hoary Nodens as their lord. For they were
+the dreaded night-gaunts, who never laugh or smile because they have no faces.
+
+
+
+488
+
+
+
+and who flop unendingly in the dark betwixt the Vale of Pnath and the passes to
+the outer world.
+
+The slant-eyed merchant had now prodded Carter into a great domed space
+whose walls were carved in shocking bas-reliefs, and whose centre held a gaping
+circular pit surrounded by six malignly stained stone altars in a ring. There was
+no light in this vast evil-smelling crypt, and the small lamp of the sinister
+merchant shone so feebly that one could grasp details only little by little. At the
+farther end was a high stone dais reached by five steps; and there on a golden
+throne sat a lumpish figure robed in yellow silk figured with red and having a
+yellow silken mask over its face. To this being the slant-eyed man made certain
+signs with his hands, and the lurker in the dark replied by raising a disgustingly
+carven flute of ivory in silk-covered paws and blowing certain loathsome sounds
+from beneath its flowing yellow mask. This colloquy went on for some time, and
+to Carter there was something sickeningly familiar in the sound of that flute and
+the stench of the malodorous place. It made him think of a frightful red-litten city
+and of the revolting procession that once filed through it; of that, and of an awful
+climb through lunar countryside beyond, before the rescuing rush of earth's
+friendly cats. He knew that the creature on the dais was without doubt the High-
+Priest Not To Be Described, of which legend whispers such fiendish and
+abnormal possibilities, but he feared to think just what that abhorred High-Priest
+might be.
+
+Then the figured silk slipped a trifle from one of the greyish-white paws, and
+Carter knew what the noisome High-Priest was. And in that hideous second,
+stark fear drove him to something his reason would never have dared to attempt,
+for in all his shaken consciousness there was room only for one frantic will to
+escape from what squatted on that golden throne. He knew that hopeless
+labyrinths of stone lay betwixt him and the cold table-land outside, and that even
+on that table-land the noxious Shantek still waited; yet in spite of all this there
+was in his mind only the instant need to get away from that wriggling, silk-robed
+monstrosity.
+
+The slant-eyed man had set the curious lamp upon one of the high and wickedly
+stained altar-stones by the pit, and had moved forward somewhat to talk to the
+High-Priest with his hands. Carter, hitherto wholly passive, now gave that man a
+terrific push with all the wild strength of fear, so that the victim toppled at once
+into that gaping well which rumour holds to reach down to the hellish Vaults of
+Zin where Gugs hunt ghasts in the dark. In almost the same second he seized the
+lamp from the altar and darted out into the frescoed labyrinths, racing this way
+and that as chance determined and trying not to think of the stealthy padding of
+shapeless paws on the stones behind him, or of the silent wrigglings and
+crawlings which must be going on back there in lightless corridors.
+
+
+
+489
+
+
+
+After a few moments he regretted his thoughtless haste, and wished he had tried
+to follow backward the frescoes he had passed on the way in. True, they were so
+confused and duplicated that they could not have done him much good, but he
+wished none the less he had made the attempt. Those he now saw were even
+more horrible than those he had seen then, and he knew he was not in the
+corridors leading outside. In time he became quite sure he was not followed, and
+slackened his pace somewhat; but scarce had he breathed in half relief when a
+new peril beset him. His lamp was waning, and he would soon be in pitch
+blackness with no means of sight or guidance.
+
+When the light was all gone he groped slowly in the dark, and prayed to the
+Great Ones for such help as they might afford. At times he felt the stone floor
+sloping up or down, and once he stumbled over a step for which no reason
+seemed to exist. The farther he went the damper it seemed to be, and when he
+was able to feel a junction or the mouth of a side passage he always chose the
+way which sloped downward the least. He believed, though, that his general
+course was down; and the vault-like smell and incrustations on the greasy walls
+and floor alike warned him he was burrowing deep in Leng's unwholesome
+table-land. But there was not any warning of the thing which came at last; only
+the thing itself with its terror and shock and breath-taking chaos. One moment he
+was groping slowly over the slippery floor of an almost level place, and the next
+he was shooting dizzily downward in the dark through a burrow which must
+have been well-nigh vertical.
+
+Of the length of that hideous sliding he could never be sure, but it seemed to take
+hours of delirious nausea and ecstatic frenzy. Then he realized he was still, with
+the phosphorescent clouds of a northern night shining sickly above him. All
+around were crumbling walls and broken columns, and the pavement on which
+he lay was pierced by straggling grass and wrenched asunder by frequent shrubs
+and roots. Behind him a basalt cliff rose topless and perpendicular; its dark side
+sculptured into repellent scenes, and pierced by an arched and carven entrance
+to the inner blacknesses out of which he had come. Ahead stretched double rows
+of pillars, and the fragments and pedestals of pillars, that spoke of a broad and
+bygone street; and from the urns and basins along the way he knew it had been a
+great street of gardens. Far off at its end the pillars spread to mark a vast round
+plaza, and in that open circle there loomed gigantic under the lurid night clouds
+a pair of monstrous things. Huge winged lions of diarite they were, with
+blackness and shadow between them. Full twenty feet they reared their
+grotesque and unbroken heads, and snarled derisive on the ruins around them.
+And Carter knew right well what they must be, for legend tells of only one such
+twain. They were the changeless guardians of the Great Abyss, and these dark
+ruins were in truth primordial Sarkomand.
+
+
+
+490
+
+
+
+Carter's first act was to close and barricade the archway in the cHff with fallen
+blocks and odd debris that lay around. He wished no follower from Leng's
+hateful monastery, for along the way ahead would lurk enough of other dangers.
+Of how to get from Sarkomand to the peopled parts of dreamland he knew
+nothing at all; nor could he gain much by descending to the grottoes of the
+ghouls, since he knew they were no better informed than he. The three ghouls
+which had helped him through the city of Gugs to the outer world had not
+known how to reach Sarkomand in their journey back, but had planned to ask
+old traders in Dylath-Leen. He did not like to think of going again to the
+subterrene world of Gugs and risking once more that hellish tower of Koth with
+its Cyclopean steps leading to the enchanted wood, yet he felt he might have to
+try this course if all else failed. Over Leng's plateau past the lone monastery he
+dared not go unaided; for the High-Priest's emissaries must be many, while at
+the journey's end there would no doubt be the Shantaks and perhaps other
+things to deal with. If he could get a boat he might sail back to Inquanok past the
+jagged and hideous rock in the sea, for the primal frescoes in the monastery
+labyrinth had shewn that this frightful place lies not far from Sarkomand's basalt
+quays. But to find a boat in this aeon-deserted city was no probable thing, and it
+did not appear likely that he could ever make one.
+
+Such were the thoughts of Randolph Carter when a new impression began
+beating upon his mind. All this while there had stretched before him the great
+corpse-like width of fabled Sarkomand with its black broken pillars and
+crumbling sphinx-crowned gates and titan stones and monstrous winged lions
+against the sickly glow of those luminous night clouds. Now he saw far ahead
+and on the right a glow that no clouds could account for, and knew he was not
+alone in the silence of that dead city. The glow rose and fell fitfully, flickering
+with a greenish tinge which did not reassure the watcher. And when he crept
+closer, down the littered street and through some narrow gaps between tumbled
+walls, he perceived that it was a campfire near the wharves with many vague
+forms clustered darkly around it; and a lethal odour hanging heavily over all.
+Beyond was the oily lapping of the harbour water with a great ship riding at
+anchor, and Carter paused in stark terror when he saw that the ship was indeed
+one of the dreaded black galleys from the moon.
+
+Then, just as he was about to creep back from that detestable flame, he saw a
+stirring among the vague dark forms and heard a peculiar and unmistakable
+sound. It was the frightened meeping of a ghoul, and in a moment it had swelled
+to a veritable chorus of anguish. Secure as he was in the shadow of monstrous
+ruins. Carter allowed his curiosity to conquer his fear, and crept forward again
+instead of retreating. Once in crossing an open street he wriggled worm-like on
+his stomach, and in another place he had to rise to his feet to avoid making a
+noise among heaps of fallen marble. But always he succeeded in avoiding
+
+
+
+491
+
+
+
+discovery, so that in a short time he had found a spot behind a titan pillar where
+he could watch the whole green-litten scene of action. There around a hideous
+fire fed by the obnoxious stems of lunar fungi, there squatted a stinking circle of
+the toadlike moonbeasts and their almost-human slaves. Some of these slaves
+were heating curious iron spears in the leaping flames, and at intervals applying
+their white-hot points to three tightly trussed prisoners that lay writhing before
+the leaders of the party. From the motions of their tentacles Carter could see that
+the blunt-snouted moonbeasts were enjoying the spectacle hugely, and vast was
+his horror when he suddenly recognised the frantic meeping and knew that the
+tortured ghouls were none other than the faithful trio which had guided him
+safely from the abyss, and had thereafter set out from the enchanted wood to
+find Sarkomand and the gate to their native deeps.
+
+The number of malodorous moonbeasts about that greenish fire was very great,
+and Carter saw that he could do nothing now to save his former allies. Of how
+the ghouls had been captured he could not guess; but fancied that the grey
+toadlike blasphemies had heard them inquire in Dylath-Leen concerning the way
+to Sarkomand and had not wished them to approach so closely the hateful
+plateau of Leng and the High-Priest Not To Be Described. For a moment he
+pondered on what he ought to do, and recalled how near he was to the gate of
+the ghouls' black kingdom. Clearly it was wisest to creep east to the plaza of twin
+lions and descend at once to the gulf, where assuredly he would meet no horrors
+worse than those above, and where he might soon find ghouls eager to rescue
+their brethren and perhaps to wipe out the moonbeasts from the black galley. It
+occurred to him that the portal, like other gates to the abyss, might be guarded
+by flocks of night-gaunts; but he did not fear these faceless creatures now. He
+had learned that they are bound by solemn treaties with the ghouls, and the
+ghoul which was Pickman had taught him how to glibber a password they
+understood.
+
+So Carter began another silent crawl through the ruins, edging slowly toward the
+great central plaza and the winged lions. It was ticklish work, but the
+moonbeasts were pleasantly busy and did not hear the slight noises which he
+twice made by accident among the scattered stones. At last he reached the open
+space and picked his way among the stunned trees and vines that had grown up
+therein. The gigantic lions loomed terrible above him in the sickly glow of the
+phosphorescent night clouds, but he manfully persisted toward them and
+presently crept round to their faces, knowing it was on that side he would find
+the mighty darkness which they guard. Ten feet apart crouched the mocking-
+faced beasts of diarite, brooding on cyclopean pedestals whose sides were
+chiselled in fearsome bas-reliefs. Betwixt them was a tiled court with a central
+space which had once been railed with balusters of onyx. Midway in this space a
+black well opened, and Carter soon saw that he had indeed reached the yawning
+
+
+
+492
+
+
+
+gulf whose crusted and mouldy stone steps lead down to the crypts of
+nightmare.
+
+Terrible is the memory of that dark descent in which hours wore themselves
+away whilst Carter wound sightlessly round and round down a fathomless
+spiral of steep and slippery stairs. So worn and narrow were the steps, and so
+greasy with the ooze of inner earth, that the climber never quite knew when to
+expect a breathless fall and hurtling down to the ultimate pits; and he was
+likewise uncertain just when or how the guardian night-gaunts would suddenly
+pounce upon him, if indeed there were any stationed in this primeval passage.
+All about him was a stifling odour of nether gulfs, and he felt that the air of these
+choking depths was not made for mankind. In time he became very numb and
+somnolent, moving more from automatic impulse than from reasoned will; nor
+did he realize any change when he stopped moving altogether as something
+quietly seized him from behind. He was flying very rapidly through the air
+before a malevolent tickling told him that the rubbery night-gaunts had
+performed their duty.
+
+Awaked to the fact that he was in the cold, damp clutch of the faceless flutterers.
+Carter remembered the password of the ghouls and glibbered it as loudly as he
+could amidst the wind and chaos of flight. Mindless though night-gaunts are
+said to be, the effect was instantaneous; for all tickling stopped at once, and the
+creatures hastened to shift their captive to a more comfortable position. Thus
+encouraged Carter ventured some explanations; telling of the seizure and torture
+of three ghouls by the moonbeasts, and of the need of assembling a party to
+rescue them. The night-gaunts, though inarticulate, seemed to understand what
+was said; and shewed greater haste and purpose in their flight. Suddenly the
+dense blackness gave place to the grey twilight of inner earth, and there opened
+up ahead one of those flat sterile plains on which ghouls love to squat and gnaw.
+Scattered tombstones and osseous fragments told of the denizens of that place;
+and as Carter gave a loud meep of urgent summons, a score of burrows emptied
+forth their leathery, dog-like tenants. The night-gaunts now flew low and set
+their passenger upon his feet, afterward withdrawing a little and forming a
+hunched semicircle on the ground while the ghouls greeted the newcomer.
+
+Carter glibbered his message rapidly and explicitly to the grotesque company,
+and four of them at once departed through different burrows to spread the news
+to others and gather such troops as might be available for a rescue. After a long
+wait a ghoul of some importance appeared, and made significant signs to the
+night-gaunts, causing two of the latter to fly off into the dark. Thereafter there
+were constant accessions to the hunched flock of night-gaunts on the plain, till at
+length the slimy soil was fairly black with them. Meanwhile fresh ghouls crawled
+out of the burrows one by one, all glibbering excitedly and forming in crude
+
+
+
+493
+
+
+
+battle array not far from the huddled night-gaunts. In time there appeared that
+proud and influential ghoul which was once the artist Richard Pickman of
+Boston, and to him Carter glibbered a very full account of what had occurred.
+The erstwhile Pickman, pleased to greet his ancient friend again, seemed very
+much impressed, and held a conference with other chiefs a little apart from the
+growing throng.
+
+Finally, after scanning the ranks with care, the assembled chiefs all meeped in
+unison and began glibbering orders to the crowds of ghouls and night-gaunts. A
+large detachment of the horned flyers vanished at once, while the rest grouped
+themselves two by two on their knees with extended forelegs, awaiting the
+approach of the ghouls one by one. As each ghoul reached the pair of night-
+gaunts to which he was assigned, he was taken up and borne away into the
+blackness; till at last the whole throng had vanished save for Carter, Pickman,
+and the other chiefs, and a few pairs of night-gaunts. Pickman explained that
+night-gaunts are the advance guard and battle steeds of the ghouls, and that the
+army was issuing forth to Sarkomand to deal with the moonbeasts. Then Carter
+and the ghoulish chiefs approached the waiting bearers and were taken up by
+the damp, slippery paws. Another moment and all were whirling in wind and
+darkness; endlessly up, up, up to the gate of the winged and the special ruins of
+primal Sarkomand.
+
+When, after a great interval. Carter saw again the sickly light of Sarkomand's
+nocturnal sky, it was to behold the great central plaza swarming with militant
+ghouls and night-gaunts. Day, he felt sure, must be almost due; but so strong
+was the army that no surprise of the enemy would be needed. The greenish flare
+near the wharves still glimmered faintly, though the absence of ghoulish
+meeping shewed that the torture of the prisoners was over for the nonce. Softly
+glibbering directions to their steeds and to the flock of riderless night-gaunts
+ahead, the ghouls presently rose in wide whirring columns and swept on over
+the bleak ruins toward the evil flame. Carter was now beside Pickman in the
+front rank of ghouls, and saw as they approached the noisome camp that the
+moonbeasts were totally unprepared. The three prisoners lay bound and inert
+beside the fire, while their toadlike captors slumped drowsily about in no certain
+order. The almost-human slaves were asleep, even the sentinels shirking a duty
+which in this realm must have seemed to them merely perfunctory.
+
+The final swoop of the night-gaunts and mounted ghouls was very sudden, each
+of the greyish toadlike blasphemies and their almost-human slaves being seized
+by a group of night-gaunts before a sound was made. The moonbeasts, of course,
+were voiceless; and even the slaves had little chance to scream before rubbery
+paws choked them into silence. Horrible were the writhings of those great
+jellyfish abnormalities as the sardonic night-gaunts clutched them, but nothing
+
+
+
+494
+
+
+
+availed against the strength of those black prehensile talons. When a moonbeast
+writhed too violently, a night-gaunt would seize and pull its quivering pink
+tentacles; which seemed to hurt so much that the victim would cease its
+struggles. Carter expected to see much slaughter, but found that the ghouls were
+far subtler in their plans. They glibbered certain simple orders to the night-
+gaunts which held the captives, trusting the rest to instinct; and soon the hapless
+creatures were borne silently away into the Great Abyss, to be distributed
+impartially amongst the Dholes, Gugs, ghasts and other dwellers in darkness
+whose modes of nourishment are not painless to their chosen victims.
+Meanwhile the three bound ghouls had been released and consoled by their
+conquering kinsfolk, whilst various parties searched the neighborhood for
+possible remaining moonbeasts, and boarded the evil-smelling black galley at the
+wharf to make sure that nothing had escaped the general defeat. Surely enough,
+the capture had been thorough, for not a sign of further life could the victors
+detect. Carter, anxious to preserve a means of access to the rest of dreamland,
+urged them not to sink the anchored galley; and this request was freely granted
+out of gratitude for his act in reporting the plight of the captured trio. On the
+ship were found some very curious objects and decorations, some of which
+Carter cast at once into the sea.
+
+Ghouls and night-gaunts now formed themselves in separate groups, the former
+questioning their rescued fellow anent past happenings. It appeared that the
+three had followed Carter's directions and proceeded from the enchanted wood
+to Dylath-Leen by way of Nir and the Skin, stealing human clothes at a lonely
+farmhouse and loping as closely as possible in the fashion of a man's walk. In
+Dylath-Leen's taverns their grotesque ways and faces had aroused much
+comment; but they had persisted in asking the way to Sarkomand until at last an
+old traveller was able to tell them. Then they knew that only a ship for Lelag-
+Leng would serve their purpose, and prepared to wait patiently for such a vessel.
+
+But evil spies had doubtless reported much; for shortly a black galley put into
+port, and the wide-mouthed ruby merchants invited the ghouls to drink with
+them in a tavern. Wine was produced from one of those sinister bottles
+grotesquely carven from a single ruby, and after that the ghouls found
+themselves prisoners on the black galley as Carter had found himself. This time,
+however, the unseen rowers steered not for the moon but for antique
+Sarkomand; bent evidently on taking their captives before the High-Priest Not
+To Be Described. They had touched at the jagged rock in the northern sea which
+Inquanok's mariners shun, and the ghouls had there seen for the first time the
+red masters of the ship; being sickened despite their own callousness by such
+extremes of malign shapelessness and fearsome odour. There, too, were
+witnessed the nameless pastimes of the toadlike resident garrison-such pastimes
+as give rise to the night-howlings which men fear. After that had come the
+
+
+
+495
+
+
+
+landing at ruined Sarkomand and the beginning of the tortures, whose
+continuance the present rescue had prevented.
+
+Future plans were next discussed, the three rescued ghouls suggesting a raid on
+the jagged rock and the extermination of the toadlike garrison there. To this,
+however, the night-gaunts objected; since the prospect of flying over water did
+not please them. Most of the ghouls favoured the design, but were at a loss how
+to follow it without the help of the winged night-gaunts. Thereupon Carter,
+seeing that they could not navigate the anchored galley, offered to teach them the
+use of the great banks of oars; to which proposal they eagerly assented. Grey day
+had now come, and under that leaden northern sky a picked detachment of
+ghouls filed into the noisome ship and took their seats on the rowers' benches.
+Carter found them fairly apt at learning, and before night had risked several
+experimental trips around the harbour. Not till three days later, however, did he
+deem it safe to attempt the voyage of conquest. Then, the rowers trained and the
+night-gaunts safely stowed in the forecastle, the party set sail at last; Pickman
+and the other chiefs gathering on deck and discussing models of approach and
+procedure.
+
+On the very first night the bowlings from the rock were heard. Such was their
+timbre that all the galley's crew shook visibly; but most of all trembled the three
+rescued ghouls who knew precisely what those bowlings meant. It was not
+thought best to attempt an attack by night, so the ship lay to under the
+phosphorescent clouds to wait for the dawn of a greyish day. when the light was
+ample and the bowlings still the rowers resumed their strokes, and the galley
+drew closer and closer to that jagged rock whose granite pinnacles clawed
+fantastically at the dull sky. The sides of the rock were very steep; but on ledges
+here and there could be seen the bulging walls of queer windowless dwellings,
+and the low railings guarding travelled highroads. No ship of men had ever
+come so near the place, or at least, had never come so near and departed again;
+but Carter and the ghouls were void of fear and kept inflexibly on, rounding the
+eastern face of the rock and seeking the wharves which the rescued trio
+described as being on the southern side within a harbour formed of steep
+headlands.
+
+The headlands were prolongations of the island proper, and came so closely
+together that only one ship at a time might pass between them. There seemed to
+be no watchers on the outside, so the galley was steered boldly through the
+flume-like strait and into the stagnant putrid harbour beyond. Here, however, all
+was bustle and activity; with several ships lying at anchor along a forbidding
+stone quay, and scores of almost-human slaves and moonbeasts by the
+waterfront handling crates and boxes or driving nameless and fabulous horrors
+hitched to lumbering lorries. There was a small stone town hewn out of the
+
+
+
+496
+
+
+
+vertical cliff above the wharves, with the start of a winding road that spiralled
+out of sight toward higher ledges of the rock. Of what lay inside that prodigious
+peak of granite none might say, but the things one saw on the outside were far
+from encouraging.
+
+At sight of the incoming galley the crowds on the wharves displayed much
+eagerness; those with eyes staring intently, and those without eyes wriggling
+their pink tentacles expectantly. They did not, of course, realize that the black
+ship had changed hands; for ghouls look much like the horned and hooved
+almost-humans, and the night-gaunts were all out of sight below. By this time
+the leaders had fully formed a plan; which was to loose the night-gaunts as soon
+as the wharf was touched, and then to sail directly away, leaving matters wholly
+to the instincts of those almost-mindless creatures. Marooned on the rock, the
+horned flyers would first of all seize whatever living things they found there,
+and afterward, quite helpless to think except in terms of the homing instinct,
+would forget their fears of water and fly swiftly back to the abyss; bearing their
+noisome prey to appropriate destinations in the dark, from which not much
+would emerge alive.
+
+The ghoul that was Pickman now went below and gave the night-gaunts their
+simple instructions, while the ship drew very near to the ominous and
+malodorous wharves. Presently a fresh stir rose along the waterfront, and Carter
+saw that the motions of the galley had begun to excite suspicion. Evidently the
+steersman was not making for the right dock, and probably the watchers had
+noticed the difference between the hideous ghouls and the almost-human slaves
+whose places they were taking. Some silent alarm must have been given, for
+almost at once a horde of the mephitic moonbeasts began to pour from the little
+black doorways of the windowless houses and down the winding road at the
+right. A rain of curious javelins struck the galley as the prow hit the wharf felling
+two ghouls and slightly wounding another; but at this point all the hatches were
+thrown open to emit a black cloud of whirring night-gaunts which swarmed over
+the town like a flock of horned and cyclopean bats.
+
+The jellyish moonbeasts had procured a great pole and were trying to push off
+the invading ship, but when the night-gaunts struck them they thought of such
+things no more. It was a very terrible spectacle to see those faceless and rubbery
+ticklers at their pastime, and tremendously impressive to watch the dense cloud
+of them spreading through the town and up the winding roadway to the reaches
+above. Sometimes a group of the black flutterers would drop a toadlike prisoner
+from aloft by mistake, and the manner in which the victim would burst was
+highly offensive to the sight and smell. When the last of the night-gaunts had left
+the galley the ghoulish leaders glibbered an order of withdrawal, and the rowers
+
+
+
+497
+
+
+
+pulled quietly out of the harbour between the grey headlands while still the
+town was a chaos of battle and conquest.
+
+The Pickman ghoul allowed several hours for the night-gaunts to make up their
+rudimentary minds and overcome their fear of flying over the sea, and kept the
+galley standing about a mile off the jagged rock while he waited, and dressed the
+wounds of the injured men. Night fell, and the grey twilight gave place to the
+sickly phosphorescence of low clouds, and all the while the leaders watched the
+high peaks of that accursed rock for signs of the night-gaunts' flight. Toward
+morning a black speck was seen hovering timidly over the top-most pinnacle,
+and shortly afterward the speck had become a swarm. Just before daybreak the
+swarm seemed to scatter, and within a quarter of an hour it had vanished wholly
+in the distance toward the northeast. Once or twice something seemed to fall
+from the thing swarm into the sea; but Carter did not worry, since he knew from
+observation that the toadlike moonbeasts cannot swim. At length, when the
+ghouls were satisfied that all the night-gaunts had left for Sarkomand and the
+Great Abyss with their doomed burdens, the galley put back into the harbour
+betwixt the grey headlands; and all the hideous company landed and roamed
+curiously over the denuded rock with its towers and eyries and fortresses
+chiselled from the solid stone.
+
+Frightful were the secrets uncovered in those evil and windowless crypts; for the
+remnants of unfinished pastimes were many, and in various stages of departure
+from their primal state. Carter put out of the way certain things which were after
+a fashion alive, and fled precipitately from a few other things about which he
+could not be very positive. The stench-filled houses were furnished mostly with
+grotesque stools and benches carven from moon-trees, and were painted inside
+with nameless and frantic designs. Countless weapons, implements, and
+ornaments lay about, including some large idols of solid ruby depicting singular
+beings not found on the earth. These latter did not, despite their material, invite
+either appropriation or long inspection; and Carter took the trouble to hammer
+five of them into very small pieces. The scattered spears and javelins he collected,
+and with Pickman's approval distributed among the ghouls. Such devices were
+new to the doglike lopers, but their relative simplicity made them easy to master
+after a few concise hints.
+
+The upper parts of the rock held more temples than private homes, and in
+numerous hewn chambers were found terrible carven altars and doubtfully
+stained fonts and shrines for the worship of things more monstrous than the wild
+gods atop Kadath. From the rear of one great temple stretched a low black
+passage which Carter followed far into the rock with a torch till he came to a
+lightless domed hall of vast proportions, whose vaultings were covered with
+demoniac carvings and in whose centre yawned a foul and bottomless well like
+
+
+
+498
+
+
+
+that in the hideous monastery of Leng where broods alone the High-Priest Not
+To Be Described. On the distant shadowy side, beyond the noisome well, he
+thought he discerned a small door of strangely wrought bronze; but for some
+reason he felt an unaccountable dread of opening it or even approaching it, and
+hastened back through the cavern to his unlovely allies as they shambled about
+with an ease and abandon he could scarcely feel. The ghouls had observed the
+unfinished pastimes of the moonbeasts, and had profited in their fashion. They
+had also found a hogshead of potent moon-wine, and were rolling it down to the
+wharves for removal and later use in diplomatic dealings, though the rescued
+trio, remembering its effect on them in Dylath-Leen, had warned their company
+to taste none of it. Of rubies from lunar mines there was a great store, both rough
+and polished, in one of the vaults near the water; but when the ghouls found
+they were not good to eat they lost all interest in them. Carter did not try to carry
+any away, since he knew too much about those which had mined them.
+
+Suddenly there came an excited meeping from the sentries on the wharves, and
+all the loathsome foragers turned from their tasks to stare seaward and cluster
+round the waterfront. Betwixt the grey headlands a fresh black galley was
+rapidly advancing, and it would be but a moment before the almost-humans on
+deck would perceive the invasion of the town and give the alarm to the
+monstrous things below. Fortunately the ghouls still bore the spears and javelins
+which Carter had distributed amongst them; and at his command, sustained by
+the being that was Pickman, they now formed a line of battle and prepared to
+prevent the landing of the ship. Presently a burst of excitement on the galley told
+of the crew's discovery of the changed state of things, and the instant stoppage of
+the vessel proved that the superior numbers of the ghouls had been noted and
+taken into account. After a moment of hesitation the new comers silently turned
+and passed out between the headlands again, but not for an instant did the
+ghouls imagine that the conflict was averted. Either the dark ship would seek
+reinforcements or the crew would try to land elsewhere on the island; hence a
+party of scouts was at once sent up toward the pinnacle to see what the enemy's
+course would be.
+
+In a very few minutes the ghoul returned breathless to say that the moonbeasts
+and almost-humans were landing on the outside of the more easterly of the
+rugged grey headlands, and ascending by hidden paths and ledges which a goat
+could scarcely tread in safety. Almost immediately afterward the galley was
+sighted again through the flume-like strait, but only for a second. Then a few
+moments later, a second messenger panted down from aloft to say that another
+party was landing on the other headland; both being much more numerous than
+the size of the galley would seem to allow for. The ship itself, moving slowly
+with only one sparsely manned tier of oars, soon hove in sight betwixt the cliffs.
+
+
+
+499
+
+
+
+and lay to in the foetid harbour as if to watch the coming fray and stand by for
+any possible use.
+
+By this time Carter and Pickman had divided the ghouls into three parties, one to
+meet each of the two invading columns and one to remain in the town. The first
+two at once scrambled up the rocks in their respective directions, while the third
+was subdivided into a land party and a sea party. The sea party, commanded by
+Carter, boarded the anchored galley and rowed out to meet the under-manned
+galley of the newcomers; whereat the latter retreated through the strait to the
+open sea. Carter did not at once pursue it, for he knew he might be needed more
+acutely near the town.
+
+Meanwhile the frightful detachments of the moonbeasts and almost-humans had
+lumbered up to the top of the headlands and were shockingly silhouetted on
+either side against the grey twilight sky. The thin hellish flutes of the invaders
+had now begun to whine, and the general effect of those hybrid, half-amorphous
+processions was as nauseating as the actual odour given off by the toadlike lunar
+blasphemies. Then the two parties of the ghouls swarmed into sight and joined
+the silhouetted panorama. Javelins began to fly from both sides, and the swelling
+meeps of the ghouls and the bestial howls of the almost-humans gradually joined
+the hellish whine of the flutes to form a frantick and indescribable chaos of
+daemon cacophony. Now and then bodies fell from the narrow ridges of the
+headlands into the sea outside or the harbour inside, in the latter case being
+sucked quickly under by certain submarine lurkers whose presence was
+indicated only by prodigious bubbles.
+
+For half an hour this dual battle raged in the sky, till upon the west cliff the
+invaders were completely annihilated. On the east cliff, however, where the
+leader of the moonbeast party appeared to be present, the ghouls had not fared
+so well; and were slowly retreating to the slopes of the pinnacle proper. Pickman
+had quickly ordered reinforcements for this front from the party in the town, and
+these had helped greatly in the earlier stages of the combat. Then, when the
+western battle was over, the victorious survivors hastened across to the aid of
+their hard-pressed fellows; turning the tide and forcing the invaders back again
+along the narrow ridge of the headland. The almost-humans were by this time all
+slain, but the last of the toadlike horrors fought desperately with the great spears
+clutched in their powerful and disgusting paws. The time for javelins was now
+nearly past, and the fight became a hand-to-hand contest of what few spearmen
+could meet upon that narrow ridge.
+
+As fury and recklessness increased, the number falling into the sea became very
+great. Those striking the harbour met nameless extinction from the unseen
+bubblers, but of those striking the open sea some were able to swim to the foot of
+
+
+
+500
+
+
+
+the cliffs and land on tidal rocks, while the hovering galley of the enemy rescued
+several moonbeasts. The cliffs were unscalable except where the monsters had
+debarked, so that none of the ghouls on the rocks could rejoin their battle-line.
+Some were killed by javelins from the hostile galley or from the moonbeasts
+above, but a few survived to be rescued. When the security of the land parties
+seemed assured. Carter's galley sallied forth between the headlands and drove
+the hostile ship far out to sea; pausing to rescue such ghouls as were on the rocks
+or still swimming in the ocean. Several moonbeasts washed on rocks or reefs
+were speedily put out of the way.
+
+Finally, the moonbeast galley being safely in the distance and the invading land
+army concentrated in one place. Carter landed a considerable force on the eastern
+headland in the enemy's rear; after which the fight was short-lived indeed.
+Attacked from both sides, the noisome flounderers were rapidly cut to pieces or
+pushed into the sea, till by evening the ghoulish chiefs agreed that the island was
+again clear of them. The hostile galley, meanwhile, had disappeared; and it was
+decided that the evil jagged rock had better be evacuated before any
+overwhelming horde of lunar horrors might be assembled and brought against
+the victors.
+
+So by night Pickman and Carter assembled all the ghouls and counted them with
+care, finding that over a fourth had been lost in the day's battles. The wounded
+were placed on bunks in the galley, for Pickman always discouraged the old
+ghoulish custom of killing and eating one's own wounded, and the able-bodied
+troops were assigned to the oars or to such other places as they might most
+usefully fill. Under the low phosphorescent clouds of night the galley sailed, and
+Carter was not sorry to be departing from the island of unwholesome secrets,
+whose lightless domed hall with its bottomless well and repellent bronze door
+lingered restlessly in his fancy. Dawn found the ship in sight of Sarkomand's
+ruined quays of basalt, where a few night-gaunt sentries still waited, squatting
+like black horned gargoyles on the broken columns and crumbling sphinxes of
+that fearful city which lived and died before the years of man.
+
+The ghouls made camp amongst the fallen stones of Sarkomand, despatching a
+messenger for enough night-gaunts to serve them as steeds. Pickman and the
+other chiefs were effusive in their gratitude for the aid Carter had lent them.
+Carter now began to feel that his plans were indeed maturing well, and that he
+would be able to command the help of these fearsome allies not only in quitting
+this part of dreamland, but in pursuing his ultimate quest for the gods atop
+unknown Kadath, and the marvellous sunset city they so strangely withheld
+from his slumbers. Accordingly he spoke of these things to the ghoulish leaders;
+telling what he knew of the cold waste wherein Kadath stands and of the
+monstrous Shantaks and the mountains carven into double-headed images
+
+
+
+501
+
+
+
+which guard it. He spoke of the fear of Shantaks for night-gaunts, and of how the
+vast hippocephahc birds fly screaming from the black burrows high up on the
+gaunt grey peaks that divide Inquanok from hateful Leng. He spoke, too, of the
+things he had learned concerning night-gaunts from the frescoes in the
+windowless monastery of the High-Priest Not To Be Described; how even the
+Great Ones fear them, and how their ruler is not the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep
+at all, but hoary and immemorial Nodens, Lord of the Great Abyss.
+
+All these things Carter glibbered to the assembled ghouls, and presently outlined
+that request which he had in mind and which he did not think extravagant
+considering the services he had so lately rendered the rubbery doglike lopers. He
+wished very much, he said, for the services of enough night-gaunts to bear him
+safely through the aft past the realm of Shantaks and carven mountains, and up
+into the old waste beyond the returning tracks of any other mortal. He desired to
+fly to the onyx castle atop unknown Kadath in the cold waste to plead with the
+Great Ones for the sunset city they denied him, and felt sure that the night-
+gaunts could take him thither without trouble; high above the perils of the plain,
+and over the hideous double heads of those carven sentinel mountains that squat
+eternally in the grey dusk. For the horned and faceless creatures there could be
+no danger from aught of earth since the Great Ones themselves dread them. And
+even were unexpected things to come from the Other Gods, who are prone to
+oversee the affairs of earth's milder gods, the night-gaunts need not fear; for the
+outer hells are indifferent matters to such silent and slippery flyers as own not
+Nyarlathotep for their master, but bow only to potent and archaic Nodens.
+
+A flock of ten or fifteen night-gaunts. Carter glibbered, would surely be enough
+to keep any combination of Shantaks at a distance, though perhaps it might be
+well to have some ghouls in the party to manage the creatures, their ways being
+better known to their ghoulish allies than to men. The party could land him at
+some convenient point within whatever walls that fabulous onyx citadel might
+have, waiting in the shadows for his return or his signal whilst he ventured
+inside the castle to give prayer to the gods of earth. If any ghouls chose to escort
+him into the throne-room of the Great Ones, he would be thankful, for their
+presence would add weight and importance to his plea. He would not, however,
+insist upon this but merely wished transportation to and from the castle atop
+unknown Kadath; the final journey being either to the marvellous sunset city
+itself, in case of gods proved favourable, or back to the earthward Gate of Deeper
+Slumber in the Enchanted Wood in case his prayers were fruitless.
+
+Whilst Carter was speaking all the ghouls listened with great attention, and as
+the moments advanced the sky became black with clouds of those night-gaunts
+for which messengers had been sent. The winged steeds settled in a semicircle
+around the ghoulish army, waiting respectfully as the doglike chieftains
+
+
+
+502
+
+
+
+considered the wish of the earthly traveller. The ghoul that was Pickman
+glibbered gravely with his fellows and in the end Carter was offered far more
+than he had at most expected. As he had aided the ghouls in their conquest of the
+moonbeasts, so would they aid him in his daring voyage to realms whence none
+had ever returned; lending him not merely a few of their allied night-gaunts, but
+their entire army as then encamped, veteran fighting ghouls and newly
+assembled night-gaunts alike, save only a small garrison for the captured black
+galley and such spoils as had come from the jagged rock in the sea. They would
+set out through the aft whenever he might wish, and once arrived on Kadath a
+suitable train of ghouls would attend him in state as he placed his petition before
+earth's gods in their onyx castle.
+
+Moved by a gratitude and satisfaction beyond words. Carter made plans with
+the ghoulish leaders for his audacious voyage. The army would fly high, they
+decided, over hideous Leng with its nameless monastery and wicked stone
+villages; stopping only at the vast grey peaks to confer with the Shantak-
+frightening night-gaunts whose burrows honeycombed their summits. They
+would then, according to what advice they might receive from those denizens,
+choose their final course; approaching unknown Kadath either through the
+desert of carven mountains north of Inquanok, or through the more northerly
+reaches of repulsive Leng itself. Doglike and soulless as they are, the ghouls and
+night-gaunts had no dread of what those untrodden deserts might reveal; nor
+did they feel any deterring awe at the thought of Kadath towering lone with its
+onyx castle of mystery.
+
+About midday the ghouls and night-gaunts prepared for flight, each ghoul
+selecting a suitable pair of horned steeds to bear him. Carter was placed well up
+toward the head of the column beside Pickman, and in front of the whole a
+double line of riderless night-gaunts was provided as a vanguard. At a brisk
+meep from Pickman the whole shocking army rose in a nightmare cloud above
+the broken columns and crumbling sphinxes of primordial Sarkomand; higher
+and higher, till even the great basalt cliff behind the town was cleared, and the
+cold, sterile table-land of Leng's outskirts laid open to sight. Still higher flew the
+black host, till even this table-land grew small beneath them; and as they worked
+northward over the wind-swept plateau of horror Carter saw once again with a
+shudder the circle of crude monoliths and the squat windowless building which
+he knew held that frightful silken-masked blasphemy from whose clutches he
+had so narrowly escaped. This time no descent was made as the army swept
+batlike over the sterile landscape, passing the feeble fires of the unwholesome
+stone villages at a great altitude, and pausing not at all to mark the morbid
+twistings of the hooved, horned almost-humans that dance and pipe eternally
+therein. Once they saw a Shantak-bird flying low over the plain, but when it saw
+them it screamed noxiously and flapped off to the north in grotesque panic.
+
+
+
+503
+
+
+
+At dusk they reached the jagged grey peaks that form the barrier of Inquanok,
+and hovered about these strange caves near the summits which Carter recalled as
+so frightful to the Shantaks. At the insistent meeping of the ghoulish leaders
+there issued forth from each lofty burrow a stream of horned black flyers with
+which the ghouls and night-gaunts of the party conferred at length by means of
+ugly gestures. It soon became clear that the best course would be that over the
+cold waste north of Inquanok, for Leng's northward reaches are full of unseen
+pitfalls that even the night-gaunts dislike; abysmal influences centering in certain
+white hemispherical buildings on curious knolls, which common folklore
+associates unpleasantly with the Other Gods and their crawling chaos
+Nyarlathotep.
+
+Of Kadath the flutterers of the peaks knew almost nothing, save that there must
+be some mighty marvel toward the north, over which the Shantaks and the
+carven mountains stand guard. They hinted at rumoured abnormalities of
+proportion in those trackless leagues beyond, and recalled vague whispers of a
+realm where night broods eternally; but of definite data they had nothing to give.
+So Carter and his party thanked them kindly; and, crossing the topmost granite
+pinnacles to the skies of Inquanok, dropped below the level of the
+phosphorescent night clouds and beheld in the distance those terrible squatting
+gargoyles that were mountains till some titan hand carved fright into their virgin
+rock.
+
+There they squatted in a hellish half-circle, their legs on the desert sand and their
+mitres piercing the luminous clouds; sinister, wolflike, and double-headed, with
+faces of fury and right hands raised, dully and malignly watching the rim of
+man's world and guarding with horror the reaches of a cold northern world that
+is not man's. From their hideous laps rose evil Shantaks of elephantine bulk, but
+these all fled with insane titters as the vanguard of night-gaunts was sighted in
+the misty sky. Northward above those gargoyle mountains the army flew, and
+over leagues of dim desert where never a landmark rose. Less and less luminous
+grew the clouds, till at length Carter could see only blackness around him; but
+never did the winged steeds falter, bred as they were in earth's blackest crypts,
+and seeing not with any eyes, but with the whole dank surface of their slippery
+forms. On and on they flew, past winds of dubious scent and sounds of dubious
+import; ever in thickest darkness, and covering such prodigious spaces that
+Carter wondered whether or not they could still be within earth's dreamland.
+
+Then suddenly the clouds thinned and the stars shone spectrally above. All
+below was still black, but those pallid beacons in the sky seemed alive with a
+meaning and directiveness they had never possessed elsewhere. It was not that
+the figures of the constellations were different, but that the same familiar shapes
+now revealed a significance they had formerly failed to make plain. Everything
+
+
+
+504
+
+
+
+focussed toward the north; every curve and asterism of the ghttering sky became
+part of a vast design whose function was to hurry first the eye and then the
+whole observer onward to some secret and terrible goal of convergence beyond
+the frozen waste that stretched endlessly ahead. Carter looked toward the east
+where the great ridge of barrier peaks had towered along all the length of
+Inquanok and saw against the stars a jagged silhouette which told of its
+continued presence. It was more broken now, with yawning clefts and
+fantastically erratic pinnacles; and Carter studied closely the suggestive turnings
+and inclinations of that grotesque outline, which seemed to share with the stars
+some subtle northward urge.
+
+They were flying past at a tremendous speed, so that the watcher had to strain
+hard to catch details; when all at once he beheld just above the line of the
+topmost peaks a dark and moving object against the stars, whose course exactly
+paralleled that of his own bizarre party. The ghouls had likewise glimpsed it, for
+he heard their low glibbering all about him, and for a moment he fancied the
+object was a gigantic Shantak, of a size vastly greater than that of the average
+specimen. Soon, however, he saw that this theory would not hold; for the shape
+of the thing above the mountains was not that of any hippocephalic bird. Its
+outline against the stars, necessarily vague as it was, resembled rather some huge
+mitred head, or pair of heads infinitely magnified; and its rapid bobbing flight
+through the sky seemed most peculiarly a wingless one. Carter could not tell
+which side of the mountains it was on, but soon perceived that it had parts below
+the parts he had first seen, since it blotted out all the stars in places where the
+ridge was deeply cleft.
+
+Then came a wide gap in the range, where the hideous reaches of transmontane
+Leng were joined to the cold waste on this side by a low pass trough which the
+stars shone wanly. Carter watched this gap with intense care, knowing that he
+might see outlined against the sky beyond it the lower parts of the vast thing that
+flew undulantly above the pinnacles. The object had now floated ahead a trifle,
+and every eye of the party was fixed on the rift where it would presently appear
+in full-length silhouette. Gradually the huge thing above the peaks neared the
+gap, slightly slackening its speed as if conscious of having outdistanced the
+ghoulish army. For another minute suspense was keen, and then the brief instant
+of full silhouette and revelation came; bringing to the lips of the ghouls an awed
+and half-choked meep of cosmic fear, and to the soul of the traveller a chill that
+never wholly left it. For the mammoth bobbing shape that overtopped the ridge
+was only a head - a mitred double head - and below it in terrible vastness loped
+the frightful swollen body that bore it; the mountain-high monstrosity that
+walked in stealth and silence; the hyaena-like distortion of a giant anthropoid
+shape that trotted blackly against the sky, its repulsive pair of cone-capped heads
+reaching half way to the zenith.
+
+
+
+505
+
+
+
+Carter did not lose consciousness or even scream aloud, for he was an old
+dreamer; but he looked behind him in horror and shuddered when he saw that
+there were other monstrous heads silhouetted above the level of the peaks,
+bobbing along stealthily after the first one. And straight in the rear were three of
+the mighty mountain shapes seen full against the southern stars, tiptoeing
+wolflike and lumberingly, their tall mitres nodding thousands of feet in the aft.
+The carven mountains, then, had not stayed squatting in that rigid semicircle
+north of Inquanok, with right hands uplifted. They had duties to perform, and
+were not remiss. But it was horrible that they never spoke, and never even made
+a sound in walking.
+
+Meanwhile the ghoul that was Pickman had glibbered an order to the night-
+gaunts, and the whole army soared higher into the air. Up toward the stars the
+grotesque column shot, till nothing stood out any longer against the sky; neither
+the grey granite ridge that was still nor the carven mitred mountains that
+walked. All was blackness beneath as the fluttering legion surged northward
+amidst rushing winds and invisible laughter in the aether, and never a Shantak
+or less mentionable entity rose from the haunted wastes to pursue them. The
+farther they went, the faster they flew, till soon their dizzying speed seemed to
+pass that of a rifle ball and approach that of a planet in its orbit. Carter wondered
+how with such speed the earth could still stretch beneath them, but knew that in
+the land of dream dimensions have strange properties. That they were in a realm
+of eternal night he felt certain, and he fancied that the constellations overhead
+had subtly emphasized their northward focus; gathering themselves up as it
+were to cast the flying army into the void of the boreal pole, as the folds of a bag
+are gathered up to cast out the last bits of substance therein.
+
+Then he noticed with terror that the wings of the night-gaunts were not flapping
+any more. The horned and faceless steeds had folded their membranous
+appendages, and were resting quite passive in the chaos of wind that whirled
+and chuckled as it bore them on. A force not of earth had seized on the army, and
+ghouls and night-gaunts alike were powerless before a current which pulled
+madly and relentlessly into the north whence no mortal had ever returned. At
+length a lone pallid light was seen on the skyline ahead, thereafter rising steadily
+as they approached, and having beneath it a black mass that blotted out the stars.
+Carter saw that it must be some beacon on a mountain, for only a mountain
+could rise so vast as seen from so prodigious a height in the air.
+
+Higher and higher rose the light and the blackness beneath it, till all the northern
+sky was obscured by the rugged conical mass. Lofty as the army was, that pale
+and sinister beacon rose above it, towering monstrous over all peaks and
+concernments of earth, and tasting the atomless aether where the cryptical moon
+and the mad planets reel. No mountain known of man was that which loomed
+
+
+
+506
+
+
+
+before them. The high clouds far below were but a fringe for its foothills. The
+groping dizziness of topmost air was but a girdle for its loins. Scornful and
+spectral climbed that bridge betwixt earth and heaven, black in eternal night, and
+crowned with a pshent of unknown stars whose awful and significant outline
+grew every moment clearer. Ghouls meeped in wonder as they saw it, and Carter
+shivered in fear lest all the hurtling army be dashed to pieces on the unyielding
+onyx of that Cyclopean cliff.
+
+Higher and higher rose the light, till it mingled with the loftiest orbs of the zenith
+and winked down at the flyers with lurid mockery. All the north beneath it was
+blackness now; dread, stony blackness from infinite depths to infinite heights,
+with only that pale winking beacon perched unreachably at the top of all vision.
+Carter studied the light more closely, and saw at last what lines its inky
+background made against the stars. There were towers on that titan
+mountaintop; horrible domed towers in noxious and incalculable tiers and
+clusters beyond any dreamable workmanship of man; battlements and terraces
+of wonder and menace, all limned tiny and black and distant against the starry
+pshent that glowed malevolently at the uppermost rim of sight. Capping that
+most measureless of mountains was a castle beyond all mortal thought, and in it
+glowed the daemon-light. Then Randolph Carter knew that his quest was done,
+and that he saw above him the goal of all forbidden steps and audacious visions;
+the fabulous, the incredible home of the Great Ones atop unknown Kadath.
+
+Even as he realised this thing. Carter noticed a change in the course of the
+helplessly wind-sucked party. They were rising abruptly now, and it was plain
+that the focus of their flight was the onyx castle where the pale light shone. So
+close was the great black mountain that its sides sped by them dizzily as they
+shot upward, and in the darkness they could discern nothing upon it. Vaster and
+vaster loomed the tenebrous towers of the nighted castle above, and Carter could
+see that it was well-nigh blasphemous in its immensity. Well might its stones
+have been quarried by nameless workmen in that horrible gulf rent out of the
+rock in the hill pass north of Inquanok, for such was its size that a man on its
+threshold stood even as air out on the steps of earth's loftiest fortress. The pshent
+of unknown stars above the myriad domed turrets glowed with a sallow, sickly
+flare, so that a kind of twilight hung about the murky walls of slippery onyx. The
+pallid beacon was now seen to be a single shining window high up in one of the
+loftiest towers, and as the helpless army neared the top of the mountain Carter
+thought he detected unpleasant shadows flitting across the feebly luminous
+expanse. It was a strangely arched window, of a design wholly alien to earth.
+
+The solid rock now gave place to the giant foundations of the monstrous castle,
+and it seemed that the speed of the party was somewhat abated. Vast walls shot
+up, and there was a glimpse of a great gate through which the voyagers were
+
+
+
+507
+
+
+
+swept. All was night in the titan courtyard, and then came the deeper blackness
+of inmost things as a huge arched portal engulfed the column. Vortices of cold
+wind surged dankly through sightless labyrinths of onyx, and Carter could never
+tell what Cyclopean stairs and corridors lay silent along the route of his endless
+aerial twisting. Always upward led the terrible plunge in darkness, and never a
+sound, touch or glimpse broke the dense pall of mystery. Large as the army of
+ghouls and night-gaunts was, it was lost in the prodigious voids of that more
+than earthly castle. And when at last there suddenly dawned around him the
+lurid light of that single tower room whose lofty window had served as a beacon,
+it took Carter long to discern the far walls and high, distant ceiling, and to realize
+that he was indeed not again in the boundless air outside.
+
+Randolph Carter had hoped to come into the throne-room of the Great Ones with
+poise and dignity, flanked and followed by impressive lines of ghouls in
+ceremonial order, and offering his prayer as a free and potent master among
+dreamers. He had known that the Great Ones themselves are not beyond a
+mortal's power to cope with, and had trusted to luck that the Other Gods and
+their crawling chaos Nyarlathotep would not happen to come to their aid at the
+crucial moment, as they had so often done before when men sought out earth's
+gods in their home or on their mountains. And with his hideous escort he had
+half hoped to defy even the Other Gods if need were, knowing as he did that
+ghouls have no masters, and that night-gaunts own not Nyarlathotep but only
+archaic Nodens for their lord. But now he saw that supernal Kadath in its cold
+waste is indeed girt with dark wonders and nameless sentinels, and that the
+Other Gods are of a surety vigilant in guarding the mild, feeble gods of earth.
+Void as they are of lordship over ghouls and night-gaunts, the mindless,
+shapeless blasphemies of outer space can yet control them when they must; so
+that it was not in state as a free and potent master of dreamers that Randolph
+Carter came into the Great Ones' throne-room with his ghouls. Swept and
+herded by nightmare tempests from the stars, and dogged by unseen horrors of
+the northern waste, all that army floated captive and helpless in the lurid light,
+dropping numbly to the onyx floor when by some voiceless order the winds of
+fright dissolved.
+
+Before no golden dais had Randolph Carter come, nor was there any august
+circle of crowned and haloed beings with narrow eyes, long-lobed ears, thin
+nose, and pointed chin whose kinship to the carven face on Ngranek might
+stamp them as those to whom a dreamer might pray. Save for the one tower
+room the onyx castle atop Kadath was dark, and the masters were not there.
+Carter had come to unknown Kadath in the cold waste, but he had not found the
+gods. Yet still the lurid light glowed in that one tower room whose size was so
+little less than that of all outdoors, and whose distant walls and roof were so
+nearly lost to sight in thin, curling mists. Earth's gods were not there, it was true.
+
+
+
+508
+
+
+
+but of subtler and less visible presences there could be no lack. Where the mild
+gods are absent, the Other Gods are not unrepresented; and certainly, the onyx
+castle of castles was far from tenantless. In what outrageous form or forms terror
+would next reveal itself Carter could by no means imagine. He felt that his visit
+had been expected, and wondered how close a watch had all along been kept
+upon him by the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep. It is Nyarlathotep, horror of
+infinite shapes and dread soul and messenger of the Other Gods, that the
+fungous moonbeasts serve; and Carter thought of the black galley that had
+vanished when the tide of battle turned against the toadlike abnormalities on the
+jagged rock in the sea.
+
+Reflecting upon these things, he was staggering to his feet in the midst of his
+nightmare company when there rang without warning through that pale-litten
+and limitless chamber the hideous blast of a daemon trumpet. Three times pealed
+that frightful brazen scream, and when the echoes of the third blast had died
+chucklingly away Randolph Carter saw that he was alone. Whither, why and
+how the ghouls and night-gaunts had been snatched from sight was not for him
+to divine. He knew only that he was suddenly alone, and that whatever unseen
+powers lurked mockingly around him were no powers of earth's friendly
+dreamland. Presently from the chamber's uttermost reaches a new sound came.
+This, too, was a rhythmic trumpeting; but of a kind far removed from the three
+raucous blasts which had dissolved his goodly cohorts. In this low fanfare
+echoed all the wonder and melody of ethereal dream; exotic vistas of
+unimagined loveliness floating from each strange chord and subtly alien
+cadence. Odours of incense came to match the golden notes; and overhead a
+great light dawned, its colours changing in cycles unknown to earth's spectrum,
+and following the song of the trumpets in weird symphonic harmonies. Torches
+flared in the distance, and the beat of drums throbbed nearer amidst waves of
+tense expectancy.
+
+Out of the thinning mists and the cloud of strange incenses filed twin columns of
+giant black slaves with loin-cloths of iridescent silk. Upon their heads were
+strapped vast helmet-like torches of glittering metal, from which the fragrance of
+obscure balsams spread in fumous spirals. In their right hands were crystal
+wands whose tips were carven into leering chimaeras, while their left hands
+grasped long thin silver trumpets which they blew in turn. Armlets and anklets
+of gold they had, and between each pair of anklets stretched a golden chain that
+held its wearer to a sober gait. That they were true black men of earth's
+dreamland was at once apparent, but it seemed less likely that their rites and
+costumes were wholly things of our earth. Ten feet from Carter the columns
+stopped, and as they did so each trumpet flew abruptly to its bearer's thick lips.
+Wild and ecstatic was the blast that followed, and wilder still the cry that
+chorused just after from dark throats somehow made shrill by strange artifice.
+
+
+
+509
+
+
+
+Then down the wide lane betwixt the two columns a lone figure strode; a tall,
+slim figure with the young face of an antique Pharaoh, gay with prismatic robes
+and crowned with a golden pshent that glowed with inherent light. Close up to
+Carter strode that regal figure; whose proud carriage and smart features had in
+them the fascination of a dark god or fallen archangel, and around whose eyes
+there lurked the languid sparkle of capricious humour. It spoke, and in its
+mellow tones there rippled the wild music of Lethean streams.
+
+"Randolph Carter," said the voice, "you have come to see the Great Ones whom
+it is unlawful for men to see. Watchers have spoken of this thing, and the Other
+Gods have grunted as they rolled and tumbled mindlessly to the sound of thin
+flutes in the black ultimate void where broods the daemon-sultan whose name
+no lips dare speak aloud.
+
+"When Barzai the Wise climbed Hatheg-Kia to see the Greater Ones dance and
+howl above the clouds in the moonlight he never returned. The Other Gods were
+there, and they did what was expected. Zenig of Aphorat sought to reach
+unknown Kadath in the cold waste, and his skull is now set in a ring on the little
+finger of one whom I need not name.
+
+"But you, Randolph Carter, have braved all things of earth's dreamland, and
+burn still with the flame of quest. You came not as one curious, but as one
+seeking his due, nor have you failed ever in reverence toward the mild gods of
+earth. Yet have these gods kept you from the marvellous sunset city of your
+dreams, and wholly through their own small covetousness; for verily, they
+craved the weird loveliness of that which your fancy had fashioned, and vowed
+that henceforward no other spot should be their abode.
+
+"They are gone from their castle on unknown Kadath to dwell in your
+marvellous city. All through its palaces of veined marble they revel by day, and
+when the sun sets they go out in the perfumed gardens and watch the golden
+glory on temples and colonnades, arched bridges and silver-basined fountains,
+and wide streets with blossom-laden urns and ivory statues in gleaming rows.
+And when night comes they climb tall terraces in the dew, and sit on carved
+benches of porphyry scanning the stars, or lean over pale balustrades to gaze at
+the town's steep northward slopes, where one by one the little windows in old
+peaked gables shine softly out with the calm yellow light of homely candles.
+
+"The gods love your marvellous city, and walk no more in the ways of the gods.
+They have forgotten the high places of earth, and the mountains that knew their
+youth. The earth has no longer any gods that are gods, and only the Other Ones
+from outer space hold sway on unremembered Kadath. Far away in a valley of
+your own childhood, Randolph Carter, play the heedless Great Ones. You have
+
+
+
+510
+
+
+
+dreamed too well, O wise arch-dreamer, for you have drawn dream's gods away
+from the world of all men's visions to that which is wholly yours; having builded
+out of your boyhood's small fancies a city more lovely than all the phantoms that
+have gone before.
+
+"It is not well that earth's gods leave their thrones for the spider to spin on, and
+their realm for the Others to sway in the dark manner of Others. Fain would the
+powers from outside bring chaos and horror to you, Randolph Carter, who are
+the cause of their upsetting, but that they know it is by you alone that the gods
+may be sent back to their world. In that half-waking dreamland which is yours,
+no power of uttermost night may pursue; and only you can send the selfish Great
+Ones gently out of your marvellous sunset city, back through the northern
+twilight to their wonted place atop unknown Kadath in the cold waste.
+
+"So. Randolph Carter, in the name of the Other Gods I spare you and charge you
+to seek that sunset city which is yours, and to send thence the drowsy truant
+gods for whom the dream world waits. Not hard to find is that roseal fever of the
+gods, that fanfare of supernal trumpets and clash of immortal cymbals, that
+mystery whose place and meaning have haunted you through the halls of
+waking and the gulfs of dreaming, and tormented you with hints of vanished
+memory and the pain of lost things awesome and momentous. Not hard to find
+is that symbol and relic of your days of wonder, for truly, it is but the stable and
+eternal gem wherein all that wonder sparkles crystallised to light your evening
+path. Behold! It is not over unknown seas but back over well-known years that
+your quest must go; back to the bright strange things of infancy and the quick
+sun-drenched glimpses of magic that old scenes brought to wide young eyes.
+
+"For know you, that your gold and marble city of wonder is only the sum of
+what you have seen and loved in youth. It is the glory of Boston's hillside roofs
+and western windows aflame with sunset, of the flower-fragrant Common and
+the great dome on the hill and the tangle of gables and chimneys in the violet
+valley where the many-bridged Charles flows drowsily. These things you saw,
+Randolph Carter, when your nurse first wheeled you out in the springtime, and
+they will be the last things you will ever see with eyes of memory and of love.
+And there is antique Salem with its brooding years, and spectral Marblehead
+scaling its rocky precipices into past centuries! And the glory of Salem's towers
+and spires seen afar from Marblehead's pastures across the harbour against the
+setting sun.
+
+"There is Providence quaint and lordly on its seven hills over the blue harbour,
+with terraces of green leading up to steeples and citadels of living antiquity, and
+Newport climbing wraithlike from its dreaming breakwater. Arkham is there,
+with its moss-grown gambrel roofs and the rocky rolling meadows behind it; and
+
+
+
+511
+
+
+
+antediluvian Kingsport hoary with stacked chimneys and deserted quays and
+overhanging gables, and the marvel of high cliffs and the milky-misted ocean
+with tolling buoys beyond.
+
+"Cool vales in Concord, cobbled lands in Portsmouth, twilight bends of rustic
+New Hampshire roads where giant elms half hide white farmhouse walls and
+creaking well-sweeps. Gloucester's salt wharves and Truro's windy willows.
+Vistas of distant steepled towns and hills beyond hills along the North Shore,
+hushed stony slopes and low ivied cottages in the lee of huge boulders in Rhode
+Island's back country. Scent of the sea and fragrance of the fields; spell of the
+dark woods and joy of the orchards and gardens at dawn. These, Randolph
+Carter, are your city; for they are yourself. New England bore you, and into your
+soul she poured a liquid loveliness which cannot die. This loveliness, moulded,
+crystallised, and polished by years of memory and dreaming, is your terraced
+wonder of elusive sunsets; and to find that marble parapet with curious urns and
+carven rail, and descend at last these endless balustraded steps to the city of
+broad squares and prismatic fountains, you need only to turn back to the
+thoughts and visions of your wistful boyhood.
+
+"Look! through that window shine the stars of eternal night. Even now they are
+shining above the scenes you have known and cherished, drinking of their charm
+that they may shine more lovely over the gardens of dream. There is Antares-he
+is winking at this moment over the roofs of Tremont Street, and you could see
+him from your window on Beacon Hill. Out beyond those stars yawn the gulfs
+from whence my mindless masters have sent me. Some day you too may traverse
+them, but if you are wise you will beware such folly; for of those mortals who
+have been and returned, only one preserves a mind unshattered by the
+pounding, clawing horrors of the void. Terrors and blasphemies gnaw at one
+another for space, and there is more evil in the lesser ones than in the greater;
+even as you know from the deeds of those who sought to deliver you into my
+hands, whilst I myself harboured no wish to shatter you, and would indeed have
+helped you hither long ago had I not been elsewhere busy,and certain that you
+would yourself find the way. Shun then, the outer hells, and stick to the calm,
+lovely things of your youth. Seek out your marvellous city and drive thence the
+recreant Great Ones, sending them back gently to those scenes which are of their
+own youth, and which wait uneasy for their return.
+
+"Easier even then the way of dim memory is the way I will prepare for you. See!
+There comes hither a monstrous Shantak, led by a slave who for your peace of
+mind had best keep invisible. Mount and be ready - there! Yogash the Black will
+help you on the scaly horror. Steer for that brightest star just south of the zenith -
+it is Vega, and in two hours will be just above the terrace of your sunset city.
+Steer for it only till you hear a far-off singing in the high aether. Higher than that
+
+
+
+512
+
+
+
+lurks madness, so rein your Shantak when the first note lures. Look then back to
+earth, and you will see shining the deathless altar-flame of Ired-Naa from the
+sacred roof of a temple. That temple is in your desiderate sunset city, so steer for
+it before you heed the singing and are lost.
+
+"When you draw nigh the city steer for the same high parapet whence of old you
+scanned the outspread glory, prodding the Shantak till he cry aloud. That cry the
+Great Ones will hear and know as they sit on their perfumed terraces, and there
+will come upon them such a homesickness that all of your city's wonders will not
+console them for the absence of Kadath's grim castle and the pshent of eternal
+stars that crowns it.
+
+"Then must you land amongst them with the Shantak, and let them see and
+touch that noisome and hippocephalic bird; meanwhile discoursing to them of
+unknown Kadath, which you will so lately have left, and telling them how its
+boundless halls are lovely and unlighted, where of old they used to leap and
+revel in supernal radiance. And the Shantak will talk to them in the manner of
+Shantaks, but it will have no powers of persuasion beyond the recalling of elder
+days.
+
+"Over and over must you speak to the wandering Great Ones of their home and
+youth, till at last they will weep and ask to be shewn the returning path they
+have forgotten. Thereat can you loose the waiting Shantak, sending him skyward
+with the homing cry of his kind; hearing which the Great Ones will prance and
+jump with antique mirth, and forthwith stride after the loathly bird in the fashion
+of gods, through the deep gulfs of heaven to Kadath's familiar towers and
+domes.
+
+"Then will the marvellous sunset city be yours to cherish and inhabit for ever,
+and once more will earth's gods rule the dreams of men from their accustomed
+seat. Go now - the casement is open and the stars await outside. Already your
+Shantak wheezes and titters with impatience. Steer for Vega through the night,
+but turn when the singing sounds. Forget not this warning, lest horrors
+unthinkable suck you into the gulf of shrieking and ululant madness. Remember
+the Other Gods; they are great and mindless and terrible, and lurk in the outer
+voids. They are good gods to shun.
+
+"Hei! Aa-shanta 'nygh! You are off! Send back earth's gods to their haunts on
+unknown Kadath, and pray to all space that you may never meet me in my
+thousand other forms. Farewell, Randolph Carter, and beware; for I am
+Nyarlathotep, the Crawling Chaos."
+
+
+
+513
+
+
+
+And Randolph Carter, gasping and dizzy on his hideous Shantak, shot
+screamingly into space toward the cold blue glare of boreal Vega; looking but
+once behind him at the clustered and chaotic turrets of the onyx nightmare
+wherein still glowed the lone lurid light of that window above the air and the
+clouds of earth's dreamland. Great polypous horrors slid darkly past, and
+unseen bat wings beat multitudinous around him, but still he clung to the
+unwholesome mane of that loathly and hippocephalic scaled bird. The stars
+danced mockingly, almost shifting now and then to form pale signs of doom that
+one might wonder one had not seen and feared before; and ever the winds of
+nether howled of vague blackness and loneliness beyond the cosmos.
+
+Then through the glittering vault ahead there fell a hush of portent, and all the
+winds and horrors slunk away as night things slink away before the dawn.
+Trembling in waves that golden wisps of nebula made weirdly visible, there rose
+a timid hint of far-off melody, droning in faint chords that our own universe of
+stars knows not. And as that music grew, the Shantak raised its ears and plunged
+ahead, and Carter likewise bent to catch each lovely strain. It was a song, but not
+the song of any voice. Night and the spheres sang it, and it was old when space
+and Nyarlathotep and the Other Gods were born.
+
+Faster flew the Shantak, and lower bent the rider, drunk with the marvel of
+strange gulfs, and whirling in the crystal coils of outer magic. Then came too late
+the warning of the evil one, the sardonic caution of the daemon legate who had
+bidden the seeker beware the madness of that song. Only to taunt had
+Nyarlathotep marked out the way to safety and the marvellous sunset city; only
+to mock had that black messenger revealed the secret of these truant gods whose
+steps he could so easily lead back at will. For madness and the void's wild
+vengeance are Nyarlathotep's only gifts to the presumptuous; and frantick
+though the rider strove to turn his disgusting steed, that leering, tittering Shantak
+coursed on impetuous and relentless, flapping its great slippery wings in
+malignant joy and headed for those unhallowed pits whither no dreams reach;
+that last amorphous blight of nether-most confusion where bubbles and
+blasphemes at infinity's centre the mindless daemon-sultan Azathoth, whose
+name no lips dare speak aloud.
+
+Unswerving and obedient to the foul legate's orders, that hellish bird plunged
+onward through shoals of shapeless lurkers and caperers in darkness, and
+vacuous herds of drifting entities that pawed and groped and groped and
+pawed; the nameless larvae of the Other Gods, that are like them blind and
+without mind, and possessed of singular hungers and thirsts
+
+Onward unswerving and relentless, and tittering hilariously to watch the
+chuckling and hysterics into which the risen song of night and the spheres had
+
+
+
+514
+
+
+
+turned, that eldritch scaly monster bore its helpless rider; hurtling and shooting,
+cleaving the uttermost rim and spanning the outermost abysses; leaving behind
+the stars and the realms of matter, and darting meteor-like through stark
+formlessness toward those inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time
+wherein Azathoth gnaws shapeless and ravenous amidst the muffled,
+maddening beat of vile drums and the thin, monotonous whine of accursed
+flutes.
+
+Onward - onward - through the screaming, cackling, and blackly populous gulfs
+- and then from some dim blessed distance there came an image and a thought to
+Randolph Carter the doomed. Too well had Nyarlathotep planned his mocking
+and his tantalising, for he had brought up that which no gusts of icy terror could
+quite efface. Home - New England - Beacon Hill - the waking world.
+
+"For know you, that your gold and marble city of wonder is only the sum of
+what you have seen and loved in youth. . . the glory of Boston's hillside roofs and
+western windows aflame with sunset; of the flower-fragrant Common and the
+great dome on the hill and the tangle of gables and chimneys in the violet valley
+where the many -bridged Charles flows drowsily... this loveliness, moulded,
+crystallised, and polished by years of memory and dreaming, is your terraced
+wonder of elusive sunsets; and to find that marble parapet with curious urns and
+carven rail, and descend at last those endless balustraded steps to the city of
+broad squares and prismatic fountains, you need only to turn back to the
+thoughts and visions of your wistful boyhood."
+
+Onward - onward - dizzily onward to ultimate doom through the blackness
+where sightless feelers pawed and slimy snouts jostled and nameless things
+tittered and tittered and tittered. But the image and the thought had come, and
+Randolph Carter knew clearly that he was dreaming and only dreaming, and
+that somewhere in the background the world of waking and the city of his
+infancy still lay. Words came again - "You need only turn back to the thoughts
+and visions of your wistful boyhood." Turn - turn - blackness on every side, but
+Randolph Carter could turn.
+
+Thick though the rushing nightmare that clutched his senses, Randolph Carter
+could turn and move. He could move, and if he chose he could leap off the evil
+Shantak that bore him hurtlingly doomward at the orders of Nyarlathotep. He
+could leap off and dare those depths of night that yawned interminably down,
+those depths of fear whose terrors yet could not exceed the nameless doom that
+lurked waiting at chaos' core. He could turn and move and leap - he could - he
+would - he would - he would.
+
+
+
+515
+
+
+
+Off that vast hippocephalic abomination leaped the doomed and desperate
+dreamer, and down through endless voids of sentient blackness he fell. Aeons
+reeled, universes died and were born again, stars became nebulae and nebulae
+became stars, and still Randolph Carter fell through those endless voids of
+sentient blackness.
+
+Then in the slow creeping course of eternity the utmost cycle of the cosmos
+churned itself into another futile completion, and all things became again as they
+were unreckoned kalpas before. Matter and light were born anew as space once
+had known them; and comets, suns and worlds sprang flaming into life, though
+nothing survived to tell that they had been and gone, been and gone, always and
+always, back to no first beginning.
+
+And there was a firmament again, and a wind, and a glare of purple light in the
+eyes of the falling dreamer. There were gods and presences and wills; beauty and
+evil, and the shrieking of noxious night robbed of its prey. For through the
+unknown ultimate cycle had lived a thought and a vision of a dreamer's
+boyhood, and now there were remade a waking world and an old cherished city
+to body and to justify these things. Out of the void S'ngac the violet gas had
+pointed the way, and archaic Nodens was bellowing his guidance from unhinted
+deeps.
+
+Stars swelled to dawns, and dawns burst into fountains of gold, carmine, and
+purple, and still the dreamer fell. Cries rent the aether as ribbons of light beat
+back the fiends from outside. And hoary Nodens raised a howl of triumph when
+Nyarlathotep, close on his quarry, stopped baffled by a glare that seared his
+formless hunting-horrors to grey dust. Randolph Carter had indeed descended at
+last the wide marmoreal flights to his marvellous city, for he was come again to
+the fair New England world that had wrought him.
+
+So to the organ chords of morning's myriad whistles, and dawn's blaze thrown
+dazzling through purple panes by the great gold dome of the State House on the
+hill, Randolph Carter leaped shoutingly awake within his Boston room. Birds
+sang in hidden gardens and the perfume of trellised vines came wistful from
+arbours his grandfather had reared. Beauty and light glowed from classic mantel
+and carven cornice and walls grotesquely figured, while a sleek black cat rose
+yawning from hearthside sleep that his master's start and shriek had disturbed.
+And vast infinities away, past the Gate of Deeper Slumber and the enchanted
+wood and the garden lands and the Cerenarian Sea and the twilight reaches of
+Inquanok, the crawling chaos Nyarlathotep strode brooding into the onyx castle
+atop unknown Kadath in the cold waste, and taunted insolently the mild gods of
+earth whom he had snatched abruptly from their scented revels in the
+marvellous sunset city.
+
+
+
+516
+
+
+
+517
+
+
+
+The Dunwich Horror
+
+Written in 1928
+
+Published in April 1929 in Weird Tales
+
+Gorgons and Hydras, and Chimaeras - dire stories of Celaeno and the Harpies -
+may reproduce themselves in the brain of superstition - but they were there
+before. They are transcripts, types - the archtypes are in us, and eternal. How else
+should the recital of that which we know in a waking sense to be false come to
+affect us all? Is it that we naturally conceive terror from such objects, considered
+in their capacity of being able to inflict upon us bodily injury? O, least of all!
+These terrors are of older standing. They date beyond body - or without the
+body, they would have been the same... That the kind of fear here treated is
+purely spiritual - that it is strong in proportion as it is objectless on earth, that it
+predominates in the period of our sinless infancy - are difficulties the solution of
+which might afford some probable insight into our ante-mundane condition, and
+a peep at least into the shadowland of pre-existence.
+
+- Charles Lamb: Witches and Other Night-Fears
+
+
+
+When a traveller in north central Massachusetts takes the wrong fork at the
+junction of Aylesbury pike just beyond Dean's Corners he comes upon a lonely
+and curious country.
+
+The ground gets higher, and the brier-bordered stone walls press closer and
+closer against the ruts of the dusty, curving road. The trees of the frequent forest
+belts seem too large, and the wild weeds, brambles and grasses attain a
+luxuriance not often found in settled regions. At the same time the planted fields
+appear singularly few and barren; while the sparsely scattered houses wear a
+surprisingly uniform aspect of age, squalor, and dilapidation.
+
+Without knowing why, one hesitates to ask directions from the gnarled solitary
+figures spied now and then on crumbling doorsteps or on the sloping, rock-
+strewn meadows. Those figures are so silent and furtive that one feels somehow
+confronted by forbidden things, with which it would be better to have nothing to
+do. When a rise in the road brings the mountains in view above the deep woods,
+the feeling of strange uneasiness is increased. The summits are too rounded and
+symmetrical to give a sense of comfort and naturalness, and sometimes the sky
+silhouettes with especial clearness the queer circles of tall stone pillars with
+which most of them are crowned.
+
+
+
+518
+
+
+
+Gorges and ravines of problematical depth intersect the way, and the crude
+wooden bridges always seem of dubious safety. When the road dips again there
+are stretches of marshland that one instinctively dislikes, and indeed almost fears
+at evening when unseen whippoorwills chatter and the fireflies come out in
+abnormal profusion to dance to the raucous, creepily insistent rhythms of
+stridently piping bull-frogs. The thin, shining line of the Miskatonic's upper
+reaches has an oddly serpent-like suggestion as it winds close to the feet of the
+domed hills among which it rises.
+
+As the hills draw nearer, one heeds their wooded sides more than their stone-
+crowned tops. Those sides loom up so darkly and precipitously that one wishes
+they would keep their distance, but there is no road by which to escape them.
+Across a covered bridge one sees a small village huddled between the stream
+and the vertical slope of Round Mountain, and wonders at the cluster of rotting
+gambrel roofs bespeaking an earlier architectural period than that of the
+neighbouring region. It is not reassuring to see, on a closer glance, that most of
+the houses are deserted and falling to ruin, and that the broken-steepled church
+now harbours the one slovenly mercantile establishment of the hamlet. One
+dreads to trust the tenebrous tunnel of the bridge, yet there is no way to avoid it.
+Once across, it is hard to prevent the impression of a faint, malign odour about
+the village street, as of the massed mould and decay of centuries. It is always a
+relief to get clear of the place, and to follow the narrow road around the base of
+the hills and across the level country beyond till it rejoins the Aylesbury pike.
+Afterwards one sometimes learns that one has been through Dunwich.
+
+Outsiders visit Dunwich as seldom as possible, and since a certain season of
+horror all the signboards pointing towards it have been taken down. The
+scenery, judged by an ordinary aesthetic canon, is more than commonly
+beautiful; yet there is no influx of artists or summer tourists. Two centuries ago,
+when talk of witch-blood, Satan-worship, and strange forest presences was not
+laughed at, it was the custom to give reasons for avoiding the locality. In our
+sensible age - since the Dunwich horror of 1928 was hushed up by those who had
+the town's and the world's welfare at heart - people shun it without knowing
+exactly why. Perhaps one reason - though it cannot apply to uninformed
+strangers - is that the natives are now repellently decadent, having gone far along
+that path of retrogression so common in many New England backwaters. They
+have come to form a race by themselves, with the well-defined mental and
+physical stigmata of degeneracy and inbreeding. The average of their intelligence
+is woefully low, whilst their annals reek of overt viciousness and of half-hidden
+murders, incests, and deeds of almost unnameable violence and perversity. The
+old gentry, representing the two or three armigerous families which came from
+Salem in 1692, have kept somewhat above the general level of decay; though
+many branches are sunk into the sordid populace so deeply that only their names
+
+
+
+519
+
+
+
+remain as a key to the origin they disgrace. Some of the Whateleys and Bishops
+still send their eldest sons to Harvard and Miskatonic, though those sons seldom
+return to the mouldering gambrel roofs under which they and their ancestors
+were born.
+
+No one, even those who have the facts concerning the recent horror, can say just
+what is the matter with Dunwich; though old legends speak of unhallowed rites
+and conclaves of the Indians, amidst which they called forbidden shapes of
+shadow out of the great rounded hills, and made wild orgiastic prayers that were
+answered by loud crackings and rumblings from the ground below. In 1747 the
+Reverend Abijah Hoadley, newly come to the Congregational Church at
+Dunwich Village, preached a memorable sermon on the close presence of Satan
+and his imps; in which he said:
+
+"It must be allow'd, that these Blasphemies of an infernall Train of Daemons are
+Matters of too common Knowledge to be deny'd; the cursed Voices of Azazel
+and Buzrael, of Beelzebub and Belial, being heard now from under Ground by
+above a Score of credible Witnesses now living. I myself did not more than a
+Fortnight ago catch a very plain Discourse of evill Powers in the Hill behind my
+House; wherein there were a Rattling and Rolling, Groaning, Screeching, and
+Hissing, such as no Things of this Earth could raise up, and which must needs
+have come from those Caves that only black Magick can discover, and only the
+Divell unlock".
+
+Mr. Hoadley disappeared soon after delivering this sermon, but the text, printed
+in Springfield, is still extant. Noises in the hills continued to be reported from
+year to year, and still form a puzzle to geologists and physiographers.
+
+Other traditions tell of foul odours near the hill-crowning circles of stone pillars,
+and of rushing airy presences to be heard faintly at certain hours from stated
+points at the bottom of the great ravines; while still others try to explain the
+Devil's Hop Yard - a bleak, blasted hillside where no tree, shrub, or grass-blade
+will grow. Then, too, the natives are mortally afraid of the numerous
+whippoorwills which grow vocal on warm nights. It is vowed that the birds are
+psychopomps lying in wait for the souls of the dying, and that they time their
+eerie cries in unison with the sufferer's struggling breath. If they can catch the
+fleeing soul when it leaves the body, they instantly flutter away chittering in
+daemoniac laughter; but if they fail, they subside gradually into a disappointed
+silence.
+
+These tales, of course, are obsolete and ridiculous; because they come down from
+very old times. Dunwich is indeed ridiculously old - older by far than any of the
+communities within thirty miles of it. South of the village one may still spy the
+
+
+
+520
+
+
+
+cellar walls and chimney of the ancient Bishop house, which was built before
+1700; whilst the ruins of the mill at the falls, built in 1806, form the most modern
+piece of architecture to be seen. Industry did not flourish here, and the
+nineteenth-century factory movement proved short-lived. Oldest of all are the
+great rings of rough-hewn stone columns on the hilltops, but these are more
+generally attributed to the Indians than to the settlers. Deposits of skulls and
+bones, found within these circles and around the sizeable table-like rock on
+Sentinel Hill, sustain the popular belief that such spots were once the burial-
+places of the Pocumtucks; even though many ethnologists, disregarding the
+absurd improbability of such a theory, persist in believing the remains
+Caucasian.
+
+II.
+
+It was in the township of Dunwich, in a large and partly inhabited farmhouse set
+against a hillside four miles from the village and a mile and a half from any other
+dwelling, that Wilbur Whateley was born at 5 a.m. on Sunday, the second of
+February, 1913. This date was recalled because it was Candlemas, which people
+in Dunwich curiously observe under another name; and because the noises in the
+hills had sounded, and all the dogs of the countryside had barked persistently,
+throughout the night before. Less worthy of notice was the fact that the mother
+was one of the decadent Whateleys, a somewhat deformed, unattractive albino
+woman of thirty-five, living with an aged and half-insane father about whom the
+most frightful tales of wizardry had been whispered in his youth. Lavinia
+Whateley had no known husband, but according to the custom of the region
+made no attempt to disavow the child; concerning the other side of whose
+ancestry the country folk might - and did - speculate as widely as they chose. On
+the contrary, she seemed strangely proud of the dark, goatish-looking infant who
+formed such a contrast to her own sickly and pink-eyed albinism, and was heard
+to mutter many curious prophecies about its unusual powers and tremendous
+future.
+
+Lavinia was one who would be apt to mutter such things, for she was a lone
+creature given to wandering amidst thunderstorms in the hills and trying to read
+the great odorous books which her father had inherited through two centuries of
+Whateleys, and which were fast falling to pieces with age and wormholes. She
+had never been to school, but was filled with disjointed scraps of ancient lore
+that Old Whateley had taught her. The remote farmhouse had always been
+feared because of Old Whateley's reputation for black magic, and the
+unexplained death by violence of Mrs Whateley when Lavinia was twelve years
+old had not helped to make the place popular. Isolated among strange
+influences, Lavinia was fond of wild and grandiose day-dreams and singular
+
+
+
+521
+
+
+
+occupations; nor was her leisure much taken up by household cares in a home
+from which all standards of order and cleanliness had long since disappeared.
+
+There was a hideous screaming which echoed above even the hill noises and the
+dogs' barking on the night Wilbur was born, but no known doctor or midwife
+presided at his coming. Neighbours knew nothing of him till a week afterward,
+when Old Wateley drove his sleigh through the snow into Dunwich Village and
+discoursed incoherently to the group of loungers at Osborne's general store.
+There seemed to be a change in the old man - an added element of furtiveness in
+the clouded brain which subtly transformed him from an object to a subject of
+fear - though he was not one to be perturbed by any common family event.
+Amidst it all he showed some trace of the pride later noticed in his daughter, and
+what he said of the child's paternity was remembered by many of his hearers
+years afterward.
+
+'I dun't keer what folks think - ef Lavinny's boy looked like his pa, he wouldn't
+look like nothin' ye expeck. Ye needn't think the only folks is the folks
+hereabouts. Lavinny's read some, an' has seed some things the most o' ye only
+tell abaout. I calc'late her man is as good a husban' as ye kin find this side of
+Aylesbury; an' ef ye knowed as much abaout the hills as I dew, ye wouldn't ast
+no better church weddin' nor her'n. Let me tell ye suthin - some day yew folks'U
+hear a child o' Lavinny's a-callin' its father's name on the top o' Sentinel Hill!'
+
+The only person who saw Wilbur during the first month of his life were old
+Zechariah Whateley, of the undecayed Whateleys, and Earl Sawyer's common-
+law wife, Mamie Bishop. Mamie's visit was frankly one of curiosity, and her
+subsequent tales did justice to her observations; but Zechariah came to lead a
+pair of Alderney cows which Old Whateley had bought of his son Curtis. This
+marked the beginning of a course of cattle-buying on the part of small Wilbur's
+family which ended only in 1928, when the Dunwich horror came and went; yet
+at no time did the ramshackle Wateley barn seem overcrowded with livestock.
+There came a period when people were curious enough to steal up and count the
+herd that grazed precariously on the steep hillside above the old farm-house, and
+they could never find more than ten or twelve anaemic, bloodless-looking
+specimens. Evidently some blight or distemper, perhaps sprung from the
+unwholesome pasturage or the diseased fungi and timbers of the filthy barn,
+caused a heavy mortality amongst the Whateley animals. Odd wounds or sores,
+having something of the aspect of incisions, seemed to afflict the visible cattle;
+and once or twice during the earlier months certain callers fancied they could
+discern similar sores about the throats of the grey, unshaven old man and his
+slatternly, crinkly-haired albino daughter.
+
+
+
+522
+
+
+
+In the spring after Wilbur's birth Lavinia resumed her customary rambles in the
+hills, bearing in her misproportioned arms the swarthy child. Public interest in
+the Whateleys subsided after most of the country folk had seen the baby, and no
+one bothered to comment on the swift development which that newcomer
+seemed every day to exhibit. Wilbur's growth was indeed phenomenal, for
+within three months of his birth he had attained a size and muscular power not
+usually found in infants under a full year of age. His motions and even his vocal
+sounds showed a restraint and deliberateness highly peculiar in an infant, and no
+one was really unprepared when, at seven months, he began to walk unassisted,
+with falterings which another month was sufficient to remove.
+
+It was somewhat after this time - on Hallowe'en - that a great blaze was seen at
+midnight on the top of Sentinel Hill where the old table-like stone stands amidst
+its tumulus of ancient bones. Considerable talk was started when Silas Bishop -
+of the undecayed Bishops - mentioned having seen the boy running sturdily up
+that hill ahead of his mother about an hour before the blaze was remarked. Silas
+was rounding up a stray heifer, but he nearly forgot his mission when he
+fleetingly spied the two figures in the dim light of his lantern. They darted
+almost noiselessly through the underbrush, and the astonished watcher seemed
+to think they were entirely unclothed. Afterwards he could not be sure about the
+boy, who may have had some kind of a fringed belt and a pair of dark trunks or
+trousers on. Wilbur was never subsequently seen alive and conscious without
+complete and tightly buttoned attire, the disarrangement or threatened
+disarrangement of which always seemed to fill him with anger and alarm. His
+contrast with his squalid mother and grandfather in this respect was thought
+very notable until the horror of 1928 suggested the most valid of reasons.
+
+The next January gossips were mildly interested in the fact that 'Lavinny's black
+brat' had commenced to talk, and at the age of only eleven months. His speech
+was somewhat remarkable both because of its difference from the ordinary
+accents of the region, and because it displayed a freedom from infantile lisping of
+which many children of three or four might well be proud. The boy was not
+talkative, yet when he spoke he seemed to reflect some elusive element wholly
+unpossessed by Dunwich and its denizens. The strangeness did not reside in
+what he said, or even in the simple idioms he used; but seemed vaguely linked
+with his intonation or with the internal organs that produced the spoken sounds.
+His facial aspect, too, was remarkable for its maturity; for though he shared his
+mother's and grandfather's chinlessness, his firm and precociously shaped nose
+united with the expression of his large, dark, almost Latin eyes to give him an air
+of quasi-adulthood and well-nigh preternatural intelligence. He was, however,
+exceedingly ugly despite his appearance of brilliancy; there being something
+almost goatish or animalistic about his thick lips, large-pored, yellowish skin,
+coarse crinkly hair, and oddly elongated ears. He was soon disliked even more
+
+
+
+523
+
+
+
+decidedly than his mother and grandsire, and all conjectures about him were
+spiced with references to the bygone magic of Old Whateley, and how the hills
+once shook when he shrieked the dreadful name of Yog-Sothoth in the midst of a
+circle of stones with a great book open in his arms before him. Dogs abhorred the
+boy, and he was always obliged to take various defensive measures against their
+barking menace.
+
+III.
+
+Meanwhile Old Whateley continued to buy cattle without measurably increasing
+the size of his herd. He also cut timber and began to repair the unused parts of
+his house - a spacious, peak-roofed affair whose rear end was buried entirely in
+the rocky hillside, and whose three least-ruined ground-floor rooms had always
+been sufficient for himself and his daughter.
+
+There must have been prodigious reserves of strength in the old man to enable
+him to accomplish so much hard labour; and though he still babbled dementedly
+at times, his carpentry seemed to show the effects of sound calculation. It had
+already begun as soon as Wilbur was born, when one of the many tool sheds had
+been put suddenly in order, clapboarded, and fitted with a stout fresh lock. Now,
+in restoring the abandoned upper storey of the house, he was a no less thorough
+craftsman. His mania showed itself only in his tight boarding-up of all the
+windows in the reclaimed section - though many declared that it was a crazy
+thing to bother with the reclamation at all.
+
+Less inexplicable was his fitting up of another downstairs room for his new
+grandson - a room which several callers saw, though no one was ever admitted
+to the closely-boarded upper storey. This chamber he lined with tall, firm
+shelving, along which he began gradually to arrange, in apparently careful order,
+all the rotting ancient books and parts of books which during his own day had
+been heaped promiscuously in odd corners of the various rooms.
+
+'I made some use of 'em,' he would say as he tried to mend a torn black-letter
+page with paste prepared on the rusty kitchen stove, 'but the boy's fitten to make
+better use of 'em. He'd orter hev 'em as well so as he kin, for they're goin' to be
+all of his larnin'.'
+
+When Wilbur was a year and seven months old - in September of 1914 - his size
+and accomplishments were almost alarming. He had grown as large as a child of
+four, and was a fluent and incredibly intelligent talker. He ran freely about the
+fields and hills, and accompanied his mother on all her wanderings. At home he
+would pore dilligently over the queer pictures and charts in his grandfather's
+books, while Old Whateley would instruct and catechize him through long.
+
+
+
+524
+
+
+
+hushed afternoons. By this time the restoration of the house was finished, and
+those who watched it wondered why one of the upper windows had been made
+into a sohd plank door. It was a window in the rear of the east gable end, close
+against the hill; and no one could imagine why a cleated wooden runway was
+built up to it from the ground. About the period of this work's completion people
+noticed that the old tool-house, tightly locked and windowlessly clapboarded
+since Wilbur's birth, had been abandoned again. The door swung listlessly open,
+and when Earl Sawyer once stepped within after a cattle-selling call on Old
+Whateley he was quite discomposed by the singular odour he encountered - such
+a stench, he averred, as he had never before smelt in all his life except near the
+Indian circles on the hills, and which could not come from anything sane or of
+this earth. But then, the homes and sheds of Dunwich folk have never been
+remarkable for olfactory immaculateness.
+
+The following months were void of visible events, save that everyone swore to a
+slow but steady increase in the mysterious hill noises. On May Eve of 1915 there
+were tremors which even the Aylesbury people felt, whilst the following
+Hallowe'en produced an underground rumbling queerly synchronized with
+bursts of flame - 'them witch Whateleys' doin's' - from the summit of Sentinel
+Hill. Wilbur was growing up uncannily, so that he looked like a boy of ten as he
+entered his fourth year. He read avidly by himself now; but talked much less
+than formerly. A settled taciturnity was absorbing him, and for the first time
+people began to speak specifically of the dawning look of evil in his goatish face.
+He would sometimes mutter an unfamiliar jargon, and chant in bizarre rhythms
+which chilled the listener with a sense of unexplainable terror. The aversion
+displayed towards him by dogs had now become a matter of wide remark, and
+he was obliged to carry a pistol in order to traverse the countryside in safety. His
+occasional use of the weapon did not enhance his popularity amongst the owners
+of canine guardians.
+
+The few callers at the house would often find Lavinia alone on the ground floor,
+while odd cries and footsteps resounded in the boarded-up second storey. She
+would never tell what her father and the boy were doing up there, though once
+she turned pale and displayed an abnormal degree of fear when a jocose fish-
+pedlar tried the locked door leading to the stairway. That pedlar told the store
+loungers at Dunwich Village that he thought he heard a horse stamping on that
+floor above. The loungers reflected, thinking of the door and runway, and of the
+cattle that so swiftly disappeared. Then they shuddered as they recalled tales of
+Old Whateley's youth, and of the strange things that are called out of the earth
+when a bullock is sacrificed at the proper time to certain heathen gods. It had for
+some time been noticed that dogs had begun to hate and fear the whole
+Whateley place as violently as they hated and feared young Wilbur personally.
+
+
+
+525
+
+
+
+In 1917 the war came, and Squire Sawyer Whateley, as chairman of the local draft
+board, had hard work finding a quota of young Dunwich men fit even to be sent
+to development camp. The government, alarmed at such signs of wholesale
+regional decadence, sent several officers and medical experts to investigate;
+conducting a survey which New England newspaper readers may still recall. It
+was the publicity attending this investigation which set reporters on the track of
+the Whateleys, and caused the Boston Globe and Arkham Advertiser to print
+flamboyant Sunday stories of young Wilbur's precociousness. Old Whateley's
+black magic, and the shelves of strange books, the sealed second storey of the
+ancient farmhouse, and the weirdness of the whole region and its hill noises.
+Wilbur was four and a half then, and looked like a lad of fifteen. His lips and
+cheeks were fuzzy with a coarse dark down, and his voice had begun to break.
+
+Earl Sawyer went out to the Whateley place with both sets of reporters and
+camera men, and called their attention to the queer stench which now seemed to
+trickle down from the sealed upper spaces. It was, he said, exactly like a smell he
+had found in the toolshed abandoned when the house was finally repaired; and
+like the faint odours which he sometimes thought he caught near the stone circle
+on the mountains. Dunwich folk read the stories when they appeared, and
+grinned over the obvious mistakes. They wondered, too, why the writers made
+so much of the fact that Old Whateley always paid for his cattle in gold pieces of
+extremely ancient date. The Whateleys had received their visitors with ill-
+concealed distaste, though they did not dare court further publicity by a violent
+resistance or refusal to talk.
+
+IV.
+
+For a decade the annals of the Whateleys sink indistinguishably into the general
+life of a morbid community used to their queer ways and hardened to their May
+Eve and All-Hallows orgies. Twice a year they would light fires on the top of
+Sentinel Hill, at which times the mountain rumblings would recur with greater
+and greater violence; while at all seasons there were strange and portentous
+doings at the lonely farm-house. In the course of time callers professed to hear
+sounds in the sealed upper storey even when all the family were downstairs, and
+they wondered how swiftly or how lingeringly a cow or bullock was usually
+sacrificed. There was talk of a complaint to the Society for the Prevention of
+Cruelty to Animals but nothing ever came of it, since Dunwich folk are never
+anxious to call the outside world's attention to themselves.
+
+About 1923, when Wilbur was a boy of ten whose mind, voice, stature, and
+bearded face gave all the impressions of maturity, a second great siege of
+carpentry went on at the old house. It was all inside the sealed upper part, and
+from bits of discarded lumber people concluded that the youth and his
+
+
+
+526
+
+
+
+grandfather had knocked out all the partitions and even removed the attic floor,
+leaving only one vast open void between the ground storey and the peaked roof.
+They had torn down the great central chimney, too, and fitted the rusty range
+with a flimsy outside tin stove-pipe.
+
+In the spring after this event Old Whateley noticed the growing number of
+whippoorwills that would come out of Cold Spring Glen to chirp under his
+window at night. He seemed to regard the circumstance as one of great
+significance, and told the loungers at Osborn's that he thought his time had
+almost come.
+
+'They whistle jest in tune with my breathin' naow,' he said, 'an' I guess they're
+gittin' ready to ketch my soul. They know it's a-goin' aout, an' dun't calc'late to
+miss it. Yew'll know, boys, arter I'm gone, whether they git me er not. Ef they
+dew, they'll keep up a-singin' an' laffin' till break o' day. Ef they dun't they'll
+kinder quiet daown like. I expeck them an' the souls they hunts fer hev some
+pretty tough tussles sometimes.'
+
+On Lammas Night, 1924, Dr Houghton of Aylesbury was hastily summoned by
+Wilbur Whateley, who had lashed his one remaining horse through the darkness
+and telephoned from Osborn's in the village. He found Old Whateley in a very
+grave state, with a cardiac action and stertorous breathing that told of an end not
+far off. The shapeless albino daughter and oddly bearded grandson stood by the
+bedside, whilst from the vacant abyss overhead there came a disquieting
+suggestion of rhythmical surging or lapping, as of the waves on some level
+beach. The doctor, though, was chiefly disturbed by the chattering night birds
+outside; a seemingly limitless legion of whippoorwills that cried their endless
+message in repetitions timed diabolically to the wheezing gasps of the dying
+man. It was uncanny and unnatural - too much, thought Dr Houghton, like the
+whole of the region he had entered so reluctantly in response to the urgent call.
+
+Towards one o'clock Old Whateley gained consciousness, and interrupted his
+wheezing to choke out a few words to his grandson.
+
+'More space, Willy, more space soon. Yew grows - an' that grows faster. It'll be
+ready to serve ye soon, boy. Open up the gates to Yog-Sothoth with the long
+chant that ye'U find on page 751 of the complete edition, an' then put a match to
+the prison. Fire from airth can't burn it nohaow.'
+
+He was obviously quite mad. After a pause, during which the flock of
+whippoorwills outside adjusted their cries to the altered tempo while some
+indications of the strange hill noises came from afar off, he added another
+sentence or two.
+
+
+
+527
+
+
+
+'Feed it reg'lar, Willy, an' mind the quantity; but dun't let it grow too fast fer the
+place, fer ef it busts quarters or gits aout afore ye opens to Yog-Sothoth, it's all
+over an' no use. Only them from beyont kin make it multiply an' work... Only
+them, the old uns as wants to come back. . .'
+
+But speech gave place to gasps again, and Lavinia screamed at the way the
+whippoorwills followed the change. It was the same for more than an hour,
+when the final throaty rattle came. Dr Houghton drew shrunken lids over the
+glazing grey eyes as the tumult of birds faded imperceptibly to silence. Lavinia
+sobbed, but Wilbur only chuckled whilst the hill noises rumbled faintly.
+
+'They didn't git him,' he muttered in his heavy bass voice.
+
+Wilbur was by this time a scholar of really tremendous erudition in his one-sided
+way, and was quietly known by correspondence to many librarians in distant
+places where rare and forbidden books of old days are kept. He was more and
+more hated and dreaded around Dunwich because of certain youthful
+disappearances which suspicion laid vaguely at his door; but was always able to
+silence inquiry through fear or through use of that fund of old-time gold which
+still, as in his grandfather's time, went forth regularly and increasingly for cattle-
+buying. He was now tremendously mature of aspect, and his height, having
+reached the normal adult limit, seemed inclined to wax beyond that figure. In
+1925, when a scholarly correspondent from Miskatonic University called upon
+him one day and departed pale and puzzled, he was fully six and three-quarters
+feet tall.
+
+Through all the years Wilbur had treated his half-deformed albino mother with a
+growing contempt, finally forbidding her to go to the hills with him on May Eve
+and Hallowmass; and in 1926 the poor creature complained to Mamie Bishop of
+being afraid of him.
+
+'They's more abaout him as I knows than I kin tell ye, Mamie,' she said, 'an'
+naowadays they's more nor what I know myself. I vaow afur Gawd, I dun't
+know what he wants nor what he's a-tryin' to dew.'
+
+That Hallowe'en the hill noises sounded louder than ever, and fire burned on
+Sentinel Hill as usual; but people paid more attention to the rhythmical
+screaming of vast flocks of unnaturally belated whippoorwills which seemed to
+be assembled near the unlighted Whateley farmhouse. After midnight their shrill
+notes burst into a kind of pandemoniac cachinnation which filled all the
+countryside, and not until dawn did they finally quiet down. Then they
+vanished, hurrying southward where they were fully a month overdue. What
+this meant, no one could quite be certain till later. None of the countryfolk
+
+
+
+528
+
+
+
+seemed to have died - but poor Lavinia Whateley, the twisted albino, was never
+seen again.
+
+In the summer of 1927 Wilbur repaired two sheds in the farmyard and began
+moving his books and effects out to them. Soon afterwards Earl Sawyer told the
+loungers at Osborn's that more carpentry was going on in the Whateley
+farmhouse. Wilbur was closing all the doors and windows on the ground floor,
+and seemed to be taking out partitions as he and his grandfather had done
+upstairs four years before. He was living in one of the sheds, and Sawyer thought
+he seemed unusually worried and tremulous. People generally suspected him of
+knowing something about his mother disappearance, and very few ever
+approached his neighbourhood now. His height had increased to more than
+seven feet, and showed no signs of ceasing its development.
+
+V.
+
+The following winter brought an event no less strange than Wilbur's first trip
+outside the Dunwich region. Correspondence with the Widener Library at
+Harvard, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, the British Museum, the University
+of Buenos Ayres, and the Library of Miskatonic University at Arkham had failed
+to get him the loan of a book he desperately wanted; so at length he set out in
+person, shabby, dirty, bearded, and uncouth of dialect, to consult the copy at
+Miskatonic, which was the nearest to him geographically. Almost eight feet tall,
+and carrying a cheap new valise from Osborne's general store, this dark and
+goatish gargoyle appeared one day in Arkham in quest of the dreaded volume
+kept under lock and key at the college library - the hideous Necronomicon of the
+mad Arab Abdul Alhazred in Olaus Wormius' Latin version, as printed in Spain
+in the seventeenth century. He had never seen a city before, but had no thought
+save to find his way to the university grounds; where indeed, he passed
+heedlessly by the great white-fanged watchdog that barked with unnatural fury
+and enmity, and tugged frantically at its stout chaim.
+
+Wilbur had with him the priceless but imperfect copy of Dr Dee's English
+version which his grandfather had bequeathed him, and upon receiving access to
+the Latin copy he at once began to collate the two texts with the aim of
+discovering a certain passage which would have come on the 751st page of his
+own defective volume. This much he could not civilly refrain from telling the
+librarian - the same erudite Henry Armitage (A.M. Miskatonic, Ph.D. Princeton,
+Litt.D. Johns Hopkins) who had once called at the farm, and who now politely
+plied him with questions. He was looking, he had to admit, for a kind of formula
+or incantation containing the frightful name Yog-Sothoth, and it puzzled him to
+find discrepancies, duplications, and ambiguities which made the matter of
+determination far from easy. As he copied the formula he finally chose, Dr
+
+
+
+529
+
+
+
+Armitage looked involuntarily over his shoulder at the open pages; the left-hand
+one of which, in the Latin version, contained such monstrous threats to the peace
+and sanity of the world.
+
+Nor is it to be thought (ran the text as Armitage mentally translated it) that man
+is either the oldest or the last of earth's masters, or that the common bulk of life
+and substance walks alone. The Old Ones were, the Old Ones are, and the Old
+Ones shall be. Not in the spaces we know, but between them, they walk serene
+and primal, undimensioned and to us unseen. Yog-Sothoth knows the gate. Yog-
+Sothoth is the gate. Yog-Sothoth is the key and guardian of the gate. Past,
+present, future, all are one in Yog-Sothoth. He knows where the Old Ones broke
+through of old, and where They shall break through again. He knows where
+They had trod earth's fields, and where They still tread them, and why no one
+can behold Them as They tread. By Their smell can men sometimes know Them
+near, but of Their semblance can no man know, saving only in the features of
+those They have begotten on mankind; and of those are there many sorts,
+differing in likeness from man's truest eidolon to that shape without sight or
+substance which is Them. They walk unseen and foul in lonely places where the
+Words have been spoken and the Rites howled through at their Seasons. The
+wind gibbers with Their voices, and the earth mutters with Their consciousness.
+They bend the forest and crush the city, yet may not forest or city behold the
+hand that smites. Kadath in the cold waste hath known Them, and what man
+knows Kadath? The ice desert of the South and the sunken isles of Ocean hold
+stones whereon Their seal is engraver, but who bath seen the deep frozen city or
+the sealed tower long garlanded with seaweed and barnacles? Great Cthulhu is
+Their cousin, yet can he spy Them only dimly. la! Shub-Niggurath! As a foulness
+shall ye know Them. Their hand is at your throats, yet ye see Them not; and
+Their habitation is even one with your guarded threshold. Yog-Sothoth is the key
+to the gate, whereby the spheres meet. Man rules now where They ruled once;
+They shall soon rule where man rules now. After summer is winter, after winter
+summer. They wait patient and potent, for here shall They reign again.
+
+Dr. Annitage, associating what he was reading with what he had heard of
+Dunwich and its brooding presences, and of Wilbur Whateley and his dim,
+hideous aura that stretched from a dubious birth to a cloud of probable
+matricide, felt a wave of fright as tangible as a draught of the tomb's cold
+clamminess. The bent, goatish giant before him seemed like the spawn of another
+planet or dimension; like something only partly of mankind, and linked to black
+gulfs of essence and entity that stretch like titan phantasms beyond all spheres of
+force and matter, space and time. Presently Wilbur raised his head and began
+speaking in that strange, resonant fashion which hinted at sound-producing
+organs unlike the run of mankind's.
+
+
+
+530
+
+
+
+'Mr Armitage/ he said, 'I calc'late I've got to take that book home. They's things
+in it I've got to try under sarten conditions that I can't git here, en' it 'ud be a
+mortal sin to let a red-tape rule hold me up. Let me take it along. Sir, an' I'll swar
+they wun't nobody know the difference. I dun't need to tell ye I'll take good keer
+of it. It wan't me that put this Dee copy in the shape it is. . .'
+
+He stopped as he saw firm denial on the librarian's face, and his own goatish
+features grew crafty. Armitage, half-ready to tell him he might make a copy of
+what parts he needed, thought suddenly of the possible consequences and
+checked himself. There was too much responsibility in giving such a being the
+key to such blasphemous outer spheres. Whateley saw how things stood, and
+tried to answer lightly.
+
+'Wal, all right, ef ye feel that way abaout it. Maybe Harvard won't be so fussy as
+yew be.' And without saying more he rose and strode out of the building,
+stooping at each doorway.
+
+Armitage heard the savage yelping of the great watchdog, and studied
+Whateley's gorilla-like lope as he crossed the bit of campus visible from the
+window. He thought of the wild tales he had heard, and recalled the old Sunday
+stories in the Advertiser; these things, and the lore he had picked up from
+Dunwich rustics and villagers during his one visit there. Unseen things not of
+earth - or at least not of tridimensional earth - rushed foetid and horrible through
+New England's glens, and brooded obscenely on the mountain tops. Of this he
+had long felt certain. Now he seemed to sense the close presence of some terrible
+part of the intruding horror, and to glimpse a hellish advance in the black
+dominion of the ancient and once passive nightmare. He locked away the
+Necronomicon with a shudder of disgust, but the room still reeked with an
+unholy and unidentifiable stench. 'As a foulness shall ye know them,' he quoted.
+Yes - the odour was the same as that which had sickened him at the Whateley
+farmhouse less than three years before. He thought of Wilbur, goatish and
+ominous, once again, and laughed mockingly at the village rumours of his
+parentage.
+
+'Inbreeding?' Armitage muttered half-aloud to himself. 'Great God, what
+simpletons! Show them Arthur Machen's Great God Pan and they'll think it a
+common Dunwich scandal! But what thing - what cursed shapeless influence on
+or off this three-dimensional earth - was Wilbur Whateley's father? Born on
+Candlemas - nine months after May Eve of 1912, when the talk about the queer
+earth noises reached clear to Arkham - what walked on the mountains that May
+night? What Roodmas horror fastened itself on the world in half-human flesh
+and blood?'
+
+
+
+531
+
+
+
+During the ensuing weeks Dr Armitage set about to collect all possible data on
+Wilbur Whateley and the formless presences around Dunwich. He got in
+communication with Dr Houghton of Aylesbury, who had attended Old
+Whateley in his last illness, and found much to ponder over in the grandfather's
+last words as quoted by the physician. A visit to Dunwich Village failed to bring
+out much that was new; but a close survey of the Necronomicon, in those parts
+which Wilbur had sought so avidly, seemed to supply new and terrible clues to
+the nature, methods, and desires of the strange evil so vaguely threatening this
+planet. Talks with several students of archaic lore in Boston, and letters to many
+others elsewhere, gave him a growing amazement which passed slowly through
+varied degrees of alarm to a state of really acute spiritual fear. As the summer
+drew on he felt dimly that something ought to be done about the lurking terrors
+of the upper Miskatonic valley, and about the monstrous being known to the
+human world as Wilbur Whateley.
+
+VI.
+
+The Dunwich horror itself came between Lammas and the equinox in 1928, and
+Dr Armitage was among those who witnessed its monstrous prologue. He had
+heard, meanwhile, of Whateley' s grotesque trip to Cambridge, and of his frantic
+efforts to borrow or copy from the Necronomicon at the Widener Library. Those
+efforts had been in vain, since Armitage had issued warnings of the keenest
+intensity to all librarians having charge of the dreaded volume. Wilbur had been
+shockingly nervous at Cambridge; anxious for the book, yet almost equally
+anxious to get home again, as if he feared the results of being away long.
+
+Early in August the half-expected outcome developed, and in the small hours of
+the third Dr Armitage was awakened suddenly by the wild, fierce cries of the
+savage watchdog on the college campus. Deep and terrible, the snarling, half-
+mad growls and barks continued; always in mounting volume, but with
+hideously significant pauses. Then there rang out a scream from a wholly
+different throat - such a scream as roused half the sleepers of Arkham and
+haunted their dreams ever afterwards - such a scream as could come from no
+being born of earth, or wholly of earth.
+
+Armitage, hastening into some clothing and rushing across the street and lawn to
+the college buildings, saw that others were ahead of him; and heard the echoes of
+a burglar-alarm still shrilling from the library. An open window showed black
+and gaping in the moonlight. What had come had indeed completed its entrance;
+for the barking and the screaming, now fast fading into a mixed low growling
+and moaning, proceeded unmistakably from within. Some instinct warned
+Armitage that what was taking place was not a thing for unfortified eyes to see,
+so he brushed back the crowd with authority as he unlocked the vestibule door.
+
+
+
+532
+
+
+
+Among the others he saw Professor Warren Rice and Dr Francis Morgan, men to
+whom he had told some of his conjectures and misgivings; and these two he
+motioned to accompany him inside. The inward sounds, except for a watchful,
+droning whine from the dog, had by this time quite subsided; but Armitage now
+perceived with a sudden start that a loud chorus of whippoorwills among the
+shrubbery had commenced a damnably rhythmical piping, as if in unison with
+the last breaths of a dying man.
+
+The building was full of a frightful stench which Dr Armitage knew too well, and
+the three men rushed across the hall to the small genealogical reading-room
+whence the low whining came. For a second nobody dared to turn on the light,
+then Armitage summoned up his courage and snapped the switch. One of the
+three - it is not certain which - shrieked aloud at what sprawled before them
+among disordered tables and overturned chairs. Professor Rice declares that he
+wholly lost consciousness for an instant, though he did not stumble or fall.
+
+The thing that lay half-bent on its side in a foetid pool of greenish-yellow ichor
+and tarry stickiness was almost nine feet tall, and the dog had torn off all the
+clothing and some of the skin. It was not quite dead, but twitched silently and
+spasmodically while its chest heaved in monstrous unison with the mad piping
+of the expectant whippoorwills outside. Bits of shoe-leather and fragments of
+apparel were scattered about the room, and just inside the window an empty
+canvas sack lay where it had evidently been thrown. Near the central desk a
+revolver had fallen, a dented but undischarged cartridge later explaining why it
+had not been fired. The thing itself, however, crowded out all other images at the
+time. It would be trite and not wholly accurate to say that no human pen could
+describe it, but one may properly say that it could not be vividly visualized by
+anyone whose ideas of aspect and contour are too closely bound up with the
+common life-forms of this planet and of the three known dimensions. It was
+partly human, beyond a doubt, with very manlike hands and head, and the
+goatish, chinless face had the stamp of the Whateley's upon it. But the torso and
+lower parts of the body were teratologically fabulous, so that only generous
+clothing could ever have enabled it to walk on earth unchallenged or
+uneradicated.
+
+Above the waist it was semi-anthropomorphic; though its chest, where the dog's
+rending paws still rested watchfully, had the leathery, reticulated hide of a
+crocodile or alligator. The back was piebald with yellow and black, and dimly
+suggested the squamous covering of certain snakes. Below the waist, though, it
+was the worst; for here all human resemblance left off and sheer phantasy began.
+The skin was thickly covered with coarse black fur, and from the abdomen a
+score of long greenish-grey tentacles with red sucking mouths protruded limply.
+
+
+
+533
+
+
+
+Their arrangement was odd, and seemed to follow the symmetries of some
+cosmic geometry unknown to earth or the solar system. On each of the hips, deep
+set in a kind of pinkish, ciliated orbit, was what seemed to be a rudimentary eye;
+whilst in lieu of a tail there depended a kind of trunk or feeler with purple
+annular markings, and with many evidences of being an undeveloped mouth or
+throat. The limbs, save for their black fur, roughly resembled the hind legs of
+prehistoric earth's giant saurians, and terminated in ridgy-veined pads that were
+neither hooves nor claws. When the thing breathed, its tail and tentacles
+rhythmically changed colour, as if from some circulatory cause normal to the
+non-human greenish tinge, whilst in the tail it was manifest as a yellowish
+appearance which alternated with a sickly grayish-white in the spaces between
+the purple rings. Of genuine blood there was none; only the foetid greenish-
+yellow ichor which trickled along the painted floor beyond the radius of the
+stickiness, and left a curious discoloration behind it.
+
+As the presence of the three men seemed to rouse the dying thing, it began to
+mumble without turning or raising its head. Dr Armitage made no written
+record of its mouthings, but asserts confidently that nothing in English was
+uttered. At first the syllables defied all correlation with any speech of earth, but
+towards the last there came some disjointed fragments evidently taken from the
+Necronomicon, that monstrous blasphemy in quest of which the thing had
+perished. These fragments, as Armitage recalls them, ran something like 'N'gai,
+n'gha'ghaa, bugg-shoggog, y'hah: Yog-Sothoth, Yog-Sothoth ...' They trailed off
+into nothingness as the whippoorwills shrieked in rhythmical crescendos of
+unholy anticipation.
+
+Then came a halt in the gasping, and the dog raised its head in a long, lugubrious
+howl. A change came over the yellow, goatish face of the prostrate thing, and the
+great black eyes fell in appallingly. Outside the window the shrilling of the
+whippoorwills had suddenly ceased, and above the murmurs of the gathering
+crowd there came the sound of a panic-struck whirring and fluttering. Against
+the moon vast clouds of feathery watchers rose and raced from sight, frantic at
+that which they had sought for prey.
+
+All at once the dog started up abruptly, gave a frightened bark, and leaped
+nervously out of the window by which it had entered. A cry rose from the
+crowd, and Dr Armitage shouted to the men outside that no one must be
+admitted till the police or medical examiner came. He was thankful that the
+windows were just too high to permit of peering in, and drew the dark curtains
+carefully down over each one. By this time two policemen had arrived; and Dr
+Morgan, meeting them in the vestibule, was urging them for their own sakes to
+postpone entrance to the stench-filled reading-room till the examiner came and
+the prostrate thing could be covered up.
+
+
+
+534
+
+
+
+Meanwhile frightful changes were taking place on the floor. One need not
+describe the kind and rate of shrinkage and disintegration that occurred before
+the eyes of Dr Armitage and Professor Rice; but it is permissible to say that, aside
+from the external appearance of face and hands, the really human element in
+Wilbur Whateley must have been very small. When the medical examiner came,
+there was only a sticky whitish mass on the painted boards, and the monstrous
+odour had nearly disappeared. Apparently Whateley had had no skull or bony
+skeleton; at least, in any true or stable sense. He had taken somewhat after his
+unknown father.
+
+VII.
+
+Yet all this was only the prologue of the actual Dunwich horror. Formalities were
+gone through by bewildered officials, abnormal details were duly kept from
+press and public, and men were sent to Dunwich and Aylesbury to look up
+property and notify any who might be heirs of the late Wilbur Whateley. They
+found the countryside in great agitation, both because of the growing rumblings
+beneath the domed hills, and because of the unwonted stench and the surging,
+lapping sounds which came increasingly from the great empty shell formed by
+Whateley's boarded-up farmhouse. Earl Sawyer, who tended the horse and cattle
+during Wilbur's absence, had developed a woefully acute case of nerves. The
+officials devised excuses not to enter the noisome boarded place; and were glad
+to confine their survey of the deceased's living quarters, the newly mended
+sheds, to a single visit. They filed a ponderous report at the courthouse in
+Aylesbury, and litigations concerning heirship are said to be still in progress
+amongst the innumerable Whateleys, decayed and undecayed, of the upper
+Miskatonic valley.
+
+An almost interminable manuscript in strange characters, written in a huge
+ledger and adjudged a sort of diary because of the spacing and the variations in
+ink and penmanship, presented a baffling puzzle to those who found it on the
+old bureau which served as its owner's desk. After a week of debate it was sent
+to Miskatonic University, together with the deceased's collection of strange
+books, for study and possible translation; but even the best linguists soon saw
+that it was not likely to be unriddled with ease. No trace of the ancient gold with
+which Wilbur and Old Whateley had always paid their debts has yet been
+discovered.
+
+It was in the dark of September ninth that the horror broke loose. The hill noises
+had been very pronounced during the evening, and dogs barked frantically all
+night. Early risers on the tenth noticed a peculiar stench in the air. About seven
+o'clock Luther Brown, the hired boy at George Corey's, between Cold Spring
+Glen and the village, rushed frenziedly back from his morning trip to Ten-Acre
+
+
+
+535
+
+
+
+Meadow with the cows. He was almost convulsed with fright as he stumbled
+into the kitchen; and in the yard outside the no less frightened herd were pawing
+and lowing pitifully, having followed the boy back in the panic they shared with
+him. Between gasps Luther tried to stammer out his tale to Mrs Corey.
+
+'Up thar in the rud beyont the glen. Mis' Corey - they's suthin' ben thar! It smells
+like thunder, an' all the bushes an' little trees is pushed back from the rud like
+they'd a haouse ben moved along of it. An' that ain't the wust, nuther. They's
+prints in the rud. Mis' Corey - great raound prints as big as barrel-heads, all sunk
+dawon deep like a elephant had ben along, only they's a sight more nor four feet
+could make! I looked at one or two afore I run, an' I see every one was covered
+with lines spreadin' aout from one place, like as if big palm-leaf fans - twict or
+three times as big as any they is - hed of ben paounded dawon into the rud. An'
+the smell was awful, like what it is around Wizard Whateley's ol' haouse. . .'
+
+Here he faltered, and seemed to shiver afresh with the fright that had sent him
+flying home. Mrs Corey, unable to extract more information, began telephoning
+the neighbours; thus starting on its rounds the overture of panic that heralded
+the major terrors. When she got Sally Sawyer, housekeeper at Seth Bishop's, the
+nearest place to Whateley's, it became her turn to listen instead of transmit; for
+Sally's boy Chauncey, who slept poorly, had been up on the hill towards
+Whateley's, and had dashed back in terror after one look at the place, and at the
+pasturage where Mr Bishop's cows had been left out all night.
+
+'Yes, Mis' Corey,' came Sally's tremulous voice over the party wire, 'Cha'ncey he
+just come back a-postin', and couldn't half talk fer bein' scairt! He says Ol'
+Whateley's house is all bowed up, with timbers scattered raound like they'd ben
+dynamite inside; only the bottom floor ain't through, but is all covered with a
+kind o' tar-like stuff that smells awful an' drips daown offen the aidges onto the
+graoun' whar the side timbers is blowed away. An' they's awful kinder marks in
+the yard, tew - great raound marks bigger raound than a hogshead, an' all sticky
+with stuff like is on the browed-up haouse. Cha'ncey he says they leads off into
+the medders, whar a great swath wider'n a barn is matted daown, an' all the stun
+walls tumbled every whichway wherever it goes.
+
+'An' he says, says he. Mis' Corey, as haow he sot to look fer Seth's caows,
+frightened ez he was an' faound 'em in the upper pasture nigh the Devil's Hop
+Yard in an awful shape. Haff on 'em's clean gone, an' nigh haff o' them that's left
+is sucked most dry o' blood, with sores on 'em like they's ben on Whateleys
+cattle ever senct Lavinny's black brat was born. Seth hes gone aout naow to look
+at 'em, though I'll vaow he won't keer ter git very nigh Wizard Whateley's!
+Cha'ncey didn't look keerful ter see whar the big matted-daown swath led arter
+
+
+
+536
+
+
+
+it leff the pasturage, but he says he thinks it p'inted towards the glen rud to the
+village.
+
+'I tell ye. Mis' Corey, they's suthin' abroad as hadn't orter be abroad, an' I for one
+think that black Wilbur Whateley, as come to the bad end he deserved, is at the
+bottom of the breedin' of it. He wa'n't all human hisself, I alius says to
+everybody; an' I think he an' OF Whateley must a raised suthin' in that there
+nailed-up haouse as ain't even so human as he was. They's alius ben unseen
+things araound Dunwich - livin' things - as ain't human an' ain't good fer human
+folks.
+
+'The graoun' was a-talkin' las' night, an' towards mornin' Cha'ncey he heered
+the whippoorwills so laoud in Col' Spring Glen he couldn't sleep nun. Then he
+thought he heered another faint-like saound over towards Wizard Whateley's - a
+kinder rippin' or tearin' o' wood, like some big box er crate was bein' opened fur
+off. What with this an' that, he didn't git to sleep at all till sunup, an' no sooner
+was he up this mornin', but he's got to go over to Whateley's an' see what's the
+matter. He see enough I tell ye. Mis' Corey! This dun't mean no good, an' I think
+as all the men-folks ought to git up a party an' do suthin'. I know suthin' awful's
+abaout, an' feel my time is nigh, though only Gawd knows jest what it is.
+
+'Did your Luther take accaount o' whar them big tracks led tew? No? Wal, Mis'
+Corey, ef they was on the glen rud this side o' the glen, an' ain't got to your
+haouse yet, I calc'late they must go into the glen itself. They would do that. I
+alius says Col' Spring Glen ain't no healthy nor decent place. The whippoorwills
+an' fireflies there never did act like they was creaters o' Gawd, an' they's them as
+says ye kin hear strange things a-rushin' an' a-talkin' in the air dawon thar ef ye
+stand in the right place, atween the rock falls an' Bear's Den.'
+
+By that noon fully three-quarters of the men and boys of Dunwich were trooping
+over the roads and meadows between the newmade Whateley ruins and Cold
+Spring Glen, examining in horror the vast, monstrous prints, the maimed Bishop
+cattle, the strange, noisome wreck of the farmhouse, and the bruised, matted
+vegetation of the fields and roadside. Whatever had burst loose upon the world
+had assuredly gone down into the great sinister ravine; for all the trees on the
+banks were bent and broken, and a great avenue had been gouged in the
+precipice-hanging underbrush. It was as though a house, launched by an
+avalanche, had slid down through the tangled growths of the almost vertical
+slope. From below no sound came, but only a distant, undefinable foetor; and it
+is not to be wondered at that the men preferred to stay on the edge and argue,
+rather than descend and beard the unknown Cyclopean horror in its lair. Three
+dogs that were with the party had barked furiously at first, but seemed cowed
+and reluctant when near the glen. Someone telephoned the news to the
+
+
+
+537
+
+
+
+Aylesbury Transcript; but the editor, accustomed to wild tales from Dunwich,
+did no more than concoct a humorous paragraph about it; an item soon
+afterwards reproduced by the Associated Press.
+
+That night everyone went home, and every house and barn was barricaded as
+stoutly as possible. Needless to say, no cattle were allowed to remain in open
+pasturage. About two in the morning a frightful stench and the savage barking of
+the dogs awakened the household at Elmer Frye's, on the eastern edge of Cold
+Spring Glen, and all agreed that they could hear a sort of muffled swishing or
+lapping sound from somewhere outside. Mrs Frye proposed telephoning the
+neighbours, and Elmer was about to agree when the noise of splintering wood
+burst in upon their deliberations. It came, apparently, from the barn; and was
+quickly followed by a hideous screaming and stamping amongst the cattle. The
+dogs slavered and crouched close to the feet of the fear-numbed family. Frye lit a
+lantern through force of habit, but knew it would be death to go out into that
+black farmyard. The children and the women-folk whimpered, kept from
+screaming by some obscure, vestigial instinct of defence which told them their
+lives depended on silence. At last the noise of the cattle subsided to a pitiful
+moaning, and a great snapping, crashing, and crackling ensued. The Fryes,
+huddled together in the sitting-room, did not dare to move until the last echoes
+died away far down in Cold Spring Glen. Then, amidst the dismal moans from
+the stable and the daemoniac piping of the late whippoorwills in the glen, Selina
+Frye tottered to the telephone and spread what news she could of the second
+phase of the horror.
+
+The next day all the countryside was in a panic; and cowed, uncommunicative
+groups came and went where the fiendish thing had occurred. Two titan swaths
+of destruction stretched from the glen to the Frye farmyard, monstrous prints
+covered the bare patches of ground, and one side of the old red barn had
+completely caved in. Of the cattle, only a quarter could be found and identified.
+Some of these were in curious fragments, and all that survived had to be shot.
+Earl Sawyer suggested that help be asked from Aylesbury or Arkham, but others
+maintained it would be of no use. Old Zebulon Whateley, of a branch that
+hovered about halfway between soundness and decadence, made darkly wild
+suggestions about rites that ought to be practiced on the hill-tops. He came of a
+line where tradition ran strong, and his memories of chantings in the great stone
+circles were not altogether connected with Wilbur and his grandfather.
+
+Darkness fell upon a stricken countryside too passive to organize for real
+defence. In a few cases closely related families would band together and watch in
+the gloom under one roof; but in general there was only a repetition of the
+barricading of the night before, and a futile, ineffective gesture of loading
+muskets and setting pitchforks handily about. Nothing, however, occurred
+
+
+
+538
+
+
+
+except some hill noises; and when the day came there were many who hoped
+that the new horror had gone as swiftly as it had come. There were even bold
+souls who proposed an offensive expedition down in the glen, though they did
+not venture to set an actual example to the still reluctant majority.
+
+When night came again the barricading was repeated, though there was less
+huddling together of families. In the morning both the Frye and the Seth Bishop
+households reported excitement among the dogs and vague sounds and stenches
+from afar, while early explorers noted with horror a fresh set of the monstrous
+tracks in the road skirting Sentinel Hill. As before, the sides of the road showed a
+bruising indicative of the blasphemously stupendous bulk of the horror; whilst
+the conformation of the tracks seemed to argue a passage in two directions, as if
+the moving mountain had come from Cold Spring Glen and returned to it along
+the same path. At the base of the hill a thirty-foot swath of crushed shrubbery
+saplings led steeply upwards, and the seekers gasped when they saw that even
+the most perpendicular places did not deflect the inexorable trail. Whatever the
+horror was, it could scale a sheer stony cliff of almost complete verticality; and as
+the investigators climbed round to the hill's summit by safer routes they saw that
+the trail ended - or rather, reversed - there.
+
+It was here that the Whateleys used to build their hellish fires and chant their
+hellish rituals by the table-like stone on May Eve and Hallowmass. Now that
+very stone formed the centre of a vast space thrashed around by the
+mountainous horror, whilst upon its slightly concave surface was a thick and
+foetid deposit of the same tarry stickiness observed on the floor of the ruined
+Whateley farmhouse when the horror escaped. Men looked at one another and
+muttered. Then they looked down the hill. Apparently the horror had descended
+by a route much the same as that of its ascent. To speculate was futile. Reason,
+logic, and normal ideas of motivation stood confounded. Only old Zebulon, who
+was not with the group, could have done justice to the situation or suggested a
+plausible explanation.
+
+Thursday night began much like the others, but it ended less happily. The
+whippoorwills in the glen had screamed with such unusual persistence that
+many could not sleep, and about 3 A.M. all the party telephones rang
+tremulously. Those who took down their receivers heard a fright-mad voice
+shriek out, 'Help, oh, my Gawd! ...' and some thought a crashing sound
+followed the breaking off of the exclamation. There was nothing more. No one
+dared do anything, and no one knew till morning whence the call came. Then
+those who had heard it called everyone on the line, and found that only the Fryes
+did not reply. The truth appeared an hour later, when a hastily assembled group
+of armed men trudged out to the Frye place at the head of the glen. It was
+horrible, yet hardly a surprise. There were more swaths and monstrous prints.
+
+
+
+539
+
+
+
+but there was no longer any house. It had caved in Hke an egg-shell, and
+amongst the ruins nothing living or dead could be discovered. Only a stench and
+a tarry stickiness. The Elmer Fryes had been erased from Dunwich.
+
+VIII.
+
+In the meantime a quieter yet even more spiritually poignant phase of the horror
+had been blackly unwinding itself behind the closed door of a shelf-lined room in
+Arkham. The curious manuscript record or diary of Wilbur Whateley, delivered
+to Miskatonic University for translation had caused much worry and bafflement
+among the experts in language both ancient and modern; its very alphabet,
+notwithstanding a general resemblance to the heavily-shaded Arabic used in
+Mesopotamia, being absolutely unknown to any available authority. The final
+conclusion of the linguists was that the text represented an artificial alphabet,
+giving the effect of a cipher; though none of the usual methods of cryptographic
+solution seemed to furnish any clue, even when applied on the basis of every
+tongue the writer might conceivably have used. The ancient books taken from
+Whateley's quarters, while absorbingly interesting and in several cases
+promising to open up new and terrible lines of research among philosophers and
+men of science, were of no assistance whatever in this matter. One of them, a
+heavy tome with an iron clasp, was in another unknown alphabet - this one of a
+very different cast, and resembling Sanskrit more than anything else. The old
+ledger was at length given wholly into the charge of Dr Armitage, both because
+of his peculiar interest in the Whateley matter, and because of his wide linguistic
+learning and skill in the mystical formulae of antiquity and the middle ages.
+
+Armitage had an idea that the alphabet might be something esoterically used by
+certain forbidden cults which have come down from old times, and which have
+inherited many forms and traditions from the wizards of the Saracenic world.
+That question, however, he did not deem vital; since it would be unnecessary to
+know the origin of the symbols if, as he suspected, they were used as a cipher in
+a modern language. It was his belief that, considering the great amount of text
+involved, the writer would scarcely have wished the trouble of using another
+speech than his own, save perhaps in certain special formulae and incantations.
+Accordingly he attacked the manuscript with the preliminary assumption that
+the bulk of it was in English.
+
+Dr Armitage knew, from the repeated failures of his colleagues, that the riddle
+was a deep and complex one; and that no simple mode of solution could merit
+even a trial. All through late August he fortified himself with the mass lore of
+cryptography; drawing upon the fullest resources of his own library, and wading
+night after night amidst the arcana of Trithemius' Poligraphia, Giambattista
+Porta's De Furtivis Literarum Notis, De Vigenere's Traite des Chiffres, Falconer's
+
+
+
+540
+
+
+
+Cryptomenysis Patefacta, Davys' and Thicknesse's eighteenth-century treatises,
+and such fairly modern authorities as Blair, van Marten and Kluber's script itself,
+and in time became convinced that he had to deal with one of those subtlest and
+most ingenious of cryptograms, in which many separate lists of corresponding
+letters are arranged like the multiplication table, and the message built up with
+arbitrary key-words known only to the initiated. The older authorities seemed
+rather more helpful than the newer ones, and Armitage concluded that the code
+of the manuscript was one of great antiquity, no doubt handed down through a
+long line of mystical experimenters. Several times he seemed near daylight, only
+to be set back by some unforeseen obstacle. Then, as September approached, the
+clouds began to clear. Certain letters, as used in certain parts of the manuscript,
+emerged definitely and unmistakably; and it became obvious that the text was
+indeed in English.
+
+On the evening of September second the last major barrier gave way, and Dr
+Armitage read for the first time a continuous passage of Wilbur Whateley's
+annals. It was in truth a diary, as all had thought; and it was couched in a style
+clearly showing the mixed occult erudition and general illiteracy of the strange
+being who wrote it. Almost the first long passage that Armitage deciphered, an
+entry dated November 26, 1916, proved highly startling and disquieting. It was
+written,he remembered, by a child of three and a half who looked like a lad of
+twelve or thirteen.
+
+Today learned the Aklo for the Sabaoth (it ran), which did not like, it being
+answerable from the hill and not from the air. That upstairs more ahead of me
+than I had thought it would be, and is not like to have much earth brain. Shot
+Elam Hutchins's collie Jack when he went to bite me, and Elam says he would
+kill me if he dast. I guess he won't. Grandfather kept me saying the Dho formula
+last night, and I think I saw the inner city at the 2 magnetic poles. I shall go to
+those poles when the earth is cleared off, if I can't break through with the Dho-
+Hna formula when I commit it. They from the air told me at Sabbat that it will be
+years before I can clear off the earth, and I guess grandfather will be dead then,
+so I shall have to learn all the angles of the planes and all the formulas between
+the Yr and the Nhhngr. They from outside will help, but they cannot take body
+without human blood. That upstairs looks it will have the right cast. I can see it a
+little when I make the Voorish sign or blow the powder of Ibn Ghazi at it, and it
+is near like them at May Eve on the Hill. The other face may wear off some. I
+wonder how I shall look when the earth is cleared and there are no earth beings
+on it. He that came with the Aklo Sabaoth said I may be transfigured there being
+much of outside to work on.
+
+Morning found Dr Armitage in a cold sweat of terror and a frenzy of wakeful
+concentration. He had not left the manuscript all night, but sat at his table under
+
+
+
+541
+
+
+
+the electric light turning page after page with shaking hands as fast as he could
+decipher the cryptic text. He had nervously telephoned his wife he would not be
+home, and when she brought him a breakfast from the house he could scarcely
+dispose of a mouthful. All that day he read on, now and then halted
+maddeningly as a reapplication of the complex key became necessary. Lunch and
+dinner were brought him, but he ate only the smallest fraction of either. Toward
+the middle of the next night he drowsed off in his chair, but soon woke out of a
+tangle of nightmares almost as hideous as the truths and menaces to man's
+existence that he had uncovered.
+
+On the morning of September fourth Professor Rice and Dr Morgan insisted on
+seeing him for a while, and departed trembling and ashen-grey. That evening he
+went to bed, but slept only fitfully. Wednesday - the next day - he was back at
+the manuscript, and began to take copious notes both from the current sections
+and from those he had already deciphered. In the small hours of that night he
+slept a little in a easy chair in his office, but was at the manuscript again before
+dawn. Some time before noon his physician, Dr Hartwell, called to see him and
+insisted that he cease work. He refused; intimating that it was of the most vital
+importance for him to complete the reading of the diary and promising an
+explanation in due course of time. That evening, just as twilight fell, he finished
+his terrible perusal and sank back exhausted. His wife, bringing his dinner,
+found him in a half-comatose state; but he was conscious enough to warn her off
+with a sharp cry when he saw her eyes wander toward the notes he had taken.
+Weakly rising, he gathered up the scribbled papers and sealed them all in a great
+envelope, which he immediately placed in his inside coat pocket. He had
+sufficient strength to get home, but was so clearly in need of medical aid that Dr
+Hartwell was summoned at once. As the doctor put him to bed he could only
+mutter over and over again, 'But what, in God's name, can we do?'
+
+Dr Armitage slept, but was partly delirious the next day. He made no
+explanations to Hartwell, but in his calmer moments spoke of the imperative
+need of a long conference with Rice and Morgan. His wilder wanderings were
+very startling indeed, including frantic appeals that something in a boarded-up
+farmhouse be destroyed, and fantastic references to some plan for the extirpation
+of the entire human race and all animal and vegetable life from the earth by some
+terrible elder race of beings from another dimension. He would shout that the
+world was in danger, since the Elder Things wished to strip it and drag it away
+from the solar system and cosmos of matter into some other plane or phase of
+entity from which it had once fallen, vigintillions of aeons ago. At other times he
+would call for the dreaded Necronomicon and the Daemonolatreia of Remigius,
+in which he seemed hopeful of finding some formula to check the peril he
+conjured up.
+
+
+
+542
+
+
+
+'Stop them, stop theml' he would shout. 'Those Whateleys meant to let them in,
+and the worst of all is left! Tell Rice and Morgan we must do something - it's a
+blind business, but I know how to make the powder... It hasn't been fed since
+the second of August, when Wilbur came here to his death, and at that rate. . .'
+
+But Armitage had a sound physique despite his seventy-three years, and slept off
+his disorder that night without developing any real fever. He woke late Friday,
+clear of head, though sober with a gnawing fear and tremendous sense of
+responsibility. Saturday afternoon he felt able to go over to the library and
+summon Rice and Morgan for a conference, and the rest of that day and evening
+the three men tortured their brains in the wildest speculation and the most
+desperate debate. Strange and terrible books were drawn voluminously from the
+stack shelves and from secure places of storage; and diagrams and formulae
+were copied with feverish haste and in bewildering abundance. Of scepticism
+there was none. All three had seen the body of Wilbur Whateley as it lay on the
+floor in a room of that very building, and after that not one of them could feel
+even slightly inclined to treat the diary as a madman's raving.
+
+Opinions were divided as to notifying the Massachusetts State Police, and the
+negative finally won. There were things involved which simply could not be
+believed by those who had not seen a sample, as indeed was made clear during
+certain subsequent investigations. Late at night the conference disbanded
+without having developed a definite plan, but all day Sunday Armitage was
+busy comparing formulae and mixing chemicals obtained from the college
+laboratory. The more he reflected on the hellish diary, the more he was inclined
+to doubt the efficacy of any material agent in stamping out the entity which
+Wilbur Whateley had left behind him - the earth threatening entity which,
+unknown to him, was to burst forth in a few hours and become the memorable
+Dunwich horror.
+
+Monday was a repetition of Sunday with Dr Armitage, for the task in hand
+required an infinity of research and experiment. Further consultations of the
+monstrous diary brought about various changes of plan, and he knew that even
+in the end a large amount of uncertainty must remain. By Tuesday he had a
+definite line of action mapped out, and believed he would try a trip to Dunwich
+within a week. Then, on Wednesday, the great shock came. Tucked obscurely
+away in a corner of the Arkham Advertiser was a facetious little item from the
+Associated Press, telling what a record-breaking monster the bootleg whisky of
+Dunwich had raised up. Armitage, half stunned, could only telephone for Rice
+and Morgan. Far into the night they discussed, and the next day was a
+whirlwind of preparation on the part of them all. Armitage knew he would be
+meddling with terrible powers, yet saw that there was no other way to annul the
+deeper and more malign meddling which others had done before him.
+
+
+
+543
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+Friday morning Armitage, Rice, and Morgan set out by motor for Dunwich,
+arriving at the village about one in the afternoon. The day was pleasant, but even
+in the brightest sunlight a kind of quiet dread and portent seemed to hover about
+the strangely domed hills and the deep, shadowy ravines of the stricken region.
+Now and then on some mountain top a gaunt circle of stones could be glimpsed
+against the sky. From the air of hushed fright at Osborn's store they knew
+something hideous had happened, and soon learned of the annihilation of the
+Elmer Frye house and family. Throughout that afternoon they rode around
+Dunwich, questioning the natives concerning all that had occurred, and seeing
+for themselves with rising pangs of horror the drear Frye ruins with their
+lingering traces of the tarry stickiness, the blasphemous tracks in the Frye yard,
+the wounded Seth Bishop cattle, and the enormous swaths of disturbed
+vegetation in various places. The trail up and down Sentinel Hill seemed to
+Armitage of almost cataclysmic significance, and he looked long at the sinister
+altar-like stone on the summit.
+
+At length the visitors, apprised of a party of State Police which had come from
+Aylesbury that morning in response to the first telephone reports of the Frye
+tragedy, decided to seek out the officers and compare notes as far as practicable.
+This, however, they found more easily planned than performed; since no sign of
+the party could be found in any direction. There had been five of them in a car,
+but now the car stood empty near the ruins in the Frye yard. The natives, all of
+whom had talked with the policemen, seemed at first as perplexed as Armitage
+and his companions. Then old Sam Hutchins thought of something and turned
+pale, nudging Fred Farr and pointing to the dank, deep hollow that yawned
+close by.
+
+'Gawd,' he gasped, 'I felled 'em not ter go daown into the glen, an' I never
+thought nobody'd dew it with them tracks an' that smell an' the whippoorwills
+a-screechin' daown thar in the dark o' noonday. . .'
+
+A cold shudder ran through natives and visitors alike, and every ear seemed
+strained in a kind of instinctive, unconscious listening. Armitage, now that he
+had actually come upon the horror and its monstrous work, trembled with the
+responsibility he felt to be his. Night would soon fall, and it was then that the
+mountainous blasphemy lumbered upon its eldritch course. Negotium
+perambuians in tenebris... The old librarian rehearsed the formulae he had
+memorized, and clutched the paper containing the alternative one he had not
+memorized. He saw that his electric flashlight was in working order. Rice, beside
+him, took from a valise a metal sprayer of the sort used in combating insects;
+
+
+
+544
+
+
+
+whilst Morgan uncased the big-game rifle on which he reHed despite his
+colleague's warnings that no material weapon would be of help.
+
+Armitage, having read the hideous diary, knew painfully well what kind of a
+manifestation to expect; but he did not add to the fright of the Dunwich people
+by giving any hints or clues. He hoped that it might be conquered without any
+revelation to the world of the monstrous thing it had escaped. As the shadows
+gathered, the natives commenced to disperse homeward, anxious to bar
+themselves indoors despite the present evidence that all human locks and bolts
+were useless before a force that could bend trees and crush houses when it chose.
+They shook their heads at the visitors' plan to stand guard at the Frye ruins near
+the glen; and, as they left, had little expectancy of ever seeing the watchers again.
+
+There were rumblings under the hills that night, and the whippoorwills piped
+threateningly. Once in a while a wind, sweeping up out of Cold Spring Glen,
+would bring a touch of ineffable foetor to the heavy night air; such a foetor as all
+three of the watchers had smelled once before, when they stood above a dying
+thing that had passed for fifteen years and a half as a human being. But the
+looked-for terror did not appear. Whatever was down there in the glen was
+biding its time, and Armitage told his colleagues it would be suicidal to try to
+attack it in the dark.
+
+Morning came wanly, and the night-sounds ceased. It was a grey, bleak day,
+with now and then a drizzle of rain; and heavier and heavier clouds seemed to
+be piling themselves up beyond the hills to the north-west. The men from
+Arkham were undecided what to do. Seeking shelter from the increasing rainfall
+beneath one of the few undestroyed Frye outbuildings, they debated the wisdom
+of waiting, or of taking the aggressive and going down into the glen in quest of
+their nameless, monstrous quarry. The downpour waxed in heaviness, and
+distant peals of thunder sounded from far horizons. Sheet lightning shimmered,
+and then a forky bolt flashed near at hand, as if descending into the accursed
+glen itself. The sky grew very dark, and the watchers hoped that the storm
+would prove a short, sharp one followed by clear weather.
+
+It was still gruesomely dark when, not much over an hour later, a confused babel
+of voices sounded down the road. Another moment brought to view a frightened
+group of more than a dozen men, running, shouting, and even whimpering
+hysterically. Someone in the lead began sobbing out words, and the Arkham men
+started violently when those words developed a coherent form.
+
+'Oh, my Gawd, my Gawd,' the voice choked out. 'It's a-goin' agin, an' this time
+by day! It's aout - it's aout an' a-movin' this very minute, an' only the Lord
+knows when it'll be on us all!'
+
+
+
+545
+
+
+
+The speaker panted into silence, but another took up his message.
+
+'Nigh on a haour ago Zeb Whateley here heered the 'phone a-ringin', an' it was
+Mis' Corey, George's wife, that hves daown by the junction. She says the hired
+boy Luther was aout drivin' in the caows from the storm arter the big boh, when
+he see all the trees a-bendin' at the maouth o' the glen - opposite side ter this - an'
+smelt the same awful smell like he smelt when he faound the big tracks las'
+Monday mornin'. An' she says he says they was a swishin' lappin' saound, more
+nor what the bendin' trees an' bushes could make, an' all on a suddent the trees
+along the rud begun ter git pushed one side, an' they was a awful stompin' an'
+splashin' in the mud. But mind ye, Luther he didn't see nothin' at all, only just
+the bendin' trees an' underbrush.
+
+'Then fur ahead where Bishop's Brook goes under the rud he heerd a awful
+creakin' an' strainin' on the bridge, an' says he could tell the saound o' wood a-
+startin' to crack an' split. An' all the whiles he never see a thing, only them trees
+an' bushes a-bendin'. An' when the swishin' saound got very fur off - on the rud
+towards Wizard Whateley's an' Sentinel Hill - Luther he had the guts ter step up
+whar he'd heerd it fust an' look at the graound. It was all mud an' water, an' the
+sky was dark, an' the rain was wipin' aout all tracks abaout as fast as could be;
+but beginnin' at the glen maouth, whar the trees hed moved, they was still some
+o' them awful prints big as bar'ls like he seen Monday.'
+
+At this point the first excited speaker interrupted.
+
+'But that ain't the trouble naow - that was only the start. Zeb here was callin'
+folks up an' everybody was a-listenin' in when a call from Seth Bishop's cut in.
+His haousekeeper Sally was carryin' on fit to kill - she'd jest seed the trees a-
+bendin' beside the rud, an' says they was a kind o' mushy saound, like a
+elephant puffin' an' treadin', a-headin' fer the haouse. Then she up an' spoke
+suddent of a fearful smell, an' says her boy Cha'ncey was a-screamin' as haow it
+was jest like what he smelt up to the Whateley rewins Monday mornin'. An' the
+dogs was barkin' an' whinin' awful.
+
+'An' then she let aout a turrible yell, an' says the shed daown the rud had jest
+caved in like the storm bed blowed it over, only the wind w'an't strong enough
+to dew that. Everybody was a-listenin', an' we could hear lots o' folks on the wire
+a-gaspin'. All to onct Sally she yelled again, an' says the front yard picket fence
+hed just crumbled up, though they wa'n't no sign o' what done it. Then
+everybody on the line could hear Cha'ncey an' old Seth Bishop a-yellin' tew, an'
+Sally was shriekin' aout that suthin' heavy hed struck the haouse - not lightnin'
+nor nothin', but suthin' heavy again' the front, that kep' a-launchin' itself agin
+
+
+
+546
+
+
+
+an' agin, though ye couldn't see nothin' aout the front winders. An' then... an'
+then...'
+
+Lines of fright deepened on every face; and Armitage, shaken as he was, had
+barely poise enough to prompt the speaker.
+
+'An' then.... Sally she yelled aout, "O help, the haouse is a-cavin' in... an' on the
+wire we could hear a turrible crashin' an' a hull flock o' screaming... jes like
+when Elmer Frye's place was took, only wuss. . .'
+
+The man paused, and another of the crowd spoke.
+
+'That's all - not a saound nor squeak over the 'phone arter that. Jest still-like. We
+that heerd it got aout Fords an' wagons an' rounded up as many able-bodied
+men-folks as we could git, at Corey's place, an' come up here ter see what yew
+thought best ter dew. Not but what I think it's the Lord's jedgment fer our
+iniquities, that no mortal kin ever set aside.'
+
+Armitage saw that the time for positive action had come, and spoke decisively to
+the faltering group of frightened rustics.
+
+'We must follow it, boys.' He made his voice as reassuring as possible. 'I believe
+there's a chance of putting it out of business. You men know that those
+Whateleys were wizards - well, this thing is a thing of wizardry, and must be put
+down by the same means. I've seen Wilbur Whateley's diary and read some of
+the strange old books he used to read; and I think I know the right kind of spell
+to recite to make the thing fade away. Of course, one can't be sure, but we can
+always take a chance. It's invisible - 1 knew it would be - but there's powder in
+this long-distance sprayer that might make it show up for a second. Later on
+we'll try it. It's a frightful thing to have alive, but it isn't as bad as what Wilbur
+would have let in if he'd lived longer. You'll never know what the world
+escaped. Now we've only this one thing to fight, and it can't multiply. It can,
+though, do a lot of harm; so we mustn't hesitate to rid the community of it.
+
+'We must follow it - and the way to begin is to go to the place that has just been
+wrecked. Let somebody lead the way - I don't know your roads very well, but
+I've an idea there might be a shorter cut across lots. How about it?'
+
+The men shuffled about a moment, and then Earl Sawyer spoke softly, pointing
+with a grimy finger through the steadily lessening rain.
+
+'I guess ye kin git to Seth Bishop's quickest by cuttin' across the lower medder
+here, wadin' the brook at the low place, an' climbin' through Carrier's mowin'
+
+
+
+547
+
+
+
+an' the timber-lot beyont. That comes aout on the upper rud mighty nigh Seth's -
+a leetle t'other side.'
+
+Armitage, with Rice and Morgan, started to walk in the direction indicated; and
+most of the natives followed slowly. The sky was growing lighter, and there
+were signs that the storm had worn itself away. When Armitage inadvertently
+took a wrong direction, Joe Osborn warned him and walked ahead to show the
+right one. Courage and confidence were mounting, though the twilight of the
+almost perpendicular wooded hill which lay towards the end of their short cut,
+and among whose fantastic ancient trees they had to scramble as if up a ladder,
+put these qualities to a severe test.
+
+At length they emerged on a muddy road to find the sun coming out. They were
+a little beyond the Seth Bishop place, but bent trees and hideously unmistakable
+tracks showed what had passed by. Only a few moments were consumed in
+surveying the ruins just round the bend. It was the Frye incident all over again,
+and nothing dead or living was found in either of the collapsed shells which had
+been the Bishop house and barn. No one cared to remain there amidst the stench
+and tarry stickiness, but all turned instinctively to the line of horrible prints
+leading on towards the wrecked Whateley farmhouse and the altar-crowned
+slopes of Sentinel Hill.
+
+As the men passed the site of Wilbur Whateley's abode they shuddered visibly,
+and seemed again to mix hesitancy with their zeal. It was no joke tracking down
+something as big as a house that one could not see, but that had all the vicious
+malevolence of a daemon. Opposite the base of Sentinel Hill the tracks left the
+road, and there was a fresh bending and matting visible along the broad swath
+marking the monster's former route to and from the summit.
+
+Armitage produced a pocket telescope of considerable power and scanned the
+steep green side of the hill. Then he handed the instrument to Morgan, whose
+sight was keener. After a moment of gazing Morgan cried out sharply, passing
+the glass to Earl Sawyer and indicating a certain spot on the slope with his finger.
+Sawyer, as clumsy as most non-users of optical devices are, fumbled a while; but
+eventually focused the lenses with Armitage's aid. When he did so his cry was
+less restrained than Morgan's had been.
+
+'Gawd almighty, the grass an' bushes is a'movin'! It's a-goin' up - slow-like -
+creepin' - up ter the top this minute, heaven only knows what fur!'
+
+Then the germ of panic seemed to spread among the seekers. It was one thing to
+chase the nameless entity, but quite another to find it. Spells might be all right -
+but suppose they weren't? Voices began questioning Armitage about what he
+
+
+
+548
+
+
+
+knew of the thing, and no reply seemed quite to satisfy. Everyone seemed to feel
+himself in close proximity to phases of Nature and of being utterly forbidden and
+wholly outside the sane experience of mankind.
+
+X.
+
+In the end the three men from Arkham - old, white-bearded Dr Armitage, stocky,
+iron-grey Professor Rice, and lean, youngish Dr Morgan, ascended the mountain
+alone. After much patient instruction regarding its focusing and use, they left the
+telescope with the frightened group that remained in the road; and as they
+climbed they were watched closely by those among whom the glass was passed
+round. It was hard going, and Armitage had to be helped more than once. High
+above the toiling group the great swath trembled as its hellish maker repassed
+with snail-like deliberateness. Then it was obvious that the pursuers were
+gaining.
+
+Curtis Whateley - of the undecayed branch - was holding the telescope when the
+Arkham party detoured radically from the swath. He told the crowd that the
+men were evidently trying to get to a subordinate peak which overlooked the
+swath at a point considerably ahead of where the shrubbery was now bending.
+This, indeed, proved to be true; and the party were seen to gain the minor
+elevation only a short time after the invisible blasphemy had passed it.
+
+Then Wesley Corey, who had taken the glass, cried out that Armitage was
+adjusting the sprayer which Rice held, and that something must be about to
+happen. The crowd stirred uneasily, recalling that his sprayer was expected to
+give the unseen horror a moment of visibility. Two or three men shut their eyes,
+but Curtis Whateley snatched back the telescope and strained his vision to the
+utmost. He saw that Rice, from the party's point of advantage above and behind
+the entity, had an excellent chance of spreading the potent powder with
+marvellous effect.
+
+Those without the telescope saw only an instant's flash of grey cloud - a cloud
+about the size of a moderately large building - near the top of the mountain.
+Curtis, who held the instrument, dropped it with a piercing shriek into the ankle-
+deep mud of the road. He reeled, and would have crumbled to the ground had
+not two or three others seized and steadied him. All he could do was moan half-
+inaudibly.
+
+'Oh, oh, great Gawd. . . that. . . that. . .'
+
+
+
+549
+
+
+
+There was a pandemonium of questioning, and only Henry Wheeler thought to
+rescue the fallen telescope and wipe it clean of mud. Curtis was past all
+coherence, and even isolated replies were almost too much for him.
+
+'Bigger'n a barn... all made o' squirmin' ropes... hull thing sort o' shaped like a
+hen's egg bigger'n anything with dozens o' legs like hogs-heads that haff shut up
+when they step... nothin' solid abaout it - all like jelly, an' made o' sep'rit
+wrigglin' ropes pushed clost together... great bulgin' eyes all over it... ten or
+twenty maouths or trunks a-stickin' aout all along the sides, big as stove-pipes an
+all a-tossin' an openin' an' shuttin'... all grey, with kinder blue or purple rings...
+an' Gawd it Heaven - that haff face on top. . .'
+
+This final memory, whatever it was, proved too much for poor Curtis; and he
+collapsed completely before he could say more. Fred Farr and Will Hutchins
+carried him to the roadside and laid him on the damp grass. Henry Wheeler,
+trembling, turned the rescued telescope on the mountain to see what he might.
+Through the lenses were discernible three tiny figures, apparently running
+towards the summit as fast as the steep incline allowed. Only these - nothing
+more. Then everyone noticed a strangely unseasonable noise in the deep valley
+behind, and even in the underbrush of Sentinel Hill itself. It was the piping of
+unnumbered whippoorwills, and in their shrill chorus there seemed to lurk a
+note of tense and evil expectancy.
+
+Earl Sawyer now took the telescope and reported the three figures as standing on
+the topmost ridge, virtually level with the altar-stone but at a considerable
+distance from it. One figure, he said, seemed to be raising its hands above its
+head at rhythmic intervals; and as Sawyer mentioned the circumstance the
+crowd seemed to hear a faint, half-musical sound from the distance, as if a loud
+chant were accompanying the gestures. The weird silhouette on that remote peak
+must have been a spectacle of infinite grotesqueness and impressiveness, but no
+observer was in a mood for aesthetic appreciation. 'I guess he's sayin' the spell,'
+whispered Wheeler as he snatched back the telescope. The whippoorwills were
+piping wildly, and in a singularly curious irregular rhythm quite unlike that of
+the visible ritual.
+
+Suddenly the sunshine seemed to lessen without the intervention of any
+discernible cloud. It was a very peculiar phenomenon, and was plainly marked
+by all. A rumbling sound seemed brewing beneath the hills, mixed strangely
+with a concordant rumbling which clearly came from the sky. Lightning flashed
+aloft, and the wondering crowd looked in vain for the portents of storm. The
+chanting of the men from Arkham now became unmistakable, and Wheeler saw
+through the glass that they were all raising their arms in the rhythmic
+incantation. From some farmhouse far away came the frantic barking of dogs.
+
+
+
+550
+
+
+
+The change in the quahty of the dayhght increased, and the crowd gazed about
+the horizon in wonder. A purpHsh darkness, born of nothing more than a
+spectral deepening of the sky's blue, pressed down upon the rumbling hills.
+Then the lightning flashed again, somewhat brighter than before, and the crowd
+fancied that it had showed a certain mistiness around the altar-stone on the
+distant height. No one, however, had been using the telescope at that instant. The
+whippoorwills continued their irregular pulsation, and the men of Dunwich
+braced themselves tensely against some imponderable menace with which the
+atmosphere seemed surcharged.
+
+Without warning came those deep, cracked, raucous vocal sounds which will
+never leave the memory of the stricken group who heard them. Not from any
+human throat were they born, for the organs of man can yield no such acoustic
+perversions. Rather would one have said they came from the pit itself, had not
+their source been so unmistakably the altar-stone on the peak. It is almost
+erroneous to call them sounds at all, since so much of their ghastly, infra-bass
+timbre spoke to dim seats of consciousness and terror far subtler than the ear; yet
+one must do so, since their form was indisputably though vaguely that of half-
+articulate words. They were loud - loud as the rumblings and the thunder above
+which they echoed - yet did they come from no visible being. And because
+imagination might suggest a conjectural source in the world of non-visible
+beings, the huddled crowd at the mountain's base huddled still closer, and
+winced as if in expectation of a blow.
+
+'Ygnailh... ygnaiih... thflthkh'ngha.... Yog-Sothoth ...' rang the hideous
+croaking out of space. 'Y'bthnk. . . h'ehye - n'grkdl'lh. . .'
+
+The speaking impulse seemed to falter here, as if some frightful psychic struggle
+were going on. Henry Wheeler strained his eye at the telescope, but saw only the
+three grotesquely silhouetted human figures on the peak, all moving their arms
+furiously in strange gestures as their incantation drew near its culmination. From
+what black wells of Acherontic fear or feeling, from what unplumbed gulfs of
+extra-cosmic consciousness or obscure, long-latent heredity, were those half-
+articulate thunder-croakings drawn? Presently they began to gather renewed
+force and coherence as they grew in stark, utter, ultimate frenzy.
+
+'Eh-y-ya-ya-yahaah - e'yayayaaaa... ngh'aaaaa... ngh'aaa... h'yuh... h'yuh...
+HELP! HELP! . . .ff - ff - ff - FATHER! FATHER! YOG-SOTHOTH!. . .'
+
+But that was all. The pallid group in the road, still reeling at the indisputably
+English syllables that had poured thickly and thunderously down from the
+frantic vacancy beside that shocking altar-stone, were never to hear such
+syllables again. Instead, they jumped violently at the terrific report which
+
+
+
+551
+
+
+
+seemed to rend the hills; the deafening, cataclysmic peal whose source, be it
+inner earth or sky, no hearer was ever able to place. A single lightning bolt shot
+from the purple zenith to the altar-stone, and a great tidal wave of viewless force
+and indescribable stench swept down from the hill to all the countryside. Trees,
+grass, and under-brush were whipped into a fury; and the frightened crowd at
+the mountain's base, weakened by the lethal foetor that seemed about to
+asphyxiate them, were almost hurled off their feet. Dogs howled from the
+distance, green grass and foliage wilted to a curious, sickly yellow-grey, and over
+field and forest were scattered the bodies of dead whippoorwills.
+
+The stench left quickly, but the vegetation never came right again. To this day
+there is something queer and unholy about the growths on and around that
+fearsome hill Curtis Whateley was only just regaining consciousness when the
+Arkham men came slowly down the mountain in the beams of a sunlight once
+more brilliant and untainted. They were grave and quiet, and seemed shaken by
+memories and reflections even more terrible than those which had reduced the
+group of natives to a state of cowed quivering. In reply to a jumble of questions
+they only shook their heads and reaffirmed one vital fact.
+
+'The thing has gone for ever,' Armitage said. 'It has been split up into what it
+was originally made of, and can never exist again. It was an impossibility in a
+normal world. Only the least fraction was really matter in any sense we know. It
+was like its father - and most of it has gone back to him in some vague realm or
+dimension outside our material universe; some vague abyss out of which only
+the most accursed rites of human blasphemy could ever have called him for a
+moment on the hills.'
+
+There was a brief silence, and in that pause the scattered senses of poor Curtis
+Whateley began to knit back into a sort of continuity; so that he put his hands to
+his head with a moan. Memory seemed to pick itself up where it had left off, and
+the horror of the sight that had prostrated him burst in upon him again.
+
+'Oh, oh, my Gawd, that haff face - that haff face on top of it... that face with the
+red eyes an' crinkly albino hair, an' no chin, like the Whateley s... It was a
+octopus, centipede, spider kind o' thing, but they was a haff-shaped man's face
+on top of it, an' it looked like Wizard Whateley's, only it was yards an' yards
+acrost....'
+
+He paused exhausted, as the whole group of natives stared in a bewilderment
+not quite crystallized into fresh terror. Only old Zebulon Whateley, who
+wanderingly remembered ancient things but who had been silent heretofore,
+spoke aloud.
+
+
+
+552
+
+
+
+'Fifteen year' gone/ he rambled, 'I heered OY Whateley say as haow some day
+we'd hear a child o' Lavinny's a-callin' its father's name on the top o' Sentinel
+Hill...'
+
+But Joe Osborn interrupted him to question the Arkham men anew.
+
+'What was it, anyhaow, an' haowever did young Wizard Whateley call it aout o'
+the air it come from?'
+
+Armitage chose his words very carefully.
+
+'It was - well, it was mostly a kind of force that doesn't belong in our part of
+space; a kind of force that acts and grows and shapes itself by other laws than
+those of our sort of Nature. We have no business calling in such things from
+outside, and only very wicked people and very wicked cults ever try to. There
+was some of it in Wilbur Whateley himself - enough to make a devil and a
+precocious monster of him, and to make his passing out a pretty terrible sight.
+I'm going to burn his accursed diary, and if you men are wise you'll dynamite
+that altar-stone up there, and pull down all the rings of standing stones on the
+other hills. Things like that brought down the beings those Whateley s were so
+fond of - the beings they were going to let in tangibly to wipe out the human race
+and drag the earth off to some nameless place for some nameless purpose.
+
+'But as to this thing we've just sent back - the Whateley s raised it for a terrible
+part in the doings that were to come. It grew fast and big from the same reason
+that Wilbur grew fast and big - but it beat him because it had a greater share of
+the outsideness in it. You needn't ask how Wilbur called it out of the air. He
+didn't call it out. It was his twin brother, but it looked more like the father than
+he did.'
+
+
+
+553
+
+
+
+The Evil Clergyman
+
+Written in 1937
+
+Published in April of 1939 in Weird Tales
+
+I was shown into the attic chamber by a grave, intelligent-looking man with quiet
+clothes and an iron-gray beard, who spoke to me in this fashion:
+
+"Yes, he lived here- but I don't advise your doing anything. Your curiosity
+makes you irresponsible. We never come here at night, and it's only because of
+his will that we keep it this way. You know what he did. That abominable society
+took charge at last, and we don't know where he is buried. There was no way the
+law or anything else could reach the society.
+
+"I hope you won't stay till after dark. And I beg of you to let that thing on the
+table- the thing that looks like a match-box- alone. We don't know what it is, but
+we suspect it has something to do with what he did. We even avoid looking at it
+very steadily."
+
+After a time the man left me alone in the attic room. It was very dingy and dusty,
+and only primitively furnished, but it had a neatness which showed it was not a
+slum-denizen's quarters. There were shelves full of theological and classical
+books, and another bookcase containing treatises on magic- Paracelsus, Albertus
+Magnus, Trithemius, Hermes Trismegistus, Borellus, and others in a strange
+alphabet whose titles I could not decipher. The furniture was very plain. There
+was a door, but it led only into a closet. The only egress was the aperture in the
+floor up to which the crude, steep staircase led. The windows were of bull's-eye
+pattern, and the black oak beams bespoke unbelievable antiquity. Plainly, this
+house was of the Old World. I seemed to know where I was, but cannot recall
+what I then knew. Certainly the town was not London. My impression is of a
+small seaport.
+
+The small object on the table fascinated me intensely. I seemed to know what to
+do with it, for I drew a pocket electric light- or what looked like one- out of my
+pocket and nervously tested its flashes. The light was not white but violet, and
+seemed less like true light than like some radioactive bombardment. I recall that I
+did not regard it as a common flashlight- indeed, I had a common flashlight in
+another pocket.
+
+It was getting dark, and the ancient roofs and chimney-pots outside looked very
+queer through the bull's-eye window-panes. Finally I summoned up courage and
+propped the small object up on the table against a book- then turned the rays of
+
+
+
+554
+
+
+
+the peculiar violet light upon it. The light seemed now to be more like a rain of
+hail or small violet particles than like a continuous beam. As the particles struck
+the glassy surface at the center of the strange device, they seemed to produce a
+crackling noise like the sputtering of a vacuum tube through which sparks are
+passed. The dark glassy surface displayed a pinkish glow, and a vague white
+shape seemed to be taking form at its center. Then I noticed that I was not alone
+in the room- and put the ray-projector back in my pocket.
+
+But the newcomer did not speak- nor did I hear any sound whatever during all
+the immediately following moments. Everything was shadowy pantomime, as if
+seen at a vast distance through some intervening haze- although on the other
+hand the newcomer and all subsequent comers loomed large and close, as if both
+near and distant, according to some abnormal geometry.
+
+The newcomer was a thin, dark man of medium height attired in the clerical garb
+of the Anglican church. He was apparently about thirty years old, with a sallow,
+olive complexion and fairly good features, but an abnormally high forehead. His
+black hair was well cut and neatly brushed, and he was clean-shaven though
+blue-chinned with a heavy growth of beard. He wore rimless spectacles with
+steel bows. His build and lower facial features were like other clergymen I had
+seen, but he had a vastly higher forehead, and was darker and more intelligent-
+looking- also more subtly and concealedly evil-looking. At the present moment-
+having just lighted a faint oil lamp- he looked nervous, and before I knew it he
+was casting all his magical books into a fireplace on the window side of the room
+(where the wall slanted sharply) which I had not noticed before. The flames
+devoured the volumes greedily- leaping up in strange colors and emitting
+indescribably hideous odors as the strangely hieroglyphed leaves and wormy
+bindings succumbed to the devastating element. All at once I saw there were
+others in the room- grave-looking men in clerical costume, one of whom wore
+the bands and knee-breeches of a bishop. Though I could hear nothing, I could
+see that they were bringing a decision of vast import to the first-comer. They
+seemed to hate and fear him at the same time, and he seemed to return these
+sentiments. His face set itself into a grim expression, but I could see his right
+hand shaking as he tried to grip the back of a chair. The bishop pointed to the
+empty case and to the fireplace (where the flames had died down amidst a
+charred, non-committal mass), and seemed filled with a peculiar loathing. The
+first-comer then gave a wry smile and reached out with his left hand toward the
+small object on the table. Everyone then seemed frightened. The procession of
+clerics began filing down the steep stairs through the trapdoor in the floor,
+turning and making menacing gestures as they left. The bishop was last to go.
+
+The first-comer now went to a cupboard on the inner side of the room and
+extracted a coil of rope. Mounting a chair, he attached one end of the rope to a
+
+
+
+555
+
+
+
+hook in the great exposed central beam of black oak, and began making a noose
+with the other end. Realizing he was about to hang himself, I started forward to
+dissuade or save him. He saw me and ceased his preparations, looking at me
+with a kind of triumph which puzzled and disturbed me. He slowly stepped
+down from the chair and began gliding toward me with a positively wolfish grin
+on his dark, thin-lipped face.
+
+I felt somehow in deadly peril, and drew out the peculiar ray-projector as a
+weapon of defense. Why I thought it could help me, I do not know. I turned it
+on- full in his face, and saw the sallow features glow first with violet and then
+with pinkish light. His expression of wolfish exultation began to be crowded
+aside by a look of profound fear- which did not, however, wholly displace the
+exultation. He stopped in his tracks- then, flailing his arms wildly in the air,
+began to stagger backwards. I saw he was edging toward the open stair-well in
+the floor, and tried to shout a warning, but he did not hear me. In another instant
+he had lurched backward through the opening and was lost to view.
+
+I found difficulty in moving toward the stair-well, but when I did get there I
+found no crushed body on the floor below. Instead there was a clatter of people
+coming up with lanterns, for the spell of phantasmal silence had broken, and I
+once more heard sounds and saw figures as normally tri-dimensional. Something
+had evidently drawn a crowd to this place. Had there been a noise I had not
+heard?
+
+Presently the two people (simple villagers, apparently) farthest in the lead saw
+me- and stood paralyzed. One of them shrieked loudly and reverberantly:
+
+" Ahrrh! ... It be'ee, zur? Again?"
+
+Then they all turned and fled frantically. All, that is, but one. When the crowd
+was gone I saw the grave-bearded man who had brought me to this place-
+standing alone with a lantern. He was gazing at me gaspingly and fascinatedly,
+but did not seem afraid. Then he began to ascend the stairs, and joined me in the
+attic. He spoke:
+
+"So you didn't let it alone! I'm sorry. I know what has happened. It happened
+once before, but the man got frightened and shot himself. You ought not to have
+made him come back. You know what he wants. But you mustn't get frightened
+like the other man he got. Something very strange and terrible has happened to
+you, but it didn't get far enough to hurt your mind and personality. If you'll keep
+cool, and accept the need for making certain radical readjustments in your life,
+you can keep right on enjoying the world, and the fruits of your scholarship. But
+
+
+
+556
+
+
+
+you can't live here- and I don't think you'll wish to go back to London. I'd advise
+America.
+
+"You mustn't try anything more with that- thing. Nothing can be put back now.
+It would only make matters worse to do- or summon- anything. You are not as
+badly off as you might be- but you must get out of here at once and stay away.
+You'd better thank Heaven it didn't go further. . .
+
+"I'm going to prepare you as bluntly as I can. There's been a certain change- in
+your personal appearance. He always causes that. But in a new country you can
+get used to it. There's a mirror up at the other end of the room, and I'm going to
+take you to it. You'll get a shock- though you will see nothing repulsive."
+
+I was now shaking with a deadly fear, and the bearded man almost had to hold
+me up as he walked me across the room to the mirror, the faint lamp (i.e., that
+formerly on the table, not the still fainter lantern he had brought) in his free
+hand. This is what I saw in the glass:
+
+A thin, dark man of medium stature attired in the clerical garb of the Anglican
+church, apparently about thirty, and with rimless, steel-bowed glasses glistening
+beneath a sallow, olive forehead of abnormal height.
+
+It was the silent first-comer who had burned his books.
+
+For all the rest of my life, in outward form, I was to be that man
+
+
+
+557
+
+
+
+The Festival
+
+
+
+Written in October of 1923
+
+Published in January of 1925 in Weird Tales
+
+Efficiut Daemones, ut quae non sunt, sic tamen quasi sint, conspicienda
+hominibus exhibeant.
+
+(Devils so work that things which are not appear to men as if they were real.)
+
+- Lacantius
+
+I was far from home, and the spell of the eastern sea was upon me. In the twilight
+I heard it pounding on the rocks, and I knew it lay just over the hill where the
+twisting willows writhed against the clearing sky and the first stars of evening.
+And because my fathers had called me to the old town beyond, I pushed on
+through the shallow, new-fallen snow along the road that soared lonely up to
+where Aldebaran twinkled among the trees; on toward the very ancient town I
+had never seen but often dreamed of.
+
+It was the Yuletide, that men call Christmas though they know in their hearts it is
+older than Bethlehem and Babylon, older than Memphis and mankind. It was the
+Yuletide, and I had come at last to the ancient sea town where my people had
+dwelt and kept festival in the elder time when festival was forbidden; where also
+they had commanded their sons to keep festival once every century, that the
+memory of primal secrets might not be forgotten. Mine were an old people, and
+were old even when this land was settled three hundred years before. And they
+were strange, because they had come as dark furtive folk from opiate southern
+gardens of orchids, and spoken another tongue before they learnt the tongue of
+the blue-eyed fishers. And now they were scattered, and shared only the rituals
+of mysteries that none living could understand. I was the only one who came
+back that night to the old fishing town as legend bade, for only the poor and the
+lonely remember.
+
+Then beyond the hill's crest I saw Kingsport outspread frostily in the gloaming;
+snowy Kingsport with its ancient vanes and steeples, ridgepoles and chimney-
+pots, wharves and small bridges, willow-trees and graveyards; endless
+labyrinths of steep, narrow, crooked streets, and dizzy church-crowned central
+peak that time durst not touch; ceaseless mazes of colonial houses piled and
+scattered at all angles and levels like a child's disordered blocks; antiquity
+hovering on grey wings over winter-whitened gables and gambrel roofs;
+fanlights and small-paned windows one by one gleaming out in the cold dusk to
+
+
+
+558
+
+
+
+join Orion and the archaic stars. And against the rotting wharves the sea
+pounded; the secretive, immemorial sea out of which the people had come in the
+elder time.
+
+Beside the road at its crest a still higher summit rose, bleak and windswept, and I
+saw that it was a burying-ground where black gravestones stuck ghoulishly
+through the snow like the decayed fingernails of a gigantic corpse. The printless
+road was very lonely, and sometimes I thought I heard a distant horrible
+creaking as of a gibbet in the wind. They had hanged four kinsmen of mine for
+witchcraft in 1692, but I did not know just where.
+
+As the road wound down the seaward slope I listened for the merry sounds of a
+village at evening, but did not hear them. Then I thought of the season, and felt
+that these old Puritan folk might well have Christmas customs strange to me,
+and full of silent hearthside prayer. So after that I did not listen for merriment or
+look for wayfarers, kept on down past the hushed lighted farmhouses and
+shadowy stone walls to where the signs of ancient shops and sea taverns creaked
+in the salt breeze, and the grotesque knockers of pillared doorways glistened
+along deserted unpaved lanes in the light of little, curtained windows.
+
+I had seen maps of the town, and knew where to find the home of my people. It
+was told that I should be known and welcomed, for village legend lives long; so I
+hastened through Back Street to Circle Court, and across the fresh snow on the
+one full flagstone pavement in the town, to where Green Lane leads off behind
+the Market House. The old maps still held good, and I had no trouble; though at
+Arkham they must have lied when they said the trolleys ran to this place, since I
+saw not a wire overhead. Snow would have hid the rails in any case. I was glad I
+had chosen to walk, for the white village had seemed very beautiful from the hill;
+and now I was eager to knock at the door of my people, the seventh house on the
+left in Green Lane, with an ancient peaked roof and jutting second storey, all
+built before 1650.
+
+There were lights inside the house when I came upon it, and I saw from the
+diamond window-panes that it must have been kept very close to its antique
+state. The upper part overhung the narrow grass-grown street and nearly met the
+over-hanging part of the house opposite, so that I was almost in a tunnel, with
+the low stone doorstep wholly free from snow. There was no sidewalk, but many
+houses had high doors reached by double flights of steps with iron railings. It
+was an odd scene, and because I was strange to New England I had never known
+its like before. Though it pleased me, I would have relished it better if there had
+been footprints in the snow, and people in the streets, and a few windows
+without drawn curtains.
+
+
+
+559
+
+
+
+When I sounded the archaic iron knocker I was half afraid. Some fear had been
+gathering in me, perhaps because of the strangeness of my heritage, and the
+bleakness of the evening, and the queerness of the silence in that aged town of
+curious customs. And when my knock was answered I was fully afraid, because I
+had not heard any footsteps before the door creaked open. But I was not afraid
+long, for the gowned, slippered old man in the doorway had a bland face that
+reassured me; and though he made signs that he was dumb, he wrote a quaint
+and ancient welcome with the stylus and wax tablet he carried.
+
+He beckoned me into a low, candle-lit room with massive exposed rafters and
+dark, stiff, sparse furniture of the seventeenth century. The past was vivid there,
+for not an attribute was missing. There was a cavernous fireplace and a spinning-
+wheel at which a bent old woman in loose wrapper and deep poke-bonnet sat
+back toward me, silently spinning despite the festive season. An indefinite
+dampness seemed upon the place, and I marvelled that no fire should be blazing.
+The high-backed settle faced the row of curtained windows at the left, and
+seemed to be occupied, though I was not sure. I did not like everything about
+what I saw, and felt again the fear I had had. This fear grew stronger from what
+had before lessened it, for the more I looked at the old man's bland face the more
+its very blandness terrified me. The eyes never moved, and the skin was too
+much like wax. Finally I was sure it was not a face at all, but a fiendishly cunning
+mask. But the flabby hands, curiously gloved, wrote genially on the tablet and
+told me I must wait a while before I could be led to the place of the festival.
+
+Pointing to a chair, table, and pile of books, the old man now left the room; and
+when I sat down to read I saw that the books were hoary and mouldy, and that
+they included old Morryster's wild Marvels of Science, the terrible Saducismus
+Triumphatus of Joseph Glanvil, published in 1681, the shocking Daemonolatreja
+of Remigius, printed in 1595 at Lyons, and worst of all, the unmentionable
+Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred, in Olaus Wormius' forbidden
+Latin translation; a book which I had never seen, but of which I had heard
+monstrous things whispered. No one spoke to me, but I could hear the creaking
+of signs in the wind outside, and the whir of the wheel as the bonneted old
+woman continued her silent spinning, spinning. I thought the room and the
+books and the people very morbid and disquieting, but because an old tradition
+of my fathers had summoned me to strange feastings, I resolved to expect queer
+things. So I tried to read, and soon became tremblingly absorbed by something I
+found in that accursed Necronomicon; a thought and a legend too hideous for
+sanity or consciousness, but I disliked it when I fancied I heard the closing of one
+of the windows that the settle faced, as if it had been stealthily opened. It had
+seemed to follow a whirring that was not of the old woman's spinning-wheel.
+This was not much, though, for the old woman was spinning very hard, and the
+aged clock had been striking. After that I lost the feeling that there were persons
+
+
+
+560
+
+
+
+on the settle, and was reading intently and shudderingly when the old man came
+back booted and dressed in a loose antique costume, and sat down on that very
+bench, so that I could not see him. It was certainly nervous waiting, and the
+blasphemous book in my hands made it doubly so. When eleven struck,
+however, the old man stood up, glided to a massive carved chest in a corner, and
+got two hooded cloaks; one of which he donned, and the other of which he
+draped round the old woman, who was ceasing her monotonous spinning. Then
+they both started for the outer door; the woman lamely creeping, and the old
+man, after picking up the very book I had been reading, beckoning me as he
+drew his hood over that unmoving face or mask.
+
+We went out into the moonless and tortuous network of that incredibly ancient
+town; went out as the lights in the curtained windows disappeared one by one,
+and the Dog Star leered at the throng of cowled, cloaked figures that poured
+silently from every doorway and formed monstrous processions up this street
+and that, past the creaking signs and antediluvian gables, the thatched roofs and
+diamond-paned windows; threading precipitous lanes where decaying houses
+overlapped and crumbled together; gliding across open courts and churchyards
+where the bobbing lanthorns made eldritch drunken constellations.
+
+Amid these hushed throngs I followed my voiceless guides; jostled by elbows
+that seemed preternaturally soft, and pressed by chests and stomachs that
+seemed abnormally pulpy; but seeing never a face and hearing never a word. Up,
+up, up, the eery columns slithered, and I saw that all the travellers were
+converging as they flowed near a sort of focus of crazy alleys at the top of a high
+hill in the centre of the town, where perched a great white church. I had seen it
+from the road's crest when I looked at Kingsport in the new dusk, and it had
+made me shiver because Aldebaran had seemed to balance itself a moment on
+the ghostly spire.
+
+There was an open space around the church; partly a churchyard with spectral
+shafts, and partly a half-paved square swept nearly bare of snow by the wind,
+and lined with unwholesomely archaic houses having peaked roofs and
+overhanging gables. Death-fires danced over the tombs, revealing gruesome
+vistas, though queerly failing to cast any shadows. Past the churchyard, where
+there were no houses, I could see over the hill's summit and watch the glimmer
+of stars on the harbour, though the town was invisible in the dark. Only once in a
+while a lantern bobbed horribly through serpentine alleys on its way to overtake
+the throng that was now slipping speechlessly into the church. I waited till the
+crowd had oozed into the black doorway, and till all the stragglers had followed.
+The old man was pulling at my sleeve, but I was determined to be the last.
+Crossing the threshold into the swarming temple of unknown darkness, I turned
+once to look at the outside world as the churchyard phosphorescence cast a
+
+
+
+561
+
+
+
+sickly glow on the hilltop pavement. And as I did so I shuddered. For though the
+wind had not left much snow, a few patches did remain on the path near the
+door; and in that fleeting backward look it seemed to my troubled eyes that they
+bore no mark of passing feet, not even mine.
+
+The church was scarce lighted by all the lanthorns that had entered it, for most of
+the throng had already vanished. They had streamed up the aisle between the
+high pews to the trap-door of the vaults which yawned loathsomely open just
+before the pulpit, and were now squinning noiselessly in. I followed dumbly
+down the foot-worn steps and into the dark, suffocating crypt. The tail of that
+sinuous line of night-marchers seemed very horrible, and as I saw them
+wriggling into a venerable tomb they seemed more horrible still. Then I noticed
+that the tomb's floor had an aperture down which the throng was sliding, and in
+a moment we were all descending an ominous staircase of rough-hewn stone; a
+narrow spiral staircase damp and peculiarly odorous, that wound endlessly
+down into the bowels of the hill past monotonous walls of dripping stone blocks
+and crumbling mortar. It was a silent, shocking descent, and I observed after a
+horrible interval that the walls and steps were changing in nature, as if chiselled
+out of the solid rock. What mainly troubled me was that the myriad footfalls
+made no sound and set up no echoes. After more aeons of descent I saw some
+side passages or burrows leading from unknown recesses of blackness to this
+shaft of nighted mystery. Soon they became excessively numerous, like impious
+catacombs of nameless menace; and their pungent odour of decay grew quite
+unbearable. I knew we must have passed down through the mountain and
+beneath the earth of Kingsport itself, and I shivered that a town should be so
+aged and maggoty with subterraneous evil.
+
+Then I saw the lurid shimmering of pale light, and heard the insidious lapping of
+sunless waters. Again I shivered, for I did not like the things that the night had
+brought, and wished bitterly that no forefather had summoned me to this primal
+rite. As the steps and the passage grew broader, I heard another sound, the thin,
+whining mockery of a feeble flute; and suddenly there spread out before me the
+boundless vista of an inner world- a vast fungous shore litten by a belching
+column of sick greenish flame and washed by a wide oily river that flowed from
+abysses frightful and unsuspected to join the blackest gulfs of immemorial ocean.
+
+Fainting and gasping, I looked at that unhallowed Erebus of titan toadstools,
+leprous fire and slimy water, and saw the cloaked throngs forming a semicircle
+around the blazing pillar. It was the Yule-rite, older than man and fated to
+survive him; the primal rite of the solstice and of spring's promise beyond the
+snows; the rite of fire and evergreen, light and music. And in the stygian grotto I
+saw them do the rite, and adore the sick pillar of flame, and throw into the water
+handfuls gouged out of the viscous vegetation which glittered green in the
+
+
+
+562
+
+
+
+chlorotic glare. I saw this, and I saw something amorphously squatted far away
+from the light, piping noisomely on a flute; and as the thing piped I thought I
+heard noxious muffled flutterings in the foetid darkness where I could not see.
+But what frightened me most was that flaming column; spouting volcanically
+from depths profound and inconceivable, casting no shadows as healthy flame
+should, and coating the nitrous stone with a nasty, venomous verdigris. For in all
+that seething combustion no warmth lay, but only the clamminess of death and
+corruption.
+
+The man who had brought me now squirmed to a point directly beside the
+hideous flame, and made stiff ceremonial motions to the semi-circle he faced. At
+certain stages of the ritual they did grovelling obeisance, especially when he held
+above his head that abhorrent Necronomicon he had taken with him; and I
+shared all the obeisances because I had been summoned to this festival by the
+writings of my forefathers. Then the old man made a signal to the half-seen flute-
+player in the darkness, which player thereupon changed its feeble drone to a
+scarce louder drone in another key; precipitating as it did so a horror
+unthinkable and unexpected. At this horror I sank nearly to the lichened earth,
+transfixed with a dread not of this or any world, but only of the mad spaces
+between the stars.
+
+Out of the unimaginable blackness beyond the gangrenous glare of that cold
+flame, out of the tartarean leagues through which that oily river rolled uncanny,
+unheard, and unsuspected, there flopped rhythmically a horde of tame, trained,
+hybrid winged things that no sound eye could ever wholly grasp, or sound brain
+ever wholly remember. They were not altogether crows, nor moles, nor
+buzzards, nor ants, nor vampire bats, nor decomposed human beings; but
+something I cannot and must not recall. They flopped limply along, half with
+their webbed feet and half with their membranous wings; and as they reached
+the throng of celebrants the cowled figures seized and mounted them, and rode
+off one by one along the reaches of that unlighted river, into pits and galleries of
+panic where poison springs feed frightful and undiscoverable cataracts.
+
+The old spinning woman had gone with the throng, and the old man remained
+only because I had refused when he motioned me to seize an animal and ride like
+the rest. I saw when I staggered to my feet that the amorphous flute-player had
+rolled out of sight, but that two of the beasts were patiently standing by. As I
+hung back, the old man produced his stylus and tablet and wrote that he was the
+true deputy of my fathers who had founded the Yule worship in this ancient
+place; that it had been decreed I should come back, and that the most secret
+mysteries were yet to be performed. He wrote this in a very ancient hand, and
+when I still hesitated he pulled from his loose robe a seal ring and a watch, both
+with my family arms, to prove that he was what he said. But it was a hideous
+
+
+
+563
+
+
+
+proof, because I knew from old papers that that watch had been buried with my
+great-great-great-great-grandfather in 1698.
+
+Presently the old man drew back his hood and pointed to the family resemblance
+in his face, but I only shuddered, because I was sure that the face was merely a
+devilish waxen mask. The flopping animals were now scratching restlessly at the
+lichens, and I saw that the old man was nearly as restless himself. When one of
+the things began to waddle and edge away, he turned quickly to stop it; so that
+the suddenness of his motion dislodged the waxen mask from what should have
+been his head. And then, because that nightmare's position barred me from the
+stone staircase down which we had come, I flung myself into the oily
+underground river that bubbled somewhere to the caves of the sea; flung myself
+into that putrescent juice of earth's inner horrors before the madness of my
+screams could bring down upon me all the charnel legions these pest-gulfs might
+conceal.
+
+At the hospital they told me I had been found half-frozen in Kingsport Harbour
+at dawn, clinging to the drifting spar that accident sent to save me. They told me
+I had taken the wrong fork of the hill road the night before, and fallen over the
+cliffs at Orange Point; a thing they deduced from prints found in the snow. There
+was nothing I could say, because everything was wrong. Everything was wrong,
+with the broad windows showing a sea of roofs in which only about one in five
+was ancient, and the sound of trolleys and motors in the streets below. They
+insisted that this was Kingsport, and I could not deny it. When I went delirious
+at hearing that the hospital stood near the old churchyard on Central Hill, they
+sent me to St Mary's Hospital in Arkham, where I could have better care. I liked
+it there, for the doctors were broad-minded, and even lent me their influence in
+obtaining the carefully sheltered copy of Alhazred's objectionable Necronomicon
+from the library of Miskatonic University. They said something about a
+"psychosis" and agreed I had better get any harassing obsessions off my mind.
+
+So I read that hideous chapter, and shuddered doubly because it was indeed not
+new to me. I had seen it before, let footprints tell what they might; and where it
+was I had seen it were best forgotten. There was no one- in waking hours- who
+could remind me of it; but my dreams are filled with terror, because of phrases I
+dare not quote. I dare quote only one paragraph, put into such English as I can
+make from the awkward Low Latin.
+
+"The nethermost caverns," wrote the mad Arab, "are not for the fathoming of
+eyes that see; for their marvels are strange and terrific. Cursed the ground where
+dead thoughts live new and oddly bodied, and evil the mind that is held by no
+head. Wisely did Ibn Schacabao say, that happy is the tomb where no wizard
+hath lain, and happy the town at night whose wizards are all ashes. For it is of
+
+
+
+564
+
+
+
+old rumour that the soul of the devil-bought hastes not from his charnel clay, but
+fats and instructs the very worm that gnaws; till out of corruption horrid life
+springs, and the dull scavengers of earth wax crafty to vex it and swell
+monstrous to plague it. Great holes secretly are digged where earth's pores ought
+to suffice, and things have learnt to walk that ought to crawl."
+
+
+
+565
+
+
+
+The Haunter Of The Dark
+
+Written in November of 1935
+
+Published in December of 1936 in Weird Tales
+
+I have seen the dark universe yawning
+
+Where the black planets roll without aim.
+
+Where they roll in their horror unheeded.
+Without knowledge or lustre or name.
+
+Cautious investigators will hesitate to challenge the common belief that Robert
+Blake was killed by lightning, or by some profound nervous shock derived from
+an electrical discharge. It is true that the window he faced was unbroken, but
+nature has shown herself capable of many freakish performances. The expression
+on his face may easily have arisen from some obscure muscular source unrelated
+to anything he saw, while the entries in his diary are clearly the result of a
+fantastic imagination aroused by certain local superstitions and by certain old
+matters he had uncovered. As for the anomalous conditions at the deserted
+church of Federal Hill- the shrewd analyst is not slow in attributing them to
+some charlatanry, conscious or unconscious, with at least some of which Blake
+was secretly connected.
+
+For after all, the victim was a writer and painter wholly devoted to the field of
+myth, dream, terror, and superstition, and avid in his quest for scenes and effects
+of a bizarre, spectral sort. His earlier stay in the city -a visit to a strange old man
+as deeply given to occult and forbidden lore as he- had ended amidst death and
+flame, and it must have been some morbid instinct which drew him back from
+his home in Milwaukee. He may have known of the old stories despite his
+statements to the contrary in the diary, and his death may have nipped in the
+bud some stupendous hoax destined to have a literary reflection.
+
+Among those, however, who have examined and correlated all this evidence,
+there remain several who cling to less rational and commonplace theories. They
+are inclined to take much of Blake's diary at its face value, and point significantly
+to certain facts such as the undoubted genuineness of the old church record, the
+verified existence of the disliked and unorthodox Starry Wisdom sect prior to
+1877, the recorded disappearance of an inquisitive reporter named Edwin M.
+Lillibridge in 1893, and- above all- the look of monstrous, transfiguring fear on
+the face of the young writer when he died. It was one of these believers who,
+moved to fanatical extremes, threw into the bay the curiously angled stone and
+its strangely adorned metal box found in the old church steeple- the black
+
+
+
+566
+
+
+
+windowless steeple, and not the tower where Blake's diary said those things
+originally were. Though widely censured both officially and unofficially, this
+man- a reputable physician with a taste for odd folklore- averred that he had rid
+the earth of something too dangerous to rest upon it.
+
+Between these two schools of opinion the reader must judge for himself. The
+papers have given the tangible details from a sceptical angle, leaving for others
+the drawing of the picture as Robert Blake saw it- or thought he saw it- or
+pretended to see it. Now studying the diary closely, dispassionately, and at
+leisure, let us summarize the dark chain of events from the expressed point of
+view of their chief actor.
+
+Young Blake returned to Providence in the winter of 1934-5, taking the upper
+floor of a venerable dwelling in a grassy court off College Street- on the crest of
+the great eastward hill near the Brown University campus and behind the marble
+John Hay Library. It was a cosy and fascinating place, in a little garden oasis of
+village-like antiquity where huge, friendly cats sunned themselves atop a
+convenient shed. The square Georgian house had a monitor roof, classic doorway
+with fan carving, small-paned windows, and all the other earmarks of early
+nineteenth century workmanship. Inside were six-panelled doors, wide floor-
+boards, a curving colonial staircase, white Adam-period mantels, and a rear set
+of rooms three steps below the general level.
+
+Blake's study, a large southwest chamber, overlooked the front garden on one
+side, while its west windows- before one of which he had his desk- faced off
+from the brow of the hill and commanded a splendid view of the lower town's
+outspread roofs and of the mystical sunsets that flamed behind them. On the far
+horizon were the open countryside's purple slopes. Against these, some two
+miles away, rose the spectral hump of Federal Hill, bristling with huddled roofs
+and steeples whose remote outlines wavered mysteriously, taking fantastic forms
+as the smoke of the city swirled up and enmeshed them. Blake had a curious
+sense that he was looking upon some unknown, ethereal world which might or
+might not vanish in dream if ever he tried to seek it out and enter it in person.
+
+Having sent home for most of his books, Blake bought some antique furniture
+suitable for his quarters and settled down to write and paint- living alone, and
+attending to the simple housework himself. His studio was in a north attic room,
+where the panes of the monitor roof furnished admirable lighting. During that
+first winter he produced five of his best-known short stories- The Burrower
+Beneath, The Stairs in the Crypt, Shaggai, In the Vale of Pnath, and The Feaster
+from the Stars- and painted seven canvases; studies of nameless, unhuman
+monsters, and profoundly alien, non-terrestrial landscapes.
+
+
+
+567
+
+
+
+At sunset he would often sit at his desk and gaze dreamily off at the outspread
+west- the dark towers of Memorial Hall just below, the Georgian court-house
+belfry, the lofty pinnacles of the downtown section, and that shimmering, spire-
+crowned mound in the distance whose unknown streets and labyrinthine gables
+so potently provoked his fancy. From his few local aquaintances he learned that
+the far-off slope was a vast Italian quarter, though most of the houses were
+remnant of older Yankee and Irish days. Now and then he would train his field-
+glasses on that spectral, unreachable world beyond the curling smoke; picking
+out individual roofs and chimneys and steeples, and speculating upon the
+bizarre and curious mysteries they might house. Even with optical aid Federal
+Hill seemed somehow alien, half fabulous, and linked to the unreal, intangible
+marvels of Blake's own tales and pictures. The feeling would persist long after
+the hill had faded into the violet, lamp-starred twilight, and the court-house
+floodlights and the red Industrial Trust beacon had blazed up to make the night
+grotesque.
+
+Of all the distant objects on Federal Hill, a certain huge, dark church most
+fascinated Blake. It stood out with especial distinctness at certain hours of the
+day, and at sunset the great tower and tapering steeple loomed blackly against
+the flaming sky. It seemed to rest on especially high ground; for the grimy
+fagade, and the obliquely seen north side with sloping roof and the tops of great
+pointed windows, rose boldly above the tangle of surrounding ridgepoles and
+chimney-pots. Peculiarly grim and austere, it appeared to be built of stone,
+stained and weathered with the smoke and storms of a century and more. The
+style, so far as the glass could show, was that earliest experimental form of
+Gothic revival which preceded the stately Upjohn period and held over some of
+the outlines and proportions of the Georgian age. Perhaps it was reared around
+1810 or 1815.
+
+As months passed, Blake watched the far-off, forbidding structure with an oddly
+mounting interest. Since the vast windows were never lighted, he knew that it
+must be vacant. The longer he watched, the more his imagination worked, till at
+length he began to fancy curious things. He believed that a vague, singular aura
+of desolation hovered over the place, so that even the pigeons and swallows
+shunned its smoky eaves. Around other towers and belfries his glass would
+reveal great flocks of birds, but here they never rested. At least, that is what he
+thought and set down in his diary. He pointed the place out to several friends,
+but none of them had even been on Federal Hill or possessed the faintest notion
+of what the church was or had been.
+
+In the spring a deep restlessness gripped Blake. He had begun his long-planned
+novel- based on a supposed survival of the witch-cult in Maine- but was
+strangely unable to make progress with it. More and more he would sit at his
+
+
+
+568
+
+
+
+westward window and gaze at the distant hill and the black, frowning steeple
+shunned by the birds. When the delicate leaves came out on the garden boughs
+the world was filled with a new beauty, but Blake's restlessness was merely
+increased. It was then that he first thought of crossing the city and climbing
+bodily up that fabulous slope into the smoke-wreathed world of dream.
+
+Late in April, just before the aeon-shadowed Walpurgis time, Blake made his
+first trip into the unknown. Plodding through the endless downtown streets and
+the bleak, decayed squares beyond, he came finally upon the ascending avenue
+of century -worn steps, sagging Doric porches, and blear-paned cupolas which he
+felt must lead up to the long-known, unreachable world beyond the mists. There
+were dingy blue-and-white street signs which meant nothing to him, and
+presently he noted the strange, dark faces of the drifting crowds, and the foreign
+signs over curious shops in brown, decade-weathered buildings. Nowhere could
+he find any of the objects he had seen from afar; so that once more he half fancied
+that the Federal Hill of that distant view was a dream-world never to be trod by
+living human feet.
+
+Now and then a battered church fagade or crumbling spire came in sight, but
+never the blackened pile that he sought. When he asked a shopkeeper about a
+great stone church the man smiled and shook his head, though he spoke English
+freely. As Blake climbed higher, the region seemed stranger and stranger, with
+bewildering mazes of brooding brown alleys leading eternally off to the south.
+He crossed two or three broad avenues, and once thought he glimpsed a familiar
+tower. Again he asked a merchant about the massive church of stone, and this
+time he could have sworn that the plea of ignorance was feigned. The dark man's
+face had a look of fear which he tried to hide, and Blake saw him make a curious
+sign with his right hand.
+
+Then suddenly a black spire stood out against the cloudy sky on his left, above
+the tiers of brown roofs lining the tangled southerly alleys. Blake knew at once
+what it was, and plunged toward it through the squalid, unpaved lanes that
+climbed from the avenue. Twice he lost his way, but he somehow dared not ask
+any of the patriarchs or housewives who sat on their doorsteps, or any of the
+children who shouted and played in the mud of the shadowy lanes.
+
+At last he saw the tower plain against the southwest, and a huge stone bulk rose
+darkly at the end of an alley. Presently he stood in a wind-swept open square,
+quaintly cobblestoned, with a high bank wall on the farther side. This was the
+end of his quest; for upon the wide, iron-railed, weed-grown plateau which the
+wall supported- a separate, lesser world raised fully six feet above the
+surrounding streets- there stood a grim, titan bulk whose identity, despite
+Blake's new perspective, was beyond dispute.
+
+
+
+569
+
+
+
+The vacant church was in a state of great decrepitude. Some of the high stone
+buttresses had fallen, and several delicate finials lay half lost among the brown,
+neglected weeds and grasses. The sooty Gothic windows were largely unbroken,
+though many of the stone muUions were missing. Blake wondered how the
+obscurely painted panes could have survived so well, in view of the known
+habits of small boys the world over. The massive doors were intact and tightly
+closed. Around the top of the bank wall, fully enclosing the grounds, was a rusty
+iron fence whose gate- at the head of a flight of steps from the square- was
+visibly padlocked. The path from the gate to the building was completely
+overgrown. Desolation and decay hung like a pall above the place, and in the
+birdless eaves and black, ivyless walls Blake felt a touch of the dimly sinister
+beyond his power to define.
+
+There were very few people in the square, but Blake saw a policeman at the
+northerly end and approached him with questions about the church. He was a
+great wholesome Irishman, and it seemed odd that he would do little more than
+make the sign of the cross and mutter that people never spoke of that building.
+When Blake pressed him he said very hurriedly that the Italian priest warned
+everybody against it, vowing that a monstrous evil had once dwelt there and left
+its mark. He himself had heard dark whispers of it from his father, who recalled
+certain sounds and rumours from his boyhood.
+
+There had been a bad sect there in the old days- an outlaw sect that called up
+awful things from some unknown gulf of night. It had taken a good priest to
+exorcise what had come, though there did be those who said that merely the
+light could do it. If Father O'Malley were alive there would be many a thing he
+could tell. But now there was nothing to do but let it alone. It hurt nobody now,
+and those that owned it were dead or far away. They had run away like rats after
+the threatening talk in '77 , when people began to mind the way folks vanished
+now and then in the neighbourhood. Some day the city would step in and take
+the property for lack of heirs, but little good would come of anybody's touching
+it. Better it be left alone for the years to topple, lest things be stirred that ought to
+rest forever in their black abyss.
+
+After the policeman had gone Blake stood staring at the sullen steepled pile. It
+excited him to find that the structure seemed as sinister to others as to him, and
+he wondered what grain of truth might lie behind the old tales the bluecoat had
+repeated. Probably they were mere legends evoked by the evil look of the place,
+but even so, they were like a strange coming to life of one of his own stories.
+
+The afternoon sun came out from behind dispersing clouds, but seemed unable
+to light up the stained, sooty walls of the old temple that towered on its high
+plateau. It was odd that the green of spring had not touched the brown, withered
+
+
+
+570
+
+
+
+growths in the raised, iron-fenced yard. Blake found himself edging nearer the
+raised area and examining the bank wall and rusted fence for possible avenues of
+ingress. There was a terrible lure about the blackened fane which was not to be
+resisted. The fence had no opening near the steps, but round on the north side
+were some missing bars. He could go up the steps and walk round on the narrow
+coping outside the fence till he came to the gap. If the people feared the place so
+wildly, he would encounter no interference.
+
+He was on the embankment and almost inside the fence before anyone noticed
+him. Then, looking down, he saw the few people in the square edging away and
+making the same sign with their right hands that the shopkeeper in the avenue
+had made. Several windows were slammed down, and a fat woman darted into
+the street and pulled some small children inside a rickety, unpainted house. The
+gap in the fence was very easy to pass through, and before long Blake found
+himself wading amidst the rotting, tangled growths of the deserted yard. Here
+and there the worn stump of a headstone told him that there had once been
+burials in the field; but that, he saw, must have been very long ago. The sheer
+bulk of the church was oppressive now that he was close to it, but he conquered
+his mood and approached to try the three great doors in the fagade. All were
+securely locked, so he began a circuit of the Cyclopean building in quest of some
+minor and more penetrable opening. Even then he could not be sure that he
+wished to enter that haunt of desertion and shadow, yet the pull of its
+strangeness dragged him on automatically.
+
+A yawning and unprotected cellar window in the rear furnished the needed
+aperture. Peering in, Blake saw a subterrene gulf of cobwebs and dust faintly
+litten by the western sun's filtered rays. Debris, old barrels, and ruined boxes and
+furniture of numerous sorts met his eye, though over everything lay a shroud of
+dust which softened all sharp outlines. The rusted remains of a hot-air furnace
+showed that the building had been used and kept in shape as late as mid-
+Victorian times.
+
+Acting almost without conscious initiative, Blake crawled through the window
+and let himself down to the dust-carpeted and debris-strewn concrete floor. The
+vaulted cellar was a vast one, without partitions; and in a corner far to the right,
+amid dense shadows, he saw a black archway evidently leading upstairs. He felt
+a peculiar sense of oppression at being actually within the great spectral
+building, but kept it in check as he cautiously scouted about- finding a still-intact
+barrel amid the dust, and rolling it over to the open window to provide for his
+exit. Then, bracing himself, he crossed the wide, cobweb-festooned space toward
+the arch. Half-choked with the omnipresent dust, and covered with ghostly
+gossamer fibres, he reached and began to climb the worn stone steps which rose
+into the darkness. He had no light, but groped carefully with his hands. After a
+
+
+
+571
+
+
+
+sharp turn he feh a closed door ahead, and a httle fumbHng revealed its ancient
+latch. It opened inward, and beyond it he saw a dimly illumined corridor lined
+with worm-eaten panelling.
+
+Once on the ground floor, Blake began exploring in a rapid fashion. All the inner
+doors were unlocked, so that he freely passed from room to room. The colossal
+nave was an almost eldritch place with its drifts and mountains of dust over box
+pews, altar, hour-glass pulpit, and sounding-board and its titanic ropes of
+cobweb stretching among the pointed arches of the gallery and entwining the
+clustered Gothic columns. Over all this hushed desolation played a hideous
+leaden light as the declining afternoon sun sent its rays through the strange, half-
+blackened panes of the great apsidal windows.
+
+The paintings on those windows were so obscured by soot that Blake could
+scarcely decipher what they had represented, but from the little he could make
+out he did not like them. The designs were largely conventional, and his
+knowledge of obscure symbolism told him much concerning some of the ancient
+patterns. The few saints depicted bore expressions distinctly open to criticism,
+while one of the windows seemed to show merely a dark space with spirals of
+curious luminosity scattered about in it. Turning away from the windows, Blake
+noticed that the cobwebbed cross above the altar was not of the ordinary kind,
+but resembled the primordial ankh or crux ansata of shadowy Egypt.
+
+In a rear vestry room beside the apse Blake found a rotting desk and ceiling-high
+shelves of mildewed, disintegrating books. Here for the first time he received a
+positive shock of objective horror, for the titles of those books told him much.
+They were the black, forbidden things which most sane people have never even
+heard of, or have heard of only in furtive, timorous whispers; the banned and
+dreaded repositories of equivocal secret and immemorial formulae which have
+trickled down the stream of time from the days of man's youth, and the dim,
+fabulous days before man was. He had himself read many of them- a Latin
+version of the abhorred Necronomicon, the sinister Liber Ivonis, the infamous
+Cultes des Goules of Comte d'Erlette, the Unaussprechlichen Kulten of von
+Junzt, and old Ludvig Prinn's hellish De Vermis Mysteriis. But there were others
+he had known merely by reputation or not at all- the Pnakotic Manuscripts, the
+Book of Dzyan, and a crumbling volume of wholly unidentifiable characters yet
+with certain symbols and diagrams shuddering recognizable to the occult
+student. Clearly, the lingering local rumours had not lied. This place had once
+been the seat of an evil older than mankind and wider than the known universe.
+
+In the ruined desk was a small leatherbound record-book filled with entries in
+some odd cryptographic medium. The manuscript writing consisted of the
+common traditional symbols used today in astronomy and anciently in alchemy.
+
+
+
+572
+
+
+
+astrology, and other dubious arts- the devices of the sun, moon, planets, aspects,
+and zodiacal signs- here massed in solid pages of text, with divisions and
+paragraphings suggesting that each symbol answered to some alphabetical letter.
+
+In the hope of later solving the cryptogram, Blake bore off this volume in his coat
+pocket. Many of the great tomes on the shelves fascinated him unutterably, and
+he felt tempted to borrow them at some later time. He wondered how they could
+have remained undisturbed so long. Was he the first to conquer the clutching,
+pervasive fear which had for nearly sixty years protected this deserted place
+from visitors?
+
+Having now thoroughly explored the ground floor, Blake ploughed again
+through the dust of the spectral nave to the front vestibule, where he had seen a
+door and staircase presumably leading up to the blackened tower and steeple-
+objects so long familiar to him at a distance. The ascent was a choking
+experience, for dust lay thick, while the spiders had done their worst in this
+constricted place. The staircase was a spiral with high, narrow wooden treads,
+and now and then Blake passed a clouded window looking dizzily out over the
+city. Though he had seen no ropes below, he expected to find a bell or peal of
+bells in the tower whose narrow, louvre-boarded lancet windows his field-glass
+had studied so often. Here he was doomed to disappointment; for when he
+attained the top of the stairs he found the tower chamber vacant of chimes, and
+clearly devoted to vastly different purposes.
+
+The room, about fifteen feet square, was faintly lighted by four lancet windows,
+one on each side, which were glazed within their screening of decayed louvre-
+boards. These had been further fitted with tight, opaque screens, but the latter
+were now largely rotted away. In the centre of the dust-laden floor rose a
+curiously angled stone pillar home four feet in height and two in average
+diameter, covered on each side with bizarre, crudely incised and wholly
+unrecognizable hieroglyphs. On this pillar rested a metal box of peculiarly
+asymmetrical form; its hinged lid thrown back, and its interior holding what
+looked beneath the decade-deep dust to be an egg-shaped or irregularly
+spherical object some four inches through. Around the pillar in a rough circle
+were seven high-backed Gothic chairs still largely intact, while behind them,
+ranging along the dark-panelled walls, were seven colossal images of crumbling,
+black-painted plaster, resembling more than anything else the cryptic carven
+megaliths of mysterious Easter Island. In one corner of the cobw ebbed chamber a
+ladder was built into the wall, leading up to the closed trap door of the
+windowless steeple above.
+
+As Blake grew accustomed to the feeble light he noticed odd bas-reliefs on the
+strange open box of yellowish metal. Approaching, he tried to clear the dust
+
+
+
+573
+
+
+
+away with his hands and handkerchief, and saw that the figurings were of a
+monstrous and utterly ahen kind; depicting entities which, though seemingly
+alive, resembled no known life-form ever evolved on this planet. The four-inch
+seeming sphere turned out to be a nearly black, red-striated polyhedron with
+many irregular flat surfaces; either a very remarkable crystal of some sort or an
+artificial object of carved and highly polished mineral matter. It did not touch the
+bottom of the box, but was held suspended by means of a metal band around its
+centre, with seven queerly-designed supports extending horizontally to angles of
+the box's inner wall near the top. This stone, once exposed, exerted upon Blake
+an almost alarming fascination. He could scarcely tear his eyes from it, and as he
+looked at its glistening surfaces he almost fancied it was transparent, with half-
+formed worlds of wonder within. Into his mind floated pictures of alien orbs
+with great stone towers, and other orbs with titan mountains and no mark of life,
+and still remoter spaces where only a stirring in vague blacknesses told of the
+presence of consciousness and will.
+
+When he did look away, it was to notice a somewhat singular mound of dust in
+the far corner near the ladder to the steeple. Just why it took his attention he
+could not tell, but something in its contours carried a message to his unconscious
+mind. Ploughing toward it, and brushing aside the hanging cobwebs as he went,
+he began to discern something grim about it. Hand and handkerchief soon
+revealed the truth, and Blake gasped with a baffling mixture of emotions. It was
+a human skeleton, and it must have been there for a very long time. The clothing
+was in shreds, but some buttons and fragments of cloth bespoke a man's grey
+suit. There were other bits of evidence- shoes, metal clasps, huge buttons for
+round cuffs, a stickpin of bygone pattern, a reporter's badge with the name of the
+old Providence Telegram, and a crumbling leather pocketbook. Blake examined
+the latter with care, finding within it several bills of antiquated issue, a celluloid
+advertising calendar for 1893, some cards with the name "Edwin M. Lillibridge",
+and a paper covered with pencilled memoranda.
+
+This paper held much of a puzzling nature, and Blake read it carefully at the dim
+westward window. Its disjointed text included such phrases as the following:
+
+Prof. Enoch Bowen home from Egypt May 1844 - buys old Free-Will Church in
+July - his archaeological work & studies in occult well known.
+
+Dr Drowne of 4th Baptist warns against Starry Wisdom in sermon 29 Dec. 1844.
+
+Congregation 97 by end of '45.
+
+1846 - 3 disappearances - first mention of Shining Trapezohedron.
+
+
+
+574
+
+
+
+7 disappearances 1848 - stories of blood sacrifice begin.
+
+Investigation 1853 comes to nothing - stories of sounds.
+
+Fr O'Malley tells of devil-worship with box found in great Egyptian ruins - says
+they call up something that can't exist in light. Flees a little light, and banished
+by strong light. Then has to be summoned again. Probably got this from
+deathbed confession of Francis X. Feeney, who had joined Starry Wisdom in '49.
+These people say the Shining Trapezohedron shows them heaven & other
+worlds, & that the Haunter of the Dark tells them secrets in some way.
+
+Story of Orrin B. Eddy 1857. They call it up by gazing at the crystal, & have a
+secret language of their own.
+
+200 or more in cong. 1863, exclusive of men at front.
+
+Irish boys mob church in 1869 after Patrick Regan's disappearance.
+
+Veiled article in J. 14 March '72, but people don't talk about it.
+
+6 disappearances 1876 - secret committee calls on Mayor Doyle.
+
+Action promised Feb. 1877 - church closes in April.
+
+Gang - Federal Hill Boys - threaten Dr - and vestrymen in May.
+
+181 persons leave city before end of '77 - mention no names.
+
+Ghost stories begin around 1880 - try to ascertain truth of report that no human
+being has entered church since 1877.
+
+Ask Lanigan for photograph of place taken 1851. . .
+
+Restoring the paper to the pocketbook and placing the latter in his coat, Blake
+turned to look down at the skeleton in the dust. The implications of the notes
+were clear, and there could be no doubt but that this man had come to the
+deserted edifice forty-two years before in quest of a newspaper sensation which
+no one else had been bold enough to attempt. Perhaps no one else had known of
+his plan - who could tell? But he had never returned to his paper. Had some
+bravely-suppressed fear risen to overcome him and bring on sudden heart-
+failure? Blake stooped over the gleaming bones and noted their peculiar state.
+Some of them were badly scattered, and a few seemed oddly dissolved at the
+ends. Others were strangely yellowed, with vague suggestions of charring. This
+charring extended to some of the fragments of clothing. The skull was in a very
+
+
+
+bib
+
+
+
+peculiar state - stained yellow, and with a charred aperture in the top as if some
+powerful acid had eaten through the solid bone. What had happened to the
+skeleton during its four decades of silent entombment here Blake could not
+imagine.
+
+Before he realized it, he was looking at the stone again, and letting its curious
+influence call up a nebulous pageantry in his mind. He saw processions of robed,
+hooded figures whose outlines were not human, and looked on endless leagues
+of desert lined with carved, sky-reaching monoliths. He saw towers and walls in
+nighted depths under the sea, and vortices of space where wisps of black mist
+floated before thin shimmerings of cold purple haze. And beyond all else he
+glimpsed an infinite gulf of darkness, where solid and semisolid forms were
+known only by their windy stirrings, and cloudy patterns of force seemed to
+superimpose order on chaos and hold forth a key to all the paradoxes and arcana
+of the worlds we know.
+
+Then all at once the spell was broken by an access of gnawing, indeterminate
+panic fear. Blake choked and turned away from the stone, conscious of some
+formless alien presence close to him and watching him with horrible intentness.
+He felt entangled with something- something which was not in the stone, but
+which had looked through it at him- something which would ceaselessly follow
+him with a cognition that was not physical sight. Plainly, the place was getting
+on his nerves- as well it might in view of his gruesome find. The light was
+waning, too, and since he had no illuininant with him he knew he would have to
+be leaving soon.
+
+It was then, in the gathering twilight, that he thought he saw a faint trace of
+luminosity in the crazily angled stone. He had tried to look away from it, but
+some obscure compulsion drew his eyes hack. Was there a subtle
+phosphorescence of radio-activity about the thing? What was it that the dead
+man 's notes had said concerning a Shining Trapezohedron? What, anyway, was
+this abandoned lair of cosmic evil? What had been done here, and what might
+still be lurking in the bird-shunned shadows? It seemed now as if an elusive
+touch of foetor had arisen somewhere close by, though its source was not
+apparent. Blake seized the cover of the long-open box and snapped it down. It
+moved easily on its alien hinges, and closed completely over the unmistakably
+glowing stone.
+
+At the sharp click of that closing a soft stirring sound seemed to come from the
+steeple's eternal blackness overhead, beyond the trap-door. Rats, without
+question- the only living things to reveal their presence in this accursed pile since
+he had entered it. And yet that stirring in the steeple frightened him horribly, so
+that he plunged almost wildly down the spiral stairs, across the ghoulish nave.
+
+
+
+576
+
+
+
+into the vaulted basement, out amidst the gathering dust of the deserted square,
+and down through the teeming, fear-haunted alleys and avenues of Federal Hill
+towards the sane central streets and the home-like brick sidewalks of the college
+district.
+
+During the days which followed, Blake told no one of his expedition. Instead, he
+read much in certain books, examined long years of newspaper files downtown,
+and worked feverishly at the cryptogram in that leather volume from the
+cobwebbed vestry room. The cipher, he soon saw, was no simple one; and after a
+long period of endeavour he felt sure that its language could not be English,
+Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. Evidently he would have to
+draw upon the deepest wells of his strange erudition.
+
+Every evening the old impulse to gaze westwards returned, and he saw the black
+steeple as of yore amongst the bristling roofs of a distant and half-fabulous
+world. But now it held a fresh note of terror for him. He knew the heritage of evil
+lore it masked, and with the knowledge his vision ran riot in queer new ways.
+The birds of spring were returning, and as he watched their sunset flights he
+fancied they avoided the gaunt, lone spire as never before. When a flock of them
+approached it, he thought, they would wheel and scatter in panic confusion- and
+he could guess at the wild twitterings which failed to reach him across the
+intervening miles.
+
+It was in June that Blake's diary told of his victory over the cryptogram. The text
+was, he found, in the dark Aklo language used by certain cults of evil antiquity,
+and known to him in a halting way through previous researches. The diary is
+strangely reticent about what Blake deciphered, but he was patently awed and
+disconcerted by his results. There are references to a Haunter of the Dark awaked
+by gazing into the Shining Trapezohedron, and insane conjectures about the
+black gulfs of chaos from which it was called. The being is spoken of as holding
+all knowledge, and demanding monstrous sacrifices. Some of Blake's entries
+show fear lest the thing, which he seemed to regard as summoned, stalk abroad;
+though he adds that the streetlights form a bulwark which cannot be crossed.
+
+Of the Shining Trapezohedron he speaks often, calling it a window on all time
+and space, and tracing its history from the days it was fashioned on dark
+Yuggoth, before ever the Old Ones brought it to earth. It was treasured and
+placed in its curious box by the crinoid things of Antarctica, salvaged from their
+ruins by the serpent-men of Valusia, and peered at aeons later in Lemuria by the
+first human beings. It crossed strange lands and stranger seas, and sank with
+Atlantis before a Minoan fisher meshed it in his net and sold it to swarthy
+merchants from nighted Khem. The Pharaoh Nephren-Ka built around it a
+temple with a windowless crypt, and did that which caused his name to be
+
+
+
+bn
+
+
+
+stricken from all monuments and records. Then it slept in the ruins of that evil
+fane which the priests and the new Pharaoh destroyed, till the delver's spade
+once more brought it forth to curse mankind.
+
+Early in July the newspapers oddly supplement Blake's entries, though in so
+brief and casual a way that only the diary has called general attention to their
+contribution. It appears that a new fear had been growing on Federal Hill since a
+stranger had entered the dreaded church. The Italians whispered of
+unaccustomed stirrings and bumpings and scrapings in the dark windowless
+steeple, and called on their priests to banish an entity which haunted their
+dreams. Something, they said, was constantly watching at a door to see if it were
+dark enough to venture forth. Press items mentioned the longstanding local
+superstitions, but failed to shed much light on the earlier background of the
+horror. It was obvious that the young reporters of today are no antiquarians. In
+writing of these things in his diary, Blake expresses a curious kind of remorse,
+and talks of the duty of burying the Shining Trapezohedron and of banishing
+what he had evoked by letting daylight into the hideous jutting spire. At the
+same time, however, he displays the dangerous extent of his fascination, and
+admits a morbid longing- pervading even his dreams- to visit the accursed tower
+and gaze again into the cosmic secrets of the glowing stone.
+
+Then something in the Journal on the morning of 17 July threw the diarist into a
+veritable fever of horror. It was only a variant of the other half-humorous items
+about the Federal hill restlessness, but to Blake it was somehow very terrible
+indeed. In the night a thunderstorm had put the city's lighting-system out of
+commission for a full hour, and in that black interval the Italians had nearly gone
+mad with fright. Those living near the dreaded church had sworn that the thing
+in the steeple had taken advantage of the street lamps' absence and gone down
+into the body of the church, flopping and bumping around in a viscous,
+altogether dreadful way. Towards the last it had bumped up to the tower, where
+there were sounds of the shattering of glass. It could go wherever the darkness
+reached, but light would always send it fleeing.
+
+When the current blazed on again there had been a shocking commotion in the
+tower, for even the feeble light trickling through the grime-blackened, louvre-
+boarded windows was too much for the thing. It had bumped and slithered up
+into its tenebrous steeple just in time- for a long dose of light would have sent it
+back into the abyss whence the crazy stranger had called it. During the dark hour
+praying crowds had clustered round the church in the rain with lighted candles
+and lamps somehow shielded with folded paper and umbrellas- a guard of light
+to save the city from the nightmare that stalks in darkness. Once, those nearest
+the church declared, the outer door had rattled hideously.
+
+
+
+578
+
+
+
+But even this was not the worst. That evening in the Bulletin Blake read of what
+the reporters had found. Aroused at last to the whimsical news value of the
+scare, a pair of them had defied the frantic crowds of Italians and crawled into
+the church through the cellar window after trying the doors in vain. They found
+the dust of the vestibule and of the spectral nave ploughed up in a singular way,
+with pits of rotted cushions and satin pew-linings scattered curiously around.
+There was a bad odour everywhere, and here and there were bits of yellow stain
+and patches of what looked like charring. Opening the door to the tower, and
+pausing a moment at the suspicion of a scraping sound above, they found the
+narrow spiral stairs wiped roughly clean.
+
+In the tower itself a similarly half-swept condition existed. They spoke of the
+heptagonal stone pillar, the overturned Gothic chairs, and the bizarre plaster
+images; though strangely enough the metal box and the old mutilated skeleton
+were not mentioned. What disturbed Blake the most- except for the hints of
+stains and charring and bad odours- was the final detail that explained the
+crashing glass. Every one of the tower's lancet windows was broken, and two of
+them had been darkened in a crude and hurried way by the stuffing of satin
+pew-linings and cushion-horsehair into the spaces between the slanting exterior
+louvre-boards. More satin fragments and bunches of horsehair lay scattered
+around the newly swept floor, as if someone had been interrupted in the act of
+restoring the tower to the absolute blackness of its tightly curtained days.
+
+Yellowish stains and charred patches were found on the ladder to the
+windowless spire, but when a reporter climbed up, opened the horizontally-
+sliding trap-door and shot a feeble flashlight beam into the black and strangely
+foetid space, he saw nothing but darkness, and a heterogeneous litter of
+shapeless fragments near the aperture. The verdict, of course, was charlatanry.
+Somebody had played a joke on the superstitious hill-dwellers, or else some
+fanatic had striven to bolster up their fears for their own supposed good. Or
+perhaps some of the younger and more sophisticated dwellers had staged an
+elaborate hoax on the outside world. There was an amusing aftermath when the
+police sent an officer to verify the reports. Three men in succession found ways
+of evading the assignment, and the fourth went very reluctantly and returned
+very soon without adding to the account given by the reporters.
+
+From this point onwards Blake's diary shows a mounting tide of insidious horror
+and nervous apprehension. He upbraids himself for not doing something, and
+speculates wildly on the consequences of another electrical breakdown. It had
+been verified that on three occasions- during thunderstorms- he telephoned the
+electric light company in a frantic vein and asked that desperate precautions
+against a lapse of power be taken. Now and then his entries show concern over
+the failure of the reporters to find the metal box and stone, and the strangely
+
+
+
+579
+
+
+
+marred old skeleton, when they explored the shadowy tower room. He assumed
+that these things had been removed- whither, and by whom or what, he could
+only guess. But his worst fears concerned himself, and the kind of unholy
+rapport he felt to exist between his mind and that lurking horror in the distant
+steeple- that monstrous thing of night which his rashness had called out of the
+ultimate black spaces. He seemed to feel a constant tugging at his will, and
+callers of that period remember how he would sit abstractedly at his desk and
+stare out of the west window at that far-off spire-bristling mound beyond the
+swirling smoke of the city. His entries dwell monotonously on certain terrible
+dreams, and of a strengthening of the unholy rapport in his sleep. There is
+mention of a night when he awakened to find himself fully dressed, outdoors,
+and headed automatically down College Hill towards the west. Again and again
+he dwells on the fact that the thing in the steeple knows where to find him.
+
+The week following 30 July is recalled as the time of Blake's partial breakdown.
+He did not dress, and ordered all his food by telephone. Visitors remarked the
+cords he kept near his bed, and he said that sleep-walking had forced him to
+bind his ankles every night with knots which would probably hold or else waken
+him with the labour of untying. In his diary he told of the hideous experience
+which had brought the collapse. After retiring on the night of the 30th, he had
+suddenly found himself groping about in an almost black space. All he could see
+were short, faint, horizontal streaks of bluish light, but he could smell an
+overpowering foetor and hear a curious jumble of soft, furtive sounds above him.
+Whenever he moved he stumbled over something, and at each noise there would
+come a sort of answering sound from above- a vague stirring, mixed with the
+cautious sliding of wood on wood.
+
+Once his groping hands encountered a pillar of stone with a vacant top, whilst
+later he found himself clutching the rungs of a ladder built into the wall, and
+fumbling his uncertain way upwards towards some region of intenser stench
+where a hot, searing blast beat down against him. Before his eyes a kaleidoscopic
+range of phantasmal images played, all of them dissolving at intervals into the
+picture of a vast, unplumbed abyss of night wherein whirled suns and worlds of
+an even profounder blackness. He thought of the ancient legends of Ultimate
+Chaos, at whose centre sprawls the blind idiot god Azathoth, Lord of All Things,
+encircled by his flopping horde of mindless and amorphous dancers, and lulled
+by the thin monotonous piping of a demoniac flute held in nameless paws.
+
+Then a sharp report from the outer world broke through his stupor and roused
+him to the unutterable horror of his position. What it was, he never knew-
+perhaps it was some belated peal from the fireworks heard all summer on
+Federal Hill as the dwellers hail their various patron saints, or the saints of their
+native villages in Italy. In any event he shrieked aloud, dropped frantically from
+
+
+
+580
+
+
+
+the ladder, and stumbled blindly across the obstructed floor of the almost
+lightless chamber that encompassed him.
+
+He knew instantly where he was, and plunged recklessly down the narrow spiral
+staircase, tripping and bruising himself at every turn. There was a nightmare
+flight through a vast cobw ebbed nave whose ghostly arches readied up to realms
+of leering shadow, a sightless scramble through a littered basement, a climb to
+regions of air and street lights outside, and a mad racing down a spectral hill of
+gibbering gables, across a grim, silent city of tall black towers, and up the steep
+eastward precipice to his own ancient door.
+
+On regaining consciousness in the morning he found himself lying on his study
+floor fully dressed. Dirt and cobwebs covered him, and every inch of his body
+seemed sore and bruised. When he faced the mirror he saw that his hair was
+badly scorched while a trace of strange evil odour seemed to cling to his upper
+outer clothing. It was then that his nerves broke down. Thereafter, lounging
+exhaustedly about in a dressing-gown, he did little but stare from his west
+window, shiver at the threat of thunder, and make wild entries in his diary.
+
+The great storm broke just before midnight on 8 August. Lightning struck
+repeatedly in all parts of the city, and two remarkable fireballs were reported.
+The rain was torrential, while a constant fusillade of thunder brought
+sleeplessness to thousands. Blake was utterly frantic in his fear for the lighting
+system, and tried to telephone the company around 1 A.M. though by that time
+service had been temporarily cut off in the interests of safety. He recorded
+everything in his diary- the large, nervous, and often undecipherable,
+hieroglyphs telling their own story of growing frenzy and despair, and of entries
+scrawled blindly in the dark.
+
+He had to keep the house dark in order to see out of the window, and it appears
+that most of his time was spent at his desk, peering anxiously through the rain
+across the glistening miles of downtown roofs at the constellation of distant
+lights marking Federal Hill. Now and then he would fumblingly make an entry
+in his diary, so that detached phrases such as "The lights must not go"; "It knows
+where I am"; "I must destroy it"; and "it is calling to me, but perhaps it means no
+injury this time"; are found scattered down two of the pages.
+
+Then the lights went out all over the city. It happened at 2.12 A.M. according to
+power-house records, but Blake's diary gives no indication of the time. The entry
+is merely, "Lights out- God help me." On Federal Hill there were watchers as
+anxious as he, and rain-soaked knots of men paraded the square and alleys
+around the evil church with umbrella-shaded candles, electric flashlights, oil
+lanterns, crucifixes, and obscure charms of the many sorts common to southern
+
+
+
+581
+
+
+
+Italy. They blessed each flash of lightning, and made cryptical signs of fear with
+their right hands when a turn in the storm caused the flashes to lessen and finally
+to cease altogether. A rising wind blew out most of the candles, so that the scene
+grew threatening dark. Someone roused Father Merluzzo of Spirito Santo
+Church, and he hastened to the dismal square to pronounce whatever helpful
+syllables he could. Of the restless and curious sounds in the blackened tower,
+there could be no doubt whatever.
+
+For what happened at 2.35 we have the testimony of the priest, a young,
+intelligent, and well-educated person; of Patrolman William J. Monohan of the
+Central Station, an officer of the highest reliability who had paused at that part of
+his beat to inspect the crowd; and of most of the seventy-eight men who had
+gathered around the church's high bank wall- especially those in the square
+where the eastward fagade was visible. Of course there was nothing which can
+be proved as being outside the order of Nature. The possible causes of such an
+event are many. No one can speak with certainty of the obscure chemical
+processes arising in a vast, ancient, ill-aired, and long-deserted building of
+heterogeneous contents. Mephitic vapours- spontaneous combustion- pressure of
+gases born of long decay- any one of numberless phenomena might be
+responsible. And then, of course, the factor of conscious charlatanry can by no
+means be excluded. The thing was really quite simple in itself, and covered less
+than three minutes of actual time. Father Merluzzo, always a precise man, looked
+at his watch repeatedly.
+
+It started with a definite swelling of the dull fumbling sounds inside the black
+tower. There had for some time been a vague exhalation of strange, evil odours
+from the church, and this had now become emphatic and offensive. Then at last
+there was a sound of splintering wood and a large, heavy object crashed down in
+the yard beneath the frowning easterly fagade. The tower was invisible now that
+the candles would not burn, but as the object neared the ground the people knew
+that it was the smoke-grimed louvre-boarding of that tower's east window.
+
+Immediately afterwards an utterly unbearable foetor welled forth from the
+unseen heights, choking and sickening the trembling watchers, and almost
+prostrating those in the square. At the same time the air trembled with a
+vibration as of flapping wings, and a sudden east-blowing wind more violent
+than any previous blast snatched off the hats and wrenched the dripping
+umbrellas from the crowd. Nothing definite could be seen in the candleless
+night, though some upward-looking spectators thought they glimpsed a great
+spreading blur of denser blackness against the inky sky- something like a
+formless cloud of smoke that shot with meteorlike speed towards the east.
+
+
+
+582
+
+
+
+That was all. The watchers were half numbed with fright, awe, and discomfort,
+and scarcely knew what to do, or whether to do anything at all. Not knowing
+what had happened, they did not relax their vigil; and a moment later they sent
+up a prayer as a sharp flash of belated lightning, followed by an earsplitting
+crash of sound, rent the flooded heavens. Half an hour later the rain stopped,
+and in fifteen minutes more the street lights sprang on again, sending the weary,
+bedraggled watchers relievedly back to their homes.
+
+The next day's papers gave these matters minor mention in connection with the
+general storm reports. It seems that the great lightning flash and deafening
+explosion which followed the Federal Hill occurrence were even more
+tremendous farther east, where a burst of the singular foetor was likewise
+noticed. The phenomenon was most marked over College Hill, where the crash
+awakened all the sleeping inhabitants and led to a bewildered round of
+speculations. Of those who were already awake only a few saw the anomalous
+blaze of light near the top of the hill, or noticed the inexplicable upward rush of
+air which almost stripped the leaves from the trees and blasted the plants in the
+gardens. It was agreed that the lone, sudden lightning-bolt must have struck
+somewhere in this neighbourhood, though no trace of its striking could
+afterwards be found. A youth in the Tau Omega fraternity house thought he saw
+a grotesque and hideous mass of smoke in the air just as the preliminary flash
+burst, but his observation has not been verified. All of the few observers,
+however, agree as to the violent gust from the west and the flood of intolerable
+stench which preceded the belated stroke, whilst evidence concerning the
+momentary burned odour after the stroke is equally general.
+
+These points were discussed very carefully because of their probable connection
+with the death of Robert Blake. Students in the Psi Delta house, whose upper rear
+windows looked into Blake's study, noticed the blurred white face at the
+westward window on the morning of the ninth, and wondered what was wrong
+with the expression. When they saw the same face in the same position that
+evening, they felt worried, and watched for the lights to come up in his
+apartment. Later they rang the bell of the darkened flat, and finally had a
+policeman force the door.
+
+The rigid body sat bolt upright at the desk by the window, and when the
+intruders saw the glassy, bulging eyes, and the marks of stark, convulsive fright
+on the twisted features, they turned away in sickened dismay. Shortly afterwards
+the coroner's physician made an examination, and despite the unbroken window
+reported electrical shock, or nervous tension induced by electrical discharge, as
+the cause of death. The hideous expression he ignored altogether, deeming it a
+not improbable result of the profound shock as experienced by a person of such
+abnormal imagination and unbalanced emotions. He deduced these latter
+
+
+
+583
+
+
+
+qualities from the books, paintings, and manuscripts found in the apartment, and
+from the bhndly scrawled entries in the diary on the desk. Blake had prolonged
+his frenzied jottings to the last, and the broken-pointed pencil was found
+clutched in his spasmodically contracted right hand.
+
+The entries after the failure of the lights were highly disjointed, and legible only
+in part. From them certain investigators have drawn conclusions differing
+greatly from the materialistic official verdict, but such speculations have little
+chance for belief among the conservative. The case of these imaginative theorists
+has not been helped by the action of superstitious Doctor Dexter, who threw the
+curious box and angled stone- an object certainly self-luminous as seen in the
+black windowless steeple where it was found- into the deepest channel of
+Narragansett Bay. Excessive imagination and neurotic unbalance on Blake's part,
+aggravated by knowledge of the evil bygone cult whose startling traces he had
+uncovered, form the dominant interpretation given those final frenzied jottings.
+These are the entries- or all that can be made of them:
+
+Lights still out- must be five minutes now. Everything depends on lightning.
+Yaddith grant it will keep up!... Some influence seems beating through it... Rain
+and thunder and wind deafen. . . The thing is taking hold of my mind. . .
+
+Trouble with memory. I see things I never knew before. Other worlds and other
+galaxies. . . Dark. . . The lightning seems dark and the darkness seems light. . .
+
+It cannot be the real hill and church that I see in the pitch-darkness. Must be
+retinal impression left by flashes. Heaven grant the Italians are out with their
+candles if the lightning stops!
+
+What am I afraid of? Is it not an avatar of Nyarlathotep, who in antique and
+shadowy Khem even took the form of man? I remember Yuggoth, and more
+distant Shaggai, and the ultimate void of the black planets. . .
+
+The long, winging flight through the void. . . cannot cross the universe of light . . .
+re-created by the thoughts caught in the Shining Trapezohedron. . . send it
+through the horrible abysses of radiance. . .
+
+My name is Blake- Robert Harrison Blake of 620 East Knapp Street, Milwaukee,
+Wisconsin. . . I am on this planet. . .
+
+Azathoth have mercy!- the lightning no longer flashes- horrible- I can see
+everything with a monstrous sense that is not sight- light is dark and dark is
+light. . . those people on the hill. . . guard. . . candles and charms. . . their priests. . .
+
+
+
+584
+
+
+
+Sense of distance gone -far is near and near is far. No light - no glass - see that
+steeple - that tower - window - can hear - Roderick Usher - am mad or going mad
+- the thing is stirring and fumbling in the tower.
+
+I am it and it is I - I want to get out... must get out and unify the forces... it
+knows where I am. . .
+
+I am Robert Blake, but I see the tower in the dark. There is a monstrous odour...
+senses transfigured. . . boarding at that tower window cracking and giving way. . .
+Ia...ngai...ygg...
+
+I see it - coming here - hell-wind - titan blue - black wing - Yog Sothoth save me -
+the three-lobed burning eye. . .
+
+
+
+585
+
+
+
+The Horror at Red Hook
+
+Written in August of 1925
+
+Published in September of 1926 in Weird Tales
+
+I
+
+Not many weeks ago, on a street corner in the village of Pascoag, Rhode Island, a
+tall, heavily built, and wholesome-looking pedestrian furnished much
+speculation by a singular lapse of behaviour. He had, it appears, been
+descending the hill by the road from Chepachet; and encountering the compact
+section, had turned to his left into the main thoroughfare where several modest
+business blocks convey a touch of the urban. At this point, without visible
+provocation, he committed his astonishing lapse; staring queerly for a second at
+the tallest of the buildings before him, and then, with a series of terrified,
+hysterical shrieks, breaking into a frantic run which ended in a stumble and fall
+at the next crossing. Picked up and dusted off by ready hands, he was found to
+be conscious, organically unhurt, and evidently cured of his sudden nervous
+attack. He muttered some shamefaced explanations involving a strain he had
+undergone, and with downcast glance turned back up the Chepachet road,
+trudging out of sight without once looking behind him. It was a strange incident
+to befall so large, robust, normal-featured, and capable-looking a man, and the
+strangeness was not lessened by the remarks of a bystander who had recognised
+him as the boarder of a well-known dairyman on the outskirts of Chepachet.
+
+He was, it developed, a New York police detective named Thomas F. Malone,
+now on a long leave of absence under medical treatment after some
+disproportionately arduous work on a gruesome local case which accident had
+made dramatic. There had been a collapse of several old brick buildings during a
+raid in which he had shared, and something about the wholesale loss of life, both
+of prisoners and of his companions, had peculiarly appalled him. As a result, he
+had acquired an acute and anomalous horror of any buildings even remotely
+suggesting the ones which had fallen in, so that in the end mental specialists
+forbade him the sight of such things for an indefinite period. A police surgeon
+with relatives in Chepachet had put forward that quaint hamlet of wooden
+colonial houses as an ideal spot for the psychological convalescence; and thither
+the sufferer had gone, promising never to venture among the brick-lined streets
+of larger villages till duly advised by the Woonsocket specialist with whom he
+was put in touch. This walk to Pascoag for magazines had been a mistake, and
+the patient had paid in fright, bruises, and humiliation for his disobedience.
+
+
+
+586
+
+
+
+So much the gossips of Chepachet and Pascoag knew; and so much, also, the
+most learned specialists believed. But Malone had at first told the specialists
+much more, ceasing only when he saw that utter incredulity was his portion.
+Thereafter he held his peace, protesting not at all when it was generally agreed
+that the collapse of certain squalid brick houses in the Red Hook section of
+Brooklyn, and the consequent death of many brave officers, had unseated his
+nervous equilibrium. He had worked too hard, all said, it trying to clean up those
+nests of disorder and violence; certain features were shocking enough, in all
+conscience, and the unexpected tragedy was the last straw. This was a simple
+explanation which everyone could understand, and because Malone was not a
+simple person he perceived that he had better let it suffice. To hint to
+unimaginative people of a horror beyond all human conception - a horror of
+houses and blocks and cities leprous and cancerous with evil dragged from elder
+worlds - would be merely to invite a padded cell instead of a restful rustication,
+and Malone was a man of sense despite his mysticism. He had the Celt's far
+vision of weird and hidden things, but the logician's quick eye for the outwardly
+unconvincing; an amalgam which had led him far afield in the forty-two years of
+his life, and set him in strange places for a Dublin University man born in a
+Georgian villa near Phoenix Park.
+
+And now, as he reviewed the things he had seen and felt and apprehended,
+Malone was content to keep unshared the secret of what could reduce a
+dauntless fighter to a quivering neurotic; what could make old brick slums and
+seas of dark, subtle faces a thing of nightmare and eldritch portent. It would not
+be the first time his sensations had been forced to bide uninterpreted - for was
+not his very act of plunging into the polyglot abyss of New York's underworld a
+freak beyond sensible explanation? What could he tell the prosaic of the antique
+witcheries and grotesque marvels discernible to sensitive eyes amidst the poison
+cauldron where all the varied dregs of unwholesome ages mix their venom and
+perpetuate their obscene terrors? He had seen the hellish green flame of secret
+wonder in this blatant, evasive welter of outward greed and inward blasphemy,
+and had smiled gently when all the New-Yorkers he knew scoffed at his
+experiment in police work. They had been very witty and cynical, deriding his
+fantastic pursuit of unknowable mysteries and assuring him that in these days
+New York held nothing but cheapness and vulgarity. One of them had wagered
+him a heavy sum that he could not - despite many poignant things to his credit in
+the Dublin Review - even write a truly interesting story of New York low life;
+and now, looking back, he perceived that cosmic irony had justified the
+prophet's words while secretly confuting their flippant meaning. The horror, as
+glimpsed at last, could not make a story - for like the book cited by Poe's
+Germany authority, 'es lasst sich nicht lesen - it does not permit itself to be read.'
+
+II
+
+
+
+587
+
+
+
+To Malone the sense of latent mystery in existence was always present. In youth
+he had felt the hidden beauty and ecstasy of things, and had been a poet; but
+poverty and sorrow and exile had turned his gaze in darker directions, and he
+had thrilled at the imputations of evil in the world around. Daily life had fur him
+come to be a phantasmagoria of macabre shadow-studies; now glittering and
+leering with concealed rottenness as in Beardsley's best manner, now hinting
+terrors behind the commonest shapes and objects as in the subtler and less
+obvious work of Gustave Dore. He would often regard it as merciful that most
+persons of high Intelligence jeer at the inmost mysteries; for, he argued, if
+superior minds were ever placed in fullest contact with the secrets preserved by
+ancient and lowly cults, the resultant abnormalities would soon not only wreck
+the world, but threaten the very integrity of the universe. All this reflection was
+no doubt morbid, but keen logic and a deep sense of humour ably offset it.
+Malone was satisfied to let his notions remain as half-spied and forbidden
+visions to be lightly played with; and hysteria came only when duty flung him
+into a hell of revelation too sudden and insidious to escape.
+
+He had for some time been detailed to the Butler Street station in Brooklyn when
+the Red Hook matter came to his notice. Red Hook is a maze of hybrid squalor
+near the ancient waterfront opposite Governor's Island, with dirty highways
+climbing the hill from the wharves to that higher ground where the decayed
+lengths of Clinton and Court Streets lead off toward the Borough Hall. Its houses
+are mostly of brick, dating from the first quarter to the middle of the nineteenth
+century, and some of the obscurer alleys and byways have that alluring antique
+flavour which conventional reading leads us to call 'Dickensian'. The population
+is a hopeless tangle and enigma; Syrian, Spanish, Italian, and Negro elements
+impinging upon one another, and fragments of Scandinavian and American belts
+lying not far distant. It is a babel of sound and filth, and sends out strange cries
+to answer the lapping oily waves at its grimy piers and the monstrous organ
+litanies of the harbour whistles. Here long ago a brighter picture dwelt, with
+clear-eyed mariners on the lower streets and homes of taste and substance where
+the larger houses line the hill. One can trace the relics of this former happiness in
+the trim shapes of the buildings, the occasional graceful churches, and the
+evidences of original art and background in bits of detail here and there - a worn
+flight of steps, a battered doorway, a wormy pair of decorative columns or
+pilasters, or a fragment of once green space with bent and rusted iron railing. The
+houses are generally in solid blocks, and now and then a many-windowed
+cupola arises to tell of days when the households of captains and ship-owners
+watched the sea.
+
+From this tangle of material and spiritual putrescence the blasphemies of an
+hundred dialects assail the sky. Hordes of prowlers reel shouting and singing
+along the lanes and thoroughfares, occasional furtive hands suddenly extinguish
+
+
+
+588
+
+
+
+lights and pull down curtains, and swarthy, sin-pitted faces disappear from
+windows when visitors pick their way through. Policemen despair of order or
+reform, and seek rather to erect barriers protecting the outside world from the
+contagion. The clang of the patrol is answered by a kind of spectral silence, and
+such prisoners as are taken are never communicative. Visible offences are as
+varied as the local dialects, and run the gamut from the smuggling of rum and
+prohibited aliens through diverse stages of lawlessness and obscure vice to
+murder and mutilation in their most abhorrent guises. That these visible affairs
+are not more frequent is not to the neighbourhood's credit, unless the power of
+concealment be an art demanding credit. More people enter Red Hook than leave
+it - or at least, than leave it by the landward side - and those who are not
+loquacious are the likeliest to leave.
+
+Malone found in this state of things a faint stench of secrets more terrible than
+any of the sins denounced by citizens and bemoaned by priests and
+philanthropists. He was conscious, as one who united imagination with scientific
+knowledge, that modern people under lawless conditions tend uncannily to
+repeat the darkest instinctive patterns of primitive half- ape savagery in their
+daily life and ritual observances; and he had often viewed with an
+anthropologist's shudder the chanting, cursing processions of blear-eyed and
+pockmarked young men which wound their way along in the dark small hours
+of morning. One saw groups of these youths incessantly; sometimes in leering
+vigils on street corners, sometimes in doorways playing eerily on cheap
+instruments of music, sometimes in stupefied dozes or indecent dialogues
+around cafeteria tables near Borough Hall, and sometimes in whispering
+converse around dingy taxicabs drawn up at the high stoops of crumbling and
+closely shuttered old houses. They chilled and fascinated him more than he
+dared confess to his associates on the force, for he seemed to see in them some
+monstrous thread of secret continuity; some fiendish, cryptical, and ancient
+pattern utterly beyond and below the sordid mass of facts and habits and haunts
+listed with such conscientious technical care by the police. They must be, he felt
+inwardly, the heirs of some shocking and primordial tradition; the sharers of
+debased and broken scraps from cults and ceremonies older than mankind. Their
+coherence and definiteness suggested it, and it shewed in the singular suspicion
+of order which lurked beneath their squalid disorder. He had not read in vain
+such treatises as Miss Murray's Witch-Cult in Western Europe; and knew that up
+to recent years there had certainly survived among peasants and furtive folk a
+frightful and clandestine system of assemblies and orgies descended from dark
+religions antedating the Aryan world, and appearing in popular legends as Black
+Masses and Witches' Sabbaths. That these hellish vestiges of old Turanian-
+Asiatic magic and fertility cults were even now wholly dead he could not for a
+moment suppose, and he frequently wondered how much older and how much
+blacker than the very worst of the muttered tales some of them might really be.
+
+
+
+589
+
+
+
+Ill
+
+It was the case of Robert Suydam which took Malone to the heart of things in
+Red Hook. Suydam was a lettered recluse of ancient Dutch family, possessed
+originally of barely independent means, and inhabiting the spacious but ill-
+preserved mansion which his grandfather had built in Flatbush when that village
+was little more than a pleasant group of colonial cottages surrounding the
+steepled and ivy-clad Reformed Church with its iron-railed yard of
+Netherlandish gravestones. In his lonely house, set back from Martense Street
+amidst a yard of venerable trees, Suydam had read and brooded for some six
+decades except for a period a generation before, when he had sailed for the old
+world and remained there out of sight for eight years. He could afford no
+servants, and would admit but few visitors to his absolute solitude; eschewing
+close friendships and receiving his rare acquaintances in one of the three ground-
+floor rooms which he kept in order - a vast, high-ceiled library whose walls were
+solidly packed with tattered books of ponderous, archaic, and vaguely repellent
+aspect. The growth of the town and its final absorption in the Brooklyn district
+had meant nothing to Suydam, and he had come to mean less and less to the
+town. Elderly people still pointed him out on the streets, but to most of the recent
+population he was merely a queer, corpulent old fellow whose unkempt white
+hair, stubbly beard, shiny black clothes, and gold-headed cane earned him an
+amused glance and nothing more. Malone did not know him by sight till duty
+called him to the case, but had heard of him indirectly as a really profound
+authority on mediaeval superstition, and had once idly meant to look up an out-
+of-print pamphlet of his on the Kabbalah and the Faustus legend, which a friend
+had quoted from memory.
+
+Suydam became a case when his distant and only relatives sought court
+pronouncements on his sanity. Their action seemed sudden to the outside world,
+but was really undertaken only after prolonged observation and sorrowful
+debate. It was based on certain odd changes in his speech and habits; wild
+references to impending wonders, and unaccountable hauntings of disreputable
+Brooklyn neighbourhoods. He had been growing shabbier and shabbier with the
+years, and now prowled about like a veritable mendicant; seen occasionally by
+humiliated friends in subway stations, or loitering on the benches around
+Borough Hall in conversation with groups of swarthy, evil-looking strangers.
+When he spoke it was to babble of unlimited powers almost within his grasp,
+and to repeat with knowing leers such mystical words or names as 'Sephiroth',
+'Ashmodai', and 'Samael'. The court action revealed that he was using up his
+income and wasting his principal in the purchase of curious tomes imported
+from London and Paris, and in the maintenance of a squalid basement flat in the
+Red Hook district where he spent nearly every night, receiving odd delegations
+of mixed rowdies and foreigners, and apparently conducting some kind of
+
+
+
+590
+
+
+
+ceremonial service behind the green bHnds of secretive windows. Detectives
+assigned to follow him reported strange cries and chants and prancing of feet
+filtering out from these nocturnal rites, and shuddered at their peculiar ecstasy
+and abandon despite the commonness of weird orgies in that sodden section.
+When, however, the matter came to a hearing, Suydam managed to preserve his
+liberty. Before the judge his manner grew urbane and reasonable, and he freely
+admitted the queerness of demeanour and extravagant cast of language into
+which he had fallen through excessive devotion to study and research. He was,
+he said, engaged in the investigation of certain details of European tradition
+which required the closest contact with foreign groups and their songs and folk
+dances. The notion that any low secret society was preying upon him, as hinted
+by his relatives, was obviously absurd; and shewed how sadly limited was their
+understanding of him and his work. Triumphing with his calm explanations, he
+was suffered to depart unhindered; and the paid detectives of the Suydams,
+Corlears, and Van Brunts were withdrawn in resigned disgust.
+
+It was here that an alliance of Federal inspectors and police, Malone with them,
+entered the case. The law had watched the Suydam action with interest, and had
+in many instances been called upon to aid the private detectives. In this work it
+developed that Suydam's new associates were among the blackest and most
+vicious criminals of Red Hook's devious lanes, and that at least a third of them
+were known and repeated offenders in the matter of thievery, disorder, and the
+importation of illegal immigrants. Indeed, it would not have been too much to
+say that the old scholar's particular circle coincided almost perfectly with the
+worst of the organized cliques which smuggled ashore certain nameless and
+unclassified Asian dregs wisely turned back by Ellis Island. In the teeming
+rookeries of Parker Place - since renamed - where Suydam had his basement flat,
+there had grown up a very unusual colony of unclassified slant-eyed folk who
+used the Arabic alphabet but were eloquently repudiated by the great mass of
+Syrians in and around Atlantic Avenue. They could all have been deported for
+lack of credentials, but legalism is slow-moving, and one does not disturb Red
+Hook unless publicity forces one to.
+
+These creatures attended a tumbledown stone church, used Wednesdays as a
+dance-hall, which reared its Gothic buttresses near the vilest part of the
+waterfront. It was nominally Catholic; but priests throughout Brooklyn denied
+the place all standing and authenticity, and policemen agreed with them when
+they listened to the noises it emitted at night. Malone used to fancy he heard
+terrible cracked bass notes from a hidden organ far underground when the
+church stood empty and unlighted, whilst all observers dreaded the shrieking
+and drumming which accompanied the visible services. Suydam, when
+questioned, said he thought the ritual was some remnant of Nestorian
+Christianity tinctured with the Shamanism of Thibet. Most of the people, he
+
+
+
+591
+
+
+
+conjectured, were of Mongoloid stock, originating somewhere in or near
+Kurdistan - and Malone could not help recalling that Kurdistan is the land of the
+Yezidis, last survivors of the Persian devil-worshippers. However this may have
+been, the stir of the Suydam investigation made it certain that these unauthorised
+newcomers were flooding Red Hook in increasing numbers; entering through
+some marine conspiracy unreached by revenue officers and harbour police,
+overrunning Parker Place and rapidly spreading up the hill, and welcomed with
+curious fraternalism by the other assorted denizens of the region. Their squat
+figures and characteristic squinting physiognomies, grotesquely combined with
+flashy American clothing, appeared more and more numerously among the
+loafers and nomad gangsters of the Borough Hall section; till at length it was
+deemed necessary to compute their numbers, ascertain their sources and
+occupations, and find if possible a way to round them up and deliver them to the
+proper immigration authorities. To this task Malone was assigned by agreement
+of Federal and city forces, and as he commenced his canvass of Red Hook he felt
+poised upon the brink of nameless terrors, with the shabby, unkempt figure of
+Robert Suydam as arch-fiend and adversary.
+
+IV
+
+Police methods are varied and ingenious. Malone, through unostentatious
+rambles, carefully casual conversations, well-timed offers of hip-pocket liquor,
+and judicious dialogues with frightened prisoners, learned many isolated facts
+about the movement whose aspect had become so menacing. The newcomers
+were indeed Kurds, but of a dialect obscure and puzzling to exact philology.
+Such of them as worked lived mostly as dock-hands and unlicenced pedlars,
+though frequently serving in Greek restaurants and tending corner news stands.
+Most of them, however, had no visible means of support; and were obviously
+connected with underworld pursuits, of which smuggling and 'bootlegging'
+were the least indescribable. They had come in steamships, apparently tramp
+freighters, and had been unloaded by stealth on moonless nights in rowboats
+which stole under a certain wharf and followed a hidden canal to a secret
+subterranean pool beneath a house. This wharf, canal, and house Malone could
+not locate, for the memories of his informants were exceedingly confused, while
+their speech was to a great extent beyond even the ablest interpreters; nor could
+he gain any real data on the reasons for their systematic importation. They were
+reticent about the exact spot from which they had come, and were never
+sufficiently off guard to reveal the agencies which had sought them out and
+directed their course. Indeed, they developed something like acute fright when
+asked the reasons for their presence. Gangsters of other breeds were equally
+taciturn, and she most that could be gathered was that some god or great
+priesthood had promised them unheard-of powers and supernatural glories and
+rulerships in a strange land.
+
+
+
+592
+
+
+
+The attendance of both newcomers and old gangsters at Suydam's closely
+guarded nocturnal meetings was very regular, and the police soon learned that
+the erstwhile recluse had leased additional flats to accommodate such guests as
+knew his password; at last occupying three entire houses and permanently
+harbouring many of his queer companions. He spent but little time now at his
+Flatbush home, apparently going and coming only to obtain and return books;
+and his face and manner had attained an appalling pitch of wildness. Malone
+twice interviewed him, but was each time brusquely repulsed. He knew nothing,
+he said, of any mysterious plots or movements; and had no idea how the Kurds
+could have entered or what they wanted. His business was to study undisturbed
+the folklore of all the immigrants of the district; a business with which policemen
+had no legitimate concern. Malone mentioned his admiration for Suydam's old
+brochure on the Kabbalah and other myths, but the old man's softening was only
+momentary. He sensed an intrusion, and rebuffed his visitor in no uncertain
+way; till Malone withdrew disgusted, and turned to other channels of
+information.
+
+What Malone would have unearthed could he have worked continuously on the
+case, we shall never know. As it was, a stupid conflict between city and Federal
+authority suspended the investigations for several months, during which the
+detective was busy with other assignments. But at no time did he lose interest, or
+fail to stand amazed at what began to happen to Robert Suydam. Just at the time
+when a wave of kidnappings and disappearances spread its excitement over
+New York, the unkempt scholar embarked upon a metamorphosis as startling as
+it was absurd. One day he was seen near Borough Hall with clean-shaved face,
+well-trimmed hair, and tastefully immaculate attire, and on every day thereafter
+some obscure improvement was noticed in him. He maintained his new
+fastidiousness without interruption, added to it an unwonted sparkle of eye and
+crispness of speech, and began little by little to shed the corpulence which had so
+long deformed him. Now frequently taken for less than his age, he acquired an
+elasticity of step and buoyancy of demeanour to match the new tradition, and
+shewed a curious darkening of the hair which somehow did not suggest dye. As
+the months passed, he commenced to dress less and less conservatively, and
+finally astonished his new friends by renovating and redecorating his Flatbush
+mansion, which he threw open in a series of receptions, summoning all the
+acquaintances he could remember, and extending a special welcome to the fully
+forgiven relatives who had so lately sought his restraint. Some attended through
+curiosity, others through duty; but all were suddenly charmed by the dawning
+grace and urbanity of the former hermit. He had, he asserted, accomplished most
+of his allotted work; and having just inherited some property from a half-
+forgotten European friend, was about to spend his remaining years in a brighter
+second youth which ease, care, and diet had made possible to him. Less and less
+was he seen at Red Hook, and more and more did he move in the society to
+
+
+
+593
+
+
+
+which he was born. PoHcemen noted a tendency of the gangsters to congregate at
+the old stone church and dance-hall instead of at the basement flat in Parker
+Place, though the latter and its recent annexes still overflowed with noxious life.
+
+Then two incidents occurred - wide enough apart, but both of intense interest in
+the case as Malone envisaged it. One was a quiet announcement in the Eagle of
+Robert Suydam's engagement to Miss Cornelia Gerritsen of Bayside, a young
+woman of excellent position, and distantly related to the elderly bridegroom-
+elect; whilst the other was a raid on the dance-hall church by city police, after a
+report that the face of a kidnapped child had been seen for a second at one of the
+basement windows. Malone had participated in this raid, and studied the place
+with much care when inside. Nothing was found - in fact, the building was
+entirely deserted when visited - but the sensitive Celt was vaguely disturbed by
+many things about the interior. There were crudely painted panels he did not
+like - panels which depicted sacred faces with peculiarly worldly and sardonic
+expressions, and which occasionally took liberties that even a layman's sense of
+decorum could scarcely countenance. Then, too, he did not relish the Greek
+inscription on the wall above the pulpit; an ancient incantation which he had
+once stumbled upon in Dublin college days, and which read, literally translated,
+
+'O friend and companion of night, thou who rejoicest in the baying of dogs and
+spilt blood, who wanderest in the midst of shades among the tombs, who longest
+for blood and bringest terror to mortals, Gorgo, Mormo, thousand-faced moon,
+look favourably on our sacrifices!'
+
+When he read this he shuddered, and thought vaguely of the cracked bass organ
+notes he fancied he had heard beneath the church on certain nights. He
+shuddered again at the rust around the rim of a metal basin which stood on the
+altar, and paused nervously when his nostrils seemed to detect a curious and
+ghastly stench from somewhere in the neighbourhood. That organ memory
+haunted him, and he explored the basement with particular assiduity before he
+left. The place was very hateful to him; yet after all, were the blasphemous panels
+and inscriptions more than mere crudities perpetrated by the ignorant?
+
+By the time of Suydam's wedding the kidnapping epidemic had become a
+popular newspaper scandal. Most of the victims were young children of the
+lowest classes, but the increasing number of disappearances had worked up a
+sentiment of the strongest fury. Journals clamoured for action from the police,
+and once more the Butler Street Station sent its men over Red Hook for clues,
+discoveries, and criminals. Malone was glad to be on the trail again, and took
+pride in a raid on one of Suydam's Parker Place houses. There, indeed, no stolen
+child was found, despite the tales of screams and the red sash picked up in the
+areaway; but the paintings and rough inscriptions on the peeling walls of most of
+
+
+
+594
+
+
+
+the rooms, and the primitive chemical laboratory in the attic, all helped to
+convince the detective that he was on the track of something tremendous. The
+paintings were appalling - hideous monsters of every shape and size, and
+parodies on human outlines which cannot be described. The writing was in red,
+and varied from Arabic to Greek, Roman, and Hebrew letters. Malone could not
+read much of it, but what he did decipher was portentous and cabbalistic
+enough. One frequently repeated motto was in a Sort of Hebraised Hellenistic
+Greek, and suggested the most terrible daemon-evocations of the Alexandrian
+decadence:
+
+'HEL • HELOYM • SOTHER • EMMANVEL • SABAOTH • AGLA •
+TETRAGRAMMATON • AGYROS • OTHEOS • ISCHYROS • ATHANATOS •
+lEHOVA • VA • ADONAI • SADAY • HOMOVSION • MESSIAS •
+ESCHEREHEYE.'
+
+Circles and pentagrams loomed on every hand, and told indubitably of the
+strange beliefs and aspirations of those who dwelt so squalidly here. In the cellar,
+however, the strangest thing was found - a pile of genuine gold ingots covered
+carelessly with a piece of burlap, and bearing upon their shining surfaces the
+same weird hieroglyphics which also adorned the walls. During the raid the
+police encountered only a passive resistance from the squinting Orientals that
+swarmed from every door. Finding nothing relevant, they had to leave all as it
+was; but the precinct captain wrote Suydam a note advising him to look closely
+to the character of his tenants and proteges in view of the growing public
+clamour.
+
+V
+
+Then came the June wedding and the great sensation. Flatbush was gay for the
+hour about high noon, and pennanted motors thronged the streets near the old
+Dutch church where an awning stretched from door to highway. No local event
+ever surpassed the Suydam-Gerritsen nuptials in tone and scale, and the party
+which escorted bride and groom to the Cunard Pier was, if not exactly the
+smartest, at least a solid page from the Social Register. At five o'clock adieux
+were waved, and the ponderous liner edged away from the long pier, slowly
+turned its nose seaward, discarded its tug, and headed for the widening water
+spaces that led to old world wonders. By night the outer harbour was cleared,
+and late passengers watched the stars twinkling above an unpolluted ocean.
+
+Whether the tramp steamer or the scream was first to gain attention, no one can
+say. Probably they were simultaneous, but it is of no use to calculate. The scream
+came from the Suydam stateroom, and the sailor who broke down the door
+could perhaps have told frightful things if he had not forthwith gone completely
+
+
+
+595
+
+
+
+mad - as it is, he shrieked more loudly than the first victims, and thereafter ran
+simpering about the vessel till caught and put in irons. The ship's doctor who
+entered the stateroom and turned on the lights a moment later did not go mad,
+but told nobody what he saw till afterward, when he corresponded with Malone
+in Chepachet. It was murder - strangulation - but one need not say that the claw-
+mark on Mrs. Suydam's throat could not have come from her husband's or any
+other human hand, or that upon the white wall there flickered for an instant in
+hateful red a legend which, later copied from memory, seems to have been
+nothing less than the fearsome Chaldee letters of the word 'LILITH'. One need
+not mention these things because they vanished so quickly - as for Suydam, one
+could at least bar others from the room until one knew what to think oneself. The
+doctor has distinctly assured Malone that he did not see IT. The open porthole,
+just before he turned on the lights, was clouded for a second with a certain
+phosphorescence, and for a moment there seemed to echo in the night outside
+the suggestion of a faint and hellish tittering; but no real outline met the eye. As
+proof, the doctor points to his continued sanity.
+
+Then the tramp steamer claimed all attention. A boat put off, and a horde of
+swart, insolent ruffians in officers' dress swarmed aboard the temporarily halted
+Cunarder. They wanted Suydam or his body - they had known of his trip, and
+for certain reasons were sure he would die. The captain's deck was almost a
+pandemonium; for at the instant, between the doctor's report from the stateroom
+and the demands of the men from the tramp, not even the wisest and gravest
+seaman could think what to do. Suddenly the leader of the visiting mariners, an
+Arab with a hatefully negroid mouth, pulled forth a dirty, crumpled paper and
+handed it to the captain. It was signed by Robert Suydam, and bore the following
+odd message.
+
+In case of sudden or unexplained accident or death on my part, please deliver me
+or my body unquestioningly into the hands of the bearer and his associates.
+Everything, for me, and perhaps for you, depends on absolute compliance.
+Explanations can come later - do not fail me now.
+
+- ROBERT SUYDAM
+
+Captain and doctor looked at each other, and the latter whispered something to
+the former. Finally they nodded rather helplessly and led the way to the Suydam
+stateroom. The doctor directed the captain's glance away as he unlocked the
+door and admitted the strange seamen, nor did he breathe easily till they filed
+out with their burden after an unaccountably long period of preparation. It was
+wrapped in bedding from the berths, and the doctor was glad that the outlines
+were not very revealing. Somehow the men got the thing over the side and away
+to their tramp steamer without uncovering it. The Cunarder started again, and
+
+
+
+596
+
+
+
+the doctor and a ship's undertaker sought out the Suydam stateroom to perform
+what last services they could. Once more the physician was forced to reticence
+and even to mendacity, for a hellish thing had happened. When the undertaker
+asked him why he had drained off all of Mrs. Suydam's blood, he neglected to
+affirm that he had not done so; nor did he point to the vacant bottle-spaces on the
+rack, or to the odour in the sink which shewed the hasty disposition of the
+bottles' original contents. The pockets of those men - if men they were - had
+bulged damnably when they left the ship. Two hours later, and the world knew
+by radio all that it ought to know of the horrible affair.
+
+VI
+
+That same June evening, without having heard a word from the sea, Malone was
+desperately busy among the alleys of Red Hook. A sudden stir seemed to
+permeate the place, and as if apprised by 'grapevine telegraph' of something
+singular, the denizens clustered expectantly around the dance-hall church and
+the houses in Parker Place. Three children had just disappeared - blue-eyed
+Norwegians from the streets toward Gowanus - and there were rumours of a
+mob forming among the sturdy Vikings of that section. Malone had for weeks
+been urging his colleagues to attempt a general cleanup; and at last, moved by
+conditions more obvious to their common sense than the conjectures of a Dublin
+dreamer, they had agreed upon a final stroke. The unrest and menace of this
+evening had been the deciding factor, and just about midnight a raiding party
+recruited from three stations descended upon Parker Place and its environs.
+Doors were battered in, stragglers arrested, and candlelighted rooms forced to
+disgorge unbelievable throngs of mixed foreigners in figured robes, mitres, and
+other inexplicable devices. Much was lost in the melee, for objects were thrown
+hastily down unexpected shafts, and betraying odours deadened by the sudden
+kindling of pungent incense. But spattered blood was everywhere, and Malone
+shuddered whenever he saw a brazier or altar from which the smoke was still
+rising.
+
+He wanted to be in several places at once, and decided on Suydam's basement
+flat only after a messenger had reported the complete emptiness of the
+dilapidated dance-hall church. The flat, he thought, must hold some due to a cult
+of which the occult scholar had so obviously become the centre and leader; and it
+was with real expectancy that he ransacked the musty rooms, noted their
+vaguely charnel odour, and examined the curious books, instruments, gold
+ingots, and glass-stoppered bottles scattered carelessly here and there. Once a
+lean, black-and-white cat edged between his feet and tripped him, overturning at
+the same time a beaker half full of a red liquid. The shock was severe, and to this
+day Malone is not certain of what he saw; but in dreams he still pictures that cat
+as it scuttled away with certain monstrous alterations and peculiarities. Then
+
+
+
+597
+
+
+
+came the locked cellar door, and the search for something to break it down. A
+heavy stool stood near, and its tough seat was more than enough for the antique
+panels. A crack formed and enlarged, and the whole door gave way - but from
+the other side; whence poured a howling tumult of ice-cold wind with all the
+stenches of the bottomless pit, and whence reached a sucking force not of earth
+or heaven, which, coiling sentiently about the paralysed detective, dragged him
+through the aperture and down unmeasured spaces filled with whispers and
+wails, and gusts of mocking laughter.
+
+Of course it was a dream. All the specialists have told him so, and he has nothing
+to prove the contrary. Indeed, he would rather have it thus; for then the sight of
+old brick slums and dark foreign faces would not eat so deeply into his soul. But
+at the time it was all horribly real, and nothing can ever efface the memory of
+those nighted crypts, those titan arcades, and those half-formed shapes of hell
+that strode gigantically in silence holding half-eaten things whose still surviving
+portions screamed for mercy or laughed with madness. Odours of incense and
+corruption joined in sickening concert, and the black air was alive with the
+cloudy, semi-visible bulk of shapeless elemental things with eyes. Somewhere
+dark sticky water was lapping at onyx piers, and once the shivery tinkle of
+raucous little bells pealed out to greet the insane titter of a naked phosphorescent
+thing which swam into sight, scrambled ashore, and climbed up to squat
+leeringly on a carved golden pedestal in the background.
+
+Avenues of limitless night seemed to radiate in every direction, till one might
+fancy that here lay the root of a contagion destined to sicken and swallow cities,
+and engulf nations in the foetor of hybrid pestilence. Here cosmic sin had
+entered, and festered by unhallowed rites had commenced the grinning march of
+death that was to rot us all to fungous abnormalities too hideous for the grave's
+holding. Satan here held his Babylonish court, and in the blood of stainless
+childhood the leprous limbs of phosphorescent Lilith were laved. Incubi and
+succubae howled praise to Hecate, and headless moon-calves bleated to the
+Magna Mater. Goats leaped to the sound of thin accursed flutes, and ^gypans
+chased endlessly after misshapen fauns over rocks twisted like swollen toads.
+Moloch and Ashtaroth were not absent; for in this quintessence of all damnation
+the bounds of consciousness were let down, and man's fancy lay open to vistas
+of every realm of horror and every forbidden dimension that evil had power to
+mould. The world and Nature were helpless against such assaults from unsealed
+wells of night, nor could any sign or prayer check the Walpurgis-riot of horror
+which had come when a sage with the hateful key had stumbled on a horde with
+the locked and brimming coffer of transmitted daemon-lore.
+
+Suddenly a ray of physical light shot through these phantasms, and Malone
+heard the sound of oars amidst the blasphemies of things that should be dead. A
+
+
+
+598
+
+
+
+boat with a lantern in its prow darted into sight, made fast to an iron ring in the
+sHmy stone pier, and vomited forth several dark men bearing a long burden
+swathed in bedding. They took it to the naked phosphorescent thing on the
+carved golden pedestal, and the thing tittered and pawed at the bedding. Then
+they unswathed it, and propped upright before the pedestal the gangrenous
+corpse of a corpulent old man with stubbly beard and unkempt white hair. The
+phosphorescent thing tittered again, and the men produced bottles from their
+pockets and anointed its feet with red, whilst they afterward gave the bottles to
+the thing to drink from.
+
+All at once, from an arcaded avenue leading endlessly away, there came the
+daemoniac rattle and wheeze of a blasphemous organ, choking and rumbling out
+the mockeries of hell in a cracked, sardonic bass. In an instant every moving
+entity was electrified; and forming at once into a ceremonial procession, the
+nightmare horde slithered away in quest of the sound - goat, satyr, and ^gypan,
+incubus, succubus and lemur, twisted toad and shapeless elemental, dog-faced
+howler and silent strutter in darkness - all led by the abominable naked
+phosphorescent thing that had squatted on the carved golden throne, and that
+now strode insolently bearing in its arms the glassy-eyed corpse of the corpulent
+old man. The strange dark men danced in the rear, and the whole column
+skipped and leaped with Dionysiac fury. Malone staggered after them a few
+steps, delirious and hazy, and doubtful of his place in this or in any world. Then
+he turned, faltered, and sank down on the cold damp stone, gasping and
+shivering as the daemon organ croaked on, and the howling and drumming and
+tinkling of the mad procession grew fainter and fainter.
+
+Vaguely he was conscious of chanted horrors and shocking croakings afar off.
+Now and then a wail or whine of ceremonial devotion would float to him
+through the black arcade, whilst eventually there rose the dreadful Greek
+incantation whose text he had read above the pulpit of that dance-hall church.
+
+'O friend and companion of night, thou who rejoicest in the baying of dogs (here
+a hideous howl bust forth) and spilt blood (here nameless sounds vied with
+morbid shriekings) who wanderest in the midst of shades among the tombs,
+(here a whistling sigh occurred) who longest for blood and bringest terror to
+mortals, (short, sharp cries from myriad throats) Gorgo, (repeated as response)
+Mormo, (repeated with ecstasy) thousand-faced moon, (sighs and flute notes)
+look favourably on our sacrifices!'
+
+As the chant closed, a general shout went up, and hissing sounds nearly
+drowned the croaking of the cracked bass organ. Then a gasp as from many
+throats, and a babel of barked and bleated words - 'Lilith, Great Lilith, behold the
+Bridegroom!' More cries, a clamour of rioting, and the sharp, clicking footfalls of
+
+
+
+599
+
+
+
+a running figure. The footfalls approached, and Malone raised himself to his
+elbow to look.
+
+The luminosity of the crypt, lately diminished, had now slightly increased; and
+in that devil-light there appeared the fleeing form of that which should not flee
+or feel or breathe - the glassy-eyed, gangrenous corpse of the corpulent old man,
+now needing no support, but animated by some infernal sorcery of the rite just
+closed. After it raced the naked, tittering, phosphorescent thing that belonged on
+the carven pedestal, and still farther behind panted the dark men, and all the
+dread crew of sentient loathsomenesses. The corpse was gaining on its pursuers,
+and seemed bent on a definite object, straining with every rotting muscle toward
+the carved golden pedestal, whose necromantic importance was evidently so
+great. Another moment and it had reached its goal, whilst the trailing throng
+laboured on with more frantic speed. But they were too late, for in one final spurt
+of strength which ripped tendon from tendon and sent its noisome bulk
+floundering to the floor in a state of jellyish dissolution, the staring corpse which
+had been Robert Suydam achieved its object and its triumph. The push had been
+tremendous, but the force had held out; and as the pusher collapsed to a muddy
+blotch of corruption the pedestal he had pushed tottered, tipped, and finally
+careened from its onyx base into the thick waters below, sending up a parting
+gleam of carven gold as it sank heavily to undreamable gulfs of lower Tartarus.
+In that instant, too, the whole scene of horror faded to nothingness before
+Malone's eyes; and he fainted amidst a thunderous crash which seemed to blot
+out all the evil universe.
+
+VII
+
+Malone's dream, experienced in full before he knew of Suydam's death and
+transfer at sea, was curiously supplemented by some odd realities of the case;
+though that is no reason why anyone should believe it. The three old houses in
+Parker Place, doubtless long rotten with decay in its most insidious form,
+collapsed without visible cause while half the raiders and most of the prisoners
+were inside; and of both the greater number were instantly killed. Only in the
+basements and cellars was there much saving of life, and Malone was lucky to
+have been deep below the house of Robert Suydam. For he really was there, as
+no one is disposed to deny. They found him unconscious by the edge of a night-
+black pool, with a grotesquely horrible jumble of decay and bone, identifiable
+through dental work as the body of Suydam, a few feet away. The case was
+plain, for it was hither that the smugglers' underground canal led; and the men
+who took Suydam from the ship had brought him home. They themselves were
+never found, or at least never identified; and the ship's doctor is not yet satisfied
+with the simple certitudes of the police.
+
+
+
+600
+
+
+
+Suydam was evidently a leader in extensive man-smuggling operations, for the
+canal to his house was but one of several subterranean channels and tunnels in
+the neighbourhood. There was a tunnel from this house to a crypt beneath the
+dance-hall church; a crypt accessible from the church only through a narrow
+secret passage in the north wall, and in whose chambers some singular and
+terrible things were discovered. The croaking organ was there, as well as a vast
+arched chapel with wooden benches and a strangely figured altar. The walls
+were lined with small cells, in seventeen of which - hideous to relate - solitary
+prisoners in a state of complete idiocy were found chained, including four
+mothers with infants of disturbingly strange appearance. These infants died soon
+after exposure to the light; a circumstance which the doctors thought rather
+merciful. Nobody but Malone, among those who inspected them, remembered
+the sombre question of old Delrio: 'An sint unquam daemones incubi et
+succubae, et an ex tali congressu proles nasci queat?'
+
+Before the canals were filled up they were thoroughly dredged, and yielded forth
+a sensational array of sawed and split bones of all sizes. The kidnapping
+epidemic, very clearly, had been traced home; though only two of the surviving
+prisoners could by any legal thread be connected with it. These men are now in
+prison, since they failed of conviction as accessories in the actual murders. The
+carved golden pedestal or throne so often mentioned by Malone as of primary
+occult importance was never brought to light, though at one place under the
+Suydam house the canal was observed to sink into a well too deep for dredging.
+It was choked up at the mouth and cemented over when the cellars of the new
+houses were made, but Malone often speculates on what lies beneath. The police,
+satisfied that they had shattered a dangerous gang of maniacs and man-
+smugglers, turned over to the Federal authorities the unconvicted Kurds, who
+befure their deportation were conclusively found to belong to the Yezidi clan of
+devil-worshippers. The tramp ship and its crew remain an elusive mystery,
+though cynical detectives are once more ready to combat its smugging and rum-
+running ventures. Malone thinks these detectives shew a sadly limited
+perspective in their lack of wonder at the myriad unexplainable details, and the
+suggestive obscurity of the whole case; though he is just as critical of the
+newspapers, which saw only a morbid sensation and gloated over a minor sadist
+cult which they might have proclaimed a horror from the universe's very heart.
+But he is content to rest silent in Chepachet, calming his nervous system and
+praying that time may gradually transfer his terrible experience from the realm
+of present reality to that of picturesque and semi-mythical remoteness.
+
+Robert Suydam sleeps beside his bride in Greenwood Cemetery. No funeral was
+held over the strangely released bones, and relatives are grateful for the swift
+oblivion which overtook the case as a whole. The scholar's connexion with the
+Red Hook horrors, indeed, was never emblazoned by legal proof; since his death
+
+
+
+601
+
+
+
+forestalled the inquiry he would otherwise have faced. His own end is not much
+mentioned, and the Suydams hope that posterity may recall him only as a gentle
+recluse who dabbled in harmless magic and folklore.
+
+As for Red Hook - it is always the same. Suydam came and went; a terror
+gathered and faded; but the evil spirit of darkness and squalor broods on
+amongst the mongrels in the old brick houses, and prowling bands still parade
+on unknown errands past windows where lights and twisted faces
+unaccountably appear and disappear. Age-old horror is a hydra with a thousand
+heads, and the cults of darkness are rooted in blasphemies deeper than the well
+of Democritus, The soul of the beast is omnipresent and triumphant, and Red
+Hook's legions of blear-eyed, pockmarked youths still chant and curse and howl
+as they file from abyss to abyss, none knows whence or whither, pushed on by
+blind laws of biology which they may never understand. As of old, more people
+enter Red Hook than leave it on the landward side, and there are already
+rumours of new canals running underground to certain centres of traffic in liquor
+and less mentionable things.
+
+The dance-hall church is now mostly a dance-hall, and queer faces have
+appeared at night at the windows. Lately a policeman expressed the belief that
+the filled-up crypt has been dug out again, and for no simply explainable
+purpose. Who are we to combat poisons older than history and mankind? Apes
+danced in Asia to those horrors, and the cancer lurks secure and spreading
+where furtiveness hides in rows of decaying brick.
+
+Malone does not shudder without cause - for only the other day an officer
+overheard a swarthy squinting hag teaching a small child some whispered patois
+in the shadow of an areaway. He listened, and thought it very strange when he
+heard her repeat over and over again,
+
+'O friend and companion of night, thou who rejoicest in the baying of dogs and
+spilt blood, who wanderest in the midst of shades among the tombs, who longest
+for blood and bringest terror to mortals, Gorgo, Mormo, thousand-faced moon,
+look favourably on our sacrifices!'
+
+
+
+602
+
+
+
+The Horror in the Museum
+
+1
+
+IT WAS languid curiousity which first brought Stephen Jones to Rogers'
+Museum. Someone had told him about the queer underground place in
+Southwark Street across the river, where waxen things so much more horrible
+than the worst effigies at Madame Tussaud's were shown, and he had strolled in
+one April day to see how disappointing he would find it. Oddly, he was not
+disappointed. There was something different and distinctive here, after all. Of
+course, the usual gory commonplaces were present-Landru, Doctor Crippen,
+Madame Demers, Rizzio, Lady Jane Grey, endless maimed victims of war and
+revolution, and monsters like Gilles de Rais and Marquis de Sade-but there were
+other things which had made him breathe faster and stay till the ringing of the
+closing bell. The man who had fashioned this collection could be no ordinary
+mountebank. There was imagination-even a kind of diseased genius-in some of
+this stuff.
+
+Later he had learned about George Rogers. The man had been on the Tussaud
+staff, but some trouble had developed which led to his discharge. There were
+aspersions on his sanity and tales of his crazy forms of secret worship-though
+latterly his success with his own basement museum had dulled the edge of some
+criticisms while sharpening the insidious point of others. Teratology and the
+iconography of nightmare were his hobbies, and even he had had the prudence
+to screen off some of his worst effigies in a special alcolve for adults only. It was
+this alcolve which had fascinated Jones so much. There were lumpish hybrid
+things which only fantasy could spawn, molded with devilish skill, and colored
+in a horribly life-like fashion.
+
+Some were the figures of well-known myth-gorgons, chimeras, dragons, Cyclops,
+and all their shuddersome congeners. Others were drawn from darker and more
+furtively whispered cycles of subterranean legend-black, formless Tsathoggua,
+many-tentacled Cthulhu, proboscidian Chaugnar Faugn, and other rumored
+blasphemies from forbidden books like the Necronomicon, the Book of Eibon, or
+the Unaussprechlichen Kulten of von Junzt. But the worst were wholly original
+with Rogers, and represented shapes which no tale of antiquity had ever dared
+to suggest. Several were hideous parodies on forms of organic life we know,
+while others seemed to be taken from feverish dreams of other planets and
+galaxies. The wilder painted of Clark Ashton Smith might suggest a few-but
+nothing could suggest the effect of poignant, loathsome terror created by their
+great size and fiendishly cunning workmanship, and by the diabolically clever
+lighting conditions under which they were exhibited.
+
+
+
+603
+
+
+
+Stephen Jones, as a leisurely connoisseur of the bizarre in art, had sought out
+Rogers himself in the dingy office and workroom behind the vaulted museum
+chamber-an evil-looking crypt lighted dimly by dusty windows set slit-like and
+horizontal in the brick wall on a level with the ancient cobblestones of a hidden
+courtyard. It was here that the images were repaired-here, too, where some of
+them had been made. Waxen arms, legs, heads and torsos lay in grotesque array
+on various benches, while on high tiers of shelves matted wigs, ravenous-looking
+teeth, and glassy, staring eyes were indiscriminately scattered. Costumes of all
+sorts hung from hooks, and in one alcove were great piles of flesh-colored wax-
+cakes and shelves filled with paint-cans and brushes of every description. In the
+center of the room was a large melting-furnace used to prepare the wax for
+molding, its fire-box topped by a huge iron container on hinges, with a spout
+which permitted the pouring of melted wax with the merest touch of a finger.
+
+Other things in the dismal crypt were less describable-isolated parts of
+problematical entities whose assembled forms were the phantoms of delerium.
+At one end was a door of heavy plank, fastened by an unusually large padlock
+and with a very peculiar symbol painted over it. Jone, who had once had access
+to the dreaded Necronomicon, shivered involuntarily as he recognized that
+symbol. This showman, he reflected, must indeed be a person of disconcertingly
+wide scholarship in dark and dubious fields.
+
+Nor did the conversation of Rogers disappoint him. The man was tall, lean, and
+rather unkempt, with large black eyes which gazed combustively from a pallid
+and usually stubble-covered face. He did not resent Jones' intrusion, but seemed
+to welcome the chance of unburdening himself to an interested person. His voice
+was of singular depth and resonance, and harbored a sort of repressed intensity
+bordering on the feverish. Jones did not wonder that many had thought him
+mad.
+
+With every successive call-and such calls became a habit as the weeks went by-
+Jones had found Rogers more communicative and confidential. From the first
+there had been hints of strange faiths and practices on the showman's part, and
+later on those hints expanded into tales-despite a few odd corroborative
+photographs-whose extravagence was almost comic. It was some time in June,
+on a night when Jones had brought a bottle of good whisky and plied his host
+somewhat freely, that the really demented talk first appeared. Before that there
+had been wild enough stories-accounts of mysterious trips to Tibet, the African
+interior, the Arabian desert, the Amazon valley, Alaska, and certain little-known
+islands of the South Pacific, plus claims of having read such monstrous and half-
+fabulous books as the prehistoric Pnakotic fragments and the Dhol chants
+attributed to malign and non-human Leng-but nothing in all this had been so
+
+
+
+604
+
+
+
+unmistakably insane as what had cropped out that June evening under the spell
+of the whisky.
+
+To be plain, Rogers began making vauge boasts of having found certain things in
+nature that no one had found before, and of having brought back tangible
+evidences of such discoveries. According to his bibulous harangue, he had gone
+farther than anyone else in interpreting the obscure and primal books he studied,
+and had been directed by them to certain remote places where strange survivals
+are hidden-survivals of aeons and life-cycles earlier than mankind, and in some
+case connected with other dimensions and other worlds, communication with
+which was frequent in the forgotten pre-human days. Jones marvelled at the
+fancy which could conjure up such notions, and wondered just what Rogers'
+mental history had been. Had his work amidst the morbid grotesequeries of
+Madame Tussaud's been the start of his imaginative flights, or was the tendency
+innate, so that his choice of occupation was merely one of its manifestations? At
+any rate, the man's work was merely [?] very closely linked with his notions.
+Even now there was no mistaking the trend of his blackest hints about the
+nightmare monstrosities in the screened-off "Adults only" alcove. Heedless of
+ridicule, he was trying to imply that not all of these demoniac abnormalities were
+artificial.
+
+It was Jones' frank scepticism and amusement at these irresponsible claims
+which broke up the growing cordiality. Rogers, it was clear, took himself very
+seriously; for he now became morose and resentful, continuing to tolerate Jones
+only through a dogged urge to break down his wall of urbane and complacent
+incredulity. Wild tales and suggestions of rites and sacrifices to nameless elder
+gods continued, and now and then Rogers would lead his guest to one of the
+hideous blashphemies in the screen-off alcolve and point out features difficult to
+reconcile with even the finest human craftsmanship. Jones continued his visits
+through sheer fascination, though he knew he had forfeited his host's regards. At
+times he would humor Rogers with pretended assent to some mad hint or
+assertion, but the gaunt showman was seldom to be deceived by such tactics.
+
+The tension came to a head later in September. Jones had casually dropped into
+the museum one afternoon, and was wandering through the dim corridors
+whose horror were now so familiar, when he heard a very peculiar sound from
+the general direction of Rogers' workroom. Others heard it too, and started
+nervously as the echoes reverberated through the great vaulted basement. The
+three attendants exchanged odd glances; and one of them, a dark, taciturn,
+foreign-looking fellow who always served Rogers as a repairer and assistant
+designer, smiled in a way which seemed to puzzle his colleagues and which
+grated very harshly on some facet of Jones' sensibilities. It was the yelp or scream
+of a dog, and was such a sound as could be made only under conditions of the
+
+
+
+605
+
+
+
+utmost fright and agony combined. Its stark, anguised frenzy was appalling to
+hear, and in this setting of grotesque abnormality it held a double hideousness.
+Jones remembered that no dogs were allowed in the museum.
+
+He was about to go to the door leading into the workroom, when the dark
+attendant stopped him with a word and a gesture. Mr. Rogers, the man said in a
+soft, somewhat accented voice at once apologetic and vaguely sardonic, was out,
+and there were standing orders to admit no one to the workroom during his
+absence. As for that yelp, it was undoubtedly something out in the courtyard
+behind the museum. This neighborhood was full of stray mongrels, and their
+fights were sometimes shockingly noisy. There were no dogs in any part of the
+museum. But if Mr. Jones wished to see Mr. Rogers he might find him just before
+closing-time.
+
+After this Jones climbed the old stone steps to the street outside and examined
+the squalid neighborhood curiously. The leaning, decrepit buildings-once
+dwellings but now largely shops and warehouses-were very ancient indeed.
+Some of them were of a gabled type seeming to go back to Tudor times, and a
+faint miasmatic stench hung subtly about the whole region. Beside the dingy
+house whose basement held the museum was a low archway pierced by a dark
+cobbled alley, and this Jones entered in a vague wish to find the courtyard
+behind the workroom and settle the affair of the dog comfortably in his mind.
+The courtyard was dim in the late afternoon light, hemmed in by rear walls even
+uglier and more intangibly menacing than the crumbling facades of the evil old
+houses. Not a dog was in sight, and Jones wondered how the aftermath of such a
+frantic turmoil could have completely vanished so soon.
+
+Despite the assistant's statement that no dog had been in the museum, Jones
+glanced nervously at the three small windows of the basement workroom-
+narrow, horizontal rectangles close to the grass-grown pavement, with grimy
+panes that stared repulsively and incuriously like the eyes of dead fish. To their
+left a worn flight of stairs led to an opaque and heavily bolted door. Some
+impulse urged him to crouch low on the damp, broken cobblestones and peer in,
+on the chance that the thick green shades, worked by long cords that hung down
+to a reachable level, might not be drawn. The outer surfaces were thick with dirt,
+but as he rubbed them with his handkerchief he saw there was no obscuring
+curtain in the way of his vision.
+
+So shadowed was the cellar from the inside that not much could be made out,
+but the grotesque working paraphernalia now and then loomed up spectrally as
+Jones tried each of the windows in turn. It seemed evident at first that no one
+was within; yet when he peered through the extreme right-hand window-the
+one nearest the entrance alley-he saw a glow of light at the farther end of the
+
+
+
+606
+
+
+
+apartment which made him pause in bewilderment. There was no reason why
+any hght should be there. It was an inner side of the room, and he could not
+recall any gas or electric fixture near that point. Another look defined the glow as
+a large vertical rectangle, and a though occurred to him. It was in that direction
+that he had always noticed the heavy plank door with the abnormally large
+padlock-the door which was never opened, and above which was crudely
+smeared that hideous cryptic symbol from the fragmentary records of forbidden
+elder magic. It must be open now-and there was a light inside. All his former
+speculation as to where that door led, and as to what lay behind it, were now
+renewed with trebly disquieting force.
+
+Jones wandered aimlessly around the dismal locality till close to six o'clock,
+when he returned to the museum to make the call on Rogers. He could hardly
+tell why he wished so especially to see the man just then, but there must have
+been some subconscious misgivings about that terribly unplaceable canine
+scream of the afternnon, and about the glow of light in that disturbing and
+usually unopened inner doorway with the heavy padlock. The attendants were
+leaving as he arrived, and he thought that Orabona-the dark foreign-looking
+assistant-eyed him with something like sly, repressed amusement. He did not
+relish that look-even though he had seen the fellow turn it on his employer
+many times.
+
+The vaulted exhibition room was ghoulish in its desertion, but he strode quickly
+through it and rapped at the door of the office and workroom. Response was
+slow in coming, though there were footsteps inside. Finally, in response to a
+second knock, the lock rattled, and the ancient six-panelled portal creaked
+reluctantly open to reveal the slouching, feverish-eyed form of George Rogers.
+From the first it was clear that the showman was in an unusual mood. There was
+a curious mixture of reluctance and actual gloating in his welcome, and his talk
+at once veered to extravagances of the most hideous and incredible sort.
+
+Surviving elder gods-nameless sacrifices-the other than artificial nature of some
+of the alcove horrors-all the usual boasts, but uttered in a tone of peculiarly
+increasing confidence. Obviously, Jones reflected, the poor fellow's madness was
+gaining on him. From time to time Rogers would send furtive glances toward the
+heavy, padlocked inner door at the end of the room, or toward a piece of coarse
+burlap on the floor not far from it, beneath which some small object appeared to
+be lying. Jones grew more nervous as the moments passed, and began to feel as
+hesitant about mentioning the afternoon's oddities as he had formerly been
+anxious to do so.
+
+Rogers' sepulchrally resonant bass almost cracked under the excitement of his
+fevered rambling.
+
+
+
+607
+
+
+
+"Do you remember/' he shouted, "what I told you about that ruined city in Indo-
+China where the Tcho-Tchos hved? You had to admit I'd been there when you
+saw the photographs, even if you did think I made that oblong swimmer in
+darkness out of wax. If you'd seen it writhing in the underground pools as I did.
+
+
+
+"Well, this is bigger still. I never told you about this, because I wanted to work
+out the later parts before making any claim. When you see the snapshots you'll
+know the geography couldn't have been faked, and I fancy I have another way of
+proving It isn't any waxed concoction of mine. You've never seen it, for the
+experiments wouldn't let me keep It on exhibition."
+
+The showman glanced queerly at the padlocked door.
+
+"It all comes from that long ritual in the eighth Pnakotic fragment. When I got it
+figured out I saw it could only have one meaning. There were things in the north
+before the land of Lomar-before mankind existed-and this was one of them. It
+took us all the way to Alaska, and up the Nootak from Fort Morton, but the thing
+was there as we knew it would be. Great cyclopean ruins, acres of them. There
+was less left than we had hoped for, but after three million years what could one
+expect? And weren't the Eskimo legends all in the right direction? We couldn't
+get one of the beggars to go with us, and had to sledge all the way back to Nome
+for Americans. Orabona was no good up in that climate-it made him sullen and
+hateful.
+
+"I'll tell you later how we found It. When we got the ice blasted out of the pylons
+of the central ruin the stairway was just as we knew it would be. Some carvings
+still there, and it was no trouble keeping the Yankees from following us in.
+Orabona shivered like a leaf-you'd never think it from the damned insolent way
+he struts around here. He knew enough of the Elder Lore to be properly afraid.
+The eternal light was gone, but our torches showed enough. We saw the bones of
+others who had been before us-aeons ago, when the climate was warm. Some of
+those bones were of things you couldn't even imagine. At the third level down
+we found the ivory throne the fragments said so much about-and I may as well
+tell you it wasn't empty.
+
+"The thing on the throne didn't move-and we knew then that It needed the
+nourishment of sacrifice. But we didn't want to wake It then. Better to get It to
+London first. Orabona and I went to the surface for the big box, but when we had
+packed it we couldn't get It up the three flights of steps. These steps weren't
+made for human beings, and their size bothered us. Anyway, it was devilish
+heavy. We had to have the Americans down to get It out. They weren't anxious
+to go into the place, but of course the worst thing was safely inside the box. We
+
+
+
+608
+
+
+
+told them it was a batch of ivory carving-archeological stuff; and after seeing the
+carved throne they probably believed us. It's a wonder they didn't suspect
+hidden treasure and demand a share. They must have told queer tales around
+Nome later on; though I doubt if they ever went back to those ruins, even for the
+ivory throne."
+
+Rogers paused, felt around in his desk, and produced an envelope of good-sized
+photographic prints. Extracting one and laying it face down before him, he
+handed the rest to Jones. The set was certainly an odd one: ice-clad hills, dog
+sledges, men in furs, and vast tumbled ruins against a background of snow-ruins
+whose bizarre outlines and enormous stone blocks could hardly be accounted
+for. One flashlight view showed an incredible interior chamber with wild
+carvings and a curious throne whose proportions could not have been designed
+for a human occupant. The carvings of the gigantic masonry-high walls and
+peculiar vaulting overhead-were mainly symbolic, and involved both wholly
+unknown designs and certain hieroglyphs darkly cited in obscene legends. Over
+the throne loomed the same dreadful symbol which was now painted on the
+workroom wall above the padlocked plank door. Jones darted a nervous glance
+at the closed portal. Assuredly, Rogers had been to strange places and had seen
+strange things. Yet this mad interior picture might easily be a fraud-taken from a
+very clever stage setting. One must not be too credulous. But Rogers was
+continuing:
+
+"Well, we shipped the box from Nome and got to London without any trouble.
+That was the first time we'd ever brought back anything that had a chance of
+coming alive. I didn't put It on display, because there were more important
+things to do for It. It needed the nourishment of sacrifice, for It was a god. Of
+course I couldn't get It the sort of sacrifices which It used to have in Its day, for
+such things don't exist now. But there were other things which might do. The
+blood is the life, you know. Even the lemures and elementals that are older than
+the earth will come when the blood of men or beasts is offered under the right
+conditions."
+
+The expression on the narrator's face was growing very alarming and repulsive,
+so that Jones fidgeted involuntarily in his chair. Rogers seemed to notice his
+guest's nervousness, and continued with a distinctly evil smile.
+
+"It was last year that I got It, and ever since then I've been trying rites and
+sacrifices. Orabona hasn't been much help, for he was always against the idea of
+waking It. He hates It-probably because he's afraid of what It will come to mean.
+He carries a pistol all the time to protect himself-fool, as if there were human
+protection against It! If I ever see him draw that pistol, I'll strangle him. He
+wanted me to kill It and make an effigy of It. But I've stuck by my plans, and I'm
+
+
+
+609
+
+
+
+coming out on top in spite of all the cowards like Orabona and damned
+sniggering skeptics like you, Jones! I've chanted the rites and made certain
+sacrifices, and last week the transition came. The sacrifice was-received and
+enjoyed!"
+
+Rogers actually licked his lips, while Jones held himsef uneasily rigid. The
+showman paused and rose, crossing the room to the piece of burlap at which he
+had glanced so often. Bending down, he took hold of one corner as he spoke
+again.
+
+"You've laughed enough at my work-now it's time for you to get some facts.
+Orabona tells me you heard a dog screaming around here this afternoon. Do you
+know what that meant?"
+
+Jones started. For all his curiousity he would have been glad to get out without
+further light on the point which had so puzzled him. But Rogers was inexorable,
+and began to lift the square of burlap. Beneath it lay a crushed, almost shapeless
+mass which Jones was slow to classify. Was it a once-living thing which some
+agency had flattened, sucked dry of blood, punctured in a thousand places, and
+wrung into a limp, broken-boned heap of grotesqeness? After a moment Jones
+realized what it must be. It was what was left of a dog-a dog, perhaps of
+considerable size and whitish color. Its breed was past recognition, for distortion
+had come in nameless and hideous ways. Most of the hair was burned off as by
+some pungent acid, and the exposed, bloodless skin was riddled by innumerable
+circular wounds or incisions. The form of torture necessary to cause such results
+was past imagining.
+
+Electrified with a pure loathing which conquered his mounting disgust, Jones
+sprang with a cry.
+
+"You damned sadist-you madman-you do a thing like this and dare to speak to
+a decent man!"
+
+Rogers dropped the burlap with a malignant sneer and faced his oncoming
+guest. His words held an unnatural calm.
+
+"Why, you fool, do you think I did this? What of it? It is not human and does not
+pretend to be. To sacrifice is merely to offer. I gave the dog to It. What happened
+is It's work, not mine. It needed the nourishment of the offering, and took it in Its
+own way. But let me show you what It looks like."
+
+As Jones stood hesitating, the speaker had returned to his desk and took up the
+photograph he had laid face down without showing. Now he extended it with a
+
+
+
+610
+
+
+
+curious look. Jones took it and glanced at in in an almost mechanical way. After a
+moment the visitor's glance became sharper and more absorbed, for the utterly
+Satanic force of the object depicted had an almost hypnotic effect. Certainly,
+Rogers had outdone himself in modeling the eldritch nightmare which the
+camera had caught. The thing was a work of sheer, infernal genius, and Jones
+wondered how the public would react when it was placed on exhibition. So
+hideous a thing had no right to exist-probably the mere contemplation of it, after
+it was done, had completed the unhinging of its maker's mind and led him to
+worship it with brutal sacrifices. Only a stout sanity could resist the insidious
+suggestion that the blasphemy was-or had once been-some morbid and exotic
+form of actual life.
+
+The thing in the picture squatted or was balanced on what appeared to be a
+clever reproduction of the monstrously carved throne in the other curious
+photograph. To describe it with any ordinary vocabulary would be impossible,
+for nothing even roughly corresponding to it has ever come within the
+imagination of sane mankind. It represented something meant perhaps to be
+roughly connected with the vertebrates of this planet-though one could not be
+too sure of that. Its bulk was cyclopean, for even squatted it towered to almost
+twice the height of Orabona, who was shown beside it. Looking sharply, one
+might trace its approximations toward the bodily features of the higher
+vertebrates.
+
+There was an almost globular torso, with six long, sinuous limbs terminating in
+crab-like claws. From the upper end a subsidiary globe bulged forth bubble-like;
+its triangle of three staring, fishy eyes, its foot-long and evidently flexible
+proboscis, and a distended lateral system analogous to gills, suggesting that it
+was a head. Most of the body was covered with what at first appeared to be fur,
+but which on closer examination proved to be a dense growth of dark, slender
+tentacles or sucking filaments, each tipped with a mouth suggesting the head of
+an asp. On the head and below the proboscis the tentacles tended to be longer
+and thicker, marked with spiral stripes-suggesting the traditional serpent-locks
+of Medusa. To suggest that such a thing could have an expression seems
+paradoxical; yet Jones felt that that triangle of bulging fish eyes and that
+obliquely poised proboscis all bespoke a blend of hate, greed and sheer cruelty
+incomprehensible to mankind because it was mixed with other emotions not of
+the world or this solar system. Into this bestial abnormality, he reflected, Rogers
+must have poured at once all his malignant insanity and all his uncanny
+sculptural genius. The thing was incredible-and yet the photograph proved that
+it existed.
+
+Rogers interrupted his reveries.
+
+
+
+611
+
+
+
+"Well-what do you think of It? Now do you wonder what crushed the dog and
+sucked it dry with a milHon mouths? It needed nourishment-and It will need
+more. It is a god, and I am the first priest of Its latter-day hierarchy. la! Shub-
+Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand Young!"
+
+Jones lowered the photograph in disgust and pity.
+
+"See here, Rogers, this won't do. There are limits, you know. It's a great piece of
+work, and all that, but it isn't good for you. Better not see it any more-let
+Orabona break it up, and try to forget about it. And let me tear this beastly
+picture up, too."
+
+With a snarl, Rogers snatched the photograph and returned it to the desk.
+
+"Idiot-you-and you still think It's a fraud! You still think I made It, and you still
+think my figures are nothing but lifeless wax! Why, damn you, you're going to
+know. Not just now, for It is resting after the sacrifice-but later. Oh, yes-you will
+not doubt the power of It then."
+
+As Rogers glanced toward the padlocked inner door Jones retrieved his hat and
+stick from a near-by bench.
+
+"Very well, Rogers, let it be later. I must be going now, but I'll call round
+tomorrow afternoon. Think my advice over and see if it doesn't sound sensible.
+Ask Orabona what he thinks, too."
+
+Rogers bared his teeth in wild-beast fashion.
+
+"Must be going now, eh? Afraid, after all! Afraid, for all your bold talk! You say
+the effigies are only wax, and yet you run away when I begin to prove that they
+aren't. You're like the fellows who take my standing bet that they daren't spend
+the night in the museum-they come boldly enough, but after an hour they shriek
+and hammer to get out! Want me to ask Orabona, eh? You two-always against
+me! You want to break down the coming earthly reign of It!"
+
+Jones preserved his calm.
+
+"No, Rogers-there's nobody against you. And I'm not afraid of your figures,
+either, much as I admire your skill. But we're both a bit nervous tonight, and I
+fancy some rest will do us good."
+
+Again Rogers checked his guest's departure.
+
+
+
+612
+
+
+
+"Not afraid, eh?-then why are you so anxious to go? Look here-do you or don't
+you dare to stay alone here in the dark? What's your hurry if you don't beheve in
+It?"
+
+Some new idea seemed to have struck Rogers, and Jones eyed him closely.
+
+"Why, I've no special hurry-but what would be gained by my staying here
+alone? What would it prove? My only objection is that it isn't very comfortable
+for sleeping. What good would it do either of us?"
+
+This time it was Jones who was struck with an idea. He continued in a tone of
+conciliation.
+
+"See here, Rogers-I've just asked you what it would prove if I stayed, when we
+both knew. It would prove that your effigies are just effigies, and that you
+oughtn't to let your imagination go the way it's been going lately. Suppose I do
+stay. If I stick it out till morning, will you agree to take a new view of things-go
+on a vacation for three months or so and let Orabona destroy that new thing of
+yours? Come, now-isn't that fair?"
+
+The expression on the showman's face was hard to read. It was obvious that he
+was thinking quickly, and that of sundry conflicting emotions, malign triumph
+was getting the upper hand. His voice held a choking quality as he replied.
+
+"Fair enough! If you do stick it out, I'll take your advice. We'll go out for dinner
+and come back. I'll lock you in the display room and go home. In the morning I'll
+come down ahead of Orabona-he comes half an hour before the rest-and see
+how you are. But don't try it unless you are very sure of your skepticism. Others
+have backed out-you have that chance. And I suppose a pounding on the outer
+door would always bring a constable. You may not like it so well after a while-
+you'U be in the same building, though not in the same room with It."
+
+As they left the rear door into the dingy courtyard, Rogers took with him the
+piece of burlap-weighted with a gruesome burden. Near the center of the court
+was a manhole, whose cover the showman lifted quietly, and with a
+shuddersome suggestion of familiarity. Burlap and all, the burden went down to
+the oblivion of a cloacal labyrinth. Jones shuddered, and almost shrank from the
+gaunt figure at his side as they emerged into the street.
+
+By unspoken mutual consent, they did not dine together, but agreed to meet in
+front of the museum at eleven.
+
+Jones hailed a cab, and breathed more freely when he had crossed Waterloo
+Bridge and was approaching the brilliantly lighted Strand. He dined at a quite
+
+
+
+613
+
+
+
+cafe, and subsequently went to his home in Portland Place to bathe and get a few
+things. Idly he wondered what Rogers was doing. He had heard that the man
+had a vast, dismal house in the Walworth Road, full of obscure and forbidden
+books, occult paraphernalia, and wax images which he did not choose to place
+on exhibition. Orabona, he understood, lived in separate quarters in the same
+house.
+
+At eleven Jones found Rogers waiting by the basement door in Southwark Street.
+Their words were few, but each seemed taut with a menacing tension. They
+agreed that the vaulted exhibition room alone should form the scene of the vigil,
+and Rogers did not insist that the watcher sit in the special adult alcove of
+supreme horrors. The showman, having extinguished all the lights with switches
+in the workroom, locked the door of that crypt with one of the keys on his
+crowded ring. Without shaking hands he passed out the street door, locked it
+after him, and passed up the worn steps to the sidewalk outside. As his tread
+receded, Jones realized that the long, tedious vigil had commenced.
+
+
+
+Later, in the utter blackness of the great arched cellar, Jones cursed the childish
+naivete which had brought him there. For the first half-hour he had kept flashing
+his pocket-light at intervals, but now just sitting in the dark on one of the visitor's
+benches had become a more nerve-wracking thing. Every time the beam shot out
+it lighted up some morbid, grotesque object-a guillotine, a nameless hybrid
+monster, a pasty-bearded face crafty with evil, a body with red torrents
+streaming from a severed throat. Jones knew that no sinister reality was attached
+to these things, but after that first half-hour he preferred not to see them.
+
+Why he had bothered to humor that madman he could scarcely imagine. It
+would have been much simpler merely to have let him alone, or to have called in
+a mental specialist. Probably, he reflected, it was the fellow-feeling of one artist
+for another. There was so much genius in Rogers that he deserved every possible
+chance to be helped quietly out of his growing mania. Any man who could
+imagine and construct the incredibly life-like things that he had produced was
+not far from actual greatness. He had the fancy of a Sime or a Dore joined to the
+minute, scientific craftsmanship of a Blatschka. Indeed, he had done for the
+world of nightmare what the Blatschkas with their marvelously accurate plant
+models of finely wrought and coloured glass had done for the world of botany.
+
+At midnight the strokes of a distant clock filtered through the darkness, and
+Jones felt cheered by the message from a still-surviving outside world. The
+vaulted museum chamber was like a tomb-ghastly in its utter solitude. Even a
+mouse would be cheering company; yet Rogers had once boasted that-for
+
+
+
+614
+
+
+
+"certain reasons/' as he said-no mice or even insects ever came near the place.
+That was very curious, yet it seemed to be true. The deadness and silence were
+virtually complete. If only something would make a sound! He shuffled his feet,
+and the echoes came spectrally out of the absolute stillness. He coughed, but
+there was something mocking in the staccato reverberations. He could not, he
+vowed, begin talking to himself. That meant nervous disintergration. Time
+seemed to pass with abnormal and disconcerting slowness. He could have sworn
+that hours had elapsed since he last flashed the light on his watch, yet here was
+only the stroke of midnight.
+
+He wished that his senses were not so preternaturally keen. Something in the
+darkness and stillness seemed to have sharpened them, so that they responded to
+faint intimations hardly strong enough to be called true impressions. His ears
+seemed at times to catch a faint, elusive susurrus which could not quite be
+identified with the nocturnal hum of the squalid streets outside, and he thought
+of vague, irrelevant things like the music of the spheres and the unknown,
+inaccessible life of alien dimensions pressing on our own. Rogers often
+speculated about such things.
+
+The floating specks of light in his blackness-drowned eyes seemed inclined to
+take on curious symmetries of pattern and motion. He had often wondered about
+those strange rays from the unplumbed abyss which scintillate before us in the
+absence of all earthly illumination, but he had never known any that behaved
+just as these were behaving. They lacked the restful aimlessness of ordinary
+light-specks-suggesting some will and purpose remote from any terrestrial
+conception.
+
+Then there was that suggestion of odd stirrings. Nothing was open, yet in spite
+of the general draftlessness Jones felt that the air was not uniformly quiet. There
+were intangible variations in pressure-not quite decided enough to suggest the
+loathsome pawings of unseen elementals. It was abnormally chilly, too. He did
+not like any of this. The air tested salty, as if it were mixed with the brine of dark
+subterrene waters, and there was a bare hint of some odor of ineffable mustiness.
+In the daytime he had never noticed that the waxen figures had an odor. Even
+now that half-received hint was not the way wax figures ought to smell. It was
+more like the faint smell of specimens in a natural-history museum. Curious, in
+view of Rogers' claims that his figures were not all artificial-indeed, it was
+probably that claim which made one's imagination conjure up the olfactory
+suspicion. One must guard against excesses of imagination-had not such things
+driven poor Rogers mad?
+
+But the utter loneliness of this place was frightful. Even the distant chimes
+seemed to come from across cosmic gulfs. It made Jones think of that insane
+
+
+
+615
+
+
+
+picture which Rogers had showed him-the wildly carved chamber with the
+cryptic throne which the fellow had claimed was part of a three-million-year-old
+ruin in the shunned and inaccessible solitudes of the Arctic. Perhaps Rogers had
+been to Alaska, but that picture was certainly nothing but stage scenery. It
+couldn't normally be otherwise, with all that carving and those terrible symbols.
+And that monstrous shape supposed to have been found on that throne-what a
+flight of diseased fancy! Jones wondered just how far he actually was from the
+insane masterpiece in wax-probably it was kept behind that heavy, padlocked
+plank door leading somewhere out of the workroom. But it would never do to
+brood about a waxen image. Was not the present room full of such things, some
+of them scarcely less horrible than the dreadful "IT"? And beyond a thin canvas
+screen on the left was the "Adults only" alcove with its nameless phantoms of
+delerium.
+
+The proximity of the numberless waxen shapes began to get on Jones' nerves
+more and more as the quarter-hours wore on. He knew the museum so well that
+he could not get rid of their usual images even in the total darkness. Indeed, the
+darkness had the effect of adding to the remembered images certain very
+disturbing imginative overtones. The guillotine seemed to creak, and the bearded
+face of Landru-slayer of his fifty wives-twisted itself into expressions of
+monstrous menace. From the severed throat of Madame Demers a hideous
+bubbling sound seemed to emanate, while the headless, legless victim of a trunk
+murder tried to edge closer and closer on its gory stumps. Jones began shutting
+his eyes to see if that would dim the images, but found it was useless. Besides,
+when he shut his eyes the strange, purposeful patterns of light-specks became
+more disturbingly pronounced.
+
+Then suddenly he began trying to keep the hideous images he had formerly been
+trying to banish. He tried to keep them because they were giving place to still
+more hideous ones. In spite of himself his memory began reconstructing the
+utterly non-human blasphemies that lurked in the obscurer corners, and these
+lumpish hybrid growths oozed and wriggled toward him as though huting him
+down in a circle. Black Tsathoggua molded itself from a toad-like gargoyle to a
+long, sinuous line with hundreds of rudimentary feet, and a lean, rubbery night-
+gaunt spread its wings as if to advance and smother the watcher. Jones braced
+himself to keep from screaming. He knew he was reverting to the traditional
+terrors of his childhood, and resolved to use his adult reason to keep the
+phantoms at bay. It helped a bit, he found, to flash the light again. Frightful as
+were the images it showed, these were not as bad as what his fancy called out of
+the utter blackness.
+
+But there were drawbacks. Even in the light of his torch he could not help
+suspecting a slight, furtive trembling on the part of the canvas partition
+
+
+
+616
+
+
+
+screening off the terrible "Adults only" alcove. He knew what lay beyond, and
+shivered. Imagination called up the shocking forms of fabulous Yog-Sothoth-
+only a congeries of iridescent globes, yet stupendous in its malign
+suggestiveness. What was this accursed mass slowly floating toward him and
+bumping on the partition that stood in the way? A small bulge in the canvas far
+to the right suggested the sharp horn of Gnoph-keh, the hairy myth-thing of the
+Greenland ice, that walked sometimes on two legs, sometimes on four, and
+sometimes on six. To get this stuff out of his head Jones walked boldly toward
+the hellish alcove with torch burning steadily. Of course, none of his fears was
+true. Yet were not the long, facial tentalces of great Cthulhu actually swaying,
+slowly and insidiously? He knew they were flexible, but he had not realised that
+the draft caused by his advance was enough to set them in motion.
+
+Returning to his former seat outside the alcove, he shut his eyes and let the
+symmetrical light-specks do their worst. The distant clock boomed a single
+stroke. Could it be only one? He flashed the light on his watch and saw that it
+was precisely that hour. It would be hard indeed waiting for the morning. Rogers
+would be down at about eight o'clock, ahead of even Orabona. It would be light
+outside in the main basement long before that, but none of it could penetrate
+here. All the windows in this basement had been bricked up but the three small
+ones facing the court. A pretty bad wait, all told.
+
+His ears were getting most of the hallucinations now-for he could swear he
+heard stealthy, plodding footsteps in the workroom beyond the closed and
+locked door. He had no business thinking of that unexhibited horror which
+Rogers called "It." The thing was a contamination-it had driven its maker mad,
+and now even its picture was calling up imaginative terrors. It was very
+obviously beyond that padlocked door of heavy planking. Those steps were
+certainly pure imagination.
+
+Then he thought he heard the key turn in the workroom door. Flashing on his
+torch, he saw nothing but the ancient six-paneled portla in its proper position.
+Again he tried darkness and closed his eyes, but there followed a harrowing
+illusion of creaking-not the guillotine this time, but the slow, furtive opening of
+the workroom door. He would not scream. Once he screamed, he would be lost.
+There was a sort of padding or shuffling audible now, and it was slowly
+advancing toward him. He must retain command of himself. Had he not done so
+when the nameless brain-shaped tried to close in on him? The shuffling crept
+nearer, and his resolution failed. He did not scream but merely gulped out a
+challenge.
+
+"Who goes there? Who are you? What do you want?"
+
+
+
+617
+
+
+
+There was no answer, but the shuffling kept on. Jones did not know which he
+feared most to do-turn on his flashhght or stay in the dark while the thing crept
+upon him. This thing was different, he felt profoundly, from the other terrors of
+the evening. His fingers and throat worked spasmodically. Silence was
+impossible, and the suspense of utter blackness was beginning to be the most
+intolerable of all conditions. Again he cried out hysterically-"Halt! Who goes
+there?"-as he switched on the revealing beam of his torch. Then, paralyzed by
+what he saw, he dropped the flashlight and screamed-not once but many times.
+
+Shuffling toward him in the darkness was the gigantic, blasphemous form of a
+black thing not wholly ape and not wholly insect. Its hide hung loosely upon its
+frame, and its rugose, dead-eyed rudiment of a head swayed drunkenly from
+side to side. Its forepaws were extended, with talons spread wide, and its whole
+body was taut with murderous malignity despite its utter lack of facial
+expression. After the screams and the final coming of darkness it leaped, and in a
+moment had Jones pinned to the floor. There was no struggle for the watcher had
+fainted.
+
+Jones' fainting spell could not have lasted more than a moment, for the nameless
+thing was apishly dragging him through the darkness when he began recovering
+consciousness. What started him fully awake were the sounds which the thing
+was making-or rather, the voice with which it was making them. That voice was
+human, and it was familiar. Only one living being could be behind the hoarse,
+feverish accents which were chanting to an unknown horror.
+
+"la! la!" it was howling. "I am coming, O Rhan-Tegoth, coming with the
+nourishment. You have waited long and fed ill, but now you shall have what
+was promised. That and more, for instead of Orabona it will be one of high
+degree who has doubted you. You shall crush and drain him, with all his doubts,
+and grow strong thereby. And ever after among men he shall be shown as a
+monument to your glory. Rhan-Tegoth, infinite and invincible, I am your slave
+and high-priest. You are hungry, and I shall provide. I read the sign and have led
+you forth. I shall feed you with blood, and you shall feed me with power. la!
+Shub-Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand Young!"
+
+In an instant all the terrors of the night dropped from Jones like a discarded
+cloak. He was again master of his mind, for he knew the very earthly and
+material peril he had to deal with. This was no monster of fable, but a dangerous
+madman. It was Rogers, dressed in some nightmare covering of his own insane
+designing, and about to make a frightful sacrifice to the devil-god he had
+fashioned out of wax. Clearly, he must have entered the workroom from the read
+courtyard, donned his disguise, and then advance to seize his neatly-trapped and
+fear-broken victim. His strength was prodigious, and if he was to be thwarted.
+
+
+
+618
+
+
+
+one must act quickly. Counting on the madman's confidence in his
+unconsciousness he determined to take him by surprise, while his grip was
+relatively lax. The feel of a threshold told him he was crossing into the pitch-
+black workroom.
+
+With the strength of mortal fear Jones made a sudden spring from the half-
+recumbent posture in which he was being dragged. For an instant he was free of
+the astonished maniac's hands, and in another instant a lucky lunge in the dark
+had put his own hands at his captor's weirdly concealed throat. Simultaneously
+Rogers gripped him again, and without further preliminaries the two were
+locked in a desperate struggle of life and death. Jones' athletic training, without
+doubt, was his sole salvation; for his mad assailant, freed from every inhibition
+of fair play, decency, or even self-preservation, was an engine of savage
+destruction as formidable as a wolf or panther.
+
+Guttural cries sometimes punctured the hideous tussle in the dark. Blood
+spurted, clothing ripped, and Jones at last felt the actual throat of the maniac,
+shorn of its spectral mask. He spoke not a word, but put every ounce of energy
+into the defence of his life. Rogers kicked, gouged, butted, bit, clawed, and spat-
+yet found strength to yelp out actual sentences at times. Most of his speech was
+in a ritualistic jargon full of references to "It" or "Rhan-Tegoth," and to Jones'
+overwrought nerves it seemed as if the cries echoed from an infinite distance of
+demoniac snortics and hayings. Toward the last they were rolling on the floor,
+overturning benches or striking against the walls and the brick foundations of
+the central melting-furnace. Up to the very end Jones could not be certain of
+saving himself, but chance finally intervened in his favor. A jab of his knee
+against Rogers' chest produced a general relaxation, and a moment later he knew
+he had won.
+
+Though hardly able to hold himself up, Jones rose and stumbled about the walls
+seeking the light-switch-for his flashlight was gone, together with most of his
+clothing. As he lurched along he dragged his limp opponent with him, fearing a
+sudden attack when the madman came to. Finding the switch-box, he fumbled
+till he had the right handle. Then, as the wildly disordered workroom burst into
+sudden radiance, he set about binding Rogers with such cords and belts as he
+could easily find. The fellow's disguise-or what was left of it-seemed to be made
+of a puzzling queer sort of leather. For some reason it made Jones' flesh crawl to
+touch it, and there seemed to be an alien, rusty odor about it. In the normal
+clothes beneath it was Rogers' key-ring, and this the exhausted victor seized as
+his final passport to freedom. The shades at the small, slit-like windows were all
+securely drawn, and he let them remain so.
+
+
+
+619
+
+
+
+Washing off the blood of battle at a convenient sink, Jones donned the most
+ordinary-looking and least ill-fitting clothes he could find on the costume hooks.
+Testing the door to the courtyard, he found it fastened with a spring-lock which
+did not require a key from the inside. He kept the key-ring, however, to admit
+him on his return with aid-for plainly, the thing to do was to call in an alienist.
+There was no telephone in the museum, but it would not take long to find an all-
+night restaurant or chemist's shop where one could be had. He had almost
+opened the door when a torrent of hideous abuse from across the room told him
+that Rogers-whose visible injuries were confined to a long, deep scratch down
+the left cheek-had regained consciousness.
+
+"Fool! Spawn of Noth-Yidik and effluvium of K'thun! Son of the dogs that howl
+in the maelstrom of Azathoth! You would have been sacred and immortal, and
+now you are betraying It and Its priest! Beware-for It is hungry! It would have
+been Orabona-that damned treacherous dog ready to turn against me and It-but
+I give you the honor instead. Now you must both beware, for It is not gentle
+without Its priest.
+
+"la! la! Vengeance is at hand! Do you know you would have been immortal?
+Look at the furnace! There is a fire ready to light, and there is wax in the kettle. I
+would have done with you as I have done with other once living forms. Hei!
+You, who have vowed all my effigies are waxen, would have become a waxen
+effigy yourself! The furnace was already! When It had had its fill, and you were
+like that dog I showed you, I would have made your flattened, punctured
+fragments immortal! Wax would have done it. Haven't you said I'm a great
+artist? Wax in every pore-wax over every square inch of you-Ia! la! And ever
+after the world would have looked at your mangled carcass and wondered how I
+ever imagined and made such a thing! Hei! and Orabona would have come next,
+and others after him-and thus would my waxen family have grown!
+
+"Dog-do you still thing I made all my effigies? Why not say preserved? You
+know by this time the strange places I've been to, and the strange things I've
+brought back. Coward-you could never face the dimensional shambler whose
+hide I put on to scare you-the mere sight of it alive, or even the full-fledged
+thought of it, would kill you instantly with fright! la! la! It waits hungry for the
+blood that is the life!"
+
+Rogers, propped against the wall, swayed to and fro in his bonds.
+
+"See here, Jones-if I let you go will you let me go? It must be taken care of by Its
+high priest. Orabona will be enough to keep It alive-and when he is finished I
+will make his fragments immortal in wax for the world to see. It could have been
+you, but you have rejected the honor. I won't bother you again. Let me go, and I
+
+
+
+620
+
+
+
+will share with you the power that It will bring me. la! la! Great is Rhan-Tegoth!
+Let me go! Let me go! It is starving down there beyond that door, and if It dies
+the Old Ones can never come back. Hei! Hei! Let me go!"
+
+Jones merely shook his head, though the hideousness of the showman's
+imaginings revolted him. Rogers, now staring wildly at the padlocked plank
+door, thumped his head again and again against the brick wall and kicked with
+his tightly bound ankles. Jones was afraid he would injure himself, and
+advanced to bind him more firmly to some stationary object. Writhing, Rogers
+edged away from him and set up a series of frenetic ululations whose utter,
+monstrous unhumanness was appalling, and whose sheer volume was almost
+incredible. It seemed impossible that any human throat could produce noises so
+loud and piercing, and Jones felt that if this continued there would be no need to
+telephone for aid. It could not be long before a constable would investigate, even
+granting that there were no listening neighbors in this deserted warehouse
+district.
+
+"Wza-y'ei! Wza-y'ei!" howled the madman. "Y'kaa haa ho-ii, Rhan-Tegoth-
+Cthulhu fthagn-Ei! Ei! Ei! Ei!-Rhan-Teogth. Rhan-Tegoth, Rhan-Tegoth!"
+
+The tautly trussed creature, who had started squirming his way across the
+littered floor, now reached the padlocked plank door and commenced knocking
+his head thunderously against it. Jones dreaded the task of binding him further,
+and wished he were not so exhausted from his previous struggle. This violent
+aftermath was getting hideously on his nerves, and he began to feel a return of
+the nameless qualms he had felt in the dark. Everything about Rogers and his
+museum was so hellishly morbid and suggestive of black vistas beyond life! It
+was loathsome to think of the waxen masterpiece of abnormal genius which
+must at this very moment be lurking close at hand in the blackness beyond the
+heavy, padlocked door.
+
+At now something happened which sent an addition chill down Jones' spine, and
+caused every hair-even the tiny growth on the backs of his hands-to bristle with
+a vague fright beyond classification. Rogers had suddenly stopped screaming
+and beating his head against the stout plank door, and was straining up to a
+sitting position, head cocked on one side as if listening intently for something.
+All at once a smile of devilish triumph overspread his face, and he began
+speaking intelligibly again-this time in a hoarse whisper contrasting oddly with
+his former stentorian howling.
+
+"Listen, fool! Listen hard! It has heard me, and is coming. Can't you hear It
+splashing out of Its tank down there at the end of the runway? I dug it deep,
+because there was nothing too good for It. It is amphibious, you know-you saw
+
+
+
+621
+
+
+
+the gills in the picture. It came to the earth from lead-gray Yuggoth, where the
+cities are under the warm deep sea. It can't stand up in there-too tail-has to sit
+down or crouch. Let me get my keys-we must let It out and kneel down before it.
+Then we will go out and find a dog or cat-or perhaps a drunken man-to give It
+the nourishment It needs."
+
+It was not what the madman said, but the way he said it, that disorganized Jones
+so badly. The utter, insane confidence and sincerity in that crazed whisper were
+damnably contagious. Imagination, such a stimulus, could find an active menace
+in the devilish wax figure that lurked unseen just beyond the heavy planking.
+Eyeing the door in unholy fascination, Jones notices that it bore several distinct
+cracks, though no marks of violent treatment were visible on this side. He
+wondered how large a room or closet lay behind it, and how the waxen figure
+was arranged. The maniac's idea of a tank and runway was as clever as all his
+other imaginings.
+
+Then, in one terrible instant, Jones completely lost the power to draw a breath.
+The leather belt he had seized for Rogers' further strapping fell from his limp
+hands, and a spasm of shivering convulsed him from head to foot. He might
+have known the place would drive him mad as it had driven Rogers-and now he
+was mad. He was mad, for he now harbored hallucinations more weird than any
+which had assailed him earlier that night. The madman was bidding him hear
+the splashing of a mythical monster in a tank beyond the door-and now, God
+help him, he did hear it!
+
+Rogers saw the spasm of horror reach Jones' face and transform it to a staring
+mask of fear. He cackled.
+
+"At last, fool, you believe! At last you know! You hear It and It comes! Get me
+my keys, fool-we must do homage and serve It!"
+
+But Jones was past paying attention to any human words, mad or sane. Phobic
+paralysis held him immobile and half conscious, with wild images racing
+fantasmagorically though his helpless imagination. There was a splashing. There
+was padding or shuffling, as of great wet paws on a solid surface. Something was
+approaching. Into his nostrils, from the cracks in that nightmare plank door,
+poured a noisome animal stench like and yet unlike that of the mammal cages at
+the zoological gardens in Regent's Park.
+
+He did not known where Rogers was talking or not. Everything real had faded
+away, and he was a statue obsessed with dreams and hallucinations so unnatural
+that they became almost objective and remote from him. He thought he heard a
+sniffing or snorting from the unknown gulf beyond the door, and when a sudden
+
+
+
+622
+
+
+
+baying, trumpeting noise assailed his ears he could not feel sure that it came
+from the tightly bound maniac whose image swam uncertainly in his shaken
+vision. The photograph of that accursed, unseen wax thing persisted in floating
+through his consciousness. Such a thing had no right to exist. Had it not driven
+him mad?
+
+Even as he reflected, a fresh evidence of madness beset him. Something, he
+thought, was fumbling with the latch of the heavy padlocked door. It was patting
+and pawing and pushing at the planks. There was a thudding on the stout wood,
+which grew louder and louder. The stench was horrible. And now the assault on
+that door from the inside was a malign, determined pounding like the strokes of
+a battering-ram. There was an ominous cracking-a splintering-a welling fetor-a
+falling plank-a black paw ending in a crab-like claw. . . .
+
+"Help! Help! God help me! . . . Aaaaaaa! . . ."
+
+With intense effort Jones is today able to recall a sudden bursting of his fear-
+paralysis into the liberation of frenzied automatic flight. What he evidently did
+must have paralleled curiously the wild, plunging flights of maddest nightmares;
+for he seems to have leaped across the disordered crypt at almost a single bound,
+yanked open the outside door, which closed and locked itself after him with a
+clatter, sprung up the worn stone steps three at a time, and raced frantically and
+aimlessly out of that dark cobblestoned court and through the squalid streets of
+Southwark.
+
+Here the memory ends. Jones does not know how he got home, and there is no
+evidence of his having hired a cab. Probably he raced all the way by blind
+instinct-over Waterloo Bridge, along the Strand and Charing Cross and up
+Haymarket and Regent Street to his own neighborhood. He still had on the queer
+melange of museum costumes when he grew conscious enough to call the
+doctor.
+
+A week later the nerve specialists allowed him to leave his bed and walk in the
+open air.
+
+But he had not told the specialists much. Over his whole experience hung a pall
+of madness and nightmare, and he felt that silence was the only course. When he
+was up, he scanned intently all the papers which had accumulated since that
+hideous night, but found no reference to anything queer at the museum. How
+much, after all, had been reality? Where did reality end and morbid dream
+begin? Had his mind gone wholly to pieces in that dark exhibition chamber, and
+had the whole fight with Rogers been a fantasm of fever? It would help to put
+him on his feet if he could settle some of these maddening points. He must have
+
+
+
+623
+
+
+
+seen that damnable photograph of the wax image called "It," for no brain but
+Rogers' could ever have conceived such a blasphemy.
+
+It was a fortnight before he dared to enter Southwark Street again. He went in
+the middle of the morning, when there was the greatest amount of sane,
+wholesome activity around the ancient, crumbling shops and warehouses. The
+museum's sign was still there, and as he approached he saw that the place was
+still open. The gateman nodded in pleasant recognition as he summoned up the
+courage to enter, and in the vaulted chamber below an attendant touched his cap
+cheerfully. Perhaps everything had been a dream. Would he dare to knock at the
+door of the workroom and look for Rogers?
+
+Then Orabona advanced to greet him. His dark, sleek face was a trifle sardonic,
+but Jones felt that he was not unfriendly. He spoke with a trace of accent.
+
+"Good morning, Mr. Jones. It is some time since we have seen you here. Did you
+wish Mr. Rogers? I'm sorry, but he is away. He had word of business in America,
+and had to go. Yes, it was very sudden. I am in charge now-here, and at the
+house. I try to maintain Mr. Rogers' high standard-till he is back."
+
+The foreigner smiled-perhaps from affability alone. Jones scarcely knew how to
+reply, but managed to mumble out a few inquiries about the day after his last
+visit. Orabona seemed greatly amused by the questions, and took considerable
+care in framing his replies.
+
+"Oh, yes, Mr. Jones-the 28th of last month. I remember it for many reasons. In
+the morning-before Mr. Rogers got here, you understand-I found the workroom
+in quite a mess. There was a great deal of-cleaning up-to do. There had been-
+late work, you see. Important new specimen given its secondary baking process.
+I took complete charge when I came.
+
+"It was a hard specimen to prepare-but of course Mr. Rogers had taught me a
+great deal. He is, as you know, a very great artist. When he came he helped me
+complete the specimen-helped very materially, I assure you-but he left soon
+without even greeting the men. As I tell you, he was called away suddenly.
+There were important chemical reactions involved. They made loud noises-in
+fact, some teamsters in the court outside fancy they heard several pistol shots-
+very amusing idea!
+
+"As for the new specimen-that matter is very unforutnate. It is a great
+masterpiece-designed and made, you understand, by Mr. Rogers. He will see
+about it when he gets back."
+
+
+
+624
+
+
+
+Again Orabona smiled.
+
+"The police, you know. We put it on display a week ago, and there were two or
+three faintings. One poor fellow had an epileptic fit in front of it. You see, it a
+trifle-stronger-than the rest. Larger, for one thing. Of course, it was in the adult
+alcove. The next day a couple of men from Scotland Yard looked it over and said
+it was too morbid to be shown. Said we'd have to remove it. It was a tremendous
+shame-such a masterpiece of art-but I didn't deel justified in appealing to the
+courts in Mr. Rogers' absence. He would not like so much publicity with the
+police now-but when he gets back-when he gets back-."
+
+For some reason or other Jones felt a mounting tide of uneasiness and repulsion.
+But Orabona was continuing.
+
+"You are a connoisseur, Mr. Jones. I am sure I violate no law in offering you a
+private view. It may be-subject of course, to Mr. Rogers' wishes-that we shall
+destroy the specimen some day-but that would be a crime."
+
+Jones had a powerful impulse to refuse the sight and flee precipitately, but
+Orabona was leading him forward by the arm with an artist's enthusiasm. The
+adult alcove, crowded with nameless horrors, held no visitors. In the farther
+corner a large niche had been curtained off, and to this the smiling assistant
+advanced.
+
+"You must know, Mr. Jones, that the title of this specimen is 'The Sacrifice to
+Rhan-Tegoth.' "
+
+Jones started violently, but Orabona appeared not to notice.
+
+"The shapeless, colossal god is a feature in certain obscure legends which Mr.
+Rogers had studied. All nonsense, of course, as you've so often assured Mr.
+Rogers. It is supposed to have come from outer space, and to have lived in the
+Arctic three million years ago. It trated its sacrifices rather peculiarly and
+horribly, as you shall see. Mr. Rogers had made it fiendishly life-like-even to the
+face of the victim."
+
+Now trembling violently, Jones clund to the brass railing in front of the curtained
+niche. He almost reached out to stop Orabona when he saw the curtain
+beginning to swing aside, but some conflicting impulse held him back. The
+foreigner smiled triumphantly.
+
+"Behold!"
+
+Jones reeled in spite of his grip on the railing.
+
+625
+
+
+
+"God!-great god!"
+
+Fully ten feet high despite a shambling, crouching attitude expressive of infinite
+cosmic malignancy, a monstrosity of unbelievable horror was shown starting
+forward from a Cyclopean ivory throne covered with grotesque carvings. In the
+central pair of its six legs it bore a crushed, flattened, distorted, bloodless thing,
+riddled with a million punctures, and in places seared as with some pungent
+acid. Only the mangled head of the victim, lolling upside down at one side,
+revealed that it represented something once human.
+
+The monster itself needed no title for one who had seen a certain hellish
+photograph. That damnable print had been all too faithful; yet it could not carry
+the full horror which lay in the gigantic actuality. The globular torso-the bubble-
+like suggestion of a head-the three fishy eyes-the foot-long proboscis-the
+bulging gills-the monstrous capillation of asp-like suckers-the six sinuous limbs
+with their black paws and crab-like claws-God! the familiarity of the black paw
+ending in a crab-like claw! . . .
+
+Orabona's smile was utterly damnable. Jones choked, and stared at the hideous
+exhibit with a mounting fascination which perplexed and disturbed him. What
+half-revealed horror was holding and forcing him to look longer and search out
+details? This had driven Rogers mad . . . Rogers, supreme artist . . . said they
+weren't artificial. . . .
+
+Then he localized the thing that held him. It was the crushed waxen victim's
+lolling head, and something that it implied. This head was not entirely devoid of
+a face, and that face was familiar. It was like the mad face of poor Rogers. Jones
+peered closer, hardly knowing why he was driven to do so. Wasn't it natural for
+a mad egotist to mold his own features into his masterpiece? Was there anything
+more that subconscious vision had seized on and suppressed in sheer terror?
+
+The wax of the mangled face had been handled with boundless dexterity. Those
+punctures-how perfectly they reproduced the myriad wounds somehow
+inflicted on that poor dog! But there was something more. On the left cheek one
+could trace an irregularity which seemed outside the general scheme-as if the
+sculptor had sought to cover up a defect of his first modelling. The more Jones
+looked at it, the more mysteriously it horrified him-and then, suddenly, he
+remembered a circumstance which brought his horror to a head. That night of
+hideousness-the tussle-the bound madman-and the long, deep scratch down the
+left cheek of the actual living Rogers. . . .
+
+Jones, releasing his desperate clutch on the railing, sank in a total faint.
+
+
+
+626
+
+
+
+Orabona continued to smile.
+
+
+
+627
+
+
+
+The Hound
+
+
+
+Written in September of 1922
+
+Published in February of 1924 in Weird Tales
+
+In my tortured ears there sounds unceasingly a nightmare whirring and
+flapping, and a faint distant baying as of some gigantic hound. It is not dream - it
+is not, I fear, even madness - for too much has already happened to give me these
+merciful doubts.
+
+St John is a mangled corpse; I alone know why, and such is my knowledge that I
+am about to blow out my brains for fear I shall be mangled in the same way.
+Down unlit and illimitable corridors of eldrith phantasy sweeps the black,
+shapeless Nemesis that drives me to self-annihilation.
+
+May heaven forgive the folly and morbidity which led us both to so monstrous a
+fate! Wearied with the commonplaces of a prosaic world; where even the joys of
+romance and adventure soon grow stale, St John and I had followed
+enthusiastically every aesthetic and intellectual movement which promised
+respite from our devastating ennui. The enigmas of the symbolists and the
+ecstasies of the pre-Raphaelites all were ours in their time, but each new mood
+was drained too soon, of its diverting novelty and appeal.
+
+Only the somber philosophy of the decadents could help us, and this we found
+potent only by increasing gradually the depth and diabolism of our penetrations.
+Baudelaire and Huysmans were soon exhausted of thrills, till finally there
+remained for us only the more direct stimuli of unnatural personal experiences
+and adventures. It was this frightful emotional need which led us eventually to
+that detestable course which even in my present fear I mention with shame and
+timidity - that hideous extremity of human outrage, the abhorred practice of
+grave-robbing.
+
+I cannot reveal the details of our shocking expeditions, or catalogue even partly
+the worst of the trophies adorning the nameless museum we prepared in the
+great stone house where we jointly dwelt, alone and servantless. Our museum
+was a blasphemous, unthinkable place, where with the satanic taste of neurotic
+virtuosi we had assembled an universe of terror and decay to excite our jaded
+sensibilities. It was a secret room, far, far, underground; where huge winged
+daemons carven of basalt and onyx vomited from wide grinning mouths weird
+green and orange light, and hidden pneumatic pipes ruffled into kaleidoscopic
+dances of death the lines of red charnel things hand in hand woven in
+
+
+
+628
+
+
+
+voluminous black hangings. Through these pipes came at will the odors our
+moods most craved; sometimes the scent of pale funeral lilies; sometimes the
+narcotic incense of imagined Eastern shrines of the kingly dead, and sometimes -
+how I shudder to recall it! - the frightful, soul-upheaving stenches of the
+uncovered-grave.
+
+Around the walls of this repellent chamber were cases of antique mummies
+alternating with comely, lifelike bodies perfectly stuffed and cured by the
+taxidermist's art, and with headstones snatched from the oldest churchyards of
+the world. Niches here and there contained skulls of all shapes, and heads
+preserved in various stages of dissolution. There one might find the rotting, bald
+pates of famous noblemen, and the fresh and radiantly golden heads of new-
+buried children.
+
+Statues and paintings there were, all of fiendish subjects and some executed by St
+John and myself. A locked portfolio, bound in tanned human skin, held certain
+unknown and unnameable drawings which it was rumored Goya had
+perpetrated but dared not acknowledge. There were nauseous musical
+instruments, stringed, brass, and wood-wind, on which St John and I sometimes
+produced dissonances of exquisite morbidity and cacodaemoniacal ghastliness;
+whilst in a multitude of inlaid ebony cabinets reposed the most incredible and
+unimaginable variety of tomb-loot ever assembled by human madness and
+perversity. It is of this loot in particular that I must not speak - thank God I had
+the courage to destroy it long before I thought of destroying myself!
+
+The predatory excursions on which we collected our unmentionable treasures
+were always artistically memorable events. We were no vulgar ghouls, but
+worked only under certain conditions of mood, landscape, environment,
+weather, season, and moonlight. These pastimes were to us the most exquisite
+form of aesthetic expression, and we gave their details a fastidious technical care.
+An inappropriate hour, a jarring lighting effect, or a clumsy manipulation of the
+damp sod, would almost totally destroy for us that ecstatic titillation which
+followed the exhumation of some ominous, grinning secret of the earth. Our
+quest for novel scenes and piquant conditions was feverish and insatiate - St John
+was always the leader, and he it was who led the way at last to that mocking,
+accursed spot which brought us our hideous and inevitable doom.
+
+By what malign fatality were we lured to that terrible Holland churchyard? I
+think it was the dark rumor and legendry, the tales of one buried for five
+centuries, who had himself been a ghoul in his time and had stolen a potent
+thing from a mighty sepulchre. I can recall the scene in these final moments - the
+pale autumnal moon over the graves, casting long horrible shadows; the
+grotesque trees, drooping sullenly to meet the neglected grass and the crumbling
+
+
+
+629
+
+
+
+slabs; the vast legions of strangely colossal bats that flew against the moon; the
+antique ivied church pointing a huge spectral finger at the livid sky; the
+phosphorescent insects that danced like death-fires under the yews in a distant
+corner; the odors of mould, vegetation, and less explicable things that mingled
+feebly with the night-wind from over far swamps and seas; and, worst of all, the
+faint deep-toned baying of some gigantic hound which we could neither see nor
+definitely place. As we heard this suggestion of baying we shuddered,
+remembering the tales of the peasantry; for he whom we sought had centuries
+before been found in this self same spot, torn and mangled by the claws and
+teeth of some unspeakable beast.
+
+I remember how we delved in the ghoul's grave with our spades, and how we
+thrilled at the picture of ourselves, the grave, the pale watching moon, the
+horrible shadows, the grotesque trees, the titanic bats, the antique church, the
+dancing death-fires, the sickening odors, the gently moaning night-wind, and the
+strange, half-heard directionless baying of whose objective existence we could
+scarcely be sure.
+
+Then we struck a substance harder than the damp mould, and beheld a rotting
+oblong box crusted with mineral deposits from the long undisturbed ground. It
+was incredibly tough and thick, but so old that we finally pried it open and
+feasted our eyes on what it held.
+
+Much - amazingly much - was left of the object despite the lapse of five hundred
+years. The skeleton, though crushed in places by the jaws of the thing that had
+killed it, held together with surprising firmness, and we gloated over the clean
+white skull and its long, firm teeth and its eyeless sockets that once had glowed
+with a charnel fever like our own. In the coffin lay an amulet of curious and
+exotic design, which had apparently been worn around the sleeper's neck. It was
+the oddly conventionalised figure of a crouching winged hound, or sphinx with
+a semi-canine face, and was exquisitely carved in antique Oriental fashion from a
+small piece of green jade. The expression of its features was repellent in the
+extreme, savoring at once of death, bestiality and malevolence. Around the base
+was an inscription in characters which neither St John nor I could identify; and
+on the bottom, like a maker's seal, was graven a grotesque and formidable skull.
+
+Immediately upon beholding this amulet we knew that we must possess it; that
+this treasure alone was our logical pelf from the centuried grave. Even had its
+outlines been unfamiliar we would have desired it, but as we looked more
+closely we saw that it was not wholly unfamiliar. Alien it indeed was to all art
+and literature which sane and balanced readers know, but we recognized it as
+the thing hinted of in the forbidden Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul
+Alhazred; the ghastly soul-symbol of the corpse-eating cult of inaccessible Leng,
+
+
+
+630
+
+
+
+in Central Asia. All too well did we trace the sinister lineaments described by the
+old Arab daemonologist; lineaments, he wrote, drawn from some obscure
+supernatural manifestation of the souls of those who vexed and gnawed at the
+dead.
+
+Seizing the green jade object, we gave a last glance at the bleached and cavern-
+eyed face of its owner and closed up the grave as we found it. As we hastened
+from the abhorrent spot, the stolen amulet in St John's pocket, we thought we
+saw the bats descend in a body to the earth we had so lately rifled, as if seeking
+for some cursed and unholy nourishment. But the autumn moon shone weak
+and pale, and we could not be sure.
+
+So, too, as we sailed the next day away from Holland to our home, we thought
+we heard the faint distant baying of some gigantic hound in the background. But
+the autumn wind moaned sad and wan, and we could not be sure.
+
+Less than a week after our return to England, strange things began to happen.
+We lived as recluses; devoid of friends, alone, and without servants in a few
+rooms of an ancient manor-house on a bleak and unfrequented moor; so that our
+doors were seldom disturbed by the knock of the visitor.
+
+Now, however, we were troubled by what seemed to be a frequent fumbling in
+the night, not only around the doors but around the windows also, upper as well
+as lower. Once we fancied that a large, opaque body darkened the library
+window when the moon was shining against it, and another time we thought we
+heard a whirring or flapping sound not far off. On each occasion investigation
+revealed nothing, and we began to ascribe the occurrences to imagination which
+still prolonged in our ears the faint far baying we thought we had heard in the
+Holland churchyard. The jade amulet now reposed in a niche in our museum,
+and sometimes we burned a strangely scented candle before it. We read much in
+Alhazred's Necronomicon about its properties, and about the relation of ghosts'
+souls to the objects it symbolized; and were disturbed by what we read.
+
+Then terror came.
+
+On the night of September 24, 19-, I heard a knock at my chamber door.
+Fancying it St John's, I bade the knocker enter, but was answered only by a shrill
+laugh. There was no one in the corridor. When I aroused St John from his sleep,
+he professed entire ignorance of the event, and became as worried as I. It was the
+night that the faint, distant baying over the moor became to us a certain and
+dreaded reality.
+
+
+
+631
+
+
+
+Four days later, whilst we were both in the hidden museum, there came a low,
+cautious scratching at the single door which led to the secret library staircase.
+Our alarm was now divided, for, besides our fear of the unknown, we had
+always entertained a dread that our grisly collection might be discovered.
+Extinguishing all lights, we proceeded to the door and threw it suddenly open;
+whereupon we felt an unaccountable rush of air, and heard, as if receding far
+away, a queer combination of rustling, tittering, and articulate chatter. Whether
+we were mad, dreaming, or in our senses, we did not try to determine. We only
+realized, with the blackest of apprehensions, that the apparently disembodied
+chatter was beyond a doubt in the Dutch language.
+
+After that we lived in growing horror and fascination. Mostly we held to the
+theory that we were jointly going mad from our life of unnatural excitements,
+but sometimes it pleased us more to dramatize ourselves as the victims of some
+creeping and appalling doom. Bizarre manifestations were now too frequent to
+count. Our lonely house was seemingly alive with the presence of some malign
+being whose nature we could not guess, and every night that daemoniac baying
+rolled over the wind-swept moor, always louder and louder. On October 29 we
+found in the soft earth underneath the library window a series of footprints
+utterly impossible to describe. They were as baffling as the hordes of great bats
+which haunted the old manor-house in unprecedented and increasing numbers.
+
+The horror reached a culmination on November 18, when St John, walking home
+after dark from the dismal railway station, was seized by some frightful
+carnivorous thing and torn to ribbons. His screams had reached the house, and I
+had hastened to the terrible scene in time to hear a whir of wings and see a vague
+black cloudy thing silhouetted against the rising moon.
+
+My friend was dying when I spoke to him, and he could not answer coherently.
+All he could do was to whisper, "The amulet - that damned thing -"
+
+Then he collapsed, an inert mass of mangled flesh.
+
+I buried him the next midnight in one of our neglected gardens, and mumbled
+over his body one of the devilish rituals he had loved in life. And as I
+pronounced the last daemoniac sentence I heard afar on the moor the faint
+baying of some gigantic hound. The moon was up, but I dared not look at it. And
+when I saw on the dim-lighted moor a wide-nebulous shadow sweeping from
+mound to mound, I shut my eyes and threw myself face down upon the ground.
+When I arose, trembling, I know not how much later, I staggered into the house
+and made shocking obeisances before the enshrined amulet of green jade.
+
+
+
+632
+
+
+
+Being now afraid to live alone in the ancient house on the moor, I departed on
+the following day for London, taking with me the amulet after destroying by fire
+and burial the rest of the impious collection in the museum. But after three nights
+I heard the baying again, and before a week was over felt strange eyes upon me
+whenever it was dark. One evening as I strolled on Victoria Embankment for
+some needed air, I saw a black shape obscure one of the reflections of the lamps
+in the water. A wind, stronger than the night-wind, rushed by, and I knew that
+what had befallen St John must soon befall me.
+
+The next day I carefully wrapped the green jade amulet and sailed for Holland.
+What mercy I might gain by returning the thing to its silent, sleeping owner I
+knew not; but I felt that I must try any step conceivably logical. What the hound
+was, and why it had pursued me, were questions still vague; but I had first heard
+the baying in that ancient churchyard, and every subsequent event including St
+John's dying whisper had served to connect the curse with the stealing of the
+amulet. Accordingly I sank into the nethermost abysses of despair when, at an
+inn in Rotterdam, I discovered that thieves had despoiled me of this sole means
+of salvation.
+
+The baying was loud that evening, and in the morning I read of a nameless deed
+in the vilest quarter of the city. The rabble were in terror, for upon an evil
+tenement had fallen a red death beyond the foulest previous crime of the
+neighborhood. In a squalid thieves' den an entire family had been torn to shreds
+by an unknown thing which left no trace, and those around had heard all night a
+faint, deep, insistent note as of a gigantic hound.
+
+So at last I stood again in the unwholesome churchyard where a pale winter
+moon cast hideous shadows and leafless trees drooped sullenly to meet the
+withered, frosty grass and cracking slabs, and the ivied church pointed a jeering
+finger at the unfriendly sky, and the night-wind howled maniacally from over
+frozen swamps and frigid seas. The baying was very faint now, and it ceased
+altogether as I approached the ancient grave I had once violated, and frightened
+away an abnormally large horde of bats which had been hovering curiously
+around it.
+
+I know not why I went thither unless to pray, or gibber out insane pleas and
+apologies to the calm white thing that lay within; but, whatever my reason, I
+attacked the half frozen sod with a desperation partly mine and partly that of a
+dominating will outside myself. Excavation was much easier than I expected,
+though at one point I encountered a queer interruption; when a lean vulture
+darted down out of the cold sky and pecked frantically at the grave-earth until I
+killed him with a blow of my spade. Finally I reached the rotting oblong box and
+removed the damp nitrous cover. This is the last rational act I ever performed.
+
+
+
+633
+
+
+
+For crouched within that centuried coffin, embraced by a closepacked nightmare
+retinue of huge, sinewy, sleeping bats, was the bony thing my friend and I had
+robbed; not clean and placid as we had seen it then, but covered with caked
+blood and shreds of alien flesh and hair, and leering sentiently at me with
+phosphorescent sockets and sharp ensanguined fangs yawning twistedly in
+mockery of my inevitable doom. And when it gave from those grinning jaws a
+deep, sardonic bay as of some gigantic hound, and I saw that it held in its gory
+filthy claw the lost and fateful amulet of green jade, I merely screamed and ran
+away idiotically, my screams soon dissolving into peals of hysterical laughter.
+
+Madness rides the star-wind... claws and teeth sharpened on centuries of
+corpses... dripping death astride a bacchanale of bats from nigh-black ruins of
+buried temples of Belial. . . Now, as the baying of that dead fleshless monstrosity
+grows louder and louder, and the stealthy whirring and flapping of those
+accursed web-wings closer and closer, I shall seek with my revolver the oblivion
+which is my only refuge from the unnamed and unnameable.
+
+
+
+634
+
+
+
+The Music OF Erich Zann
+
+Written in December of 1921
+
+Published in March of 1922 in The National Amateur
+
+I have examined maps of the city with the greatest care, yet have never again
+found the Rue d'Auseil. These maps have not been modern maps alone, for I
+know that names change. I have, on the contrary, delved deeply into all the
+antiquities of the place, and have personally explored every region, of whatever
+name, which could possibly answer to the street I knew as the Rue d'Auseil. But
+despite all I have done, it remains an humiliating fact that I cannot find the
+house, the street, or even the locality, where, during the last months of my
+impoverished life as a student of metaphysics at the university, I heard the music
+of Erich Zann.
+
+That my memory is broken, I do not wonder; for my health, physical and mental,
+was gravely disturbed throughout the period of my residence in the Rue
+d'Auseil, and I recall that I took none of my few acquaintances there. But that I
+cannot find the place again is both singular and perplexing; for it was within a
+half-hour's walk of the university and was distinguished by peculiarities which
+could hardly be forgotten by any one who had been there. I have never met a
+person who has seen the Rue d'Auseil.
+
+The Rue d'Auseil lay across a dark river bordered by precipitous brick blear-
+windowed warehouses and spanned by a ponderous bridge of dark stone. It was
+always shadowy along that river, as if the smoke of neighboring factories shut
+out the sun perpetually. The river was also odorous with evil stenches which I
+have never smelled elsewhere, and which may some day help me to find it, since
+I should recognize them at once. Beyond the bridge were narrow cobbled streets
+with rails; and then came the ascent, at first gradual, but incredibly steep as the
+Rue d'Auseil was reached.
+
+I have never seen another street as narrow and steep as the Rue d'Auseil. It was
+almost a cliff, closed to all vehicles, consisting in several places of ffights of steps,
+and ending at the top in a lofty ivied wall. Its paving was irregular, sometimes
+stone slabs, sometimes cobblestones, and sometimes bare earth with struggling
+greenish-grey vegetation. The houses were tall, peaked-roofed, incredibly old,
+and crazily leaning backward, forward, and sidewise. Occasionally an opposite
+pair, both leaning forward, almost met across the street like an arch; and
+certainly they kept most of the light from the ground below. There were a few
+overhead bridges from house to house across the street.
+
+
+
+635
+
+
+
+The inhabitants of that street impressed me pecuharly; At first I thought it was
+because they were all silent and reticent; but later decided it was because they
+were all very old. I do not know how I came to live on such a street, but I was not
+myself when I moved there. I had been living in many poor places, always
+evicted for want of money; until at last I came upon that tottering house in the
+Rue d'Auseil kept by the paralytic Blandot. It was the third house from the top of
+the street, and by far the tallest of them all.
+
+My rcom was on the fifth story; the only inhabited room there, since the house
+was almost empty. On the night I arrived I heard Strang music from the peaked
+garret overhead, and the next day asked old Blandot about it. He told me it was
+an old German viol-player, a strange dumb man who signed his name as Erich
+Zann, and who played eve nings in a cheap theater orchestra; adding that Zann's
+desire to play in the night after his return from the theater was the reason he had
+chosen this lofty and isolated garret room, whose single gable window was the
+only point on the street from which one could look over the terminating wall at
+the declivity and panorama beyond.
+
+Thereafter I heard Zann every night, and although he kept me awake, I was
+haunted by the weirdness of his music. Knowing little of the art myself, I was yet
+certain that none of his harmonies had any relation to music I had heard before;
+and concluded that he was a composer of highly original genius. The longer I
+listened, the more I was fascinated, until after a week I resolved to make the old
+man's acquaintance.
+
+One night as he was returning from his work, I intercepted Zann in the hallway
+and told him that I would like to know him and be with him when he played. He
+was a small, lean, bent person, with shabby clothes, blue eyes, grotesque,
+satyrlike face, and nearly bald head; and at my first words seemed both angered
+and frightened. My obvious friendliness, however, finally melted him; and he
+grudgingly motioned to me to follow him up the dark, creaking and rickety attic
+stairs. His room, one of only two in the steeply pitched garret, was on the west
+side, toward the high wall that formed the upper end of the street. Its size was
+very great, and seemed the greater because of its extraordinary barrenness and
+neglect. Of furniture there was only a narrow iron bedstead, a dingy wash-stand,
+a small table, a large bookcase, an iron music-rack, and three old-fashioned
+chairs. Sheets of music were piled in disorder about the floor. The walls were of
+bare boards, and had probably never known plaster; whilst the abundance of
+dust and cobwebs made the place seem more deserted than inhabited. Evidently
+Erich Zann's world of beauty lay in some far cosmos of the imagination.
+
+Motioning me to sit down, the dumb man closed the door, turned the large
+wooden bolt, and lighted a candle to augment the one he had brought with him.
+
+
+
+636
+
+
+
+He now removed his viol from its motheaten covering, and taking it, seated
+himself in the least uncomfortable of the chairs. He did not employ the music-
+rack, but, offering no choice and playing from memory, enchanted me for over
+an hour with strains I had never heard before; strains which must have been of
+his own devising. To describe their exact nature is impossible for one unversed
+in music. They were a kind of fugue, with recurrent passages of the most
+captivating quality, but to me were notable for the absence of any of the weird
+notes I had overheard from my room below on other occasions.
+
+Those haunting notes I had remembered, and had often hummed and whistled
+inaccurately to myself, so when the player at length laid down his bow I asked
+him if he would render some of them. As I began my request the wrinkled
+satyrlike face lost the bored placidity it had possessed during the playing, and
+seemed to show the same curious mixture of anger and fright which I had
+noticed when first I accosted the old man. For a moment I was inclined to use
+persuasion, regarding rather lightly the whims of senility; and even tried to
+awaken my host's weirder mood by whistling a few of the strains to which I had
+listened the night before. But I did not pursue this course for more than a
+moment; for when the dumb musician recognized the whistled air his face grew
+suddenly distorted with an expression wholly beyond analysis, and his long,
+cold, bony right hand reached out to stop my mouth and silence the crude
+imitation. As he did this he further demonstrated his eccentricity by casting a
+startled glance toward the lone curtained window, as if fearful of some
+intruder— a glance doubly absurd, since the garret stood high and inaccessible
+above all the adjacent roofs, this window being the only point on the steep street,
+as the concierge had told me, from which one could see over the wall at the
+summit.
+
+The old man's glance brought Blandot's remark to my mind, and with a certain
+capriciousness I felt a wish to look out over the wide and dizzying panorama of
+moonlit roofs and city lights beyond the hilltop, which of all the dwellers in the
+Rue d'Auseil only this crabbed musician could see. I moved toward the window
+and would have drawn aside the nondescript curtains, when with a frightened
+rage even greater than before, the dumb lodger was upon me again; this time
+motioning with his head toward the door as he nervously strove to drag me
+thither with both hands. Now thoroughly disgusted with my host, I ordered him
+to release me, and told him I would go at once. His clutch relaxed, and as he saw
+my disgust and offense, his own anger seemed to subside. He tightened his
+relaxing grip, but this time in a friendly manner, forcing me into a chair; then
+with an appearance of wistfulness crossing to the littered table, where he wrote
+many words with a pencil, in the labored French of a foreigner.
+
+
+
+637
+
+
+
+The note which he finally handed me was an appeal for tolerance and
+forgiveness. Zann said that he was old, lonely, and afflicted with strange fears
+and nervous disorders connected with his music and with other things. He had
+enjoyed my listening to his music, and wished I would come again and not mind
+his eccentricities. But he could not play to another his weird harmonies, and
+could not bear hearing them from another; nor could he bear having anything in
+his room touched by an-other. He had not known until our hallway conversation
+that I could overhear his playing in my room, and now asked me if I would
+arrange with Blandot to take a lower room where I could not hear him in the
+night. He would, he wrote, defray the difference in rent.
+
+As I sat deciphering the execrable French, I felt more lenient toward the old man.
+He was a victim of physical and nervous suffering, as was I; and my
+metaphysical studies had taught me kindness. In the silence there came a slight
+sound from the window — the shutter must have rattled in the night wind, and
+for some reason I started almost as violently as did Erich Zann. So when I had
+finished reading, I shook my host by the hand, and departed as a friend.
+
+The next day Blandot gave me a more expensive room on the third floor,
+between the apartments of an aged money-lender and the room of a respectable
+upholsterer. There was no one on the fourth floor.
+
+It was not long before I found that Zann's eagerness for my company was not as
+great as it had seemed while he was persuading me to move down from the fifth
+story. He did not ask me to call on him, and when I did call he appeared uneasy
+and played listlessly. This was always at night— in the day he slept and would
+admit no one. My liking for him did not grow, though the attic room and the
+weird music seemed to hold an odd fascination for me. I had a curious desire to
+look out of that window, over the wall and down the unseen slope at the
+glittering roofs and spires which must lie outspread there. Once I went up to the
+garret during theater hours, when Zann was away, but the door was locked.
+
+What I did succeed in doing was to overhear the nocturnal playing of the dumb
+old man. At first I would tip-toe up to my old fifth floor, then I grew bold
+enough to climb the last creaking staircase to the peaked garret. There in the
+narrow hall, outside the bolted door with the covered keyhole, I often heard
+sounds which filled me with an indefinable dread — the dread of vague wonder
+and brooding mystery. It was not that the sounds were hideous, for they were
+not; but that they held vibrations suggesting nothing on this globe of earth, and
+that at certain intervals they assumed a symphonic quality which I could hardly
+conceive as produced by one player. Certainly, Erich Zann was a genius of wild
+power. As the weeks passed, the playing grew wilder, whilst the old musician
+acquired an increasing haggardness and furtiveness pitiful to behold. He now
+
+
+
+638
+
+
+
+refused to admit me at any time, and shunned me whenever we met on the
+stairs.
+
+Then one night as I hstened at the door, I heard the shrieking viol swell into a
+chaotic babel of sound; a pandemonium which would have led me to doubt my
+own shaking sanity had there not come from behind that barred portal a piteous
+proof that the horror was real — the awful, inarticulate cry which only a mute can
+utter, and which rises only in moments of the most terrible fear or anguish. I
+knocked repeatedly at the door, but received no response. Afterward I waited in
+the black hallway, shivering with cold and fear, till I heard the poor musician's
+feeble effort to rise from the floor by the aid of a chair. Believing him just
+conscious after a fainting fit, I renewed my rapping, at the same time calling out
+my name reassuringly. I heard Zann stumble to the window and close both
+shutter and sash, then stumble to the door, which he falteringly unfastened to
+admit me. This time his delight at having me present was real; for his distorted
+face gleamed with relief while he clutched at my coat as a child clutches at its
+mother's skirts.
+
+Shaking pathetically, the old man forced me into a chair whilst he sank into
+another, beside which his viol and bow lay carelessly on the floor. He sat for
+some time inactive, nodding oddly, but having a paradoxical suggestion of
+intense and frightened listening. Subsequently he seemed to be satisfied, and
+crossing to a chair by the table wrote a brief note, handed it to me, and returned
+to the table, where he began to write rapidly and incessantly. The note implored
+me in the name of mercy, and for the sake of my own curiosity, to wait where I
+was while he prepared a full account in German of all the marvels and terrors
+which beset him. I waited, and the dumb man's pencil flew.
+
+It was perhaps an hour later, while I still waited and while the old musician's
+feverishly written sheets still continued to pile up, that I saw Zann start as from
+the hint of a horrible shock. Unmistakably he was looking at the curtained
+window and listening shudderingly. Then I half fancied I heard a sound myself;
+though it was not a horrible sound, but rather an exquisitely low and infinitely
+distant musical note, suggesting a player in one of the neighboring houses, or in
+some abode beyond the lofty wall over which I had never been able to look.
+Upon Zann the effect was terrible, for, dropping his pencil, suddenly he rose,
+seized his viol, and commenced to rend the night with the wildest playing I had
+ever heard from his bow save when listening at the barred door.
+
+It would be useless to describe the playing of Erich Zann on that dreadful night.
+It was more horrible than anything I had ever overheard, because I could now
+see the expression of his face, and could realize that this time the motive was
+stark fear. He was trying to make a noise; to ward something off or drown
+
+
+
+639
+
+
+
+something out— what, I could not imagine, awesome though I felt it must be. The
+playing grew fantastic, dehnous, and hysterical, yet kept to the last the qualities
+of supreme genius which I knew this strange old man possessed. I recognized
+the air — it was a wild Hungarian dance popular in the theaters, and I reflected
+for a moment that this was the first time I had ever heard Zann play the work of
+another composer.
+
+Louder and louder, wilder and wilder, mounted the shrieking and whining of
+that desperate viol. The player was dripping with an uncanny perspiration and
+twisted like a monkey, always looking frantically at the curtained window. In his
+frenzied strains I could almost see shadowy satyrs and bacchanals dancing and
+whirling insanely through seething abysses of clouds and smoke and lightning.
+And then I thought I heard a shriller, steadier note that was not from the viol; a
+calm, deliberate, purposeful, mocking note from far away in the West.
+
+At this juncture the shutter began to rattle in a howling night wind which had
+sprung up outside as if in answer to the mad playing within. Zann's screaming
+viol now outdid itself emitting sounds I had never thought a viol could emit. The
+shutter rattled more loudly, unfastened, and commenced slamming against the
+window. Then the glass broke shiveringly under the persistent impacts, and the
+chill wind rushed in, making the candles sputter and rustling the sheets of paper
+on the table where Zann had begun to write out his horrible secret. I looked at
+Zann, and saw that he was past conscious observation. His blue eyes were
+bulging, glassy and sightless, and the frantic playing had become a blind,
+mechanical, unrecognizable orgy that no pen could even suggest.
+
+A sudden gust, stronger than the others, caught up the manuscript and bore it
+toward the window. I followed the flying sheets in desperation, but they were
+gone before I reached the demolished panes. Then I remembered my old wish to
+gaze from this window, the only window in the Rue d'Auseil from which one
+might see the slope beyond the wall, and the city outspread beneath. It was very
+dark, but the city's lights always burned, and I expected to see them there amidst
+the rain and wind. Yet when I looked from that highest of all gable windows,
+looked while the candles sputtered and the insane viol howled with the night-
+wind, I saw no city spread below, and no friendly lights gleamed from
+remembered streets, but only the blackness of space illimitable; unimagined
+space alive with motion and music, and having no semblance of anything on
+earth. And as I stood there looking in terror, the wind blew out both the candles
+in that ancient peaked garret, leaving me in savage and impenetrable darkness
+with chaos and pandemonium before me, and the demon madness of that night-
+baying viol behind me.
+
+
+
+640
+
+
+
+I staggered back in the dark, without the means of striking a hght, crashing
+against the table, overturning a chair, and finally groping my way to the place
+where the blackness screamed with shocking music. To save myself and Erich
+Zann I could at least try, whatever the powers opposed to me. Once I thought
+some chill thing brushed me, and I screamed, but my scream could not be heard
+above that hideous viol. Suddenly out of the blackness the madly sawing bow
+struck me, and I knew I was close to the player. I felt ahead, touched the back of
+Zann's chair, and then found and shook his shoulder in an effort to bring him to
+his senses.
+
+He did not respond, and still the viol shrieked on without slackening. I moved
+my hand to his head, whose mechanical nodding I was able to stop, and shouted
+in his ear that we must both flee from the unknown things of the night. But he
+neither answered me nor abated the frenzy of his unutterable music, while all
+through the garret strange currents of wind seemed to dance in the darkness and
+babel. When my hand touched his ear I shuddered, though I knew not why —
+knew not why till I felt the still face; the ice-cold, stiffened, unbreathing face
+whose glassy eyes bulged uselessly into the void. And then, by some miracle,
+finding the door and the large wooden bolt, I plunged wildly away from that
+glassy-eyed thing in the dark, and from the ghoulish howling of that accursed
+viol whose fury increased even as I plunged.
+
+Leaping, floating, flying down those endless stairs through the dark house;
+racing mindlessly out into the narrow, steep, and ancient street of steps and
+tottering houses; clattering down steps and over cobbles to the lower streets and
+the putrid canyon-walled river; panting across the great dark bridge to the
+broader, healthier streets and boulevards we know; all these are terrible
+impressions that linger with me. And I recall that there was no wind, and that
+the moon was out, and that all the lights of the city twinkled.
+
+Despite my most careful searches and investigations, I have never since been able
+to find the Rue d'Auseil. But I am not wholly sorry; either for this or for the loss
+in undreamable abysses of the closely-written sheets which alone could have
+explained the music of Erich Zann.
+
+
+
+641
+
+
+
+The Nameless City
+
+Written in January of 1921
+
+Published in November of 1921 in The Wolverine
+
+When I drew nigh the nameless city I knew it was accursed. I was traveling in a
+parched and terrible valley under the moon, and afar I saw it protruding
+uncannily above the sands as parts of a corpse may protrude from an ill-made
+grave. Fear spoke from the age-worn stones of this hoary survivor of the deluge,
+this great-grandfather of the eldest pyramid; and a viewless aura repelled me
+and bade me retreat from antique and sinister secrets that no man should see,
+and no man else had dared to see.
+
+Remote in the desert of Araby lies the nameless city, crumbling and inarticulate,
+its low walls nearly hidden by the sands of uncounted ages. It must have been
+thus before the first stones of Memphis were laid, and while the bricks of
+Babylon were yet unbaked. There is no legend so old as to give it a name, or to
+recall that it was ever alive; but it is told of in whispers around campfires and
+muttered about by grandams in the tents of sheiks so that all the tribes shun it
+without wholly knowing why. It was of this place that Abdul Alhazred the mad
+poet dreamed of the night before he sang his unexplained couplet:
+
+That is not dead which can eternal lie.
+
+And with strange aeons death may die.
+
+I should have known that the Arabs had good reason for shunning the nameless
+city, the city told of in strange tales but seen by no living man, yet I defied them
+and went into the untrodden waste with my camel. I alone have seen it, and that
+is why no other face bears such hideous lines of fear as mine; why no other man
+shivers so horribly when the night wind rattles the windows. When I came upon
+it in the ghastly stillness of unending sleep it looked at me, chilly from the rays of
+a cold moon amidst the desert's heat. And as I returned its look I forgot my
+triumph at finding it, and stopped still with my camel to wait for the dawn.
+
+For hours I waited, till the east grew grey and the stars faded, and the grey
+turned to roseate light edged with gold. I heard a moaning and saw a storm of
+sand stirring among the antique stones though the sky was clear and the vast
+reaches of desert still. Then suddenly above the desert's far rim came the blazing
+edge of the sun, seen through the tiny sandstorm which was passing away, and
+in my fevered state I fancied that from some remote depth there came a crash of
+musical metal to hail the fiery disc as Memnon hails it from the banks of the Nile.
+
+
+
+642
+
+
+
+My ears rang and my imagination seethed as I led my camel slowly across the
+sand to that unvocal place; that place which I alone of living men had seen.
+
+In and out amongst the shapeless foundations of houses and places I wandered,
+finding never a carving or inscription to tell of these men, if men they were, who
+built this city and dwelt therein so long ago. The antiquity of the spot was
+unwholesome, and I longed to encounter some sign or device to prove that the
+city was indeed fashioned by mankind. There were certain proportions and
+dimensions in the ruins which I did not like. I had with me many tools, and dug
+much within the walls of the obliterated edifices; but progress was slow, and
+nothing significant was revealed. When night and the moon returned I felt a chill
+wind which brought new fear, so that I did not dare to remain in the city. And as
+I went outside the antique walls to sleep, a small sighing sandstorm gathered
+behind me, blowing over the grey stones though the moon was bright and most
+of the desert still.
+
+I awakened just at dawn from a pageant of horrible dreams, my ears ringing as
+from some metallic peal. I saw the sun peering redly through the last gusts of a
+little sandstorm that hovered over the nameless city, and marked the quietness of
+the rest of the landscape. Once more I ventured within those brooding ruins that
+swelled beneath the sand like an ogre under a coverlet, and again dug vainly for
+relics of the forgotten race. At noon I rested, and in the afternoon I spent much
+time tracing the walls and bygone streets, and the outlines of the nearly vanished
+buildings. I saw that the city had been mighty indeed, and wondered at the
+sources of its greatness. To myself I pictured all the spendours of an age so
+distant that Chaldaea could not recall it, and thought of Sarnath the Doomed,
+that stood in the land of Mnar when mankind was young, and of lb, that was
+carven of grey stone before mankind existed.
+
+All at once I came upon a place where the bedrock rose stark through the sand
+and formed a low cliff; and here I saw with joy what seemed to promise further
+traces of the antediluvian people. Hewn rudely on the face of the cliff were the
+unmistakable facades of several small, squat rock houses or temples; whose
+interiors might preserve many secrets of ages too remote for calculation, though
+sandstorms had long effaced any carvings which may have been outside.
+
+Very low and sand-choked were all the dark apertures near me, but I cleared one
+with my spade and crawled through it, carrying a torch to reveal whatever
+mysteries it might hold. When I was inside I saw that the cavern was indeed a
+temple, and beheld plain signs of the race that had lived and worshipped before
+the desert was a desert. Primitive altars, pillars, and niches, all curiously low,
+were not absent; and though I saw no sculptures or frescoes, there were many
+singular stones clearly shaped into symbols by artificial means. The lowness of
+
+
+
+643
+
+
+
+the chiselled chamber was very strange, for I could hardly kneel upright; but the
+area was so great that my torch showed only part of it at a time. I shuddered
+oddly in some of the far corners; for certain altars and stones suggested forgotten
+rites of terrible, revolting and inexplicable nature and made me wonder what
+manner of men could have made and frequented such a temple. When I had seen
+all that the place contained, I crawled out again, avid to find what the temples
+might yield.
+
+Night had now approached, yet the tangible things I had seen made curiosity
+stronger than fear, so that I did not flee from the long mooncast shadows that
+had daunted me when first I saw the nameless city. In the twilight I cleared
+another aperture and with a new torch crawled into it, finding more vague
+stones and symbols, though nothing more definite than the other temple had
+contained. The room was just as low, but much less broad, ending in a very
+narrow passage crowded with obscure and cryptical shrines. About these shrines
+I was prying when the noise of a wind and my camel outside broke through the
+stillness and drew me forth to see what could have frightened the beast.
+
+The moon was gleaming vividly over the primitive ruins, lighting a dense cloud
+of sand that seemed blown by a strong but decreasing wind from some point
+along the cliff ahead of me. I knew it was this chilly, sandy wind which had
+disturbed the camel and was about to lead him to a place of better shelter when I
+chanced to glance up and saw that there was no wind atop the cliff. This
+astonished me and made me fearful again, but I immediately recalled the sudden
+local winds that I had seen and heard before at sunrise and sunset, and judged it
+was a normal thing. I decided it came from some rock fissure leading to a cave,
+and watched the troubled sand to trace it to its source; soon perceiving that it
+came from the black orifice of a temple a long distance south of me, almost out of
+sight. Against the choking sand-cloud I plodded toward this temple, which as I
+neared it loomed larger than the rest, and shewed a doorway far less clogged
+with caked sand. I would have entered had not the terrific force of the icy wind
+almost quenched my torch. It poured madly out of the dark door, sighing
+uncannily as it ruffled the sand and spread among the weird ruins. Soon it grew
+fainter and the sand grew more and more still, till finally all was at rest again;
+but a presence seemed stalking among the spectral stones of the city, and when I
+glanced at the moon it seemed to quiver as though mirrored in unquiet waters. I
+was more afraid than I could explain, but not enough to dull my thirst for
+wonder; so as soon as the wind was quite gone I crossed into the dark chamber
+from which it had come.
+
+This temple, as I had fancied from the outside, was larger than either of those I
+had visited before; and was presumably a natural cavern since it bore winds
+from some region beyond. Here I could stand quite upright, but saw that the
+
+
+
+644
+
+
+
+stones and altars were as low as those in the other temples. On the walls and roof
+I beheld for the first time some traces of the pictorial art of the ancient race,
+curious curling streaks of paint that had almost faded or crumbled away; and on
+two of the altars I saw with rising excitement a maze of well-fashioned
+curvilinear carvings. As I held my torch aloft it seemed to me that the shape of
+the roof was too regular to be natural, and I wondered what the prehistoric
+cutters of stone had first worked upon. Their engineering skill must have been
+vast.
+
+Then a brighter flare of the fantastic flame showed that form which I had been
+seeking, the opening to those remoter abysses whence the sudden wind had
+blown; and I grew faint when I saw that it was a small and plainly artificial door
+chiselled in the solid rock. I thrust my torch within, beholding a black tunnel
+with the roof arching low over a rough flight of very small, numerous and
+steeply descending steps. I shall always see those steps in my dreams, for I came
+to learn what they meant. At the time I hardly knew whether to call them steps
+or mere footholds in a precipitous descent. My mind was whirling with mad
+thoughts, and the words and warning of Arab prophets seemed to float across
+the desert from the land that men know to the nameless city that men dare not
+know. Yet I hesitated only for a moment before advancing through the portal
+and commencing to climb cautiously down the steep passage, feet first, as
+though on a ladder.
+
+It is only in the terrible phantasms of drugs or delirium that any other man can
+have such a descent as mine. The narrow passage led infinitely down like some
+hideous haunted well, and the torch I held above my head could not light the
+unknown depths toward which I was crawling. I lost track of the hours and
+forgot to consult my watch, though I was frightened when I thought of the
+distance I must be traversing. There were changes of direction and of steepness;
+and once I came to a long, low, level passage where I had to wriggle my feet first
+along the rocky floor, holding torch at arm's length beyond my head. The place
+was not high enough for kneeling. After that were more of the steep steps, and I
+was still scrambling down interminably when my failing torch died out. I do not
+think I noticed it at the time, for when I did notice it I was still holding it above
+me as if it were ablaze. I was quite unbalanced with that instinct for the strange
+and the unknown which had made me a wanderer upon earth and a haunter of
+far, ancient, and forbidden places.
+
+In the darkness there flashed before my mind fragments of my cherished
+treasury of daemonic lore; sentences from Alhazred the mad Arab, paragraphs
+from the apocryphal nightmares of Damascius, and infamous lines from the
+delirious Image du Monde of Gauthier de Metz. I repeated queer extracts, and
+muttered of Afrasiab and the daemons that floated with him down the Oxus;
+
+
+
+645
+
+
+
+later chanting over and over again a phrase from one of Lord Dunsany's tales-
+"The unreveberate blackness of the abyss." Once when the descent grew
+amazingly steep I recited something in sing-song from Thomas Moore until I
+feared to recite more:
+
+
+
+A reservoir of
+
+As witches' cauldrons
+
+With moon-drugs in
+
+Leaning to look
+
+Down thro' that
+
+As far as
+
+The jetty sides
+
+Looking as if
+
+With that dark
+Throws out upon its slimy shore.
+
+
+
+darkness, black
+
+are, when fill'd
+
+th' eclipse distill' d
+
+if foot might pass
+
+chasm, I saw, beneath,
+
+vision could explore,
+
+as smooth as glass,
+
+just varnish'd o'er
+
+pitch the Seat of Death
+
+
+
+Time had quite ceased to exist when my feet again felt a level floor, and I found
+myself in a place slightly higher than the rooms in the two smaller temples now
+so incalculably far above my head. I could not quite stand, but could kneel
+upright, and in the dark I shuffled and crept hither and thither at random. I soon
+knew that I was in a narrow passage whose walls were lined with cases of wood
+having glass fronts. As in that Palaeozoic and abysmal place I felt of such things
+as polished wood and glass I shuddered at the possible implications. The cases
+were apparently ranged along each side of the passage at regular intervals, and
+were oblong and horizontal, hideously like coffins in shape and size. When I
+tried to move two or three for further examination, I found that they were firmly
+fastened.
+
+I saw that the passage was a long one, so floundered ahead rapidly in a creeping
+run that would have seemed horrible had any eye watched me in the blackness;
+crossing from side to side occasionally to feel of my surroundings and be sure
+the walls and rows of cases still stretched on. Man is so used to thinking visually
+that I almost forgot the darkness and pictured the endless corridor of wood and
+glass in its low-studded monotony as though I saw it. And then in a moment of
+indescribable emotion I did see it.
+
+Just when my fancy merged into real sight I cannot tell; but there came a gradual
+glow ahead, and all at once I knew that I saw the dim outlines of a corridor and
+the cases, revealed by some unknown subterranean phosphorescence. For a little
+while all was exactly as I had imagined it, since the glow was very faint; but as I
+mechanically kept stumbling ahead into the stronger light I realised that my
+fancy had been but feeble. This hall was no relic of crudity like the temples in the
+city above, but a monument of the most magnificent and exotic art. Rich, vivid.
+
+
+
+646
+
+
+
+and daringly fantastic designs and pictures formed a continuous scheme of
+mural paintings whose lines and colours were beyond description. The cases
+were of a strange golden wood, with fronts of exquisite glass, and containing the
+mummified forms of creatures outreaching in grotesqueness the most chaotic
+dreams of man.
+
+To convey any idea of these monstrosities is impossible. They were of the reptile
+kind, with body lines suggesting sometimes the crocodile, sometimes the seal,
+but more often nothing of which either the naturalist or the palaeontologist ever
+heard. In size they approximated a small man, and their fore-legs bore delicate
+and evident feet curiously like human hands and fingers. But strangest of all
+were their heads, which presented a contour violating all know biological
+principles. To nothing can such things be well compared - in one flash I thought
+of comparisons as varied as the cat, the bullfrog, the mythic Satyr, and the
+human being. Not Jove himself had had so colossal and protuberant a forehead,
+yet the horns and the noselessness and the alligator-like jaw placed things
+outside all established categories. I debated for a time on the reality of the
+mummies, half suspecting they were artificial idols; but soon decided they were
+indeed some palaeogean species which had lived when the nameless city was
+alive. To crown their grotesqueness, most of them were gorgeously enrobed in
+the costliest of fabrics, and lavishly laden with ornaments of gold, jewels, and
+unknown shining metals.
+
+The importance of these crawling creatures must have been vast, for they held
+first place among the wild designs on the frescoed walls and ceiling. With
+matchless skill had the artist drawn them in a world of their own, wherein they
+had cities and gardens fashioned to suit their dimensions; and I could not help
+but think that their pictured history was allegorical, perhaps shewing the
+progress of the race that worshipped them. These creatures, I said to myself,
+were to men of the nameless city what the she-wolf was to Rome, or some totem-
+beast is to a tribe of Indians.
+
+Holding this view, I could trace roughly a wonderful epic of the nameless city;
+the tale of a mighty seacoast metropolis that ruled the world before Africa rose
+out of the waves, and of its struggles as the sea shrank away, and the desert crept
+into the fertile valley that held it. I saw its wars and triumphs, its troubles and
+defeats, and afterwards its terrible fight against the desert when thousands of its
+people - here represented in allegory by the grotesque reptiles - were driven to
+chisel their way down though the rocks in some marvellous manner to another
+world whereof their prophets had told them. It was all vividly weird and
+realistic, and its connection with the awesome descent I had made was
+unmistakable. I even recognized the passages.
+
+
+
+647
+
+
+
+As I crept along the corridor toward the brighter Hght I saw later stages of the
+painted epic - the leave-taking of the race that had dwelt in the nameless city and
+the valley around for ten million years; the race whose souls shrank from
+quitting scenes their bodies had known so long where they had settled as
+nomads in the earth's youth, hewing in the virgin rock those primal shrines at
+which they had never ceased to worship. Now that the light was better I studied
+the pictures more closely and, remembering that the strange reptiles must
+represent the unknown men, pondered upon the customs of the nameless city.
+Many things were peculiar and inexplicable. The civilization, which included a
+written alphabet, had seemingly risen to a higher order than those immeasurably
+later civilizations of Egypt and Chaldaea, yet there were curious omissions. I
+could, for example, find no pictures to represent deaths or funeral customs, save
+such as were related to wars, violence, and plagues; and I wondered at the
+reticence shown concerning natural death. It was as though an ideal of
+immortality had been fostered as a cheering illusion.
+
+Still nearer the end of the passage was painted scenes of the utmost
+picturesqueness and extravagance: contrasted views of the nameless city in its
+desertion and growing ruin, and of the strange new realm of paradise to which
+the race had hewed its way through the stone. In these views the city and the
+desert valley were shewn always by moonlight, golden nimbus hovering over
+the fallen walls, and half-revealing the splendid perfection of former times,
+shown spectrally and elusively by the artist. The paradisal scenes were almost
+too extravagant to be believed, portraying a hidden world of eternal day filled
+with glorious cities and ethereal hills and valleys. At the very last I thought I saw
+signs of an artistic anticlimax. The paintings were less skillful, and much more
+bizarre than even the wildest of the earlier scenes. They seemed to record a slow
+decadence of the ancient stock, coupled with a growing ferocity toward the
+outside world from which it was driven by the desert. The forms of the people -
+always represented by the sacred reptiles - appeared to be gradually wasting
+away, though their spirit as shewn hovering above the ruins by moonlight
+gained in proportion. Emaciated priests, displayed as reptiles in ornate robes,
+cursed the upper air and all who breathed it; and one terrible final scene shewed
+a primitive-looking man, perhaps a pioneer of ancient Irem, the City of Pillars,
+torn to pieces by members of the elder race. I remembered how the Arabs fear
+the nameless city, and was glad that beyond this place the grey walls and ceiling
+were bare.
+
+As I viewed the pageant of mural history I had approached very closely to the
+end of the low-ceiled hall, and was aware of a gate through which came all of the
+illuminating phosphorescence. Creeping up to it, I cried aloud in transcendent
+amazement at what lay beyond; for instead of other and brighter chambers there
+was only an illimitable void of uniform radiance, such one might fancy when
+
+
+
+648
+
+
+
+gazing down from the peak of Mount Everest upon a sea of sunlit mist. Behind
+me was a passage so cramped that I could not stand upright in it; before me was
+an infinity of subterranean effulgence.
+
+Reaching down from the passage into the abyss was the head of a steep flight of
+steps - small numerous steps like those of black passages I had traversed - but
+after a few feet the glowing vapours concealed everything. Swung back open
+against the left-hand wall of the passage was a massive door of brass, incredibly
+thick and decorated with fantastic bas-reliefs, which could if closed shut the
+whole inner world of light away from the vaults and passages of rock. I looked at
+the steps, and for the nonce dared not try them. I touched the open brass door,
+and could not move it. Then I sank prone to the stone floor, my mind aflame
+with prodigious reflections which not even a death-like exhaustion could banish.
+
+As I lay still with closed eyes, free to ponder, many things I had lightly noted in
+the frescoes came back to me with new and terrible significance - scenes
+representing the nameless city in its heyday - the vegetations of the valley
+around it, and the distant lands with which its merchants traded. The allegory of
+the crawling creatures puzzled me by its universal prominence, and I wondered
+that it would be so closely followed in a pictured history of such importance. In
+the frescoes the nameless city had been shewn in proportions fitted to the
+reptiles. I wondered what its real proportions and magnificence had been, and
+reflected a moment on certain oddities I had noticed in the ruins. I thought
+curiously of the lowness of the primal temples and of the underground corridor,
+which were doubtless hewn thus out of deference to the reptile deities there
+honoured; though it perforce reduced the worshippers to crawling. Perhaps the
+very rites here involved crawling in imitation of the creatures. No religious
+theory, however, could easily explain why the level passages in that awesome
+descent should be as low as the temples - or lower, since one could not even
+kneel in it. As I thought of the crawling creatures, whose hideous mummified
+forms were so close to me, I felt a new throb of fear. Mental associations are
+curious, and I shrank from the idea that except for the poor primitive man torn to
+pieces in the last painting, mine was the only human form amidst the many relics
+and symbols of the primordial life.
+
+But as always in my strange and roving existence, wonder soon drove out fear;
+for the luminous abyss and what it might contain presented a problem worthy of
+the greatest explorer. That a weird world of mystery lay far down that flight of
+peculiarly small steps I could not doubt, and I hoped to find there those human
+memorials which the painted corridor had failed to give. The frescoes had
+pictured unbelievable cities, and valleys in this lower realm, and my fancy dwelt
+on the rich and colossal ruins that awaited me.
+
+
+
+649
+
+
+
+My fears, indeed, concerned the past rather than the future. Not even the
+physical horror of my position in that cramped corridor of dead reptiles and
+antediluvian frescoes, miles below the world I knew and faced by another world
+of eery light and mist, could match the lethal dread I felt at the abysmal antiquity
+of the scene and its soul. An ancientness so vast that measurement is feeble
+seemed to leer down from the primal stones and rock-hewn temples of the
+nameless city, while the very latest of the astounding maps in the frescoes
+shewed oceans and continents that man has forgotten, with only here and there
+some vaguely familiar outlines. Of what could have happened in the geological
+ages since the paintings ceased and the death-hating race resentfully succumbed
+to decay, no man might say. Life had once teemed in these caverns and in the
+luminous realm beyond; now I was alone with vivid relics, and I trembled to
+think of the countless ages through which these relics had kept a silent deserted
+vigil.
+
+Suddenly there came another burst of that acute fear which had intermittently
+seized me ever since I first saw the terrible valley and the nameless city under a
+cold moon, and despite my exhaustion I found myself starting frantically to a
+sitting posture and gazing back along the black corridor toward the tunnels that
+rose to the outer world. My sensations were like those which had made me shun
+the nameless city at night, and were as inexplicable as they were poignant. In
+another moment, however, I received a still greater shock in the form of a
+definite sound - the first which had broken the utter silence of these tomb-like
+depths. It was a deep, low moaning, as of a distant throng of condemned spirits,
+and came from the direction in which I was staring. Its volume rapidly grew, till
+it soon reverberated frightfully through the low passage, and at the same time I
+became conscious of an increasing draught of cold air, likewise flowing from the
+tunnels and the city above. The touch of this air seemed to restore my balance,
+for I instantly recalled the sudden gusts which had risen around the mouth of the
+abyss each sunset and sunrise, one of which had indeed revealed the hidden
+tunnels to me. I looked at my watch and saw that sunrise was near, so braced
+myself to resist the gale that was sweeping down to its cavern home as it had
+swept forth at evening. My fear again waned low, since a natural phenomenon
+tends to dispel broodings over the unknown.
+
+More and more madly poured the shrieking, moaning night wind into the gulf of
+the inner earth. I dropped prone again and clutched vainly at the floor for fear of
+being swept bodily through the open gate into the phosphorescent abyss. Such
+fury I had not expected, and as I grew aware of an actual slipping of my form
+toward the abyss I was beset by a thousand new terrors of apprehension and
+imagination. The malignancy of the blast awakened incredible fancies; once more
+I compared myself shudderingly to the only human image in that frightful
+corridor, the man who was torn to pieces by the nameless race, for in the fiendish
+
+
+
+650
+
+
+
+clawing of the swirling currents there seemed to abide a vindictive rage all the
+stronger because it was largely impotent. I think I screamed frantically near the
+last - I was almost mad - but if I did so my cries were lost in the hell-born babel
+of the howling wind-wraiths. I tried to crawl against the murderous invisible
+torrent, but I could not even hold my own as I was pushed slowly and
+inexorably toward the unknown world. Finally reason must have wholly
+snapped; for I fell to babbling over and over that unexplainable couplet of the
+mad Arab Alhazred, who dreamed of the nameless city:
+
+That is not dead which can eternal lie.
+
+And with strange aeons even death may die.
+
+Only the grim brooding desert gods know what really took place-what
+indescribable struggles and scrambles in the dark I endured or what Abaddon
+guided me back to life, where I must always remember and shiver in the night
+wind till oblivion - or worse - claims me. Monstrous, unnatural, colossal, was the
+thing - too far beyond all the ideas of man to be believed except in the silent
+damnable small hours of the morning when one cannot sleep.
+
+I have said that the fury of the rushing blast was infernal - cacodaemoniacal - and
+that its voices were hideous with the pent-up viciousness of desolate eternities.
+Presently these voices, while still chaotic before me, seemed to my beating brain
+to take articulate form behind me; and down there in the grave of unnumbered
+aeon-dead antiquities, leagues below the dawn-lit world of men, I heard the
+ghastly cursing and snarling of strange-tongued fiends. Turning, I saw outlined
+against the luminous aether of the abyss what could not be seen against the dusk
+of the corridor - a nightmare horde of rushing devils; hate distorted, grotesquely
+panoplied, half transparent devils of a race no man might mistake - the crawling
+reptiles of the nameless city.
+
+And as the wind died away I was plunged into the ghoul-pooled darkness of
+earth's bowels; for behind the last of the creatures the great brazen door clanged
+shut with a deafening peal of metallic music whose reverberations swelled out to
+the distant world to hail the rising sun as Memnon hails it from the banks of the
+Nile.
+
+
+
+651
+
+
+
+The Other Gods
+
+Written on August 14, 1921
+
+Published in November of 1933 in The Fantasy Fan
+
+Atop the tallest of earth's peaks dwell the gods of earth, and suffer not man to
+tell that he hath looked upon them. Lesser peaks they once inhabited; but ever
+the men from the plains would scale the slopes of rock and snow, driving the
+gods to higher and higher mountains till now only the last remains. When they
+left their old peaks they took with them all signs of themselves, save once, it is
+said, when they left a carven image on the face of the mountain which they called
+Ngranek.
+
+But now they have betaken themselves to unknown Kadath in the cold waste
+where no man treads, and are grown stern, having no higher peak whereto to
+flee at the coming of men. They are grown stern, and where once they suffered
+men to displace them, they now forbid men to come; or coming, to depart. It is
+well for men that they know not of Kadath in the cold waste; else they would
+seek injudiciously to scale it.
+
+Sometimes when earth's gods are homesick they visit in the still of the night the
+peaks where once they dwelt, and weep softly as they try to play in the olden
+way on remembered slopes. Men have felt the tears of the gods on white-capped
+Thurai, though they have thought it rain; and have heard the sighs of the gods in
+the plaintive dawn-winds of Lerion. In cloud-ships the gods are wont to travel,
+and wise cotters have legends that keep them from certain high peaks at night
+when it is cloudy, for the gods are not lenient as of old.
+
+In Ulthar, which lies beyond the river Skai, once dwelt an old man avid to behold
+the gods of earth; a man deeply learned in the seven cryptical books of earth, and
+familiar with the Pnakotic Manuscripts of distant and frozen Lomar. His name
+was Barzai the Wise, and the villagers tell of how he went up a mountain on the
+night of the strange eclipse.
+
+Barzai knew so much of the gods that he could tell of their comings and goings,
+and guessed so many of their secrets that he was deemed half a god himself. It
+was he who wisely advised the burgesses of Ulthar when they passed their
+remarkable law against the slaying of cats, and who first told the young priest
+Atal where it is that black cats go at midnight on St. John's Eve. Barzai was
+learned in the lore of the earth's gods, and had gained a desire to look upon their
+faces. He believed that his great secret knowledge of gods could shield him from
+
+
+
+652
+
+
+
+their wrath, so resolved to go up to the summit of high and rocky Hatheg-Kla on
+a night when he knew the gods would be there.
+
+Hatheg-Kla is far in the stony desert beyond Hatheg, for which it is named, and
+rises like a rock statue in a silent temple. Around its peak the mists play always
+mournfully, for mists are the memories of the gods, and the gods loved Hatheg-
+Kla when they dwelt upon it in the old days. Often the gods of earth visit
+Hatheg-Kla in their ships of clouds, casting pale vapors over the slopes as they
+dance reminiscently on the summit under a clear moon. The villagers of Hatheg
+say it is ill to climb the Hatheg-Kla at any time, and deadly to climb it by night
+when pale vapors hide the summit and the moon; but Barzai heeded them not
+when he came from neighboring Ulthar with the young priest Atal, who was his
+disciple. Atal was only the son of an innkeeper, and was sometimes afraid; but
+Barzai's father had been a landgrave who dwelt in an ancient castle, so he had no
+common superstition in his blood, and only laughed at the fearful cotters.
+
+Banzai and Atal went out of Hatheg into the stony desert despite the prayers of
+peasants, and talked of earth's gods by their campfires at night. Many days they
+traveled, and from afar saw lofty Hatheg-Kla with his aureole of mournful mist.
+On the thirteenth day they reached the mountain's lonely base, and Atal spoke of
+his fears. But Barzai was old and learned and had no fears, so led the way up the
+slope that no man had scaled since the time of Sansu, who is written of with
+fright in the moldy Pnakotic Manuscripts.
+
+The way was rocky, and made perilous by chasms, cliffs, and falling stones. Later
+it grew cold and snowy; and Barzai and Atal often slipped and fell as they hewed
+and plodded upward with staves and axes. Finally the air grew thin, and the sky
+changed color, and the climbers found it hard to breathe; but still they toiled up
+and up, marveling at the strangeness of the scene and thrilling at the thought of
+what would happen on the summit when the moon was out and the pale
+vapours spread around. For three days they climbed higher and higher toward
+the roof of the world; then they camped to wait for the clouding of the moon.
+
+For four nights no clouds came, and the moon shone down cold through the thin
+mournful mist around the silent pinnacle. Then on the fifth night, which was the
+night of the full moon, Barzai saw some dense clouds far to the north, and stayed
+up with Atal to watch them draw near. Thick and majestic they sailed, slowly
+and deliberately onward; ranging themselves round the peak high above the
+watchers, and hiding the moon and the summit from view. For a long hour the
+watchers gazed, whilst the vapours swirled and the screen of clouds grew thicker
+and more restless. Barzai was wise in the lore of earth's gods, and listened hard
+for certain sounds, but Atal felt the chill of the vapours and the awe of the night.
+
+
+
+653
+
+
+
+and feared much. And when Barzai began to cHmb higher and beckon eagerly, it
+was long before Atal would follow.
+
+So thick were the vapours that the way was hard, and though Atal followed at
+last, he could scarce see the gray shape of Barzai on the dim slope above in the
+clouded moonlight. Barzai forged very far ahead, and seemed despite his age to
+climb more easily than Atal; fearing not the steepness that began to grow too
+great for any save a strong and dauntless man, nor pausing at wide black chasms
+that Atal could scarce leap. And so they went up wildly over rocks and gulfs,
+slipping and stumbling, and sometimes awed at the vastness and horrible silence
+of bleak ice pinnacles and mute granite steeps.
+
+Very suddenly Barzai went out of Atal's sight, scaling a hideous cliff that seemed
+to bulge outward and block the path for any climber not inspired of earth's gods.
+Atal was far below, and planning what he should do when he reached the place,
+when curiously he noticed that the light had grown strong, as if the cloudless
+peak and moonlit meetingplace of the gods were very near. And as he scrambled
+on toward the bulging cliff and litten sky he felt fears more shocking than any he
+had known before. Then through the high mists he heard the voice of Barzai
+shouting wildly in delight:
+
+"I have heard the gods. I have heard earth's gods singing in revelry on Hatheg-
+Kla! The voices of earth's gods are known to Barzai the Prophet! The mists are
+thin and the moon is bright, and I shall see the gods dancing wildly on Hatheg-
+Kla that they loved in youth. The wisdom of Barzai hath made him greater than
+earth's gods, and against his will their spells and barriers are as naught; Barzai
+will behold the gods, the proud gods, the secret gods, the gods of earth who
+spurn the sight of man!"
+
+Atal could not hear the voices Barzai heard, but he was now close to the bulging
+cliff and scanning it for footholds. Then he heard Barzai's voice grow shriller and
+louder:
+
+"The mist is very thin, and the moon casts shadows on the slope; the voices of
+earth's gods are high and wild, and they fear the coming of Barzai the Wise, who
+is greater than they... The moon's light flickers, as earth's gods dance against it; I
+shall see the dancing forms of the gods that leap and howl in the moonlight. . .
+The light is dimmer and the gods are afraid. . ."
+
+Whilst Barzai was shouting these things Atal felt a spectral change in all the air,
+as if the laws of earth were bowing to greater laws; for though the way was
+steeper than ever, the upward path was now grown fearsomely easy, and the
+bulging cliff proved scarce an obstacle when he reached it and slid perilously up
+
+
+
+654
+
+
+
+its convex face. The light of the moon had strangely failed, and as Atal plunged
+upward through the mists he heard Barzai the Wise shrieking in the shadows:
+
+"The moon is dark, and the gods dance in the night; there is terror in the sky, for
+upon the moon hath sunk an eclipse foretold in no books of men or of earth's
+gods. . . There is unknown magic on Hatheg-Kla, for the screams of the frightened
+gods have turned to laughter, and the slopes of ice shoot up endlessly into the
+black heavens whither I am plunging... Hei! Hei! At last! In the dim light I
+behold the gods of earth!"
+
+And now Atal, slipping dizzily up over inconceivable steeps, heard in the dark a
+loathsome laughing, mixed with such a cry as no man else ever heard save in the
+Phlegethon of unrelatable nightmares; a cry wherein reverberated the horror and
+anguish of a haunted lifetime packed into one atrocious moment:
+
+"The other gods! The other gods! The gods of the outer hells that guard the feeble
+gods of earth!... Look away... Go back... Do not see! Do not see! The vengeance
+of the infinite abysses... That cursed, that damnable pit... Merciful gods of earth,
+I am falling into the sky!"
+
+And as Atal shut his eyes and stopped his ears and tried to hump downward
+against the frightful pull from unknown heights, there resounded on Hatheg-Kla
+that terrible peal of thunder which awaked the good cotters of the plains and the
+honest burgesses of Hatheg, Nir and Ulthar, and caused them to behold through
+the clouds that strange eclipse of the moon that no book ever predicted. And
+when the moon came out at last Atal was safe on the lower snows of the
+mountain without sight of earth's gods, or of the other gods.
+
+Now it is told in the moldy Pnakotic Manuscripts that Sansu found naught but
+wordless ice and rock when he did climb Hatheg-Kla in the youth of the world.
+Yet when the men of Ulthar and Nir and Hatheg crushed their fears and scaled
+that haunted steep by day in search of Barzai the Wise, they found graven in the
+naked stone of the summit a curious and cyclopean symbol fifty cubits wide, as if
+the rock had been riven by some titanic chisel. And the symbol was like to one
+that learned men have discerned in those frightful parts of the Pnakotic
+Manuscripts which were too ancient to be read. This they found.
+
+Barzai the Wise they never found, nor could the holy priest Atal ever be
+persuaded to pray for his soul's repose. Moreover, to this day the people of
+Ulthar and Nir and Hatheg fear eclipses, and pray by night when pale vapors
+hide the mountain-top and the moon. And above the mists on Hatheg-Kla,
+earth's gods sometimes dance reminiscently; for they know they are safe, and
+love to come from unknown Kadath in ships of clouds and play in the olden
+
+
+
+655
+
+
+
+way, as they did when earth was new and men not given to the chmbing of
+inaccessible places.
+
+
+
+656
+
+
+
+The Outsider
+
+Written in 1921
+
+Published in April of 1926 in Weird Tales
+
+Unhappy is he to whom the memories of childhood bring only fear and sadness.
+Wretched is he who looks back upon lone hours in vast and dismal chambers
+with brown hangings and maddening rows of antique books, or upon awed
+watches in twilight groves of grotesque, gigantic, and vine-encumbered trees
+that silently wave twisted branches far aloft. Such a lot the gods gave to me - to
+me, the dazed, the disappointed; the barren, the broken. And yet I am strangely
+content and cling desperately to those sere memories, when my mind
+momentarily threatens to reach beyond to the other.
+
+I know not where I was born, save that the castle was infinitely old and infinitely
+horrible, full of dark passages and having high ceilings where the eye could find
+only cobwebs and shadows. The stones in the crumbling corridors seemed
+always hideously damp, and there was an accursed smell everywhere, as of the
+piled-up corpses of dead generations. It was never light, so that I used sometimes
+to light candles and gaze steadily at them for relief, nor was there any sun
+outdoors, since the terrible trees grew high above the topmost accessible tower.
+There was one black tower which reached above the trees into the unknown
+outer sky, but that was partly ruined and could not be ascended save by a well-
+nigh impossible climb up the sheer wall, stone by stone.
+
+I must have lived years in this place, but I cannot measure the time. Beings must
+have cared for my needs, yet I cannot recall any person except myself, or
+anything alive but the noiseless rats and bats and spiders. I think that whoever
+nursed me must have been shockingly aged, since my first conception of a living
+person was that of somebody mockingly like myself, yet distorted, shrivelled,
+and decaying like the castle. To me there was nothing grotesque in the bones and
+skeletons that strewed some of the stone crypts deep down among the
+foundations. I fantastically associated these things with everyday events, and
+thought them more natural than the coloured pictures of living beings which I
+found in many of the mouldy books. From such books I learned all that I know.
+No teacher urged or guided me, and I do not recall hearing any human voice in
+all those years - not even my own; for although I had read of speech, I had never
+thought to try to speak aloud. My aspect was a matter equally unthought of, for
+there were no mirrors in the castle, and I merely regarded myself by instinct as
+akin to the youthful figures I saw drawn and painted in the books. I felt
+conscious of youth because I remembered so little.
+
+
+
+657
+
+
+
+Outside, across the putrid moat and under the dark mute trees, I would often he
+and dream for hours about what I read in the books; and would longingly
+picture myself amidst gay crowds in the sunny world beyond the endless forests.
+Once I tried to escape from the forest, but as I went farther from the castle the
+shade grew denser and the air more filled with brooding fear; so that I ran
+frantically back lest I lose my way in a labyrinth of nighted silence.
+
+So through endless twilights I dreamed and waited, though I knew not what I
+waited for. Then in the shadowy solitude my longing for light grew so frantic
+that I could rest no more, and I lifted entreating hands to the single black ruined
+tower that reached above the forest into the unknown outer sky. And at last I
+resolved to scale that tower, fall though I might; since it were better to glimpse
+the sky and perish, than to live without ever beholding day.
+
+In the dank twilight I climbed the worn and aged stone stairs till I reached the
+level where they ceased, and thereafter clung perilously to small footholds
+leading upward. Ghastly and terrible was that dead, stairless cylinder of rock;
+black, ruined, and deserted, and sinister with startled bats whose wings made no
+noise. But more ghastly and terrible still was the slowness of my progress; for
+climb as I might, the darkness overhead grew no thinner, and a new chill as of
+haunted and venerable mould assailed me. I shivered as I wondered why I did
+not reach the light, and would have looked down had I dared. I fancied that
+night had come suddenly upon me, and vainly groped with one free hand for a
+window embrasure, that I might peer out and above, and try to judge the height I
+had once attained.
+
+All at once, after an infinity of awesome, sightless, crawling up that concave and
+desperate precipice, I felt my head touch a solid thing, and I knew I must have
+gained the roof, or at least some kind of floor. In the darkness I raised my free
+hand and tested the barrier, finding it stone and immovable. Then came a deadly
+circuit of the tower, clinging to whatever holds the slimy wall could give; till
+finally my testing hand found the barrier yielding, and I turned upward again,
+pushing the slab or door with my head as I used both hands in my fearful ascent.
+There was no light revealed above, and as my hands went higher I knew that my
+climb was for the nonce ended; since the slab was the trapdoor of an aperture
+leading to a level stone surface of greater circumference than the lower tower, no
+doubt the floor of some lofty and capacious observation chamber. I crawled
+through carefully, and tried to prevent the heavy slab from falling back into
+place, but failed in the latter attempt. As I lay exhausted on the stone floor I
+heard the eerie echoes of its fall, hoped when necessary to pry it up again.
+
+Believing I was now at prodigious height, far above the accursed branches of the
+wood, I dragged myself up from the floor and fumbled about for windows, that I
+
+
+
+658
+
+
+
+might look for the first time upon the sky, and the moon and stars of which I had
+read. But on every hand I was disappointed; since all that I found were vast
+shelves of marble, bearing odious oblong boxes of disturbing size. More and
+more I reflected, and wondered what hoary secrets might abide in this high
+apartment so many aeons cut off from the castle below. Then unexpectedly my
+hands came upon a doorway, where hung a portal of stone, rough with strange
+chiselling. Trying it, I found it locked; but with a supreme burst of strength I
+overcame all obstacles and dragged it open inward. As I did so there came to me
+the purest ecstasy I have ever known; for shining tranquilly through an ornate
+grating of iron, and down a short stone passageway of steps that ascended from
+the newly found doorway, was the radiant full moon, which I had never before
+seen save in dreams and in vague visions I dared not call memories.
+
+Fancying now that I had attained the very pinnacle of the castle, I commenced to
+rush up the few steps beyond the door; but the sudden veiling of the moon by a
+cloud caused me to stumble, and I felt my way more slowly in the dark. It was
+still very dark when I reached the grating - which I tried carefully and found
+unlocked, but which I did not open for fear of falling from the amazing height to
+which I had climbed. Then the moon came out.
+
+Most demoniacal of all shocks is that of the abysmally unexpected and
+grotesquely unbelievable. Nothing I had before undergone could compare in
+terror with what I now saw; with the bizarre marvels that sight implied. The
+sight itself was as simple as it was stupefying, for it was merely this: instead of a
+dizzying prospect of treetops seen from a lofty eminence, there stretched around
+me on the level through the grating nothing less than the solid ground, decked
+and diversified by marble slabs and columns, and overshadowed by an ancient
+stone church, whose ruined spire gleamed spectrally in the moonlight.
+
+Half unconscious, I opened the grating and staggered out upon the white gravel
+path that stretched away in two directions. My mind, stunned and chaotic as it
+was, still held the frantic craving for light; and not even the fantastic wonder
+which had happened could stay my course. I neither knew nor cared whether my
+experience was insanity, dreaming, or magic; but was determined to gaze on
+brilliance and gaiety at any cost. I knew not who I was or what I was, or what my
+surroundings might be; though as I continued to stumble along I became
+conscious of a kind of fearsome latent memory that made my progress not
+wholly fortuitous. I passed under an arch out of that region of slabs and
+columns, and wandered through the open country; sometimes following the
+visible road, but sometimes leaving it curiously to tread across meadows where
+only occasional ruins bespoke the ancient presence of a forgotten road. Once I
+swam across a swift river where crumbling, mossy masonry told of a bridge long
+vanished.
+
+
+
+659
+
+
+
+Over two hours must have passed before I reached what seemed to be my goal, a
+venerable ivied castle in a thickly wooded park, maddeningly familiar, yet full of
+perplexing strangeness to me. I saw that the moat was filled in, and that some of
+the well-known towers were demolished, whilst new wings existed to confuse
+the beholder. But what I observed with chief interest and delight were the open
+windows - gorgeously ablaze with light and sending forth sound of the gayest
+revelry. Advancing to one of these I looked in and saw an oddly dressed
+company indeed; making merry, and speaking brightly to one another. I had
+never, seemingly, heard human speech before and could guess only vaguely
+what was said. Some of the faces seemed to hold expressions that brought up
+incredibly remote recollections, others were utterly alien.
+
+I now stepped through the low window into the brilliantly lighted room,
+stepping as I did so from my single bright moment of hope to my blackest
+convulsion of despair and realization. The nightmare was quick to come, for as I
+entered, there occurred immediately one of the most terrifying demonstrations I
+had ever conceived. Scarcely had I crossed the sill when there descended upon
+the whole company a sudden and unheralded fear of hideous intensity,
+distorting every face and evoking the most horrible screams from nearly every
+throat. Flight was universal, and in the clamour and panic several fell in a swoon
+and were dragged away by their madly fleeing companions. Many covered their
+eyes with their hands, and plunged blindly and awkwardly in their race to
+escape, overturning furniture and stumbling against the walls before they
+managed to reach one of the many doors.
+
+The cries were shocking; and as I stood in the brilliant apartment alone and
+dazed, listening to their vanishing echoes, I trembled at the thought of what
+might be lurking near me unseen. At a casual inspection the room seemed
+deserted, but when I moved towards one of the alcoves I thought I detected a
+presence there - a hint of motion beyond the golden-arched doorway leading to
+another and somewhat similar room. As I approached the arch I began to
+perceive the presence more clearly; and then, with the first and last sound I ever
+uttered - a ghastly ululation that revolted me almost as poignantly as its noxious
+cause - I beheld in full, frightful vividness the inconceivable, indescribable, and
+unmentionable monstrosity which had by its simple appearance changed a
+merry company to a herd of delirious fugitives.
+
+I cannot even hint what it was like, for it was a compound of all that is unclean,
+uncanny, unwelcome, abnormal, and detestable. It was the ghoulish shade of
+decay, antiquity, and dissolution; the putrid, dripping eidolon of unwholesome
+revelation, the awful baring of that which the merciful earth should always hide.
+God knows it was not of this world - or no longer of this world - yet to my horror
+I saw in its eaten-away and bone-revealing outlines a leering, abhorrent travesty
+
+
+
+660
+
+
+
+on the human shape; and in its mouldy, disintegrating apparel an unspeakable
+quality that chilled me even more.
+
+I was almost paralysed, but not too much so to make a feeble effort towards
+flight; a backward stumble which failed to break the spell in which the nameless,
+voiceless monster held me. My eyes bewitched by the glassy orbs which stared
+loathsomely into them, refused to close; though they were mercifully blurred,
+and showed the terrible object but indistinctly after the first shock. I tried to raise
+my hand to shut out the sight, yet so stunned were my nerves that my arm could
+not fully obey my will. The attempt, however, was enough to disturb my
+balance; so that I had to stagger forward several steps to avoid falling. As I did so
+I became suddenly and agonizingly aware of the nearness of the carrion thing,
+whose hideous hollow breathing I half fancied I could hear. Nearly mad, I found
+myself yet able to throw out a hand to ward off the foetid apparition which
+pressed so close; when in one cataclysmic second of cosmic nightmarishness and
+hellish accident my fingers touched the rotting outstretched paw of the monster
+beneath the golden arch.
+
+I did not shriek, but all the fiendish ghouls that ride the nightwind shrieked for
+me as in that same second there crashed down upon my mind a single fleeting
+avalanche of soul-annihilating memory. I knew in that second all that had been; I
+remembered beyond the frightful castle and the trees, and recognized the altered
+edifice in which I now stood; I recognized, most terrible of all, the unholy
+abomination that stood leering before me as I withdrew my sullied fingers from
+its own.
+
+But in the cosmos there is balm as well as bitterness, and that balm is nepenthe.
+In the supreme horror of that second I forgot what had horrified me, and the
+burst of black memory vanished in a chaos of echoing images. In a dream I fled
+from that haunted and accursed pile, and ran swiftly and silently in the
+moonlight. When I returned to the churchyard place of marble and went down
+the steps I found the stone trap-door immovable; but I was not sorry, for I had
+hated the antique castle and the trees. Now I ride with the mocking and friendly
+ghouls on the night-wind, and play by day amongst the catacombs of Nephren-
+Ka in the sealed and unknown valley of Hadoth by the Nile. I know that light is
+not for me, save that of the moon over the rock tombs of Neb, nor any gaiety save
+the unnamed feasts of Nitokris beneath the Great Pyramid; yet in my new
+wildness and freedom I almost welcome the bitterness of alienage.
+
+For although nepenthe has calmed me, I know always that I am an outsider; a
+stranger in this century and among those who are still men. This I have known
+ever since I stretched out my fingers to the abomination within that great gilded
+
+
+
+661
+
+
+
+frame; stretched out my fingers and touched a cold and unyielding surface of
+polished glass.
+
+
+
+662
+
+
+
+The Picture in the House
+
+Written on December 12, 1919
+
+Published in July of 1920 in The National Amateur
+
+Searchers after horror haunt strange, far places. For them are the catacombs of
+Ptolemais, and the carven mausolea of the nightmare countries. They climb to
+the moonlit towers of ruined Rhine castles, and falter down black cobwebbed
+steps beneath the scattered stones of forgotten cities in Asia. The haunted wood
+and the desolate mountain are their shrines, and they linger around the sinister
+monoliths on uninhabited islands. But the true epicure in the terrible, to whom a
+new thrill of unutterable ghastliness is the chief end and justification of existence,
+esteems most of all the ancient, lonely farmhouses of backwoods New England;
+for there the dark elements of strength, solitude, grotesqueness and ignorance
+combine to form the perfection of the hideous.
+
+Most horrible of all sights are the little unpainted wooden houses remote from
+travelled ways, usually squatted upon some damp grassy slope or leaning
+against some gigantic outcropping of rock. Two hundred years and more they
+have leaned or squatted there, while the vines have crawled and the trees have
+swelled and spread. They are almost hidden now in lawless luxuriances of green
+and guardian shrouds of shadow; but the small-paned windows still stare
+shockingly, as if blinking through a lethal stupor which wards off madness by
+dulling the memory of unutterable things.
+
+In such houses have dwelt generations of strange people, whose like the world
+has never seen. Seized with a gloomy and fanatical belief which exiled them from
+their kind, their ancestors sought the wilderness for freedom. There the scions of
+a conquering race indeed flourished free from the restrictions of their fellows, but
+cowered in an appalling slavery to the dismal phantasms of their own minds.
+Divorced from the enlightenment of civilization, the strength of these Puritans
+turned into singular channels; and in their isolation, morbid self-repression, and
+struggle for life with relentless Nature, there came to them dark furtive traits
+from the prehistoric depths of their cold Northern heritage. By necessity practical
+and by philosophy stern, these folks were not beautiful in their sins. Erring as all
+mortals must, they were forced by their rigid code to seek concealment above all
+else; so that they came to use less and less taste in what they concealed. Only the
+silent, sleepy, staring houses in the backwoods can tell all that has lain hidden
+since the early days, and they are not communicative, being loath to shake off the
+drowsiness which helps them forget. Sometimes one feels that it would be
+merciful to tear down these houses, for they must often dream.
+
+
+
+663
+
+
+
+It was to a time-battered edifice of this description that I was driven one
+afternoon in November, 1896, by a rain of such chilHng copiousness that any
+shelter was preferable to exposure. I had been travelling for some time amongst
+the people of the Miskatonic Valley in quest of certain genealogical data; and
+from the remote, devious, and problematical nature of my course, had deemed it
+convenient to employ a bicycle despite the lateness of the season. Now I found
+myself upon an apparently abandoned road which I had chosen as the shortest
+cut to Arkham, overtaken by the storm at a point far from any town, and
+confronted with no refuge save the antique and repellent wooden building
+which blinked with bleared windows from between two huge leafless elms near
+the foot of a rocky hill. Distant though it is from the remnant of a road, this house
+none the less impressed me unfavorably the very moment I espied it. Honest,
+wholesome structures do not stare at travellers so slyly and hauntingly, and in
+my genealogical researches I had encountered legends of a century before which
+biased me against places of this kind. Yet the force of the elements was such as to
+overcome my scruples, and I did not hesitate to wheel my machine up the weedy
+rise to the closed door which seemed at once so suggestive and secretive.
+
+I had somehow taken it for granted that the house was abandoned, yet as I
+approached it I was not so sure, for though the walks were indeed overgrown
+with weeds, they seemed to retain their nature a little too well to argue complete
+desertion. Therefore instead of trying the door I knocked, feeling as I did so a
+trepidation I could scarcely explain. As I waited on the rough, mossy rock which
+served as a door-step, I glanced at the neighboring windows and the panes of the
+transom above me, and noticed that although old, rattling, and almost opaque
+with dirt, they were not broken. The building, then, must still be inhabited,
+despite its isolation and general neglect. However, my rapping evoked no
+response, so after repeating the summons I tried the rusty latch and found the
+door unfastened. Inside was a little vestibule with walls from which the plaster
+was falling, and through the doorway came a faint but peculiarly hateful odor. I
+entered, carrying my bicycle, and closed the door behind me. Ahead rose a
+narrow staircase, flanked by a small door probably leading to the cellar, while to
+the left and right were closed doors leading to rooms on the ground floor.
+
+Leaning my cycle against the wall I opened the door at the left, and crossed into
+a small low-ceiled chamber but dimly lighted by its two dusty windows and
+furnished in the barest and most primitive possible way. It appeared to be a kind
+of sitting-room, for it had a table and several chairs, and an immense fireplace
+above which ticked an antique clock on a mantel. Books and papers were very
+few, and in the prevailing gloom I could not readily discern the titles. What
+interested me was the uniform air of archaism as displayed in every visible
+detail. Most of the houses in this region I had found rich in relics of the past, but
+here the antiquity was curiously complete; for in all the room I could not
+
+
+
+664
+
+
+
+discover a single article of definitely post-revolutionary date. Had the
+furnishings been less humble, the place would have been a collector's paradise.
+
+As I surveyed this quaint apartment, I felt an increase in that aversion first
+excited by the bleak exterior of the house. Just what it was that I feared or
+loathed, I could by no means define; but something in the whole atmosphere
+seemed redolent of unhallowed age, of unpleasant crudeness, and of secrets
+which should be forgotten. I felt disinclined to sit down, and wandered about
+examining the various articles which I had noticed. The first object of my
+curiosity was a book of medium size lying upon the table and presenting such an
+antediluvian aspect that I marvelled at beholding it outside a museum or library.
+It was bound in leather with metal fittings, and was in an excellent state of
+preservation; being altogether an unusual sort of volume to encounter in an
+abode so lowly. When I opened it to the title page my wonder grew even greater,
+for it proved to be nothing less rare than Pigafetta's account of the Congo region,
+written in Latin from the notes of the sailor Lopex and printed at Frankfurt in
+1598. I had often heard of this work, with its curious illustrations by the brothers
+De Bry, hence for a moment forgot my uneasiness in my desire to turn the pages
+before me. The engravings were indeed interesting, drawn wholly from
+imagination and careless descriptions, and represented negroes with white skins
+and Caucasian features; nor would I soon have closed the book had not an
+exceedingly trivial circumstance upset my tired nerves and revived my sensation
+of disquiet. What annoyed me was merely the persistent way in which the
+volume tended to fall open of itself at Plate XII, which represented in gruesome
+detail a butcher's shop of the cannibal Anziques. I experienced some shame at
+my susceptibility to so slight a thing, but the drawing nevertheless disturbed me,
+especially in connection with some adjacent passages descriptive of Anzique
+gastronomy.
+
+I had turned to a neighboring shelf and was examining its meagre literary
+contents - an eighteenth century Bible, a "Pilgrim's Progress" of like period,
+illustrated with grotesque woodcuts and printed by the almanack-maker Isaiah
+Thomas, the rotting bulk of Cotton Mather's "Magnalia Christi Americana," and
+a few other books of evidently equal age - when my attention was aroused by the
+unmistakable sound of walking in the room overhead. At first astonished and
+startled, considering the lack of response to my recent knocking at the door, I
+immediately afterward concluded that the walker had just awakened from a
+sound sleep, and listened with less surprise as the footsteps sounded on the
+creaking stairs. The tread was heavy, yet seemed to contain a curious quality of
+cautiousness; a quality which I disliked the more because the tread was heavy.
+When I had entered the room I had shut the door behind me. Now, after a
+moment of silence during which the walker may have been inspecting my
+
+
+
+665
+
+
+
+bicycle in the hall, I heard a fumbling at the latch and saw the paneled portal
+swing open again.
+
+In the doorway stood a person of such singular appearance that I should have
+exclaimed aloud but for the restraints of good breeding. Old, white-bearded, and
+ragged, my host possessed a countenance and physique which inspired equal
+wonder and respect. His height could not have been less than six feet, and
+despite a general air of age and poverty he was stout and powerful in
+proportion. His face, almost hidden by a long beard which grew high on the
+cheeks, seemed abnormally ruddy and less wrinkled than one might expect;
+while over a high forehead fell a shock of white hair little thinned by the years.
+His blue eyes, though a trifle bloodshot, seemed inexplicably keen and burning.
+But for his horrible unkemptness the man would have been as distinguished-
+looking as he was impressive. This unkemptness, however, made him offensive
+despite his face and figure. Of what his clothing consisted I could hardly tell, for
+it seemed to me no more than a mass of tatters surmounting a pair of high, heavy
+boots; and his lack of cleanliness surpassed description.
+
+The appearance of this man, and the instinctive fear he inspired, prepared me for
+something like enmity; so that I almost shuddered through surprise and a sense
+of uncanny incongruity when he motioned me to a chair and addressed me in a
+thin, weak voice full of fawning respect and ingratiating hospitality. His speech
+was very curious, an extreme form of Yankee dialect I had thought long extinct;
+and I studied it closely as he sat down opposite me for conversation.
+
+"Ketched in the rain, be ye?" he greeted. "Glad ye was nigh the haouse en' hed
+the sense ta come right in. I calc'late I was alseep, else I'd a heerd ye-I ain't as
+young as I uster be, an' I need a paowerful sight o' naps naowadays. Trav'lin fur?
+I hain't seed many folks 'long this rud sence they tuk off the Arkham stage."
+
+I replied that I was going to Arkham, and apologized for my rude entry into his
+domicile, whereupon he continued.
+
+"Glad ta see ye, young Sir - new faces is scurce arount here, an' I hain't got much
+ta cheer me up these days. Guess yew hail from Bosting, don't ye? I never ben
+thar, but I kin tell a taown man when I see 'im - we hed one fer deestrick
+schoolmaster in 'eighty-four, but he quit suddent an' no one never heerd on 'im
+sence - " here the old man lapsed into a kind of chuckle, and made no
+explanation when I questioned him. He seemed to be in an aboundingly good
+humor, yet to possess those eccentricities which one might guess from his
+grooming. For some time he rambled on with an almost feverish geniality, when
+it struck me to ask him how he came by so rare a book as Pigafetta's "Regnum
+Congo." The effect of this volume had not left me, and I felt a certain hesitancy in
+
+
+
+666
+
+
+
+speaking of it, but curiosity overmastered all the vague fears which had steadily
+accumulated since my first glimpse of the house. To my relief, the question did
+not seem an awkward one, for the old man answered freely and volubly.
+
+"Oh, that Afriky book? Cap'n Ebenezer Holt traded me thet in 'sixty-eight - him
+as was kilt in the war." Something about the name of Ebenezer Holt caused me
+to look up sharply. I had encountered it in my genealogical work, but not in any
+record since the Revolution. I wondered if my host could help me in the task at
+which I was laboring, and resolved to ask him about it later on. He continued.
+
+"Ebenezer was on a Salem merchantman for years, an' picked up a sight o' queer
+stuff in every port. He got this in London, I guess - he uster like ter buy things at
+the shops. I was up ta his haouse onct, on the hill, tradin' bosses, when I see this
+book. I relished the picters, so he give it in on a swap. 'Tis a queer book - here,
+leave me git on my spectacles-" The old man fumbled among his rags, producing
+a pair of dirty and amazingly antique glasses with small octagonal lenses and
+steel bows. Donning these, he reached for the volume on the table and turned the
+pages lovingly.
+
+"Ebenezer cud read a leetle o' this-'tis Latin - but I can't. I had two er three
+schoolmasters read me a bit, and Passon Clark, him they say got draownded in
+the pond - kin yew make anything outen it?" I told him that I could, and
+translated for his benefit a paragraph near the beginning. If I erred, he was not
+scholar enough to correct me; for he seemed childishly pleased at my English
+version. His proximity was becoming rather obnoxious, yet I saw no way to
+escape without offending him. I was amused at the childish fondness of this
+ignorant old man for the pictures in a book he could not read, and wondered
+how much better he could read the few books in English which adorned the
+room. This revelation of simplicity removed much of the ill-defined
+apprehension I had felt, and I smiled as my host rambled on:
+
+"Queer haow picters kin set a body thinkin'. Take this un here near the front.
+Hey yew ever seed trees like thet, with big leaves a floppin' over an' daown?
+And them men - them can't be niggers - they dew beat all. Kinder like Injuns, I
+guess, even ef they be in Afriky. Some o' these here critters looks like monkeys,
+or half monkeys an' half men, but I never heerd o' nothin' like this un." Here he
+pointed to a fabulous creature of the artist, which one might describe as a sort of
+dragon with the head of an alligator.
+
+"But naow I'll show ye the best un - over here nigh the middle - "The old man's
+speech grew a trifle thicker and his eyes assumed a brighter glow; but his
+fumbling hands, though seemingly clumsier than before, were entirely adequate
+to their mission. The book fell open, almost of its own accord and as if from
+
+
+
+667
+
+
+
+frequent consultation at this place, to the repellent twelfth plate showing a
+butcher's shop amongst the Anzique cannibals. My sense of restlessness
+returned, though I did not exhibit it. The especially bizarre thing was that the
+artist had made his Africans look like white men - the limbs and quarters
+hanging about the walls of the shop were ghastly, while the butcher with his axe
+was hideously incongruous. But my host seemed to relish the view as much as I
+disliked it.
+
+"What d'ye think o' this - ain't never see the like hereabouts, eh? When I see this
+I felled Eb Holt, 'That's suthin' ta stir ye up an' make yer blood tickle.' When I
+read in Scripter about slayin' - like them Midianites was slew - I kinder think
+things, but I ain't got no picter of it. Here a body kin see all they is to it - I s'pose
+'tis sinful, but ain't we all born an' livin' in sin? - Thet feller bein' chopped up
+gives me a tickle every time I look at 'im - I hey ta keep lookin' at 'im - see whar
+the butcher cut off his feet? Thar's his head on thet bench, with one arm side of it,
+an' t'other arm's on the other side o' the meat block."
+
+As the man mumbled on in his shocking ecstasy the expression on his hairy,
+spectacled face became indescribable, but his voice sank rather than mounted.
+My own sensations can scarcely be recorded. All the terror I had dimly felt
+before rushed upon me actively and vividly, and I knew that I loathed the
+ancient and abhorrent creature so near me with an infinite intensity. His
+madness, or at least his partial perversion, seemed beyond dispute. He was
+almost whispering now, with a huskiness more terrible than a scream, and I
+trembled as I listened.
+
+"As I says, 'tis queer haow picters sets ye thinkin'. D'ye know, young Sir, I'm
+right sot on this un here. Arter I got the book off Eb I uster look at it a lot,
+especial when I'd heerd Passon Clark rant o' Sundays in his big wig. Onct I tried
+suthin' funny - here, young Sir, don't git skeert - all I done was ter look at the
+picter afore I kilt the sheep for market - killin' sheep was kinder more fun arter
+lookin' at it - " The tone of the old man now sank very low, sometimes becoming
+so faint that his words were hardly audible. I listened to the rain, and to the
+rattling of the bleared, small-paned windows, and marked a rumbling of
+approaching thunder quite unusual for the season. Once a terrific flash and peal
+shook the frail house to its foundations, but the whisperer seemed not to notice
+it.
+
+"Killin' sheep was kinder more fun - but d'ye know, 'twan't quite satisfyin'.
+Queer haow a cravin' gits a holt on ye - As ye love the Almighty, young man,
+don't tell nobody, but I swar ter Gawd thet picter begun to make me hungry fer
+victuals I couldn't raise nor buy - here, set still, what's ailin' ye? - I didn't do
+nothin', only I wondered haow 'twud be ef I did - They say meat makes blood
+
+
+
+668
+
+
+
+an' flesh, an' gives ye new life, so I wondered ef 'twudn't make a man live longer
+an' longer ef 'twas more the same - " But the whisperer never continued. The
+interruption was not produced by my fright, nor by the rapidly increasing storm
+amidst whose fury I was presently to open my eyes on a smoky solitude of
+blackened ruins. It was produced by a very simple though somewhat unusual
+happening.
+
+The open book lay flat between us, with the picture staring repulsively upward.
+As the old man whispered the words "more the same" a tiny splattering impact
+was heard, and something showed on the yellowed paper of the upturned
+volume. I thought of the rain and of a leaky roof, but rain is not red. On the
+butcher's shop of the Anzique cannibals a small red spattering glistened
+picturesquely, lending vividness to the horror of the engraving. The old man saw
+it, and stopped whispering even before my expression of horror made it
+necessary; saw it and glanced quickly toward the floor of the room he had left an
+hour before. I followed his glance, and beheld just above us on the loose plaster
+of the ancient ceiling a large irregular spot of wet crimson which seemed to
+spread even as I viewed it. I did not shriek or move, but merely shut my eyes. A
+moment later came the titanic thunderbolt of thunderbolts; blasting that accursed
+house of unutterable secrets and bringing the oblivion which alone saved my
+mind.
+
+
+
+669
+
+
+
+The Quest of Iranon
+
+Written on Feb 28, 1921
+
+Published in July through August of 1935 in The Galleon
+
+Into the granite city of Teloth wandered the youth, vine-crowned, his yellow hair
+glistening with myrrh and his purple robe torn with briers of the mountain
+Sidrak that lies across the antique bridge of stone. The men of Teloth are dark
+and stern, and dwell in square houses, and with frowns they asked the stranger
+whence he had come and what were his name and fortune. So the youth
+answered:
+
+"I am Iranon, and come from Air a, a far city that I recall only dimly but seek to
+find again. I am a singer of songs that I learned in the far city, and my calling is
+to make beauty with the things remembered of childhood. My wealth is in little
+memories and dreams, and in hopes that I sing in gardens when the moon is
+tender and the west wind stirs the lotus-buds."
+
+When the men of Teloth heard these things they whispered to one another; for
+though in the granite city there is no laughter or song, the stern men sometimes
+look to the Karthian hills in the spring and think of the lutes of distant Oonai
+whereof travellers have told. And thinking thus, they bade the stranger stay and
+sing in the square before the Tower of Mlin, though they liked not the colour of
+his tattered robe, nor the myrrh in his hair, nor his chaplet of vine-leaves, nor the
+youth in his golden voice. At evening Iranon sang, and while he sang an old man
+prayed and a blind man said he saw a nimbus over the singer's head. But most of
+the men of Teloth yawned, and some laughed and some went to sleep; for Iranon
+told nothing useful, singing only his memories, his dreams, and his hopes.
+
+"I remember the twilight, the moon, and soft songs, and the window where I was
+rocked to sleep. And through the window was the street where the golden lights
+came, and where the shadows danced on houses of marble. I remember the
+square of moonlight on the floor, that was not like any other light, and the
+visions that danced on the moonbeams when my mother sang to me. And too, I
+remember the sun of morning bright above the many-coloured hills in summer,
+and the sweetness of flowers borne on the south wind that made the trees sing.
+
+"Oh Aira, city of marble and beryl, how many are thy beauties! How I loved the
+warm and fragrant groves across the hyline Nithra, and the falls of the tiny Kra
+that flowed though the verdant valley! In those groves and in the vale the
+children wove wreathes for one another, and at dusk I dreamed strange dreams
+
+
+
+670
+
+
+
+under the yath-trees on the mountain as I saw below me the Hghts of the city,
+and the curving Nithra reflecting a ribbon of stars.
+
+"And in the city were the palaces of veined and tinted marble, with golden
+domes and painted walls, and green gardens with cerulean pools and crystal
+fountains. Often I played in the gardens and waded in the pools, and lay and
+dreamed among the pale flowers under the trees. And sometimes at sunset i
+would climb the long hilly street to the citadel and the open place, and look
+down upon Aira, the magic city of marble and beryl, splendid in a robe of golden
+flame.
+
+"Long have I missed thee, Aira, for i was but young when we went into exile; but
+my father was thy King and I shall come again to thee, for it is so decreed of Fate.
+All through seven lands have I sought thee, and some day shall I reign over thy
+groves and gardens, thy streets and palaces, and sing to men who shall know
+whereof I sing, and laugh not nor turn away. For I am Iranon, who was a Prince
+in Aira."
+
+That night the men of Teloth lodged the stranger in a stable, and in the morning
+an archon came to him and told him to go to the shop of Athok the cobbler, and
+be apprenticed to him.
+
+"But I am Iranon, a singer of songs, " he said, "and have no heart for the
+cobbler's trade."
+
+"All in Teloth must toil," replied the archon, "for that is the law." Then said
+Iranon:
+
+"Wherefore do ye toil; is it not that ye may live and be happy? And if ye toil only
+that ye may toil more, when shall happiness find you? Ye toil to live, but is not
+life made of beauty and song? And if ye suffer no singers among you, where
+shall be the fruits of your toil? Toil without song is like a weary journey without
+an end. Were not death more pleasing?" But the archon was sullen and did not
+understand, and rebuked the stranger.
+
+"Thou art a strange youth, and I like not thy face or thy voice. The words thou
+speakest are blasphemy, for the gods of Teloth have said that toil is good. Our
+gods have promised us a haven of light beyond death, where shall be rest
+without end, and crystal coldness amidst which none shall vex his mind with
+thought or his eyes with beauty. Go thou then to Athok the cobbler or be gone
+out of the city by sunset. All here must serve, and song is folly."
+
+
+
+671
+
+
+
+So Iranon went out of the stable and walked over the narrow stone streets
+between the gloomy square house of granite, seeking something green, for all
+was of stone. On the faces of men were frowns, but by the stone embankment
+along the sluggish river Zuro sat a young boy with sad eyes gazing into the
+waters to spy green budding branches washed down from the hills by the
+freshets. And the boy said to him:
+
+"Art thou not indeed he of whom the archons tell, who seekest a far city in a fair
+land? I am Romnod, and borne of the blood of Teloth, but am not olf in the ways
+of the granite city, and yearn daily for the warm groves and the distant lands of
+beauty and song. Beyond the Karthian hills lieth Oonai, the city of lutes and
+dancing, which men whisper of and say is both lovely and terrible.Thither would
+I go were I old enough to find the way, and thither shouldst thou go and thou
+wouldst sing and have men listen to thee. Let us leave the city of Teloth and fare
+together among the hills of spring. Thou shalt shew me the ways of travel and I
+will attend thy songs at evening when the stars one by one bring dreams to the
+minds of dreamers. And per adventure it may be that Oonai the city of lutes and
+dancing is even the fair Aira thou seekest, for it is told that thou hast not known
+Aira since the old days, and a name often changeth. Let us go to Oonai, O Iranon
+of the golden head, where men shall know our longings and welcome us as
+brothers, nor even laugh or frown at what we say." And Iranon answered:
+
+"Be it so, small one; if any in this stone place yearn for beauty he must seek the
+mountains and beyond, and I would not leave thee to pine by the sluggish Zuro.
+But think not that delight and understanding dwell just across the Karthian hills,
+or in any spot thou canst find in a day's, or a year's, or a lustrum's journey.
+Behold, when I was small like thee I dwelt in the valley of Narthos by the frigid
+Xari, where none would listen to my dreams; and I told myself that when older i
+would go to Sinara on the southern slope, and sing to smiling dromedary-men in
+the marketplace. But when I went to Sinara i found the dromedary-men all
+drunken and ribald, and saw that their songs were not as mine, so I travelled in a
+barge down the Xari to onyx-walled Jaren. And the soldiers at Jaren laughed at
+me and drave me out, so that I wandered to many cities. I have seen Stethelos
+that is below the great cataract, and have gazed on the marsh where Sarnath once
+stood. I have been to thraa, Ilarnek, and Kadatheron on the winding river Ai, and
+have dwelt long in Olathoe in the land of Lomar. But though i have had listeners
+sometimes, they have ever been few. and I know that welcome shall wait me
+only in Aira, the city of marble and beryl where my father once ruled as King. So
+for Aira shall we seek, though it were well to visit distant and lute-blessed oonai
+across the Karthianhills, which may indeed be Aira, though i think not. Aira's
+beauty is past imagining, and none can tell of it without rapture, whilist of Oonai
+the camel-drivers whisper leeringly."
+
+
+
+672
+
+
+
+At the sunset Iranon and small Romnod went forth from Teloth, and for long
+wandered amidst the green hills and cool forests. The way was rough and
+obscure, and never did they seem nearer to oonai the city of lutes and dancing;
+but in the dusk as the stars came out Iranon would sing of Aira and its beauties
+and Romnod would listen, so that they were both happy after a fashion. They ate
+plentifully of fruit and red berries, and marked not the passing of time, but many
+years must have slipped away. Small Romnod was now not so small, and spoke
+deeply instead of shrilly, though Iranon was always the same, and decked his
+golden hair with vines and fragrant resins found in the woods. So it came to pass
+that Romnod seemed older than Iranon, though he had been very small when
+Iranon had found him watching for green budding branches in Teloth beside the
+sluggish stone-banked Zuro.
+
+Then one night when the moon was full the travellers came to a mountain crest
+and looked down upon the myriad light of Oonai. Peasants had told them they
+were near, and Iranon knew that this was not his native city of Aira. The lights of
+Oonai were not like those of Aira; for they were harsh and glaring, while the
+lights of Aira shine as softly and magically as shone the moonlight on the floor
+by the window where Iranon's mother once rocked him to sleep with song. But
+Oonai was a city of lutes and dancing, so Iranon and Romnod went down the
+steep slope that they might find men to whom sings and dreams would bring
+pleasure. And when they were come into the town they found rose-wreathed
+revellers bound from house to house and leaning from windows and balconies,
+who listened to the songs of Iranon and tossed him flowers and applauded when
+he was done. Then for a moment did Iranon believe he had found those who
+thought and felt even as he, though the town was not a hundredth as fair as Aira.
+
+When dawn came Iranon looked about with dismay, for the domes of Oonai
+were not golden in the sun, but grey and dismal. And the men of Oonai were
+pale with revelling, and dull with wine, and unlike the radient men of Aira. But
+because the people had thrown him blossoms and acclaimed his sings Iranon
+stayed on, and with him Romnod, who liked the revelry of the town and wore in
+his dark hair roses and myrtle. Often at night Iranon sang to the revellers, but he
+was always as before, crowned only in the vine of the mountains and
+remembering the marble streets of Aira and the hyaline Nithra. In the frescoed
+halls of the Monarch did he sing, upon a crystal dais raised over a floor that was
+a mirror, and as he sang, he brought pictures to his hearers till the floor seemed
+to reflect old, beautiful, and half-remembered things instead of the wine-
+reddened feasters who pelted him with roses. And the King bade him put away
+his tattered purple, and clothed him in satin and cloth-of-gold, with rings of
+green jade and bracelets of tinted ivory, and lodged him in a gilded and
+tapestried chamber on a bed of sweet carven wood with canopies and coverlets
+
+
+
+673
+
+
+
+of flower-embroidered silk. Thus dwelt Iranon in Oonai, the city of lutes and
+dancing.
+
+It is not known how long Iranon tarried in Oonai, but one day the King brought
+to the palace some wild whirling dancers from the Liranian desert, and dusky
+flute-players from Drinen in the East, and after that the revellers threw their
+roses not so much at Iranon as at the dancers and flute-players. And day by day
+that Romnod who had been a small boy in granite Teloth grew coarser and
+redder with wine, till he dreamed less and less, amd listened with less delight to
+the songs of Iranon. But though Iranon was sad he ceased not to sing, and at
+evening told again of his dreams of Aira, the city of marble and beryl. Then one
+night the reddened and fattened Romnod snorted heavily amidst the poppied
+silks of his banquet-couch and died writhing, whilst Iranon, pale and slender,
+sang to himself in a far corner. And when Iranon had wept over the grave of
+Romnod and strewn it with green branches, such as Romnod used to love, he put
+aside his silks and gauds and went forgotten out of Oonai the city of lutes and
+dancing clad only in the ragged purple in which he had come, and garlanded
+with fresh vines from the mountains.
+
+Into the sunset wandered Iranon, seeking still for his native land and for men
+who would understand his songs and dreams. In all the cities of Cydathria and
+in the lands beyond the Bnazie desert gay-faced children laughed at his olden
+songs and tattered robe of purple; but Iranon stayed ever young, and wore
+wreathes upon his golden head whilst he sang of Aira, delight of the past and
+hope of the future.
+
+So came he one night to the squallid cot of an antique shepherd, bent and dirty,
+who kept flocks on a stony slope above a quicksand marsh. To this man Iranon
+spoke, as to so many others:
+
+"Canst thou tell me where I may find Aira, the city of marble and beryl, where
+flows the hyaline nithra and where the falls of the tiny Kra sing to the verdant
+valleys and hills forested with yath trees?" and the shepherd, hearing, looked
+long and strangely at Iranon, as if recalling something very far away in time, and
+noted each line of the stranger's face, and his golden hair, and his crown of vine-
+leaves. But he was old, and shook his head as he replied:
+
+"O stranger, i have indeed heard the name of Aira, and the other names thou
+hast spoken, but they come to me from afar down the waste of long years. I heard
+them in my youth from the lips of a playmate, a beggar's boy given to strange
+dreams, who would weave long tales about the moon and the flowers and the
+west wind. We used to laugh at him, for we knew him from his birth though he
+thought himself a King's son. He was comely, even as thou, but full of folly and
+
+
+
+674
+
+
+
+strangeness; and he ranaway when small to find those who would listen gladly
+to his songs and dreams. How often hath he sung to me of lands that never were,
+and things that never can be! Of Air a did he speak much; of Aira and the river
+Nithra, and the falls of the tiny Kra. There would he ever say he once dwelt as a
+Prince, though here we knew him from his birth.Nor was there ever a marble city
+of Aira, or those who could delight in strange songs, save in the dreams of mine
+old playmate Iranon who is gone."
+
+And in the twilight, as the stars came out one by one and the moon cast on the
+marsh a radiance like that which a child sees quivering on the floor as he is
+rocked to sleep at evening, there walked into the lethal quicksands a very old
+man in tattered purple, crowned with whithered vine-leaves and gazing ahead
+as if upon the golden domes of a fair city where dreams are understood. That
+night something of youth and beauty died in the elder world.
+
+
+
+675
+
+
+
+The Rats in the Walls
+
+Written August through September of 1923
+
+Pubhshed in March of 1924 in Weird Tales
+
+On 16 July 1923, 1 moved into Exham Priory after the last workman had finished
+his labours. The restoration had been a stupendous task, for little had remained
+of the deserted pile but a shell-like ruin; yet because it had been the seat of my
+ancestors, I let no expense deter me. The place had not been inhabited since the
+reign of James the First, when a tragedy of intensely hideous, though largely
+unexplained, nature had struck down the master, five of his children, and several
+servants; and driven forth under a cloud of suspicion and terror the third son,
+my lineal progenitor and the only survivor of the abhorred line.
+
+With this sole heir denounced as a murderer, the estate had reverted to the
+crown, nor had the accused man made any attempt to exculpate himself or
+regain his property. Shaken by some horror greater than that of conscience or the
+law, and expressing only a frantic wish to exclude the ancient edifice from his
+sight and memory, Walter de la Poer, eleventh Baron Exham, fled to Virginia and
+there founded the family which by the next century had become known as
+Delapore.
+
+Exham Priory had remained untenanted, though later allotted to the estates of
+the Norrys family and much studied because of its peculiarly composite
+architecture; an architecture involving Gothic towers resting on a Saxon or
+Romanesque substructure, whose foundation in turn was of a still earlier order
+or blend of orders — Roman, and even Druidic or native Cymric, if legends
+speak truly. This foundation was a very singular thing, being merged on one side
+with the solid limestone of the precipice from whose brink the priory overlooked
+a desolate valley three miles west of the village of Anchester.
+
+Architects and antiquarians loved to examine this strange relic of forgotten
+centuries, but the country folk hated it. They had hated it hundreds of years
+before, when my ancestors lived there, and they hated it now, with the moss and
+mould of abandonment on it. I had not been a day in Anchester before I knew I
+came of an accursed house. And this week workmen have blown up Exham
+Priory, and are busy obliterating the traces of its foundations. The bare statistics
+of my ancestry I had always known, together with the fact that my first
+American forebear had come to the colonies under a strange cloud. Of details,
+however, I had been kept wholly ignorant through the policy of reticence always
+maintained by the Delapores. Unlike our planter neighbours, we seldom boasted
+
+
+
+676
+
+
+
+of crusading ancestors or other mediaeval and Renaissance heroes; nor was any
+kind of tradition handed down except what may have been recorded in the
+sealed envelope left before the Civil War by every squire to his eldest son for
+posthumous opening. The glories we cherished were those achieved since the
+migration; the glories of a proud and honourable, if somewhat reserved and
+unsocial Virginia line.
+
+During the war our fortunes were extinguished and our whole existence changed
+by the burning of Carfax, our home on the banks of the James. My grandfather,
+advanced in years, had perished in that incendiary outrage, and with him the
+envelope that had bound us all to the past. I can recall that fire today as I saw it
+then at the age of seven, with the federal soldiers shouting, the women
+screaming, and the negroes howling and praying. My father was in the army,
+defending Richmond, and after many formalities my mother and I were passed
+through the lines to join him.
+
+When the war ended we all moved north, whence my mother had come; and I
+grew to manhood, middle age, and ultimate wealth as a stolid Yankee. Neither
+my father nor I ever knew what our hereditary envelope had contained, and as I
+merged into the greyness of Massachusetts business life I lost all interest in the
+mysteries which evidently lurked far back in my family tree. Had I suspected
+their nature, how gladly I would have left Exham Priory to its moss, bats and
+cobwebs!
+
+My father died in 1904, but without any message to leave to me, or to my only
+child, Alfred, a motherless boy of ten. It was this boy who reversed the order of
+family information, for although I could give him only jesting conjectures about
+the past, he wrote me of some very interesting ancestral legends when the late
+war took him to England in 1917 as an aviation officer. Apparently the Delapores
+had a colourful and perhaps sinister history, for a friend of my son's, Capt.
+Edward Norrys of the Royal Flying Corps, dwelt near the family seat at
+Anchester and related some peasant superstitions which few novelists could
+equal for wildness and incredibility. Norrys himself, of course, did not take them
+so seriously; but they amused my son and made good material for his letters to
+me. It was this legendry which definitely turned my attention to my transatlantic
+heritage, and made me resolve to purchase and restore the family seat which
+Norrys showed to Alfred in its picturesque desertion, and offered to get for him
+at a surprisingly reasonable figure, since his own uncle was the present owner.
+
+I bought Exham Priory in 1918, but was almost immediately distracted from my
+plans of restoration by the return of my son as a maimed invalid. During the two
+years that he lived I thought of nothing but his care, having even placed my
+business under the direction of partners.
+
+
+
+677
+
+
+
+In 1921, as I found myself bereaved and aimless, a retired manufacturer no
+longer young, I resolved to divert my remaining years with my new possession.
+Visiting Anchester in December, I was entertained by Capt. Norrys, a plump,
+amiable young man who had thought much of my son, and secured his
+assistance in gathering plans and anecdotes to guide in the coming restoration.
+Exham Priory itself I saw without emotion, a jumble of tottering mediaeval ruins
+covered with lichens and honeycombed with rooks' nests, perched perilously
+upon a precipice, and denuded of floors or other interior features save the stone
+walls of the separate towers.
+
+As I gradually recovered the image of the edifice as it had been when my
+ancestors left it over three centuries before, I began to hire workmen for the
+reconstruction. In every case I was forced to go outside the immediate locality,
+for the Anchester villagers had an almost unbelievable fear and hatred of the
+place. The sentiment was so great that it was sometimes communicated to the
+outside labourers, causing numerous desertions; whilst its scope appeared to
+include both the priory and its ancient family.
+
+My son had told me that he was somewhat avoided during his visits because he
+was a de la Poer, and I now found myself subtly ostracized for a like reason until
+I convinced the peasants how little I knew of my heritage. Even then they
+sullenly disliked me, so that I had to collect most of the village traditions through
+the mediation of Norrys. What the people could not forgive, perhaps, was that I
+had come to restore a symbol so abhorrent to them; for, rationally or not, they
+viewed Exham Priory as nothing less than a haunt of fiends and werewolves.
+
+Piecing together the tales which Norrys collected for me, and supplementing
+them with the accounts of several savants who had studied the ruins, I deduced
+that Exham Priory stood on the site of a prehistoric temple; a Druidical or ante-
+Druidical thing which must have been contemporary with Stonehenge. That
+indescribable rites had been celebrated there, few doubted, and there were
+unpleasant tales of the transference of these rites into the Cybele worship which
+the Romans had introduced.
+
+Inscriptions still visible in the sub-cellar bore such unmistakable letters as 'DIV...
+OPS ... MAGNA. MAT...', sign of the Magna Mater whose dark worship was
+once vainly forbidden to Roman citizens. Anchester had been the camp of the
+third Augustan legion, as many remains attest, and it was said that the temple of
+Cybele was splendid and thronged with worshippers who performed nameless
+ceremonies at the bidding of a Phrygian priest. Tales added that the fall of the
+old religion did not end the orgies at the temple, but that the priests lived on in
+the new faith without real change. Likewise was it said that the rites did not
+vanish with the Roman power, and that certain among the Saxons added to what
+
+
+
+678
+
+
+
+remained of the temple, and gave it the essential outline it subsequently
+preserved, making it the centre of a cult feared through half the heptarchy.
+About 1000 A.D. the place is mentioned in a chronicle as being a substantial
+stone priory housing a strange and powerful monastic order and surrounded by
+extensive gardens which needed no walls to exclude a frightened populace. It
+was never destroyed by the Danes, though after the Norman Conquest it must
+have declined tremendously, since there was no impediment when Henry the
+Third granted the site to my ancestor, Gilbert de la Poer, First Baron Exham, in
+1261.
+
+Of my family before this date there is no evil report, but something strange must
+have happened then. In one chronicle there is a reference to a de la Poer as
+"cursed of God in 1307", whilst village legendry had nothing but evil and frantic
+fear to tell of the castle that went up on the foundations of the old temple and
+priory. The fireside tales were of the most grisly description, all the ghastlier
+because of their frightened reticence and cloudy evasiveness. They represented
+my ancestors as a race of hereditary daemons beside whom Gilles de Retz and
+the Marquis de Sade would seem the veriest tyros, and hinted whisperingly at
+their responsibility for the occasional disappearances of villagers through several
+generations.
+
+The worst characters, apparently, were the barons and their direct heirs; at least,
+most was whispered about these. If of healthier inclinations, it was said, an heir
+would early and mysteriously die to make way for another more typical scion.
+There seemed to be an inner cult in the family, presided over by the head of the
+house, and sometimes closed except to a few members. Temperament rather than
+ancestry was evidently the basis of this cult, for it was entered by several who
+married into the family. Lady Margaret Trevor from Cornwall, wife of Godfrey,
+the second son of the fifth baron, became a favourite bane of children all over the
+countryside, and the daemon heroine of a particularly horrible old ballad not yet
+extinct near the Welsh border. Preserved in balladry, too, though not illustrating
+the same point, is the hideous tale of Lady Mary de la Poer, who shortly after her
+marriage to the Earl of Shrewsfield was killed by him and his mother, both of the
+slayers being absolved and blessed by the priest to whom they confessed what
+they dared not repeat to the world.
+
+These myths and ballads, typical as they were of crude superstition, repelled me
+greatly. Their persistence, and their application to so long a line of my ancestors,
+were especially annoying; whilst the imputations of monstrous habits proved
+unpleasantly reminiscent of the one known scandal of my immediate forebears
+— the case of my cousin, young Randolph Delapore of Carfax who went among
+the negroes and became a voodoo priest after he returned from the Mexican War.
+
+
+
+679
+
+
+
+I was much less disturbed by the vaguer tales of wails and bowlings in tbe
+barren, windswept valley beneath the limestone cliff; of the graveyard stenches
+after the spring rains; of the floundering, squealing white thing on which Sir John
+Clave's horse had trod one night in a lonely field; and of the servant who had
+gone mad at what he saw in the priory in the full light of day. These things were
+hackneyed spectral lore, and I was at that time a pronounced sceptic. The
+accounts of vanished peasants were less to be dismissed, though not especially
+significant in view of mediaeval custom. Prying curiosity meant death, and more
+than one severed head had been publicly shown on the bastions — now effaced
+— around Exham Priory.
+
+A few of the tales were exceedingly picturesque, and made me wish I had learnt
+more of the comparative mythology in my youth. There was, for instance, the
+belief that a legion of bat-winged devils kept witches' sabbath each night at the
+priory — a legion whose sustenance might explain the disproportionate
+abundance of coarse vegetables harvested in the vast gardens. And, most vivid
+of all, there was the dramatic epic of the rats — the scampering army of obscene
+vermin which had burst forth from the castle three months after the tragedy that
+doomed it to desertion — the lean, filthy, ravenous army which had swept all
+before it and devoured fowl, cats, dogs, hogs, sheep, and even two hapless
+human beings before its fury was spent. Around that unforgettable rodent army
+a whole separate cycle of myths revolves, for it scattered among the village
+homes and brought curses and horrors in its train.
+
+Such was the lore that assailed me as I pushed to completion, with an elderly
+obstinacy, the work of restoring my ancestral home. It must not be imagined for
+a moment that these tales formed my principal psychological environinent. On
+the other hand, I was constantly praised and encouraged by Capt. Norrys and
+the antiquarians who surrounded and aided me. When the task was done, over
+two years after its commencement, I viewed the great rooms, wainscoted walls,
+vaulted ceilings, mullioned windows, and broad staircases with a pride which
+fully compensated for the prodigious expense of the restoration.
+
+Every attribute of the Middle Ages was cunningly reproduced and the new parts
+blended perfectly with the original walls and foundations. The seat of my fathers
+was complete, and I looked forward to redeeming at last the local fame of the
+line which ended in me. I could reside here permanently, and prove that a de la
+Poer (for I had adopted again the original spelling of the name) need not be a
+fiend. My comfort was perhaps augmented by the fact that, although Exham
+Priory was mediaevally fitted, its interior was in truth wholly new and free from
+old vermin and old ghosts alike.
+
+
+
+680
+
+
+
+As I have said, I moved in on 16 July 1923. My household consisted of seven
+servants and nine cats, of which latter species I am particularly fond. My eldest
+cat, "Nigger-Man", was seven years old and had come with me from my home in
+Bolton, Massachusetts; the others I had accumulated whilst living with Capt.
+Norrys' family during the restoration of the priory.
+
+For five days our routine proceeded with the utmost placidity, my time being
+spent mostly in the codification of old family data. I had now obtained some very
+circumstantial accounts of the final tragedy and flight of Walter de la Poer, which
+I conceived to be the probable contents of the hereditary paper lost in the fire at
+Carfax. It appeared that my ancestor was accused with much reason of having
+killed all the other members of his household, except four servant confederates,
+in their sleep, about two weeks after a shocking discovery which changed his
+whole demeanour, but which, except by implication, he disclosed to no one save
+perhaps the servants who assisted him and afterwards fled beyond reach.
+
+This deliberate slaughter, which included a father, three brothers, and two
+sisters, was largely condoned by the villagers, and so slackly treated by the law
+that its perpetrator escaped honoured, unharmed, and undisguised to Virginia;
+the general whispered sentiment being that he had purged the land of an
+immemorial curse. What discovery had prompted an act so terrible, I could
+scarcely even conjecture. Walter de la Poer must have known for years the
+sinister tales about his family, so that this material could have given him no fresh
+impulse. Had he, then, witnessed some appalling ancient rite, or stumbled upon
+some frightful and revealing symbol in the priory or its vicinity? He was reputed
+to have been a shy, gentle youth in England. In Virginia he seemed not so much
+hard or bitter as harassed and apprehensive. He was spoken of in the diary of
+another gentleman adventurer, Francis Harley of Bellview, as a man of
+unexampled justice, honour, and delicacy.
+
+On 22 July occurred the first incident which, though lightly dismissed at the
+time, takes on a preternatural significance in relation to later events. It was so
+simple as to be almost negligible, and could not possibly have been noticed
+under the circumstances; for it must be recalled that since I was in a building
+practically fresh and new except for the walls, and surrounded by a well-
+balanced staff of servitors, apprehension would have been absurd despite the
+locality.
+
+What I afterward remembered is merely this — that my old black cat, whose
+moods I know so well, was undoubtedly alert and anxious to an extent wholly
+out of keeping with his natural character. He roved from room to room, restless
+and disturbed, and sniffed constantly about the walls which formed part of the
+Gothic structure. I realize how trite this sounds — like the inevitable dog in the
+
+
+
+681
+
+
+
+ghost story, which always growls before his master sees the sheeted figure — yet
+I cannot consistently suppress it.
+
+The following day a servant complained of restlessness among all the cats in the
+house. He came to me in my study, a lofty west room on the second storey, with
+groined arches, black oak panelling, and a triple Gothic window overlooking the
+limestone cliff and desolate valley; and even as he spoke I saw the jetty form of
+Nigger-Man creeping along the west wall and scratching at the new panels
+which overlaid the ancient stone.
+
+I told the man that there must be a singular odour or emanation from the old
+stonework, imperceptible to human senses, but affecting the delicate organs of
+cats even through the new woodwork. This I truly believed, and when the fellow
+suggested the presence of mice or rats, I mentioned that there had been no rats
+there for three hundred years, and that even the field mice of the surrounding
+country could hardly be found in these high walls, where they had never been
+known to stray. That afternoon I called on Capt. Norrys, and he assured me that
+it would be quite incredible for field mice to infest the priory in such a sudden
+and unprecedented fashion.
+
+That night, dispensing as usual with a valet, I retired in the west tower chamber
+which I had chosen as my own, reached from the study by a stone staircase and
+short gallery — the former partly ancient, the latter entirely restored. This room
+was circular, very high, and without wainscoting, being hung with arras which I
+had myself chosen in London.
+
+Seeing that Nigger-Man was with me, I shut the heavy Gothic door and retired
+by the light of the electric bulbs which so cleverly counterfeited candles, finally
+switching off the light and sinking on the carved and canopied four-poster, with
+the venerable cat in his accustomed place across my feet. I did not draw the
+curtains, but gazed out at the narrow window which I faced. There was a
+suspicion of aurora in the sky, and the delicate traceries of the window were
+pleasantly silhouetted.
+
+At some time I must have fallen quietly asleep, for I recall a distinct sense of
+leaving strange dreams, when the cat started violently from his placid position. I
+saw him in the faint auroral glow, head strained forward, fore feet on my ankles,
+and hind feet stretched behind. He was looking intensely at a point on the wall
+somewhat west of the window, a point which to my eye had nothing to mark it,
+but toward which all my attention was now directed.
+
+And as I watched, I knew that Nigger-Man was not vainly excited. Whether the
+arras actually moved I cannot say. I think it did, very slightly. But what I can
+
+
+
+682
+
+
+
+swear to is that behind it I heard a low, distinct scurrying as of rats or mice. In a
+moment the cat had jumped bodily on the screening tapestry, bringing the
+affected section to the floor with his weight, and exposing a damp, ancient wall
+of stone; patched here and there by the restorers, and devoid of any trace of
+rodent prowlers.
+
+Nigger-Man raced up and down the floor by this part of the wall, clawing the
+fallen arras and seemingly trying at times to insert a paw between the wall and
+the oaken floor. He found nothing, and after a time returned wearily to his place
+across my feet. I had not moved, but I did not sleep again that night.
+
+In the morning I questioned all the servants, and found that none of them had
+noticed anything unusual, save that the cook remembered the actions of a cat
+which had rested on her windowsill. This cat had howled at some unknown
+hour of the night, awaking the cook in time for her to see him dart purposefully
+out of the open door down the stairs. I drowsed away the noontime, and in the
+afternoon called again on Capt. Norrys, who became exceedingly interested in
+what I told him. The odd incidents — so slight yet so curious — appealed to his
+sense of the picturesque and elicited from him a number of reminiscenses of local
+ghostly lore. We were genuinely perplexed at the presence of rats, and Norrys
+lent me some traps and Paris green, which I had the servants place in strategic
+localities when I returned.
+
+I retired early, being very sleepy, but was harassed by dreams of the most
+horrible sort. I seemed to be looking down from an immense height upon a twilit
+grotto, knee-deep with filth, where a white-bearded daemon swineherd drove
+about with his staff a flock of fungous, flabby beasts whose appearance filled me
+with unutterable loathing. Then, as the swineherd paused and nodded over his
+task, a mighty swarm of rats rained down on the stinking abyss and fell to
+devouring beasts and man alike.
+
+From this terrific vision I was abruptly awakened by the motions of Nigger-Man,
+who had been sleeping as usual across my feet. This time I did not have to
+question the source of his snarls and hisses, and of the fear which made him sink
+his claws into my ankle, unconscious of their effect; for on every side of the
+chamber the walls were alive with nauseous sound — the veminous slithering of
+ravenous, gigantic rats. There was now no aurora to show the state of the arras
+— the fallen section of which had been replaced - but I was not too frightened to
+switch on the light.
+
+As the bulbs leapt into radiance I saw a hideous shaking all over the tapestry,
+causing the somewhat peculiar designs to execute a singular dance of death. This
+motion disappeared almost at once, and the sound with it. Springing out of bed, I
+
+
+
+683
+
+
+
+poked at the arras with the long handle of a warming-pan that rested near, and
+lifted one section to see what lay beneath. There was nothing but the patched
+stone wall, and even the cat had lost his tense realization of abnormal presences.
+When I examined the circular trap that had been placed in the room, I found all
+of the openings sprung, though no trace remained of what had been caught and
+had escaped.
+
+Further sleep was out of the question, so lighting a candle, I opened the door and
+went out in the gallery towards the stairs to my study, Nigger-Man following at
+my heels. Before we had reached the stone steps, however, the cat darted ahead
+of me and vanished down the ancient flight. As I descended the stairs myself, I
+became suddenly aware of sounds in the great room below; sounds of a nature
+which could not be mistaken.
+
+The oak-panelled walls were alive with rats, scampering and milling whilst
+Nigger-Man was racing about with the fury of a baffled hunter. Reaching the
+bottom, I switched on the light, which did not this time cause the noise to
+subside. The rats continued their riot, stampeding with such force and
+distinctness that I could finally assign to their motions a definite direction. These
+creatures, in numbers apparently inexhaustible, were engaged in one stupendous
+migration from inconceivable heights to some depth conceivably or
+inconceivably below.
+
+I now heard steps in the corridor, and in another moment two servants pushed
+open the massive door. They were searching the house for some unknown source
+of disturbance which had thrown all the cats into a snarling panic and caused
+them to plunge precipitately down several flights of stairs and squat, yowling,
+before the closed door to the sub-cellar. I asked them if they had heard the rats,
+but they replied in the negative. And when I turned to call their attention to the
+sounds in the panels, I realized that the noise had ceased.
+
+With the two men, I went down to the door of the sub-cellar, but found the cats
+already dispersed. Later I resolved to explore the crypt below, but for the present
+I merely made a round of the traps. All were sprung, yet all were tenantless.
+Satisfying myself that no one had heard the rats save the felines and me, I sat in
+my study till morning, thinking profoundly and recalling every scrap of legend I
+had unearthed concerning the building I inhabited. I slept some in the forenoon,
+leaning back in the one comfortable library chair which my mediaeval plan of
+furnishing could not banish. Later I telephoned to Capt. Norrys, who came over
+and helped me explore the sub-cellar.
+
+Absolutely nothing untoward was found, although we could not repress a thrill
+at the knowledge that this vault was built by Roman hands. Every low arch and
+
+
+
+684
+
+
+
+massive pillar was Roman — not the debased Romanesque of the bungling
+Saxons, but the severe and harmonious classicism of the age of the Caesars;
+indeed, the walls abounded with inscriptions familiar to the antiquarians who
+had repeatedly explored the place — things like "P. GETAE. PROP... TEMP...
+DONA. . ." and "L. PRAEG. . . VS. . . PONTIFI. . . ATYS. . ."
+
+The reference to Atys made me shiver, for I had read Catullus and knew
+something of the hideous rites of the Eastern god, whose worship was so mixed
+with that of Cybele. Norrys and I, by the light of lanterns, tried to interpret the
+odd and nearly effaced designs on certain irregularly rectangular blocks of stone
+generally held to be altars, but could make nothing of them. We remembered
+that one pattern, a sort of rayed sun, was held by students to imply a non-Roman
+origin suggesting that these altars had merely been adopted by the Roman
+priests from some older and perhaps aboriginal temple on the same site. On one
+of these blocks were some brown stains which made me wonder. The largest, in
+the centre of the room, had certain features on the upper surface which indicated
+its connection with fire — probably burnt offerings.
+
+Such were the sights in that crypt before whose door the cats howled, and where
+Norrys and I now determined to pass the night. Couches were brought down by
+the servants, who were told not to mind any nocturnal actions of the cats, and
+Nigger-Man was admitted as much for help as for companionship. We decided
+to keep the great oak door — a modern replica with slits for ventilation — tightly
+closed; and, with this attended to, we retired with lanterns still burning to await
+whatever might occur.
+
+The vault was very deep in the foundations of the priory, and undoubtedly far
+down on the face of the beetling limestone cliff overlooking the waste valley.
+That it had been the goal of the scuffling and unexplainable rats I could not
+doubt, though why, I could not tell. As we lay there expectantly, I found my vigil
+occasionally mixed with half-formed dreams from which the uneasy motions of
+the cat across my feet would rouse me.
+
+These dreams were not wholesome, but horribly like the one I had had the night
+before. I saw again the twilit grotto, and the swineherd with his unmentionable
+fungous beasts wallowing in filth, and as I looked at these things they seemed
+nearer and more distinct — so distinct that I could almost observe their features.
+Then I did observe the flabby features of one of them — and awakened with such
+a scream that Nigger-Man started up, whilst Capt. Norrys, who had not slept,
+laughed considerably. Norrys might have laughed more — or perhaps less —
+had he known what it was that made me scream. But I did not remember myself
+till later. Ultimate horror often paralyses memory in a merciful way.
+
+
+
+685
+
+
+
+Norrys waked me when the phenomena began. Out of the same frightful dream I
+was called by his gentle shaking and his urging to listen to the cats. Indeed, there
+was much to listen to, for beyond the closed door at the head of the stone steps
+was a veritable nightmare of feline yelling and clawing, whilst Nigger-Man,
+unmindful of his kindred outside, was running excitedly round the bare stone
+walls, in which I heard the same babel of scurrying rats that had troubled me the
+night before.
+
+An acute terror now rose within me, for here were anomalies which nothing
+normal could well explain. These rats, if not the creatures of a madness which I
+shared with the cats alone, must be burrowing and sliding in Roman walls I had
+thought to be solid limestone blocks ... unless perhaps the action of water
+through more than seventeen centuries had eaten winding tunnels which rodent
+bodies had worn clear and ample . . . But even so, the spectral horror was no less;
+for if these were living vermin why did not Norrys hear their disgusting
+commotion? Why did he urge me to watch Nigger-Man and listen to the cats
+outside, and why did he guess wildly and vaguely at what could have aroused
+them?
+
+By the time I had managed to tell him, as rationally as I could, what I thought I
+was hearing, my ears gave me the last fading impression of scurrying; which had
+retreated still downward, far underneath this deepest of sub-cellars till it seemed
+as if the whole cliff below were riddled with questing rats. Norrys was not as
+sceptical as I had anticipated, but instead seemed profoundly moved. He
+motioned to me to notice that the cats at the door had ceased their clamour, as if
+giving up the rats for lost; whilst Nigger-Man had a burst of renewed
+restlessness, and was clawing frantically around the bottom of the large stone
+altar in the centre of the room, which was nearer Norrys' couch than mine.
+
+My fear of the unknown was at this point very great. Something astounding had
+occurred, and I saw that Capt. Norrys, a younger, stouter, and presumably more
+naturally materialistic man, was affected fully as much as myself — perhaps
+because of his lifelong and intimate familiarity with local legend. We could for
+the moment do nothing but watch the old black cat as he pawed with decreasing
+fervour at the base of the altar, occasionally looking up and mewing to me in that
+persuasive manner which he used when he wished me to perform some favour
+for him.
+
+Norrys now took a lantern close to the altar and examined the place where
+Nigger-Man was pawing; silently kneeling and scraping away the lichens of the
+centuries which joined the massive pre-Roman block to the tessellated floor. He
+did not find anything, and was about to abandon his efforts when I noticed a
+
+
+
+686
+
+
+
+trivial circumstance which made me shudder, even though it impHed nothing
+more than I had aheady imagined.
+
+I told him of it, and we both looked at its almost imperceptible manifestation
+with the fixedness of fascinated discovery and acknowledgment. It was only this
+— that the flame of the lantern set down near the altar was slightly but certainly
+flickering from a draught of air which it had not before received, and which
+came indubitably from the crevice between floor and altar where Norrys was
+scraping away the lichens.
+
+We spent the rest of the night in the brilliantly-lighted study, nervously
+discussing what we should do next. The discovery that some vault deeper than
+the deepest known masonry of the Romans underlay this accursed pile, some
+vault unsuspected by the curious antiquarians of three centuries, would have
+been sufficient to excite us without any background of the sinister. As it was, the
+fascination became two-fold; and we paused in doubt whether to abandon our
+search and quit the priory forever in superstitious caution, or to gratify our sense
+of adventure and brave whatever horrors might await us in the unknown depths.
+
+By morning we had compromised, and decided to go to London to gather a
+group of archaeologists and scientific men fit to cope with the mystery. It should
+be mentioned that before leaving the sub-cellar we had vainly tried to move the
+central altar which we now recognized as the gate to a new pit of nameless fear.
+What secret would open the gate, wiser men than we would have to find.
+
+During many days in London Capt. Norrys and I presented our facts,
+conjectures, and legendary anecdotes to five eminent authorities, all men who
+could be trusted to respect any family disclosures which future explorations
+might develop. We found most of them little disposed to scoff but, instead,
+intensely interested and sincerely sympathetic. It is hardly necessary to name
+them all, but I may say that they included Sir William Brinton, whose
+excavations in the Troad excited most of the world in their day. As we all took
+the train for Anchester I felt myself poised on the brink of frightful revelations, a
+sensation symbolized by the air of mourning among the many Americans at the
+unexpected death of the President on the other side of the world.
+
+On the evening of 7 August we reached Exham Priory, where the servants
+assured me that nothing unusual had occurred. The cats, even old Nigger-Man,
+had been perfectly placid, and not a trap in the house had been sprung. We were
+to begin exploring on the following dlay, awaiting which I assigned well-
+appointed rooms to all my guests.
+
+
+
+687
+
+
+
+I myself retired in my own tower chamber, with Nigger-Man across my feet.
+Sleep came quickly, but hideous dreams assailed me. There was a vision of a
+Roman feast like that of Trimalchio, with a horror in a covered platter. Then
+came that damnable, recurrent thing about the swineherd and his filthy drove in
+the twilit grotto. Yet when I awoke it was full daylight, with normal sounds in
+the house below. The rats, living or spectral, had not troubled me; and Nigger-
+Man was still quietly asleep. On going down, I found that the same tranquillity
+had prevailed elsewhere; a condition which one of the assembled servants — a
+fellow named Thornton, devoted to the psychic — rather absurdly laid to the fact
+that I had now been shown the thing which certain forces had wished to show
+me.
+
+All was now ready, and at 11 A.M. our entire group of seven men, bearing
+powerful electric searchlights and implements of excavation, went down to the
+sub-cellar and bolted the door behind us. Nigger-Man was with us, for the
+investigators found no occasion to depise his excitability, and were indeed
+anxious that he be present in case of obscure rodent manifestations. We noted the
+Roman inscriptions and unknown altar designs only briefly, for three of the
+savants had already seen them, and all knew their characteristics. Prime
+attention was paid to the momentous central altar, and within an hour Sir
+William Brinton had caused it to tilt backward, balanced by some unknown
+species of counterweight.
+
+There now lay revealed such a horror as would have overwhelmed us had we
+not been prepared. Through a nearly square opening in the tiled floor, sprawling
+on a flight of stone steps so prodigiously worn that it was little more than an
+inclined plane at the centre, was a ghastly array of human or semi-human bones.
+Those which retained their collocation as skeletons showed attitudes of panic
+fear, and over all were the marks of rodent gnawing. The skulls denoted nothing
+short of utter idiocy, cretinism, or primitive semi-apedom.
+
+Above the hellishly littered steps arched a descending passage seemingly
+chiselled from the solid rock, and conducting a current of air. This current was
+not a sudden and noxious rush as from a closed vault, but a cool breeze with
+something of freshness in it. We did not pause long, but shiveringly began to
+clear a passage down the steps. It was then that Sir William, examining the hewn
+walls, made the odd observation that the passage, according to the direction of
+the strokes, must have been chiselled from beneath.
+
+I must be very deliberate now, and choose my words. After ploughing down a
+few steps amidst the gnawled bones we saw that there was light ahead; not any
+mystic phosphorescence, but a filtered daylight which could not come except
+from unknown fissures in the cliff that over-looked the waste valley. That such
+
+
+
+688
+
+
+
+fissures had escaped notice from outside was hardly remarkable, for not only is
+the valley wholly uninhabited, but the cliff is so high and beetling that only an
+aeronaut could study its face in detail. A few steps more, and our breaths were
+literally snatched from us by what we saw; so literally that Thornton, the psychic
+investigator, actually fainted in the arms of the dazed mem who stood behind
+him. Norrys, his plump face utterly white and flabby, simply cried out
+inarticulately; whilst I think that what I did was to gasp or hiss, and cover my
+eyes.
+
+The man behind me — the only one of the party older than I — croaked the
+hackneyed "My God!" in the most cracked voice I ever heard. Of seven
+cultivated men, only Sir William Brinton retained his composure, a thing the
+more to his credit because he led the party and must have seen the sight first.
+
+It was a twilit grotto of enormous height, stretching away farther than any eye
+could see; a subterraneous world of limitless mystery and horrible suggestion.
+There were buildings and other architectural remains — in one terrified glance I
+saw a weird pattern of tumuli, a savage circle of monoliths, a low-domed Roman
+ruin, a sprawling Saxon pile, and an early English edifice of wood — but all these
+were dwarfed by the ghoulish spectacle presented by the general surface of the
+ground. For yards about the steps extended an insane tangle of human bones, or
+bones at least as human as those on the steps. Like a foamy sea they stretched,
+some fallen apart, but others wholly or partly articulated as skeletons; these latter
+invariably in postures of daemoniac frenzy, either fighting off some menace or
+clutching other forms with cannibal intent.
+
+When Dr Trask, the anthropologist, stopped to classify the skulls, he found a
+degraded mixture which utterly baffled him. They were mostly lower than the
+Piltdown man in the scale of evolution, but in every case definitely human. Many
+were of higher grade, and a very few were the skulls of supremely and
+sensitively developed types. All the bones were gnawed, mostly by rats, but
+somewhat by others of the half-human drove. Mixed with them were many tiny
+hones of rats — fallen members of the lethal army which closed the ancient epic.
+
+I wonder that any man among us lived and kept his sanity through that hideous
+day of discovery. Not Hoffman nor Huysmans could conceive a scene more
+wildly incredible, more frenetically repellent, or more Gothically grotesque than
+the twilit grotto through which we seven staggered; each stumbling on
+revelation after revelation, and trying to keep for the nonce from thinking of the
+events which must have taken place there three hundred, or a thousand, or two
+thousand or ten thousand years ago. It was the antechamber of hell, and poor
+Thornton fainted again when Trask told him that some of the skeleton things
+
+
+
+689
+
+
+
+must have descended as quadrupeds through the last twenty or more
+generations.
+
+Horror piled on horror as we began to interpret the architectural remains. The
+quadruped things — with their occasional recruits from the biped class — had
+been kept in stone pens, out of which they must have broken in their last
+delirium of hunger or rat-fear. There had been great herds of them, evidently
+fattened on the coarse vegetables whose remains could be found as a sort of
+poisonous ensilage at the bottom of the huge stone bins older than Rome. I knew
+now why my ancestors had had such excessive gardens — would to heaven I
+could forget! The purpose of the herds I did not have to ask.
+
+Sir William, standing with his searchlight in the Roman ruin, translated aloud
+the most shocking ritual I have ever known; and told of the diet of the
+antediluvian cult which the priests of Cybele found and mingled with their own.
+Norrys, used as he was to the trenches, could not walk straight when he came
+out of the English building. It was a butcher shop and kitchen — he had expected
+that — but it was too much to see familiar English implements in such a place,
+and to read familiar English graffiti there, some as recent as 1610. I could not go
+in that building — that building whose daemon activities were stopped only by
+the dagger of my ancestor Walter de la Poer.
+
+What I did venture to enter was the low Saxon building whose oaken door had
+fallen, and there I found a terrible row of ten stone cells with rusty bars. Three
+had tenants, all skeletons of high grade, and on the bony forefinger of one I
+found a seal ring with my own coat-of-arms. Sir William found a vault with far
+older cells below the Roman chapel, but these cells were empty. Below them was
+a low crypt with cases of formally arranged bones, some of them bearing terrible
+parallel inscriptions carved in Latin, Greek, and the tongue of Phyrgia.
+
+Meanwhile, Dr Trask had opened one of the prehistoric tumuli, and brought to
+light skulls which were slightly more human than a gorilla's, and which bore
+indescribably ideographic carvings. Through all this horror my cat stalked
+unperturbed. Once I saw him monstrously perched atop a mountain of bones,
+and wondered at the secrets that might lie behind his yellow eyes.
+
+Having grasped to some slight degree the frightful revelations of this twilit area
+— an area so hideously foreshadowed by my recurrent dream — we turned to
+that apparently boundless depth of midnight cavern where no ray of light from
+the cliff could penetrate. We shall never know what sightless Stygian worlds
+yawn beyond the little distance we went, for it was decided that such secrets are
+not good for mankind. But there was plenty to engross us close at hand, for we
+had not gone far before the searchlights showed that accursed infinity of pits in
+
+
+
+690
+
+
+
+which the rats had feasted, and whose sudden lack of replenishment had driven
+the ravenous rodent army first to turn on the living herds of starving things, and
+then to burst forth from the priory in that historic orgy of devastation which the
+peasants will never forget.
+
+God! those carrion black pits of sawed, picked bones and opened skulls! Those
+nightmare chasms choked with the pithecanthropoid, Celtic, Roman, and English
+bones of countless unhallowed centuries! Some of them were full, and none can
+say how deep they had once been. Others were still bottomless to our
+searchlights, and peopled by unnamable fancies. What, I thought, of the hapless
+rats that stumbled into such traps amidst the blackness of their quests in this
+grisly Tartarus?
+
+Once my foot slipped near a horribly yawning brink, and I had a moment of
+ecstatic fear. I must have been musing a long time, for I could not see any of the
+party but plump Capt. Norrys. Then there came a sound from that inky,
+boundless, farther distance that I thought I knew; and I saw my old black cat dart
+past me like a winged Egyptian god, straight into the illimitable gulf of the
+unknown. But I was not far behind, for there was no doubt after another second.
+It was the eldritch scurrying of those fiend-born rats, always questing for new
+horrors, and determined to lead me on even unto those grinning caverns of
+earth's centre where Nyarlathotep, the mad faceless god, howls blindly in the
+darkness to the piping of two amorphous idiot flute-players.
+
+My searchlight expired, but still I ran. I heard voices, and yowls, and echoes, but
+above all there gently rose that impious, insidious scurrying; gently rising, rising,
+as a stiff bloated corpse gently rises above an oily river that flows under the
+endless onyx bridges to a black, putrid sea.
+
+Something bumped into me — something soft and plump. It must have been the
+rats; the viscous, gelatinous, ravenous army that feast on the dead and the living
+. . . Why shouldn't rats eat a de la Poer as a de la Poer eats forbidden things? . . .
+The war ate my boy, damn them all ... and the Yanks ate Carfax with flames and
+burnt Grandsire Delapore and the secret ... No, no, I tell you, I am not that
+daemon swineherd in the twilit grotto! It was not Edward Norrys' fat face on
+that flabby fungous thing! Who says I am a de la Poer? He lived, but my boy
+died! . . . Shall a Norrys hold the land of a de la Poer? . . . It's voodoo, I tell you . . .
+that spotted snake ... Curse you, Thornton, I'll teach you to faint at what my
+family do! ... 'Sblood, thou stinkard, I'll learn ye how to gust ... wolde ye
+swynke me thilke wys?... Magna Mater! Magna Mater!... Atys... Dia ad
+aghaidh's ad aodaun... agus bas dunarch ort! Dhonas 's dholas ort, agus leat-
+sa! . . . Ungl unl. . . rrlh . . . chchch. . .
+
+
+
+691
+
+
+
+This is what they say I said when they found me in the blackness after three
+hours; found me crouching in the blackness over the plump, half-eaten body of
+Capt. Norrys, with my own cat leaping and tearing at my throat. Now they have
+blown up Exham Priory, taken my Nigger-Man away from me, and shut me into
+this barred room at Hanwell with fearful whispers about my heredity and
+experience. Thornton is in the next room, but they prevent me from talking to
+him. They are trying, too, to suppress most of the facts concerning the priory.
+When I speak of poor Norrys they accuse me of this hideous thing, but they must
+know that I did not do it. They must know it was the rats; the slithering
+scurrying rats whose scampering will never let me sleep; the daemon rats that
+race behind the padding in this room and beckon me down to greater horrors
+than I have ever known; the rats they can never hear; the rats, the rats in the
+walls.
+
+
+
+692
+
+
+
+The Shadow Out of Time
+
+Written in March of 1935
+
+Published in June of 1936 in Astounding Stories
+
+I
+
+After twenty-two years of nightmare and terror, saved only by a desperate
+conviction of the mythical source of certain impressions, I am unwilling to vouch
+for the truth of that which I think I found in Western Australia on the night of 17-
+18 July 1935. There is reason to hope that my experience was wholly or partly an
+hallucination - for which, indeed, abundant causes existed. And yet, its realism
+was so hideous that I sometimes find hope impossible.
+
+If the thing did happen, then man must be prepared to accept notions of the
+cosmos, and of his own place in the seething vortex of time, whose merest
+mention is paralysing. He must, too, be placed on guard against a specific,
+lurking peril which, though it will never engulf the whole race, may impose
+monstrous and unguessable horrors upon certain venturesome members of it.
+
+It is for this latter reason that I urge, with all the force of my being, final
+abandonment of all the attempts at unearthing those fragments of unknown,
+primordial masonry which my expedition set out to investigate.
+
+Assuming that I was sane and awake, my experience on that night was such as
+has befallen no man before. It was, moreover, a frightful confirmation of all I had
+sought to dismiss as myth and dream. Mercifull there is no proof, for in my
+fright I lost the awesome object which would - if real and brought out of that
+noxious abyss - have formed irrefutable evidence.
+
+When I came upon the horror I was alone - and I have up to now told no one
+about it. I could not stop the others from digging in its direction, but chance and
+the shifting sand have so far saved them from finding it. Now I must formulate
+some definite statement - not only for the sake of my own mental balance, but to
+warn such others as may read it seriously.
+
+These pages - much in whose earlier parts will be familiar to close readers of the
+general and scientific press - are written in the cabin of the ship that is bringing
+me home. I shall give them to my son. Professor Wingate Peaslee of Miskatonic
+University - the only member of my family who stuck to me after my queer
+amnesia of long ago, and the man best informed on the inner facts of my case. Of
+
+
+
+693
+
+
+
+all living persons, he is least likely to ridicule what I shall tell of that fateful
+night.
+
+I did not enlighten him orally before sailing, because I think he had better have
+the revelation in written form. Reading and re-reading at leisure will leave with
+him a more convincing picture than my confused tongue could hope to convey.
+
+He can do anything that he thinks best with this account - showing it, with
+suitable comment, in any quarters where it will be likely to accomplish good. It is
+for the sake of such readers as are unfamiliar with the earlier phases of my case
+that I am prefacing the revelation itself with a fairly ample summary of its
+background.
+
+My name is Nathaniel Wingate Peaslee, and those who recall the newspaper tales
+of a generation back - or the letters and articles in psychological journals six or
+seven years ago - will know who and what I am. The press was filled with the
+details of my strange amnesia in 1908-13, and much was made of the traditions of
+horror, madness, and witchcraft which lurked behind the ancient Massachusetts
+town then and now forming my place of residence. Yet I would have it known
+that there is nothing whatever of the mad or sinister in my heredity and early
+life. This is a highly important fact in view of the shadow which fell so suddenly
+upon me from outside sources.
+
+It may be that centuries of dark brooding had given to crumbling, whisper-
+haunted Arkham a peculiar vulnerability as regards such shadows - though even
+this seems doubtful in the light of those other cases which I later came to study.
+But the chief point is that my own ancestry and background are altogether
+normal. What came, came from somewhere else - where I even now hesitate to
+assert in plain words.
+
+I am the son of Jonathan and Hannah (Wingate) Peaslee, both of wholesome old
+Haverhill stock. I was born and reared in Haverhill - at the old homestead in
+Boardman Street near Golden Hill - and did not go to Arkham till I entered
+Miskatonic University as instructor of political economy in 1895.
+
+For thirteen years more my life ran smoothly and happily. I married Alice Keezar
+of Haverhill in 1896, and my three children, Robert, Wingate and Hannah were
+born in 1898, 1900, and 1903, respectively. In 1898 I became an associate
+professor, and in 1902 a full professor. At no time had I the least interest in either
+occultism or abnormal psychology.
+
+It was on Thursday, 14 May 1908, that the queer amnesia came. The thing was
+quite sudden, though later I realized that certain brief, glimmering visions of
+
+
+
+694
+
+
+
+several, hours previous - chaotic visions which disturbed me greatly because
+they were so unprecedented - must have formed premonitory symptoms. My
+head was aching, and I had a singular feeling - altogether new to me - that some
+one else was trying to get possession of my thoughts.
+
+The collapse occurred about 10.20 A.M., while I was conducting a class in
+Political Economy VI - history and present tendencies of economics - for juniors
+and a few sophomores. I began to see strange shapes before my eyes, and to feel
+that I was in a grotesque room other than the classroom.
+
+My thoughts and speech wandered from my subject, and the students saw that
+something was gravely amiss. Then I slumped down, unconscious, in my chair,
+in a stupor from which no one could arouse me. Nor did my rightful faculties
+again look out upon the daylight of our normal world for five years, four
+months, and thirteen days.
+
+It is, of course, from others that I have learned what followed. I showed no sign
+of consciousness for sixteen and a half hours though removed to my home at 27
+Crane Street, and given the best of medical attention.
+
+At 3 A.M. May my eyes opened and began to speak and my family were
+thoroughly frightened by the trend of my expression and language. It was clear
+that I had no remembrance of my identity and my past, though for some reason
+seemed anxious to conceal his lack of knowledge. My eyes glazed strangely at
+the persons around me, and the flections of my facial muscles were altogether
+unfamiliar.
+
+Even my speech seemed awkward and foreign. I used my vocal organs clumsily
+and gropingly, and my diction had a curiously stilted quality, as if I had
+laboriously learned the English language from books. The pronunciation was
+barbarously alien, whilst the idiom seemed to include both scraps of curious
+archaism and expressions of a wholly incomprehensible cast.
+
+Of the latter, one in particular was very potently - even terrifiedly - recalled by
+the youngest of the physicians twenty years afterward. For at that late period
+such a phrase began to have an actual currency - first in England and then in the
+United States - and though of much complexity and indisputable newness, it
+reproduced in every least particular the mystifying words of the strange Arkham
+patient of 1908.
+
+Physical strength returned at once, although I required an odd amount of re-
+education in the use of my hands, legs, and bodily apparatus in general. Because
+
+
+
+695
+
+
+
+of this and other handicaps inherent in the mnemonic lapse, I was for some time
+kept under strict medical care.
+
+When I saw that my attempts to conceal the lapse had failed, I admitted it
+openly, and became eager for information of all sorts. Indeed, it seemed to the
+doctors that I lost interest in my proper personality as soon as I found the case of
+amnesia accepted as a natural thing.
+
+They noticed that my chief efforts were to master certain points in history,
+science, art, language, and folklore - some of them tremendously abstruse, and
+some childishly simple - which remained, very oddly in many cases, outside my
+consciousness.
+
+At the same time they noticed that I had an inexplicable command of many
+almost unknown sorts of knowledge - a command which I seemed to wish to
+hide rather than display. I would inadvertently refer, with casual assurance, to
+specific events in dim ages outside of the range of accepted history - passing off
+such references as a jest when I saw the surprise they created. And I had a way of
+speaking of the future which two or three times caused actual fright.
+
+These uncanny flashes soon ceased to appear, though some observers laid their
+vanishment more to a certain furtive caution on my part than to any waning of
+the strange knowledge behind them. Indeed, I seemed anomalously avid to
+absorb the speech, customs, and perspectives of the age around me; as if I were a
+studious traveller from a far, foreign land.
+
+As soon as permitted, I haunted the college library at all hours; and shortly
+began to arrange for those odd travels, and special courses at American and
+European Universities, which evoked so much comment during the next few
+years.
+
+I did not at any time suffer from a lack of learned contacts, for my case had a
+mild celebrity among the psychologists of the period. I was lectured upon as a
+typical example of secondary personality - even though I seemed to puzzle the
+lecturers now and then with some bizarre symptoms or some queer trace of
+carefully veiled mockery.
+
+Of real friendliness, however, I encountered little. Something in my aspect and
+speech seemed to excite vague fears and aversions in every one I met, as if I were
+a being infinitely removed from all that is normal and healthful. This idea of a
+black, hidden horror connected with incalculable gulfs of some sort of distance
+was oddly widespread and persistent.
+
+
+
+696
+
+
+
+My own family formed no exception. From the moment of my strange waking
+my wife had regarded me with extreme horror and loathing, vowing that I was
+some utter alien usurping the body of her husband. In 1910 she obtained a legal
+divorce, nor would she ever consent to see me even after my return to normality
+in 1913. These feelings were shared by my elder son and my small daughter,
+neither of whom I have ever seen since.
+
+Only my second son, Wingate, seemed able to conquer the terror and repulsion
+which my change aroused. He indeed felt that I was a stranger, but though only
+eight years old held fast to a faith that my proper self would return. When it did
+return he sought me out, and the courts gave me his custody. In succeeding years
+he helped me with the studies to which I was driven, and today, at thirty-five, he
+is a professor of psychology at Miskatonic.
+
+But I do not wonder at the horror caused - for certainly, the mind, voice, and
+facial expression of the being that awakened on 15 May 1908, were not those of
+Nathaniel Wingate Peastee.
+
+I will not attempt to tell much of my life from 1908 to 1913, since readers may
+glean I the outward essentials - as I largely had to do - from files of old
+newspapers and scientific journals.
+
+I was given charge of my funds, and spent them slowly and on the whole wisely,
+in travel and in study at various centres of learning. My travels, however, were
+singular in the extreme, involving long visits to remote and desolate places.
+
+In 1909 I spent a month in the Himalayas, and in 1911 roused much attention
+through a camel trip into the unknown deserts of Arabia. What happened on
+those journeys I have never been able to learn.
+
+During the summer of 1912 I chartered a ship and sailed in the Arctic, north of
+Spitzbergen, afterward showing signs of disappointment.
+
+Later in that year I spent weeks - alone beyond the limits of previous or
+subsequent exploration in the vast limestone cavern systems of western Virginia
+- black labyrinths so complex that no retracing of my steps could even be
+considered.
+
+My sojourns at the universities were marked by abnormally rapid assimilation,
+as if the secondary personality had an intelligence enormously superior to my
+own. I have found, also, that my rate of reading and solitary study was
+phenomenal. I could master every detail of a book merely by glancing over it as
+
+
+
+697
+
+
+
+fast as I could turn the leaves; while my skill at interpreting complex figures in
+an instant was veritably awesome.
+
+At times there appeared almost ugly reports of my power to influence the
+thoughts and acts of others, though I seemed to have taken care to minimize
+displays of this faculty.
+
+Other ugly reports concerned my intimacy with leaders of occultist groups, and
+scholars suspected of connection with nameless bands of abhorrent elder-world
+hierophants. These rumours, though never proved at the time, were doubtless
+stimulated by the known tenor of some of my reading - for the consuUtation of
+rare books at libraries cannot be effected secretly.
+
+There is tangible proof - in the form of marginal notes - that I went minutely
+through such things as the Comte d'Erlette's Cultes des Goules, Ludvig Prinn's
+De Vermis Mysteriis, the Unaussprechlichen Kulten of von Junzt, the surviving
+fragments of the puzzling Book of Eibon, and the dreaded Necronomicon of the
+mad Arab Abdul Alhazred. Then, too, it is undeniable that a fresh and evil wave
+of underground cult activity set in about the time of my odd mutation.
+
+In the summer of 1913 I began to display signs of ennui and flagging interest,
+and to hint to various associates that a change might soon be expected in me. I
+spoke of returning memories of my earlier life - though most auditors judged me
+insincere, since all the recollections I gave were casual, and such as might have
+been learned from my old private papers.
+
+About the middle of August I returned to Arkham and re-opened my long-
+closed house in Crane Street. Here I installed a mechanism of the most curious
+aspect, constructed piecemeal by different makers of scientific apparatus in
+Europe and America, and guarded carefully from the sight of any one intelligent
+enough to analyse it.
+
+Those who did see it - a workman, a servant, and the new housekeeper - say that
+it was a queer mixture of rods, wheels, and mirros, though only about two feet
+tall, one foot wide, and one foot thick. The central mirror was circular and
+convex. All this is borne out by such makers of parts as can be located.
+
+On the evening of Friday, 26 September, I dismissed the housekeeper and the
+maid until noon of the next day. Lights burned in the house till late, and a lean,
+dark, curiously foreign-looking man called in an automobile.
+
+
+
+698
+
+
+
+It was about one A.M. that the hghts were last seen. At 2.15 A.M. a poHceman
+observed the place in darkness, but the strager's motor still at the curb. By 4
+o'clock the motor was certainly gone.
+
+It was at 6 o'clock that a hesitant, foreign voice on the telephone asked Dr Wilson
+to call at my house and bring me out of a peculiar faint. This call - a long-distance
+one - was later traced to a public booth in the North Station in Boston, but no
+sign of the lean foreigner was ever unearthed.
+
+When the doctor reached my house he found me unconscious in the sitting room
+
+- in an easy-chair with a table drawn up before it. On the polished top were
+scratches showing where some heavy object had rested. The queer machine was
+gone, nor was anything afterward heard of it. Undoubtedly the dark, lean
+foreigner had taken it away.
+
+In the library grate were abundant ashes, evidently left from the burning of the
+every remainmg scrap of paper on which I had written since the advent of the
+amnesia. Dr Wilson found my breathing very peculiar, but after a hypodermic
+injection it became more regular.
+
+At 11.15 A.M., 27 September, I stirred vigorously, and my hitherto masklike face
+began to show signs of expression. Dr Wilson remarked that the expression was
+not that of my secondary personality, but seemed much like that of my normal
+self. About 11.30 I muttered some very curious syllables - syllables which seemed
+unrelated to any human speech. I appeared, too, to struggle against something.
+Then, just afternoon - the housekeeper and the maid having meanwhile returned
+
+- I began to mutter in English.
+
+"- of the orthodox economists of that period, Jevons typifies the prevailing trend
+toward scientific correlation. His attempt to link the commercial cycle of
+prosperity and depression with the physical cycle of the solar spots forms
+perhaps the apex of -"
+
+Nathaniel Wingate Peaslee had come back - a spirit in whose time scale it was
+still Thursday morning in 1908, with the economics class gazing up at the
+battered desk on the platform.
+
+II
+
+My reabsorption into normal life was a painful and difficult process. The loss of
+over five years creates more complications than can be imagined, and in my case
+there were countless matters to be adjusted.
+
+
+
+699
+
+
+
+What I heard of my actions since 1908 astonished and disturbed me, but I tried to
+view the matter as philosophically as I could. At last, regaining custody of my
+second son, Wingate, I settled down with him in the Crane Street house and
+endeavoured to resume my teaching - my old professorship having been kindly
+offered me by the college.
+
+I began work with the February, 1914, term, and kept at it just a year. By that
+time I realized how badly my experience had shaken me. Though perfectly sane -
+I hoped - and with no flaw in my original personality, I had not the nervous
+energy of the old days. Vague dreams and queer ideas continually haunted me,
+and when the outbreak of the World War turned my mind to history I found
+myself thinking of periods and events in the oddest possible fashion.
+
+My conception of time, my ability to distinguish between consecutiveness and
+simultaneousness - seemed subtly disordered so that I formed chimerical notions
+about living in one age and casting one's mind all over etenity for knowledge of
+past and future ages.
+
+The war gave me strange impressions of remembering some of its far-off
+consequences - as if I knew how it was coming out and could look back upon it
+in the light of future information. All such quasi-memories were attended with
+much pain, and with a feeling that some artificial psychological barrier was set a
+against them.
+
+When I diffidently hinted to others about my impressions I met with varied
+responses. Some persons looked uncomfortably at me, but men in the
+mathematics department spoke of new developments in those theories of
+relativity - then discussed only in learned circles - which were later to become so
+famous. Dr. Albert Einstein, they said, was rapidly reducing time to the status of
+a mere dimension.
+
+But the dreams and disturbed feelings gained on me, so that I had to drop my
+regular work in 1915. Certainly the impressions were taking an annoying shape -
+giving me the persistent notion that my amnesia had formed some unholy sort of
+exchange; that the secondary personality had indeed had had suffered
+displacement, been an in-
+
+Thus I was driven to vague and fright speculations concerning the whereabouts
+of my true self during the years that another had held my body. The curious
+knowledge and strange conduct of my body's late tenant troubled me more and
+more as I learned further details from persons, papers, and magazines.
+
+
+
+700
+
+
+
+Queernesses that had baffled others seemed to harmonize terribly with some
+background of black knowledge which festered in the chasms of my
+subconscious. I began to search feverishly for every scrap of information bearing
+on the studies and travels of that other one during the dark years.
+
+Not all of my troubles were as semi-abstract as this. There were the dreams - and
+these seemed to grow in vividness and concreteness. Knowing how most would
+regard them, I seldom mentioned them to anyone but my son or certain trusted
+psychologists, but eventually I commenced a scientific study of other cases in
+order to see how typical or nontypical such visions might be among amnesia
+victims.
+
+My results, aided by psychologists, historians, anthropologists, and mental
+specialists of wide experience, and by a study that included all records of split
+personalities from the days of daemonic-possession legends to the medically
+realistic present, at first bothered me more than they consoled me.
+
+I soon found that my dreams had, indeed, no counterpart in the overwhelming
+bulk of true amnesia cases. There remained, however, a tiny residue of accounts
+which for years baffled and shocked me with their parallelism to my own
+experience. Some of them were bits of ancient folklore; others were case histories
+in the annals of medicine; one or two were anecdotes obscurely buried in
+standard histories.
+
+It thus appeared that, while my special kind of affliction was prodigiously rare,
+instances of it had occurred at long intervals ever since the beginnig of men's
+annals. Some centuries might contain one, two, or three cases, others none - or at
+least none whose record survived.
+
+The essence was always the same - a person of keen thoughtfulness seized a
+strange secondary life and leading for a greater or lesser period an utterly alien
+existence typified at first by vocal and bodily awkwardness, an later by a
+wholesale acquisition of scientific, historic, artistic, and anthropologic
+knowledge; an acquisition carried on with feverish zest and with a wholly
+abnormal absorptive power. Then a sudden return of rightful consciousness,
+intermittently plagued ever after with vague unplaceable dreams suggesting
+fragments of some hideous memory elaborately blotted out.
+
+And the close resemblance of those nightmares to my own - even in some of the
+smallest particulars - left no doubt in my mind of their significantly typical
+nature. One or two of the cases had an added ring of faint, blasphemous
+familiarity, as if I had heard of them before through some cosmic channel too
+morbid and frightful to contemplate. In three instances there was specific
+
+
+
+701
+
+
+
+mention of such an unknown machine as had been in my house before the
+second change.
+
+Another thing that worried me during my investigation was the somewhat
+greater frequency of cases where a brief, elusive gHmpse of the typical
+nightmares was afforded to persons not visited well-defined amnesia.
+
+These persons were largely of mediocre mind or less - some so primitive that
+they could scarcely be thought of as vehicles forabnormal scholarship and
+preternatural mental acquisitions. For a second they would be fired with alien
+force - then a backward lapse, and a thin, swift-fading memory of unhuman
+horrors.
+
+There had been at least three such cases during the past half century - one only
+fifteen years before. Had something been groping blindly through time from
+some unsuspected abyss in Nature? Were these faint cases monstrous, sinister
+experiments of a kind and authorship uttely beyond same belief?
+
+Such were a few of the forless speculations of my weaker hours - fancies abetted
+by myths which my studies uncovered. For I could not doubt but that certain
+persistent legends of immemorial antiquity, apparently unknown to the victims
+and physicians connected with recent amnesia cases, formed a striking and
+awesome elaboration of memory lapses such as mine.
+
+Of the nature of the dreams and impressions which were growing so clamorous I
+still almost fear to speak. They seemed to savor of madness, and at times I
+believed I was indeed going mad. Was there a special type of delusion afflicting
+those who had suffered lapses of memory? Conceivably, the efforts of the
+subconscious mind to fill up a perplexing blank with pseudo-memories might
+give rise to strange imaginative vagaries.
+
+This indeed - though an alternative folklore theory finally seemed to me more
+plausible - was the belief of many of the alienists who helped me in my search for
+parallel cases, and who shared my puzzlement at the exact resemblances
+sometimes discovered.
+
+They did not call the condition true insanity, but classed it rather among neurotic
+disorders. My course in trying to track down and analyze it, instead of vaintly
+seeking to dismiss or forget it, they heartily endorsed as correct according to the
+best psychological principles. I especially valued the advice of such physicians as
+had studied me during my possession by the other personality.
+
+
+
+702
+
+
+
+My first disturbances were not visual at all, but concerned the more abstract
+matters which I have mentioned. There was, too, a feeling of profound and
+inexplicable horror concerning myself. I developed a queer fear of seeing my
+own form, as if my eyes would find it something utterly alien and inconceivably
+abhorrent.
+
+When I did glance down and behold the familiar human shape in quiet grey or
+blue clothing, I always felt a curious relief, though in order to gain this relief I
+had to conquer an infinite dread. I shunned mirrors as much as possible, and was
+always shaved at the barber's.
+
+It was a long time before I correlated any of these disappointed feelings with the
+fleeting, visual impressions which began to develop. The first such correlation
+had to do with the odd sensation of an external, artificial restraint on my
+memory.
+
+I felt that the snatches of sight I experienced had a profound and terrible
+meaning, and a frightful connexion with myself, but that some purposeful
+influence held me from grasping that meaning and that connexion. Then came
+that queerness about the element of time, and with it desperate efforts to place
+the fragmentary dream-glimpses in the chronological and spatial pattern.
+
+The glimpses themselves were at first merely strange rather than horrible. I
+would seem to be in an enormous vaulted chamber whose lofty stone aroinings
+were well-nigh lost in the shadows overhead. In whatever time or place the scene
+might be, the principle of the arch was known as fully and used as extensively as
+by the Romans.
+
+There were colossal, round windows and high, arched doors, and pedestals or
+tables each as tall as the height of an ordinary room. Vast shelves of dark wood
+lined the walls, holding what seemed to be volumes of immense size with
+strange hieroglyphs on their backs.
+
+The exposed stonework held curious carvings, always in curvilinear
+mathematical designs, and there were chiselled inscriptions in the same
+characters that the huge books bore. The dark granite masonry was of a
+monstrous megathic type, with lines of convex-topped blocks fitting the concave-
+bottomed courses which rested upon them.
+
+There were no chairs, but the tops of the vast pedestals were littered with books,
+papers, and what seemed to be writing materials - oddly figured jars of a
+purplish metal, and rods with stained tips. Tall as the pedestals were, I seemed at
+times able to view them from above. On some of them were great globes of
+
+
+
+703
+
+
+
+luminous crystal serving as lamps, and inexplicable machines formed of vitreous
+tubes and metal rods.
+
+The windows were glazed, and latticed with stout-looking bars. Though I dared
+not approach and peer out them, I could see from where I was he waving tops of
+singular fern-like growths. The floor was of massive octagonal flagstones, while
+rugs and hangings were entirely lacking.
+
+Later I had visions of sweeping through Cyclopean corridors of stone, and up
+and down gigantic inclined planes of the same monstrous masonry. There were
+no stairs anywhere, nor was any passageway less than thirty feet wide. Some of
+the structures through which I floated must have towered in the sky for
+thousands of feet.
+
+There were multiple levels of black vaults below, and never-opened trapdoors,
+sealed down with metal bands and holding dim suggestions of some special
+peril.
+
+I seemed to be a prisoner, and horror hung broodingly over everything I saw. I
+felt that the mocking curvilinear hieroglyphs on the walls would blast my soul
+with their message were I not guarded by a merciful ignorance.
+
+Still later my dreams included vistas from the great round windows, and from
+the titanic flat roof, with its curious gardens, wide barren area, and high,
+scalloped parapet of stone, to which the topmost of the inclined planes led.
+
+There were, almost endless leagues of giant buildings, each in its garden, and
+ranged along paved roads fully 200 feet wide. They differed greatly in aspect, but
+few were less than 500 feet square or a thousand feet high. Many seemed so
+limitless that they must have had a frontage of several thousand feet, while some
+shot up to mountainous altitudes in the grey, steamy heavens.
+
+They seemed to be mainly of stone or concrete, and most of them embodied the
+oddly curvilinear type of masonry noticeable in the building that held me. Roofs
+were flat and garden-covered, and tended to have scalloped parapets. Sometimes
+there were terraces and higher levels, and wide, cleared spaces amidst the
+gardens. The great roads held hints of motion, but in the earlier visions I could
+not resolve this impression into details.
+
+In certain places I beheld enormous dark cylindrical towers which climbed far
+above any of the other structures. These appeared to be of a totally unique nature
+and shewed signs of prodigious age and dilapidation. They were built of a
+bizarre type of square-cut basalt masonry, and tapered slightly toward their
+
+
+
+704
+
+
+
+rounded tops. Nowhere in any of them could the least traces of windows or
+other apertures save huge doors be found. I noticed also some lower buildinigs -
+all crumbling with the weathering of aeons - which resembled these dark,
+cylindrical towers in basic architecture. Around all these aberrant piles of square-
+cut masonry there hovered an inexplicable aura of menace and concentrated fear,
+like that bred by the sealed trap-doors.
+
+The omnipresent gardens were almost terrifying in their strangeness, with
+bizarre and unfamiliar forms of vegetation nodding over broad paths lined with
+curiously carven monoliths. Abnormally vast fern-like growths predominated -
+some green, and some of a ghastly, fungoid pallor.
+
+Among them rose great spectral things resembling calamites, whose bamboo-like
+trunks towered to fabulous heights. Then there were tufted forms like fabulous
+cycads, and grotesque dark-green shrubs and trees of coniferous aspect.
+
+Flowers were small, colourless, and unrecognizable, blooming in geometrical
+beds and at large among the greenery.
+
+In a few of the terrace and roof-top gardens were larger and more blossoms of
+most offensive contours and seeming to suggest artificial breeding. Fungi of
+inconceivable size, outlines, and colours speckled the scene in patterns
+bespeaking some unknown but well-established horticultural tradition. In the
+larger gardens on the ground there seemed to be some attempt to preserve the
+irregularities of Nature, but on the roofs there was more selectiveness, and more
+evidences of the topiary art.
+
+The sides were almost always moist and cloudy, and sometimes I would seem to
+witness tremendous rains. Once in a while, though, there would be glimpses of
+the sun - which looked abnormally large - and of the moon, whose markings
+held a touch of difference from the normal that I could never quite fathom. When
+- very rarely - the night sky was clear to any extent, I beheld constellations which
+were nearly beyond recognition. Known outlines were sometimes approximated,
+but seldom duplicated; and from the position of the few groups I could
+recognize, I felt I must be in the earth's southern hemisphere, near the Tropic of
+Capricorn.
+
+The far horizon was always steamy and indistinct, but I could see that great
+jungles of unknown tree-ferns, calamites, lepidodendra, and sigillaria lay outside
+the city, their fantastic frondage waving mockingly in the shifting vapours. Now
+and then there would be suggestions of motion in the sky, but these my early
+visions never resolved.
+
+
+
+705
+
+
+
+By the autumn of 1914 I began to have infrequent dreams of strange floatings
+over the city and through the regions around it. I saw interminable roads
+through forests of fearsome growths with mottled, fluted, and banded trunks,
+and past other cities as strange as the one which persistently haunted me.
+
+I saw monstrous constructions of black or iridescent tone in glades and clearings
+where perpetual twilight reigned, and traversed long causeways over swamps so
+dark that I could tell but little of their moist, towering vegetation.
+
+Once I saw an area of countless miles strewn with age-blasted basaltic ruins
+whose architecture had been like that of the few windowless, round-topped
+towers in the haunting city.
+
+And once I saw the sea - a boundless, steamy expanse beyond the colossal stone
+piers of an enormous town of domes and arches. Great shapeless sugggestions of
+shadow moved over it, and here and there its surface was vexed ith anomalous
+spoutings.
+
+Ill
+
+As I have said, it was not immediately that these wild visions began to hold their
+terrifying quality. Certainly, many persons have dreamed intrinsically stranger
+things - things compounded of unrelated scraps of daily life, pictures,and
+reading, and arranged in fantastically novel forms by the unchecked caprices of
+sleep.
+
+For some time I accepted the visions as natural, even though I had never before
+been an extravagant dreamer. Many of the vague anomalies, I argued, must have
+come from trivial sources too numerous to track down; while others seemed to
+reflect a common text book knowledge of the plants and other conditions of the
+primitive world of a hundred and fifty million years ago - the world of the
+Permian or Triassic age.
+
+In the course of some months, however, the element of terror did figure with
+accumulating force. This was when the dreams began so unfailingly to have the
+aspect of memories, and when my mind began to link them with my growing
+abstract disturbances - the feeling of mnemonic restraint, the curious impressions
+regarding time, and sense of a loathsome exchange with my secondary
+personality of 1908-13, and, considerably later, the inexplicable loathing of my
+own person.
+
+As certain definite details began to enter the dreams, their horror increased a
+thousandfold - until by October, 1915, 1 felt I must do something. It was then that
+
+
+
+706
+
+
+
+I began an intensive study of other cases of amnesia and visions, feeling that I
+might thereby obectivise my trouble and shake clear of its emotional grip.
+
+However, as before mentioned, the result was at first almost exactly opposite. It
+disturbed me vastly to find that my dreams had been so closely duplicated;
+especially since some of the accounts were too early to admit of any geological
+knowledge - and therefore of any idea of primitive landscapes - on the subjects'
+part.
+
+What is more, many of these accounts supplied very horrible details and
+explanations in connexion with the visions of great buildings and jungle gardens
+- and other things. The actual sights and vague impressions were bad enough,
+but what was hinted or asserted by some of the other dreamers savored of
+madness and blasphemy. Worst of all, my own pseudo-memory was aroused to
+milder dreams and hints of coming revelations. And yet most doctors deemed
+my course, on he whole, an advisable one.
+
+I studied psychology systematically, and under the prevailing stimulus my son
+Wingate did the same - his studies leading eventually to his present
+professorship. In 1917 and 1918 I took special courses at Miskatonic. Meanwhile,
+my examination of medical, historical, and anthropological records became
+indefatigable, involving travels to distant libraries, and finally including even a
+reading of the hideous books of forbidden elder lore in which my secondary
+personality had been so disturbingly interested.
+
+Some of the latter were the actual copies I had consulted in my altered state, and
+I was greatly disturbed by certain marginal notations and ostensible corrections
+of the hideous text in a script and idiom which somehow seemed oddly
+unhuman.
+
+These markings were mostly in the respective languages of the various books, all
+of which the writer seemed to know with equal, though obviously academic,
+facility. One note appended to von Junzt's Unaussprechlichen Kulten, however,
+was alarmingly otherwise. It consisted of certain curvilinear hieroglyphs in the
+same ink as that of the German corrections, but following no recognized human
+pattern. And these hieroglyphs were closely and unmistakably aldn to the
+characters constantly met with in my dreams - characters whose meaning I
+would sometimes momentarily fancy I knew, or was just on the brink of
+recalling.
+
+To complete my black confusion, my librarians assured me that, in view of
+previous examinations and records of consultation of the volumes in question, all
+of these notations must have been made by myself in my secondary state. This
+
+
+
+707
+
+
+
+despite the fact that I was and still am ignorant of three of the languages
+involved.
+
+Piecing together the scattered records, ancient and modern, anthropological and
+medical, I found a fairly consistent mixture of myth and hallucination whose
+scope and wildness left me utterly dazed. Only one thing consoled me, the fact
+that the myths were of such early existence. What lost knowledge could have
+brought pictures of the Palaeozoic or Mesozoic landscape into these primitive
+fables, I could not even guess; but the pictures had been there. Thus, a basis
+existed for the formation of a fixed type of delusion.
+
+Cases of amnesia no doubt created the general myth pattern - but afterward the
+fanciful accretions of the myths must have reacted on amnesia sufferers and
+coloured their pseudo-memories. I myself had read and heard all the early tales
+during my memory lapse - my quest had amply proved that. Was it not natural,
+then, for my subsequent dreams and emotional impressions to become coloured
+and moulded by what my memory subtly held over from my secondary state?
+
+A few of the myths had significant connexions with other cloudy legends of the
+pre-human world, especially those Hindu tales involving stupefying gulfs of
+time and forming part of the lore of modern theosopists.
+
+Primal myth and modern delusion joined in their assumption that mankind is
+only one - perhaps the least - of the highly evolved and dominant races of this
+planet's long and largely unknown career. Things of inconceivable shape, they
+implied, had reared towers to the sky and delved into every secret of Nature
+before the first amphibian forbear of man had crawled out of the hot sea 300
+million years ago.
+
+Some had come down from the stars; a few were as old as the cosmos itself,
+others had arisen swiftly from terrene germs as far behind the first germs of our
+life-cycle as those germs are behind ourselves. Spans of thousands of millions of
+years, and linkages to other galaxies and universes, were freely spoken of.
+Indeed, there was no such thing as time in its humanly accepted sense.
+
+But most of the tales and impressions concerned a relatively late race, of a queer
+and intricate shape, resembling no life-form known to science, which had lived
+till only fifty million years before the advent of man. This, they indicated, was
+the greatest race of all because it alone had conquered the secret of time.
+
+It had learned all things that ever were known or ever would be known on the
+earth, through the power of its keener minds to project themselves into the past
+and future, even through gulfs of millions of years, and study the lore of every
+
+
+
+708
+
+
+
+age. From the accomplishments of this race arose all legends of prophets,
+including those in human mythology.
+
+In its vast libraries were volumes of texts and pictures holding the whole of
+earth's annals-histories and descriptions of every species that had ever been or
+that ever would be, with full records of their arts, their achievements, their
+languages, and their psychologies.
+
+With this aeon-embracing knowledge, the Great Race chose from every era and
+life-form such thoughts, arts, and processes as might suit its own nature and
+situation. Knowledge of the past, secured through a kind of mind-casting outside
+the recognized senses, was harder to glean than knowledge of the future.
+
+In the latter case the course was easier and more material. With suitable
+mechanical aid a mind would project itself forward in time, feeling its dim, extra-
+sensory way till it approached the desired period. Then, after preliminary trials,
+it would seize on the best discoverable representative of the highest of that
+period's life-forms. It would enter the organism's brain and set up therein its
+own vibrations, while the displaced mind would strike back to the period of the
+displacer, remaining in the latter's body till a reverse process was set up.
+
+The projected mind, in the body of the organism of the future, would then pose
+as a member of the race whose outward form it wore, learning as quickly as
+possible all that could be learned of the chosen age and its massed information
+and techniques.
+
+Meanwhile the displaced mind, thrown back to the displacer's age and body,
+would be carefully guarded. It would be kept from harming the body it
+occupied, and would be drained of all its knowledge by trained questioners.
+Often it could be questioned in its own language, when previous quests into the
+future had brought back records of that language.
+
+If the mind came from a body whose language the Great Race could not
+physically reproduce, clever machines would be made, on which the alien speech
+could be played as on a musical instrument.
+
+The Great Race's members were immense rugose cones ten feet high, and with
+head and other organs attached to foot-thick, distensible limbs spreading from
+the apexes. They spoke by the clicking or scraping of huge paws or claws
+attached to the end of two of their four limbs, and walked by the expansion and
+contraction of a viscous layer attached to their vast, ten-foot bases.
+
+
+
+709
+
+
+
+When the captive mind's amazement and resentment had worn off, and when -
+assuming that it came from a body vastly different from the Great Race's - it had
+lost its horror at its unfamiliar temporary form, it was permitted to study its new
+environment and experience a wonder and wisdom approyimating that of its
+displacer.
+
+With suitable precautions, and in exchange for suitable services, it was allowed
+to rove all over the habitable world in titan airships or on the huge boatlike
+atomic-engined vehicles which traversed the great roads, and to delve freely into
+the libraries containing the records of the planet's past and future.
+
+This reconciled many captive minds to their lot; since none were other than keen,
+and to such minds the unveiling of hidden mysteries of earth-closed chapters of
+inconceivable pasts and dizzying vortices of future time which include the years
+ahead of their own natural ages-forms always, despite the abysmal horrors often
+unveiled, the supreme experience of life.
+
+Now and then certain captives were permitted to meet other captive minds
+seized from the future - to exchange thoughts with consciousnesses living a
+hundred or a thousand or a million years before or after their own ages. And all
+were urged to write copiously in their own languages of themselves and their
+respective periods; such documents to be filed in the great central archives.
+
+It may be added that there was one special type of captive whose privileges were
+far greater than those of the majority. These were the dying permanent exiles,
+whose bodies in the future had been seized by keen-minded members of the
+Great Race who, faced with death, sought to escape mental extinction.
+
+Such melancholy exiles were not as common as might be expected, since the
+longevity of the Great Race lessened its love of life - especially among those
+superior minds capable of projection. From cases of the permanent projection of
+elder minds arose many of those lasting changes of personality noticed in later
+history - including mankind's.
+
+As for the ordinary cases of exploration - when the displacing mind had learned
+what it wished in the future, it would build an apparatus like that which had
+started its flight and reverse the process of projection. Once more it would be in
+its own body in its own age, while the lately captive mind would return to that
+body of the future to which it properly belonged.
+
+Only when one or the other of the bodies had died during the exchange was this
+restoration impossible. In such cases, of course, the exploring mind had - like
+those of the death-escapers - to live out an alien-bodied life in the future; or else
+
+
+
+710
+
+
+
+the captive mind-like the dying permanent exiles - had to end its days in the
+form and past age of the Great Race.
+
+This fate was least horrible when the captive mind was also of the Great Race - a
+not infrequent occurrence, since in all its periods that race was intensely
+concerned with its own future. The number of dying permanent exiles of the
+Great Race was very slight - largely because of the tremendous penalties attached
+to displacements of future Great Race minds by the moribund.
+
+Through projection, arrangements were made to inflict these penalties on the
+offending minds in their new future bodies - and sometimes forced reexchanges
+were effected.
+
+Complex cases of the displacement of exploring or already captive minds by
+minds in various regions of the past had been known and carefully rectified. In
+every age since the discovery of mind projection, a minute but well-recognised
+element of the population consisted of Great Race minds from past ages,
+sojourning for a longer or shorter while.
+
+When a captive mind of alien origin was returned to its own body in the future,
+it was purged by an intricate mechanical hypnosis of all it had learned in the
+Great Race's age - this because of certain troublesome consequences inherent in
+the general carrying forward of knowledge in large quantities.
+
+The few existing instances of clear transmission had caused, and would cause at
+known future times, great disasters. And it was largely in consequence of two
+cases of this kind - said the old myths - that mankind had learned what it had
+concerning the Great Race.
+
+Of all things surviving physically and directly from that aeon-distant world,
+there remained only certain ruins of great stones in far places and under the sea,
+and parts of the text of the frightful Pnakotic Manuscripts.
+
+Thus the returning mind reached its own age with only the faintest and most
+fragmentary visions of what it had undergone since its seizure. All memories
+that could be eradicated were eradicated, so that in most cases only a dream-
+shadowed blank stretched back to the time of the first exchange. Some minds
+recalled more than others, and the chance joining of memories had at rare times
+brought hints of the forbidden past to future ages.
+
+There probably never was a time when groups or cults did not secretly cherish
+certain of these hints. In the Necronomicon the presence of such a cult among
+
+
+
+711
+
+
+
+human beings was suggested - a cult that sometimes gave aid to minds voyaging
+down the aeons from the days of the Great Race.
+
+And, meanwhile, the Great Race itself waxed well-nigh omniscient, and turned
+to the task of setting up exchanges with the minds of other planets, and of
+exploring their pasts and futures. It sought likewise to fathom the past years and
+origin of that black, aeon-dead orb in far space whence its own mental heritage
+had come - for the mind of the Great Race was older than its bodily form.
+
+The beings of a dying elder world, wise with the ultimate secrets, had looked
+ahead for a new world and species wherein they might have long life; and had
+sent their minds en masse into that future race best adapted to house them - the
+cone-shaped beings that peopled our earth a billion years ago.
+
+Thus the Great Race came to be, while the myriad minds sent backward were left
+to die in the horror of strange shapes. Later the race would again face death, yet
+would live through another forward migration of its best minds into the bodies
+of others who had a longer physical span ahead of them.
+
+Such was the background of intertwined legend and hallucination. When,
+around 1920, 1 had my researches in coherent shape, I felt a slight lessening of the
+tension which their earlier stages had increased. After all, and in spite of the
+fancies prompted by blind emotions, were not most of my phenomena readily
+explainable? Any chance might have turned my mind to dark studies during the
+amnesia - and then I read the forbidden legends and met the members of ancient
+and ill-regarded cults. That, plainly, supplied the material for the dreams and
+disturbed feelings which came after the return of memory.
+
+As for the marginal notes in dream-hieroglyphs and languages unknown to me,
+but laid at my door by librarians - I might easily have picked up a smattering of
+the tongues during my secondary state, while the hieroglyphs were doubtless
+coined by my fancy from descriptions in old legends, and afterward woven into
+my dreams. I tried to verify certain points through conversation with known cult
+leaders, but never succeeded in establishing the right connexions.
+
+At times the parallelism of so many cases in so many distant ages continued to
+worry me as it had at first, but on the other hand I reflected that the excitant
+folklore was undoubtedly more universal in the past than in the present.
+
+Probably all the other victims whose cases were like mine had had a long and
+familiar knowledge of the tales I had learned only when in my secondary state.
+When these victims had lost their memory, they had associated themselves with
+the creatures of their household myths - the fabulous invaders supposed to
+
+
+
+712
+
+
+
+displace men's minds - and had thus embarked upon quests for knowledge
+which they thought they could take back to a fancied, non-human past.
+
+Then, when their memory returned, they reversed the associative process and
+thought of themselves as the former captive minds instead of as the displacers.
+Hence the dreams and pseudo-memories following the conventional myth
+pattern.
+
+Despite the seeming cumbrousness of these explanations, they came finally to
+supersede all others in my mind-largely because of the greater weakness of any
+rival theory. And a substantial number of eminent psychologists and
+anthropologists gradually agreed with me.
+
+The more I reflected, the more convincing did my reasoning seem; till in the end
+I had a really effective bulwark against the visions and impressions which still
+assailed me. Suppose I did see strange things at night? These were only what I
+had heard and read of. Suppose I did have odd loathings and perspectives and
+pseudo-memories? These, too, were only echoes of myths absorbed in my
+secondary state. Nothing that I might dream, nothing that I might feel, could be
+of any actual significance.
+
+Fortified by this philosophy, I greatly improved in nervous equilibrium, even
+though the visions - rather than the abstract impressions - steadily became more
+frequent and more disturbingly detailed. In 1922 I felt able to undertake regular
+work again, and put my newly gained knowledge to practical use by accepting
+an instructorship in psychology at the university.
+
+My old chair of political economy had long been adequately filled - besides
+which, methods of teaching economics had changed greatly since my heyday.
+My son was at this time just entering on the post-graduate studies leading to his
+resent professorship, and we worked together a great deal.
+
+IV
+
+I continued, however, to keep a careful record of the outre dreams which
+crowded upon me so thickly and vividly. Such a record, I argued, was of genuine
+value as a psychological document. The glimpses still seemed damnably like
+memories, though I fought off this impression with a goodly measure of success.
+
+In writing, I treated the phantasmata as things seen; but at all other times I
+brushed them aside like any gossamer illusions of the night. I had never
+mentioned such matters in common conversation; though reports of them,
+filtering out as such things will, had aroused sundry rumors regarding my
+
+
+
+713
+
+
+
+mental health. It is amusing to reflect that these rumors were confined wholly to
+laymen, without a single champion among physicians or psychologists.
+
+Of my visions after 1914 I will here mention only a few, since fuller accounts and
+records are at the disposal of the serious student. It is evident that with time the
+curious inhibitions somewhat waned, for the scope of my visions vastly
+increased. They have never, though, become other than disjointed fragments
+seemingly without clear motivation.
+
+Within the dreams I seemed gradually to acquire a greater and greater freedom
+of wandering. I floated through many strange buildings of stone, going from one
+to the other along mammoth underground passages which seemed to form the
+common avenues of transit. Sometimes I encountered those gigantic sealed trap-
+doors in the lowest level, around which such an aura of fear and forbiddenness
+clung.
+
+I saw tremendously tessellated pools, and rooms of curious and inexplicable
+utensils of myriad sorts. Then there were colossal caverns of intricate machinery
+whose outlines and purpose were wholly strange to me, and whose sound
+manifested itself only after many years of dreaming. I may here remark that sight
+and sound are the only senses I have ever exercised in the visionary world.
+
+The real horror began in May, 1915, when I first saw the living things. This was
+before my studies had taught me what, in view of the myths and case histories,
+to expect. As mental barriers wore down, I beheld great masses of thin vapour in
+various parts of the building and in the streets below.
+
+These steadily grew more solid and distinct, till at last I could trace their
+monstrous outlines with uncomfortable ease. They seemed to be enormous,
+iridescent cones, about ten feet high and ten feet wide at the base, and made up
+of some ridgy, scaly, semi-elastic matter. From their apexes projected four
+flexible, cylindrical members, each a foot thick, and of a ridgy substance like that
+of the cones themselves.
+
+These members were sometimes contracted almost to nothing, and sometimes
+extended to any distance up to about ten feet. Terminating two of them were
+enormous claws or nippers. At the end of a third were four red, trumpetlike
+appendages. The fourth terminated in an irregular yellowish globe some two feet
+in diameter and having three great dark eyes ranged along its central
+circumference.
+
+Surmounting this head were four slender grey stalks bearing flower-like
+appendages, whilst from its nether side dangled eight greenish antennae or
+
+
+
+714
+
+
+
+tentacles. The great base of the central cone was fringed with a rubbery, grey
+substance which moved the whole entity through expansion and contraction.
+
+Their actions, though harmless, horrified me even more than their appearance -
+for it is not wholesome to watch monstrous objects doing what one had known
+only human beings to do. These objects moved intelligently about the great
+rooms, getting books from the shelves and taking them to the great tables, or vice
+versa, and sometimes writing diligently with a peculiar rod gripped in the
+greenish head tentacles. The huge nippers were used in carrying books and in
+conversation-speech consisting of a kind of clicking and scraping.
+
+The objects had no clothing, but wore satchels or knapsacks suspended from the
+top of the conical trunk. They commonly carried their head and its supporting
+member at the level of the cone top, although it was frequently raised or
+lowered.
+
+The other three great members tended to rest downward at the sides of the cone,
+contracted to about five feet each when not in use. From their rate of reading,
+writing, and operating their machines - those on the tables seemed somehow
+connected with thought - I concluded that their intelligence was enormously
+greater than man's.
+
+Aftenvard I saw them everywhere; swarming in all the great chambers and
+corridors, tending monstrous machines in vaulted crypts, and racing along the
+vast roads in gigantic, boat-shaped cars. I ceased to be afraid of them, for they
+seemed to form supremely natural parts of their environment.
+
+Individual differences amongst them began to be manifest, and a few appeared
+to be under some kind of restraint. These latter, though shewing no physical
+variation, had a diversity of gestures and habits which marked them off not only
+from the majority, but very largely from one another.
+
+They wrote a great deal in what seemed to my cloudy vision a vast variety of
+characters - never the typical curvilinear hieroglyphs of the majority. A few, I
+fancied, used our own familiar alphabet. Most of them worked much more
+slowly than the general mass of the entities.
+
+All this time my own part in the dreams seemed to be that of a disembodied
+consciousness with a range of vision wider than the normal, floating freely
+about, yet confined to the ordinary avenues and speeds of travel. Not until
+August, 1915, did any suggestions of bodily existence begin to harass me. I say
+harass, because the first phase was a purely abstract, though infinitely terrible,
+association of my previously noted body loathing with the scenes of my visions.
+
+
+
+715
+
+
+
+For a while my chief concern during dreams was to avoid looking down at
+myself, and I recall how grateful I was for the total absence of large mirrors in the
+strange rooms. I was mightily troubled by the fact that I always saw the great
+tables - whose height could not be under ten feet - from a level not below that of
+their surfaces.
+
+And then the morbid temptation to look down at myself became greater and
+greater, till one night I could not resist it. At first my downward glance revealed
+nothing whatever. A moment later I perceived that this was because my head lay
+at the end of a flexible neck of enormous length. Retracting this neck and gazing
+down very sharply, I saw the scaly, rugose, iridescent bulk of a vast cone ten feet
+tall and ten feet wide at the base. That was when I waked half of Arkham with
+my screaming as I plunged madly up from the abyss of sleep.
+
+Only after weeks of hideous repetition did I grow half-reconciled to these visions
+of myself in monstrous form. In the dreams I now moved bodily among the other
+unknown entities, reading terrible books from the endless shelves and writing
+for hours at the great tables with a stylus managed by the green tentacles that
+hung down from my head.
+
+Snatches of what I read and wrote would linger in my memory. There were
+horrible annals of other worlds and other universes, and of stirrings of formless
+life outside of all universes. There were records of strange orders of beings which
+had peopled the world in forgotten pasts, and frightful chronicles of grotesque-
+bodied intelligences which would people it millions of years after the death of
+the last human being.
+
+I learned of chapters in human history whose existence no scholar of today has
+ever suspected. Most of these writings were in the language of the hieroglyphs;
+which I studied in a queer way with the aid of droning machines, and which was
+evidently an agglutinative speech with root systems utterly unlike any found in
+human languages.
+
+Other volumes were in other unknown tongues learned in the same queer way.
+A very few were in languages I knew. Extremely clever pictures, both inserted in
+the records and forming separate collections, aided me immensely. And all the
+time I seemed to be setting down a history of my own age in English. On waking,
+I could recall only minute and meaningless scraps of the unknown tongues
+which my dream-self had mastered, though whole phrases of the history stayed
+with me.
+
+I learned - even before my waking self had studied the parallel cases or the old
+myths from which the dreams doubtless sprang - that the entities around me
+
+
+
+716
+
+
+
+were of the world's greatest race, which had conquered time and had sent
+exploring minds into every age. I knew, too, that I had been snatched from my
+age while another used my body in that age, and that a few of the other strange
+forms housed similarly captured minds. I seemed to talk, in some odd language
+of claw clickings, with exiled intellects from every corner of the solar system.
+
+There was a mind from the planet we know as Venus, which would live
+incalculable epochs to come, and one from an outer moon of Jupiter six million
+years in the past. Of earthly minds there were some from the winged,
+starheaded, half-vegetable race of palaeogean Antarctica; one from the reptile
+people of fabled Valusia; three from the furry pre-human Hyperborean
+worshippers of Tsathoggua; one from the wholly abominable Tcho-Tchos; two
+from the arachnid denizens of earth's last age; five from the hardy coleopterous
+species immediately following mankind, to which the Great Race was some day
+to transfer its keenest minds en masse in the face of horrible peril; and several
+from different branches of humanity.
+
+I talked with the mind of Yiang-Li, a philosopher from the cruel empire of Tsan-
+Chan, which is to come in 5,000 A.D.; with that of a general of the greatheaded
+brown people who held South Africa in 50,000 B.C.; with that of a twelfth-
+century Florentine monk named Bartolomeo Corsi; with that of a king of Lomar
+who had ruled that terrible polar land one hundred thousand years before the
+squat, yellow Inutos came from the west to engulf it.
+
+I talked with the mind of Nug-Soth, a magician of the dark conquerors of 16,000
+A.D.; with that of a Roman named Titus Sempronius Blaesus, who had been a
+quaestor in Sulla's time; with that of Khephnes, an Egyptian of the 14th Dynasty,
+who told me the hideous secret of Nyarlathotep, with that of a priest of Atlantis'
+middle kingdom; with that of a Suffolk gentleman of Cromwell's day, James
+Woodville; with that of a court astronomer of pre-Inca Peru; with that of the
+Australian physicist Nevil Kingston-Brown, who will die in 2,518 A.D.; with that
+of an archimage of vanished Yhe in the Pacific; with that of Theodotides, a
+Greco-Bactrian official Of 200 B.C.; with that of an aged Frenchman of Louis
+XIII's time named Pierre-Louis Montagny; with that of Crom-Ya, a Cimmerian
+chieftain of 15,000 B.C.; and with so many others that my brain cannot hold the
+shocking secrets and dizzying marvels I learned from them.
+
+I awaked each morning in a fever, sometimes frantically trying to verify or
+discredit such information as fell within the range of modern human knowledge.
+Traditional facts took on new and doubtful aspects, and I marvelled at the
+dream-fancy which could invent such surprising addenda to history and science.
+
+
+
+717
+
+
+
+I shivered at the mysteries the past may conceal, and trembled at the menaces the
+future may bring forth. What was hinted in the speech of post-human entities of
+the fate of mankind produced such an effect on me that I will not set it down
+here.
+
+After man there would be the mighty beetle civilisation, the bodies of whose
+members the cream of the Great Race would seize when the monstrous doom
+overtook the elder world. Later, as the earth's span closed, the transferred minds
+would again migrate through time and space - to another stopping-place in the
+bodies of the bulbous vegetable entities of Mercury. But there would be races
+after them, clinging pathetically to the cold planet and burrowing to its horror-
+filled core, before the utter end.
+
+Meanwhile, in my dreams, I wrote endlessly in that history of my own age which
+I was preparing - half voluntarily and half through promises of increased library
+and travel opportunities - for the Great Race's central archives. The archives were
+in a colossal subterranean structure near the city's center, which I came to know
+well through frequent labors and consultations. Meant to last as long as the race,
+and to withstand the fiercest of earth's convulsions, this titan repository
+surpassed all other buildings in the massive, mountain-like firmness of its
+construction.
+
+The records, written or printed on great sheets of a curiously tenacious cellulose
+fabric were bound into books that opened from the top, and were kept in
+individual cases of a strange, extremely light, restless metal of greyish hue,
+decorated with mathematical designs and bearing the title in the Great Race's
+curvilinear hieroglyphs.
+
+These cases were stored in tiers of rectangular vaults-like closed, locked shelves -
+wrought of the same rustless metal and fastened by knobs with intricate
+turnings. My own history was assigned a specific place in the vaults of the lowest
+or vertebrate level - the section devoted to the culture of mankind and of the
+furry and reptilian races immediately preceding it in terrestrial dominance.
+
+But none of the dreams ever gave me a full picture of daily life. All were the
+merest misty, disconnected fragments, and it is certain that these fragments were
+not unfolded in their rightful sequence. I have, for example, a very imperfect idea
+of my own living arrangements in the dream-world; though I seem to have
+possessed a great stone room of my own. My restrictions as a prisoner gradually
+disappeared, so that some of the visions included vivid travels over the mighty
+jungle roads, sojourns in strange cities, and explorations of some of the vast,
+dark, windowless ruins from which the Great Race shrank in curious fear. There
+were also long sea voyages in enormous, many-decked boats of incredible
+
+
+
+718
+
+
+
+swiftness, and trips over wild regions in closed projectile-like airships lifted and
+moved by electrical repulsion.
+
+Beyond the wide, warm ocean were other cities of the Great Race, and on one far
+continent I saw the crude villages of the black-snouted, winged creatures who
+would evolve as a dominant stock after the Great Race had sent its foremost
+minds into the future to escape the creeping horror. Flatness and exuberant green
+life were always the keynote of the scene. Hills were low and sparse, and usually
+displayed signs of volcanic forces.
+
+Of the animals I saw, I could write volumes. All were wild; for the Great Race's
+mechanised culture had long since done away with domestic beasts, while food
+was wholly vegetable or synthetic. Clumsy reptiles of great bulk floundered in
+steaming morasses, fluttered in the heavy air, or spouted in the seas and lakes;
+and among these I fancied I could vaguely recognise lesser, archaic prototypes of
+many forms - dinosaurs, pterodactyls, ichthyosaurs, labyrinthodonts,
+plesiosaurs, and the like-made familiar through palaeontology. Of birds or
+mammals there were none that I could discover.
+
+The ground and swamps were constantly alive with snakes, lizards, and
+crocodiles while insects buzzed incessantly among the lush vegetation. And far
+out at sea, unspied and unknown monsters spouted mountainous columns of
+foam into the vaporous sky. Once I was taken under the ocean in a gigantic
+submarine vessel with searchlights, and glimpsed some living horrors of
+awesome magnitude. I saw also the ruins of incredible sunken cities, and the
+wealth of crinoid, brachiopod, coral, and ichthyic life which everywhere
+abounded.
+
+Of the physiology, psychology, folkways, and detailed history of the Great Race
+my visions preserved but little information, and many of the scattered points I
+here set down were gleaned from my study of old legends and other cases rather
+than from my own dreaming.
+
+For in time, of course, my reading and research caught up with and passed the
+dreams in many phases, so that certain dream-fragments were explained in
+advance and formed verifications of what I had learned. This consolingly
+established my belief that similar reading and research, accomplished by my
+secondary self, had formed the source of the whole terrible fabric of
+pseudomemories.
+
+The period of my dreams, apparently, was one somewhat less than 150,000,000
+years ago, when the Palaeozoic age was giving place to the Mesozoic. The bodies
+occupied by the Great Race represented no surviving - or even scientifically
+
+
+
+719
+
+
+
+known-line of terrestrial evolution, but were of a peculiar, closely homogeneous,
+and highly specialised organic type inclining as much as to the vegetable as to
+the animal state.
+
+Cell action was of an unique sort almost precluding fatigue, and wholly
+eliminating the need of sleep. Nourishment, assimilated through the red
+trumpet-like appendages on one of the great flexible limbs, was always semifluid
+and in many aspects wholly unlike the food of existing animals.
+
+The beings had but two of the senses which we recognise - sight and hearing, the
+latter accomplished through the flower-like appendages on the grey stalks above
+their heads. Of other and incomprehensible senses - not, however, well utilizable
+by alien captive minds inhabiting their bodies - they possessed many. Their three
+eyes were so situated as to give them a range of vision wider than the normal.
+Their blood was a sort of deep-greenish ichor of great thickness.
+
+They had no sex, but reproduced through seeds or spores which clustered on
+their bases and could be developed only under water. Great, shallow tanks were
+used for the growth of their young - which were, however, reared only in small
+numbers on account of the longevity of individuals - four or five thousand years
+being the common life span.
+
+Markedly defective individuals were quickly disposed of as soon as their defects
+were noticed. Disease and the approach of death were, in the absence of a sense
+of touch or of physical pain, recognised by purely visual symptoms.
+
+The dead were incinerated with dignified ceremonies. Once in a while, as before
+mentioned, a keen mind would escape death by forward projection in time; but
+such cases were not numerous. When one did occur, the exiled mind from the
+future was treated with the utmost kindness till the dissolution of its unfamiliar
+tenement.
+
+The Great Race seemed to form a single, loosely knit nation or league, with major
+institutions in common, though there were four definite divisions. The political
+and economic system of each unit was a sort of fascistic socialism, with major
+resources rationally distributed, and power delegated to a small governing board
+elected by the votes of all able to pass certain educational and psychological tests.
+Family organisation was not overstressed, though ties among persons of
+common descent were recognised, and the young were generally reared by their
+parents.
+
+Resemblances to human attitudes and institutions were, of course, most marked
+in those fields where on the one hand highly abstract elements were concerned.
+
+
+
+720
+
+
+
+or where on the other hand there was a dominance of the basic, unspeciahsed
+urges common to all organic life. A few added likenesses came through
+conscious adoption as the Great Race probed the future and copied what it liked.
+
+Industry, highly mechanised, demanded but little time from each citizen; and the
+abundant leisure was filled with intellectual and aesthetic activities of various
+sorts.
+
+The sciences were carried to an unbelievable height of development, and art was
+a vital part of life, though at the period of my dreams it had passed its crest and
+meridian. Technology was enormously stimulated through the constant struggle
+to survive, and to keep in existence the physical fabric of great cities, imposed by
+the prodigious geologic upheavals of those primal days.
+
+Crime was surprisingly scant, and was dealt with through highly efficient
+policing. Punishments ranged from privilege deprivation and imprisonment to
+death or major emotion wrenching, and were never administered without a
+careful study of the criminal's inotivations.
+
+Warfare, largely civil for the last few millennia though sometimes waged against
+reptilian or octopodic invaders, or against the winged, star-headed Old Ones
+who centered in the antarctic, was infrequent though infinitely devastating. An
+enormous army, using camera-like weapons which produced tremendous
+electrical effects, was kept on hand for purposes seldom mentioned, but
+obviously connected with the ceaseless fear of the dark, windowless elder ruins
+and of the great sealed trap-doors in the lowest subterranean levels.
+
+This fear of the basalt ruins and trap-doors was largely a matter of unspoken
+suggestion - or, at most, of furtive quasi-whispers. Everything specific which
+bore on it was significantly absent from such books as were on the common
+shelves. It was the one subject lying altogether under a taboo among the Great
+Race, and seemed to be connected alike with horrible bygone struggles, and with
+that future peril which would some day force the race to send its keener minds
+ahead en masse in time.
+
+Imperfect and fragmentary as were the other things presented by dreams and
+legends, this matter was still more bafflingly shrouded. The vague old myths
+avoided it - or perhaps all allusions had for some reason been excised. And in the
+dreams of myself and others, the hints were peculiarly few. Members of the
+Great Race never intentionally referred to the matter, and what could be gleaned
+came only from some of the more sharply observant captive minds.
+
+
+
+721
+
+
+
+According to these scraps of information, the basis of the fear was a horrible
+elder race of half-polypous, utterly alien entities which had come through space
+from immeasurably distant universes and had dominated the earth and three
+other solar planets about 600 million years ago. They were only partly material -
+as we understand matter - and their type of consciousness and media of
+perception differed widely from those of terrestrial organisms. For example, their
+senses did not include that of sight; their mental world being a strange, non-
+visual pattern of impressions.
+
+They were, however, sufficiently material to use implements of normal matter
+when in cosmic areas containing it; and they required housing - albeit of a
+peculiar kind. Though their senses could penetrate all material barriers, their
+substance could not; and certain forms of electrical energy could wholly destroy
+them. They had the power of aerial motion, despite the absence of wings or any
+other visible means of levitation. Their minds were of such texture that no
+exchange with them could be effected by the Great Race.
+
+When these things had come to the earth they had built mighty basalt cities of
+windowless towers, and had preyed horribly upon the beings they found. Thus it
+was when the minds of the Great Race sped across the void from that obscure,
+trans-galactic world known in the disturbing and debatable Eltdown Shards as
+Yith.
+
+The newcomers, with the instruments they created, had found it easy to subdue
+the predatory entities and drive them down to those caverns of inner earth which
+they had already joined to their abodes and begun to inhabit.
+
+Then they had sealed the entrances and left them to their fate, afterward
+occupying most of their great cities and preserving certain important buildings
+for reasons connected more with superstition than with indifference, boldness, or
+scientific and historical zeal.
+
+But as the aeons passed there came vague, evil signs that the elder things were
+growing strong and numerous in the inner world. There were sporadic
+irruptions of a particularly hideous character in certain small and remote cities of
+the Great Race, and in some of the deserted elder cities which the Great Race had
+not peopled - places where the paths to the gulfs below had not been properly
+sealed or guarded.
+
+After that greater precautions were taken, and many of the paths were closed
+forever - though a few were left with sealed trap-doors for strategic use in
+fighting the elder things if ever they broke forth in unexpected places.
+
+
+
+722
+
+
+
+The irruptions of the elder things must have been shocking beyond all
+description, since they had permanently coloured the psychology of the Great
+Race. Such was the fixed mood of horror that the very aspect of the creatures was
+left unmentioned. At no time was I able to gain a clear hint of what they looked
+like.
+
+There were veiled suggestions of a monstrous plasticity, and of temporary lapses
+of visibility, while other fragmentary whispers referred to their control and
+military use of great winds. Singular whistling noises, and colossal footprints
+made up of five circular toe marks, seemed also to be associated with them.
+
+It was evident that the coming doom so desperately feared by the Great Race -
+the doom that was one day to send millions of keen minds across the chasm of
+time to strange bodies in the safer future - had to do with a final successful
+irruption of the elder beings.
+
+Mental projections down the ages had clearly foretold such a horror, and the
+Great Race had resolved that none who could escape should face it. That the
+foray would be a matter of vengeance, rather than an attempt to reoccupy the
+outer world, they knew from the planet's later history - for their projections
+shewed the coming and going of subsequent races untroubled by the monstrous
+entities.
+
+Perhaps these entities had come to prefer earth's inner abysses to the variable,
+storm-ravaged surface, since light meant nothing to them. Perhaps, too, they
+were slowly weakening with the aeons. Indeed, it was known that they would be
+quite dead in the time of the post-human beetle race which the fleeing minds
+would tenant.
+
+Meanwhile, the Great Race maintained its cautious vigilance, with potent
+weapons ceaselessly ready despite the horrified banishing of the subject from
+common speech and visible records. And always the shadow of nameless fear
+hung bout the sealed trap-doors and the dark, windowless elder towers.
+
+V
+
+That is the world of which my dreams brought me dim, scattered echoes every
+night. I cannot hope to give any true idea of the horror and dread contained in
+such echoes, for it was upon a wholly intangible quality - the sharp sense of
+pseudo-memory - that such feelings mainly depended.
+
+As I have said, my studies gradually gave me a defence against these feelings in
+the form of rational psychological explanations; and this saving influence was
+
+
+
+723
+
+
+
+augmented by the subtle touch of accustomedness which comes with the passage
+of time. Yet in spite of everything the vague, creeping terror would return
+momentarily now and then. It did not, however, engulf me as it had before; and
+after 1922 I lived a very normal life of work and recreation.
+
+In the course of years I began to feel that my experience - together with the
+kindred cases and the related folklore - ought to be definitely summarised and
+published for the benefit of serious students; hence I prepared a series of articles
+briefly covering the whole ground and illustrated with crude sketches of some of
+the shapes, scenes, decorative motifs, and hieroglyphs remembered from the
+dreams.
+
+These appeared at various times during 1928 and 1929 in the Journal of the
+American Psychological Society, but did not attract much attention. Meanwhile I
+continued to record my dreams with the minutest care, even though the growing
+stack of reports attained troublesomely vast proportions. On July 10, 1934, there
+was forwarded to me by the Psychological Society the letter which opened the
+culminating and most horrible phase of the whole mad ordeal. It was
+postmarked Pilbarra, Western Australia, and bore the signature of one whom I
+found, upon inquiry, to be a mining engineer of considerable prominence.
+Enclosed were some very curious snapshots. I will reproduce the text in its
+entirety, and no reader can fail to understand how tremendous an effect it and
+the photographs had upon me.
+
+I was, for a time, almost stunned and incredulous; for although I had often
+thought that some basis of fact must underlie certain phases of the legends which
+had coloured my dreams, I was none the less unprepared for anything like a
+tangible survival from a lost world remote beyond all imagination. Most
+devastating of all were the photographs - for here, in cold, incontrovertible
+realism, there stood out against a background of sand certain worn-down, water-
+ridged, storm-weathered blocks of stone whose slightly convex tops and slightly
+concave bottoms told their own story.
+
+And when I studied them with a magnifying glass I could see all too plainly,
+amidst the batterrings and pittings, the traces of those vast curvilinear designs
+and occasional hieroglyphs whose significance had become so hideous to me.
+But here is the letter, which speaks for itself.
+
+49, Dampier St.,
+
+Pilbarra, W. Australia,
+
+May 18, 1934.
+
+
+
+724
+
+
+
+Prof. N. W Peaslee,
+
+c/o Am. Psychological Society,
+
+30 E. 41st St.,
+New York City, U.S.A.
+
+My Dear Sir:
+
+A recent conversation with Dr. E. M. Boyle of Perth, and some papers with your
+articles which he has just sent me, make it advisable for me to tell you about
+certain things I have seen in the Great Sandy Desert east of our gold field here. It
+would seem, in view of the peculiar legends about old cities with huge
+stonework and strange designs and hieroglyphs which you describe, that I have
+come upon something very important.
+
+The blackfellows have always been full of talk about "great stones with marks on
+them," and seem to have a terrible fear of such things. They connect them in
+some way with their common racial legends about Buddai, the gigantic old man
+who lies asleep for ages underground with his head on his arm, and who will
+some day awake and eat up the world.
+
+There are some very old and half-forgotten tales of enormous underground huts
+of great stones, where passages lead down and down, and where horrible things
+have happened. The blackfellows claim that once some warriors, fleeing in battle,
+went down into one and never came back, but that frightful winds began to blow
+from the place soon after they went down. However, there usually isn't much in
+what these natives say.
+
+But what I have to tell is more than this. Two years ago, when I was prospecting
+about 500 miles east in the desert, I came on a lot of queer pieces of dressed stone
+perhaps 3X2X2 feet in size, and weathered and pitted to the very limit.
+
+At first I couldn't find any of the marks the blackfellows told about, but when I
+looked close enough I could make out some deeply carved lines in spite of the
+weathering. There were peculiar curves, just like what the blackfellows had tried
+to describe. I imagine there must have been thirty or forty blocks, some nearly
+buried in the sand, and all within a circle perhaps a quarter of a mile in diameter.
+
+When I saw some, I looked around closely for more, and made a careful
+reckoning of the place with my instruments. I also took pictures of ten or twelve
+of the most typical blocks, and will enclose the prints for you to see.
+
+I turned my information and pictures over to the government at Perth, but they
+have done nothing about them.
+
+
+
+725
+
+
+
+Then I met Dr. Boyle, who had read your articles in the Journal of the American
+Psychological Society, and, in time, happened to mention the stones. He was
+enormously interested, and became quite excited when I shewed him my
+snapshots, saying that the stones and the markings were just like those of the
+masonry you had dreamed about and seen described in legends.
+
+He meant to write you, but was delayed. Meanwhile, he sent me most of the
+magazines with your articles, and I saw at once, from your drawings and
+descriptions, that my stones are certainly the kind you mean. You can appreciate
+this from the enclosed prints. Later on you will hear directly from Dr. Boyle.
+
+Now I can understand how important all this will be to you. Without question
+we are faced with the remains of an unknown civilization older than any
+dreamed of before, and forming a basis for your legends.
+
+As a mining engineer, I have some knowledge of geology, and can tell you that
+these blocks are so ancient they frighten me. They are mostly sandstone and
+granite, though one is almost certainly made of a queer sort of cement or
+concrete.
+
+They bear evidence of water action, as if this part of the world had been
+submerged and come up again after long ages - all since those blocks were made
+and used. It is a matter of hundreds of thousands of years - or heaven knows
+how much more. I don't like to think about it.
+
+In view of your previous diligent work in tracking down the legends and
+everything connected with them, I cannot doubt but that you will want to lead
+an expedition to the desert and make some archaeological excavations. Both Dr.
+Boyle and I are prepared to cooperate in such work if you - or organizations
+known to you - can furnish the funds.
+
+I can get together a dozen miners for the heavy digging - the blackfellows would
+be of no use, for I've found that they have an almost maniacal fear of this
+particular spot. Boyle and I are saying nothing to others, for you very obviously
+ought to have precedence in any discoveries or credit.
+
+The place can be reached from Pilbarra in about four days by motor tractor -
+which we'd need for our apparatus. It is somewhat west and south of
+Warburton's path of 1873, and 100 miles southeast of Joanna Spring. We could
+float things up the De Grey River instead of starting from Pilbarra - but all that
+can be talked over later.
+
+
+
+726
+
+
+
+Roughly the stones He at a point about 22° 3' 14" South Latitude, 125° 0' 39" East
+Longitude. The chmate is tropical, and the desert conditions are trying.
+
+I shall welcome further correspondence upon this subject, and am keenly eager
+to assist in any plan you may devise. After studying your articles I am deeply
+impressed with the profound significance of the whole matter. Dr. Boyle will
+write later. When rapid communication is needed, a cable to Perth can be relayed
+by wireless.
+
+Hoping profoundly for an early message.
+
+Believe me.
+
+Most faithfully yours,
+
+Robert B.F. Mackenzie
+
+Of the immediate aftermath of this letter, much can be learned from the press.
+My good fortune in securing the backing of Miskatonic University was great, and
+both Mr. Mackenzie and Dr. Boyle proved invaluable in arranging matters at the
+Australian end. We were not too specific with the public about our objects, since
+the whole matter would have lent itself unpleasantly to sensational and jocose
+treatment by the cheaper newspapers. As a result, printed reports were sparing;
+but enough appeared to tell of our quest for reported Australian ruins and to
+chronicle our various preparatory steps.
+
+Professor William Dyer of the college's geology department - leader of the
+Miskatonic Antarctic Expedition Of 1930-31 - Ferdinand C. Ashley of the
+department of ancient history, and Tyler M. Freeborn of the department of
+anthropology - together with my son Wingate - accompanied me.
+
+My correspondent, Mackenzie, came to Arkham early in 1935 and assisted in our
+final preparations. He proved to be a tremendously competent and affable man
+of about fifty, admirably well-read, and deeply familiar with all the conditions of
+Australian travel.
+
+He had tractors waiting at Pilbarra, and we chartered a tramp steamer
+sufficiently small to get up the river to that point. We were prepared to excavate
+in the most careful and scientific fashion, sifting every particle of sand, and
+disturbing nothing which might seem to be in or near its original situation.
+
+Sailing from Boston aboard the wheezy Lexington on March 28, 1935, we had a
+leisurely trip across the Atlantic and Mediterranean, through the Suez Canal,
+down the Red Sea, and across the Indian Ocean to our goal. I need not tell how
+the sight of the low, sandy West Australian coast depressed me, and how I
+
+
+
+727
+
+
+
+detested the crude mining town and dreary gold fields where the tractors were
+given their last loads.
+
+Dr. Boyle, who met us, proved to be elderly, pleasant, and intelligent - and his
+knowledge of psychology led him into many long discussions with my son and
+me.
+
+Discomfort and expectancy were oddly mingled in most of us when at length our
+party of eighteen rattled forth over the arid leagues of sand and rock. On Friday,
+May 31st, we forded a branch of the De Grey and entered the realm of utter
+desolation. A certain positive terror grew on me as we advanced to this actual
+site of the elder world behind the legends - a terror, of course, abetted by the fact
+that my disturbing dreams and pseudo-memories still beset me with unabated
+force.
+
+It was on Monday, June 3rd, that we saw the first of the half-buried blocks. I
+cannot describe the emotions with which I actually touched - in objective reality -
+a fragment of Cyclopean masonry in every respect like the blocks in the walls of
+my dream-buildings. There was a distinct trace of carving - and my hands
+trembled as I recognised part of a curvilinear decorative scheme made hellish to
+me through years of tormenting nightmare and baffling research.
+
+A month of digging brought a total of some 1250 blocks in varying stages of wear
+and disintegration. Most of these were carven megaliths with curved tops and
+bottoms. A minority were smaller, flatter, plain-surfaced, and square or
+octagonally cut-like those of the floors and pavements in my dreams - while a
+few were singularly massive and curved or slanted in such a manner as to
+suggest use in vaulting or groining, or as parts of arches or round window
+casings.
+
+The deeper - and the farther north and east - we dug, the more blocks we found;
+though we still failed to discover any trace of arrangement among them.
+Professor Dyer was appalled at the measureless age of the fragments, and
+Freeborn found traces of symbols which fitted darkly into certain Papuan and
+Polynesian legends of infinite antiquity. The condition and scattering of the
+blocks told mutely of vertiginous cycles of time and geologic upheavals of
+cosmic savagery.
+
+We had an aeroplane with us, and my son Wingate would often go up to
+different heights and scan the sand-and-rock waste for signs of dim, large-scale
+outlines - either differences of level or trails of scattered blocks. His results were
+virtually negative; for whenever he would one day think he had glimpsed some
+
+
+
+728
+
+
+
+significant trend, he would on his next trip find the impression replaced by
+another equally insubstantial - a result of the shifting, wind-blown sand.
+
+One or two of these ephemeral suggestions, though, affected me queerly and
+disagreeably. They seemed, after a fashion, to dovetail horribly with something I
+had dreamed or read, but which I could no longer remember. There was a
+terrible familiarity about them - which somehow made me look furtively and
+apprehensively over the abominable, sterile terrain toward the north and
+northeast.
+
+Around the first week in July I developed an unaccountable set of mixed
+emotions about that general northeasterly region. There was horror, and there
+was curiosity - but more than that, there was a persistent and perplexing illusion
+of memory.
+
+I tried all sorts of psychological expedients to get these notions out of my head,
+but met with no success. Sleeplessness also gained upon me, but I almost
+welcomed this because of the resultant shortening of my dream-periods. I
+acquired the habit of taking long, lone walks in the desert late at night-usually to
+the north or northeast, whither the sum of my strange new impulses seemed
+subtly to pull me.
+
+Sometimes, on these walks, I would stumble over nearly buried fragments of the
+ancient masonry. Though there were fewer visible blocks here than where we
+had started, I felt sure that there must be a vast abundance beneath the surface.
+The ground was less level than at our camp, and the prevailing high winds now
+and then piled the sand into fantastic temporary hillocks - exposing low traces of
+the elder stones while it covered other traces.
+
+I was queerly anxious to have the excavations extend to this territory, yet at the
+same time dreaded what might be revealed. Obviously, I was getting into a
+rather bad state - all the worse because I could not account for it.
+
+An indication of my poor nervous health can be gained from my response to an
+odd discovery which I made on one of my nocturnal rambles. It was on the
+evening of July Uth, when the moon flooded the mysterious hillocks with a
+curious pallor.
+
+Wandering somewhat beyond my usual limits, I came upon a great stone which
+seemed to differ markedly from any we had yet encountered. It was almost
+wholly covered, but I stooped and cleared away the sand with my hands, later
+studying the object carefully and supplementing the moonlight with my electric
+torch.
+
+
+
+729
+
+
+
+Unlike the other very large rocks, this one was perfectly square-cut, with no
+convex or concave surface. It seemed, too, to be of a dark basaltic substance,
+wholly dissimilar to the granite and sandstone and occasional concrete of the
+now familiar fragments.
+
+Suddenly I rose, turned, and ran for the camp at top speed. It was a wholly
+unconscious and irrational flight, and only when I was close to my tent did I
+fully realise why I had run. Then it came to me. The queer dark stone was
+something which I had dreamed and read about, and which was linked with the
+uttermost horrors of the aeon-old legendry.
+
+It was one of the blocks of that basaltic elder masonry which the fabled Great
+Race held in such fear - the tall, windowless ruins left by those brooding, half-
+material, alien things that festered in earth's nether abysses and against whose
+wind-like, invisible forces the trap-doors were sealed and the sleepless sentinels
+posted.
+
+I remained awake all night, but by dawn realised how silly I had been to let the
+shadow of a myth upset me. Instead of being frightened, I should have had a
+discoverer's enthusiasm.
+
+The next forenoon I told the others about my find, and Dyer, Freeborn, Boyle, my
+son, and I set out to view the anomalous block. Failure, however, confronted us. I
+had formed no clear idea of the stone's location, and a late ind had wholly
+altered the hillocks of shifting sand.
+
+VI
+
+I come now to the crucial and most difficult part of my narrative - all the more
+difficult because I cannot be quite certain of its reality. At times I feel
+uncomfortably sure that I was not dreaming or deluded; and it is this feelingin
+view of the stupendous implications which the objective truth of my experience
+would raise - which impels me to make this record.
+
+My son - a trained psychologist with the fullest and most sympathetic
+knowledge of my whole case - shall be the primary judge of what I have to tell.
+
+First let me outline the externals of the matter, as those at the camp know them.
+On the night of July 17-18, after a windy day, I retired early but could not sleep.
+Rising shortly before eleven, and afflicted as usual with that strange feeling
+regarding the northeastward terrain, I set out on one of my typical nocturnal
+walks; seeing and greeting only one person - an Australian miner named Tupper
+- as I left our precincts.
+
+
+
+730
+
+
+
+The moon, slightly past full, shone from a clear sky, and drenched the ancient
+sands with a white, leprous radiance which seemed to me somehow infinitely
+evil. There was no longer any wind, nor did any return for nearly five hours, as
+amply attested by Tupper and others who saw me walking rapidly across the
+pallid, secret-guarding hillocks toward the northeast.
+
+About 3:30 a.m. a violent wind blew up, waking everyone in camp and felling
+three of the tents. The sky was unclouded, and the desert still blazed with that
+leprous moonlight. As the party saw to the tents my absence was noted, but in
+view of my previous walks this circumstance gave no one alarm. And yet, as
+many as three men - all Australians - seemed to feel something sinister in the air.
+
+Mackenzie explained to Professor Freeborn that this was a fear picked up from
+blackfellow folklore - the natives having woven a curious fabric of malignant
+myth about the high winds which at long intervals sweep across the sands under
+a clear sky. Such winds, it is whispered, blow out of the great stone huts under
+the ground, where terrible things have happened - and are never felt except near
+places where the big marked stones are scattered. Close to four the gale subsided
+as suddenly as it had begun, leaving the sand hills in new and unfamiliar shapes.
+
+It was just past five, with the bloated, fungoid moon sinking in the west, when I
+staggered into camp - hatless, tattered, features scratched and ensanguined, and
+without my electric torch. Most of the men had returned to bed, but Professor
+Dyer was smoking a pipe in front of his tent. Seeing my winded and almost
+frenzied state, he called Dr. Boyle, and the two of them got me on my cot and
+made me comfortable. My son, roused by the stir, soon joined them, and they all
+tried to force me to lie still and attempt sleep.
+
+But there was no sleep for me. My psychological state was very extraordinary -
+different from anything I had previously suffered. After a time I insisted upon
+talking - nervously and elaborately explaining my condition. I told them I had
+become fatigued, and had lain down in the sand for a nap. There had, I said,
+been dreams even more frightful than usual - and when I was awaked by the
+sudden high wind my overwrought nerves had snapped. I had fled in panic,
+frequently falling over half-buried stones and thus gaining my tattered and
+bedraggled aspect. I must have slept long - hence the hours of my absence.
+
+Of anything strange either seen or experienced I hinted absolutely nothing -
+exercising the greatest self-control in that respect. But I spoke of a change of
+mind regarding the whole work of the expedition, and urged a halt in all digging
+toward the northeast. My reasoning was patently weak - for I mentioned a
+dearth of blocks, a wish not to offend the superstitious miners, a possible
+shortage of funds from the college, and other things either untrue or irrelevant.
+
+
+
+731
+
+
+
+Naturally, no one paid the least attention to my new wishes - not even my son,
+whose concern for my health was obvious.
+
+The next day I was up and around the camp, but took no part in the excavations.
+Seeing that I could not stop the work, I decided to return home as soon as
+possible for the sake of my nerves, and made my son promise to fly me in the
+plane to Perth - a thousand miles to the southwest - as soon as he had surveyed
+the region I wished let alone.
+
+If, I reflected, the thing I had seen was still visible, I might decide to attempt a
+specific warning even at the cost of ridicule. It was just conceivable that the
+miners who knew the local folklore might back me up. Humouring me, my son
+made the survey that very afternoon, flying over all the terrain my walk could
+possibly have covered. Yet nothing of what I had found remained in sight.
+
+It was the case of the anomalous basalt block all over again - the shifting sand
+had wiped out every trace. For an instant I half regretted having lost a certain
+awesome object in my stark fright - but now I know that the loss was merciful. I
+can still believe my whole experience an illusion - especially if, as I devoutly
+hope, that hellish abyss is never found.
+
+Wingate took me to Perth on July 20th, though declining to abandon the
+expedition and return home. He stayed with me until the 25th, when the steamer
+for Liverpool sailed. Now, in the cabin of the Empress, I am pondering long and
+frantically upon the entire matter, and have decided that my son at least must be
+informed. It shall rest with him whether to diffuse the matter more widely.
+
+In order to meet any eventuality I have prepared this summary of my
+background - as already known in a scattered way to others - and will now tell as
+briefly as possible what seemed to happen during my absence from the camp
+that hideous night.
+
+Nerves on edge, and whipped into a kind of perverse eagerness by that
+inexplicable, dread-mingled, mnemonic urge toward the northeast, I plodded on
+beneath the evil, burning moon. Here and there I saw, half shrouded by sand,
+those primal Cyclopean blocks left from nameless and forgotten aeons.
+
+The incalculable age and brooding horror of this monstrous waste began to
+oppress me as never before, and I could not keep from thinking of my
+maddening dreams, of the frightful legends which lay behind them, and of the
+present fears of natives and miners concerning the desert and its carven stones.
+
+
+
+732
+
+
+
+And yet I plodded on as if to some eldritch rendezvous - more and more assailed
+by bewildering fancies, compulsions, and pseudo-memories. I thought of some
+of the possible contours of the lines of stones as seen by my son from the air, and
+wondered why they seemed at once so ominous and so familiar. Something was
+fumbling and rattling at the latch of my recollection, while another unknown
+force sought to keep the portal barred.
+
+The night was windless, and the pallid sand curved upward and downward like
+frozen waves of the sea. I had no goal, but somehow ploughed along as if with
+fate-bound assurance. My dreams welled up into the waking world, so that each
+sand-embedded megalith seemed part of endless rooms and corridors of pre-
+human masonry, carved and hieroglyphed with symbols that I knew too well
+from years of custom as a captive mind of the Great Race.
+
+At moments I fancied I saw those omniscient, conical horrors moving about at
+their accustomed tasks, and I feared to look down lest I find myself one with
+them in aspect. Yet all the while I saw the sand-covered blocks as well as the
+rooms and corridors; the evil, burning moon as well as the lamps of luminous
+crystal; the endless desert as well as the waving ferns beyond the windows. I was
+awake and dreaming at the same time.
+
+I do not know how long or how far - or indeed, in just what direction -I had
+walked when I first spied the heap of blocks bared by the day's wind. It was the
+largest group in one place that I had seen so far, and so sharply did it impress me
+that the visions of fabulous aeons faded suddenly away.
+
+Again there were only the desert and the evil moon and the shards of an
+unguessed past. I drew close and paused, and cast the added light of my electric
+torch over the tumbled pile. A hillock had blown away, leaving a low, irregularly
+round mass of megaliths and smaller fragments some forty feet across and from
+two to eight feet high.
+
+From the very outset I realized that there was some utterly unprecedented
+quality about those stones. Not only was the mere number of them quite without
+parallel, but something in the sandworn traces of design arrested me as I scanned
+them under the mingled beams of the moon and my torch.
+
+Not that any one differed essentially from the earlier specimens we had found. It
+was something subtler than that. The impression did not come when I looked at
+one block alone, but only when I ran my eye over several almost simultaneously.
+
+Then, at last, the truth dawned upon me. The curvilinear patterns on many of
+those blocks were closely related - parts of one vast decorative conception. For
+
+
+
+733
+
+
+
+the first time in this aeon-shaken waste I had come upon a mass of masonry in its
+old position - tumbled and fragmentary, it is true, but none the less existing in a
+very definite sense.
+
+Mounting at a low place, I clambered laboriously over the heap; here and there
+clearing away the sand with my fingers, and constantly striving to interpret
+varieties of size, shape, and style, and relationships of design.
+
+After a while I could vaguely guess at the nature of the bygone structure, and at
+the designs which had once stretched over the vast surfaces of the primal
+masonry. The perfect identity of the whole with some of my dream-glimpses
+appalled and unnerved me.
+
+This was once a Cyclopean corridor thirty feet tall, paved with octagonal blocks
+and solidly vaulted overhead. There would have been rooms opening off on the
+right, and at the farther end one of those strange inclined planes would have
+wound down to still lower depths.
+
+I started violently as these conceptions occurred to me, for there was more in
+them than the blocks themselves had supplied. How did I know that this level
+should have been far underground? How did I know that the plane leading
+upward should have been behind me? How did I know that the long subterrene
+passage to the Square of Pillars ought to lie on the left one level above me?
+
+How did I know that the room of machines and the rightward-leading tunnel to
+the central archives ought to lie two levels below? How did I know that there
+would be one of those horrible, metal-banded trap-doors at the very bottom four
+levels down? Bewildered by this intrusion from the dream-world, I found myself
+shaking and bathed in a cold perspiration.
+
+Then, as a last, intolerable touch, I felt that faint, insidious stream of cool air
+trickling upward from a depressed place near the center of the huge heap.
+Instantly, as once before, my visions faded, and I saw again only the evil
+moonlight, the brooding desert, and the spreading tumulus of palaeogean
+masonry. Something real and tangible, yet fraught with infinite suggestions of
+nighted mystery, now confronted me. For that stream of air could argue but one
+thing - a hidden gulf of great size beneath the disordered blocks on the surface.
+
+My first thought was of the sinister blackfellow legends of vast underground
+huts among the megaliths where horrors happen and great winds are born. Then
+thoughts of my own dreams came back, and I felt dim pseudo-memories tugging
+at my mind. What manner of place lay below me? What primal, inconceivable
+
+
+
+734
+
+
+
+source of age-old myth-cycles and haunting nightmares might I be on the brink
+of uncovering?
+
+It was only for a moment that I hesitated, for more than curiosity and scientific
+zeal was driving me on and working against my growing fear.
+
+I seemed to move almost automatically, as if in the clutch of some compelling
+fate. Pocketing my torch, and struggling with a strength that I had not thought I
+possessed, I wrenched aside first one titan fragment of stone and then another,
+till there welled up a strong draught whose dampness contrasted oddly with the
+deserts dry air. A black rift began to yawn, and at length - when I had pushed
+away every fragment small enough to budge - the leprous moonlight blazed on
+an aperture of ample width to admit me.
+
+I drew out my torch and cast a brilliant beam into the opening. Below me was a
+chaos of tumbled masonry, sloping roughly down toward the north at an angle
+of about forty-five degrees, and evidently the result of some bygone collapse
+from above.
+
+Between its surface and the ground level was a gulf of impenetrable blackness at
+whose upper edge were signs of gigantic, stress-heaved vaulting. At this point, it
+appeared, the deserts sands lay directly upon a floor of some titan structure of
+earth's youth - how preserved through aeons of geologic convulsion I could not
+then and cannot now even attempt to guess.
+
+In retrospect, the barest idea of a sudden, lone descent into such a doubtful abyss
+- and at a time when one's whereabouts were unknown to any living soul -
+seems like the utter apex of insanity. Perhaps it was - yet that night I embarked
+without hesitancy upon such a descent.
+
+Again there was manifest that lure and driving of fatality which had all along
+seemed to direct my course. With torch flashing intermittently to save the
+battery, I commenced a mad scramble down the sinister, Cyclopean incline
+below the opening - sometimes facing forward as I found good hand - and foot-
+holds, and at other times turning to face the heap of megaliths as I clung and
+fumbled more precariously.
+
+In two directions beside me distant walls of carven, crumbling masonry loomed
+dimly under the direct beams of my torch. Ahead, however, was only unbroken
+darkness.
+
+I kept no track of time during my downward scramble. So seething with baffling
+hints and images was my mind that all objective matters seemed withdrawn into
+
+
+
+735
+
+
+
+incalculable distances. Physical sensation was dead, and even fear remained as a
+wraith-like, inactive gargoyle leering impotently at me.
+
+Eventually, I reached a level floor strewn with fallen blocks, shapeless fragments
+of stone, and sand and detritus of every kind. On either side - perhaps thirty feet
+apart - rose massive walls culminating in huge groinings. That they were carved
+I could just discern, but the nature of the carvings was beyond my perception.
+
+What held me the most was the vaulting overhead. The beam from my torch
+could not reach the roof, but the lower parts of the monstrous arches stood out
+distinctly. And so perfect was their identity with what I had seen in countless
+dreams of the elder world, that I trembled actively for the first time.
+
+Behind and high above, a faint luminous blur told of the distant moonlit world
+outside. Some vague shred of caution warned me that I should not let it out of
+my sight, lest I have no guide for my return.
+
+I now advanced toward the wall at my left, where the traces of carving were
+plainest. The littered floor was nearly as hard to traverse as the downward heap
+had been, but I managed to pick my difficult way.
+
+At one place I heaved aside some blocks and locked away the detritus to see
+what the pavement was like, and shuddered at the utter, fateful familiarity of the
+great octagonal stones whose buckled surface still held roughly together.
+
+Reaching a convenient distance from the wall, I cast the searchlight slowly and
+carefully over its worn remnants of carving. Some bygone influx of water seemed
+to have acted on the sandstone surface, while there were curious incrustations
+which I could not explain.
+
+In places the masonry was very loose and distorted, and I wondered how many
+aeons more this primal, hidden edifice could keep its remaining traces of form
+amidst earth's heavings.
+
+But it was the carvings themselves that excited me most. Despite their time-
+crumbled state, they were relatively easy to trace at close range; and the
+complete, intimate familiarity of every detail almost stunned my imagination.
+
+That the major attributes of this hoary masonry should be familiar, was not
+beyond normal credibility.
+
+Powerfully impressing the weavers of certain myths, they had become embodied
+in a stream of cryptic lore which, somehow, coming to my notice during the
+amnesic period, had evoked vivid images in my subconscious mind.
+
+
+
+736
+
+
+
+But how could I explain the exact and minute fashion in which each line and
+spiral of these strange designs tallied with what I had dreamed for more than a
+score of years? What obscure, forgotten iconography could have reproduced
+each subtle shading and nuance which so persistently, exactly, and unvaryingly
+besieged my sleeping vision night after night?
+
+For this was no chance or remote resemblance. Definitely and absolutely, the
+millennially ancient, aeon-hidden corridor in which I stood was the original of
+something I knew in sleep as intimately as I knew my own house in Crane Street,
+Arkham. True, my dreams shewed the place in its undecayed prime; but the
+identity was no less real on that account. I was wholly and horribly oriented.
+
+The particular structure I was in was known to me. Known, too, was its place in
+that terrible elder city of dreams. That I could visit unerringly any point in that
+structure or in that city which had escaped the changes and devastations of
+uncounted ages, I realized with hideous and instinctive certainty. What in
+heaven's name could all this mean? How had I come to know what I knew? And
+what awful reality could lie behind those antique tales of the beings who had
+dwelt in this labyrinth of primordial stone?
+
+Words can convey only fractionally the welter of dread and bewilderment which
+ate at my spirit. I knew this place. I knew what lay before me, and what had lain
+overhead before the myriad towering stories had fallen to dust and debris and
+the desert. No need now, I thought with a shudder, to keep that faint blur of
+moonlight in view.
+
+I was torn betwixt a longing to flee and a feverish mixture of burning curiosity
+and driving fatality. What had happened to this monstrous megalopolis of old in
+the millions of years since the time of my dreams? Of the subterrene mazes
+which had underlain the city and linked all the titan towers, how much had still
+survived the writhings of earth's crust?
+
+Had I come upon a whole buried world of unholy archaism? Could I still find the
+house of the writing master, and the tower where S'gg'ha, the captive mind from
+the star-headed vegetable carnivores of Antarctica, had chiselled certain pictures
+on the blank spaces of the walls?
+
+Would the passage at the second level down, to the hall of the alien minds, be
+still unchoked and traversable? In that hall the captive mind of an incredible
+entity - a half-plastic denizen of the hollow interior of an unknown trans-
+Plutonian planet eighteen million years in the future - had kept a certain thing
+which it had modelled from clay.
+
+
+
+737
+
+
+
+I shut my eyes and put my hand to my head in a vain, pitiful effort to drive these
+insane dream-fragments from my consciousness. Then, for the first time, I feh
+acutely the coolness, motion, and dampness of the surrounding air. Shuddering,
+I realized that a vast chain of aeon-dead black gulfs must indeed be yawning
+somewhere beyond and below me.
+
+I thought of the frightful chambers and corridors and inclines as I recalled them
+from my dreams. Would the way to the central archives still be open? Again that
+driving fatality tugged insistently at my brain as I recalled the awesome records
+that once lay cased in those rectangular vaults of rustless metal.
+
+There, said the dreams and legends, had reposed the whole history, past and
+future, of the cosmic space-time continuum - written by captive minds from
+every orb and every age in the solar system. Madness, of course - but had I not
+now stumbled into a nighted world as mad as I?
+
+I thought of the locked metal shelves, and of the curious knob twistings needed
+to open each one. My own came vividly into my consciousness. How often had I
+gone through that intricate routine of varied turns and pressures in the terrestrial
+vertebrate section on the lowest level! Every detail was fresh and familiar.
+
+If there were such a vault as I had dreamed of, I could open it in a moment. It
+was then that madness took me utterly. An instant later, and I was leaping and
+stumbling over the rocky debris toward the well-remembered incline to the
+depths below.
+
+VII
+
+From that point forward my impressions are scarcely to be relied on - indeed, I
+still possess a final, desperate hope that they all form parts of some daemonic
+dream or illusion born of delirium. A fever raged in my brain, and everything
+came to me through a kind of haze - sometimes only intermittently.
+
+The rays of my torch shot feebly into the engulfing blackness, bringing
+phantasmal flashes of hideously familiar walls and carvings, all blighted with the
+decay of ages. In one place a tremendous mass of vaulting had fallen, so that I
+had to clamber over a mighty mound of stones reaching almost to the ragged,
+grotesquely stalactited roof.
+
+It was all the ultimate apex of nightmare, made worse by the blasphemous tug of
+pseudo-memory. One thing only was unfamiliar, and that was my own size in
+relation to the monstrous masonry. I felt oppressed by a sense of unwonted
+smallness, as if the sight of these towering walls from a mere human body was
+
+
+
+738
+
+
+
+something wholly new and abnormal. Again and again I looked nervously down
+at myself, vaguely disturbed by the human form I possessed.
+
+Onward through the blackness of the abyss I leaped, plunged, and staggered -
+often falling and bruising myself, and once nearly shattering my torch. Every
+stone and corner of that daemonic gulf was known to me, and at many points I
+stopped to cast beams of light through choked and crumbling, yet familiar,
+archways.
+
+Some rooms had totally collapsed; others were bare, or debris-filled. In a few I
+saw masses of metal - some fairly intact, some broken, and some crushed or
+battered - which I recognised as the colossal pedestals or tables of my dreams.
+What they could in truth have been, I dared not guess.
+
+I found the downward incline and began its descent - though after a time halted
+by a gaping, ragged chasm whose narrowest point could not be much less than
+four feet across. Here the stonework had fallen through, revealing incalculable
+inky depths beneath.
+
+I knew there were two more cellar levels in this titan edifice, and trembled with
+fresh panic as I recalled the metal-clamped trap-door on the lowest one. There
+could be no guards now - for what had lurked beneath had long since done its
+hideous work and sunk into its long decline. By the time of the posthuman beetle
+race it would be quite dead. And yet, as I thought of the native legends, I
+trembled anew.
+
+It cost me a terrible effort to vault that yawning chasm, since the littered floor
+prevented a running start - but madness drove me on. I chose a place close to the
+left-hand wall - where the rift was least wide and the landing-spot reasonably
+clear of dangerous debris - and after one frantic moment reached the other side
+in safety.
+
+At last, gaining the lower level, I stumbled on past the archway of the room of
+machines, within which were fantastic ruins of metal, half buried beneath fallen
+vaulting. Everything was where I knew it would be, and I climbed confidently
+over the heaps which barred the entrance of a vast transverse corridor. This, I
+realised, would take me under the city to the central archives.
+
+Endless ages seemed to unroll as I stumbled, leaped, and crawled along that
+debris-cluttered corridor. Now and then I could make out carvings on the ages-
+tained walls - some familiar, others seemingly added since the period of my
+dreams. Since this was a subterrene house - connecting highway, there were no
+archways save when the route led through the lower levels of various buildings.
+
+
+
+739
+
+
+
+At some of these intersections I turned aside long enough to look down well-
+remembered corridors and into well-remembered rooms. Twice only did I find
+any radical changes from what I had dreamed of - and in one of these cases I
+could trace the sealed-up outlines of the archway I remembered.
+
+I shook violently, and felt a curious surge of retarding weakness, as I steered a
+hurried and reluctant course through the crypt of one of those great windowless,
+ruined towers whose alien, basalt masonry bespoke a whispered and horrible
+origin.
+
+This primal vault was round and fully two hundred feet across, with nothing
+carved upon the dark-hued stonework. The floor was here free from anything
+save dust and sand, and I could see the apertures leading upward and
+downward. There were no stairs or inclines - indeed, my dreams had pictured
+those elder towers as wholly untouched by the fabulous Great Race. Those who
+had built them had not needed stairs or inclines.
+
+In the dreams, the downward aperture had been tightly sealed and nervously
+guarded. Now it lay open-black and yawning, and giving forth a current of cool,
+damp air. Of what limitless caverns of eternal night might brood below, I would
+not permit myself to think.
+
+Later, clawing my way along a badly heaped section of the corridor, I reached a
+place where the roof had wholly caved in. The debris rose like a mountain, and I
+climbed up over it, passing through a vast, empty space where my torchlight
+could reveal neither walls nor vaulting. This, I reflected, must be the cellar of the
+house of the metal-purveyors, fronting on the third square not far from the
+archives. What had happened to it I could not conjecture.
+
+I found the corridor again beyond the mountain of detritus and stone, but after a
+short distance encountered a wholly choked place where the fallen vaulting
+almost touched the perilously sagging ceiling. How I managed to wrench and
+tear aside enough blocks to afford a passage, and how I dared disturb the tightly
+packed fragments when the least shift of equilibrium might have brought down
+all the tons of superincumbent masonry to crush me to nothingness, I do not
+know.
+
+It was sheer madness that impelled and guided me - if, indeed, my whole
+underground adventure was not - as I hope - a hellish delusion or phase of
+dreaming. But I did make - or dream that I made - a passage that I could squirm
+through. As I wiggled over the mound of debris - my torch, switched
+continuously on, thrust deeply in my mouth - I felt myself torn by the fantastic
+stalactites of the jagged floor above me.
+
+
+
+740
+
+
+
+I was now close to the great underground archival structure which seemed to
+form my goal. Sliding and clambering down the farther side of the barrier, and
+picking my way along the remaining stretch of corridor with hand-held,
+intermittently flashing torch, I came at last to a low, circular crypt with arches -
+still in a marvelous state of preservation - opening off on every side.
+
+The walls, or such parts of them as lay within reach of my torchlight, were
+densely hieroglyphed and chiselled with typical curvilinear symbols - some
+added since the period of my dreams.
+
+This, I realised, was my fated destination, and I turned at once through a familiar
+archway on my left. That I could find a clear passage up and down the incline to
+all the surviving levels, I had, oddly, little doubt. This vast, earth-protected pile,
+housing the annals of all the solar system, had been built with supernal skill and
+strength to last as long as that system itself.
+
+Blocks of stupendous size, poised with mathematical genius and bound with
+cements of incredible toughness, had combined to form a mass as firm as the
+planet's rocky core. Here, after ages more prodigious than I could sanely grasp,
+its buried bulk stood in all its essential contours, the vast, dust-drifted floors
+scarce sprinkled with the litter elsewhere so dominant.
+
+The relatively easy walking from this point onward went curiously to my head.
+All the frantic eagerness hitherto frustrated by obstacles now took itself out in a
+kind of febrile speed, and I literally raced along the low-roofed, monstrously
+well-remembered aisles beyond the archway.
+
+I was past being astonished by the familiarity of what I saw. On every hand the
+great hieroglyphed metal shelf-doors loomed monstrously; some yet in place,
+others sprung open, and still others bent and buckled under bygone geological
+stresses not quite strong enough to shatter the titan masonry.
+
+Here and there a dust-covered heap beneath a gaping, empty shelf seemed to
+indicate where cases had been shaken down by earth tremors. On occasional
+pillars were great symbols or letters proclaiming classes and subclasses of
+volumes.
+
+Once I paused before an open vault where I saw some of the accustomed metal
+cases still in position amidst the omnipresent gritty dust. Reaching up, I
+dislodged one of the thinner specimens with some difficulty, and rested it on the
+floor for inspection. It was titled in the prevailing curvilinear hieroglyphs,
+though something in the arrangement of the characters seemed subtly unusual.
+
+
+
+741
+
+
+
+The odd mechanism of the hooked fastener was perfectly well known to me, and
+I snapped up the still rustless and workable lid and drew out the book within.
+The latter, as expected, was some twenty by fifteen inches in area, and two inches
+thick; the thin metal covers opening at the top.
+
+Its tough cellulose pages seemed unaffected by the myriad cycles of time they
+had lived through, and I studied the queerly pigmented, brush-drawn letters of
+the text-symbols unlike either the usual curved hieroglyphs or any alphabet
+known to human scholarship - with a haunting, half-aroused memory.
+
+It came to me that this was the language used by a captive mind I had known
+slightly in my dreams - a mind from a large asteroid on which had survived
+much of the archaic life and lore of the primal planet whereof it formed a
+fragment. At the same time I recalled that this level of the archives was devoted
+to volumes dealing with the non-terrestrial planets.
+
+As I ceased poring over this incredible document I saw that the light of my torch
+was beginning to fail, hence quickly inserted the extra battery I always had with
+me. Then, armed with the stronger radiance, I resumed my feverish racing
+through unending tangles of aisles and corridors - recognising now and then
+some familiar shelf, and vaguely annoyed by the acoustic conditions which made
+my footfalls echo incongruously in these catacombs.
+
+The very prints of my shoes behind me in the millennially untrodden dust made
+me shudder. Never before, if my mad dreams held anything of truth, had human
+feet pressed upon those immemorial pavements.
+
+Of the particular goal of my insane racing, my conscious mind held no hint.
+There was, however, some force of evil potency pulling at my dazed will and
+buried recollection, so that I vaguely felt I was not running at random.
+
+I came to a downward incline and followed it to profounder depths. Floors
+flashed by me as I raced, but I did not pause to explore them. In my whirling
+brain there had begun to beat a certain rhythm which set my right hand
+twitching in unison. I wanted to unlock something, and felt that I knew all the
+intricate twists and pressures needed to do it. It would be like a modern safe
+with a combination lock.
+
+Dream or not, I had once known and still knew. How any dream - or scrap of
+unconsciously absorbed legend - could have taught me a detail so minute, so
+intricate, and so complex, I did not attempt to explain to myself. I was beyond all
+coherent thought. For was not this whole experience - this shocking familiarity
+with a set of unknown ruins, and this monstrously exact identity of everything
+
+
+
+742
+
+
+
+before me with what only dreams and scraps of myth could have suggested - a
+horror beyond all reason?
+
+Probably it was my basic conviction then - as it is now during my saner moments
+
+- that I was not awake at all, and that the entire buried city was a fragment of
+febrile hallucination.
+
+Eventually, I reached the lowest level and struck off to the right of the incline.
+For some shadowy reason I tiled to soften my steps, even though I lost speed
+thereby. There was a space I was afraid to cross on this last, deeply buried floor.
+
+As I drew near it I recalled what thing in that space I feared. It was merely one of
+the metal-barred and closely guarded trap-doors. There would be no guards
+now, and on that account I trembled and tiptoed as I had done in passing
+through that black basalt vault where a similar trap-door had yawned.
+
+I felt a current of cool, damp air as I had felt there, and wished that my course led
+in another direction. Why I had to take the particular course I was taking, I did
+not know.
+
+When I came to the space I saw that the trap-door yawned widely open. Ahead,
+the shelves began again, and I glimpsed on the floor before one of them a heap
+very thinly covered with dust, where a number of cases had recently fallen. At
+the same moment a fresh wave of panic clutched me, though for some time I
+could not discover why.
+
+Heaps of fallen cases were not uncommon, for all through the aeons this lightless
+labyrinth had been racked by the heavings of earth and had echoed at intervals
+of the deafening clatter of toppling objects. It was only when I was nearly across
+the space that I realized why I shook so violently.
+
+Not the heap, but something about the dust of the level floor was troubling me.
+In the light of my torch it seemed as if that dust were not as even as it ought to be
+
+- there were places where it looked thinner, as if it had been disturbed not many
+months before. I could not be sure, for even the apparently thinner places were
+dusty enough; yet a certain suspicion of regularity in the fancied unevenness was
+highly disquieting.
+
+When I brought the torchlight close to one of the queer places I did not like what
+I saw - for the illusion of regularity became very great. It was as if there were
+regular lines of composite impressions - impressions that went in threes, each
+slightly over a foot square, and consisting of five nearly circular three-inch prints,
+one in advance of the other four.
+
+
+
+743
+
+
+
+These possible lines of foot-square impressions appeared to lead in two
+directions, as if something had gone somewhere and returned. They were, of
+course, very faint, and may have been illusions or accidents; but there was an
+element of dim, fumbling terror about the way I thought they ran. For at one end
+of them was the heap of cases which must have clattered down not long before,
+while at the other end was the ominous trap-door with the cool, damp wind,
+yawning unguarded down to abysses past imagination.
+
+VIII
+
+That my strange sense of compulsion was deep and overwhelming is shewn by
+its conquest of my fear. No rational motive could have drawn me on after that
+hideous suspicion of prints and the creeping dream-memories it excited. Yet my
+right hand, even as it shook with fright, still twitched rhythmically in its
+eagerness to turn a lock it hoped to find. Before I knew it I was past the heap of
+lately fallen cases and running on tiptoe through aisles of utterly unbroken dust
+toward a point which I seemed to know morbidly, horribly well.
+
+My mind was asking itself questions whose origin and relevancy I was only
+beginning to guess. Would the shelf be reachable by a human body? Could my
+human hand master all the aeon-remembered motions of the lock? Would the
+lock be undamaged and workable? And what would I do - what dare I do with
+what - as I now commenced to realise - 1 both hoped and feared to find? Would it
+prove the awesome, brain-shattering truth of something past normal conception,
+or shew only that I was dreaming?
+
+The next I knew I had ceased my tiptoed racing and was standing still, staring at
+a row of maddeningly familiar hieroglyphed shelves. They were in a state of
+almost perfect preservation, and only three of the doors in this vicinity had
+sprung open.
+
+My feelings toward these shelves cannot be described - so utter and insistent was
+the sense of old acquaintance. I was looking high up at a row near the top and
+wholly out of my reach, and wondering how I could climb to best advantage. An
+open door four rows from the bottom would help, and the locks of the closed
+doors formed possible holds for hands and feet. I would grip the torch between
+my teeth, as I had in other places where both hands were needed. Above all I
+must make no noise.
+
+How to get down what I wished to remove would be difficult, but I could
+probably hook its movable fastener in my coat collar and carry it like a knapsack.
+Again I wondered whether the lock would be undamaged. That I could repeat
+
+
+
+744
+
+
+
+each familiar motion I had not the least doubt. But I hoped the thing would not
+scrape or creak - and that my hand could work it properly.
+
+Even as I thought these things I had taken the torch in my mouth and begun to
+climb. The projecting locks were poor supports; but, as I had expected, the
+opened shelf helped greatly. I used both the swinging door and the edge of the
+aperture itself in my ascent, and managed to avoid any loud creaking.
+
+Balanced on the upper edge of the door, and leaning far to my right, I could just
+reach the lock I sought. My fingers, half numb from climbing, were very clumsy
+at first; but I soon saw that they were anatomically adequate. And the memory-
+rhythm was strong in them.
+
+Out of unknown gulfs of time the intricate, secret motions had somehow reached
+my brain correctly in every detail - for after less than five minutes of trying there
+came a click whose familiarity was all the more startling because I had not
+consciously anticipated it. In another instant the metal door was slowly swinging
+open with only the faintest grating sound.
+
+Dazedly I looked over the row of greyish case ends thus exposed, and felt a
+tremendous surge of some wholly inexplicable emotion. Just within reach of my
+right hand was a case whose curving hieroglyphs made me shake with a pang
+infinitely more complex than one of mere fright. Still shaking, I managed to
+dislodge it amidst a shower of gritty flakes, and ease it over toward myself
+without any violent noise.
+
+Like the other case I had handled, it was slightly more than twenty by fifteen
+inches in size, with curved mathematical designs in low relief. In thickness it just
+exceeded three inches.
+
+Crudely wedging it between myself and the surface I was climbing, I fumbled
+with the fastener and finally got the hook free. Lifting the cover, I shifted the
+heavy object to my back, and let the hook catch hold of my collar. Hands now
+free, I awkwardly clambered down to the dusty floor, and prepared to inspect
+my prize.
+
+Kneeling in the gritty dust, I swung the case around and rested it in front of me.
+My hands shook, and I dreaded to draw out the book within almost as much as I
+longed - and felt compelled - to do so. It had very gradually become clear to me
+what I ought to find, and this realisation nearly paralysed my faculties.
+
+If the thing were there - and if I were not dreaining - the implications would be
+quite beyond the power of the human spirit to bear. What tormented me most
+
+
+
+745
+
+
+
+was my momentary inability to feel that my surroundings were a dream. The
+sense of reality was hideous - and again becomes so as I recall the scene.
+
+At length I tremblingly pulled the book from its container and stared
+fascinatedly at the well-known hieroglyphs on the cover. It seemed to be in
+prime condition, and the curvilinear letters of the title held me in almost as
+hypnotised a state as if I could read them. Indeed, I cannot swear that I did not
+actually read them in some transient and terrible access of abnormal memory.
+
+I do not know how long it was before I dared to lift that thin metal cover. I
+temporized and made excuses to myself. I took the torch from my mouth and
+shut it off to save the battery. Then, in the dark, I collected my courage finally
+lifting the cover without turning on the light. Last of all, I did indeed flash the
+torch upon the exposed page - steeling myself in advance to suppress any sound
+no matter what I should find.
+
+I looked for an instant, then collapsed. Clenching my teeth, however, I kept
+silent. I sank wholly to the floor and put a hand to my forehead amidst the
+engulfing blackness. What I dreaded and expected was there. Either I was
+dreaming, or time and space had become a mockery.
+
+I must be dreaming - but I would test the horror by carrying this thing back and
+shewing it to my son if it were indeed a reality. My head swam frightfully, even
+though there were no visible objects in the unbroken gloom to swirl about me.
+Ideas and images of the starkest terror - excited by vistas which my glimpse had
+opened up - began to throng in upon me and cloud my senses.
+
+I thought of those possible prints in the dust, and trembled at the sound of my
+own breathing as I did so. Once again I flashed on the light and looked at the
+page as a serpent's victim may look at his destroyer's eyes and fangs.
+
+Then, with clumsy fingers, in the dark, I closed the book, put it in its container,
+and snapped the lid and the curious, hooked fastener. This was what I must
+carry back to the outer world if it truly existed - if the whole abyss truly existed -
+if I, and the world itself, truly existed.
+
+Just when I tottered to my feet and commenced my return I cannot be certain. It
+comes to me oddly - as a measure of my sense of separation from the normal
+world - that I did not even once look at my watch during those hideous hours
+nderground.
+
+Torch in hand, and with the ominous case under one arm, I eventually found
+myself tiptoeing in a kind of silent panic past the draught - giving abyss and
+
+
+
+746
+
+
+
+those lurking suggestions of prints. I lessened my precautions as I climbed up the
+endless inclines, but could not shake off a shadow of apprehension which I had
+not felt on the downward journey.
+
+I dreaded having to repass through the black basalt crypt that was older than the
+city itself, where cold draughts welled up from unguarded depths. I thought of
+that which the Great Race had feared, and of what might still be lurking - be it
+ever so weak and dying - down there. I thought of those five-circle prints and of
+what my dreams had told me of such prints - and of strange winds and whistling
+noises associated with them. And I thought of the tales of the modern
+blackfellows, wherein the horror of great winds and nameless subterrene ruins
+was dwelt upon.
+
+I knew from a carven wall symbol the right floor to enter, and came at last after
+passing that other book I had examined - to the great circular space with the
+branching archways. On my right, and at once recognisable, was the arch
+through which I had arrived. This I now entered, conscious that the rest of my
+course would be harder because of the tumbled state of the masonry outside the
+archive building. My new metal-eased burden weighed upon me, and I found it
+harder and harder to be quiet as I stumbled among debris and fragments of
+every sort.
+
+Then I came to the ceiling-high mound of debris through which I had wrenched
+a scanty passage. My dread at wriggling through again was infinite, for my first
+passage had made some noise, and I now - after seeing those possible prints -
+dreaded sound above all things. The case, too, doubled the problem of traversing
+the narrow crevice.
+
+But I clambered up the barrier as best I could, and pushed the case through the
+aperture ahead of me. Then, torch in mouth, I scrambled through myself - my
+back torn as before by stalactites.
+
+As I tried to grasp the case again, it fell some distance ahead of me down the
+slope of the debris, making a disturbing clatter and arousing echoes which sent
+me into a cold perspiration. I lunged for it at once, and regained it without
+further noise - but a moment afterward the slipping of blocks under my feet
+raised a sudden and unprecedented din.
+
+The din was my undoing. For, falsely or not, I thought I heard it answered in a
+terrible way from spaces far behind me. I thought I heard a shrill, whistling
+sound, like nothing else on earth, and beyond any adequate verbal description. If
+so, what followed has a grim irony - since, save for the panic of this thing, the
+second thing might never have happened.
+
+
+
+747
+
+
+
+As it was, my frenzy was absolute and unrelieved. Taking my torch in my hand
+and clutching feebly at the case, I leaped and bounded wildly ahead with no idea
+in my brain beyond a mad desire to race out of these nightmare ruins to the
+waking world of desert and moonlight which lay so far above.
+
+I hardly knew it when I reached the mountain of debris which towered into the
+vast blackness beyond the caved-in roof, and bruised and cut myself repeatedly
+in scrambling up its steep slope of jagged blocks and fragments.
+
+Then came the great disaster. Just as I blindly crossed the summit, unprepared
+for the sudden dip ahead, my feet slipped utterly and I found myself involved in
+a mangling avalanche of sliding masonry whose cannon-loud uproar split the
+black cavern air in a deafening series of earth-shaking reverberations.
+
+I have no recollection of emerging from this chaos, but a momentary fragment of
+consciousness shows me as plunging and tripping and scrambling along the
+corridor amidst the clangour - case and torch still with me.
+
+Then, just as I approached that primal basalt crypt I had so dreaded, utter
+madness came. For as the echoes of the avalanche died down, there became
+audible a repetition of that frightful alien whistling I thought I had heard before.
+This time there was no doubt about it - and what was worse, it came from a point
+not behind but ahead of me.
+
+Probably I shrieked aloud then. I have a dim picture of myself as flying through
+the hellish basalt vault of the elder things, and hearing that damnable alien
+sound piping up from the open, unguarded door of limitless nether blacknesses.
+There was a wind, too - not merely a cool, damp draught, but a violent,
+purposeful blast belching savagely and frigidly from that abominable gulf
+whence the obscene whistling came.
+
+There are memories of leaping and lurching over obstacles of every sort, with
+that torrent of wind and shrieking sound growing moment by moment, and
+seeming to curl and twist purposefully around me as it struck out wickedly from
+the spaces behind and beneath.
+
+Though in my rear, that wind had the odd effect of hindering instead of aiding
+my progress; as if it acted like a noose or lasso thrown around me. Heedless of
+the noise I made, I clattered over a great barrier of blocks and was again in the
+structure that led to the surface.
+
+I recall glimpsing the archway to the room of machines and almost crying out as
+I saw the incline leading down to where one of those blasphemous trap-doors
+
+
+
+748
+
+
+
+must be yawning two levels below. But instead of crying out I muttered over and
+over to myself that this was all a dream from which I must soon awake. Perhaps I
+was in camp - perhaps I was at home in Arkham. As these hopes bolstered up
+my sanity I began to mount the incline to the higher level.
+
+I knew, of course, that I had the four-foot cleft to re-cross, yet was too racked by
+other fears to realise the full horror until I came almost upon it. On my descent,
+the leap across had been easy - but could I clear the gap as readily when going
+uphill, and hampered by fright, exhaustion, the weight of the metal case, and the
+anomalous backward tug of that daemon wind? I thought of these things at the
+last moment, and thought also of the nameless entities which might be lurking in
+the black abysses below the chasm.
+
+My wavering torch was growing feeble, but I could tell by some obscure memory
+when I neared the cleft. The chill blasts of wind and the nauseous whistling
+shrieks behind me were for the moment like a merciful opiate, dulling my
+imagination to the horror of the yawning gulf ahead. And then I became aware
+of the added blasts and whistling in front of me - tides of abomination surging
+up through the cleft itself from depths unimagined and unimaginable.
+
+Now, indeed, the essence of pure nightmare was upon me. Sanity departed -
+and, ignoring everything except the animal impulse of flight, I merely struggled
+and plunged upward over the incline's debris as if no gulf had existed. Then I
+saw the chasm's edge, leaped frenziedly with every ounce of strength I
+possessed, and was instantly engulfed in a pandaemoniae vortex of loathsome
+sound and utter, materially tangible blackness.
+
+This is the end of my experience, so far as I can recall. Any further impressions
+belong wholly to the domain of phantasmagoria delirium. Dream, madness, and
+memory merged wildly together in a series of fantastic, fragmentary delusions
+which can have no relation to anything real.
+
+There was a hideous fall through incalculable leagues of viscous, sentient
+darkness, and a babel of noises utterly alien to all that we know of the earth and
+its organic life. Dormant, rudimentary senses seemed to start into vitality within
+me, telling of pits and voids peopled by floating horrors and leading to sunless
+crags and oceans and teeming cities of windowless, basalt towers upon which no
+light ever shone.
+
+Secrets of the primal planet and its immemorial aeons flashed through my brain
+without the aid of sight or sound, and there were known to me things which not
+even the wildest of my former dreams had ever suggested. And all the while
+cold fingers of damp vapor clutched and picked at me, and that eldritch.
+
+
+
+749
+
+
+
+damnable whistling shrieked fiendishly above all the alternations of babel and
+silence in the whirlpools of darkness around.
+
+Afterward there were visions of the Cyclopean city of my dreams - not in ruins,
+but just as I had dreamed of it. I was in my conical, non-human body again, and
+mingled with crowds of the Great Race and the captive minds who carried books
+up and down the lofty corridors and vast inclines.
+
+Then, superimposed upon these pictures, were frightful, momentary flashes of a
+non-vistial consciousness involving desperate struggles, a writhing free from
+clutching tentacles of whistling wind, an insane, bat-like flight through half-solid
+air, a feverish burrowing through the cyclone-whipped dark, and a wild
+stumbling and scrambling over fallen masonry.
+
+Once there was a curious, intrusive flash of half sight - a faint, diffuse suspicion
+of bluish radiance far overhead. Then there came a dream of wind - pursued
+climbing and crawling - of wriggling into a blaze of sardonic moonlight through
+a jumble of debris which slid and collapsed after me amidst a morbid hurricane.
+It was the evil, monotonous beating of that maddening moonlight which at last
+told me of the return of what I had once known as the objective, waking world.
+
+I was clawing prone through the sands of the Australian desert, and around me
+shrieked such a tumult of wind as I had never before known on our planet's
+surface. My clothing was in rags, and my whole body was a mass of bruises and
+scratches.
+
+Full consciousness returned very slowly, and at no time could I tell just where
+delirious dream left off and true memory began. There had seemed to be a
+mound of titan blocks, an abyss beneath it, a monstrous revelation from the past,
+and a nightmare horror at the end - but how much of this was real?
+
+My flashlight was gone, and likewise any metal case I may have discovered. Had
+there been such a case - or any abyss- or any mound? Raising my head, I looked
+behind me, and saw only the sterile, undulant sands of the desert.
+
+The daemon wind died down, and the bloated, fungoid moon sank reddeningly
+in the west. I lurched to my feet and began to stagger southwestward toward the
+camp. What in truth had happened to me? Had I merely collapsed in the desert
+and dragged a dream-racked body over miles of sand and buried blocks? If not,
+how could I bear to live any longer?
+
+For, in this new doubt, all my faith in the myth-born unreality of my visions
+dissolved once more into the hellish older doubting. If that abyss was real, then
+
+
+
+750
+
+
+
+the Great Race was real - and its blasphemous reachings and seizures in the
+cosmos-wide vortex of time were no myths or nightmares, but a terrible, soul-
+shattering actuality.
+
+Had I, in full, hideous fact, been drawn back to a pre-human world of a hundred
+and fifty million years ago in those dark, baffling days of the amnesia? Had my
+present body been the vehicle of a frightful alien consciousness from palaeogean
+gulfs of time?
+
+Had I, as the captive mind of those shambling horrors, indeed known that
+accursed city of stone in its primordial heyday, and wriggled down those
+familiar corridors in the loathsome shape of my captor? Were those tormenting
+dreams of more than twenty years the offspring of stark, monstrous memories?
+
+Had I once veritably talked with minds from reachless corners of time and space,
+learned the universe's secrets, past and to come, and written the annals of my
+own world for the metal cases of those titan archives? And were those others -
+those shocking elder things of the mad winds and daemon pipings - in truth a
+lingering, lurking menace, waiting and slowly weakening in black abysses while
+varied shapes of life drag out their multimillennial courses on the planet's age-
+racked surface?
+
+I do not know. If that abyss and what I held were real, there is no hope. Then, all
+too truly, there lies upon this world of man a mocking and incredible shadow out
+of time. But, mercifully, there is no proof that these things are other than fresh
+phases of my myth-born dreams. I did not bring back the metal case that would
+have been a proof, and so far those subterrene corridors have not been found.
+
+If the laws of the universe are kind, they will never be found. But I must tell my
+son what I saw or thought I saw, and let him use his judgment as a psychologist
+in gauging the reality of my experience, and communicating this account to
+others.
+
+I have said that the awful truth behind my tortured years of dreaming hinges
+absolutely upon the actuality of what I thought I saw in those Cyclopean, buried
+ruins. It has been hard for me, literally, to set down that crucial revelation,
+though no reader can have failed to guess it. Of course, it lay in that book within
+the metal case - the case which I pried out of its lair amidst the dust of a million
+centuries.
+
+No eye had seen, no hand had touched that book since the advent of man to this
+planet. And yet, when I flashed my torch upon it in that frightful abyss, I saw
+that the queerly pigmented letters on the brittle, aeon-browned cellulose pages
+
+
+
+751
+
+
+
+were not indeed any nameless hieroglyphs of earth's youth. They were, instead,
+the letters of our familiar alphabet, spelling out the words of the English
+language in my own handwriting.
+
+
+
+752
+
+
+
+The Shadow Over Innsmouth
+
+Written in 1931
+
+Published in 1936 in The Shadow over Innsmouth
+
+
+
+During the winter of 1927-28 officials of the Federal government made a strange
+and secret investigation of certain conditions in the ancient Massachusetts
+seaport of Innsmouth. The public first learned of it in February, when a vast
+series of raids and arrests occurred, followed by the deliberate burning and
+dynamiting - under suitable precautions - of an enormous number of crumbling,
+worm-eaten, and supposedly empty houses along the abandoned waterfront.
+Uninquiring souls let this occurrence pass as one of the major clashes in a
+spasmodic war on liquor.
+
+Keener news-followers, however, wondered at the prodigious number of arrests,
+the abnormally large force of men used in making them, and the secrecy
+surrounding the disposal of the prisoners. No trials, or even definite charges
+were reported; nor were any of the captives seen thereafter in the regular gaols of
+the nation. There were vague statements about disease and concentration camps,
+and later about dispersal in various naval and military prisons, but nothing
+positive ever developed. Innsmouth itself was left almost depopulated, and it is
+even now only beginning to show signs of a sluggishly revived existence.
+
+Complaints from many liberal organizations were met with long confidential
+discussions, and representatives were taken on trips to certain camps and
+prisons. As a result, these societies became surprisingly passive and reticent.
+Newspaper men were harder to manage, but seemed largely to cooperate with
+the government in the end. Only one paper - a tabloid always discounted
+because of its wild policy - mentioned the deep diving submarine that
+discharged torpedoes downward in the marine abyss just beyond Devil Reef.
+That item, gathered by chance in a haunt of sailors, seemed indeed rather far-
+fetched; since the low, black reef lay a full mile and a half out from Innsmouth
+Harbour.
+
+People around the country and in the nearby towns muttered a great deal among
+themselves, but said very little to the outer world. They had talked about dying
+and half-deserted Innsmouth for nearly a century, and nothing new could be
+wilder or more hideous than what they had whispered and hinted at years
+before. Many things had taught them secretiveness, and there was no need to
+
+
+
+753
+
+
+
+exert pressure on them. Besides, they really knew little; for wide salt marshes,
+desolate and unpeopled, kept neighbors off from Innsmouth on the landward
+side.
+
+But at last I am going to defy the ban on speech about this thing. Results, I am
+certain, are so thorough that no public harm save a shock of repulsion could ever
+accrue from a hinting of what was found by those horrified men at Innsmouth.
+Besides, what was found might possibly have more than one explanation. I do
+not know just how much of the whole tale has been told even to me, and I have
+many reasons for not wishing to probe deeper. For my contact with this affair
+has been closer than that of any other layman, and I have carried away
+impressions which are yet to drive me to drastic measures.
+
+It was I who fled frantically out of Innsmouth in the early morning hours of July
+16, 1927, and whose frightened appeals for government inquiry and action
+brought on the whole reported episode. I was willing enough to stay mute while
+the affair was fresh and uncertain; but now that it is an old story, with public
+interest and curiosity gone, I have an odd craving to whisper about those few
+frightful hours in that ill-rumored and evilly-shadowed seaport of death and
+blasphemous abnormality. The mere telling helps me to restore confidence in my
+own faculties; to reassure myself that I was not the first to succumb to a
+contagious nightmare hallucination. It helps me, too, in making up my mind
+regarding a certain terrible step which lies ahead of me.
+
+I never heard of Innsmouth till the day before I saw it for the first and - so far -
+last time. I was celebrating my coming of age by a tour of New England -
+sightseeing, antiquarian, and genealogical - and had planned to go directly from
+ancient Newburyport to Arkham, whence my mother's family was derived. I had
+no car, but was travelling by train, trolley and motor-coach, always seeking the
+cheapest possible route. In Newburyport they told me that the steam train was
+the thing to take to Arkham; and it was only at the station ticket-office, when I
+demurred at the high fare, that I learned about Innsmouth. The stout, shrewd-
+faced agent, whose speech shewed him to be no local man, seemed sympathetic
+toward my efforts at economy, and made a suggestion that none of my other
+informants had offered.
+
+"You could take that old bus, I suppose," he said with a certain hesitation, "but it
+ain't thought much of hereabouts. It goes through Innsmouth - you may have
+heard about that - and so the people don't like it. Run by an Innsmouth fellow -
+Joe Sargent - but never gets any custom from here, or Arkham either, I guess.
+Wonder it keeps running at all. I s'pose it's cheap enough, but I never see mor'n
+two or three people in it - nobody but those Innsmouth folk. Leaves the square -
+
+
+
+754
+
+
+
+front of Hammond's Drug Store - at 10 a.m. and 7 p.m. unless they've changed
+lately. Looks like a terrible rattletrap - I've never been on it."
+
+That was the first I ever heard of shadowed Innsmouth. Any reference to a town
+not shown on common maps or listed in recent guidebooks would have
+interested me, and the agent's odd manner of allusion roused something like real
+curiosity. A town able to inspire such dislike in it its neighbors, I thought, must
+be at least rather unusual, and worthy of a tourist's attention. If it came before
+Arkham I would stop off there and so I asked the agent to tell me something
+about it. He was very deliberate, and spoke with an air of feeling slightly
+superior to what he said.
+
+"Innsmouth? Well, it's a queer kind of a town down at the mouth of the
+Manuxet. Used to be almost a city - quite a port before the War of 1812 - but all
+gone to pieces in the last hundred years or so. No railroad now - B. and M. never
+went through, and the branch line from Rowley was given up years ago.
+
+"More empty houses than there are people, I guess, and no business to speak of
+except fishing and lobstering. Everybody trades mostly either here or in Arkham
+or Ipswich. Once they had quite a few mills, but nothing's left now except one
+gold refinery running on the leanest kind of part time.
+
+"That refinery, though, used to he a big thing, and old man Marsh, who owns it,
+must be richer'n Croesus. Queer old duck, though, and sticks mighty close in his
+home. He's supposed to have developed some skin disease or deformity late in
+life that makes him keep out of sight. Grandson of Captain Obed Marsh, who
+founded the business. His mother seems to've been some kind of foreigner - they
+say a South Sea islander - so everybody raised Cain when he married an Ipswich
+girl fifty years ago. They always do that about Innsmouth people, and folks here
+and hereabouts always try to cover up any Innsmouth blood they have in 'em.
+But Marsh's children and grandchildren look just like anyone else far's I can see.
+I've had 'em pointed out to me here - though, come to think of it, the elder
+children don't seem to be around lately. Never saw the old man.
+
+"And why is everybody so down on Innsmouth? Well, young fellow, you
+mustn't take too much stock in what people here say. They're hard to get started,
+but once they do get started they never let up. They've been telling things about
+Innsmouth - whispering 'em, mostly - for the last hundred years, I guess, and I
+gather they're more scared than anything else. Some of the stories would make
+you laugh - about old Captain Marsh driving bargains with the devil and
+bringing imps out of hell to live in Innsmouth, or about some kind of devil-
+worship and awful sacrifices in some place near the wharves that people
+
+
+
+7bb
+
+
+
+stumbled on around 1845 or thereabouts - but I come from Panton, Vermont, and
+that kind of story don't go down with me.
+
+"You ought to hear, though, what some of the old-timers tell about the black reef
+off the coast - Devil Reef, they call it. It's well above water a good part of the
+time, and never much below it, but at that you could hardly call it an island. The
+story is that there's a whole legion of devils seen sometimes on that reef -
+sprawled about, or darting in and out of some kind of caves near the top. It's a
+rugged, uneven thing, a good bit over a mile out, and toward the end of shipping
+days sailors used to make big detours just to avoid it.
+
+"That is, sailors that didn't hail from Innsmouth. One of the things they had
+against old Captain Marsh was that he was supposed to land on it sometimes at
+night when the tide was right. Maybe he did, for I dare say the rock formation
+was interesting, and it's just barely possible he was looking for pirate loot and
+maybe finding it; but there was talk of his dealing with demons there. Fact is, I
+guess on the whole it was really the Captain that gave the bad reputation to the
+reef.
+
+"That was before the big epidemic of 1846, when over half the folks in
+Innsmouth was carried off. They never did quite figure out what the trouble was,
+but it was probably some foreign kind of disease brought from China or
+somewhere by the shipping. It surely was bad enough - there was riots over it,
+and all sorts of ghastly doings that I don't believe ever got outside of town - and
+it left the place in awful shape. Never came back - there can't be more'n 300 or
+400 people living there now.
+
+"But the real thing behind the way folks feel is simply race prejudice - and I don't
+say I'm blaming those that hold it. I hate those Innsmouth folks myself, and I
+wouldn't care to go to their town. I s'pose you know - though I can see you're a
+Westerner by your talk - what a lot our New England ships - used to have to do
+with queer ports in Africa, Asia, the South Seas, and everywhere else, and what
+queer kinds of people they sometimes brought back with 'em. You've probably
+heard about the Salem man that came home with a Chinese wife, and maybe you
+know there's still a bunch of Fiji Islanders somewhere around Cape Cod.
+
+"Well, there must be something like that back of the Innsmouth people. The
+place always was badly cut off from the rest of the country by marshes and
+creeks and we can't be sure about the ins and outs of the matter; but it's pretty
+clear that old Captain Marsh must have brought home some odd specimens
+when he had all three of his ships in commission back in the twenties and
+thirties. There certainly is a strange kind of streak in the Innsmouth folks today -
+I don't know how to explain it but it sort of makes you crawl. You'll notice a little
+
+
+
+756
+
+
+
+in Sargent if you take his bus. Some of 'em have queer narrow heads with flat
+noses and bulgy, starry eyes that never seem to shut, and their skin ain't quite
+right. Rough and scabby, and the sides of the necks are all shriveled or creased
+up. Get bald, too, very young. The older fellows look the worst - fact is, I don't
+believe I've ever seen a very old chap of that kind. Guess they must die of
+looking in the glass! Animals hate 'em - they used to have lots of horse trouble
+before the autos came in.
+
+"Nobody around here or in Arkham or Ipswich will have anything to do with
+'em, and they act kind of offish themselves when they come to town or when
+anyone tries to fish on their grounds. Queer how fish are always thick off
+Innsmouth Harbour when there ain't any anywhere else around - but just try to
+fish there yourself and see how the folks chase you off! Those people used to
+come here on the railroad - walking and taking the train at Rowley after the
+branch was dropped - but now they use that bus.
+
+"Yes, there's a hotel in Innsmouth - called the Gilman House - but I don't believe
+it can amount to much. I wouldn't advise you to try it. Better stay over here and
+take the ten o'clock bus tomorrow morning; then you can get an evening bus
+there for Arkham at eight o'clock. There was a factory inspector who stopped at
+the Gilman a couple of years ago and he had a lot of unpleasant hints about the
+place. Seems they get a queer crowd there, for this fellow heard voices in other
+rooms - though most of 'em was empty - that gave him the shivers. It was foreign
+talk he thought, but he said the bad thing about it was the kind of voice that
+sometimes spoke. It sounded so unnatural - slopping like, he said - that he didn't
+dare undress and go to sleep. Just waited up and lit out the first thing in the
+morning. The talk went on most all night.
+
+"This fellow - Casey, his name was - had a lot to say about how the Innsmouth
+folk, watched him and seemed kind of on guard. He found the Marsh refinery a
+queer place - it's in an old mill on the lower falls of the Manuxet. What he said
+tallied up with what I'd heard. Books in bad shape, and no clear account of any
+kind of dealings. You know it's always been a kind of mystery where the
+Marshes get the gold they refine. They've never seemed to do much buying in
+that line, but years ago they shipped out an enormous lot of ingots.
+
+"Used to be talk of a queer foreign kind of jewelry that the sailors and refinery
+men sometimes sold on the sly, or that was seen once or twice on some of the
+Marsh women-folks. People allowed maybe old Captain Obed traded for it in
+some heathen port, especially since he always ordered stacks of glass beads and
+trinkets such as seafaring men used to get for native trade. Others thought and
+still think he'd found an old pirate cache out on Devil Reef. But here's a funny
+thing. The old Captain's been dead these sixty years, and there's ain't been a
+
+
+
+7b7
+
+
+
+good-sized ship out of the place since the Civil War; but just the same the
+Marshes still keep on buying a few of those native trade things - mostly glass and
+rubber gewgaws, they tell me. Maybe the Innsmouth folks like 'em to look at
+themselves - Gawd knows they've gotten to be about as bad as South Sea
+cannibals and Guinea savages.
+
+"That plague of '46 must have taken off the best blood in the place. Anyway,
+they're a doubtful lot now, and the Marshes and other rich folks are as bad as
+any. As I told you, there probably ain't more'n 400 people in the whole town in
+spite of all the streets they say there are. I guess they're what they call 'white
+trash' down South - lawless and sly, and full of secret things. They get a lot of
+fish and lobsters and do exporting by truck. Queer how the fish swarm right
+there and nowhere else.
+
+"Nobody can ever keep track of these people, and state school officials and
+census men have a devil of a time. You can bet that prying strangers ain't
+welcome around Innsmouth. I've heard personally of more'n one business or
+government man that's disappeared there, and there's loose talk of one who
+went crazy and is out at Danvers now. They must have fixed up some awful
+scare for that fellow.
+
+"That's why I wouldn't go at night if I was you. I've never been there and have
+no wish to go, but I guess a daytime trip couldn't hurt you - even though the
+people hereabouts will advise you not to make it. If you're just sightseeing, and
+looking for old-time stuff, Innsmouth ought to be quite a place for you."
+
+And so I spent part of that evening at the Newburyport Public Library looking
+up data about Innsmouth. When I had tried to question the natives in the shops,
+the lunchroom, the garages, and the fire station, I had found them even harder to
+get started than the ticket agent had predicted; and realized that I could not
+spare the time to overcome their first instinctive reticence. They had a kind of
+obscure suspiciousness, as if there were something amiss with anyone too much
+interested in Innsmouth. At the Y. M. C. A., where I was stopping, the clerk
+merely discouraged my going to such a dismal, decadent place; and the people at
+the library shewed much the same attitude. Clearly, in the eyes of the educated,
+Innsmouth was merely an exaggerated case of civic degeneration.
+
+The Essex County histories on the library shelves had very little to say, except
+that the town was founded in 1643, noted for shipbuilding before the Revolution,
+a seat of great marine prosperity in the early 19th century, and later a minor
+factory center using the Manuxet as power. The epidemic and riots of 1846 were
+very sparsely treated, as if they formed a discredit to the county.
+
+
+
+758
+
+
+
+References to decline were few, though the significance of the later record was
+unmistakable. After the Civil War all industrial life was confined to the Marsh
+Refining Company, and the marketing of gold ingots formed the only remaining
+bit of major commerce aside from the eternal fishing. That fishing paid less and
+less as the price of the commodity fell and large-scale corporations offered
+competition, but there was never a dearth of fish around Innsmouth Harbour.
+Foreigners seldom settled there, and there was some discreetly veiled evidence
+that a number of Poles and Portuguese who had tried it had been scattered in a
+peculiarly drastic fashion.
+
+Most interesting of all was a glancing reference to the strange jewelry vaguely
+associated with Innsmouth. It had evidently impressed the whole countryside
+more than a little, for mention was made of specimens in the museum of
+Miskatonic University at Arkham, and in the display room of the Newburyport
+Historical Society. The fragmentary descriptions of these things were bald and
+prosaic, but they hinted to me an undercurrent of persistent strangeness.
+Something about them seemed so odd and provocative that I could not put them
+out of my mind, and despite the relative lateness of the hour I resolved to see the
+local sample - said to be a large, queerly-proportioned thing evidently meant for
+a tiara - if it could possibly be arranged.
+
+The librarian gave me a note of introduction to the curator of the Society, a Miss
+Anna Tilton, who lived nearby, and after a brief explanation that ancient
+gentlewoman was kind enough to pilot me into the closed building, since the
+hour was not outrageously late. The collection was a notable one indeed, but in
+my present mood I had eyes for nothing but the bizarre object which glistened in
+a corner cupboard under the electric lights.
+
+It took no excessive sensitiveness to beauty to make me literally gasp at the
+strange, unearthly splendour of the alien, opulent phantasy that rested there on a
+purple velvet cushion. Even now I can hardly describe what I saw, though it was
+clearly enough a sort of tiara, as the description had said. It was tall in front, and
+with a very large and curiously irregular periphery, as if designed for a head of
+almost freakishly elliptical outline. The material seemed to be predominantly
+gold, though a weird lighter lustrousness hinted at some strange alloy with an
+equally beautiful and scarcely identifiable metal. Its condition was almost
+perfect, and one could have spent hours in studying the striking and puzzlingly
+untraditional designs - some simply geometrical, and some plainly marine -
+chased or moulded in high relief on its surface with a craftsmanship of incredible
+skill and grace.
+
+The longer I looked, the more the thing fascinated me; and in this fascination
+there was a curiously disturbing element hardly to be classified or accounted for.
+
+
+
+759
+
+
+
+At first I decided that it was the queer other-worldly quality of the art which
+made me uneasy. All other art objects I had ever seen either belonged to some
+known racial or national stream, or else were consciously modernistic defiances
+of every recognized stream. This tiara was neither. It clearly belonged to some
+settled technique of infinite maturity and perfection, yet that technique was
+utterly remote from any - Eastern or Western, ancient or modern - which I had
+ever heard of or seen exemplified. It was as if the workmanship were that of
+another planet.
+
+However, I soon saw that my uneasiness had a second and perhaps equally
+potent source residing in the pictorial and mathematical suggestion of the
+strange designs. The patterns all hinted of remote secrets and unimaginable
+abysses in time and space, and the monotonously aquatic nature of the reliefs
+became almost sinister. Among these reliefs were fabulous monsters of abhorrent
+grotesqueness and malignity - half ichthyic and half batrachian in suggestion -
+which one could not dissociate from a certain haunting and uncomfortable sense
+of pseudomemory, as if they called up some image from deep cells and tissues
+whose retentive functions are wholly primal and awesomely ancestral. At times I
+fancied that every contour of these blasphemous fish-frogs was over-flowing
+with the ultimate quintessence of unknown and inhuman evil.
+
+In odd contrast to the tiara's aspect was its brief and prosy history as related by
+Miss Tilton. It had been pawned for a ridiculous sum at a shop in State Street in
+1873, by a drunken Innsmouth man shortly afterward killed in a brawl. The
+Society had acquired it directly from the pawnbroker, at once giving it a display
+worthy of its quality. It was labeled as of probable East-Indian or Indochinese
+provenance, though the attribution was frankly tentative.
+
+Miss Tilton, comparing all possible hypotheses regarding its origin and its
+presence in New England, was inclined to believe that it formed part of some
+exotic pirate hoard discovered by old Captain Obed Marsh. This view was surely
+not weakened by the insistent offers of purchase at a high price which the
+Marshes began to make as soon as they knew of its presence, and which they
+repeated to this day despite the Society's unvarying determination not to sell.
+
+As the good lady shewed me out of the building she made it clear that the pirate
+theory of the Marsh fortune was a popular one among the intelligent people of
+the region. Her own attitude toward shadowed Innsmouth - which she never
+seen - was one of disgust at a community slipping far down the cultural scale,
+and she assured me that the rumours of devil-worship were partly justified by a
+peculiar secret cult which had gained force there and engulfed all the orthodox
+churches.
+
+
+
+760
+
+
+
+It was called, she said, "The Esoteric Order of Dagon", and was undoubtedly a
+debased, quasi-pagan thing imported from the East a century before, at a time
+when the Innsmouth fisheries seemed to be going barren. Its persistence among a
+simple people was quite natural in view of the sudden and permanent return of
+abundantly fine fishing, and it soon came to be the greatest influence in the town,
+replacing Freemasonry altogether and taking up headquarters in the old Masonic
+Hall on New Church Green.
+
+All this, to the pious Miss Tilton, formed an excellent reason for shunning the
+ancient town of decay and desolation; but to me it was merely a fresh incentive.
+To my architectural and historical anticipations was now added an acute
+anthropological zeal, and I could scarcely sleep in my small room at the "\" as
+the night wore away.
+
+II
+
+Shortly before ten the next morning I stood with one small valise in front of
+Hammond's Drug Store in old Market Square waiting for the Innsmouth bus. As
+the hour for its arrival drew near I noticed a general drift of the loungers to other
+places up the street, or to the Ideal Lunch across the square. Evidently the ticket-
+agent had not exaggerated the dislike which local People bore toward Innsmouth
+and its denizens. In a few moments a small motor-coach of extreme decrepitude
+and dirty grey colour rattled down State Street, made a turn, and drew up at the
+curb beside me. I felt immediately that it was the right one; a guess which the
+half-illegible sign on the windshield - Arkham-Innsmouth-Newburyport - soon
+verified.
+
+There were only three passengers - dark, unkempt men of sullen visage and
+somewhat youthful cast - and when the vehicle stopped they clumsily shambled
+out and began walking up State Street in a silent, almost furtive fashion. The
+driver also alighted, and I watched him as he went into the drug store to make
+some purchase. This, I reflected, must be the Joe Sargent mentioned by the ticket-
+agent; and even before I noticed any details there spread over me a wave of
+spontaneous aversion which could be neither checked nor explained. It suddenly
+struck me as very natural that the local people should not wish to ride on a bus
+owned and driven by this man, or to visit any oftener than possible the habitat of
+such a man and his kinsfolk.
+
+When the driver came out of the store I looked at him more carefully and tried to
+determine the source of my evil impression. He was a thin, stoop-shouldered
+man not much under six feet tall, dressed in shabby blue civilian clothes and
+wearing a frayed golf cap. His age was perhaps thirty-five, but the odd, deep
+creases in the sides of his neck made him seem older when one did not study his
+
+
+
+761
+
+
+
+dull, expressionless face. He had a narrow head, bulging, watery-blue eyes that
+seemed never to wink, a flat nose, a receding forehead and chin, and singularly
+undeveloped ears. His long thick lip and coarse-pored, greyish cheeks seemed
+almost beardless except for some sparse yellow hairs that straggled and curled in
+irregular patches; and in places the surface seemed queerly irregular, as if
+peeling from some cutaneous disease. His hands were large and heavily veined,
+and had a very unusual greyish-blue tinge. The fingers were strikingly short in
+proportion to the rest of the structure, and seemed to have a tendency to curl
+closely into the huge palm. As he walked toward the bus I observed his
+peculiarly shambling gait and saw that his feet were inordinately immense. The
+more I studied them the more I wondered how he could buy any shoes to fit
+them.
+
+A certain greasiness about the fellow increased my dislike. He was evidently
+given to working or lounging around the fish docks, and carried with him much
+of their characteristic smell. Just what foreign blood was in him I could not even
+guess. His oddities certainly did not look Asiatic, Polynesian, Levantine or
+negroid, yet I could see why the people found him alien. I myself would have
+thought of biological degeneration rather than alienage.
+
+I was sorry when I saw there would be no other passengers on the bus. Somehow
+I did not like the idea of riding alone with this driver. But as leaving time
+obviously approached I conquered my qualms and followed the man aboard,
+extending him a dollar bill and murmuring the single word "Innsmouth." He
+looked curiously at me for a second as he returned forty cents change without
+speaking. I took a seat far behind him, but on the same side of the bus, since I
+wished to watch the shore during the journey.
+
+At length the decrepit vehicle stared with a jerk, and rattled noisily past the old
+brick buildings of State Street amidst a cloud of vapour from the exhaust.
+Glancing at the people on the sidewalks, I thought I detected in them a curious
+wish to avoid looking at the bus - or at least a wish to avoid seeming to look at it.
+Then we turned to the left into High Street, where the going was smoother;
+flying by stately old mansions of the early republic and still older colonial
+farmhouses, passing the Lower Green and Parker River, and finally emerging
+into a long, monotonous stretch of open shore country.
+
+The day was warm and sunny, but the landscape of sand and sedge-grass, and
+stunted shrubbery became more and desolate as we proceeded. Out the window
+I could see the blue water and the sandy line of Plum Island, and we presently
+drew very near the beach as our narrow road veered off from the main highway
+to Rowley and Ipswich. There were no visible houses, and I could tell by the state
+of the road that traffic was very light hereabouts. The weather-worn telephone
+
+
+
+762
+
+
+
+poles carried only two wires. Now and then we crossed crude wooden bridges
+over tidal creeks that wound far inland and promoted the general isolation of the
+region.
+
+Once in a while I noticed dead stumps and crumbling foundation-walls above
+the drifting sand, and recalled the old tradition quoted in one of the histories I
+had read, that this was once a fertile and thickly-settled countryside. The change,
+it was said, came simultaneously with the Innsmouth epidemic of 1846, and was
+thought by simple folk to have a dark connection with hidden forces of evil.
+Actually, it was caused by the unwise cutting of woodlands near the shore,
+which robbed the soil of the best protection and opened the way for waves of
+wind-blown sand.
+
+At last we lost sight of Plum Island and saw the vast expanse of the open Atlantic
+on our left. Our narrow course began to climb steeply, and I felt a singular sense
+of disquiet in looking at the lonely crest ahead where the rutted road-way met
+the sky. It was as if the bus were about to keep on in its ascent, leaving the sane
+earth altogether and merging with the unknown arcana of upper air and
+cryptical sky. The smell of the sea took on ominous implications, and the silent
+driver's bent, rigid back and narrow head became more and more hateful. As I
+looked at him I saw that the back of his head was almost as hairless as his face,
+having only a few straggling yellow strands upon a grey scabrous surface.
+
+Then we reached the crest and beheld the outspread valley beyond, where the
+Manuxet joins the sea just north of the long line of cliffs that culminate in
+Kingsport Head and veer off toward Cape Ann. On the far misty horizon I could
+just make out the dizzy profile of the Head, topped by the queer ancient house of
+which so many legends are told; but for the moment all my attention was
+captured by the nearer panorama just below me. I had, I realized, come face to
+face with rumour-shadowed Innsmouth.
+
+It was a town of wide extent and dense construction, yet one with a portentous
+dearth of visible life. From the tangle of chimney-pots scarcely a wisp of smoke
+came, and the three tall steeples loomed stark and unpainted against the seaward
+horizon. One of them was crumbling down at the top, and in that and another
+there were only black gaping holes where clock-dials should have been. The vast
+huddle of sagging gambrel roofs and peaked gables conveyed with offensive
+clearness the idea of wormy decay, and as we approached along the now
+descending road I could see that many roofs had wholly caved in. There were
+some large square Georgian houses, too, with hipped roofs, cupolas, and railed
+"widow's walks." These were mostly well back from the water, and one or two
+seemed to be in moderately sound condition. Stretching inland from among
+them I saw the rusted, grass-grown line of the abandoned railway, with leaning
+
+
+
+763
+
+
+
+telegraph-poles now devoid of wires, and the half-obscured lines of the old
+carriage roads to Rowley and Ipswich.
+
+The decay was worst close to the waterfront, though in its very midst I could spy
+the white belfry of a fairly well preserved brick structure which looked like a
+small factory. The harbour, long clogged with sand, was enclosed by an ancient
+stone breakwater; on which I could begin to discern the minute forms of a few
+seated fishermen, and at whose end were what looked like the foundations of a
+bygone lighthouse. A sandy tongue had formed inside this barrier and upon it I
+saw a few decrepit cabins, moored dories, and scattered lobster-pots. The only
+deep water seemed to be where the river poured out past the belfried structure
+and turned southward to join the ocean at the breakwater's end.
+
+Here and there the ruins of wharves jutted out from the shore to end in
+indeterminate rottenness, those farthest south seeming the most decayed. And
+far out at sea, despite a high tide, I glimpsed a long, black line scarcely rising
+above the water yet carrying a suggestion of odd latent malignancy. This, I knew,
+must be Devil Reef. As I looked, a subtle, curious sense of beckoning seemed
+superadded to the grim repulsion; and oddly enough, I found this overtone more
+disturbing than the primary impression.
+
+We met no one on the road, but presently began to pass deserted farms in
+varying stages of ruin. Then I noticed a few inhabited houses with rags stuffed in
+the broken windows and shells and dead fish lying about the littered yards. Once
+or twice I saw listless-looking people working in barren gardens or digging
+clams on the fishy-smelling beach below, and groups of dirty, simian-visaged
+children playing around weed-grown doorsteps. Somehow these people seemed
+more disquieting than the dismal buildings, for almost every one had certain
+peculiarities of face and motions which I instinctively disliked without being able
+to define or comprehend them. For a second I thought this typical physique
+suggested some picture I had seen, perhaps in a book, under circumstances of
+particular horror or melancholy; but this pseudo-recollection passed very
+quickly.
+
+As the bus reached a lower level I began to catch the steady note of a waterfall
+through the unnatural stillness. The leaning, unpainted houses grew thicker,
+lined both sides of the road, and displayed more urban tendencies than did those
+we were leaving behind. The panorama ahead had contracted to a street scene,
+and in spots I could see where a cobblestone pavement and stretches of brick
+sidewalk had formerly existed. All the houses were apparently deserted, and
+there were occasional gaps where tumbledown chimneys and cellar walls told of
+buildings that had collapsed. Pervading everything was the most nauseous fishy
+odour imaginable.
+
+
+
+764
+
+
+
+Soon cross streets and junctions began to appear; those on the left leading to
+shoreward realms of unpaved squalor and decay, while those on the right
+shewed vistas of departed grandeur. So far I had seen no people in the town, but
+there now came signs of a sparse habitation - curtained windows here and there,
+and an occasional battered motorcar at the curb. Pavement and sidewalks were
+increasingly well-defined, and though most of the houses were quite old - wood
+and brick structures of the early 19th century - they were obviously kept fit for
+habitation. As an amateur antiquarian I almost lost my olfactory disgust and my
+feeling of menace and repulsion amidst this rich, unaltered survival from the
+past.
+
+But I was not to reach my destination without one very strong impression of
+poignantly disagreeable quality. The bus had come to a sort of open concourse or
+radial point with churches on two sides and the bedraggled remains of a circular
+green in the centre, and I was looking at a large pillared hall on the right-hand
+junction ahead. The structure's once white paint was now gray and peeling and
+the black and gold sign on the pediment was so faded that I could only with
+difficulty make out the words "Esoteric Order of Dagon". This, then was the
+former Masonic Hall now given over to a degraded cult. As I strained to
+decipher this inscription my notice was distracted by the raucous tones of a
+cracked bell across the street, and I quickly turned to look out the window on my
+side of the coach.
+
+The sound came from a squat stone church of manifestly later date than most of
+the houses, built in a clumsy Gothic fashion and having a disproportionately
+high basement with shuttered windows. Though the hands of its clock were
+missing on the side I glimpsed, I knew that those hoarse strokes were tolling the
+hour of eleven. Then suddenly all thoughts of time were blotted out by an
+onrushing image of sharp intensity and unaccountable horror which had seized
+me before I knew what it really was. The door of the church basement was open,
+revealing a rectangle of blackness inside. And as I looked, a certain object crossed
+or seemed to cross that dark rectangle; burning into my brain a momentary
+conception of nightmare which was all the more maddening because analysis
+could not shew a single nightmarish quality in it.
+
+It was a living object - the first except the driver that I had seen since entering the
+compact part of the town - and had I been in a steadier mood I would have
+found nothing whatever of terror in it. Clearly, as I realised a moment later, it
+was the pastor; clad in some peculiar vestments doubtless introduced since the
+Order of Dagon had modified the ritual of the local churches. The thing which
+had probably caught my first subconscious glance and supplied the touch of
+bizarre horror was the tall tiara he wore; an almost exact duplicate of the one
+Miss Tilton had shown me the previous evening. This, acting on my imagination.
+
+
+
+765
+
+
+
+had supplied namelessly sinister qualities to the indeterminate face and robed,
+shambling form beneath it. There was not, I soon decided, any reason why I
+should have felt that shuddering touch of evil pseudo-memory. Was it not
+natural that a local mystery cult should adopt among its regimentals an unique
+type of head-dress made familiar to the community in some strange way -
+perhaps as treasure-trove?
+
+A very thin sprinkling of repellent-looking youngish people now became visible
+on the sidewalks - lone individuals, and silent knots of two or three. The lower
+floors of the crumbling houses sometimes harboured small shops with dingy
+signs, and I noticed a parked truck or two as we rattled along. The sound of
+waterfalls became more and more distinct, and presently I saw a fairly deep
+river-gorge ahead, spanned by a wide, iron-railed highway bridge beyond which
+a large square opened out. As we clanked over the bridge I looked out on both
+sides and observed some factory buildings on the edge of the grassy bluff or part
+way down. The water far below was very abundant, and I could see two
+vigorous sets of falls upstream on my right and at least one downstream on my
+left. From this point the noise was quite deafening. Then we rolled into the large
+semicircular square across the river and drew up on the right-hand side in front
+of a tall, cupola crowned building with remnants of yellow paint and with a half-
+effaced sign proclaiming it to be the Gilman House.
+
+I was glad to get out of that bus, and at once proceeded to check my valise in the
+shabby hotel lobby. There was only one person in sight - an elderly man without
+what I had come to call the "Innsmouth look" - and I decided not to ask him any
+of the questions which bothered me; remembering that odd things had been
+noticed in this hotel. Instead, I strolled out on the square, from which the bus had
+already gone, and studied the scene minutely and appraisingly.
+
+One side of the cobblestoned open space was the straight line of the river; the
+other was a semicircle of slant-roofed brick buildings of about the 1800 period,
+from which several streets radiated away to the southeast, south, and southwest.
+Lamps were depressingly few and small - all low-powered incandescents - and I
+was glad that my plans called for departure before dark, even though I knew the
+moon would be bright. The buildings were all in fair condition, and included
+perhaps a dozen shops in current operation; of which one was a grocery of the
+First National chain, others a dismal restaurant, a drug store, and a wholesale
+fish-dealer's office, and still another, at the eastward extremity of the square near
+the river an office of the town's only industry - the Marsh Refining Company.
+There were perhaps ten people visible, and four or five automobiles and motor
+trucks stood scattered about. I did not need to be told that this was the civic
+centre of Innsmouth. Eastward I could catch blue glimpses of the harbour,
+against which rose the decaying remains of three once beautiful Georgian
+
+
+
+766
+
+
+
+steeples. And toward the shore on the opposite bank of the river I saw the white
+belfry surmounting what I took to be the Marsh refinery.
+
+For some reason or other I chose to make my first inquiries at the chain grocery,
+whose personnel was not likely to be native to Innsmouth. I found a solitary boy
+of about seventeen in charge, and was pleased to note the brightness and
+affability which promised cheerful information. He seemed exceptionally eager
+to talk, and I soon gathered that he did not like the place, its fishy smell, or its
+furtive people. A word with any outsider was a relief to him. He hailed from
+Arkham, boarded with a family who came from Ipswich, and went back
+whenever he got a moment off. His family did not like him to work in
+Innsmouth, but the chain had transferred him there and he did not wish to give
+up his job.
+
+There was, he said, no public library or chamber of commerce in Innsmouth, but
+I could probably find my way about. The street I had come down was Federal.
+West of that were the fine old residence streets - Broad, Washington, Lafayette,
+and Adams - and east of it were the shoreward slums. It was in these slums -
+along Main Street - that I would find the old Georgian churches, but they were
+all long abandoned. It would be well not to make oneself too conspicuous in such
+neighbourhoods - especially north of the river since the people were sullen and
+hostile. Some strangers had even disappeared.
+
+Certain spots were almost forbidden territory, as he had learned at considerable
+cost. One must not, for example, linger much around the Marsh refinery, or
+around any of the still used churches, or around the pillared Order of Dagon
+Hall at New Church Green. Those churches were very odd - all violently
+disavowed by their respective denominations elsewhere, and apparently using
+the queerest kind of ceremonials and clerical vestments. Their creeds were
+heterodox and mysterious, involving hints of certain marvelous transformations
+leading to bodily immorality - of a sort - on this earth. The youth's own pastor -
+Dr. Wallace of Asbury M. E. Church in Arkham - had gravely urged him not to
+join any church in Innsmouth.
+
+As for the Innsmouth people - the youth hardly knew what to make of them.
+They were as furtive and seldom seen as animals that live in burrows, and one
+could hardly imagine how they passed the time apart from their desultory
+fishing. Perhaps - judging from the quantities of bootleg liquor they consumed -
+they lay for most of the daylight hours in an alcoholic stupor. They seemed
+sullenly banded together in some sort of fellowship and understanding -
+despising the world as if they had access to other and preferable spheres of
+entity. Their appearance - especially those staring, unwinking eyes which one
+never saw shut - was certainly shocking enough; and their voices were
+
+
+
+767
+
+
+
+disgusting. It was awful to hear them chanting in their churches at night, and
+especially during their main festivals or revivals, which fell twice a year on April
+30th and October 31st.
+
+They were very fond of the water, and swam a great deal in both river and
+harbour. Swimming races out to Devil Reef were very common, and everyone in
+sight seemed well able to share in this arduous sport. When one came to think of
+it, it was generally only rather young people who were seen about in public, and
+of these the oldest were apt to be the most tainted-looking. When exceptions did
+occur, they were mostly persons with no trace of aberrancy, like the old clerk at
+the hotel. One wondered what became of the bulk of the older folk, and whether
+the "Innsmouth look" were not a strange and insidious disease-phenomenon
+which increased its hold as years advanced.
+
+Only a very rare affliction, of course, could bring about such vast and radical
+anatomical changes in a single individual after maturity - changes invoking
+osseous factors as basic as the shape of the skull - but then, even this aspect was
+no more baffling and unheard-of than the visible features of the malady as a
+whole. It would be hard, the youth implied, to form any real conclusions
+regarding such a matter; since one never came to know the natives personally no
+matter how long one might live in Innsmouth.
+
+The youth was certain that many specimens even worse than the worst visible
+ones were kept locked indoors in some places. People sometimes heard the
+queerest kind of sounds. The tottering waterfront hovels north of the river were
+reputedly connected by hidden tunnels, being thus a veritable warren of unseen
+abnormalities. What kind of foreign blood - if any - these beings had, it was
+impossible to tell. They sometimes kept certain especially repulsive characters
+out of sight when government and others from the outside world came to town.
+
+It would be of no use, my informant said, to ask the natives anything about the
+place. The only one who would talk was a very aged but normal looking man
+who lived at the poorhouse on the north rim of the town and spent his time
+walking about or lounging around the fire station. This hoary character, Zadok
+Allen, was 96 years old and somewhat touched in the head, besides being the
+town drunkard. He was a strange, furtive creature who constantly looked over
+his shoulder as if afraid of something, and when sober could not be persuaded to
+talk at all with strangers. He was, however, unable to resist any offer of his
+favorite poison; and once drunk would furnish the most astonishing fragments
+of whispered reminiscence.
+
+After all, though, little useful data could be gained from him; since his stories
+were all insane, incomplete hints of impossible marvels and horrors which could
+
+
+
+768
+
+
+
+have no source save in his own disordered fancy. Nobody ever beheved him, but
+the natives did not hke him to drink and talk with strangers; and it was not
+always safe to be seen questioning him. It was probably from him that some of
+the wildest popular whispers and delusions were derived.
+
+Several non-native residents had reported monstrous glimpses from time to time,
+but between old Zadok's tales and the malformed inhabitants it was no wonder
+such illusions were current. None of the non-natives ever stayed out late at night,
+there being a widespread impression that it was not wise to do so. Besides, the
+streets were loathsomely dark.
+
+As for business - the abundance of fish was certainly almost uncanny, but the
+natives were taking less and less advantage of it. Moreover, prices were falling
+and competition was growing. Of course the town's real business was the
+refinery, whose commercial office was on the square only a few doors east of
+where we stood. Old Man Marsh was never seen, but sometimes went to the
+works in a closed, curtained car.
+
+There were all sorts of rumors about how Marsh had come to look. He had once
+been a great dandy; and people said he still wore the frock-coated finery of the
+Edwardian age curiously adapted to certain deformities. His son had formerly
+conducted the office in the square, but latterly they had been keeping out of sight
+a good deal and leaving the brunt of affairs to the younger generation. The sons
+and their sisters had come to look very queer, especially the elder ones; and it
+was said that their health was failing.
+
+One of the Marsh daughters was a repellent, reptilian-looking woman who wore
+an excess of weird jewellery clearly of the same exotic tradition as that to which
+the strange tiara belonged. My informant had noticed it many times, and had
+heard it spoken of as coming from some secret hoard, either of pirates or of
+demons. The clergymen - or priests, or whatever they were called nowadays -
+also wore this kind of ornament as a headdress; but one seldom caught glimpses
+of them. Other specimens the youth had not seen, though many were rumoured
+to exist around Innsmouth.
+
+The Marshes, together with the other three gently bred families of the town - the
+Waites, the Gilmans, and the Eliots - were all very retiring. They lived in
+immense houses along Washington Street, and several were reputed to harbour
+in concealment certain living kinsfolk whose personal aspect forbade public
+view, and whose deaths had been reported and recorded.
+
+Warning me that many of the street signs were down, the youth drew for my
+benefit a rough but ample and painstaking sketch map of the town's salient
+
+
+
+769
+
+
+
+features. After a moment's study I felt sure that it would be of great help, and
+pocketed it with profuse thanks. Disliking the dinginess of the single restaurant I
+had seen, I bought a fair supply of cheese crackers and ginger wafers to serve as
+a lunch later on. My program, I decided, would be to thread the principal streets,
+talk with any non-natives I might encounter, and catch the eight o'clock coach for
+Arkham. The town, I could see, formed a significant and exaggerated example of
+communal decay; but being no sociologist I would limit my serious observations
+to the field of architecture.
+
+Thus I began my systematic though half-bewildered tour of Innsmouth's narrow,
+shadow-blighted ways. Crossing the bridge and turning toward the roar of the
+lower falls, I passed close to the Marsh refinery, which seemed to be oddly free
+from the noise of industry. The building stood on the steep river bluff near a
+bridge and an open confluence of streets which I took to be the earliest civic
+center, displaced after the Revolution by the present Town Square.
+
+Re-crossing the gorge on the Main Street bridge, I struck a region of utter
+desertion which somehow made me shudder. Collapsing huddles of gambrel
+roofs formed a jagged and fantastic skyline, above which rose the ghoulish,
+decapitated steeple of an ancient church. Some houses along Main Street were
+tenanted, but most were tightly boarded up. Down unpaved side streets I saw
+the black, gaping windows of deserted hovels, many of which leaned at perilous
+and incredible angles through the sinking of part of the foundations. Those
+windows stared so spectrally that it took courage to turn eastward toward the
+waterfront. Certainly, the terror of a deserted house swells in geometrical rather
+than arithmetical progression as houses multiply to form a city of stark
+desolation. The sight of such endless avenues of fishy-eyed vacancy and death,
+and the thought of such linked infinities of black, brooding compartments given
+over to cob-webs and memories and the conqueror worm, start up vestigial fears
+and aversions that not even the stoutest philosophy can disperse.
+
+Fish Street was as deserted as Main, though it differed in having many brick and
+stone warehouses still in excellent shape. Water Street was almost its duplicate,
+save that there were great seaward gaps where wharves had been. Not a living
+thing did I see except for the scattered fishermen on the distant break-water, and
+not a sound did I hear save the lapping of the harbour tides and the roar of the
+falls in the Manuxet. The town was getting more and more on my nerves, and I
+looked behind me furtively as I picked my way back over the tottering Water
+Street bridge. The Fish Street bridge, according to the sketch, was in ruins.
+
+North of the river there were traces of squalid life - active fish-packing houses in
+Water Street, smoking chimneys and patched roofs here and there, occasional
+sounds from indeterminate sources, and infrequent shambling forms in the
+
+
+
+770
+
+
+
+dismal streets and unpaved lanes - but I seemed to find this even more
+oppressive than the southerly desertion. For one thing, the people were more
+hideous and abnormal than those near the centre of the town; so that I was
+several times evilly reminded of something utterly fantastic which I could not
+quite place. Undoubtedly the alien strain in the Innsmouth folk was stronger
+here than farther inland - unless, indeed, the "Innsmouth look" were a disease
+rather than a blood stain, in which case this district might be held to harbour the
+more advanced cases.
+
+One detail that annoyed me was the distribution of the few faint sounds I heard.
+They ought naturally to have come wholly from the visibly inhabited houses, yet
+in reality were often strongest inside the most rigidly boarded-up facades. There
+were creakings, scurryings, and hoarse doubtful noises; and I thought
+uncomfortably about the hidden tunnels suggested by the grocery boy. Suddenly
+I found myself wondering what the voices of those denizens would be like. I had
+heard no speech so far in this quarter, and was unaccountably anxious not to do
+so.
+
+Pausing only long enough to look at two fine but ruinous old churches at Main
+and Church Streets, I hastened out of that vile waterfront slum. My next logical
+goal was New Church Green, but somehow or other I could not bear to repass
+the church in whose basement I had glimpsed the inexplicably frightening form
+of that strangely diademmed priest or pastor. Besides, the grocery youth had told
+me that churches, as well as the Order of Dagon Hall, were not advisable
+neighbourhoods for strangers.
+
+Accordingly I kept north along Main to Martin, then turning inland, crossing
+Federal Street safely north of the Green, and entering the decayed patrician
+neighbourhood of northern Broad, Washington, Lafayette, and Adams Streets.
+Though these stately old avenues were ill-surfaced and unkempt, their elm-
+shaded dignity had not entirely departed. Mansion after mansion claimed my
+gaze, most of them decrepit and boarded up amidst neglected grounds, but one
+or two in each street shewing signs of occupancy. In Washington Street there was
+a row of four or five in excellent repair and with finely-tended lawns and
+gardens. The most sumptuous of these - with wide terraced parterres extending
+back the whole way to Lafayette Street - 1 took to be the home of Old Man Marsh,
+the afflicted refinery owner.
+
+In all these streets no living thing was visible, and I wondered at the complete
+absence of cats and dogs from Innsmouth. Another thing which puzzled and
+disturbed me, even in some of the best-preserved mansions, was the tightly
+shuttered condition of many third-story and attic windows. Furtiveness and
+secretiveness seemed universal in this hushed city of alienage and death, and I
+
+
+
+771
+
+
+
+could not escape the sensation of being watched from ambush on every hand by
+sly, staring eyes that never shut.
+
+I shivered as the cracked stroke of three sounded from a belfry on my left. Too
+well did I recall the squat church from which those notes came. Following
+Washington street toward the river, I now faced a new zone of former industry
+and commerce; noting the ruins of a factory ahead, and seeing others, with the
+traces of an old railway station and covered railway bridge beyond, up the gorge
+on my right.
+
+The uncertain bridge now before me was posted with a warning sign, but I took
+the risk and crossed again to the south bank where traces of life reappeared.
+Furtive, shambling creatures stared cryptically in my direction, and more normal
+faces eyed me coldly and curiously. Innsmouth was rapidly becoming
+intolerable, and I turned down Paine Street toward the Square in the hope of
+getting some vehicle to take me to Arkham before the still-distant starting-time
+of that sinister bus.
+
+It was then that I saw the tumbledown fire station on my left, and noticed the red
+faced, bushy-bearded, watery eyed old man in nondescript rags who sat on a
+bench in front of it talking with a pair of unkempt but not abnormal looking
+firemen. This, of course, must be Zadok Allen, the half-crazed, liquorish
+nonagenarian whose tales of old Innsmouth and its shadow were so hideous and
+incredible.
+
+Ill
+
+It must have been some imp of the perverse - or some sardonic pull from dark,
+hidden sources - which made me change my plans as I did. I had long before
+resolved to limit my observations to architecture alone, and I was even then
+hurrying toward the Square in an effort to get quick transportation out of this
+festering city of death and decay; but the sight of old Zadok Allen set up new
+currents in my mind and made me slacken my pace uncertainly.
+
+I had been assured that the old man could do nothing but hint at wild, disjointed,
+and incredible legends, and I had been warned that the natives made it unsafe to
+be seen talking with him; yet the thought of this aged witness to the town's
+decay, with memories going back to the early days of ships and factories, was a
+lure that no amount of reason could make me resist. After all, the strangest and
+maddest of myths are often merely symbols or allegories based upon truth - and
+old Zadok must have seen everything which went on around Innsmouth for the
+last ninety years. Curiosity flared up beyond sense and caution, and in my
+youthful egotism I fancied I might be able to sift a nucleus of real history from
+
+
+
+772
+
+
+
+the confused, extravagant outpouring I would probably extract with the aid of
+raw whiskey.
+
+I knew that I could not accost him then and there, for the firemen would surely
+notice and object. Instead, I reflected, I would prepare by getting some bootleg
+liquor at a place where the grocery boy had told me it was plentiful. Then I
+would loaf near the fire station in apparent casualness, and fall in with old
+Zadok after he had started on one of his frequent rambles. The youth had said
+that he was very restless, seldom sitting around the station for more than an hour
+or two at a time.
+
+A quart bottle of whiskey was easily, though not cheaply, obtained in the rear of
+a dingy variety-store just off the Square in Eliot Street. The dirty -looking fellow
+who waited on me had a touch of the staring "Innsmouth look", but was quite
+civil in his way; being perhaps used to the custom of such convivial strangers -
+truckmen, gold-buyers, and the like - as were occasionally in town.
+
+Reentering the Square I saw that luck was with me; for - shuffling out of Paine
+street around the corner of the Gilman House - I glimpsed nothing less than the
+tall, lean, tattered form of old Zadok Allen himself. In accordance with my plan, I
+attracted his attention by brandishing my newly-purchased bottle: and soon
+realised that he had begun to shuffle wistfully after me as I turned into Waite
+Street on my way to the most deserted region I could think of.
+
+I was steering my course by the map the grocery boy had prepared, and was
+aiming for the wholly abandoned stretch of southern waterfront which I had
+previously visited. The only people in sight there had been the fishermen on the
+distant breakwater; and by going a few squares south I could get beyond the
+range of these, finding a pair of seats on some abandoned wharf and being free
+to question old Zadok unobserved for an indefinite time. Before I reached Main
+Street I could hear a faint and wheezy "Hey, Mister!" behind me and I presently
+allowed the old man to catch up and take copious pulls from the quart bottle.
+
+I began putting out feelers as we walked amidst the omnipresent desolation and
+crazily tilted ruins, but found that the aged tongue did not loosen as quickly as I
+had expected. At length I saw a grass-grown opening toward the sea between
+crumbling brick walls, with the weedy length of an earth-and-masonry wharf
+projecting beyond. Piles of moss-covered stones near the water promised
+tolerable seats, and the scene was sheltered from all possible view by a ruined
+warehouse on the north. Here, I thought was the ideal place for a long secret
+colloquy; so I guided my companion down the lane and picked out spots to sit in
+among the mossy stones. The air of death and desertion was ghoulish, and the
+smell of fish almost insufferable; but I was resolved to let nothing deter me.
+
+
+
+773
+
+
+
+About four hours remained for conversation if I were to catch the eight o'clock
+coach for Arkham, and I began to dole out more liquor to the ancient tippler;
+meanwhile eating my own frugal lunch. In my donations I was careful not to
+overshoot the mark, for I did not wish Zadok's vinous garrulousness to pass into
+a stupor. After an hour his furtive taciturnity shewed signs of disappearing, but
+much to my disappointment he still sidetracked my questions about Innsmouth
+and its shadow-haunted past. He would babble of current topics, revealing a
+wide acquaintance with newspapers and a great tendency to philosophise in a
+sententious village fashion.
+
+Toward the end of the second hour I feared my quart of whiskey would not be
+enough to produce results, and was wondering whether I had better leave old
+Zadok and go back for more. Just then, however, chance made the opening
+which my questions had been unable to make; and the wheezing ancient's
+rambling took a turn that caused me to lean forward and listen alertly. My back
+was toward the fishy-smelling sea, but he was facing it and something or other
+had caused his wandering gaze to light on the low, distant line of Devil Reef,
+then showing plainly and almost fascinatingly above the waves. The sight
+seemed to displease him, for he began a series of weak curses which ended in a
+confidential whisper and a knowing leer. He bent toward me, took hold of my
+coat lapel, and hissed out some hints that could not be mistaken,
+
+"Thar's whar it all begun - that cursed place of all wickedness whar the deep
+water starts. Gate o' hell - sheer drop daown to a bottom no saoundin'-line kin
+tech. or Cap'n Obed done it - him that faound aout more'n was good fer him in
+the Saouth Sea islands.
+
+"Everybody was in a bad way them days. Trade fallin' off, mills losin' business -
+even the new ones - an' the best of our menfolks kilt aprivateerin' in the War of
+1812 or lost with the Elizy brig an' the Ranger scow - both on 'em Gilman
+venters. Obed Marsh he had three ships afloat - brigantine Columby, brig Hefty,
+an' barque Sumatry Queen. He was the only one as kep' on with the East-Injy an'
+Pacific trade, though Esdras Martin's barkentine Malay Bride made a venter as
+late as twenty-eight.
+
+"Never was nobody like Cap'n Obed - old limb o' Satan! Heh, heh! I kin mind
+him a-tellin' abaout furren parts, an' callin' all the folks stupid for goin' to
+Christian meetin' an' bearin' their burdns meek an' lowly. Says they'd orter git
+better gods like some o' the folks in the Injies - gods as ud bring 'em good fishin'
+in return for their sacrifices, an' ud reely answer folks's prayers.
+
+"Matt Eliot his fust mate, talked a lot too, only he was again' folks's doin' any
+heathen things. Told abaout an island east of Othaheite whar they was a lot o'
+
+
+
+774
+
+
+
+stone ruins older'n anybody knew anying abaout, kind o' like them on Ponape,
+in the Carohnes, but with carven's of faces that looked like the big statues on
+Easter Island. Thar was a little volcanic island near thar, too, whar they was other
+ruins with diff'rent carvin' - ruins all wore away like they'd ben under the sea
+onct, an' with picters of awful monsters all over 'em.
+
+"Wal, Sir, Matt he says the natives anound thar had all the fish they cud ketch,
+an' sported bracelets an' armlets an' head rigs made aout o' a queer kind o' gold
+an' covered with picters o' monsters jest like the ones carved over the ruins on
+the little island - sorter fish-like frogs or froglike fishes that was drawed in all
+kinds o' positions likes they was human bein's. Nobody cud get aout o' them
+whar they got all the stuff, an' all the other natives wondered haow they
+managed to find fish in plenty even when the very next island had lean pickin's.
+Matt he got to wonderon' too an' so did Cap'n Obed. Obed he notices, besides,
+that lots of the hn'some young folks ud drop aout o' sight fer good from year to
+year, an' that they wan't many old folks around. Also, he thinks some of the folks
+looked dinned queer even for Kanakys.
+
+"It took Obed to git the truth aout o' them heathen. I dun't know haow he done
+it, but be begun by tradin' fer the gold-like things they wore. Ast 'em whar they
+come from, an' ef they cud git more, an' finally wormed the story aout o' the old
+chief — Walakea, they called him. Nobody but Obed ud ever a believed the old
+yeller devil, but the Cap'n cud read folks like they was books. Heh, heh! Nobody
+never believes me naow when I tell 'em, an' I dun't s'pose you will, young feller -
+though come to look at ye, ye hev kind o' got them sharp-readin' eyes like Obed
+had."
+
+The old man's whisper grew fainter, and I found myself shuddering at the
+terrible and sincere portentousness of his intonation, even though I knew his tale
+could be nothing but drunken phantasy.
+
+"Wal, Sir, Obed he 'lart that they's things on this arth as most folks never heerd
+about - an' wouldn't believe ef they did hear. It seems these Kanakys was
+sacrificin' heaps o' their young men an' maidens to some kind o' god-things that
+lived under the sea, an' gittin' all kinds o' favour in return. They met the things
+on the little islet with the queer ruins, an' it seems them awful picters o' frog-fish
+monsters was supposed to be picters o' these things. Mebbe they was the kind o'
+critters as got all the mermaid stories an' sech started.
+
+"They had all kinds a' cities on the sea-bottom, an' this island was heaved up
+from thar. Seem they was some of the things alive in the stone buildin's when the
+island come up sudden to the surface. That's how the Kanakys got wind they
+
+
+
+nb
+
+
+
+was daown thar. Made sign-talk as soon as they got over bein' skeert, an' pieced
+up a bargain afore long.
+
+"Them things liked human sacrifices. Had had 'em ages afore, but lost track o'
+the upper world after a time. What they done to the victims it ain't fer me to say,
+an' I guess Obed was'n't none too sharp abaout askin'. But it was all right with
+the heathens, because they'd ben havin' a hard time an' was desp'rate abaout
+everything. They give a sarten number o' young folks to the sea-things twice
+every year - May-Eve an' Hallawe'en - reg'lar as cud be. Also give some a' the
+carved knick-knacks they made. What the things agreed to give in return was
+plenty a' fish - they druv 'em in from all over the sea - an' a few gold like things
+naow an' then.
+
+"Wal, as I says, the natives met the things on the little volcanic islet - goin' thar in
+canoes with the sacrifices et cet'ry, and bringin' back any of the gold-like jools as
+was comin' to 'em. At fust the things didn't never go onto the main island, but
+arter a time they come to want to. Seems they hankered arter mixin' with the
+folks, an' havin' j'int ceremonies on the big days - May-Eve an' Hallowe'en. Ye
+see, they was able to live both in ant aout o' water - what they call amphibians, I
+guess. The Kanakys told 'em as haow folks from the other islands might wanta
+wipe 'an out if they got wind o' their bein' thar, but they says they dun't keer
+much, because they cud wipe aout the hull brood o' humans ef they was willin'
+to bother - that is, any as didn't be, sarten signs sech as was used onct by the lost
+Old Ones, whoever they was. But not wantin' to bother, they'd lay low when
+anybody visited the island.
+
+"When it come to matin' with them toad-lookin' fishes, the Kanakys kind o'
+balked, but finally they larnt something as put a new face on the matter. Seems
+that human folks has got a kind a' relation to sech water-beasts - that everything
+alive come aout o' the water onct an' only needs a little change to go back agin.
+Them things told the Kanakys that ef they mixed bloods there'd be children as
+ud look human at fust, but later turn more'n more like the things, till finally
+they'd take to the water an' jine the main lot o' things daown har. An' this is the
+important part, young feller - them as turned into fish things an' went into the
+water wouldn't never die. Them things never died excep' they was kilt violent.
+
+"Wal, Sir, it seems by the time Obed knowed them islanders they was all full o'
+fish blood from them deep water things. When they got old an' begun to shew it,
+they was kep' hid until they felt like takin' to the water an' quittin' the place.
+Some was more teched than others, an' some never did change quite enough to
+take to the water; but mosily they turned out jest the way them things said. Them
+as was born more like the things changed arly, but them as was nearly human
+sometimes stayed on the island till they was past seventy, though they'd usually
+
+
+
+776
+
+
+
+go daown under for trial trips afore that. Folks as had took to the water gen'rally
+come back a good deal to visit, so's a man ud often be a'talkin' to his own five-
+times-great-grandfather who'd left the dry land a couple o' hundred years or so
+afore.
+
+"Everybody got aout o' the idee o' dyin' - excep' in canoe wars with the other
+islanders, or as sacrifices to the sea-gods daown below, or from snakebite or
+plague or sharp gallopin' ailments or somethin' afore they cud take to the water -
+but simply looked forrad to a kind o' change that wa'n't a bit horrible artet a
+while. They thought what they'd got was well wuth all they'd had to give up -
+an' I guess Obed kind o' come to think the same hisself when he'd chewed over
+old Walakea's story a bit. Walakea, though, was one of the few as hadn't got
+none of the fish blood - bein' of a royal line that intermarried with royal lines on
+other islands.
+
+"Walakea he shewed Obed a lot o' rites an' incantations as had to do with the sea
+things, an' let him see some o' the folks in the village as had changed a lot from
+human shape. Somehaow or other, though, he never would let him see one of the
+reg'lar things from right aout o' the water. In the end he give him a funny kind o'
+thingumajig made aout o' lead or something, that he said ud bring up the fish
+things from any place in the water whar they might be a nest o' 'em. The idee
+was to drop it daown with the right kind o' prayers an' sech. Walakea allowed as
+the things was scattered all over the world, so's anybody that looked abaout cud
+find a nest an' bring 'em up ef they was wanted.
+
+"Matt he didn't like this business at all, an' wanted Obed shud keep away from
+the island; but the Cap'n was sharp fer gain, an' faound he cud get them gold-
+like things so cheap it ud pay him to make a specialty of them. Things went on
+that way for years an' Obed got enough o' that gold-like stuff to make him start
+the refinery in Waite's old run-daown fuUin' mill. He didn't dass sell the pieces
+like they was, for folks ud be all the time askin' questions. All the same his crews
+ud get a piece an' dispose of it naow and then, even though they was swore to
+keep quiet; an' he let his women-folks wear some o' the pieces as was more
+human-like than most.
+
+"Well, come abaout thutty-eight - when I was seven year' old - Obed he faound
+the island people all wiped aout between v'yages. Seems the other islanders had
+got wind o' what was goin' on, and had took matters into their own hands.
+S'pose they must a had, after all, them old magic signs as the sea things says was
+the only things they was afeard of. No tellin' what any o' them Kanakys will
+chance to git a holt of when the sea-bottom throws up some island with ruins
+older'n the deluge. Pious cusses, these was - they didn't leave nothin' standin' on
+either the main island or the little volcanic islet excep' what parts of the ruins
+
+
+
+m
+
+
+
+was too big to knock daown. In some places they was little stones strewed
+abaout - like charms - with somethin' on 'em like what ye call a swastika
+naowadays. Prob'ly them was the Old Ones' signs. Folks all wiped aout no trace
+o' no gold-like things an' none the nearby Kanakys ud breathe a word abaout the
+matter. Wouldn't even admit they'd ever ben any people on that island.
+
+"That naturally hit Obed pretty hard, seein' as his normal trade was doin' very
+poor. It hit the whole of Innsmouth, too, because in seafarint days what profited
+the master of a ship gen'Uy profited the crew proportionate. Most of the folks
+araound the taown took the hard times kind o' sheep-like an' resigned, but they
+was in bad shape because the fishin' was peterin' aout an' the mills wan't doin'
+none too well.
+
+"Then's the time Obed he begun a-cursin' at the folks fer bein' dull sheep an'
+prayin' to a Christian heaven as didn't help 'em none. He told 'em he'd knowed
+o' folks as prayed to gods that give somethin' ye reely need, an' says ef a good
+bunch o' men ud stand by him, he cud mebbe get a holt o' sarten paowers as ud
+bring plenty o' fish an' quite a bit of gold. 0' course them as sarved on the
+Sumatry Queen, an' seed the island knowed what he meant, an' wa'n't none too
+anxious to get clost to sea-things like they'd heard tell on, but them as didn't
+know what 'twas all abaout got kind o' swayed by what Obed had to say, and
+begun to ast him what he cud do to sit 'em on the way to the faith as ud bring
+'em results."
+
+Here the old man faltered, mumbled, and lapsed into a moody and apprehensive
+silence; glancing nervously over his shoulder and then turning back to stare
+fascinatedly at the distant black reef. When I spoke to him he did not answer, so I
+knew I would have to let him finish the bottle. The insane yarn I was hearing
+interested me profoundly, for I fancied there was contained within it a sort of
+crude allegory based upon the strangeness of Innsmouth and elaborated by an
+imagination at once creative and full of scraps of exotic legend. Not for a moment
+did I believe that the tale had any really substantial foundation; but none the less
+the account held a hint of genuine terror if only because it brought in references
+to strange jewels clearly akin to the malign tiara I had seen at Newburyport.
+Perhaps the ornaments had, after all, come from some strange island; and
+possibly the wild stories were lies of the bygone Obed himself rather than of this
+antique toper.
+
+I handed Zadok the bottle, and he drained it to the last drop. It was curious how
+he could stand so much whiskey, for not even a trace of thickness had come into
+his high, wheezy voice. He licked the nose of the bottle and slipped it into his
+pocket, then beginning to nod and whisper softly to himself. I bent close to catch
+any articulate words he might utter, and thought I saw a sardonic smile behind
+
+
+
+778
+
+
+
+the stained bushy whiskers. Yes - he was really forming words, and I could grasp
+a fair proportion of them.
+
+"Poor Matt - Matt he alius was agin it - tried to line up the folks on his side, an'
+had long talks with the preachers - no use - they run the Congregational parson
+aout o' taown, an' the Methodist feller quit - never did see Resolved Babcock, the
+Baptist parson, agin - Wrath 0' Jehovy - I was a mightly little critter, but I heerd
+what I heerd an, seen what I seen - Dagon an' Ashtoreth - Belial an' Beelzebub -
+Golden Caff an' the idols o' Canaan an' the Philistines - Babylonish abominations
+- Mene, mene, tekel, upharisn - -."
+
+He stopped again, and from the look in his watery blue eyes I feared he was
+close to a stupor after all. But when I gently shook his shoulder he turned on me
+with astonishing alertness and snapped out some more obscure phrases.
+
+"Dun't believe me, hey? Hey, heh, heh - then jest tell me, young feller, why
+Cap'n Obed an' twenty odd other folks used to row aout to Devil Reef in the
+dead o' night an' chant things so laoud ye cud hear 'em all over taown when the
+wind was right? Tell me that, hey? An' tell me why Obed was alius droppin'
+heavy things daown into the deep water t'other side o' the reef whar the bottom
+shoots daown like a cliff lower'n ye kin saound? Tell me what he done with that
+funny-shaped lead thingumajig as Walakea give him? Hey, boy? An' what did
+they all haowl on May-Eve, an, agin the next Hallowe'en? An' why'd the new
+church parsons - fellers as used to he sailors - wear them queer robes an' cover
+their-selves with them gold-like things Obed brung? Hey?"
+
+The watery blue eyes were almost savage and maniacal now, and the dirty white
+beard bristled electrically. Old Zadok probably saw me shrink back, for he began
+to cackle evilly.
+
+"Heh, heh, heh, heh! Beginni'n to see hey? Mebbe ye'd like to a ben me in them
+days, when I seed things at night aout to sea from the cupalo top o' my haouse.
+Oh, I kin tell ye' little pitchers hev big ears, an' I wa'n't missin' nothin' o' what
+was gossiped abaout Cap'n Obed an' the folks aout to the reef! Heh, heh, heh!
+Haow abaout the night I took my pa's ship's glass up to the cupalo an' seed the
+reef a-bristlin' thick with shapes that dove off quick soon's the moon riz?
+
+"Obed an' the folks was in a dory, but them shapes dove off the far side into the
+deep water an' never come up . . .
+
+"Haow'd ye like to be a little shaver alone up in a cupola a-watchin' shapes as
+wa'n't human shapes? . . .Heh? . . . Heh, heh, heh . . ."
+
+
+
+779
+
+
+
+The old man was getting hysterical, and I began to shiver with a nameless alarm.
+He laid a gnarled claw on my shoulder, and it seemed to me that its shaking was
+not altogether that of mirth.
+
+"S'pose one night ye seed somethin' heavy heaved often Obed's dory beyond the
+reef and then learned next day a young feller was missin' from home. Hey! Did
+anybody ever see hide or hair o' Hiram Gilman agin. Did they? An' Nick Pierce,
+an' Luelly Waite, an' Adoniram Saouthwick, an' Henry Garrison Hey? Heh, heh,
+heh, heh ... Shapes talkin' sign language with their hands ... them as had reel
+hands ...
+
+"Wal, Sir, that was the time Obed begun to git on his feet agin. Folks see his three
+darters a-wearin' gold-like things as nobody'd never see on 'em afore, an' smoke
+stared comin' aout o' the refin'ry chimbly. Other folks was prosp'rin, too - fish
+begun to swarm into the harbour fit to kill' an' heaven knows what sized cargoes
+we begun to ship aout to Newb'ryport, Arkham, an' Boston. T'was then Obed
+got the ol' branch railrud put through. Some Kingsport fishermen heerd abaout
+the ketch an' come up in sloops, but they was all lost. Nobody never see 'em
+agin. An' jest then our folk organised the Esoteric Order 0' Dagon, an' bought
+Masoic Hall often Calvary Commandery for it . . . heh, heh, heh! Matt Eliot was a
+Mason an' agin the sellin', but he dropped aout o' sight jest then.
+
+"Remember, I ain't sayin' Obed was set on hevin' things jest like they was on that
+Kanaky isle. I dun't think he aimed at fust to do no mixin', nor raise no
+younguns to take to the water an' turn into fishes with eternal life. He wanted
+them gold things, an' was willin' to pay heavy, an' I guess the others was
+satisfied fer a while . . .
+
+"Come in' forty-six the taown done some lookin' an' thinkin' fer itself. Too many
+folks missin' - too much wild preachin' at meetin' of a Sunday - too much talk
+abaout that reef. I guess I done a bit by tellin' Selectman Mowry what I see from
+the cupalo. They was a party one night as foUered Obed's craowd aout to the
+reef, an' I heerd shots betwixt the dories. Nex' day Obed and thutty-two others
+was in gaol, with everybody a-wonderin' jest what was afoot and jest what
+charge agin 'em cud he got to holt. God, ef anybody'd look'd ahead ... a couple
+o' weeks later, when nothin' had ben throwed into the sea fer thet long . . .
+
+Zadok was shewing sings of fright and exhaustion, and I let him keep silence for
+a while, though glancing apprehensively at my watch. The tide had turned and
+was coming in now, and the sound of the waves seemed to arouse him. I was
+glad of that tide, for at high water the fishy smell might not be so bad. Again I
+strained to catch his whispers.
+
+
+
+780
+
+
+
+"That awful night ... I seed 'em. I was up in the cupalo ... hordes of 'em ...
+swarms of 'em ... all over the reef an' swimmin' up the harbour into the Manuxet
+. . . God, what happened in the streets of Innsmouth that night . . . they rattled our
+door, but pa wouldn't open . . . then he dumb aout the kitchen winder with his
+musket to find Selecman Mowry an' see what he cud do . . . Maounds o' the dead
+an' the dyin' . . . shots and screams . . . shaoutin' in Ol Squar an' Taown Squar an'
+New Church Green - gaol throwed open ... - proclamation . . . treason . . . called it
+the plague when folks come in an' faoud haff our people missin' . . . nobody left
+but them as ud jine in with Obed an' them things or else keep quiet ... never
+heard o' my pa no more. . . "
+
+The old man was panting and perspiring profusely. His grip on my shoulder
+tightened.
+
+"Everything cleaned up in the mornin' - but they was traces ... Obed he kinder
+takes charge an' says things is goin' to be changed . . . others'll worship with us at
+meetin'-time, an' sarten haouses hez got to entertin guests . . . they wanted to mix
+like they done with the Kanakys, an' he for one didn't feel baound to stop 'em.
+Far gone, was Obed . . . jest like a crazy man on the subjeck. He says they brung
+us fish an' treasure, an' shud hev what they hankered after ..."
+
+"Nothin' was to be diff'runt on the aoutsid; only we was to keep shy o' strangers
+ef we knowed what was good fer us.
+
+"We all hed to take the Oath o' Dagon, an' later on they was secon' an' third
+oaths that some o' us took. Them as ud help special, ud git special rewards - gold
+an' sech - No use balkin', fer they was millions of 'em daown thar. They'd ruther
+not start risin' an' wipin' aout human-kind, but ef they was gave away an' forced
+to, they cud do a lot toward jest that. We didn't hev them old charms to cut 'em
+off like folks in the Saouth Sea did, an' them Kanakys wudu't never give away
+their secrets.
+
+"Yield up enough sacrifices an' savage knick-knacks an' harbourage in the taown
+when they wanted it, an' they'd let well enough alone. Wudn't bother no
+strangers as might bear tales aoutside - that is, withaout they got pry in'. All in
+the band of the faithful - Order 0' Dagon - an' the children shud never die, but go
+back to the Mother Hydra an' Father Dagon what we all come from onct ... la! la!
+Cthulhu fhtagn! Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah-nagl fhtaga - "
+
+Old Zadok was fast lapsing into stark raving, and I held my breath. Poor old soul
+- to what pitiful depths of hallucination had his liquor, plus his hatred of the
+decay, alienage, and disease around him, brought that fertile, imaginative brain?
+
+
+
+781
+
+
+
+He began to moan now, and tears were coursing down his channelled checks
+into the depths of his beard.
+
+"God, what I seen senct I was fifteen year' old - Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin! -
+the folks as was missin', and them as kilt theirselves - them as told things in
+Arkham or Ipswich or sech places was all called crazy, like you're callin' me
+right naow - but God, what I seen - They'd a kilt me long ago fer' what I know,
+only I'd took the fust an' secon' Oaths o' Dago offen Obed, so was pertected
+unlessen a jury of 'em proved I told things knowin' an' delib'rit . . . but I wudn't
+take the third Oath - I'd a died ruther'n take that -
+
+"It got wuss araound Civil War time, when children born senct 'forty-six begun
+to grow up - some 'em, that is. I was afeared - never did no pryin' arter that
+awful night, an' never see one o' - them - clost to in all my life. That is, never no
+full-blooded one. I went to the war, an' ef I'd a had any guts or sense I'd a never
+come back, but settled away from here. But folks wrote me things wa'n't so bad.
+That, I s'pose, was because gov'munt draft men was in taown arter 'sixty-three.
+Arter the war it was jest as bad agin. People begun to fall off - mills an' shops
+shet daown - shippin' stopped an' the harbour choked up - railrud give up - but
+they ... they never stopped swimmin' in an' aout o' the river from that cursed
+reef o' Satan - an' more an' more attic winders got a-boarded up, an' more an'
+more noises was heerd in haouses as wa'n't s'posed to hev nobody in 'em. . .
+
+"Folks aoutside hev their stories abaout us - s'pose you've heerd a plenty on 'em,
+seein' what questions ye ast - stories abaout things they've seed naow an' then,
+an' abaout that queer joolry as still comes in from somewhars an' ain't quite all
+melted up - but nothin' never gits def'nite. Nobody'll believe nothin'. They call
+them gold-like things pirate loot, an' allaow the Innsmouth folks hez furren
+blood or is dis-tempered or somethin'. Beside, them that lives here shoo off as
+many strangers as they kin, an' encourage the rest not to git very cur'ous,
+specially raound night time. Beasts balk at the critters - bosses wuss'n mules - but
+when they got autos that was all right.
+
+"In 'forty-six Cap'n Obed took a second wife that nobody in the taown never see
+- some says he didn't want to, but was made to by them as he'd called in - had
+three children by her - two as disappeared young, but one gal as looked like
+anybody else an' was eddicated in Europe. Obed finally got her married off by a
+trick to an Arkham feller as didn't suspect nothin'. But nobody aoutside'll hav
+nothin' to do with Innsmouth folks naow. Barnabas Marsh that runs the refin'ry
+now is Obed's grandson by his fust wife - son of Onesiphorus, his eldest son, but
+his mother was another o' them as wa'n't never seen aoutdoors.
+
+
+
+782
+
+
+
+"Right naow Barnabas is abaout changed. Can't shet his eyes no more, an' is all
+aout o' shape. They say he still wears clothes, but he'll take to the water soon.
+Mebbe he's tried it already - they do sometimes go daown for little spells afore
+they go daown for good. Ain't ben seed abaout in public fer nigh on ten year'.
+Dun't know haow his poor wife kin feel - she come from Ipiwich, an' they nigh
+lynched Barnabas when he courted her fifty odd year' ago. Obed he died in
+'seventy-eight an' all the next gen'ration is gone naow - the fust wife's children
+dead, and the rest . . . God knows ..."
+
+The sound of the incoming tide was now very insistent, and little by little it
+seemed to change the old man's mood from maudlin tearfulness to watchful fear.
+He would pause now and then to renew those nervous glances over his shoulder
+or out toward the reef, and despite the wild absurdity of his tale, I could not help
+beginning to share his apprehensiveness. Zadok now grew shriller, seemed to be
+trying to whip up his courage with louder speech.
+
+"Hey, yew, why dun't ye say somethin'? Haow'd ye like to he livin' in a taown
+like this, with everything a-rottin' an' dyin', an' boarded-up monsters crawlin'
+an' bleatin' an' barkin' an' hoppin' araoun' black cellars an' attics every way ye
+turn? Hey? Haow'd ye like to hear the haowlin' night arter night from the
+churches an' Order 0' Dagon Hall, an' know what's doin' part o' the haowlin'?
+Haow'd ye like to hear what comes from that awful reef every May-Eve an'
+Hallowmass? Hey? Think the old man's crazy, eh? Wal, Sir, let me tell ye that
+ain't the wust!"
+
+Zadok was really screaming now, and the mad frenzy of his voice disturbed me
+more than I care to own.
+
+"Curse ye, dun't set thar a'starin' at me with them eyes - 1 tell Obed Marsh he's
+in hell, an, hez got to stay thar! Heh, heh ... in hell, I says! Can't git me - I hain't
+done nothin' nor told nobody nothin' - -
+
+"Oh, you, young feller? Wal, even ef I hain't told nobody nothin' yet, I'm a'goin'
+to naow! Yew jest set still an' listen to me, boy - this is what I ain't never told
+nobody... I says I didn't get to do pryin' arter that night - but I faound things
+about jest the same!"
+
+"Yew want to know what the reel horror is, hey? Wal, it's this - it ain't what them
+fish devils hez done, but what they're a-goin' to do! They're a-bringin' things up
+aout o' whar they come from into the taown - been doin' it fer years, an'
+slackenin' up lately. Them haouses north o' the river be-twixt Water an' Main
+Streets is full of 'em - them devils an' what they brung - an' when they git ready
+... I say, when they git. . . ever hear tell of a shoggoth?
+
+
+
+783
+
+
+
+"Hey, d'ye hear me? I tell ye I know what them things be - I seen 'em one night
+when . . . eh-ahhh-ah! e'yahhh ..."
+
+The hideous suddenness and inhuman Rightfulness of the old man's shriek
+almost made me faint. His eyes, looking past me toward the malodorous sea,
+were positively starting from his head; while his face was a mask of fear worthy
+of Greek tragedy. His bony claw dug monstrously into my shoulder, and he
+made no motion as I turned my head to look at whatever he had glimpsed.
+
+There was nothing that I could see. Only the incoming tide, with perhaps one set
+of ripples more local than the long-flung line of breakers. But now Zadok was
+shaking me, and I turned back to watch the melting of that fear-frozen face into a
+chaos of twitching eyelids and mumbling gums. Presently his voice came back -
+albeit as a trembling whisper.
+
+"Git aout o' here! Get aout o' here! They seen us - git aout fer your life! Dun't
+wait fer nothin' - they know naow - Run fer it - quick - aout o' this taown - -"
+
+Another heavy wave dashed against the loosing masonry of the bygone wharf,
+and changed the mad ancient's whisper to another inhuman and blood-curdling
+scream. "E-yaahhhh! . . . Yheaaaaaa! ..."
+
+Before I could recover my scattered wits he had relaxed his clutch on my
+shoulder and dashed wildly inland toward the street, reeling northward around
+the ruined warehouse wall.
+
+I glanced back at the sea, but there was nothing there. And when I reached Water
+Street and looked along it toward the north there was no remaining trace of
+Zadok Allen.
+
+IV
+
+I can hardly describe the mood in which I was left by this harrowing episode - an
+episode at once mad and pitiful, grotesque and terrifying. The grocery boy had
+prepared me for it, yet the reality left me none the less bewildered and disturbed.
+Puerile though the story was, old Zadok's insane earnestness and horror had
+communicated to me a mounting unrest which joined with my earlier sense of
+loathing for the town and its blight of intangible shadow.
+
+Later I might sift the tale and extract some nucleus of historic allegory; just now I
+wished to put it out of my head. The hour grown perilously late - my watch said
+7:15, and the Arkham bus left Town Square at eight - so I tried to give my
+thoughts as neutral and practical a cast as possible, meanwhile walking rapidly
+
+
+
+784
+
+
+
+through the deserted streets of gaping roofs and leaning houses toward the hotel
+where I had checked my valise and would find my bus.
+
+Though the golden light of late afternoon gave the ancient roofs and decrepit
+chimneys an air of mystic loveliness and peace, I could not help glancing over
+my shoulder now and then. I would surely be very glad to get out of malodorous
+and fear-shadowed Innsmouth, and wished there were some other vehicle than
+the bus driven by that sinister-looking fellow Sargent. Yet I did not hurry too
+precipitately, for there were architectural details worth viewing at every silent
+corner; and I could easily, I calculated, cover the necessary distance in a half-
+hour.
+
+Studying the grocery youth's map and seeking a route I had not traversed before,
+I chose Marsh Street instead of State for my approach to Town Square. Near the
+corner of Fall street I began to see scattered groups of furtive whisperers, and
+when I finally reached the Square I saw that almost all the loiterers were
+congregated around the door of the Gilman House. It seemed as if many bulging,
+watery, unwinking eyes looked oddly at me as I claimed my valise in the lobby,
+and I hoped that none of these unpleasant creatures would be my fellow-
+passengers on the coach.
+
+The bus, rather early, rattled in with three passengers somewhat before eight,
+and an evil-looking fellow on the sidewalk muttered a few indistinguishable
+words to the driver. Sargent threw out a mail-bag and a roll of newspapers, and
+entered the hotel; while the passengers - the same men whom I had seen arriving
+in Newburyport that morning - shambled to the sidewalk and exchanged some
+faint guttural words with a loafer in a language I could have sworn was not
+English. I boarded the empty coach and took the seat I had taken before, but was
+hardly settled before Sargent re-appeared and began mumbling in a throaty
+voice of peculiar repulsiveness.
+
+I was, it appeared, in very bad luck. There had been something wrong with the
+engine, despite the excellent time made from Newburyport, and the bus could
+not complete the journey to Arkham. No, it could not possibly be repaired that
+night, nor was there any other way of getting transportation out of Innsmouth
+either to Arkham or elsewhere. Sargent was sorry, but I would have to stop over
+at the Gilman. Probably the clerk would make the price easy for me, but there
+was nothing else to do. Almost dazed by this sudden obstacle, and violently
+dreading the fall of night in this decaying and half-unlighted town, I left the bus
+and reentered the hotel lobby; where the sullen queer-looking night clerk told me
+I could have Room 428 on next the top floor - large, but without running water -
+for a dollar.
+
+
+
+785
+
+
+
+Despite what I had heard of this hotel in Newburyport, I signed the register, paid
+my dollar, let the clerk take my valise, and followed that sour, solitary attendant
+up three creaking flights of stairs past dusty corridors which seemed wholly
+devoid of life. My room was a dismal rear one with two windows and bare,
+cheap furnishings, overlooked a dingy court-yard otherwise hemmed in by low,
+deserted brick blocks, and commanded a view of decrepit westward-stretching
+roofs with a marshy countryside beyond. At the end of the corridor was a
+bathroom - a discouraging relique with ancient marble bowl, tin tub, faint electric
+light, and musty wooded paneling around all the plumbing fixtures.
+
+It being still daylight, I descended to the Square and looked around for a dinner
+of some sort; noticing as I did so the strange glances I received from the
+unwholesome loafers. Since the grocery was closed, I was forced to patronise the
+restaurant I had shunned before; a stooped, narrow-headed man with staring,
+unwinking eyes, and a flat-nosed wench with unbelievably thick, clumsy hands
+being in attendance. The service was all of the counter type, and it relieved me to
+find that much was evidently served from cans and packages. A bowl of
+vegetable soup with crackers was enough for me, and I soon headed back for my
+cheerless room at the Gilman; getting a evening paper and a fly-specked
+magazine from the evil-visaged clerk at the rickety stand beside his desk.
+
+As twilight deepened I turned on the one feeble electric bulb over the cheap,
+iron-framed bed, and tried as best I could to continue the reading I had begun. I
+felt it advisable to keep my mind wholesomely occupied, for it would not do to
+brood over the abnormalities of this ancient, blight-shadowed town while I was
+still within its borders. The insane yarn I had heard from the aged drunkard did
+not promise very pleasant dreams, and I felt I must keep the image of his wild,
+watery eyes as far as possible from my imagination.
+
+Also, I must not dwell on what that factory inspector had told the Newburyport
+ticket-agent about the Gilman House and the voices of its nocturnal tenants - not
+on that, nor on the face beneath the tiara in the black church doorway; the face
+for whose horror my conscious mind could not account. It would perhaps have
+been easier to keep my thoughts from disturbing topics had the room not been so
+gruesomely musty. As it was, the lethal mustiness blended hideously with the
+town's general fishy odour and persistently focussed one's fancy on death and
+decay.
+
+Another thing that disturbed me was the absence of a bolt on the door of my
+room. One had been there, as marks clearly shewed, but there were signs of
+recent removal. No doubt it had been out of order, like so many other things in
+this decrepit edifice. In my nervousness I looked around and discovered a bolt
+on the clothes press which seemed to be of the same size, judging from the
+
+
+
+786
+
+
+
+marks, as the one formerly on the door. To gain a partial relief from the general
+tension I busied myself by transferring this hardware to the vacant place with the
+aid of a handy three-in-one device including a screwdriver which I kept on my
+key-ring. The bolt fitted perfectly, and I was somewhat relieved when I knew
+that I could shoot it firmly upon retiring. Not that I had any real apprehension of
+its need, but that any symbol of security was welcome in an environment of this
+kind. There were adequate bolts on the two lateral doors to connecting rooms,
+and these I proceeded to fasten.
+
+I did not undress, but decided to read till I was sleepy and then lie down with
+only my coat, collar, and shoes off. Taking a pocket flash light from my valise, I
+placed it in my trousers, so that I could read my watch if I woke up later in the
+dark. Drowsiness, however, did not come; and when I stopped to analyse my
+thoughts I found to my disquiet that I was really unconsciously listening for
+something - listening for something which I dreaded but could not name. That
+inspector's story must have worked on my imagination more deeply than I had
+suspected. Again I tried to read, but found that I made no progress.
+
+After a time I seemed to hear the stairs and corridors creak at intervals as if with
+footsteps, and wondered if the other rooms were beginning to fill up. There were
+no voices, however, and it struck me that there was something subtly furtive
+about the creaking. I did not like it, and debated whether I had better try to sleep
+at all. This town had some queer people, and there had undoubtedly been
+several disappearances. Was this one of those inns where travelers were slain for
+their money? Surely I had no look of excessive prosperity. Or were the towns
+folk really so resentful about curious visitors? Had my obvious sightseeing, with
+its frequent map-consultations, aroused unfavorable notice. It occurred to me
+that I must be in a highly nervous state to let a few random creakings set me off
+speculating in this fashion - but I regretted none the less that I was unarmed.
+
+At length, feeling a fatigue which had nothing of drowsiness in it, I bolted the
+newly outfitted hall door, turned off the light, and threw myself down on the
+hard, uneven bed - coat, collar, shoes, and all. In the darkness every faint noise of
+the night seemed magnified, and a flood of doubly unpleasant thoughts swept
+over me. I was sorry I had put out the light, yet was too tired to rise and turn it
+on again. Then, after a long, dreary interval, and prefaced by a fresh creaking of
+stairs and corridor, there came that soft, damnably unmistakable sound which
+seemed like a malign fulfillment of all my apprehensions. Without the least
+shadow of a doubt, the lock of my door was being tried - cautiously, furtively,
+tentatively - with a key.
+
+My sensations upon recognising this sign of actual peril were perhaps less rather
+than more tumultuous because of my previous vague fears. I had been, albeit
+
+
+
+787
+
+
+
+without definite reason, instinctively on my guard - and that was to my
+advantage in the new and real crisis, whatever it might turn out to be.
+Nevertheless the change in the menace from vague premonition to immediate
+reality was a profound shock, and fell upon me with the force of a genuine blow.
+It never once occurred to me that the fumbling might be a mere mistake. Malign
+purpose was all I could think of, and I kept deathly quiet, awaiting the would-be
+intruder's next move.
+
+After a time the cautious rattling ceased, and I heard the room to the north
+entered with a pass key. Then the lock of the connecting door to my room was
+softly tried. The bolt held, of course, and I heard the floor creak as the prowler
+left the room. After a moment there came another soft rattling, and I knew that
+the room to the south of me was being entered. Again a furtive trying of a bolted
+connecting door, and again a receding creaking. This time the creaking went
+along the hall and down the stairs, so I knew that the prowler had realised the
+bolted condition of my doors and was giving up his attempt for a greater or
+lesser time, as the future would shew.
+
+The readiness with which I fell into a plan of action proves that I must have been
+subconsciously fearing some menace and considering possible avenues of escape
+for hours. From the first I felt that the unseen tumbler meant a danger not to be
+met or dealt with, but only to be fled from as precipitately as possible. The one
+thing to do was to get out of that hotel alive as quickly as I could, and through
+some channel other than the front stairs and lobby.
+
+Rising softly and throwing my flashlight on the switch, I sought to light the bulb
+over my bed in order to choose and pocket some belongings for a swift, valiseless
+flight. Nothing, however, happened; and I saw that the power had been cut off.
+Clearly, some cryptic, evil movement was afoot on a large scale - just what, I
+could not say. As I stood pondering with my hand on the now useless switch I
+heard a muffled creaking on the floor below, and thought I could barely
+distinguish voices in conversation. A moment later I felt less sure that the deeper
+sounds were voices, since the apparent hoarse barkings and loose-syllabled
+croakings bore so little resemblance to recognized human speech. Then I thought
+with renewed force of what the factory inspector had heard in the night in this
+mouldering and pestilential building.
+
+Having filled my pockets with the flashlight's aid, I put on my hat and tiptoed to
+the windows to consider chances of descent. Despite the state's safety regulations
+there was no fire escape on this side of the hotel, and I saw that my windows
+commanded only a sheer three story drop to the cobbled courtyard. On the right
+and left, however, some ancient brick business blocks abutted on the hotel; their
+slant roofs coming up to a reasonable jumping distance from my fourth-story
+
+
+
+788
+
+
+
+level. To reach either of these lines of buildings I would have to be in a room two
+from my own - in one case on the north and in the other case on the south - and
+my mind instantly set to work what chances I had of making the transfer.
+
+I could not, I decided, risk an emergence into the corridor; where my footsteps
+would surely be heard, and where the difficulties of entering the desired room
+would be insuperable. My progress, if it was to be made at all, would have to be
+through the less solidly-built connecting doors of the rooms; the locks and bolts
+of which I would have to force violently, using my shoulder as a battering-ram
+whenever they were set against me. This, I thought, would be possible owing to
+the rickety nature of the house and its fixtures; but I realised I could not do it
+noiselessly. I would have to count on sheer speed, and the chance of getting to a
+window before any hostile forces became coordinated enough to open the right
+door toward me with a pass-key. My own outer door I reinforced by pushing the
+bureau against it - little by little, in order to make a minimum of sound.
+
+I perceived that my chances were very slender, and was fully prepared for any
+calamity. Even getting to another roof would not solve the problem for there
+would then remain the task of reaching the ground and escaping from the town.
+One thing in my favour was the deserted and ruinous state of the abutting
+building and the number of skylights gaping blackly open in each row.
+
+Gathering from the grocery boy's map that the best route out of town was
+southward, I glanced first at the connecting door on the south side of the room. It
+was designed to open in my direction, hence I saw - after drawing the bolt and
+finding other fastening in place - it was not a favorable one for forcing.
+Accordingly abandoning it as a route, I cautiously moved the bedstead against it
+to hamper any attack which might be made on it later from the next room. The
+door on the north was hung to open away from me, and this - though a test
+proved it to be locked or bolted from the other side - I knew must be my route. If
+I could gain the roofs of the buildings in Paine Street and descend successfully to
+the ground level, I might perhaps dart through the courtyard and the adjacent or
+opposite building to Washington or Bates - or else emerge in Paine and edge
+around southward into Washington. In any case, I would aim to strike
+Washington somehow and get quickly out of the Town Square region. My
+preference would be to avoid Paine, since the fire station there might be open all
+night.
+
+As I thought of these things I looked out over the squalid sea of decaying roofs
+below me, now brightened by the beams of a moon not much past full. On the
+right the black gash of the river-gorge clove the panorama; abandoned factories
+and railway station clinging barnacle-like to its sides. Beyond it the rusted
+railway and the Rowley road led off through a flat marshy terrain dotted with
+
+
+
+789
+
+
+
+islets of higher and dryer scrub-grown land. On the left the creek-threaded
+country-side was nearer, the narrow road to Ipswich gleaming white in the
+moonlight. I could not see from my side of the hotel the southward route toward
+Arkham which I had determined to take.
+
+I was irresolutely speculating on when I had better attack the northward door,
+and on how I could least audibly manage it, when I noticed that the vague noises
+underfoot had given place to a fresh and heavier creaking of the stairs. A
+wavering flicker of light shewed through my transom, and the boards of the
+corridor began to groan with a ponderous load. Muffled sounds of possible vocal
+origin approached, and at length a firm knock came at my outer door.
+
+For a moment I simply held my breath and waited. Eternities seemed to elapse,
+and the nauseous fishy odour of my environment seemed to mount suddenly
+and spectacularly. Then the knocking was repeated - continuously, and with
+growing insistence. I knew that the time for action had come, and forthwith drew
+the bolt of the northward connecting door, bracing myself for the task of
+battering it open. The knocking waxed louder, and I hoped that its volume
+would cover the sound of my efforts. At last beginning my attempt, I lunged
+again and again at the thin paneling with my left shoulder, heedless of shock or
+pain. The door resisted even more than I expected, but I did not give in. And all
+the while the clamour at the outer door increased.
+
+Finally the connecting door gave, but with such a crash that I knew those outside
+must have heard. Instantly the outside knocking became a violent battering,
+while keys sounded ominously in the hall doors of the rooms on both sides of
+me. Rushing through the newly opened connexion, I succeeded in bolting the
+northerly hall door before the lock could he turned; but even as I did so I heard
+the hall door of the third room - the one from whose window I had hoped to
+reach the roof below - being tried with a pass key.
+
+For an instant I felt absolute despair, since my trapping in a chamber with no
+window egress seemed complete. A wave of almost abnormal horror swept over
+me, and invested with a terrible but unexplainable singularity the flashlight-
+glimpsed dust prints made by the intruder who had lately tried my door from
+this room. Then, with a dazed automatism which persisted despite hopelessness,
+I made for the next connecting door and performed the blind motion of pushing
+at it in an effort to get through and - granting that fastenings might be as
+providentially intact as in this second room - bolt the hall door beyond before the
+lock could be turned from outside.
+
+Sheer fortunate chance gave me my reprieve - for the connecting door before me
+was not only unlocked but actually ajar. In a second I was though, and had my
+
+
+
+790
+
+
+
+right knee and shoulder against a hall door which was visibly opening inward.
+My pressure took the opener off guard, for the thing shut as I pushed, so that I
+could slip the well-conditioned bolt as I had done with the other door. As I
+gained this respite I heard the battering at the two other doors abate, while a
+confused clatter came from the connecting door I had shielded with the
+bedstead. Evidently the bulk of my assailants had entered the southerly room
+and were massing in a lateral attack. But at the same moment a pass key sounded
+in the next door to the north, and I knew that a nearer peril was at hand.
+
+The northward connecting door was wide open, but there was no time to think
+about checking the already turning lock in the hall. All I could do was to shut
+and bolt the open connecting door, as well as its mate on the opposite side -
+pushing a bedstead against the one and a bureau against the other, and moving a
+washstand in front of the hall door. I must, I saw, trust to such makeshift barriers
+to shield me till I could get out the window and on the roof of the Paine Street
+block. But even in this acute moment my chief horror was something apart from
+the immediate weakness of my defenses. I was shuddering because not one of
+my pursuers, despite some hideous panting, grunting, and subdued barkings at
+odd intervals, was uttering an unmuffled or intelligible vocal sound.
+
+As I moved the furniture and rushed toward the windows I heard a frightful
+scurrying along the corridor toward the room north of me, and perceived that
+the southward battering had ceased. Plainly, most of my opponents were about
+to concentrate against the feeble connecting door which they knew must open
+directly on me. Outside, the moon played on the ridgepole of the block below,
+and I saw that the jump would be desperately hazardous because of the steep
+surface on which I must land.
+
+Surveying the conditions, I chose the more southerly of the two windows as my
+avenue of escape; planning to land on the inner slope of the roof and make for
+the nearest sky-light. Once inside one of the decrepit brick structures I would
+have to reckon with pursuit; but I hoped to descend and dodge in and out of
+yawning doorways along the shadowed courtyard, eventually getting to
+Washington Street and slipping out of town toward the south.
+
+The clatter at the northerly connecting door was now terrific, and I saw that the
+weak panelling was beginning to splinter. Obviously, the besiegers had brought
+some ponderous object into play as a battering-ram. The bedstead, however, still
+held firm; so that I had at least a faint chance of making good my escape. As I
+opened the window I noticed that it was flanked by heavy velour draperies
+suspended from a pole by brass rings, and also that there was a large projecting
+catch for the shutters on the exterior. Seeing a possible means of avoiding the
+dangerous jump, I yanked at the hangings and brought them down, pole and all;
+
+
+
+791
+
+
+
+then quickly hooking two of the rings in the shutter catch and flinging the
+drapery outside. The heavy folds reached fully to the abutting roof, and I saw
+that the rings and catch would be likely to bear my weight. So, climbing out of
+the window and down the improvised rope ladder, I left behind me forever the
+morbid and horror-infested fabric of the Gilman House.
+
+I landed safely on the loose slates of the steep roof, and succeeded in gaining the
+gaping black skylight without a slip. Glancing up at the window I had left, I
+observed it was still dark, though far across the crumbling chimneys to the north
+I could see lights ominously blazing in the Order of Dagon Hall, the Baptist
+church, and the Congregational church which I recalled so shiveringly. There
+had seemed to be no one in the courtyard below, and I hoped there would be a
+chance to get away before the spreading of a general alarm. Flashing my pocket
+lamp into the skylight, I saw that there were no steps down. The distance was
+slight, however, so I clambered over the brink and dropped; striking a dusty
+floor littered with crumbling boxes and barrels.
+
+The place was ghoulish-looking, but I was past minding such impressions and
+made at once for the staircase revealed by my flashlight - after a hasty glance at
+my watch, which shewed the hour to be 2 a.m. The steps creaked, but seemed
+tolerably sound; and I raced down past a barnlike second storey to the ground
+floor. The desolation was complete, and only echoes answered my footfalls. At
+length I reached the lower hall at the end of which I saw a faint luminous
+rectangle marking the ruined Paine Street doorway. Heading the other way, I
+found the back door also open; and darted out and down five stone steps to the
+grass-grown cobblestones of the courtyard.
+
+The moonbeams did not reach down here, but I could just see my way about
+without using the flashlight. Some of the windows on the Gilman House side
+were faintly glowing, and I thought I heard confused sounds within. Walking
+softly over to the Washington Street side I perceived several open doorways, and
+chose the nearest as my route out. The hallway inside was black, and when I
+reached the opposite end I saw that the street door was wedged immovably shut.
+Resolved to try another building, I groped my way back toward the courtyard,
+but stopped short when close to the doorway.
+
+For out of an opened door in the Gilman House a large crowd of doubtful shapes
+was pouring - lanterns bobbing in the darkness, and horrible croaking voices
+exchanging low cries in what was certainly not English. The figures moved
+uncertainly, and I realized to my relief that they did not know where I had gone;
+but for all that they sent a shiver of horror through my frame. Their features
+were indistinguishable, but their crouching, shambling gait was abominably
+repellent. And worst of all, I perceived that one figure was strangely robed, and
+
+
+
+792
+
+
+
+unmistakably surmounted by a tall tiara of a design altogether too familiar. As
+the figures spread throughout the courtyard, I felt my fears increase. Suppose I
+could find no egress from this building on the street side? The fishy odour was
+detestable, and I wondered I could stand it without fainting. Again groping
+toward the street, I opened a door off the hall and came upon an empty room
+with closely shuttered but sashless windows. Fumbling in the rays of my
+flashlight, I found I could open the shutters; and in another moment had climbed
+outside and was fully closing the aperture in its original manner.
+
+I was now in Washington Street, and for the moment saw no living thing nor any
+light save that of the moon. From several directions in the distance, however, I
+could hear the sound of hoarse voices, of footsteps, and of a curious kind of
+pattering which did not sound quite like footsteps. Plainly I had no time to lose.
+The points of the compass were clear to me, and I was glad that all the street
+lights were turned off, as is often the custom on strongly moonlit nights in
+prosperous rural regions. Some of the sounds came from the south, yet I retained
+my design of escaping in that direction. There would, I knew, be plenty of
+deserted doorways to shelter me in case I met any person or group who looked
+like pursuers.
+
+I walked rapidly, softly, and close to the ruined houses. While hatless and
+dishevelled after my arduous climb, I did not look especially noticeable; and
+stood a good chance of passing unheeded if forced to encounter any casual
+wayfarer.
+
+At Bates Street I drew into a yawning vestibule while two shambling figures
+crossed in front of me, but was soon on my way again and approaching the open
+space where Eliot Street obliquely crosses Washington at the intersection of
+South. Though I had never seen this space, it had looked dangerous to me on the
+grocery youth's map; since the moonlight would have free play there. There was
+no use trying to evade it, for any alternative course would involve detours of
+possibly disastrous visibility and delaying effect. The only thing to do was to
+cross it boldly and openly; imitating the typical shamble of the Innsmouth folk as
+best I could, and trusting that no one - or at least no pursuer of mine - would be
+there.
+
+Just how fully the pursuit was organised - and indeed, just what its purpose
+might be - I could form no idea. There seemed to be unusual activity in the town,
+but I judged that the news of my escape from the Gilman had not yet spread. I
+would, of course, soon have to shift from Washington to some other southward
+street; for that party from the hotel would doubtless be after me. I must have left
+dust prints in that last old building, revealing how I had gained the street.
+
+
+
+793
+
+
+
+The open space was, as I had expected, strongly moonht; and I saw the remains
+of a parkhke, iron-railed green in its center. Fortunately no one was about though
+a curious sort of buzz or roar seemed to be increasing in the direction of Town
+Square. South Street was very wide, leading directly down a slight declivity to
+the waterfront and commanding a long view out a sea; and I hoped that no one
+would be glancing up it from afar as I crossed in the bright moonlight.
+
+My progress was unimpeded, and no fresh sound arose to hint that I had been
+spied. Glancing about me, I involuntarily let my pace slacken for a second to take
+in the sight of the sea, gorgeous in the burning moonlight at the street's end. Far
+out beyond the breakwater was the dim, dark line of Devil Reef, and as I
+glimpsed it I could not help thinking of all the hideous legends I had heard in the
+last twenty-four hours - legends which portrayed this ragged rock as a veritable
+gateway to realms of unfathomed horror and inconceivable abnormality.
+
+Then, without warning, I saw the intermittent flashes of light on the distant reef.
+They were definite and unmistakable, and awaked in my mind a blind horror
+beyond all rational proportion. My muscles tightened for panic flight, held in
+only by a certain unconscious caution and half-hypnotic fascination. And to
+make matters worse, there now flashed forth from the lofty cupola of the Gilman
+House, which loomed up to the northeast behind me, a series of analogous
+though differently spaced gleams which could be nothing less than an answering
+signal.
+
+Controlling my muscles, and realising afresh - how plainly visible I was, I
+resumed my brisker and feignedly shambling pace; though keeping my eyes on
+that hellish and ominous reef as long as the opening of South Street gave me a
+seaward view. What the whole proceeding meant, I could not imagine; unless it
+involved some strange rite connected with Devil Reef, or unless some party had
+landed from a ship on that sinister rock. I now bent to the left around the ruinous
+green; still gazing toward the ocean as it blazed in the spectral summer
+moonlight, and watching the cryptical flashing of those nameless, unexplainable
+beacons.
+
+It was then that the most horrible impression of all was borne in upon me - the
+impression which destroyed my last vestige of self-control and sent me running
+frantically southward past the yawning black doorways and fishily staring
+windows of that deserted nightmare street. For at a closer glance I saw that the
+moonlit waters between the reef and the shore were far from empty. They were
+alive with a teeming horde of shapes swimming inward toward the town; and
+even at my vast distance and in my single moment of perception I could tell that
+the bobbing heads and flailing arms were alien and aberrant in a way scarcely to
+be expressed or consciously formulated.
+
+
+
+794
+
+
+
+My frantic running ceased before I had covered a block, for at my left I began to
+hear something like the hue and cry of organised pursuit. There were footsteps
+and gutteral sounds, and a rattling motor wheezed south along Federal Street. In
+a second all my plans were utterly changed - for if the southward highway were
+blocked ahead of me, I must clearly find another egress from Innsmouth. I
+paused and drew into a gaping doorway, reflecting how lucky I was to have left
+the moonlit open space before these pursuers came down the parallel street.
+
+A second reflection was less comforting. Since the pursuit was down another
+street, it was plain that the party was not following me directly. It had not seen
+me, but was simply obeying a general plan of cutting off my escape. This,
+however, implied that all roads leading out of Innsmouth were similarly
+patrolled; for the people could not have known what route I intended to take. If
+this were so, I would have to make my retreat across country away from any
+road; but how could I do that in view of the marshy and creek-riddled nature of
+all the surrounding region? For a moment my brain reeled - both from sheer
+hopelessness and from a rapid increase in the omnipresent fishy odour.
+
+Then I thought of the abandoned railway to Rowley, whose solid line of
+ballasted, weed-grown earth still stretched off to the northwest from the
+crumbling station on the edge at the river-gorge. There was just a chance that the
+townsfolk would not think of that; since its briar-choked desertion made it half-
+impassable, and the unlikeliest of all avenues for a fugitive to choose. I had seen
+it clearly from my hotel window and knew about how it lay. Most of its earlier
+length was uncomfortably visible from the Rowley road, and from high places in
+the town itself; but one could perhaps crawl inconspicuously through the
+undergrowth. At any rate, it would form my only chance of deliverance, and
+there was nothing to do but try it.
+
+Drawing inside the hall of my deserted shelter, I once more consulted the
+grocery boy's map with the aid of the flashlight. The immediate problem was
+how to reach the ancient railway; and I now saw that the safest course was ahead
+to Babson Street; then west to Lafayette - there edging around but not crossing an
+open space homologous to the one I had traversed - and subsequently back
+northward and westward in a zigzagging line through Lafayette, Bates, Adam,
+and Bank streets - the latter skirting the river gorge - to the abandoned and
+dilapidated station I had seen from my window. My reason for going ahead to
+Babson was that I wished neither to recross the earlier open space nor to begin
+my westward course along a cross street as broad as South.
+
+Starting once more, I crossed the street to the right-hand side in order to edge
+around into Babeon as inconspicuously as possible. Noises still continued in
+Federal Street, and as I glanced behind me I thought I saw a gleam of light near
+
+
+
+795
+
+
+
+the building through which I had escaped. Anxious to leave Washington Street, I
+broke into a quiet dogtrot, trusting to luck not to encounter any observing eye.
+Next the corner of Babson Street I saw to my alarm that one of the houses was
+still inhabited, as attested by curtains at the window; but there were no lights
+within, and I passed it without disaster.
+
+In Babson Street, which crossed Federal and might thus reveal me to the
+searchers, I clung as closely as possible to the sagging, uneven buildings; twice
+pausing in a doorway as the noises behind me momentarily increased. The open
+space ahead shone wide and desolate under the moon, but my route would not
+force me to cross it. During my second pause I began to detect a fresh
+distribution of vague sounds; and upon looking cautiously out from cover
+beheld a motor car darting across the open space, bound outward along Eliot
+Street, which there intersects both Babson and Lafayette.
+
+As I watched - choked by a sudden rise in the fishy odour after a short abatement
+- I saw a band of uncouth, crouching shapes loping and shambling in the same
+direction; and knew that this must be the party guarding the Ipswich road, since
+that highway forms an extension of Eliot Street. Two of the figures I glimpsed
+were in voluminous robes, and one wore a peaked diadem which glistened
+whitely in the moonlight. The gait of this figure was so odd that it sent a chill
+through me - for it seemed to me the creature was almost hopping.
+
+When the last of the band was out of sight I resumed my progress; darting
+around the corner into Lafayette Street, and crossing Eliot very hurriedly lest
+stragglers of the party be still advancing along that thoroughfare. I did hear some
+croaking and clattering sounds far off toward Town Square, but accomplished
+the passage without disaster. My greatest dread was in re-crossing broad and
+moonlit South Street - with its seaward view - and I had to nerve myself for the
+ordeal. Someone might easily be looking, and possible Eliot Street stragglers
+could not fail to glimpse me from either of two points. At the last moment I
+decided I had better slacken my trot and make the crossing as before in the
+shambling gait of an average Innsmouth native.
+
+When the view of the water again opened out - this time on my right - I was half-
+determined not to look at it at all. I could not however, resist; but cast a sidelong
+glance as I carefully and imitatively shambled toward the protecting shadows
+ahead. There was no ship visible, as I had half-expected there would be. Instead,
+the first thing which caught my eye was a small rowboat pulling in toward the
+abandoned wharves and laden with some bulky, tarpaulin-covered object. Its
+rowers, though distantly and indistinctly seen, were of an especially repellent
+aspect. Several swimmers were still discernible; while on the far black reef I
+could see a faint, steady glow unlike the winking beacon visible before, and of a
+
+
+
+796
+
+
+
+curious colour which I could not precisely identify. Above the slant roofs ahead
+and to the right there loomed the tall cupola of the Gilman House, but it was
+completely dark. The fishy odour, dispelled for a moment by some merciful
+breeze, now closed in again with maddening intensity.
+
+I had not quite crossed the street when I heard a muttering band advancing
+along Washington from the north. As they reached the broad open space where I
+had had my first disquieting glimpse of the moonlit water I could see them
+plainly only a block away - and was horrified by the bestial abnormality of their
+faces and the doglike sub-humanness of their crouching gait. One man moved in
+a positively simian way, with long arms frequently touching the ground; while
+another figure - robed and tiaraed - seemed to progress in an almost hopping
+fashion. I judged this party to be the one I had seen in the Gilman's courtyard -
+the one, therefore, most closely on my trail. As some of the figures turned to look
+in my direction I was transfixed with fright, yet managed to preserve the casual,
+shambling gait I had assumed. To this day I do not know whether they saw me
+or not. If they did, my stratagem must have deceived them, for they passed on
+across the moonlit space without varying their course - meanwhile croaking and
+jabbering in some hateful guttural patois I could not identify.
+
+Once more in shadow, I resumed my former dog-trot past the leaning and
+decrepit houses that stared blankly into the night. Having crossed to the western
+sidewalk I rounded the nearest corner into Bates Street where I kept close to the
+buildings on the southern side. I passed two houses shewing signs of habitation,
+one of which had faint lights in upper rooms, yet met with no obstacle. As I
+tuned into Adams Street I felt measurably safer, but received a shook when a
+man reeled out of a black doorway directly in front of me. He proved, however,
+too hopelessly drunk to be a menace; so that I reached the dismal ruins of the
+Bank Street warehouses in safety.
+
+No one was stirring in that dead street beside the river-gorge, and the roar of the
+waterfalls quite drowned my foot steps. It was a long dog-trot to the ruined
+station, and the great brick warehouse walls around me seemed somehow more
+terrifying than the fronts of private houses. At last I saw the ancient arcaded
+station - or what was left of it - and made directly for the tracks that started from
+its farther end.
+
+The rails were rusty but mainly intact, and not more than half the ties had rotted
+away. Walking or running on such a surface was very difficult; but I did my best,
+and on the whole made very fair time. For some distance the line kept on along
+the gorge's brink, but at length I reached the long covered bridge where it
+crossed the chasm at a dizzying height. The condition of this bridge would
+
+
+
+797
+
+
+
+determine my next step. If humanly possible, I would use it; if not, 1 would have
+to risk more street wandering and take the nearest intact highway bridge.
+
+The vast, barnlike length of the old bridge gleamed spectrally in the moonlight,
+and I saw that the ties were safe for at least a few feet within. Entering, I began to
+use my flashlight, and was almost knocked down by the cloud of bats that
+flapped past me. About half-way across there was a perilous gap in the ties
+which I feared for a moment would halt me; but in the end I risked a desperate
+jump which fortunately succeeded.
+
+I was glad to see the moonlight again when I emerged from that macabre tunnel.
+The old tracks crossed River Street at grade, and at once veered off into a region
+increasingly rural and with less and less of Innsmouth's abhorrent fishy odour.
+Here the dense growth of weeds and briers hindered me and cruelly tore at my
+clothes, but I was none the less glad that they were there to give me concealment
+in case of peril. I knew that much of my route must be visible from the Rowley
+road.
+
+The marshy region began very abruptly, with the single track on a low, grassy
+embankment where the weedy growth was somewhat thinner. Then came a sort
+of island of higher ground, where the line passed through a shallow open cut
+choked with bushes and brambles. I was very glad of this partial shelter, since at
+this point the Rowley road was uncomfortably near according to my window
+view. At the end of the cut it would cross the track and swerve off to a safer
+distance; but meanwhile I must be exceedingly careful. I was by this time
+thankfully certain that the railway itself was not patrolled.
+
+Just before entering the cut I glanced behind me, but saw no pursuer. The ancient
+spires and roofs of decaying Innsmouth gleamed lovely and ethereal in the magic
+yellow moonlight, and I thought of how they must have looked in the old days
+before the shadow fell. Then, as my gaze circled inland from the town,
+something less tranquil arrested my notice and held me immobile for a second.
+
+What I saw - or fancied I saw - was a disturbing suggestion of undulant motion
+far to the south; a suggestion which made me conclude that a very large horde
+must be pouring out of the city along the level Ipswich road. The distance was
+great and I could distinguish nothing in detail; but I did not at all like the look of
+that moving column. It undulated too much, and glistened too brightly in the
+rays of the now westering moon. There was a suggestion of sound, too, though
+the wind was blowing the other way - a suggestion of bestial scraping and
+bellowing even worse than the muttering of the parties I had lately overheard.
+
+
+
+798
+
+
+
+All sorts of unpleasant conjectures crossed my mind. I thought of those very
+extreme Innsmouth types said to be hidden in crumbling, centuried warrens near
+the waterfront; I thought, too, of those nameless swimmers I had seen. Counting
+the parties so far glimpsed, as well as those presumably covering other roads, the
+number of my pursuers must be strangely large for a town as depopulated as
+Innsmouth.
+
+Whence could come the dense personnel of such a column as I now beheld? Did
+those ancient, unplumbed warrens teem with a twisted, uncatalogued, and
+unsuspected life? Or had some unseen ship indeed landed a legion of unknown
+outsiders on that hellish reef? Who were they? Why were they here? And if such
+a column of them was scouring the Ipswich road, would the patrols on the other
+roads be likewise augmented?
+
+I had entered the brush-grown cut and was struggling along at a very slow pace
+when that damnable fishy odour again waxed dominant. Had the wind suddenly
+changed eastward, so that it blew in from the sea and over the town? It must
+have, I concluded, since I now began to hear shocking guttural murmurs from
+that hitherto silent direction. There was another sound, too - a kind of wholesale,
+colossal flopping or pattering which somehow called up images of the most
+detestable sort. It made me think illogically of that unpleasantly undulating
+column on the far-off Ipswich road.
+
+And then both stench and sounds grew stronger, so that I paused shivering and
+grateful for the cut's protection. It was here, I recalled, that the Rowley road
+drew so close to the old railway before crossing westward and diverging.
+Something was coming along that road, and I must lie low till its passage and
+vanishment in the distance. Thank heaven these creatures employed no dogs for
+tracking - though perhaps that would have been impossible amidst the
+omnipresent regional odour. Crouched in the bushes of that sandy cleft I felt
+reasonably safe, even though I knew the searchers would have to cross the track
+in front of me not much more than a hundred yards away. I would be able to see
+them, but they could not, except by a malign miracle, see me.
+
+All at once I began dreading to look at them as they passed. I saw the close
+moonlit space where they would surge by, and had curious thoughts about the
+irredeemable pollution of that space. They would perhaps be the worst of all
+Innsmouth types - something one would not care to remember.
+
+The stench waxed overpowering, and the noises swelled to a bestial babel of
+croaking, baying and barking without the least suggestion of human speech.
+Were these indeed the voices of my pursuers? Did they have dogs after all? So
+far I had seen none of the lower animals in Innsmouth. That flopping or pattering
+
+
+
+799
+
+
+
+was monstrous - 1 could not look upon the degenerate creatures responsible for
+it. I would keep my eyes shut till the sound receded toward the west. The horde
+was very close now - air foul with their hoarse snarlings, and the ground almost
+shaking with their alien-rhythmed footfalls. My breath nearly ceased to come,
+and I put every ounce of will-power into the task of holding my eyelids down.
+
+I am not even yet willing to say whether what followed was a hideous actuality
+or only a nightmare hallucination. The later action of the government, after my
+frantic appeals, would tend to confirm it as a monstrous truth; but could not an
+hallucination have been repeated under the quasi-hypnotic spell of that ancient,
+haunted, and shadowed town? Such places have strange properties, and the
+legacy of insane legend might well have acted on more than one human
+imagination amidst those dead, stench-cursed streets and huddles of rotting
+roofs and crumbling steeples. Is it not possible that the germ of an actual
+contagious madness lurks in the depths of that shadow over Innsmouth? Who
+can be sure of reality after hearing things like the tale of old Zadok Allen? The
+government men never found poor Zadok, and have no conjectures to make as to
+what became of him. Where does madness leave off and reality begin? Is it
+possible that even my latest fear is sheer delusion?
+
+But I must try to tell what I thought I saw that night under the mocking yellow
+moon - saw surging and hopping down the Rowley road in plain sight in front of
+me as I crouched among the wild brambles of that desolate railway cut. Of
+course my resolution to keep my eyes shut had failed. It was foredoomed to
+failure - for who could crouch blindly while a legion of croaking, baying entities
+of unknown source flopped noisomely past, scarcely more than a hundred yards
+away?
+
+I thought I was prepared for the worst, and I really ought to have been prepared
+considering what I had seen before.
+
+My other pursuers had been accursedly abnormal - so should I not have been
+ready to face a strengthening of the abnormal element; to look upon forms in
+which there was no mixture of the normal at all? I did not open my eyes until the
+raucous clamour came loudly from a point obviously straight ahead. Then I
+knew that a long section of them must be plainly in sight where the sides of the
+cut flattened out and the road crossed the track - and I could no longer keep
+myself from sampling whatever honor that leering yellow moon might have to
+shew.
+
+It was the end, for whatever remains to me of life on the surface of this earth, of
+every vestige of mental peace and confidence in the integrity of nature and of the
+human mind. Nothing that I could have imagined - nothing, even, that I could
+
+
+
+800
+
+
+
+have gathered had I credited old Zadok's crazy tale in the most literal way -
+would be in any way comparable to the demoniac, blasphemous reality that I
+saw - or believe I saw. I have tied to hint what it was in order to postpone the
+horror of writing it down baldly. Can it be possible that this planet has actually
+spawned such things; that human eyes have truly seen, as objective flesh, what
+man has hitherto known only in febrile phantasy and tenuous legend?
+
+And yet I saw them in a limitless stream - flopping, hopping, croaking, bleating -
+urging inhumanly through the spectral moonlight in a grotesque, malignant
+saraband of fantastic nightmare. And some of them had tall tiaras of that
+nameless whitish-gold metal . . . and some were strangely robed . . . and one, who
+led the way, was clad in a ghoulishly humped black coat and striped trousers,
+and had a man's felt hat perched on the shapeless thing that answered for a
+head.
+
+I think their predominant colour was a greyish-green, though they had white
+bellies. They were mostly shiny and slippery, but the ridges of their backs were
+scaly. Their forms vaguely suggested the anthropoid, while their heads were the
+heads of fish, with prodigious bulging eyes that never closed. At the sides of
+their necks were palpitating gills, and their long paws were webbed. They
+hopped irregularly, sometimes on two legs and sometimes on four. I was
+somehow glad that they had no more than four limbs. Their croaking, baying
+voices, clearly wed tar articulate speech, held all the dark shades of expression
+which their staring faces lacked.
+
+But for all of their monstrousness they were not unfamiliar to me. I knew too
+well what they must be - for was not the memory of the evil tiara at
+Newburyport still fresh? They were the blasphemous fish-frogs of the nameless
+design - living and horrible - and as I saw them I knew also of what that
+humped, tiaraed priest in the black church basement had fearsomely reminded
+me. Their number was past guessing. It seemed to me that there were limitless
+swarms of them and certainly my momentary glimpse could have shewn only
+the least fraction. In another instant everything was blotted out by a merciful fit
+of fainting; the first I had ever had.
+
+V
+
+It was a gentle daylight rain that awaked me front my stupor in the brush-grown
+railway cut, and when I staggered out to the roadway ahead I saw no trace of
+any prints in the fresh mud. The fishy odour, too, was gone, Innsmouth's ruined
+roofs and toppling steeples loomed up greyly toward the southeast, but not a
+living creature did I spy in all the desolate salt marshes around. My watch was
+still going, and told me that the hour was past noon.
+
+
+
+801
+
+
+
+The reality of what I had been through was highly uncertain in my mind, but I
+felt that something hideous lay in the background. I must get away from evil-
+shadowed Innsmouth - and accordingly I began to test my cramped, wearied
+powers of locomotion. Despite weakness hunger, horror, and bewilderment I
+found myself after a time able to walk; so started slowly along the muddy road
+to Rowley. Before evening I was in village, getting a meal and providing myself
+with presentable cloths. I caught the night train to Arkham, and the next day
+talked long and earnestly with government officials there; a process I later
+repeated in Boston. With the main result of these colloquies the public is now
+familiar - and I wish, for normality's sake, there were nothing more to tell.
+Perhaps it is madness that is overtaking me - yet perhaps a greater horror - or a
+greater marvel - is reaching out.
+
+As may well be imagined, I gave up most of the foreplanned features of the rest
+of my tour - the scenic, architectural, and antiquarian diversions on which I had
+counted so heavily. Nor did I dare look for that piece of strange jewelry said to
+be in the Miskatonic University Museum. I did, however, improve my stay in
+Arkham by collecting some genealogical notes I had long wished to possess; very
+rough and hasty data, it is true, but capable of good use later no when I might
+have time to collate and codify them. The curator of the historical society there -
+Mr. B. Lapham Peabody - was very courteous about assisting me, and expressed
+unusual interest when I told him I was a grandson of Eliza Orne of Arkham, who
+was born in 1867 and had married James Williamson of Ohio at the age of
+seventeen.
+
+It seemed that a material uncle of mine had been there many years before on a
+quest much like my own; and that my grandmother's family was a topic of some
+local curiosity. There had, Mr. Peabody said, been considerable discussion about
+the marriage of her father, Benjamin Orne, just after the Civil War; since the
+ancestry of the bride was peculiarly puzzling. That bride was understood to have
+been an orphaned Marsh of New Hampshire - a cousin of the Essex County
+Marshes - but her education had been in France and she knew very little of her
+family. A guardian had deposited funds in a Boston bank to maintain her and
+her French governess; but that guardian's name was unfamiliar to Arkham
+people, and in time he dropped out of sight, so that the governess assumed the
+role by court appointment. The Frenchwoman - now long dead - was very
+taciturn, and there were those who said she would have told more than she did.
+
+But the most baffling thing was the inability of anyone to place the recorded
+parents of the young woman - Enoch and Lydia (Meserve) Marsh - among the
+known families of New Hampshire. Possibly, many suggested, she was the
+natural daughter of some Marsh of prominence - she certainly had the true
+Marsh eyes. Most of the puzzling was done after her early death, which took
+
+
+
+802
+
+
+
+place at the birth of my grandmother - her only child. Having formed some
+disagreeable impressions connected with the name of Marsh, I did not welcome
+the news that it belonged on my own ancestral tree; nor was I pleased by Mr.
+Peabody's suggestion that I had the true Marsh eyes myself. However, I was
+grateful for data which I knew would prove valuable; and took copious notes
+and lists of book references regarding the well-documented Orne family.
+
+I went directly home to Toledo from Boston, and later spent a month at Maumee
+recuperating from my ordeal. In September I entered Oberlin for my final year,
+and from then till the next June was busy with studies and other wholesome
+activities - reminded of the bygone terror only by occasional official visits from
+government men in connexion with the campaign which my pleas and evidence
+had started. Around the middle of July - just a year after the Innsmouth
+experience - I spent a week with my late mother's family in Cleveland; checking
+some of my new genealogical data with the various notes, traditions, and bits of
+heirloom material in existence there, and seeing what kind of a connected chart I
+could construct.
+
+I did not exactly relish this task, for the atmosphere of the Williamson home had
+always depressed me. There was a strain of morbidity there, and my mother had
+never encouraged my visiting her parents as a child, although she always
+welcomed her father when he came to Toledo. My Arkham-born grandmother
+had seemed strange and almost terrifying to me, and I do not think I grieved
+when she disappeared. I was eight years old then, and it was said that she had
+wandered off in grief after the suicide of my Uncle Douglas, her eldest son. He
+had shot himself after a trip to New England - the same trip, no doubt, which
+had caused him to be recalled at the Arkham Historical Society.
+
+This uncle had resembled her, and I had never liked him either. Something about
+the staring, unwinking expression of both of them had given me a vague,
+unaccountable uneasiness. My mother and Uncle Walter had not looked like that.
+They were like their father, though poor little cousin Lawrence - Walter's son -
+had been almost perfect duplicate of his grandmother before his condition took
+him to the permanent seclusion of a sanitarium at Canton. I had not seen him in
+four years, but my uncle once implied that his state, both mental and physical,
+was very bad. This worry had probably been a major cause of his mother's death
+two years before.
+
+My grandfather and his widowed son Walter now comprised the Cleveland
+household, but the memory of older times hung thickly over it. I still disliked the
+place, and tried to get my researches done as quickly as possible. Williamson
+records and traditions were supplied in abundance by my grandfather; though
+for Orne material I had to depend on my uncle Walter, who put at my disposal
+
+
+
+803
+
+
+
+the contents of all his files, including notes, letters, cuttings, heirlooms,
+photographs, and miniatures.
+
+It was in going over the letters and pictures on the Orne side that I began to
+acquire a kind of terror of my own ancestry. As I have said, my grandmother and
+Uncle Douglas had always disturbed me. Now, years after their passing, I gazed
+at their pictured faces with a measurably heightened feeling of repulsion and
+alienation. I could not at first understand the change, but gradually a horrible
+sort of comparison began to obtrude itself on my unconscious mind despite the
+steady refusal of my consciousness to admit even the least suspicion of it. It was
+clear that the typical expression of these faces now suggested something it had
+not suggested before - something which would bring stark panic if too openly
+thought of.
+
+But the worst shock came when my uncle shewed me the Orne jewellery in a
+downtown safe deposit vault. Some of the items were delicate and inspiring
+enough, but there was one box of strange old pieces descended from my
+mysterious great-grandmother which my uncle was almost reluctant to produce.
+They were, he said, of very grotesque and almost repulsive design, and had
+never to his knowledge been publicly worn; though my grandmother used to
+enjoy looking at them. Vague legends of bad luck clustered around them, and
+my great-grandmother's French governess had said they ought not to be worn in
+New England, though it would be quite safe to wear them in Europe.
+
+As my uncle began slowly and grudgingly to unwrap the things he urged me not
+to be shocked by the strangeness and frequent hideousness of the designs. Artists
+and archaeologists who had seen them pronounced their workmanship
+superlatively and exotically exquisite, though no one seemed able to define their
+exact material or assign them to any specific art tradition. There were two
+armlets, a tiara, and a kind of pectoral; the latter having in high relief certain
+figures of almost unbearable extravagance.
+
+During this description I had kept a tight rein on my emotions, but my face must
+have betrayed my mounting fears. My uncle looked concerned, and paused in
+his unwrapping to study my countenance. I motioned to him to continue, which
+he did with renewed signs of reluctance. He seemed to expect some
+demonstration when the first piece - the tiara - became visible, but I doubt if he
+expected quite what actually happened. I did not expect it, either, for I thought I
+was thoroughly forewarned regarding what the jewellery would turn out to be.
+What I did was to faint silently away, just as I had done in that brier choked
+railway cut a year before.
+
+
+
+804
+
+
+
+From that day on my life has been a nightmare of brooding and apprehension
+nor do I know how much is hideous truth and how much madness. My great-
+grandmother had been a Marsh of unknown source whose husband Hved in
+Arkham - and did not old Zadok say that the daughter of Obed Marsh by a
+monstrous mother was married to an Arkham man trough trick? What was it the
+ancient toper had muttered about the line of my eyes to Captain Obed's? In
+Arkham, too, the curator had told me I had the true Marsh eyes. Was Obed
+Marsh my own great-great-grandfather? Who - or what - then, was my great-
+great-grandmother? But perhaps this was all madness. Those whitish-gold
+ornaments might easily have been bought from some Innsmouth sailor by the
+father of my great-grand-mother, whoever he was. And that look in the staring-
+eyed faces of my grandmother and self-slain uncle might be sheer fancy on my
+part - sheer fancy, bolstered up by the Innsmouth shadow which had so darkly
+coloured my imagination. But why had my uncle killed himself after an ancestral
+quest in New England?
+
+For more than two years 1 fought off these reflections with partial success. My
+father secured me a place in an insurance office, and I buried myself in routine as
+deeply as possible. In the winter of 1930-31, however, the dreams began. They
+were very sparse and insidious at first, but increased in frequency and vividness
+as the weeks went by. Great watery spaces opened out before me, and I seemed
+to wander through titanic sunken porticos and labyrinths of weedy Cyclopean
+walls with grotesque fishes as my companions. Then the other shapes began to
+appear, filling me with nameless horror the moment I awoke. But during the
+dreams they did not horrify me at all - I was one with them; wearing their
+unhuman trappings, treading their aqueous ways, and praying monstrously at
+their evil sea-bottom temples.
+
+There was much more than I could remember, but even what I did remember
+each morning would be enough to stamp me as a madman or a genius if ever I
+dared write it down. Some frightful influence, I felt, was seeking gradually to
+drag me out of the sane world of wholesome life into unnamable abysses of
+blackness and alienage; and the process told heavily on me. My health and
+appearance grew steadily worse, till finally I was forced to give up my position
+and adopt the static, secluded life of an invalid. Some odd nervous affliction had
+me in its grip, and I found myself at times almost unable to shut my eyes.
+
+It was then that I began to study the mirror with mounting alarm. The slow
+ravages of disease are not pleasant to watch, but in my case there was something
+subtler and more puzzling in the background. My father seemed to notice it, too,
+for he began looking at me curiously and almost affrightedly. What was taking
+place in me? Could it be that I was coming to resemble my grandmother and
+uncle Douglas?
+
+
+
+805
+
+
+
+One night I had a frightful dream in which I met my grandmother under the sea.
+She hved in a phosphorescent palace of many terraces, with gardens of strange
+leprous corals and grotesque brachiate efflorescences, and welcomed me with a
+warmth that may have been sardonic. She had changed - as those who take to the
+water change - and told me she had never died. Instead, she had gone to a spot
+her dead son had learned about, and had leaped to a realm whose wonders -
+destined for him as well - he had spurned with a smoking pistol. This was to be
+my realm, too - I could not escape it. I would never die, but would live with
+those who had lived since before man ever walked the earth.
+
+I met also that which had been her grandmother. For eighty thousand years
+Pth'thya-l'yi had lived in Y'ha-nthlei, and thither she had gone back after Obed
+Marsh was dead. Y'ha-nthlei was not destroyed when the upper-earth men shot
+death into the sea. It was hurt, but not destroyed. The Deep Ones could never be
+destroyed, even though the palaeogean magic of the forgotten Old Ones might
+sometimes check them. For the present they would rest; but some day, if they
+remembered, they would rise again for the tribute Great Cthulhu craved. It
+would be a city greater than Innsmouth next time. They had planned to spread,
+and had brought up that which would help them, but now they must wait once
+more. For bringing the upper-earth men's death I must do a penance, but that
+would not be heavy. This was the dream in which I saw a shoggoth for the first
+time, and the sight set me awake in a frenzy of screaming. That morning the
+mirror definitely told me I had acquired the Innsmouth look.
+
+So far I have not shot myself as my uncle Douglas did. I bought an automatic and
+almost took the step, but certain dreams deterred me. The tense extremes of
+horror are lessening, and I feel queerly drawn toward the unknown sea-deeps
+instead of fearing them. I hear and do strange things in sleep, and awake with a
+kind of exaltation instead of terror. I do not believe I need to wait for the full
+change as most have waited. If I did, my father would probably shut me up in a
+sanitarium as my poor little cousin is shut up. Stupendous and unheard-of
+splendors await me below, and I shall seek them soon. la-R'lyehl Cihuiha flgagnl
+id la! No, I shall not shoot myself - I cannot be made to shoot myself!
+
+I shall plan my cousin's escape from that Canton mad-house, and together we
+shall go to marvel-shadowed Innsmouth. We shall swim out to that brooding
+reef in the sea and dive down through black abysses to Cyclopean and many-
+columned Y'ha-nthlei, and in that lair of the Deep Ones we shall dwell amidst
+wonder and glory for ever.
+
+
+
+806
+
+
+
+The Shunned House
+
+Written October 1924
+
+
+
+From even the greatest of horrors irony is seldom absent. Some times it enters
+directly into the composition of the events, while sometimes it relates only to
+their fortuitous position among persons and places. The latter sort is splendidly
+exemplified by a case in the ancient city of Providence, where in the late forties
+Edgar Allan Poe used to sojourn often during his unsuccessful wooing of the
+gifted poetess, Mrs. Whitman. Poe generally stopped at the Mansion House in
+Benefit Street - the renamed Golden Ball Inn whose roof has sheltered
+Washington, Jefferson, and Lafayette - and his favourite walk led northward
+along the same street to Mrs. Whitman's home and the neighbouring hillside
+churchyard of St. John's whose hidden expanse of eighteenth-century
+gravestones had for him a peculiar fascination.
+
+Now the irony is this. In this walk, so many times repeated, the world's greatest
+master of the terrible and the bizarre was obliged to pass a particular house on
+the eastern side of the street; a dingy, antiquated structure perched on the
+abruptly rising side hill, with a great unkept yard dating from a time when the
+region was partly open country. It does not appear that he ever wrote or spoke of
+it, nor is there any evidence that he even noticed it. And yet that house, to the
+two persons in possession of certain information, equals or outranks in horror
+the wildest phantasy of the genius who so often passed it unknowingly, and
+stands starkly leering as a symbol of all that is unutterably hideous.
+
+The house was - and for that matter still is - of a kind to attract the attention of
+the curious. Originally a farm or semi-farm building, it followed the average
+New England colonial lines of the middle eighteenth century - the prosperous
+peaked-roof sort, with two stories and dormerless attic, and with the Georgian
+doorway and interior paneling dictated by the progress of taste at that time. It
+faced south, with one gable and buried to the lower windows in the east ward
+rising hill, and the other exposed to the foundations toward the street. Its
+construction, over a century and a half ago, had followed the grading and
+straightening of the road in that especial vicinity; for Benefit Street - at first called
+Back Street - was laid out as a lane winding amongst the graveyards of the first
+settlers, and straightened only when the removal of the bodies to the North
+Burial Ground made it decently possible to cut through the old family plots.
+
+
+
+807
+
+
+
+At the start, the western wall had lain some twenty feet up a precipitous lawn
+from the roadway; but a widening of the street at about the time of the
+Revolution sheared off most of the intervening space, exposing the foundations
+so that a brick basement wall had to be made, giving the deep cellar a street
+frontage with the door and two windows above ground, close to the new line of
+public travel. When the sidewalk was laid out a century ago the last of the
+intervening space was removed; and Poe in his walks must have seen only a
+sheer ascent of dull grey brick flush with the sidewalk and surmounted at a
+height of ten feet by the antique shingled bulk of the house proper.
+
+The farm-like grounds extended back very deeply up the hill, al most to
+Wheaton Street. The space south of the house, abutting on Benefit Street, was of
+course greatly above the existing sidewalk level, forming a terrace bounded by a
+high bank wall of damp, mossy stone pierced by a steep flight of narrow steps
+which led inward be tween canyon-like surfaces to the upper region of mangy
+lawn, rheumy brick walls, and neglected gardens whose dismantled cement
+urns, rusted kettles fallen from tripods of knotty sticks, and similar
+paraphernalia set off the weather beaten front door with its broken fanlight,
+rotting Ionic pilasters, and wormy triangular pediment.
+
+What I heard in my youth about the shunned house was merely that people died
+there in alarmingly great numbers. That, I was told, was why the original owners
+had moved out some twenty years after building the place. It was plainly
+unhealthy, perhaps because of the dampness and fungous growth in the cellar,
+the general sickish smell, the draughts of the hallways, or the quality of the well
+and pump water. These things were bad enough, and these were all that gained
+belief among the person whom I knew. Only the notebooks of my antiquarian
+uncle. Dr. Elihu Whipple, revealed to me at length the darker, vaguer surmises
+which formed an undercurrent of folk-
+lore among old-time servants and humble folk, surmises which never travelled
+far, and which were largely forgotten when Providence grew to be a metropolis
+with a shifting modern population.
+
+The general fact is, that the house was never regarded by the solid part of the
+community as in any real sense "haunted." There were no widespread tales of
+rattling chains, cold currents of air, extinguished lights, or faces at the window.
+Extremists sometimes said the house was "unlucky," but that is as far as even
+they went. What was really beyond dispute is that a frightful proportion of
+persons died there; or more accurately, had died there, since after some peculiar
+happenings over sixty years ago the building had become deserted through the
+sheer impossibility of renting it. These persons were not all cut off suddenly by
+any one cause; rather did it seem that their vitality was insidiously sapped, so
+
+
+
+808
+
+
+
+that each one died the sooner from whatever tendency to weakness he may have
+naturally had. And those who did not die displayed in varying degree a type of
+anaemia or consumption, and sometimes a decline of the mental faculties, which
+spoke ill for the salubriousness of the building. Neighbouring houses, it must be
+added, seemed entirely free from the noxious quality.
+
+This much I knew before my insistent questioning led my uncle to show me the
+notes which finally embarked us both on our hideous investigation. In my
+childhood the shunned house was vacant, with barren, gnarled and terrible old
+trees, long, queerly pale grass and nightmarishly misshapen weeds in the high
+terraced yard where birds never lingered. We boys used to overrun the place,
+and I can still recall my youthful terror not only at the morbid strangeness of this
+sinister vegetation, but at the eldritch atmosphere and odour of the dilapidated
+house, whose unlocked front door was often entered in quest of shudders. The
+small-paned windows were largely broken, and a nameless air of desolation
+hung round the precarious panel ling, shaky interior shutters, peeling
+wallpaper,, falling plaster, rickety staircases, and such fragments of battered
+furniture as still remained. The dust and cobwebs added their touch of the
+fearful; and brave indeed was the boy who would voluntarily ascend the ladder
+to the attic, a vast raftered length lighted only by small blinking windows in the
+gable ends, and filled with a massed wreckage of chests, chairs, and spinning-
+wheels which infinite years of deposit had shrouded and festooned into
+monstrous and hellish shapes.
+
+But after all, the attic was not the most terrible part of the house. It was the dank,
+humid cellar which somehow exerted the strongest repulsion on us, even though
+it was wholly above ground on the street side, with only a thin door and
+window-pierced brick wall to separate it from the busy sidewalk. We scarcely
+knew whether to haunt it in spectral fascination, or to shun it for the sake of our
+souls and our sanity. For one thing, the bad odour of the house was strongest
+there; and for another thing, we did not like the white fungous growths which
+occasionally sprang up in rainy summer weather from the hard earth floor.
+Those fungi, grotesquely like the vegetation in the yard outside, were truly
+horrible in their outlines; detest able parodies of toadstools and Indian pipes,
+whose like we had never seen in any other situation. They rotted quickly, and at
+one stage became slightly phosphorescent; so that nocturnal passers-by
+sometimes spoke of witch-fires glowing behind the broken panes of the foetor-
+spreading windows.
+
+We never - even in our wildest Hallowe'en moods - visited this cellar by night,
+but in some of our daytime visits could detect the phosphorescence, especially
+when the day was dark and wet. There was also a subtler thing we often thought
+we detected - a very strange thing which was, however, merely suggestive at
+
+
+
+809
+
+
+
+most. I refer to a sort of cloudy whitish pattern on the dirt floor - a vague,
+shifting deposit of mould or nitre which we sometimes thought we could trace
+amidst the sparse fungous growths near the huge fireplace of the basement
+kitchen. Once in a while it struck us that this patch bore an uncanny resemblance
+to a doubled-up human figure, though generally no such kinship existed, and
+often there was no whitish deposit whatever. .On a certain rainy afternoon when
+this illusion seemed phenomenally strong, and when, in addition, I had fancied I
+glimpsed a kind of thin, yellowish, shimmering exhalation rising from the
+nitrous pattern toward the yawning fireplace, I spoke to my uncle about the
+matter. He smiled at this odd conceit, but it seemed that his smile was tinged
+with reminiscence. Later I heard that a similar notion entered into some of the
+wild ancient tales of the common folk - a notion likewise alluding to ghoulish,
+wolfish shapes taken by smoke from the great chimney, and queer contours
+assumed by certain of the sinuous tree-roots that thrust their way into the cellar
+through the loose foundation-stones.
+
+II
+
+Not till my adult years did my uncle set before me the notes and data which he
+had collected concerning the shunned house. Dr. Whipple was a sane,
+conservative physician of the old school, and for all his interest in the place was
+not eager to encourage young thoughts toward the abnormal. His own view,
+postulating simply a building and location of markedly unsanitary qualities, had
+nothing to do with abnormality; but he realized that the very picturesque ness
+which aroused his own interest would in a boy's fanciful mind take on all
+manner of gruesome imaginative associations.
+
+The doctor was a bachelor; a white-haired, clean-shaven, old- fashioned
+gentleman, and a local historian of note, who had often broken a lance with such
+controversial guardians of tradition as Sidney S. Rider and Thomas W. Bicknell.
+He lived with one man servant in a Georgian homestead with knocker and iron-
+railed steps, balanced eerily on the steep ascent of North Court Street beside the
+ancient brick court and colony house where his grandfather - a cousin of that
+celebrated privateersman, Capt. Whipple, who burnt His Majesty's armed
+schooner Gaspee in 1772 - had voted in the legislature on May 4, 1776, for the
+independence of the Rhode Island Colony. Around him in the damp, low-ceiled
+library with the musty white paneling, heavy carved overmantel and small-
+paned, vine- shaded windows, were the relics and records of his ancient family,
+among which were many dubious allusions to the shunned house in Benefit
+Street. That pest spot lies not far. distant - for Benefit runs ledgewise just above
+the court house along the precipitous hill up which the first settlement climbed.
+
+
+
+810
+
+
+
+When, in the end, my insistent pestering and maturing years evoked from my
+uncle the hoarded lore I sought, there lay before me a strange enough chronicle.
+Long-winded, statistical, and drearily genealogical as some of the matter was,
+there ran through it a continuous thread of brooding, tenacious horror and
+preternatural malevolence which impressed me even more than it had impressed
+the good doctor. Separate events fitted together uncannily, and seemingly
+irrelevant details held mines of hideous possibilities. A new and burning
+curiosity grew in me, compared to which my boyish curiosity was feeble and
+inchoate. The first revelation led to an exhaustive research, and finally to that
+shuddering quest which proved so disastrous to myself and mine. For at last my
+uncle insisted on joining the search I had commenced, and after a certain night in
+that house he did not come away with me. I am lonely without that gentle soul
+whose long years were filled only with honour, virtue, good taste, benevolence,
+and learning. I have reared a marble urn to his memory in St. John's churchyard -
+the place that Poe loved - the hidden grove of giant willows on the hill, where
+tombs and head stones huddle quietly between the hoary bulk of the church and
+the houses and bank walls of Benefit Street.
+
+The history of the house, opening amidst a maze of dates, revealed no trace of
+the sinister either about its construction or about the prosperous and honourable
+family who built it. Yet from the first a taint of calamity, soon increased to
+boding significance, was apparent. My uncle's carefully compiled record began
+with the building of the structure in 1763, and followed the theme with an
+unusual amount of detail. The shunned house, it seems, was first inhabited by
+William Harris and his wife Rhoby Dexter, with their children, Elkanah, born in
+1755, Abigail, born in 1757, William, Jr., born in 1759, and Ruth, born in 1761.
+Harris was a substantial merchant and seaman in the West India trade,
+connected with the firm of Obadiah Brown and his nephews. After Brown's
+death in 1761, the new firm of Nicholas Brown & Co. made him master of the
+brig Prudence, providence-built, of 120 tons, thus enabling him to erect the new
+homestead he had desired ever since his marriage.
+
+The site he had chosen - a recently straightened part of the new and fashionable
+Back Street, which ran along the side of the hill above crowded Cheapside - was
+all that could be wished, and the building did justice to the location. It was the
+best that moderate means could afford, and Harris hastened to move in before
+the birth of a fifth child which the family expected. That child, a boy, came in
+December; but was still-born. Nor was any child to be born alive in that house
+for a century and a half.
+
+The next April sickness occurred among the children, and Abigail and Ruth died
+before the month was over. Dr. Job Ives diagnosed the trouble as some infantile
+fever, though others declared it was more of a mere wasting-away or decline. It
+
+
+
+811
+
+
+
+seemed, in any event, to be contagious; for Hannah Bowen, one of the two
+servants, died of it in the following June. Eli Lideason, the other servant,
+constantly complained of weakness; and would have returned to his father's
+farm in Rehoboth but for a sudden attachment for Mehitabel Pierce, who was
+hired to succeed Hannah. He died the next year - a sad year in deed, since it
+marked the death of William Harris himself, enfeebled as he was by the climate
+of Martinique, where his occupation had kept him for considerable periods
+during the preceding decade.
+
+The widowed Rhoby Harris never recovered from the shock of her husband's
+death, and the passing of her firstborn Elkanah two years later was the final blow
+to her reason. In 1768 she fell victim to a mild form of insanity, and was
+thereafter confined to the upper part of the house, her elder maiden sister, Mercy
+Dexter, having moved in to take charge of the family. Mercy was a plain, raw-
+boned woman of great strength, but her health visibly declined from the time of
+her advent. She was greatly devoted to her unfortunate sister, and had an
+especial affection for her only surviving nephew William, who from a sturdy
+infant had become a sickly, spindling lad. In
+
+this year the servant Mehitabel died, and the other servant. Pre served Smith, left
+without coherent explanation - or at least, with only some wild tales and a
+complaint that he disliked the smell of the place. For a time Mercy could secure
+no more help, since the seven deaths and case of madness, all occurring within
+five years' space, had begun to set in motion the body of fireside rumour which
+later became so bizarre. Ultimately, however, she obtained new servants from
+out of town; Ann White, a morose woman from that part of North Kingstown
+now set off as the township of Exeter, and a capable Boston man named Zenas
+Low.
+
+It was Ann White who first gave definite shape to the sinister idle talk. Mercy
+should have known better than to hire anyone from the Nooseneck Hill country,
+for that remote bit of backwoods was then, as now, a seat of the most
+uncomfortable superstitions. As lately as 1892 an Exeter community exhumed a
+dead body and ceremoniously burnt its heart in order to prevent certain alleged
+visitations injurious to the public health and peace, and one may imagine the
+point of view of the same section in 1768. Ann's tongue was perniciously active,
+and within a few months Mercy discharged her, filling her place with a faithful
+and amiable Amazon from Newport, Maria Robbins.
+
+Meanwhile poor Rhoby Harris, in her madness, gave voice to dreams and
+imaginings of the most hideous sort. At times her screams became insupportable,
+and for long periods she would utter shrieking horrors which necessitated her
+son's temporary residence with his cousin, Peleg Harris, in Presbyterian Lane
+
+
+
+812
+
+
+
+near the new college building. The boy would seem to improve after these visits,
+and had Mercy been as wise as she was well-meaning, she would have let him
+live permanently with Peleg. Just what Mrs. Harris cried out in her fits of
+violence, tradition hesitates to say; or rather, presents such extravagant accounts
+that they nullify themselves through sheer absurdity. Certainly it sounds absurd
+to hear that a woman educated only in the rudiments of French often shouted for
+hours in a coarse and idiomatic form of that language, or that the same per son,
+alone and guarded, complained wildly of a staring thing which bit and chewed
+at her. In 1772 the servant Zenas died, and when Mrs. Harris heard of it she
+laughed with a shocking delight utterly foreign to her. The next year she herself
+died, and was laid to rest in the North Burial Ground beside her husband.
+
+Upon the outbreak of trouble with Great Britain in 1775, William Harris, despite
+his scant sixteen years and feeble constitution, man aged to enlist in the Army of
+Observation under General Greene; and from that time on enjoyed a steady rise
+in health and prestige.
+
+In 1780, as a Captain in Rhode Island forces in New Jersey under Colonel Angell,
+he met and married Phebe Hetfield of Elizabethtown, whom he brought to
+Providence upon his honourable discharge in the following year.
+
+The young soldier's return was not a thing of unmitigated happiness. The house,
+it is true, was still in good condition; and the street had been widened and
+changed in name from Back Street to Benefit Street. But Mercy Dexter's once
+robust frame had undergone a sag and curious decay, so that she was now a
+stooped and pathetic figure with hollow voice and disconcerting pallor -
+qualities shared to a singular degree by the one remaining servant Maria. In the
+autumn of 1782 Phebe Harris gave birth to a still-born daughter, and on the
+fifteenth of the next May Mercy Dexter took leave of a useful, austere, and
+virtuous life.
+
+William Harris, at last thoroughly convinced of the radically un healthful nature
+of his abode, now took steps toward quitting it and closing it forever. Securing
+temporary quarters for himself and wife at the newly opened Golden Ball Inn, he
+arranged for the building of a new and finer house in Westminster Street, in the
+growing part of the town across the Great Bridge. There, in 1785, his son Dutee
+was born; and there the family dwelt till the encroachments of commerce drove
+them back across the river and over the hill to Angell Street, in the newer East
+Side residence district, where the late Archer Harris built his sumptuous but
+hideous French-roofed mansion in 1876. William and Phebe both succumbed to
+the yellow fever epidemic in 1797, but Dutee was brought up by his cousin
+Rathbone Harris, Peleg's son.
+
+
+
+813
+
+
+
+Rathbone was a practical man, and rented the Benefit Street house despite
+WiUiam's wish to keep it vacant. He considered it an obhgation to his ward to
+make the most of all the boy's property, nor did he concern himself with the
+deaths and illnesses which caused so many changes of tenants, or the steadily
+growing aversion with which the house was generally regarded. It is likely that
+he felt only vexation when, in 1804, the town council ordered him to fumigate the
+place with sulphur, tar and gum camphor on account of the much-discussed
+deaths of four persons, presumably caused by the then diminishing fever
+epidemic. They said the place had a febrile smell.
+
+Dutee himself thought little of the house, for he grew up to be a privateersman,
+and served with distinction on the Vigilant under Capt. Cahoone in the War of
+1812. He returned unharmed, married in 1814, and became a father on that
+memorable night of September 23, 1815, when a great gale drove the waters of
+the bay over half the town, and floated a tall sloop well up Westminster Street so
+that its masts almost tapped the Harris windows in symbolic affirmation that the
+new boy. Welcome, was a seaman's son.
+
+Welcome did not survive his father, but lived to perish gloriously at
+Fredericksburg in 1862. Neither he nor his son Archer knew of the shunned
+house as other than a nuisance almost impossible to rent - perhaps on account of
+the mustiness and sickly odour of unkempt old age. Indeed, it never was rented
+after a series of deaths culminating in 1861, which the excitement of the war
+tended to throw into obscurity. Carrington Harris, last of the male line, knew it
+only as a deserted and somewhat picturesque center of legend until I told him
+my experience. He had meant to tear it down and build an apartment house on
+the site, but after my account, decided to let it stand, install plumbing, and rent
+it. Nor has he yet had any difficulty in obtaining tenants. The horror has gone.
+
+Ill
+
+It may well be imagined how powerfully I was affected by the annals of the
+Harrises. In this continuous record there seemed to me to brood a persistent evil
+beyond anything in nature as I had known it; an evil clearly connected with the
+house and not with the family. This impression was confirmed by my uncle's less
+systematic array of miscellaneous data - legends transcribed from servant gossip,
+cuttings from the papers, copies of death certificates by fellow- physicians, and
+the like. All of this material I cannot hope to give, for my uncle was a tireless
+antiquarian and very deeply interested in the shunned house; but I may refer to
+several dominant points which earn notice by their recurrence through many
+reports from diverse sources. For example, the servant gossip was practically
+unanimous in attributing to the fungous and malodorous cellar of the house a
+vast supremacy in evil influence. There had been servants - Ann White especially
+
+
+
+814
+
+
+
+- who would not use the cellar kitchen, and at least three well-defined legends
+bore upon the queer quasi-human or diabolic outlines assumed by tree-roots and
+patches of mould in that region. These latter narratives interested me
+profoundly, on account of what I had seen in my boyhood, but I felt that most of
+the significance had in each case been largely obscured by additions from the
+common stock of local ghost lore.
+
+Ann White, with her Exeter superstition, had promulgated the most extravagant
+and at the same time most consistent tale; alleging that there must lie buried
+beneath the house one of those vampires - the dead who retain their bodily form
+and live on the blood or breath of the living - whose hideous legions send their
+preying shapes or spirits abroad by night. To destroy a vampire one must, the
+grandmothers say, exhume it and burn its heart, or at least drive a stake through
+that organ; and Ann's dogged insistence on a search under the cellar had been
+prominent in bringing about her discharge.
+
+Her tales, however, commanded a wide audience, and were the more readily
+accepted because the house indeed stood on land once used for burial purposes.
+To me their interest depended less on this circumstance than on the peculiarly
+appropriate way in which they dove-tailed with certain other things - the
+complaint of the de parting servant Preserved Smith, who had preceded Ann
+and never heard of her, that something "sucked his breath" at night; the death-
+certificates of fever victims of 1804, issued by Dr. Chad Hopkins, and showing
+the four deceased persons all unaccountably lacking in blood; and the obscure
+passages of poor Rhoby Harris's ravings, where she complained of the sharp
+teeth of a glassy-eyed, half-visible presence.
+
+Free from unwarranted superstition though I am, these things produced in me an
+odd sensation, which was intensified by a pair of widely separated newspaper
+cuttings relating to deaths in the shunned house - one from the Providence
+Gazette and Country-Journal of April 12, 1815, and the other from the Daily
+Transcript and Chronicle of October 27, 1845 - each of which detailed an
+appallingly grisly circumstance whose duplication was remarkable. It seems that
+in both instances the dying person, in 1815 a gentle old lady named Stafford and
+in 1845 a school-teacher of middle age named Eleazar Durfee, became
+transfigured in a horrible way; glaring glassily and attempting to bite the throat
+of the attending physician. Even more puzzling, though, was the final case which
+put an end to the renting of the house - a series of anaemia deaths preceded by
+progressive madnesses wherein the patient would craftily attempt the lives of his
+relatives by incisions in the neck or wrists.
+
+This was in 1860 and 1861, when my uncle had just begun his medical practice;
+and before leaving for the front he heard much of it from his elder professional
+
+
+
+815
+
+
+
+colleagues. The really inexplicable thing was the way in which the victims -
+ignorant people, for the ill- smelling and widely shunned house could now be
+rented to no others - would babble maledictions in French, a language they could
+not possibly have studied to any extent. It made one think of poor Rhoby Harris
+nearly a century before, and so moved my uncle that he commenced collecting
+historical data on the house after listening, some time subsequent to his return
+from the war, to the first-hand account of Drs. Chase and Whitmarsh. Indeed, I
+could see that my uncle had thought deeply on the subject, and that he was glad
+of my own interest - an open-minded and sympathetic interest which enabled
+him to discuss with me matters at which others would merely have laughed. His
+fancy had not gone so far as mine, but he felt that the place was rare in its
+imaginative potentialities, and worthy of note as an inspiration in the field of the
+grotesque and macabre.
+
+For my part, I was disposed to take the whole subject with pro found
+seriousness, and began at once not only to review the evidence, but to
+accumulate as much as I could. I talked with the elderly Archer Harris, then
+owner of the house, many times before his death in 1916; and obtained from him
+and his still surviving maiden sister Alice an authentic corroboration of all the
+family data my uncle had collected. When, however, I asked them what
+connection with France or its language the house could have, they confessed
+themselves as frankly baffled and ignorant as I. Archer knew nothing, and all
+that Miss Harris could say was that an old allusion her grandfather, Dutee
+Harris, had heard of might have shed a little light. The old seaman, who had
+survived his son Welcome's death in battle by two years, had not himself known
+the legend; but recalled that his earliest nurse, the ancient Maria Robbins,
+seemed darkly aware of something that might have lent a weird significance to
+the French ravings of Rhoby Harris, which she had so often heard during the last
+days of that hapless woman. Maria had been at the shunned house from 1769 till
+the removal of the family in 1783, and had seen Mercy Dexter die. Once she
+hinted to the child Dutee of a somewhat peculiar circumstance in Mercy's last
+moments, but he had soon for gotten all about it save that it was something
+peculiar. The grand daughter, moreover, recalled even this much with difficulty.
+She and her brother were not so much interested in the house as was Archer's
+son Carrington, the present owner, with whom I talked after my experience.
+
+Having exhausted the Harris family of all the information it could furnish, I
+turned my attention to early town records and deeds with a zeal more
+penetrating than that which my uncle had occasionally shown in the same work.
+What I wished was a comprehensive history of the site from its very settlement
+in 1636 - or even before, if any Narragansett Indian legend could be unearthed to
+supply the data. I found, at the start, that the land had been part of a long strip of
+the lot granted originally to John Throckmorton; one of many similar strips
+
+
+
+816
+
+
+
+beginning at the Town Street beside the river and extending up over the hill to a
+line roughly corresponding with the modern Hope Street. The Throckmorton lot
+had later, of course, been much subdivided; and I became very assiduous in
+tracing that section through which Back or Benefit Street was later run. It had, a
+rumour indeed said, been the Throckmorton graveyard; but as I examined the
+records more carefully, I found that the graves had all been transferred at an
+early date to the North Burial Ground on the Pawtucket West Road.
+
+Then suddenly I came - by a rare piece of chance, since it was not in the main
+body of records and might easily have been missed - upon something which
+aroused my keenest eagerness, fitting in as it did with several of the queerest
+phases of the affair. It was the record of a lease in 1697, of a small tract of ground
+to an Etienne Roulet and wife. At last the French element had appeared - that,
+and another deeper element of horror which the name conjured up from the
+darkest recesses of my weird and heterogeneous reading - and I feverishly
+studied the platting of the locality as it had been before the cutting through and
+partial straightening of Back Street between 1747 and 1758. I found what I had
+half expected, that where the shunned house now stood, the Roulets had laid out
+their graveyard behind a one-story and attic cottage, and that no record of any
+transfer of. graves existed. The document, indeed, ended in much confusion; and
+I was forced to ransack both the Rhode Island Historical Society and Shepley
+Library before I could find a local door which the name of Etienne Roulet would
+unlock. In the end I did find something; some thing of such vague but monstrous
+import that I set about at once to examine the cellar of the shunned house itself
+with a new and ex cited minuteness.
+
+The Roulets, it seemed, had come in 1696 from East Greenwich, down the west
+shore of Narragansett Bay. They were Huguenots from Caude, and had
+encountered much opposition before the Providence selectmen allowed them to
+settle in the town. Unpopularity had dogged them in East Greenwich, whither
+they had come in 1686, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and rumour
+said that the cause of dislike extended beyond mere racial and national prejudice,
+or the land disputes which involved other French settlers with the English in
+rivalries which not even Governor Andros could quell. But their ardent
+Protestantism - too ardent, some whispered - and their evident distress when
+virtually driven from the village had been granted a haven; and the swarthy
+Etienne Roulet, less apt at agriculture than at reading queer books and drawing
+queer diagrams, was given a clerical post in the warehouse at Pardon
+Tillinghast's wharf, far south in Town Street. There had, however, been a riot of
+
+some sort later on - perhaps forty years later, after old Roulet's death - and no
+one seemed to hear of the family after that.
+
+
+
+817
+
+
+
+For a century and more, it appeared, the Roulets had been well re membered and
+frequently discussed as vivid incidents in the quiet life of a New England
+seaport. Etienne's son Paul, a surly fellow whose erratic conduct had probably
+provoked the riot which wiped out the family, was particularly a source of
+speculation; and though Providence never shared the witchcraft panics of her
+Puritan neighbours, it was freely intimated by old wives that his prayers were
+neither uttered at the proper time nor directed toward the proper object. All this
+had undoubtedly formed the basis of the legend known by old Maria Robbins.
+What relation it had to the French ravings of Rhoby Harris and other inhabitants
+of the shunned house, imagination or future discovery alone could determine. I
+wondered how many of those who had known the legends realized that
+additional link with the terrible which my wider reading had given me; that
+ominous item in the annals of morbid horror which tells of the creature Jacques
+Roulet, of Caude, who in 1598 was condemned to death as a daemoniac but
+afterward saved from the stake by the Paris parliament and shut in a madhouse.
+He had been found covered with blood and shreds of flesh in a wood, shortly
+after the killing and rending of a boy by a pair of wolves. One wolf was seen to
+lope away unhurt. Surely a pretty hearthside tale, with a queer significance as to
+name and place; but I decided that the Providence gossips could not have
+generally known of it. Had they known, the coincidence of names would have
+brought some drastic and frightened action- indeed, might not its limited
+whispering have precipitated the final riot which erased the Roulets from the
+town?
+
+I now visited the accursed place with increased frequency; studying the
+unwholesome vegetation of the garden, examining all the walls of the building,
+and poring over every inch of the earthen cellar floor. Finally, with Carrington
+Harris's permission, I fitted a key to the disused door opening from the cellar
+directly upon Benefit Street, preferring to have a more immediate access to the
+outside world than the dark stairs, ground floor hall, and front door could give.
+There, where morbidity lurked most thickly, I searched and poked during long
+afternoons when the sunlight filtered in through the cobwebbed above-ground
+door which placed me only a few feet from the placid sidewalk outside. Nothing
+new rewarded my efforts-only the same depressing mustiness and faint
+suggestions of noxious odours and nitrous outlines on the floor - and I fancy that
+many pedestrians must have watched me curiously through the broken panes.
+
+At length, upon a suggestion of my uncle's, I decided to try the spot nocturnally;
+and one stormy midnight ran the beams of an electric torch over the mouldy
+floor with its uncanny shapes and distorted, half-phosphorescent fungi. The
+place had dispirited me curiously that evening, and I was almost prepared when
+I saw - or thought I saw - amidst the whitish deposits a particularly sharp
+definition of the "huddled form" I had suspected from boyhood. Its clear ness
+
+
+
+818
+
+
+
+was astonishing and unprecedented - and as I watched I seemed to see again the
+thin, yellowish, shimmering exhalation which had startled me on that rainy
+afternoon so many years before.
+
+Above the anthropomorphic patch of mould by the fireplace it rose; a subtle,
+sickish, almost luminous vapour which, as it hung trembling in the dampness,
+seemed to develop vague and shocking suggestions of form, gradually trailing
+off into nebulous decay and passing up into the blackness of the great chimney
+with a foetor in its wake. It was truly horrible, and the more so to me because of.
+what I knew of the spot. Refusing to flee, I watched it fade - and as I watched I
+felt that it was in turn watching me greedily with eyes more imaginable than
+visible. When I told my uncle about it he was greatly aroused; and after a tense
+hour of reflection, arrived at a definite and drastic decision. Weighing in his
+mind the importance of the matter, and the significance of our relation to it, he
+insisted that we both test - and if possible destroy - the horror of the house by a
+joint night or nights of aggressive vigil in that musty and fungous-cursed cellar.
+
+IV
+
+On Wednesday, June 25, 1919, after a proper notification of Carring ton Harris
+which did not include surmises as to what we expected to find, my uncle and I
+conveyed to the shunned house two camp chairs and a folding camp cot,
+together with some scientific mechanism of greater weight and intricacy. These
+we placed in the cellar during the day, screening the windows with paper and
+planning to return in the evening for our first vigil. We had locked the door from
+the cellar to the ground floor; and having a key to the outside cellar door, we
+were prepared to leave our expensive and delicate apparatus - which we had
+obtained secretly and at great cost - as many days as our vigil might need to be
+protracted. It was our design to sit up together till very late, and then watch
+singly till dawn in two- hour stretches, myself first and then my companion; the
+inactive member resting on the cot.
+
+The natural leadership with which my uncle procured the instruments from the
+laboratories of Brown University and the Cranston Street Armory, and
+instinctively assumed direction of our venture, was a marvellous commentary on
+the potential vitality and resilience of a man of eighty-one. Elihu Whipple had
+lived according to the hygienic laws he had preached as a physician, and but for
+what happened later would be here in full vigour today. Only two persons
+suspect what did happen - Carrington Harris and myself. I had to tell Harris
+because he owned the house and deserved to know what had gone out of it.
+Then, too, we had spoken to him in advance of our quest; and I felt after my
+uncle's going that he would understand and assist me in some vitally necessary
+
+
+
+819
+
+
+
+public explanations. He turned very pale, but agreed to help me, and decided
+that it would now be safe to rent the house.
+
+To declare that we were not nervous on that rainy night of watching would be an
+exaggeration both gross and ridiculous. We were not, as I have said, in any sense
+childishly superstitious, but scientific study and reflection had taught us that the
+known universe of three dimensions embraces the merest fraction of the whole
+cosmos of substance and energy. In this case an overwhelming preponderance of
+evidence from numerous authentic sources pointed to the tenacious existence of
+certain forces of great power and, so far as the human point of view is concerned,
+exceptional malignancy. To say that we actually believed in vampires or
+werewolves would be a carelessly inclusive statement. Rather must it be said that
+we were not prepared to deny the possibility of certain unfamiliar and
+unclassified modifications of vital force and attenuated matter; existing very
+infrequently in three-dimensional space because of its more intimate connection
+with other spatial units, yet close enough to the boundary of our own to furnish
+us occasional manifestations which we, for lack of a proper vantage-point, may
+never hope to understand.
+
+In short, it seemed to my uncle and me that an incontrovertible array of facts
+pointed to some lingering influence in the shunned house; traceable to one or
+another of the ill-favoured French settlers of two centuries before, and still
+operative through rare and un known laws of atomic and electronic motion. That
+the family of Roulet had possessed an abnormal affinity for outer circles of entity
+- dark spheres which for normal folk hold only repulsion and terror - their
+recorded history seemed to prove. Had not, then, the riots of those bygone
+seventeen-thirties set moving certain kinetic patterns in the morbid brain of one
+or more of them - notably the sinister Paul Roulet - which obscurely survived the
+bodies murdered, and continued to function in some multiple-dimensioned
+space along the original lines of force determined by a frantic hatred of the
+encroaching community?
+
+Such a thing was surely not a physical or biochemical impossibility in the light of
+a newer science which includes the theories of relativity and intra-atomic action.
+One might easily imagine an alien nucleus of substance or energy, formless or
+otherwise, kept alive by imperceptible or immaterial subtractions from the life-
+force or bodily tissue and fluids of other and more palpably living things into
+which it penetrates and with whose fabric it sometimes completely merges itself.
+It might be actively hostile, or it might be dictated merely by blind motives of
+self-preservation. In any case such a monster must of necessity be in our scheme
+of things an anomaly and an intruder, whose extirpation forms a primary duty
+with every man not an enemy to the world's life, health, and sanity.
+
+
+
+820
+
+
+
+What baffled us was our utter ignorance of the aspect in which we might
+encounter the thing. No sane person had even seen it, and few had ever feh it
+definitely. It might be pure energy - a form ethereal and outside the realm of
+substance-or it might be partly material; some unknown and equivocal mass of
+plasticity, capable of changing at will to nebulous approximations of the solid,
+liquid, gaseous, or tenuously unparticled states. The anthropomorphic patch of
+mould on the floor, the form of the yellowish vapour, and the curvature of the
+tree-roots in some of the old tales, all argued at least a remote and reminiscent
+connection with the human shape; but how representative or permanent that
+similarity might be, none could say with any kind of certainty.
+
+We had devised two weapons to fight it; a large and specially fitted Crookes tube
+operated by powerful storage batteries and pro vided with peculiar screens and
+reflectors, in case it proved intangible and opposable only by vigorously
+destructive ether radiations, and a pair of military flame-throwers of the sort
+used in the World War, in case it proved partly material and susceptible of
+mechanical destruction - for like the superstitious Exeter rustics, we were
+prepared to burn the thing's heart out if heart existed to burn. All this aggressive
+mechanism we set in the cellar in positions care fully arranged with reference to
+the cot and chairs, and to the spot before the fireplace where the mould had
+taken strange shapes. That suggestive patch, by the way, was only faintly visible
+when we placed our furniture and instruments, and when we returned that
+evening for the actual vigil. For a moment I half-doubted that I had ever seen it
+in the more definitely limned form - but then I thought of the legends.
+
+Our cellar vigil began at 10 P.M., daylight saving time, and as it continued we
+found no promise of pertinent developments. A weak, filtered glow from the
+rain-harassed street lamps outside, and a feeble phosphorescence from the
+detestable fungi within, showed the drip ping stone of the walls, from which all
+traces of whitewash had vanished; the dank, foetid and mildew-tainted hard
+earth floor with its obscene fungi; the rotting remains of what had been stools,
+chairs and tables, and other more shapeless furniture; the heavy planks and
+massive beams of the ground floor overhead; the decrepit plank door leading to
+bins and chambers beneath other parts of the house; the crumbling stone
+staircase with ruined wooden hand-rail; and the crude and cavernous fireplace of
+blackened brick where rusted iron fragments revealed the past presence of
+hooks, andirons, spit, crane, and a door to the Dutch oven - these things, and our
+austere cot and camp chairs, and the heavy and intricate destructive machinery
+we had brought.
+
+We had, as in my own former explorations, left the door to the street unlocked;
+so that a direct and practical path of escape might lie open in case of
+manifestations beyond our power to deal with. It was our idea that our
+
+
+
+821
+
+
+
+continued nocturnal presence would call forth whatever malign entity lurked
+there; and that being prepared, we could dispose of the thing with one or the
+other of our provided means as soon as we had recognised and observed it
+sufficiently. How long it might require to evoke and extinguish the thing, we had
+no notion. It occurred to us, too, that our venture was far from safe, for in what
+strength the thing might appear no one could tell. But we deemed the game
+worth the hazard, and embarked on it alone and unhesitatingly; conscious that
+the seeking of outside aid would only expose us to ridicule and perhaps defeat
+our entire purpose. Such was our frame of mind as we talked - far into the night,
+till my uncle's growing drowsiness made me remind him to lie down for his two-
+hour sleep.
+
+Something like fear chilled me as I sat there in the small hours alone - 1 say alone,
+for one who sits by a sleeper is indeed alone; perhaps more alone than he can
+realise. My uncle breathed heavily, his deep inhalations and exhalations
+accompanied by the rain outside, and punctuated by another nerve-racking
+sound of distant dripping water within - for the house was repulsively damp
+even in dry weather, and in this storm positively swamp-like. I studied the loose,
+antique-masonry of the walls in the fungous-light and the feeble rays which stole
+in from the street through the screened windows; and once, when the noisome
+atmosphere of the place seemed about to sicken me, I opened the door and
+looked up and down the street, feasting my eyes on familiar sights and my
+nostrils on whole some air. Still nothing occurred to reward my watching; and I
+yawned repeatedly, fatigue getting the better of apprehension.
+
+Then the stirring of my uncle in his sleep attracted my notice. He had turned
+restlessly on the cot several times during the latter half of the first hour, but now
+he was breathing with unusual irregularity, occasionally heaving a sigh which
+held more than a few of the qualities of a choking moan. I turned my electric
+flashlight on him and found his face averted, so rising and crossing to the other
+side of the cot, I again flashed the light to see if he seemed in any pain. What I
+saw unnerved me most surprisingly, considering its relative triviality. It must
+have been merely the association of an odd circumstance with the sinister nature
+of our location and mission, for surely the circumstance was not in itself frightful
+or unnatural. It was merely that my uncle's facial expression, disturbed no doubt
+by the strange dreams which our situation prompted, betrayed consider able
+agitation, and seemed not at all characteristic of him. His habitual expression was
+one of kindly and well-bred calm, whereas now a variety of emotions seemed
+struggling within him. I think, on the whole, that it was this variety which chiefly
+disturbed me. My uncle, as he gasped and tossed in increasing perturbation and
+with eyes that had now started open, seemed not one man but many men, and
+suggested a curious quality of alienage from himself.
+
+
+
+822
+
+
+
+All at once he commenced to mutter, and I did not like the look of his mouth and
+teeth as he spoke. The words were at first indistinguishable, and then - with a
+tremendous start - I recognised some thing about them which filled me with icy
+fear till I recalled the breadth of my uncle's education and the interminable
+translations he had made from anthropological and antiquarian articles in the
+Revue des Deux Mondes. For the venerable Elihu Whipple was muttering in
+French, and the few phrases I could distinguish seemed connected with the
+darkest myths he had ever adapted from the famous Paris magazine.
+
+Suddenly a perspiration broke out on the sleeper's forehead, and he leaped
+abruptly up, half awake. The jumble of French changed to a cry in English, and
+the hoarse voice shouted excitedly, "My breath, my breath!" Then the awakening
+became complete, and with a subsidence of facial expression to the normal state
+my uncle seized my hand and began to relate a dream whose nucleus of
+significance I could only surmise with a kind of awe.
+
+He had, he said, floated off from a very ordinary series of dream- pictures into a
+scene whose strangeness was related to nothing he had ever read. It was of this
+world, and yet not of it - a shadowy geometrical confusion in which could be
+seen elements of familiar things in most unfamiliar and perturbing combinations.
+There was a suggestion of queerly disordered pictures superimposed one upon
+an other; an arrangement in which the essentials of time as well as of space
+seemed dissolved and mixed in the most illogical fashion. In this kaleidoscopic
+vortex of phantasmal images were occasional snap-shots, if one might use the
+term, of singular clearness but un accountable heterogeneity.
+
+Once my uncle thought he lay in a carelessly dug open pit, with a crowd of angry
+faces framed by straggling locks and three-cornered hats frowning down at him.
+Again he seemed to be in the interior of a house - an old house, apparently - but
+the details and inhabitants were constantly changing, and he could never be
+certain of the faces or the furniture, or even of the room itself, since doors and
+windows seemed in just as great a state of flux as the more presumably mobile
+objects. It was queer - damnably queer - and my uncle spoke almost sheepishly,
+as if half expecting not to be believed, when he declared that of the strange faces
+many had unmistakably borne the features of the Harris family. And all the
+while there was a personal sensation of choking, as if some pervasive presence
+had spread itself through his body and sought to possess itself of his vital
+processes. I shuddered at the thought of those vital processes, worn as they were
+by eighty-one years of continuous functioning, in conflict with unknown forces
+of which the youngest and strongest system might well be afraid; but in another
+moment reflected that dreams are only dreams, and that these uncomfortable
+visions could be, at most, no more than my uncle's reaction to the investigations
+and expectations which had lately filled our minds to the exclusion of all else.
+
+
+
+823
+
+
+
+Conversation, also, soon tended to dispel my sense of strangeness; and in time I
+yielded to my yawns and took my turn at slumber. My uncle seemed now very
+wakeful, and welcomed his period of watching even though the nightmare had
+aroused him far ahead of his al lotted two hours. Sleep seized me quickly, and I
+was at once haunted with dreams of the most disturbing kind. I felt, in my
+visions, a cosmic and abysmal loneness; with hostility surging from all sides
+upon some prison where I lay confined. I seemed bound and gagged, and
+taunted by the echoing yells of distant multitudes who thirsted for my blood. My
+uncle's face came to me with less pleasant associations than in waking hours, and
+I recall many futile struggles and at tempts to scream. It was not a pleasant sleep,
+and for a second I was not sorry for the echoing shriek which clove through the
+barriers of dream and flung me to a sharp and startled awakeness in which every
+actual object before my eyes stood out with more than natural clearness and
+reality.
+
+V
+
+I had been lying with my face away from my uncle's chair, so that in this sudden
+flash of awakening I saw only the door to the street, the more northerly window,
+and the wall and floor and ceiling toward the north of the room, all
+photographed with morbid vivid ness on my brain in a light brighter than the
+glow of the fungi or the rays from the street outside. It was not a strong or even a
+fairly strong light; certainly not nearly strong enough to read an average book
+by. But it cast a shadow of myself and the cot on the floor, and had a yellowish,
+penetrating force that hinted at things more portent than luminosity. This I
+perceived with unhealthy sharpness despite the fact that two of my other senses
+were violently assailed. For on my ears rang the reverberations of that shocking
+scream, while my nostrils revolted at the stench which filled the place. My mind,
+as alert as my senses, recognised the gravely unusual; and almost automatically I
+leaped up and turned about to grasp the destructive instruments which we had
+left trained on the mouldy spot before the fireplace. As I turned, I dreaded what I
+was to see; for the scream had been in my uncle's voice, and I knew not against
+what menace I should have to defend him and myself.
+
+Yet after all, the sight was worse than I had dreaded. There are horrors beyond
+horrors, and this was one of those nuclei of all dreamable hideousness which the
+cosmos saves to blast an accursed and unhappy few. Out of the fungous-ridden
+earth steamed up a va porous corpse-light, yellow and diseased, which bubbled
+and lapped to a gigantic height in vague outlines half human and half
+monstrous, through which I could see the chimney and fireplace beyond. It was
+all eyes - wolfish and mocking - and the rugose insect-like head dissolved at the
+top to a thin stream of mist which curled putridly about and finally vanished up
+the chimney. I say that I saw this thing, but it is only in conscious retrospection
+
+
+
+824
+
+
+
+that I ever definitely traced its damnable approach to form. At the time it was to
+me only a seething dimly phosphorescent cloud of fungous loathsomeness,
+enveloping and dissolving to an abhorrent plasticity the one object to which all
+my attention was focused. That object was my uncle - the venerable Elihu
+Whipple - who with blackening and
+
+decaying features leered and gibbered at me, and reached out drip ping claws to
+rend me in the fury which this horror had brought.
+
+It was a sense of routine which kept me from going mad. I had drilled myself in
+preparation for the crucial moment, and blind training saved me. Recognising
+the bubbling evil as no substance reach able by matter or material chemistry, and
+therefore ignoring the flame-thrower which loomed on my left, I threw on the
+current of the Crookes tube apparatus, and focussed toward that scene of
+immortal blasphemousness the strongest ether radiations which men's art can
+arouse from the spaces and fluids of nature. There was a bluish haze and a
+frenzied sputtering, and the yellowish phosphorescence grew dimmer to my
+eyes. But I saw the dimness was only that of contrast, and that the waves from
+the machine had no effect whatever.
+
+Then, in the midst of that daemoniac spectacle, I saw a fresh horror which
+brought cries to my lips and sent me fumbling and staggering towards that
+unlocked door to the quiet street, careless of what abnormal terrors I loosed upon
+the world, or what thoughts or judgments of men I brought down upon my
+head. In that dim blend of blue and yellow the form of my uncle had commenced
+a nauseous liquefaction whose essence eludes all description, and in which there
+played across his vanishing face such changes of identity as only madness can
+conceive. He was at once a devil and a multitude, a charnel-house and a pageant.
+Lit by the mixed and uncertain beams, that gelatinous face assumed a dozen - a
+score - a hundred- aspects; grinning, as it sank to the ground on a body that
+melted like tallow, in the caricatured likeness of legions strange and yet not
+strange.
+
+I saw the features of the Harris line, masculine and feminine, adult and infantile,
+and other features old and young, coarse and re fined, familiar and unfamiliar.
+For a second there flashed a degraded counterfeit of a miniature of poor Rhoby
+Harris that I had seen in the School of Design Museum, and another time I
+thought I caught the rawboned image of Mercy Dexter as I recalled her from a
+painting in Carrington Harris's house. It was frightful beyond conception;
+toward the last, when a curious blend of servant and baby visages flickered close
+to the fungous floor where a pool of greenish grease was spreading, it seemed as
+though the shifting features fought against themselves, and strove to form
+contours like those of my uncle's kindly face. I like to think that he existed at that
+
+
+
+825
+
+
+
+moment, and that he tried to bid me farewell. It seems to me I hiccoughed a
+farewell from my own parched throat as I lurched out into the street; a thin
+stream of grease following me through the door to the rain- drenched sidewalk.
+
+The rest is shadowy and monstrous. There was no one in the soaking street, and
+in all the world there was no one I dared tell. I walked aimlessly south past
+College Hill and the Athenaeum, down Hopkins Street, and over the bridge to
+the business section where tall buildings seemed to guard me as modern material
+things guard the world from ancient and unwholesome wonder. Then the grey
+dawn unfolded wetly from the east, silhouetting the archaic hill and its venerable
+steeples, and beckoning me to the place where my terrible work was still
+unfinished. And in the end I went, wet, hatless, and dazed in the morning light,
+and entered that awful door in Benefit Street which I had left ajar, and which still
+swung cryptically in full sight of the early householders to whom I dared not
+speak.
+
+The grease was gone, for the mouldy floor was porous. And in front of the
+fireplace was no vestige of the giant doubled-up form in nitre. I looked at the cot,
+the chairs, the instruments, my neglected hat, and the yellowed straw hat of my
+uncle. Dazedness was upper most, and I could scarcely recall what was dream
+and what was reality. Then thought trickled back, and I knew that I had
+witnessed things more horrible than I had dreamed. Sitting down, I tried to
+conjecture as nearly as sanity would let me just what had happened, and how I
+might end the horror, if indeed it had been real. Matter it seemed not to be, nor
+ether, nor anything else conceivable by mortal mind. What, then, but some exotic
+emanation; some vampirish vapour such as Exeter rustics tell of as lurking over
+certain church yards? This I felt was the clue, and again I looked at the floor
+before the fireplace where the mould and nitre had taken strange forms. In ten
+minutes my mind was made up, and taking my hat I set out for home, where I
+bathed, ate, and gave by telephone an order for a pick- axe, a spade, a military
+gas-mask, and six carboys of sulphuric acid, all to be delivered the next morning
+at the cellar door of the shunned house in Benefit Street. After that I tried to
+sleep; and failing, passed the hours in reading and in the composition of inane
+verses to counteract my mood.
+
+At 11 A.M. the next day I commenced digging. It was sunny weather, and I was
+glad of that. I was still alone, for as much as I feared the unknown horror I
+sought, there was more fear in the thought of telling anybody. Later I told Harris
+only through sheer necessity, and because he had heard odd tales from old
+people which disposed him ever so little toward belief. As I turned up the
+stinking black earth in front of the fireplace, my spade causing a viscous yellow
+ichor to ooze from the white fungi which it severed, I trembled at the dubious
+
+
+
+826
+
+
+
+thoughts of what I might uncover. Some secrets of inner earth are not good for
+mankind, and this seemed to me one of them.
+
+My hand shook perceptibly, but still I delved; after a while standing in the large
+hole I had made. With the deepening of the hole, which was about six feet
+square, the evil smell increased; and I lost all doubt of my imminent contact with
+the hellish thing whose emanations had cursed the house for over a century and
+a half. I wondered what it would look like - what its form and substance would
+be, and how big it might have waxed through long ages of life- sucking. At
+length I climbed out of the hole and dispersed the heaped-up dirt, then arranging
+the great carboys of acid around and near two sides, so that when necessary I
+might empty them all down the aperture in quick succession. After that I
+dumped earth only along the other two sides; working more slowly and donning
+my gas- mask as the smell grew. I was nearly unnerved at my proximity to a
+nameless thing at the bottom of a pit.
+
+Suddenly my spade struck something softer than earth. I shuddered and made a
+motion as if to climb out of the hole, which was now as deep as my neck. Then
+courage returned, and I scraped away more dirt in the light of the electric torch I
+had provided. The surface I uncovered was fishy and glassy - a kind of semi-
+putrid congealed jelly with suggestions of translucency. I scraped further, and
+saw that it had form. There was a rift where a part of the substance was folded
+over. The exposed area was huge and roughly cylindrical; like a mammoth soft
+blue-white stovepipe doubled in two, its largest part some two feet in diameter.
+Still more I scraped, and then abruptly I leaped out of the hole and away from
+the filthy thing; frantically unstopping and tilting the heavy carboys, and
+precipitating their corrosive contents one after another down that charnel gulf
+and upon this unthinkable abnormality whose titan elbow I had seen.
+
+The blinding maelstrom of greenish-yellow vapour which surged tempestuously
+up from that hole as the floods of acid descended, will never leave my memory.
+All along the hill people tell of the yellow day, when virulent and horrible fumes
+arose from the factory waste dumped in the Providence River, but I know how
+mistaken they are as to the source. They tell, too, of the hideous roar which at the
+same time came from some disordered water-pipe or gas main underground -
+but again I could correct them if I dared. It was unspeakably shocking, and I do
+not see how I lived through it. I did faint after emptying the fourth carboy, which
+I had to handle after the fumes had begun to penetrate my mask; but when I
+recovered I saw that the hole was emitting no fresh vapours.
+
+The two remaining carboys I emptied down without particular result, and after a
+time I felt it safe to shovel the earth back into the pit. It was twilight before I was
+done, but fear had gone out of the place. The dampness was less foetid, and all
+
+
+
+827
+
+
+
+the strange fungi had withered to a kind of harmless greyish powder which blew
+ashlike along the floor. One of earth's nethermost terrors had perished forever;
+and if there be a hell, it had received at last the daemon soul of an unhallowed
+thing. And as I patted down the last spadeful of mould, I shed the first of many
+tears with which I have paid unaffected tribute to my beloved uncle's memory.
+
+The next spring no more pale grass and strange weeds came up in the shunned
+house's terraced garden, and shortly afterward Carring ton Harris rented the
+place. It it still spectral, but its strangeness fascinates me, and I shall find mixed
+with my relief a queer regret when it is torn down to make way for a tawdry
+shop or vulgar apartment building. The barren old trees in the yard have begun
+to bear small, sweet apples, and last year the birds nested in their gnarled
+boughs.
+
+
+
+828
+
+
+
+The Silver Key
+
+Written in 1926
+
+Published January 1929 in Weird Tales
+
+When Randolph Carter was thirty he lost the key of the gate of dreams. Prior to
+that time he had made up for the prosiness of life by nightly excursions to
+strange and ancient cities beyond space, and lovely, unbelievable garden lands
+across ethereal seas; but as middle age hardened upon him he felt those liberties
+slipping away little by little, until at last he was cut off altogether. No more could
+his galleys sail up the river Oukranos past the gilded spires of Thran, or his
+elephant caravans tramp through perfumed jungles in Kled, where forgotten
+palaces with veined ivory columns sleep lovely and unbroken under the moon.
+
+He had read much of things as they are, and talked with too many people. Well-
+meaning philosophers had taught him to look into the logical relations of things,
+and analyse the processes which shaped his thoughts and fancies. Wonder had
+gone away, and he had forgotten that all life is only a set of pictures in the brain,
+among which there is no difference betwixt those born of real things and those
+born of inward dreamings, and no cause to value the one above the other.
+Custom had dinned into his ears a superstitious reverence for that which
+tangibly and physically exists, and had made him secretly ashamed to dwell in
+visions. Wise men told him his simple fancies were inane and childish, and even
+more absurd because their actors persist in fancying them full of meaning and
+purpose as the blind cosmos grinds aimlessly on from nothing to something and
+from something back to nothing again, neither heeding nor knowing the wishes
+or existence of the minds that flicker for a second now and then in the darkness.
+
+They had chained him down to things that are, and had then explained the
+workings of those things till mystery had gone out of the world. When he
+complained, and longed to escape into twilight realms where magic moulded all
+the little vivid fragments and prized associations of his mind into vistas of
+breathless expectancy and unquenchable delight, they turned him instead
+toward the new-found prodigies of science, bidding him find wonder in the
+atom's vortex and mystery in the sky's dimensions. And when he had failed to
+find these boons in things whose laws are known and measurable, they told him
+he lacked imagination, and was immature because he preferred dream-illusions
+to the illusions of our physical creation.
+
+So Carter had tried to do as others did, and pretended that the common events
+and emotions of earthy minds were more important than the fantasies of rare
+
+
+
+829
+
+
+
+and delicate souls. He did not dissent when they told him that the animal pain of
+a stuck pig or dyspeptic ploughman in real life is a greater thing than the
+peerless beauty of Narath with its hundred carven gates and domes of
+chalcedony, which he dimly remembered from his dreams; and under their
+guidance he cultivated a painstaking sense of pity and tragedy.
+
+Once in a while, though, he could not help seeing how shallow, fickle, and
+meaningless all human aspirations are, and how emptily our real impulses
+contrast with those pompous ideals we profess to hold. Then he would have
+recourse to the polite laughter they had taught him to use against the
+extravagance and artificiality of dreams; for he saw that the daily life of our
+world is every inch as extravagant and artificial, and far less worthy of respect
+because of its poverty in beauty and its silly reluctance to admit its own lack of
+reason and purpose. In this way he became a kind of humorist, for he did not see
+that even humour is empty in a mindless universe devoid of any true standard of
+consistency or inconsistency.
+
+In the first days of his bondage he had turned to the gentle churchly faith
+endeared to him by the naive trust of his fathers, for thence stretched mystic
+avenues which seemed to promise escape from life. Only on closer view did he
+mark the starved fancy and beauty, the stale and prosy triteness, and the owlish
+gravity and grotesque claims of solid truth which reigned boresomely and
+overwhelmingly among most of its professors; or feel to the full the
+awkwardness with which it sought to keep alive as literal fact the outgrown fears
+and guesses of a primal race confronting the unknown. It wearied Carter to see
+how solemnly people tried to make earthly reality out of old myths which every
+step of their boasted science confuted, and this misplaced seriousness killed the
+attachment he might have kept for the ancient creeds had they been content to
+offer the sonorous rites and emotional outlets in their true guise of ethereal
+fantasy.
+
+But when he came to study those who had thrown off the old myths, he found
+them even more ugly than those who had not. They did not know that beauty
+lies in harmony, and that loveliness of life has no standard amidst an aimless
+cosmos save only its harmony with the dreams and the feelings which have gone
+before and blindly moulded our little spheres out of the rest of chaos. They did
+not see that good and evil and beauty and ugliness are only ornamental fruits of
+perspective, whose sole value lies in their linkage to what chance made our
+fathers think and feel, and whose finer details are different for every race and
+culture. Instead, they either denied these things altogether or transferred them to
+the crude, vague instincts which they shared with the beasts and peasants; so
+that their lives were dragged malodorously out in pain, ugliness, and
+disproportion, yet filled with a ludicrous pride at having escaped from
+
+
+
+830
+
+
+
+something no more unsound than that which still held them. They had traded
+the false gods of fear and blind piety for those of license and anarchy.
+
+Carter did not taste deeply of these modern freedoms; for their cheapness and
+squalor sickened a spirit loving beauty alone while his reason rebelled at the
+flimsy logic with which their champions tried to gild brute impulse with a
+sacredness stripped from the idols they had discarded. He saw that most of
+them, in common with their cast-off priestcraft, could not escape from the
+delusion that life has a meaning apart from that which men dream into it; and
+could not lay aside the crude notion of ethics and obligations beyond those of
+beauty, even when all Nature shrieked of its unconsciousness and impersonal
+unmorality in the light of their scientific discoveries. Warped and bigoted with
+preconceived illusions of justice, freedom, and consistency, they cast off the old
+lore and the old way with the old beliefs; nor ever stopped to think that that lore
+and those ways were the sole makers of their present thoughts and judgments,
+and the sole guides and standards in a meaningless universe without fixed aims
+or stable points of reference. Having lost these artificial settings, their lives grew
+void of direction and dramatic interest; till at length they strove to drown their
+ennui in bustle and pretended usefulness, noise and excitement, barbaric display
+and animal sensation. When these things palled, disappointed, or grew nauseous
+through revulsion, they cultivated irony and bitterness, and found fault with the
+social order. Never could they realize that their brute foundations were as
+shifting and contradictory as the gods of their elders, and that the satisfaction of
+one moment is the bane of the next. Calm, lasting beauty comes only in a dream,
+and this solace the world had thrown away when in its worship of the real it
+threw away the secrets of childhood and innocence.
+
+Amidst this chaos of hollowness and unrest Carter tried to live as befitted a man
+of keen thought and good heritage. With his dreams fading under the ridicule of
+the age he could not believe in anything, but the love of harmony kept him close
+to the ways of his race and station. He walked impassive through the cities of
+men, and sighed because no vista seemed fully real; because every flash of
+yellow sunlight on tall roofs and every glimpse of balustraded plazas in the first
+lamps of evening served only to remind him of dreams he had once known, and
+to make him homesick for ethereal lands he no longer knew how to find. Travel
+was only a mockery; and even the Great War stirred him but little, though he
+served from the first in the Foreign Legion of France. For a while he sought
+friends, but soon grew weary of the crudeness of their emotions, and the
+sameness and earthiness of their visions. He felt vaguely glad that all his
+relatives were distant and out of touch with him, for they would not have
+understood his mental life. That is, none but his grandfather and great-uncle
+Christopher could, and they were long dead.
+
+
+
+831
+
+
+
+Then he began once more the writing of books, which he had left off when
+dreams first failed him. But here, too, was there no satisfaction or fulfillment; for
+the touch of earth was upon his mind, and he could not think of lovely things as
+he had done of yore. Ironic humor dragged down all the twilight minarets he
+reared, and the earthy fear of improbability blasted all the delicate and amazing
+flowers in his faery gardens. The convention of assumed pity spilt mawkishness
+on his characters, while the myth of an important reality and significant human
+events and emotions debased all his high fantasy into thin-veiled allegory and
+cheap social satire. His new novels were successful as his old ones had never
+been; and because he knew how empty they must be to please an empty herd, he
+burned them and ceased his writing. They were very graceful novels, in which
+he urbanely laughed at the dreams he lightly sketched; but he saw that their
+sophistication had sapped all their life away.
+
+It was after this that he cultivated deliberate illusion, and dabbled in the notions
+of the bizarre and the eccentric as an antidote for the commonplace. Most of
+these, however, soon showed their poverty and barrenness; and he saw that the
+popular doctrines of occultism are as dry and inflexible as those of science, yet
+without even the slender palliative of truth to redeem them. Gross stupidity,
+falsehood, and muddled thinking are not dream; and form no escape from life to
+a mind trained above their own level. So Carter bought stranger books and
+sought out deeper and more terrible men of fantastic erudition; delving into
+arcana of consciousness that few have trod, and learning things about the secret
+pits of life, legend, and immemorial antiquity which disturbed him ever
+afterward. He decided to live on a rarer plane, and furnished his Boston home to
+suit his changing moods; one room for each, hung in appropriate colours,
+furnished with befitting books and objects, and provided with sources of the
+proper sensations of light, heat, sound, taste, and odour.
+
+Once he heard of a man in the south, who was shunned and feared for the
+blasphemous things he read in prehistoric books and clay tablets smuggled from
+India and Arabia. Him he visited, living with him and sharing his studies for
+seven years, till horror overtook them one midnight in an unknown and archaic
+graveyard, and only one emerged where two had entered. Then he went back to
+Arkham, the terrible witch-haunted old town of his forefathers in New England,
+and had experiences in the dark, amidst the hoary willows and tottering gambrel
+roofs, which made him seal forever certain pages in the diary of a wild-minded
+ancestor. But these horrors took him only to the edge of reality, and were not of
+the true dream country he had known in youth; so that at fifty he despaired of
+any rest or contentment in a world grown too busy for beauty and too shrewd
+for dreams.
+
+
+
+832
+
+
+
+Having perceived at last the hollowness and futility of real things. Carter spent
+his days in retirement, and in wistful disjointed memories of his dream-filled
+youth. He thought it rather silly that he bothered to keep on living at all, and got
+from a South American acquaintance a very curious liquid to take him to
+oblivion without suffering. Inertia and force of habit, however, caused him to
+defer action; and he lingered indecisively among thoughts of old times, taking
+down the strange hangings from his walls and refitting the house as it was in his
+early boyhood - purple panes, Victorian furniture, and all.
+
+With the passage of time he became almost glad he had lingered, for his relics of
+youth and his cleavage from the world made life and sophistication seem very
+distant and unreal; so much so that a touch of magic and expectancy stole back
+into his nightly slumbers. For years those slumbers had known only such twisted
+reflections of every-day things as the commonest slumbers know, but now there
+returned a flicker of something stranger and wilder; something of vaguely
+awesome imminence which took the form of tensely clear pictures from his
+childhood days, and made him think of little inconsequential things he had long
+forgotten. He would often awake calling for his mother and grandfather, both in
+their graves a quarter of a century.
+
+Then one night his grandfather reminded him of the key. The grey old scholar, as
+vivid as in life, spoke long and earnestly of their ancient line, and of the strange
+visions of the delicate and sensitive men who composed it. He spoke of the
+flame-eyed Crusader who learnt wild secrets of the Saracens that held him
+captive; and of the first Sir Randolph Carter who studied magic when Elizabeth
+was queen. He spoke, too, of that Edmund Carter who had just escaped hanging
+in the Salem witchcraft, and who had placed in an antique box a great silver key
+handed down from his ancestors. Before Carter awaked, the gentle visitant had
+told him where to find that box; that carved oak box of archaic wonder whose
+grotesque lid no hand had raised for two centuries.
+
+In the dust and shadows of the great attic he found it, remote and forgotten at the
+back of a drawer in a tall chest. It was about a foot square, and its Gothic
+carvings were so fearful that he did not marvel no person since Edmund Carter
+had dared to open it. It gave forth no noise when shaken, but was mystic with
+the scent of unremembered spices. That it held a key was indeed only a dim
+legend, and Randolph Carter's father had never known such a box existed. It was
+bound in rusty iron, and no means was provided for working the formidable
+lock. Carter vaguely understood that he would find within it some key to the lost
+gate of dreams, but of where and how to use it his grandfather had told him
+nothing.
+
+
+
+833
+
+
+
+An old servant forced the carven lid, shaking as he did so at the hideous faces
+leering from the blackened wood, and at some unplaced familiarity. Inside,
+wrapped in a discoloured parchment, was a huge key of tarnished silver covered
+with cryptical arabesques; but of any legible explanation there was none. The
+parchment was voluminous, and held only the strange hieroglyphs of an
+unknown tongue written with an antique reed. Carter recognized the characters
+as those he had seen on a certain papyrus scroll belonging to that terrible scholar
+of the South who had vanished one midmght in a nameless cemetery. The man
+had always shivered when he read this scroll, and Carter shivered now.
+
+But he cleaned the key, and kept it by him nightly in its aromatic box of ancient
+oak. His dreams were meanwhile increasing in vividness, and though showing
+him none of the strange cities and incredible gardens of the old days, were
+assuming a definite cast whose purpose could not be mistaken. They were
+calling him back along the years, and with the mingled wills of all his fathers
+were pulling him toward some hidden and ancestral source. Then he knew he
+must go into the past and merge himself with old things, and day after day he
+thought of the hills to the north where haunted Arkham and the rushing
+Miskatonic and the lonely rustic homestead of his people lay.
+
+In the brooding fire of autumn Carter took the old remembered way past
+graceful lines of rolling hill and stone-walled meadow, distant vale and hanging
+woodland, curving road and nestling farmstead, and the crystal windings of the
+Miskatonic, crossed here and there by rustic bridges of wood or stone. At one
+bend he saw the group of giant elms among which an ancestor had oddly
+vanished a century and a half before, and shuddered as the wind blew
+meaningly through them. Then there was the crumbling farmhouse of old Goody
+Fowler the witch, with its little evil windows and great roof sloping nearly to the
+ground on the north side. He speeded up his car as he passed it, and did not
+slacken till he had mounted the hill where his mother and her fathers before her
+were born, and where the old white house still looked proudly across the road at
+the breathlessly lovely panorama of rocky slope and verdant valley, with the
+distant spires of Kingsport on the horizon, and hints of the archaic, dream-laden
+sea in the farthest background.
+
+Then came the steeper slope that held the old Carter place he had not seen in
+over forty years. Afternoon was far gone when he reached the foot, and at the
+bend half way up he paused to scan the outspread countryside golden and
+glorified in the slanting floods of magic poured out by a western sun. All the
+strangeness and expectancy of his recent dreams seemed present in this hushed
+and unearthly landscape, and he thought of the unknown solitudes of other
+planets as his eyes traced out the velvet and deserted lawns shining undulant
+between their tumbled walls, and clumps of faery forest setting off far lines of
+
+
+
+834
+
+
+
+purple hills beyond hills, and the spectral wooded valley dipping down in
+shadow to dank hollows where trickling waters crooned and gurgled among
+swollen and distorted roots.
+
+Something made him feel that motors did not belong in the realm he was
+seeking, so he left his car at the edge of the forest, and putting the great key in his
+coat pocket walked on up the hill. Woods now engulfed him utterly, though he
+knew the house was on a high knoll that cleared the trees except to the north. He
+wondered how it would look, for it had been left vacant and untended through
+his neglect since the death of his strange great-uncle Christopher thirty years
+before. In his boyhood he had revelled through long visits there, and had found
+weird marvels in the woods beyond the orchard.
+
+Shadows thickened around him, for the night was near. Once a gap in the trees
+opened up to the right, so that he saw off across leagues of twilight meadow and
+spied the old Congregational steeple on Central Hill in Kingsport; pink with the
+last flush of day, the panes of the little round windows blazing with reflected
+fire. Then, when he was in deep shadow again, he recalled with a start that the
+glimpse must have come from childish memory alone, since the old white church
+had long been torn down to make room for the Congregational Hospital. He had
+read of it with interest, for the paper had told about some strange burrows or
+passages found in the rocky hill beneath.
+
+Through his puzzlement a voice piped, and he started again at its familiarity
+after long years. Old Benijah Corey had been his Uncle Christopher's hired man,
+and was aged even in those far-off times of his boyhood visits. Now he must be
+well over a hundred, but that piping voice could come from no one else. He
+could distinguish no words, yet the tone was haunting and unmistakable. To
+think that "Old Benijy" should still be aHve!
+
+"Mister Randy! Mister Randy! Wharbe ye? D'ye want to skeer yer Aunt Marthy
+plumb to death? Hain't she tuld ye to keep nigh the place in the arternoon an' git
+back afur dark? Randy! Ran. . . dee!. . . He's the beatin'est boy fer runnin' off in the
+woods I ever see; haff the time a-settin' moonin' raound that snake-den in the
+upper timberlot! . . . Hey yew. Ran . . . dee!"
+
+Randolph Carter stopped in the pitch darkness and rubbed his hand across his
+eyes. Something was queer. He had been somewhere he ought not to be; had
+strayed very far away to places where he had not belonged, and was now
+inexcusably late. He had not noticed the time on the Kingsport steeple, though he
+could easily have made it out with his pocket telescope; but he knew his lateness
+was something very strange and unprecedented. He was not sure he had his
+little telescope with him, and put his hand in his blouse pocket to see. No, it was
+
+
+
+835
+
+
+
+not there, but there was the big silver key he had found in a box somewhere.
+Uncle Chris had told him something odd once about an old unopened box with a
+key in it, but Aunt Martha had stopped the story abruptly, saying it was no kind
+of thing to tell a child whose head was already too full of queer fancies. He tried
+to recall just where he had found the key, but something seemed very confused.
+He guessed it was in the attic at home in Boston, and dimly remembered bribing
+Parks with half his week's allowance to help him open the box and keep quiet
+about it; but when he remembered this, the face of Parks came up very strangely,
+as if the wrinkles of long years had fallen upon the brisk little Cockney.
+
+"Ran ... dee! Ran ... dee! Hi! Hi! Randy!"
+
+A swaying lantern came around the black bend, and old Benijah pounced on the
+silent and bewildered form of the pilgrim.
+
+"Durn ye, boy, so thar ye be! Ain't ye got a tongue in yer head, that ye can't
+answer a body! I ben callin' this haff hour, an' ye must a heerd me long ago!
+Dun't ye know yer Aunt Marthy's all a-fidget over yer bein' off arter dark? Wait
+till I tell yer Uncle Chris when he gits hum! Ye'd orta know these here woods
+ain't no fitten place to be traipsin' this hour! They's things abroad what dun't do
+nobody no good, as my gran'-sir knowed afur me. Come, Mister Randy, or
+Hannah wunt keep supper no longer!"
+
+So Randolph Carter was marched up the road where wondering stars glimmered
+through high autumn boughs. And dogs barked as the yellow light of small-
+paned windows shone out at the farther turn, and the Pleiades twinkled across
+the open knoll where a great gambrel roof stood black against the dim west.
+Aunt Martha was in the doorway, and did not scold too hard when Benijah
+shoved the truant in. She knew Uncle Chris well enough to expect such things of
+the Carter blood. Randolph did not show his key, but ate his supper in silence
+and protested only when bedtime came. He sometimes dreamed better when
+awake, and he wanted to use that key.
+
+In the morning Randolph was up early, and would have run off to the upper
+timberlot if Uncle Chris had not caught him and forced him into his chair by the
+breakfast table. He looked impatiently around the low-pitched room with the rag
+carpet and exposed beams and corner-posts, and smiled only when the orchard
+boughs scratched at the leaded panes of the rear window. The trees and the hills
+were close to him, and formed the gates of that timeless realm which was his true
+country.
+
+Then, when he was free, he felt in his blouse pocket for the key; and being
+reassured, skipped off across the orchard to the rise beyond, where the wooded
+
+
+
+836
+
+
+
+hill climbed again to heights above even the treeless knoll. The floor of the forest
+was mossy and mysterious, and great lichened rocks rose vaguely here and there
+in the dim light like Druid monoliths among the swollen and twisted trunks of a
+sacred grove. Once in his ascent Randolph crossed a rushing stream whose falls a
+little way off sang runic incantations to the lurking fauns and aegipans and
+dryads.
+
+Then he came to the strange cave in the forest slope, the dreaded "snake-den"
+which country folk shunned, and away from which Benijah had warned him
+again and again. It was deep; far deeper than anyone but Randolph suspected,
+for the boy had found a fissure in the farthermost black corner that led to a loftier
+grotto beyond - a haunting sepulchral place whose granite walls held a curious
+illusion of conscious artifice. On this occasion he crawled in as usual, lighting his
+way with matches filched from the sitting-room matchsafe, and edging through
+the final crevice with an eagerness hard to explain even to himself. He could not
+tell why he approached the farther wall so confidently, or why he instinctively
+drew forth the great silver key as he did so. But on he went, and when he danced
+back to the house that night he offered no excuses for his lateness, nor heeded in
+the least the reproofs he gained for ignoring the noon-tide dinner-horn
+altogether.
+
+Now it is agreed by all the distant relatives of Randolph Carter that something
+occurred to heighten his imagination in his tenth year. His cousin, Ernest B.
+Aspinwall, Esq., of Chicago, is fully ten years his senior; and distinctly recalls a
+change in the boy after the autumn of 1883. Randolph had looked on scenes of
+fantasy that few others can ever have beheld, and stranger still were some of the
+qualities which he showed in relation to very mundane things. He seemed, in
+fine, to have picked up an odd gift of prophecy; and reacted unusually to things
+which, though at the time without meaning, were later found to justify the
+singular impressions. In subsequent decades as new inventions, new names, and
+new events appeared one by one in the book of history, people would now and
+then recall wonderingly how Carter had years before let fall some careless word
+of undoubted connection with what was then far in the future. He did not
+himself understand these words, or know why certain things made him feel
+certain emotions; but fancied that some unremembered dream must be
+responsible. It was as early as 1897 that he turned pale when some traveller
+mentioned the French town of Belloy-en-Santerre, and friends remembered it
+when he was almost mortally wounded there in 1916, while serving with the
+Foreign Legion in the Great War.
+
+Carter's relatives talk much of these things because he has lately disappeared.
+His little old servant Parks, who for years bore patiently with his vagaries, last
+saw him on the morning he drove off alone in his car with a key he had recently
+
+
+
+837
+
+
+
+found. Parks had helped him get the key from the old box containing it, and had
+felt strangely affected by the grotesque carvings on the box, and by some other
+odd quality he could not name. When Carter left, he had said he was going to
+visit his old ancestral country around Arkham.
+
+Half way up Elm Mountain, on the way to the ruins of the old Carter place, they
+found his motor set carefully by the roadside; and in it was a box of fragrant
+wood with carvings that frightened the countrymen who stumbled on it. The box
+held only a queer parchment whose characters no linguist or palaeographer has
+been able to decipher or identify. Rain had long effaced any possible footprints,
+though Boston investigators had something to say about evidences of
+disturbances among the fallen timbers of the Carter place. It was, they averred,
+as though someone had groped about the ruins at no distant period. A common
+white handkerchief found among forest rocks on the hillside beyond cannot be
+identified as belonging to the missing man.
+
+There is talk of apportioning Randolph Carter's estate among his heirs, but I shall
+stand firmly against this course because I do not believe he is dead. There are
+twists of time and space, of vision and reality, which only a dreamer can divine;
+and from what I know of Carter I think he has merely found a way to traverse
+these mazes. Whether or not he will ever come back, I cannot say. He wanted the
+lands of dream he had lost, and yearned for the days of his childhood. Then he
+found a key, and I somehow believe he was able to use it to strange advantage.
+
+I shall ask him when I see him, for I expect to meet him shortly in a certain
+dream-city we both used to haunt. It is rumoured in Ulthar, beyond the River
+Skai, that a new king reigns on the opal throne of Ilek-Vad, that fabulous town of
+turrets atop the hollow cliffs of glass overlooking the twilight sea wherein the
+bearded and finny Gnorri build their singular labyrinths, and I believe I know
+how to interpret this rumour. Certainly, I look forward impatiently to the sight of
+that great silver key, for in its cryptical arabesques there may stand symbolised
+all the aims and mysteries of a blindly impersonal cosmos.
+
+
+
+838
+
+
+
+The Statement of Randolph Carter
+
+Written in 1919
+
+Published in May of 1920 in The Vagrant
+
+I repeat to you, gentlemen, that your inquisition is fruitless. Detain me here
+forever if you will; confine or execute me if you must have a victim to propitiate
+the illusion you call justice; but I can say no more than I have said already.
+Everything that I can remember, I have told you with perfect candour. Nothing
+has been distorted or concealed, and if anything remains vague, it is only
+because of the dark cloud which has come over my mind — that cloud and the
+nebulous nature of the horrors which brought it upon me.
+
+Again I say, I do not know what has become of Harley Warren, though I think —
+almost hope — that he is in peaceful oblivion, if there be anywhere so blessed a
+thing. It is true that I have for five years been his closest friend, and a partial
+sharer of his terrible researches into the unknown. I will not deny, though my
+memory is uncertain and indistinct, that this witness of yours may have seen us
+together as he says, on the Gainsville pike, walking toward Big Cypress Swamp,
+at half past 11 on that awful night. That we bore electric lanterns, spades, and a
+curious coil of wire with attached instruments, I will even affirm; for these things
+all played a part in the single hideous scene which remains burned into my
+shaken recollection. But of what followed, and of the reason I was found alone
+and dazed on the edge of the swamp next morning, I must insist that I know
+nothing save what I have told you over and over again. You say to me that there
+is nothing in the swamp or near it which could form the setting of that frightful
+episode. I reply that I knew nothing beyond what I saw. Vision or nightmare it
+may have been — vision or nightmare I fervently hope it was — yet it is all that
+my mind retains of what took place in those shocking hours after we left the
+sight of men. And why Harley Warren did not return, he or his shade — or some
+nameless thing I cannot describe — alone can tell.
+
+As I have said before, the weird studies of Harley Warren were well known to
+me, and to some extent shared by me. Of his vast collection of strange, rare books
+on forbidden subjects I have read all that are written in the languages of which I
+am master; but these are few as compared with those in languages I cannot
+understand. Most, I believe, are in Arabic; and the fiend-inspired book which
+brought on the end — the book which he carried in his pocket out of the world
+— was written in characters whose like I never saw elsewhere. Warren would
+never tell me just what was in that book. As to the nature of our studies — must I
+say again that I no longer retain full comprehension? It seems to me rather
+
+
+
+839
+
+
+
+merciful that I do not, for they were terrible studies, which I pursued more
+through reluctant fascination than through actual inclination. Warren always
+dominated me, and sometimes I feared him. I remember how I shuddered at his
+facial expression on the night before the awful happening, when he talked so
+incessantly of his theory, why certain corpses never decay, but rest firm and fat
+in their tombs for a thousand years. But I do not fear him now, for I suspect that
+he has known horrors beyond my ken. Now I fear for him.
+
+Once more I say that I have no clear idea of our object on that night. Certainly, it
+had much to do with something in the book which Warren carried with him —
+that ancient book in undecipherable characters which had come to him from
+India a month before — but I swear I do not know what it was that we expected
+to find. Your witness says he saw us at half past 11 on the Gainsville pike,
+headed for Big Cypress Swamp. This is probably true, but I have no distinct
+memory of it. The picture seared into my soul is of one scene only, and the hour
+must have been long after midnight; for a waning crescent moon was high in the
+vaporous heavens.
+
+The place was an ancient cemetery; so ancient that I trembled at the manifold
+signs of immemorial years. It was in a deep, damp hollow, overgrown with rank
+grass, moss, and curious creeping weeds, and filled with a vague stench which
+my idle fancy associated absurdly with rotting stone. On every hand were the
+signs of neglect and decrepitude, and I seemed haunted by the notion that
+Warren and I were the first living creatures to invade a lethal silence of centuries.
+Over the valley's rim a wan, waning crescent moon peered through the noisome
+vapors that seemed to emanate from unheard of catacombs, and by its feeble,
+wavering beams I could distinguish a repellent array of antique slabs, urns,
+cenotaphs, and mausoleum facades; all crumbling, moss-grown, and moisture-
+stained, and partly concealed by the gross luxuriance of the unhealthy
+vegetation.
+
+My first vivid impression of my own presence in this terrible necropolis concerns
+the act of pausing with Warren before a certain half-obliterated sepulcher and of
+throwing down some burdens which we seemed to have been carrying. I now
+observed that I had with me an electric lantern and two spades, whilst my
+companion was supplied with a similar lantern and a portable telephone outfit.
+No word was uttered, for the spot and the task seemed known to us; and without
+delay we seized our spades and commenced to clear away the grass, weeds, and
+drifted earth from the flat, archaic mortuary. After uncovering the entire surface,
+which consisted of three immense granite slabs, we stepped back some distance
+to survey the charnel scene; and Warren appeared to make some mental
+calculations. Then he returned to the sepulcher, and using his spade as a lever,
+sought to pry up the slab lying nearest to a stony ruin which may have been a
+
+
+
+840
+
+
+
+monument in its day. He did not succeed, and motioned to me to come to his
+assistance. Finally our combined strength loosened the stone, which we raised
+and tipped to one side.
+
+The removal of the slab revealed a black aperture, from which rushed an
+effluence of miasmal gases so nauseous that we started back in horror. After an
+interval, however, we approached the pit again, and found the exhalations less
+unbearable. Our lanterns disclosed the top of a flight of stone steps, dripping
+with some detestable ichor of the inner earth, and bordered by moist walls
+encrusted with niter. And now for the first time my memory records verbal
+discourse, Warren addressing me at length in his mellow tenor voice; a voice
+singularly unperturbed by our awesome surroundings.
+
+"I'm sorry to have to ask you to stay on the surface," he said, "but it would be a
+crime to let anyone with your frail nerves go down there. You can't imagine,
+even from what you have read and from what I've told you, the things I shall
+have to see and do. It's fiendish work. Carter, and I doubt if any man without
+ironclad sensibilities could ever see it through and come up alive and sane. I
+don't wish to offend you, and Heaven knows I'd be glad enough to have you
+with me; but the responsibility is in a certain sense mine, and I couldn't drag a
+bundle of nerves like you down to probable death or madness. I tell you, you
+can't imagine what the thing is really like! But I promise to keep you informed
+over the telephone of every move — you see I've enough wire here to reach to
+the center of the earth and back!"
+
+I can still hear, in memory, those coolly spoken words; and I can still remember
+my remonstrances. I seemed desperately anxious to accompany my friend into
+those sepulchral depths, yet he proved inflexibly obdurate. At one time he
+threatened to abandon the expedition if I remained insistent; a threat which
+proved effective, since he alone held the key to the thing. All this I can still
+remember, though I no longer know what manner of thing we sought. After he
+had obtained my reluctant acquiescence in his design, Warren picked up the reel
+of wire and adjusted the instruments. At his nod I took one of the latter and
+seated myself upon an aged, discolored gravestone close by the newly uncovered
+aperture. Then he shook my hand, shouldered the coil of wire, and disappeared
+within that indescribable ossuary.
+
+For a minute I kept sight of the glow of his lantern, and heard the rustle of the
+wire as he laid it down after him; but the glow soon disappeared abruptly, as if a
+turn in the stone staircase had been encountered, and the sound died away
+almost as quickly. I was alone, yet bound to the unknown depths by those magic
+strands whose insulated surface lay green beneath the struggling beams of that
+waning crescent moon.
+
+
+
+841
+
+
+
+I constantly consulted my watch by the light of my electric lantern, and listened
+with feverish anxiety at the receiver of the telephone; but for more than a quarter
+of an hour heard nothing. Then a faint clicking came from the instrument, and I
+called down to my friend in a tense voice. Apprehensive as I was, I was
+nevertheless unprepared for the words which came up from that uncanny vault
+in accents more alarmed and quivering than any I had heard before from Harley
+Warren. He who had so calmly left me a little while previously, now called from
+below in a shaky whisper more portentous than the loudest shriek:
+
+"God! If you could see what I am seeing!"
+
+I could not answer. Speechless, I could only wait. Then came the frenzied tones
+again:
+
+"Carter, it's terrible — monstrous — unbelievable!"
+
+This time my voice did not fail me, and I poured into the transmitter a flood of
+excited questions. Terrified, I continued to repeat, "Warren, what is it? What is
+it?"
+
+Once more came the voice of my friend, still hoarse with fear, and now
+apparently tinged with despair:
+
+"I can't tell you. Carter! It's too utterly beyond thought — I dare not tell you —
+no man could know it and live — Great God! I never dreamed of this!"
+
+Stillness again, save for my now incoherent torrent of shuddering inquiry. Then
+the voice of Warren in a pitch of wilder consternation:
+
+"Carter! for the love of God, put back the slab and get out of this if you can!
+Quick! — leave everything else and make for the outside — it's your only
+chance! Do as I say, and don't ask me to explain!"
+
+I heard, yet was able only to repeat my frantic questions. Around me were the
+tombs and the darkness and the shadows; below me, some peril beyond the
+radius of the human imagination. But my friend was in greater danger than I,
+and through my fear I felt a vague resentment that he should deem me capable
+of deserting him under such circumstances. More clicking, and after a pause a
+piteous cry from Warren:
+
+"Beat it! For God's sake, put back the slab and beat it. Carter!"
+
+Something in the boyish slang of my evidently stricken companion unleashed
+my faculties. I formed and shouted a resolution, "Warren, brace up! I'm coming
+
+
+
+842
+
+
+
+down!" But at this offer the tone of my auditor changed to a scream of utter
+despair:
+
+"Don't! You can't understand! It's too late — and my own fault. Put back the slab
+and run — there's nothing else you or anyone can do now!"
+
+The tone changed again, this time acquiring a softer quality, as of hopeless
+resignation. Yet it remained tense through anxiety for me.
+
+"Quick - before it's too late!"
+
+I tried not to heed him; tried to break through the paralysis which held me, and
+to fulfil my vow to rush down to his aid. But his next whisper found me still held
+inert in the chains of stark horror.
+
+"Carter — hurry! It's no use — you must go — better one than two — the slab —
+
+
+
+A pause, more clicking, then the faint voice of Warren:
+
+"Nearly over now — don't make it harder — cover up those damned steps and
+run for your life — you're losing time — so long. Carter — won't see you again."
+
+Here Warren's whisper swelled into a cry; a cry that gradually rose to a shriek
+fraught with all the horror of the ages —
+
+"Curse these hellish things - legions - My God! Beat it! Beat it! BEAT IT!"
+
+After that was silence. I know not how many interminable eons I sat stupefied;
+whispering, muttering, calling, screaming into that telephone. Over and over
+again through those eons I whispered and muttered, called, shouted, and
+screamed, "Warren! Warren! Answer me — are you there?"
+
+And then there came to me the crowning horror of all — the unbelievable,
+unthinkable, almost unmentionable thing. I have said that eons seemed to elapse
+after Warren shrieked forth his last despairing warning, and that only my own
+cries now broke the hideous silence. But after a while there was a further clicking
+in the receiver, and I strained my ears to listen. Again I called down, "Warren,
+are you there?" and in answer heard the thing which has brought this cloud over
+my mind. I do not try, gentlemen, to account for that thing — that voice — nor
+can I venture to describe it in detail, since the first words took away my
+consciousness and created a mental blank which reaches to the time of my
+awakening in the hospital. Shall I say that the voice was deep; hollow;
+gelatinous; remote; unearthly; inhuman; disembodied? What shall I say? It was
+
+
+
+843
+
+
+
+the end of my experience, and is the end of my story. I heard it, and knew no
+more — heard it as I sat petrified in that unknown cemetery in the hollow,
+amidst the crumbling stones and the falling tombs, the rank vegetation and the
+miasmal vapors — heard it well up from the innermost depths of that damnable
+open sepulcher as I watched amorphous, necrophagous shadows dance beneath
+an accursed waning moon.
+
+And this is what it said:
+
+"You fool, Warren is DEAD!"
+
+
+
+844
+
+
+
+The Strange High House in the Mist
+
+Written November 9,1926
+
+Published October 1931 in Weird Tales
+
+In the morning, mist comes up from the sea by the cliffs beyond Kingsport.
+White and feathery it comes from the deep to its brothers the clouds, full of
+dreams of dank pastures and caves of leviathan. And later, in still summer rains
+on the steep roofs of poets, the clouds scatter bits of those dreams, that men shall
+not live without rumor of old strange secrets, and wonders that planets tell
+planets alone in the night. When tales fly thick in the grottoes of tritons, and
+conchs in seaweed cities blow wild tunes learned from the Elder Ones, then great
+eager mists flock to heaven laden with lore, and oceanward eyes on tile rocks see
+only a mystic whiteness, as if the cliff's rim were the rim of all earth, and the
+solemn bells of buoys tolled free in the aether of faery.
+
+Now north of archaic Kingsport the crags climb lofty and curious, terrace on
+terrace, till the northernmost hangs in the sky like a gray frozen wind-cloud.
+Alone it is, a bleak point jutting in limitless space, for there the coast turns sharp
+where the great Miskatonic pours out of the plains past Arkham, bringing
+woodland legends and little quaint memories of New England's hills. The sea-
+folk of Kingsport look up at that cliff as other sea-folk look up at the pole-star,
+and time the night's watches by the way it hides or shows the Great Bear,
+Cassiopeia and the Dragon. Among them it is one with the firmament, and truly,
+it is hidden from them when the mist hides the stars or the sun.
+
+Some of the cliffs they love, as that whose grotesque profile they call Father
+Neptune, or that whose pillared steps they term "The Causeway"; but this one
+they fear because it is so near the sky. The Portuguese sailors coming in from a
+voyage cross themselves when they first see it, and the old Yankees believe it
+would be a much graver matter than death to climb it, if indeed that were
+possible. Nevertheless there is an ancient house on that cliff, and at evening men
+see lights in the small-paned windows.
+
+The ancient house has always been there, and people say One dwells within who
+talks with the morning mists that come up from the deep, and perhaps sees
+singular things oceanward at those times when the cliff's rim becomes the rim of
+all earth, and solemn buoys toll free in the white aether of faery. This they tell
+from hearsay, for that forbidding crag is always unvisited, and natives dislike to
+train telescopes on it. Summer boarders have indeed scanned it with jaunty
+binoculars, but have never seen more than the gray primeval roof, peaked and
+
+
+
+845
+
+
+
+shingled, whose eaves come nearly to the gray foundations, and the dim yellow
+light of the little windows peeping out from under those eaves in the dusk. These
+summer people do not believe that the same One has lived in the ancient house
+for hundreds of years, but can not prove their heresy to any real Kingsporter.
+Even the Terrible Old Man who talks to leaden pendulums in bottles, buys
+groceries with centuried Spanish gold, and keeps stone idols in the yard of his
+antediluvian cottage in Water Street can only say these things were the same
+when his grandfather was a boy, and that must have been inconceivable ages
+ago, when Belcher or Shirley or Pownall or Bernard was Governor of His
+Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts-Bay.
+
+Then one summer there came a philosopher into Kingsport. His name was
+Thomas Olney, and he taught ponderous things in a college by Narragansett Bay.
+With stout wife and romping children he came, and his eyes were weary with
+seeing the same things for many years, and thinking the same well-disciplined
+thoughts. He looked at the mists from the diadem of Father Neptune, and tried
+to walk into their white world of mystery along the titan steps of The Causeway.
+Morning after morning he would lie on the cliffs and look over the world's rim at
+the cryptical aether beyond, listening to spectral bells and the wild cries of what
+might have been gulls. Then, when the mist would lift and the sea stand out
+prosy with the smoke of steamers, he would sigh and descend to the town,
+where he loved to thread the narrow olden lanes up and down hill, and study
+the crazy tottering gables and odd-pillared doorways which had sheltered so
+many generations of sturdy sea-folk. And he even talked with the Terrible Old
+Man, who was not fond of strangers, and was invited into his fearsomely archaic
+cottage where low ceilings and wormy panelling hear the echoes of disquieting
+soliloquies in the dark small hours.
+
+Of course it was inevitable that Olney should mark the gray unvisited cottage in
+the sky, on that sinister northward crag which is one with the mists and the
+firmament. Always over Kingsport it hung, and always its mystery sounded in
+whispers through
+
+Kingsport's crooked alleys. The Terrible Old Man wheezed a tale that his father
+had told him, of lightning that shot one night up from that peaked cottage to the
+clouds of higher heaven; and Granny Orne, whose tiny gambrel-roofed abode in
+Ship Street is all covered with moss and ivy, croaked over something her
+grandmother had heard at second-hand, about shapes that flapped out of the
+eastern mists straight into the narrow single door of that unreachable place - for
+the door is set close to the edge of the crag toward the ocean, and glimpsed only
+from ships at sea.
+
+
+
+846
+
+
+
+At length, being avid for new strange things and held back by neither the
+Kingsporter's fear nor the summer boarder's usual indolence, Olney made a very
+terrible resolve. Despite a conservative training - or because of it, for humdrum
+lives breed wistful longings of the unknown - he swore a great oath to scale that
+avoided northern cliff and visit the abnormally antique gray cottage in the sky.
+Very plausibly his saner self argued that the place must be tenanted by people
+who reached it from inland along the easier ridge beside the Miskatonic's
+estuary. Probably they traded in Arkham, knowing how little Kingsport liked
+their habitation or perhaps being unable to climb down the cliff on the Kingsport
+side. Olney walked out along the lesser cliffs to where the great crag leaped
+insolently up to consort with celestial things, and became very sure that no
+human feet could mount it or descend it on that beetling southern slope. East
+and north it rose thousands of feet perpendicular from the water so only the
+western side, inland and toward Arkham, remained.
+
+One early morning in August Olney set out to find a path to the inaccessible
+pinnacle. He worked northwest along pleasant back roads, past Hooper's Pond
+and the old brick powder-house to where the pastures slope up to the ridge
+above the Miskatonic and give a lovely vista of Arkham's white Georgian
+steeples across leagues of river and meadow. Here he found a shady road to
+Arkham, but no trail at all in the seaward direction he wished. Woods and fields
+crowded up to the high bank of the river's mouth, and bore not a sign of man's
+presence; not even a stone wall or a straying cow, but only the tall grass and
+giant trees and tangles of briars that the first Indian might have seen. As he
+climbed slowly east, higher and higher above the estuary on his left and nearer
+and nearer the sea, he found the way growing in difficulty till he wondered how
+ever the dwellers in that disliked place managed to reach the world outside, and
+whether they came often to market in Arkham.
+
+Then the trees thinned, and far below him on his right he saw the hills and
+antique roofs and spires of Kingsport. Even Central Hill was a dwarf from this
+height, and he could just make out the ancient graveyard by the Congregational
+Hospital beneath which rumor said some terrible caves or burrows lurked.
+Ahead lay sparse grass and scrub blueberry bushes, and beyond them the naked
+rock of the crag and the thin peak of the dreaded gray cottage. Now the ridge
+narrowed, and Olney grew dizzy at his loneness in the sky, south of him the
+frightful precipice above Kingsport, north of him the vertical drop of nearly a
+mile to the river's mouth. Suddenly a great chasm opened before him, ten feet
+deep, so that he had to let himself down by his hands and drop to a slanting
+floor, and then crawl perilously up a natural defile in the opposite wall. So this
+was the way the folk of the uncanny house journeyed betwixt earth and sky!
+
+
+
+847
+
+
+
+When he chmbed out of the chasm a morning mist was gathering, but he clearly
+saw the lofty and unhallowed cottage ahead; walls as gray as the rock, and high
+peak standing bold against the milky white of the seaward vapors. And he
+perceived that there was no door on this landward end, but only a couple of
+small lattice windows with dingy bull's-eye panes leaded in seventeenth century
+fashion. All around him was cloud and chaos, and he could see nothing below
+the whiteness of illimitable space. He was alone in the sky with this queer and
+very disturbing house; and when he sidled around to the front and saw that the
+wall stood flush with the cliff's edge, so that the single narrow door was not to be
+reached save from the empty aether, he felt a distinct terror that altitude could
+not wholly explain. And it was very odd that shingles so worm-eaten could
+survive, or bricks so crumbled still form a standing chimney.
+
+As the mist thickened, Olney crept around to the windows on the north and west
+and south sides, trying them but finding them all locked. He was vaguely glad
+they were locked, because the more he saw of that house the less he wished to
+get in. Then a sound halted him. He heard a lock rattle and a bolt shoot, and a
+long creaking follow as if a heavy door were slowly and cautiously opened. This
+was on the oceanward side that he could not see, where the narrow portal
+opened on blank space thousands of feet in the misty sky above the waves.
+
+Then there was heavy, deliberate tramping in the cottage, and Olney heard the
+windows opening, first on the north side opposite him, and then on the west just
+around the corner. Next would come the south windows, under the great low
+eaves on the side where he stood; and it must be said that he was more than
+uncomfortable as he thought of the detestable house on one side and the vacancy
+of upper air on the other. When a fumbling came in the nearer casements he
+crept around to the west again, flattening himself against the wall beside the now
+opened windows. It was plain that the owner had come home; but he had not
+come from the land, nor from any balloon or airship that could be imagined.
+Steps sounded again, and Olney edged round to the north; but before he could
+find a haven a voice called softly, and he knew he must confront his host.
+
+Stuck out of the west window was a great black-bearded face whose eyes were
+phosphorescent with the imprint of unheard-of sights. But the voice was gentle,
+and of a quaint olden kind, so that Olney did not shudder when a brown hand
+reached out to help him over the sill and into that low room of black oak
+wainscots and carved Tudor furnishings. The man was clad in very ancient
+garments, and had about him an unplaceable nimbus of sea-lore and dreams of
+tall galleons. Olney does not recall many of the wonders he told, or even who he
+was; but says that he was strange and kindly, and filled with the magic of
+unfathomed voids of time and space. The small room seemed green with a dim
+
+
+
+848
+
+
+
+aqueous light, and Olney saw that the far windows to the east were not open, but
+shut against the misty aether with dull panes like the bottoms of old bottles.
+
+That bearded host seemed young, yet looked out of eyes steeped in the elder
+mysteries; and from the tales of marvelous ancient things he related, it must be
+guessed that the village folk were right in saying he had communed with the
+mists of the sea and the clouds of the sky ever since there was any village to
+watch his taciturn dwelling from the plain below. And the day wore on, and still
+Olney listened to rumors of old times and far places, and heard how the kings of
+Atlantis fought with the slippery blasphemies that wriggled out of rifts in
+ocean's floor, and how the pillared and weedy temple of Poseidon is still
+glimpsed at midnight by lost ships, who knew by its sight that they are lost.
+Years of the Titans were recalled, but the host grew timid when he spoke of the
+dim first age of chaos before the gods or even the Elder Ones were born, and
+when the other gods came to dance on the peak of Hatheg-Kia in the stony desert
+near Ulthar, beyond the River Skai.
+
+It was at this point that there came a knocking on the door; that ancient door of
+nail-studded oak beyond which lay only the abyss of white cloud. Olney started
+in fright, but the bearded man motioned him to be still, and tiptoed to the door to
+look out through a very small peephole. What he saw he did not like, so pressed
+his fingers to his lips and tiptoed around to shut and lock all the windows before
+returning to the ancient settle beside his guest. Then Olney saw lingering against
+the translucent squares of each of the little dim windows in succession a queer
+black outline as the caller moved inquisitively about before leaving; and he was
+glad his host had not answered the knocking. For there are strange objects in the
+great abyss, and the seeker of dreams must take care not to stir up or meet the
+wrong ones.
+
+Then the shadows began to gather; first little furtive ones under the table, and
+then bolder ones in the dark panelled corners. And the bearded man made
+enigmatical gestures of prayer, and lit tall candles in curiously wrought brass
+candle-sticks. Frequently he would glance at the door as if he expected some one,
+and at length his glance seemed answered by a singular rapping which must
+have followed some very ancient and secret code. This time he did not even
+glance through the peep-hole, but swung the great oak bar and shot the bolt,
+unlatching the heavy door and flinging it wide to the stars and the mist.
+
+And then to the sound of obscure harmonies there floated into that room from
+the deep all the dreams and memories of earth's sunken Mighty Ones. And
+golden flames played about weedy locks, so that Olney was dazzled as he did
+them homage. Trident-bearing Neptune was there, and sportive tritons and
+fantastic nereids, and upon dolphins' backs was balanced a vast crenulate shell
+
+
+
+849
+
+
+
+wherein rode the gay and awful form of primal Nodens, Lord of the Great
+Abyss. And the conchs of the tritons gave weird blasts, and the nereids made
+strange sounds by striking on the grotesque resonant shells of unknown lurkers
+in black seacaves. Then hoary Nodens reached forth a wizened hand and helped
+Olney and his host into the vast shell, whereat the conchs and the gongs set up a
+wild and awesome clamor. And out into the limitless aether reeled that fabulous
+train, the noise of whose shouting was lost in the echoes of thunder.
+
+All night in Kingsport they watched that lofty cliff when the storm and the mists
+gave them glimpses of it, and when toward the small hours the little dim
+windows went dark they whispered of dread and disaster. And Olney's children
+and stout wife prayed to the bland proper god of Baptists, and hoped that the
+traveller would borrow an umbrella and rubbers unless the rain stopped by
+morning. Then dawn swam dripping and mist-wreathed out of the sea, and the
+buoys tolled solemn in vortices of white aether. And at noon elfin horns rang
+over the ocean as Olney, dry and lightfooted, climbed down from the cliffs to
+antique Kingsport with the look of far places in his eyes. He could not recall
+what he had dreamed in the skyperched hut of that still nameless hermit, or say
+how he had crept down that crag untraversed by other feet. Nor could he talk of
+these matters at all save with the Terrible Old Man, who afterward mumbled
+queer things in his long white beard; vowing that the man who came down from
+that crag was not wholly the man who went up, and that somewhere under that
+gray peaked roof, or amidst inconceivable reaches of that sinister white mist,
+there lingered still the lost spirit of him who was Thomas Obey.
+
+And ever since that hour, through dull dragging years of grayness and
+weariness, the philosopher has labored and eaten and slept and done
+uncomplaining the suitable deeds of a citizen. Not any more does he long for the
+magic of farther hills, or sigh for secrets that peer like green reefs from a
+bottomless sea. The sameness of his days no longer gives him sorrow and well-
+disciplined thoughts have grown enough for his imagination. His good wife
+waxes stouter and his children older and prosier and more useful, and he never
+fails to smile correctly with pride when the occasion calls for it. In his glance
+there is not any restless light, and all he ever listens for solemn bells or far elfin
+horns it is only at night when old dreams are wandering. He has never seen
+Kingsport again, for his family disliked the funny old houses and complained
+that the drains were impossibly bad. They have a trim bungalow now at Bristol
+Highlands, where no tall crags tower, and the neighbors are urban and modern.
+
+But in Kingsport strange tales are abroad, and even the Terrible Old Man admits
+a thing untold by his grandfather. For now, when the wind sweeps boisterous
+out of the north past the high ancient house that is one with the firmament, there
+is broken at last that ominous, brooding silence ever before the bane of
+
+
+
+850
+
+
+
+Kingsport's maritime cotters. And old folk tell of pleasing voices heard singing
+there, and of laughter that swells with joys beyond earth's joys; and say that at
+evening the little low windows are brighter than formerly. They say, too, that the
+fierce aurora comes oftener to that spot, shining blue in the north with visions of
+frozen worlds while the crag and the cottage hang black and fantastic against
+wild coruscations. And the mists of the dawn are thicker, and sailors are not
+quite so sure that all the muffled seaward ringing is that of the solemn buoys.
+
+Worst of all, though, is the shrivelling of old fears in the hearts of Kingsport's
+young men, who grow prone to listen at night to the north wind's faint distant
+sounds. They swear no harm or pain can inhabit that high peaked cottage, for in
+the new voices gladness beats, and with them the tinkle of laughter and music.
+What tales the sea-mists may bring to that haunted and northernmost pinnacle
+they do not know, but they long to extract some hint of the wonders that knock
+at the cliff-yawning door when clouds are thickest. And patriarchs dread lest
+some day one by one they seek out that inaccessible peak in the sky, and learn
+what centuried secrets hide beneath the steep shingled roof which is part of the
+rocks and the stars and the ancient fears of Kingsport. That those venturesome
+youths will come back they do not doubt, but they think a light may be gone
+from their eyes, and a will from their hearts. And they do not wish quaint
+Kingsport with its climbing lanes and archaic gables to drag listless down the
+years while voice by voice the laughing chorus grows stronger and wilder in that
+unknown and terrible eyrie where mists and the dreams of mists stop to rest on
+their way from the sea to the skies.
+
+They do not wish the souls of their young men to leave the pleasant hearths and
+gambrel-roofed taverns of old Kingsport, nor do they wish the laughter and song
+in that high rocky place to grow louder. For as the voice which has come has
+brought fresh mists from the sea and from the north fresh lights, so do they say
+that still other voices will bring more mists and more lights, till perhaps the
+olden gods (whose existence they hint only in whispers for fear the
+Congregational parson shall hear} may come out of the deep and from unknown
+Kadath in the cold waste and make their dwelling on that evilly appropriate crag
+so close to the gentle hills and valleys of quiet, simple fisher folk. This they do
+not wish, for to plain people things not of earth are unwelcome; and besides, the
+Terrible Old Man often recalls what Olney said about a knock that the lone
+dweller feared, and a shape seen black and inquisitive against the mist through
+those queer translucent windows of leaded bull's-eyes.
+
+All these things, however, the Elder Ones only may decide; and meanwhile the
+morning mist still comes up by that lovely vertiginous peak with the steep
+ancient house, that gray, low-eaved house where none is seen but where evening
+brings furtive lights while the north wind tells of strange revels, white and
+
+
+
+851
+
+
+
+feathery it comes from the deep to its brothers the clouds, full of dreams of dank
+pastures and caves of leviathan. And when tales fly thick in the grottoes of
+tritons, and conchs in seaweed cities blow wild tunes learned from the Elder
+Ones, then great eager vapors flock to heaven laden with lore; and Kingsport,
+nestling uneasy in its lesser cliffs below that awesome hanging sentinel of rock,
+sees oceanward only a mystic whiteness, as if the cliff's rim were the rim of all
+earth, and the solemn bells of the buoys tolled free in the aether of faery.
+
+
+
+852
+
+
+
+The Street
+
+
+
+Written in 1920
+
+Published in December of 1920 in The Wolverine
+
+There be those who say that things and places have souls, and there be those
+who say they have not; I dare not say, myself, but I will tell of the Street.
+
+Men of strength and honour fashioned that Street: good valiant men of our blood
+who had come from the Blessed Isles across the sea. At first it was but a path
+trodden by bearers of water from the woodland spring to the cluster of houses by
+the beach. Then, as more men came to the growing cluster of houses and looked
+about for places to dwell, they built cabins along the north side, cabins of stout
+oaken logs with masonry on the side toward the forest, for many Indians lurked
+there with fire-arrows. And in a few years more, men built cabins on the south
+side of the Street.
+
+Up and down the Street walked grave men in conical hats, who most of the time
+carried muskets or fowling pieces. And there were also their bonneted wives and
+sober children. In the evening these men with their wives and children would sit
+about gigantic hearths and read and speak. Very simple were the things of which
+they read and spoke, yet things which gave them courage and goodness and
+helped them by day to subdue the forest and till the fields. And the children
+would listen and learn of the laws and deeds of old, and of that dear England
+which they had never seen or could not remember.
+
+There was war, and thereafter no more Indians troubled the Street. The men,
+busy with labour, waxed prosperous and as happy as they knew how to be. And
+the children grew up comfortable, and more families came from the Mother Land
+to dwell on the Street. And the children's children, and the newcomers' children,
+grew up. The town was now a city, and one by one the cabins gave place to
+houses — simple, beautiful houses of brick and wood, with stone steps and iron
+railings and fanlights over the doors. No flimsy creations were these houses, for
+they were made to serve many a generation. Within there were carven mantels
+and graceful stairs, and sensible, pleasing furniture, china, and silver, brought
+from the Mother Land.
+
+So the Street drank in the dreams of a young people and rejoiced as its dwellers
+became more graceful and happy. Where once had been only strength and
+honour, taste and learning now abode as well. Books and paintings and music
+came to the houses, and the young men went to the university which rose above
+
+
+
+853
+
+
+
+the plain to the north. In the place of conical hats and small-swords, of lace and
+snowy periwigs, there were cobblestones over which clattered many a blooded
+horse and rumbled many a gilded coach; and brick sidewalks with horse blocks
+and hitching-posts.
+
+There were in that Street many trees: elms and oaks and maples of dignity; so
+that in the summer, the scene was all soft verdure and twittering bird-song. And
+behind the houses were walled rose-gardens with hedged paths and sundials,
+where at evening the moon and stars would shine bewitchingly while fragrant
+blossoms glistened with dew.
+
+So the Street dreamed on, past wars, calamities, and change. Once, most of the
+young men went away, and some never came back. That was when they furled
+the old flag and put up a new banner of stripes and stars. But though men talked
+of great changes, the Street felt them not, for its folk were still the same, speaking
+of the old familiar things in the old familiar accounts. And the trees still sheltered
+singing birds, and at evening the moon and stars looked down upon dewy
+blossoms in the walled rose-gardens.
+
+In time there were no more swords, three-cornered hats, or periwigs in the Street.
+How strange seemed the inhabitants with their walking-sticks, tall beavers, and
+cropped heads! New sounds came from the distance — first strange puffings and
+shrieks from the river a mile away, and then, many years later, strange puffings
+and shrieks and rumblings from other directions. The air was not quite so pure
+as before, but the spirit of the place had not changed. The blood and soul of their
+ancestors had fashioned the Street. Nor did the spirit change when they tore
+open the earth to lay down strange pipes, or when they set up tall posts bearing
+weird wires. There was so much ancient lore in that Street, that the past could
+not easily be forgotten.
+
+Then came days of evil, when many who had known the Street of old knew it no
+more, and many knew it who had not known it before, and went away, for their
+accents were coarse and strident, and their mien and faces unpleasing. Their
+thoughts, too, fought with the wise, just spirit of the Street, so that the Street
+pined silently as its houses fell into decay, and its trees died one by one, and its
+rose-gardens grew rank with weeds and waste. But it felt a stir of pride one day
+when again marched forth young men, some of whom never came back. These
+young men were clad in blue.
+
+With the years, worse fortune came to the Street. Its trees were all gone now, and
+its rose-gardens were displaced by the backs of cheap, ugly new buildings on
+parallel streets. Yet the houses remained, despite the ravages of the years and the
+storms and worms, for they had been made to serve many a generation. New
+
+
+
+854
+
+
+
+kinds of faces appeared in the Street, swarthy, sinister faces with furtive eyes and
+odd features, whose owners spoke unfamihar words and placed signs in known
+and unknown characters upon most of the musty houses. Push-carts crowded
+the gutters. A sordid, undefinable stench settled over the place, and the ancient
+spirit slept.
+
+Great excitement once came to the Street. War and revolution were raging across
+the seas; a dynasty had collapsed, and its degenerate subjects were flocking with
+dubious intent to the Western Land. Many of these took lodgings in the battered
+houses that had once known the songs of birds and the scent of roses. Then the
+Western Land itself awoke and joined the Mother Land in her titanic struggle for
+civilization. Over the cities once more floated the old flag, companioned by the
+new flag, and by a plainer, yet glorious tricolour. But not many flags floated over
+the Street, for therein brooded only fear and hatred and ignorance. Again young
+men went forth, but not quite as did the young men of those other days.
+Something was lacking. And the sons of those young men of other days, who did
+indeed go forth in olive-drab with the true spirit of their ancestors, went from
+distant places and knew not the Street and its ancient spirit.
+
+Over the seas there was a great victory, and in triumph most of the young men
+returned. Those who had lacked something lacked it no longer, yet did fear and
+hatred and ignorance still brood over the Street; for many had stayed behind,
+and many strangers had come from distance places to the ancient houses. And
+the young men who had returned dwelt there no longer. Swarthy and sinister
+were most of the strangers, yet among them one might find a few faces like those
+who fashioned the Street and moulded its spirit. Like and yet unlike, for there
+was in the eyes of all a weird, unhealthy glitter as of greed, ambition,
+vindictiveness, or misguided zeal. Unrest and treason were abroad amongst an
+evil few who plotted to strike the Western Land its death blow, that they might
+mount to power over its ruins, even as assassins had mounted in that unhappy,
+frozen land from whence most of them had come. And the heart of that plotting
+was in the Street, whose crumbling houses teemed with alien makers of discord
+and echoed with the plans and speeches of those who yearned for the appointed
+day of blood, flame and crime.
+
+Of the various odd assemblages in the Street, the Law said much but could prove
+little. With great diligence did men of hidden badges linger and listen about such
+places as Petrovitch's Bakery, the squalid Rifkin School of Modern Economics,
+the Circle Social Club, and the Liberty Cafe. There congregated sinister men in
+great numbers, yet always was their speech guarded or in a foreign tongue. And
+still the old houses stood, with their forgotten lore of nobler, departed centuries;
+of sturdy Colonial tenants and dewy rose-gardens in the moonlight. Sometimes a
+
+
+
+855
+
+
+
+lone poet or traveler would come to view them, and would try to picture them in
+their vanished glory; yet of such travelers and poets there were not many.
+
+The rumour now spread widely that these houses contained the leaders of a vast
+band of terrorists, who on a designated day were to launch an orgy of slaughter
+for the extermination of America and of all the fine old traditions which the
+Street had loved. Handbills and papers fluttered about filthy gutters; handbills
+and papers printed in many tongues and in many characters, yet all bearing
+messages of crime and rebellion. In these writings the people were urged to tear
+down the laws and virtues that our fathers had exalted, to stamp out the soul of
+the old America— the soul that was bequeathed through a thousand and a half
+years of Anglo-Saxon freedom, justice, and moderation. It was said that the swart
+men who dwelt in the Street and congregated in its rotting edifices were the
+brains of a hideous revolution, that at their word of command many millions of
+brainless, besotted beasts would stretch forth their noisome talons from the
+slums of a thousand cities, burning, slaying, and destroying till the land of our
+fathers should be no more. All this was said and repeated, and many looked
+forward in dread to the fourth day of July, about which the strange writings
+hinted much; yet could nothing be found to place the guilt. None could tell just
+whose arrest might cut off the damnable plotting at its source. Many times came
+bands of blue-coated police to search the shaky houses, though at last they
+ceased to come; for they too had grown tired of law and order, and had
+abandoned all the city to its fate. Then men in olive-drab came, bearing muskets,
+till it seemed as if in its sad sleep the Street must have some haunting dreams of
+those other days, when musketbearing men in conical hats walked along it from
+the woodland spring to the cluster of houses by the beach. Yet could no act be
+performed to check the impending cataclysm, for the swart, sinister men were
+old in cunning.
+
+So the Street slept uneasily on, till one night there gathered in Petrovitch's
+Bakery, and the Rifkin School of Modern Economics, and the Circle Social Club,
+and Liberty Cafe, and in other places as well, vast hordes of men whose eyes
+were big with horrible triumph and expectation. Over hidden wires strange
+messages traveled, and much was said of still stranger messages yet to travel; but
+most of this was not guessed till afterward, when the Western Land was safe
+from the peril. The men in olive-drab could not tell what was happening, or what
+they ought to do; for the swart, sinister men were skilled in subtlety and
+concealment.
+
+And yet the men in olive-drab will always remember that night, and will speak
+of the Street as they tell of it to their grandchildren; for many of them were sent
+there toward morning on a mission unlike that which they had expected. It was
+known that this nest of anarchy was old, and that the houses were tottering from
+
+
+
+856
+
+
+
+the ravages of the years and the storms and worms; yet was the happening of
+that summer night a surprise because of its very queer uniformity. It was,
+indeed, an exceedingly singular happening, though after all, a simple one. For
+without warning, in one of the small hours beyond midnight, all the ravages of
+the years and the storms and the worms came to a tremendous climax; and after
+the crash there was nothing left standing in the Street save two ancient chimneys
+and part of a stout brick wall. Nor did anything that had been alive come alive
+from the ruins. A poet and a traveler, who came with the mighty crowd that
+sought the scene, tell odd stories. The poet says that all through the hours before
+dawn he beheld sordid ruins indistinctly in the glare of the arc-lights; that there
+loomed above the wreckage another picture wherein he could describe
+moonlight and fair houses and elms and oaks and maples of dignity. And the
+traveler declares that instead of the place's wonted stench there lingered a
+delicate fragrance as of roses in full bloom. But are not the dreams of poets and
+the tales of travelers notoriously false?
+
+There be those who say that things and places have souls, and there be those
+who say they have not; I dare not say, myself, but I have told you of the Street.
+
+
+
+857
+
+
+
+The Temple
+
+
+
+Written in 1920
+
+Published in September of 1925 in Weird Tales
+
+Manuscript Found On The Coast Of Yucatan
+
+On August20, 1917, I, Karl Heinrich, Graf von Altberg-Ehrenstein, Lieutenant-
+Commander in the Imperial German Navy and in charge of the submarine U-29,
+deposit this bottle and record in the Atlantic Ocean at a point to me unknown but
+probably about N. Latitude 20 degrees, W. Longitude 35 degrees, where my ship
+lies disabled on the ocean floor. I do so because of my desire to set certain
+unusual facts before the public; a thing I shall not in all probability survive to
+accomplish in person, since the circumstances surrounding me are as menacing
+as they are extraordinary, and involve not only the hopeless crippling of the U-
+29, but the impairment of my iron German will in a manner most disastrous.
+
+On the afternoon of June 18, as reported by wireless to the U-61, bound for Kiel,
+we torpedoed the British freighter Victory, New York to Liverpool, in N.
+Latitude 45 degrees 16 minutes, W. Longitude 28 degrees 34 minutes; permitting
+the crew to leave in boats in order to obtain a good cinema view for the
+admiralty records. The ship sank quite picturesquely, bow first, the stem rising
+high out of the water whilst the hull shot down perpendicularly to the bottom of
+the sea. Our camera missed nothing, and I regret that so fine a reel of film should
+never reach Berlin. After that we sank the lifeboats with our guns and
+submerged.
+
+When we rose to the surface about sunset, a seaman's body was found on the
+deck, hands gripping the railing in curious fashion. The poor fellow was young,
+rather dark, and very handsome; probably an Italian or Greek, and undoubtedly
+of the Victory's crew. He had evidently sought refuge on the very ship which
+had been forced to destroy his own - one more victim of the unjust war of
+aggression which the English pig-dogs are waging upon the Fatherland. Our
+men searched him for souvenirs, and found in his coat pocket a very odd bit of
+ivory carved to represent a youth's head crowned with laurel. My fellow-officer.
+Lieutenant Kienze, believed that the thing was of great age and artistic value, so
+took it from the men for himself. How it had ever come into the possession of a
+common sailor neither he nor I could imagine.
+
+As the dead man was thrown overboard there occurred two incidents which
+created much disturbance amongst the crew. The fellow's eyes had been closed;
+
+
+
+858
+
+
+
+but in the dragging of his body to the rail they were jarred open, and many
+seemed to entertain a queer delusion that they gazed steadily and mockingly at
+Schmidt and Zimmer, who were bent over the corpse. The Boatswain Muller, an
+elderly man who would have known better had he not been a superstitious
+Alsatian swine, became so excited by this impression that he watched the body
+in the water; and swore that after it sank a little it drew its limbs into a
+swiinming position and sped away to the south under the waves. Kienze and I
+did not like these displays of peasant ignorance, and severely reprimanded the
+men, particularly Muller.
+
+The next day a very troublesome situation was created by the indisposition of
+some of the crew. They were evidently suffering from the nervous strain of our
+long voyage, and had had bad dreams. Several seemed quite dazed and stupid;
+and after satisfying myself that they were not feigning their weakness, I excused
+them from their duties. The sea was rather rough, so we descended to a depth
+where the waves were less troublesome. Here we were comparatively calm,
+despite a somewhat puzzling southward current which we could not identify
+from our oceanographic charts. The moans of the sick men were decidedly
+annoying; but since they did not appear to demoralize the rest of the crew, we
+did not resort to extreme measures. It was our plan to remain where we were
+and intercept the liner Dacia, mentioned in information from agents in New
+York.
+
+In the early evening we rose to the surface, and found the sea less heavy. The
+smoke of a battleship was on the northern horizon, but our distance and ability
+to submerge made us safe. What worried us more was the talk of Boatswain
+Muller, which grew wilder as night came on. He was in a detestably childish
+state, and babbled of some illusion of dead bodies drifting past the undersea
+portholes; bodies which looked at him intensely, and which he recognized in
+spite of bloating as having seen dying during some of our victorious German
+exploits. And he said that the young man we had found and tossed overboard
+was their leader. This was very gruesome and abnormal, so we confined Muller
+in irons and had him soundly whipped. The men were not pleased at his
+punishment, but discipline was necessary. We also denied the request of a
+delegation headed by Seaman Zimmer, that the curious carved ivory head be
+cast into the sea.
+
+On June 20, Seaman Bohin and Schmidt, who had been ill the day before, became
+violently insane. I regretted that no physician was included in our complement
+of officers, since German lives are precious; but the constant ravings of the two
+concerning a terrible curse were most subversive of discipline, so drastic steps
+were taken. The crew accepted the event in a sullen fashion, but it seemed to
+
+
+
+859
+
+
+
+quiet Muller; who thereafter gave us no trouble. In the evening we released him,
+and he went about his duties silently.
+
+In the week that followed we were all very nervous, watching for the Dacia. The
+tension was aggravated by the disappearance of Muller and Zimmer, who
+undoubtedly committed suicide as a result of the fears which had seemed to
+harass them, though they were not observed in the act of jumping overboard. I
+was rather glad to be rid of Muller, for even his silence had unfavorably affected
+the crew. Everyone seemed inclined to be silent now, as though holding a secret
+fear. Many were ill, but none made a disturbance. Lieutenant Kienze chafed
+under the strain, and was annoyed by the merest trifle - such as the school of
+dolphins which gathered about the U-29 in increasing numbers, and the growing
+intensity of that southward current which was not on our chart.
+
+It at length became apparent that we had missed the Dacia altogether. Such
+failures are not uncommon, and we were more pleased than disappointed, since
+our return to Wilhelmshaven was now in order. At noon June 28 we turned
+northeastward, and despite some rather comical entanglements with the unusual
+masses of dolphins, were soon under way.
+
+The explosion in the engine room at 2 A.M. was wholly a surprise. No defect in
+the machinery or carelessness in the men had been noticed, yet without warning
+the ship was racked from end to end with a colossal shock. Lieutenant Kienze
+hurried to the engine room, finding the fuel-tank and most of the mechanism
+shattered, and Engineers Raabe and Schneider instantly killed. Our situation had
+suddenly become grave indeed; for though the chemical air regenerators were
+intact, and though we could use the devices for raising and submerging the ship
+and opening the hatches as long as compressed air and storage batteries might
+hold out, we were powerless to propel or guide the submarine. To seek rescue in
+the life-boats would be to deliver ourselves into the hands of enemies
+unreasonably embittered against our great German nation, and our wireless had
+failed ever since the Victory affair to put us in touch with a fellow U-boat of the
+Imperial Navy.
+
+From the hour of the accident till July 2 we drifted constantly to the south, almost
+without plans and encountering no vessel. Dolphins still encircled the U-29, a
+somewhat remarkable circumstance considering the distance we had covered.
+On the morning of July 2 we sighted a warship flying American colors, and the
+men became very restless in their desire to surrender. Finally Lieutenant Menze
+had to shoot a seaman named Traube, who urged this un-German act with
+especial violence. This quieted the crew for the time, and we submerged unseen.
+
+
+
+860
+
+
+
+The next afternoon a dense flock of sea-birds appeared from the south, and the
+ocean began to heave ominously. Closing our hatches, we awaited developments
+until we realized that we must either submerge or be swamped in the mounting
+waves. Our air pressure and electricity were diminishing, and we wished to
+avoid all unnecessary use of our slender mechanical resources; but in this case
+there was no choice. We did not descend far, and when after several hours the
+sea was calmer, we decided to return to the surface. Here, however, a new
+trouble developed; for the ship failed to respond to our direction in spite of all
+that the mechanics could do. As the men grew more frightened at this undersea
+imprisonment, some of them began to mutter again about Lieutenant Kienze's
+ivory image, but the sight of an automatic pistol calmed them. We kept the poor
+devils as busy as we could, tinkering at the machinery even when we knew it
+was useless.
+
+Kienze and I usually slept at different times; and it was during my sleep, about 5
+A.M., July 4, that the general mutiny broke loose. The six remaining pigs of
+seamen, suspecting that we were lost, had suddenly burst into a mad fury at our
+refusal to surrender to the Yankee battleship two days before, and were in a
+delirium of cursing and destruction. They roared like the animals they were, and
+broke instruments and furniture indiscriminately; screaming about such
+nonsense as the curse of the ivory image and the dark dead youth who looked at
+them and swam away. Lieutenant Kienze seemed paralyzed and inefficient, as
+one might expect of a soft, womanish Rhinelander. I shot all six men, for it was
+necessary, and made sure that none remained alive.
+
+We expelled the bodies through the double hatches and were alone in the U-29.
+Kienze seemed very nervous, and drank heavily. It was decided that we remain
+alive as long as possible, using the large stock of provisions and chemical supply
+of oxygen, none of which had suffered from the crazy antics of those swine-
+hound seamen. Our compasses, depth gauges, and other delicate instruments
+were ruined; so that henceforth our only reckoning would be guess work, based
+on our watches, the calendar, and our apparent drift as judged by any objects we
+might spy through the portholes or from the conning tower. Fortunately we had
+storage batteries still capable of long use, both for interior lighting and for the
+searchlight. We often cast a beam around the ship, but saw only dolphins,
+swimming parallel to our own drifting course. I was scientifically interested in
+those dolphins; for though the ordinary Delphinus delphis is a cetacean
+mammal, unable to subsist without air, I watched one of the swimmers closely
+for two hours, and did not see him alter his submerged condition.
+
+With the passage of time Kienze and I decided that we were still drifting south,
+meanwhile sinking deeper and deeper. We noted the marine fauna and flora, and
+read much on the subject in the books I had carried with.me for spare moments. I
+
+
+
+861
+
+
+
+could not help observing, however, the inferior scientific knowledge of my
+companion. His mind was not Prussian, but given to imaginings and
+speculations which have no value. The fact of our coming death affected him
+curiously, and he would frequently pray in remorse over the men, women, and
+children we had sent to the bottom; forgetting that all things are noble which
+serve the German state. After a time he became noticeably unbalanced, gazing
+for hours at his ivory image and weaving fanciful stories of the lost and forgotten
+things under the sea. Sometimes, as a psychological experiment, I would lead
+him on in the wanderings, and listen to his endless poetical quotations and tales
+of sunken ships. I was very sorry for him, for I dislike to see a German suffer; but
+he was not a good man to die with. For myself I was proud, knowing how the
+Fatherland would revere my memory and how my sons would be taught to be
+men like me.
+
+On August 9, we espied the ocean floor, and sent a powerful beam from the
+searchlight over it. It was a vast undulating plain, mostly covered with seaweed,
+and strewn with the shells of small moflusks. Here and there were slimy objects
+of puzzling contour, draped with weeds and encrusted with barnacles, which
+Kienze declared must be ancient ships lying in their graves. He was puzzled by
+one thing, a peak of solid matter, protruding above the oceanbed nearly four feet
+at its apex; about two feet thick, with flat sides and smooth upper surfaces which
+met at a very obtuse angle. I called the peak a bit of outcropping rock, but Kienze
+thought he saw carvings on it. After a while he began to shudder, and turned
+away from the scene, as if frightened; yet could give no explanation save that he
+was overcome with the vastness, darkness, remoteness, antiquity, and mystery of
+the oceanic abysses. His mind was tired, but I am always a German, and was
+quick to notice two things: that the U-29 was standing the deep-sea pressure
+splendidly, and that the peculiar dolphins were still about us, even at a depth
+where the existence of high organisms is considered impossible by most
+naturalists. That I had previously overestimated our depth, I was sure; but none
+the less we must still have been deep enough to make these phenomena
+remarkable. Our southward speed, as gauged by the ocean floor, was about as I
+had estimated from the organisms passed at higher levels.
+
+It was at 3:15 PM., August 12, that poor Kienze went wholly mad. He had been
+in the conning tower using the searchlight when I saw him bound into the library
+compartment where I sat reading, and his face at once betrayed him. I will repeat
+here what he said, underlining the words he emphasized: "He is calling! He is
+calling! I hear him! We must go!" As he spoke he took his ivory image from the
+table, pocketed it, and seized my arm in an effort to drag me up the
+companionway to the deck. In a moment I understood that he meant to open the
+hatch and plunge with me into the water outside, a vagary of suicidal and
+homicidal mania for which I was scarcely prepared. As I hung back and
+
+
+
+862
+
+
+
+attempted to soothe him he grew more violent, saying: "Come now - do not wait
+until later; it is better to repent and be forgiven than to defy and be condemned."
+Then I tried the opposite of the soothing plan, and told him he was mad -
+pitifully demented. But he was unmoved, and cried: "If I am mad, it is mercy.
+May the gods pity the man who in his callousness can remam sane to the hideous
+end! Come and be mad whilst he still calls with mercy!"
+
+This outburst seemed to relieve a pressure in his brain; for as he finished he grew
+much milder, asking me to let him depart alone if I would not accompany him.
+My course at once became clear. He was a German, but only a Rhinelander and a
+commoner; and he was now a potentially dangerous madman. By complying
+with his suicidal request I could immediately free myself from one who was no
+longer a companion but a menace. I asked him to give me the ivory image before
+he went, but this request brought from him such uncanny laughter that I did not
+repeat it. Then I asked him if he wished to leave any keepsake or lock of hair for
+his family in Germany in case I should be rescued, but again he gave me that
+strange laugh. So as he climbed the ladder I went to the levers and, allowing
+proper time-intervals, operated the machinery which sent him to his death. After
+I saw that he was no longer in the boat I threw the searchlight around the water
+in an effort to obtain a last glimpse of him since I wished to ascertain whether the
+water-pressure would flatten him as it theoretically should, or whether the body
+would be unaffected, like those extraordinary dolphins. I did not, however,
+succeed in finding my late companion, for the dolphins were massed thickly and
+obscuringly about the conning tower.
+
+That evening I regretted that I had not taken the ivory image surreptitiously
+from poor Kienze's pocket as he left, for the memory of it fascinated me. I could
+not forget the youthful, beautiful head with its leafy crown, though I am not by
+nature an artist. I was also sorry that I had no one with whom to converse.
+Kienze, though not my mental equal, was much better than no one. I did not
+sleep well that night, and wondered exactly when the end would come. Surely, I
+had little enough chance of rescue.
+
+The next day I ascended to the conning tower and commenced the customary
+searchlight explorations. Northward the view was much the same as it had been
+all the four days since we had sighted the bottom, but I perceived that the
+drifting of the U-29 was less rapid. As I swung the beam around to the south, I
+noticed that the ocean floor ahead fell away in a marked declivity, and bore
+curiously regular blocks of stone in certain places, disposed as if in accordance
+with definite patterns. The boat did not at once descend to match the greater
+ocean depth, so I was soon forced to adjust the searchlight to cast a sharply
+downward beam. Owing to the abruptness of the change a wire was
+
+
+
+863
+
+
+
+disconnected, which necessitated a delay of many minutes for repairs; but at
+length the light streamed on again, flooding the marine valley below me.
+
+I am not given to emotion of any kind, but my amazement was very great when I
+saw what lay revealed in that electrical glow. And yet as one reared in the best
+Kultur of Prussia, I should not have been amazed, for geology and tradition alike
+tell us of great transpositions in oceanic and continental areas. What I saw was an
+extended and elaborate array of ruined edifices; all of magnificent though
+unclassified architecture, and in various stages of preservation. Most appeared to
+be of marble, gleaming whitely in the rays of the searchlight, and the general
+plan was of a large city at the bottom of a narrow valley, with numerous isolated
+temples and villas on the steep slopes above. Roofs were fallen and columns
+were broken, but there still remained an air of immemorially ancient splendor
+which nothing could efface.
+
+Confronted at last with the Atlantis I had formerly deemed largely a myth, I was
+the most eager of explorers. At the bottom of that valley a river once had flowed;
+for as I examined the scene more closely I beheld the remains of stone and
+marble bridges and sea-walls, and terraces and embankments once verdant and
+beautiful. In my enthusiasm I became nearly as idiotic and sentimental as poor
+Kienze, and was very tardy in noticing that the southward current had ceased at
+last, allowing the U-29 to settle slowly down upon the sunken city as an airplane
+settles upon a town of the upper earth. I was slow, to, in realizing that the school
+of unusual dolphins had vanished.
+
+In about two hours the boat rested in a paved plaza close to the rocky wall of the
+valley. On one side I could view the entire city as it sloped from the plaza down
+to the old river-bank; on the other side, in startling proximity, I was confronted
+by the richly ornate and perfectly preserved facade of a great building, evidently
+a temple, hollowed from the solid rock. Of the original workmanship of this
+titanic thing I can only make conjectures. The facade, of immense magnitude,
+apparently covers a continuous hollow recess; for its windows are many and
+widely distributed. In the center yawns a great open door, reached by an
+impressive flight of steps, and surrounded by exquisite carvings like the figures
+of Bacchanals in relief. Foremost of all are the great columns and frieze, both
+decorated with sculptures of inexpressible beauty; obviously portraying
+idealized pastoral scenes and processions of priests and priestesses bearing
+strange ceremonial devices in adoration of a radiant god. The art is of the most
+phenomenal perfection, largely Hellenic in idea, yet strangely individual. It
+imparts an impression of terrible antiquity, as though it were the remotest rather
+than the immediate ancestor of Greek art. Nor can I doubt that every detail of
+this massive product was fashioned from the virgin hillside rock of our planet. It
+is palpably a part of the valley wall, though how the vast interior was ever
+
+
+
+864
+
+
+
+excavated I cannot imagine. Perhaps a cavern or series of caverns furnished the
+nucleus. Neither age nor submersion has corroded the pristine grandeur of this
+awful fane - for fane indeed it must be - and today after thousands of years it
+rests untarnished and inviolate in the endless night and silence of an ocean-
+chasm.
+
+I cannot reckon the number of hours I spent in gazing at the sunken city with its
+buildings, arches, statues, and bridges, and the colossal temple with its beauty
+and mystery. Though I knew that death was near, my curiosity was consuming;
+and I threw the searchlight beam about in eager quest. The shaft of light
+permitted me to learn many details, but refused to show anything within the
+gaping door of the rock-hewn temple; and after a time I turned off the current,
+conscious of the need of conserving power. The rays were now perceptibly
+dimmer than they had been during the weeks of drifting. And as if sharpened by
+the coming deprivation of light, my desire to explore the watery secrets grew. I, a
+German, should be the first to tread those eon-forgotten ways!
+
+I produced and examined a deep-sea diving suit of jointed metal, and
+experimented with the portable light and air regenerator. Though I should have
+trouble in managing the double hatches alone, I believed I could overcome all
+obstacles with my scientific skill and actually walk about the dead city in person.
+
+On August 16 I effected an exit from the U-29, and laboriously made my way
+through the ruined and mud-choked streets to the ancient river. I found no
+skeletons or other human remains, but gleaned a wealth of archeological lore
+from sculptures and coins. Of this I cannot now speak save to utter my awe at a
+culture in the full noon of glory when cave-dwellers roamed Europe and the Nile
+flowed unwatched to the sea. Others, guided by this manuscript if it shall ever be
+found, must unfold the mysteries at which I can only hint. I returned to the boat
+as my electric batteries grew feeble, resolved to explore the rock temple on the
+following day.
+
+On the 17th, as my impulse to search out the mystery of the temple waxed still
+more insistent, a great disappointment befell me; for I found that the materials
+needed to replenish the portable light had perished in the mutiny of those pigs in
+July. My rage was unbounded, yet my German sense forbade me to venture
+unprepared into an utterly black interior which might prove the lair of some
+indescribable marine monster or a labyrinth of passages from whose windings I
+could never extricate myself. All I could do was to turn on the waning
+searchlight of the U-29, and with its aid walk up the temple steps and study the
+exterior carvings. The shaft of light entered the door at an upward angle, and I
+peered in to see if I could glimpse anything, but all in vain. Not even the roof
+was visible; and though I took a step or two inside after testing the floor with a
+
+
+
+865
+
+
+
+staff, I dared not go farther. Moreover, for the first time in my Hfe I experienced
+the emotion of dread. I began to reahze how some of poor Kienze's moods had
+arisen, for as the temple drew me more and more, I feared its aqueous abysses
+with a bhnd and mounting terror. Returning to the submarine, I turned off the
+hghts and sat thinking in the dark. Electricity must now be saved for
+emergencies.
+
+Saturday the 18th I spent in total darkness, tormented by thoughts and memories
+that threatened to overcome my German will. Kienze bad gone mad and
+perished before reaching this sinster remnant of a past unwholesomely remote,
+and had advised me to go with him. Was, indeed. Fate preserving my reason
+only to draw me irresistibly to an end more horrible and unthinkable than any
+man has dreamed of? Clearly, my nerves were sorely taxed, and I must cast off
+these impressions of weaker men.
+
+I could not sleep Saturday night, and turned on the lights regardless of the
+future. It was annoying that the electricity should not last out the air and
+provisions. I revived my thoughts of euthanasia, and examined my automatic
+pistol. Toward morning I must have dropped asleep with the lights on, for I
+awoke in darkness yesterday afternoon to find the batteries dead. I struck several
+matches in succession, and desperately regretted the improvidence which had
+caused us long ago to use up the few candles we carried.
+
+After the fading of the last match I dared to waste, I sat very quietly without a
+light. As I considered the inevitable end my mind ran over preceding events, and
+developed a hitherto dormant impression which would have caused a weaker
+and more superstitious man to shudder. The head of the radiant god in the
+sculptures on the rock temple is the same as that carven bit of ivory which the
+dead sailor brought from the sea and which poor Kienze carried back into the
+sea.
+
+I was a little dazed by this coincidence, but did not become terrified. It is only the
+inferior thinker who hastens to explain the singular and the complex by the
+primitive shortcut of supernaturalism. The coincidence was strange, but I was
+too sound a reasoner to connect circumstances which admit of no logical
+connection, or to associate in any uncanny fashion the disastrous events which
+had led from the Victory affair to my present plight. Feeling the need of more
+rest, I took a sedative and secured some more sleep. My nervous condition was
+reflected in my dreams, for I seemed to hear the cries of drowning persons, and
+to see dead faces pressing against the portholes of the boat. And among the dead
+faces was the living, mocking face of the youth with the ivory image.
+
+
+
+866
+
+
+
+I must be careful how I record my awakening today, for I am unstrung, and
+much hallucination is necessarily mixed with fact. Psychologically my case is
+most interesting, and I regret that it cannot be observed scientifically by a
+competent German authority. Upon opening my eyes my first sensation was an
+overmastering desire to visit the rock temple; a desire which grew every instant,
+yet which I automatically sought to resist through some emotion of fear which
+operated in the reverse direction. Next there came to me the impression of light
+amidst the darkness of dead batteries, and I seemed to see a sort of
+phosphorescent glow in the water through the porthole which opened toward
+the temple. This aroused my curiosity, for I knew of no deep-sea organism
+capable of emitting such luminosity.
+
+But before I could investigate there came a third impression which because of its
+irrationality caused me to doubt the objectivity of anything my senses might
+record. It was an aural delusion; a sensation of rhythmic, melodic sound as of
+some wild yet beautiful chant or choral hymn, coming from the outside through
+the absolutely sound-proof hull of the U-29. Convinced of my psychological and
+nervous abnormality, I lighted some matches and poured a stiff dose of sodium
+bromide solution, which seemed to calm me to the extent of dispelling the
+illusion of sound. But the phosphorescence remained, and I had difficulty in
+repressing a childish impulse to go to the porthole and seek its source. It was
+horribly realistic, and I could soon distinguish by its aid the familiar objects
+around me, as well as the empty sodium bromide glass of which I had had no
+former visual impression in its present location. This last circumstance made me
+ponder, and I crossed the room and touched the glass. It was indeed in the place
+where I had seemed to see it. Now I knew that the light was either real or part of
+an hallucination so fixed and consistent that I could not hope to dispel it, so
+abandoning all resistance I ascended to the conning tower to look for the
+luminous agency. Might it not actually be another U-boat, offering possibilities of
+rescue?
+
+It is well that the reader accept nothing which follows as objective truth, for since
+the events transcend natural law, they are necessity the subjective and unreal
+creations of my overtaxed mind. When I attained the conning tower I found the
+sea in general far less luminous than I had expected. There was no animal or
+vegetable phosphorescence about, and the city that sloped down to the river was
+invisible in blackness. What I did see was not spectacular, not grotesque or
+terrifying, yet it removed my last vestige of trust in my consciousness. For the
+door and windows of the undersea temple hewn from the rocky hill were vividly
+aglow with a flickering radiance, as from a mighty altar-flame far within.
+
+Later incidents are chaotic. As I stared at the uncannily lighted door and
+windows, I became subject to the most extravagant visions - visions so
+
+
+
+867
+
+
+
+extravagant that I cannot even relate them. I fancied that I discerned objects in
+the temple; objects both stationary and moving; and seemed to hear again the
+unreal chant that had floated to me when first I awaked. And over all rose
+thoughts and fears which centered in the youth from the sea and the ivory image
+whose carving was duplicated on the frieze and columns of the temple before
+me. I thought of poor Kienze, and wondered where his body rested with the
+image he had carried back into the sea. He had warned me of something, and I
+had not heeded - but he was a soft-headed Rhinelander who went mad at
+troubles a Prussian could bear with ease.
+
+The rest is very simple. My impulse to visit and enter the temple has now
+become an inexplicable and imperious command which ultimately cannot be
+denied. My own German will no longer controls my acts, and volition is
+henceforward possible only in minor matters. Such madness it was which drove
+Kienze to his death, bare-headed and unprotected in the ocean; but I am a
+Prussian and a man of sense, and will use to the last what little will I have. When
+first I saw that I must go, I prepared my diving suit, helmet, and air regenerator
+for instant donning, and immediately commenced to write this hurried chronicle
+in the hope that it may some day reach the world. I shall seal the manuscript in a
+bottle and entrust it to the sea as I leave the U-29 for ever.
+
+I have no fear, not even from the prophecies of the madman Kienze. What I have
+seen cannot be true, and I know that this madness of my own will at most lead
+only to suffocation when my air is gone. The light in the temple is a sheer
+delusion, and I shall die calmly like a German, in the black and forgotten depths.
+This demoniac laughter which I hear as I write comes only from my own
+weakening brain. So I will carefully don my suit and walk boldly up the steps
+into the primal shrine, that silent secret of unfathomed waters and uncounted
+years.
+
+
+
+868
+
+
+
+The Terrible Old Man
+
+Written 28 Jan 1920
+
+Published July 1921 in The Tryout, Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 10-14.
+
+It was the design of Angelo Ricci and Joe Czanek and Manuel Silva to call on the
+Terrible Old Man. This old man dwells all alone in a very ancient house on Water
+Street near the sea, and is reputed to be both exceedingly rich and exceedingly
+feeble; which forms a situation very attractive to men of the profession of Messrs.
+Ricci, Czanek, and Silva, for that profession was nothing less dignified than
+robbery.
+
+The inhabitants of Kingsport say and think many things about the Terrible Old
+Man which generally keep him safe from the attention of gentlemen like Mr.
+Ricci and his colleagues, despite the almost certain fact that he hides a fortune of
+indefinite magnitude somewhere about his musty and venerable abode. He is, in
+truth, a very strange person, believed to have been a captain of East India clipper
+ships in his day; so old that no one can remember when he was young, and so
+taciturn that few know his real name. Among the gnarled trees in the front yard
+of his aged and neglected place he maintains a strange collection of large stones,
+oddly grouped and painted so that they resemble the idols in some obscure
+Eastern temple. This collection frightens away most of the small boys who love
+to taunt the Terrible Old Man about his long white hair and beard, or to break
+the small-paned windows of his dwelling with wicked missiles; but there are
+other things which frighten the older and more curious folk who sometimes steal
+up to the house to peer in through the dusty panes. These folk say that on a table
+in a bare room on the ground floor are many peculiar bottles, in each a small
+piece of lead suspended pendulum-wise from a string. And they say that the
+Terrible Old Man talks to these bottles, addressing them by such names as Jack,
+Scar-Face, Long Tom, Spanish Joe, Peters, and Mate Ellis, and that whenever he
+speaks to a bottle the little lead pendulum within makes certain definite
+vibrations as if in answer.
+
+Those who have watched the tall, lean. Terrible Old Man in these peculiar
+conversations, do not watch him again. But Angelo Ricci and Joe Czanek and
+Manuel Silva were not of Kingsport blood; they were of that new and
+heterogeneous alien stock which lies outside the charmed circle of New England
+life and traditions, and they saw in the Terrible Old Man merely a tottering,
+almost helpless grey-beard, who could not walk without the aid of his knotted
+cane, and whose thin, weak hands shook pitifully. They were really quite sorry
+in their way for the lonely, unpopular old fellow, whom everybody shunned.
+
+
+
+869
+
+
+
+and at whom all the dogs barked singularly. But business is business, and to a
+robber whose soul is in his profession, there is a lure and a challenge about a
+very old and very feeble man who has no account at the bank, and who pays for
+his few necessities at the village store with Spanish gold and silver minted two
+centuries ago.
+
+Messrs. Ricci, Czanek, and Silva selected the night of April 11th for their call. Mr.
+Ricci and Mr. Silva were to interview the poor old gentleman, whilst Mr. Czanek
+waited for them and their presumable metallic burden with a covered motor-car
+in Ship Street, by the gate in the tall rear wall of their host's grounds. Desire to
+avoid needless explanations in case of unexpected police intrusions prompted
+these plans for a quiet and unostentatious departure.
+
+As prearranged, the three adventurers started out separately in order to prevent
+any evil-minded suspicions afterward. Messrs. Ricci and Silva met in Water
+Street by the old man's front gate, and although they did not like the way the
+moon shone down upon the painted stones through the budding branches of the
+gnarled trees, they had more important things to think about than mere idle
+superstition. They feared it might be unpleasant work making the Terrible Old
+Man loquacious concerning his hoarded gold and silver, for aged sea-captains
+are notably stubborn and perverse. Still, he was very old and very feeble, and
+there were two visitors. Messrs. Ricci and Silva were experienced in the art of
+making unwilling persons voluble, and the screams of a weak and exceptionally
+venerable man can be easily muffled. So they moved up to the one lighted
+window and heard the Terrible Old Man talking childishly to his bottles with
+pendulums. Then they donned masks and knocked politely at the weather-
+stained oaken door.
+
+Waiting seemed very long to Mr. Czanek as he fidgeted restlessly in the covered
+motor-car by the Terrible Old Man's back gate in Ship Street. He was more than
+ordinarily tender-hearted, and he did not like the hideous screams he had heard
+in the ancient house just after the hour appointed for the deed. Had he not told
+his colleagues to be as gentle as possible with the pathetic old sea-captain? Very
+nervously he watched that narrow oaken gate in the high and ivy-clad stone
+wall. Frequently he consulted his watch, and wondered at the delay. Had the old
+man died before revealing where his treasure was hidden, and had a thorough
+search become necessary? Mr. Czanek did not like to wait so long in the dark in
+such a place. Then he sensed a soft tread or tapping on the walk inside the gate,
+heard a gentle fumbling at the rusty latch, and saw the narrow, heavy door
+swing inward. And in the pallid glow of the single dim street-lamp he strained
+his eyes to see what his colleagues had brought out of that sinister house which
+loomed so close behind. But when he looked, he did not see what he had
+expected; for his colleagues were not there at all, but only the Terrible Old Man
+
+
+
+870
+
+
+
+leaning quietly on his knotted cane and smiling hideously. Mr. Czanek had never
+before noticed the colour of that man's eyes; now he saw that they were yellow.
+
+Little things make considerable excitement in little towns, which is the reason
+that Kingsport people talked all that spring and summer about the three
+unidentifiable bodies, horribly slashed as with many cutlasses, and horribly
+mangled as by the tread of many cruel boot-heels, which the tide washed in. And
+some people even spoke of things as trivial as the deserted motor-car found in
+Ship Street, or certain especially inhuman cries, probably of a stray animal or
+migratory bird, heard in the night by wakeful citizens. But in this idle village
+gossip the Terrible Old Man took no interest at all. He was by nature reserved,
+and when one is aged and feeble, one's reserve is doubly strong. Besides, so
+ancient a sea- captain must have witnessed scores of things much more stirring
+in the far-off days of his unremembered youth.
+
+
+
+871
+
+
+
+The Thing on the Doorstep
+
+Written 21-24 Aug 1933
+
+Published January 1937 in Weird Tales, Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 52-70.
+
+I
+
+It is true that I have sent six bullets through the head of my best friend, and yet I
+hope to show by this statement that I am not his murderer. At first I shall be
+called a madman - madder than the man I shot in his cell at the Arkham
+Sanitarium. Later some of my readers will weigh each statement, correlate it with
+the known facts, and ask themselves how I could have believed otherwise than I
+did after facing the evidence of that horror - that thing on the doorstep.
+
+Until then I also saw nothing but madness in the wild tales I have acted on. Even
+now I ask myself whether I was misled - or whether I am not mad after all. I do
+not know - but others have strange things to tell of Edward and Asenath Derby,
+and even the stolid police are at their wits' ends to account for that last terrible
+visit. They have tried weakly to concoct a theory of a ghastly jest or warning by
+discharged servants, yet they know in their hearts that the truth is something
+infinitely more terrible and incredible.
+
+So I say that I have not murdered Edward Derby. Rather have I avenged him,
+and in so doing purged the earth of a horror whose survival might have loosed
+untold terrors on all mankind. There are black zones of shadow close to our daily
+paths, and now and then some evil soul breaks a passage through. When that
+happens, the man who knows must strike before reckoning the consequences.
+
+I have known Edward Pickman Derby all his life. Eight years my junior, he was
+so precocious that we had much in common from the time he was eight and I
+was sixteen. He was the most phenomenal child scholar I have ever known, and
+at seven was writing verse of a sombre, fantastic, almost morbid cast which
+astonished the tutors surrounding him. Perhaps his private education and
+coddled seclusion had something to do with his premature flowering. An only
+child, he had organic weaknesses which startled his doting parents and caused
+them to keep him closely chained to their side. He was never allowed out
+without his nurse, and seldom had a chance to play unconstrainedly with other
+children. All this doubtless fostered a strange secretive life in the boy, with
+imagination as his one avenue of freedom.
+
+At any rate, his juvenile learning was prodigious and bizarre; and his facile
+writings such as to captivate me despite my greater age. About that time I had
+
+
+
+872
+
+
+
+leanings toward art of a somewhat grotesque cast, and I found in this younger
+child a rare kindred spirit. What lay behind our joint love of shadows and
+marvels was, no doubt, the ancient, mouldering, and subtly fearsome town in
+which we live - witch-cursed, legend-haunted Arkham, whose huddled, sagging
+gambrel roofs and crumbling Georgian balustrades brood out the centuries
+beside the darkly muttering Miskatonic.
+
+As time went by I turned to architecture and gave up my design of illustrating a
+book of Edward's demoniac poems, yet our comradeship suffered no lessening.
+Young Derby's odd genius developed remarkably, and in his eighteenth year his
+collected nightmare-lyrics made a real sensation when issued under the title
+Azathoth and Other Horrors. He was a close correspondent of the notorious
+Baudelairean poet Justin Geoffrey, who wrote The People of the Monolith and
+died screaming in a madhouse in 1926 after a visit to a sinister, ill-regarded
+village in Hungary.
+
+In self-reliance and practical affairs, however, Derby was greatly retarded
+because of his coddled existence. His health had improved, but his habits of
+childish dependence were fostered by over-careful parents, so that he never
+travelled alone, made independent decisions, or assumed responsibilities. It was
+early seen that he would not be equal to a struggle in the business or professional
+arena, but the family fortune was so ample that this formed no tragedy. As he
+grew to years of manhood he retained a deceptive aspect of boyishness. Blond
+and blue-eyed, he had the fresh complexion of a child; and his attempt to raise a
+moustache were discernible only with difficulty. His voice was soft and light,
+and his unexercised life gave him a juvenile chubbiness rather than the
+paunchiness of premature middle age. He was of good height, and his handsome
+face would have made him a notable gallant had not his shyness held him to
+seclusion and bookishness.
+
+Derby's parents took him abroad every summer, and he was quick to seize on
+the surface aspects of European thought and expression. His Poe-like talents
+turned more and more toward the decadent, and other artistic sensitiveness and
+yearnings were half-aroused in him. We had great discussions in those days. I
+had been through Harvard, had studied in a Boston architect's office, had
+married, and had finally returned to Arkham to practise my profession - settling
+in the family homestead in Saltonstall Street since my father had moved to
+Florida for his health. Edward used to call almost every evening, till I came to
+regard him as one of the household. He had a characteristic way of ringing the
+doorbell or sounding the knocker that grew to be a veritable code signal, so that
+after dinner I always listened for the familiar three brisk strokes followed by two
+more after a pause. Less frequently I would visit at his house and note with envy
+the obscure volumes in his constantly growing library.
+
+
+
+873
+
+
+
+Derby went through Miskatonic University in Arkahm since his parents would
+not let him board away from them. He entered at sixteen and completed his
+course in three years, majoring in English and French literature and receiving
+high marks in everything but mathematics and the sciences. He mingled very
+little with the other students, though looking enviously at the "daring" or
+"Bohemian" set - whose superficially "smart" language and meaningless ironic
+pose he aped, and whose dubious conduct he wished he dared adopt.
+
+What he did do was to become an almost fanatical devotee of subterranean
+magical lore, for which Miskatonic's library was and is famous. Always a dweller
+on the surface of phantasy and strangeness, he now delved deep into the actual
+runes and riddles left by a fabulous past for the guidance or puzzlement of
+posterity. He read things like the frightful Book of Eibon, the Unaussprechlichen
+Kulten of von Junzt, and the forbidden Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul
+Alhazred, though he did not tell his parents he had seen them. Edward was
+twenty when my son and only child was born, and seemed pleased when I
+named the newcomer Edward Derby Upton after him.
+
+By the time he was twenty-five Edward Derby was a prodigiously learned man
+and a fairly well known poet and fantaisiste though his lack of contacts and
+responsibilities had slowed down his literary growth by making his products
+derivative and over-bookish. I was perhaps his closest friend - finding him an
+inexhaustible mine of vital theoretical topics, while he relied on me for advice in
+whatever matters he did not wish to refer to his parents. He remained single -
+more through shyness, inertia, and parental protectiveness than through
+inclination - and moved in society only to the slightest and most perfunctory
+extent. When the war came both health and ingrained timidity kept him at home.
+I went to Plattsburg for a commission but never got overseas.
+
+So the years wore on. Edward's mother died when he was thirty four and for
+months he was incapacitated by some odd psychological malady. His father took
+him to Europe, however, and he managed to pull out of his trouble without
+visible effects. Afterward he seemed to feel a sort of grotesque exhilaration, as if
+of partial escape from some unseen bondage. He began to mingle in the more
+"advanced" college set despite his middle age, and was present at some
+extremely wild doings - on one occasion paying heavy blackmail (which he
+borrowed of me) to keep his presence at a certain affair from his father's notice.
+Some of the whispered rumors about the wild Miskatonic set were extremely
+singular. There was even talk of black magic and of happenings utterly beyond
+credibility.
+
+II
+
+
+
+874
+
+
+
+Edward was thirty-eight when he met Asenath Waite. She was, I judge, about
+twenty-three at the time; and was taking a special course in mediaeval
+metaphysics at Miskatonic. The daughter of a friend of mine had met her before -
+in the Hall School at Kingsport - and had been inclined to shun her because of
+her odd reputation. She was dark, smallish, and very good-looking except for
+overprotuberant eyes; but something in her expression alienated extremely
+sensitive people. It was, however, largely her origin and conversation which
+caused average folk to avoid her. She was one of the Innsmouth Waites, and dark
+legends have clustered for generations about crumbling, half-deserted
+Innsmouth and its people. There are tales of horrible bargains about the year
+1850, and of a strange element "not quite human" in the ancient families of the
+run-down fishing port - tales such as only old-time Yankees can devise and
+repeat with proper awesomeness.
+
+Asenath's case was aggravated by the fact that she was Ephraim Waite's
+daughter - the child of his old age by an unknown wife who always went veiled.
+Ephraim lived in a half-decayed mansion in Washington Street, Innsmouth, and
+those who had seen the place (Arkham folk avoid going to Innsmouth whenever
+they can) declared that the attic windows were always boarded, and that strange
+sounds sometimes floated from within as evening drew on. The old man was
+known to have been a prodigious magical student in his day, and legend averred
+that he could raise or quell storms at sea according to his whim. I had seen him
+once or twice in my youth as he came to Arkham to consult forbidden tomes at
+the college library, and had hated his wolfish, saturnine face with its tangle of
+iron-grey beard. He had died insane - under rather queer circumstances - just
+before his daughter (by his will made a nominal ward of the principal) entered
+the Hall School, but she had been his morbidly avid pupil and looked fiendishly
+like him at times.
+
+The friend whose daughter had gone to school with Asenath Waite repeated
+many curious things when the news of Edward's acquaintance with her began to
+spread about. Asenath, it seemed, had posed as a kind of magician at school; and
+had really seemed able to accomplish some highly baffling marvels. She
+professed to be able to raise thunderstorms, though her seeming success was
+generally laid to some uncanny knack at prediction. All animals markedly
+disliked her, and she could make any dog howl by certain motions of her right
+hand. There were times when she displayed snatches of knowledge and
+language very singular - and very shocking - for a young girl; when she would
+frighten her schoolmates with leers and winks of an inexplicable kind, and
+would seem to extract an obscene zestful irony from her present situation.
+
+Most unusual, though, were the well-attested cases of her influence over other
+persons. She was, beyond question, a genuine hypnotist. By gazing peculiarly at
+
+
+
+875
+
+
+
+a fellow-student she would often give the latter a distinct feeling of exchanged
+personality - as if the subject were placed momentarily in the magician's body
+and able to stare half across the room at her real body, whose eyes blazed and
+protruded with an alien expression. Asenath often made wild claims about the
+nature of consciousness and about its independence of the physical frame - or at
+least from the life-processes of the physical frame. Her crowning rage, however,
+was that she was not a man; since she believed a male brain had certain unique
+and far-reaching cosmic powers. Given a man's brain, she declared, she could
+not only equal but surpass her father in mastery of unknown forces.
+
+Edward met Asenath at a gathering of "intelligentsia" held in one of the
+students' rooms, and could talk of nothing else when he came to see me the next
+day. He had found her full of the interests and erudition which engrossed him
+most, and was in addition wildly taken with her appearance. I had never seen
+the young woman, and recalled casual references only faintly, but I knew who
+she was. It seemed rather regrettable that Derby should become so upheaved
+about her; but I said nothing to discourage him, since infatuation thrives on
+opposition. He was not, he said, mentioning her to his father.
+
+In the next few weeks I heard of very little but Asenath from young Derby.
+Others now remarked Edward's autumnal gallantry, though they agreed that he
+did not look even nearly his actual age, or seem at all inappropriate as an escort
+for his bizarre divinity. He was only a trifle paunchy despite his indolence and
+self-indulgence, and his face was absolutely without lines. Asenath, on the other
+hand, had the premature crow's feet which come from the exercises of an intense
+will.
+
+About this time Edward brought the girl to call on me, and I at once saw that his
+interest was by no means one-sided. She eyed him continually with an almost
+predatory air, and I perceived that their intimacy was beyond untangling. Soon
+afterward I had a visit from old Mr. Derby, whom I had always admired and
+respected. He had heard the tales of his son's new friendship, and had wormed
+the whole truth out of "the boy." Edward meant to marry Asenath, and had even
+been looking at houses in the suburbs. Knowing my usually great influence with
+his son, the father wondered if I could help to break the ill-advised affair off; but
+I regretfully expressed my doubts. This time it was not a question of Edward's
+weak will but of the woman's strong will. The perennial child had transferred his
+dependence from the parental image to a new and stronger image, and nothing
+could be done about it.
+
+The wedding was performed a month later - by a justice of the peaoe, according
+to the bride's request. Mr. Derby, at my advice, offered no opposition, and he,
+my wife, my son, and I attended the brief ceremony - the other guests being wild
+
+
+
+876
+
+
+
+young people from the college. Asenath had bought the old Crowninshield place
+in the country at the end of High Street, and they proposed to settle there after a
+short trip to Innsmouth, whence three servants and some books and household
+goods were to be brought. It was probably not so much consideration for
+Edward and his father as a personal wish to be near the college, its library, and
+its crowd of "sophisticates," that made Asenath settle in Arkham instead of
+returning permanently home.
+
+When Edward called on me after the honeymoon I thought he looked slightly
+changed. Asenath had made him get rid of the undeveloped moustache, but
+there was more than that. He looked soberer and more thoughtful, his habitual
+pout of childish rebelliousness being exchanged for a look almost of genuine
+sadness. I was puzzled to decide whether I liked or disliked the change.
+Certainly he seemed for the moment more normally adult than ever before.
+Perhaps the marriage was a good thing - might not the change of dependence
+form a start toward actual neutralisaton, leading ultimately to responsible
+independence? He came alone, for Asenath was very busy. She had brought a
+vast store of books and apparatus from Innsmouth (Derby shuddered as he
+spoke the name), and was finishing the restoration of the Crowninshield house
+and grounds.
+
+Her home - in that town - was a rather disgusting place, but certain objects in it
+had taught him some surprising things. He was progressing fast in esoteric lore
+now that he had Asenath's guidance. Some of the experiments she proposed
+were very daring and radical - he did not feel at liberty to describe them - but he
+had confidence in her powers and intentions. The three servants were very queer
+- an incredibly aged couple who had been with old Ephraim and referred
+occasionally to him and to Asenath's dead mother in a cryptic way, and a
+swarthy young wench who had marked anomalies of feature and seemed to
+exude a perpetual odour of fish.
+
+Ill
+
+For the next two years I saw less and less of Derby. A fortnight would sometimes
+slip by without the familiar three-and-two strokes at the front door; and when he
+did call - or when, as happened with increasing infrequency, I called on him - he
+was very little disposed to converse on vital topics. He had become secretive
+about those occult studies which he used to describe and discuss so minutely,
+and preferred not to talk of his wife. She had aged tremendously since her
+marriage, till now - oddly enough - she seemed the elder of the two. Her face
+held the most concentratedly determined expression I had ever seen, and her
+whole aspect seemed to gain a vague, unplaceable repulsiveness. My wife and
+son noticed it as much as I, and we all ceased gradually to call on her - for which.
+
+
+
+877
+
+
+
+Edward admitted in one of his boyishly tactless moments, she was unmitigatedly
+grateful. Occasionally the Derbys would go on long trips - ostensibly to Europe,
+though Edward sometimes hinted at obscurer destinations.
+
+It was after the first year that people began talking about the change in Edward
+Derby. It was very casual talk, for the change was purely psychological; but it
+brought up some interesting points. Now and then, it seemed Edward was
+observed to wear an expression and to do things wholly incompatible with his
+usual flabby nature. For example - although in the old days he could not drive a
+car, he was now seen occasionally to dash into or out of the old Crowninshield
+driveway with Asenath's powerful Packard, handling it like a master, and
+meeting traffic entanglements with a skill and determination utterly alien to his
+accustomed nature. In such cases he seemed always to be just back from some
+trip or just starting on one - what sort of trip, no one could guess, although he
+mostly favoured the Innsmouth road.
+
+Oddly, the metamorphosis did not seem altogether pleasing. People said he
+looked too much like his wife, or like old Ephraim Waite himself, in these
+moments - or perhaps these moments seemed unnatural because they were so
+rare. Sometimes, hours after starting out in this way, he would return listlessly
+sprawled on the rear seat of the car while an obviously hired chauffeur or
+mechanic drove. Also, his preponderant aspect on the streets during his
+decreasing round of social contacts (including, I may say, his calls on me) was
+the old-time indecisive one - its irresponsible childishness even more marked
+than in the past. While Asenath's face aged, Edward - aside from those
+exceptional occasions - actually relaxed into a kind of exaggerated immaturity,
+save when a trace of the new sadness or understanding would flash across it. It
+was really very puzzling. Meanwhile the Derbys almost dropped out of the gay
+college circle - not through their own disgust, we heard, but because something
+about their present studies shocked even the most callous of the other decadents.
+
+It was in the third year of the marriage that Edward began to hint openly to me
+of a certain fear and dissatisfaction. He would let fall remarks about things
+"going too far," and would talk darkly about the need of "gaining his identity."
+At first I ignored such references, but in time I began to question him guardedly,
+remembering what my friend's daughter had said about Asenath's hypnotic
+influence over the other girls at school - the cases where students had thought
+they were in her body looking across the room at themselves. This questioning
+seemed to make him at once alarmed and grateful, and once he mumbled
+something about having a serious talk with me later. About this time old Mr.
+Derby died, for which I was afterward very thankful. Edward was badly upset,
+though by no means disorganized. He had seen astonishingly little of his parent
+since his marriage, for Asenath had concentrated in herself all his vital sense of
+
+
+
+878
+
+
+
+family linkage. Some called him callous in his loss - especially since those jaunty
+and confident moods in the car began to increase. He now wished to move back
+into the old family mansion, but Asenath insisted on staying in the
+Crowninshield house to which she had become well adjusted.
+
+Not long afterward my wife heard a curious thing from a friend - one of the few
+who had not dropped the Derbys. She had been out to the end of High Street to
+call on the couple, and had seen a car shoot briskly out of the drive with
+Edward's oddly confident and almost sneering face above the wheel. Ringing the
+bell, she had been told by the repulsive wench that Asenath was also out; but
+had chanced to look at the house in leaving. There, at one of Edward's library
+windows, she had glimpsed a hastily withdrawn face - a face whose expression
+of pain, defeat, and wistful hopelessness was poignant beyond description. It
+was - incredibly enough in view of its usual domineering cast - Asenath' s; yet the
+caller had vowed that in that instant the sad, muddled eyes of poor Edward were
+gazing out from it.
+
+Edward's calls now grew a trifle more frequent, and his hints occasionally
+became concrete. What he said was not to be believed, even in centuried and
+legend-haunted Arkham; but he threw out his dark lore with a sincerity and
+convincingness which made one fear for his sanity. He talked about terrible
+meetings in lonely places, of Cyclopean ruins in the heart of the Maine woods
+beneath which vast staircases led down to abysses of nighted secrets, of complex
+angles that led through invisible walls to other regions of space and time, and of
+hideous exchanges of personality that permitted explorations in remote and
+forbidden places, on other worlds, and in different space-time continua.
+
+He would now and then back up certain crazy hints by exhibiting objects which
+utterly nonplussed me - elusively coloured and bafflingly textured objects like
+nothing ever heard of on earth, whose insane curves and surfaces answered no
+conceivable purpose, and followed no conceivable geometry. These things, he
+said, came "from outside"; and his wife knew how to get them. Sometimes - but
+always in frightened and ambiguous whisper - he would suggest things about
+old Ephraim Waite, whom he had seen occasionally at the college library in the
+old days. These adumbrations were never specific, but seemed to revolve around
+some especially horrible doubt as to whether the old wizard were really dead - in
+a spiritual as well as corporeal sense.
+
+At times Derby would halt abruptly in his revelations, and I wondered whether
+Asenath could possibly have divined his speech at a distance and cut him off
+through some unknown sort of telepathic mesmerism - some power of the kind
+she had displayed at school. Certainly, she suspected that he told me things, for
+as the weeks passed she tried to stop his visits with words and glances of a most
+
+
+
+879
+
+
+
+inexplicable potency. Only with difficulty could he get to see me, for although he
+would pretend to be going somewhere else, some invisible force would generally
+clog his motions or make him forget his destination for the time being. His visits
+usually came when Asenath was way - "away in her own body," as he once
+oddly put it. She always found out later - the servants watched his goings and
+coming - but evidently she thought it inexpedient to do anything drastic.
+
+IV
+
+Derby had been married more than three years on that August day when I got
+that telegram from Maine. I had not seen him for two months, but had heard he
+was away "on business." Asenath was supposed to be with him, though
+watchful gossip declared there was someone upstairs in the house behind the
+doubly curtained windows. They had watched the purchases made by the
+servants. And now the town marshal of Chesuncook had wired of the draggled
+madman who stumbled out of the woods with delirious ravings and screamed to
+me for protection. It was Edward - and he had been just able to recall his own
+name and address.
+
+Chesuncook is close to the wildest, deepest, and least explored forest belt in
+Maine, and it took a whole day of feverish jolting through fantastic and
+forbidding scenery to get there in a car. I found Derby in a cell at the town farm,
+vacillating between frenzy and apathy. He knew me at once, and began pouring
+out a meaningless, half-incoherent torrent of words in my direction.
+
+"Dan, for God's sake! The pit of the shoggoths! Down the six thousand steps...
+the abomination of abominations... I never would let her take me, and then I
+found myself there - la! Shub-Niggurath! - The shape rose up from the altar, and
+there were five hundred that howled - The Hooded Thing bleated 'Kamog!
+Kamog!' - that was old Ephraim's secret name in the coven - 1 was there, where
+she promised she wouldn't take me - A minute before I was locked in the library,
+and then I was there where she had gone with my body - in the place of utter
+blasphemy, the unholy pit where the black realm begins and the watcher guards
+the gate - 1 saw a shoggoth - it changed shape - 1 can't stand it - I'll kill her if she
+ever sends me there again - I'll kill that entity - her, him, it - I'll kill it! I'll kill it
+with my own hands!"
+
+It took me an hour to quiet him, but he subsided at last. The next day I got him
+decent clothes in the village, and set out with him for Arkham. His fury of
+hysteria was spent, and he was inclined to be silent, though he began muttering
+darkly to himself when the car passed through Augusta - as if the sight of a city
+aroused unpleasant memories. It was clear that he did not wish to go home; and
+considering the fantastic delusions he seemed to have about his wife - delusions
+
+
+
+880
+
+
+
+undoubtedly springing from some actual hypnotic ordeal to which he had been
+subjected - 1 thought it would be better if he did not. I would, I resolved, put him
+up myself for a time; no matter what unpleasantness it would make with
+Asenath. Later I would help him get a divorce, for most assuredly there were
+mental factors which made this marriage suicidal for him. When we struck open
+country again Derby's muttering faded away, and I let him nod and drowse on
+the seat beside me as I drove.
+
+During our sunset dash through Portland the muttering commenced again, more
+distinctly than before, and as I listened I caught a stream of utterly insane drivel
+about Asenath. The extent to which she had preyed on Edward's nerves was
+plain, for he had woven a whole set of hallucinations around her. His present
+predicament, he mumbled furtively, was only one of a long series. She was
+getting hold of him, and he knew that some day she would never let go. Even
+now she probably let him go only when she had to, because she couldn't hold on
+long at a time. She constantly took his body and went to nameless places for
+nameless rites, leaving him in her body and locking him upstairs - but sometimes
+she couldn't hold on, and he would find himself suddenly in his own body again
+in some far-off, horrible, and perhaps unknown place. Sometimes she'd get hold
+of him again and sometimes she couldn't. Often he was left stranded somewhere
+as I had found him - time and again he had to find his way home from frightful
+distances, getting somebody to drive the car after he found it.
+
+The worst thing was that she was holding on to him longer and longer at a time.
+She wanted to be a man - to be fully human - that was why she got hold of him.
+She had sensed the mixture of fine-wrought brain and weak will in him. Some
+day she would crowd him out and disappear with his body - disappear to
+become a great magician like her father and leave him marooned in that female
+shell that wasn't even quite human. Yes, he knew about the Innsmouth blood
+now. There had been traffick with things from the sea - it was horrible. . . And old
+Ephraim - he had known the secret, and when he grew old did a hideous thing to
+keep alive - he wanted to live forever - Asenath would succeed - one successful
+demonstration had taken place already.
+
+As Derby muttered on I turned to look at him closely, verifying the impression of
+change which an earlier scrutiny had given me. Paradoxically, he seemed in
+better shape than usual - harder, more normally developed, and without the
+trace of sickly flabbiness caused by his indolent habits. It was as if he had been
+really active and properly exercised for the first time in his coddled life, and I
+judged that Asenath's force must have pushed him into unwonted channels of
+motion and alertness. But just now his mind was in a pitiable state; for he was
+mumbling wild extravagances about his wife, about black magic, about old
+Ephraim, and about some revelation which would convince even me. He
+
+
+
+881
+
+
+
+repeated names which I recognized from bygone browsings in forbidden
+volumes, and at times made me shudder with a certain thread of mythological
+consistency - or convincing coherence - which ran through his maundering.
+Again and again he would pause, as if to gather courage for some final and
+terrible disclosure.
+
+"Dan, Dan, don't you remember him - wild eyes and the unkempt beard that
+never turned white? He glared at me once, and I never forgot it. Now she glares
+that way. And I know why! He found it in the Necronomicon - the formula. I
+don't dare tell you the page yet, but when I do you can read and understand.
+Then you will know what has engulfed me. On, on, on, on - body to body to
+body - he means never to die. The life-glow - he knows how to break the link. . . it
+can flicker on a while even when the body is dead. I'll give you hints and maybe
+you'll guess. Listen, Dan - do you know why my wife always takes such pains
+with that silly backhand writing? Have you ever seen a manuscript of old
+Ephraim's? Do you want to know why I shivered when I saw some hasty notes
+Asenath had jotted down?
+
+"Asenath - is there such a person? Why did they half-think there was poison in
+old Ephraim's stomach? Why do the Gilmans whisper about the way he shrieked
+- like a frightened child - when he went mad and Asenath locked him up in the
+padded attic room where - the other - had been? Was it old Ephraim's soul that
+was locked in? Who locked in whom? Why had he been looking for months for
+someone with a fine mind and a weak will? - Why did he curse that his daughter
+wasn't a son? Tell me? Daniel Upton - what devilish exchange was perpetrated in
+the house of horror where that blasphemous monster had his trusting, weak-
+willed half-human child at his mercy? Didn't he make it permanent - as she'll do
+in the end with me? Tell me why that thing that calls itself Asenath writes
+differently off guard, so that you can't tell its script from - "
+
+Then the thing happened. Derby's voice was rising to a thin treble scream as he
+raved, when suddenly it was shut off with an almost mechanical click. I thought
+of those other occasions at my home when his confidences had abruptly ceased -
+when I had half-fancied that some obscure telepathic wave of Asenath's mental
+force was intervening to keep him silent. This, though, was something altogether
+different - and, I felt, infinitely more horrible. The face beside me was twisted
+almost unrecognizably for a moment, while through the whole body there
+passed a shivering motion - as if all the bones, organs, muscles, nerves, and
+glands were adjusting themselves to a radically different posture, set of stresses,
+and general personality.
+
+Just where the supreme horror lay, I could not for my life tell; yet there swept
+over me such a swamping wave of sickness and repulsion - such a freezing.
+
+
+
+882
+
+
+
+petrifying sense of utter alienage and abnormality - that my grasp of the wheel
+grew feeble and uncertain. The figure beside me seemed less like a lifelong friend
+than like some monstrous intrusion from outer space - some damnable, utterly
+accursed focus of unknown and malign cosmic forces.
+
+I had faltered only a moment, but before another moment was over my
+companion had seized the wheel and forced me to change places with him. The
+dusk was now very thick, and the lights of Portland far behind, so I could not see
+much of his face. The blaze of his eyes, though, was phenomenal; and I knew that
+he must now be in that queerly energized state - so unlike his usual self - which
+so many people had noticed. It seemed odd and incredible that listless Edward
+Derby - he who could never assert himself, and who had never learned to drive -
+should be ordering me about and taking the wheel of my own car, yet that was
+precisely what had happened. He did not speak for some time, and in my
+inexplicable horror I was glad he did not.
+
+In the lights of Biddeford and Saco I saw his firmly set mouth, and shivered at
+the blaze of his eyes. The people were right - he did look damnably like his wife
+and like old Ephraim when in these moods. I did not wonder that the moods
+were disliked - there was certainly something unnatural in them, and I felt the
+sinister element all the more because of the wild ravings I had been hearing. This
+man, for all my lifelong knowledge of Edward Pickman Derby, was a stranger -
+an intrusion of some sort from the black abyss.
+
+He did not speak until we were on a dark stretch of road, and when he did his
+voice seemed utterly unfamiliar. It was deeper, firmer, and more decisive than I
+had ever known it to be; while its accent and pronunciation were altogether
+changed - though vaguely, remotely, and rather disturbingly recalling something
+I could not quite place. There was, I thought, a trace of very profound and very
+genuine irony in the timbre - not the flashy, meaninglessly jaunty pseudo-irony
+of the callow "sophisticate," which Derby had habitually affected, but something
+grim, basic, pervasive, and potentially evil. I marvelled at the self-possession so
+soon following the spell of panic-struck muttering.
+
+"I hope you'll forget my attack back there, Upton," he was saying. "You know
+what my nerves are, and I guess you can excuse such things. I'm enormously
+grateful, of course, for this lift home.
+
+"And you must forget, too, any crazy things I may have been saying about my
+wife - and about things in general. That's what comes from overstudy in a field
+like mine. My philosophy is full of bizarre concepts, and when the mind gets
+worn out it cooks up all sorts of imaginary concrete applications. I shall take a
+
+
+
+883
+
+
+
+rest from now on - you probably won't see me for some time, and you needn't
+blame Asenath for it.
+
+"This trip was a bit queer, but it's really very simple. There are certain Indian
+relics in the north wood - standing stones, and all that - which mean a good deal
+in folklore, and Asenath and I are following that stuff up. It was a hard search, so
+I seem to have gone off my head. I must send somebody for the car when I get
+home. A month's relaxation will put me on my feet."
+
+I do not recall just what my own part of the conversation was, for the baffling
+alienage of my seatmate filled all my consciousness. With every moment my
+feeling of elusive cosmic horror increased, till at length I was in a virtual delirium
+of longing for the end of the drive. Derby did not offer to relinquish the wheel,
+and I was glad of the speed with which Portsmouth and Newburyport flashed
+by.
+
+At the junction where the main highway runs inland and avoids Innsmouth, I
+was half-afraid my driver would take the bleak shore road that goes through that
+damnable place. He did not, however, but darted rapidly past Rowley and
+Ipswich toward our destination. We reached Arkham before midnight, and
+found the lights still on at the old Crowninshield house. Derby left the car with a
+hasty repetition of his thanks, and I drove home alone with a curious feeling of
+relief. It had been a terrible drive - all the more terrible because I could not quite
+tell why - and I did not regret Derby's forecast of a long absence from my
+company.
+
+The next two months were full of rumours. People spoke of seeing Derby more
+and more in his new energized state, and Asenath was scarcely ever in to her
+callers. I had only one visit from Edward, when he called briefly in Asenath's car
+- duly reclaimed from wherever he had left it in Maine - to get some books he
+had lent me. He was in his new state, and paused only long enough for some
+evasively polite remarks. It was plain that he had nothing to discuss with me
+when in this condition - and I noticed that he did not even trouble to give the old
+three-and-two signal when ringing the doorbell. As on that evening in the car, I
+felt a faint, infinitely deep horror which I could not explain; so that his swift
+departure was a prodigious relief.
+
+In mid-September Derby was away for a week, and some of the decadent college
+set talked knowingly of the matter - hinting at a meeting with a notorious cult-
+leader, lately expelled from England, who had established headquarters in New
+York. For my part I could not get that strange ride from Maine out of my head.
+The transformation I had witnessed had affected me profoundly, and I caught
+
+
+
+884
+
+
+
+myself again and again trying to account for the thing - and for the extreme
+horror it had inspired in me.
+
+But the oddest rumours were those about the sobbing in the old Crowninshield
+house. The voice seemed to be a woman's, and some of the younger people
+thought it sounded like Asenath's. It was heard only at rare intervals, and would
+sometimes be choked off as if by force. There was talk of an investigation, but
+this was dispelled one day when Asenath appeared in the streets and chatted in a
+sprightly way with a large number of acquaintances - apologizing for her recent
+absence and speaking incidentally about the nervous breakdown and hysteria of
+a guest from Boston. The guest was never seen, but Asenath's appearance left
+nothing to be said. And then someone complicated matters by whispering that
+the sobs had once or twice been in a man's voice.
+
+One evening in mid-October, I heard the familiar three-and-two ring at the front
+door. Answering it myself, I found Edward on the steps, and saw in a moment
+that his personality was the old one which I had not encountered since the day of
+his ravings on that terrible ride from Chesuncook. His face was twitching with a
+mixture of odd emotions in which fear and triumph seemed to share dominion,
+and he looked furtively over his shoulder as I closed the door behind him.
+
+Following me clumsily to the study, he asked for some whiskey to steady his
+nerves. I forbore to question him, but waited till he felt like beginning whatever
+he wanted to say. At length he ventured some information in a choking voice.
+
+"Asenath has gone, Dan. We had a long talk last night while the servants were
+out, and I made her promise to stop preying on me. Of course I had certain -
+certain occult defences I never told you about. She had to give in, but got
+frightfully angry. Just packed up and started for New York - walked right out to
+catch the eight-twenty in to Boston. I suppose people will talk, but I can't help
+that. You needn't mention that there was any trouble - just say she's gone on a
+long research trip.
+
+"She's probably going to stay with one of her horrible groups of devotees. I hope
+she'll go west and get a divorce - anyhow, I've made her promise to keep away
+and let me alone. It was horrible, Dan - she was stealing my body - crowding me
+out - making a prisoner of me. I lay low and pretended to let her do it, but I had
+to be on the watch. I could plan if I was careful, for she can't read my mind
+literally, or in detail. All she could read of my planning was a sort of general
+mood of rebellion - and she always thought I was helpless. Never thought I
+could get the best of her. . . but I had a spell or two that worked."
+
+Derby looked over his shoulder and took some more whiskey.
+
+
+
+885
+
+
+
+"I paid off those damned servants this morning when they got back. They were
+ugly about it, and asked questions, but they went. They're her kin - Innsmouth
+people - and were hand and glove with her. I hope they'll let me alone - 1 didn't
+like the way they laughed when they walked away. I must get as many of Dad's
+old servants again as I can. I'll move back home now.
+
+"I suppose you think I'm crazy, Dan - but Arkham history ought to hint at things
+that back up what I've told you - and what I'm going to tell you. You've seen one
+of the changes, too - in your car after I told you about Asenath that day coming
+home from Maine. That was when she got me - drove me out of my body. The
+last thing I remember was when I was all worked up trying to tell you what that
+she-devil is. Then she got me, and in a flash I was back at the house - in the
+library where those damned servants had me locked up - and in that cursed
+fiend's body that isn't even human. . . You know it was she you must have ridden
+home with - that preying wolf in my body - You ought to have known the
+difference!"
+
+I shuddered as Derby paused. Surely, I had known the difference - yet could I
+accept an explanation as insane as this? But my distracted caller was growing
+even wilder.
+
+"I had to save myself - 1 had to, Dan! She'd have got me for good at Hallowmass
+- they hold a Sabbat up there beyond Chesuncook, and the sacrifice would have
+clinched things. She'd have got me for good - she'd have been I, and I'd have
+been she - forever - too late - My body'd have been hers for good - She'd have
+been a man, and fully human, just as she wanted to be - 1 suppose she'd have put
+me out of the way - killed her own ex-body with me in it, damn her, just as she
+did before - just as she did, or it did before - " Edward's face was now atrociously
+distorted, and he bent it uncomfortably close to mine as his voice fell to a
+whisper.
+
+"You must know what I hinted in the car - that she isn't Asenath at all, but really
+old Ephraim himself. I suspected it a year and a half ago, and I know it now. Her
+handwriting shows it when she goes off guard - sometimes she jots down a note
+in writing that's just like her father's manuscripts, stroke for stroke - and
+sometimes she says things that nobody but an old man like Ephraim could say.
+He changed forms with her when he felt death coming - she was the only one he
+could find with the right kind of brain and a weak enough will - he got her body
+permanently, just as she almost got mine, and then poisoned the old body he'd
+put her into. Haven't you seen old Ephraim's soul glaring out of that she-devil's
+eyes dozens of times - and out of mine when she has control of my body?"
+
+
+
+886
+
+
+
+The whisperer was panting, and paused for breath. I said nothing; and when he
+resumed his voice was nearer normal. This, I reflected, was a case for the asylum,
+but I would not be the one to send him there. Perhaps time and freedom from
+Asenath would do its work. I could see that he would never wish to dabble in
+morbid occultism again.
+
+"I'll tell you more later - I must have a long rest now. I'll tell you something of
+the forbidden horrors she led me into - something of the age-old horrors that
+even now are festering in out-of-the-way corners with a few monstrous priests to
+keep them alive. Some people know things about the universe that nobody ought
+to know, and can do things that nobody ought to be able to do. I've been in it up
+to my neck, but that's the end. Today I'd burn that damned Necronomicon and
+all the rest if I were librarian at Miskatonic.
+
+"But she can't get me now. I must get out of that accursed house as soon as I can,
+and settle down at home. You'll help me, I know, if I need help. Those devilish
+servants, you know - and if people should get too inquisitive about Asenath. You
+see, I can't give them her address... Then there are certain groups of searchers -
+certain cults, you know - that might misunderstand our breaking up... some of
+them have damnably curious ideas and methods. I know you'll stand by me if
+anything happens - even if I have to tell you a lot that will shock you. . ."
+
+I had Edward stay and sleep in one of the guest-chambers that night, and in the
+morning he seemed calmer. We discussed certain possible arrangements for his
+moving back into the Derby mansion, and I hoped he would lose no time in
+making the change. He did not call the next evening, but I saw him frequently
+during the ensuing weeks. We talked as little as possible about strange and
+unpleasant things, but discussed the renovation of the old Derby house, and the
+travels which Edward promised to take with my son and me the following
+summer.
+
+Of Asenath we said almost nothing, for I saw that the subject was a peculiarly
+disturbing one. Gossip, of course, was rife; but that was no novelty in connection
+with the strange menage at the old Crowninshield house. One thing I did not like
+was what Derby's banker let fall in an over-expansive mood at the Miskatonic
+Club - about the cheques Edward was sending regularly to a Moses and Abigail
+Sargent and a Eunice Babson in Innsmouth. That looked as if those evil-faced
+servants were extorting some kind of tribute from him - yet he had not
+mentioned the matter to me.
+
+I wished that the summer - and my son's Harvard vacation - would come, so that
+we could get Edward to Europe. He was not, I soon saw, mending as rapidly as I
+had hoped he would; for there was something a bit hysterical in his occasional
+
+
+
+887
+
+
+
+exhilaration, while his moods of fright and depression were altogether too
+frequent. The old Derby house was ready by December, yet Edward constantly
+put off moving. Though he hated and seemed to fear the Crowninshield place, he
+was at the same time queerly enslaved by it. He could not seem to begin
+dismantling things, and invented every kind of excuse to postpone action. When
+I pointed this out to him he appeared unaccountably frightened. His father's old
+butler - who was there with other reacquired servants - told me one day that
+Edward's occasional prowlings about the house, and especially down cellar,
+looked odd and unwholesome to him. I wondered if Asenath had been writing
+disturbing letters, but the butler said there was no mail which could have come
+from her.
+
+It was about Christmas that Derby broke down one evening while calling on me.
+I was steering the conversation toward next summer's travels when he suddenly
+shrieked and leaped up from his chair with a look of shocking, uncontrollable
+fright - a cosmic panic and loathing such as only the nether gulfs of nightmare
+could bring to any sane mind.
+
+"My brain! My brain! God, Dan - it's tugging - from beyond - knocking - clawing
+- that she-devil - even now - Ephraim - Kamog! Kamog! - The pit of the
+shoggoths - la! Shub-Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand Young!. . .
+
+"The flame - the flame - beyond body, beyond life - in the earth - oh, God!"
+
+I pulled him back to his chair and poured some wine down his throat as his
+frenzy sank to a dull apathy. He did not resist, but kept his lips moving as if
+talking to himself. Presently I realized that he was trying to talk to me, and bent
+my ear to his mouth to catch the feeble words.
+
+"Again, again - she's trying - I might have known - nothing can stop that force;
+not distance nor magic, nor death - it comes and comes, mostly in the night - I
+can't leave - it's horrible - oh, God, Dan, if you only knew as I do just how
+horrible it is..."
+
+When he had slumped down into a stupor I propped him with pillows and let
+normal sleep overtake him. I did not call a doctor, for I knew what would be said
+of his sanity, and wished to give nature a chance if I possibly could. He waked at
+midnight, and I put him to bed upstairs, but he was gone by morning. He had let
+himself quietly out of the house - and his butler, when called on the wire, said he
+was at home pacing about the library.
+
+Edward went to pieces rapidly after that. He did not call again, but I went daily
+to see him. He would always be sitting in his library, staring at nothing and
+
+
+
+888
+
+
+
+having an air of abnormal listening. Sometimes he talked rationally, but always
+on trivial topics. Any mention of his trouble, of future plans, or of Asenath
+would send him into a frenzy. His butler said he had frightful seizures at night,
+during which he might eventually do himself harm.
+
+I had a long talk with his doctor, banker, and lawyer, and finally took the
+physician with two specialist colleagues to visit him. The spasms that resulted
+from the first questions were violent and pitiable - and that evening a closed car
+took his poor struggling body to the Arkham Sanitarium. I was made his
+guardian and called on him twice weekly - almost weeping to hear his wild
+shrieks, awesome whispers, and dreadful, droning repetitions of such phrases as
+"I had to do it - I had to do it - it'll get me - it'll get me - down there - down there
+in the dark - Mother! Mother! Dan! Save me - save me -"
+
+How much hope of recovery there was, no one could say, but I tried my best to
+be optimistic. Edward must have a home if he emerged, so I transferred his
+servants to the Derby mansion, which would surely be his sane choice. What to
+do about the Crowninshield place with its complex arrangements and collections
+of utterly inexplicable objects I could not decide, so left it momentarily
+untouched - telling the Derby household to go over and dust the chief rooms
+once a week, and ordering the furnace man to have a fire on those days.
+
+The final nightmare came before Candlemas - heralded, in cruel irony, by a false
+gleam of hope. One morning late in January the sanitarium telephoned to report
+that Edward's reason had suddenly come back. His continuous memory, they
+said, was badly impaired; but sanity itself was certain. Of course he must remain
+some time for observation, but there could be little doubt of the outcome. All
+going well, he would surely be free in a week.
+
+I hastened over in a flood of delight, but stood bewildered when a nurse took me
+to Edward's room. The patient rose to greet me, extending his hand with a polite
+smile; but I saw in an instant that he bore the strangely energized personality
+which had seemed so foreign to his own nature - the competent personality I had
+found so vaguely horrible, and which Edward himself had once vowed was the
+intruding soul of his wife. There was the same blazing vision - so like Asenath's
+and old Ephraim's - and the same firm mouth; and when he spoke I could sense
+the same grim, pervasive irony in his voice - the deep irony so redolent of
+potential evil. This was the person who had driven my car through the night five
+months before - the person I had not seen since that brief call when he had
+forgotten the oldtime doorbell signal and stirred such nebulous fears in me - and
+now he filled me with the same dim feeling of blasphemous alienage and
+ineffable cosmic hideousness.
+
+
+
+889
+
+
+
+He spoke affably of arrangements for release - and there was nothing for me to
+do but assent, despite some remarkable gaps in his recent memories. Yet I felt
+that something was terribly, inexplicably wrong and abnormal. There were
+horrors in this thing that I could not reach. This was a sane person - but was it
+indeed the Edward Derby I had known? If not, who or what was it - and where
+was Edward? Ought it to be free or confined - or ought it to be extirpated from
+the face of the earth? There was a hint of the abysmally sardonic in everything
+the creature said - the Asenath-like eyes lent a special and baffling mockery to
+certain words about the early liberty earned by an especially close confinement! I
+must have behaved very awkwardly, and was glad to beat a retreat.
+
+All that day and the next I racked my brain over the problem. What had
+happened? What sort of mind looked out through those alien eyes in Edward's
+face? I could think of nothing but this dimly terrible enigma, and gave up all
+efforts to perform my usual work. The second morning the hospital called up to
+say that the recovered patient was unchanged, and by evening I was close to a
+nervous collapse-a state I admit, though others will vow it coloured my
+subsequent vision. I have nothing to say on this point except that no madness of
+mine could account for all the evidence.
+
+V
+
+It was in the night-after that second evening - that stark, utter horror burst over
+me and weighted my spirit with a black, clutching panic from which it can never
+shake free. It began with a telephone call just before midnight. I was the only one
+up, and sleepily took down the receiver in the library. No one seemed to be on
+the wire, and I was about to hang up and go to bed when my ear caught a very
+faint suspicion of sound at the other end. Was someone trying under great
+difficulties to talk? As I listened I thought I heard a sort of half-liquid bubbling
+noise - "glub... glub... glub" - which had an odd suggestion of inarticulate,
+unintelligible word and syllable divisions. I called "Who is it?" But the only
+answer was "glub... glub... glub-glub." I could only assume that the noise was
+mechanical; but fancying that it might be a case of a broken instrument able to
+receive but not to send, I added, "I can't hear you. Better hang up and try
+Information." Immediately I heard the receiver go on the hook at the other end.
+
+This, I say, was just about midnight. When the call was traced afterward it was
+found to come from the old Crowninshield house, though it was fully half a
+week from the housemaid's day to be there. I shall only hint what was found at
+that house - the upheaval in a remote cellar storeroom, the tracks, the dirt, the
+hastily rifled wardrobe, the baffling marks on the telephone, the clumsily used
+stationery, and the detestable stench lingering over everything. The police, poor
+fools, have their smug little theories, and are still searching for those sinister
+
+
+
+890
+
+
+
+discharged servants - who have dropped out of sight amidst the present furore.
+They speak of a ghouhsh revenge for things that were done, and say I was
+included because I was Edward's best friend and adviser.
+
+Idiots! Do they fancy those brutish clowns could have forged that handwriting?
+Do they fancy they could have brought what later came? Are they blind to the
+changes in that body that was Edward's? As for me, I now believe all that
+Edward Derby ever told me. There are horrors beyond life's edge that we do not
+suspect, and once in a while man's evil prying calls them just within our range.
+Ephraim - Asenat - that devil called them in, and they engulfed Edward as they
+are engulfing me.
+
+Can I be sure that I am safe? Those powers survive the life of the physical form.
+The next day - in the afternoon, when I pulled out of my prostration and was
+able to walk and talk coherently - 1 went to the madhouse and shot him dead for
+Edward's and the world's sake, but can I be sure till he is cremated? They are
+keeping the body for some silly autopsies by different doctors - but I say he must
+be cremated. He must be cremated - he who was not Edward Derby when I shot
+him. I shall go mad if he is not, for I may be the next. But my will is not weak -
+and I shall not let it be undermined by the terrors I know are seething around it.
+One life - Ephraim, Asenath, and Edward - who now? I will not be driven out of
+my body. . . I will not change souls with that bullet-ridden lich in the madhouse!
+
+But let me try to tell coherently of that final horror. I will not speak of what the
+police persistently ignored - the tales of that dwarfed, grotesque, malodorous
+thing met by at least three wayfarers in High Street just before two o'clock, and
+the nature of the single footprints in certain places. I will say only that just about
+two the doorbell and knocker waked me - doorbell and knocker both, aplied
+alternately and uncertainly in a kind of weak desperation, and each trying to
+keep Edward's old signal of three-and-two strokes.
+
+Roused from sound sleep, my mind leaped into a turmoil. Derby at the door -
+and remembering the old code! That new personality had not remembered it...
+was Edward suddenly back in his rightful state? Why was he here in such
+evident stress and haste? Had he been released ahead of time, or had he escaped?
+Perhaps, I thought as I flung on a robe and bounded downstairs, his return to his
+own self had brought raving and violence, revoking his discharge and driving
+him to a desperate dash for freedom. Whatever had happened, he was good old
+Edward again, and I would help him!
+
+When I opened the door into the elm-arched blackness a gust of insufferably
+foetid wind almost flung me prostrate. I choked in nausea, and for a second
+scarcely saw the dwarfed, humped figure on the steps. The summons had been
+
+
+
+891
+
+
+
+Edward's, but who was this foul, stunted parody? Where had Edward had time
+to go? His ring had sounded only a second before the door opened.
+
+The caller had on one of Edward's overcoats - its bottom almost touching the
+ground, and its sleeves rolled back yet still covering the hands. On the head was
+a slouch hat pulled low, while a black silk muffler concealed the face. As I
+stepped unsteadily forward, the figure made a semi-liquid sound like that I had
+heard over the telephone - "glub... glub..." - and thrust at me a large, closely
+written paper impaled on the end of a long pencil. Still reeling from the morbid
+and unaccountable foetor, I seized the paper and tried to read it in the light from
+the doorway.
+
+Beyond question, it was in Edward's script. But why had he written when he was
+close enough to ring - and why was the script so awkward, coarse and shaky? I
+could make out nothing in the dim half light, so edged back into the hall, the
+dwarf figure clumping mechanically after but pausing on the inner door's
+threshold. The odour of this singular messenger was really appalling, and I
+hoped (not in vain, thank God!) that my wife would not wake and confront it.
+
+Then, as I read the paper, I felt my knees give under me and my vision go black. I
+was lying on the floor when I came to, that accursed sheet still clutched in my
+fear-rigid hand. This is what it said.
+
+"Dan - go to the sanitarium and kill it. Exterminate it. It isn't Edward Derby any
+more. She got me - it's Asenath - and she has been dead three months and a half.
+I lied when I said she had gone away. I killed her. I had to. It was sudden, but we
+were alone and I was in my right body. I saw a candlestick and smashed her
+head in. She would have got me for good at Hallowmass.
+
+"I buried her in the farther cellar storeroom under some old boxes and cleaned
+up all the traces. The servants suspected next morning, but they have such
+secrets that they dare not tell the police. I sent them off, but God knows what
+they - and others of the cult - will do.
+
+"I thought for a while I was all right, and then I felt the tugging at my brain. I
+knew what it was - I ought to have remembered. A soul like hers - or Ephraim's -
+is half detached, and keeps right on after death as long as the body lasts. She was
+getting me - making me change bodies with her-seizing my body and purting me
+in that corpse of hers buried in the cellar.
+
+"I knew what was coming - that's why I snapped and had to go to the asylum.
+Then it came - I found myself choked in the dark - in Asenath's rotting carcass
+down there in the cellar under the boxes where I put it. And I knew she must be
+
+
+
+892
+
+
+
+in my body at the sanitarium - permanently, for it was after Hallowmass, and the
+sacrifice would work even without her being there - sane, and ready for release
+as a menace to the world. I was desperate, and in spite of everything I clawed my
+way out.
+
+"I'm too far gone to talk - I couldn't manage to telephone - but I can still write.
+I'll get fixed up somehow and bring this last word and warning. Kill that fiend if
+you value the peace and comfort of the world. See that it is cremated. If you
+don't, it will live on and on, body to body forever, and I can't tell you what it will
+do. Keep clear of black magic, Dan, it's the devil's business. Goodbye - you've
+been a great friend. Tell the police whatever they'll believe - and I'm damnably
+sorry to drag all this on you. I'll be at peace before long - this thing won't hold
+together much more. Hope you can read this. And kill that thing - kill it.
+
+Yours - Ed."
+
+It was only afterward that I read the last half of this paper, for I had fainted at the
+end of the third paragraph. I fainted again when I saw and smelled what
+cluttered up the threshold where the warm air had struck it. The messenger
+would not move or have consciousness any more.
+
+The butler, tougher-fibred than I, did not faint at what met him in the hall in the
+morning. Instead, he telephoned the police. When they came I had been taken
+upstairs to bed, but the - other mass - lay where it had collapsed in the night. The
+men put handkerchiefs to their noses.
+
+What they finally found inside Edward's oddly-assorted clothes was mostly
+liquescent horror. There were bones, to - and a crushed-in skull. Some dental
+work positively identified the skull as Asenath's.
+
+
+
+893
+
+
+
+The Tomb
+
+
+
+Written June 1917
+
+Published March 1922 in The Vagrant, No. 14, p. 50-64.
+
+In relating the circumstances which have led to my confinement within this
+refuge for the demented, I am aware that my present position will create a
+natural doubt of the authenticity of my narrative. It is an unfortunate fact that the
+bulk of humanity is too limited in its mental vision to weigh with patience and
+intelligence those isolated phenomena, seen and felt only by a psychologically
+sensitive few, which lie outside its common experience. Men of broader intellect
+know that there is no sharp distinction betwixt the real and the unreal; that all
+things appear as they do only by virtue of the delicate individual physical and
+mental media through which we are made conscious of them; but the prosaic
+materialism of the majority condemns as madness the flashes of supersight
+which penetrate the common veil of obvious empricism.
+
+My name is Jervas Dudley, and from earliest childhood I have been a dreamer
+and a visionary. Wealthy beyond the necessity of a commercial life, and
+temperamentally unfitted for the formal studies and social recreation of my
+acquaintances, I have dwelt ever in realms apart from the visible world;
+spending my youth and adolescence in ancient and little known books, and in
+roaming the fields and groves of the region near my ancestral home. I do not
+think that what I read in these books or saw in these fields and groves was
+exactly what other boys read and saw there; but of this I must say little, since
+detailed speech would but confirm those cruel slanders upon my intellect which
+I sometimes overhear from the whispers of the stealthy attendants around me. It
+is sufficient for me to relate events without analyzing causes.
+
+I have said that I dwelt apart from the visible world, but I have not said that I
+dwelt alone. This no human creature may do; for lacking the fellowship of the
+living, he inevitably draws upon the companionship of things that are not, or are
+no longer, living. Close by my home there lies a singular wooded hollow, in
+whose twilight deeps I spent most of my time; reading, thinking, and dreaming.
+Down its moss-covered slopes my first steps of infancy were taken, and around
+its grotesquely gnarled oak trees my first fancies of boyhood were woven. Well
+did I come to know the presiding dryads of those trees, and often have I watched
+their wild dances in the struggling beams of a waning moon but of these things I
+must not now speak. I will tell only of the lone tomb in the darkest of the hillside
+thickets; the deserted tomb of the Hydes, an old and exalted family whose last
+
+
+
+894
+
+
+
+direct descendant had been laid within its black recesses many decades before
+my birth.
+
+The vault to which I refer is of ancient granite, weathered and discolored by the
+mists and dampness of generations. Excavated back into the hillside, the
+structure is visible only at the entrance. The door, a ponderous and forbidding
+slab of stone, hangs upon rusted iron hinges, and is fastened ajar in a queerly
+sinister way by means of heavy iron chains and padlocks, according to a
+gruesome fashion of half a century ago. The abode of the race whose scions are
+here inurned had once crowned the declivity which holds the tomb, but had long
+since fallen victim to the flames which sprang up from a stroke of lightning. Of
+the midnight storm which destroyed this gloomy mansion, the older inhabitants
+of the region sometimes speak in hushed and uneasy voices; alluding to what
+they call 'divine wrath' in a manner that in later years vaguely increased the
+always strong fascination which I had felt for the forest-darkened sepulcher. One
+man only had perished in the fire. When the last of the Hydes was buried in this
+place of shade and stillness, the sad urnful of ashes had come from a distant
+land, to which the family had repaired when the mansion burned down. No one
+remains to lay flowers before the granite portal, and few care to brave the
+depressing shadows which seem to linger strangely about the water-worn
+stones.
+
+I shall never forget the afternoon when first I stumbled upon the half-hidden
+house of death. It was in midsummer, when the alchemy of nature transmutes
+the sylvan landscape to one vivid and almost homogeneous mass of green; when
+the senses are well-nigh intoxicated with the surging seas of moist verdure and
+the subtly indefinable odors of the soil and the vegetation. In such surroundings
+the mind loses its perspective; time and space become trivial and unreal, and
+echoes of a forgotten prehistoric past beat insistently upon the enthralled
+consciousness.
+
+All day I had been wandering through the mystic groves of the hollow; thinking
+thoughts I need not discuss, and conversing with things I need not name. In
+years a child of ten, I had seen and heard many wonders unknown to the throng;
+and was oddly aged in certain respects. When, upon forcing my way between
+two savage clumps of briars, I suddenly encountered the entrance of the vault, I
+had no knowledge of what I had discovered. The dark blocks of granite, the door
+so curiously ajar, and the funeral carvings above the arch, aroused in me no
+associations of mournful or terrible character. Of graves and tombs I knew and
+imagined much, but had on account of my peculiar temperament been kept from
+all personal contact with churchyards and cemeteries. The strange stone house
+on the woodland slope was to me only a source of interest and speculation; and
+its cold, damp interior, into which I vainly peered through the aperture so
+
+
+
+895
+
+
+
+tantalizingly left, contained for me no hint of death or decay. But in that instant
+of curiosity was born the madly unreasoning desire which has brought me to this
+hell of confinement. Spurred on by a voice which must have come from the
+hideous soul of the forest, I resolved to enter the beckoning gloom in spite of the
+ponderous chains which barred my passage. In the waning light of day I
+alternately rattled the rusty impediments with a view to throwing wide the stone
+door, and essayed to squeeze my slight form through the space already
+provided; but neither plan met with success. At first curious, I was now frantic;
+and when in the thickening twilight I returned to my home, I had sworn to the
+hundred gods of the grove that at any cost I would some day force an entrance to
+the black, chilly depths that seemed calling out to me. The physician with the
+iron-grey beard who comes each day to my room, once told a visitor that this
+decision marked the beginning of a pitiful monomania; but I will leave final
+judgment to my readers when they shall have learnt all.
+
+The months following my discovery were spent in futile attempts to force the
+complicated padlock of the slightly open vault, and in carefully guarded
+inquiries regarding the nature and history of the structure. With the traditionally
+receptive ears of the small boy, I learned much; though an habitual secretiveness
+caused me to tell no one of my information or my resolve. It is perhaps worth
+mentioning that I was not at all surprised or terrified on learning of the nature of
+the vault. My rather original ideas regarding life and death had caused me to
+associate the cold clay with the breathing body in a vague fashion; and I felt that
+the great and sinister family of the burned-down mansion was in some way
+represented within the stone space I sought to explore. Mumbled tales of the
+weird rites and godless revels of bygone years in the ancient hall gave to me a
+new and potent interest in the tomb, before whose door I would sit for hours at a
+time each day. Once I thrust a candie within the nearly closed entrance, but could
+see nothing save a flight of damp stone steps leading downward. The odor of the
+place repelled yet bewitched me. I felt I had known it before, in a past remote
+beyond all recollection; beyond even my tenancy of the body I now possess.
+
+The year after I first beheld the tomb, I stumbled upon a worm-eaten translation
+of Plutarch's Lives in the book-filled attic of my home. Reading the life of
+Theseus, I was much impressed by that passage telling of the great stone beneath
+which the boyish hero was to find his tokens of destiny whenever he should
+become old enough to lift its enormous weight. The legend had the effect of
+dispelling my keenest impatience to enter the vault, for it made me feel that the
+time was not yet ripe. Later, I told myself, I should grow to a strength and
+ingenuity which might enable me to unfasten the heavily chained door with ease;
+but until then I would do better by conforming to what seemed the will of Fate.
+
+
+
+896
+
+
+
+Accordingly my watches by the dank portal became less persistent, and much of
+my time was spent in other though equally strange pursuits. I would sometimes
+rise very quietly in the night, stealing out to walk in those church-yards and
+places of burial from which I had been kept by my parents. What I did there I
+may not say, for I am not now sure of the reality of certain things; but I know
+that on the day after such a nocturnal ramble I would often astonish those about
+me with my knowledge of topics almost forgotten for many generations. It was
+after a night like this that I shocked the community with a queer conceit about
+the burial of the rich and celebrated Squire Brewster, a maker of local history
+who was interred in 1711, and whose slate headstone, bearing a graven skull and
+crossbones, was slowly crumbling to powder. In a moment of childish
+imagination I vowed not only that the undertaker, Goodman Simpson, had
+stolen the silver-buckled shoes, silken hose, and satin small-clothes of the
+deceased before burial; but that the Squire himself, not fully inanimate, had
+turned twice in his mound- covered coffin on the day after interment.
+
+But the idea of entering the tomb never left my thoughts; being indeed
+stimulated by the unexpected genealogical discovery that my own maternal
+ancestry possessed at least a slight link with the supposedly extinct family of the
+Hydes. Last of my paternal race, I was likewise the last of this older and more
+mysterious line. I began to feel that the tomb was mine, and to look forward with
+hot eagerness to the time when I might pass within that stone door and down
+those slimy stone steps in the dark. I now formed the habit of listening very
+intently at the slightly open portal, choosing my favorite hours of midnight
+stillness for the odd vigil. By the time I came of age, I had made a small clearing
+in the thicket before the mold-stained facade of the hillside, allowing the
+surrounding vegetation to encircle and overhang the space like the walls and
+roof of a sylvan bower. This bower was my temple, the fastened door my shrine,
+and here I would lie outstretched on the mossy ground, thinking strange
+thoughts and dreaming strange dreams.
+
+The night of the first revelation was a sultry one. I must have fallen asleep from
+fatigue, for it was with a distinct sense of awakening that I heard the voices. Of
+these tones and accents I hesitate to speak; of their quality I will not speak; but I
+may say that they presented certain uncanny differences in vocabulary,
+pronunciation, and mode of utterance. Every shade of New England dialect,
+from the uncouth syllables of the Puritan colonists to the precise rhetoric of fifty
+years ago, seemed represented in that shadowy colloquy, though it was only
+later that I noticed the fact. At the time, indeed, my attention was distracted from
+this matter by another phenomenon; a phenomenon so fleeting that I could not
+take oath upon its reality. I barely fancied that as I awoke, a light had been
+hurriedly extinguished within the sunken sepulcher. I do not think I was either
+astounded or panic-stricken, but I know that I was greatly and permanently
+
+
+
+897
+
+
+
+changed that night. Upon returning home I went with much directness to a
+rotting chest in the attic, wherein I found the key which next day unlocked with
+ease the barrier I had so long stormed in vain.
+
+It was in the soft glow of late afternoon that I first entered the vault on the
+abandoned slope. A spell was upon me, and my heart leaped with an exultation I
+can but ill describe. As I closed the door behind me and descended the dripping
+steps by the light of my lone candle, I seemed to know the way; and though the
+candle sputtered with the stifling reek of the place, I felt singularly at home in the
+musty, charnel- house air. Looking about me, I beheld many marble slabs
+bearing coffins, or the remains of coffins. Some of these were sealed and intact,
+but others had nearly vanished, leaving the silver handles and plates isolated
+amidst certain curious heaps of whitish dust. Upon one plate I read the name of
+Sir Geoffrey Hyde, who had come from Sussex in 1640 and died here a few years
+later. In a conspicuous alcove was one fairly well preserved and untenanted
+casket, adorned with a single name which brought me both a smile and a
+shudder. An odd impulse caused me to climb upon the broad slab, extinguish
+my candle, and lie down within the vacant box.
+
+In the gray light of dawn I staggered from the vault and locked the chain of the
+door behind me. I was no longer a young man, though but twenty-one winters
+had chilled my bodily frame. Early-rising villagers who observed my homeward
+progress looked at me strangely, and marveled at the signs of ribald revelry
+which they saw in one whose life was known to be sober and solitary. I did not
+appear before my parents till after a long and refreshing sleep.
+
+Henceforward I haunted the tomb each night; seeing, hearing, and doing things I
+must never recall. My speech, always susceptible to environmental influences,
+was the first thing to succumb to the change; and my suddenly acquired
+archaism of diction was soon remarked upon. Later a queer boldness and
+recklessness came into my demeanor, till I unconsciously grew to possess the
+bearing of a man of the world despite my lifelong seclusion. My formerly silent
+tongue waxed voluble with the easy grace of a Chesterfield or the godless
+cynicism of a Rochester. I displayed a peculiar erudition utterly unlike the
+fantastic, monkish lore over which I had pored in youth; and covered the fly-
+leaves of my books with facile impromptu epigrams which brought up
+suggestions of Gay, Prior, and the sprightliest of the Augustan wits and
+rimesters. One morning at breakfast I came close to disaster by declaiming in
+palpably liquorish accents an effusion of Eighteenth Century bacchanalian mirth,
+a bit of Georgian playfulness never recorded in a book, which ran something like
+this:
+
+
+
+898
+
+
+
+Come hither, my lads, with your tankards of ale. And drink to the present before
+it shall fail; Pile each on your platter a mountain of beef. For 'tis eating and
+drinking that bring us relief: So fill up your glass. For life will soon pass; When
+you're dead ye'll ne'er drink to your king or your lass!
+
+Anacreon had a red nose, so they say; But what's a red nose if ye're happy and
+gay? Gad split me! I'd rather be red whilst I'm here. Than white as a lily and
+dead half a year! So Betty, my miss. Come give me a kiss; In hell there's no
+innkeeper's daughter like this!
+
+Young Harry, propp'd up just as straight as he's able. Will soon lose his wig and
+slip under the table. But fill up your goblets and pass 'em around Better under
+the table than under the ground! So revel and chaff As ye thirstily quaff: Under
+six feet of dirt 'tis less easy to laugh!
+
+The fiend strike me blue! I'm scarce able to walk. And damn me if I can stand
+upright or talk! Here, landlord, bid Betty to summon a chair; I'll try home for a
+while, for my wife is not there! So lend me a hand; I'm not able to stand. But I'm
+gay whilst I linger on top of the land!
+
+About this time I conceived my present fear of fire and thunderstorms.
+Previously indifferent to such things, I had now an unspeakable horror of them;
+and would retire to the innermost recesses of the house whenever the heavens
+threatened an electrical display. A favorite haunt of mine during the day was the
+ruined cellar of the mansion that had burned down, and in fancy I would picture
+the structure as it had been in its prime. On one occasion I startled a villager by
+leading him confidently to a shallow subcellar, of whose existence I seemed to
+know in spite of the fact that it had been unseen and forgotten for many
+generations.
+
+At last came that which I had long feared. My parents, alarmed at the altered
+manner and appearance of their only son, commenced to exert over my
+movements a kindly espionage which threatened to result in disaster. I had told
+no one of my visits to the tomb, having guarded my secret purpose with
+religious zeal since childhood; but now I was forced to exercise care in threading
+the mazes of the wooded hollow, that I might throw off a possible pursuer. My
+key to the vault I kept suspended from a cord about my neck, its presence known
+only to me. I never carried out of the sepulcher any of the things I came upon
+whilst within its walls.
+
+One morning as I emerged from the damp tomb and fastened the chain of the
+portal with none too steady hand, I beheld in an adjacent thicket the dreaded
+face of a watcher. Surely the end was near; for my bower was discovered, and
+
+
+
+899
+
+
+
+the objective of my nocturnal journeys revealed. The man did not accost me, so I
+hastened home in an effort to overhear what he might report to my careworn
+father. Were my sojourns beyond the chained door about to be proclaimed to the
+world? Imagine my delighted astonishment on hearing the spy inform my parent
+in a cautious whisper that I had spent the night in the bower outside the tomb;
+my sleep-filmed eyes fixed upon the crevice where the padlocked portal stood
+ajar! By what miracle had the watcher been thus deluded? I was now convinced
+that a supernatural agency protected me. Made bold by this heaven-sent
+circumstance, I began to resume perfect openness in going to the vault; confident
+that no one could witness my entrance. For a week I tasted to the full joys of that
+charnel conviviality which I must not describe, when the thing happened, and I
+was borne away to this accursed abode of sorrow and monotony.
+
+I should not have ventured out that night; for the taint of thunder was in the
+clouds, and a hellish phosphoresence rose from the rank swamp at the bottom of
+the hollow. The call of the dead, too, was different. Instead of the hillside tomb, it
+was the charred cellar on the crest of the slope whose presiding demon beckoned
+to me with unseen fingers. As I emerged from an intervening grove upon the
+plain before the ruin, I beheld in the misty moonlight a thing I had always
+vaguely expected. The mansion, gone for a century, once more reared its stately
+height to the raptured vision; every window ablaze with the splendor of many
+candles. Up the long drive rolled the coaches of the Boston gentry, whilst on foot
+came a numerous assemblage of powdered exquisites from the neighboring
+mansions. With this throng I mingled, though I knew I belonged with the hosts
+rather than with the guests. Inside the hall were music, laughter, and wine on
+every hand. Several faces I recognized; though I should have known them better
+had they been shriveled or eaten away by death and decomposition. Amidst a
+wild and reckless throng I was the wildest and most abandoned. Gay blasphemy
+poured in torrents from my lips, and in shocking sallies I heeded no law of God,
+or nature.
+
+Suddenly a peal of thunder, resonant even above the din of the swinish revelry,
+clave the very roof and laid a hush of fear upon the boisterous company. Red
+tongues of flame and searing gusts of heat engulfed the house; and the
+roysterers, struck with terror at the descent of a calamity which seemed to
+transcend the bounds of unguided nature, fled shrieking into the night. I alone
+remained, riveted to my seat by a groveling fear which I had never felt before.
+And then a second horror took possession of my soul. Burnt alive to ashes, my
+body dispersed by the four winds, I might never lie in the tomb of the Hydes!
+Was not my coffin prepared for me? Had I not a right to rest till eternity amongst
+the descendants of Sir Geoffrey Hyde? Aye! I would claim my heritage of death,
+even though my soul go seeking through the ages for another corporeal
+
+
+
+900
+
+
+
+tenement to represent it on that vacant slab in the alcove of the vault. Jervas
+Hyde should never share the sad fate of Palinurus!
+
+As the phantom of the burning house faded, I found myself screaming and
+struggling madly in the arms of two men, one of whom was the spy who had
+followed me to the tomb. Rain was pouring down in torrents, and upon the
+southern horizon were flashes of lightning that had so lately passed over our
+heads. My father, his face lined with sorrow, stood by as I shouted my demands
+to be laid within the tomb, frequently admonishing my captors to treat me as
+gently as they could. A blackened circle on the floor of the ruined cellar told of a
+violent stroke from the heavens; and from this spot a group of curious villagers
+with lanterns were prying a small box of antique workmanship, which the
+thunderbolt had brought to light.
+
+Ceasing my futile and now objectless writhing, I watched the spectators as they
+viewed the treasure- trove, and was permitted to share in their discoveries. The
+box, whose fastenings were broken by the stroke which had unearthed it,
+contained many papers and objects of value, but I had eyes for one thing alone. It
+was the porcelain miniature of a young man in a smartly curled bag-wig, and
+bore the initials 'J- H.' The face was such that as I gazed, I might well have been
+studying my mirror.
+
+On the following day I was brought to this room with the barred windows, but I
+have been kept informed of certain things through an aged and simple-minded
+servitor, for whom I bore a fondness in infancy, and who, like me, loves the
+churchyard. What I have dared relate of my experiences within the vault has
+brought me only pitying smiles. My father, who visits me frequently, declares
+that at no time did I pass the chained portal, and swears that the rusted padlock
+had not been touched for fifty years when he examined it. He even says that all
+the village knew of my journeys to the tomb, and that I was often watched as I
+slept in the bower outside the grim facade, my half-open eyes fixed on the
+crevice that leads to the interior. Against these assertions I have no tangible proof
+to offer, since my key to the padlock was lost in the struggle on that night of
+horrors. The strange things of the past which I have learned during those
+nocturnal meetings with the dead he dismisses as the fruits of my lifelong and
+omnivorous browsing amongst the ancient volumes of the family library. Had it
+not been for my old servant Hiram, I should have by this time become quite
+convinced of my madness.
+
+But Hiram, loyal to the last, has held faith in me, and has done that which impels
+me to make public at least part of my story. A week ago he burst open the lock
+which chains the door of the tomb perpetually ajar, and descended with a lantern
+into the murky depths. On a slab in an alcove he found an old but empty coffin
+
+
+
+901
+
+
+
+whose tarnished plate bears the single word: Jervas. In that coffin and in that
+vault they have promised me I shall be buried.
+
+
+
+902
+
+
+
+The Transition of Juan Romero
+
+Written September 16, 1919
+
+Published in Marginalia, Arkham House, 1944, p. 276-84
+
+Of the events which took place at the Norton Mine on October eighteenth and
+nineteenth, 1894, I have no desire to speak. A sense of duty to science is all that
+impels me to recall, in the last years of my life, scenes and happenings fraught
+with a terror doubly acute because I cannot wholly define it. But I believe that
+before I die I should tell what I know of the - shall I say transition - of Juan
+Romero.
+
+My name and origin need not be related to posterity; in fact, I fancy it is better
+that they should not be, for when a man suddenly migrates to the States or the
+Colonies, he leaves his past behind him. Besides, what I once was is not in the
+least relevant to my narrative; save perhaps the fact that during my service in
+India I was more at home amongst white-bearded native teachers than amongst
+my brother-officers. I had delved not a little into odd Eastern lore when
+overtaken by the calamities which brought about my new life in America's vast
+West - a life wherein I found it well to accept a name - my present one - which is
+very common and carries no meaning.
+
+In the summer and autumn of 1894 I dwelt in the drear expanses of the Cactus
+Mountains, employed as a common labourer at the celebrated Norton Mine,
+whose discovery by an aged prospector some years before had turned the
+surrounding region from a nearly unpeopled waste to a seething cauldron of
+sordid life. A cavern of gold, lying deep beneath a mountain lake, had enriched
+its venerable finder beyond his wildest dreams, and now formed the seat of
+extensive tunneling operations on the part of the corporation to which it had
+finally been sold. Additional grottoes had been found, and the yield of yellow
+metal was exceedingly great; so that a mighty and heterogeneous army of miners
+toiled day and night in the numerous passages and rock hollows. The
+Superintendent, a Mr. Arthur, often discussed the singularity of the local
+geological formations; speculating on the probable extent of the chain of caves,
+and estimating the future of the titanic mining enterprises. He considered the
+auriferous cavities the result of the action of water, and believed the last of them
+would soon be opened.
+
+It was not long after my arrival and employment that Juan Romero came to the
+Norton Mine. One of the large herd of unkempt Mexicans attracted thither from
+the neighbouring country, he at first attracted attention only because of his
+
+
+
+903
+
+
+
+features; which though plainly of the Red Indian type, were yet remarkable for
+their light colour and refined conformation, being vastly unlike those of the
+average "greaser" or Piute of the locality. It is curious that although he differed
+so widely from the mass of Hispanicised and tribal Indians, Romero gave not the
+least impression of Caucasian blood. It was not the Castilian conquistador or the
+American pioneer, but the ancient and noble Aztec, whom imagination called to
+view when the silent peon would rise in the early morning and gaze in
+fascination at the sun as it crept above the eastern hills, meanwhile stretching out
+his arms to the orb as if in the performance of some rite whose nature he did not
+himself comprehend. But save for his face, Romero was not in any way
+suggestive of nobility. Ignorant and dirty, he was at home amongst the other
+brown-skinned Mexicans; having come (so I was afterward told) from the very
+lowest sort of surroundings. He had been found as a child in a crude mountain
+hut, the only survivor of an epidemic which had stalked lethally by. Near the
+hut, close to a rather unusual rock fissure, had lain two skeletons, newly picked
+by vultures, and presumably forming the sole remains of his parents. No one
+recalled their identity, and they were soon forgotten by the many. Indeed, the
+crumbling of the adobe hut and the closing of the rock-fissure by a subsequent
+avalanche had helped to efface even the scene from recollection. Reared by a
+Mexican cattle-thief who had given him his name, Juan differed little from his
+fellows.
+
+The attachment which Romero manifested toward me was undoubtedly
+commenced through the quaint and ancient Hindoo ring which I wore when not
+engaged in active labour. Of its nature, and manner of coming into my
+possession, I cannot speak. It was my last link with a chapter of my life forever
+closed, and I valued it highly. Soon I observed that the odd-looking Mexican was
+likewise interested; eyeing it with an expression that banished all suspicion of
+mere covetousness. Its hoary hieroglyphs seemed to stir some faint recollection
+in his untutored but active mind, though he could not possibly have beheld their
+like before. Within a few weeks after his advent, Romero was like a faithful
+servant to me; this notwithstanding the fact that I was myself but an ordinary
+miner. Our conversation was necessarily limited. He knew but a few words of
+English, while I found my Oxonian Spanish was something quite different from
+the patois of the peon of New Spain.
+
+The event which I am about to relate was unheralded by long premonitions.
+Though the man Romero had interested me, and though my ring had affected
+him peculiarly, I think that neither of us had any expectation of what was to
+follow when the great blast was set off. Geological considerations had dictated
+an extension of the mine directly downward from the deepest part of the
+subterranean area; and the belief of the Superintendent that only solid rock
+would be encountered, had led to the placing of a prodigious charge of
+
+
+
+904
+
+
+
+dynamite. With this work Romero and I were not connected, wherefore our first
+knowledge of extraordinary conditions came from others. The charge, heavier
+perhaps than had been estimated, had seemed to shake the entire mountain.
+Windows in shanties on the slope outside were shattered by the shock, whilst
+miners throughout the nearer passages were knocked from their feet. Jewel Lake,
+which lay above the scene of action, heaved as in a tempest. Upon investigation it
+was seen that a new abyss yawned indefinitely below the seat of the blast; an
+abyss so monstrous that no handy line might fathom it, nor any lamp illuminate
+it. Baffled, the excavators sought a conference with the Superintendent, who
+ordered great lengths of rope to be taken to the pit, and spliced and lowered
+without cessation till a bottom might be discovered.
+
+Shortly afterward the pale-faced workmen apprised the Superintendent of their
+failure. Firmly though respectfully, they signified their refusal to revisit the
+chasm or indeed to work further in the mine until it might be sealed. Something
+beyond their experience was evidently confronting them, for so far as they could
+ascertain, the void below was infinite. The Superintendent did not reproach
+them. Instead, he pondered deeply, and made plans for the following day. The
+night shift did not go on that evening. At two in the morning a lone coyote on the
+mountain began to howl dismally. From somewhere within the works a dog
+barked an answer; either to the coyote - or to something else. A storm was
+gathering around the peaks of the range, and weirdly shaped clouds scudded
+horribly across the blurred patch of celestial light which marked a gibbous
+moon's attempts to shine through many layers of cirro-stratus vapours. It was
+Romero's voice, coming from the bunk above, that awakened me, a voice excited
+and tense with some vague expectation I could not understand:
+
+"Madre de Dios! - el sonido - ese sonido - oiga Vd! - lo oye Vd? - senor, THAT
+SOUND!"
+
+I listened, wondering what sound he meant. The coyote, the dog, the storm, all
+were audible; the last named now gaining ascendancy as the wind shrieked more
+and more frantically. Flashes of lightning were visible through the bunk-house
+window. I questioned the nervous Mexican, repeating the sounds I had heard:
+
+"El coyote - el perro - el viento?"
+
+But Romero did not reply. Then he commenced whispering as in awe:
+
+"El ritmo, senor - el ritmo de la tierra - THAT THROB DOWN IN THE
+GROUND!"
+
+
+
+905
+
+
+
+And now I also heard; heard and shivered and without knowing why. Deep,
+deep, below me was a sound - a rhythm, just as the peon had said - which,
+though exceedingly faint, yet dominated even the dog, the coyote, and the
+increasing tempest. To seek to describe it was useless - for it was such that no
+description is possible. Perhaps it was like the pulsing of the engines far down in
+a great liner, as sensed from the deck, yet it was not so mechanical; not so devoid
+of the element of the life and consciousness. Of all its qualities, remoteness in the
+earth most impressed me. To my mind rushed fragments of a passage in Joseph
+Glanvil which Poe has quoted with tremendous effectl:
+
+" the vastness, profundity, and unsearchableness of His works, which have a
+
+depth in them greater than the well of Democritus."
+
+Suddenly Romero leaped from his bunk, pausing before me to gaze at the
+strange ring on my hand, which glistened queerly in every flash of lightning, and
+then staring intently in the direction of the mine shaft. I also rose, and both of us
+stood motionless for a time, straining our ears as the uncanny rhythm seemed
+more and more to take on a vital quality. Then without apparent volition we
+began to move toward the door, whose rattling in the gale held a comforting
+suggestion of earthly reality. The chanting in the depths - for such the sound now
+seemed to be - grew in volume and distinctness; and we felt irresistibly urged
+out into the storm and thence to the gaping blackness of the shaft.
+
+We encountered no living creature, for the men of the night shift had been
+released from duty, and were doubtless at the Dry Gulch settlement pouring
+sinister rumours into the ear of some drowsy bartender. From the watchman's
+cabin, however, gleamed a small square of yellow light like a guardian eye. I
+dimly wondered how the rhythmic sound had affected the watchman; but
+Romero was moving more swiftly now, and I followed without pausing.
+
+As we descended the shaft, the sound beneath grew definitely composite. It
+struck me as horribly like a sort of Oriental ceremony, with beating of drums and
+chanting of many voices. I have, as you are aware, been much in India. Romero
+and I moved without material hesitancy through drifts and down ladders; ever
+toward the thing that allured us, yet ever with a pitifully helpless fear and
+reluctance. At one time I fancied I had gone mad - this was when, on wondering
+how our way was lighted in the absence of lamp or candle, I realized that the
+ancient ring on my finger was glowing with eerie radiance, diffusing a pallid
+lustre through the damp, heavy air around.
+
+It was without warning that Romero, after clambering down one of the many
+wide ladders, broke into a run and left me alone. Some new and wild note in the
+drumming and chanting, perceptible but slightly to me, had acted on him in a
+
+
+
+906
+
+
+
+startling fashion; and with a wild outcry he forged ahead unguided in the
+cavern's gloom. I heard his repeated shrieks before me, as he stumbled
+awkwardly along the level places and scrambled madly down the rickety
+ladders. And frightened as I was, I yet retained enough of my perception to note
+that his speech, when articulate, was not of any sort known to me. Harsh but
+impressive polysyllables had replaced the customary mixture of bad Spanish and
+worse English, and of these, only the oft repeated cry "Huitzilopotchli" seemed
+in the least familiar. Later I definitely placed that word in the works of a great
+historian! - and shuddered when the association came to me.
+
+The climax of that awful night was composite but fairly brief, beginning just as I
+reached the final cavern of the journey. Out of the darkness immediately ahead
+burst a final shriek from the Mexican, which was joined by such a chorus of
+uncouth sound as I could never hear again and survive. In that moment it
+seemed as if all the hidden terrors and monstrosities of earth had become
+articulate in an effort to overwhelm the human race. Simultaneously the light
+from my ring was extinguished, and I saw a new light glimmering from lower
+space but a few yards ahead of me. I had arrived at the abyss, which was now
+redly aglow, and which had evidently swallowed up the unfortunate Romero.
+Advancing, I peered over the edge of that chasm which no line could fathom,
+and which was now a pandemonium of flickering flame and hideous uproar. At
+first I beheld nothing but a seething blur of luminosity; but then shapes, all
+infinitely distant, began to detach themselves from the confusion, and I saw -
+was it Juan Romero? - but God! I dare not tell you what I saw! ...Some power
+from heaven, coming to my aid, obliterated both sights and sounds in such a
+crash as may be heard when two universes collide in space. Chaos supervened,
+and I knew the peace of oblivion.
+
+I hardly know how to continue, since conditions so singular are involved; but I
+will do my best, not even trying to differentiate betwixt the real and the
+apparent. When I awakened, I was safe in my bunk and the red glow of dawn
+was visible at the window. Some distance away the lifeless body of Juan Romero
+lay upon a table, surrounded by a group of men, including the camp doctor. The
+men were discussing the strange death of the Mexican as he lay asleep; a death
+seemingly connected in some way with the terrible bolt of lightning which had
+struck and shaken the mountain. No direct cause was evident, and an autopsy
+failed to show any reason why Romero should not be living. Snatches of
+conversation indicated beyond a doubt that neither Romero nor I had left the
+bunk-house during the night; that neither of us had been awake during the
+frightful storm which had passed over the Cactus range. That storm, said men
+who had ventured down the mine shaft, had caused extensive caving-in, and had
+completely closed the deep abyss which had created so much apprehension the
+day before. When I asked the watchman what sounds he had heard prior to the
+
+
+
+907
+
+
+
+mighty thunder-bolt; he mentioned a coyote, a dog, and the snarHng mountain
+wind - nothing more. Nor do I doubt his word.
+
+Upon the resumption of work. Superintendent Arthur called upon some
+especially dependable men to make a few investigations around the spot where
+the gulf had appeared. Though hardly eager, they obeyed, and a deep boring
+was made. Results were very curious. The roof of the void, as seen when it was
+open, was not by any means thick; yet now the drills of the investigators met
+what appeared to be a limitless extent of solid rock. Finding nothing else, not
+even gold, the Superintendent abandoned his attempts; but a perplexed look
+occasionally steals over his countenance as he sits thinking at his desk.
+
+One other thing is curious. Shortly after waking on that morning after the storm,
+I noticed the unaccountable absence of my Hindoo ring from my finger. I had
+prized it greatly, yet nevertheless felt a sensation of relief at its disappearance. If
+one of my fellow-miners appropriated it, he must have been quite clever in
+disposing of his booty, for despite advertisements and a police search, the ring
+was never seen again. Somehow I doubt if it was stolen by mortal hands, for
+many strange things were taught me in India.
+
+My opinion of my whole experience varies from time to time. In broad daylight,
+and at most seasons I am apt to think the greater part of it a mere dream; but
+sometimes in the autumn, about two in the morning when the winds and
+animals howl dismally, there comes from inconceivable depths below a
+damnable suggestion of rhythmical throbbing ...and I feel that the transition of
+Juan Romero was a terrible one indeed.
+
+Notes:
+
+1 - Motto of A Descent into the Maelstrom
+
+2 - Prescott, Conquest of Mexico
+
+
+
+908
+
+
+
+The Tree
+
+
+
+Written 1920
+
+Published October 1921 ii\ The Tryout, Vol. 7, No. 7, p. 3-10.
+
+On a verdant slope of Mount Maenalus, in Arcadia, there stands an olive grove
+about the ruins of a villa. Close by is a tomb, once beautiful with the sublimest
+sculptures, but now fallen into as great decay as the house. At one end of that
+tomb, its curious roots displacing the time-stained blocks of Panhellic marble,
+grows an unnaturally large olive tree of oddly repellent shape; so like to some
+grotesque man, or death- distorted body of a man, that the country folk fear to
+pass it at night when the moon shines faintly through the crooked boughs.
+Mount Maenalus is a chosen haunt of dreaded Pan, whose queer companions are
+many, and simple swains believe that the tree must have some hideous kinship
+to these weird Panisci; but an old bee-keeper who lives in the neighboring
+cottage told me a different story.
+
+Many years ago, when the hillside villa was new and resplendent, there dwelt
+within it the two sculptors Kalos and Musides. From Lydia to Neapolis the
+beauty of their work was praised, and none dared say that the one excelled the
+other in skill. The Hermes of Kalos stood in a marble shrine in Corinth, and the
+Pallas of Musides surmounted a pillar in Athens near the Parthenon. All men
+paid homage to Kalos and Musides, and marvelled that no shadow of artistic
+jealousy cooled the warmth of their brotherly friendship.
+
+But though Kalos and Musides dwelt in unbroken harmony, their natures were
+not alike. Whilst Musides revelled by night amidst the urban gaieties of Tegea,
+Saios would remain at home; stealing away from the sight of his slaves into the
+cool recesses of the olive grove. There he would meditate upon the visions that
+filled his mind, and there devise the forms of beauty which later became
+immortal in breathing marble. Idle folk, indeed, said that Kalos conversed with
+the spirits of the grove, and that his statues were but images of the fauns and
+dryads he met there for he patterned his work after no living model.
+
+So famous were Kalos and Musides, that none wondered when the Tyrant of
+Syracuse sent to them deputies to speak of the costly statue of Tyche which he
+had planned for his city. Of great size and cunning workmanship must the statue
+be, for it was to form a wonder of nations and a goal of travellers. Exalted
+beyond thought would be he whose work should gain acceptance, and for this
+honor Kalos and Musides were invited to compete. Their brotherly love was well
+known, and the crafty Tyrant surmised that each, instead of concealing his work
+
+
+
+909
+
+
+
+from the other, would offer aid and advice; this charity producing two images of
+unheard of beauty, the loveher of which would eclipse even the dreams of poets.
+
+With joy the sculptors hailed the Tyrant's offer, so that in the days that followed
+their slaves heard the ceaseless blows of chisels. Not from each other did Kalos
+and Musides conceal their work, but the sight was for them alone. Saving theirs,
+no eyes beheld the two divine figures released by skillful blows from the rough
+blocks that had imprisoned them since the world began.
+
+At night, as of yore, Musides sought the banquet halls of Tegea whilst Kalos
+wandered alone in the olive Grove. But as time passed, men observed a want of
+gaiety in the once sparkling Musides. It was strange, they said amongst
+themselves that depression should thus seize one with so great a chance to win
+art's loftiest reward. Many months passed yet in the sour face of Musides came
+nothing of the sharp expectancy which the situation should arouse.
+
+Then one day Musides spoke of the illness of Kalos, after which none marvelled
+again at his sadness, since the sculptors' attachment was known to be deep and
+sacred. Subsequently many went to visit Kalos, and indeed noticed the pallor of
+his face; but there was about him a happy serenity which made his glance more
+magical than the glance of Musides who was clearly distracted with anxiety and
+who pushed aside all the slaves in his eagerness to feed and wait upon his friend
+with his own hands. Hidden behind heavy curtains stood the two unfinished
+figures of Tyche, little touched of late by the sick man and his faithful attendant.
+
+As Kalos grew inexplicably weaker and weaker despite the ministrations of
+puzzled physicians and of his assiduous friend, he desired to be carried often to
+the grove which he so loved. There he would ask to be left alone, as if wishing to
+speak with unseen things. Musides ever granted his requests, though his eyes
+filled with visible tears at the thought that Kalos should care more for the fauns
+and the dryads than for him. At last the end drew near, and Kalos discoursed of
+things beyond this life. Musides, weeping, promised him a sepulchre more
+lovely than the tomb of Mausolus; but Kalos bade him speak no more of marble
+glories. Only one wish now haunted the mind of the dying man; that twigs from
+certain olive trees in the grove be buried by his resting place-close to his head.
+And one night, sitting alone in the darkness of the olive grove, Kalos died.
+Beautiful beyond words was the marble sepulchre which stricken Musides
+carved for his beloved friend. None but Kalos himself could have fashioned such
+basreliefs, wherein were displayed all the splendours of Elysium. Nor did
+Musides fail to bury close to Kalos' head the olive twigs from the grove.
+
+As the first violence of Musides' grief gave place to resignation, he labored with
+diligence upon his figure of Tyche. All honour was now his, since the Tyrant of
+
+
+
+910
+
+
+
+Syracuse would have the work of none save him or Kalos. His task proved a vent
+for his emotion and he toiled more steadily each day, shunning the gaieties he
+once had relished. Meanwhile his evenings were spent beside the tomb of his
+friend, where a young olive tree had sprung up near the sleeper's head. So swift
+was the growth of this tree, and so strange was its form, that all who beheld it
+exclaimed in surprise; and Musides seemed at once fascinated and repelled.
+
+Three years after the death of Kalos, Musides despatched a messenger to the
+Tyrant, and it was whispered in the agora at Tegea that the mighty statue was
+finished. By this time the tree by the tomb had attained amazing proportions,
+exceeding all other trees of its kind, and sending out a singularly heavy branch
+above the apartment in which Musides labored. As many visitors came to view
+the prodigious tree, as to admire the art of the sculptor, so that Musides was
+seldom alone. But he did not mind his multitude of guests; indeed, he seemed to
+dread being alone now that his absorbing work was done. The bleak mountain
+wind, sighing through the olive grove and the tomb-tree, had an uncanny way of
+forming vaguely articulate sounds.
+
+The sky was dark on the evening that the Tyrant's emissaries came to Tegea. It
+was definitely known that they had come to bear away the great image of Tyche
+and bring eternal honour to Musides, so their reception by the proxenoi was of
+great warmth. As the night wore on a violent storm of wind broke over the crest
+of Maenalus, and the men from far Syracuse were glad that they rested snugly in
+the town. They talked of their illustrious Tyrant, and of the splendour of his
+capital and exulted in the glory of the statue which Musides had wrought for
+him. And then the men of Tegea spoke of the goodness of Musides, and of his
+heavy grief for his friend and how not even the coming laurels of art could
+console him in the absence of Kalos, who might have worn those laurels instead.
+Of the tree which grew by the tomb, near the head of Kalos, they also spoke. The
+wind shrieked more horribly, and both the Syracusans and the Arcadians prayed
+to Aiolos.
+
+In the sunshine of the morning the proxenoi led the Tyrant's messengers up the
+slope to the abode of the sculptor, but the night wind had done strange things.
+Slaves' cries ascended from a scene of desolation, and no more amidst the olive
+grove rose the gleaming colonnades of that vast hall wherein Musides had
+dreamed and toiled. Lone and shaken mourned the humble courts and the lower
+walls, for upon the sumptuous greater peri-style had fallen squarely the heavy
+overhanging bough of the strange new tree, reducing the stately poem in marble
+with odd completeness to a mound of unsightly ruins. Strangers and Tegeans
+stood aghast, looking from the wreckage to the great, sinister tree whose aspect
+was so weirdly human and whose roots reached so queerly into the sculptured
+sepulchre of Kalos. And their fear and dismay increased when they searched the
+
+
+
+911
+
+
+
+fallen apartment, for of the gentle Musides, and of the marvellously fashioned
+image of Tyche, no trace could be discovered. Amidst such stupendous ruin only
+chaos dwelt, and the representatives of two cities left disappointed; Syracusans
+that they had no statue to bear home, Tegeans that they had no artist to crown.
+However, the Syracusans obtained after a while a very splendid statue in Athens,
+and the Tegeans consoled themselves by erecting in the agora a marble temple
+commemorating the gifts, virtues, and brotherly piety of Musides.
+
+But the olive grove still stands, as does the tree growing out of the tomb of Kalos,
+and the old bee-keeper told me that sometimes the boughs whisper to one
+another in the night wind, saying over and over again. "Oida! Oida! -I know! I
+know!"
+
+
+
+912
+
+
+
+The Unnatnable
+
+
+
+Written Sept 1923
+
+Published July 1925 in Weird Tales, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 78-82.
+
+We were sitting on a dilapidated seventeenth-century tomb in the late afternoon
+of an autumn day at the old burying ground in Arkham, and speculating about
+the unnamable. Looking toward the giant willow in the cemetery, whose trunk
+had nearly engulfed an ancient, illegible slab, I had made a fantastic remark
+about the spectral and unmentionable nourishment which the colossal roots
+must be sucking from that hoary, charnel earth; when my friend chided me for
+such nonsense and told me that since no interments had occurred there for over a
+century, nothing could possibly exist to nourish the tree in other than an
+ordinary manner. Besides, he added, my constant talk about "unnamable" and
+"unmentionable" things was a very puerile device, quite in keeping with my
+lowly standing as an author. I was too fond of ending my stories with sights or
+sounds which paralyzed my heroes' faculties and left them without courage,
+words, or associations to tell what they had experienced. We know things, he
+said, only through our five senses or our intuitions; wherefore it is quite
+impossible to refer to any object or spectacle which cannot be clearly depicted by
+the solid definitions of fact or the correct doctrines of theology - preferably those
+of the Congregationalist, with whatever modifications tradition and Sir Arthur
+Conan Doyle may supply.
+
+With this friend, Joel Manton, I had often languidly disputed. He was principal
+of the East High School, born and bred in Boston and sharing New England's
+self-satisfied deafness to the delicate overtones of life. It was his view that only
+our normal, objective experiences possess any esthetic significance, and that it is
+the province of the artist not so much to rouse strong emotion by action, ecstasy,
+and astonishment, as to maintain a placid interest and appreciation by accurate,
+detailed transcripts of everyday affairs. Especially did he object to my
+preoccupation with the mystical and the unexplained; for although believing in
+the supernatural much more fully than I, he would not admit that it is
+sufficiently commonplace for literary treatment. That a mind can find its greatest
+pleasure in escapes from the daily treadmill, and in original and dramatic
+recombinations of images usually thrown by habit and fatigue into the
+hackneyed patterns of actual existence, was something virtually incredible to his
+clear, practical, and logical intellect. With him all things and feelings had fixed
+dimensions, properties, causes, and effects; and although he vaguely knew that
+the mind sometimes holds visions and sensations of far less geometrical,
+classifiable, and workable nature, he believed himself justified in drawing an
+
+
+
+913
+
+
+
+arbitrary line and ruling out of court all that cannot be experienced and
+understood by the average citizen. Besides, he was almost sure that nothing can
+be really "unnamable." It didn't sound sensible to him.
+
+Though I well realized the futility of imaginative and metaphysical arguments
+against the complacency of an orthodox sun-dweller, something in the scene of
+this afternoon colloquy moved me to more than usual contentiousness. The
+crumbling slate slabs, the patriarchal trees, and the centuried gambrel roofs of
+the witch-haunted old town that stretched around, all combined to rouse my
+spirit in defense of my work; and I was soon carrying my thrusts into the
+enemy's own country. It was not, indeed, difficult to begin a counter-attack, for I
+knew that Joel Manton actually half clung to many old-wives' superstitions
+which sophisticated people had long outgrown; beliefs in the appearance of
+dying persons at distant places, and in the impressions left by old faces on the
+windows through which they had gazed all their lives. To credit these
+whisperings of rural grandmothers, I now insisted, argued a faith in the existence
+of spectral substances on the earth apart from and subsequent to their material
+counterparts. It argued a capability of believing in phenomena beyond all normal
+notions; for if a dead man can transmit his visible or tangible image half across
+the world, or down the stretch of the centuries, how can it be absurd to suppose
+that deserted houses are full of queer sentient things, or that old graveyards teem
+with the terrible, unbodied intelligence of generations? And since spirit, in order
+to cause all the manifestations attributed to it, cannot be limited by any of the
+laws of matter, why is it extravagant to imagine psychically living dead things in
+shapes - or absences of shapes - which must for human spectators be utterly and
+appallingly "unnamable"? "Common sense" in reflecting on these subjects, I
+assured my friend with some warmth, is merely a stupid absence of imagination
+and mental flexibility.
+
+Twilight had now approached, but neither of us felt any wish to cease speaking.
+Manton seemed unimpressed by my arguments, and eager to refute them,
+having that confidence in his own opinions which had doubtless caused his
+success as a teacher; whilst I was too sure of my ground to fear defeat. The dusk
+fell, and lights faintly gleamed in some of the distant windows, but we did not
+move. Our seat on the tomb was very comfortable, and I knew that my prosaic
+friend would not mind the cavernous rift in the ancient, root-disturbed
+brickwork close behind us, or the utter blackness of the spot brought by the
+intervention of a tottering, deserted seventeenth-century house between us and
+the nearest lighted road. There in the dark, upon that riven tomb by the deserted
+house, we talked on about the "unnamable" and after my friend had finished his
+scoffing I told him of the awful evidence behind the story at which he had
+scoffed the most.
+
+
+
+914
+
+
+
+My tale had been called The Attic Window, and appeared in the January, 1922,
+issue of Whispers. In a good many places, especially the South and the Pacific
+coast, they took the magazines off the stands at the complaints of silly milk-sops;
+but New England didn't get the thrill and merely shrugged its shoulders at my
+extravagance. The thing, it was averred, was biologically impossible to start with;
+merely another of those crazy country mutterings which Cotton Mather had been
+gullible enough to dump into his chaotic Magnalia Christi Americana, and so
+poorly authenticated that even he had not ventured to name the locality where
+the horror occurred. And as to the way I amplified the bare jotting of the old
+mystic - that was quite impossible, and characteristic of a flighty and notional
+scribbler! Mather had indeed told of the thing as being born, but nobody but a
+cheap sensationalist would think of having it grow up, look into people's
+windows at night, and be hidden in the attic of a house, in flesh and in spirit, till
+someone saw it at the window centuries later and couldn't describe what it was
+that turned his hair gray. All this was flagrant trashiness, and my friend Manton
+was not slow to insist on that fact. Then I told him what I had found in an old
+diary kept between 1706 and 1723, unearthed among family papers not a mile
+from where we were sitting; that, and the certain reality of the scars on my
+ancestor's chest and back which the diary described. I told him, too, of the fears
+of others in that region, and how they were whispered down for generations;
+and how no mythical madness came to the boy who in 1793 entered an
+abandoned house to examine certain traces suspected to be there.
+
+It had been an eldritch thing - no wonder sensitive students shudder at the
+Puritan age in Massachusetts. So little is known of what went on beneath the
+surface - so little, yet such a ghastly festering as it bubbles up putrescently in
+occasional ghoulish glimpses. The witchcraft terror is a horrible ray of light on
+what was stewing in men's crushed brains, but even that is a trifle. There was no
+beauty; no freedom - we can see that from the architectural and household
+remains, and the poisonous sermons of the cramped divines. And inside that
+rusted iron straitjacket lurked gibbering hideousness, perversion, and diabolism.
+Here, truly, was the apotheosis of The Unnamable.
+
+Cotton Mather, in that demoniac sixth book which no one should read after dark,
+minced no words as he flung forth his anathema. Stern as a Jewish prophet, and
+laconically unamazed as none since his day could be, he told of the beast that
+had brought forth what was more than beast but less than man - the thing with
+the blemished eye - and of the screaming drunken wretch that hanged for having
+such an eye. This much he baldly told, yet without a hint of what came after.
+Perhaps he did not know, or perhaps he knew and did not dare to tell. Others
+knew, but did not dare to tell - there is no public hint of why they whispered
+about the lock on the door to the attic stairs in the house of a childless, broken.
+
+
+
+915
+
+
+
+embittered old man who had put up a blank slate slab by an avoided grave,
+although one may trace enough evasive legends to curdle the thinnest blood.
+
+It is all in that ancestral diary I found; all the hushed innuendoes and furtive
+tales of things with a blemished eye seen at windows in the night or in deserted
+meadows near the woods. Something had caught my ancestor on a dark valley
+road, leaving him with marks of horns on his chest and of apelike claws on his
+back; and when they looked for prints in the trampled dust they found the mixed
+marks of split hooves and vaguely anthropoid paws. Once a post-rider said he
+saw an old man chasing and calling to a frightful loping, nameless thing on
+Meadow Hill in the thinly moonlit hours before dawn, and many believed him.
+Certainly, there was strange talk one night in 1710 when the childless, broken old
+man was buried in the crypt behind his own house in sight of the blank slate
+slab. They never unlocked that attic door, but left the whole house as it was,
+dreaded and deserted. When noises came from it, they whispered and shivered;
+and hoped that the lock on that attic door was strong. Then they stopped hoping
+when the horror occurred at the parsonage, leaving not a soul alive or in one
+piece. With the years the legends take on a spectral character - I suppose the
+thing, if it was a living thing, must have died. The memory had lingered
+hideously - all the more hideous because it was so secret.
+
+During this narration my friend Manton had become very silent, and I saw that
+my words had impressed him. He did not laugh as I paused, but asked quite
+seriously about the boy who went mad in 1793, and who had presumably been
+the hero of my fiction. I told him why the boy had gone to that shunned,
+deserted house, and remarked that he ought to be interested, since he believed
+that windows retained latent images of those who had sat at them. The boy had
+gone to look at the windows of that horrible attic, because of tales of things seen
+behind them, and had come back screaming maniacally.
+
+Manton remained thoughtful as I said this, but gradually reverted to his
+analytical mood. He granted for the sake of argument that some unnatural
+monster had really existed, but reminded me that even the most morbid
+perversion of nature need not be unnamable or scientifically indescribable. I
+admired his clearness and persistence, and added some further revelations I had
+collected among the old people. Those later spectral legends, I made plain,
+related to monstrous apparitions more frightful than anything organic could be;
+apparitions of gigantic bestial forms sometimes visible and sometimes only
+tangible, which floated about on moonless nights and haunted the old house, the
+crypt behind it, and the grave where a sapling had sprouted beside an illegible
+slab. Whether or not such apparitions had ever gored or smothered people to
+death, as told in uncorroborated traditions, they had produced a strong and
+consistent impression; and were yet darkly feared by very aged natives, though
+
+
+
+916
+
+
+
+largely forgotten by the last two generations - perhaps dying for lack of being
+thought about. Moreover, so far as esthetic theory was involved, if the psychic
+emanations of human creatures be grotesque distortions, what coherent
+representation could express or portray so gibbous and infamous a nebulosity as
+the specter of a malign, chaotic perversion, itself a morbid blasphemy against
+nature? Molded by the dead brain of a hybrid nightmare, would not such a
+vaporous terror constitute in all loathsome truth the exquisitely, the shriekingly
+unnamable?
+
+The hour must now have grown very late. A singularly noiseless bat brushed by
+me, and I believe it touched Manton also, for although I could not see him I felt
+him raise his arm. Presently he spoke.
+
+"But is that house with the attic window still standing and deserted?"
+
+"Yes," I answered, "I have seen it."
+
+"And did you find anything there - in the attic or anywhere else?"
+
+"There were some bones up under the eaves. They may have been what that boy
+saw - if he was sensitive he wouldn't have needed anything in the window-glass
+to unhinge him. If they all came from the same object it must have been an
+hysterical, delirious monstrosity. It would have been blasphemous to leave such
+bones in the world, so I went back with a sack and took them to the tomb behind
+the house. There was an opening where I could dump them in. Don't think I was
+a fool - you ought to have seen that skull. It had four-inch horns, but a face and
+jaw something like yours and mine."
+
+At last I could feel a real shiver run through Manton, who had moved very near.
+But his curiosity was undeterred.
+
+"And what about the window-panes?"
+
+"They were all gone. One window had lost its entire frame, and in all the others
+there was not a trace of glass in the little diamond apertures. They were that kind
+- the old lattice windows that went out of use before 1700. 1 don't believe they've
+had any glass for a hundred years or more - maybe the boy broke 'em if he got
+that far; the legend doesn't say."
+
+Manton was reflecting again.
+
+"I'd like to see that house. Carter. Where is it? Glass or no glass, I must explore it
+a little. And the tomb where you put those bones, and the other grave without an
+inscription - the whole thing must be a bit terrible."
+
+
+
+917
+
+
+
+"You did see it - until it got dark."
+
+My friend was more wrought upon than I had suspected, for at this touch of
+harmless theatricalism he started neurotically away from me and actually cried
+out with a sort of gulping gasp which released a strain of previous repression. It
+was an odd cry, and all the more terrible because it was answered. For as it was
+still echoing, I heard a creaking sound through the pitchy blackness, and knew
+that a lattice window was opening in that accursed old house beside us. And
+because all the other frames were long since fallen, I knew that it was the grisly
+glassless frame of that demoniac attic window.
+
+Then came a noxious rush of noisome, frigid air from that same dreaded
+direction, followed by a piercing shriek just beside me on that shocking rifted
+tomb of man and monster. In another instant I was knocked from my gruesome
+bench by the devilish threshing of some unseen entity of titanic size but
+undetermined nature; knocked sprawling on the root-clutched mold of that
+abhorrent graveyard, while from the tomb came such a stifled uproar of gasping
+and whirring that my fancy peopled the rayless gloom with Miltonic legions of
+the misshapen damned. There was a vortex of withering, ice-cold wind, and then
+the rattle of loose bricks and plaster; but I had mercifully fainted before I could
+learn what it meant.
+
+Manton, though smaller than I, is more resilient; for we opened our eyes at
+almost the same instant, despite his greater injuries. Our couches were side by
+side, and we knew in a few seconds that we were in St. Mary's Hospital.
+Attendants were grouped about in tense curiosity, eager to aid our memory by
+telling us how we came there, and we soon heard of the farmer who had found
+us at noon in a lonely field beyond Meadow Hill, a mile from the old burying
+ground, on a spot where an ancient slaughterhouse is reputed to have stood.
+Manton had two malignant wounds in the chest, and some less severe cuts or
+gougings in the back. I was not so seriously hurt, but was covered with welts and
+contusions of the most bewildering character, including the print of a split hoof.
+It was plain that Manton knew more than I, but he told nothing to the puzzled
+and interested physicians till he had learned what our injuries were. Then he said
+we were the victims of a vicious bull - though the animal was a difficult thing to
+place and account for.
+
+After the doctors and nurses had left, I whispered an awestruck question:
+
+"Good God, Manton, but what was it? Those scars - was it like that?"
+
+And I was too dazed to exult when he whispered back a thing I had half
+expected -
+
+
+
+918
+
+
+
+"No - it wasn't that way at all. It was everywhere - a gelatin - a slime yet it had
+shapes, a thousand shapes of horror beyond all memory. There were eyes - and a
+blemish. It was the pit - the maelstrom - the ultimate abomination. Carter, it was
+the unnamable!
+
+
+
+919
+
+
+
+The Very Old Folk
+
+
+
+From a letter written to "Melmoth" (Donald Wandrei) on Thursday, November
+3, 1927
+
+It was a flaming sunset or late afternoon in the tiny provincial town of Pompelo,
+at the foot of the Pyrenees in Hispania Citerior. The year must have been in the
+late republic, for the province was still ruled by a senatorial proconsul instead of
+a praetorian legate of Augustus, and the day was the first before the Kalends of
+November. The hills rose scarlet and gold to the north of the little town, and the
+westering sun shone ruddily and mystically on the crude new stone and plaster
+buildings of the dusty forum and the wooden walls of the circus some distance to
+the east. Groups of citizens - broad-browed Roman colonists and coarse-haired
+Romanised natives, together with obvious hybrids of the two strains, alike clad
+in cheap woollen togas - and sprinklings of helmeted legionaries and coarse-
+mantled, black-bearded tribesmen of the circumambient Vascones - all thronged
+the few paved streets and forum; moved by some vague and ill-defined
+uneasiness.
+
+I myself had just alighted from a litter, which the Illyrian bearers seemed to have
+brought in some haste from Calagurris, across the Iberus to the southward. It
+appeared that I was a provincial quaestor named L. Caelius Rufus, and that I had
+been summoned by the proconsul, P. Scribonius Libo, who had come from
+Tarraco some days before. The soldiers were the fifth cohort of the Xllth legion,
+under the military tribune Sex. Asellius; and the legatus of the whole region, Cn.
+Balbutius, had also come from Calagurris, where the permanent station was.
+
+The cause of the conference was a horror that brooded on the hills. All the
+townsfolk were frightened, and had begged the presence of a cohort from
+Calagurris. It was the Terrible Season of the autumn, and the wild people in the
+mountains were preparing for the frightful ceremonies which only rumour told
+of in the towns. They were the very old folk who dwelt higher up in the hills and
+spoke a choppy language which the Vascones could not understand. One seldom
+saw them; but a few times a year they sent down little yellow, squint-eyed
+messengers (who looked like Scythians) to trade with the merchants by means of
+gestures, and every spring and autumn they held the infamous rites on the
+peaks, their bowlings and altar-fires throwing terror into the villages. Always the
+same - the night before the Kalends of Mains and the night before the Kalends of
+November. Townsfolk would disappear just before these nights, and would
+never be heard of again. And there were whispers that the native shepherds and
+farmers were not ill-disposed toward the very old folk - that more than one
+thatched hut was vacant before midnight on the two hideous Sabbaths.
+
+
+
+920
+
+
+
+This year the horror was very great, for the people knew that the wrath of the
+very old folk was upon Pompelo. Three months previously five of the little
+squint-eyed traders had come down from the hills, and in a market brawl three
+of them had been killed. The remaining two had gone back wordlessly to their
+mountains - and this autumn not a single villager had disappeared. There was
+menace in this immunity. It was not like the very old folk to spare their victims at
+the Sabbath. It was too good to be normal, and the villagers were afraid.
+
+For many nights there had been a hollow drumming on the hills, and at last the
+aedile Tib. Annaeus Stilpo (half native in blood) had sent to Balbutius at
+Calagurris for a cohort to stamp out the Sabbath on the terrible night. Balbutius
+had carelessly refused, on the ground that the villagers' fears were empty, and
+that the loathsome rites of hill folk were of no concern to the Roman People
+unless our own citizens were menaced. I, however, who seemed to be a close
+friend of Balbutius, had disagreed with him; averring that I had studied deeply
+in the black forbidden lore, and that I believed the very old folk capable of
+visiting almost any nameless doom upon the town, which after all was a Roman
+settlement and contained a great number of our citizens. The complaining
+aedile's own mother Helvia was a pure Roman, the daughter of M. Helvius
+Cinna, who had come over with Scipio's army. Accordingly I had sent a slave - a
+nimble little Greek called Antipater - to the proconsul with letters, and
+Scribonius had heeded my plea and ordered Balbutius to send his fifth cohort,
+under Asellius, to Pompelo; entering the hills at dusk on the eve of November's
+Kalends and stamping out whatever nameless orgies he might find - bringing
+such prisoners as he might take to Tarraco for the next propraetor's court.
+Balbutius, however, had protested, so that more correspondence had ensued. I
+had written so much to the proconsul that he had become gravely interested, and
+had resolved to make a personal inquiry into the horror.
+
+He had at length proceeded to Pompelo with his lictors and attendants; there
+hearing enough rumours to be greatly impressed and disturbed, and standing
+firmly by his order for the Sabbath's extirpation. Desirous of conferring with one
+who had studied the subject, he ordered me to accompany Asellius' cohort - and
+Balbutius had also come along to press his adverse advice, for he honestly
+believed that drastic military action would stir up a dangerous sentiment of
+unrest amongst the Vascones both tribal and settled.
+
+So here we all were in the mystic sunset of the autumn hills - old Scribonius Libo
+in his toga praetexta, the golden light glancing on his shiny bald head and
+wrinkled hawk face, Balbutius with his gleaming helmet and breastplate, blue-
+shaven lips compressed in conscientiously dogged opposition, young Asellius
+with his polished greaves and superior sneer, and the curious throng of
+townsfolk, legionaries, tribesmen, peasants, lictors, slaves, and attendants. I
+
+
+
+921
+
+
+
+myself seemed to wear a common toga, and to have no especially distinguishing
+characteristic. And everywhere horror brooded. The town and country folk
+scarcely dared speak aloud, and the men of Libo's entourage, who had been
+there nearly a week, seemed to have caught something of the nameless dread.
+Old Scribonius himself looked very grave, and the sharp voices of us later
+comers seemed to hold something of curious inappropriateness, as in a place of
+death or the temple of some mystic god.
+
+We entered the praetorium and held grave converse. Balbutius pressed his
+objections, and was sustained by Asellius, who appeared to hold all the natives
+in extreme contempt while at the same time deeming it inadvisable to excite
+them. Both soldiers maintained that we could better afford to antagonise the
+minority of colonists and civilised natives by inaction, than to antagonise a
+probable majority of tribesmen and cottagers by stamping out the dread rites.
+
+I, on the other hand, renewed my demand for action, and offered to accompany
+the cohort on any expedition it might undertake. I pointed out that the barbarous
+Vascones were at best turbulent and uncertain, so that skirmishes with them
+were inevitable sooner or later whichever course we might take; that they had
+not in the past proved dangerous adversaries to our legions, and that it would ill
+become the representatives of the Roman People to suffer barbarians to interfere
+with a course which the justice and prestige of the Republic demanded. That, on
+the other hand, the successful administration of a province depended primarily
+upon the safety and good-will of the civilised element in whose hands the local
+machinery of commerce and prosperity reposed, and in whose veins a large
+mixture of our own Italian blood coursed. These, though in numbers they might
+form a minority, were the stable element whose constancy might be relied on,
+and whose cooperation would most firmly bind the province to the Imperium of
+the Senate and the Roman People. It was at once a duty and an advantage to
+afford them the protection due to Roman citizens; even (and here I shot a
+sarcastic look at Balbutius and Asellius) at the expense of a little trouble and
+activity, and of a slight interruption of the draught-playing and cock- fighting at
+the camp in Calagurris. That the danger to the town and inhabitants of Pompelo
+was a real one, I could not from my studies doubt. I had read many scrolls out of
+Syria and ^gyptus, and the cryptic towns of Etruria, and had talked at length
+with the bloodthirsty priest of Diana Aricina in his temple in the woods
+bordering Lacus Nemorensis. There were shocking dooms that might be called
+out of the hills on the Sabbaths; dooms which ought not to exist within the
+territories of the Roman People; and to permit orgies of the kind known to
+prevail at Sabbaths would be but little in consonance with the customs of those
+whose forefathers, A. Postumius being consul, had executed so many Roman
+citizens for the practice of the Bacchanalia - a matter kept ever in memory by the
+Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, graven upon bronze and set open to every
+
+
+
+922
+
+
+
+eye. Checked in time, before the progress of the rites might evoke anything with
+which the iron of a Roman pilum might not be able to deal, the Sabbath would
+not be too much for the powers of a single cohort. Only participants need be
+apprehended, and the sparing of a great number of mere spectators would
+considerably lessen the resentment which any of the sympathising country folk
+might feel. In short, both principle and policy demanded stern action; and I could
+not doubt but that Publius Scribonius, bearing in mind the dignity and
+obligations of the Roman People, would adhere to his plan of despatching the
+cohort, me accompanying, despite such objections as Balbutius and Asellius -
+speaking indeed more like provincials than Romans - might see fit to offer and
+multiply.
+
+The slanting sun was now very low, and the whole hushed town seemed draped
+in an unreal and malign glamour. Then P. Scribonius the proconsul signified his
+approval of my words, and stationed me with the cohort in the provisional
+capacity of a centurio primipilus; Balbutius and Asellius assenting, the former
+with better grace than the latter. As twilight fell on the wild autumnal slopes, a
+measured, hideous beating of strange drums floated down from afar in terrible
+rhythm. Some few of the legionarii shewed timidity, but sharp commands
+brought them into line, and the whole cohort was soon drawn up on the open
+plain east of the circus. Libo himself, as well as Balbutius, insisted on
+accompanying the cohort; but great difficulty was suffered in getting a native
+guide to point out the paths up the mountain. Finally a young man named
+Vercellius, the son of pure Roman parents, agreed to take us at least past the
+foothills. We began to march in the new dusk, with the thin silver sickle of a
+young moon trembling over the woods on our left. That which disquieted us
+most was the fact that the Sabbath was to be held at all. Reports of the coming
+cohort must have reached the hills, and even the lack of a final decision could not
+make the rumour less alarming - yet there were the sinister drums as of yore, as
+if the celebrants had some peculiar reason to be indifferent whether or not the
+forces of the Roman People marched against them. The sound grew louder as we
+entered a rising gap in the hills, steep wooded banks enclosing us narrowly on
+either side, and displaying curiously fantastic tree-trunks in the light of our
+bobbing torches. All were afoot save Libo, Balbutius, Asellius, two or three of the
+centuriones, and myself, and at length the way became so steep and narrow that
+those who had horses were forced to leave them; a squad of ten men being left to
+guard them, though robber bands were not likely to be abroad on such a night of
+terror. Once in a while it seemed as though we detected a skulking form in the
+woods nearby, and after a half- hour's climb the steepness and narrowness of the
+way made the advance of so great a body of men - over 300, all told - exceedingly
+cumbrous and difficult. Then with utter and horrifying suddenness we heard a
+frightful sound from below. It was from the tethered horses - they had screamed,
+not neighed, but screamed... and there was no light down there, nor the sound
+
+
+
+923
+
+
+
+of any human thing, to shew why they had done so. At the same moment
+bonfires blazed out on all the peaks ahead, so that terror seemed to lurk equally
+well before and behind us. Looking for the youth Vercellius, our guide, we found
+only a crumpled heap weltering in a pool of blood. In his hand was a short
+sword snatched from the belt of D. Vibulanus, a subcenturio, and on his face was
+such a look of terror that the stoutest veterans turned pale at the sight. He had
+killed himself when the horses screamed... he, who had been born and lived all
+his life in that region, and knew what men whispered about the hills. All the
+torches now began to dim, and the cries of frightened legionaries mingled with
+the unceasing screams of the tethered horses. The air grew perceptibly colder,
+more suddenly so than is usual at November's brink, and seemed stirred by
+terrible undulations which I could not help connecting with the beating of huge
+wings. The whole cohort now remained at a standstill, and as the torches faded I
+watched what I thought were fantastic shadows outlined in the sky by the
+spectral luminosity of the Via Lactea as it flowed through Perseus, Cassiopeia,
+Cepheus, and Cygnus. Then suddenly all the stars were blotted from the sky -
+even bright Deneb and Vega ahead, and the lone Altair and Fomalhaut behind
+us. And as the torches died out altogether, there remained above the stricken and
+shrieking cohort only the noxious and horrible altar-flames on the towering
+peaks; hellish and red, and now silhouetting the mad, leaping, and colossal
+forms of such nameless beasts as had never a Phrygian priest or Campanian
+grandam whispered of in the wildest of furtive tales. And above the nighted
+screaming of men and horses that daemonic drumming rose to louder pitch,
+whilst an ice-cold wind of shocking sentience and deliberateness swept down
+from those forbidden heights and coiled about each man separately, till all the
+cohort was struggling and screaming in the dark, as if acting out the fate of
+Laocoon and his sons. Only old Scribonius Libo seemed resigned. He uttered
+words amidst the screaming, and they echo still in my ears. "Malitia vetus -
+malitia vetus est . . . venit . . . tandem venit ..."
+
+And then I waked. It was the most vivid dream in years, drawing upon wells of
+the subconscious long untouched and forgotten. Of the fate of that cohort no
+record exists, but the town at least was saved - for encyclopaedias tell of the
+survival of Pompelo to this day, under the modern Spanish name of
+Pompelona...
+
+Yrs for Gothick Supremacy -
+
+C . IVLIVS . VERVS . MAXIMINVS.
+
+"Wickness of old ... it is wickeness of old . . . happened . . . happened at last ..."
+
+
+
+924
+
+
+
+The Whisperer in Darkness
+
+Written 24 Feb-26 Sept 1930
+
+Published August 1931 in Weird Tales, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 32-73
+
+I
+
+Bear in mind closely that I did not see any actual visual horror at the end. To say
+that a mental shock was the cause of what I inferred - that last straw which sent
+me racing out of the lonely Akeley farmhouse and through the wild domed hills
+of Vermont in a commandeered motor at night - is to ignore the plainest facts of
+my final experience. Notwithstanding the deep things I saw and heard, and the
+admitted vividness the impression produced on me by these things, I cannot
+prove even now whether I was right or wrong in my hideous inference. For after
+all Akeley's disappearance establishes nothing. People found nothing amiss in
+his house despite the bullet-marks on the outside and inside. It was just as
+though he had walked out casually for a ramble in the hills and failed to return.
+There was not even a sign that a guest had been there, or that those horrible
+cylinders and machines had been stored in the study. That he had mortally
+feared the crowded green hills and endless trickle of brooks among which he had
+been born and reared, means nothing at all, either; for thousands are subject to
+just such morbid fears. Eccentricity, moreover, could easily account for his
+strange acts and apprehensions toward the last.
+
+The whole matter began, so far as I am concerned, with the historic and
+unprecedented Vermont floods of November 3, 1927. I was then, as now, an
+instructor of literature at Miskatonic University in Arkham, Massachusetts, and
+an enthusiastic amateur student of New England folklore. Shortly after the flood,
+amidst the varied reports of hardship, suffering, and organized relief which filled
+the press, there appeared certain odd stories of things found floating in some of
+the swollen rivers; so that many of my friends embarked on curious discussions
+and appealed to me to shed what light I could on the subject. I felt flattered at
+having my folklore study taken so seriously, and did what I could to belittle the
+wild, vague tales which seemed so clearly an outgrowth of old rustic
+superstitions. It amused me to find several persons of education who insisted
+that some stratum of obscure, distorted fact might underlie the rumors.
+
+The tales thus brought to my notice came mostly through newspaper cuttings;
+though one yarn had an oral source and was repeated to a friend of mine in a
+letter from his mother in Hardwick, Vermont. The type of thing described was
+essentially the same in all cases, though there seemed to be three separate
+
+
+
+925
+
+
+
+instances involved - one connected with the Winooski River near Montpeher,
+another attached to the West River in Windham County beyond Newfane, and a
+third centering in the Passumpsic in Caledonia County above Lyndonville. Of
+course many of the stray items mentioned other instances, but on analysis they
+all seemed to boil down to these three. In each case country folk reported seeing
+one or more very bizarre and disturbing objects in the surging waters that
+poured down from the unfrequented hills, and there was a widespread tendency
+to connect these sights with a primitive, half-forgotten cycle of whispered legend
+which old people resurrected for the occasion.
+
+What people thought they saw were organic shapes not quite like any they had
+ever seen before. Naturally, there were many human bodies washed along by the
+streams in that tragic period; but those who described these strange shapes felt
+quite sure that they were not human, despite some superficial resemblances in
+size and general outline. Nor, said the witnesses, could they have been any kind
+of animal known to Vermont. They were pinkish things about five feet long; with
+crustaceous bodies bearing vast pairs of dorsal fins or membranous wings and
+several sets of articulated limbs, and with a sort of convoluted ellipsoid, covered
+with multitudes of very short antennae, where a head would ordinarily be. It
+was really remarkable how closely the reports from different sources tended to
+coincide; though the wonder was lessened by the fact that the old legends,
+shared at one time throughout the hill country, furnished a morbidly vivid
+picture which might well have coloured the imaginations of all the witnesses
+concerned. It was my conclusion that such witnesses - in every case naive and
+simple backwoods folk - had glimpsed the battered and bloated bodies of human
+beings or farm animals in the whirling currents; and had allowed the half-
+remembered folklore to invest these pitiful objects with fantastic attributes.
+
+The ancient folklore, while cloudy, evasive, and largely forgotten by the present
+generation, was of a highly singular character, and obviously reflected the
+influence of still earlier Indian tales. I knew it well, though I had never been in
+Vermont, through the exceedingly rare monograph of Eli Davenport, which
+embraces material orally obtained prior to 1839 among the oldest people of the
+state. This material, moreover, closely coincided with tales which I had
+personally heard from elderly rustics in the mountains of New Hampshire.
+Briefly summarized, it hinted at a hidden race of monstrous beings which lurked
+somewhere among the remoter hills - in the deep woods of the highest peaks,
+and the dark valleys where streams trickle from unknown sources. These beings
+were seldom glimpsed, but evidences of their presence were reported by those
+who had ventured farther than usual up the slopes of certain mountains or into
+certain deep, steep-sided gorges that even the wolves shunned.
+
+
+
+926
+
+
+
+There were queer footprints or claw-prints in the mud of brook-margins and
+barren patches, and curious circles of stones, with the grass around them worn
+away, which did not seem to have been placed or entirely shaped by Nature.
+There were, too, certain caves of problematical depth in the sides of the hills;
+with mouths closed by boulders in a manner scarcely accidental, and with more
+than an average quota of the queer prints leading both toward and away from
+them - if indeed the direction of these prints could be justly estimated. And worst
+of all, there were the things which adventurous people had seen very rarely in
+the twilight of the remotest valleys and the dense perpendicular woods above
+the limits of normal hill- climbing.
+
+It would have been less uncomfortable if the stray accounts of these things had
+not agreed so well. As it was, nearly all the rumors had several points in
+common; averring that the creatures were a sort of huge, light-red crab with
+many pairs of legs and with two great batlike wings in the middle of the back.
+They sometimes walked on all their legs, and sometimes on the hindmost pair
+only, using the others to convey large objects of indeterminate nature. On one
+occasion they were spied in considerable numbers, a detachment of them wading
+along a shallow woodland watercourse three abreast in evidently disciplined
+formation. Once a specimen was seen flying - launching itself from the top of a
+bald, lonely hill at night and vanishing in the sky after its great flapping wings
+had been silhouetted an instant against the full moon
+
+These things seemed content, on the whole, to let mankind alone; though they
+were at times held responsible for the disappearance of venturesome individuals
+- especially persons who built houses too close to certain valleys or too high up
+on certain mountains. Many localities came to be known as inadvisable to settle
+in, the feeling persisting long after the cause was forgotten. People would look
+up at some of the neighbouring mountain-precipices with a shudder, even when
+not recalling how many settlers had been lost, and how many farmhouses burnt
+to ashes, on the lower slopes of those grim, green sentinels.
+
+But while according to the earliest legends the creatures would appear to have
+harmed only those trespassing on their privacy; there were later accounts of their
+curiosity respecting men, and of their attempts to establish secret outposts in the
+human world. There were tales of the queer claw-prints seen around farmhouse
+windows in the morning, and of occasional disappearances in regions outside the
+obviously haunted areas. Tales, besides, of buzzing voices in imitation of human
+speech which made surprising offers to lone travelers on roads and cart-paths in
+the deep woods, and of children frightened out of their wits by things seen or
+heard where the primal forest pressed close upon their door-yards. In the final
+layer of legends - the layer just preceding the decline of superstition and the
+abandonment of close contact with the dreaded places - there are shocked
+
+
+
+927
+
+
+
+references to hermits and remote farmers who at some period of Hfe appeared to
+have undergone a repellent mental change, and who were shunned and
+whispered about as mortals who had sold themselves to the strange beings. In
+one of the northeastern counties it seemed to be a fashion about 1800 to accuse
+eccentric and unpopular recluses of being allies or representatives of the
+abhorred things.
+
+As to what the things were - explanations naturally varied. The common name
+applied to them was "those ones/' or "the old ones/' though other terms had a
+local and transient use. Perhaps the bulk of the Puritan settlers set them down
+bluntly as familiars of the devil, and made them a basis of awed theological
+speculation. Those with Celtic legendry in their heritage - mainly the Scotch-Irish
+element of New Hampshire, and their kindred who had settled in Vermont on
+Governor Wentworth's colonial grants - linked them vaguely with the malign
+fairies and "little people" of the bogs and raths, and protected themselves with
+scraps of incantation handed down through many generations. But the Indians
+had the most fantastic theories of all. While different tribal legends differed,
+there was a marked consensus of belief in certain vital particulars; it being
+unanimously agreed that the creatures were not native to this earth.
+
+The Pennacook myths, which were the most consistent and picturesque, taught
+that the Winged Ones came from the Great Bear in the sky, and had mines in our
+earthly hills whence they took a kind of stone they could not get on any other
+world. They did not live here, said the myths, but merely maintained outposts
+and flew back with vast cargoes of stone to their own stars in the north. They
+harmed only those earth-people who got too near them or spied upon them.
+Animals shunned them through instinctive hatred, not because of being hunted.
+They could not eat the things and animals of earth, but brought their own food
+from the stars. It was bad to get near them, and sometimes young hunters who
+went into their hills never came back. It was not good, either, to listen to what
+they whispered at night in the forest with voices like a bee's that tried to be like
+the voices of men. They knew the speech of all kinds of men - Pennacooks,
+Hurons, men of the Five Nations - but did not seem to have or need any speech
+of their own. They talked with their heads, which changed colour in different
+ways to mean different things.
+
+All the legendry, of course, white and Indian alike, died down during the
+nineteenth century, except for occasional atavistical flareups. The ways of the
+Vermonters became settled; and once their habitual paths and dwellings were
+established according to a certain fixed plan, they remembered less and less what
+fears and avoidances had determined that plan, and even that there had been
+any fears or avoidances. Most people simply knew that certain hilly regions were
+considered as highly unhealthy, unprofitable, and generally unlucky to live in.
+
+
+
+928
+
+
+
+and that the farther one kept from them the better off one usually was. In time
+the ruts of custom and economic interest became so deeply cut in approved
+places that there was no longer any reason for going outside them, and the
+haunted hills were left deserted by accident rather than by design. Save during
+infrequent local scares, only wonder-loving grandmothers and retrospective
+nonagenarians ever whispered of beings dwelling in those hills; and even such
+whispers admitted that there was not much to fear from those things now that
+they were used to the presence of houses and settlements, and now that human
+beings let their chosen territory severely alone.
+
+All this I had long known from my reading, and from certain folk tales picked up
+in New Hampshire; hence when the flood-time rumours began to appear, I could
+easily guess what imaginative background had evolved them. I took great pains
+to explain this to my friends, and was correspondingly amused when several
+contentious souls continued to insist on a possible element of truth in the reports.
+Such persons tried to point out that the early legends had a significant
+persistence and uniformity, and that the virtually unexplored nature of the
+Vermont hills made it unwise to be dogmatic about what might or might not
+dwell among them; nor could they be silenced by my assurance that all the
+myths were of a well-known pattern common to most of mankind and
+determined by early phases of imaginative experience which always produced
+the same type of delusion.
+
+It was of no use to demonstrate to such opponents that the Vermont myths
+differed but little in essence from those universal legends of natural
+personification which filled the ancient world with fauns and dryads and satyrs,
+suggested the kallikanzarai of modern Greece, and gave to wild Wales and
+Ireland their dark hints of strange, small, and terrible hidden races of troglodytes
+and burrowers. No use, either, to point out the even more startlingly similar
+belief of the Nepalese hill tribes in the dreaded Mi-Go or "Abominable Snow-
+Men" who lurk hideously amidst the ice and rock pinnacles of the Himalayan
+summits. When I brought up this evidence, my opponents turned it against me
+by claiming that it must imply some actual historicity for the ancient tales; that it
+must argue the real existence of some queer elder earth-race, driven to hiding
+after the advent and dominance of mankind, which might very conceivably have
+survived in reduced numbers to relatively recent times - or even to the present.
+
+The more I laughed at such theories, the more these stubborn friends asseverated
+them; adding that even without the heritage of legend the recent reports were
+too clear, consistent, detailed, and sanely prosaic in manner of telling, to be
+completely ignored. Two or three fanatical extremists went so far as to hint at
+possible meanings in the ancient Indian tales which gave the hidden beings a
+nonterrestrial origin; citing the extravagant books of Charles Fort with their
+
+
+
+929
+
+
+
+claims that voyagers from other worlds and outer space have often visited the
+earth. Most of my foes, however, were merely romanticists who insisted on
+trying to transfer to real life the fantastic lore of lurking "little people" made
+popular by the magnificent horror- fiction of Arthur Machen.
+
+II
+
+As was only natural under the circumstances, this piquant debating finally got
+into print in the form of letters to the Arkham Advertiser; some of which were
+copied in the press of those Vermont regions whence the flood-stories came. The
+Rutland Herald gave half a page of extracts from the letters on both sides, while
+the Brattleboro Reformer reprinted one of my long historical and mythological
+summaries in full, with some accompanying comments in "The Pendrifter's"
+thoughtful column which supported and applauded my skeptical conclusions.
+By the spring of 1928 I was almost a well-known figure in Vermont,
+notwithstanding the fact that I had never set foot in the state. Then came the
+challenging letters from Henry Akeley which impressed me so profoundly, and
+which took me for the first and last time to that fascinating realm of crowded
+green precipices and muttering forest streams.
+
+Most of what I know of Henry Wentworth Akeley was gathered by
+correspondence with his neighbours, and with his only son in California, after
+my experience in his lonely farmhouse. He was, I discovered, the last
+representative on his home soil of a long, locally distinguished line of jurists,
+administrators, and gentlemen-agriculturists. In him, however, the family
+mentally had veered away from practical affairs to pure scholarship; so that he
+had been a notable student of mathematics, astronomy, biology, anthropology,
+and folklore at the University of Vermont. I had never previously heard of him,
+and he did not give many autobiographical details in his communications; but
+from the first I saw he was a man of character, education, and intelligence, albeit
+a recluse with very little worldly sophistication.
+
+Despite the incredible nature of what he claimed, I could not help at once taking
+Akeley more seriously than I had taken any of the other challengers of my views.
+For one thing, he was really close to the actual phenomena - visible and tangible -
+that he speculated so grotesquely about; and for another thing, he was amazingly
+willing to leave his conclusions in a tenative state like a true man of science. He
+had no personal preferences to advance, and was always guided by what he took
+to be solid evidence. Of course I began by considering him mistaken, but gave
+him credit for being intelligently mistaken; and at no time did I emulate some of
+his friends in attributing his ideas, and his fear of the lonely green hills, to
+insanity. I could see that there was a great deal to the man, and knew that what
+he reported must surely come from strange circumstance deserving
+
+
+
+930
+
+
+
+investigation, however little it might have to do with the fantastic causes he
+assigned. Later on I received from him certain material proofs which placed the
+matter on a somewhat different and bewilderingly bizarre basis.
+
+I cannot do better than transcribe in full, so far as is possible, the long letter in
+which Akeley introduced himself, and which formed such an important
+landmark in my own intellectual history. It is no longer in my possession, but my
+memory holds almost every word of its portentous message; and again I affirm
+my confidence in the sanity of the man who wrote it. Here is the text - a text
+which reached me in the cramped, archaic-looking scrawl of one who had
+obviously not mingled much with the world during his sedate, scholarly life.
+
+
+
+R.F.D.
+
+
+
+
+#2,
+
+
+Townshend,
+
+
+Windham Co.,
+
+
+Vermont.
+
+
+May 5,1928
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Albert
+
+
+N. Wilmarth,
+
+
+Esq.,
+
+
+118
+
+
+Saltonstall
+
+
+St.,
+
+
+Arkham, Mass.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+My Dear Sir:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+I have read with great interest the Brattleboro Reformer's reprint (Apr. 23, '28) of
+your letter on the recent stories of strange bodies seen floating in our flooded
+streams last fall, and on the curious folklore they so well agree with. It is easy to
+see why an outlander would take the position you take, and even why
+"Pendrifter" agrees with you. That is the attitude generally taken by educated
+persons both in and out of Vermont, and was my own attitude as a young man (I
+am now b7) before my studies, both general and in Davenport's book, led me to
+do some exploring in parts of the hills hereabouts not usually visited.
+
+I was directed toward such studies by the queer old tales I used to hear from
+elderly farmers of the more ignorant sort, but now I wish I had let the whole
+matter alone. I might say, with all proper modesty, that the subject of
+anthropology and folklore is by no means strange to me. I took a good deal of it
+at college, and am familiar with most of the standard authorities such as Tylor,
+Lubbock, Frazer, Quatrefages, Murray, Osborn, Keith, Boule, G. Elliott Smith,
+and so on. It is no news to me that tales of hidden races are as old as all mankind.
+I have seen the reprints of letters from you, and those agreeing with you, in the
+Rutland Herald, and guess I know about where your controversy stands at the
+present time.
+
+
+
+931
+
+
+
+What I desire to say now is, that I am afraid your adversaries are nearer right
+than yourself, even though all reason seems to be on your side. They are nearer
+right than they realise themselves - for of course they go only by theory, and
+cannot know what I know. If I knew as little of the matter as they, I would feel
+justified in believing as they do. I would be wholly on your side.
+
+You can see that I am having a hard time getting to the point, probably because I
+really dread getting to the point; but the upshot of the matter is that I have
+certain evidence that monstrous things do indeed live in the woods on the high
+hills which nobody visits. I have not seen any of the things floating in the rivers,
+as reported, but I have seen things like them under circumstances I dread to
+repeat. I have seen footprints, and of late have seen them nearer my own home (I
+live in the old Akeley place south of Townshend Village, on the side of Dark
+Mountain) than I dare tell you now. And I have overheard voices in the woods at
+certain points that I will not even begin to describe on paper.
+
+At one place I heard them so much that I took a phonograph therewith a
+dictaphone attachment and wax blank - and I shall try to arrange to have you
+hear the record I got. I have run it on the machine for some of the old people up
+here, and one of the voices had nearly scared them paralysed by reason of its
+likeness to a certain voice (that buzzing voice in the woods which Davenport
+mentions) that their grandmothers have told about and mimicked for them. I
+know what most people think of a man who tells about "hearing voices" - but
+before you draw conclusions just listen to this record and ask some of the older
+backwoods people what they think of it. If you can account for it normally, very
+well; but there must be something behind it. Ex nihilo nihil fit, you know.
+
+Now my object in writing you is not to start an argument but to give you
+information which I think a man of your tastes will find deeply interesting. This
+is private. Publicly I am on your side, for certain things show me that it does not
+do for people to know too much about these matters. My own studies are now
+wholly private, and I would not think of saying anything to attract people's
+attention and cause them to visit the places I have explored. It is true - terribly
+true - that there are non-human creatures watching us all the time; with spies
+among us gathering information. It is from a wretched man who, if he was sane
+(as I think he was) was one of those spies, that I got a large part of my clues to
+the matter. He later killed himself, but I have reason to think there are others
+now.
+
+The things come from another planet, being able to live in interstellar space and
+fly through it on clumsy, powerful wings which have a way of resisting the
+aether but which are too poor at steering to be of much use in helping them
+about on earth. I will tell you about this later if you do not dismiss me at once as
+
+
+
+932
+
+
+
+a madman. They come here to get metals from mines that go deep under the
+hills, and I think I know where they come from. They will not hurt us if we let
+them alone, but no one can say what will happen if we get too curious about
+them. Of course a good army of men could wipe out their mining colony. That is
+what they are afraid of. But if that happened, more would come from outside -
+any number of them. They could easily conquer the earth, but have not tried so
+far because they have not needed to. They would rather leave things as they are
+to save bother.
+
+I think they mean to get rid of me because of what I have discovered. There is a
+great black stone with unknown hieroglyphics half worn away which I found in
+the woods on Round Hill, east of here; and after I took it home everything
+became different. If they think I suspect too much they will either kill me or take
+me off the earth to where they come from. They like to take away men of
+learning once in a while, to keep informed on the state of things in the human
+world.
+
+This leads me to my secondary purpose in addressing you - namely, to urge you
+to hush up the present debate rather than give it more publicity. People must be
+kept away from these hills, and in order to effect this, their curiosity ought not to
+be aroused any further. Heaven knows there is peril enough anyway, with
+promoters and real estate men flooding Vermont with herds of summer people
+to overrun the wild places and cover the hills with cheap bungalows.
+
+I shall welcome further communication with you, and shall try to send you that
+phonograph record and black stone (which is so worn that photographs don't
+show much) by express if you are willing. I say "try" because I think those
+creatures have a way of tampering with things around here. There is a sullen
+furtive fellow named Brown, on a farm near the village, who I think is their spy.
+Little by little they are trying to cut me off from our world because I know too
+much about their world.
+
+They have the most amazing way of finding out what I do. You may not even get
+this letter. I think I shall have to leave this part of the country and go live with
+my son in San Diego, Cal., if things get any worse, but it is not easy to give up
+the place you were born in, and where your family has lived for six generations.
+Also, I would hardly dare sell this house to anybody now that the creatures have
+taken notice of it. They seem to be trying to get the black stone back and destroy
+the phonograph record, but I shall not let them if I can help it. My great police
+dogs always hold them back, for there are very few here as yet, and they are
+clumsy in getting about. As I have said, their wings are not much use for short
+flights on earth. I am on the very brink of deciphering that stone - in a very
+terrible way - and with your knowledge of folklore you may be able to supply
+
+
+
+933
+
+
+
+the missing links enough to help me. I suppose you know all about the fearful
+myths antedating the coming of man to the earth - the Yog-Sothoth and Cthulhu
+cycles - which are hinted at in the Necronomicon. I had access to a copy of that
+once, and hear that you have one in your college library under lock and key.
+
+To conclude, Mr. Wilmarth, I think that with our respective studies we can be
+very useful to each other. I don't wish to put you in any peril, and suppose I
+ought to warn you that possession of the stone and the record won't be very safe;
+but I think you will find any risks worth running for the sake of knowledge. I
+will drive down to Newfane or Brattleboro to send whatever you authorize me to
+send, for the express offices there are more to be trusted. I might say that I live
+quite alone now, since I can't keep hired help any more. They won't stay because
+of the things that try to get near the house at night, and that keep the dogs
+barking continually. I am glad I didn't get as deep as this into the business while
+my wife was alive, for it would have driven her mad.
+
+Hoping that I am not bothering you unduly, and that you will decide to get in
+touch with me rather than
+
+throw this letter into the waste basket as a madman's raving, I am
+
+Yrs. very truly,
+
+Henry W. Akeley
+
+P.S. I am making some extra prints of certain photographs taken by me, which I
+think will help to prove a number of the points I have touched on. The old
+people think they are monstrously true. I shall send you these very soon if you
+are interested.
+
+H. W. A.
+
+It would be difficult to describe my sentiments upon reading this strange
+document for the first time. By all ordinary rules, I ought to have laughed more
+loudly at these extravagances than at the far milder theories which had
+previously moved me to mirth; yet something in the tone of the letter made me
+take it with paradoxical seriousness. Not that I believed for a moment in the
+hidden race from the stars which my correspondent spoke of; but that, after some
+grave preliminary doubts, I grew to feel oddly sure of his sanity and sincerity,
+and of his confrontation by some genuine though singular and abnormal
+phenomenon which he could not explain except in this imaginative way. It could
+not be as he thought it, I reflected, yet on the other hand, it could not be
+otherwise than worthy of investigation. The man seemed unduly excited and
+alarmed about something, but it was hard to think that all cause was lacking. He
+
+
+
+934
+
+
+
+was so specific and logical in certain ways - and after all, his yarn did fit in so
+perplexingly well with some of the old myths - even the wildest Indian legends.
+
+That he had really overheard disturbing voices in the hills, and had really found
+the black stone he spoke about, was wholly possible despite the crazy inferences
+he had made - inferences probably suggested by the man who had claimed to be
+a spy of the outer beings and had later killed himself. It was easy to deduce that
+this man must have been wholly insane, but that he probably had a streak of
+perverse outward logic which made the naive Akeley - already prepared for such
+things by his folklore studies - believe his tale. As for the latest developments - it
+appeared from his inability to keep hired help that Akeley's humbler rustic
+neighbours were as convinced as he that his house was besieged by uncanny
+things at night. The dogs really barked, too.
+
+And then the matter of that phonograph record, which I could not but believe he
+had obtained in the way he said. It must mean something; whether animal noises
+deceptively like human speech, or the speech of some hidden, night-haunting
+human being decayed to a state not much above that of lower animals. From this
+my thoughts went back to the black hieroglyphed stone, and to speculations
+upon what it might mean. Then, too, what of the photographs which Akeley said
+he was about to send, and which the old people had found so convincingly
+terrible?
+
+As I re-read the cramped handwriting I felt as never before that my credulous
+opponents might have more on their side than I had conceded. After all, there
+might be some queer and perhaps hereditarily misshapen outcasts in those
+shunned hills, even though no such race of star-born monsters as folklore
+claimed. And if there were, then the presence of strange bodies in the flooded
+streams would not be wholly beyond belief. Was it too presumptuous to suppose
+that both the old legends and the recent reports had this much of reality behind
+them? But even as I harboured these doubts I felt ashamed that so fantastic a
+piece of bizarrerie as Henry Akeley's wild letter had brought them up.
+
+In the end I answered Akeley's letter, adopting a tone of friendly interest and
+soliciting further particulars. His reply came almost by return mail; and
+contained, true to promise, a number of Kodak views of scenes and objects
+illustrating what he had to tell. Glancing at these pictures as I took them from the
+envelope, I felt a curious sense of fright and nearness to forbidden things; for in
+spite of the vagueness of most of them, they had a damnably suggestive power
+which was intensified by the fact of their being genuine photographs - actual
+optical links with what they portrayed, and the product of an impersonal
+transmitting process without prejudice, fallibility, or mendacity.
+
+
+
+935
+
+
+
+The more I looked at them, the more I saw that my senous estimate of Akeley
+and his story had not been unjustified. Certainly, these pictures carried
+conclusive evidence of something in the Vermont hills which was at least vastly
+outside the radius of our common knowledge and belief. The worst thing of all
+was the footprint - a view taken where the sun shone on a mud patch somewhere
+in a deserted upland. This was no cheaply counterfeited thing, I could see at a
+glance; for the sharply defined pebbles and grassblades in the field of vision gave
+a clear index of scale and left no possibility of a tricky double exposure. I have
+called the thing a "footprint," but "claw-print" would be a better term. Even now
+I can scarcely describe it save to say that it was hideously crablike, and that there
+seemed to be some ambiguity about its direction. It was not a very deep or fresh
+print, but seemed to be about the size of an average man's foot. From a central
+pad, pairs of saw-toothed nippers projected in opposite directions - quite baffling
+as to function, if indeed the whole object were exclusively an organ of
+locomotion.
+
+Another photograph - evidently a time-exposure taken in deep shadow - was of
+the mouth of a woodland cave, with a boulder of, rounded regularity choking
+the aperture. On the bare ground in front of, it one could just discern a dense
+network of curious tracks, and when I studied the picture with a magnifier I felt
+uneasily sure that the tracks were like the one in the other view. A third pictured
+showed a druid-like circle of standing stones on the summit of a wild hill.
+Around the cryptic circle the grass was very much beaten down and worn away,
+though I could not detect any footprints even with the glass. The extreme
+remoteness of the place was apparent from the veritable sea of tenantless:
+mountains which formed the background and stretched away toward a. misty
+horizon.
+
+But if the most disturbing of all the views was that of the footprint, the' most
+curiously suggestive was that of the great black stone found in the Round Hill
+woods. Akeley had photographed it on what was evidently his study table, for I
+could see rows of books and a bust of Milton in the background. The thing, as
+nearly as one might guess, had faced the camera vertically with a somewhat
+irregularly curved surface of one by two feet; but to say anything definite about
+that surface, or about the general shape of the whole mass, almost defies the
+power of language. What outlandish geometrical principles had guided its
+cutting - for artificially cut it surely was - I could not even begin to guess; and
+never before had I seen anything which struck me as so strangely and
+unmistakably alien to this world. Of the hieroglyphics on the surface I could
+discern very few, but one or two that I did see gave rather a shock. Of course
+they might be fraudulent, for others besides myself had read the monstrous and
+abhorred Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred; but it nevertheless
+made me shiver to recognise certain ideographs which study had taught me to
+
+
+
+936
+
+
+
+link with the most blood-curdhng and blasphemous whispers of things that had
+had a kind of mad half-existence before the earth and the other inner worlds of
+the solar system were made.
+
+Of the five remaining pictures, three were of swamp and hill scenes which
+seemed to bear traces of hidden and unwholesome tenancy. Another was of a
+queer mark in the ground very near Akeley's house, which he said he had
+photographed the morning after a night on which the dogs had barked more
+violently than usual. It was very blurred, and one could really draw no certain
+conclusions from it; but it did seem fiendishly like that other mark or claw -print
+photographed on the deserted upland. The final picture was of the Akeley place
+itself; a trim white house of two stories and attic, about a century and a quarter
+old, and with a well-kept lawn and stone-bordered path leading up to a
+tastefully carved Georgian doorway. There were several huge police dogs on the
+lawn, squatting near a pleasant-faced man with a close-cropped grey beard
+whom I took to be Akeley himself - his own photographer, one might infer from
+the tube-connected bulb in his right hand.
+
+From the pictures I turned to the bulky, closely-written letter itself; and for the
+next three hours was immersed in a gulf of unutterable horror. Where Akeley
+had given only outlines before, he now entered into minute details; presenting
+long transcripts of words overheard in the woods at night, long accounts of
+monstrous pinkish forms spied in thickets at twilight on the hills, and a terrible
+cosmic narrative derived from the application of profound and varied
+scholarship to the endless bygone discourses of the mad self- styled spy who had
+killed himself. I found myself faced by names and terms that I had heard
+elsewhere in the most hideous of connections - Yuggoth, Great Cthulhu,
+Tsathoggua, YogSothoth, R'lyeh, Nyarlathotep, Azathoth, Hastur, Yian, Leng,
+the Lake of Hali, Bethmoora, the Yellow Sign, L'mur- Kathulos, Bran, and the
+Magnum Innominandum - and was drawn back through nameless aeons and
+inconceivable dimensions to worlds of elder, outer entity at which the crazed
+author of the Necronomicon had only guessed in the vaguest way. I was told of
+the pits of primal life, and of the streams that had trickled down therefrom; and
+finally, of the tiny rivulets from one of those streams which had become
+entangled with the destinies of our own earth.
+
+My brain whirled; and where before I had attempted to explain things away, I
+now began to believe in the most abnormal and incredible wonders. The array of
+vital evidence was damnably vast and overwhelming; and the cool, scientific
+attitude of Akeley - an attitude removed as far as imaginable from the demented,
+the fanatical, the hysterical, or even the. extravagantly speculative - had a
+tremendous effect on my thought and judgment. By the time I laid the frightful
+letter aside I could understand the fears he had come to entertain, and was ready
+
+
+
+937
+
+
+
+to do anything in my power to keep people away from those wild, haunted hills.
+Even now, when time has dulled the impression and made me half-question my
+own experience and horrible doubts, there are things in that letter of Akeley's
+which I would not quote, or even form into words on paper. I am almost glad
+that the letter and record and photographs are gone now - and I wish, for reasons
+I shall soon make clear, that the new planet beyond Neptune had not been
+discovered.
+
+With the reading of that letter my public debating about the Vermont horror
+permanently ended. Arguments from opponents remained unanswered or put
+off with promises, and eventually the controversy petered out into oblivion.
+During late May and June I was in constant correspondence with Akeley; though
+once in a while a letter would be lost, so that we would have to retrace our
+ground and perform considerable laborious copying. What we were trying to do,
+as a whole, was to compare notes in matters of obscure mythological scholarship
+and arrive at a clearer correlation of the Vermont horrors with the general body
+of primitive world legend.
+
+For one thing, we virtually decided that these morbidities and the hellish
+Himalayan Mi-Go were one and the same order of incarnated nightmare. There
+was also absorbing zoological conjectures, which I would have referred to
+Professor Dexter in my own college but for Akeley's imperative command to tell
+no one of the matter before us. If I seem to disobey that command now, it is only
+because I think that at this stage a warning about those farther Vermont hills -
+and about those Himalayan peaks which bold explorers are more and more
+determined to ascend - is more conducive to public safety than silence would be.
+One specific thing we were leading up to was a deciphering of the hieroglyphics
+on that infamous black stone - a deciphering which might well place us in
+possession of secrets deeper and more dizzying than any formerly known to
+man.
+
+Ill
+
+Toward the end of June the phonograph record came - shipped from Brattleboro,
+since Akeley was unwilling to trust conditions on the branch line north of there.
+He had begun to feel an increased sense of espionage, aggravated by the loss of
+some of our letters; and said much about the insidious deeds of certain men
+whom he considered tools and agents of the hidden beings. Most of all he
+suspected the surly farmer Walter Brown, who lived alone on a run-down
+hillside place near the deep woods, and who was often seen loafing around
+corners in Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Newfane, and South Londonderry in the
+most inexplicable and seemingly unmotivated way. Brown's voice, he felt
+convinced, was one of those he had overheard on a certain occasion in a very
+
+
+
+938
+
+
+
+terrible conversation; and he had once found a footprint or clawprint near
+Brown's house which might possess the most ominous significance. It had been
+curiously near some of Brown's own footprints - footprints that faced toward it.
+
+So the record was shipped from Brattleboro, whither Akeley drove in his Ford
+car along the lonely Vermont back roads. He confessed in an accompanying note
+that he was beginning to be afraid of those roads, and that he would not even go
+into Townshend for supplies now except in broad daylight. It did not pay, he
+repeated again and again, to know too much unless one were very remote from
+those silent and problematical hills. He would be going to California pretty soon
+to live with his son, though it was hard to leave a place where all one's memories
+and ancestral feelings centered.
+
+Before trying the record on the commercial machine which I borrowed from the
+college administration building I carefully went over all the explanatory matter
+in Akeley's various letters. This record, he had said, was obtained about 1 A.M.
+on the 1st of May, 1915, near the closed mouth of a cave where the wooded west
+slope of Dark Mountain rises out of Lee's swamp. The place had always been
+unusually plagued with strange voices, this being the reason he had brought the
+phonograph, dictaphone, and blank in expectation of results. Former experience
+had told him that May Eve - the hideous Sabbat-night of underground European
+legend - would probably be more fruitful than any other date, and he was not
+disappointed. It was noteworthy, though, that he never again heard voices at
+that particular spot.
+
+Unlike most of the overheard forest voices, the substance of the record was
+quasi-ritualistic, and included one palpably human voice which Akeley had
+never been able to place. It was not Brown's, but seemed to be that of a man of
+greater cultivation. The second voice, however, was the real crux of the thing -
+for this was the accursed buzzing which had no likeness to humanity despite the
+human words which it uttered in good English grammar and a scholarly accent.
+
+The recording phonograph and dictaphone had not worked uniformly well, and
+had of course been at a great disadvantage because of the remote and muffled
+nature of the overheard ritual; so that the actual speech secured was very
+fragmentary. Akeley had given me a transcript of what he believed the spoken
+words to be, and I glanced through this again as I prepared the machine for
+action. The text was darkly mysterious rather than openly horrible, though a
+knowledge of its origin and manner of gathering gave it all the associative horror
+which any words could well possess. I will present it here in full as I remember it
+- and I am fairly confident that I know it correctly by heart, not only from
+reading the transcript, but from playing the record itself over and over again. It is
+not a thing which one might readily forget!
+
+
+
+939
+
+
+
+(Indistinguishable Sounds)
+
+(A Cultivated Male Human Voice)
+
+...is the Lord of the Wood, even to... and the gifts of the men of Leng... so from
+the wells of night to the gulfs of space, and from the gulfs of space to the wells of
+night, ever the praises of Great Cthulhu, of Tsathoggua, and of Him Who is not
+to be Named. Ever Their praises, and abundance to the Black Goat of the Woods,
+la! Shub-Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand Young!
+
+(A Buzzing Imitation of Human Speech)
+
+la! Shub-Niggurath! The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young!
+
+(Human Voice)
+
+And it has come to pass that the Lord of the Woods, being... seven and nine,
+down the onyx steps . . . (tri)butes to Him in the Gulf, Azathoth, He of Whom
+Thou has taught us marv(els). . . on the wings of night out beyond space, out
+beyond th... to That whereof Yuggoth is the youngest child, rolling alone in
+black aether at the rim. . .
+
+(Buzzing Voice)
+
+...go out among men and find the ways thereof, that He in the Gulf may know.
+To Nyarlathotep, Mighty Messenger, must all things be told. And He shall put
+on the semblance of men, the waxen mask and the robe that hides, and come
+down from the world of Seven Suns to mock. . .
+
+(Human Voice)
+
+(Nyarl)athotep, Great Messenger, bringer of strange joy to Yuggoth through the
+void. Father of the Million
+
+Favoured Ones, Stalker among. . .
+
+(Speech Cut Off by End of Record)
+
+Such were the words for which I was to listen when I started the phonograph. It
+was with a trace of genuine dread and reluctance that I pressed the lever and
+heard the preliminary scratching of the sapphire point, and I was glad that the
+first faint, fragmentary words were in a human voice - a mellow, educated voice
+which seemed vaguely Bostonian in accent, and which was certainly not that of
+any native of the Vermont hills. As I listened to the tantalisingly feeble rendering.
+
+
+
+940
+
+
+
+I seemed to find the speech identical with Akeley's carefully prepared transcript.
+On it chanted, in that mellow Bostonian voice. . . "la! Shub- Niggurath! The Goat
+with a Thousand Young!. . ."
+
+And then I heard the other voice. To this hour I shudder retrospectively when I
+think of how it struck me, prepared though I was by Akeley's accounts. Those to
+whom I have since described the record profess to find nothing but cheap
+imposture or madness in it; but could they have the accursed thing itself, or read
+the bulk of Akeley's correspondence, (especially that terrible and encyclopaedic
+second letter), I know they would think differently. It is, after all, a tremendous
+pity that I did not disobey Akeley and play the record for others - a tremendous
+pity, too, that all of his letters were lost. To me, with my first-hand impression of
+the actual sounds, and with my knowledge of the background and surrounding
+circumstances, the voice was a monstrous thing. It swiftly followed the human
+voice in ritualistic response, but in my imagination it was a morbid echo winging
+its way across unimaginable abysses from unimaginable outer hells. It is more
+than two years now since I last ran off that blasphemous waxen cylinder; but at
+this moment, and at all other moments, I can still hear that feeble, fiendish
+buzzing as it reached me for the first time.
+
+"la! Shub-Niggurath! The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young!"
+
+But though the voice is always in my ears, I have not even yet been able to
+analyse it well enough for a graphic description. It was like the drone of some
+loathsome, gigantic insect ponderously shaped into the articulate speech of an
+alien species, and I am perfectly certain that the organs producing it can have no
+resemblance to the vocal organs of man, or indeed to those of any of the
+mammalia. There were singularities in timbre, range, and overtones which
+placed this phenomenon wholly outside the sphere of humanity and earth-life.
+Its sudden advent that first time almost stunned me, and I heard the rest of the
+record through in a sort of abstracted daze. When the longer passage of buzzing
+came, there was a sharp intensification of that feeling of blasphemous infinity
+which had struck me during the shorter and earlier passage. At last the record
+ended abruptly, during an unusually clear speech of the human and Bostonian
+voice; but I sat stupidly staring long after the machine had automatically
+stopped.
+
+I hardly need say that I gave that shocking record many another playing, and
+that I made exhaustive attempts at analysis and comment in comparing notes
+with Akeley. It would be both useless and disturbing to repeat here all that we
+concluded; but I may hint that we agreed in believing we had secured a clue to
+the source of some of the most repulsive primordial customs in the cryptic elder
+religions of mankind. It seemed plain to us, also, that there were ancient and
+
+
+
+941
+
+
+
+elaborate alliance; between the hidden outer creatures and certain members of
+the human race. How extensive these alliances were, and how their state today
+might compare with their state in earlier ages, we had no means of guessing; yet
+at best there was room for a limitless amount of horrified speculation. There
+seemed to be an awful, immemorial linkage in several definite stages betwixt
+man and nameless infinity. The blasphemies which appeared on earth, it was
+hinted, came from the dark planet Yuggoth, at the rim of the solar system; but
+this was itself merely the populous outpost of a frightful interstellar race whose
+ultimate source must lie far outside even the Einsteinian space-time continuum
+or greatest known cosmos.
+
+Meanwhile we continued to discuss the black stone and the best way of getting it
+to Arkham - Akeley deeming it inadvisable to have me visit him at the scene of
+his nightmare studies. For some reason or other, Akeley was afraid to trust the
+thing to any ordinary or expected transportation route. His final idea was to take
+it across country to Bellows Falls and ship it on the Boston and Maine system
+through Keene and Winchendon and Fitchburg, even though this would
+necessitate his driving along somewhat lonelier and more forest-traversing hill
+roads than the main highway to Brattleboro. He said he had noticed a man
+around the express office at Brattleboro when he had sent the phonograph
+record, whose actions and expression had been far from reassuring. This man
+had seemed too anxious to talk with the clerks, and had taken the train on which
+the record was shipped. Akeley confessed that he had not felt strictly at ease
+about that record until he heard from me of its safe receipt.
+
+About this time - the second week in July - another letter of mine went astray, as
+I learned through an anxious communication from Akeley. After that he told me
+to address him no more at Townshend, but to send all mail in care of the General
+Delivery at Brattleboro; whither he would make frequent trips either in his car or
+on the motor-coach line which had lately replaced passenger service on the
+lagging branch railway. I could see that he was getting more and more anxious,
+for he went into much detail about the increased barking of the dogs on
+moonless nights, and about the fresh claw-prints he sometimes found in the road
+and in the mud at the back of his farmyard when morning came. Once he told
+about a veritable army of prints drawn up in a line facing an equally thick and
+resolute line of dog-tracks, and sent a loathsomely disturbing Kodak picture to
+prove it. That was after a night on which the dogs had outdone themselves in
+barking and howling.
+
+On the morning of Wednesday, July 18, 1 received a telegram from Bellows Falls,
+in which Akeley said he was expressing the black stone over the B. & M. on Train
+No. 5508, leaving Bellows Falls at 12:15 P.M., standard time, and due at the
+North Station in Boston at 4:12 P.M. It ought, I calculated, to get up to Arkham at
+
+
+
+942
+
+
+
+least by the next noon; and accordingly I stayed in all Thursday morning to
+receive it. But noon came and went without its advent, and when I telephoned
+down to the express office I was informed that no shipment for me had arrived.
+My next act, performed amidst a growing alarm, was to give a long- distance call
+to the express agent at the Boston North Station; and I was scarcely surprised to
+learn that my consignment had not appeared. Train No. 5508 had pulled in only
+35 minutes late on the day before, but had contained no box addressed to me.
+The agent promised, however, to institute a searching inquiry; and I ended the
+day by sending Akeley a night-letter outlining the situation.
+
+With commendable promptness a report came from the Boston office on the
+following afternoon, the agent telephoning as soon as he learned the facts. It
+seemed that the railway express clerk on No. 5508 had been able to recall an
+incident which might have much bearing on my loss - an argument with a very
+curious-voiced man, lean, sandy, and rustic-looking, when the train was waiting
+at Keene, N. H., shortly after one o'clock standard time. The man, he said, was
+greatly excited about a heavy box which he claimed to expect, but which was
+neither on the train nor entered on the company's books. He had given the name
+of Stanley Adams, and had had such a queerly thick droning voice, that it made
+the clerk abnormally dizzy and sleepy to listen to him. The clerk could not
+remember quite how the conversation had ended, but recalled starting into a
+fuller awakeness when the train began to move. The Boston agent added that this
+clerk was a young man of wholly unquestioned veracity and reliability, of
+known antecedents and long with the company.
+
+That evening I went to Boston to interview the clerk in person, having obtained
+his name and address from the office. He was a frank, prepossessing fellow, but I
+saw that he could add nothing to his original account. Oddly, he was scarcely
+sure that he could even recognise the strange inquirer again. Realising that he
+had no more to tell, I returned to Arkham and sat up till morning writing letters
+to Akeley, to the express company and to the police department and station
+agent in Keene. I felt that the strange-voiced man who had so queerly affected
+the clerk must have a pivotal place in the ominous business, and hoped that
+Keene station employees and telegraph-office records might tell something about
+him and about how he happened to make his inquiry when and where he did.
+
+I must admit, however, that all my investigations came to nothing. The queer-
+voiced man had indeed been noticed around the Keene station in the early
+afternoon of July 18, and one lounger seemed to couple him vaguely with a
+heavy box; but he was altogether unknown, and had not been seen before or
+since. He had not visited the telegraph office or received any message so far as
+could be learned, nor had any message which might justly be considered a notice
+of the black stone's presence on No. 5508 come through the office for anyone.
+
+
+
+943
+
+
+
+Naturally Akeley joined with me in conducting these inquiries, and even made a
+personal trip to Keene to question the people around the station; but his attitude
+toward the matter was more fatalistic than mine. He seemed to find the loss of
+the box a portentous and menacing fulfillment of inevitable tendencies, and had
+no real hope at all of its recovery. He spoke of the undoubted telepathic and
+hypnotic powers of the hill creatures and their agents, and in one letter hinted
+that he did not believe the stone was on this earth any longer. For my part, I was
+duly enraged, for I had felt there was at least a chance of learning profound and
+astonishing things from the old, blurred hieroglyphs. The matter would have
+rankled bitterly in my mind had not Akeley's immediately subsequent letters
+brought up a new phase of the whole horrible hill problem which at once seized
+all my attention.
+
+IV
+
+The unknown things, Akeley wrote in a script grown pitifully tremulous, had
+begun to close in on him with a wholly new degree of determination. The
+nocturnal barking of the dogs whenever the moon, was dim or absent was
+hideous now, and there had been attempts to molest him on the lonely roads he
+had to traverse by day. On the second of August, while bound for the village in
+his car, he had found a tree-trunk laid in his path at a point where the highway
+ran through a deep patch of woods; while the savage barking of the two great
+dogs he had with him told all too well of the things which must have been
+lurking near. What would have happened had the dogs not been there, he did
+not dare guess - but he never went out now without at least two of his faithful
+and powerful pack. Other road experiences had occurred on August fifth and
+sixth; a shot grazing his car on one occasion, and the barking of the dogs telling
+of unholy woodland presences on the other.
+
+On August fifteenth I received a frantic letter which disturbed me greatly, and
+which made me wish Akeley could put aside his lonely reticence and call in the
+aid of the law. There had been frightful happening on the night of the 12-13th,
+bullets flying outside the farmhouse, and three of the twelve great dogs being
+found shot dead in the morning. There were myriads of claw-prints in the road,
+with the human prints of Walter Brown among them. Akeley had started to
+telephone to Brattleboro for more dogs, but the wire had gone dead before he
+had a chance to say much. Later he went to Brattleboro in his car, and learned
+there that linemen had found the main cable neatly cut at a point where it ran
+through the deserted hills north of Newfane. But he was about to start home
+with four fine new dogs, and several cases of ammunition for his big-game
+repeating rifle. The letter was written at the post office in Brattleboro, and came
+through to me without delay.
+
+
+
+944
+
+
+
+My attitude toward the matter was by this time quickly shpping from a scientific
+to an alarmedly personal one. I was afraid for Akeley in his remote, lonely
+farmhouse, and half afraid for myself because of my now definite connection
+with the strange hill problem. The thing was reaching out so. Would it suck me
+in and engulf me? In replying to his letter I urged him to seek help, and hinted
+that I might take action myself if he did not. I spoke of visiting Vermont in
+person in spite of his wishes, and of helping him explain the situation to the
+proper authorities. In return, however, I received only a telegram from Bellows
+Falls which read thus:
+
+APPRECIATE YOUR POSITION BUT CAN DO NOTHING TAKE NO ACTION
+YOURSELF FOR IT COULD ONLY HARM BOTH WAIT FOR EXPLANATION
+
+HENRY AKELY
+
+But the affair was steadily deepening. Upon my replying to the telegram I
+received a shaky note from Akeley with the astonishing news that he had not
+only never sent the wire, but had not received the letter from me to which it was
+an obvious reply. Hasty inquiries by him at Bellows Falls had brought out that
+the message was deposited by a strange sandy-haired man with a curiously
+thick, droning voice, though more than this he could not learn. The clerk showed
+him the original text as scrawled in pencil by the sender, but the handwriting
+was wholly unfamiliar. It was noticeable that the signature was misspelled - A-
+K-E-L-Y, without the second "E." Certain conjectures were inevitable, but amidst
+the obvious crisis he did not stop to elaborate upon them.
+
+He spoke of the death of more dogs and the purchase of still others, and of the
+exchange of gunfire which had become a settled feature each moonless night.
+Brown's prints, and the prints of at least one or two more shod human figures,
+were now found regularly among the claw-prints in the road, and at the back of
+the farmyard. It was, Akeley admitted, a pretty bad business; and before long he
+would probably have to go to live with his California son whether or not he
+could sell the old place. But it was not easy to leave the only spot one could
+really think of as home. He must try to hang on a little longer; perhaps he could
+scare off the intruders - especially if he openly gave up all further attempts to
+penetrate their secrets.
+
+Writing Akeley at once, I renewed my offers of aid, and spoke again of visiting
+him and helping him convince the authorities of his dire peril. In his reply he
+seemed less set against that plan than his past attitude would have led one to
+predict, but said he would like to hold off a little while longer - long enough to
+get his things in order and reconcile himself to the idea of leaving an almost
+morbidly cherished birthplace. People looked askance at his studies and
+
+
+
+945
+
+
+
+speculations and it would be better to get quietly off without setting the
+countryside in a turmoil and creating widespread doubts of his own sanity. He
+had had enough, he admitted, but he. wanted to make a dignified exit if he
+could.
+
+This letter reached me on the 28th of August, and I prepared and mailed as
+encouraging a reply as I could. Apparently the encouragement had effect, for
+Akeley had fewer terrors to report when he acknowledged my note. He was not
+very optimistic, though, and expressed the belief that it was only the full moon
+season which was holding the creatures off. He hoped there would not be many
+densely cloudy nights, and talked vaguely of boarding in Brattleboro when the
+moon waned. Again I wrote him encouragingly but on September 5th there came
+a fresh communication which had obviously crossed my letter in the mails; and
+to this I could not give any such hopeful response. In view of its importance I
+believe I had better give it in full - as best I can do from memory of the shaky
+script. It ran substantially as follows:
+
+Monday
+
+Dear Wilmarth
+
+A rather discouraging P. S. to my last. Last night was thickly cloudy - though no
+rain - and not a bit of moonlight got through. Things were pretty bad, and I think
+the end is getting near, in spite of all we have hoped. After midnight something
+landed on the roof of the house, and the dogs all rushed up to see what it was. I
+could hear them snapping and tearing around, and then one managed to get on
+the roof by jumping from the low ell. There was a terrible fight up there, and I
+heard a frightful buzzing which I'll never forget. And then there was a shocking
+smell. About the same time bullets came through the window and nearly grazed
+me. I think the main line of the hill creatures had got close to the house when the
+dogs divided because of the roof business. What was up there I don't know yet,
+but I'm afraid the creatures are learning to steer better with their space wings. I
+put out the light and used the windows for loopholes, and raked all around the
+house with rifle fire aimed just high enough not to hit the dogs. That seemed to
+end the business, but in the morning I found great pools of blood in the yard,
+besides pools of a green sticky stuff that had the worst odour I have ever
+smelled. I climbed up on the roof and found more of the sticky stuff there. Five of
+the dogs were killed - I'm afraid I hit one myself by aiming too low, for he was
+shot in the back. Now I am setting the panes the shots broke, and am going to
+Brattleboro for more dogs. I guess the men at the kennels think I am crazy. Will
+drop another note later. Suppose I'll be ready for moving in a week or two,
+though it nearly kills me to think of it.
+
+
+
+946
+
+
+
+Hastily - Akeley
+
+But this was not the only letter from Akeley to cross mine. On the next morning -
+September 6th - still another came; this time a frantic scrawl which utterly
+unnerved me and put me at a loss what to say or do next. Again I cannot do
+better than quote the text as faithfully as memory will let me.
+
+Tuesday
+
+Clouds didn't break, so no moon again - and going into the wane anyhow. I'd
+have the house wired for electricity and put in a searchlight if I didn't know
+they'd cut the cables as fast as they could be mended.
+
+I think I am going crazy. It may be that all I have ever written you is a dream or
+madness. It was bad enough before, but this time it is too much. They talked to
+me last night - talked in that cursed buzzing voice and told me things that I dare
+not repeat to you. I heard them plainly above the barking of the dogs, and once
+when they were drowned out a human voice helped them. Keep out of this,
+Wilmarth - it is worse than either you or I ever suspected. They don't mean to let
+me get to California now - they want to take me off alive, or what theoretically
+and mentally amounts to alive - not only to Yuggoth, but beyond that - away
+outside the galaxy and possibly beyond the last curved rim of space. I told them I
+wouldn't go where they wish, or in the terrible way they propose to take me, but
+I'm afraid it will be no use. My place is so far out that they may come by day as
+well as by night before long. Six more dogs killed, and I felt presences all along
+the wooded parts of the road when I drove to Brattleboro today. It was a mistake
+for me to try to send you that phonograph record and black stone. Better smash
+the record before it's too late. Will drop you another line tomorrow if I'm still
+here. Wish I could arrange to get my books and things to Brattleboro and board
+there. I would run off without anything if I could but something inside my mind
+holds me back. I can slip out to Brattleboro, where I ought to be safe, but I feel
+just as much a prisoner there as at the house. And I seem to know that I couldn't
+get much farther even if I dropped everything and tried. It is horrible - don't get
+mixed up in this.
+
+Yrs - Akeley
+
+I did not sleep at all the night after receiving this terrible thing, and was utterly
+baffled as to Akeley's remaining degree of sanity. The substance of the note was
+wholly insane, yet the manner of expression - in view of all that had gone before
+- had a grimly potent quality of convincingness. I made no attempt to answer it,
+thinking it better to wait until Akeley might have time to reply to my latest
+communication. Such a reply indeed came on the following day, though the
+
+
+
+947
+
+
+
+fresh material in it quite overshadowed any of the points brought up by the letter
+nominally answered. Here is what I recall of the text, scrawled and blotted as it
+was in the course of a plainly frantic and hurried composition.
+
+Wednesday
+
+W-
+
+Your letter came, but it's no use to discuss anything any more. I am fully
+resigned. Wonder that I have even enough will power left to fight them off. Can't
+escape even if I were willing to give up everything and run. They'll get me.
+
+Had a letter from them yesterday - R.F.D. man brought it while I was at
+Brattleboro. Typed and postmarked Bellows Falls. Tells what they want to do
+with me - 1 can't repeat it. Look out for yourself, too! Smash that record. Cloudy
+nights keep up, and moon waning all the time. Wish I dared to get help - it might
+brace up my will power - but everyone who would dare to come at all would call
+me crazy unless there happened to be some proof. Couldn't ask people to come
+for no reason at all - am all out of touch with everybody and have been for years.
+
+But I haven't told you the worst, Wilmarth. Brace up to read this, for it will give
+you a shock. I am telling the truth, though. It is this - I have seen and touched
+one of the things, or part of one of the things. God, man, but it's awful! It was
+dead, of course. One of the dogs had it, and I found it near the kennel this
+morning. I tried to save it in the woodshed to convince people of the whole
+thing, but it all evaporated in a few hours. Nothing left. You know, all those
+things in the rivers were seen only on the first morning after the flood. And
+here's the worst. I tried to photograph it for you, but when I developed the film
+there wasn't anything visible except the woodshed. What can the thing have
+been made of? I saw it and felt it, and they all leave footprints. It was surely
+made of matter - but what kind of matter? The shape can't be described. It was a
+great crab with a lot of pyramided fleshy rings or knots of thick, ropy stuff
+covered with feelers where a man's head would be. That green sticky stuff is its
+blood or juice. And there are more of them due on earth any minute.
+
+Walter Brown is missing - hasn't been seen loafing around any of his usual
+corners in the villages hereabouts. I must have got him with one of my shots,
+though the creatures always seem to try to take their dead and wounded away.
+
+Got into town this afternoon without any trouble, but am afraid they're
+beginning to hold off because they're sure of me. Am writing this in Brattleboro
+P. 0. This may be goodbye - if it is, write my son George Goodenough Akeley,
+
+
+
+948
+
+
+
+176 Pleasant St., San Diego, Cal., but don't come up here. Write the boy if you
+don't hear from me in a week, and watch the papers for news.
+
+I'm going to play my last two cards now - if I have the will power left. First to try
+poison gas on the things (I've got the right chemicals and have fixed up masks
+for myself and the dogs) and then if that doesn't work, tell the sheriff. They can
+lock me in a madhouse if they want to - it'll be better than what the other
+creatures would do. Perhaps I can get them to pay attention to the prints around
+the house - they are faint, but I can find them every morning. Suppose, though,
+police would say I faked them somehow; for they all think I'm a queer character.
+
+Must try to have a state policeman spend a night here and see for himself -
+though it would be just like the creatures to learn about it and hold off that night.
+They cut my wires whenever I try to telephone in the night - the linemen think it
+is very queer, and may testify for me if they don't go and imagine I cut them
+myself. I haven't tried to keep them repaired for over a week now.
+
+I could get some of the ignorant people to testify for me about the reality of the
+horrors, but everybody laughs at what they say, and anyway, they have shunned
+my place for so long that they don't know any of the new events. You couldn't
+get one of those rundown farmers to come within a mile of my house for love or
+money. The mail-carrier hears what they say and jokes me about it - God! If I
+only dared tell him how real it is! I think I'll try to get him to notice the prints,
+but he comes in the afternoon and they're usually about gone by that time. If I
+kept one by setting a box or pan over it, he'd think surely it was a fake or joke.
+
+Wish I hadn't gotten to be such a hermit, so folks don't drop around as they used
+to. I've never dared show the black stone or the Kodak pictures, or play that
+record, to anybody but the ignorant people. The others would say I faked the
+whole business and do nothing but laugh. But I may yet try showing the
+pictures. They give those claw -prints clearly, even if the things that made them
+can't be photographed. What a shame nobody else saw that thing this morning
+before it went to nothing!
+
+But I don't know as I care. After what I've been through, a madhouse is as good a
+place as any. The doctors can help me make up my mind to get away from this
+house, and that is all that will save me.
+
+Write my son George if you don't hear soon. Goodbye, smash that record, and
+don't mix up in this.
+
+Yrs - Akeley
+
+
+
+949
+
+
+
+This letter frankly plunged me into the blackest of terror. I did not know what to
+say in answer, but scratched off some incoherent words of advice and
+encouragement and sent them by registered mail. I recall urging Akeley to move
+to Brattleboro at once, and place himself under the protection of the authorities;
+adding that I would come to that town with the phonograph record and help
+convince the courts of his sanity. It was time, too, I think I wrote, to alarm the
+people generally against this thing in their midst. It will be observed that at this
+moment of stress my own belief in all Akeley had told and claimed was virtually
+complete, though I did think his failure to get a picture of the dead monster was
+due not to any freak of Nature but to some excited slip of his own.
+
+V
+
+Then, apparently crossing my incoherent note and reaching me Saturday
+afternoon, September 8th, came that curiously different and calming letter neatly
+typed on a new machine; that strange letter of reassurance and invitation which
+must have marked so prodigious a transition in the whole nightmare drama of
+the lonely hills. Again I will quote from memory - seeking for special reasons to
+preserve as much of the flavour of the style as I can. It was postmarked Bellows
+Falls, and the signature as well as the body of the letter was typed - as is frequent
+with beginners in typing. The text, though, was marvellously accurate for a tyro's
+work; and I concluded that Akeley must have used a machine at some previous
+period - perhaps in college. To say that the letter relieved me would be only fair,
+yet beneath my relief lay a substratum of uneasiness. If Akeley had been sane in
+his terror, was he now sane in his deliverance? And the sort of "improved
+rapport" mentioned . . . what was it? The entire thing implied such a diametrical
+reversal of Akeley's previous attitude! But here is the substance of the text,
+carefully transcribed from a memory in which I take some pride.
+
+Townshend, Vermont,
+
+Thursday, Sept. 6, 1928.
+
+My dear Wilmarth: -
+
+It gives me great pleasure to be able to set you at rest regarding all the silly
+things I've been writing you. I say "silly," although by that I mean my frightened
+attitude rather than my descriptions of certain phenomena. Those phenomena
+are real and important enough; my mistake had been in establishing an
+anomalous attitude toward them.
+
+I think I mentioned that my strange visitors were beginning to communicate
+with me, and to attempt such communication. Last night this exchange of speech
+became actual. In response to certain signals I admitted to the house a messenger
+
+
+
+950
+
+
+
+from those outside - a fellow-human, let me hasten to say. He told me much that
+neither you nor I had even begun to guess, and showed clearly how totally we
+had misjudged and misinterpreted the purpose of the Outer Ones in maintaining
+their secret colony on this planet.
+
+It seems that the evil legends about what they have offered to men, and what
+they wish in connection with the earth, are wholly the result of an ignorant
+misconception of allegorical speech - speech, of course, moulded by cultural
+backgrounds and thought-habits vastly different from anything we dream of. My
+own conjectures, I freely own, shot as widely past the mark as any of the guesses
+of illiterate farmers and savage Indians. What I had thought morbid and
+shameful and ignominious is in reality awesome and mind- expanding and even
+glorious - my previous estimate being merely a phase of man's eternal tendency
+to hate and fear and shrink from the utterly different.
+
+Now I regret the harm I have inflicted upon these alien and incredible beings in
+the course of our nightly skirmishes. If only I had consented to talk peacefully
+and reasonably with them in the first place! But they bear me no grudge, their
+emotions being organised very differently from ours. It is their misfortune to
+have had as their human agents in Vermont some very inferior specimens - the
+late Walter Brown, for example. He prejudiced me vastly against them. Actually,
+they have never knowingly harmed men, but have often been cruelly wronged
+and spied upon by our species. There is a whole secret cult of evil men (a man of
+your mystical erudition will understand me when I link them with Hastur and
+the Yellow Sign) devoted to the purpose of tracking them down and injuring
+them on behalf of monstrous powers from other dimensions. It is against these
+aggressors - not against normal humanity - that the drastic precautions of the
+Outer Ones are directed. Incidentally, I learned that many of our lost letters were
+stolen not by the Outer Ones but by the emissaries of this malign cult.
+
+All that the Outer Ones wish of man is peace and non-molestation and an
+increasing intellectual rapport. This latter is absolutely necessary now that our
+inventions and devices are expanding our knowledge and motions, and making
+it more and more impossible for the Outer Ones' necessary outposts to exist
+secretly on this planet. The alien beings desire to know mankind more fully, and
+to have a few of mankind's philosophic and scientific leaders know more about
+them. With such an exchange of knowledge all perils will pass, and a satisfactory
+modus Vivendi be established. The very idea of any attempt to enslave or
+degrade mankind is ridiculous.
+
+As a beginning of this improved rapport, the Outer Ones have naturally chosen
+me - whose knowledge of them is already so considerable - as their primary
+interpreter on earth. Much was told me last night - facts of the most stupendous
+
+
+
+951
+
+
+
+and vista-opening nature - and more will be subsequently communicated to me
+both orally and in writing. I shall not be called upon to make any trip outside just
+yet, though I shall probably wish to do so later on - employing special means and
+transcending everything which we have hitherto been accustomed to regard as
+human experience. My house will be besieged no longer. Everything has
+reverted to normal, and the dogs will have no further occupation. In place of
+terror I have been given a rich boon of knowledge and intellectual adventure
+which few other mortals have ever shared.
+
+The Outer Beings are perhaps the most marvellous organic things in or beyond
+all space and time-members of a cosmos-wide race of which all other life-forms
+are merely degenerate variants. They are more vegetable than animal, if these
+terms can be applied to the sort of matter composing them, and have a somewhat
+fungoid structure; though the presence of a chlorophyll-like substance and a very
+singular nutritive system differentiate them altogether from true cormophytic
+fungi. Indeed, the type is composed of a form of matter totally alien to our part of
+space - with electrons having a wholly different vibration-rate. That is why the
+beings cannot be photographed on the ordinary camera films and plates of our
+known universe, even though our eyes can see them. With proper knowledge,
+however, any good chemist could make a photographic emulsion which would
+record their images.
+
+The genus is unique in its ability to traverse the heatless and airless interstellar
+void in full corporeal form, and some of its variants cannot do this without
+mechanical aid or curious surgical transpositions. Only a few species have the
+ether-resisting wings characteristic of the Vermont variety. Those inhabiting
+certain remote peaks in the Old World were brought in other ways. Their
+external resemblance to animal life, and to the sort of structure we understand as
+material, is a matter of parallel evolution rather than of close kinship. Their
+brain-capacity exceeds that of any other surviving life-form, although the winged
+types of our hill country are by no means the most highly developed. Telepathy
+is their usual means of discourse, though we have rudimentary vocal organs
+which, after a slight operation (for surgery is an incredibly expert and everyday
+thing among them), can roughly duplicate the speech of such types of organism
+as still use speech.
+
+Their main immediate abode is a still undiscovered and almost lightless planet at
+the very edge of our solar system - beyond Neptune, and the ninth in distance
+from the sun. It is, as we have inferred, the object mystically hinted at as
+"Yuggoth" in certain ancient and forbidden writings; and it will soon be the
+scene of a strange focussing of thought upon our world in an effort to facilitate
+mental rapport. I would not be surprised if astronomers become sufficiently
+sensitive to these thought-currents to discover Yuggoth when the Outer Ones
+
+
+
+952
+
+
+
+wish them to do so. But Yuggoth, of course, is only the stepping-stone. The main
+body of the beings inhabits strangely organized abysses wholly beyond the
+utmost reach of any human imagination. The space-time globule which we
+recognize as the totality of all cosmic entity is only an atom in the genuine
+infinity which is theirs. And as much of this infinity as any human brain can hold
+is eventually to be opened up to me, as it has been to not more than fifty other
+men since the human race has existed.
+
+You will probably call this raving at first, Wilmarth, but in time you will
+appreciate the titanic opportunity I have stumbled upon. I want you to share as
+much of it as is possible, and to that end must tell you thousands of things that
+won't go on paper. In the past I have warned you not to come to see me. Now
+that all is safe, I take pleasure in rescinding that warning and inviting you.
+
+Can't you make a trip up here before your college term opens? It would be
+marvelously delightful if you could. Bring along the phonograph record and all
+my letters to you as consultative data - we shall need them in piecing together
+the whole tremendous story. You might bring the Kodak prints, too, since I seem
+to have mislaid the negatives and my own prints in all this recent excitement. But
+what a wealth of facts I have to add to all this groping and tentative material -
+and what a stupendous device I have to supplement my additions!
+
+Don't hesitate - I am free from espionage now, and you will not meet anything
+unnatural or disturbing. Just come along and let my car meet you at the
+Brattleboro station - prepare to stay as long as you can, and expect many an
+evening of discussion of things beyond all human conjecture. Don't tell anyone
+about it, of course - for this matter must not get to the promiscuous public.
+
+The train service to Brattleboro is not bad - you can get a timetable in Boston.
+Take the B. & M. to Greenfield, and then change for the brief remainder of the
+way. I suggest your taking the convenient 4:10 P.M. - standard-from Boston. This
+gets into Greenfield at 7:35, and at 9:19 a train leaves there which reaches
+Brattleboro at 10:01. That is weekdays. Let me know the date and I'll have my car
+on hand at the station.
+
+Pardon this typed letter, but my handwriting has grown shaky of late, as you
+know, and I don't feel equal to long stretches of script. I got this new Corona in
+Brattleboro yesterday - it seems to work very well.
+
+Awaiting word, and hoping to see you shortly with the phonograph record and
+all my letters - and the Kodak prints -
+
+
+
+953
+
+
+
+I am
+
+Yours in anticipation,
+
+Henry W. Akeley
+
+TO ALBERT N. WILMARTH, ESQ.,
+
+MISKATONIC UNIVERSITY,
+
+ARKHAM, MASS.
+
+The complexity of my emotions upon reading, re-reading, and pondering over
+this strange and unlooked- for letter is past adequate description. I have said that
+I was at once relieved and made uneasy, but this expresses only crudely the
+overtones of diverse and largely subconscious feelings which comprised both the
+relief and the uneasiness. To begin with, the thing was so antipodally at variance
+with the whole chain of horrors preceding it - the change of mood from stark
+terror to cool complacency and even exultation was so unheralded, lightning-
+like, and complete! I could scarcely believe that a single day could so alter the
+psychological perspective of one who had written that final frenzied bulletin of
+Wednesday, no matter what relieving disclosures that day might have brought.
+At certain moments a sense of conflicting unrealities made me wonder whether
+this whole distantly reported drama of fantastic forces were not a kind of half-
+illusory dream created largely within my own mind. Then I thought of the
+phonograph record and gave way to still greater bewilderment.
+
+The letter seemed so unlike anything which could have been expected! As I
+analysed my impression, I saw that it consisted of two distinct phases. First,
+granting that Akeley had been sane before and was still sane, the indicated
+change in the situation itself was so swift and unthinkable. And secondly, the
+change in Akeley's own manner, attitude, and language was so vastly beyond
+the normal or the predictable. The man's whole personality seemed to have
+undergone an insidious mutation - a mutation so deep that one could scarcely
+reconcile his two aspects with the supposition that both represented equal sanity.
+Word- choice, spelling - all were subtly different. And with my academic
+sensitiveness to prose style, I could trace profound divergences in his commonest
+reactions and rhythm-responses. Certainly, the emotional cataclysm or revelation
+which could produce so radical an overturn must be an extreme one indeed! Yet
+in another way the letter seemed quite characteristic of Akeley. The same old
+passion for infinity - the same old scholarly inquisitiveness. I could not a moment
+- or more than a moment - credit the idea of spuriousness or malign substitution.
+Did not the invitation - the willingness to have me test the truth of the letter in
+person - prove its genuineness?
+
+I did not retire Saturday night, but sat up thinking of the shadows and marvels
+behind the letter I had received. My mind, aching from the quick succession of
+
+
+
+954
+
+
+
+monstrous conceptions it had been forced to confront during the last four
+months, worked upon this starthng new material in a cycle of doubt and
+acceptance which repeated most of the steps experienced in facing the earlier
+wonders; till long before dawn a burning interest and curiosity had begun to
+replace the original storm of perplexity and uneasiness. Mad or sane,
+metamorphosed or merely relieved, the chances were that Akeley had actually
+encountered some stupendous change of perspective in his hazardous research;
+some change at once diminishing his danger - real or fancied - and opening dizzy
+new vistas of cosmic and superhuman knowledge. My own zeal for the
+unknown flared up to meet his, and I felt myself touched by the contagion of the
+morbid barrier-breaking. To shake off the maddening and wearying limitations
+of time and space and natural law - to be linked with the vast outside - to come
+close to the nighted and abysmal secrets of the infinite and the ultimate - surely
+such a thing was worth the risk of one's life, soul, and sanity! And Akeley had
+said there was no longer any peril - he had invited me to visit him instead of
+warning me away as before. I tingled at the thought of what he might now have
+to tell me - there was an almost paralysing fascination in the thought of sitting in
+that lonely and lately-beleaguered farmhouse with a man who had talked with
+actual emissaries from outer space; sitting there with the terrible record and the
+pile of letters in which Akeley had summarised his earlier conclusions.
+
+So late Sunday morning I telegraphed Akeley that I would meet him in
+Brattleboro on the following Wednesday - September 12th - if that date were
+convenient for him. In only one respect did I depart from his suggestions, and
+that concerned the choice of a train. Frankly, I did not feel like arriving in that
+haunted Vermont region late at night; so instead of accepting the train he chose I
+telephoned the station and devised another arrangement. By rising early and
+taking the 8:07 A.M. (standard) into Boston, I could catch the 9:25 for Greenfield;
+arriving there at 12:22 noon. This connected exactly with a train reaching
+Brattleboro at 1:08 p.m. - a much more comfortable hour than 10:01 for meeting
+Akeley and riding with him into the close-packed, secret-guarding hills.
+
+I mentioned this choice in my telegram, and was glad to learn in the reply which
+came toward evening that it had met with my prospective host's endorsement.
+His wire ran thus:
+
+ARRANGEMENT SATISFACTORY WILL MEET ONE EIGHT TRAIN
+WEDNESDAY DONT FORGET RECORD AND LETTERS AND PRINTS KEEP
+DESTINATION QUIET EXPECT GREAT REVELATIONS
+
+AKELEY
+
+
+
+955
+
+
+
+Receipt of this message in direct response to one sent to Akeley - and necessarily
+delivered to his house from the Townshend station either by official messenger
+or by a restored telephone service - removed any lingering subconscious doubts I
+may have had about the authorship of the perplexing letter. My relief was
+marked - indeed, it was greater than I could account for at the time; since all such
+doubts had been rather deeply buried. But I slept soundly and long that night,
+and was eagerly busy with preparations during the ensuing two days.
+
+VI
+
+On Wednesday I started as agreed,, taking with me a valise full of simple
+necessities and scientific data, including the hideous phonograph record, the
+Kodak prints, and the entire file of Akeley's correspondence. As requested, I had
+told no one where I was going; for I could see that the matter demanded utmost
+privacy, even allowing for its most favourable turns. The thought of actual
+mental contact with alien, outside entities was stupefying enough to my trained
+and somewhat prepared mind; and this being so, what might one think of its
+effect on the vast masses of uninformed laymen? I do not know whether dread or
+adventurous expectancy was uppermost in me as I changed trains at Boston and
+began the long westward run out of familiar regions into those I knew less
+thoroughly. Waltham - Concord - Ayer - Fitchburg - Gardner - Athol -
+
+My train reached Greenfield seven minutes late, but the northbound connecting
+express had been held. Transferring in haste, I felt a curious breathlessness as the
+cars rumbled on through the early afternoon sunlight into territories I had
+always read of but had never before visited. I knew I was entering an altogether
+older-fashioned and more primitive New England than the mechanised,
+urbanised coastal and southern areas where all my life had been spent; an
+unspoiled, ancestral New England without the foreigners and factory-smoke,
+bill-boards and concrete roads, of the sections which modernity has touched.
+There would be odd survivals of that continuous native life whose deep roots
+make it the one authentic outgrowth of the landscape - the continuous native life
+which keeps alive strange ancient memories, and fertilises the soil for shadowy,
+marvellous, and seldom-mentioned beliefs.
+
+Now and then I saw the blue Connecticut River gleaming in the sun, and after
+leaving Northfield we crossed it. Ahead loomed green and cryptical hills, and
+when the conductor came around I learned that I was at last in Vermont. He told
+me to set my watch back an hour, since the northern hill country will have no
+dealings with new-fangled daylight time schemes. As I did so it seemed to me
+that I was likewise turning the calendar back a century.
+
+
+
+956
+
+
+
+The train kept close to the river, and across in New Hampshire I could see the
+approaching slope of steep Wantastiquet, about which singular old legends
+cluster. Then streets appeared on my left, and a green island showed in the
+stream on my right. People rose and filed to the door, and I followed them. The
+car stopped, and I alighted beneath the long train-shed of the Brattleboro station.
+
+Looking over the line of waiting motors I hesitated a moment to see which one
+might turn out to be the Akeley Ford, but my identity was divined before I could
+take the initiative. And yet it was clearly not Akeley himself who advanced to
+meet me with an outstretched hand and a mellowly phrased query as to whether
+I was indeed Mr. Albert N. Wilmarth of Arkham. This man bore no resemblance
+to the bearded, grizzled Akeley of the snapshot; but was a younger and more
+urbane person, fashionably dressed, and wearing only a small, dark moustache.
+His cultivated voice held an odd and almost disturbing hint of vague familiarity,
+though I could not definitely place it in my memory.
+
+As I surveyed him I heard him explaining that he was a friend of my prospective
+host's who had come down from Townshend in his stead. Akeley, he declared,
+had suffered a sudden attack of some asthmatic trouble, and did not feel equal to
+making a trip in the outdoor air. It was not serious, however, and there was to be
+no change in plans regarding my visit. I could not make out just how much this
+Mr. Noyes - as he announced himself - knew of Akeley's researches and
+discoveries, though it seemed to me that his casual manner stamped him as a
+comparative outsider. Remembering what a hermit Akeley had been, I was a
+trifle surprised at the ready availability of such a friend; but did not let my
+puzzlement deter me from entering the motor to which he gestured me. It was
+not the small ancient car I had expected from Akeley's descriptions, but a large
+and immaculate specimen of recent pattern - apparently Noyes's own, and
+bearing Massachusetts license plates with the amusing "sacred codfish" device of
+that year. My guide, I concluded, must be a summer transient in the Townshend
+region.
+
+Noyes climbed into the car beside me and started it at once. I was glad that he
+did not overflow with conversation, for some peculiar atmospheric tensity made
+me feel disinclined to talk. The town seemed very attractive in the afternoon
+sunlight as we swept up an incline and turned to the right into the main street. It
+drowsed like the older New England cities which one remembers from boyhood,
+and something in the collocation of roofs and steeples and chimneys and brick
+walls formed contours touching deep viol- strings of ancestral emotion. I could
+tell that I was at the gateway of a region half-bewitched through the piling-up of
+unbroken time-accumulations; a region where old, strange things have had a
+chance to grow and linger because they have never been stirred up.
+
+
+
+957
+
+
+
+As we passed out of Brattleboro my sense of constraint and foreboding
+increased, for a vague quality in the hill-crowded countryside with its towering,
+threatening, close-pressing green and granite slopes hinted at obscure secrets and
+immemorial survivals which might or might not be hostile to mankind. For a
+time our course followed a broad, shallow river which flowed down from
+unknown hills in the north, and I shivered when my companion told me it was
+the West River. It was in this stream, I recalled from newspaper items, that one of
+the morbid crablike beings had been seen floating after the floods.
+
+Gradually the country around us grew wilder and more deserted. Archaic
+covered bridges lingered fearsomely out of the past in pockets of the hills, and
+the half-abandoned railway track paralleling the river seemed to exhale a
+nebulously visible air of desolation. There were awesome sweeps of vivid valley
+where great cliffs rose. New England's virgin granite showing grey and austere
+through the verdure that scaled the crests. There were gorges where untamed
+streams leaped, bearing down toward the river the unimagined secrets of a
+thousand pathless peaks. Branching away now and then were narrow, half-
+concealed roads that bored their way through solid, luxuriant masses of forest
+among whose primal trees whole armies of elemental spirits might well lurk. As
+I saw these I thought of how Akeley had been molested by unseen agencies on
+his drives along this very route, and did not wonder that such things could be.
+
+The quaint, sightly village of Newfane, reached in less than an hour, was our last
+link with that world which man can definitely call his own by virtue of conquest
+and complete occupancy. After that we cast off all allegiance to immediate,
+tangible, and time-touched things, and entered a fantastic world of hushed
+unreality in which the narrow, ribbon-like road rose and fell and curved with an
+almost sentient and purposeful caprice amidst the tenantless green peaks and
+half-deserted valleys. Except for the sound of the motor, and the faint stir of the
+few lonely farms we passed at infrequent intervals, the only thing that reached
+my ears was the gurgling, insidious trickle of strange waters from numberless
+hidden fountains in the shadowy woods.
+
+The nearness and intimacy of the dwarfed, domed hills now became veritably
+breath-taking. Their steepness and abruptness were even greater than I had
+imagined from hearsay, and suggested nothing in common with the prosaic
+objective world we know. The dense, unvisited woods on those inaccessible
+slopes seemed to harbour alien and incredible things, and I felt that the very
+outline of the hills themselves held some strange and aeon-forgotten meaning, as
+if they were vast hieroglyphs left by a rumoured titan race whose glories live
+only in rare, deep dreams. All the legends of the past, and all the stupefying
+imputations of Henry Akeley's letters and exhibits, welled up in my memory to
+heighten the atmosphere of tension and growing menace. The purpose of my
+
+
+
+958
+
+
+
+visit, and the frightful abnormahties it postulated struck at me all at once with a
+chill sensation that nearly over-balanced my ardour for strange delvings.
+
+My guide must have noticed my disturbed attitude; for as the road grew wilder
+and more irregular, and our motion slower and more jolting, his occasional
+pleasant comments expanded into a steadier flow of discourse. He spoke of the
+beauty and weirdness of the country, and revealed some acquaintance with the
+folklore studies of my prospective host. From his polite questions it was obvious
+that he knew I had come for a scientific purpose, and that I was bringing data of
+some importance; but he gave no sign of appreciating the depth and awfulness of
+the knowledge which Akeley had finally reached.
+
+His manner was so cheerful, normal, and urbane that his remarks ought to have
+calmed and reassured me; but oddly enough. I felt only the more disturbed as we
+bumped and veered onward into the unknown wilderness of hills and woods. At
+times it seemed as if he were pumping me to see what I knew of the monstrous
+secrets of the place, and with every fresh utterance that vague, teasing, baffling
+familiarity in his voice increased. It was not an ordinary or healthy familiarity
+despite the thoroughly wholesome and cultivated nature of the voice. I somehow
+linked it with forgotten nightmares, and felt that I might go mad if I recognised
+it. If any good excuse had existed, I think I would have turned back from my
+visit. As it was, I could not well do so - and it occurred to me that a cool,
+scientific conversation with Akeley himself after my arrival would help greatly
+to pull me together.
+
+Besides, there was a strangely calming element of cosmic beauty in the hypnotic
+landscape through which we climbed and plunged fantastically. Time had lost
+itself in the labyrinths behind, and around us stretched only the flowering waves
+of faery and the recaptured loveliness of vanished centuries - the hoary groves,
+the untainted pastures edged with gay autumnal blossoms, and at vast intervals
+the small brown farmsteads nestling amidst huge trees beneath vertical
+precipices of fragrant brier and meadow-grass. Even the sunlight assumed a
+supernal glamour, as if some special atmosphere or exhalation mantled the
+whole region. I had seen nothing like it before save in the magic vistas that
+sometimes form the backgrounds of Italian primitives. Sodoma and Leonardo
+conceived such expanses, but only in the distance, and through the vaultings of
+Renaissance arcades. We were now burrowing bodily through the midst of the
+picture, and I seemed to find in its necromancy a thing I had innately known or
+inherited and for which I had always been vainly searching.
+
+Suddenly, after rounding an obtuse angle at the top of a sharp ascent, the car
+came to a standstill. On my left, across a well-kept lawn which stretched to the
+road and flaunted a border of whitewashed stones, rose a white, two-and-a-half-
+
+
+
+959
+
+
+
+story house of unusual size and elegance for the region, with a congenes of
+contiguous or arcade-linked barns, sheds, and windmill behind and to the right. I
+recognised it at once from the snapshot I had received, and was not surprised to
+see the name of Henry Akeley on the galvanised-iron mailbox near the road. For
+some distance back of the house a level stretch of marshy and sparsely-wooded
+land extended, beyond which soared a steep, thickly-forested hillside ending in a
+jagged leafy crest. This latter, I knew, was the summit of Dark Mountain, half
+way up which we must have climbed already.
+
+Alighting from the car and taking my valise, Noyes asked me to wait while he
+went in and notified Akeley of my advent. He himself, he added, had important
+business elsewhere, and could not stop for more than a moment. As he briskly
+walked up the path to the house I climbed out of the car myself, wishing to
+stretch my legs a little before settling down to a sedentary conversation. My
+feeling of nervousness and tension had risen to a maximum again now that I was
+on the actual scene of the morbid beleaguering described so hauntingly in
+Akeley's letters, and I honestly dreaded the coming discussions which were to
+link me with such alien and forbidden worlds.
+
+Close contact with the utterly bizarre is often more terrifying than inspiring, and
+it did not cheer me to think that this very bit of dusty road was the place where
+those monstrous tracks and that foetid green ichor had been found after
+moonless nights of fear and death. Idly I noticed that none of Akeley's dogs
+seemed to be about. Had he sold them all as soon as the Outer Ones made peace
+with him? Try as I might, I could not have the same confidence in the depth and
+sincerity of that peace which appeared in Akeley's final and queerly different
+letter. After all, he was a man of much simplicity and with little worldly
+experience. Was there not, perhaps, some deep and sinister undercurrent
+beneath the surface of the new alliance?
+
+Led by my thoughts, my eyes turned downward to the powdery road surface
+which had held such hideous testimonies. The last few days had been dry, and
+tracks of all sorts cluttered the rutted, irregular highway despite the
+unfrequented nature of the district. With a vague curiosity I began to trace the
+outline of some of the heterogeneous impressions, trying meanwhile to curb the
+flights of macabre fancy which the place and its memories suggested. There was
+something menacing and uncomfortable in the funereal stillness, in the muffled,
+subtle trickle of distant brooks, and in the crowding green peaks and black-
+wooded precipices that choked the narrow horizon.
+
+And then an image shot into my consciousness which made those vague
+menaces and flights of fancy seem mild and insignificant indeed. I have said that
+I was scanning the miscellaneous prints in the road with a kind of idle curiosity -
+
+
+
+960
+
+
+
+but all at once that curiosity was shockingly snuffed out by a sudden and
+paralysing gust of active terror. For though the dust tracks were in general
+confused and overlapping, and unlikely to arrest any casual gaze, my restless
+vision had caught certain details near the spot where the path to the house joined
+the highway; and had recognised beyond doubt or hope the frightful significance
+of those details. It was not for nothing, alas, that I had pored for hours over the
+Kodak views of the Outer Ones' claw-prints which Akeley had sent. Too well did
+I know the marks of those loathsome nippers, and that hint of ambiguous
+direction which stamped the horrors as no creatures of this planet. No chance
+had been left me for merciful mistake. Here, indeed, in objective form before my
+own eyes, and surely made not many hours ago, were at least three marks which
+stood out blasphemously among the surprising plethora of blurred footprints
+leading to and from the Akeley farmhouse. They were the hellish tracks of the
+living fungi from Yuggoth.
+
+I pulled myself together in time to stifle a scream. After all, what more was there
+than I might have expected, assuming that I had really believed Akeley's letters?
+He had spoken of making peace with the things. Why, then, was it strange that
+some of them had visited his house? But the terror was stronger than the
+reassurance. Could any man be expected to look unmoved for the first time upon
+the claw-marks of animate beings from outer depths of space? Just then I saw
+Noyes emerge from the door and approach with a brisk step. I must, I reflected,
+keep command of myself, for the chances were that this genial friend knew
+nothing of Akeley's profoundest and most stupendous probings into the
+forbidden.
+
+Akeley, Noyes hastened to inform me, was glad and ready to see me; although
+his sudden attack of asthma would prevent him from being a very competent
+host for a day or two. These spells hit him hard when they came, and were
+always accompanied by a debilitating fever and general weakness. He never was
+good for much while they lasted - had to talk in a whisper, and was very clumsy
+and feeble in getting about. His feet and ankles swelled, too, so that he had to
+bandage them like a gouty old beef-eater. Today he was in rather bad shape, so
+that I would have to attend very largely to my own needs; but he was none the
+less eager for conversation. I would find him in the study at the left of the front
+hall - the room where the blinds were shut. He had to keep the sunlight out
+when he was ill, for his eyes were very sensitive.
+
+As Noyes bade me adieu and rode off northward in his car I began to walk
+slowly toward the house. The door had been left ajar for me; but before
+approaching and entering I cast a searching glance around the whole place,
+trying to decide what had struck me as so intangibly queer about it. The barns
+and sheds looked trimly prosaic enough, and I noticed Akeley's battered Ford in
+
+
+
+961
+
+
+
+its capacious, unguarded shelter. Then the secret of the queerness reached me. It
+was the total silence. Ordinarily a farm is at least moderately murmurous from
+its various kinds of livestock, but here all signs of life were missing. What of the
+hens and the dogs? The cows, of which Akeley had said he possessed several,
+might conceivably be out to pasture, and the dogs might possibly have been sold;
+but the absence of any trace of cackling or grunting was truly singular.
+
+I did not pause long on the path, but resolutely entered the open house door and
+closed it behind me. It had cost me a distinct psychological effort to do so, and
+now that I was shut inside I had a momentary longing for precipitate retreat. Not
+that the place was in the least sinister in visual suggestion; on the contrary, I
+thought the graceful late-colonial hallway very tasteful and wholesome, and
+admired the evident breeding of the man who had furnished it. What made me
+wish to flee was something very attenuated and indefinable. Perhaps it was a
+certain odd odour which I thought I noticed - though I well knew how common
+musty odours are in even the best of ancient farmhouses.
+
+VII
+
+Refusing to let these cloudy qualms overmaster me, I recalled Noyes's
+instructions and pushed open the six-panelled, brass-latched white door on my
+left. The room beyond was darkened as I had known before; and as I entered it I
+noticed that the queer odour was stronger there. There likewise appeared to be
+some faint, half-imaginary rhythm or vibration in the air. For a moment the
+closed blinds allowed me to see very little, but then a kind of apologetic hacking
+or whispering sound drew my attention to a great easy- chair in the farther,
+darker corner of the room. Within its shadowy depths I saw the white blur of a
+man's face and hands; and in a moment I had crossed to greet the figure who had
+tried to speak. Dim though the light was, I perceived that this was indeed my
+host. I had studied the Kodak picture repeatedly, and there could be no mistake
+about this firm, weather-beaten face with the cropped, grizzled beard.
+
+But as I looked again my recognition was mixed with sadness and anxiety; for
+certainly, his face was that of a very sick man. I felt that there must be something
+more than asthma behind that strained, rigid, immobile expression and
+unwinking glassy stare; and realised how terribly the strain of his frightful
+experiences must have told on him. Was it not enough to break any human being
+- even a younger man than this intrepid delver into the forbidden? The strange
+and sudden relief, I feared, had come too late to save him from something like a
+general breakdown. There was a touch of the pitiful in the limp, lifeless way his
+lean hands rested in his lap. He had on a loose dressing-gown, and was swathed
+around the head and high around the neck with a vivid yellow scarf or hood.
+
+
+
+962
+
+
+
+And then I saw that he was trying to talk in the same hacking whisper with
+which he had greeted me. It was a hard whisper to catch at first, since the grey
+moustache concealed all movements of the lips, and something in its timbre
+disturbed me greatly; but by concentrating my attention I could soon make out
+its purport surprisingly well. The accent was by no means a rustic one, and the
+language was even more polished than correspondence had led me to expect.
+
+"Mr. Wilmarth, I presume? You must pardon my not rising. I am quite ill, as Mr.
+Noyes must have told you; but I could not resist having you come just the same.
+You know what I wrote in my last letter - there is so much to tell you tomorrow
+when I shall feel better. I can't say how glad I am to see you in person after all
+our many letters. You have the file with you, of course? And the Kodak prints
+and records? Noyes put your valise in the hall - I suppose you saw it. For tonight
+I fear you'll have to wait on yourself to a great extent. Your room is upstairs - the
+one over this - and you'll see the bathroom door open at the head of the staircase.
+There's a meal spread for you in the dining-room - right through this door at
+your right - which you can take whenever you feel like it. I'll be a better host
+tomorrow - but just now weakness leaves me helpless.
+
+"Make yourself at home - you might take out the letters and pictures and records
+and put them on the table here before you go upstairs with your bag. It is here
+that we shall discuss them - you can see my phonograph on that corner stand.
+
+"No, thanks - there's nothing you can do for me. I know these spells of old. Just
+come back for a little quiet visiting before night, and then go to bed when you
+please. I'll rest right here - perhaps sleep here all night as I often do. In the
+morning I'll be far better able to go into the things we must go into. You realise,
+of course, the utterly stupendous nature of the matter before us. To us, as to only
+a few men on this earth, there will be opened up gulfs of time and space and
+knowledge beyond anything within the conception of human science or
+philosophy.
+
+"Do you know that Einstein is wrong, and that certain objects and forces can
+move with a velocity greater than that of light? With proper aid I expect to go
+backward and forward in time, and actually see and feel the earth of remote past
+and future epochs. You can't imagine the degree to which those beings have
+carried science. There is nothing they can't do with the mind and body of living
+organisms. I expect to visit other planets, and even other stars and galaxies. The
+first trip will be to Yuggoth, the nearest world fully peopled by the beings. It is a
+strange dark orb at the very rim of our solar system - unknown to earthly
+astronomers as yet. But I must have written you about this. At the proper time,
+you know, the beings there will direct thought-currents toward us and cause it to
+be discovered - or perhaps let one of their human allies give the scientists a hint.
+
+
+
+963
+
+
+
+"There are mighty cities on Yuggoth - great tiers of terraced towers built of black
+stone like the specimen I tried to send you. That came from Yuggoth. The sun
+shines there no brighter than a star, but the beings need no light. They have other
+subtler senses, and put no windows in their great houses and temples. Light
+even hurts and hampers and confuses them, for it does not exist at all in the black
+cosmos outside time and space where they came from originally. To visit
+Yuggoth would drive any weak man mad - yet I am going there. The black rivers
+of pitch that flow under those mysterious Cyclopean bridges - things built by
+some elder race extinct and forgotten before the beings came to Yuggoth from
+the ultimate voids - ought to be enough to make any man a Dante or Poe if he
+can keep sane long enough to tell what he has seen.
+
+"But remember - that dark world of fungoid gardens and windowless cities isn't
+really terrible. It is only to us that it would seem so. Probably this world seemed
+just as terrible to the beings when they first explored it in the primal age. You
+know they were here long before the fabulous epoch of Cthulhu was over, and
+remember all about sunken R'lyeh when it was above the waters. They've been
+inside the earth, too - there are openings which human beings know nothing of -
+some of them in these very Vermont hills - and great worlds of unknown life
+down there; blue-litten K'n-yan, red-litten Yoth, and black, lightless N'kai. It's
+from N'kai that frightful Tsathoggua came - you know, the amorphous, toad-like
+god-creature mentioned in the Pnakotic Manuscripts and the Necronomicon and
+the Commoriom myth-cycle preserved by the Atlantean high-priest Klarkash-
+Ton.
+
+"But we will talk of all this later on. It must be four or five o'clock by this time.
+Better bring the stuff from your bag, take a bite, and then come back for a
+comfortable chat."
+
+Very slowly I turned and began to obey my host; fetching my valise, extracting
+and depositing the desired articles, and finally ascending to the room designated
+as mine. With the memory of that roadside claw- print fresh in my mind,
+Akeley's whispered paragraphs had affected me queerly; and the hints of
+familiarity with this unknown world of fungous life - forbidden Yuggoth - made
+my flesh creep more than I cared to own. I was tremendously sorry about
+Akeley's illness, but had to confess that his hoarse whisper had a hateful as well
+as pitiful quality. If only he wouldn't gloat so about Yuggoth and its black
+secrets!
+
+My room proved a very pleasant and well-furnished one, devoid alike of the
+musty odour and disturbing sense of vibration; and after leaving my valise there
+I descended again to greet Akeley and take the lunch he had set out for me. The
+dining-room was just beyond the study, and I saw that a kitchen ell extended
+
+
+
+964
+
+
+
+still farther in the same direction. On the dining-table an ample array of
+sandwiches, cake, and cheese awaited me, and a Thermos-bottle beside a cup
+and saucer testified that hot coffee had not been forgotten. After a well-relished
+meal I poured myself a liberal cup of coffee, but found that the culinary standard
+had suffered a lapse in this one detail. My first spoonful revealed a faintly
+unpleasant acrid taste, so that I did not take more. Throughout the lunch I
+thought of Akeley sitting silently in the great chair in the darkened next room.
+
+Once I went in to beg him to share the repast, but he whispered that he could eat
+nothing as yet. Later on, just before he slept, he would take some malted milk -
+all he ought to have that day.
+
+After lunch I insisted on clearing the dishes away and washing them in the
+kitchen sink - incidentally emptying the coffee which I had not been able to
+appreciate. Then returning to the darkened study I drew up a chair near my
+host's corner and prepared for such conversation as he might feel inclined to
+conduct. The letters, pictures, and record were still on the large centre-table, but
+for the nonce we did not have to draw upon them. Before long I forgot even the
+bizarre odour and curious suggestions of vibration.
+
+I have said that there were things in some of Akeley's letters - especially the
+second and most voluminous one - which I would not dare to quote or even form
+into words on paper. This hesitancy applies with still greater force to the things I
+heard whispered that evening in the darkened room among the lonely hills. Of
+the extent of the cosmic horrors unfolded by that raucous voice I cannot even
+hint. He had known hideous things before, but what he had learned since
+making his pact with the Outside Things was almost too much for sanity to bear.
+Even now I absolutely refused to believe what he implied about the constitution
+of ultimate infinity, the juxtaposition of dimensions, and the frightful position of
+our known cosmos of space and time in the unending chain of linked cosmos-
+atoms which makes up the immediate super- cosmos of curves, angles, and
+material and semi-material electronic organisation.
+
+Never was a sane man more dangerously close to the arcana of basic entity -
+never was an organic brain nearer to utter annihilation in the chaos that
+transcends form and force and symmetry. I learned whence Cthulhu first came,
+and why half the great temporary stars of history had flared forth. I guessed -
+from hints which made even my informant pause timidly - the secret behind the
+Magellanic Clouds and globular nebulae, and the black truth veiled by the
+immemorial allegory of Tao. The nature of the Doels was plainly revealed, and I
+was told the essence (though not the source) of the Hounds of Tindalos. The
+legend of Yig, Father of Serpents, remained figurative no longer, and I started
+with loathing when told of the monstrous nuclear chaos beyond angled space
+
+
+
+965
+
+
+
+which the Necronomicon had mercifully cloaked under the name of Azathoth. It
+was shocking to have the foulest nightmares of secret myth cleared up in
+concrete terms whose stark, morbid hatefulness exceeded the boldest hints of
+ancient and mediaeval mystics. Ineluctably I was led to believe that the first
+whisperers of these accursed tales must have had discourse with Akeley's Outer
+Ones, and perhaps have visited outer cosmic realms as Akeley now proposed
+visiting them.
+
+I was told of the Black Stone and what it implied, and was glad that it had not
+reached me. My guesses about those hieroglyphics had been all too correct! And
+yet Akeley now seemed reconciled to the whole fiendish system he had stumbled
+upon; reconciled and eager to probe farther into the monstrous abyss. I
+wondered what beings he had talked with since his last letter to me, and whether
+many of them had been as human as that first emissary he had mentioned. The
+tension in my head grew insufferable, and I built up all sorts of wild theories
+about that queer, persistent odour and those insidious hints of vibration in the
+darkened room.
+
+Night was falling now, and as I recalled what Akeley had written me about those
+earlier nights I shuddered to think there would be no moon. Nor did I like the
+way the farmhouse nestled in the lee of that colossal forested slope leading up to
+Dark Mountain's unvisited crest. With Akeley's permission I lighted a small oil
+lamp, turned it low, and set it on a distant bookcase beside the ghostly bust of
+Milton; but afterward I was sorry I had done so, for it made my host's strained,
+immobile face and listless hands look damnably abnormal and corpselike. He
+seemed half-incapable of motion, though I saw him nod stiffly once in awhile.
+
+After what he had told, I could scarcely imagine what profounder secrets he was
+saving for the morrow; but at last it developed that his trip to Yuggoth and
+beyond - and my own possible participation in it - was to be the next day's topic.
+He must have been amused by the start of horror I gave at hearing a cosmic
+voyage on my part proposed, for his head wabbled violently when I showed my
+fear. Subsequently he spoke very gently of how human beings might accomplish
+- and several times had accomplished - the seemingly impossible flight across the
+interstellar void. It seemed that complete human bodies did not indeed make the
+trip, but that the prodigious surgical, biological, chemical, and mechanical skill of
+the Outer Ones had found a way to convey human brains without their
+concomitant physical structure.
+
+There was a harmless way to extract a brain, and a way to keep the organic
+residue alive during its absence. The bare, compact cerebral matter was then
+immersed in an occasionally replenished fluid within an ether-tight cylinder of a
+metal mined in Yuggoth, certain electrodes reaching through and connecting at
+
+
+
+966
+
+
+
+will with elaborate instruments capable of duplicating the three vital faculties of
+sight, hearing, and speech. For the winged fungus-beings to carry the brain-
+cylinders intact through space was an easy matter. Then, on every planet covered
+by their civilisation, they would find plenty of adjustable faculty- instruments
+capable of being connected with the encased brains; so that after a little fitting
+these travelling intelligences could be given a full sensory and articulate life -
+albeit a bodiless and mechanical one - at each stage of their journeying through
+and beyond the space-time continuum. It was as simple as carrying a
+phonograph record about and playing it wherever a phonograph of
+corresponding make exists. Of its success there could be no question. Akeley was
+not afraid. Had it not been brilliantly accomplished again and again?
+
+For the first time one of the inert, wasted hands raised itself and pointed stiffly to
+a high shelf on the farther side of the room. There, in a neat row, stood more than
+a dozen cylinders of a metal I had never seen before - cylinders about a foot high
+and somewhat less in diameter, with three curious sockets set in an isosceles
+triangle over the front convex surface of each. One of them was linked at two of
+the sockets to a pair of singular-looking machines that stood in the background.
+Of their purport I did not need to be told, and I shivered as with ague. Then I
+saw the hand point to a much nearer corner where some intricate instruments
+with attached cords and plugs, several of them much like the two devices on the
+shelf behind the cylinders, were huddled together.
+
+"There are four kinds of instruments here, Wilmarth," whispered the voice.
+"Four kinds - three faculties each - makes twelve pieces in all. You see there are
+four different sorts of beings represented in those cylinders up there. Three
+humans, six fungoid beings who can't navigate space corporeally, two beings
+from Neptune (God! if you could see the body this type has on its own planet!),
+and the rest entities from the central caverns of an especially interesting dark star
+beyond the galaxy. In the principal outpost inside Round Hill you'll now and
+then find more cylinders and machines - cylinders of extra-cosmic brains with
+different senses from any we know - allies and explorers from the uttermost
+Outside - and special machines for giving them impressions and expression in
+the several ways suited at once to them and to the comprehensions of different
+types of listeners. Round Hill, like most of the beings' main outposts all through
+the various universes, is a very cosmopolitan place. Of course, only the more
+common types have been lent to me for experiment.
+
+"Here - take the three machines I point to and set them on the table. That tall one
+with the two glass lenses in front - then the box with the vacuum tubes and
+sounding-board - and now the one with the metal disc on top. Now for the
+cylinder with the label 'B-67' pasted on it. Just stand in that Windsor chair to
+reach the shelf. Heavy? Never mind! Be sure of the number - B-67. Don't bother
+
+
+
+967
+
+
+
+that fresh, shiny cyHnder joined to the two testing instruments - the one with my
+name on it. Set B-67 on the table near where you've put the machines - and see
+that the dial switch on all three machines is jammed over to the extreme left.
+
+"Now connect the cord of the lens machine with the upper socket on the cylinder
+
+- there! Join the tube machine to the lower left-hand socket, and the disc
+apparatus to the outer socket. Now move all the dial switches on the machine
+over to the extreme right - first the lens one, then the disc one, and then the tube
+one. That's right. I might as well tell you that this is a human being - just like any
+of us. I'll give you a taste of some of the others tomorrow."
+
+To this day I do not know why I obeyed those whispers so slavishly, or whether I
+thought Akeley was mad or sane. After what had gone before, I ought to have
+been prepared for anything; but this mechanical mummery seemed so like the
+typical vagaries of crazed inventors and scientists that it struck a chord of doubt
+which even the preceding discourse had not excited. What the whisperer implied
+was beyond all human belief - yet were not the other things still farther beyond,
+and less preposterous only because of their remoteness from tangible concrete
+proof?
+
+As my mind reeled amidst this chaos, I became conscious of a mixed grating and
+whirring from all three of the machines lately linked to the cylinder - a grating
+and whirring which soon subsided into a virtual noiselessness. What was about
+to happen? Was I to hear a voice? And if so, what proof would I have that it was
+not some cleverly concocted radio device talked into by a concealed but closely
+watched speaker?
+
+Even now I am unwilling to swear just what I heard, or just what phenomenon
+really took place before me. But something certainly seemed to take place.
+
+To be brief and plain, the machine with the tubes and sound-box began to speak,
+and with a point and intelligence which left no doubt that the speaker was
+actually present and observing us. The voice was loud, metallic, lifeless, and
+plainly mechanical in every detail of its production. It was incapable of inflection
+or expressiveness, but scraped and rattled on with a deadly precision and
+deliberation.
+
+"Mr. Wilmarth," it said, "I hope I do not startle you. I am a human being like
+yourself, though my body is now resting safely under proper vitalising treatment
+inside Round Hill, about a mile and a half east of here. I myself am here with you
+
+- my brain is in that cylinder and I see, hear, and speak through these electronic
+vibrators. In a week I am going across the void as I have been many times before,
+and I expect to have the pleasure of Mr. Akeley's company. I wish I might have
+
+
+
+968
+
+
+
+yours as well; for I know you by sight and reputation, and have kept close track
+of your correspondence with our friend. I am, of course, one of the men who
+have become allied with the outside beings visiting our planet. I met them first in
+the Himalayas, and have helped them in various ways. In return they have given
+me experiences such as few men have ever had.
+
+"Do you realise what it means when I say I have been on thirty-seven different
+celestial bodies - planets, dark stars, and less definable objects - including eight
+outside our galaxy and two outside the curved cosmos of space and time? All
+this has not harmed me in the least. My brain has been removed from my body
+by fissions so adroit that it would be crude to call the operation surgery. The
+visiting beings have methods which make these extractions easy and almost
+normal - and one's body never ages when the brain is out of it. The brain, I may
+add, is virtually immortal with its mechanical faculties and a limited
+nourishment supplied by occasional changes of the preserving fluid.
+
+"Altogether, I hope most heartily that you will decide to come with Mr. Akeley
+and me. The visitors are eager to know men of knowledge like yourself, and to
+show them the great abysses that most of us have had to dream about in fanciful
+ignorance. It may seem strange at first to meet them, but I know you will be
+above minding that. I think Mr. Noyes will go along, too - the man who
+doubtless brought you up here in his car. He has been one of us for years - I
+suppose you recognised his voice as one of those on the record Mr. Akeley sent
+you."
+
+At my violent start the speaker paused a moment before concluding. "So Mr.
+Wilmarth, I will leave the matter to you; merely adding that a man with your
+love of strangeness and folklore ought never to miss such a chance as this. There
+is nothing to fear. All transitions are painless; and there is much to enjoy in a
+wholly mechanised state of sensation. When the electrodes are disconnected, one
+merely drops off into a sleep of especially vivid and fantastic dreams.
+
+"And now, if you don't mind, we might adjourn our session till tomorrow. Good
+night - just turn all the switches back to the left; never mind the exact order,
+though you might let the lens machine be last. Good night, Mr. Akeley - treat our
+guest well! Ready now with those switches?"
+
+That was all. I obeyed mechanically and shut off all three switches, though dazed
+with doubt of everything that had occurred. My head was still reeling as I heard
+Akeley's whispering voice telling me that I might leave all the apparatus on the
+table just as it was. He did not essay any comment on what had happened, and
+indeed no comment could have conveyed much to my burdened faculties. I
+heard him telling me I could take the lamp to use in my room, and deduced that
+
+
+
+969
+
+
+
+he wished to rest alone in the dark. It was surely time he rested, for his discourse
+of the afternoon and evening had been such as to exhaust even a vigorous man.
+Still dazed, I bade my host good night and went upstairs with the lamp, although
+I had an excellent pocket flashlight with me.
+
+I was glad to be out of that downstairs study with the queer odour and vague
+suggestions of vibration, yet could not of course escape a hideous sense of dread
+and peril and cosmic abnormality as I thought of the place I was in and the forces
+I was meeting. The wild, lonely region, the black, mysteriously forested slope
+towering so close behind the house; the footprint in the road, the sick, motionless
+whisperer in the dark, the hellish cylinders and machines, and above all the
+invitations to strange surgery and stranger voyagings - these things, all so new
+and in such sudden succession, rushed in on me with a cumulative force which
+sapped my will and almost undermined my physical strength.
+
+To discover that my guide Noyes was the human celebrant in that monstrous
+bygone Sabbat-ritual on the phonograph record was a particular shock, though I
+had previously sensed a dim, repellent familiarity in his voice. Another special
+shock came from my own attitude toward my host whenever I paused to analyse
+it; for much as I had instinctively liked Akeley as revealed in his correspondence,
+I now found that he filled me with a distinct repulsion. His illness ought to have
+excited my pity; but instead, it gave me a kind of shudder. He was so rigid and
+inert and corpselike - and that incessant whispering was so hateful and
+unhuman!
+
+It occurred to me that this whispering was different from anything else of the
+kind I had ever heard; that, despite the curious motionlessness of the speaker's
+moustache-screened lips, it had a latent strength and carrying-power remarkable
+for the wheezing of an asthmatic. I had been able to understand the speaker
+when wholly across the room, and once or twice it had seemed to me that the
+faint but penetrant sounds represented not so much weakness as deliberate
+repression - for what reason I could not guess. From the first I had felt a
+disturbing quality in their timbre. Now, when I tried to weigh the matter, I
+thought I could trace this impression to a kind of subconscious familiarity like
+that which had made Noyes's voice so hazily ominous. But when or where I had
+encountered the thing it hinted at, was more than I could tell.
+
+One thing was certain - I would not spend another night here. My scientific zeal
+had vanished amidst fear and loathing, and I felt nothing now but a wish to
+escape from this net of morbidity and unnatural revelation. I knew enough now.
+It must indeed be true that strange cosmic linkages do exist - but such things are
+surely not meant for normal human beings to meddle with.
+
+
+
+970
+
+
+
+Blasphemous influences seemed to surround me and press chokingly upon my
+senses. Sleep, I decided, would be out of the question; so I merely extinguished
+the lamp and threw myself on the bed fully dressed. No doubt it was absurd, but
+I kept ready for some unknown emergency; gripping in my right hand the
+revolver I had brought along, and holding the pocket flashlight in my left. Not a
+sound came from below, and I could imagine how my host was sitting there with
+cadaverous stiffness in the dark.
+
+Somewhere I heard a clock ticking, and was vaguely grateful for the normality of
+the sound. It reminded me, though, of another thing about the region which
+disturbed me - the total absence of animal life. There were certainly no farm
+beasts about, and now I realised that even the accustomed night-noises of wild
+living things were absent. Except for the sinister trickle of distant unseen waters,
+that stillness was anomalous - interplanetary - and I wondered what star-
+spawned, intangible blight could be hanging over the region. I recalled from old
+legends that dogs and other beasts had always hated the Outer Ones, and
+thought of what those tracks in the road might mean.
+
+VIII
+
+Do not ask me how long my unexpected lapse into slumber lasted, or how much
+of what ensued was sheer dream. If I tell you that I awakened at a certain time,
+and heard and saw certain things, you will merely answer that I did not wake
+then; and that everything was a dream until the moment when I rushed out of
+the house, stumbled to the shed where I had seen the old Ford, and seized that
+ancient vehicle for a mad, aimless race over the haunted hills which at last
+landed me - after hours of jolting and winding through forest-threatened
+labyrinths - in a village which turned out to be Townshend.
+
+You will also, of course, discount everything else in my report; and declare that
+all the pictures, record- sounds, cylinder-and-machine sounds, and kindred
+evidences were bits of pure deception practiced on me by the missing Henry
+Akeley. You will even hint that he conspired with other eccentrics to carry out a
+silly and elaborate hoax - that he had the express shipment removed at Keene,
+and that he had Noyes make that terrifying wax record. It is odd, though, that
+Noyes has not ever yet' been identified; that he was unknown at any of the
+villages near Akeley's place, though he must have been frequently in the region.
+I wish I had stopped to memorize the license-number of his car - or perhaps it is
+better after all that I did not. For I, despite all you can say, and despite all I
+sometimes try to say to myself, know that loathsome outside influences must be
+lurking there in the half-unknown hills - and that, those influences have spies
+and emissaries in the world of men. To keep as far as possible from such
+influences and such emissaries is all that I ask of life in future.
+
+
+
+971
+
+
+
+When my frantic story sent a sheriff's posse out to the farmhouse, Akeley was
+gone without leaving a trace. His loose dressing gown, yellow scarf, and foot-
+bandages lay on the study floor near his corner, easy-chair, and it could not be
+decided whether any of his other apparel had vanished with him. The dogs and
+livestock were indeed missing, and there were some curious bullet-holes both on
+the house's exterior and on some of the walls within; but beyond this nothing
+unusual could be detected. No cylinders or machines, none of the evidences I
+had brought in my valise, no queer odour or vibration-sense, no foot- prints in
+the road, and none of the problematical things I glimpsed at the very last.
+
+I stayed a week in Brattleboro after my escape, making inquiries among people
+of every kind who had known Akeley; and the results convince me that the
+matter is no figment of dream or delusion.' Akeley's queer purchase of dogs and
+ammunition and chemicals, and the cutting of his telephone wires, are matters of
+record; while all who knew him - including his son in California - concede that
+his occasional remarks on strange studies had a certain consistency. Solid citizens
+believe he was mad, and unhesitatingly pronounce all reported evidences mere
+hoaxes devised with insane cunning and perhaps abetted by eccentric associates;
+but the lowlier country folk sustain his statements in every detail. He had
+showed some of these rustics his photographs and black stone, and had played
+the hideous record for them; and they all said the footprints and buzzing voice
+were like those described in ancestral legends.
+
+They said, too, that suspicious sights and sounds had been noticed increasingly
+around Akeley's house after he found the black stone, and that the place was
+now avoided by everybody except the mail man and other casual, tough-minded
+people. Dark Mountain and Round Hill were both notoriously haunted spots,
+and I could find no one who had ever closely explored either. Occasional
+disappearances of natives throughout the district's history were well attested,
+and these now included the semi-vagabond Walter Brown, whom Akeley's
+letters had mentioned. I even came upon one farmer who thought he had
+personally glimpsed one of the queer bodies at flood-time in the swollen West
+River, but his tale was too confused to be really valuable.
+
+When I left Brattleboro I resolved never to go back to Vermont, and I feel quite
+certain I shall keep my resolution. Those wild hills are surely the outpost of a
+frightful cosmic race - as I doubt all the less since reading that a new ninth planet
+has been glimpsed beyond Neptune, just as those influences had said it would be
+glimpsed. Astronomers, with a hideous appropriateness they little suspect, have
+named this thing "Pluto." I feel, beyond question, that it is nothing less than
+nighted Yuggoth - and I shiver when I try to figure out the real reason why its
+monstrous denizens wish it to be known in this way at this especial time. I vainly
+
+
+
+972
+
+
+
+try to assure myself that these daemoniac creatures are not gradually leading up
+to some new policy hurtful to the earth and its normal inhabitants.
+
+But I have still to tell of the ending of that terrible night in the farmhouse. As I
+have said, I did finally drop into a troubled doze; a doze filled with bits of dream
+which involved monstrous landscape-glimpses. Just what awaked me I cannot
+yet say, but that I did indeed awake at this given point I feel very certain. My
+first confused impression was of stealthily creaking floor-boards in the hall
+outside my door, and of a clumsy, muffled fumbling at the latch. This, however,
+ceased almost at once; so that my really clear impressions begin with the voices
+heard from the study below. There seemed to be several speakers, and I judged
+that they were controversially engaged.
+
+By the time I had listened a few seconds I was broad awake, for the nature of the
+voices was such as to make all thought of sleep ridiculous. The tones were
+curiously varied, and no one who had listened to that accursed phonograph
+record could harbour any doubts about the nature of at least two of them.
+Hideous though the idea was, I knew that I was under the same roof with
+nameless things from abysmal space; for those two voices were unmistakably the
+blasphemous buzzings which the Outside Beings used in their communication
+with men. The two were individually different - different in pitch, accent, and
+tempo - but they were both of the same damnable general kind.
+
+A third voice was indubitably that of a mechanical utterance-machine connected
+with one of the detached brains in the cylinders. There was as little doubt about
+that as about the buzzings; for the loud, metallic, lifeless voice of the previous
+evening, with its inflectionless, expressionless scraping and rattling, and its
+impersonal precision and deliberation, had been utterly unforgettable. For a time
+I did not pause to question whether the intelligence behind the scraping was the
+identical one which had formerly talked to me; but shortly afterward I reflected
+that any brain would emit vocal sounds of the same quality if linked to the same
+mechanical speech-producer; the only possible differences being in language,
+rhythm, speed, and pronunciation. To complete the eldritch colloquy there were
+two actually human voices - one the crude speech of an unknown and evidently
+rustic man, and the other the suave Bostonian tones of my erstwhile guide
+Noyes.
+
+As I tried to catch the words which the stoutly-fashioned floor so bafflingly
+intercepted, I was also conscious of a great deal of stirring and scratching and
+shuffling in the room below; so that I could not escape the impression that it was
+full of living beings - many more than the few whose speech I could single out.
+The exact nature of this stirring is extremely hard to describe, for very few good
+bases of comparison exist. Objects seemed now and then to move across the
+
+
+
+973
+
+
+
+room like conscious entities; the sound of their footfalls having something about
+it like a loose, hard-surfaced clattering - as of the contact of ill-coordinated
+surfaces of horn or hard rubber. It was, to use a more concrete but less accurate
+comparison, as if people with loose, splintery wooden shoes were shambling and
+rattling about on the polished board floor. Of the nature and appearance of those
+responsible for the sounds, I did not care to speculate.
+
+Before long I saw that it would be impossible to distinguish any connected
+discourse. Isolated words - including the names of Akeley and myself - now and
+then floated up, especially when uttered by the mechanical speech-producer; but
+their true significance was lost for want of continuous context. Today I refuse to
+form any definite deductions from them, and even their frightful effect on me
+was one of suggestion rather than of revelation. A terrible and abnormal
+conclave, I felt certain, was assembled below me; but for what shocking
+deliberations I could not tell. It was curious how this unquestioned sense of the
+malign and the blasphemous pervaded me despite Akeley's assurances of the
+Outsider's friendliness.
+
+With patient listening I began to distinguish clearly between voices, even though
+I could not grasp much of what any of the voices said. I seemed to catch certain
+typical emotions behind some of the speakers. One of the buzzing voices, for
+example, held an unmistakable note of authority; whilst the mechanical voice,
+notwithstanding its artificial loudness and regularity, seemed to be in a position
+of subordination and pleading. Noyes's tones exuded a kind of conciliatory
+atmosphere. The others I could make no attempt to interpret. I did not hear the
+familiar whisper of Akeley, but well knew that such a sound could never
+penetrate the solid flooring of my room.
+
+I will try to set down some of the few disjointed words and other sounds I
+caught, labelling the speakers of the words as best I know how. It was from the
+speech-machine that I first picked up a few recognisable phrases.
+
+(The Speech-Machine)
+
+"...brought it on myself... sent back the letters and the record... end on it...
+taken in... seeing and hearing... damn you... impersonal force, after all... fresh,
+shiny cylinder. . . great God. . ."
+
+(First Buzzing Voice)
+
+" . . .time we stopped. . . small and human. . . Akeley. . . brain. . . saying. . ."
+
+(Second Buzzing Voice)
+
+
+
+974
+
+
+
+"Nyarlathotep... Wilmarth... records and letters... cheap imposture..."
+
+(Noyes)
+
+"...(an unpronounceable word or name, possibly N'gah-Kthun) harmless...
+peace. . . couple of weeks. . . theatrical. . . told you that before. . ."
+
+(First Buzzing Voice)
+
+"...no reason... original plan... effects... Noyes can watch Round Hill... fresh
+cylinder... Noyes's car..."
+
+(Noyes)
+
+"...well... all yours... down here... rest... place..."
+
+(Several Voices at Once in Indistinguishable Speech)
+
+(Many Footsteps, Including the Peculiar Loose Stirring or Clattering)
+
+(A Curious Sort of Flapping Sound)
+
+(The Sound of an Automobile Starting and Receding)
+
+(Silence)
+
+That is the substance of what my ears brought me as I lay rigid upon that strange
+upstairs bed in the haunted farmhouse among the daemoniac hills - lay there
+fully dressed, with a revolver clenched in my right hand and a pocket flashlight
+gripped in my left. I became, as I have said, broad awake; but a kind of obscure
+paralysis nevertheless kept me inert till long after the last echoes of the sounds
+had died away. I heard the wooden, deliberate ticking of the ancient Connecticut
+clock somewhere far below, and at last made out the irregular snoring of a
+sleeper. Akeley must have dozed off after the strange session, and I could well
+believe that he needed to do so.
+
+Just what to think or what to do was more than I could decide After all, what had
+I heard beyond things which previous information might have led me to expect?
+Had I not known that the nameless Outsiders were now freely admitted to the
+farmhouse? No doubt Akeley had been surprised by an unexpected visit from
+them. Yet something in that fragmentary discourse had chilled me
+immeasurably, raised the most grotesque and horrible doubts, and made me
+wish fervently that I might wake up and prove everything a dream. I think my
+subconscious mind must have caught something which my consciousness has
+
+
+
+975
+
+
+
+not yet recognised. But what of Akeley? Was he not my friend, and would he not
+have protested if any harm were meant me? The peaceful snoring below seemed
+to cast ridicule on all my suddenly intensified fears.
+
+Was it possible that Akeley had been imposed upon and used as a lure to draw
+me into the hills with the letters and pictures and phonograph record? Did those
+beings mean to engulf us both in a common destruction because we had come to
+know too much? Again I thought of the abruptness and unnaturalness of that
+change in the situation which must have occurred between Akeley's penultimate
+and final letters. Something, my instinct told me, was terribly wrong. All was not
+as it seemed. That acrid coffee which I refused - had there not been an attempt by
+some hidden, unknown entity to drug it? I must talk to Akeley at once, and
+restore his sense of proportion. They had hypnotised him with their promises of
+cosmic revelations, but now he must listen to reason. We. must get out of this
+before it would be too late. If he lacked the will power to make the break for
+liberty. I would supply it. Or if I could not persuade him to go, I could at least go
+myself. Surely he would let me take his Ford and leave it in a garage in
+Brattleboro. I had noticed it in the shed - the door being left unlocked and open
+now that peril was deemed past - and I believed there was a good chance of its
+being ready for instant use. That momentary dislike of Akeley which I had felt
+during and after the evening's conversation was all gone now. He was in a
+position much like my own, and we must stick together. Knowing his indisposed
+condition, I hated to wake him at this juncture, but I knew that I must. I could
+not stay in this place till morning as matters stood.
+
+At last I felt able to act, and stretched myself vigorously to regain command of
+my muscles. Arising with a caution more impulsive than deliberate, I found and
+donned my hat, took my valise, and started downstairs with the flashlight's aid.
+In my nervousness I kept the revolver clutched in my right hand, being able to
+take care of both valise and flashlight with my left. Why I exerted these
+precautions I do not really know, since I was even then on my way to awaken the
+only other occupant of the house.
+
+As I half-tiptoed down the creaking stairs to the lower hall I could hear the
+sleeper more plainly, and noticed that he must be in the room on my left - the
+living-room I had not entered. On my right was the gaping blackness of the
+study in which I had heard the voices. Pushing open the unlatched door of the
+living-room I traced a path with the flashlight toward the source of the snoring,
+and finally turned the beams on the sleeper's face. But in the next second I hastily
+turned them away and commenced a catlike retreat to the hall, my caution this
+time springing from reason as well as from instinct. For the sleeper on the couch
+was not Akeley at all, but my quondam guide Noyes.
+
+
+
+976
+
+
+
+Just what the real situation was, I could not guess; but common sense told me
+that the safest thing was to find out as much as possible before arousing
+anybody. Regaining the hall, I silently closed and latched the living-room door
+after me; thereby lessening the chances of awakening Noyes. I now cautiously
+entered the dark study, where I expected to find Akeley, whether asleep or
+awake, in the great corner chair which was evidently his favorite resting-place.
+As I advanced, the beams of my flashlight caught the great centre- table,
+revealing one of the hellish cylinders with sight and hearing machines attached,
+and with a speech machine standing close by, ready to be connected at any
+moment. This, I reflected, must be the encased brain I had heard talking during
+the frightful conference; and for a second I had a perverse impulse to attach the
+speech machine and see what it would say.
+
+It must, I thought, be conscious of my presence even now; since the sight and
+hearing attachments could not fail to disclose the rays of my flashlight and the
+faint creaking of the floor beneath my feet. But in the end I did not dare meddle
+with the thing. I idly saw that it was the fresh shiny cylinder with Akeley's name
+on it, which I had noticed on the shelf earlier in the evening and which my host
+had told me not to bother. Looking back at that moment, I can only regret my
+timidity and wish that I had boldly caused the apparatus to speak. God knows
+what mysteries and horrible doubts and questions of identity it might have
+cleared up! But then, it may be merciful that I let it alone.
+
+From the table I turned my flashlight to the corner where I thought Akeley was,
+but found to my perplexity that the great easy-chair was empty of any human
+occupant asleep or awake. From the seat to the floor there trailed voluminously
+the familiar old dressing-gown, and near it on the floor lay the yellow scarf and
+the huge foot-bandages I had thought so odd. As I hesitated, striving to
+conjecture where Akeley might be, and why he had so suddenly discarded his
+necessary sick-room garments, I observed that the queer odour and sense of
+vibration were no longer in the room. What had been their cause? Curiously it
+occurred to me that I had noticed them only in Akeley's vicinity. They had been
+strongest where he sat, and wholly absent except in the room with him or just
+outside the doors of that room. I paused, letting the flashlight wander about the
+dark study and racking my brain for explanations of the turn affairs had taken.
+
+Would to Heaven I had quietly left the place before allowing that light to rest
+again on the vacant chair. As it turned out, I did not leave quietly; but with a
+muffled shriek which must have disturbed, though it did not quite awake, the
+sleeping sentinel across the hall. That shriek, and Noyes's still-unbroken snore,
+are the last sounds I ever heard in that morbidity-choked farmhouse beneath the
+black-wooded crest of haunted mountain - that focus of transcosmic horror
+amidst the lonely green hills and curse-muttering brooks of a spectral rustic land.
+
+
+
+977
+
+
+
+It is a wonder that I did not drop flashlight, valise, and revolver in my wild
+scramble, but somehow I failed to lose any of these. I actually managed to get out
+of that room and that house without making any further noise, to drag myself
+and my belongings safely into the old Ford in the shed, and to set that archaic
+vehicle in motion toward some unknown point of safety in the black, moonless
+night. The ride that followed was a piece of delirium out of Poe or Rimbaud or
+the drawings of Dore, but finally I reached Townshend. That is all. If my sanity is
+still unshaken, I am lucky. Sometimes I fear what the years will bring, especially
+since that new planet Pluto has been so curiously discovered.
+
+As I have implied, I let my flashlight return to the vacant easy-chair after its
+circuit of the room; then noticing for the first time the presence of certain objects
+in the seat, made inconspicuous by the adjacent loose folds of the empty
+dressing-gown. These are the objects, three in number, which the investigators
+did not find when they came later on. As I said at the outset, there was nothing
+of actual visual horror about them. The trouble was in what they led one to infer.
+Even now I have my moments of half-doubt - moments in which I half-accept the
+scepticism of those who attribute my whole experience to dream and nerves and
+delusion.
+
+The three things were damnably clever constructions of their kind, and were
+furnished with ingenious metallic clamps to attach them to organic
+developments of which I dare not form any conjecture. I hope - devoutly hope-
+that they were the waxen products of a master artist, despite what my inmost
+fears tell me. Great God! That whisperer in darkness with its morbid odour and
+vibrations! Sorcerer, emissary, changeling, outsider.. . that hideous repressed
+buzzing. . . and all the time in that fresh, shiny cylinder on the shelf. . . poor devil
+. . . "Prodigious surgical, biological, chemical, and mechanical skill.. .
+
+For the things in the chair, perfect to the last, subtle detail of microscopic
+resemblance - or identity - were the face and hands of Henry Wentworth Akeley.
+
+
+
+978
+
+
+
+The White Ship
+
+
+
+Written November 1919
+
+Published November 1919 in The United Amateur, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 30-33.
+
+I am Basil Elton, keeper of the North Point light that my father and grandfather
+kept before me. Far from the shore stands the gray lighthouse, above sunken
+slimy rocks that are seen when the tide is low, but unseen when the tide is high.
+Past that beacon for a century have swept the majestic barques of the seven seas.
+In the days of my grandfather there were many; in the days of my father not so
+many; and now there are so few that I sometimes feel strangely alone, as though
+I were the last man on our planet.
+
+From far shores came those white-sailed argosies of old; from far Eastern shores
+where warm suns shine and sweet odors linger about strange gardens and gay
+temples. The old captains of the sea came often to my grandfather and told him
+of these things which in turn he told to my father, and my father told to me in the
+long autumn evenings when the wind howled eerily from the East. And I have
+read more of these things, and of many things besides, in the books men gave me
+when I was young and filled with wonder.
+
+But more wonderful than the lore of old men and the lore of books is the secret
+lore of ocean. Blue, green, gray, white or black; smooth, ruffled, or mountainous;
+that ocean is not silent. All my days have I watched it and listened to it, and I
+know it well. At first it told to me only the plain little tales of calm beaches and
+near ports, but with the years it grew more friendly and spoke of other things; of
+things more strange and more distant in space and time. Sometimes at twilight
+the gray vapors of the horizon have parted to grant me glimpses of the ways
+beyond; and sometimes at night the deep waters of the sea have grown clear and
+phosphorescent, to grant me glimpses of the ways beneath. And these glimpses
+have been as often of the ways that were and the ways that might be, as of the
+ways that are; for ocean is more ancient than the mountains, and freighted with
+the memories and the dreams of Time.
+
+Out of the South it was that the White Ship used to come when the moon was
+full and high in the heavens. Out of the South it would glide very smoothly and
+silently over the sea. And whether the sea was rough or calm, and whether the
+wind was friendly or adverse, it would always glide smoothly and silently, its
+sails distant and its long strange tiers of oars moving rhythmically. One night I
+espied upon the deck a man, bearded and robed, and he seemed to beckon me to
+
+
+
+979
+
+
+
+embark for far unknown shores. Many times afterward I saw him under the full
+moon, and never did he beckon me.
+
+Very brightly did the moon shine on the night I answered the call, and I walked
+out over the waters to the White Ship on a bridge of moonbeams. The man who
+had beckoned now spoke a welcome to me in a soft language I seemed to know
+well, and the hours were filled with soft songs of the oarsmen as we glided away
+into a mysterious South, golden with the glow of that full, mellow moon.
+
+And when the day dawned, rosy and effulgent, I beheld the green shore of far
+lands, bright and beautiful, and to me unknown. Up from the sea rose lordly
+terraces of verdure, tree-studded, and shewing here and there the gleaming
+white roofs and colonnades of strange temples. As we drew nearer the green
+shore the bearded man told me of that land, the land of Zar, where dwell all the
+dreams and thoughts of beauty that come to men once and then are forgotten.
+And when I looked upon the terraces again I saw that what he said was true, for
+among the sights before me were many things I had once seen through the mists
+beyond the horizon and in the phosphorescent depths of ocean. There too were
+forms and fantasies more splendid than any I had ever known; the visions of
+young poets who died in want before the world could learn of what they had
+seen and dreamed. But we did not set foot upon the sloping meadows of Zar, for
+it is told that he who treads them may nevermore return to his native shore.
+
+As the White Ship sailed silently away from the templed terraces of Zar, we
+beheld on the distant horizon ahead the spires of a mighty city; and the bearded
+man said to me, "This is Thalarion, the City of a Thousand Wonders, wherein
+reside all those mysteries that man has striven in vain to fathom." And I looked
+again, at closer range, and saw that the city was greater than any city I had
+known or dreamed of before. Into the sky the spires of its temples reached, so
+that no man might behold their peaks; and far back beyond the horizon stretched
+the grim, gray walls, over which one might spy only a few roofs, weird and
+ominous, yet adorned with rich friezes and alluring sculptures. I yearned
+mightily to enter this fascinating yet repellent city, and besought the bearded
+man to land me at the stone pier by the huge carven gate Akariel; but he gently
+denied my wish, saying, "Into Thalarion, the City of a Thousand Wonders, many
+have passed but none returned. Therein walk only daemons and mad things that
+are no longer men, and the streets are white with the unburied bones of those
+who have looked upon the eidolon Lathi, that reigns over the city." So the White
+Ship sailed on past the walls of Thalarion, and followed for many days a
+southward-flying bird, whose glossy plumage matched the sky out of which it
+had appeared.
+
+
+
+980
+
+
+
+Then came we to a pleasant coast gay with blossoms of every hue, where as far
+inland as we could see basked lovely groves and radiant arbors beneath a
+meridian sun. From bowers beyond our view came bursts of song and snatches
+of lyric harmony, interspersed with faint laughter so delicious that I urged the
+rowers onward in my eagerness to reach the scene. And the bearded man spoke
+no word, but watched me as we approached the lily-lined shore. Suddenly a
+wind blowing from over the flowery meadows and leafy woods brought a scent
+at which I trembled. The wind grew stronger, and the air was filled with the
+lethal, charnel odor of plague-stricken towns and uncovered cemeteries. And as
+we sailed madly away from that damnable coast the bearded man spoke at last,
+saying, "This is Xura, the Land of Pleasures Unattained."
+
+So once more the White Ship followed the bird of heaven, over warm blessed
+seas fanned by caressing, aromatic breezes. Day after day and night after night
+did we sail, and when the moon was full we would listen to soft songs of the
+oarsmen, sweet as on that distant night when we sailed away from my far native
+land. And it was by moonlight that we anchored at last in the harbor of Sona-
+Nyl, which is guarded by twin headlands of crystal that rise from the sea and
+meet in a resplendent arch. This is the Land of Fancy, and we walked to the
+verdant shore upon a golden bridge of moonbeams.
+
+In the Land of Sona-Nyl there is neither time nor space, neither suffering nor
+death; and there I dwelt for many aeons. Green are the groves and pastures,
+bright and fragrant the flowers, blue and musical the streams, clear and cool the
+fountains, and stately and gorgeous the temples, castles, and cities of Sona- Nyl.
+Of that land there is no bound, for beyond each vista of beauty rises another
+more beautiful. Over the countryside and amidst the splendor of cities can move
+at will the happy folk, of whom all are gifted with unmarred grace and
+unalloyed happiness. For the aeons that I dwelt there I wandered blissfully
+through gardens where quaint pagodas peep from pleasing clumps of bushes,
+and where the white walks are bordered with delicate blossoms. I climbed gentle
+hills from whose summits I could see entrancing panoramas of loveliness, with
+steepled towns nestling in verdant valleys, and with the golden domes of
+gigantic cities glittering on the infinitely distant horizon. And I viewed by
+moonlight the sparkling sea, the crystal headlands, and the placid harbor
+wherein lay anchored the White Ship.
+
+It was against the full moon one night in the immemorial year of Tharp that I
+saw outlined the beckoning form of the celestial bird, and felt the first stirrings of
+unrest. Then I spoke with the bearded man, and told him of my new yearnings to
+depart for remote Cathuria, which no man hath seen, but which all believe to lie
+beyond the basalt pillars of the West. It is the Land of Hope, and in it shine the
+perfect ideals of all that we know elsewhere; or at least so men relate. But the
+
+
+
+981
+
+
+
+bearded man said to me, "Beware of those perilous seas wherein men say
+Cathuria Hes. In Sona-Nyl there is no pain or death, but who can tell what lies
+beyond the basalt pillars of the West?" Natheless at the next full moon I boarded
+the White Ship, and with the reluctant bearded man left the happy harbor for
+untraveled seas.
+
+And the bird of heaven flew before, and led us toward the basalt pillars of the
+West, but this time the oarsmen sang no soft songs under the full moon. In my
+mind I would often picture the unknown Land of Cathuria with its splendid
+groves and palaces, and would wonder what new delights there awaited me.
+"Cathuria," I would say to myself, "is the abode of gods and the land of
+unnumbered cities of gold. Its forests are of aloe and sandalwood, even as the
+fragrant groves of Camorin, and among the trees flutter gay birds sweet with
+song. On the green and flowery mountains of Cathuria stand temples of pink
+marble, rich with carven and painted glories, and having in their courtyards cool
+fountains of silver, where purr with ravishing music the scented waters that
+come from the grotto-born river Narg. And the cities of Cathuria are cinctured
+with golden walls, and their pavements also are of gold. In the gardens of these
+cities are strange orchids, and perfumed lakes whose beds are of coral and
+amber. At night the streets and the gardens are lit with gay lanthorns fashioned
+from the three-colored shell of the tortoise, and here resound the soft notes of the
+singer and the lutanist. And the houses of the cities of Cathuria are all palaces,
+each built over a fragrant canal bearing the waters of the sacred Narg. Of marble
+and porphyry are the houses, and roofed with glittering gold that reflects the
+rays of the sun and enhances the splendor of the cities as blissful gods view them
+from the distant peaks. Fairest of all is the palace of the great monarch Dorieb,
+whom some say to be a demi-god and others a god. High is the palace of Dorieb,
+and many are the turrets of marble upon its walls. In its wide halls many
+multitudes assemble, and here hang the trophies of the ages. And the roof is of
+pure gold, set upon tall pillars of ruby and azure, and having such carven figures
+of gods and heroes that he who looks up to those heights seems to gaze upon the
+living Olympus. And the floor of the palace is of glass, under which flow the
+cunningly lighted waters of the Narg, gay with gaudy fish not known beyond the
+bounds of lovely Cathuria."
+
+Thus would I speak to myself of Cathuria, but ever would the bearded man warn
+me to turn back to the happy shore of Sona-Nyl; for Sona-Nyl is known of men,
+while none hath ever beheld Cathuria.
+
+And on the thirty-first day that we followed the bird, we beheld the basalt pillars
+of the West. Shrouded in mist they were, so that no man might peer beyond
+them or see their summits — which indeed some say reach even to the heavens.
+And the bearded man again implored me to turn back, but I heeded him not; for
+
+
+
+982
+
+
+
+from the mists beyond the basah pillars I fancied there came the notes of singers
+and lutanists; sweeter than the sweetest songs of Sona-Nyl, and sounding mine
+own praises; the praises of me, who had voyaged far from the full moon and
+dwelt in the Land of Fancy. So to the sound of melody the White Ship sailed into
+the mist betwixt the basalt pillars of the West. And when the music ceased and
+the mist lifted, we beheld not the Land of Cathuria, but a swift-rushing resistless
+sea, over which our helpless barque was borne toward some unknown goal.
+Soon to our ears came the distant thunder of falling waters, and to our eyes
+appeared on the far horizon ahead the titanic spray of a monstrous cataract,
+wherein the oceans of the world drop down to abysmal nothingness. Then did
+the bearded man say to me, with tears on his cheek, "We have rejected the
+beautiful Land of Sona-Nyl, which we may never behold again. The gods are
+greater than men, and they have conquered." And I closed my eyes before the
+crash that I knew would come, shutting out the sight of the celestial bird which
+flapped its mocking blue wings over the brink of the torrent.
+
+Out of that crash came darkness, and I heard the shrieking of men and of things
+which were not men. From the East tempestuous winds arose, and chilled me as
+I crouched on the slab of damp stone which had risen beneath my feet. Then as I
+heard another crash I opened my eyes and beheld myself upon the platform of
+that lighthouse whence I had sailed so many aeons ago. In the darkness below
+there loomed the vast blurred outlines of a vessel breaking up on the cruel rocks,
+and as I glanced out over the waste I saw that the light had failed for the first
+time since my grandfather had assumed its care.
+
+And in the later watches of the night, when I went within the tower, I saw on the
+wall a calendar which still remained as when I had left it at the hour I sailed
+away. With the dawn I descended the tower and looked for wreckage upon the
+rocks, but what I found was only this: a strange dead bird whose hue was as of
+the azure sky, and a single shattered spar, of a whiteness greater than that of the
+wave-tips or of the mountain snow.
+
+And thereafter the ocean told me its secrets no more; and though many times
+since has the moon shone full and high in the heavens, the White Ship from the
+South came never again.
+
+
+
+983
+
+
+
+What the Moon Brings
+
+Written 5 June 1922
+
+Published May 1923 in The National Amateur, Vol. 45, No. 5, page 9
+
+I hate the moon - I am afraid of it - for when it shines on certain scenes familiar
+and loved it sometimes makes them unfamiliar and hideous.
+
+It was in the spectral summer when the moon shone down on the old garden
+where I wandered; the spectral summer of narcotic flowers and humid seas of
+foliage that bring wild and many-coloured dreams. And as I walked by the
+shallow crystal stream I saw unwonted ripples tipped with yellow light, as if
+those placid waters were drawn on in resistless currents to strange oceans that
+are not in the world. Silent and sparkling, bright and baleful, those moon-cursed
+waters hurried I knew not whither; whilst from the embowered banks white
+lotos-blossoms fluttered one by one in the opiate night-wind and dropped
+despairingly into the stream, swirling away horribly under the arched, carven
+bridge, and staring back with the sinister resignation of calm, dead faces.
+
+And as I ran along the shore, crushing sleeping flowers with heedless feet and
+maddened ever by the fear of unknown things and the lure of the dead faces, I
+saw that the garden had no end under that moon; for where by day the walls
+were, there stretched now only new vistas of trees and paths, flowers and shrubs,
+stone idols and pagodas, and bendings of the yellow-litten stream past grassy
+banks and under grotesque bridges of marble. And the lips of the dead lotos-
+faces whispered sadly, and bade me follow, nor did I cease my steps till the
+stream became a river, and joined amidst marshes of swaying reeds and beaches
+of gleaming sand the shore of a vast and nameless sea.
+
+Upon that sea the hateful moon shone, and over its unvocal waves weird
+perfumes breeded. And as I saw therein the lotos-faces vanish, I longed for nets
+that I might capture them and learn from them the secrets which the moon had
+brought upon the night. But when that moon went over to the west and the still
+tide ebbed from the sullen shore, I saw in that light old spires that the waves
+almost uncovered, and white columns gay with festoons of green seaweed. And
+knowing that to this sunken place all the dead had come, I trembled and did not
+wish again to speak with the lotos-faces.
+
+Yet when I saw afar out in the sea a black condor descend from the sky to seek
+rest on a vast reef, I would fain have questioned him, and asked him of those
+whom I had known when they were alive. This I would have asked him had he
+
+
+
+984
+
+
+
+not been so far away, but he was very far, and could not be seen at all when he
+drew nigh that gigantic reef.
+
+So I watched the tide go out under that sinking moon, and saw gleaming the
+spires, the towers, and the roofs of that dead, dripping city. And as I watched,
+my nostrils tried to close against the perfume- conquering stench of the world's
+dead; for truly, in this unplaced and forgotten spot had all the flesh of the
+churchyards gathered for puffy sea-worms to gnaw and glut upon.
+
+Over these horrors the evil moon now hung very low, but the puffy worms of the
+sea need no moon to feed by. And as I watched the ripples that told of the
+writhing of worms beneath, I felt a new chill from afar out whither the condor
+had flown, as if my flesh had caught a horror before my eyes had seen it.
+
+Nor had my flesh trembled without cause, for when I raised my eyes I saw that
+the waters had ebbed very low, shewing much of the vast reef whose rim I had
+seen before. And when I saw that the reef was but the black basalt crown of a
+shocking eikon whose monstrous forehead now shown in the dim moonlight and
+whose vile hooves must paw the hellish ooze miles below, I shrieked and
+shrieked lest the hidden face rise above the waters, and lest the hidden eyes look
+at me after the slinking away of that leering and treacherous yellow moon.
+
+And to escape this relentless thing I plunged gladly and unhesitantly into the
+stinking shallows where amidst weedy walls and sunken streets fat sea-worms
+feast upon the world's dead.
+
+
+
+985
+
+
+
+Medusa's Coil - with Zealia Bishop
+
+Written May 1930
+
+Published January 1939 in Weird Tales, 33, No. 1, 26-53.
+
+The drive toward Cape Girardeau had been through unfamiliar country; and as
+the late afternoon light grew golden and half-dreamlike I realized that I must
+have directions if I expected to reach the town before night. I did not care to be
+wandering about these bleak southern Missouri lowlands after dark, for roads
+were poor and the November cold rather formidable in an open roadster. Black
+clouds, too, were massing on the horizon; so I looked about among the long, grey
+and blue shadows that streaked the flat, brownish fields, hoping to glimpse some
+house where I might get the needed information.
+
+It was a lonely and deserted country, but at last I spied a roof among a clump of
+trees near the small river on my right; perhaps a full half-mile from the road, and
+probably reachable by some path or drive which I would presently come upon.
+In the absence of any nearer dwelling, I resolved to try my luck there; and was
+glad when the bushes by the roadside revealed the ruin of a carved stone
+gateway, covered with dry, dead vines and choked with undergrowth which
+explained why I had not been able to trace the path across the fields in my first
+distant view. I saw that I could not drive the car in, so I parked it very carefully
+near the gate - where a thick evergreen would shield it in case of rain - and got
+out for the long walk to the house.
+
+Traversing that brush-growth path in the gathering twilight I was conscious of a
+distinct sense of foreboding, probably induced by the air of sinister decay
+hovering about the gate and the former driveway. From the carvings on the old
+stone pillars I inferred that this place was once an estate of manorial dignity; and
+I could clearly see that the driveway had originally boasted guardian lines of
+linden trees, some of which had died, while others had lost their special identity
+among the wild scrub growths of the region.
+
+As I ploughed onward, cockleburs and stickers clung to my clothes, and I began
+to wonder whether the place could be inhabited after all. Was I tramping on a
+vain errand? For a moment I was tempted to go back and try some farm farther
+along the road, when a view of the house ahead aroused my curiosity and
+stimulated my venturesome spirit.
+
+There was something provocatively fascinating in the tree-girt, decrepit pile
+before me, for it spoke of the graces and spaciousness of a bygone era and a far
+
+
+
+986
+
+
+
+more southerly environment. It was a typical wooden plantation house of the
+classic, early nineteenth-century pattern, with two and a half stories and a great
+Ionic portico whose pillars reached up as far as the attic and supported a
+triangular pediment. Its state of decay was extreme and obvious; one of the vast
+columns having rotted and fallen to the ground, while the upper piazza or
+balcony had sagged dangerously low. Other buildings, I judged, had formerly
+stood near it.
+
+As I mounted the broad stone steps to the low porch and the carved and
+fanlighted doorway I felt distinctly nervous, and started to light a cigarette -
+desisting when I saw how dry and inflammable everything about me was.
+Though now convinced that the house was deserted, I nevertheless hesitated to
+violate its dignity without knocking; so tugged at the rusty iron knocker until I
+could get it to move, and finally set up a cautious rapping which seemed to make
+the whole place shake and rattle. There was no response, yet once more I plied
+the cumbrous, creaking device - as much to dispel the sense of unholy silence
+and solitude as to arouse any possible occupant of the ruin.
+
+Somewhere near the river I heard the mournful not of a dove, and it seemed as if
+the coursing water itself were faintly audible. Half in a dream, I seized and
+rattled the ancient latch, and finally gave the great six- panelled door a frank
+trying. It was unlocked, as I could see in a moment; and though it stuck and
+grated on its hinges I began to push it open, stepping through it into a vast
+shadowy hall as I did so.
+
+But the moment I took this step I regretted it. It was not that a legion of specters
+confronted me in that dim and dusty hall with the ghostly Empire furniture; but
+that I knew all at once that the place was not deserted at all. There was a creaking
+on the great curved staircase, and the sound of faltering footsteps slowly
+descending. Then I saw a tall, bent figure silhouetted for an instant against the
+great Palladian window on the landing.
+
+My first start of terror was soon over, and as the figure descended the final flight
+I was ready to greet the householder whose privacy I had invaded. In the semi-
+darkness I could see him reach in his pocket for a match. There came a flare as he
+lighted a small kerosene lamp which stood on a rickety console table near the
+foot of the stairs. In the feeble glow was revealed the stooping figure of a very
+tall, emaciated old man; disordered as to dress and unshaved as to face, yet for
+all that with the bearing and expression of a gentleman.
+
+I did not wait for him to speak, but at once began to explain my presence.
+
+
+
+987
+
+
+
+"You'll pardon my coining in like this, but when my knocking didn't raise
+anybody I concluded that no one lived here. What I wanted originally was to
+know the right road to Cape Girardeau - the shortest road, that is. I wanted to get
+there before dark, but now, of course - "
+
+As I paused, the man spoke; in exactly the cultivated tone I had expected, and
+with a mellow accent as unmistakably Southern as the house he inhabited.
+
+"Rather, you must pardon me for not answering your knock more promptly. I
+live in a very retired way, and am not usually expecting visitors. At first I
+thought you were a mere curiosity-seeker. Then when you knocked again I
+started to answer, but I am not well and have to move very slowly. Spinal
+neuritis - very troublesome case.
+
+"But as for your getting to town before dark - it's plain you can't do that. The
+road you are one - for I suppose you came from the gate - isn't the best or
+shortest way. What you must do is to take your first left after you leave the gate -
+that is, the first real road to your left. There are three or four cart paths you can
+ignore, but you can't mistake the real road because of the extra large willow tree
+on the right just opposite it. Then when you've turned, keep on past two roads
+and turn to the right along the third. After that - "
+
+"Please wait a moment! How can I follow all these clues in pitch darkness,
+without ever having been near here before, and with only an indifferent pair of
+headlights to tell me what is and what isn't a road? Besides, I think it's going to
+storm pretty soon, and my car is an open one. It looks as if I were in a bad fix if I
+want to get to Cape Girardeau tonight. The fact is, I don't think I'd better try to
+make it. I don't like to impose burdens, or anything like that - but in view of the
+circumstances, do you suppose you could put me up for the night? I won't be
+any trouble - no meals or anything. Just let me have a corner to sleep in till
+daylight, and I'm all right. I can leave the car in the road where it is - a bit of wet
+weather won't hurt it if worst comes to worst."
+
+As I made my sudden request I could see the old man's face lose its former
+expression of quiet resignation and take on an odd, surprised look.
+
+"Sleep - here?"
+
+He seemed so astonished at my request that I repeated it.
+
+"Yes, why not? I assure you I won't be any trouble. What else can I do? I'm a
+stranger hereabouts, these roads are a labyrinth in the dark, and I'll wager it'll be
+raining torrents outside of an hour - "
+
+
+
+988
+
+
+
+This time it my host's turn to interrupt, and as he did so I could feel a peculiar
+quality in his deep, musical voice.
+
+"A stranger - of course you must be, else you wouldn't think of sleeping here,
+wouldn't think of coming here at all. People don't come here nowadays."
+
+He paused, and my desire to stay was increased a thousandfold by the sense of
+mystery his laconic words seemed to evoke. There was surely something
+alluringly queer about this place, and the pervasive musty smell seemed to cloak
+a thousand secrets. Again I noticed the extreme decrepitude of everything about
+me; manifest even in the feeble rays of the single small lamp. I felt woefully
+chilly, and saw with regret that no heating was provided, and yet so great was
+my curiosity that I still wished most ardently to stay and learn something of the
+recluse and his dismal abode.
+
+"Let that be as it may," I replied. "I can't help about other people. But I surely
+would like to have a spot to stop till daylight. Still - if people don't relish this
+place, mayn't it be because it's getting so run-down? Of course I suppose it a take
+a fortune to keep such an estate up, but if the burden's too great why don't you
+look for smaller quarters? Why try to stick it out here in this way - with all the
+hardships and discomforts?"
+
+The man did not seem offended, but answered me very gravely.
+
+"Surely you may stay if you really wish to - you can come to no harm that I
+know of. But others claim there are certain peculiarly undesirable influences
+here. As for me - 1 stay here because I have to. There is something I feel it a duty
+to guard - something that holds me. I wish I had the money and health and
+ambition to take decent care of the house and grounds."
+
+With my curiosity still more heightened, I prepared to take my host at his word;
+and followed him slowly upstairs when he motioned me to do so. It was very
+dark now, and a faint pattering outside told me that the threatened rain had
+come. I would have been glad of any shelter, but this was doubly welcome
+because of the hints of mystery about the place and its master. For an incurable
+lover of the grotesque, no more fitting haven could have been provided.
+
+II
+
+There was a second-floor corner room in less unkempt shape than the rest of the
+house, and into this my host led me, setting down his small lamp and lighting a
+somewhat larger one. From the cleanliness and contents of the room, and from
+the books ranged along the walls, I could see that I had not guessed amiss in
+
+
+
+989
+
+
+
+thinking the man a gentleman of taste of breeding. He was a hermit and
+eccentric, no doubt, but he still had standards and intellectual interests. As he
+waved me to a seat I began a conversation on general topics, and was pleased to
+find him not at all taciturn. If anything, he seemed glad of someone to talk, and
+did not even attempt to swerve the discussion from personal topics.
+
+He was, I learned, one Antoine de Russy, of an ancient, powerful, and cultivated
+line of Louisiana planters. More than a century ago his grandfather, a younger
+so, had migrated to southern Missouri and founded a new estate in the lavish
+ancestral manner; building this pillared mansion and surrounding it with all the
+accessories of a great plantation. There had been, at one time, as many as 200
+negroes in the cabins which stood on the flat ground in the rear - ground that the
+river had now invaded - and to hear them singing and laughing and playing the
+banjo at night was to know the fullest charm of a civilization and social order
+now sadly extinct. In front of the house, where the great guardian oaks and
+willows stood, there had been a lawn like a broad green carpet, always watered
+and trimmed and with flagstoned, flower-bordered walks curving through it.
+"Riverside" - for such the place was called - had been a lovely and idyllic
+homestead in its day; and my host could recall it when many traces of its best
+period.
+
+It was raining hard now, with dense sheets of water beating against the insecure
+roof, walls, and windows, and sending in drops through a thousand chinks and
+crevices. Moisture trickled down to the floor from unsuspected places, and the
+mounting wind rattled the rotting, loose-hinged shutters outside. But I minded
+none of this, for I saw that a story was coming. Incited to reminiscence, my host
+made a move to shew me to sleeping-quarters; but kept on recalling the older,
+better days. Soon, I saw, I would receive an inkling of why he lived alone in that
+ancient place, and why his neighbours thought it full of undesirable influences.
+His voice was very musical as he spoke on, and his tale soon took a turn which
+left me no chance to grow drowsy.
+
+"Yes - Riverside was built in 1816, and my father was born in 1828. He'd be over
+a century old now if he were alive, but he died young - so young I can just barely
+remember him. In '64 that was - he was killed in the war. Seventh Louisiana
+Infantry C.S.A., for he went back to the old home to enlist. My grandfather was
+too old to fight, yet he lived on to be ninety-five, and helped my mother bring me
+up. A good bringing-up, too - I'll give them credit. We always had strong
+traditions - high notions of honor - and my grandfather saw to it that I grew up
+the way de Russys have grown up, generation after generation, ever since the
+Crusades. We weren't quite wiped out financially, but managed to get on very
+comfortable after the war. I went to a good school in Louisiana, and later to
+
+
+
+990
+
+
+
+Princeton. Later on I was able to get the plantation on a fairly profitable basis -
+though you see what it's come to now.
+
+"My mother died when I was twenty, and my grandfather two years later. It was
+rather lonely after that; and in '85 I married a distant cousin in New Orleans.
+Things might have bee different if she'd lived, but she died when my son Denis
+was born. Then I had only Denis. I didn't try marriage again, but gave all my
+time to the boy. He was like me - like all the de Russys - darkish and tall and
+thin, and with the devil of a temper. I gave him the same training my
+grandfather had give me, but he didn't need much training when it came to
+points of honor. It was in him, I reckon. Never saw such high spirit - all I could
+do to keep him from running away to the Spanish War when he was eleven!
+Romantic young devil, too - full of high notions - you'd call 'em Victorian, now -
+no trouble at all to make him let the nigger wenches alone. I sent him to the same
+school I'd gone to, and to Princeton, too. He was Class of 1909.
+
+"In the end he decided to be a doctor, and went a year to the Harvard Medical
+School. Then he hit on the idea of keeping to the old French tradition of the
+family, and argued me into sending him across to the Sorbonne. I did - and
+proudly enough, though I knew I'd be how lonely I'd be with him so far off.
+Would to God I hadn't! I thought he was the safest kind of boy to be in Paris. He
+had a room in the Rue St. Jacques - that's near the University in the 'Latin
+Quarter' - but according to his letters and his friends he didn't cut up with the
+gayer dogs at all. The people he knew were mostly young fellows from home -
+serious students and artists who thought more of their work than of striking
+attitudes and painting the town red.
+
+"But of course there were lots of fellows who were on a sort of dividing line
+between serious studies and the devil. The aesthetes - the decadents, you know.
+Experiments in life and sensation - the Baudelaire kind of a chap. Naturally
+Denis ran up against a good many of these, and saw a good deal of their life.
+They had all sorts of crazy circles and cults - imitation devil-worship, fake Black
+Masses, and the like. Doubt if it did them much harm on the whole - probably
+most of 'em forgot all about it in a year or two. One of the deepest in this queer
+stuff was a fellow Denis had known at school - for that matter, whose father I'd
+known myself. Frank Marsh, of New Orleans. Disciple of Lafcadio Hearn and
+Gauguin and Van Gogh - regular epitome of the yellow 'nineties. Poor devil - he
+had the makings of a great artist, at that.
+
+"Marsh was the oldest friend Denis had in Paris, so as a matter of course they
+saw a good deal of each other - to talk over old times at St. Clair academy, and all
+that. The boy wrote me a good deal about him, and I didn't see any especial
+harm when he spoke of the group of mystics Marsh ran with. It seems there was
+
+
+
+991
+
+
+
+some cult of prehistoric Egyptian and Carthaginian magic having a rage among
+the Bohemian element on the left bank - some nonsensical thing that pretended
+to reach back to forgotten sources of hidden truth in lost African civilisations -
+the great Zimbabwe, the dead Atlantean cities in the Haggar region of the Sahara
+- and they had a lot of gibberish concerned with snakes and human hair. At least,
+I called it gibberish, then. Denis used to quote Marsh as saying odd things about
+the veiled facts behind the legend of Medusa's snaky locks - and behind the later
+Ptolemaic myth of Berenice, who offered up her hair to save her husband-
+brother, and had it set in the sky as the constellation Coma Berenices.
+
+"I don't think this business made much impression on Denis until the night of
+the queer ritual at Marsh's rooms when he met the priestess. Most of the
+devotees of the cult were young fellows, but the head of it was a young woman
+who called herself 'Tanit-Isis' - letting it be known that her real name - her name
+in this latest incarnation, as she put it - was Marceline Bedard. She claimed to be
+the left-handed daughter of Marquis de Chameaux, and seemed to have been
+both a petty artist and an artist's model before adopting this more lucrative
+magical game. Someone said she had lived for a time in the West Indies -
+Martinique, I think - but she was very reticent about herself. Part of her pose was
+a great show of austerity and holiness, but I don't think the more experienced
+students took that very seriously.
+
+"Denis, though, was far from experienced, and wrote me fully ten pages of slush
+about the goddess he had discovered. If I'd only realised his simplicity I might
+have done something, but I never thought a puppy infatuation like could mean
+much. I felt absurdly sure that Denis' touchy personal honour and family pride
+would always keep him out of the most serious complications.
+
+"As time went, though, his letters began to make me nervous. He mentioned this
+Marceline more and more, and his friends less and les, and began talking about
+the 'cruel and silly way' they declined to introduce her to their mothers and
+sisters. He seems to have asked her no questions about herself, and I don't doubt
+but that she filled him full of romantic legendry concerning her origin and divine
+revelations and the way people slighted her. At length I could see that Denis was
+altogether cutting his own crowd and spending the bulk of his time with his
+alluring priestess. At her especial request he never told the old crowd of their
+continual meetings; so nobody over there tried to break the affair up.
+
+"I suppose she thought he was fabulously rich; for he had the air of a patrician,
+and people of a certain class think all aristocratic Americans are wealthy. In any
+case, she probably thought this a rare chance to contract a genuine right-handed
+alliance with a really eligible young man. By the time my nervousness burst into
+open advice, it was too late. The boy had lawfully married her, and wrote that he
+
+
+
+992
+
+
+
+was dropping his studies and bringing the woman home to Riverside. He said
+she had made a great sacrifice and resigned her leadership of the magical cult,
+and that henceforward she would be merely a private gentlewoman - the future
+mistress of Riverside, and mother of de Russys to come.
+
+"Well, sir, I took it the best way I could. I knew that sophisticated Continentals
+have different standards from our old American ones - and anyway, I really
+knew nothing against the woman. A charlatan, perhaps, but why necessarily any
+worse? I suppose I tried to keep as naive as possible about such things in those
+days, for the boy's sake. Clearly, there was nothing for a man of sense to do but
+let Denis alone so long as his new wife conformed to de Russy ways. Let her
+have a chance to prove herself - perhaps she wouldn't hurt the family as much as
+some might fear. So I didn't raise any objections or ask any penitence. The thing
+was done, and I stood ready to welcome the boy back, whatever he brought with
+him.
+
+"They got here three weeks after the telegram telling of marriage. Marceline was
+beautiful - there was no denying that - and I could see how the boy might very
+well get foolish about her. She did have an air of breeding, and I think to this day
+she must have had some strains of good blood in her. She was apparently not
+much over twenty; of medium size, fairly slim, and as graceful as a tigress in
+posture and motion. Her complexion was a deep olive - like old ivory - and her
+eyes were large and very dark. She had small, classically regular features -
+though not quite clean-cut enough to suit my taste - and the most singular braid
+of jet black hair that I ever saw.
+
+"I didn't wonder that she had dragged the subject of hair into her magical cult,
+for with that heavy profusion of it the idea must have occurred to her naturally.
+Coiled up, it made her look like some Oriental princess in a drawing of Aubrey
+Beardsley's. Hanging down her back, it came well below her knees and shone in
+the light as if it had possessed some separate, unholy vitality of its own. I would
+almost have thought of Medusa or Berenice myself - without having such things
+suggested to me - upon seeing and studying that hair.
+
+"Sometimes I thought it moved slightly of itself, and tended to arrange itself in
+distinct ropes or strands, but this may have been sheer illusion. She braided it
+incessantly, and seemed to use some sort of preparation on it. I got the notion
+once - a curious, whimsical notion - that it was a living being which she had to
+feed in some strange way. All nonsense - but it added to my feeling of constraint
+about her and her hair.
+
+"For I can't deny that I failed to like her wholly, no matter how hard I tried. I
+couldn't tell what the trouble was, but it was there. Something about her repelled
+
+
+
+993
+
+
+
+me very subtly, and I could not help weaving morbid and macabre associations
+about everything connected with her. Her complexion called up thoughts of
+Babylon, Atlantis, Lemuria, and the terrible forgotten dominations of an elder
+world; her eyes struck me sometimes as the eyes of some unholy forest creature
+or animal goddess too immeasurably ancient to be fully human; and her hair -
+that dense, exotic, overnourished growth of oily inkiness - made one shiver as a
+great black python might have done. There was no doubt but that she realised
+my involuntary attitude - though I tried to hide it, and she tried to hide the fact
+that she noticed it.
+
+"Yet the boy's infatuation lasted. He positively fawned on her, and overdid all
+the little gallantries of daily life to a sickening degree. She appeared to return the
+feeling, though I could see it took a conscious effort to make her duplicate his
+enthusiasms and extravagances. For one thing, I think she was piqued to learn
+we weren't as wealthy as she had expected.
+
+"It was a bad business all told. I could see that sad undercurrents were arising.
+Denis was half-hypnotised with puppy-love, and began to grow away from as he
+felt my shrinking from his wife. This kind of thing went on for months, and I saw
+that I was losing my only son - the boy who had formed the centre of all my
+thoughts and acts for the past quarter century. I'll own that I felt bitter about it -
+what father wouldn't? And yet I could do nothing.
+
+"Marceline seemed to be a good wife enough in those early months, and our
+friends received her without any quibbling or questioning. I was always nervous,
+though, about what some of the young fellows in Paris might write home to their
+relatives after the news of the marriage spread around. Despite the woman's love
+of secrecy, it couldn't remain hidden forever - indeed, Denis had written a few of
+his closest friends, in strict confidence, as soon as he was settled with her at
+Riverside.
+
+"I got to staying alone in my room more and more, with my failing health as an
+excuse. It was bout that time that my present spinal neuritis began to develop -
+which made the excuse a pretty good one. Denis didn't seem to notice the
+trouble, or take any interest in me and my habits and affairs; and it hurt me to
+see how callous he was getting. I began to get sleepless, and often racked my
+brain in the night to try to find out what made my new daughter-in-law so
+repulsive and even dimly horrible to me. It surely wasn't her old mystical
+nonsense, for she had left all the past behind her and never mentioned it once.
+She didn't even do any painting, although I understood that she had once
+dabbled in art.
+
+
+
+994
+
+
+
+"Oddly, the only ones who seemed to share my uneasiness were the servants.
+The darkies around the house seemed very sullen in their attitude toward her,
+and in a few weeks all save the few who were strongly attached to our family
+had left. These few - old Scipio and his wife Sarah, the cook Delilah, and Mary,
+Scipio's daughter - were as civil as possible; but plainly revealed that their new
+mistress commanded their duty rather than their affection. They stayed in their
+own remote part of the house as much as possible. McCabe, our white chauffeur,
+was insolently admiring rather than hostile; and another exception was a very
+old Zulu woman, said to have been a sort of leader in her small cabin as a kind of
+family pensioner. Old Sophonisba always shewed reverence whenever Marceline
+came near her, and one time I saw her kiss the ground where her mistress had
+walked. Blacks are superstitious animals, and I wondered whether Marceline
+had been talking any of her mystical nonsense to our hands in order to overcome
+their evident dislike."
+
+Ill
+
+"Well, that's how we went on for nearly half a year. Then, in the summer of 1916,
+things began to happen. Toward the middle of June Denis got a note from his old
+friend Frank Marsh, telling of a sort of nervous breakdown which made him
+want to take a rest in the country. It was postmarked New Orleans - for Marsh
+had gone home from Paris when he felt the collapse coming on - and seemed a
+very plain though polite bid for an invitation from us. Marsh, of course, knew
+that Marceline was here; and asked very courteously after her. Denis was sorry
+to hear of his trouble and told him at once to come along for an indefinite visit.
+
+"Marsh came - and I was shocked to notice how he had changed since I had seen
+him in his earlier days. He was a smallish, lightish fellow, with blue eyes and an
+undecided chin; and now I could see the effects of drink and I don't know what
+else in his puffy eyelids, enlarged nose-pores, and heavy lines around the mouth.
+I reckon he had taken his dose of decadence pretty seriously, and set out to be as
+much of a Rimbaud, Baudelaire, or Lautreamont as he could. And yet he was
+delightful to talk to - for like all decadents he was exquisitely sensitive to the
+color and atmosphere and names of things; admirably, thoroughly alive, and
+with whole records of conscious experience in obscure, shadowy fields of living
+and feeling which most of us pass over without knowing they exist. Poor young
+devil - if only his father had lived longer and taken him in hand! There was great
+stuff in the boy!
+
+"I was glad of the visit, for I felt it would help to set up a normal atmosphere in
+the house again. And that's what it really seemed to do at first; for as I said.
+Marsh was a delight to have around. He was as sincere and profound an artist as
+I ever saw in my life, and I certainly believe that nothing on earth mattered to
+
+
+
+995
+
+
+
+him except the perception and expression of beauty. When he saw an exquisite
+thing, or was creating one, his eyes would dilate until the light irises were nearly
+out of sight - leaving two mystical black pits in that weak, delicate, chalk-like
+face; black pits opening on strange worlds which none of us could guess about.
+
+"When he reached here, though, he didn't have many chances to shew this
+tendency; for he had, as he told Denis, gone quite stale. It seems he had been
+very successful as an artist of a bizarre kind - like Fuseli or Goya or Sime or Clark
+Ashton Smith - but had suddenly become played out. The world of ordinary
+things around him had ceased to hold anything he could recognize as beauty -
+beauty, that is, of enough force and poignancy to arouse his creative faculty. He
+had often been this way before - all decadents are - but this time he could not
+invent any new, strange, or outre sensation or experience which would supply
+the needed illusion of fresh beauty or stimulatingly adventurous expectancy. He
+was like a Durtal or a des Esseintes at the most jaded point of his curious orbit.
+
+"Marceline was away when Marsh arrived. She hadn't been enthusiastic about
+his coming, and had refused to decline an invitation from some of our friends in
+St. Louis which came about that time for her and Denis. Denis, of course, stayed
+to receive his guest; but Marceline had gone on alone. It was the first time they
+had ever been separated, and I hoped the interval would help to dispel the daze
+that was making such a fool of the boy. Marceline shewed no hurry to get back,
+but seemed to me to prolong her absence as much as she could. Denis stood it
+better than one would have expected from such a doting husband, and seemed
+more like his old self as he talked over other days with Marsh and tried to cheer
+the listless aesthete up.
+
+"It was Marsh who seemed most impatient to see the woman; perhaps because
+he thought her strange beauty, or some phase of the mysticism which had gone
+into her one-time magical cult, might help to reawaken his interest in things and
+give him another start toward artistic creation. That there was no baser reason, I
+was absolutely certain from what I knew of Marsh's character. With all his
+weaknesses, he was a gentleman - and it had indeed relieved me when I first
+learned that he wanted to come here because his willingness to accept Denis'
+hospitality proved that there was no reason why he shouldn't.
+
+"When, at last, Marceline did return, I could see that Marsh was tremendously
+affected. He did not attempt to make her talk of the bizarre thing which she had
+so definitely abandoned, but was unable to hide a powerful admiration which
+kept his eyes - now dilated in that curious way for the first time during his visit -
+riveted to her every moment she was in the room. She, however, seemed uneasy
+rather than pleased by his steady scrutiny - that is, she seemed so at first, though
+this feeling of hers wore away in a few days, and left the two on a basis of the
+
+
+
+996
+
+
+
+most cordial and voluble congeniality. I could see Marsh studying her constantly
+when he thought no one was watching; and I wondered how long it would be
+that only the artist, and not the primitive man, would be aroused by her
+mysterious graces.
+
+"Denis naturally felt some irritation at this turn of affairs; though he realised that
+his guest was a man of honour and that, as kindred mystics and aesthetes,
+Marceline and Marsh would naturally have things and interests to discuss in
+which a more or less conventional person could have no part. He didn't hold
+anything against anybody, but merely regretted that his own imagination was
+too limited and traditional to let him talk with Marceline as Marsh talked. At this
+stage of things I began to see more of the boy. With his wife otherwise busy, he
+had time to remember that he had a father - and a father who was ready to help
+him in any sort of perplexity or difficulty.
+
+"We often sat together on the veranda watching Marsh and Marceline as they
+rode up or down the drive on horseback, or played tennis on the court that used
+to stretch south of the house. They talked mostly in French, which Marsh, though
+he hadn't more than a quarter-portion of French blood, handled more glibly than
+either Denis or I could speak it. Marceline's English, always academically correct,
+was rapidly improving in accent; but it was plain that she relished dropping back
+into her mother-tongue. As we looked at the congenial couple they made, I could
+see the boy's cheek and throat muscles tighten - though he wasn't a whit less
+ideal a host to Marsh, or a whit less considerate husband to Marceline.
+
+"All this was generally in the afternoon; for Marceline rose very late, had
+breakfast in bed, and took an immense amount of time preparing to come
+downstairs. I never knew of anyone so wrapped up in cosmetics, beauty
+exercises, hair-oils, unguents, and everything of that kind. It was in these
+morning hours that Denis and Marsh did their real visiting, and exchanged the
+close confidences which kept their friendship up despite the strain that jealousy
+imposed.
+
+"Well, it was in one of those morning talks on the veranda that marsh made the
+proposition which brought on the end. I was laid up with some of my neuritis,
+but had managed to get downstairs and stretch out on the front parlour sofa near
+the long window. Denis and Marsh were just outside; so I couldn't help hearing
+all they said. They had been talking about art, and the curious, capricious
+elements needed to jolt an artist into producing the real article, when Marsh
+suddenly swerved from abstractions to the personal application he must have
+had in mind from the start.
+
+
+
+997
+
+
+
+'"I suppose/ he was saying, 'that nobody can tell just what it is in some scenes or
+objects that makes them aesthetic stimuli for certain individuals. Basically, of
+course, it must have some reference to each man's background of stored-up
+mental associations, for no two people have the same scale of sensitiveness and
+responses. We decadents are artists for whom all ordinary things have ceased to
+have any emotional or imaginative significance, but no one of us responds in the
+same way to exactly the same extraordinary. Now take me, for instance...'"
+
+"He paused and resumed.
+
+"'I know, Denny, that I can say these things to you because you such a
+preternaturally unspoiled mind - clean, fine, direct, objective, and all that. You
+won't misunderstand as an oversubtilised, effete man of the world might.'"
+
+"He paused once more.
+
+"'The fact is, I think I know what's needed to set my imagination working again.
+I've had a dim idea of it ever since we were in Paris, but I'm sure now. It's
+Marceline, old chap - that face and that hair, and the train of shadowy images
+they bring up. Not merely visible beauty - though God knows there's enough of
+that - but something peculiar and individualised, that can't exactly be explained.
+Do you know, in the last few days I've felt the existence of such a stimulus so
+keenly that I honestly think I could outdo myself - break into the real masterpiece
+class if I could get ahold of paint and canvas at just the time when her face and
+hair set my fancy stirring and weaving. There's something weird and other-
+worldly about it - something joined up with the dim ancient thing Marceline
+represents. I don't know how much she's told you about that side of her, but I
+can assure you there's plenty of it. She has some marvellous links with the
+outside...'
+
+"Some change in Denis' expression must have halted the speaker here, for there
+was a considerable spell of silence before the words went on. I was utterly taken
+aback, for I'd expected no such overt development like this; and I wondered
+what my son could be thinking. My heart began to pound violently, and I
+strained my ears in the frankest of intentional eavesdropping. Then Marsh
+resumed.
+
+"'Of course you're jealous - I know how a speech like mine must sound - but I
+can swear to you that you needn't be.'
+
+"Denis did not answer, and Marsh went on.
+
+
+
+998
+
+
+
+"' To tell the truth, I could never be in love with Marceline - 1 couldn't even be a
+cordial friend of hers in the warmest sense. Why, damn it all, I felt like a
+hypocrite talking with her these days as I've been doing.
+
+"'The case simply is, that one of her phase of her half hyponotises me in a certain
+way - a very strange, fantastic, and dimly terrible way - just as another phase half
+hypnotises you in a much more normal way. I see something in her - or to be
+psychologically exact, something through her or beyond her - that you didn't see
+at all. Something that brings up a vast pageantry of shapes from forgotten
+abysses, and makes me want to paint incredible things whose outlines vanish the
+instant I try to envisage them clearly. Don't mistake, Denny, your wife is a
+magnificent being, a splendid focus of cosmic forces who has a right to be called
+divine if anything on earth has!'
+
+"I felt a clearing of the situation at this point, for the abstract strangeness of
+Marsh's statement, plus the flattery he was now heaping on Marceline, could not
+fail to disarm and mollify one as fondly proud of his consort as Denis always
+was. Marsh evidently caught the change himself, for there was more confidence
+in his tone as he continued.
+
+'"I must paint her, Denny - must paint that hair - and you won't regret. There's
+something more than mortal about that hair - something more than beautiful - '
+
+"He paused, and I wondered what Denis could be thinking. I wondered, indeed,
+what I was really thinking myself. Was Marsh's interest actually that of the artist
+alone, or was he merely infatuated as Denis had been? I had thought, in their
+schooldays, that he had envied my boy; and I dimly felt that it might be the same
+now. On the other hand, something in that talk of artistic stimulus had rung
+amazingly true; so that the more I pondered, the more I was inclined to take the
+stuff at face value. Denis seemed to do so, too, for although I could not catch his
+low-spoken reply, I could tell by the effect it produced that it must have been
+affirmative.
+
+"There was a sound of someone slapping another on the back, and then a
+grateful speech from Marsh that I was long to remember.
+
+"'That's great, Denny, and just as I told you, you'll never regret it. In a sense, I'm
+half doing it for you. You'll be a different man when you see it. I'll put you back
+where you used to be - give you a waking-up and a sort of salvation - but you
+can't see what I mean as yet. Just remember old friendship, and don't get the
+idea that I'm not the same old bird!'
+
+
+
+999
+
+
+
+"I rose perplexedly as I saw the two stroll off across the lawn, arm in arm, and
+smoking in unison. What could Marsh have meant by his strange and almost
+ominous reassurance? The more my fears were quieted in one direction, the
+more they were aroused in another. Look at it any way I could, it seemed to be a
+rather bad business.
+
+"But matters got started just the same. Denis fixed up an attic room with
+skylights, and Marsh sent for all sorts of painting equipment. Everyone was
+rather excited about the new venture, and I was at least glad that something was
+on foot to break the brooding tension. Soon the sittings began, and we all took
+them quite seriously - for we could see that Marsh regarded them as important
+artistic events. Denny and I used to go quietly about the house as though
+something sacred were occurring, and we knew that it was sacred as far as marsh
+was concerned.
+
+"With Marceline, though, it was a different matter, as I began to see at once.
+Whatever Marsh's reactions to the sittings may have been, hers were painfully
+obvious. Every possible way she betrayed a frank and commonplace infatuation
+for the artist, and would repulse Denis' marks of affection whenever she dared.
+Oddly, I noticed this more vividly than Denis himself, and tried to devise some
+plan for keeping the boy's mind easy until the matter could be straightened out.
+There was no use in having him excited about it if it could be helped.
+
+"In the end I decided that Denis had better be away while the disagreeable
+situation existed. I could represent his interests well enough at this end, and
+sooner or later Marsh would finish the picture and go. My view of Marsh's
+honour was such that I did not look for any worse developments. When the
+matter had blown over, and Marceline had forgotten about her new infatuation,
+it would be time enough to have Denis on hand again.
+
+"So I wrote a long letter to my marketing and financial agent in New York, and
+cooked up a plan to have the boy summoned there for an indefinite time. I had
+the agent write him that our affairs absolutely required one of us to go East, and
+of course my illness made it clear that I could not be the one. It was arranged that
+when Denis got to New York he would find enough plausible matters to keep
+him busy as long as I thought he ought to be away.
+
+"The plan worked perfectly, and Denis started for New York without the least
+suspicion; Marceline and Marsh going with him in the car to Cape Girardeau,
+where he caught the afternoon train to St. Louis. They returned after dark, and as
+McCabe drove the car back to the stables I could hear them talking on the
+veranda - in those same chairs near the long parlour window where Marsh and
+Denis had sat when I overheard them talk about the portrait. This time I resolved
+
+
+
+1000
+
+
+
+to do some intentional eavesdropping, so quietly went down to the front parlour
+and stretched out on the sofa near the window.
+
+"At first I could not hear anything but very shortly there came the sound of a
+chair being shifted, followed by a short, sharp breath and a sort of inarticulately
+hurt exclamation from Marceline. Then I heard Marsh speaking in a strained,
+almost formal voice.
+
+"'I'd enjoy working tonight if you aren't too tired.'
+
+"Marceline's reply was in the same hurt tone which had marked her exclamation.
+She used English as he had done.
+
+"'Oh, Frank, is that really all you care about? Forever working! Can't we just sit
+out here in this glorious moonlight?'
+
+"He answered impatiently, his voice shewing a certain contempt beneath the
+dominant quality of artistic enthusiasm.
+
+"'Moonlight! Good God, what cheap sentimentality! For a supposedly
+sophisticated person you surely do hang on to some of the crudest claptrap that
+ever escaped from the dime novels! With art at your elbow, you have to think of
+the moon - cheap as a spotlight at the varieties! Or perhaps it makes you think of
+the Roodmas dance around the stone pillars at Auteiul. Hell, how you used to
+make those goggle-eyed yaps stare! But not - I suppose you've dropped all that
+now. No more Atlantean magic or hair-snake rites for Madame de Russy! I'm the
+only one to remember the old things - the things that came down through the
+temples of Tanit and echoed on the ramparts of Zimbabwe. But I won't be
+cheated of that remembrance - all that is weaving itself into the thing on my
+canvas - the thing that is going to capture wonder and crystallise the secrets of
+75,000 years...'
+
+"Marceline interrupted in a voice full of mixed emotions.
+
+"'It's you who are cheaply sentimental now! You know well that the old things
+had better be let alone. All of you had better watch out if ever I chant the old rites
+or try to call up what lies hidden in Yuggoth, Zimbabwe, and R'lyeh. I thought
+you had more sense!'
+
+"'You lack logic. You want me to be interested in this precious painting of yours,
+yet you never let me see what you're doing. Always that black cloth over it! It's
+of me - I shouldn't think it would matter if I saw it. . .'
+
+"Marsh was interrupting this time, his voice curiously hard and strained.
+
+1001
+
+
+
+"'No. Not now. You'll see it in due course of time. You say it's of you - yes, it's
+that, but it's more. If you knew, you mightn't be so impatient. Poor Denis! My
+God, it's a shame!'
+
+'"My throat was suddenly dry as the words rose to an almost febrile pitch. What
+could Marsh mean? Suddenly I saw that he had stopped and was entering the
+house alone. I heard the front door slam, and listened as his footsteps ascended
+the stairs. Outside on the veranda I could still hear Marceline's heavy, angry
+breathing. I crept away sick at heart, feeling that there were grave things to ferret
+out before I could safely let Denis come back.
+
+"After that evening the tension around the place was even worse than before.
+Marceline had always lived on flattery and fawning and the shock of those few
+blunt words from Marsh was too much for her temperament. There was no
+living in the house with her anymore, for with poor Denis gone she took out her
+abusiveness on everybody. When she could find no one indoors to quarrel with
+she would go out to Sophonisba's cabin and spend hours talking with the queer
+old Zulu woman. Aunt Sophy was the only person who would fawn abjectly
+enough to suit her, and when I tried once to overhear their conversation I found
+Marceline whispering about 'elder secrets' and 'unknown Kadath' while the
+negress rocked to and fro in her chair, making inarticulate sounds of reverence
+and admiration every now and then.
+
+"But nothing could break her dog-like infatuation for Marsh. She would talk
+bitterly and sullenly to him, yet was getting more and more obedient to his
+wishes. It was very convenient for him, since he now became able to make her
+pose for the picture whenever he felt like painting. He tried to shew gratitude for
+this willingness, but I thought I could detect a kind of contempt or even loathing
+beneath his careful politeness. For my part, I frankly hated Marceline! There was
+no use in calling my attitude anything as mild as dislike these days. Certainly, I
+was glad Denis was away. His letters, not nearly so frequent as I wished, shewed
+signs of strain and worry.
+
+"As the middle of August went by I gathered from Marsh's remarks that the
+portrait was nearly done. His mood seemed increasingly sardonic, though
+Marceline's temper improved a bit as the prospect of seeing the thing tickled her
+vanity. I can still recall the day when Marsh said he'd have everything finished
+within a week. Marceline brightened up perceptibly, though not without a
+venomous look at me. It seemed as if her coiled hair visibly tightened around her
+head.
+
+"'I'm to be the first to see it!' she snapped. Then, smiling at Marsh, she said, 'And
+if I don't like it I shall slash it to pieces!'
+
+
+
+1002
+
+
+
+"Marsh's face took on the most curious look I have ever seen it wear as he
+answered her.
+
+'"I can't vouch for your taste, Marcehne, but I swear it will be magnificent! Not
+that I want to take much credit - art creates itself - and this thing had to be done.
+Just wait!'
+
+"During the next few days I felt a queer sense of foreboding, as if the completion
+of the picture meant a kind of catastrophe instead of a relief. Denis, too, had not
+written me, and my agent in New York said he was planning some trip to the
+country. I wondered what the outcome of the whole thing would be. What a
+queer mixture of elements - Marsh and Marceline, Denis and I! How would all
+these ultimately react on one another? When my fears grew too great I tried to
+lay them all to my infirmity, but that explanation never quite satisfied me."
+
+IV
+
+"Well, the thing exploded on Tuesday, the twenty-sixth of August. I had risen at
+my usual time and had breakfast, but was not good for much because of the pain
+in my spine. It had been troubling me badly of late, and forcing me to take
+opiates when it got too unbearable; nobody else was downstairs except the
+servants, though I could hear Marceline moving about in her room. Marsh slept
+in the attic next his studio, and had begun to keep such late hours that he was
+seldom up till noon. About ten o'clock the pain got the better of me, so that I took
+a double dose of my opiate and lay down on the parlour sofa. The last I heard
+was Marceline's pacing overhead. Poor creature - if I had known! She must have
+been walking before the long mirror admiring herself. That was like her. Vain
+from start to finish - revelling in her own beauty, just as she revelled in all the
+little luxuries Denis was able to give her.
+
+"I didn't wake up till near sunset, and knew instantly how long I had slept from
+the golden light and long shadows outside the long window. Nobody was about,
+and a sort of unnatural stillness seemed to be hovering over everything. From
+afar, though, I thought I could sense a faint howling, wild and intermittent,
+whose quality had a slight but baffling familiarity about it. I'm not much for
+psychic premonitions, but I was frightfully uneasy from the start. There had been
+dreams - even worse than the ones I had been dreaming in the weeks before -
+and this time they seemed hideously linked to some black and festering reality.
+The whole place had a poisonous air. Afterward I reflected that certain sounds
+must have filtered through into my unconscious brain during those hours of
+drugged sleep. My pain, though, was very much eased; and I rose and walked
+without difficulty.
+
+
+
+1003
+
+
+
+"Soon enough I began to see that something was wrong. Marsh and Marcehne
+might have been riding, but someone ought to have been getting dinner in the
+kitchen. Instead, there was only silence, except for that faint, distant howl or
+wail; and nobody answered when I pulled the old-fashioned bell-cord to
+summon Scipio. Then, chancing to look up, I saw the spreading stain on the
+ceiling - the bright re stain, that must have come through the floor of Marceline's
+room.
+
+"In an instant I forgot my crippled back and hurried upstairs to find out the
+worst. Everything under the sun raced through my mind as I struggled with the
+dampness-warped door of that silent chamber, and most hideous of all was a
+terrible sense of malign fulfilment and fatal expectedness. I had, it struck me,
+known all along that nameless horrors were gathering; that something
+profoundly and cosmically evil had gained a foot-hold under my roof from
+which only blood and tragedy could result.
+
+"The door gave at last, and I stumbled into the large room beyond - all dim from
+the branches of the great trees outside the windows. For a moment I could do
+nothing but flinch at the faint evil odour that immediately struck my nostrils.
+Then, turning on the electric light and glancing around, I glimpsed a nameless
+blasphemy on the yellow and blue rug.
+
+"It lay face down in a great pool of dark, thickened blood, and had the gory print
+of a shod human foot in the middle of its naked back. Blood was spattered
+everywhere - on the walls, furniture, and floor. My knees gave way as I took in
+the sight, so that I had to stumble to a chair and slump down. The thing had
+obviously been a human being, though its identity was not easy to establish at
+first; since it was without clothes, and had most of its hair hacked and torn from
+the scalp in a very crude way. It was of a deep ivory colour, and I knew that it
+must have been Marceline. The shoe-print on the back made the thing seem all
+the more hellish. I could not even picture the strange, loathsome tragedy which
+must have taken place while I slept in the room below. When I raised my hand to
+wipe my dripping forehead I saw that my fingers were sticky with blood. I
+shuddered, then realised that it must have come from the knob of the door which
+the unknown murderer had forced shut behind him as he left. He had taken his
+weapon with him, it seemed, for no instrument of death was visible here.
+
+"As I studied the floor I saw that a line of sticky footprints like the one on the
+body led away from the horror to the door. There was another blood-trail, too,
+and of a less easily explainable kind; a broadish, continuous line, as if marking
+the path of some huge snake. At first I concluded it must be due to something the
+murderer had dragged after him. Then, noting the way some of the footprints
+seemed to be superimposed on it, I was forced to believe that it could have been
+
+
+
+1004
+
+
+
+there when the murderer left. But what crawHng entity could have been in that
+room with the victim and her assassin, leaving before the killer when the deed
+was done? As I asked myself this question I thought I heard fresh bursts of that
+faint, distant wailing.
+
+"Finally, rousing myself from a lethargy of horror, I got on my feet again and
+began following the footprints. Who the murderer was, I could not even faintly
+guess, nor could I try to explain the absence of the servants. I vaguely felt that I
+ought to go up to Marsh's attic quarters, but before I had fully formulated the
+idea I saw that the bloody trail was indeed taking me there. Was he himself the
+murderer? Had he gone mad under the strain of the morbid situation and
+suddenly run amok?
+
+"In the attic corridor the trail became faint, the prints almost ceasing as they
+merged with the dark carpet. I could still, however, discern the strange single
+path of the entity who had gone first; and this led straight to the closed door of
+Marsh's studio, disappearing beneath it at a point about half way from side to
+side. Evidently it had crossed the threshold at a time when the door was wide
+open.
+
+"Sick at heart, I tried the knob and found the door unlocked. Opening it, I
+paused in the waning north light to see what fresh nightmare might be awaiting
+me. There was certainly something human on the floor, and I reached for the
+switch to turn on the chandelier.
+
+"But as the light flashed up my gaze left the floor and its horror - that was Marsh,
+poor devil - to fix itself frantically and incredulously upon the living thing that
+cowered and stared in the open doorway leading to Marsh's bedroom. It was a
+tousled, wild-eyed thing, crusted with dried blood and carrying in its hand a
+wicked machete which had been one of the ornaments of the studio wall. Yet
+even in that awful moment I recognised it as one whom I had thought more than
+a thousand miles away. It was my own boy Denis - or the maddened wreck
+which had once been Denis.
+
+"The sight of me seemed to bring back a trifle of sanity - or at least of memory -
+in the poor boy. He straightened up and began to toss his head about as if trying
+to shake free from some enveloping influence. I could not speak a word, but
+moved my lips in an effort to get back my voice. My eyes wandered for a
+moment to the figure on the floor in front of the heavily draped easel - the figure
+toward which the strange blood-trail led, and which seemed to be tangled in the
+coils of some dark, ropy object. The shifting of my glance apparently produced
+some impression in the twisted brain of the boy, for suddenly he began to mutter
+in a hoarse whisper whose purport I was soon able to catch.
+
+
+
+1005
+
+
+
+'"I had to exterminate her - she was the devil - the summit and high-priestess of
+all evil - the spawn of the pit - Marsh knew, and tried to warn me. Good old
+Frank - I didn't kill him, though I was ready to before I realised. But I went down
+there and killed her - then that cursed hair - '
+
+"I listened in horror as Denis choked, paused, and began again.
+
+"'You didn't know - her letters got queer and I knew she was in love with Marsh.
+Then she nearly stopped writing. He never mentioned her - I felt something was
+wrong, and thought I ought to come back and find out. Couldn't tell you - your
+manner would have given it away. Wanted to surprise them. Got here about
+noon today - came in a cab and sent the house-servants all off - let the field hands
+alone, for their cabins are all out of earshot. Told McCabe to get me some things
+in Cape Girardeau and not bother to come back until tomorrow. Had all the
+niggers take the old car and let Mary drive them to Bend Village for a vacation -
+told 'em we were all going on some sort of outing and wouldn't need help. Said
+they'd better stay all night with Uncle Scip's cousin, who keeps that nigger
+boarding house.'
+
+"Denis was getting very incoherent now, and I strained my ears to grasp every
+word. Again I thought I heard that wild, far-off wail, but the story had first place
+for the present.
+
+"'Saw you sleeping in the parlour, and took a chance you wouldn't wake up.
+Then went upstairs on the quiet to hunt up Marsh and. . .that woman!'
+
+"The boy shuddered as he avoided pronouncing Marceline's name. At the same
+time I saw his eyes dilate in unison with a bursting of the distant crying, whose
+vague familiarity had now become very great.
+
+"'She was not in her room, so I went up to the studio. Door was shut, and I could
+hear voices inside. Didn't knock - just burst in and found her posing for the
+picture. Nude, but with the hellish hair all draped around her. And making all
+sorts of sheep's eyes at Marsh. He had the easel turned half away from the door,
+so I couldn't see the picture. Both of them were pretty well jolted when I shewed
+up, and Marsh dropped his brush. I was in a rage and told him he'd have to
+shew me the portrait, but he got calmer every minute. Told me it wasn't quite
+done, but would be in a day or two - said I could see it then - she - hadn't seen it.
+
+"'But that didn't go with me. I stepped up, and he dropped a velvet curtain over
+the thing before I could see it. He was ready to fight before letting me see it, but
+that - that - she - stepped up and sided with me. Said we ought to see it. Frank
+got horrible worked up, and gave me a punch when I tried to get at the punch
+
+
+
+1006
+
+
+
+when I tried to get at the curtain. I punched back and seemed to have knocked
+him out. Then I was almost knocked out myself by the shriek that - that creature -
+gave. She'd drawn aside the hangings herself, and caught a look at what Marsh
+had been painting. I wheeled around and saw her rushing like mad out of the
+room - then I saw the picture.'
+
+"Madness flared up in the boy's eyes again as he got to this place, and I thought
+for a minute he was going to spring at me with his machete. But after a pause he
+partly steadied himself.
+
+"'Oh, God - that thing! Don't ever look at it! Burn it with the hangings around it
+and throw the ashes into the river! Marsh knew - and was warning me. He knew
+what it was - what that woman - that leopardess, or gorgon, or lamia, or
+whatever she was - actually represented. He'd tried to hint to me ever since I met
+her in his Paris studio, but it couldn't be told in words. I thought they all
+wronged her when they whispered horrors about her - she had me hypnotised so
+that I couldn't believe the plain facts - but this picture has caught the whole
+secret - the whole monstrous background!
+
+"'God, but Frank is an artist! That thing is the greatest piece any living soul has
+produced since Rembrandt! It's a crime to burn it - but it would be a greater
+crime to let it exist - just as it would have been an abhorrent sin to let - that she-
+daemon - exist any longer. The minute I saw it I understood what - she - was,
+and what part she played in the frightful secret that has come down from the
+days of Cthulhu and the Elder Ones - the secret that was nearly wiped out when
+Atlantis sank, but that kept half alive in hidden traditions and allegorical myths
+and furtive, midnight cult-practices. For you know she was the real thing. It
+wasn't any fake. It would have been merciful if it had been a fake. It was the old,
+hideous shadow that philosophers never dared mention - the thing hinted at in
+the Necronomicon and symbolised in the Easter Island colossi.
+
+"'She thought we couldn't see through - that the false front would hold till we
+had bartered away our immortal souls. And she was half right - she'd have got
+me in the end. She was only - waiting. But Frank - good old Frank - was too
+much for me. He knew what it all meant, and painted it. I don't wonder she
+shrieked and ran off when she saw it. It wasn't quite done, but God knows
+enough was there.
+
+"'Then I knew I'd got to kill her - kill her, and everything connected with her. It
+was a taint that wholesome human blood couldn't bear. There was something
+else, too - but you'll never know that if you burn the picture without looking. I
+staggered down to her room with this machete that I got off the wall here.
+
+
+
+1007
+
+
+
+leaving Frank still knocked out. He was breathing, though, and I knew and
+thanked heaven I hadn't killed him.
+
+'"I found her in front of the mirror braiding that accursed hair. She turned on me
+like a wild beast, and began spitting out her hatred of Marsh. The fact that she'd
+been in love with him - and I knew she had - only made it worse. For a minute I
+couldn't move, and she came within an ace of completely hypnotising me. Then I
+thought of the picture, and the spell broke. She saw the breaking in my eyes, and
+must have noticed the machete, too. I never saw anything give such a wild jungle
+beast look as she did then. She sprang for me with claws out like a leopard's, but
+I was too quick. I swung the machete, and it was all over.'
+
+"Denis had to stop again, and I saw the perspiration running down his forehead
+through the spattered blood. But in a moment he hoarsely resumed.
+
+'"I said it was all over - but God! some of it had only just begun! I felt I had
+fought the legions of Satan, and put my foot on the back of the thing I had
+annihilated. Then I saw that blasphemous braid of coarse black hair begin to
+twist and squirm of itself.
+
+'"I might have known it. It was all in the old tales. That damnable hair had a life
+of its own, that couldn't be ended by killing the creature itself. I knew I'd have to
+burn it, so I started to hack it off with the machete. God, but it was devilish work!
+Tough - like iron wires - but I managed to do it. And it was loathsome the way
+the big braid writhed and struggled in my grasp.
+
+"'About the time I had the last strand cut or pulled off I heard that eldritch
+wailing from behind the house. You know - it's still going off and on. I don't
+know what it is, but it must be something springing from this hellish business. It
+half seems like something I ought to know but can't quite place. It got my nerves
+the first time I heard it, and I dropped the severed braid in my fright. Then, I got
+a worse fright - for in another second the braid had turned on me and began to
+strike venomously with one of its ends which had knotted itself up like a sort of
+grotesque head. I struck out with the machete, and it turned away. Then, when I
+had my breath again, I saw that the monstrous thing was crawling along the
+floor by itself like a great black snake. I couldn't do anything for a while, but
+when it vanished through the door I managed to pull myself together and
+stumble after it. I could follow the broad, bloody trail, and I saw it led upstairs. It
+brought me here - and may heaven curse me if I didn't see it through the
+doorway, striking at poor dazed Marsh like a maddened rattler as it had struck
+at me, finally coiling around him as a python would. He had begun to come to,
+but that abominable serpent got him before he was on his feet. I knew that all of
+the woman's hatred was behind it, but I hadn't the power to pull it off. I tried.
+
+
+
+1008
+
+
+
+but it was too much for me. Even the machete was no good - I couldn't swing it
+freely or it would have slashed Frank to pieces. So I saw those monstrous coils
+tighten - saw poor Frank crushed to death before my eyes - and all the time that
+awful faint howling came from somewhere beyond the fields.
+
+"'That's all. I pulled the velvet cloth over the picture and hope it'll never be
+lifted. The thing must be burnt. I couldn't pry the coils off poor, dead Frank -
+they cling to him like a leach, and seem to have lost their motion altogether. It's
+as if that snaky rope of hair has a kind of perverse fondness for the man it killed -
+it's clinging to him - embracing him. You'll have to burn poor Frank with it - but
+for God's sake don't forget to see it in ashes. That and the picture. They must
+both go. The safety of the world demands that they go.
+
+"Denis might have whispered more, but a fresh burst of distant wailing cut us
+short. For the first time we knew what it was, for a westerly veering wind
+brought articulate words at last. We ought to have known long before, since
+sounds much like it had often come from the same source. It was wrinkled
+Sophonisba, the ancient Zulu witch-woman who had fawned on Marceline,
+keening from her cabin in a way which crowned the horrors of this nightmare
+tragedy. We could both hear some of the things she howled, and knew that secret
+and primordial bonds linked this savage sorceress with that other inheritor of
+elder secrets who had just been extirpated. Some of the words she used betrayed
+her closeness to daemonic and palaeogean traditions.
+
+"'la! la! Shub-Niggurath! Ya-R'lyeh! N'gagi n'bulu bwana n'lolo! Ya, yo, poor
+Missy Tanit, poor Missy Isis! Marse Clooloo, come up outen de water an' git yo
+chile - she done daid! She done daid! De hair ain' got no missus no mo', Marse
+Clooloo. or Sophy, she know! OF Sophy, she done got de black stone outen Big
+Zimbabwe in ol' Affriky! Ol' Sophy, she done dance in de moonshine roun' de
+crocodile-stone befo' de N'bangus cotch her and sell her to de ship folks! No mo'
+Tanit! No mo' Isis! No mo' witch-woman to keep de fire a-goin' in de big stone
+place! Ya, yo! N'gagi n'bulu bwana n'lolo! la! Shub-Niggurath! She daid! OF
+Sophy know!'
+
+"That wasn't the end of the wailing, but it was all I could pay attention to. The
+expression on my boy's face shewed that it had reminded him of something
+frightful, and the tightening of his hand on the machete boded no good. I knew
+he was desperate, and sprang to disarm him before he could do anything more.
+
+"But I was too late. An old man with a bad spine doesn't count for much
+physically. There was a terrible struggle, but he had done for himself before
+many seconds were over. I'm not sure yet but that he tried to kill me, too. His last
+
+
+
+1009
+
+
+
+panting words were something about the need of wiping out everything that had
+been connected with Marcehne, either by blood or marriage."
+
+V
+
+"I wonder to this day that I didn't go stark mad in that instant - or in the
+moments and hours afterward. In front of me was the slain body of my boy - the
+only human being I had to cherish - and ten feet away, in front of that shrouded
+easel, was the body of his best friend, with a nameless coil of horror wound
+around it. Below was the scalped corpse of that she-monster, about whom I was
+half-ready to believe anything. I was too dazed to analyse the probability of the
+hair story - and even if I had not been, that dismal howling coming from Aunt
+Sophy's cabin would have been enough to quiet doubt for the nonce.
+
+"If I'd been wise, I'd have done just what poor Denis told me to - burned the
+picture and the body-grasping hair at once and without curiosity - but I was too
+shaken to be wise. I suppose I muttered foolish things over my boy - and then I
+remembered that the night was wearing on and that the servants would be back
+in the morning. It was plain that a matter like this could never be explained, and
+I knew that I must cover things up and invent a story.
+
+"That coil of hair around Marsh was a monstrous thing. As I poked at it with a
+sword which I took from the wall I almost thought I felt it tighten its grip on the
+dead man. I didn't dare touch it - and the longer I looked at it the more horrible
+things I noticed about it. One thing gave me a start. I won't mention it - but it
+partly explained the need for feeding the hair with queer oils as Marceline had
+always done.
+
+"In the end I decided to bury all three bodies in the cellar - with quicklime, which
+I knew we had in the storehouse. It was a night of hellish work. I dug three
+graves - my boy's a long way from the other two, for I didn't want him to be near
+either the woman's body or her hair. I was sorry I couldn't get the coil from
+around poor marsh. It was terrible work getting them all down to the cellar. I
+used blankets in carting the woman and the poor devil with the coil around him.
+Then I had to get two barrels of lime from the storehouse. God must have given
+me strength, for I not only moved them but filled all three graves without a hitch.
+
+"Some of the lime I made into whitewash. I had to take a stepladder and fix over
+the parlour ceiling where the blood had oozed through. And I burned nearly
+everything in Marceline's room, scrubbing the walls and floor and heavy
+furniture. I washed up the attic studio, too, and the trail and footprints that led
+there. And all the time I could hear old Sophy's wailing in the distance. The devil
+must have been in that creature to let her voice go on like that. But she always
+
+
+
+1010
+
+
+
+was howling queer things. That's why the field niggers didn't get scared or
+curious that night. I locked the studio door and took the key to my room. Then I
+burned all my stained clothes in the fireplace. By dawn the whole house looked
+quite normal so far as any casual eye could tell. I hadn't dared touch the covered
+easel, but meant to attend to that later.
+
+"Well, the servants came back the next day, and I told them all the young folks
+had gone to St. Louis. None of the field hands seemed to have seen or heard
+anything, and old Sophonisba's wailing had stopped at the instant of sunrise.
+She was like a sphinx after that, and never let out a word of what had been on
+her brooding brain the day and night before.
+
+"Later on I pretended that Denis and Marsh and Marceline had gone back to
+Paris and had a certain discreet agency mail me letters from there - letters I had
+fixed up in forged handwriting. It took a good deal of deceit and reticence in
+several things to various friends, and I knew people have secretly suspected me
+of holding something back. I had the deaths of Marsh and Denis reported during
+the war, and later said Marceline had entered a convent. Fortunately Marsh was
+an orphan whose eccentric ways had alienated him from his people in Louisiana.
+Things might have been patched up a good deal better for me if I had had the
+sense to burn the picture, sell the plantation, and give up trying to manage things
+with a shaken and overstrained mind. You see what my folly has brought me to.
+Failing crops - hands discharged one by one - place falling apart to ruin - and
+myself a hermit and a target for dozens of queer countryside stories. Nobody will
+come around here after dark anymore - or any other time if it can be helped.
+That's why I knew you must be a stranger.
+
+"And why do I stay here? I can't wholly tell you that. It's bound up too closely
+with things at the very rim of sane reality. It wouldn't have been so, perhaps, if I
+hadn't looked at the picture. I ought to have done as poor Denis told me. I
+honestly meant to burn it when I went up to that locked studio a week after the
+horror, but I looked first - and that changed everything.
+
+"No - there's no use telling what I saw. You can, in a way, see for yourself
+presently; though time and dampness have done their work. I don't think it can
+hurt you if you want to take a look, but it was different with me. I knew too
+much of what it all meant.
+
+"Denis had been right - it was the greatest triumph of human art since
+Rembrandt, even though still unfinished. I grasped that at the start, and knew
+that poor Marsh had justified his decadent philosophy. He was to painting what
+Baudelaire was to poetry - and Marceline was the key that had unlocked his
+inmost stronghold of genius.
+
+
+
+1011
+
+
+
+"The thing almost stunned me when I pulled aside the hangings - stunned me
+before I half knew what the whole thing was. You know, it's only partly a
+portrait. Marsh had been pretty literal when he hinted that he wasn't painting
+Marceline alone, but what he saw through her and beyond her.
+
+"Of course she was in it - was the key to it, in a sense - but her figure only formed
+one point in a vast composition. She was nude except for that hideous web of
+hair spun around her, and was half-seated, half- reclining on a sort of bench or
+divan, carved in patterns unlike those of any known decorative tradition. There
+was a monstrously shaped goblet in one hand, from which was spilling fluid
+whose colour I haven't been able to place or classify to this day - I don't know
+where Marsh even got the pigments.
+
+"The figure and the divan were in the left-hand foreground of the strangest sort
+of scene I ever saw in my life. I think there was a faint suggestion of its all being a
+kind of emanation from the woman's brain, yet there was also a directly opposite
+suggestion - as if she were just an evil image or hallucination conjured up by the
+scene itself.
+
+"I can't tell you know whether it's an exterior or an interior - whether those
+hellish Cyclopean vaultings are seen from the outside or the inside, or whether
+they are indeed carven stone and not merely a morbid fungous arborescence. The
+geometry of the whole thing is crazy - one gets the acute and obtuse angles all
+mixed up.
+
+"And God! The shapes of nightmare that float around in that perpetual daemon
+twilight! The blasphemies that lurk and leer and hold a Witches' Sabbat with that
+woman as a high-priestess! The black shaggy entities that are not quite goats -
+the crocodile-headed beast with three legs and a dorsal row of tentacles - and the
+flat-nosed aegipans dancing in a pattern that Egypt's priests knew and called
+accursed!
+
+"But the scene wasn't Egypt - it was behind Egypt; behind even Atlantis; behind
+fabled Mu, and myth- whispered Lemuria. It was the ultimate fountainhead of
+all horror on this earth, and the symbolism shewed only too clearly how integral
+a part of it Marceline was. I think it must be the unmentionable R'lyeh, that was
+not built by any creatures of this planet - the thing Marsh and Denis used to talk
+about in the shadows with hushed voices. In the picture it appears that the whole
+scene is deep under water - though everybody seems to be breathing freely.
+
+"Well - I couldn't do anything but look and shudder, and finally I saw that
+Marceline was watching me craftily out of those monstrous, dilated eyes on the
+canvas. It was no mere superstition - Marsh had actually caught something of her
+
+
+
+1012
+
+
+
+horrible vitality in his symphonies of line and color, so that she still brooded and
+hated, just as if most of her weren't down in the cellar under quicklime. And it
+was worst of al when some of those Hecate-born snaky strands of hair began to
+lift themselves up from the surface and grope out into the room toward me.
+
+"Then it was that I knew the last final horror, and realised I was a guardian and a
+prisoner forever, she was the thing from which the first dim legends of Medusa
+and the Gorgons had sprung, and something in my shaken will had been
+captured and turned to stone at last. Never again would I be safe from those
+coiling snaky strands - the strands in the picture, and those that lay brooding
+under the lime near the wine casks. All too late I recalled the tales of the virtual
+indestructibility, even through centuries of burial, of the hair of the dead.
+
+"My life since has been nothing but horror and slavery. Always there had lurked
+the fear of what broods down in the cellar. In less than a month the niggers
+began whispering about the great black snake that crawled around near the wine
+casks after dark, and about the curious way its trail would lead to another spot
+six feet away. Finally I had to move everything to another part of the cellar, for
+not a darky could be induced to go near the place where the snake was seen.
+
+"Then the field hands began talking about the black snake that visited old
+Sophonisba's cabin every night after midnight. One of them shewed me its trail -
+and not long afterward I found out that Aunt Sophy herself had begun to pay
+strange visits to the cellar of the big house, lingering and muttering for hours in
+the very spot where none of the other blacks would go near. God, but I was glad
+when that old witch died! I honestly believe she had been a priestess of some
+ancient and terrible tradition back in Africa. She must have lived to be almost a
+hundred and fifty years old.
+
+"Sometimes I think I hear something gliding around the house at night. There
+will be a queer noise on the stairs, where the boards are loose, and the latch of
+my room will rattle as if with an inward pressure. I always keep my door locked,
+of course. Then there are certain mornings when I seem to catch a sickish musty
+odour in the corridors, and notice a faint, ropy trail through the dust of the
+floors. I know I must guard the hair in the picture, for if anything were to happen
+to it, there are entities in this house which would take a sure and terrible
+revenge. I don't even dare to die - for life and death are all one to those in the
+clutch of what came out of R'lyeh. Something would be on hand to punish my
+neglect. Medusa's coil has got me, and it will always be the same. Never mix up
+with secret and ultimate horror, young man, if you value your immortal soul."
+
+VI
+
+
+
+1013
+
+
+
+As the old man finished his story I saw that the small lamp had long since
+burned dry, and that the large one was nearly empty. It must, I knew, be near
+dawn, and my ears told me that the storm was over. The tale had held me in a
+half-daze, and I almost feared to glance at the door lest it reveal an inward
+pressure from some unnamable source. It would be hard to say which had the
+greatest hold on me - stark horror, incredulity, or a kind of morbid fantastic
+curiosity. I was wholly beyond speech and had to wait for my strange host to
+break the spell.
+
+"Do you want to see - the thing?"
+
+His voice was low and hesitant, and I saw he was tremendously in earnest. Of
+my various emotions, curiosity gained the upper hand; and I nodded silently. He
+rose, lighting a candle on a nearby table and holding it high before him as he
+opened the door.
+
+"Come with me - upstairs."
+
+I dreaded to brave those musty corridors again, but fascination downed all my
+qualms. The boards creaked beneath our feet, and I trembled once when I
+thought I saw a faint, rope-like line trace in the dust near the staircase.
+
+The steps of the attic were noisy and rickety, with several of the treads missing. I
+was just glad of the need of looking sharply to my footing, for it gave me an
+excuse not to glance about. The attic corridor was pitch-black and heavily
+cobwebbed, and inch-deep with dust except where a beaten trail led to a door on
+the left at the farther end. As I noticed the rotting remains of a thick carpet I
+thought of the other feet which had pressed it in bygone decades - of these, and
+of one thing which did not have feet.
+
+The old man took me straight to the door at the end of the beaten path, and
+fumbled a second with the rusty latch. I was acutely frightened know that I knew
+the picture was so close, yet dared not retreat at this stage. In another moment
+my host was ushering me into the deserted studio.
+
+The candle light was very faint, yet served to shew most of the principal features.
+I noticed the low, slanting roof, the huge enlarged dormer, the curios and
+trophies hung on the wall - and most of all, the great shrouded easel in the centre
+of the floor. To that easel de Russy now walked, drawing aside the dusty velvet
+hangings on the side turned away from me, and motioning me silently to
+approach. It took a good deal of courage to make me obey, especially when I saw
+how my guide's eyes dilated in the wavering candle light as he looked at the
+
+
+
+1014
+
+
+
+unveiled canvas. But again curiosity conquered everything, and I walked around
+to where de Russy stood. Then I saw the damnable thing.
+
+I did not faint - though no reader can possibly realise the effort it took to keep me
+from doing so. I did cry out, but stopped short when I saw the frightened look on
+the old man's face, as I had expected, the canvas was warped, mouldy, and
+scabrous from dampness and neglect; but for all that I could trace the monstrous
+hints of evil cosmic outsideness that lurked all through the nameless scene's
+morbid content and perverted geometry.
+
+It was as the old man had said - a vaulted, columned hell of mungled Black
+Masses and Witches' Sabbaths - and what perfect completion could have added
+to it was beyond my power to guess. Decay had only increased the utter
+hideousness of its wicked symbolism and diseased suggestion, for the parts most
+affected by time were just those parts of the picture which in Nature - or in the
+extra-cosmic realm that mocked Nature - would be apt to decay and disintegrate.
+
+The utmost horror of all, of course, was Marceline - and as I saw the bloated,
+discoloured flesh I formed the odd fancy that perhaps the figure on the canvas
+had some obscure, occult linkage with the figure which lay in quicklime under
+the cellar floor. Perhaps the lime had preserved the corpse instead of destroying
+it - but could it have preserved those black, malign eyes that glared and mocked
+at me from their painted hell?
+
+And there was something else about the creature which I could not fail to notice -
+something which de Russy had not been able to put into words, but which
+perhaps had something to do with Denis' wish to kill all those of his blood who
+had dwelt under the same roof with her. Whether Marsh knew, or whether the
+genius in him painted it without his knowing, none could say. But Denis and his
+father could not have known till they saw the picture.
+
+Surpassing all in horror was the streaming black hair - which covered the rotting
+body, but which was itself not even slightly decayed. All I had heard of it was
+amply verified. It was nothing human, this ropy, sinuous, half-oily, half-crinkly
+flood of serpent darkness. Vile, independent life proclaimed itself at every
+unnatural twist and convolution, and the suggestion of numberless reptilian
+heads at the out-turned ends was far too marked to be illusory or accidental.
+
+The blasphemous thing held me like a magnet. I was helpless, and did not
+wonder at the myth of the gorgon's glance which turned all beholders to stone.
+Then I thought I saw a change come over the thing. The leering features
+perceptibly moved, so that the rotting jaw fell, allowing the thick, beast-like lips
+to disclose a row of pointed yellow fangs. The pupils of the fiendish eyes dilated.
+
+
+
+1015
+
+
+
+and the eyes themselves seemed to bulge outward. And the hair - that accursed
+hair! It had begun to rustle and wave perceptibly, the snake-heads all turning
+toward de Russy and vibrating as if to strike!
+
+Reason deserted me altogether, and before I knew what I was doing I drew my
+automatic and sent a shower of twelve steel-jacketed bullets through the
+shocking canvas. The whole thing at once fell to pieces, even the frame toppling
+from the easel and clattering to the dust-covered floor. But though this horror
+was shattered, another had risen before me in the form of de Russy himself,
+whose maddened shrieks as he saw the picture vanish were almost as terrible as
+the picture itself had been.
+
+With a half-articulate scream of "God, now you've done it!" the frantic old man
+seized me violently by the arm and commenced to drag me out of the room and
+down the rickety stairs. He had dropped the candle in his panic; but dawn was
+near, and some faint grey light was filtering in through the dust-covered
+windows. I tripped and stumbled repeatedly, but never for a moment would my
+guide slacken his pace.
+
+"Run!" he shrieked, "run for your life! You don't know what you've done! I
+never told you the whole thing! There were things I had to do - the picture talked
+to me and told me. I had to guard and keep it - now the worst will happen! She
+and that hair will come up out of their graves, for God knows what purpose!
+
+"Hurry, man! For God's sake let's get out of here while there's time. If you have a
+car take me along to Cape Girardeau with you. It may well get me in the end,
+anywhere, but I'll give it a run for its money. Out of here - quick!"
+
+As we reached the ground floor I became aware of a slow, curious thumping
+from the rear of the house, followed by a sound of a door shutting. De Russy had
+not heard the thumping, but the other noise caught his ear and drew from him
+the most terrible shriek that ever sounded in human throat.
+
+"Oh, God - great God - that was the cellar door - she's coming - "
+
+By this time I was desperately wrestling with the rusty latch and sagging hinges
+of the great front door - almost as frantic as my host now that I heard the slow,
+thumping tread approaching from the unknown rear rooms of the accursed
+mansion. The night's rain had warped the oaken planks, and the heavy door
+stuck and resisted even more strongly than it had when I forced an entrance the
+evening before.
+
+
+
+1016
+
+
+
+Somewhere a plank creaked beneath the foot of whatever was walking, and the
+sound seemed to snap the last cord of sanity in the poor old man. With a roar like
+that of a maddened bull he released his grip on me and made a plunge to the
+right, through the open door of a room which I judged had been a parlour. A
+second later, just as I got the front door open and was making my own escape, I
+heard the tinkling clatter of broken glass and knew he had leapt through a
+window. And as I bounded off the sagging porch to commence my mad race
+down the long, weed-grown drive I thought I could catch the thud of dead,
+dogged footsteps which did not follow me, but which kept leadenly on through
+the door of the cobwebbed parlour.
+
+I looked backward only twice as I plunged heedlessly through the burrs and
+briers of that abandoned drive, past the dying lindens and grotesque scrub-oaks,
+in the grey pallor of a cloudy November dawn. The first time was when an acrid
+smell overtook me, and I thought of the candle de Russy had dropped in the attic
+studio. By then I was comfortably near the road, on the high place from which
+the roof of the distant house was clearly visible above its encircling trees; and just
+as I expected, thick clouds of smoke were billowing out of the attic dormers and
+curling upward into the leaden heavens. I thanked the powers of creation that an
+immemorial curse was about to be purged by fire and blotted from the earth.
+
+But in the next instant came that second backward look in which I glimpsed two
+other things - things that cancelled most of the relief and gave me a supreme
+shock from which I shall never recover. I have said that I was on a high part of
+the drive, from which much of the plantation behind me was visible. This vista
+included not only the house and its trees but some of the abandoned and partly
+flooded land beside the river, and several bends of the weed-choked drive I had
+been so hastily traversing. In both of these latter places 1 1 now beheld sights - or
+suspicions of sights - which I wish devoutly I could deny. It was a faint, distant
+scream which made me turn back again, and as I did so I caught a trace of
+motion on the dull grey marshy plain behind the house. At that human figures
+are very small, yet I thought the motion resolved itself into two of these - pursuer
+and pursued. I even thought I saw the dark-clothed leading figure overtaken,
+seized, and dragged violently in the direction of the now burning house.
+
+But I could not watch the outcome, for at once a nearer sight obtruded itself - a
+suggestion of motion among the underbrush at a point some distance back along
+the deserted drive. Unmistakably, the weeds and bushes and briers were
+swaying as no wind could sway them; swaying as if some large, swift serpent
+were wriggling purposefully along on the ground in pursuit of me.
+
+That was all I could stand. I scrambled along madly for the gate, heedless of torn
+clothing and bleeding scratches, and jumped into the roadster parked under the
+
+
+
+1017
+
+
+
+great evergreen tree. It was a bedraggled, rain- drenched sight; but the works
+were unharmed and I had no trouble in starting the thing. I went on blindly in
+the direction the car was headed for; nothing was in my mind but to get away
+from that frightful region of nightmares and cacodaemons - to get away as
+quickly and as far as gasoline could take me.
+
+About three or four miles along the road a farmer hailed me - a kindly, drawling
+fellow of middle age and considerable native intelligence. I was glad to slow
+down and ask directions, though I knew I must present a strange enough aspect.
+The man readily told me the way to Cape Girardeau, and inquired where I had
+come from in such a state at such an early hour. Thinking it best to say little, I
+merely mentioned that I had been caught in the night's rain and had taken
+shelter at a nearby farmhouse, afterward losing my way in the underbrush trying
+to find my car.
+
+"At a farmhouse, eh? Wonder whose it could'a been. Ain't nothin' standin' this
+side o' Jim Ferris' place acrost Barker's Crick, an' that's all o' twenty miles by the
+rud."
+
+I gave a start, and wondered what fresh mystery this portended. Then I asked
+my informant if he had overlooked the large ruined plantation house whose
+ancient gate bordered the road not far back.
+
+"Funny ye sh'd recoUeck that, stranger! Must a ben here afore some time. But
+that house ain't here now. Burnt down five or six years ago - and they did tell
+some queer stories about it."
+
+I shuddered.
+
+"You mean Riverside - ol' man de Russy's place. Queer goin's on there fifteen or
+twenty years ago. Ol' man's boy married a gal from abroad, and some folks
+thought she was a mighty odd sort. Didn't like the looks of her. then she and the
+boy went off sudden, and later on the ol' man said he was kilt in the war. But
+some o' the niggers hinted queer things. Got around at last that the ol' fellow fell
+in love with the gal himself and kilt her and the boy. That place was sure enough
+haunted by a black snake, mean that what it may.
+
+"Then five or six years ago the ol' man disappeared and the house burned down.
+Some do say he was burnt up in it. It was a mornin' after a rainy night just like
+this, when lots o' folks heard an awful yellin' across the fields in old de Russy's
+voice. When they stopped and looked, they see the house goin' up in smoke
+quick as a wink - that place was all like tinder anyhow, rain or no rain. Nobody
+
+
+
+1018
+
+
+
+never seen the ol' man again, but onct in a while they tell of the ghost of that big
+black snake glidin' aroun'.
+
+"What d'ye make of it, anyhow? You seem to hev knowed the place. Didn't ye
+ever hear tell of the de Russys? What d'ye reckon was the trouble with that gal
+young Denis married? She kinder made everybody shiver and feel hateful,
+though ye' couldn't never tell why."
+
+I was trying to think, but that process was almost beyond me now. The house
+burned down years ago? Then where, and under what conditions, had I passed
+the night? And why did I know what I knew of these things? Even as I pondered
+I saw a hair on my coat sleeve - the short, grey hair of an old man.
+
+In the end I drove on without telling anything. But did I hint that gossip was
+wronging the poor old planter who had suffered so much. I made it clear - as if
+from distant but authentic reports wafted among friends - that if anyone was to
+blame for the trouble at Riverside it was the woman, Marceline. She was not
+suited to Missouri ways, I said, and it was too bad that Denis had ever married
+her.
+
+More I did not intimate, for I felt that the de Russys, with their proudly cherished
+honour and high, sensitive spirits, would not wish me to say more. They had
+borne enough, God knows, without the countryside guessing what a daemon of
+the pit - what a gorgon of the elder blasphemies - had come to flaunt their
+ancient and stainless name.
+
+Nor was it right that the neighbours should know that other horror which my
+strange host of the night could not bring himself to tell me - that horror which he
+must have learned, as I learned it, from details in the lost masterpiece of poor
+Frank Marsh.
+
+It would be too hideous if they knew that the one-time heiress of Riverside - the
+accursed gorgon or lamia whose hateful crinkly coil of serpent-hair must even
+now be brooding and twining vampirically around an artist's skeleton in a lime-
+packed grave beneath a charred foundation - was faintly, subtly, yet to the eyes
+of genius unmistakably the scion of Zimbabwe's most primal grovellers. No
+wonder she owned a link with that old witch-woman - for, though in deceitfully
+slight proportion, Marceline was a negress.
+
+
+
+1019
+
+
+
+Out of the Aeons - with Hazel Heald
+
+Written 1933
+
+(Ms. found among the effects of the late Richard H. Johnson, Ph.D., curator of the
+Cabot Museum of Archaeology, Boston, Mass.)
+
+It is not likely that anyone in Boston - or any alert reader elsewhere - will ever
+forget the strange affair of the Cabot Museum. The newspaper publicity given to
+that hellish mummy, the antique and terrible rumours vaguely linked with it, the
+morbid wave of interest and cult activities during 1932, and the frightful fate of
+the two intruders on December 1st of that year, all combined to form one of those
+classic mysteries which go down for generations as folklore and become the
+nuclei of whole cycles of horrific speculation.
+
+Everyone seems to realise, too, that something very vital and unutterably
+hideous was suppressed in the public accounts of the culminant horrors. Those
+first disquieting hints as to the condition of one of the two bodies were dismissed
+and ignored too abruptly - nor were the singular modifications in the mummy
+given the following-up which their news value would normally prompt. It also
+struck people as queer that the mummy was never restored to its case. In these
+days of expert taxidermy the excuse that its disintegrating condition made
+exhibition impracticable seemed a peculiarly lame one.
+
+As curator of the museum I am in a position to reveal all the suppressed facts,
+but this I shall not do during my lifetime. There are things about the world and
+universe which it is better for the majority not to know, and I have not departed
+from the opinion in which all of us - museum staff, physicians, reporters, and
+police - concurred at the period of the horror itself. At the same time it seems
+proper that a matter of such overwhelming scientific and historic importance
+should not remain wholly unrecorded - hence this account which I have
+prepared for the benefit of serious students. I shall place it among various papers
+to be examined after my death, leaving its fate to the discretion of my executors.
+Certain threats and unusual events during the past weeks have led me to believe
+that my life - as well as that of other museum officials - is in some peril through
+the enmity of several widespread secret cults of Asiatics, Polynesians, and
+heterogeneous mystical devotees; hence it is possible that the work of the
+executors may not be long postponed. [Executor's note: Dr. Johnson died
+suddenly and rather mysteriously of heart-failure on April 22, 1933. Wentworth
+Moore, taxidermist of the museum, disappeared around the middle of the
+preceding month. On February 18 of the same year Dr. William Minot, who
+
+
+
+1020
+
+
+
+superintended a dissection connected with the case, was stabbed in the back,
+dying the following day.]
+
+The real beginning of the horror, I suppose, was in 1879 - long before my term as
+curator - when the museum acquired that ghastly, inexplicable mummy from the
+Orient Shipping Company. Its very discovery was monstrous and menacing, for
+it came from a crypt of unknown origin and fabulous antiquity on a bit of land
+suddenly upheaved from the Pacific's floor.
+
+On May 11, 1878, Capt. Charles Weatherbee of the freighter Eridanus, bound
+from Wellington, New Zealand, to Valparaiso, Chile, had sighted a new island
+unmarked on any chart and evidently of volcanic origin. It projected quite boldly
+out of the sea in the form of a truncated cone. A landing-party under Capt.
+Weatherbee noted evidences of long submersion on the rugged slopes which
+they climbed, while at the summit there were signs of recent destruction, as by
+an earthquake. Among the scattered rubble were massive stones of manifestly
+artificial shaping, and a little examination disclosed the presence of some of that
+prehistoric Cyclopean masonry found on certain Pacific islands and forming a
+perpetual archaeological puzzle.
+
+Finally the sailors entered a massive stone crypt - judged to have been part of a
+much larger edifice, and to have originally lain far underground - in one corner
+of which the frightful mummy crouched. After a short period of virtual panic,
+caused partly by certain carvings on the walls, the men were induced to move
+the mummy to the ship, though it was only with fear and loathing that they
+touched it. Close to the body, as if once thrust into its clothes, was a cylinder of
+an unknown metal containing a roll of thin, bluish- white membrane of equally
+unknown nature, inscribed with peculiar characters in a greyish, indeterminable
+pigment. In the centre of the vast stone floor was a suggestion of a trap-door, but
+the party lacked apparatus sufficiently powerful to move it.
+
+The Cabot Museum, then newly established, saw the meagre reports of the
+discovery and at once took steps to acquire the mummy and the cylinder.
+Curator Pickman made a personal trip to Valparaiso and outfitted a schooner to
+search for the crypt where the thing had been found, though meeting with failure
+in this matter. At the recorded position of the island nothing but the sea's
+unbroken expanse could be discerned, and the seekers realised that the same
+seismic forces which had suddenly thrust the island up had carried it down
+again to the watery darkness where it had brooded for untold aeons. The secret
+of that immovable trap-door would never be solved. The mummy and the
+cylinder, however, remained - and the former was placed on exhibition early in
+November, 1879, in the museum's hall of mummies.
+
+
+
+1021
+
+
+
+The Cabot Museum of Archaeology, which speciahses in such remnants of
+ancient and unknown civihsations as do not fall within the domain of art, is a
+small and scarcely famous institution, though one of high standing in scientific
+circles. It stands in the heart of Boston's exclusive Beacon Hill district - in Mt.
+Vernon Street, near Joy - housed in a former private mansion with an added
+wing in the rear, and was a source of pride to its austere neighbours until the
+recent terrible events brought it an undesirable notoriety. The hall of mummies
+on the western side of the original mansion (which was designed by Bulfinch
+and erected in 1819), on the second floor, is justly esteemed by historians and
+anthropologists as harbouring the greatest collection of its kind in America. Here
+may be found typical examples of Egyptian embalming from the earliest
+Sakkarah specimens to the last Coptic attempts of the eighth century; mummies
+of other cultures, including the prehistoric Indian specimens recently found in
+the Aleutian Islands; agonised Pompeian figures moulded in plaster from tragic
+hollows in the ruin choking ashes; naturally mummified bodies from mines and
+other excavations in all parts of the earth - some surprised by their terrible
+entombment in the grotesque postures caused by their last, tearing death-throes -
+everything, in short, which any collection of the sort could well be expected to
+contain. In 1879, of course, it was much less ample than it is now; yet even then it
+was remarkable. But that shocking thing from the primal Cyclopean crypt on an
+ephemeral sea-spawned island was always its chief attraction and most
+impenetrable mystery.
+
+The mummy was that of a medium-sized man of unknown race, and was cast in
+a peculiar crouching posture. The face, half shielded by claw -like hands, had its
+under jaw thrust far forward, while the shrivelled features bore an expression of
+fright so hideous that few spectators could view them unmoved. The eyes were
+closed, with lids clamped down tightly over eyeballs apparently bulging and
+prominent. Bits of hair and beard remained, and the colour of the whole was a
+sort of dull neutral grey. In texture the thing was half leathery and half stony,
+forming an insoluble enigma to those experts who sought to ascertain how it was
+embalmed. In places bits of its substance were eaten away by time and decay.
+Rags of some peculiar fabric, with suggestions of unknown designs, still clung to
+the object.
+
+Just what made it so infinitely horrible and repulsive one could hardly say. For
+one thing, there was a subtle, indefinable sense of limitless antiquity and utter
+alienage which affected one like a view from the brink of a monstrous abyss of
+unplumbed blackness - but mostly it was the expression of crazed fear on the
+puckered, prognathous, half-shielded face. Such a symbol of infinite, inhuman,
+cosmic fright could not help communicating the emotion to the beholder amidst
+a disquieting cloud of mystery and vain conjecture.
+
+
+
+1022
+
+
+
+Among the discriminating few who frequented the Cabot Museum this reHc of
+an elder, forgotten world soon acquired an unholy fame, though the institution's
+seclusion and quiet policy prevented it from becoming a popular sensation of the
+"Cardiff Giant" sort. In the last century the art of vulgar ballyhoo had not
+invaded the field of scholarship to the extent it has now succeeded in doing.
+Naturally, savants of various kinds tried their best to classify the frightful object,
+though always without success. Theories of a bygone Pacific civilisation, of
+which the Easter Island images and the megalithic masonry of Ponape and Nan-
+Matol are conceivable vestiges, were freely circulated among students, and
+learned journals carried varied and often conflicting speculations on a possible
+former continent whose peaks survive as the myriad islands of Melanesia and
+Polynesia. The diversity in dates assigned to the hypothetical vanished culture -
+or continent - was at once bewildering and amusing; yet some surprisingly
+relevant allusions were found in certain myths of Tahiti and other islands.
+
+Meanwhile the strange cylinder and its baffling scroll of unknown hieroglyphs,
+carefully preserved in the museum library, received their due share of attention.
+No question could exist as to their association with the mummy; hence all
+realised that in the unravelling of their mystery the mystery of the shrivelled
+horror would in all probability be unravelled as well. The cylinder, about four
+inches long by seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, was of a queerly iridescent
+metal utterly defying chemical analysis and seemingly impervious to all
+reagents. It was tightly fitted with a cap of the same substance, and bore
+engraved figurings of an evidently decorative and possibly symbolic nature -
+conventional designs which seemed to follow a peculiarly alien, paradoxical, and
+doubtfully describable system of geometry.
+
+Not less mysterious was the scroll it contained - a neat roll of some thin, bluish-
+white, unanalysable membrane, coiled round a slim rod of metal like that of the
+cylinder, and unwinding to a length of some two feet. The large, bold
+hieroglyphs, extending in a narrow line down the centre of the scroll and penned
+or painted with a grey pigment defying analysts, resembled nothing known to
+linguists and palaeographers, and could not be deciphered despite the
+transmission of photographic copies to every living expert in the given field.
+
+It is true that a few scholars, unusually versed in the literature of occultism and
+magic, found vague resemblances between some of the hieroglyphs and certain
+primal symbols described or cited in two or three very ancient, obscure, and
+esoteric texts such as the Book of Eibon, reputed to descend from forgotten
+Hyperborea; the Pnakotic fragments, alleged to be pre-human; and the
+monstrous and forbidden Necronomicon of the mad Arab Abdul Alhazred.
+None of these resemblances, however, was beyond dispute; and because of the
+prevailing low estimation of occult studies, no effort was made to circulate
+
+
+
+1023
+
+
+
+copies of the hieroglyphs among mystical specialists. Had such circulation
+occurred at this early date, the later history of the case might have been very
+different; indeed, a glance at the hieroglyphs by any reader of von Junzt's
+horrible Nameless Cults would have established a linkage of unmistakable
+significance. At this period, however, the readers of that monstrous blasphemy
+were exceedingly few; copies having been incredibly scarce in the interval
+between the suppression of the original Dusseldorf edition (1839) and of the
+Bridewell translation (1845) and the publication of the expurgated reprint by the
+Golden Goblin Press in 1909. Practically speaking, no occultist or student of the
+primal past's esoteric lore had his attention called to the strange scroll until the
+recent outburst of sensational journalism which precipitated the horrible climax.
+
+II.
+
+Thus matters glided along for a half-century following the installation of the
+frightful mummy at the museum. The gruesome object had a local celebrity
+among cultivated Bostonians, but no more than that; while the very existence of
+the cylinder and scroll - after a decade of futile research - was virtually forgotten.
+So quiet and conservative was the Cabot Museum that no reporter or feature
+writer ever thought of invading its uneventful precincts for rabble-tickling
+material.
+
+The invasion of ballyhoo commenced in the spring of 1931, when a purchase of
+somewhat spectacular nature - that of the strange objects and inexplicably
+preserved bodies found in crypts beneath the almost vanished and evilly famous
+ruins of Chateau Faussesflammes, in Averoigne, France - brought the museum
+prominently into the news columns. True to its "hustling" policy, the Boston
+Pillar sent a Sunday feature writer to cover the incident and pad it with an
+exaggerated general account of the institution itself; and this young man - Stuart
+Reynolds by name - hit upon the nameless mummy as a potential sensation far
+surpassing the recent acquisitions nominally forming his chief assignment. A
+smattering of theosophical lore, and a fondness for the speculations of such
+writers as Colonel Churchward and Lewis Spence concerning lost continents and
+primal forgotten civilisations, made Reynolds especially alert toward any
+aeonian relic like the unknown mummy.
+
+At the museum the reporter made himself a nuisance through constant and not
+always intelligent questionings and endless demands for the movement of
+encased objects to permit photographs from unusual angles. In the basement
+library room he pored endlessly over the strange metal cylinder and its
+membraneous scroll, photographing them from every angle and securing
+pictures of every bit of the weird hieroglyphed text. He likewise asked to see all
+books with any bearing whatever on the subject of primal cultures and sunken
+
+
+
+1024
+
+
+
+continents - sitting for three hours taking notes, and leaving only in order to
+hasten to Cambridge for a sight (if permission were granted) of the abhorred and
+forbidden Necronomicon at the Widener Library.
+
+On April 5th the article appeared in the Sunday Pillar, smothered in photographs
+of mummy, cylinder, and hieroglyphed scroll, and couched in the peculiarly
+simpering, infantile style which the Pillar affects for the benefit of its vast and
+mentally immature clientele. Full of inaccuracies, exaggerations, and
+sensationalism, it was precisely the sort of thing to stir the brainless and fickle
+interest of the herd - and as a result the once quiet museum began to be swarmed
+with chattering and vacuously staring throngs such as its stately corridors had
+never known before.
+
+There were scholarly and intelligent visitors, too, despite the puerility of the
+article - the pictures had spoken for themselves - and many persons of mature
+attainments sometimes see the Pillar by accident. I recall one very strange
+character who appeared during November - a dark, turbaned, and bushily
+bearded man with a laboured, unnatural voice, curiously expressionless face,
+clumsy hands covered with absurd white mittens, who gave a squalid West End
+address and called himself "Swami Chandraputra". This fellow was
+unbelievably erudite in occult lore and seemed profoundly and solemnly moved
+by the resemblance of the hieroglyphs on the scroll to certain signs and symbols
+of a forgotten elder world about which he professed vast intuitive knowledge.
+
+By June, the fame of the mummy and scroll had leaked far beyond Boston, and
+the museum had inquiries and requests for photographs from occultists and
+students of arcana all over the world. This was not altogether pleasing to our
+staff, since we are a scientific institution without sympathy for fantastic
+dreamers; yet we answered all questions with civility. One result of these
+catechisms was a highly learned article in The Occult Review by the famous New
+Orleans mystic Etienne-Laurent de Marigny, in which was asserted the complete
+identity of some of the odd geometrical designs on the iridescent cylinder, and of
+several of the hieroglyphs on the membraneous scroll, with certain ideographs of
+horrible significance (transcribed from primal monoliths or from the secret
+rituals of hidden bands of esoteric students and devotees) reproduced in the
+hellish and suppressed Black Book or Nameless Cults of von Junzt.
+
+De Marigny recalled the frightful death of von Junzt in 1840, a year after the
+publication of his terrible volume at Dusseldorf, and commented on his blood-
+curdling and partly suspected sources of information. Above all, he emphasised
+the enormous relevance of the tales with which von Junzt linked most of the
+monstrous ideographs he had reproduced. That these tales, in which a cylinder
+and scroll were expressly mentioned, held a remarkable suggestion of
+
+
+
+1025
+
+
+
+relationship to the things at the museum, no one could deny; yet they were of
+such breath-taking extravagance - involving such unbelievable sweeps of time
+and such fantastic anomalies of a forgotten elder world - that one could much
+more easily admire than believe them.
+
+Admire them the public certainly did, for copying in the press was universal.
+Illustrated articles sprang up everywhere, telling or purporting to tell the legends
+in the Black Book, expatiating on the horror of the mummy, comparing the
+cylinder's designs and the scroll's hieroglyphs with the figures reproduced by
+von Junzt, and indulging in the wildest, most sensational, and most irrational
+theories and speculations. Attendance at the museum was trebled, and the
+widespread nature of the interest was attested by the plethora of mail on the
+subject - most of it inane and superfluous - received at the museum. Apparently
+the mummy and its origin formed - for imaginative people - a close rival to the
+depression as chief topic of 1931 and 1932. For my own part, the principal effect
+of the furore was to make me read von Junzt's monstrous volume in the Golden
+Goblin edition - a perusal which left me dizzy and nauseated, yet thankful that I
+had not seen the utter infamy of the unexpurgated text.
+
+III.
+
+The archaic whispers reflected in the Black Book, and linked with designs and
+symbols so closely akin to what the mysterious scroll and cylinder bore, were
+indeed of a character to hold one spellbound and not a little awestruck. Leaping
+an incredible gulf of time - behind all the civilisations, races, and lands we know
+- they clustered round a vanished nation and a vanished continent of the misty,
+fabulous dawn-years . . . that to which legend has given the name of Mu, and
+which old tablets in the primal Naacal tongue speak of as flourishing 200,000
+years ago, when Europe harboured only hybrid entities, and lost Hyperborea
+knew the nameless worship of black amorphous Tsathoggua.
+
+There was mention of a kingdom or province called K'naa in a very ancient land
+where the first human people had found monstrous ruins left by those who had
+dwelt there before - vague waves of unknown entities which had filtered down
+from the stars and lived out their aeons on a forgotten, nascent world. K'naa was
+a sacred place, since from its midst the bleak basalt cliffs of Mount Yaddith-Gho
+soared starkly into the sky, topped by a gigantic fortress of Cyclopean stone,
+infinitely older than mankind and built by the alien spawn of the dark planet
+Yuggoth, which had colonised the earth before the birth of terrestrial life.
+
+The spawn of Yuggoth had perished aeons before, but had left behind them one
+monstrous and terrible living thing which could never die - their hellish god or
+patron daemon Ghatanothoa, which glowered and brooded eternally though
+
+
+
+1026
+
+
+
+unseen in the crypts beneath that fortress on Yaddith-Gho. No human creature
+had ever cHmbed Yaddith-Gho or seen that blasphemous fortress except as a
+distant and geometrically abnormal outline against the sky; yet most agreed that
+Ghatanothoa was still there, wallowing and burrowing in unsuspected abysses
+beneath the megalithic walls. There were always those who believed that
+sacrifices must be made to Ghatanothoa, lest it crawl out of its hidden abysses
+and waddle horribly through the world of men as it had once waddled through
+the primal world of the Yuggoth-spawn.
+
+People said that if no victims were offered, Ghatanothoa would ooze up to the
+light of day and lumber down the basalt cliffs of Yaddith-Gho bringing doom to
+all it might encounter. For no living thing could behold Ghatanothoa, or even a
+perfect graven image of Ghatanothoa, however small, without suffering a change
+more horrible than death itself. Sight of the god, or its image, as all the legends of
+the Yuggoth- spawn agreed, meant paralysis and petrifaction of a singularly
+shocking sort, in which the victim was turned to stone and leather on the outside,
+while the brain within remained perpetually alive - horribly fixed and prisoned
+through the ages, and maddeningly conscious of the passage of interminable
+epochs of helpless inaction till chance and time might complete the decay of the
+petrified shell and leave it exposed to die. Most brains, of course, would go mad
+long before this aeon-deferred release could arrive. No human eyes, it was said,
+had ever glimpsed Ghatanothoa, though the danger was as great now as it had
+been for the Yuggoth-spawn.
+
+And so there was a cult in K'naa which worshipped Ghatanothoa and each year
+sacrificed to it twelve young warriors and twelve young maidens. These victims
+were offered up on flaming altars in the marble temple near the mountain's base,
+for none dared climb Yaddith-Gho's basalt cliffs or draw near to the Cyclopean
+prehuman stronghold on its crest. Vast was the power of the priests of
+Ghatanothoa, since upon them alone depended the preservation of K'naa and of
+all the land of Mu from the petrifying emergence of Ghatanothoa out of its
+unknown burrows.
+
+There were in the land an hundred priests of the Dark God, under Imash-Mo the
+High-Priest, who walked before King Thabon at the Nath-feast, and stood
+proudly whilst the King knelt at the Dhoric shrine. Each priest had a marble
+house, a chest of gold, two hundred slaves, and an hundred concubines, besides
+immunity from civil law and the power of life and death over all in K'naa save
+the priests of the King. Yet in spite of these defenders there was ever a fear in the
+land lest Ghatanothoa slither up from the depths and lurch viciously down the
+mountain to bring horror and petrification to mankind. In the latter years the
+priests forbade men even to guess or imagine what its frightful aspect might be.
+
+
+
+1027
+
+
+
+It was in the Year of the Red Moon (estimated as B.C. 173,148 by von Junzt) that a
+human being first dared to breathe defiance against Ghatanothoa and its
+nameless menace. This bold heretic was T'yog, High-Priest of Shub-Niggurath
+and guardian of the copper temple of the Goat with a Thousand Young. T'yog
+had thought long on the powers of the various gods, and had had strange
+dreams and revelations touching the life of this and earlier worlds. In the end he
+felt sure that the gods friendly to man could be arrayed against the hostile gods,
+and believed that Shub-Niggurath, Nug, and Yeb, as well as Yig the Serpent-god,
+were ready to take sides with man against the tyranny and presumption of
+Ghatanothoa.
+
+Inspired by the Mother Goddess, T'yog wrote down a strange formula in the
+hieratic Naacal of his order, which he believed would keep the possessor
+immune from the Dark God's petrifying power. With this protection, he
+reflected, it might be possible for a bold man to climb the dreaded basalt cliffs
+and - first of all human beings - enter the Cyclopean fortress beneath which
+Ghatanothoa reputedly brooded. Face to face with the god, and with the power
+of Shub-Niggurath and her sons on his side, T'yog believed that he might be able
+to bring it to terms and at last deliver mankind from its brooding menace. With
+humanity freed through his efforts, there would be no limits to the honours he
+might claim. All the honours of the priests of Ghatanothoa would perforce be
+transferred to him; and even kingship or godhood might conceivably be within
+his reach.
+
+So T'yog wrote his protective formula on a scroll of pthagon membrane
+(according to von Junzt, the inner skin of the extinct ya-kith-lizard) and enclosed
+it in a carven cylinder of lagh metal - the metal brought by the Elder Ones from
+Yuggoth, and found in no mine of earth. This charm, carried in his robe, would
+make him proof against the menace of Ghatanothoa - it would even restore the
+Dark God's petrified victims if that monstrous entity should ever emerge and
+begin its devastations. Thus he proposed to go up the shunned and man-
+untrodden mountain, invade the alien-angled citadel of Cyclopean stone, and
+confront the shocking devil-entity in its lair. Of what would follow, he could not
+even guess; but the hope of being mankind's saviour lent strength to his will.
+
+He had, however, reckoned without the jealousy and self-interest of
+Ghatanothoa's pampered priests. No sooner did they hear of his plan than -
+fearful for their prestige and privilege in case the Daemon-God should be
+dethroned - they set up a frantic clamour against the so-called sacrilege, crying
+that no man might prevail against Ghatanothoa, and that any effort to seek it out
+would merely provoke it to a hellish onslaught against mankind which no spell
+or priestcraft could hope to avert. With those cries they hoped to turn the public
+mind against T'yog; yet such was the people's yearning for freedom from
+
+
+
+1028
+
+
+
+Ghatanothoa, and such their confidence in the skill and zeal of T'yog, that all the
+protestations came to naught. Even the King, usually a puppet of the priests,
+refused to forbid T'yog's daring pilgrimage.
+
+It was then that the priests of Ghatanothoa did by stealth what they could not do
+openly. One night Imash- Mo, the High-Priest, stole to T'yog in his temple
+chamber and took from his sleeping form the metal cylinder; silently drawing
+out the potent scroll and putting in its place another scroll of great similitude, yet
+varied enough to have no power against any god or daemon. When the cylinder
+was slipped back into the sleeper's cloak Imash-Mo was content, for he knew
+T'yog was little likely to study that cylinder's contents again. Thinking himself
+protected by the true scroll, the heretic would march up the forbidden mountain
+and into the Evil Presence - and Ghatanothoa, unchecked by any magic, would
+take care of the rest.
+
+It would no longer be needful for Ghatanothoa's priests to preach against the
+defiance. Let T'yog go his way and meet his doom. And secretly, the priests
+would always cherish the stolen scroll - the true and potent charm - handing it
+down from one High-Priest to another for use in any dim future when it might
+be needful to contravene the Devil-God's will. So the rest of the night Imash-Mo
+slept in great peace, with the true scroll in a new cylinder fashioned for its
+harbourage.
+
+It was dawn on the Day of the Sky-Flames (nomenclature undefined by von
+Junzt) that T'yog, amidst the prayers and chanting of the people and with King
+Thabon's blessing on his head, started up the dreaded mountain with a staff of
+tlath-wood in his right hand. Within his robe was the cylinder holding what he
+thought to be the true charm - for he had indeed failed to find out the imposture.
+Nor did he see any irony in the prayers which Imash-Mo and the other priests of
+Ghatanothoa intoned for his safety and success.
+
+All that morning the people stood and watched as T'yog's dwindling form
+struggled up the shunned basalt slope hitherto alien to men's footsteps, and
+many stayed watching long after he had vanished where a perilous ledge led
+round to the mountain's hidden side. That night a few sensitive dreamers
+thought they heard a faint tremor convulsing the hated peak; though most
+ridiculed them for the statement. Next day vast crowds watched the mountain
+and prayed, and wondered how soon T'yog would return. And so the next day,
+and the next. For weeks they hoped and waited, and then they wept. Nor did
+anyone ever see T'yog, who would have saved mankind from fears, again.
+
+Thereafter men shuddered at T'yog's presumption, and tried not to think of the
+punishment his impiety had met. And the priests of Ghatanothoa smiled to those
+
+
+
+1029
+
+
+
+who might resent the god's will or challenge its right to the sacrifices. In later
+years the ruse of Imash-Mo became known to the people; yet the knowledge
+availed not to change the general feeling that Ghatanothoa were better left alone.
+None ever dared to defy it again. And so the ages rolled on, and King succeeded
+King, and High-Priest succeeded High-Priest, and nations rose and decayed, and
+lands rose above the sea and returned into the sea. And with many millennia
+decay fell upon K'naa - till at last on a hideous day of storm and thunder, terrific
+rumbling, and mountain-high waves, all the land of Mu sank into the sea forever.
+
+Yet down the later aeons thin streams of ancient secrets trickled. In distant lands
+there met together grey- faced fugitives who had survived the sea-fiend's rage,
+and strange skies drank the smoke of altars reared to vanished gods and
+daemons. Though none knew to what bottomless deep the sacred peak and
+Cyclopean fortress of dreaded Ghatanothoa had sunk, there were still those who
+mumbled its name and offered to it nameless sacrifices lest it bubble up through
+leagues of ocean and shamble among men spreading horror and petrifaction.
+
+Around the scattered priests grew the rudiments of a dark and secret cult - secret
+because the people of the new lands had other gods and devils, and thought only
+evil of elder and alien ones - and within that cult many hideous things were
+done, and many strange objects cherished. It was whispered that a certain line of
+elusive priests still harboured the true charm against Ghatanothoa which Imash-
+Mo stole from the sleeping T'yog; though none remained who could read or
+understand the cryptic syllables, or who could even guess in what part of the
+world the lost K'naa, the dreaded peak of Yaddith-Gho, and the titan fortress of
+the Devil-God had lain.
+
+Though it flourished chiefly in those Pacific regions around which Mu itself had
+once stretched, there were rumours of the hidden and detested cult of
+Ghatanothoa in ill-fated Atlantis, and on the abhorred plateau of Leng. Von Junzt
+implied its presence in the fabled subterrene kingdom of K'n-yan, and gave clear
+evidence that it had penetrated Egypt, Chaldaea, Persia, China, the forgotten
+Semite empires of Africa, and Mexico and Peru in the New World. That it had a
+strong connexion with the witchcraft movement in Europe, against which the
+bulls of popes were vainly directed, he more than strongly hinted. The West,
+however, was never favourable to its growth; and public indignation - aroused
+by glimpses of hideous rites and nameless sacrifices - wholly stamped out many
+of its branches. In the end it became a hunted, doubly furtive underground affair
+- yet never could its nucleus be quite exterminated. It always survived somehow,
+chiefly in the Far East and on the Pacific Islands, where its teachings became
+merged into the esoteric lore of the Polynesian Areoi.
+
+
+
+1030
+
+
+
+Von Junzt gave subtle and disquieting hints of actual contact with the cult; so
+that as I read I shuddered at what was rumoured about his death. He spoke of
+the growth of certain ideas regarding the appearance of the Devil-God - a
+creature which no human being (unless it were the too-daring T'yog, who had
+never returned) had ever seen - and contrasted this habit of speculation with the
+taboo prevailing in ancient Mu against any attempt to imagine what the horror
+looked like. There was a peculiar tearfulness about the devotees' awed and
+fascinated whispers on this subject - whispers heavy with morbid curiosity
+concerning the precise nature of what T'yog might have confronted in that
+frightful pre-human edifice on the dreaded and now-sunken mountains before
+the end (if it was an end) finally came - and I felt oddly disturbed by the German
+scholar's oblique and insidious references to this topic.
+
+Scarcely less disturbing were von Junzt's conjectures on the whereabouts of the
+stolen scroll of cantrips against Ghatanothoa, and on the ultimate uses to which
+this scroll might be put. Despite all my assurance that the whole matter was
+purely mythical, I could not help shivering at the notion of a latter-day
+emergence of the monstrous god, and at the picture of an humanity turned
+suddenly to a race of abnormal statues, each encasing a living brain doomed to
+inert and helpless consciousness for untold aeons of futurity. The old Dusseldorf
+savant had a poisonous way of suggesting more than he stated, and I could
+understand why his damnable book was suppressed in so many countries as
+blasphemous, dangerous, and unclean.
+
+I writhed with repulsion, yet the thing exerted an unholy fascination; and I could
+not lay it down till I had finished it. The alleged reproductions of designs and
+ideographs from Mu were marvellously and startlingly like the markings on the
+strange cylinder and the characters on the scroll, and the whole account teemed
+with details having vague, irritating suggestions of resemblance to things
+connected with the hideous mummy. The cylinder and scroll - the Pacific setting
+- the persistent notion of old Capt. Weatherbee that the Cyclopean crypt where
+the mummy was found had once lain under a vast building . . . somehow I was
+vaguely glad that the volcanic island had sunk before that massive suggestion of
+a trapdoor could be opened.
+
+IV.
+
+What I read in the Black Book formed a fiendishly apt preparation for the news
+items and closer events which began to force themselves upon me in the spring
+of 1932. I can scarcely recall just when the increasingly frequent reports of police
+action against the odd and fantastical religious cults in the Orient and elsewhere
+commenced to impress me; but by May or June I realised that there was, all over
+the world, a surprising and unwonted burst of activity on the part of bizarre.
+
+
+
+1031
+
+
+
+furtive, and esoteric mystical organisations ordinarily quiescent and seldom
+heard from.
+
+It is not likely that I would have connected these reports with either the hints of
+von Junzt or the popular furore over the mummy and cylinder in the museum,
+but for certain significant syllables and persistent resemblances - sensationally
+dwelt upon by the press - in the rites and speeches of the various secret
+celebrants brought to public attention. As it was, I could not help remarking with
+disquiet the frequent recurrence of a name - in various corrupt forms - which
+seemed to constitute a focal point of all the cult worship, and which was
+obviously regarded with a singular mixture of reverence and terror. Some of the
+forms quoted were G'tanta, Tanotah, Than-Tha, Gatan, and Ktan-Tah - and it did
+not require the suggestions of my now numerous occultist correspondents to
+make me see in these variants a hideous and suggestive kinship to the monstrous
+name rendered by von Junzt as Ghatanothoa.
+
+There were other disquieting features, too. Again and again the reports cited
+vague, awestruck references to a "true scroll" - something on which tremendous
+consequences seemed to hinge, and which was mentioned as being in the
+custody of a certain "Nagob", whoever and whatever he might be. Likewise,
+there was an insistent repetition of a name which sounded like Tog, Tiok, Yog,
+Zob, or Yob, and which my more and more excited consciousness involuntarily
+linked with the name of the hapless heretic T'yog as given in the Black Book.
+This name was usually uttered in connexion with such cryptical phrases as "It is
+none other than he", "He had looked upon its face", "He knows all, though he
+can neither see nor feel", "He has brought the memory down through the aeons",
+"The true scroll will release him", "Nagob has the true scroll", "He can tell where
+to find it".
+
+Something very queer was undoubtedly in the air, and I did not wonder when
+my occultist correspondents, as well as the sensational Sunday papers, began to
+connect the new abnormal stirrings with the legends of Mu on the one hand, and
+with the frightful mummy's recent exploitation on the other hand. The
+widespread articles in the first wave of press publicity, with their insistent
+linkage of the mummy, cylinder, and scroll with the tale in the Black Book, and
+their crazily fantastic speculations about the whole matter, might very well have
+roused the latent fanaticism in hundreds of those furtive groups of exotic
+devotees with which our complex world abounds. Nor did the papers cease
+adding fuel to the flames - for the stories on the cult-stirrings were even wilder
+than the earlier series of yarns.
+
+As the summer drew on, attendants noticed a curious new element among the
+throngs of visitors which - after a lull following the first burst of publicity - were
+
+
+
+1032
+
+
+
+again drawn to the museum by the second furore. More and more frequently
+there were persons of strange and exotic aspect - swarthy Asiatics, long-haired
+nondescripts, and bearded brown men who seemed unused to European clothes
+- who would invariably inquire for the hall of mummies and would
+subsequently be found staring at the hideous Pacific specimen in a veritable
+ecstasy of fascination. Some quiet, sinister undercurrent in this flood of eccentric
+foreigners seemed to impress all the guards, and I myself was far from
+undisturbed. I could not help thinking of the prevailing cult-stirrings among just
+such exotics as these - and the connexion of those stirrings with myths all too
+close to the frightful mummy and its cylinder scroll.
+
+At times I was half tempted to withdraw the mummy from exhibition -
+especially when an attendant told me that he had several times glimpsed
+strangers making odd obeisances before it, and had overheard sing- song
+mutterings which sounded like chants or rituals addressed to it at hours when
+the visiting throngs were somewhat thinned. One of the guards acquired a queer
+nervous hallucination about the petrified horror in the lone glass case, alleging
+that he could see from day to day certain vague, subtle, and infinitely slight
+changes in the frantic flexion of the bony claws, and in the fear-crazed expression
+of the leathery face. He could not get rid of the loathsome idea that those
+horrible, bulging eyes were about to pop suddenly open.
+
+It was early in September, when the curious crowds had lessened and the hall of
+mummies was sometimes vacant, that the attempt to get at the mummy by
+cutting the glass of its case was made. The culprit, a swarthy Polynesian, was
+spied in time by a guard, and was overpowered before any damage occurred.
+Upon investigation the fellow turned out to be an Hawaiian notorious for his
+activity in certain underground religious cults, and having a considerable police
+record in connexion with abnormal and inhuman rites and sacrifices. Some of the
+papers found in his room were highly puzzling and disturbing, including many
+sheets covered with hieroglyphs closely resembling those on the scroll at the
+museum and in the Black Book of von Junzt; but regarding these things he could
+not be prevailed upon to speak.
+
+Scarcely a week after this incident, another attempt to get at the mummy - this
+time by tampering with the lock of his case - resulted in a second arrest. The
+offender, a Cingalese, had as long and unsavoury a record of loathsome cult
+activities as the Hawaiian had possessed, and displayed a kindred unwillingness
+to talk to the police. What made this case doubly and darkly interesting was that
+a guard had noticed this man several times before, and had heard him
+addressing to the mummy a peculiar chant containing unmistakable repetitions
+of the word "T'yog". As a result of this affair I doubled the guards in the hall of
+
+
+
+1033
+
+
+
+mummies, and ordered them never to leave the now notorious specimen out of
+sight, even for a moment.
+
+As may well be imagined, the press made much of these two incidents,
+reviewing its talk of primal and fabulous Mu, and claiming boldly that the
+hideous mummy was none other than the daring heretic T'yog, petrified by
+something he had seen in the pre-human citadel he had invaded, and preserved
+intact through 175,000 years of our planet's turbulent history. That the strange
+devotees represented cults descended from Mu, and that they were worshipping
+the mummy - or perhaps even seeking to awaken it to life by spells and
+incantations - was emphasised and reiterated in the most sensational fashion.
+
+Writers exploited the insistence of the old legends that the brain of
+Ghatanothoa's petrified victims remained conscious and unaffected - a point
+which served as a basis for the wildest and most improbable speculations. The
+mention of a "true scroll" also received due attention - it being the prevailing
+popular theory that T'yog's stolen charm against Ghatanothoa was somewhere
+in existence, and that cult-members were trying to bring it into contact with
+T'yog himself for some purpose of their own. One result of this exploitation was
+that a third wave of gaping visitors began flooding the museum and staring at
+the hellish mummy which served as a nucleus for the whole strange and
+disturbing affair.
+
+It was among this wave of spectators - many of whom made repeated visits - that
+talk of the mummy's vaguely changing aspect first began to be widespread. I
+suppose - despite the disturbing notion of the nervous guard some months
+before - that the museum's personnel was too well used to the constant sight of
+odd shapes to pay close attention to details; in any case, it was the excited
+whispers of visitors which at length aroused the guards to the subtle mutation
+which was apparently in progress. Almost simultaneously the press got hold of it
+- with blatant results which can well be imagined.
+
+Naturally, I gave the matter my most careful observation, and by the middle of
+October decided that a definite disintegration of the mummy was under way.
+Through some chemical or physical influence in the air, the half-stony, half-
+leathery fibres seemed to be gradually relaxing, causing distinct variations in the
+angles of the limbs and in certain details of the fear-twisted facial expression.
+After a half-century of perfect preservation this was a highly disconcerting
+development, and I had the museum's taxidermist. Dr. Moore, go carefully over
+the gruesome object several times. He reported a general relaxation and
+softening, and gave the thing two or three astringent sprayings, but did not dare
+to attempt anything drastic lest there be a sudden crumbling and accelerated
+decay.
+
+
+
+1034
+
+
+
+The effect of all this upon the gaping crowds was curious. Heretofore each new
+sensation sprung by the press had brought fresh waves of staring and
+whispering visitors, but now - though the papers blathered endlessly about the
+mummy's changes - the public seemed to have acquired a definite sense of fear
+which outranked even its morbid curiosity. People seemed to feel that a sinister
+aura hovered over the museum, and from a high peak the attendance fell to a
+level distinctly below normal. This lessened attendance gave added prominence
+to the stream of freakish foreigners who continued to infest the place, and whose
+numbers seemed in no way diminished.
+
+On November 18th a Peruvian of Indian blood suffered a strange hysterical or
+epileptic seizure in front of the mummy, afterward shrieking from his hospital
+cot, "It tried to open its eyes! - T'yog tried to open his eyes and stare at me!" I
+was by this time on the point of removing the object from exhibition, but
+permitted myself to be overruled at a meeting of our very conservative directors.
+However, I could see that the museum was beginning to acquire an unholy
+reputation in its austere and quiet neighbourhood. After this incident I gave
+instructions that no one be allowed to pause before the monstrous Pacific relic for
+more than a few minutes at a time.
+
+It was on November 24th, after the museum's five o'clock closing, that one of the
+guards noticed a minute opening of the mummy's eyes. The phenomenon was
+very slight - nothing but a thin crescent of cornea being visible in either eye - but
+it was none the less of the highest interest. Dr. Moore, having been summoned
+hastily, was about to study the exposed bits of eyeball with a magnifier when his
+handling of the mummy caused the leathery lids to fall tightly shut again. All
+gentle efforts to open them failed, and the taxidermist did not dare to apply
+drastic measures. When he notified me of all this by telephone I felt a sense of
+mounting dread hard to reconcile with the apparently simple event concerned.
+For a moment I could share the popular impression that some evil, amorphous
+blight from unplumbed deeps of time and space hung murkily and menacingly
+over the museum.
+
+Two nights later a sullen Filipino was trying to secrete himself in the museum at
+closing time. Arrested and taken to the station, he refused even to give his name,
+and was detained as a suspicious person. Meanwhile the strict surveillance of the
+mummy seemed to discourage the odd hordes of foreigners from haunting it. At
+least, the number of exotic visitors distinctly fell off after the enforcement of the
+"move along" order.
+
+It was during the early morning hours of Thursday, December 1st, that a terrible
+climax developed. At about one o'clock horrible screams of mortal fright and
+agony were heard issuing from the museum, and a series of frantic telephone
+
+
+
+1035
+
+
+
+calls from neighbours brought to the scene quickly and simultaneously a squad
+of police and several museum officials, including myself. Some of the policemen
+surrounded the building while others, with the officials, cautiously entered. In
+the main corridor we found the night watchman strangled to death - a bit of East
+Indian hemp still knotted around his neck - and realised that despite all
+precautions some darkly evil intruder or intruders had gained access to the
+place. Now, however, a tomb- like silence enfolded everything and we almost
+feared to advance upstairs to the fateful wing where we knew the core of the
+trouble must lurk. We felt a bit more steadied after flooding the building with
+light from the central switches in the corridor, and finally crept reluctantly up the
+curving staircase and through a lofty archway to the hall of mummies.
+
+V.
+
+It is from this point onward that reports of the hideous case have been censored -
+for we have all agreed that no good can be accomplished by a public knowledge
+of those terrestrial conditions implied by the further developments. I have said
+that we flooded the whole building with light before our ascent. Now beneath
+the beams that beat down on the glistening cases and their gruesome contents,
+we saw outspread a mute horror whose baffling details testified to happenings
+utterly beyond our comprehension. There were two intruders - who we
+afterward agreed must have hidden in the building before closing time - but they
+would never be executed for the watchman's murder. They had already paid the
+penalty.
+
+One was a Burmese and the other a Fiji-Islander - both known to the police for
+their share in frightful and repulsive cult activities. They were dead, and the
+more we examined them the more utterly monstrous and unnamable we felt
+their manner of death to be. On both faces was a more wholly frantic and
+inhuman look of fright than even the oldest policeman had ever seen before; yet
+in the state of the two bodies there were vast and significant differences.
+
+The Burmese lay collapsed close to the nameless mummy's case, from which a
+square of glass had been neatly cut. In his right hand was a scroll of bluish
+membrane which I at once saw was covered with greyish hieroglyphs - almost a
+duplicate of the scroll in the strange cylinder in the library downstairs, though
+later study brought out subtle differences. There was no mark of violence on the
+body, and in view of the desperate, agonised expression on the twisted face we
+could only conclude that the man died of sheer fright.
+
+It was the closely adjacent Fijian, though, that gave us the profoundest shock.
+One of the policemen was the first to feel of him, and the cry of fright he emitted
+added another shudder to that neighbourhood's night of terror. We ought to
+
+
+
+1036
+
+
+
+have known from the lethal greyness of the once-black, fear-twisted face, and of
+the bony hands - one of which still clutched an electric torch - that something
+was hideously wrong; yet every one of us was unprepared for what that officer's
+hesitant touch disclosed. Even now I can think of it only with a paroxysm of
+dread and repulsion. To be brief - the hapless invader, who less than an hour
+before had been a sturdy living Melanesian bent on unknown evils, was now a
+rigid, ash-grey figure of stony, leathery petrification, in every respect identical
+with the crouching, aeon-old blasphemy in the violated glass case.
+
+Yet that was not the worst. Crowning all other horrors, and indeed seizing our
+shocked attention before we turned to the bodies on the floor, was the state of the
+frightful mummy. No longer could its changes be called vague and subtle, for it
+had now made radical shifts of posture. It had sagged and slumped with a
+curious loss of rigidity; its bony claws had sunk until they no longer even partly
+covered its leathery, fear- crazed face; and - God help us! - its hellish bulging
+eyes had popped wide open, and seemed to be staring directly at the two
+intruders who had died of fright or worse.
+
+That ghastly, dead-fish stare was hideously mesmerising, and it haunted us all
+the time we were examining the bodies of the invaders. Its effect on our nerves
+was damnably queer, for we somehow felt a curious rigidity creeping over us
+and hampering our simplest motions - a rigidity which later vanished very oddly
+when we passed the hieroglyphed scroll around for inspection. Every now and
+then I felt my gaze drawn irresistibly toward those horrible bulging eyes in the
+case, and when I returned to study them after viewing the bodies I thought I
+detected something very singular about the glassy surface of the dark and
+marvellously well-preserved pupils. The more I looked, the more fascinated I
+became; and at last I went down to the office - despite that strange stiffness in my
+limbs - and brought up a strong multiple magnifying glass. With this I
+commenced a very close and careful survey of the fishy pupils, while the others
+crowded expectantly around.
+
+I had always been rather sceptical of the theory that scenes and objects become
+photographed on the retina of the eye in cases of death or coma; yet no sooner
+did I look through the lens than I realised the presence of some sort of image
+other than the room's reflection in the glassy, bulging optics of this nameless
+spawn of the aeons. Certainly, there was a dimly outlined scene on the age-old
+retinal surface, and I could not doubt that it formed the last thing on which those
+eyes had looked in life - countless millennia ago. It seemed to be steadily fading,
+and I fumbled with the magnifier in order to shift another lens into place. Yet it
+must have been accurate and clear-cut; even if infinitesimally small, when - in
+response to some evil spell or act connected with their visit - it had confronted
+those intruders who were frightened to death. With the extra lens I could make
+
+
+
+1037
+
+
+
+out many details formerly invisible, and the awed group around me hung on the
+flood of words with which I tried to tell what I saw.
+
+For here, in the year 1932, a man in the city of Boston was looking on something
+which belonged to an unknown and utterly alien world - a world that vanished
+from existence and normal memory aeons ago. There was a vast room - a
+chamber of Cyclopean masonry - and I seemed to be viewing it from one of its
+corners. On the walls were carvings so hideous that even in this imperfect image
+their stark blasphemousness and bestiality sickened me. I could not believe that
+the carvers of these things were human, or that they had ever seen human beings
+when they shaped the frightful outlines which leered at the beholder. In the
+centre of the chamber was a colossal trap-door of stone, pushed upward to
+permit the emergence of some object from below. The object should have been
+clearly visible - indeed, must have been when the eyes first opened before the
+fear-stricken intruders - though under my lenses it was merely a monstrous blur.
+
+As it happened, I was studying the right eye only when I brought the extra
+magnification into play. A moment later I wished fervently that my search had
+ended there. As it was, however, the zeal of discovery and revelation was upon
+me, and I shifted my powerful lenses to the mummy's left eye in the hope of
+finding the image less faded on that retina. My hands, trembling with excitement
+and unnaturally stiff from some obscure influence, were slow in bringing the
+magnifier into focus, but a moment later I realised that the image was less faded
+than in the other eye. I saw in a morbid flash of half-distinctness the insufferable
+thing which was welling up through the prodigious trap-door in that Cyclopean,
+immemorially archaic crypt of a lost world - and fell fainting with an inarticulate
+shriek of which I am not even ashamed.
+
+By the time I revived there was no distinct image of anything in either eye of the
+monstrous mummy. Sergeant Keefe of the police looked with my glass, for I
+could not bring myself to face that abnormal entity again. And I thanked all the
+powers of the cosmos that I had not looked earlier than I did. It took all my
+resolution, and a great deal of solicitation, to make me relate what I had
+glimpsed in the hideous moment of revelation. Indeed, I could not speak till we
+had all adjourned to the office below, out of sight of that daemoniac thing which
+could not be. For I had begun to harbour the most terrible and fantastic notions
+about the mummy and its glassy, bulging eyes - that it had a kind of hellish
+consciousness, seeing all that occurred before it and trying vainly to
+communicate some frightful message from the gulfs of time. That meant
+madness - but at last I thought I might be better off if I told what I had half seen.
+
+After all, it was not a long thing to tell. Oozing and surging up out of that
+yawning trap-door in the Cyclopean crypt I had glimpsed such an unbelievable
+
+
+
+1038
+
+
+
+behemothic monstrosity that I could not doubt the power of its original to kill
+with its mere sight. Even now I cannot begin to suggest it with any words at my
+command. I might call it gigantic - tentacled - proboscidian - octopus-eyed -
+semi-amorphous - plastic - partly squamous and partly rugose - ugh! But nothing
+I could say could even adumbrate the loathsome, unholy, non-human, extra-
+galactic horror and hatefulness and unutterable evil of that forbidden spawn of
+black chaos and illimitable night. As I write these words the associated mental
+image causes me to lean back faint and nauseated. As I told of the sight to the
+men around me in the office, I had to fight to preserve the consciousness I had
+regained.
+
+Nor were my hearers much less moved. Not a man spoke above a whisper for a
+full quarter-hour, and there were awed, half-furtive references to the frightful
+lore in the Black Book, to the recent newspaper tales of cult-stirrings, and to the
+sinister events in the museum. Ghatanothoa . . . Even its smallest perfect image
+could petrify - T'yog - the false scroll - he never came back - the true scroll which
+could fully or partly undo the petrification - did it survive? - the hellish cults -
+the phrases overheard - "It is none other than he" - "He had looked upon its
+face" - "He knows all, though he can neither see nor feel" - "He had brought the
+memory down through the aeons" - "The true scroll will release him" - "Nagob
+has the true scroll" - "He can tell where to find it." Only the healing greyness of
+the dawn brought us back to sanity; a sanity which made of that glimpse of mine
+a closed topic - something not to be explained or thought of again.
+
+We gave out only partial reports to the press, and later on cooperated with the
+papers in making other suppressions. For example, when the autopsy shewed
+the brain and several other internal organs of the petrified Fijian to be fresh and
+unpetrified, though hermetically sealed by the petrification of the exterior flesh -
+an anomaly about which physicians are still guardedly and bewilderedly
+debating - we did not wish a furore to be started. We knew too well what the
+yellow journals, remembering what was said of the intact-brained and still-
+conscious state of Ghatanothoa's stony-leathery victims, would make of this
+detail.
+
+As matters stood, they pointed out that the man who had held the hieroglyphed
+scroll - and who had evidently thrust it at the mummy through the opening in
+the case - was not petrified, while the man who had not held it was. When they
+demanded that we make certain experiments - applying the scroll both to the
+stony-leathery body of the Fijian and to the mummy itself - we indignantly
+refused to abet such superstitious notions. Of course, the mummy was
+withdrawn from public view and transferred to the museum laboratory awaiting
+a really scientific examination before some suitable medical authority.
+Remembering past events, we kept it under a strict guard; but even so, an
+
+
+
+1039
+
+
+
+attempt was made to enter the museum at 2:25 a.m. on December 5th. Prompt
+working of the burglar alarm frustrated the design, though unfortunately the
+criminal or criminals escaped.
+
+That no hint of anything further ever reached the public, I am profoundly
+thankful. I wish devoutly that there were nothing more to tell. There will, of
+course, be leaks, and if anything happens to me I do not know what my
+executors will do with this manuscript; but at least the case will not be painfully
+fresh in the multitude's memory when the revelation comes. Besides, no one will
+believe the facts when they are finally told. That is the curious thing about the
+multitude. When their yellow press makes hints, they are ready to swallow
+anything; but when a stupendous and abnormal revelation is actually made, they
+laugh it aside as a lie. For the sake of general sanity it is probably better so.
+
+I have said that a scientific examination of the frightful mummy was planned.
+This took place on December 8th, exactly a week after the hideous culmination of
+events, and was conducted by the eminent Dr. William Minot, in conjunction
+with Wentworth Moore, Sc.D., taxidermist of the museum. Dr. Minot had
+witnessed the autopsy of the oddly petrified Fijian the week before. There were
+also present Messrs. Lawrence Cabot and Dudley Saltonstall of the museum's
+trustees, Drs. Mason, Wells, and Carver of the museum staff, two representatives
+of the press, and myself. During the week the condition of the hideous specimen
+had not visibly changed, though some relaxation of its fibres caused the position
+of the glassy, open eyes to shift slightly from time to time. All of the staff
+dreaded to look at the thing - for its suggestion of quiet, conscious watching had
+become intolerable - and it was only with an effort that I could bring myself to
+attend the examination.
+
+Dr. Minot arrived shortly after 1:00 p.m., and within a few minutes began his
+survey of the mummy. Considerable disintegration took place under his hands,
+and in view of this - and of what we told him concerning the gradual relaxation
+of the specimen since the first of October - he decided that a thorough dissection
+ought to be made before the substance was further impaired. The proper
+instruments being present in the laboratory equipment, he began at once;
+exclaiming aloud at the odd, fibrous nature of the grey, mummified substance.
+
+But his exclamation was still louder when he made the first deep incision, for out
+of that cut there slowly trickled a thick crimson stream whose nature - despite
+the infinite ages dividing this hellish mummy's lifetime from the present - was
+utterly unmistakable. A few more deft strokes revealed various organs in
+astonishing degrees of non-petrified preservation - all, indeed, being intact
+except where injuries to the petrified exterior had brought about malformation or
+destruction. The resemblance of this condition to that found in the fright-killed
+
+
+
+1040
+
+
+
+Fiji-Islander was so strong that the eminent physician gasped in bewilderment.
+The perfection of those ghastly bulging eyes was uncanny, and their exact state
+with respect to petrification was very difficult to determine.
+
+At 3:30 p.m. the brain-case was opened - and ten minutes later our stunned
+group took an oath of secrecy which only such guarded documents as this
+manuscript will ever modify. Even the two reporters were glad to confirm the
+silence. For the opening had revealed a pulsing, living brain.
+
+
+
+1041
+
+
+
+Poetry and the Gods - with Anna
+Helen Crofts
+
+Written 1920
+
+Published September 1920 in The United Amateur, Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 1-4.
+
+A damp gloomy evening in April it was, just after the close of the Great War,
+when Marcia found herself alone with strange thoughts and wishes, unheard-of
+yearnings which floated out of the spacious twentieth- century drawing room,
+up the deeps of the air, and eastward to olive groves in distant Arcady which she
+had seen only in her dreams. She had entered the room in abstraction, turned off
+the glaring chandeliers, and now reclined on a soft divan by a solitary lamp
+which shed over the reading table a green glow as soothing as moonlight when it
+issued through the foliage about an antique shrine.
+
+Attired simply, in a low-cut black evening dress, she appeared outwardly a
+typical product of modern civilization; but tonight she felt the immeasurable gulf
+that separated her soul from all her prosaic surroundings. Was it because of the
+strange home in which she lived, that abode of coldness where relations were
+always strained and the inmates scarcely more than strangers? Was it that, or
+was it some greater and less explicable misplacement in time and space, whereby
+she had been born too late, too early, or too far away from the haunts of her spirit
+ever to harmonize with the unbeautiful things of contemporary reality? To dispel
+the mood which was engulfing her more and more deeply each moment, she
+took a magazine from the table and searched for some healing bit of poetry.
+Poetry had always relieved her troubled mind better than anything else, though
+many things in the poetry she had seen detracted from the influence. Over parts
+of even the sublimest verses hung a chill vapor of sterile ugliness and restraint,
+like dust on a window-pane through which one views a magnificent sunset.
+
+Listlessly turning the magazine's pages, as if searching for an elusive treasure,
+she suddenly came upon something which dispelled her languor. An observer
+could have read her thoughts and told that she had discovered some image or
+dream which brought her nearer to her unattained goal than any image or dream
+she had seen before. It was only a bit of vers libre, that pitiful compromise of the
+poet who overleaps prose yet falls short of the divine melody of numbers; but it
+had in it all the unstudied music of a bard who lives and feels, who gropes
+ecstatically for unveiled beauty. Devoid of regularity, it yet had the harmony of
+winged, spontaneous words, a harmony missing from the formal, convention-
+bound verse she had known. As she read on, her surroundings gradually faded.
+
+
+
+1042
+
+
+
+and soon there lay about her only the mists of dream, the purple, star-strewn
+mists beyond time, where only Gods and dreamers walk.
+
+
+
+Moon
+White
+Where
+
+
+
+the
+
+
+
+over
+butterfly
+heavy-lidded
+
+
+
+To the sound of the cuckoo's call.
+
+
+
+Buddhas
+
+
+
+Japan,
+moon!
+dream
+
+
+
+The white wings of moon butterflies
+
+Flicker down the streets of the city.
+
+Blushing into silence the useless wicks of sound-lanterns in the hands of girls
+
+
+
+over
+
+
+
+the
+
+
+
+Moon
+
+A white-curved
+
+Opening its petals slowly in the warmth of heaven
+
+
+
+The air is full
+
+And languorous warm
+
+A flute drones its insect music
+
+Below the curving moon-petal of the heavens.
+
+
+
+of
+
+
+
+to
+
+
+
+tropics,
+bud
+
+
+
+odours
+
+sounds...
+
+the night
+
+
+
+Moon over China,
+
+Weary moon on the river of the sky.
+
+The stir of light in the willows is like the flashing of a thousand silver minnows
+Through dark shoals;
+
+The tiles on graves and rotting temples flash like ripples.
+The sky is flecked with clouds like the scales of a dragon.
+
+Amid the mists of dream the reader cried to the rhythmical stars, of her delight at
+the coming of a new age of song, a rebirth of Pan. Half closing her eyes, she
+repeated words whose melody lay hidden like crystals at the bottom of a stream
+before dawn, hidden but to gleam effulgently at the birth of day.
+
+
+
+Moon
+
+White butterfly moon!
+
+
+
+over
+
+
+
+Moon over the
+
+A white curved
+
+Opening its petals slowly in the warmth
+The air is full of
+
+And languorous warm sounds. . .
+
+Moon over
+
+Weary moon on the river of the sky. . .
+
+
+
+of
+
+
+
+Japan,
+
+
+
+tropics,
+
+bud
+
+heaven.
+
+odours
+
+
+
+China,
+
+
+
+1043
+
+
+
+Out of the mists gleamed godlike the torm ot a youth, in winged helmet and
+sandals, caduceus-bearing, and of a beauty like to nothing on earth. Before the
+face of the sleeper he thrice waved the rod which Apollo had given him in trade
+for the nine-corded shell of melody, and upon her brow he placed a wreath of
+myrtle and roses. Then, adoring, Hermes spoke:
+
+"0 Nymph more fair than the golden-haired sisters of Cyene or the sky-
+inhabiting Atlantides, beloved of Aphrodite and blessed of Pallas, thou hast
+indeed discovered the secret of the Gods, which lieth in beauty and song.
+Prophetess more lovely than the Sybil of Cumae when Apollo first knew her,
+thou has truly spoken of the new age, for even now on Maenalus, Pan sighs and
+stretches in his sleep, wishful to wake and behold about him the little rose-
+crowned fauns and the antique Satyrs. In thy yearning hast thou divined what no
+mortal, saving only a few whom the world rejects, remembereth: that the Gods
+were never dead, but only sleeping the sleep and dreaming the dreams of Gods
+in lotos-filled Hesperian gardens beyond the golden sunset. And now draweth
+nigh the time of their awakening, when coldness and ugliness shall perish, and
+Zeus sit once more on Olympus. Already the sea about Paphos trembleth into a
+foam which only ancient skies have looked on before, and at night on Helicon
+the shepherds hear strange murmurings and half-remembered notes. Woods and
+fields are tremulous at twilight with the shimmering of white saltant forms, and
+immemorial Ocean yields up curious sights beneath thin moons. The Gods are
+patient, and have slept long, but neither man nor giant shall defy the Gods
+forever. In Tartarus the Titans writhe and beneath the fiery Aetna groan the
+children of Uranus and Gaea. The day now dawns when man must answer for
+centuries of denial, but in sleeping the Gods have grown kind and will not hurl
+him to the gulf made for denier s of Gods. Instead will their vengeance smite the
+darkness, fallacy and ugliness which have turned the mind of man; and under
+the sway of bearded Saturnus shall mortals, once more sacrificing unto him,
+dwell in beauty and delight. This night shalt thou know the favour of the Gods,
+and behold on Parnassus those dreams which the Gods have through ages sent
+to earth to show that they are not dead. For poets are the dreams of Gods, and in
+each and every age someone hath sung unknowingly the message and the
+promise from the lotosgardens beyond the sunset."
+
+Then in his arms Hermes bore the dreaming maiden through the skies. Gentle
+breezes from the tower of Aiolas wafted them high above warm, scented seas, till
+suddenly they came upon Zeus, holding court upon double-headed Parnassus,
+his golden throne flanked by Apollo and the Muses on the right hand, and by
+ivy-wreathed Dionysus and pleasure-flushed Bacchae on the left hand. So much
+of splendour Marcia had never seen before, either awake or in dreams, but its
+radiance did her no injury, as would have the radiance of lofty Olympus; for in
+this lesser court the Father of Gods had tempered his glories for the sight of
+
+
+
+1044
+
+
+
+mortals. Before the laurel-draped mouth of the Corycian cave sat in a row six
+noble forms with the aspect of mortals, but the countenances of Gods. These the
+dreamer recognized from images of them which she had beheld, and she knew
+that they were none else than the divine Maeonides, the avernian Dante, the
+more than mortal Shakespeare, the chaos-exploring Milton, the cosmic Goethe
+and the musalan Keats. These were those messengers whom the Gods had sent
+to tell men that Pan had passed not away, but only slept; for it is in poetry that
+Gods speak to men. Then spake the Thunderer:
+
+"0 Daughter-for, being one of my endless line, thou art indeed my daughter-
+behold upon ivory thrones of honour the august messengers Gods have sent
+down that in the words and writing of men there may be still some traces of
+divine beauty. Other bards have men justly crowned with enduring laurels, but
+these hath Apollo crowned, and these have I set in places apart, as mortals who
+have spoken the language of the Gods. Long have we dreamed in lotosgardens
+beyond the West, and spoken only through our dreams; but the time approaches
+when our voices shall not be silent. It is a time of awakening and change. Once
+more hath Phaeton ridden low, searing the fields and drying the streams. In Gaul
+lone nymphs with disordered hair weep beside fountains that are no more, and
+pine over rivers turned red with the blood of mortals. Ares and his train have
+gone forth with the madness of Gods and have returned Deimos and Phobos
+glutted with unnatural delight. Tellus moons with grief, and the faces of men are
+as the faces of Erinyes, even as when Astraea fled to the skies, and the waves of
+our bidding encompassed all the land saving this high peak alone. Amidst this
+chaos, prepared to herald his coming yet to conceal his arrival, even now toileth
+our latest born messenger, in whose dreams are all the images which other
+messengers have dreamed before him. He it is that we have chosen to blend into
+one glorious whole all the beauty that the world hath known before, and to write
+words wherein shall echo all the wisdom and the loveliness of the past. He it is
+who shall proclaim our return and sing of the days to come when Fauns and
+Dryads shall haunt their accustomed groves in beauty. Guided was our choice by
+those who now sit before the Corycian grotto on thrones of ivory, and in whose
+songs thou shalt hear notes of sublimity by which years hence thou shalt know
+the greater messenger when he cometh. Attend their voices as one by one they
+sing to thee here. Each note shall thou hear again in the poetry which is to come,
+the poetry which shall bring peace and pleasure to thy soul, though search for it
+through bleak years thou must. Attend with diligence, for each chord that
+vibrates away into hiding shall appear again to thee after thou hast returned to
+earth, as Alpheus, sinking his waters into the soul of Hellas, appears as the
+crystal arethusa in remote Sicilia."
+
+Then arose Homeros, the ancient among bards, who took his lyre and chanted
+his hymn to Aphrodite. No word of Greek did Marcia know, yet did the message
+
+
+
+1045
+
+
+
+not fall vainly upon her ears, for in the cryptic rhythm was that which spake to
+all mortals and Gods, and needed no interpreter.
+
+So too the songs of Dante and Goethe, whose unknown words dave the ether
+with melodies easy to ready and adore. But at last remembered accents
+resounded before the listener. It was the Swan of Avon, once a God among men,
+and still a God among Gods:
+
+
+
+Write, write, that from the
+My dearest master, your
+
+Bless him at home in peace
+His name with zealous fervour sanctify.
+
+
+
+bloody course
+dear son,
+
+whilst I
+
+
+
+of
+may
+from
+
+
+
+war,
+hie;
+far.
+
+
+
+Accents still more familiar arose as Milton, blind no more, declaimed immortal
+harmony:
+
+
+
+Or
+
+
+let thy
+
+
+lamp at
+
+
+midnight
+
+
+hour
+
+
+Be
+
+
+seen in
+
+
+some high
+
+
+lonely
+
+
+tower.
+
+
+Where
+
+
+I might
+
+
+oft outwatch
+
+
+the
+
+
+Bear
+
+
+With
+
+
+thrice-great
+
+
+Hermes,
+
+
+or
+
+
+unsphere
+
+
+The
+
+
+spirit
+
+
+of Plato,
+
+
+to
+
+
+unfold
+
+
+What
+
+
+worlds or
+
+
+what vast
+
+
+regions
+
+
+hold
+
+
+The
+
+
+immortal
+
+
+mind, that
+
+
+hath
+
+
+forsook
+
+
+
+Her mansion in this fleshy nook.
+
+
+
+Sometime let
+
+In sceptered pall
+
+Presenting Thebes,
+
+Or the tale of Troy divine.
+
+
+
+gorgeous tragedy
+
+come sweeping by,
+
+or Pelop's line.
+
+
+
+Last of all came the young voice of Keats, closest of all the messengers to the
+beauteous faun-folk:
+
+
+
+Heard melodies are sweet, but
+
+Are sweeter, therefore, yet sweep pipes, play on. . .
+
+
+
+those
+
+
+
+unheard
+
+
+
+When
+
+
+old
+
+
+age
+
+
+shall
+
+
+this
+
+
+generation
+
+
+waste.
+
+
+Thou
+
+
+shalt
+
+
+remain.
+
+
+in
+
+
+midst
+
+
+of other
+
+
+woe
+
+
+Than
+
+
+ours, a
+
+
+friend
+
+
+to
+
+
+man, to
+
+
+whom thou
+
+
+say'st
+
+
+
+1046
+
+
+
+"Beauty is truth — truth beauty" — that is all
+Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
+
+As the singer ceased, there came a sound in the wind blowing from far Egypt,
+where at night Aurora mourns by the Nile for her slain Memnon. To the feet of
+the Thunderer flew the rosy-fingered Goddess and, kneeling, cried, "Master, it is
+time I unlocked the Gates of the East." And Phoebus, handing his lyre to
+Calliope, his bride among the Muses, prepared to depart for the jewelled and
+column-raised Palace of the Sun, where fretted the steeds already harnessed to
+the golden car of Day. So Zeus descended from his caryen throne and placed his
+hand upon the head of Marcia, saying:
+
+"Daughter, the dawn is nigh, and it is well that thou shouldst return before the
+awakening of mortals to thy home. Weep not at the bleakness of thy life, for the
+shadow of false faiths will soon be gone and the Gods shall once more walk
+among men. Search thou unceasingly for our messenger, for in him wilt thou
+find peace and comfort. By his word shall thy steps be guided to happiness, and
+in his dreams of beauty shall thy spirit find that which it craveth." As Zeus
+ceased, the young Hermes gently seized the maiden and bore her up toward the
+fading stars, up and westward over unseen seas.
+
+
+
+Many years have passed since Marcia dreamt of the Gods and of their Parnassus
+conclave. Tonight she sits in the same spacious drawing-room, but she is not
+alone. Gone is the old spirit of unrest, for beside her is one whose name is
+luminous with celebrity: the young poet of poets at whose feet sits all the world.
+He is reading from a manuscript words which none has ever heard before, but
+which when heard will bring to men the dreams and the fancies they lost so
+many centuries ago, when Pan lay down to doze in Arcady, and the great Gods
+withdrew to sleep in lotos-gardens beyond the lands of the Hesperides. In the
+subtle cadences and hidden melodies of the bard the spirit of the maiden had
+found rest at last, for there echo the divinest notes of Thracian Orpheus, notes
+that moved the very rocks and trees by Hebrus' banks. The singer ceases, and
+with eagerness asks a verdict, yet what can Marcia say but that the strain is "fit
+for the Gods"?
+
+And as she speaks there comes again a vision of Parnassus and the far-off sound
+of a mighty voice saying, "By his word shall thy steps be guided to happiness,
+and in his dreams of beauty shall thy spirit find all that it craveth."
+
+
+
+1047
+
+
+
+The Crawling Chaos - with Elizabeth
+Berkeley
+
+Written 1920/21
+
+Published April 1921 in The United Co-operative, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 1-6.
+
+Of the pleasures and pains of opium much has been written. The ecstasies and
+horrors of De Quincey and the paradis artificiels of Baudelaire are preserved and
+interpreted with an art which makes them immortal, and the world knows well
+the beauty, the terror and the mystery of those obscure realms into which the
+inspired dreamer is transported. But much as has been told, no man has yet
+dared intimate the nature of the phantasms thus unfolded to the mind, or hint at
+the direction of the unheard-of roads along whose ornate and exotic course the
+partaker of the drug is so irresistibly borne. De Quincey was drawn back into
+Asia, that teeming land of nebulous shadows whose hideous antiquity is so
+impressive that "the vast age of the race and name overpowers the sense of
+youth in the individual," but farther than that he dared not go. Those who have
+gone farther seldom returned, and even when they have, they have been either
+silent or quite mad. I took opium but once — in the year of the plague, when
+doctors sought to deaden the agonies they could not cure. There was an overdose
+— my physician was worn out with horror and exertion — and I travelled very
+far indeed. In the end I returned and lived, but my nights are filled with strange
+memories, nor have I ever permitted a doctor to give me opium again.
+
+The pain and pounding in my head had been quite unendurable when the drug
+was administered. Of the future I had no heed; to escape, whether by cure,
+unconsciousness, or death, was all that concerned me. I was partly delirious, so
+that it is hard to place the exact moment of transition, but I think the effect must
+have begun shortly before the pounding ceased to be painful. As I have said,
+there was an overdose; so my reactions were probably far from normal. The
+sensation of falling, curiously dissociated from the idea of gravity or direction,
+was paramount; though there was subsidiary impression of unseen throngs in
+incalculable profusion, throngs of infinitely di-verse nature, but all more or less
+related to me. Sometimes it seemed less as though I were falling, than as though
+the universe or the ages were falling past me. Suddenly my pain ceased, and I
+began to associate the pounding with an external rather than internal force. The
+falling had ceased also, giving place to a sensation of uneasy, temporary rest; and
+when I listened closely, I fancied the pounding was that of the vast, inscrutable
+sea as its sinister, colossal breakers lacerated some desolate shore after a storm of
+titanic magnitude. Then I opened my eyes.
+
+
+
+1048
+
+
+
+For a moment my surroundings seemed confused, like a projected image
+hopelessly out of focus, but gradually I realised my solitary presence in a strange
+and beautiful room lighted by many windows. Of the exact nature of the
+apartment I could form no idea, for my thoughts were still far from settled, but I
+noticed van-coloured rugs and draperies, elaborately fashioned tables, chairs,
+ottomans, and divans, and delicate vases and ornaments which conveyed a
+suggestion of the exotic without being actually alien. These things I noticed, yet
+they were not long uppermost in my mind. Slowly but inexorably crawling upon
+my consciousness and rising above every other impression, came a dizzying fear
+of the unknown; a fear all the greater because I could not analyse it, and seeming
+to concern a stealthily approaching menace; not death, but some nameless,
+unheard-of thing inexpressibly more ghastly and abhorrent.
+
+Presently I realised that the direct symbol and excitant of my fear was the
+hideous pounding whose incessant reverberations throbbed maddeningly
+against my exhausted brain. It seemed to come from a point outside and below
+the edifice in which I stood, and to associate itself with the most terrifying mental
+images. I felt that some horrible scene or object lurked beyond the silk-hung
+walls, and shrank from glancing through the arched, latticed windows that
+opened so bewilderingly on every hand. Perceiving shutters attached to these
+windows, I closed them all, averting my eyes from the exterior as I did so. Then,
+employing a flint and steel which I found on one of the small tables, I lit the
+many candles reposing about the walls in arabesque sconces. The added sense of
+security brought by closed shutters and artificial light calmed my nerves to some
+degree, but I could not shut out the monotonous pounding. Now that I was
+calmer, the sound became as fascinating as it was fearful, and I felt a
+contradictory desire to seek out its source despite my still powerful shrinking.
+Opening a portiere at the side of the room nearest the pounding, I beheld a small
+and richly draped corridor ending in a cavern door and large oriel window. To
+this window I was irresistibly drawn, though my ill-defined apprehensions
+seemed almost equally bent on holding me back. As I approached it I could see a
+chaotic whirl of waters in the distance. Then, as I attained it and glanced out on
+all sides, the stupendous picture of my surroundings burst upon me with full
+and devastating force.
+
+I beheld such a sight as I had never beheld before, and which no living person
+can have seen save in the delirium of fever or the inferno of opium. The building
+stood on a narrow point of land — or what was now a narrow point of land —
+fully three hundred feet above what must lately have been a seething vortex of
+mad waters. On either side of the house there fell a newly washed-out precipice
+of red earth, whilst ahead of me the hideous waves were still rolling in
+frightfully, eating away the land with ghastly monotony and deliberation. Out a
+mile or more there rose and fell menacing breakers at least fifty feet in height.
+
+
+
+1049
+
+
+
+and on the far horizon ghouhsh black clouds of grotesque contour were resting
+and brooding like unwholesome vultures. The waves were dark and purplish,
+almost black, and clutched at the yielding red mud of the bank as if with
+uncouth, greedy hands. I could not but feel that some noxious marine mind had
+declared a war of extermination upon all the solid ground, perhaps abetted by
+the angry sky.
+
+Recovering at length from the stupor into which this unnatural spectacle had
+thrown me, I realized that my actual physical danger was acute. Even whilst I
+gazed, the bank had lost many feet, and it could not be long before the house
+would fall undermined into the awful pit of lashing waves. Accordingly I
+hastened to the opposite side of the edifice, and finding a door, emerged at once,
+locking it after me with a curious key which had hung inside. I now beheld more
+of the strange region about me, and marked a singular division which seemed to
+exist in the hostile ocean and firmament. On each side of the jutting promontory
+different conditions held sway. At my left as I faced inland was a gently heaving
+sea with great green waves rolling peacefully in under a brightly shining sun.
+Something about that sun's nature and position made me shudder, but I could
+not then tell, and cannot tell now, what it was. At my right also was the sea, but
+it was blue, calm, and only gently undulating, while the sky above it was darker
+and the washed-out bank more nearly white than reddish.
+
+I now turned my attention to the land, and found occasion for fresh surprise; for
+the vegetation resembled nothing I had ever seen or read about. It was
+apparently tropical or at least sub-tropical — a conclusion borne out by the
+intense heat of the air. Sometimes I thought I could trace strange analogies with
+the flora of my native land, fancying that the well-known plants and shrubs
+might assume such forms under a radical change of climate; but the gigantic and
+omnipresent palm trees were plainly foreign. The house I had just left was very
+small — hardly more than a cottage — but its material was evidently marble, and
+its architecture was weird and composite, involving a quaint fusion of Western
+and Eastern forms. At the corners were Corinthian columns, but the red tile roof
+was like that of a Chinese pagoda. From the door inland there stretched a path of
+singularly white sand, about four feet wide, and lined on either side with stately
+palms and unidentifiable flowering shrubs and plants. It lay toward the side of
+the promontory where the sea was blue and the bank rather whitish. Down this
+path I felt impelled to flee, as if pursued by some malignant spirit from the
+pounding ocean. At first it was slightly uphill, then I reached a gentle crest.
+Behind me I saw the scene I had left; the entire point with the cottage and the
+black water, with the green sea on one side and the blue sea on the other, and a
+curse unnamed and unnamable lowering over all. I never saw it again, and often
+wonder.... After this last look I strode ahead and surveyed the inland panorama
+before me.
+
+
+
+1050
+
+
+
+The path, as I have intimated, ran along the right-hand shore as one went inland.
+Ahead and to the left I now viewed a magnificent valley comprising thousands
+of acres, and covered with a swaying growth of tropical grass higher than my
+head. Almost at the limit of vision was a colossal palm tree which seemed to
+fascinate and beckon me. By this time wonder and' escape from the imperilled
+peninsula had largely dissipated my fear, but as I paused and sank fatigued to
+the path, idiy digging with my hands into the warm, whitish-golden sand, a new
+and acute sense of danger seized me. Some terror in the swishing tall grass
+seemed added to that of the diabolically pounding sea, and I started up crying
+aloud and disjointedly, "Tiger? Tiger? Is it Tiger? Beast? Beast? Is it a Beast that I
+am afraid of?" My mind wandered back to an ancient and classical story of tigers
+which I had read; I strove to recall the author, but had difficulty. Then in the
+midst of my fear I remembered that the tale was by Rudyard Kipling; nor did the
+grotesqueness of deeming him an ancient author occur to me; I wished for the
+volume containing this story, and had almost started back toward the doomed
+cottage to procure it when my better sense and the lure of the palm prevented
+me.
+
+Whether or not I could have resisted the backward beckoning without the
+counter-fascination of the vast palm tree, I do not know. This attraction was now
+dominant, and I left the path and crawled on hands and knees down the valley's
+slope despite my fear of the grass and of the serpents it might contain. I resolved
+to fight for life and reason as long as possible against all menaces of sea or land,
+though I sometimes feared defeat as the maddening swish of the uncanny
+grasses joined the still audible and irritating pounding of the distant breakers. I
+would frequently pause and put my hands to my ears for relief, but could never
+quite shut out the detestable sound. It was, as it seemed to me, only after ages
+that I finally dragged myself to the beckoning palm tree and lay quiet beneath its
+protecting shade.
+
+There now ensued a series of incidents which transported me to the opposite
+extremes of ecstasy and horror; incidents which I tremble to recall and dare not
+seek to interpret. No sooner had I crawled beneath the overhanging foliage of the
+palm, than there dropped from its branches a young child of such beauty as I
+never beheld before. Though ragged and dusty, this being bore the features of a
+faun or demigod, and seemed almost to diffuse a radiance in the dense shadow
+of the tree. It smiled and extended its hand, but before I could arise and speak I
+heard in the upper air the exquisite melody of singing; notes high and low blent
+with a sublime and ethereal harmoniousness. The sun had by this time sunk
+below the horizon, and in the twilight I saw an aureole of lambent light encircled
+the child's head. Then in a tone of silver it addressed me: "It is the end. They
+have come down through the gloaming from the stars. Now all is over, and
+beyond the Arinurian streams we shall dwell blissfully in Teloe." As the child
+
+
+
+1051
+
+
+
+spoke, I beheld a soft radiance through the leaves of the palm tree, and rising,
+greeted a pair whom I knew to be the chief singers among those I had heard. A
+god and goddess they must have been, for such beauty is not mortal; and they
+took my hands, saying, "Come, child, you have heard the voices, and all is well.
+In Teloe beyond the Milky Way and the Arinurian streams are cities all of amber
+and chalcedony. And upon their domes of many facets glisten the images of
+strange and beautiful stars. Under the ivory bridges of Teloe flow rivers of liquid
+gold bearing pleasure-barges bound for blossomy Cytharion of the Seven Suns.
+And in Teloe and Cytharion abide only youth, beauty, and pleasure, nor are any
+sounds heard, save of laughter, song, and the lute. Only the gods dwell in Teloe
+of the golden rivers, but among them shalt thou dwell."
+
+As I listened, enchanted, I suddenly became aware of a change in my
+surroundings. The palm tree, so lately overshadowing my exhausted form, was
+now some distance to my left and considerably below me. I was obviously
+floating in the atmosphere; companioned not only by the strange child and the
+radiant pair, but by a constantly increasing throng of half-luminous, vine-
+crowned youths and maidens with wind- blown hair and joyful countenance. We
+slowly ascended together, as if borne on a fragrant breeze which blew not from
+the earth but from the golden nebulae, and the child whispered in my ear that I
+must look always upward to the pathways of light, and never backward to the
+sphere I had just left. The youths and maidens now chanted mellifluous
+choriambics to the accompaniment of lutes, and I felt enveloped in a peace and
+happiness more profound than any I had in life imagined, when the intrusion of
+a single sound altered my destiny and shattered my soul. Through the ravishing
+strains of the singers and the lutanists, as if in mocking, daemoniac concord,
+throbbed from gulfs below the damnable, the detestable pounding of that
+hideous ocean. As those black breakers beat their message into my ears I forgot
+the words of the child and looked back, down upon the doomed scene from
+which I thought I had escaped.
+
+Down through the aether I saw the accursed earth slowly turning, ever turning,
+with angry and tempestuous seas gnawing at wild desolate shores and dashing
+foam against the tottering towers of deserted cities. And under a ghastly moon
+there gleamed sights I can never describe, sights I can never forget; deserts of
+corpselike clay and jungles of ruin and decadence where once stretched the
+populous plains and villages of my native land, and maelstroms of frothing
+ocean where once rose the mighty temples of my forefathers. Mound the
+northern pole steamed a morass of noisome growths and miasmal vapours,
+hissing before the onslaught of the ever-mounting waves that curled and fretted
+from the shuddering deep. Then a rending report dave the night, and athwart
+the desert of deserts appeared a smoking rift. Still the black ocean foamed and
+
+
+
+1052
+
+
+
+gnawed, eating away the desert on either side as the rift in the center widened
+and widened.
+
+There was now no land left but the desert, and still the fuming ocean ate and ate.
+All at once I thought even the pounding sea seemed afraid of something, afraid
+of dark gods of the inner earth that are greater than the evil god of waters, but
+even if it was it could not turn back; and the desert had suffered too much from
+those nightmare waves to help them now. So the ocean ate the last of the land
+and poured into the smoking gulf, thereby giving up all it had ever conquered.
+From the new-flooded lands it flowed again, uncovering death and decay; and
+from its ancient and immemorial bed it trickled loathsomely, uncovering nighted
+secrets of the years when Time was young and the gods unborn. Above the
+waves rose weedy remembered spires. The moon laid pale lilies of light on dead
+London, and Paris stood up from its damp grave to be sanctified with star-dust.
+Then rose spires and monoliths that were weedy but not remembered; terrible
+spires and monoliths of lands that men never knew were lands.
+
+There was not any pounding now, but only the unearthly roaring and hissing of
+waters tumbling into the rift. The smoke of that rift had changed to steam, and
+almost hid the world as it grew denser and denser. It seared my face and hands,
+and when I looked to see how it affected my companions I found they had all
+disappeared. Then very suddenly it ended, and I knew no more till I awaked
+upon a bed of convalescence. As the cloud of steam from the Plutonic gulf finally
+concealed the entire surface from my sight, all the firmament shrieked at a
+sudden agony of mad reverberations which shook the trembling aether. In one
+delirious flash and burst it happened; one blinding, deafening holocaust of fire,
+smoke, and thunder that dissolved the wan moon as it sped outward to the void.
+
+And when the smoke cleared away, and I sought to look upon the earth, I beheld
+against the background of cold, humorous stars only the dying sun and the pale
+mournful planets searching for their sister.
+
+
+
+1053
+
+
+
+The Disinterment - with Duane W.
+Rimel
+
+Written 1935
+
+I awoke abruptly from a horrible dream and stared wildly about. Then, seeing
+the high, arched ceiling and the narrow stained windows of my friend's room, a
+flood of uneasy revelation coursed over me; and I knew that all of Andrews'
+hopes had been realized. I lay supine in a large bed, the posts of which reared
+upward in dizzy perspective; while on vast shelves about the chamber were the
+familiar books and antiques I was accustomed to seeing in that secluded corner
+of the crumbling and ancient mansion which had formed our joint home for
+many years. On a table by the wall stood a huge candelabrum of early
+workmanship and design, and the usual light window-curtains had been
+replaced by hangings of somber black, which took on a faint, ghostly luster in the
+dying light.
+
+I recalled forcibly the events preceding my confinement and seclusion in this
+veritable medieval fortress. They were not pleasant, and I shuddered anew when
+I remembered the couch that had held me before my tenancy of the present one -
+the couch that everyone supposed would be my last. Memory burned afresh
+regarding those hideous circumstances which had compelled me to choose
+between a true death and a hypothetical one - with a later re-animation by
+therapeutic methods known only to my comrade, Marshall Andrews. The whole
+thing had begun when I returned from the Orient a year before and discovered,
+to my utter horror, that I had contracted leprosy while abroad. I had known that
+I was taking grave chances in caring for my stricken brother in the Philippines,
+but no hint of my own affliction appeared until I returned to my native land.
+Andrews himself had made the discovery, and kept it from me as long as
+possible; but our close acquaintance soon disclosed the awful truth.
+
+At once I was quartered in our ancient abode atop the crags overlooking
+crumbling Hampden, from whose musty halls and quaint, arched doorways I
+was never permitted to go forth. It was a terrible existence, with the yellow
+shadow hanging constantly over me; yet my friend never faltered in his faith,
+taking care not to contract the dread scourge, but meanwhile making life as
+pleasant and comfortable as possible. His widespread though somewhat sinister
+fame as a surgeon prevented any authority from discovering my plight and
+shipping me away.
+
+
+
+1054
+
+
+
+It was after nearly a year of this seclusion - late in August - that Andrews
+decided on a trip to the West Indies - to study "native" medical methods, he said.
+I was left in care of venerable Simes, the household factotum. So far no outward
+signs of the disease had developed, and I enjoyed a tolerable though almost
+completely private existence during my colleague's absence. It was during this
+time that I read many of the tomes Andrews had acquired in the course of his
+twenty years as a surgeon, and learned why his reputation, though locally of the
+highest, was just a bit shady. For the volumes included any number of fanciful
+subjects hardly related to modern medical knowledge: treatises and
+unauthoritative articles on monstrous experiments in surgery; accounts of the
+bizarre effects of glandular transplantation and rejuvenation in animals and men
+alike; brochures on attempted brain transference, and a host of other fanatical
+speculations not countenanced by orthodox physicians. It appeared, too, that
+Andrews was an authority on obscure medicaments; some of the few books I
+waded through revealing that he had spent much time in chemistry and in the
+search for new drugs which might be used as aids in surgery. Looking back at
+those studies now, I find them hellishly suggestive when associated with his later
+experiments.
+
+Andrews was gone longer than I expected, returning early in November, almost
+four months later; and when he did arrive, I was quite anxious to see him, since
+my condition was at last on the brink of becoming noticeable. I had reached a
+point where I must seek absolute privacy to keep from being discovered. But my
+anxiety was slight as compared with his exuberance over a certain new plan he
+had hatched while in the Indies - a plan to be carried out with the aid of a curious
+drug he had learned of from a native "doctor" in Haiti. When he explained that
+his idea concerned me, I became somewhat alarmed; though in my position there
+could be little to make my plight worse. I had, indeed, considered more than
+once the oblivion that would come with a revolver or a plunge from the roof to
+the jagged rocks below.
+
+On the day after his arrival, in the seclusion of the dimly lit study, he outlined
+the whole grisly scheme. He had found in Haiti a drug, the formula for which he
+would develop later, which induced a state of profound sleep in anyone taking
+it; a trance so deep that death was closely counterfeited - with all muscular
+reflexes, even the respiration and heart-beat, completely stilled for the time
+being. Andrews had, he said, seen it demonstrated on natives many times. Some
+of them remained somnolent for days at a time, wholly immobile and as much
+like death as death itself. This suspended animation, he explained further, would
+even pass the closest examination of any medical man. He himself, according to
+all known laws, would have to report as dead a man under the influence of such
+a drug. He stated, too, that the subject's body assumed the precise appearance of
+a corpse - even a slight rigor mortis developing in prolonged cases.
+
+
+
+1055
+
+
+
+For some time his purpose did not seem wholly clear, but when the full import of
+his words became apparent I felt weak and nauseated. Yet in another way I was
+relieved; for the thing meant at least a partial escape from my curse, an escape
+from the banishment and shame of an ordinary death of the dread leprosy.
+Briefly, his plan was to administer a strong dose of the drug to me and call the
+local authorities, who would immediately pronounce me dead, and see that I
+was buried within a very short while. He felt assured that with their careless
+examination they would fail to notice my leprosy symptoms, which in truth had
+hardly appeared. Only a trifle over fifteen months had passed since I had caught
+the disease, whereas the corruption takes seven years to run its entire course.
+
+Later, he said, would come resurrection. After my interment in the family
+graveyard - beside my centuried dwelling and barely a quarter-mile from his
+own ancient pile - the appropriate steps would be taken. Finally, when my estate
+was settled and my decease widely known, he would secretly open the tomb and
+bring me to his own abode again, still alive and none the worse for my
+adventure. It seemed a ghastly and daring plan, but to me it offered the only
+hope for even a partial freedom; so I accepted his proposition, but not without a
+myriad of misgivings. What if the effect of the drug should wear off while I was
+in my tomb? What if the coroner should discover the awful ruse, and fail to inter
+me? These were some of the hideous doubts which assailed me before the
+experiment. Though death would have been a release from my curse, I feared it
+even worse than the yellow scourge; feared it even when I could see its black
+wings constantly hovering over me.
+
+Fortunately I was spared the horror of viewing my own funeral and burial rites.
+They must, however, have gone just as Andrews had planned, even to the
+subsequent disinterment; for after the initial dose of the poison from Haiti I
+lapsed into a semi-paralytic state and from that to a profound, night-black sleep.
+The drug had been administered in my room, and Andrews had told me before
+giving it that he would recommend to the coroner a verdict of heart failure due
+to nerve strain. Of course, there was no embalming - Andrews saw to that - and
+the whole procedure, leading up to my secret transportation from the graveyard
+to his crumbling manor, covered a period of three days. Having been buried late
+in the afternoon of the third day, my body was secured by Andrews that very
+night. He had replaced the fresh sod just as it had been when the workmen left.
+Old Simes, sworn to secrecy, had helped Andrews in his ghoulish task.
+
+Later I had lain for over a week in my old familiar bed. Owing to some
+unexpected effect of the drug, my whole body was completely paralyzed, so that
+I could move my head only slightly. All my senses, however, were fully alert,
+and by another week's time I was able to take nourishment in good quantities.
+Andrews explained that my body would gradually regain its former sensibilities;
+
+
+
+1056
+
+
+
+though owing to the presence of the leprosy it might take considerable time. He
+seemed greatly interested in analyzing my daily symptoms, and always asked if
+there was any feeling present in my body.
+
+Many days passed before I was able to control any part of my anatomy, and
+much longer before the paralysis crept from my enfeebled limbs so that I could
+feel the ordinary bodily reactions. Lying and staring at my numb hulk was like
+having it injected with a perpetual anesthetic. There was a total alienation I could
+not understand, considering that my head and neck were quite alive and in good
+health.
+
+Andrews explained that he had revived my upper half first and could not
+account for the complete bodily paralysis; though my condition seemed to
+trouble him little considering the damnably intent interest he centered upon my
+reactions and stimuli from the very beginning. Many times during lulls in our
+conversation I would catch a strange gleam in his eyes as he viewed me on the
+couch - a glint of victorious exultation which, queerly enough, he never voiced
+aloud; though he seemed to be quite glad that I had run the gauntlet of death and
+had come through alive. Still, there was that horror I was to meet in less than six
+years, which added to my desolation and melancholy during the tedious days in
+which I awaited the return of normal bodily functions. But I would be up and
+about, he assured me, before very long, enjoying an existence few men had ever
+experienced. The words did not, however, impress me with their true and
+ghastly meaning until many days later.
+
+During that awful siege in bed Andrews and I became somewhat estranged. He
+no longer treated me so much like a friend as like an implement in his skilled and
+greedy fingers. I found him possessed of unexpected traits - little examples of
+baseness and cruelty, apparent even to the hardened Simes, which disturbed me
+in a most unusual manner. Often he would display extraordinary cruelty to live
+specimens in his laboratory, for he was constantly carrying on various hidden
+projects in glandular and muscular transplantation on guinea-pigs and rabbits.
+He had also been employing his newly discovered sleeping- potion in curious
+experiments with suspended animation. But of these things he told me very little;
+though old Simes often let slip chance comments which shed some light on the
+proceedings. I was not certain how much the old servant knew, but he had surely
+learned considerable, being a constant companion to both Andrews and myself.
+
+With the passage of time, a slow but consistent feeling began creeping into my
+disabled body; and at the reviving symptoms Andrews took a fanatical interest
+in my case. He still seemed more coldly analytical than sympathetic toward me,
+taking my pulse and heart-beat with more than usual zeal. Occasionally, in his
+fevered examinations, I saw his hands tremble slightly - an uncommon sight
+
+
+
+1057
+
+
+
+with so skilled a surgeon - but he seemed oblivious of my scrutiny. I was never
+allowed even a momentary glimpse of my full body, but with the feeble return of
+the sense of touch, I was aware of a bulk and heaviness which at first seemed
+awkward and unfamiliar.
+
+Gradually I regained the use of my hands and arms; and with the passing of the
+paralysis came a new and terrible sensation of physical estrangement. My limbs
+had difficulty in following the commands of my mind, and every movement was
+jerky and uncertain. So clumsy were my hands, that I had to become accustomed
+to them all over again. This must, I thought, be due to my disease and the
+advance of the contagion in my system. Being unaware of how the early
+symptoms affected the victim (my brother's being a more advanced case), I had
+no means of judging; and since Andrews shunned the subject, I deemed it better
+to remain silent.
+
+One day I asked Andrews - I no longer considered him a friend - if I might try
+rising and sitting up in bed. At first he objected strenuously, but later, after
+cautioning me to keep the blankets well up around my chin so that I would not
+be chilled, he permitted it. This seemed strange, in view of the comfortable
+temperature. Now that late autumn was slowly turning into winter, the room
+was always well heated. A growing chilliness at night, and occasional glimpses
+of a leaden sky through the window, had told me of the changing season; for no
+calendar was ever in sight upon the dingy walls. With the gentle help of Simes I
+was eased to a sitting position, Andrews coldly watching from the door to the
+laboratory. At my success a slow smile spread across his leering features, and he
+turned to disappear from the darkened doorway. His mood did nothing to
+improve my condition. Old Simes, usually so regular and consistent, was now
+often late in his duties, sometimes leaving me alone for hours at a time.
+
+The terrible sense of alienation was heightened by my new position. It seemed
+that the legs and arms inside my gown were hardly able to follow the
+summoning of my mind, and it became mentally exhausting to continue
+movement for any length of time. My fingers, woefully clumsy, were wholly
+unfamiliar to my inner sense of touch, and I wondered vaguely if I were to be
+accursed the rest of my days with an awkwardness induced by my dread
+malady.
+
+It was on the evening following my half-recovery that the dreams began. I was
+tormented not only at night but during the day as well. I would awaken,
+screaming horribly, from some frightful nightmare I dared not think about
+outside the realm of sleep. These dreams consisted mainly of ghoulish things;
+graveyards at night, stalking corpses, and lost souls amid a chaos of blinding
+light and shadow. The terrible reality of the visions disturbed me most of all: it
+
+
+
+1058
+
+
+
+seemed that some inside influence was inducing the grisly vistas of moonlit
+tombstones and endless catacombs of the restless dead. I could not place their
+source; and at the end of a week I was quite frantic with abominable thoughts
+which seemed to obtrude themselves upon my unwelcome consciousness.
+
+By that time a slow plan was forming whereby I might escape the living hell into
+which I had been propelled. Andrews cared less and less about me, seeming
+intent only on my progress and growth and recovery of normal muscular
+reactions. I was becoming every day more convinced of the nefarious doings
+going on in that laboratory across the threshold - the animal cries were shocking,
+and rasped hideously on my overwrought nerves. And I was gradually
+beginning to think that Andrews had not saved me from deportation solely for
+my own benefit, but for some accursed reason of his own. Simes's attention was
+slowly becoming slighter and slighter, and I was convinced that the aged servitor
+had a hand in the deviltry somewhere. Andrews no longer eyed me as a friend,
+but as an object of experimentation; nor did I like the way he fingered his scalpel
+when he stood in the narrow doorway and stared at me with crafty alertness. I
+had never before seen such a transformation come over any man. His ordinarily
+handsome features were now lined and whisker-grown, and his eyes gleamed as
+if some imp of Satan were staring from them. His cold, calculating gaze made me
+shudder horribly, and gave me a fresh determination to free myself from his
+bondage as soon as possible.
+
+I had lost track of time during my dream-orgy, and had no way of knowing how
+fast the days were passing. The curtains were often drawn in the daytime, the
+room being lit by waxen cylinders in the large candelabrum. It was a nightmare
+of living horror and unreality; though through it all I was gradually becoming
+stronger. I always gave careful responses to Andrews' inquiries concerning my
+returning physical control, concealing the fact that a new life was vibrating
+through me with every passing day - an altogether strange sort of strength, but
+one which I was counting on to serve me in the coming crisis.
+
+Finally, one chilly evening when the candles had been extinguished, and a pale
+shaft of moonlight fell through the dark curtains upon my bed, I determined to
+rise and carry out my plan of action. There had been no movement from either of
+my captors for several hours, and I was confident that both were asleep in
+adjoining bedchambers. Shifting my cumbersome weight carefully, I rose to a
+sitting position and crawled cautiously out of bed, down upon the floor. A
+vertigo gripped me momentarily, and a wave of weakness flooded my entire
+being. But finally strength returned, and by clutching at a bed-post I was able to
+stand upon my feet for the first time in many months. Gradually a new strength
+coursed through me, and I donned the dark robe which I had seen hanging on a
+nearby chair. It was quite long, but served as a cloak over my nightdress. Again
+
+
+
+1059
+
+
+
+came that feeling of awful unfamiliarity which I had experienced in bed; that
+sense of alienation, and of difficulty in making my limbs perform as they should.
+But there was need for haste before my feeble strength might give out. As a last
+precaution in dressing, I slipped some old shoes over my feet; but though I could
+have sworn they were my own, they seemed abnormally loose, so that I decided
+they must belong to the aged Simes.
+
+Seeing no other heavy objects in the room, I seized from the table the huge
+candelabrum, upon which the moon shone with a pallid glow, and proceeded
+very quietly toward the laboratory door. My first steps came jerkily and with
+much difficulty, and in the semi-darkness I was unable to make my way very
+rapidly. When I reached the threshold, a glance within revealed my former
+friend seated in a large overstuffed chair; while beside him was a smoking-stand
+upon which were assorted bottles and a glass. He reclined half-way in the
+moonlight through the large window, and his greasy features were creased in a
+drunken smirk. An opened book lay in his lap - one of the hideous tomes from
+his private library.
+
+For a long moment I gloated over the prospect before me, and then, stepping
+forward suddenly, I brought the heavy weapon down upon his unprotected
+head. The dull crunch was followed by a spurt of blood, and the fiend crumpled
+to the floor, his head laid half open. I felt no contrition at taking the man's life in
+such a manner. In the hideous, half-visible specimens of his surgical wizardry
+scattered about the room in various stages of completion and preservation, I felt
+there was enough evidence to blast his soul without my aid. Andrews had gone
+too far in his practices to continue living, and as one of his monstrous specimens
+
+- of that I was now hideously certain - it was my duty to exterminate him.
+
+Simes, I realized, would be no such easy matter; indeed, only unusual good
+fortune had caused me to find Andrews unconscious. When I finally reeled up to
+the servant's bedchamber door, faint from exhaustion, I knew it would take all
+my remaining strength to complete the ordeal.
+
+The old man's room was in utmost darkness, being on the north side of the
+structure, but he must have seen me silhouetted in the doorway as I came in. He
+screamed hoarsely, and I aimed the candelabrum at him from the threshold. It
+struck something soft, making a sloughing sound in the darkness; but the
+screaming continued. From that time on events became hazy and jumbled
+together, but I remember grappling with the man and choking the life from him
+little by little. He gibbered a host of awful things before I could lay hands on him
+
+- cried and begged for mercy from my clutching fingers. I hardly realized my
+own strength in that mad moment which left Andrews' associate in a condition
+like his own.
+
+
+
+1060
+
+
+
+Retreating from the darkened chamber, I stumbled for the stairway door, sagged
+through it, and somehow reached the landing below. No lamps were burning,
+and my only light was a filtering of moonbeams coming from the narrow
+windows in the hall. But I made my jerky way over the cold, damp slabs of stone,
+reeling from the terrible weakness of my exertion, and reached the front door
+after ages of fumbling and crawling about in the darkness.
+
+Vague memories and haunting shadows came to taunt me in that ancient
+hallway; shadows once friendly and understandable, but now grown alien and
+unrecognizable, so that I stumbled down the worn steps in a frenzy of something
+more than fear. For a moment I stood in the shadow of the giant stone manor,
+viewing the moonlit trail down which I must go to reach the home of my
+forefathers, only a quarter of a mile distant. But the way seemed long, and for a
+while I despaired of ever traversing the whole of it.
+
+At last I grasped a piece of dead wood as a cane and set out down the winding
+road. Ahead, seemingly only a few rods away in the moonlight, stood the
+venerable mansion where my ancestors had lived and died. Its turrets rose
+spectrally in the shimmering radiance, and the black shadow cast on the beetling
+hillside appeared to shift and waver, as if belonging to a castle of unreal
+substance. There stood the monument of half a century; a haven for all my family
+old and young, which I had deserted many years ago to live with the fanatical
+Andrews. It stood empty on that fateful night, and I hope that it may always
+remain so.
+
+In some manner I reached the aged place; though I do not remember the last half
+of the journey at all. It was enough to be near the family cemetery, among whose
+moss-covered and crumbling stones I would seek the oblivion I had desired. As I
+approached the moonlit spot the old familiarity - so absent during my abnormal
+existence - returned to plague me in a wholly unexpected way. I drew close to
+my own tombstone, and the feeling of homecoming grew stronger; with it came
+a fresh flood of that awful sense of alienation and disembodiment which I knew
+so well. I was satisfied that the end was drawing near; nor did I stop to analyze
+emotions till a little later, when the full horror of my position burst upon me.
+
+Intuitively I knew my own tombstone; for the grass had scarcely begun to grow
+between the pieces of sod. With feverish haste I began clawing at the mound, and
+scraping the wet earth from the hole left by the removal of the grass and roots.
+How long I worked in the nitrous soil before my fingers struck the coffin-lid, I
+can never say; but sweat was pouring from me and my nails were but useless,
+bleeding hooks.
+
+
+
+1061
+
+
+
+At last I threw out the last bit of loose earth, and with trembling fingers tugged
+on the heavy lid. It gave a trifle; and I was prepared to lift it completely open
+when a fetid and nauseous odor assailed my nostrils. I started erect, horrified.
+Had some idiot placed my tombstone on the wrong grave, causing me to unearth
+another body? For surely there could be no mistaking that awful stench.
+Gradually a hideous uncertainty came over me and I scrambled from the hole.
+One look at the newly made headpiece was enough. This was indeed my own
+grave .. . but what fool had buried within it another corpse?
+
+All at once a bit of the unspeakable truth propelled itself upon my brain. The
+odor, in spite of its putrescence, seemed somehow familiar - horribly familiar. . . .
+Yet I could not credit my senses with such an idea. Reeling and cursing, I fell into
+the black cavity once more, and by the aid of a hastily lit match, lifted the long lid
+completely open. Then the light went out, as if extinguished by a malignant
+hand, and I clawed my way out of that accursed pit, screaming in a frenzy of fear
+and loathing.
+
+When I regained consciousness I was lying before the door of my own ancient
+manor, where I must have crawled after that hideous rendezvous in the family
+cemetery. I realized that dawn was close at hand, and rose feebly, opening the
+aged portal before me and entering the place which had known no footsteps for
+over a decade. A fever was ravaging my weakened body, so that I was hardly
+able to stand, but I made my way slowly through the musty, dimly lit chambers
+and staggered into my own study - the study I had deserted so many years
+before.
+
+When the sun has risen, I shall go to the ancient well beneath the old willow tree
+by the cemetery and cast my deformed self into it. No other man shall ever view
+this blasphemy which has survived life longer than it should have. I do not know
+what people will say when they see my disordered grave, but this will not
+trouble me if I can find oblivion from that which I beheld amidst the crumbling,
+moss- crusted stones of the hideous place.
+
+I know now why Andrews was so secretive in his actions; so damnably gloating
+in his attitude toward me after my artificial death. He had meant me for a
+specimen all the time - a specimen of his greatest feat of surgery, his masterpiece
+of unclean witchery ... an example of perverted artistry for him alone to see.
+Where Andrews obtained that other with which I lay accursed in his moldering
+mansion I shall probably never know; but I am afraid that it was brought from
+Haiti along with his fiendish medicine. At least these long hairy arms and
+horrible short legs are alien to me ... alien to all natural and sane laws of
+mankind. The thought that I shall be tortured with that other during the rest of
+my brief existence is another hell.
+
+
+
+1062
+
+
+
+Now I can but wish for that which once was mine; that which every man blessed
+of God ought to have at death; that which I saw in that awful moment in the
+ancient burial ground when I raised the lid on the coffin - my own shrunken,
+decayed, and headless body.
+
+
+
+1063
+
+
+
+The Green Meadow - with Winifred V.
+Jackson
+
+Written 1918/19
+
+Published Spring 1927 in The Vagrant, p. 188-95
+
+(INTRODUCTORY NOTE: The following very singular narrative, or record of
+impressions, was discovered under circumstances so extraordinary that they
+deserve careful description. On the evening of Wednesday, August 27, 1913, at
+about eight-thirty o'clock, the population of the small seaside village of
+Potowonket, Maine, U.S.A., was aroused by a thunderous report accompanied
+by a blinding flash; and persons near the shore beheld a mammoth ball of fire
+dart from the heavens into the sea but a short distance out, sending up a
+prodigious column of water. The following Sunday a fishing party composed of
+John Richmond, Peter B. Carr, and Simon Canfield, caught in their trawl and
+dragged ashore a mass of metallic rock, weighing 360 pounds, and looking (as
+Mr. Canfield said) like a piece of slag. Most of the inhabitants agreed that this
+heavy body was none other than the fireball which had fallen from the sky four
+days before; and Dr. Richard M. Jones, the local scientific authority, allowed that
+it must be an aerolite or meteoric stone. In chipping off specimens to send to an
+expert Boston analyst. Dr. Jones discovered imbedded in the semi-metallic mass
+the strange book containing the ensuing tale, which is still in his possession.
+
+In form the discovery resembles an ordinary note-book, about 5X3 inches in
+size, and containing thirty leaves. In material, however it presents marked
+peculiarities. The covers are apparently of some dark stony substance unknown
+to geologists, and unbreakable by any mechanical means. No chemical reagent
+seems to act upon them. The leaves are much the same, save that they are lighter
+in colour, and so infinitely thin as to be quite flexible. The whole is bound by
+some process not very clear to those who have observed it; a process involving
+the adhesion of the leaf substance to the cover substance. These substances
+cannot now be separated, nor can the leaves be torn by any amount of force. The
+writing is Greek of the purest classical quality, and several students of
+palaeography declare that the characters are in a cursive hand used about the
+second century B. C. There is little in the text to determine the date. The
+mechanical mode of writing cannot be deduced beyond the fact that it must have
+resembled that of the modern slate and slate-pencil. During the course of
+analytical efforts made by the late Professor Chambers of Harvard, several pages,
+mostly at the conclusion of the narrative, were blurred to the point of utter
+effacement before being read; a circumstance forming a well-nigh irreparable
+
+
+
+1064
+
+
+
+loss. What remains of the contents was done into modem Greek letters by the
+palaeographer, Rutherford, and in this form submitted to the translators.
+
+Professor Mayfield of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who examined
+samples of the strange stone, declares it a true meteorite; an opinion in which Dr.
+von Winterfeldt of Heidelberg (interned in 1918 as a dangerous enemy alien)
+does not concur. Professor Bradley of Columbia College adopts a less dogmatic
+ground; pointing out that certain utterly unknown ingredients are present in
+large quantities, and warning that no classification is as yet possible.
+
+The presence, nature, and message of the strange book form so momentous a
+problem, that no explanation can even be attempted. The text, as far as
+preserved, is here rendered as literally as our language permits, in the hope that
+some reader may eventually hit upon an interpretation and solve one of the
+greatest scientific mysteries of recent years.)
+
+It was a narrow place, and I was alone. On one side, beyond a margin of vivid
+waving green, was the sea; blue; bright, and billowy, and send-ing up vaporous
+exhalations which intoxicated me. So profuse, indeed, were these exhalations,
+that they gave me an odd impression of a coales-cence of sea and sky; for the
+heavens were likewise bright and blue. On the other side was the forest, ancient
+almost as the sea itself, and stretch-ing infinitely inland. It was very dark, for the
+trees were grotesquely huge and luxuriant, and incredibly numerous. Their giant
+trunks were of a horrible green which blended weirdly with the narrow green
+tract whereon I stood. At some distance away, on either side of me, the strange
+forest extended down to the water's edge, obliterating the shore line and
+completely hemming in the narrow tract. Some of the trees, I observed, stood in
+the water itself; as though impatient of any barrier to their progress.
+
+I saw no living thing, nor sign that any living thing save myself had ever existed.
+The sea and the sky and the wood encircled me, and reached off into regions
+beyond my imagination. Nor was there any sound save of the wind-tossed wood
+and of the sea.
+
+As I stood in this silent place, I suddenly commenced to tremble; for though I
+knew not how I came there, and could scarce remember what my name and rank
+had been, I felt that I should go mad if I could understand what lurked about me.
+I recalled things I had learned, things I had dreamed, things I had imagined and
+yearned for in some other distant life. I thought of long nights when I had gazed
+up at the stars of heaven and cursed the gods that my free soul could not traverse
+the vast abysses which were inaccessible to my body. I conjured up ancient
+blasphemies, and terrible delvings into the papri of Democritus; but as memories
+appeared, I shuddered in deeper fear, for I knew that I was alone - horribly
+
+
+
+1065
+
+
+
+alone. Alone, yet dose to sentient impulses of vast, vague kind; which I prayed
+never to comprehend nor encounter. In the voice of the swaying green branches I
+fancied I could detect a kind of malignant hatred and demoniac triumph.
+Sometimes they struck me as being in horrible colloquy with ghastly and
+unthinkable things which the scaly green bodies of the trees half-hid; hid from
+sight but not from consciousness. The most oppressive of my sensations was a
+sinister feeling of alienage. Though I saw about me objects which I could name;
+trees, grass, sea, and sky; I felt that their relation to me was not the same as that
+of the trees, grass, sea, and sky I knew in another and dimly remembered life.
+The nature of the difference I could not tell, yet I shook in stark fright as And
+then, in a spot where I had before discerned nothing but the misty sea, I beheld
+the Green Meadow; separated from me by a vast expanse of blue rippling water
+with suntipped wavelets, yet strangely near. Often I would peep fearfully over
+my right shoulder at the trees, but I preferred to look at the Green Meadow,
+which affected me oddly.
+
+It was while my eyes were fixed upon this singular tract, that I first felt the
+ground in motion beneath me. Beginning with a kind of throbbing agitation
+which held a fiendish suggestion of conscious action, the bit of bank on which I
+stood detached itself from the grassy shore and commenced to float away; borne
+slowly onward as if by some current of resistless force. I did not move,
+astonished and startled as I was by the unprecedented phenomenon; but stood
+rigidly still until a wide lane of water yawned betwixt me and the land of trees.
+Then I sat down in a sort of daze, and again looked at the sun-tipped water and
+the Green Meadow.
+
+Behind me the trees and the things they may have been hiding seemed to radiate
+infinite menace. This I knew without turning to view them, for as I grew more
+used to the scene I became less and less depen-dent upon the five senses that
+once had been my sole reliance. I knew the green scaly forest hated me, yet now I
+was safe from it, for my bit of bank had drifted far from the shore.
+
+But though one peril was past, another loomed up before me. Pieces of earth
+were constantly crumbling from the floating isle which held me, so that death
+could not be far distant in any event. Yet even then I seemed to sense that death
+would be death to me no more, for I turned again to watch the Green Meadow,
+imbued with a curious feeling of security in strange contrast to my general
+horror.
+
+Then it was that I heard, at a distance immeasurable, the sound of falling water.
+Not that of any trival cascade such as I had known, but that which might be
+heard in the far Scythian lands if all the Mediterranean were poured down an
+
+
+
+1066
+
+
+
+unfathomable abyss. It was toward this sound that my shrinking island was
+drifting, yet I was content.
+
+Far in the rear were happening weird and terrible things; things which I turned
+to view, yet shivered to behold. For in the sky dark vaporous forms hovered
+fantastically, brooding over trees and seeming to answer the challenge of the
+waving green branches. Then a thick mist arose from the sea to join the sky-
+forms, and the shore was erased from my sight. Though the sun - what sun I
+knew not - shone brightly on the water around me, the land I had left seemed
+involved in a demoniac tempest where dashed the will of the hellish trees and
+what they hid, with that of the sky and the sea. And when the mist vanished, I
+saw only the blue sky and the blue sea, for the land and the trees were no more.
+
+It was at this point that my attention was arrested by the singing in the Green
+Meadow. Hitherto, as I have said, I had encountered no sign of human life; but
+now there arose to my ears a dull chant whose origin and nature were
+apparently unmistakable. While the words were utterly undistinguishable, the
+chant awaked in me a peculiar train of associations; and I was reminded of some
+vaguely disquieting lines I had once translated out of an Egyptian book, which in
+turn were taken from a papyrus of ancient Meroe. Through my brain ran lines
+that I fear to repeat; lines telling of very antique things and forms of life in the
+days when our earth was exceeding young. Of things which thought and moved
+and were alive, yet which gods and men would not consider alive. It was a
+strange book.
+
+As I listened, I became gradually conscious of a circumstance which had before
+puzzled me only subconsciously. At no time had my sight distinguished any
+definite objects in the Green Meadow, an impression of vivid homogeneous
+verdure being the sum total of my perception. Now, however, I saw that the
+current would cause my island to pass the shore at but a little distance; so that I
+might learn more of the land and of the singing thereon. My curiosity to behold
+the singers had mounted high, though it was mingled with apprehension.
+
+Bits of sod continued to break away from the tiny tract which carried me, but I
+heeded not their loss; for I felt that I was not to die with the body (or appearance
+of a body) which I seemed to possess. That everything about me, even life and
+death, was illusory; that I had overleaped the bounds of mortality and corporeal
+entity, becoming a free, detached thing; impressed me as almost certain. Of my
+location I knew nothing, save that I felt I could not be on the earth-planet once so
+familiar to me. My sensations, apart from a kind of haunting terror, were those of
+a traveller just embarked upon an unending voyage of discovery. For a moment I
+thought of the lands and persons I had left behind; and of strange ways whereby
+
+
+
+1067
+
+
+
+I might some day tell them of my adventurings, even though I might never
+return.
+
+I had now floated very near the Green Meadow, so that the voices were clear and
+distinct; but though I knew many languages I could not quite interpret the words
+of the chanting. Familiar they indeed were, as I had subtly felt when at a greater
+distance, but beyond a sensation of vague and awesome remembrance I could
+make nothing of them. A most extraordinary quality in the voices-a quality
+which I cannot describe-at once frightened and fascinated me. My eyes could
+now discern several things amidst the omnipresent verdure- rocks, covered with
+I bright green moss, shrubs of considerable height, and less definable shapes of
+great magnitude which seemed to move or vibrate amidst the shrubbery in a
+peculiar way. The chanting, whose authors I was so anxious to glimpse, seemed
+loudest, at points where these shapes were most numerous and most vigorously
+in motion.
+
+And then, as my island drifted closer and the sound of the distant waterfall grew
+louder, I saw clearly the source of the chanting, and in one horrible instant
+remembered everything. Of such things I cannot, dare not tell, for therein was
+revealed the hideous solution of all which had puzzled me; and that solution
+would drive you mad, even as it al-most drove me.... I knew now the change
+through which I had passed, and through which certain others who once were
+men had passed! and I knew the endless cycle of the future which none like me
+may escape... I shall live forever, be conscious forever, though my soul cries out
+to the gods for the boon of death and oblivion... All is before me: beyond the
+deafening torrent lies the land of Stethelos, where young men are infinitely old. . .
+The Green Meadow... I will send a message across the horrible immeasurable
+abyss....
+
+(At this point the text becomes illegible.)
+
+
+
+1068
+
+
+
+The Horror at Martin's Beach - with
+Sonia H. Greene
+
+Written June 1922
+
+Published November 1923 in Weird Tales, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 75-76, 83
+
+I have never heard an even approximately adequate explanation of the horror at
+Martin's Beach. Despite the large number of witnesses, no two accounts agree;
+and the testimony taken by local authorities contains the most amazing
+discrepancies.
+
+Perhaps this haziness is natural in view of the unheard-of character of the horror
+itself, the almost paralytic terror of all who saw it, and the efforts made by the
+fashionable Wavecrest Inn to hush it up after the publicity created by Prof.
+Ahon's article "Are Hypnotic Powers Confined to Recognized Humanity?"
+
+Against all these obstacles I am striving to present a coherent version; for I
+beheld the hideous occurrence, and believe it should be known in view of the
+appalling possibilities it suggests. Martin's Beach is once more popular as a
+watering-place, but I shudder when I think of it. Indeed, I cannot look at the
+ocean at all now without shuddering.
+
+Fate is not always without a sense of drama and climax, hence the terrible
+happening of August 8, 1922, swiftly followed a period of minor and agreeably
+wonder-fraught excitement at Martin's Beach. On May 17 the crew of the fishing
+smack Alma of Gloucester, under Capt. James P. Orne, killed, after a battle of
+nearly forty hours, a marine monster whose size and aspect produced the
+greatest possible stir in scientific circles and caused certain Boston naturalists to
+take every precaution for its taxidermic preservation.
+
+The object was some fifty feet in length, of roughly cylindrical shape, and about
+ten feet in diameter. It was unmistakably a gilled fish in its major affiliations; but
+with certain curious modifications such as rudimentary forelegs and six-toed feet
+in place of pectoral fins, which prompted the widest speculation. Its
+extraordinary mouth, its thick and scaly hide, and its single, deep-set eye were
+wonders scarcely less remarkable than its colossal dimensions; and when the
+naturalists pronounced it an infant organism, which could not have been hatched
+more than a few days, public interest mounted to extraordinary heights.
+
+Capt. Orne, with typical Yankee shrewdness, obtained a vessel large enough to
+hold the object in its hull, and arranged for the exhibition of his prize. With
+
+
+
+1069
+
+
+
+judicious carpentry he prepared what amounted to an excellent marine museum,
+and, sailing south to the wealthy resort district of Martin's Beach, anchored at the
+hotel wharf and reaped a harvest of admission fees.
+
+The intrinsic marvelousness of the object, and the importance which it clearly
+bore in the minds of many scientific visitors from near and far, combined to
+make it the season's sensation. That it was absolutely unique - unique to a
+scientifically revolutionary degree - was well understood. The naturalists had
+shown plainly that it radically differed from the similarly immense fish caught
+off the Florida coast; that, while it was obviously an inhabitant of almost
+incredible depths, perhaps thousands of feet, its brain and principal organs
+indicated a development startlingly vast, and out of all proportion to anything
+hitherto associated with the fish tribe.
+
+On the morning of July 20 the sensation was increased by the loss of the vessel
+and its strange treasure. In the storm of the preceding night it had broken from
+its moorings and vanished forever from the sight of man, carrying with it the
+guard who had slept aboard despite the threatening weather. Capt. Orne, backed
+by extensive scientific interests and aided by large numbers of fishing boats from
+Gloucester, made a thorough and exhaustive searching cruise, but with no result
+other than the prompting of interest and conversation. By August 7 hope was
+abandoned, and Capt. Orne had returned to the Wavecrest Inn to wind up his
+business affairs at Martin's Beach and confer with certain of the scientific men
+who remained there. The horror came on August 8.
+
+It was in the twilight, when grey sea-birds hovered low near the shore and a
+rising moon began to make a glittering path across the waters. The scene is
+important to remember, for every impression counts. On the beach were several
+strollers and a few late bathers; stragglers from the distant cottage colony that
+rose modestly on a green hill to the north, or from the adjacent cliff-perched Inn
+whose imposing towers proclaimed its allegiance to wealth and grandeur.
+
+Well within viewing distance was another set of spectators, the loungers on the
+Inn's high-ceiled and lantern-lighted veranda, who appeared to be enjoying the
+dance music from the sumptuous ballroom inside. These spectators, who
+included Capt. Orne and his group of scientific confreres, joined the beach group
+before the horror progressed far; as did many more from the Inn. Certainly there
+was no lack of witnesses, confused though their stories be with fear and doubt of
+what they saw.
+
+There is no exact record of the time the thing began, although a majority say that
+the fairly round moon was "about a foot" above the low-lying vapors of the
+horizon. They mention the moon because what they saw seemed subtly
+
+
+
+1070
+
+
+
+connected with it - a sort of stealthy, dehberate, menacing ripple which rolled in
+from the far skyline along the shimmering lane of reflected moonbeams, yet
+which seemed to subside before it reached the shore.
+
+Many did not notice this ripple until reminded by later events; but it seems to
+have been very marked, differing in height and motion from the normal waves
+around it. Some called it cunning and calculating. And as it died away craftily by
+the black reefs afar out, there suddenly came belching up out of the glitter-
+streaked brine a cry of death; a scream of anguish and despair that moved pity
+even while it mocked it.
+
+First to respond to the cry were the two life guards then on duty; sturdy fellows
+in white bathing attire, with their calling proclaimed in large red letters across
+their chests. Accustomed as they were to rescue work, and to the screams of the
+drowning, they could find nothing familiar in the unearthly ululation; yet with a
+trained sense of duty they ignored the strangeness and proceeded to follow their
+usual course.
+
+Hastily seizing an air-cushion, which with its attached coil of rope lay always at
+hand, one of them ran swiftly along the shore to the scene of the gathering
+crowd; whence, after whirling it about to gain momentum, he flung the hollow
+disc far out in the direction from which the sound had come. As the cushion
+disappeared in the waves, the crowd curiously awaited a sight of the hapless
+being whose distress had been so great; eager to see the rescue made by the
+massive rope.
+
+But that rescue was soon acknowledged to be no swift and easy matter; for, pull
+as they might on the rope, the two muscular guards could not move the object at
+the other end. Instead, they found that object pulling with equal or even greater
+force in the very opposite direction, till in a few seconds they were dragged off
+their feet and into the water by the strange power which had seized on the
+proffered life- preserver.
+
+One of them, recovering himself, called immediately for help from the crowd on
+the shore, to whom he flung the remaining coil of rope; and in a moment the
+guards were seconded by all the hardier men, among whom Capt. Orne was
+foremost. More than a dozen strong hands were now tugging desperately at the
+stout line, yet wholly without avail.
+
+Hard as they tugged, the strange force at the other end tugged harder; and since
+neither side relaxed for an instant, the rope became rigid as steel with the
+enormous strain. The struggling participants, as well as the spectators, were by
+this time consumed with curiosity as to the nature of the force in the sea. The
+
+
+
+1071
+
+
+
+idea of a drowning man had long been dismissed; and hints of whales,
+submarines, monsters, and demons now passed freely around. Where humanity
+had first led the rescuers, wonder kept them at their task; and they hauled with a
+grim determination to uncover the mystery.
+
+It being decided at last that a whale must have swallowed the air-cushion, Capt.
+Orne, as a natural leader, shouted to those on shore that a boat must be obtained
+in order to approach, harpoon, and land the unseen leviathan. Several men at
+once prepared to scatter in quest of a suitable craft, while others came to
+supplant the captain at the straining rope, since his place was logically with
+whatever boat party might be formed. His own idea of the situation was very
+broad, and by no means limited to whales, since he had to do with a monster so
+much stranger. He wondered what might be the acts and manifestations of an
+adult of the species of which the fifty -foot creature had been the merest infant.
+
+And now there developed with appalling suddenness the crucial fact which
+changed the entire scene from one of wonder to one of horror, and dazed with
+fright the assembled band of toilers and onlookers. Capt. Orne, turning to leave
+his post at the rope, found his hands held in their place with unaccountable
+strength; and in a moment he realized that he was unable to let go of the rope.
+His plight was instantly divined, and as each companion tested his own situation
+the same condition was encountered. The fact could not be denied - every
+struggler was irresistibly held in some mysterious bondage to the hempen line
+which was slowly, hideously, and relentlessly pulling them out to sea.
+
+Speechless horror ensued; a horror in which the spectators were petrified to utter
+inaction and mental chaos. Their complete demoralization is reflected in the
+conflicting accounts they give, and the sheepish excuses they offer for their
+seemingly callous inertia. I was one of them, and know.
+
+Even the strugglers, after a few frantic screams and futile groans, succumbed to
+the paralyzing influence and kept silent and fatalistic in the face of unknown
+powers. There they stood in the pallid moonlight, blindly pulling against a
+spectral doom and swaying monotonously backward and forward as the water
+rose first to their knees, then to their hips. The moon went partly under a cloud,
+and in the half-light the line of swaying men resembled some sinister and
+gigantic centipede, writhing in the clutch of a terrible creeping death.
+
+Harder and harder grew the rope, as the tug in both directions increased, and the
+strands swelled with the undisturbed soaking of the rising waves. Slowly the
+tide advanced, till the sands so lately peopled by laughing children and
+whispering lovers were now swallowed by the inexorable flow. The herd of
+panic- stricken watchers surged blindly backward as the water crept above their
+
+
+
+1072
+
+
+
+feet, while the frightful line of strugglers swayed hideously on, half submerged,
+and now at a substantial distance from their audience. Silence was complete.
+
+The crowd, having gained a huddling-place beyond reach of the tide, stared in
+mute fascination; without offering a word of advice or encouragement, or
+attempting any kind of assistance. There was in the air a nightmare fear of
+impending evils such as the world had never before known.
+
+Minutes seemed lengthened into hours, and still that human snake of swaying
+torsos was seen above the fast rising tide. Rhythmically it undulated; slowly,
+horribly, with the seal of doom upon it. Thicker clouds now passed over the
+ascending moon, and the glittering path on the waters faded nearly out.
+
+Very dimly writhed the serpentine line of nodding heads, with now and then the
+livid face of a backward- glancing victim gleaming pale in the darkness. Faster
+and faster gathered the clouds, till at length their angry rifts shot down sharp
+tongues of febrile flame. Thunders rolled, softly at first, yet soon increasing to a
+deafening, maddening intensity. Then came a culminating crash - a shock whose
+reverberations seemed to shake land and sea alike - and on its heels a cloudburst
+whose drenching violence overpowered the darkened world as if the heavens
+themselves had opened to pour forth a vindictive torrent.
+
+The spectators, instinctively acting despite the absence of conscious and coherent
+thought, now retreated up the cliff steps to the hotel veranda. Rumors had
+reached the guests inside, so that the refugees found a state of terror nearly equal
+to their own. I think a few frightened words were uttered, but cannot be sure.
+
+Some, who were staying at the Inn, retired in terror to their rooms; while others
+remained to watch the fast sinking victims as the line of bobbing heads showed
+above the mounting waves in the fitful lightning flashes. I recall thinking of those
+heads, and the bulging eyes they must contain; eyes that might well reflect all the
+fright, panic, and delirium of a malignant universe - all the sorrow, sin, and
+misery, blasted hopes and unfulfilled desires, fear, loathing and anguish of the
+ages since time's beginning; eyes alight with all the soul-racking pain of eternally
+blazing infernos.
+
+And as I gazed out beyond the heads, my fancy conjured up still another eye; a
+single eye, equally alight, yet with a purpose so revolting to my brain that the
+vision soon passed. Held in the clutches of an unknown vise, the line of the
+damned dragged on; their silent screams and unuttered prayers known only to
+the demons of the black waves and the night-wind.
+
+
+
+1073
+
+
+
+There now burst from the infuriate sky such a mad cataclysm of satanic sound
+that even the former crash seemed dwarfed. Amidst a bhnding glare of
+descending fire the voice of heaven resounded with the blasphemies of hell, and
+the mingled agony of all the lost reverberated in one apocalyptic, planet-rending
+peal of Cyclopean din. It was the end of the storm, for with uncanny suddenness
+the rain ceased and the moon once more cast her pallid beams on a strangely
+quieted sea.
+
+There was no line of bobbing heads now. The waters were calm and deserted,
+and broken only by the fading ripples of what seemed to be a whirlpool far out
+in the path of the moonlight whence the strange cry had first come. But as I
+looked along that treacherous lane of silvery sheen, with fancy fevered and
+senses overwrought, there trickled upon my ears from some abysmal sunken
+waste the faint and sinister echoes of a laugh.
+
+
+
+1074
+
+
+
+The Last Test - with Adolphe de Castro
+
+Written 1927
+
+Published November 1928 in Weird Tales, Volume 12, No. 5, 625-56.
+
+I.
+
+Few persons know the inside of the Clarendon story, or even that there is an
+inside not reached by the newspapers. It was a San Francisco sensation in the
+days before the fire, both because of the panic and menace that kept it company,
+and because of its close linkage with the governor of the state. Governor Dalton,
+it will be recalled, was Clarendon's best friend, and later married his sister.
+Neither Dalton nor Mrs. Dalton would ever discuss the painful affair, but
+somehow the facts leaked out to a limited circle. But for that, and for the years
+which have give a sort of vagueness and impersonality to the actors, one would
+still pause before probing into secrets so strictly guarded at the time.
+
+The appointment of Dr. Alfred Clarendon as medical director of San Quentin
+Penitentiary in 189- was greeted with the keenest enthusiasm throughout
+California. San Francisco had at last the honour of harbouring one of the great
+biologists and physicians of the period, and solid pathological leaders from all
+over the world might be expected to flock thither to study his methods, profit by
+his advice and researches, and learn how to cope with their own local problems.
+California, almost over night, would become a centre of medical scholarship with
+earthwide influence and reputation.
+
+Governor Dalton, anxious to spread the news in its fullest significance, saw to it
+that the press carried ample and dignified accounts of his new appointee.
+Pictures of Dr. Clarendon and his new home near old Goat Hill, sketches of his
+career and manifold honours, and popular accounts of his salient scientific
+discoveries were all presented in the principal California dailies, till the public
+soon felt a sort of reflected pride in the man whose studies of pyemia in India, of
+the pest in China, and of every sort of kindred disorder elsewhere would soon
+enrich the world of medicine with an antitoxin of revolutionary importance - a
+basic antitoxin combating the whole febrile principle at its very source, and
+ensuring the ultimate conquest and extirpation of fever in all its diverse forms.
+
+Back of the appointments stretched an extended and now wholly unromantic
+history of early friendship, long separation, and dramatically renewed
+acquaintance. James Dalton and the clarendon family had been friends in New
+York ten years before - friends and more than friends, since the doctor's only
+
+
+
+1075
+
+
+
+sister, Georgina, was the sweetheart of Dahon's youth, while the doctor himself
+had been his closest associate and almost his protege, in the days of school and
+college. The father of Alfred and Georgina, a Wall Street pirate of the ruthless
+elder breed, had known Dalton's father well; so well, indeed, that he had finally
+stripped him of all he possessed in a memorable afternoon's fight on the stock
+exchange. Dalton Senior, hopeless of recuperation and wishing to give his one
+adored child the benefit of his insurance, had promptly blown out his brains; but
+James had not sought to retaliate. It was, as he viewed it, all in the game; and he
+wished no harm to the father of the girl he meant to marry and of the budding
+young scientist whose admirer and protector he had been throughout their years
+of fellowship and study. Instead, he turned to the law, established himself in a
+small way, and in due course asked 'Old Clarendon' for Georgina's hand.
+
+Old Clarendon had refused very firmly and loudly, vowing that no pauper and
+upstart lawyer was fit to be his son-in-law; and a scene of considerable violence
+had occurred. James, telling the wrinkled freebooter at last what he ought to
+have been told long before, had left the house and the city in a high temper; and
+was embarked within a month upon the California life which was to lead him to
+the governorship through many a fight with ring and politician. His farewells to
+Alfred and Georgina had been brief, and he had never known the aftermath of
+that scene in the Clarendon library. Only by a day did he miss the news of Old
+Clarendon's death from apoplexy, and by so missing it, changed the course of his
+whole career. He had not written Georgina in the decade that followed; knowing
+her loyalty to her father, and waiting till his own fortune and position might
+remove all obstacles to the match. Nor had he sent any word to Alfred, whose
+calm indifference in the face of affection and hero-worship had always savoured
+of conscious destiny and the self-sufficiency of genius. Secure in the ties of a
+constancy rare even then, he had worked and risen with thoughts only of the
+future; still a bachelor, and with a perfect intuitive faith that Georgina was also
+waiting.
+
+In this faith Dalton was not deceived. Wondering perhaps why no message ever
+came, Georgina found no romance save in her dreams and expectations; and in
+the course of time became busy with the new responsibilities brought by her
+brother's rise to greatness. Alfred's growth had not belied the promise of his
+youth, and the slim boy had darted quietly up the steps of science with a speed
+and permanence almost dizzying to contemplate. Lean and ascetic, with steel-
+rimmed pince-nez and pointed brown beard. Dr. Alfred Clarendon was an
+authority at twenty-five and an international figure at thirty. Careless of worldly
+affairs with the negligence of genius, he depended vastly on the care and
+management of his sister, and was secretly thankful that her memories of James
+had kept her from other and more tangible alliances.
+
+
+
+1076
+
+
+
+Georgina conducted the business and household of the great bacteriologist, and
+was proud of his strides toward the conquest of fever. She bore patiently with his
+eccentricism, calmed his occasional bouts of fanaticism, and healed those
+breaches with his friends which now and then resulted from his unconcealed
+scorn of anything less than a single-minded devotion to pure truth and its
+progress. Clarendon was undeniably irritating at times to ordinary folk; for he
+never tired of depreciating the service of the individual as contrasted with the
+service of mankind as a whole, and in censuring men of learning who mingled
+domestic life or outside interests with their pursuit of abstract science. His
+enemies called him a bore; but his admirers, pausing before the white heat of
+ecstasy into which he would work himself, became almost ashamed of ever
+having any standards or aspirations outside the one divine sphere of unalloyed
+knowledge.
+
+The doctor's travels were extensive and Georgina generally accompanied him on
+the shorter ones. Three times, however, he had taken long, lone jaunts to strange
+and distant places in his studies of exotic fevers and half-fabulous plagues; for he
+knew that it is out of the unknown lands of cryptic and immemorial Asia that
+most of the earth's diseases spring. On each of these occasions he had brought
+back curious mementoes which added to the eccentricity of his home, not least
+among which was the needlessly large staff of Thibetan servants picked up
+somewhere in U-tsang during an epidemic of which the world never heard, but
+amidst which Clarendon had discovered and isolated the germ of black fever.
+These men, taller than most Thibetans and clearly belonging to a stock but little
+investigated in the outside world, were of a skeletonic leanness which made one
+wonder whether the doctor had sought to symbolise in them the anatomical
+models of his college years. Their aspect, in the loose black silk robes of Bonpa
+priests which he chose to give them, was grotesque in the highest degree; and
+there was an unsmiling silence and stiffness in their motions which enhanced
+their air of fantasy and gave Georgina a queer, awed feeling of having stumbled
+into the pages of Vathek or the Arabian Nights.
+
+But queerest of all was the general factotum or clinic-man, whom Clarendon
+addressed as Surama, and whom he had brought back with him after a long stay
+in Northern Africa, during which he had studied certain odd intermittent fevers
+among the mysterious Saharan Tuaregs, whose descent from the primal race of
+lost Atlantis is an old archaeological rumour. Surama, a man of great intelligence
+and seemingly inexhaustible erudition, was as morbidly lean as the Thibetan
+servants; with swarthy, parchment-like skin drawn so tightly over his bald pate
+and hairless face that every line of the skull stood out in ghastly prominence -
+this death's-head effect being heightened by lustrelessly burning black eyes set
+with a depth which left to common visibility only a pair of dark, vacant sockets.
+Unlike the ideal subordinate, he seemed despite his impassive features to spend
+
+
+
+1077
+
+
+
+no effort in concealing such emotions as he possessed. Instead, he carried about
+an insidious atmosphere of irony or amusement, accompanied at certain
+moments by a deep, guttural chuckle like that of a giant turtle which has just torn
+to pieces some furry animal and is ambling away towards the sea. His race
+appeared to be Caucasian, but could not be classified more clearly than that.
+Some of Clarendon's friends thought he looked like a high-caste Hindoo
+notwithstanding his accentless speech, while many agreed with Georgina - who
+disliked him - when she gave her opinion that a Pharaoh's mummy, if
+miraculously brought to life, would form a very apt twin for this sardonic
+skeleton.
+
+Dalton, absorbed in his uphill political battles and isolated from Eastern interests
+through the peculiar self-sufficiency of the old West, had not followed the
+meteoric rise of his former comrade; Clarendon had actually heard nothing of
+one so far outside his chosen world of science as the governor. Being of
+independent and even of abundant means, the Clarendons had for many years
+stuck to their old Manhattan mansion in East Nineteenth Street, whose ghosts
+must have looked sorely askance at the bizarrerie of Surama and the Thibetans.
+Then, through the doctor's wish to transfer his base of medical observation, the
+great change had suddenly come, and they had crossed the continent to take up a
+secluded life in San Francisco; buying the gloomy old Bannister place near Goat
+Hill, overlooking the bay, and establishing their strange household in a rambling,
+French-roofed relic of mid-Victorian design and gold-rush parvenu display, set
+amidst high-walled grounds in a region still half suburban.
+
+Dr. Clarendon, though better satisfied than in New York, still felt cramped for
+lack of opportunities to apply and test his pathological theories. Unworldly as he
+was, he had never thought of using his reputation as an influence to gain public
+appointment; though more and more he realised that only the medical
+directorship of a government or a charitable institution - a prison, almshouse, or
+hospital - would give him a field of sufficient width to complete his researches
+and make his discoveries of the greatest use to humanity and science at large.
+
+Then he had run into James Dalton by sheer accident one afternoon in Market
+Street as the governor was swinging out of the Royal Hotel. Georgina had been
+with him, and an almost instant recognition had heightened the drama of the
+reunion. Mutual ignorance of one another's progress had bred long explanation
+and histories, and Clarendon was pleased to find that he had so important an
+official for a friend. Dalton and Georgina, exchanging many a glance, felt more
+than a trace of their youthful tenderness; and a friendship was then and there
+revived which led to frequent calls and a fuller and fuller exchange of
+confidences.
+
+
+
+1078
+
+
+
+James Dalton learned of his old protege's need for political appointment, and
+sought, true to his protective role of school and college days, to devise some
+means of giving 'Little Alf the needed position and scope. He had, it is true,
+wide appointive powers; but the legislature's constant attacks and
+encroachments forced him to exercise these with the utmost discretion. At length,
+however, scarcely three months after the sudden reunion, the foremost
+institutional medical office in the state fell vacant. Weighing all the elements with
+care, and conscious that his friend's achievements and reputation would justify
+the most substantial rewards, the governor felt at last able to act. Formalities
+were few, and on the eighth of November, 189-, Dr. Alfred Clarendon became
+medical director of the California State Penitentiary at San Quentin.
+
+II.
+
+In scarcely more than a month the hopes of Dr. Clarendon's admirers were
+amply fulfilled. Sweeping changes in methods brought to the prison's medical
+routine an efficiency never before dreamed of; and though the subordinates were
+naturally not without jealousy, they were obliged to admit the magical results of
+a really great man's superintendence. Then came a time where mere appreciation
+might well have grown to devour thankfulness at a providential conjunction of
+time, place, and man; for one morning Dr Jones came to his new chief with a
+grave face to announce his discovery of a case which he could not but identify as
+that selfsame black fever whose germ Clarendon had found and classified.
+
+Dr. Clarendon shewed no surprise, but kept on at the writing before him.
+
+"I know," he said evenly; "I came across that case yesterday. I'm glad you
+recognised it. Put the man in a separate ward, though I don't believe this fever is
+contagious."
+
+Dr. Jones, with his own opinion of the malady's contagiousness, was glad of this
+deference to caution; and hastened to execute the order. Upon his return.
+Clarendon rose to leave, declaring that he would himself take charge of the case
+alone. Disappointed in his wish to study the great man's methods and technique,
+the junior physician watched his chief stride away toward the lone ward where
+he had placed the patient, more critical of the new regime than at any time since
+admiration had displaced his first jealous pangs.
+
+Reaching the ward. Clarendon entered hastily, glancing at the bed and stepping
+back to see how far Dr. Jones's obvious curiosity might have led him. Then,
+finding the corridor still vacant, he shut the door and turned to examine the
+sufferer. The man was a convict of a peculiarly repulsive type, and seemed to be
+racked by the keenest throes of agony. His features were frightfully contracted.
+
+
+
+1079
+
+
+
+and his knees drawn sharply up in the mute desperation of the stricken.
+Clarendon studied him closely, raising his tightly shut eyelids, took his pulse
+and temperature, and finally dissolving a tablet in water, forced the solution
+between the sufferer's lips. Before long the height of the attack abated, as shewn
+by the relaxing body and returning normality of expression, and the patient
+began to breathe more easily. Then, by a soft rubbing of the ears, the doctor
+caused the man to open his eyes. There was life in them, for they moved from
+side to side, though they lacked the fine fire which we are wont to deem the
+image of the soul. Clarendon smiled as he surveyed the peace his help had
+brought, feeling behind him the power of an all-capable science. He had long
+known of this case, and had snatched the victim from death with the work of a
+moment. Another hour and this man would have gone - yet Jones had seen the
+symptoms for days before discovering them, and having discovered them, did
+not know what to do.
+
+Man's conquest of disease, however, cannot be perfect. Clarendon, assuring the
+dubious trusty-nurses that the fever was not contagious, had had the patient
+bathed, sponged in alcohol, and put to bed; but was told the next morning that
+the case was lost. The man had died after midnight in the most intense agony,
+and with such cries and distortions of face that the nurses were driven almost to
+panic. The doctor took this news with his usual calm, whatever his scientific
+feelings may have been, and ordered the burial of the patient in quicklime. Then,
+with a philosophic shrug of the shoulders, he made the final rounds of the
+penitentiary.
+
+Two days later the prison was hit again. Three men came down at once this time,
+and there was no concealing the fact that a black fever epidemic was under way.
+Clarendon, having adhered so firmly to this theory of non-contagiousness,
+suffered a distinct loss of prestige, and was handicapped by the refusal of the
+trusty-nurses to attend the patients. Theirs was not the soul-free devotion of
+those who sacrifice themselves to science and humanity. They were convicts,
+serving only because of the privileges they could not otherwise buy, and when
+the price became too great they preferred to resign the privileges.
+
+But the doctor was still master of the situation. Consulting with the warden and
+sending urgent messages to his friend the governor, he saw to it that special
+rewards in cash and in reduced terms were offered to the convicts for the
+dangerous nursing service; and by this succeeded in getting a very fair quota of
+volunteers. He was steeled for action now, and nothing could shake his poise
+and determination. Additional cases brought only a curt nod, and he seemed a
+stranger to fatigue as he hastened from bedside to bedside all over the vast stone
+home of sadness and evil. More than forty cases developed within another week,
+and nurses had to be brought from the city. Clarendon went home very seldom
+
+
+
+1080
+
+
+
+at this stage, often sleeping on a cot in the warden's quarters, and always giving
+himself up with typical abandon to the service of medicine and mankind. Then
+came the first mutterings of that storm which was soon to convulse San
+Francisco. News will out, and the menace of black fever spread over the town
+like a fog from the bay. Reporters trained in the doctrine of 'sensation first' used
+their imagination without restraint, and gloried when at last they were able to
+produce a case in the Mexican quarter which a local physician - fonder perhaps
+of money than of truth or civic welfare - pronounced black fever.
+
+That was the last straw. Frantic at the thought of the crawling death so close
+upon them, the people of San Francisco went mad en masse, and embarked upon
+that historic exodus of which all the country was soon to hear over busy wires.
+Ferries and rowboats, excursion steamers and launches, railways and cable- cars,
+bicycles and carriages, moving-vans and work carts, all were pressed into instant
+and frenzied service. Sausalito and Tamalpais, as lying in the direction of San
+Quentin, shared in the flight; while housing space in Oakley, Berkeley, and
+Alameda rose to fabulous prices. Tent colonies sprang up, and improvised
+villages lined the crowded southward highways from Millbrae to San Jose. Many
+sought refuge with friends in Sacramento, while the fright-shaken residue forced
+by various causes to stay behind could do little more than maintain the basic
+necessities of a nearly dead city.
+
+Business, save for quack doctors with 'sure cures' and 'preventives' for use
+against the fever, fell rapidly to the vanishing-point. At first the saloons offered
+'medicated drinks', but soon found that the populace preferred to be duped by
+charlatans of more professional aspect. In strangely noiseless streets persons
+peered into one another's faces to glimpse possible plague symptoms, and
+shopkeepers began more and more to refuse admission to their clientele, each
+customer seeming to them a fresh fever menace. Legal and judicial machinery
+began to disintegrate as attorneys and county clerks succumbed one by one to
+the urge for flight. Even the doctors deserted in large numbers, many of them
+pleading the need of vacations among the mountains and the lakes in the
+northern part of the state. Schools and colleges, theatres and cafA) As,
+restaurants and saloons, all gradually closed their doors; and in a single week
+San Francisco lay prostate and inert with only its light, power, and water service
+even half normal, with newspapers in skeletonic form, and with a crippled
+parody on transportation maintained by the horse and cable cars.
+
+This was the lowest ebb. It could not last long, for courage and observation are
+not altogether dead in mankind; and sooner or later the non-existence of any
+widespread black fever epidemic outside San Quentin became too obvious a fact
+to deny, notwithstanding several actual cases and the undeniable spread of
+typhoid in the unsanitary suburban tent colonies. The leaders and editors of the
+
+
+
+1081
+
+
+
+commentary conferred and took action, enlisting in their service the very
+reporters whose energies had done so much to bring on the trouble, but now
+turning their 'sensation first' avidity into more constructive channels. Editorials
+and fictitious interviews appeared, telling of Dr. Clarendon's complete control of
+the disease, and of the absolute impossibility of its diffusion beyond the prison
+walls. Reiteration and circulation slowly did their work, and gradually a slim
+backward trickle of urbanites swelled into a vigorous refluent stream. One of the
+first healthy symptoms was the start of a newspaper controversy of the approved
+acrimonious kind, attempting to fix blame for the panic wherever the various
+participants thought it belonged. The returning doctors, jealously strengthened
+by their timely vacations, began striking at Clarendon, assuring the public that
+they as well as he would keep the fever in leash, and censuring him for not doing
+even more to check its spread within San Quentin.
+
+Clarendon had, they averred, permitted far more deaths that were necessary. The
+veriest tyro in medicine knew how to check fever contagion; and if this
+renowned savant did not do it, it was clearly because he chose for scientific
+reasons to study the final effects of the disease, rather than to prescribe properly
+and save the victims. This policy, they insinuated, might be proper enough
+among convicted murderers in a penal institution, but it would not do in San
+Francisco, where life was still a precious and sacred thing. Thus they went on,
+the papers were glad to publish all they wrote, since the sharpness of the
+campaign, in which Dr. Clarendon would doubtless join, would help to
+obliterate confusion and restore confidence among the people.
+
+But Clarendon did not reply. He only smiled, while his singular clinic -man
+Surama indulged in many a deep, testudinous chuckle. He was at home more
+nowadays, so that reporters began besieging the gate of the great wall the doctor
+had built around his house, instead of pestering the warden's office at San
+Quentin. Results, though, were equally meagre; for Surama formed an
+impassable barrier between the doctor and the outer world - even after the
+reporters had got into the grounds. The newspaper men getting access to the
+front hall had glimpses of Clarendon's singular entourage and made the best
+they could in a 'write-up' of Surama and the queer skeletonic Thibetans.
+Exaggeration, of course, occurred in every fresh article, and the net effect of the
+publicity was distinctly adverse to the great physician. Most persons hate the
+unusual, and hundreds who could have excused heartlessness or incompetence
+stood ready to condemn the grotesque taste manifested in the chuckling
+attendant and the eight black-robed Orientals.
+
+Early in January an especially persistent young man from the Observer climbed
+the moated eight-foot brick wall in the rear of the Clarendon grounds and began
+a survey of the varied outdoor appearances which tree concealed from the front
+
+
+
+1082
+
+
+
+walk. With quick, alert brain he took in everything - the rose-arbour, the aviaries,
+the animal cages where all sorts of mammalia from monkeys to guinea-pigs
+might be seen and heard, the stout wooden clinic building with barred windows
+in the northwest corner of the yard - and bent searching glances throughout the
+thousand square feet of intramural privacy. A great article was brewing, and he
+would have escaped unscathed but for the barking of Dick, Georgina
+Clarendon's gigantic and beloved St. Bernard. Surama, instant in his response,
+had the youth by the collar before a protest could be uttered, and was presently
+shaking him as a terrier shakes a rat, and dragging him through the trees to the
+front yard and the gate.
+
+Breathless explanations and quavering demands to see Dr. Clarendon were
+useless. Surama only chuckled and dragged his victim on. Suddenly a positive
+fright crept over the dapper scribe, and he began to wish desperately that this
+unearthly creature would speak, if only to prove that he really was a being of
+honest flesh and blood belonging to this planet. He became deathly sick, and
+strove not to glimpse the eyes which he knew must lie at the base of those gaping
+black sockets. Soon he heard the gate open and felt himself propelled violently
+through; in another moment waking rudely to the things of earth as he landed
+wetly and muddily in the ditch which Clarendon had had dug around the entire
+length of the wall. Fright gave a place to rage as he heard the massive gate slam
+shut, and he rose dripping to shake his fist at the forbidding portal. Then, as he
+turned to go, a soft sound grated behind him, and through a small wicket in the
+gate he felt the sunken eyes of Surama and heard the echoes of a deep-voiced,
+blood- freezing chuckle.
+
+This young man, feeling perhaps justly that his handling had been rougher than
+he deserved, resolved to revenge himself upon the household responsible for his
+treatment. Accordingly he prepared a fictitious interview with Dr. Clarendon,
+supposed to be held in the clinic building, during which he was careful to
+describe the agonies of a dozen black fever patients whom his imagination
+arranged on orderly rows of couches. His master-stroke was the picture of one
+especially pathetic sufferer gasping for water, while the doctor held a glass of the
+sparkling fluid just out of his reach, in a scientific attempt to determine the effect
+of a tantalising emotion on the course of the disease. This invention was followed
+by paragraphs of insinuating comment so outwardly respectful that it bore a
+double venom. Dr. Clarendon was, the article ran, undoubtedly the greatest and
+most single-minded scientist in the world; but science is no friend to individual
+welfare, and one would not like to have one's gravest ills drawn out and
+aggravated merely to satisfy an investigator on some point of abstract truth. Life
+is too short for that.
+
+
+
+1083
+
+
+
+Altogether, the article was diabolically skilful, and succeeded in horrifying nine
+readers out of ten against Dr. Clarendon and his supposed methods. Other
+papers were quick to copy and enlarge upon its substance, taking the cue it
+offered, and commencing a series of 'faked' interviews which fairly ran the
+gamut of derogatory fantasy. In no case, however, did the doctor condescend to
+offer a contradiction. He had no time to waste on fools and liars, and cared little
+for the esteem of a thoughtless rabble he despised. When James Dalton
+telegraphed his regrets and offered aid. Clarendon replied with an almost
+boorish curtness. He did not heed the barking of dogs, and could not bother to
+muzzle them. Nor would he thank anyone for messing with a matter wholly
+beneath notice. Silent and contemptuous, he continued his duties with tranquil
+evenness.
+
+But the young reporter's spark had done its work. San Francisco was insane
+again, and this time as much with rage as with fear. Sober judgment became a
+lost art; and though no second exodus occurred, there ensued a reign of vice and
+recklessness born of desperation, and suggesting parallel phenomena in
+mediaeval times of pestilence. Hatred ran riot against the man who had found
+the disease and was struggling to restrain it, and a light-headed public forgot his
+great services to knowledge in their efforts to fan the flames of resentment. They
+seemed, in their blindness, to hate him in person, rather than the plague which
+had come to their breeze-cleaned and usually healthy city.
+
+Then the young reporter, playing in the Neronic fire he had kindled, added a
+crowning personal touch of his own. Remembering the indignities he had
+suffered at the hands of the cadaverous clinic-man, he prepared a masterly article
+on the home and environment of Dr. Clarendon, giving especial prominence to
+Surama, whose very aspect he declared sufficient to scare the healthiest person
+into any sort of fever. He tried to make the gaunt chuckler appear equally
+ridiculous and terrible, succeeding best, perhaps, in the latter half of his
+intention, since a tide of horror always welled up whenever he thought of his
+brief proximity to the creature. He collected all the rumours current about the
+man, elaborated on the unholy depth of his reputed scholarship, and hinted
+darkly that it could have been no godly realm of secret and aeon-weighed Africa
+wherein Dr. Clarendon had found him.
+
+Georgina, who followed the papers closely, felt crushed and hurt by these attacks
+upon her brother, but James Dalton, who called often at the house, did his best to
+comfort her. In this he was warm and sincere; for he wished not only to console
+the woman he loved, but to utter some measure of the reverence he had always
+felt for the starward-bound genius who had been his youth's closest comrade. He
+told Georgina how greatness can never be exempted from the shafts of envy, and
+
+
+
+1084
+
+
+
+cited the long, sad list of splendid brains crushed beneath vulgar heels. The
+attacks, he pointed out, formed the truest of all proofs of Alfred's solid eminence.
+
+"But they hurt just the same," she replied, "and all the more because I know that
+Al really suffers from them, no matter how indifferent he tries to be."
+
+Dalton kissed her hand in a manner not then obsolete among well-born persona.
+
+"And it hurts me a thousand times more, knowing that it hurts you and Alf. But
+never mind, Georgie, we'll stand together and pull through it!"
+
+Thus it came about that Georgina came more and more to rely on the strength of
+the steel-firm, square- jawed governor who had been her youthful swain, and
+more and more to confide in him the things she feared. The press attacks and the
+epidemic were not quite all. There were aspects of the household which she did
+not like. Surama, cruel in equal measure to man and beast, filled her with the
+most unnamable repulsion; and she could not help but feel he meant some
+vague, indefinable harm to Alfred. She did not like the Thibetans, either, and
+thought it very peculiar that Surama was able to talk with them. Alfred would
+not tell her who or what Surama was, but had once explained rather haltingly
+that he was a much older man that he was a much older man than would be
+commonly thought credible, and that he had mastered secrets and been through
+experiences calculated to make him a colleague of phenomenal value for any
+scientist seeking Nature's hidden mysteries.
+
+Urged by her uneasiness, Dalton became a still more frequent visitor at the
+Clarendon home, though he saw that his presence was deeply resented by
+Surama. The bony clinic-man formed the habit of glaring peculiarly from those
+spectral sockets when admitting him, and would often, after closing the gate
+when he left, chuckle monotonously in a manner that made his flesh creep.
+Meanwhile Dr. Clarendon seemed oblivious of everything save his work at San
+Quentin, whither he went each day in his launch - alone save for Surama, who
+managed the wheel while the doctor read or collated his notes. Dalton welcomed
+these regular absences, for they gave him constant opportunities to renew his
+suit for Georgina's hand. When he would overstay and meet Alfred, however,
+the latter's greeting was always friendly despite his habitual reserve. In time the
+engagement of James and Georgina grew to be a definite thing, and the two
+awaited only a favourable time to speak to Alfred.
+
+The governor, whole-souled in everything and firm in his protective loyalty,
+spared no pains in spreading propaganda on his old friend's behalf. Press and
+officialdom both felt his influence, and he even succeeded in interesting scientists
+in the East, many of whom came to California to study the plague and
+
+
+
+1085
+
+
+
+investigate the anti-fever bacillus which Clarendon was so rapidly isolating and
+perfecting. These doctors and biologists, however, did not obtain the information
+they wished; so that several of them left with a very unfortunate impression. Not
+a few prepared articles hostile to Clarendon, accusing him of an unscientific and
+fame-seeking attitude, and intimating that he concealed his methods through a
+highly unprofessional desire for ultimate personal profit.
+
+Others, fortunately, were more liberal in their judgments, and wrote
+enthusiastically of Clarendon and his work. They had seen the patients, and
+could appreciate how marvellously he held the dread disease in leash. His
+secrecy regarding the antitoxin they deemed quite justifiable, since its public
+diffusion in unperfected form could not but do more harm than good. Clarendon
+himself, whom many of their number had met before, impressed them more
+profoundly than ever, and they did not hesitate to compare him with Jenner,
+Lister, Koch, Pasteur, Metchnikoff, and the rest of those whose whole lives have
+served pathology and humanity. Dalton was careful to save for Alfred all the
+magazines that spoke well of him, bringing them in person as an excuse to see
+Georgina. They did not, however, produce much effect save a contemptuous
+smile; and Clarendon would generally throw them to Surama, whose deep,
+disturbing chuckle upon reading formed a close parallel to the doctor's own
+ironic amusement.
+
+One Monday evening early in February Dalton called with the definite
+impression asking Clarendon for his sister's hand. Georgina herself admitted
+him to the grounds, and as they walked toward the house he stopped to pat the
+great dog which rushed up and laid friendly fore paws on his breast. It was Dick,
+Georgina's cherished St. Bernard, and Dalton was glad to feel that he had the
+affection of a creature which meant so much to her.
+
+Dick was excited and glad, and turned the governor nearly half about with his
+vigorous pressure as he gave a soft quick bark and sprang off through the trees
+toward the clinic. He did not vanish, though, but presently stopped and looked
+back, softly barking again as if he wished Dalton to follow. Georgina, fond of
+obeying her huge pet's playful whims, motioned to James to see what he wanted;
+and they both walked slowly after him as he trotted relievedly to the rear of the
+yard where the top of the clinic building stood silhouetted against the stars
+above the great brick wall.
+
+The outline of lights within shewed around the edges of the dark window-
+curtains, so they knew that Alfred and Surama were at work. Suddenly from the
+interior came a thin, subdued sound like the cry of a child - a plaintive call of
+'Mamma! Mamma!' at which Dick barked, while James and Georgina started
+perceptibly. Then Georgina smiled, remembering the parrots that Clarendon
+
+
+
+1086
+
+
+
+always kept for experimental uses, and patted Dick on the head either to forgive
+him for having fooled her and Dalton, or to console him for having been fooled
+himself.
+
+As they turned toward the house Dalton mentioned his resolve to speak to
+Alfred that evening about their engagement, and Georgina supplied no
+objection. She knew that her brother would not relish the loss of a faithful
+manager and companion, but believed his affection would place no barrier in the
+way of her happiness.
+
+Later that evening Clarendon came into the house with a springy step and aspect
+less grim than usual. Dalton, seeing a good omen in this easy buoyancy, took
+heart as the doctor wrung his hand with a jovial "Ah, Jimmy, how's politics this
+year?" He glanced at Georgina, and she quietly excused herself, while the two
+men settled down to a chat on general subjects. Little by little, amidst many
+reminders of their old youthful days, Dalton worked toward his point; till at last
+he came out plainly with the crucial inquiry.
+
+" Alf, I want to marry Georgina. Have we your blessing?"
+
+Keenly watching his old friend, Dalton saw a shadow steal over his face. The
+dark eyes flashed for a moment, then veiled themselves as wonted placidity
+returned. So science or selfishness was at work after all!
+
+"You're asking an impossibility, James. Georgina isn't the aimless butterfly she
+was years ago. She has a place in the service of truth and mankind now, and that
+place is here. She's decided to devote her life to my work - or the household that
+makes my work possible - and there's no room for desertion or personal
+caprice."
+
+Dalton waited to see if had finished. The same old fanaticism - humanity versus
+the individual - and the doctor was going to let it spoil his sister's life! Then he
+tried to answer.
+
+"But look here, Alf, do you mean to say that Georgina, in particular, is so
+necessary to your work that you must make a slave and martyr out of her? Use
+your sense of proportion, man! If it were a question of Surama or somebody in
+the utter thick of your experiments it might be different; but, after all, Georgina is
+only a housekeeper to you in the last analysis. She has promised to be my wife
+and says that she loves me. Have you the right to cut her off from the life that
+belongs to her? Have you the right - "
+
+
+
+1087
+
+
+
+"That'll do, James!" Clarendon's face was set and white. "Whether or not I have
+the right to govern my own family is no business of an outsider."
+
+"Outsider - you can say that to a man who - " Dalton almost choked as the steely
+voice of the doctor interrupted him again.
+
+"An outsider to my family, and from now on an outsider to my home. Dalton,
+your presumption goes just a little too far! Good evening. Governor!"
+
+And Clarendon strode from the room without extending his hand.
+
+Dalton hesitated for a moment, almost at a loss what to do, when presently
+Georgina entered. Her face shewed that she had spoken with her brother, and
+Dalton took both her hands impetuously.
+
+"Well, Georgie, what do you say? I'm afraid it's a choice between Alf and me.
+You know how I feel - you know how I felt before when it was your father I was
+up against. What's your answer this time?"
+
+He paused as she responded slowly.
+
+"James, dear, do you believe that I love you?"
+
+He nodded and pressed her hands expectantly.
+
+"Then, if you love me, you'll wait a while. Don't think of Al's rudeness. He's to
+be pitied. I can't tell you the whole thing now, but you know how worried I am -
+what with the strain of his work, the criticism, and the staring and cackling of
+that horrible creature Surama! I'm afraid he'll break down - he shews the strain
+more than anyone outside the family could tell. I can see it, for I've watched him
+all my life. He's changing - slowly bending under his burdens - and he puts on
+his extra brusqueness to hide it. You can see what I mean, can't you, dear?"
+
+She paused, and Dalton nodded again, pressing one of her hands to his breast.
+Then she concluded.
+
+"So promise me, dear, to be patient. I must stand by him; I must! I must!"
+
+Dalton did not speak for a while, but his head inclined in what was almost a bow
+of reverence. There was more of Christ in this devoted woman than he had
+thought any human being possessed, and in the face of such love and loyalty he
+could do no urging.
+
+
+
+1088
+
+
+
+Words of sadness and parting were brief; and James, whose blue eyes were
+misty, scarcely saw the gaunt clinic -man as the gate to the street was at last
+opened to him. But when it slammed to behind him he heard that blood-curdling
+chuckle he had come to recognize so well, and knew that Surama was there -
+Surama, whom Georgina had called her brother's evil genius. Walking away
+with a firm step, Dalton resolved to be watchful, and to act at the first sign of
+trouble.
+
+III.
+
+Meanwhile San Francisco, the epidemic still on the lips of all, seethed with anti-
+Clarendon feeling. Actually the cases outside the penitentiary were very few, and
+confined almost wholly to the lower Mexican element whose lack of sanitation
+was a standing invitation to disease of every kind; but politicians and the people
+needed no more than this to confirm the attacks made by the doctor's enemies.
+Seeing that Dalton was immovable in his championship of Clarendon, the
+malcontents, medical dogmatists, and wardheelers turned their attention to the
+state legislature; lining up the anti-Clarendonists and the governor's old enemies
+with great shrewdness, and preparing to launch a law - with a veto-proof
+majority - transferring the authority for minor institutional appointments from
+the chief executive to the various boards or commissions concerned.
+
+In the furtherance of this measure no lobbyist was more active than Clarendon's
+chief successor. Dr. Jones. Jealous of his superior from the first, he now saw an
+opportunity for turning matters to his liking; and he thanked fate for the
+circumstance - responsible indeed for his present position - of his relationship to
+the chairman of the prison board. The new law, if passed, would certainly mean
+the removal of Clarendon and the appointment of himself in his stead; so,
+mindful of his own interest, he worked hard for it. Jones was all that Clarendon
+was not - a natural politician and sycophantic opportunist who served his own
+advancement first and science only incidentally. He was poor, and avid for
+salaried position, quite in contrast to the wealthy and independent savant he
+sought to displace. So with a rat-like cunning and persistence he laboured to
+undermine the great biologist above him, and was one day rewarded by the
+news that the new law was passed. Thenceforward the governor was powerless
+to make appointments to the state institutions, and the medical dictatorship of
+San Quentin lay at the disposal of the prison board.
+
+Of all this legislative turmoil Clarendon was singularly oblivious. Wrapped
+wholly in matters of administration and research, he was blind to the treason of
+'that ass Jones' who worked by his side, and deaf to all the gossip of the
+warden's office. He had never in his life read the newspapers, and the
+banishment of Dalton from his home cut off his last real link with the world of
+
+
+
+1089
+
+
+
+outside events. With the naivetA) A of a recluse, he at no time thought of his
+position as insecure. In view of Dalton's loyalty, and of his forgiveness of even
+the greatest wrongs, as shewn in his dealings with the elder Clarendon who had
+crushed his father to death on the stock exchange, the possibility of a
+gubernatorial dismissal was, of course, out of the question; nor could the doctor's
+political ignorance envisage a sudden shift of power which might place the
+matter of retention or dismissal in very different hands. Thereupon he merely
+smiled with satisfaction when Dalton left for Sacramento; convinced that his
+place in San Quentin and his sister's place in his household were alike secure
+from disturbance. He was accustomed to having what he wanted, and fancied
+his luck was still holding out.
+
+The first week in March, a day or so after the enactment of the new law, the
+chairman of the prison board called at San Quentin. Clarendon was out, but Dr.
+Jones was glad to shew the august visitor - his own uncle, incidentally - through
+the great infirmary, including the fever ward made so famous by press and
+panic. By this time converted against his will to Clarendon's belief in the fever's
+non-contagiousness, Jones smilingly assured his uncle that nothing was to be
+feared, and encouraged him to inspect the patients in detail - especially a ghastly
+skeleton, once a very giant of bulk and vigour, who was, he insinuated, slowly
+and painfully dying because Clarendon would not administer the proper
+medicine.
+
+"Do you mean to say," cried the chairman, "that Dr. Clarendon refuses to let the
+man have what he needs, knowing his life could be saved?"
+
+"Just that," snapped Dr. Jones, pausing as the door opened to admit none other
+than Clarendon himself. Clarendon nodded coldly to Jones and surveyed the
+visitor, whom he did not know, with disapproval.
+
+"Dr. Jones, I thought you knew this case was not to be disturbed at all. And
+haven't I said that visitors aren't to be admitted except by special permission?"
+
+But the chairman interrupted before his nephew could introduce him.
+
+"Pardon me. Dr. Clarendon, but am I to understand that you refuse to give this
+man the medicine that would save him?"
+
+Clarendon glared coldly, and rejoined with steel in his voice,
+
+"That's an impertinent question, sir. I am in authority here, and visitors are not
+allowed. Please leave the room at once."
+
+
+
+1090
+
+
+
+The chairman, his sense of drama secretly tickled, answered with greater pomp
+and hauteur than were necessary.
+
+"You mistake me, sir! I, not you, am master here. You are addressing the
+chairman of the prison board. I must say, however, that I deem your activity a
+menace to the welfare of the prisoners, and must request your resignation.
+Henceforth Dr. Jones will be in charge, and if you choose to remain until your
+formal dismissal you will take your orders from him."
+
+It was Wilfred Jones's great moment. Life never gave him another such climax,
+and we need not grudge him this one. After all, he was a small rather than a bad
+man, and he had only obeyed a small man's code of looking to himself at all
+costs. Clarendon stood still, gazing at the speaker as if he thought him mad, till
+in another second the look of triumph on Dr. Jones's face convinced him that
+something important was indeed afoot. He was icily courteous as he replied.
+
+"No doubt you are what you claim to be, sir. But fortunately my appointment
+came from the governor of the state, and can therefore be revoked only by him."
+
+The chairman and his nephew both stared perplexedly, for they had not realized
+to what lengths unworldly ignorance can go. Then the older man, grasping the
+situation, explained at some length.
+
+"Had I found that the current reports did you an injustice," he concluded, "I
+would have deferred action; but the case of this poor man and your own
+arrogant manner left me no choice. As it is - "
+
+But Dr. Clarendon interrupted with a new razor-sharpness in his voice.
+
+"As it is, I am the director in charge at present, and I ask you to leave this room
+at once."
+
+The chairman reddened and exploded.
+
+"Look here, sir, who do you think you're talking to? I'll have you chucked out of
+here - damn your impertinence!"
+
+But he had time only to finish the sentence. Transferred by the insult to a sudden
+dynamo of hate, the slender scientist launched out with both fists in a burst of
+preternatural strength of which no one would have thought him capable. And if
+his strength was preternatural, his accuracy of aim was no less so; for not even a
+champion of the ring could have wrought a neater result. Both men - the
+chairman and Dr. Jones - were squarely hit; the one full in the face and the other
+on the point of the chin. Going down like felled trees, they lay motionless and
+
+
+
+1091
+
+
+
+unconscious on the floor; while Clarendon, now clear and completely master of
+himself, took his hat and cane and went out to join Surama in the launch. Only
+when seated in the moving boat did he at last give audible vent to the frightful
+rage that consumed him. Then, with face convulsed, he called down
+imprecations from the stars and the gulfs beyond the stars; so that even Surama
+shuddered, made an elder sign that no book of history records, and forgot to
+chuckle.
+
+IV.
+
+Georgina soothed her brother's hurt as best she could. He had come home
+mentally and physically exhausted and thrown himself on the library lounge;
+and in that gloomy room, little by little, the faithful sister had taken in the almost
+incredible news. Her consolations were instantaneous and tender, and she made
+him realise how vast, though unconscious, a tribute to his greatness the attacks,
+persecution, and dismissal all were. He had tried to cultivate the indifference she
+preached, and could have done so had personal dignity alone been involved. But
+the loss of scientific opportunity was more than he could calmly bear, and he
+sighed again and again as he repeated how three months more of study in the
+prison might have given him at last the long-sought bacillus which would make
+all fever a thing of the past.
+
+Then Georgina tried another mode of cheering, and told him that surely the
+prison board would send for him again if the fever did not abate, or if it broke
+out with increased force. But even this was ineffective, and Clarendon answered
+only in a string of bitter, ironic, and half-meaningless little sentences whose tone
+shewed all too clearly how deeply despair and resentment had bitten.
+
+"Abate? Break out again? Oh, it'll abate all right! At least, they'll think it has
+abated. They'd think anything, no matter what happens! Ignorant eyes see
+nothing, and bunglers are never discovered. Science never shews her face to that
+sort. And they call themselves doctors! Best of all, fancy that ass Jones in charge!"
+
+Coming with a quick sneer, he laughed so daemonically that Georgina shivered.
+
+The days that followed were dismal ones indeed at the Clarendon mansion.
+Depression, stark and unrelieved, had taken hold of the doctor's usually tireless
+mind; and he would even have refused food had not Georgina forced it upon
+him. His great notebook of observations lay unopened on the library table, and
+his little gold syringe of anti-fever serum - a clever device of his own, with a self-
+contained reservoir, attached to a broad gold ring, and single-pressure action
+peculiar to itself - rested idly in a small leather case beside it. Vigour, ambition,
+and the desire for stuffy and observation seemed to have died within him; and
+
+
+
+1092
+
+
+
+he made no inquiries about his chnic, where hundreds of germ cultures stood in
+their orderly phials awaiting his attention.
+
+The countless animals held for experiments played, lively and well fed, in the
+early spring sunshine; and as Georgina strolled out through the rose-arbour to
+the cages she felt a strangely incongruous sense of happiness about her. She
+knew, though, how tragically transient that happiness must be; since the start of
+new work would soon make all these small creatures unwilling martyrs to
+science. Knowing this, she glimpsed a sort of compensating element in her
+brother's inaction, and encouraged him to keep on in a rest he needed so badly.
+The eight Thibetan servants moved noiselessly about, each as impeccable
+effective as usual; and Georgina saw to it that the order of the household did not
+suffer because of the master's relaxation.
+
+Study and starward ambition laid aside in slippered and dressing-gowned
+indifference. Clarendon was content to let Georgina treat him as an infant. He
+met her maternal fussiness with a slow, sad smile, and always obeyed her
+multitude of orders and precepts. A kind of faint, wistful felicity came over the
+languid household, amidst which the only dissenting note was supplied by
+Surama. He indeed was miserable, and looked often with sullen and resentful
+eyes at the sunny serenity in Georgina's face. His only joy had been the turmoil
+of experiment, and he missed the routine of seizing the fated animals, bearing
+them to the clinic in clutching talons, and watching them with hot brooding gaze
+and evil chuckles as they gradually fell into the final coma with wide-opened,
+red-rimmed eyes, and swollen tongue lolling from froth-covered mouth.
+
+Now he was seemingly driven to desperation by the sight of the carefree
+creatures in their cages, and frequently came to ask Clarendon if there were any
+orders. Finding the doctor apathetic and unwilling to begin work, he would go
+away muttering under his breath and glaring curses upon everything; stealing
+with cat-like tread to his own quarters in the basement, where his voice would
+sometimes ascend in deep, muffled rhythms of blasphemous strangeness and
+uncomfortable ritualistic suggestion.
+
+All this wore on Georgina's nerves, but not by any means so gravely as her
+brother's continued lassitude itself. The duration of the state alarmed her, and
+little by little she lost the air of cheerfulness which had so provoked the clinic-
+man. Herself skilled in medicine, she found the doctor's condition highly
+unsatisfactory from an alienist's point of view; and she now feared as much from
+his absence of interest and activity as she had formerly feared from his fanatical
+zeal and overstudy. Was lingering melancholy about to turn the once brilliant
+man of intellect into an innocuous imbecile?
+
+
+
+1093
+
+
+
+Then, toward the end of May, came the sudden change. Georgina always
+recalled the smallest details connected with it; details as trivial as the box
+delivered to Surama the day before, postmarked Algiers, and emitting a most
+unpleasant odour; and the sharp, sudden thunderstorm, rare in the extreme for
+California, which sprang up that night as Surama chanted his rituals behind his
+locked basement door in a droning chest-voice louder and more intense than
+usual.
+
+It was a sunny day, and she had been in the garden gathering flowers for the
+dining-room. Re-entering the house, she glimpsed her bother in the library, fully
+dressed and seated at the table, alternately consulting the notes in his thick
+observation book, and making fresh entries with brisk assured strokes of the pen.
+He was alert and vital, and there was a satisfying resilience about his movements
+as he now and then turned a page, or reached for a book from the rear of the
+great table. Delighted and relieved, Georgina hastened to deposit her flowers in
+the dining-room and returned; but when she reached the library again she found
+that her brother was gone.
+
+She knew, of course, that he must be in the clinic at work, and rejoiced to think
+that his old mind and purpose had snapped back into place. Realizing it would
+be of no use to delay the luncheon for him, she at alone and set aside a bite to be
+kept warm in case of his return at an odd moment. But he did not come. He was
+making up for lost time, and was still in the great stout-planked clinic when she
+went for a stroll through the rose-arbour.
+
+As she walked among the fragrant blossoms she saw Surama fetching animals
+for the test. She wished she could notice him less, for he always made her
+shudder; but her very dread had sharpened her eyes and ears where he was
+concerned. He always went hatless around the yard, and total hairlessness of his
+head enhanced his skeleton-like aspect horribly. Now she heard a faint chuckle
+as he took a small monkey from its cage against the wall and carried it to the
+clinic, his long, bony fingers pressing so cruelly into its furry sides that it cried
+out in frightened anguish. The sight sickened her, and brought her walk to an
+end. Her inmost soul rebelled at the ascendancy this creature had gained over
+her brother, and she reflected bitterly that the two had almost changed places as
+master and servant.
+
+Night came without Clarendon's return to the house, and Georgina concluded
+that he was absorbed in one of his very longest sessions, which meant total
+disregard of time. She hated to retire without a talk with him about his sudden
+recovery; but finally, feeling it would be futile to wait up, she wrote a cheerful
+note and propped it before his chair on the library table; then started resolutely
+for bed.
+
+
+
+1094
+
+
+
+She was not quite asleep when she heard the outer door open and shut. So it had
+not been an all night session after all! Determined to see that her brother had a
+meal before retiring she rose, slipped on a robe, and descended to the library,
+halting only when she heard voices from behind the half-opened door.
+Clarendon and Surama were talking, and she waited till the clinic-man might go.
+
+Surama, however, shewed no inclination to depart; and indeed, the whole heated
+tenor of the discourse seemed to bespeak absorption and promise length.
+Georgina, though she had not meant to listen, could not help catching a phrase
+now and then, and presently became aware of a sinister undercurrent which
+frightened her very much without being wholly clear to her. Her brother's voice,
+nervous, incisive, held her notice with disquieting persistence.
+
+"But anyway," he was saying, "we haven't enough animals for another day, and
+you know how hard it is to get a decent supply at short notice. It seems silly to
+waste so much effort on comparative trash when human specimens could be had
+with just a little extra care."
+
+Georgina sickened at the possible implication, and caught at the hall rack to
+steady herself. Surama was replying in that deep, hollow tone which seemed tOo
+echo with the evil of a thousand ages and a thousand planets.
+
+"Steady, steady - what a child you are with your haste and impatience! You
+crowd things so! When you've lived as I have, so that a whole life will seem only
+an hour, you won't be so fretful about a day or week or month! You work too
+fast. You've plenty of specimens in the cages for a full week if you'll only go at a
+sensible rate. You might even begin on the older material if you'd be sure not to
+overdo it."
+
+"Never mind my haste!" the reply was snapped out sharply. "I have my own
+methods. I don't want to use our material if I can help it, for I prefer them as they
+are. And you'd better be careful of them anyway - you know the knives some of
+those sly dogs carry."
+
+Surama's deep chuckle came.
+
+"Don't worry about that. The brutes eat, don't they? Well, I can get you one any
+time you need it. But go slow - with the boy gone, there are only eight, and now
+that you've lost San Quentin it'll be hard to get new ones by the wholesale. I'd
+advise you to start in on Tsanpo - he's the least use to you as he is, and - "
+
+But that was all Georgina heard. Transfixed by a hideous dread from the
+thoughts this talk excited, she nearly sank to the floor where she stood, and was
+
+
+
+1095
+
+
+
+scarcely able to drag herself up the stairs and into her room. What was the evil
+monster Surama planning? Into what was he guiding her brother? What
+monstrous circumstances lay behind these cryptic sentences? A thousand
+phantoms of darkness and menace danced before her eyes, and she flung herself
+upon the bed without hope of sleep. One thought above the rest stood out with
+fiendish prominence, and she almost screamed aloud as it beat itself into her
+brain with renewed force. Then Nature, kinder than she expected, intervened at
+last. Closing her eyes in a dead faint, she did not awake till morning, nor did any
+fresh nightmare come to join the lasting one which the overheard words had
+brought.
+
+With the morning sunshine came a lessening of the tension. What happens in the
+night when one is tired often reaches the consciousness in distorted forms, and
+Georgina could see that her brain must have given strange colour to scraps of
+common medical conversation. To suppose her brother - only son of the gentle
+Frances Schuyler Clarendon - guilty of strange sacrifices in the name of science
+would be to do an injustice to their blood, and she decided to omit all mention of
+her trip downstairs, lest Alfred ridicule her fantastic notions.
+
+When she reached the breakfast table she found that Clarendon was already
+gone, and regretted that not even this second morning had given her a chance to
+congratulate him on his revived activity. Quietly taking the breakfast served by
+stone-deaf old Margarita, the Mexican cook, she read the morning paper and
+seated herself with some needlework by the sitting-room window overlooking
+the great yard. All was silent out there, and she could see that the last of the
+animal cages had been emptied. Science was served, and the lime-pit held all that
+was left of the once pretty and lively little creatures. This slaughter had always
+grieved her, but she had never complained, since she knew it was all for
+humanity. Being a scientist's sister, she used to say to herself, was like being the
+sister of a soldier who kills to save his countrymen from their foes.
+
+After luncheon Georgina resumed her post by the window, and had been busy
+sewing for some time when the sound of a pistol shot from the yard caused her
+to look out in alarm. There, not far from the clinic, she saw the ghastly form of
+Surama, a revolver in his hand, and his skull-face twisted into a strange
+expression as he chuckled at a cowering figure robed in black silk and carrying a
+long Thibetan knife. It was the servant Tsanpo, and as she recognised the
+shrivelled face Georgina remembered horribly what she had overheard the night
+before. The sun flashed on the polished blade, and suddenly Surama's revolver
+spat once more. This time the knife flew from the Mongol's hand, and Surama
+glanced greedily at his shaking and bewildered prey.
+
+
+
+1096
+
+
+
+Then Tsanpo, glancing quickly at his unhurt hand and at the fallen knife, sprang
+nimbly away from the stealthily approaching clinic-man and made a dash for the
+house. Surama, however, was too swift for him, and caught him in a single leap,
+seizing his shoulder and almost crushing him. For a moment the Thibetan tried
+to struggle, but Surama lifted him like an animal by the scruff of the neck and
+bore him off toward the clinic. Georgina heard him chuckling and taunting the
+man in his own tongue, and saw the yellow face of the victim twist and quiver
+with fright. Suddenly realising against her own will what was taking place, a
+great horror mastered her and she fainted for the second time within twenty-four
+hours.
+
+When consciousness returned, the golden light of late afternoon was flooding the
+room. Georgina, picking up her fallen work-basket and scattered materials, was
+lost in a daze of doubts; but finally felt convinced that the scene which had
+overcome her must have been all too tragically real. Her first fears, then, were
+horrible truths. What to do about it, nothing in her experience could tell her; and
+she was vaguely thankful that her brother did not appear. She must talk to him,
+but not now. She could not talk to anybody now. And, thinking shudderingly of
+the monstrous happening behind those barred clinic windows, she crept into bed
+for a long night of anguished sleeplessness.
+
+Rising haggardly on the following day, Georgina saw the doctor for the first time
+since his recovery. He was bustling about preoccupiedly, circulating between the
+house and the clinic, and paying little attention to anything besides his work.
+There was no chance for the dreaded interview, and Clarendon did not even
+notice his sister's worn-out aspect and hesitant manner.
+
+In the evening she heard him in the library, talking to himself in a fashion most
+unusual for him, and she felt that he was under a great strain which might
+culminate in the return of his apathy. Entering the room, she tried to clam him
+without referring to any trying subject, and forced a steadying cup of bouillon
+upon him. Finally she asked gently what was distressing him, and waited
+anxiously for his reply, hoping to hear that Surama's treatment of the poor
+Thibetan had horrified and outraged him.
+
+There was a note of fretfulness in his voice as he responded.
+
+"What's distressing me? Good God, Georgina, what isn't? Look at the cages and
+see if you have to ask again! Cleaned out - milked dry - not a cursed specimen
+left; and a line of the most important bacterial cultures incubating in their tubes
+without a chance to do an ounce of good! Days' work wasted - whole
+programme set back - it's enough to drive a man mad! How shall I ever get
+anywhere if I can't scrape up some decent subjects?"
+
+
+
+1097
+
+
+
+Georgina stroked his forehead.
+
+"I think you ought to rest a while, Al dear."
+
+He moved away.
+
+"Rest? That's good! That's damn good! What else have I been doing but resting
+and vegetating and staring blankly into space for the last fifty or a hundred or a
+thousand years? Just as I manage to shake off the clouds, I have to run short of
+material - and then I'm told to lapse back again into drooling stupefaction! God!
+And all the while some sneaking thief is probably working with my data and
+getting ready to come out ahead of me with the credit for my own work. I'll lose
+by a neck - some fool with the proper specimens will get the prize, when one
+week more with even half-adequate facilities would see me through with flying
+colours!"
+
+His voice rose querulously, and there was an overtone of mental strain which
+Georgina did not like. She answered softly, yet not so softly as to hint at the
+soothing of a psychopathic case.
+
+"But you're killing yourself with this worry and tension, and if you're dead, how
+can you do your work?"
+
+He gave a smile that was almost a sneer.
+
+"I guess a week or a month - all the time I need - wouldn't quite finish me, and it
+doesn't much matter what becomes of me or any other individual in the end.
+Science is what must be served - science - the austere cause of human knowledge.
+I'm like the monkeys and birds and guinea pigs I use - just a cog in the machine,
+to be used to the advantage of the whole. They had to be killed - 1 may have to be
+killed - what of it? Isn't the cause we serve worth that and more?"
+
+Georgina sighed. For a moment she wondered whether, after all, this ceaseless
+round of slaughter really was worthwhile.
+
+"But are you absolutely sure your discovery will be enough of a boon to
+humanity to warrant these sacrifices?"
+
+Clarendon's eyes flashed dangerously.
+
+"Humanity! What the deuce is humanity? Science! Dolts! Just individuals over
+and over again! Humanity is made for preachers to whom it means the blindly
+credulous. Humanity is made for the predatory rich to whom it speaks in terms
+of dollars and cents. Humanity is made for the politician to whom it signifies
+
+
+
+1098
+
+
+
+collective power to be used to his advantage. What is humanity? Nothing! Thank
+God that crude illusion doesn't last! What a grown man worships is truth -
+knowledge - science - light - the rending of the veil and the pushing back of the
+shadow. Knowledge, the juggernaut! There is death in our own ritual. We must
+kill - dissect - destroy - and all for the sake of discovery - the worship of the
+ineffable light. The goddess Science demands it. We test a doubtful poison by
+killing. How else? No thought for self - just knowledge - the effect must be
+known."
+
+His voice trailed off in a kind of temporary exhaustion, and Georgina shuddered
+slightly.
+
+"But this is horrible, Al! You shouldn't think of it that way!"
+
+Clarendon cackled sardonically, in a manner which stirred odd and repugnant
+associations in his sister's mind.
+
+"Horrible? You think what I say is horrible? You ought to hear Surama! I tell you,
+things were known to the priests of Atlantis that would have you drop dead of
+fright if you heard a hint of them. Knowledge was knowledge a hundred
+thousand years ago, when our especial forbears were shambling about Asia as
+speechless semi-apes! They know something of it in the Hoggar region - there are
+rumours in the farther uplands of Thibet - and once I heard an old man in China
+calling on Yog-Sothoth - "
+
+He turned pale, and made a curious sign in the air with his extended forefinger.
+Georgina felt genuinely alarmed, but became somewhat calmer as his speech
+took a less fantastic form.
+
+"Yes, it may be horrible, but it's glorious too. The pursuit of knowledge, I mean.
+Certainly, there's no slovenly sentiment connected with it. Doesn't Nature kill -
+constantly and remorselessly - and are any but fools horrified at the struggle?
+Killings are necessary. They are the glory of science. We learn something from
+them, and we can't sacrifice learning to sentiment. Hear the sentimentalities howl
+against vaccination! They fear it will kill the child. Well, what if it does? How
+else can we discover the laws of disease concerned? As a scientist's sister you
+ought to know better that to praise sentiment. You ought to help my work
+instead of hindering it!"
+
+"But, Al," protested Georgina, "I haven't the slightest intention of hindering your
+work. Haven't I always tried to help as much as I could? I am ignorant, I
+suppose, and can't help very actively; but at least I'm proud of you - proud for
+
+
+
+1099
+
+
+
+my own sake and for the family's sake - and I've always tried to smooth the way.
+You've given me credit for that many a time."
+
+Clarendon looked at her keenly.
+
+"Yes," he said jerkily as he rose and strode from the room, "you're right. You've
+always tried to help as best you know. You may have yet a chance to help still
+more."
+
+Georgina, seeing him disappear through the front door, followed him into the
+yard. Some distance away a lantern was shining through the trees, and as they
+approached it they saw Surama bending over a large object stretched on the
+ground. Clarendon, advancing, gave a short grunt; but when Georgina saw what
+it was she rushed up with a shriek. It was Dick, the great St. Bernard, and he was
+lying still with reddened eyes and protruding tongue.
+
+"He's sick, Al!" she cried. "Do something for him, quick!"
+
+The doctor looked at Surama, who had uttered something in a tongue unknown
+to Georgina.
+
+"Take him to the clinic," he ordered; "I'm afraid Dick's caught the fever."
+
+Surama took up the dog as he had taken poor Tsanpo the day before, and carried
+him silently to the building near the mall. He did not chuckle this time, but
+glanced at Clarendon with what appeared to be real anxiety. It almost seemed to
+Georgina that Surama was asking the doctor to save her pet.
+
+Clarendon, however, made no move to follow, but stood still for a moment and
+then sauntered slowly toward the house. Georgina, astonished at such
+callousness, kept up a running fire of entreaties on Dick's behalf, but it was of no
+use. Without paying the slightest attention to her pleas he made directly for the
+library and began to read in a large old book which had lain face down on the
+table. She put her hand on his shoulder as he sat there, but he did not speak or
+turn his head. He only kept on reading, and Georgina, glancing curiously over
+his shoulder, wondered in what strange alphabet this brass-bound tome was
+written.
+
+In the cavernous parlour across the hall, sitting alone in the dark a quarter of an
+hour later, Georgina came to her decision. Something was gravely wrong - just
+what, and to what extent, she scarcely dared formulate to herself - and it was
+time that she called in some stronger force to help her. Of course it must be
+James. He was powerful and capable, and his sympathy and affection would
+
+
+
+1100
+
+
+
+shew him the right thing to do. He had known Al always, and would
+understand.
+
+It was by this time rather late, but Georgina had resolved on action. Across the
+hall the light still shone from the library, and she looked wistfully at the doorway
+as she quietly donned a hat and left the house. Outside the gloomy mansion and
+forbidding grounds, it was only a short way to Jackson Street, where by good
+luck she found a carriage to take her to the Western Union telegraph office. There
+she carefully wrote out a message to James Dalton in Sacramento, asking him to
+come at once to San Francisco on a matter of the greatest importance to them all.
+
+V.
+
+Dalton was frankly perplexed by Georgina's sudden message. He had had no
+word from the Clarendons since that stormy February evening when Alfred had
+declared him an outsider to his home; and he in turn had studiously refrained
+from communicating, even when he had longed to express sympathy after the
+doctor's summary outing from office. He had fought hard to frustrate the
+politicians and keep the appointee power, and was bitterly sorry to watch the
+unseating of a man who, despite recent estrangements, still represented to him
+the ultimate ideal of scientific competence.
+
+Now, with this clearly frightened summons before him, he could not imagine
+what had happened. He knew, though, that Georgina was not one to lose her
+head or send forth a needless alarm; hence he wasted no time, but took the
+Overland which left Sacramento within the hour, going at once to his club and
+sending word to Georgina by a messenger that he was in town and wholly at her
+service.
+
+Meanwhile things had been quiescent at the Clarendon home, notwithstanding
+the doctor's continued taciturnity and his absolute refusal to report on the dog's
+condition. Shadows of evil seemed omnipresent and thickening, but for the
+moment there was a lull. Georgina was relieved to get Dalton's message and
+learn that he was close at hand, and sent back word that she would call him
+when necessity arose. Amidst all the gathering tension some faint compensating
+element seemed manifest, and Georgina finally decided that it was the absence of
+the lean Thibetans, whose stealthy, sinuous ways and disturbing exotic aspect
+had always annoyed her. They had vanished all at once; and old Margarita, the
+sole visible servant left in the house, told her they were helping their master and
+Surama at the clinic.
+
+The following morning - the twenty-eighth of May - long to be remembered -
+was dark and lowering, and Georgina felt the precarious calm wearing thin. She
+
+
+
+1101
+
+
+
+did not see her brother at all, but knew he was in the clinic hard at work at
+something despite the lack of specimens he had bewailed. She wondered how
+poor Tsanpo was getting along, and whether he had really been subjected to any
+serious inoculation, but it must be confessed that she wondered more about
+Dick. She longed to know whether Surama had done anything for the faithful
+dog amidst his master's oddly callous indifference. Surama's apparent solicitude
+on the night of Dick's seizure had impressed her greatly, giving her perhaps the
+kindliest feeling she had ever had for the detested clinic-man. Now, as the day
+advanced, she found herself thinking more and more of Dick; till at last her
+harassed nerves, finding in this one detail a sort of symbolic summation of the
+whole horror that lay upon the household, could stand the suspense no longer.
+
+Up to that time she had always respected Al's imperious wish that he be never
+approached or disturbed at the clinic; but as this fateful afternoon advanced, her
+resolution to break through the barrier grew stronger and stronger. Finally she
+set out with determined face, crossing the yard and entering the unlocked
+vestibule of the forbidden structure with the fixed intention of discovering how
+the dog was or of knowing the reason for her brother's secrecy.
+
+The inner door, as usual, was locked; and behind it she heard voices in heated
+conversation. When her knocking brought no response she rattled the knob as
+loudly as possible, but still the voices argued on unheeding. They belonged, of
+course, to Surama and her brother; and as she stood there trying to attract
+attention she could not help catch something of their drift. Fate had made her for
+the second time an eavesdropper, and once more the matter she overheard
+seemed likely to tax her mental poise and nervous endurance to their ultimate
+bounds. Alfred and Surama were plainly quarrelling with increasing violence,
+and the purport of their speech was enough to arouse the wildest fears and
+confirm the gravest apprehensions. Georgina shivered as her brother's voice
+mounted shrilly to dangerous heights of fanatical tension.
+
+"You, damn you - you're a fine one to talk defeat and moderation to me! Who
+started all this, anyway? Did I have any idea of your cursed devil-gods and elder
+world? Did I ever in my life think of your damned spaces beyond the stars and
+your crawling chaos Nyarlathotep? I was a normal scientific man, confound you,
+till I was fool enough to drag you out of the vaults with your devilish Atlantean
+secrets. You egged me on, and now you want to cut me off! You loaf around
+doing nothing and telling me to go slow when you might just as well as not be
+going out and getting material. You know damn well that I don't know hot to go
+about such things, whereas you must have been an old hand at it before the earth
+was made. It's like you, you damned walking corpse, to start something you
+won't or can't finish!"
+
+
+
+1102
+
+
+
+Surama's evil chuckle came.
+
+"You're insane. Clarendon. That's the only reason I let you rave on when I could
+send you to hell in three minutes. Enough is enough, and you've certainly had
+enough material for any novice at your stage. You've had all I'm going to get
+you, anyhow! You're only a maniac on the subject now - what a cheap, crazy
+thing to sacrifice even your poor sister's pet dog, when you could have spared
+him as well as not! You can't look at any living thing without wanting to jab that
+gold syringe into it. No - Dick had to go where the Mexican boy went - where
+Tsanpo and the other seven went - where all the animals went! What a pupil!
+You're no fun any more - you've lost your nerve. You set out to control things,
+and they're controlling you. I'm about done with you. Clarendon. I thought you
+had the stuff in you, but you haven't. It's about time I tried somebody else. I'm
+afraid you'll have to go!"
+
+In the doctor's shouted reply there was both fear and frenzy.
+
+"Be careful, you - - ! There are powers against your powers - I didn't go to China
+for nothing, and there are things in Alhazred's Azif which weren't known in
+Atlantis! We've both meddled in dangerous things, but you needn't think you
+know all my resources. How about the Nemesis of Flame? I talked in Yemen
+with an old man who had come back alive from the Crimson Desert - he had
+seen Irem, the City of Pillars, and had worshipped at the underground shrines of
+Nug and Yeb - la! Shub-Niggurath!"
+
+Through Clarendon's shrieking falsetto cut the deep chuckle of the clinic-man.
+
+"Shut up, you fool! Do you suppose your grotesque nonsense has any weight
+with me? Words and formulae - words and formulae - what do they all mean to
+one who has the substance behind them? We're in a material sphere now, and
+subject to material laws. You have your fever; I have my revolver. You'll get no
+specimens and I'll get no fever so long as I have you in front of me with this gun
+between!"
+
+That was all Georgina could hear. She felt her senses reeling, and staggered out
+of the vestibule for a saving breath of the lowering outside air. She that the crisis
+had come at last, and that help must now arrive quickly if her brother was to be
+saved from the unknown gulfs of madness and mystery. Summoning up all her
+reserve energy, she managed to reach the house and get to the library, where she
+scrawled a hasty note for Margarita to take to James Dalton.
+
+When the old woman had gone, Georgina had just strength enough to cross to
+the lounge and sink weakly down into a sort of semi-stupor. There she lay for
+
+
+
+1103
+
+
+
+what seemed like years, conscious only of the fantastic creeping up of the
+twilight from the lower corners of the great, dismal room, and plagued by a
+thousand shadowy shapes of terror which filed with phantasmal, half-limned
+pageantry through her tortured and stifled brain. Dusk deepened into darkness,
+and still the spell held. Then a firm tread sounded in the hall, and she heard
+someone enter the room and fumble at the match-safe. Her heart almost stopped
+beating as the gas-jets of the chandelier flared up one by one, but then she saw
+that the arrival was her brother. Relieved to the bottom of her heart that he was
+still alive, she gave vent to an involuntary sigh, profound, long-drawn, and
+tremulous, and lapsed at last into kindly oblivion.
+
+At the sound of that sigh Clarendon turned in alarm toward the lounge, and was
+inexpressibly shocked to see the pale and unconscious form of his sister there.
+Her face had a death-like quality that frightened his inmost spirit, and he flung
+himself on his knees by her side, awake to a realisation of what her passing away
+would mean to him. Long unused to private practice amidst his ceaseless quest
+for truth, he had lost the physician's instinct of first aid, and could only call out
+her name and chafe her wrists mechanically as fear and grief possessed him.
+Then he thought of water, and ran to the dining-room for a carafe. Stumbling
+about in a darkness which seemed to harbour vague terrors, he was some time in
+finding what he sought; but at last he clutched it in shaking hand and hastened
+back to dash the cold fluid in Georgina's face. The method was crude but
+effective. She stirred, sighed a second time, and finally opened her eyes.
+
+"You are alive!" he cried, and put his cheek to hers as she stroked his head
+maternally. She was almost glad she fainted, for the circumstance seemed to
+have dispelled the strange Alfred and brought her own brother back to her. She
+sat up slowly and tried to reassure him.
+
+"I'm all right, Al. just give me a glass of water. It's a sin to waste it this way - to
+say nothing of spoiling my waist! Is that the way to behave every time your sister
+drops off for a nap? You needn't think I'm going to be sick, for I haven't time for
+such nonsense!"
+
+Alfred's eyes shewed that her cool, common-sense speech had had its effect. His
+brotherly panic dissolved in an instant, and instead there came into his face a
+vague, calculating expression, as if some marvellous possibility had just dawned
+upon him. As she watched the subtle waves of cunning and appraisal pass
+fleetingly over his countenance she became less and less certain that her mode of
+reassurance had been a wise one, and before he spoke she found herself
+shivering at something she could not define. A keen medical instinct almost told
+her that his moment of sanity had passed, and that he was now once more the
+unrestrained fanatic for scientific research. There was something morbid in the
+
+
+
+1104
+
+
+
+quick narrowing of his eyes at her casual mention of good heahh. What was he
+thinking? To what unnatural extreme was his passion for experiment about to be
+pushed? Wherein lay the special significance of her pure blood and absolutely
+flawless organic state? None of these misgivings, however, troubled Georgina for
+more than a second, and she was quite natural and unsuspicious as she felt her
+brother's steady fingers at her pulse.
+
+"You're a bit feverish, Georgina," he said in a precise, elaborately restrained
+voice as he looked professionally into her eyes.
+
+"Why, nonsense, I'm all right," she replied. "One would think you were on the
+watch for fever patients just for the sake of showing off your discovery! It would
+be poetic, though, if you could your final proof and demonstration by curing
+your own sister!"
+
+Clarendon started violently and guiltily. Had she suspected his wish? Had he
+muttered anything aloud? He looked at her closely, and saw that she had no
+inkling of the truth. She smiled up sweetly into his face and patted his hand as he
+stood by the side of the lounge. Then he took a small oblong leather case from his
+vest pocket, and taking out a little gold syringe, he began fingering it
+thoughtfully, pushing the piston speculatively in and out of the empty cylinder.
+
+"I wonder," he began with suave sententiousness, "whether you would really be
+willing to help science in - something like that way - if the need arose? Whether
+you would have the devotion to offer yourself to the cause of medicine as a sort
+of Jephthah's daughter if you knew it meant the absolute perfection and
+completion of my work?"
+
+Georgina, catching the odd and unmistakable glitter in her brother's eyes, knew
+at last that her worst fears were true. There was nothing to now but keep him
+quiet at all hazards and to pray that Margarita had found James Dalton at his
+club.
+
+"You look tired, Al dear," she said gently. "Why not take a little morphia and get
+some of the sleep you need so badly?"
+
+He replied with a kind of crafty deliberation.
+
+"Yes, you're right. I'm worn out, and so are you. Each of us needs a good sleep.
+Morphine is just the thing - wait till I go and fill the syringe and we'll both take a
+proper dose."
+
+Still fingering the empty syringe, he walked softly out of the room. Georgina
+looked about her with the aimlessness of desperation, ears alert for any sign of
+
+
+
+1105
+
+
+
+possible help. She thought she heard Margarita again in the basement kitchen,
+and rose to ring the bell, in an effort to learn of the fate of her message. The old
+servant answered her summons at once, and declared she had given the message
+at the club hours ago. Governor Dalton had been out, but the clerk had promised
+to deliver the note at the very moment of his arrival.
+
+Margarita waddled below stairs again, but still Clarendon did not reappear.
+What was he doing? What was he planning? She had heard the outer door slam,
+so knew he must be at the clinic. Had he forgotten his original intention with the
+vacillating mind of madness? The suspense grew almost unbearable, and
+Georgina had to keep her teeth clenched tightly to avoid screaming.
+
+It was the gate bell, which rang simultaneously in house and clinic, that broke
+the tension at last. She heard the cat-like tread of Surama on the walk as he left
+the clinic to answer it; and the, with an almost hysterical sigh, she caught the
+firm, familiar accents of Dalton in conversation with the sinister attendant.
+Rising, she almost tottered to meet him as he loomed up in the library doorway;
+and for a moment no word was spoken while he kissed her hand in his courtly,
+old school fashion. Then Georgina burst forth into a torrent of hurried
+explanation, telling all that had happened, all she had glimpsed and overheard,
+and all she feared and suspected.
+
+Dalton listened gravely and comprehendingly, his first bewilderment gradually
+giving place to astonishment, sympathy, and resolution. The message, held by a
+careless clerk, had been slightly delayed, and had found him appropriately
+enough in the midst of a warm lounging-room discussion about Clarendon. A
+fellow-member. Dr. MacNeil, had brought in a medical journal with an article
+well calculated to disturb the devoted scientist, and Dalton had just asked to
+keep the paper for future reference when the message was handed him at last.
+Abandoning his half-formed plan to take Dr. MacNeil into his confidence
+regarding Alfred, he called at once for his hat and stick, and lost not a moment in
+getting a cab for the Clarendon home.
+
+Surama, he thought, appeared alarmed at recognising him; though he had
+chuckled as usual when striding off again toward the clinic. Dalton always
+recalled Surama's stride and chuckle on this ominous night, for he was never to
+see the unearthly creature again. As the chuckler entered the clinic vestibule his
+deep, guttural gurgles seemed to blend with some low mutterings of thunder
+which troubled the far horizon.
+
+When Dalton had heard all Georgina had to say, and learned that Alfred was
+expected back at any moment with an hypodermic dose of morphine, he decided
+he had better talk with the doctor alone. Advising Georgina to retire to her room
+
+
+
+1106
+
+
+
+and await developments, he walked about the gloomy library, scanning the
+shelves and listening for Clarendon's nervous footstep on the clinic path outside.
+The vast room's corners were dismal despite the chandelier, and the closer
+Dalton looked at his friend's choice of books the less he liked them. It was not the
+balanced collection of a normal physician, biologist, or man of general culture.
+There were too many volumes on doubtful borderland themes; dark speculations
+and forbidden rituals of the Middle Ages, and strange exotic mysteries in alien
+alphabets both known and unknown.
+
+The great notebook of observations on the table was unwholesome, too. The
+handwriting had a neurotic cast, and the spirit of the entries was far from
+reassuring. Long passages were inscribed in crabbed Greek characters, and as
+Dalton marshaled his linguistic memory for their translation he gave a sudden
+start, and wished his college struggles with Xenophon and Homer had been
+more conscientious. There was something wrong - something hideously wrong -
+here, and the governor sank limply into the chair by the table as he pored more
+and more closely over the doctor's barbarous Greek. Then a sound came,
+startlingly near, and he jumped nervously at a hand laid sharply on his shoulder.
+
+"What, may I ask, is the cause of this intrusion? You might have stated your
+business to Surama."
+
+Clarendon was standing icily by the chair, the little gold syringe in one hand. He
+seemed very calm and rational, and Dalton fancied for a moment that Georgina
+must have exaggerated his condition. How, too, could a rusty scholar be
+absolutely sure about these Greek entries? The governor decided to be very
+cautious in his interview, and thanked the lucky chance which had a specious
+pretext in his coat pocket. He was very cool and assured as he rose to reply.
+
+"I didn't think you'd care to have things dragged before a subordinate, but I
+thought you ought to see this article at once."
+
+He drew forth the magazine given him by Dr. MacNeil and handed it to
+Clarendon.
+
+"On page 542 - you see the heading, 'Black Fever Conquered by New Serum.' It's
+by Dr. Miller of Philadelphia - and he thinks he's got ahead of you with your
+cure. They were discussing it at the club, and MacNeil thought the exposition
+very convincing. I, as a layman, couldn't pretend to judge; but at all events I
+thought you oughtn't to miss a chance to digest the thing while it's fresh. If
+you're busy, of course, I won't disturb you - "
+
+Clarendon cut in sharply.
+
+
+
+1107
+
+
+
+"I'm going to give my sister an hypodermic - she's not quite well - but I'll look at
+what that quack has to say when I get back. I know Miller - a damn sneak and
+incompetent - and I don't believe he has the brains to steal my methods from the
+little he's seen of them."
+
+Dalton suddenly felt a wave of intuition warning him that Georgina must not
+receive that intended dose. There was something sinister about it. From what she
+had said, Alfred must have been inordinately long preparing it, far longer than
+was needed for the dissolving of a morphine tablet. He decided to hold his host
+as long as possible, meanwhile testing his attitude in a more or less subtle way.
+
+"I'm sorry Georgina isn't well. Are you sure that the injection will do her good?
+That it won't do her any harm?"
+
+Clarendon's spasmodic start shewed that something had been struck home.
+
+"Do her harm?" he cried. "Don't be absurd! You know Georgina must be in the
+best of health - the very best, I say - in order to serve science as a Clarendon
+should serve it. She, at least, appreciates the fact that she is my sister. She deems
+no sacrifice too great in my service. She is a priestess of truth and discovery, as I
+am a priest."
+
+He paused in his shrill tirade, wild-eyed, and somewhat out of breath. Dalton
+could see that his attention had been momentarily shifted.
+
+"But let me see what this cursed quack has to say," he continued. "If he thinks
+his pseudo-medical rhetoric can take a real doctor in, he is even simpler than I
+thought!"
+
+Clarendon nervously found the right page and began reading as he stood there
+clutching his syringe. Dalton wondered what the real facts were. MacNeil had
+assured him that the author was a pathologist of the highest standing, and that
+whatever errors the article might have, the mind behind it was powerful, erudite,
+and absolutely honourable and sincere.
+
+Watching the doctor as he read, Dalton saw the thin, bearded face grow pale. The
+great eyes blazed, and the pages crackled in the tenser grip of the long, lean
+fingers. A perspiration broke out on the high, ivory- white forehead where the
+hair was already thinning, and the reader sank gaspingly into the chair his visitor
+had vacated as he kept on with his devouring of the tract. Then came a wild
+scream as from a haunted beast, and Clarendon lurched forward on the table, his
+outflung arms sweeping books and paper before them as consciousness went out
+like a wind-quenched candle-flame.
+
+
+
+1108
+
+
+
+Dalton, springing to help his stricken friend, raised the sHm form and tihed it
+back in the chair. Seeing the carafe on the floor near the lounge, he dashed some
+water into the twisted face, and was rewarded by seeing the large eyes slowly
+open. They were sane eyes now - deep and sad and unmistakably sane - and
+Dalton felt awed in the presence of a tragedy whose ultimate depth he could
+never hope or dare to plumb.
+
+The golden hypodermic was still clutched in the lean left hand, and as Clarendon
+drew a deep, shuddering breath he unclosed his fingers and studied the
+glittering thing that rolled about on his palm. Then he spoke - slowly, and with
+the ineffable sadness of utter, absolute despair.
+
+"Thanks, Jimmy, I'm quite all right. But there's much to be done. You asked me a
+while back if this shot of morphia would do Georgie any harm. I'm in a position
+now to tell you that it won't."
+
+He turned a small screw in the syringe and laid a finger on the piston, at the
+same time pulling with his left hand at the skin of his own neck. Dalton cried out
+in alarm as a lightning motion of his right hand injected the contents of the
+cylinder into the ridge of distended flesh.
+
+"Good Lord, Al, what have you done?"
+
+Clarendon smiled gently - a smile almost of peace and resignation, different
+indeed from the sardonic sneer of the past few weeks.
+
+"You ought to know, Jimmy, if you've still the judgment that made you a
+governor. You must have pieced together enough from my notes to realise that
+there's nothing else to do. With your marks in Greek back at Columbia I guess
+you couldn't have missed much. All I can say is that it's true.
+
+"James, I don't like to pass blame along, but it's only right to tell you that Surama
+got me into this. I can't tell you who or what he is, for I don't fully know myself,
+and what I do know is stuff that no sane person ought to know; but I will say
+that I don't consider him a human being in the fullest sense, and that I'm not sure
+whether or not he's alive as we know life.
+
+"You think I'm talking nonsense. I wish I were, but the whole hideous mess is
+damnably real. I started out in life with a clean mind and purpose. I wanted to
+rid the world of fever. I tried and failed - and I wish to God I had been honest
+enough to say that I'd failed. Don't let my old talk of science deceive you, James -
+I found no antitoxin and was never even half on the track of one!
+
+
+
+1109
+
+
+
+"Don't look so shaken up, old fellow! A veteran politician-fighter like you must
+have seen plenty of unmaskings before. I tell you, I never even had the start of a
+fever cure. But my studies had taken me into some queer places, and it was just
+my damned luck to listen to the stories of some still queerer people. James, if you
+ever wish any man well, tell him to keep clear of the ancient, hidden places of the
+earth. Old backwaters are dangerous - things are handed down there that don't
+do healthy people any good. I talked too much with old priests and mystics, and
+got to hoping I might achieve things in dark ways that I couldn't achieve in
+lawful ways.
+
+"I shan't tell you just what I mean, for if I did I'd be as bad as the old priests that
+were the ruin of me. All I need say is that after what I've learned I shudder at the
+thought of the world and what it's been through. The world is cursed old, James,
+and there have been whole chapters lived and closed before the dawn of our
+organic life and the geologic eras connected with it. It's an awful thought - whole
+forgotten cycles of evolution with beings and races and wisdom and diseases - all
+lived through and gone before the first amoeba ever stirred in the tropic seas
+geology tells us about.
+
+"I said gone, but I didn't quite mean that. It would have been better that way, but
+it wasn't quite so. In places traditions have kept on - I can't tell you how - and
+certain archaic life-forms have managed to struggle thinly down the aeons in
+hidden spots. There were cults, you know - bands of evil priests in lands now
+buried under the sea. Atlantis was the hotbed. That was a terrible place. If
+heaven is merciful, no one will ever drag up that horror from the deep.
+
+"It had a colony, though, that didn't sink; and when you get too confidential
+with one of the Tuareg priests in Africa, he's likely to tell you wild tales about it -
+tales that connect up with whispers you'll hear among the mad lamas and flighty
+yak-drivers on the secret table-lands of Asia. I'd heard all the common tales and
+whispers when I came on the big one. What that was, you'll never know - but it
+pertained to somebody or something that had come down from a blasphemously
+long time ago, and could be made to live again - or seem alive again - through
+certain processes that weren't very clear to the man who told me.
+
+"Now, James, in spite of my confessions about the fever, you know I'm not bad
+as a doctor. I plugged hard at medicine, and soaked up about as much as the next
+man - maybe a little more, because down there in the Hoggar country I did
+something no priest had ever been able to do. They led me blindfolded to a place
+that had been sealed up for generations - and I came back with Surama.
+
+"Easy, James! I know what you want to say. How does he know all he knows? -
+why does he speak English - or any other language, for that matter - without an
+
+
+
+1110
+
+
+
+accent? - why did he come away with me? - and all that. I can't tell you
+altogether, but I can say that he takes in ideas and images and impressions with
+something besides his brains and senses. He had a use for me and my science. He
+told me things, and opened up vistas. He taught me to worship ancient,
+primordial, and unholy gods, and mapped out a road to a terrible goal which I
+can't even hint to you. Don't press me, James - it's for the sake of your sanity and
+the world's sanity!
+
+"The creature is beyond all bounds. He's in league with the stars and all the
+forces of Nature. Don't think I'm still crazy, James - I swear to you I'm not! I've
+had too many glimpses to doubt. He gave me new pleasures that were forms of
+his palaeogean worship, and the greatest of those was the black fever.
+
+"God, James! Haven't you seen through the business by this time? Do you still
+believe the black fever came out of Thibet, and that I learned about it there? Use
+your brains, man! Look at Miller's article here! He's found a basic antitoxin that
+will end all fever within half a century, when other men learn how to modify it
+for the different forms. He's cut the ground of my youth from under me - done
+what I'd have given my life to do - taken the wind out of all the honest sails I
+ever flung to the breeze of science! Do you wonder his article gave me a turn? Do
+you wonder it shocks me out of my madness back to the old dreams of my
+youth? Too late! Too late! But not too late to save others!
+
+"I guess I'm rambling a bit now, old man. You know - the hypodermic. I asked
+you why you didn't tumble to the facts about black fever. How could you,
+though? Doesn't Miller say he's cured seven cases with his serum? A matter of
+diagnosis, James. He only thinks it is black fever. I can read between his lines.
+Here, old chap, on page 551, is the key to the whole thing. Read it again.
+
+"You see, don't you? The fever cases from the Pacific Coast didn't respond to his
+serum. They puzzled him. They didn't even seem like any true fever he knew.
+Well, those were my cases! Those were the real black fever cases! And there can't
+ever be an antitoxin on earth that'll cure black fever!
+
+"How do I know? Because black fever isn't of this earth! It's from somewhere
+else, James - and Surama alone knows where, because he brought it here. He
+brought it and I spread it! That's the secret, James! That's all I wanted the
+appointment for - that's all I ever did - just spread the fever that I carried in the
+gold syringe and in the deadlier finger-ring-pump-syringe you see on my index
+finger! Science? A blind! I wanted to kill, and kill, and kill! A single pressure on
+my finger, and the black fever was inoculated. I wanted to see living things
+writhe and squirm, scream and froth at the mouth. A single pressure of the
+pump-syringe and I could watch them as they died, and I couldn't live or think
+
+
+
+1111
+
+
+
+unless I had plenty to watch. That's why I jabbed everything in sight with the
+accursed hollow needle. Animals, criminals, children, servants - and the next
+would have been - "
+
+Clarendon's voice broke, and he crumpled up perceptibly in his chair.
+
+"That - that, James - was - my life. Surama made it so - he taught me, and kept
+me at it till I couldn't stop. Then - then it got too much even for him. He tried to
+check me. Fancy - he trying to check anybody in that line! But now I've got my
+last specimen. That is my last test. Good subject, James - I'm healthy - devilish
+healthy. Deuced ironic, though - the madness has gone now, so there won't be
+any fun watching the agony! Can't he - can't - "
+
+A violent shiver of fever racked the doctor, and Dalton mourned amidst his
+horror-stupefaction that he could give no grief. How much of Alfred's story was
+sheer nonsense, and how much nightmare truth he could not say; but in any case
+he felt that the man was a victim rather than a criminal, and above all, he was a
+boyhood comrade and Georgina's brother. Thoughts of the old days came back
+kaleidoscopically. 'Little Alf - the yard at Phillips Exeter - the quadrangle at
+Columbia - the fight with Tom Cortland when he saved Alf from a pommeling. . .
+
+He helped Clarendon to the lounge and asked gently what he could do. There
+was nothing. Alfred could only whisper now, but he asked forgiveness for all his
+offences, and commended his sister to the care of his friend.
+
+"You - you'll - make her happy," he gasped. "She deserves it. Martyr - to - a
+myth! Make it up to her, James. Don't - let - her - know - more - than she has to!"
+
+His voice trailed off in a mumble, and he fell into a stupor. Dalton rang the bell,
+but Margarita had gone to bed, so he called up the stairs for Georgina. She was
+firm of step, but very pale. Alfred's scream had tried her sorely, but she trusted
+James. She trusted him still as he shewed her the unconscious form on the lounge
+and asked to her go back to her room and rest, no matter what sounds she might
+hear. He did not wish her to witness the spectacle of delirium certain to come,
+but bade her kiss her brother a final farewell as he lay there calm and still, very
+like the delicate boy he had once been. So she left him - the strange, moonstruck,
+star-reading genius she had mothered so long - and the picture she carried away
+was a very merciful one.
+
+Dalton must bear to his grave a sterner picture. His fears of delirium were not
+vain, and all through the black midnight hours his giant strength restrained the
+fearful contortion of the mad sufferer. What he heard from those swollen,
+blackening lips he will never repeat. He has never been quite the same man
+
+
+
+1112
+
+
+
+since, and he knows that no one who hears such things can ever be wholly as he
+was before. So, for the world's good, he dares not speak, and he thanks God that
+his layman's ignorance of certain subjects makes many of the revelations cryptic
+and meaningless to him.
+
+Toward morning Clarendon suddenly woke to a sane consciousness and began
+to speak in a firm voice.
+
+"James, I didn't tell you what must be done - about everything. Blot out those
+entries in Greek and send my notebook to Dr. Miller. All my other notes, too,
+that you'll find in the files. He's the big authority today - his article proves it.
+Your friend at the club was right.
+
+"But everything in the clinic must go. Everything without exception, dead or
+alive or - otherwise. All the plagues of hell are in those bottles on the shelves.
+Burn them - burn it all - if one thing escapes, Surama will spread black death
+throughout the world. And above all burn Surama! That - that thing - must not
+breathe the wholesome air of heaven. You know now - what I told you - why
+such an entity can't be allowed on earth. It won't be murder - Surama isn't
+human - if you're as pious as you used to be, James, I shan't have to urge you.
+Remember the old text - 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live' - or something of
+the sort.
+
+"Burn him, James! Don't let him chuckle again over the torture of mortal flesh! I
+say, burn him - the Nemesis of Flame - that's all that can reach him, James, unless
+you catch him asleep and drive a wooden stake through his heart... Kill him -
+extirpate him - cleanse the decent universe of its primal taint - the taint I recalled
+from its age-long sleep... "
+
+The doctor had risen on his elbow, and his voice was a piercing shriek toward
+the last. The effort was too much, however, and he lapsed very suddenly into a
+deep, tranquil coma. Dalton, himself fearless of fever, since he knew the dread
+germ to be non-contagious, composed Alfred's arms and legs on the lounge and
+threw a light afghan over the fragile form. After all, mightn't much of this horror
+be exaggeration and delirium? Mightn't old Doc MacNeil pull him through on a
+long chance? The governor strove to keep awake, and walked briskly up and
+down the room, but his energies had been taxed too deeply for such measures. A
+second's rest in the chair by the table took matters out of his hands, and he was
+presently sleeping soundly despite his best intentions.
+
+Dalton started up as a fierce light shone in his eyes, and for a moment he thought
+the dawn had come. But it was not the dawn, and as he rubbed his heavy lids he
+saw that it was the glare of the burning clinic in the yard, whose stout planks
+
+
+
+1113
+
+
+
+flamed and roared and crackled heavenward in the most stupendous holocaust
+he had ever seen. It was indeed the "Nemesis of Flame" that Clarendon had
+wished, and Dalton felt that some strange combustibles must be involved in a
+blaze so much wilder than anything normal pine of redwood could afford. He
+glanced alarmedly at the lounge, but Alfred was not there. Starting up, he went
+to call Georgina, but met her in the hall, roused as he was by the mountain of
+living fire.
+
+"The clinic's burning down!" she cried. "How is Al now?"
+
+"He's disappeared - disappeared while I dropped asleep!" replied Dalton,
+reaching out a steadying arm to the form which faintness had begun to sway.
+
+Gently leading her upstairs toward her room, he promised to search at once for
+Alfred, but Georgina slowly shook her head as the flames from outside cast a
+weird glow through the window on the landing.
+
+"He must be dead, James - he could never live, sane and knowing what he did. I
+heard him quarrelling with Surama, and know that awful things were going on.
+He is my brother, but - it is best as it is."
+
+Her voice had sunk to a whisper.
+
+Suddenly through the open window came the sound of a deep, hideous chuckle,
+and the flames of the burning clinic took fresh contours till they half resembled
+some nameless, Cyclopean creatures of nightmare. James and Georgina paused
+hesitant, and peered out breathlessly through the landing window. Then from
+the sky came a thunderous peal, as a forked bolt of lightning shot down with
+terrible directness into the very midst of the blazing ruin. The deep chuckle
+ceased, and in its place came a frantic, ululant yelp of a thousand ghouls and
+werewolves in torment. It died away with long, reverberant echoes, and slowly
+the flames resumed their normal shape.
+
+The watchers did not move, but waited till the pillar of fire had shrunk to a
+smouldering glow. They were glad of a half-rusticity which had kept the firemen
+from trooping out, and of the wall that excluded the curious. What had
+happened was not for vulgar eyes - it involved too much of the universe's inner
+secrets for that.
+
+In the pale dawn, James spoke softly to Georgina, who could do no more than
+put her head on his breast and sob.
+
+"Sweetheart, I think he has atoned. He must have set the fire, you know, while I
+was asleep. He told me it ought to be burned - the clinic, and everything in it.
+
+
+
+1114
+
+
+
+Surama, too. It was the only way to save the world from the unknown horrors he
+had loosed upon it. He knew, and he did what was best.
+
+"He was a great man, Georgie. Let's never forget that. We must always be proud
+of him, for he started out to help mankind, and was titanic even in his sins. I'll
+tell you more sometime. What he did, be it good or evil, was what no man ever
+did before. He was the first and last to break through certain veils, and even
+ApoUonius of Tyana takes second place beside him. But we mustn't talk about
+that. We must remember him only as the Little Alf we knew - as the boy who
+wanted to master medicine and conquer fever."
+
+In the afternoon the leisurely firemen overhauled the ruins and found two
+skeletons with bits of blackened flesh adhering - only two, thanks to the
+undisturbed lime-pits. One was of a man; the other is still a subject of debate
+among the biologists of the coast. It was not exactly an ape's or a saurian's
+skeleton, but it had disturbing suggestions of lines of evolution of which
+palaeontology has revealed no trace. The charred skull, oddly enough, was
+human, and reminded people of Surama, but the rest of the bones were beyond
+conjecture. Only well-cut clothing could have made such a body look like a man.
+
+But the human bones were Clarendon's. No one disputed this, and the world at
+large still mourns the untimely death of the greatest doctor of his age; the
+bacteriologist whose universal fever serum would have far eclipsed Dr. Miller's
+kindred antitoxin had he lived to bring it to perfection. Much of Miller's late
+success, indeed, is credited to the notes bequeathed him by the hapless victim of
+the flames. Of the old rivalry and hatred almost none survived, and even Dr.
+Wilfred Jones has been known to boast of his association with the vanished
+leader.
+
+James Dalton and his wife Georgina have always preserved a reticence which
+modesty and family grief might well account for. They published certain notes as
+a tribute to the great man's memory, but have never confirmed or contradicted
+either the popular estimate or the rare hints of marvels that a very few keen
+thinkers have been to whisper. It was very subtly and slowly that the facts
+filtered out. Dalton probably gave Dr. MacNeil an inkling of the truth, and that
+good soul had not many secrets from his son.
+
+The Daltons have led, on the whole, a very happy life, for their cloud of terror
+lies far in the background, and a strong mutual love has kept the world fresh for
+them. But there are things which disturb them oddly - little things, of which one
+would scarcely ever think of complaining. They cannot bear persons who are
+lean or deep-voiced beyond certain limits, and Georgina turns pale at the sound
+of any guttural chuckling. Senator Dalton has a mixed horror of occultism, travel.
+
+
+
+1115
+
+
+
+hypodermics, and strange alphabets which most find hard to unify, and there are
+still those who blame him for the vast proportion of the doctor's library that he
+destroyed with such painstaking completeness.
+
+MacNeil, though, seemed to realise. He was a simple man, and he said a prayer
+as the last of Alfred Clarendon's strange books crumbled to ashes. Nor would
+anyone who had peered understandingly within those books wish a word of that
+prayer unsaid.
+
+
+
+1116
+
+
+
+The Man of Stone - with Hazel Heald
+
+Written 1932
+
+Published October 1932 in Wonder Stories, Volume 4, Number 5, pages 440-45,
+470.
+
+Ben Hayden was always a stubborn chap, and once he had heard about those
+strange statues in the upper Adirondacks, nothing could keep him from going to
+see them. I had been his closest acquaintance for years, and our Damon and
+Pythias friendship made us inseparable at all times. So when Ben finally decided
+to go - well, I had to trot along too, like a faithful collie.
+
+"Jack," he said, "you know Henry Jackson, who was up in a shack beyond Lake
+Placid for that beastly spot in his lung? Well, he came back the other day nearly
+cured, but had a lot to say about some devilish queer conditions up there. He ran
+into the business all of a sudden and can't be sure yet that it's anything more
+than a case of bizarre sculpture; but just the same his uneasy impression sticks.
+
+"It seems he was out hunting one day, and came across a cave with what looked
+like a dog in front of it. Just as he was expecting the dog to bark he looked again,
+and saw the thing wasn't alive at all. It was a stone dog - such a perfect image,
+down to the smallest whisker, that he couldn't decide whether it was a
+supernaturally clever statue or a petrified animal. He was almost afraid to touch
+it, but when he did he realized it was surely made of stone.
+
+"After a while he nerved himself up to go into the cave - and there he got a still
+bigger jolt. Only a little way in there was another stone figure - or what looked
+like it - but this time it was a man's. It lay on the floor, on its side, wore clothes,
+and had a peculiar smile on its face. This time Henry didn't stop to do any
+touching, but beat it straight to the village. Mountain Top, you know. Of course
+he asked questions - but they did not get him very far. He found he was on a
+ticklish subject, for the natives only shook their heads, crossed their fingers, and
+muttered something about a 'Mad Dan' - whoever he was.
+
+"It was too much for Jackson, so he came home weeks ahead of his planned time.
+He told me all about it because he knows how fond I am of strange things - and
+oddly enough, I was able to fish up a recollection that dovetailed pretty neatly
+with his yarn. Do you remember Arthur Wheeler, the sculptor who was such a
+realist that people began calling him nothing but a solid photographer? I think
+you knew him slightly. Well, as a matter of fact, he ended up in that part of the
+Adirondacks himself. Spent a lot of time there, and then dropped out of sight.
+
+
+
+1117
+
+
+
+Never heard from again. Now if stone statues that look Hke men and dogs are
+turning up around there, it looks to me as if they might be his work - no matter
+what the rustics say, or refuse to say, about them. Of course a fellow with
+Jackson's nerves might easily get flighty and disturbed over things like that; but
+I'd have done a lot of examining before running away.
+
+"In fact. Jack, I'm going up there now to look things over - and you're coming
+along with me. It would mean a lot to find Wheeler - or any of his work.
+Anyhow, the mountain air will brace us both up."
+
+So less then a week later, after a long train ride and a jolting bus trip through
+breathlessly exquisite scenery, we arrived at Mountain Top in the late, golden
+sunlight of a June evening. The village comprised only a few small houses, a
+hotel, and the general store at which our bus drew up; but we knew that the
+latter would probably prove a focus for such information. Surely enough, the
+usual group of idlers was gathered around the steps; and when we represented
+ourselves as health-seekers in search of lodgings they had many
+recommendations to offer.
+
+Though we had not planned to do any investigating till the next day, Ben could
+not resist venturing some vague, cautious questions when he noticed the senile
+garrulousness of one of the ill-clad loafers. He felt, from Jackson's previous
+experience, that it would be useless to begin with references to the queer statues;
+but decided to mention Wheeler as one whom we had known, and in whose fate
+we consequently had a right to be interested.
+
+The crowd seemed uneasy when Sam stopped his whittling and started talking,
+but they had slight occasion for alarm. Even this barefoot old mountain decadent
+tightened up when he heard Wheeler's name, and only with difficulty could Ben
+get anything coherent out of him.
+
+"Wheeler?" he had finally wheezed. "Oh, yeh - that feller as was all the time
+blastin' rocks and cuttin' 'em up into statues. So yew knowed him, hey? Wal,
+they ain't much we kin tell ye, and mebbe that's too much. He stayed out to Mad
+Dan's cabin in the hills - but not so very long. Got so he wa'nt wanted around no
+more... by Dan, that is. Kinder soft-spoken and got around Dan's wife till the old
+devil took notice. Pretty sweet on her, I guess. But he took the trail sudden, and
+nobody's seen hide nor hair of him since. Dan must a told him sumthin' pretty
+plain - bad feller to get agin ye, Dan is! Better keep away from thar, boys, for they
+ain't no good in that part of the hills. Dan's ben workin' up a worse and worse
+mood, and ain't seen about no more. Nor his wife, neither. Guess he's penned
+her up so's nobody else kin make eyes at her!"
+
+
+
+1118
+
+
+
+As Sam resumed his whittling after a few more observations, Ben and I
+exchanged glances. Here, surely, was a new lead which deserved intensive
+following up. Deciding to lodge at the hotel, we settled ourselves as quickly as
+possible; planning for a plunge into the wild hilly country on the next day.
+
+At sunrise we made our start, each bearing a knapsack laden with provisions and
+such tools as we thought we might need. The day before us had an almost
+stimulating air of invitation - through which only a faint undercurrent of the
+sinister ran. Our rough mountain road quickly became steep and winding, so
+that before long our feet ached considerably.
+
+After about two miles we left the road - crossing a stone wall on our right near a
+great elm and striking off diagonally toward a steeper slope according to the
+chart and directions which Jackson had prepared for us. It was rough and briery
+travelling, but we knew that the cave could not be far off. In the end we came
+upon the aperture quite suddenly - a black, bush-grown crevice where the
+ground shot abruptly upward, and beside it, near a shallow rock pool, a small,
+still figure stood rigid - as if rivalling its own uncanny petrification.
+
+It was a grey dog - or a dog's statue - and as our simultaneous gasp died away
+we scarcely knew what to think. Jackson had exaggerated nothing, and we could
+not believe that any sculptor's hand had succeeded in producing such perfection.
+Every hair of the animal's magnificent coat seemed distinct, and those on the
+back were bristled up as if some unknown thing had taken his unaware. Ben, at
+last half-kindly touching the delicate stony fur, gave vent to an exclamation.
+
+"Good God, Jack, but this can't be any statue! Look at it - all the little details, and
+the way the hair lies! None of Wheeler's technique here! This is a real dog -
+though heaven only knows how he ever got in this state. Just like stone - feel for
+yourself. Do you suppose there's any strange gas that sometimes comes out of
+the cave and does this to animal life? We ought to have looked more into the
+local legends. And if this is a real dog - or was a real dog - then that man inside
+must be the real thing too."
+
+It was with a good deal of genuine solemnity - almost dread - that we finally
+crawled on hands and knees through the cave-mouth, Ben leading. The
+narrowness looked hardly three feet, after which the grotto expanded in every
+direction to form a damp, twilight chamber floored with rubble and detritus. For
+a time we could make out very little, but as we rose to our feet and strained our
+eyes we began slowly to descry a recumbent figure amidst the greater darkness
+ahead. Ben fumbled with his flashlight, but hesitated for a moment before
+turning it on the prostate figure. We had little doubt that the stony thing was
+what had once been a man, and something in the thought unnerved us both.
+
+
+
+1119
+
+
+
+When Ben at last sent forth the electric beam we saw that the object lay on its
+side, back toward us. It was clearly of the same material as the dog outside, but
+was dressed in the mouldering and unpetrified remains of rough sport clothing.
+Braced as we were for a shock, we approached quite calmly to examine the thing;
+Ben going around to the other side to glimpse the averted face. Neither could
+possibly have been prepared for what Ben saw when he flashed the light on
+those stony features. His cry was wholly excusable, and I could not help echoing
+it as I leaped to his side and shared the sight. Yet it was nothing hideous or
+intrinsically terrifying. It was merely a matter of recognition, for beyond the least
+shadow of a doubt this chilly rock figure with its half-frightened, half-bitter
+expression had at one time been our old acquaintance, Arthur Wheeler.
+
+Some instinct sent us staggering and crawling out of the cave, and down the
+tangled slope to a point whence we could not see the ominous stone dog. We
+hardly knew what to think, for our brains were churning with conjectures and
+apprehensions. Ben, who had known Wheeler well, was especially upset; and
+seemed to be piecing together some threads I had overlooked.
+
+Again and again as we passed on the green slope he repeated "Poor Arthur, poor
+Arthur!" but not till he muttered the name "Mad Dan" did I recall the trouble
+into which, just before his disappearance. Mad Dan, Ben implied, would
+doubtless be glad to see what had happened. For a moment it flashed over both
+of us that the jealous host might have been responsible for the sculptor's
+presence in this evil cave, but the thought went as quickly as it came.
+
+The thing that puzzled us most was to account for the phenomenon itself. What
+gaseous emanation or mineral vapour could have wrought this change in so
+relatively short a time was utterly beyond us. Normal petrification, we know, is a
+slow chemical replacement process requiring vast ages for completion; yet here
+were two stone images which had been living things - or at least Wheeler had -
+only a few weeks before. Conjecture was useless. Clearly, nothing remained but
+to notify the authorities and let them guess what they might; and yet at the back
+of Ben's head that notion about Mad Dan still persisted. Anyhow, we clawed our
+way back to the road, but Ben did not turn toward the village, but looked along
+upward toward where old Sam had said Dan's cabin lay. It was the second house
+from the village, the ancient loafer had wheezed, and lay on the left far back from
+the road in a thick copse of scrub oaks. Before I knew it Ben was dragging me up
+the sandy highway past a dingy farmstead and into a region of increasing
+wildness.
+
+It did not occur to me to protest, but I felt a certain sense of mounting menace as
+the familiar marks of agriculture and civilization grew fewer and fewer. At last
+the beginning of a narrow, neglected path opened up on our left, while the
+
+
+
+1120
+
+
+
+peaked roof of a squalid, unpainted building shewed itself beyond a sickly
+growth of half-dead trees. This, I knew, must be Mad Dan's cabin; and I
+wondered that wheeler had ever chosen so unprepossessing a place for his
+headquarters. I dreaded to walk up that weedy, uninviting path, but could not
+lag behind, when Ben strode determinedly along and began a vigorous rapping
+at the rickety, musty-smelling door.
+
+There was no response to the knock, and something in its echoes sent a series of
+shivers through one. Ben, however, was quite unperturbed; and at once began to
+circle the house in quest of unlocked windows. The third that he tried - in the
+rear of the dismal cabin - proved capable of opening, and after a boost and a
+vigorous spring he was safely inside and helping me after him.
+
+The room in which we landed was full of limestone and granite blocks, chiselling
+tools and clay models, and we realised at once that it was Wheeler's erstwhile
+studio. So far we had not met with any sign of life, but over everything hovered a
+damnably ominous dusty odour. On our left was an open door evidently leading
+to a kitchen on the chimney side of the house, and through this Ben started,
+intent on finding anything he could concerning his friend's last habitat. He was
+considerably ahead of me when he crossed the threshold, so that I could not see
+at first what brought him up short and wrung a low cry of horror from his lips.
+
+In another moment, though, I did see - and repeated his cry as instinctively as I
+had done in the cave. For here in this cabin - far from any subterranean depths
+which could breed strange gases and work strange mutations - were two stony
+figures which I knew at once were no products of Arthur Wheeler's chisel. In a
+rude armchair before the fireplace, bound in position by the lash of a long
+rawhide whip, was the form of a man - unkempt, elderly, and with a look of
+fathomless horror on its evil, petrified face.
+
+On the floor beside it lay a woman's figure; graceful, and with a face betokening
+considerable youth and beauty. Its expression seemed to be one of sardonic
+satisfaction, and near its outflung right hand was a large tin pail, somewhat
+stained on the inside, as with a darkish sediment.
+
+We made no move to approach those inexplicably petrified bodies, nor did we
+exchange any but the simplest conjectures. That this stony couple hand been
+Mad Dan and his wife we could not well doubt, but how to account for their
+present condition was another matter. As we looked horrifiedly around we saw
+the suddenness with which the final development must have come - for
+everything about us seemed, despite a heavy coating of dust, to have been left in
+the midst of commonplace household activities.
+
+
+
+1121
+
+
+
+The only exception to this rule of casualness was on the kitchen table; in whose
+cleared centre, as if to attract attention, lay a thin, battered, blank-book weighed
+down by a sizeable tin funnel. Crossing to read the thing, Ben saw that it was a
+kind of diary or set of dated entries, written in a somewhat cramped and none
+too practiced hand. The very first words riveted my attention, and before ten
+seconds had elapsed he was breathlessly devouring the halting text - I avidly
+following as I peered over his shoulder. As we read on - moving as we did so
+into the less loathsome atmosphere of the adjoining room - many obscure things
+became terribly clear to us, and we trembled with a mixture of complex
+emotions.
+
+This is what we read - and what the coroner read later on. The public has seen a
+highly twisted and sensationalised version in the cheap newspapers, but not
+even that has more than a fraction of the genuine terror which the original held
+for us as we puzzled it out alone in that musty cabin among the wild hills, with
+two monstrous stone abnormalities lurking in the death-like silence of the next
+room. When we had finished Ben pocketed the book with a gesture half of
+repulsion, and his first words were "Let's get out of here."
+
+Silently and nervously we stumbled to the front of the house, unlocked the door,
+and began the long tramp back to the village. There were many statements to
+make and questions to answer in the days that followed, and I do not think that
+either Ben or I can ever shake off the effects of the whole harrowing experience.
+Neither can some of the local authorities and city reporters who flocked around -
+even though they burned a certain book and many papers found in attic boxes,
+and destroyed considerable apparatus in the deepest part of that sinister hillside
+cave. But here is the text itself:
+
+"Nov. 5 - My name is Daniel Morris. Around here they call me 'Mad Dan'
+because I believe in powers that nobody else believes in nowadays. When I go up
+on Thunder Hill to keep the Feast of the Foxes they think I am crazy - all except
+the back country folks that are afraid of me. They try to stop me from sacrificing
+the Black Goat at Hallow Eve, and always prevent my doing the Great Rite that
+would open the gate. They ought to know better, for they know that I am a Van
+Kauran on my mother's side, and anybody this side of the Hudson can tell what
+the Van Kaurans have handed down. We come from Nicholas Van Kauran, the
+wizard, who was hanged in Wijtgaart in 1587, and everybody knows he had
+made the bargain with the Black Man.
+
+"The soldiers never got his Book of Eibon when they burned his house, and his
+grandson, William Van Kauran, brought it over when he came to
+Rensselaerwyck and later crossed the river to Esopus. Ask anybody in Kingston
+or Hurley about what the William Van Kauran line could do to people that got in
+
+
+
+1122
+
+
+
+their way. Also, ask them if my Uncle Hendrik didn't manage to keep hold of the
+Book of Eibon when they ran him out of town and he went up the river to this
+place with his family.
+
+"I am writing this - and am going to keep writing this - because I want people to
+know the truth after I am gone. Also, I am afraid I shall really go mad if I don't
+set things down in plain black and white. Everything is going against me, and if
+it keeps up I shall have to use the secrets in the Book and call in certain Powers.
+Three months ago that sculptor Arthur Wheeler came to Mountain Top, and they
+sent him up to me because I am the only man in the place who knows anything
+except farming, hunting, and fleecing summer boarders. The fellow seemed to be
+interested in what I had to say, and made a deal to stop in here for $13.00 a week
+with meals. I gave him the back room beside the kitchen for his lumps of stone
+and his chiselling, and arranged with Nate Williams to tend to his rock blasting
+and haul his big pieces with a drag and yoke of oxen.
+
+"That was three months ago. Now I know why that cursed son of hell took so
+quick to the place. It wasn't my talk at all, but the looks of my wife Rose, that is
+Osborne Chandler's oldest girl. She is sixteen years younger than I am, and is
+always casting sheep's eyes at the fellows in town. But we always managed to
+get along fine enough till this dirty rat shewed up, even if she did balk at helping
+me with the Rites on Roodmas and Hallowmass. I can see now that Wheeler is
+working on her feelings and getting her so fond of him that she hardly looks at
+me, and I suppose he'll try to elope with her sooner or later.
+
+"But he works slow like all sly, polished dogs, and I've got plenty of time to
+think up what to do about it. They don't either of them know I suspect anything,
+but before long they'll both realise it doesn't pay to break up a Van Kauran's
+home. I promise them plenty of novelty in what I'll do.
+
+"Nov. 25 - Thanksgiving Day! That's a pretty good joke! But at that I'll have
+something to be thankful for when I finish what I've started. No question but
+that Wheeler is trying to steal my wife. For the time being, though, I'll let him
+keep on being a star boarder. Got the Book of Eibon down from Uncle Hendrik's
+old trunk in the attic last week, and am looking up something good which won't
+require sacrifices that I can't make around here. I want something that'll finish
+these two sneaking traitors, and at the same time get me into no trouble. If it has
+a twist of drama in it, so much the better. I've thought of calling in the emanation
+of Yoth, but that needs a child's blood and I must be careful about the
+neighbours. The Green Decay looks promising, but that would be a bit
+unpleasant for me as well as for them. I don't like certain sights and smells.
+
+
+
+1123
+
+
+
+"Dec. 10 - Eureka! I've got the very thing at last! Revenge is sweet - and this is the
+perfect cHmax! Wheeler, the sculptor - this is too good! Yes, indeed, that damned
+sneak is going to produce a statue that will sell quicker than any of the things
+he's been carving these past weeks! A realist, eh? Well - the new statuary won't
+lack any realism! I found the formula in a manuscript insert opposite page 679 of
+the Book. From the handwriting I judge it was put there by my great-grandfather
+Bareut Picterse Van Kauran - the one who disappeared from New Paltz in 1839.
+la! Shub-Niggurath! The Goat with a Thousand Young!
+
+"To be plain, I've found a way to turn those wretched rats into stone statues. It's
+absurdly simple, and really depends more on plain chemistry than on the Outer
+Powers. If I can get hold of the right stuff I can brew a drink that'll pass for
+home-made wine, and one swig ought to finish any ordinary being short of an
+elephant. What it amounts to is a kind of petrification infinitely speeded up.
+Shoots the whole system full of calcium and barium salts and replaces living cells
+with mineral matter so fast that nothing can stop it. It must have been one of
+those things great-grandfather got at the Great Sabbat on Sugar-Loaf in the
+Catskills. Queer things used to go on there. Seems to me I heard of a man in New
+Paltz - Squire Hasbruck - turned to stone or something like that in 1834. He was
+an enemy of the Van Kaurans. First thing I must do is order the five chemicals I
+need from Albany and Montreal. Plenty of time later to experiment. When
+everything is over I'll round up all the statues and sell them as Wheeler's work to
+pay for his overdue board bill! He always was a realist and an egoist - wouldn't
+it be natural for him to make a self-portrait in stone, and to use my wife for
+another model - as indeed he's really been doing for the past fortnight? Trust the
+dull public not to ask what quarry the queer stone came from!
+
+"Dec. 25 - Christmas. Peace on earth, and so forth! These two swine are goggling
+at each other as if I didn't exist. They must think I'm deaf, dumb, and blind!
+Well, the barium sulphate and calcium chloride came from Albany last
+Thursday, and the acids, catalytics, and instruments are due from Montreal any
+day now. The mills of the gods - and all that! I'll do the work in Allen's Cave
+near the lower wood lot, and at the same time will be openly making some wine
+in the cellar here. There ought to be some excuse for offering a new drink -
+though it won't take much planning to fool those two moonstruck nincompoops.
+The trouble will be to make Rose take wine, for she pretends not to like it. Any
+experiments that I make on animals will be down at the cave, and nobody ever
+thinks of going there in winter. I'll do some wood-cutting to account for my time
+away. A small load or two brought in will keep him off the track.
+
+"Jan. 20 - It's harder work than I thought, a lot depends on the exact proportions.
+The stuff came from Montreal, but I had to send again for some better scales and
+an acetylene lamp. They're getting curious down at the village. Wish the express
+
+
+
+1124
+
+
+
+office weren't in Steenwyck's store. Am trying various mixtures on the sparrows
+that drink and bathe in the pool in front of the cave - when it's melted.
+Sometimes it kills them, but sometimes they fly away. Clearly, I've missed some
+important reaction. I suppose Rose and that upstart are making the most of my
+absence - but I can afford to let them, there can be no doubt of my success in the
+end.
+
+"Feb. 11 - Have got it at last! Put a fresh lot in the little pond - which is well
+melted today - and the first bird that drank toppled over as if he were shot. I
+picked him up a second later, and he was a perfect piece of stone, down to the
+smallest claws and feather. Not a muscle changed since he was poised for
+drinking, so he must have died the instant any of the stuff got to his stomach. I
+didn't expect the petrification to come so soon. But a sparrow isn't a fair test of
+the way the thing would act with a large animal. I must get something bigger to
+try it on, for it must be the right strength when I give it to those swine. I guess
+Rose's dog Rex will do. I'll take him along the next time and say a timber wolf
+got him. she thinks a lot of him, and I shan't be sorry to give her something to
+sniffle over before the big reckoning. I must be careful where I keep this book.
+Rose sometimes pries around in the queerest places.
+
+"Feb. 15 - Getting warm! Tried it on Rex and it worked like a charm with only
+double the strength. I fixed the rock pool and got him to drink. He seemed to
+know something queer had hit him, for he bristled and growled, but he was a
+piece of stone before he could turn his head, the solution ought to have been
+stronger, and for a human being ought to be very much stronger. I think I'm
+getting the hang of it now, and am about ready for that cur Wheeler. The stuff
+seems to be tasteless, but to make sure I'll flavour it with the new wine I'm
+making up at the house. Wish I were surer about the tastelessness, so I could give
+it to Rose in water without trying to urge wine on her. I'll get the two separately -
+Wheeler out here and Rose at home. Have just fixed a strong solution and
+cleared away all strange objects in front of the cave. Rose whimpered like a
+puppy when I told her a wolf had got Rex, and Wheeler gurgled a lot of
+sympathy.
+
+"March 1 - la R'lyeh! Praise the Lord Tsathoggua! I've got the son of hell at last!
+Told him I'd found a new ledge of friable limestone down this way, and he
+trotted after me like the yellow cur he is! I had the wine-flavoured stuff in a
+bottle on my hip, and he was glad of a swig when we got here. Gulped it down
+without a wink - and dropped in his tracks before you could count three. But he
+knows I've had my vengeance, for I made a face at him that he couldn't miss. I
+saw the look of understanding come into his face as he keeled over. In two
+minutes he was solid stone.
+
+
+
+1125
+
+
+
+"I dragged him into the cave and put Rex's figure outside again, that bristhng
+dog shape will help to scare people off. It's getting time for the spring hunters,
+and besides, there's a damned lunger' named Jackson in a cabin over the hill
+who does a lot of snooping around in the snow. I wouldn't want my laboratory
+and storeroom to be found just yet! when I got home I told Rose that Wheeler
+had found a telegram at the village summoning him suddenly home. I don't
+know whether she believed me or not but I doesn't matter. For form's sake, I
+packed Wheeler's things and took them down the hill, telling her I was going to
+ship them after him. I put them in the dry well at the abandoned Rapelye place.
+Now for Rose!
+
+"March 3 - Can't get Rose to drink any wine. I hope that stuff is tasteless enough
+to go unnoticed in water. I tried it in tea and coffee, but it forms a precipitate and
+can't be used that way. If I use it in water I'll have to cut down the dose and trust
+to a more gradual action. Mr. and Mrs. Hoog dropped in this noon, and I had
+hard work keeping the conversation away from Wheeler's departure. It mustn't
+get around that we say he was called back to New York when everybody at the
+village knows that no telegram came, and that he didn't leave on the bus. Rose is
+acting damned queer about the whole thing. I'll have to pick a quarrel with her
+and keep her locked in the attic. The best way is to try to make her drink that
+doctored wine - and if she does give in, so much better.
+
+"March 7 - Have started in on Rose. She wouldn't drink the wine so I took a
+whip to her and drove her up to the attic. She'll never come down alive. I pass
+her a platter of salty bread and salt meat, and a pail of slightly doctored water,
+twice a day. The salt food ought to make her drink a lot, and it can't be long
+before the action sets in. I don't like the way she shouts about Wheeler when I'm
+at the door. The rest of the time she is absolutely silent.
+
+"March 9 - It's damned peculiar how slow that stuff is in getting hold of Rose. I'll
+have to make it stronger - probably she'll never taste it with all the salt I've been
+feeding her. well, if it doesn't get there are plenty of other ways to fall back on.
+but I would like to carry this neat statue plan through! Went to the cave this
+morning and all is well there. I sometimes hear Rose's footsteps on the ceiling
+overhead, and I think they're getting more and more dragging. The stuff is
+certainly working, but it's too slow. Not strong enough. From now on I'll rapidly
+stiffen up the dose.
+
+"March 11 - It is very queer. She is still alive and moving. Tuesday night I heard
+her piggling with a window, so went up and gave her a rawhiding. She acts
+more sullen than frightened, and her eyes look swollen. But she could never drop
+to the ground from that height and there's nowhere she could climb down. I
+
+
+
+1126
+
+
+
+have had dreams at night, for her slow, dragging pacing on the floor above gets
+on my nerves. Sometimes I think she works at the lock on the door.
+
+"March 15 - Still alive, despite all the strengthening of the dose. There's
+something queer about it. she crawls now, and doesn't pace very often. But the
+sound of her crawling is horrible. She rattles the windows, too, and fumbles with
+the door. I shall have to finish her off with the rawhide if this keeps up. I'm
+getting very sleepy. Wonder if Rose has got on her guard somehow. But she
+must be drinking the stuff. This sleepiness is abnormal - I think the strain is
+telling on me. I'm sleepy. . ."
+
+(Here the cramped handwriting trails out in a vague scrawl, giving place to a
+note in a firmer, evidently feminine handwriting, indicative of great emotional
+tension.)
+
+"March 16-4 a.m. - This is added by Rose C. Morris, about to die. Please notify
+my father, Osborne E. Chandler, Route 2, Mountain Top, N.Y. I have just read
+what the beast has written. I felt sure he had killed Arthur Wheeler, but did not
+know till I read this terrible notebook. Now I know what I escaped. I noticed the
+water tasted queer, so took none of it after the first sip. I threw it all out of the
+window. That one sip has half paralysed me, but I can still get about. The thirst
+was terrible, but I ate as little as possible of the salty food and was able to get a
+little water up here under places where the roof leaked.
+
+"There were two great rains. I thought he was trying to poison me, though I
+didn't know what the poison was like. What he has written about himself and
+me is a lie. We were never happy together and I think I married him only under
+one of those spells that he was able to lay on people. I guess he hypnotised both
+my father and me, for he was always hated and feared and suspected of dark
+dealings with the devil. My father once called him The Devil's Kin, and he was
+right.
+
+"No one will ever know what I went through as his wife. It was not simply
+common cruelty - though God knows he was cruel enough, and beat me often
+with a leather whip. It was more - more than anyone in this age can ever
+understand. He was a monstrous creature, and practiced all sorts of hellish
+ceremonies handed down by his mother's people. He tried to make me help in
+the rites - and I don't dare even hint what they were. I would not, so he beat me.
+It would be blasphemy to tell what he tried to make me do. I can say he was a
+murderer even then, for I know what he sacrificed one night on Thunder Hill. He
+was surely the Devil's Kin. I tried four times to run away, but he always caught
+and beat me. Also, he had a sort of hold over my mind, and even over my
+father's mind.
+
+
+
+1127
+
+
+
+"About Arthur Wheeler I have nothing to be ashamed of. We did come to love
+each other, but only in an honorable way. He gave me the first kind treatment I
+had ever had since leaving my father's, and meant to help me get out of the
+clutches of that fiend. He had several talks with my father, and was going to help
+me get out west. After my divorce we would have been married.
+
+"Ever since that brute locked me in the attic I have planned to get out and finish
+him. I always kept the poison overnight in case I could escape and find him
+asleep and give it to him somehow. At first he waked easily when I worked on
+the lock of the door and tested the conditions at the windows, but later he began
+to get more tired and sleep sounder. I could always tell by his snoring when he
+asleep.
+
+"Tonight he was so fast asleep I forced the lock without waking him. it was hard
+work getting downstairs with my partial paralysis, but I did. I found him here
+with the lamp burning - asleep at the table, where he had been writing in this
+book. In the corner was the long rawhide whip he had so often beaten me with. I
+used it to tie him to the chair so he could not move a muscle. I lashed his neck so
+that I could pour anything down his throat without his resisting.
+
+"He waked up just as I was finishing and I guess he saw right off that he was
+done for. he shouted frightful things and tried to chant mystical formulas, but I
+choked him off a dish towel from the sink. Then I saw this book he had been
+writing in, and stopped to read it. the shock was terrible, and I almost fainted
+four or five time. My mind was not ready for such things. After that I talked to
+that fiend for two or three hours steady. I told everything I had wanted to tell
+him through all the years I had been his slave, and lot of other things that had to
+with what I read in this awful book.
+
+"He looked almost purple when I was through, and I think he was half delirious.
+Then I got a funnel from the cupboard and jammed it into his mouth after taking
+out the gag. He knew what I was going to do, but was helpless. I had brought
+down the pail of poisoned water, and without a qualm, I poured a good half of it
+into the funnel.
+
+"It must have been a very strong dose, for almost at once I saw that brute begin
+to stiffen and turn a dull stony grey. In ten minutes I knew he was solid stone. I
+could bear to touch him, but the tin funnel clinked horribly when I pulled it out
+of his mouth. I wish I could have given that Kin of the Devil a more painful,
+lingering death, but surely this was the most appropriate he could have had.
+
+"There is not much more to say. I am half-paralysed, and with Arthur murdered
+I have nothing to live for. I shall make things complete by drinking the rest of the
+
+
+
+1128
+
+
+
+poison after placing this book where it will be found. In a quarter of an hour I
+shall be a stone statue. My only wish is to be buried beside the statue that was
+Arthur - when it is found in that cave where the fiend left it. Poor trusting Rex
+ought to lie at our feet. I do not care what becomes of the stone devil tied in the
+chair...."
+
+
+
+1129
+
+
+
+The Night Ocean - with R. H. Barlow
+
+Written 1936
+
+I went to EUston Beach not only for the pleasures of sun and ocean, but to rest a
+weary mind. Since I knew no person in the little town, which thrives on summer
+vacationists and presents only blank windows during most of the year, there
+seemed no likelihood that I might be disturbed. This pleased me, for I did not
+wish to see anything but the expanse of pounding surf and the beach lying
+before my temporary home.
+
+My long work of the summer was completed when I left the city, and the large
+mural design produced by it had been entered in the contest. It had taken me the
+bulk of the year to finish the painting, and when the last brush was cleaned I was
+no longer reluctant to yield to the claims of health and find rest and seclusion for
+a time. Indeed, when I had been a week on the beach I recalled only now and
+then the work whose success had so recently seemed all-important. There was no
+longer the old concern with a hundred complexities of colour and ornament; no
+longer the fear and mistrust of my ability to render a mental image actual, and
+turn by my own skill alone the dim-conceived idea into the careful draught of a
+design. And yet that which later befell me by the lonely shore may have grown
+solely from the mental constitution behind such concern and fear and mistrust.
+For I have always been a seeker, a dreamer, and a ponderer on seeking and
+dreaming; and who can say that such a nature does not open latent eyes sensitive
+to unsuspected worlds and orders of being?
+
+Now that I am trying to tell what I saw I am conscious of a thousand maddening
+limitations. Things seen by the inward sight, like those flashing visions which
+come as we drift into the blankness of sleep, are more vivid and meaningful to us
+in that form than when we have sought to weld them with reality. Set a pen to a
+dream, and the colour drains from it. The ink with which we write seems diluted
+with something holding too much of reality, and we find that after all we cannot
+delineate the incredible memory. It is as if our inward selves, released from the
+bonds of daytime and objectivity, revelled in prisoned emotions which are
+hastily stifled when we translate them. In dreams and visions lie the greatest
+creations of man, for on them rests no yoke of line or hue. Forgotten scenes, and
+lands more obscure than the golden world of childhood, spring into the sleeping
+mind to reign until awakening puts them to rout. Amid these may be attained
+something of the glory and contentment for which we yearn; some image of
+sharp beauties suspected but not before revealed, which are to us as the Grail to
+holy spirits of the medieval world. To shape these things on the wheel of art, to
+seek to bring some faded trophy from that intangible realm of shadow and
+
+
+
+1130
+
+
+
+gossamer, requires equal skill and memory. For although dreams are in all of us,
+few hands may grasp their moth-wings without tearing them.
+
+Such skill this narrative does not have. If I might, I would reveal to you the
+hinted events which I perceived dimly, like one who peers into an unlit realm
+and glimpses forms whose motion is concealed. In my mural design, which then
+lay with a multitude of others in the building for which they were planned, I had
+striven equally to catch a trace of this elusive shadow-world, and had perhaps
+succeeded better than I shall now succeed. My stay in Ellston was to await the
+judging of that design; and when days of unfamiliar leisure had given me
+perspective, I discovered that - in spite of those weaknesses which a creator
+always detects most clearly - I had indeed managed to retain in line and colour
+some fragments snatched from the endless world of imagining. The difficulties of
+the process, and the resulting strain on all my powers, had undermined my
+health and brought me to the beach during this period of waiting. Since I wished
+to be wholly alone, I rented (to the delight of the incredulous owner) a small
+house some distance from the village of Ellston - which, because of the waning
+season, was alive with a moribund bustle of tourists, uniformly uninteresting to
+me. The house, dark from the sea-wind though it had not been painted, was not
+even a satellite of the village; but swung below it on the coast like a pendulum
+beneath a still clock, quite alone upon a hill of weed-grown sand. Like a solitary
+warm animal it crouched facing the sea, and its inscrutable dirty windows stared
+upon a lonely realm of earth and sky and enormous sea. It will not do to use too
+much imagining in a narrative whose facts, could they be augmented and fitted
+into a mosaic, would be strange enough in themselves; but I thought the little
+house was lonely when I saw it, and that like myself, it was conscious of its
+meaningless nature before the great sea.
+
+I took the place in late August, arriving a day before I was expected, and
+encountering a van and two workingmen unloading the furniture provided by
+the owner. I did not know then how long I would stay, and when the truck that
+brought the goods had left I settled my small luggage and locked the door
+(feeling very proprietary about having a house after months of a rented room) to
+go down the weedy hill and on the beach. Since it was quite square and had but
+one room, the house required little exploration. Two windows in each side
+provided a great quantity of light, and somehow a door had been squeezed in as
+an after-thought on the oceanward wall. The place had been built about ten years
+previously, but on account of its distance from Ellston village was difficult to
+rent even during the active summer season. There being no fireplace, it stood
+empty and alone from October until far into the spring. Though actually less
+than a mile below Ellston, it seemed more remote; since a bend in the coast
+caused one to see only grassy dunes in the direction of the village.
+
+
+
+1131
+
+
+
+The first day, half-gone when I was installed, I spent in the enjoyment of sun and
+restless water-things whose quiet majesty made the designing of murals seem
+distant and tiresome. But this was the natural reaction to a long concern with one
+set of habits and activities. I was through with my work and my vacation was
+begun. This fact, while elusive for the moment, showed in everything which
+surrounded me that afternoon of my arrival, and in the utter change from old
+scenes. There was an effect of bright sun upon a shifting sea of waves whose
+mysteriously impelled curves were strewn with what appeared to be rhinestone.
+Perhaps a water-colour might have caught the solid masses of intolerable light
+which lay upon the beach where the sea mingled with the sand. Although the
+ocean bore her own hue, it was dominated wholly and incredibly by the
+enormous glare. There was no other person near me, and I enjoyed the spectacle
+without the annoyance of any alien object upon the stage. Each of my senses was
+touched in a different way, but sometimes it seemed that the roar of the sea was
+akin to that great brightness, or as if the waves were glaring instead of the sun,
+each of these being so vigorous and insistent that impressions coming from them
+were mingled. Curiously, I saw no one bathing near my little square house
+during that or succeeding afternoons, although the curving shore included a
+wide beach even more inviting than that at the village, where the surf was dotted
+with random figures. I supposed that this was because of the distance and
+because there had never been other houses below the town. Why this unbuilt
+stretch existed, I could not imagine; since many dwellings straggled along the
+northward coast, facing the sea with aimless eyes.
+
+I swam until the afternoon had gone, and later, having rested, walked into the
+little town. Darkness hid the sea from me as I entered, and I found in the dingy
+lights of the streets tokens of a life which was not even conscious of the great,
+gloom-shrouded thing lying so close. There were painted women in tinsel
+adornments, and bored men who were no longer young - a throng of foolish
+marionettes perched on the lip of the ocean-chasm; unseeing, unwilling to see
+what lay above them and about, in the multitudinous grandeur of the stars and
+the leagues of the night ocean. I walked along that darkened sea as I went back to
+the bare little house, sending the beams of my flashlight out upon the naked and
+impenetrable void. In the absence of the moon, this light made a solid bar
+athwart the walls of the uneasy tide; and I felt an indescribable emotion born of
+the noise of the waters and the perception of my smallness as I cast that tiny
+beam upon a realm immense in itself, yet only the black border of the earthly
+deep. That nighted deep, upon which ships were moving alone in the darkness
+where I could not see them, gave off the murmur of a distant, angry rabble.
+
+When I reached my high residence I knew that I had passed no one during the
+mile's walk from the village, and yet there somehow lingered an impression that
+I had been all the while accompanied by the spirit of the lonely sea. It was, I
+
+
+
+1132
+
+
+
+thought, personified in a shape which was not revealed to me, but which moved
+quietly about beyond my range of comprehension. It was like those actors who
+wait behind darkened scenery in readiness for the lines which will shortly call
+them before our eyes to move and speak in the sudden revelation of the
+footlights. At last I shook off this fancy and sought my key to enter the place,
+whose bare walls gave a sudden feeling of security.
+
+My cottage was entirely free of the village, as if it had wandered down the coast
+and was unable to return; and there I heard nothing of the disturbing clamour
+when I returned each night after supper. I generally stayed but a short while
+upon the streets of Ellston, though sometimes I went into the place for the sake of
+the walk it provided. There were all the multitude of curio-shops and falsely
+regal theatre fronts that clutter vacation towns, but I never went into these; and
+the place seemed useful only for its restaurants. It was astonishing the number of
+useless things people found to do.
+
+There was a succession of sun-filled days at first. I rose early, and beheld the grey
+sky agleam with promise of sunrise; a prophecy fulfilled as I stood witness.
+Those dawns were cold and their colours faint in comparison to that uniform
+radiance of day which gives to every hour the quality of white noon. That great
+light, so apparent the first day, made each succeeding day a yellow page in the
+book of time. I noticed that many of the beach people were displeased by the
+inordinate sun, whereas I sought it. After grey months of toil the lethargy
+induced by a physical existence in a region governed by the simple things - the
+wind and light and water - had a prompt effect upon me, and since I was anxious
+to continue this healing process, I spent all my time outdoors in the sunlight.
+This induced a state at once impassive and submissive, and gave me a feeling of
+security against the ravenous night. As darkness is akin to death, so is light to
+vitality. Through the heritage of a million years ago, when men were closer to the
+mother sea, and when the creatures of which we are born lay languid in the
+shallow, sun-pierced water; we still seek today the primal things when we are
+tired, steeping ourselves within their lulling security like those early half-
+mammals which had not yet ventured upon the oozy land.
+
+The monotony of the waves gave repose, and I had no other occupation than
+witnessing a myriad ocean moods. There is a ceaseless change in the waters -
+colours and shades pass over them like the insubstantial expressions of a well-
+known face; and these are at once communicated to us by half- recognized
+senses. When the sea is restless, remembering old ships that have gone over her
+chasms, there comes up silently in our hearts the longing for a vanished horizon.
+But when she forgets, we forget also. Though we know her a lifetime, she must
+always hold an alien air, as if something too vast to have shape were lurking in
+the universe to which she is a door. The morning ocean, glimmering with a
+
+
+
+1133
+
+
+
+reflected mist of blue-white cloud and expanding diamond foam, has the eyes of
+one who ponders on strange things; and her intricately woven webs, through
+which dart a myriad coloured fishes, hold the air of some great idle thing which
+will arise presently from the hoary immemorial chasms and stride upon the land.
+
+I was content for many days, and glad that I had chosen the lonely house which
+sat like a small beast upon those rounded cliffs of sand. Among the pleasantly
+aimless amusements fostered by such a life, I took to following the edge of the
+tide (where the waves left a damp, irregular outline rimmed with evanescent
+foam) for long distances; and sometimes I found curious bits of shell in the
+chance litter of the sea. There was an astonishing lot of debris on that inward-
+curving coast which my bare little house overlooked, and I judged that currents
+whose courses diverge from the village beach must reach that spot. At any rate,
+my pockets - when I had any - generally held vast stores of trash; most of which I
+threw away an hour or two after picking it up, wondering why I had kept it.
+Once, however, I found a small bone whose nature I could not identify, save that
+it was certainly nothing out of a fish; and I kept this, along with a large metal
+bead whose minutely carven design was rather unusual. This latter depicted a
+fishy thing against a patterned background of seaweed instead of the usual floral
+or geometrical designs, and was still clearly traceable though worn with years of
+tossing in the surf. Since I had never seen anything like it, I judged that it
+represented some fashion, now forgotten, of a previous year at EUston, where
+similar fads were common.
+
+I had been there perhaps a week when the weather began a gradual change. Each
+stage of this progressive darkening was followed by another subtly intensified,
+so that in the end the entire atmosphere surrounding me had shifted from day to
+evening. This was more obvious to me in a series of mental impressions than in
+what I actually witnessed, for the small house was lonely under the grey skies,
+and there was sometimes a beating wind that came out of the ocean bearing
+moisture. The sun was displaced by long intervals of cloudiness - layers of grey
+mist beyond whose unknown depth the sun lay cut off. Though it might glare
+with the old intensity above that enormous veil, it could not penetrate. The beach
+was a prisoner in a hueless vault for hours at a time, as if something of the night
+were welling into other hours.
+
+Although the wind was invigorating and the ocean whipped into little churning
+spirals of activity by the vagrant flapping, I found the water growing chill, so
+that I could not stay in it as long as I had done previously, and thus I fell into the
+habit of long walks, which - when I was unable to swim - provided the exercise
+that I was so careful to obtain. These walks covered a greater range of sea-edge
+than my previous wanderings, and since the beach extended in a stretch of miles
+beyond the tawdry village, I often found myself wholly isolated upon an endless
+
+
+
+1134
+
+
+
+area of sand as evening drew close. When this occurred, I would stride hastily
+along the whispering sea-border, following the outline so that I should not
+wander inland and lose my way. And sometimes, when these walks were late (as
+they grew increasingly to be) I would come upon the crouching house that
+looked like a harbinger of the village. Insecure upon the wind- gnawed cliffs, a
+dark blot upon the morbid hues of the ocean sunset, it was more lonely than by
+the full light of either orb; and seemed to my imagination like a mute,
+questioning face turned toward me expectant of some action. That the place was
+isolated I have said, and this at first pleased me; but in that brief evening hour
+when the sun left a gore-splattered decline and darkness lumbered on like an
+expanding shapeless blot, there was an alien presence about the place: a spirit, a
+mood, an impression that came from the surging wind, the gigantic sky, and that
+sea which drooled blackening waves upon a beach grown abruptly strange. At
+these times I felt an uneasiness which had no very definite cause, although my
+solitary nature had made me long accustomed to the ancient silence and the
+ancient voice of nature. These misgivings, to which I could have put no sure
+name, did not affect me long, yet I think now that all the while a gradual
+consciousness of the ocean's immense loneliness crept upon me, a loneliness that
+was made subtly horrible by intimations - which were never more than such - of
+some animation or sentience preventing me from being wholly alone.
+
+The noisy, yellow streets of the town, with their curiously unreal activity, were
+very far away, and when I went there for my evening meal (mistrusting a diet
+entirely of my own ambiguous cooking) I took increasing and quite unreasonable
+care that I should return to the cottage before the late darkness, though I was
+often abroad until ten or so. You will say that such action is unreasonable; that if
+I had feared the darkness in some childish way, I would have entirely avoided it.
+You will ask me why I did not leave the place since its loneliness was depressing
+me. To all this I have no reply, save that whatever unrest I felt, whatever of
+remote disturbance there was to me in brief aspects of the darkening sun or the
+eager salt- brittle wind or in the robe of the dark sea that lay crumpled like an
+enormous garment so close to me, was something which had an origin half in my
+own heart, which showed itself only at fleeting moments, and which had no very
+long effect upon me. In the recurrent days of diamond light, with sportive waves
+flinging blue peaks at the basking shore, the memory of dark moods seemed
+rather incredible, yet only an hour or two afterward I might again experience
+these moods once more, and descend to a dim region of despair.
+
+Perhaps these inward emotions were only a reflection of the sea's own mood, for
+although half of what we see is coloured by the interpretation placed upon it by
+our minds, many of our feelings are shaped quite distinctly by external, physical
+things. The sea can bind us to her many moods, whispering to us by the subtle
+token of a shadow or a gleam upon the waves, and hinting in these ways of her
+
+
+
+1135
+
+
+
+mournfulness or rejoicing. Always she is remembering old things, and these
+memories, though we may not grasp them, are imparted to us, so that we share
+her gaiety or remorse. Since I was doing no work, seeing no person that I knew, I
+was perhaps susceptible to shades of her cryptic meaning which would have
+been overlooked by another. The ocean ruled my life during the whole of that
+late summer; demanding it as recompense for the healing she had brought me.
+
+There were drownings at the beach that year; and while I heard of these only
+casually (such is our indifference to a death which does not concern us, and to
+which we are not witness), I knew that their details were unsavoury. The people
+who died - some of them swimmers of a skill beyond the average - were
+sometimes not found until many days had elapsed, and the hideous vengeance
+of the deep had scourged their rotten bodies. It was as if the sea had dragged
+them into a chasm-lair, and had mulled them about in the darkness until,
+satisfied that they were no longer of any use, she had floated them ashore in a
+ghastly state. No one seemed to know what had caused these deaths. Their
+frequency excited alarm among the timid, since the undertow at Ellston was not
+strong, and since there were known to be no sharks at hand. Whether the bodies
+showed marks of any attacks I did not learn, but the dread of a death which
+moves among the waves and comes on lone people from a lightless, motionless
+place is a dread which men know and do not like. They must quickly find a
+reason for such a death, even if there are no sharks. Since sharks formed only a
+suspected cause, and one never to my knowledge confirmed, the swimmers who
+continued during the rest of the season were on guard against treacherous tides
+rather than against any possible sea-animal. Autumn, indeed, was not a great
+distance off, and some people used this as an excuse for leaving the sea, where
+men were snared by death, and going to the security of inland fields, where one
+cannot even hear the ocean. So August ended, and I had been at the beach many
+days.
+
+There had been a threat of storm since the fourth of the new month, and on the
+sixth, when I set out for a walk in the damp wind, there was a mass of formless
+cloud, colourless and oppressive, above the ruffled leaden sea. The motion of the
+wind, directed toward no especial goal but stirring uneasily, provided a
+sensation of coming animation - a hint of life in the elements which might be the
+long-expected storm. I had eaten my luncheon at Ellston, and though the
+heavens seemed the closing lid of a great casket, I ventured far down the beach
+and away from both the town and my no-longer-to-be-seen house. As the
+universal grey became spotted with a carrion purple - curiously brilliant despite
+its sombre hue - I found that I was several miles from any possible shelter. This,
+however, did not seem very important, for despite the dark skies with their
+added glow of unknown presage I was in a curious mood that flashed through a
+body grown suddenly alert and sensitive to the outline of shapes and meanings
+
+
+
+1136
+
+
+
+that were previously dim. Obscurely, a memory came to me; suggested by the
+likeness of the scene to one I had imagined when a story was read to me in
+childhood. That tale - of which I had not thought for many years - concerned a
+woman who was loved by the dark-bearded king of an underwater realm of
+blurred cliffs where fish- things lived; and who was taken from the golden-
+haired youth of her troth by a dark being crowned with a priest-like mitre and
+having the features of a withered ape. What had remained in the corner of my
+fancy was the image of cliffs beneath the water against the hueless, dusky no-sky
+of such a realm; and this, though I had forgotten most of the story, was recalled
+quite unexpectedly by the same pattern of cliff and sky which I then beheld. The
+sight was similar to what I had imagined in a year now lost save for random,
+incomplete impressions. Suggestions of this story may have lingered behind
+certain irritating unfinished memories, and in certain values hinted to my senses
+by scenes whose actual worth was bafflingly small. Frequently, in a momentary
+perception, we feel that a feathery landscape (for instance), a woman's dress
+along the curve of a road by afternoon, or the solidity of a century-defying tree
+against the pale morning sky (the conditions more than the object being
+significant) hold something precious, some golden virtue that we must grasp.
+And yet when such a scene or arrangement is viewed later, or from another
+point, we find that it has lost its value and meaning for us. Perhaps this is
+because the thing we see does not hold that elusive quality, but only suggests to
+the mind some very different thing which remains unremembered. The baffled
+mind, not wholly sensing the cause of its flashing appreciation, seizes on the
+object exciting it, and is surprised when there is nothing of worth therein. Thus it
+was when I beheld the purpling clouds. They held the stateliness and mystery of
+old monastery towers at twilight, but their aspect was also that of the cliffs in the
+old fairy-tale. Suddenly reminded of this lost image, I half expected to see, in the
+fine-spun dirty foam and among the waves which were now as if they had been
+poured of flawed black glass, the horrid figure of that ape-faced creature,
+wearing a mitre old with verdigris, advancing from its kingdom in some lost gulf
+to which those waves were sky.
+
+I did not see any such creature from the realm of imagining, but as the chill wind
+veered, slitting the heavens like a rustling knife, there lay in the gloom of
+merging cloud and water only a grey object, like a piece of driftwood, tossing
+obscurely on the foam. This was a considerable distance out, and since it
+vanished shortly, may not have been wood, but a porpoise coming to the
+troubled surface.
+
+I soon found that I had stayed too long contemplating the rising storm and
+linking my early fancies with its grandeur, for an icy rain began spotting down,
+bringing a more uniform gloom upon a scene already too dark for the hour.
+Hurrying along the grey sand, I felt the impact of cold drops upon my back, and
+
+
+
+1137
+
+
+
+before many moments my clothing was soaked throughout. At first I had run,
+put to flight by the colourless drops whose pattern hung in long linking strands
+from an unseen sky; but after I saw that refuge was too far to reach in anything
+like a dry state, I slackened my pace, and returned home as if I had walked under
+clear skies. There was not much reason to hurry, although I did not idle as upon
+previous occasions. The constraining wet garments were cold upon me, and with
+the gathering darkness, and the wind that rose endlessly from the ocean, I could
+not repress a shiver. Yet there was, beside the discomfort of the precipitous rain,
+an exhilaration latent in the purplish ravelled masses of cloud and the stimulated
+reactions of the body. In a mood half of exultant pleasure from resisting the rain
+(which streamed from me now, and filled my shoes and pockets) and half of
+strange appreciation of those morbid, dominant skies which hovered with dark
+wings above the shifting eternal sea, I tramped along the grey corridor of EUston
+Beach. More rapidly than I had expected the crouching house showed in the
+oblique, flapping rain, and all the weeds of the sand cliff writhed in
+accompaniment to the frantic wind, as if they would uproot themselves to join
+the far-travelling element. Sea and sky had altered not at all, and the scene was
+that which had accompanied me, save that there was now painted upon it the
+hunching roof that seemed to bend from the assailing rain. I hurried up the
+insecure steps, and let myself into a dry room, where, unconsciously surprised
+that I was free of the nagging wind, I stood for a moment with water rilling from
+every inch of me.
+
+There are two windows in the front of that house, one on each side, and these
+face nearly straight upon the ocean; which I now saw half obscured by the
+combined veils of the rain and the imminent night. From these windows I looked
+as I dressed myself in a motley array of dry garments seized from convenient
+hangers and from a chair too laden to sit upon. I was prisoned on all sides by an
+unnaturally increased dusk which had filtered down at some undefined hour
+under cover of the fostering storm. How long I had been on the reaches of wet
+grey sand, or what the real time was, I could not tell, though a moment's search
+produced my watch - fortunately left behind and thus avoiding the uniform
+wetness of my clothing. I half guessed the hour from the dimly seen hands,
+which were only slightly less indecipherable than the surrounding figures. In
+another moment my sight penetrated the gloom (greater in the house than
+beyond the bleared window) and saw that it was 6:45.
+
+There had been no one upon the beach as I came in, and naturally I expected to
+see no further swimmers that night. Yet when I looked again from the window
+there appeared surely to be figures blotting the grime of the wet evening. I
+counted three moving about in some incomprehensible manner, and close to the
+house another - which may not have been a person but a wave-ejected log, for
+the surf was now pounding fiercely. I was startled to no little degree, and
+
+
+
+1138
+
+
+
+wondered for what purpose those hardy persons stayed out in such a storm. And
+then I thought that perhaps hke myself they had been caught unintentionally in
+the rain and had surrendered to the watery gusts. In another moment, prompted
+by a certain civilized hospitality which overcame my love of solitude, I stepped
+to the door and emerged momentarily (at the cost of another wetting, for the rain
+promptly descended upon me in exultant fury) on the small porch, gesticulating
+toward the people. But whether they did not see me, or did not understand, they
+made no returning signal. Dim in the evening, they stood as if half*surprised, or
+as if they awaited some other action from me. There was in their attitude
+something of that cryptic blankness, signifying anything or nothing, which the
+house wore about itself as seen in the morbid sunset. Abruptly there came to me
+a feeling that a sinister quality lurked about those un-moving figures who chose
+to stay in the rainy night upon a beach deserted by all people, and I closed the
+door with a surge of annoyance which sought all too vainly to disguise a deeper
+emotion of fear; a consuming fright that welled up from the shadows of my
+consciousness. A moment later, when I had stepped to the window, there
+seemed to be nothing outside but the portentous night. Vaguely puzzled, and
+even more vaguely frightened - like one who has seen no alarming thing, but is
+apprehensive of what may be found in the dark street he is soon compelled to
+cross - I decided that I had very possibly seen no one; and that the murky air had
+deceived me.
+
+The aura of isolation about the place increased that night, though just out of sight
+on the northward beach a hundred houses rose in the rainy darkness, their light
+bleared and yellow above streets of polished glass, like goblin-eyes reflected in
+an oily forest pool. Yet because I could not see them, or even reach them in bad
+weather - since I had no car nor any way to leave the crouching house except by
+walking in the figure- haunted darkness - I realized quite suddenly that I was, to
+all intents, alone with the dreary sea that rose and subsided unseen, unkenned,
+in the mist. And the voice of the sea had become a hoarse groan, like that of
+something wounded which shifts about before trying to rise.
+
+Fighting away the prevalent gloom with a soiled lamp - for the darkness crept in
+at my windows and sat peering obscurely at me from the corners like a patient
+animal - I prepared my food, since I had no intentions of going to the village. The
+hour seemed incredibly advanced, though it was not yet nine o'clock when I
+went to bed. Darkness had come early and furtively, and throughout the
+remainder of my stay lingered evasively over each scene and action which I
+beheld. Something had settled out of the night - something forever undefined,
+but stirring a latent sense within me, so that I was like a beast expecting the
+momentary rustle of an enemy.
+
+
+
+1139
+
+
+
+There were hours of wind, and sheets of the downpour flapped endlessly on the
+meagre walls barring it from me. Lulls came in which I heard the mumbling sea,
+and I could guess that large formless waves jostled one another in the pallid
+whine of the winds, and flung on the beach a spray bitter with salt. Yet in the
+very monotony of the restless elements I found a lethargic note, a sound that
+beguiled me, after a time, into slumber grey and colourless as the night. The sea
+continued its mad monologue, and the wind her nagging; but these were shut
+out by the walls of unconsciousness, and for a time the night ocean was banished
+from a sleeping mind.
+
+Morning brought an enfeebled sun - a sun like that which men will see when the
+earth is old, if there are any men left; a sun more weary than the shrouded,
+moribund sky. Faint echo of its old image, Phoebus strove to pierce the ragged,
+ambiguous clouds as I awoke, at moments sending a wash of pale gold rippling
+across the northwestern interior of my house, at others waning till it was only a
+luminous ball, like some incredible plaything forgotten on the celestial lawn.
+After a while the falling rain - which must have continued throughout the
+previous night - succeeded in washing away those vestiges of purple cloud
+which had been like the ocean cliffs in an old fairy-tale. Cheated alike of the
+setting and rising sun, that day merged with the day before, as if the intervening
+storm had not ushered a long darkness into the world, but had swollen and
+subsided into one long afternoon. Gaining heart, the furtive sun exerted all his
+force in dispelling the old mist, streaked now like a dirty window, and cast it
+from his realm. The shallow blue day advanced as those grimy wisps retreated,
+and the loneliness which had encircled me welled back into a watchful place of
+retreat, whence it went no farther, but crouched and waited.
+
+The ancient brightness was now once more upon the sun, and the old glitter on
+the waves, whose playful blue shapes had flocked upon that coast ere man was
+born, and would rejoice unseen when he was forgotten in the sepulchre of time.
+Influenced by these thin assurances, like one who believes the smile of friendship
+on an enemy's features, I opened my door, and as it swung outward, a black spot
+upon the inward burst of light, I saw the beach washed clean of any track, as if
+no foot before mine had disturbed the smooth sand. With the quick lift of spirit
+that follows a period of uneasy depression, I felt - in a purely yielding fashion
+and without volition - that my own memory was washed clean of all the mistrust
+and suspicion and disease-like fear of a lifetime, just as the filth of the water's
+edge succumbs to a particularly high tide and is carried out of sight. There was a
+scent of soaked, brackish grass, like the mouldy pages of a book, commingled
+with a sweet odour born of the hot sunlight upon inland meadows, and these
+were borne into me like an exhilarating drink, seeping and tingling through my
+veins as if they would convey to me something of their own impalpable nature,
+and float me dizzily in the aimless breeze. And conspiring with these things, the
+
+
+
+1140
+
+
+
+sun continued to shower upon me, like the rain of yesterday, an incessant array
+of bright spears; as if it also wished to hide that suspected background presence
+which moved beyond my sight and was betrayed only by a careless rustle on the
+borders of my consciousness, or by the aspect of blank figures staring out of an
+ocean void. That sun, a fierce ball solitary in the whirlpool of infinity, was like a
+horde of golden moths against my upturned face. A bubbling white grail of fire
+divine and incomprehensible, it withheld from me a thousand promised mirages
+where it granted one. For the sun did actually seem to indicate realms, secure
+and fanciful, where if I but knew the path I might wander in this curious
+exultation. Such things come of our own natures, for life has never yielded for
+one moment her secrets, and it is only in our interpretation of their hinted images
+that we may find ecstasy or dullness, according to a deliberately induced mood.
+Yet ever and again we must succumb to her deceptions, believing for the
+moment that we may this time find the withheld joy. And in this way the fresh
+sweetness of the wind, on a morning following the haunted darkness (whose evil
+intimations had given me a greater uneasiness than any menace to my body),
+whispered to me of ancient mysteries only half-linked with earth, and of
+pleasures that were the sharper because I felt that I might experience only a part
+of them. The sun and wind and that scent that rose upon them told me of
+festivals of gods whose senses are a millionfold more poignant than man's and
+whose joys are a millionfold more subtle and prolonged. These things, they
+hinted, could be mine if I gave myself wholly into their bright deceptive power;
+and the sun, a crouching god with naked celestial flesh, an unknown, too-mighty
+furnace upon which no eye might look, seemed almost sacred in the glow of my
+newly sharpened emotions. The ethereal thunderous light it gave was something
+before which all things must worship astonished. The slinking leopard in his
+green- chasmed forest must have paused briefly to consider its leaf-scattered
+rays, and all things nurtured by it must have cherished its bright message on
+such a day. For when it is absent in the far reaches of eternity, earth will be lost
+and black against an illimitable void. That morning, in which I shared the fire of
+life, and whose brief moment of pleasure is secure against the ravenous years,
+was astir with the beckoning of strange things whose elusive names can never be
+written.
+
+As I made my way toward the village, wondering how it might look after a long-
+needed scrubbing by the industrious rain, I saw, tangled in a glimmer of sunlit
+moisture that was poured over it like a yellow vintage, a small object like a hand,
+some twenty feet ahead of me, and touched by the repetitious foam. The shock
+and disgust born in my startled mind when I saw that it was indeed a piece of
+rotten flesh overcame my new contentment, and engendered a shocked suspicion
+that it might actually be a hand. Certainly, no fish, or part of one, could assume
+that look, and I thought I saw mushy fingers wed in decay. I turned the thing
+over with my foot, not wishing to touch so foul an object, and it adhered stickily
+
+
+
+1141
+
+
+
+to the leather of the shoe, as if clutching with the grasp of corruption. The thing,
+whose shape was nearly lost, held too much resemblance to what I feared it
+might be, and I pushed it into the willing grasp of a seething wave, which took it
+from sight with an alacrity not often shown by those ravelled edges of the sea.
+
+Perhaps I should have reported my find, yet its nature was too ambiguous to
+make action natural. Since it had been partly eaten by some ocean-dwelling
+monstrousness, I did not think it identifiable enough to form evidence of an
+unknown but possible tragedy. The numerous drownings, of course, came into
+my mind - as well as other things lacking in wholesomeness, some of which
+remained only as possibilities. Whatever the storm-dislodged fragment may
+have been, and whether it were fish or some animal akin to man, I have never
+spoken of it until now. And after all, there was no proof that it had not merely
+been distorted by rottenness into that shape.
+
+I approached the town, sickened by the presence of such an object amid the
+apparent beauty of the clean beach, though it was horribly typical of the
+indifference of death in a nature which mingles rottenness with beauty, and
+perhaps loves the former more. In Ellston I heard of no recent drowning or other
+mishap of the sea, and found no reference to such in the columns of the local
+paper - the only one I read during my stay.
+
+It is difficult to describe the mental state in which succeeding days found me.
+Always susceptible to morbid emotions whose dark anguish might be induced
+by things outside myself, or might spring from the abysses of my own spirit, I
+was ridden by a feeling which was not fear or despair, or anything akin to these,
+but was rather a perception of the brief hideousness and underlying filth of life -
+a feeling partly a reflection of my internal nature and partly a result of breedings
+induced by that gnawed rotten object which may have been a hand. In those
+days my mind was a place of shadowed cliffs and dark moving figures, like the
+ancient unsuspected realm which the fairy-tale recalled to me. I felt, in brief
+agonies of disillusionment, the gigantic blackness of this overwhelming universe,
+in which my days and the days of my race were as nothing to the shattered stars;
+a universe in which each action is vain and even the emotion of grief a wasted
+thing.
+
+The hours I had previously spent in something of regained health, contentment,
+and physical well-being were given now (as if those days of the previous week
+were something definitely ended) to an indolence like that of a man who no
+longer cares to live. I was engulfed by a piteous lethargic fear of some ineluctable
+doom which would be, I felt, the completed hate of the peering stars and of the
+black enormous waves that hoped to clasp my bones within them - the
+vengeance of all the indifferent, horrendous majesty of the night ocean.
+
+
+
+1142
+
+
+
+Something of the darkness and restlessness of the sea had penetrated my heart,
+so that I hved in an unreasoning, unperceiving torment; a torment none the less
+acute because of the subtlety of its origin and the strange, unmotivated quality of
+its vampiric existence. Before my eyes lay the phantasmagoria of the purpling
+clouds, the strange silver bauble, the recurrent stagnant foam, the loneliness of
+that bleak-eyed house, and the mockery of the puppet town. I no longer went to
+the village, for it seemed only a travesty of life. Like my own soul, it stood upon
+a dark enveloping sea - a sea grown slowly hateful to me. And among these
+images, corrupt and festering, dwelt that of an object whose human contours left
+ever smaller the doubt of what it once had been.
+
+These scribbled words can never tell of the hideous loneliness (something I did
+not even wish assuaged, so deeply was it embedded in my heart) which had
+insinuated itself within me, mumbling of terrible and unknown things stealthily
+circling nearer. It was not a madness: rather was it a too clear and naked
+perception of the darkness beyond this frail existence, lit by a momentary sun no
+more secure than ourselves; a realization of futility that few can experience and
+ever again touch the life about them; a knowledge that turn as I might, battle as I
+might with all the remaining power of my spirit, I could neither win an inch of
+ground from the inimical universe, nor hold for even a moment the life entrusted
+to me. Fearing death as I did life, burdened with a nameless dread, yet unwilling
+to leave the scene evoking it, I awaited whatever consummating horror was
+shifting itself in the immense region beyond the walls of consciousness.
+
+Thus autumn found me, and what I had gained from the sea was lost back into it.
+Autumn on the beaches - a drear time betokened by no scarlet leaf nor any other
+accustomed sign. A frightening sea which changes not, though man changes.
+There was only a chilling of the waters, in which I no longer cared to enter - a
+further darkening of the pall-like sky, as if eternities of snow were waiting to
+descend upon the ghastly waves. Once that descent began, it would never cease,
+but would continue beneath the white and the yellow and the crimson sun, and
+beneath that ultimate small ruby which shall yield only to the futilities of night.
+The once friendly waters babbled meaningfully at me, and eyed me with a
+strange regard, yet whether the darkness of the scene were a reflection of my
+own breedings or whether the gloom within me were caused by what lay
+without, I could not have told. Upon the beach and me alike had fallen a shadow,
+like that of a bird which flies silently overhead - a bird whose watching eyes we
+do not suspect till the image on the ground repeats the image in the sky, and we
+look suddenly upward to find that something has been circling above us hitherto
+unseen.
+
+The day was in late September, and the town had closed the resorts where mad
+frivolity ruled empty, fear- haunted lives, and where raddled puppets performed
+
+
+
+1143
+
+
+
+their summer antics. The puppets were cast aside, smeared with the painted
+smiles and frowns they had last assumed, and there were not a hundred people
+left in the town. Again the gaudy, stucco-fronted buildings lining the shore were
+permitted to crumble undisturbed in the wind. As the month advanced to the
+day of which I speak, there grew in me the light of a grey infernal dawn, wherein
+I felt some dark thaumaturgy would be completed. Since I feared such a
+thaumaturgy less than a continuance of my horrible suspicions -less than the
+too-elusive hints of something monstrous lurking behind the great stage - it was
+with more speculation than actual fear that I waited unendingly for the day of
+horror which seemed to be nearing. The day, I repeat, was late in September,
+though whether the 22nd or 23rd I am uncertain. Such details have fled before
+the recollection of those uncompleted happenings - episodes with which no
+orderly existence should be plagued, because of the damnable suggestions (and
+only suggestions) they contain. I knew the time with an intuitive distress of spirit
+- a recognition too deep for me to explain. Throughout those daylight hours I
+was expectant of the night; impatient, perhaps, so that the sunlight passed like a
+half-glimpsed reflection in rippled water - a day of whose events I recall nothing.
+
+It was long since that portentous storm had cast a shadow over the beach, and I
+had determined, after hesitations caused by nothing tangible, to leave EUston,
+since the year was chilling and there was no return to my earlier contentment.
+When a telegram came for me (lying two days in the Western Union office before
+I was located, so little was my name known) saying that my design had been
+accepted - winning above all others in the contest - 1 set a date for leaving. This
+news, which earlier in the year would have affected me strongly, I now received
+with a curious apathy. It seemed as unrelated to the unreality about me, as little
+pertinent to me, as if it were directed to another person whom I did not know,
+and whose message had come to me through some accident. None the less, it was
+that which forced me to complete my plans and leave the cottage by the shore.
+
+There were only four nights of my stay remaining when there occurred the last of
+those events whose meaning lies more in the darkly sinister impression
+surrounding them than in anything obviously threatening. Night had settled
+over Ellston and the coast, and a pile of soiled dishes attested both to my recent
+meal and to my lack of industry. Darkness came as I sat with a cigarette before
+the seaward window, and it was a liquid which gradually filled the sky, washing
+in a floating moon, monstrously elevated. The flat sea bordering upon the
+gleaming sand, the utter absence of tree or figure or life of any sort, and the
+regard of that high moon made the vastness of my surroundings abruptly clear.
+There were only a few stars pricking through, as if to accentuate by their
+smallness the majesty of the lunar orb and of the restless shifting tide.
+
+
+
+1144
+
+
+
+I had stayed indoors, fearing somehow to go out before the sea on such a night of
+shapeless portent, but I heard it mumbhng secrets of an incredible lore. Borne to
+me on a wind out of nowhere was the breath of some strange palpitant life - the
+embodiment of all I had felt and of all I had suspected - stirring now in the
+chasms of the sky or beneath the mute waves. In what place this mystery turned
+from an ancient, horrible slumber I could not tell, but like one who stands by a
+figure lost in sleep, knowing that it will awake in a moment, I crouched by the
+window, holding a nearly burnt-out cigarette, and faced the rising moon.
+
+Gradually there passed into that never-stirring landscape a brilliance intensified
+by the overhead glimmerings, and I seemed more and more under some
+compulsion to watch whatever might follow. The shadows were draining from
+the beach, and I felt that with them were all which might have been a harbour for
+my thoughts when the hinted thing should come. Where any of them did remain
+they were ebon and blank: still lumps of darkness sprawling beneath the cruel
+brilliant rays. The endless tableau of the lunar orb - dead now, whatever her past
+was, and cold as the unhuman sepulchres she bears amid the ruin of dusty
+centuries older than men - and the sea - astir, perhaps, with some unkenned life,
+some forbidden sentience - confronted me with a horrible vividness. I arose and
+shut the window; partly because of an inward prompting, but mostly, I think, as
+an excuse for transferring momentarily the stream of thought. No sound came to
+me now as I stood before the closed panes. Minutes or eternities were alike. I was
+waiting, like my own fearing heart and the motionless scene beyond, for the
+token of some ineffable life. I had set the lamp upon a box in the western corner
+of the room, but the moon was brighter, and her bluish rays invaded places
+where the lamplight was faint. The ancient glow of the round silent orb lay upon
+the beach as it had lain for aeons, and I waited in a torment of expectancy made
+doubly acute by the delay in fulfillment and the uncertainty of what strange
+completion was to come.
+
+Outside the crouching hut a white illumination suggested vague spectral forms
+whose unreal, phantasmal motions seemed to taunt my blindness, just as
+unheard voices mocked my eager listening. For countless moments I was still, as
+if Time and the tolling of her great bell were hushed into nothingness. And yet
+there was nothing which I might fear: the moon-chiselled shadows were
+unnatural in no contour, and veiled nothing from my eyes. The night was silent -
+I knew that despite my closed window - and all the stars were fixed mournfully
+in a listening heaven of dark grandeur. No motion from me then, or word now,
+could reveal my plight, or tell of the fear-racked brain imprisoned in flesh which
+dared not break the silence, for all the torture it brought. As if expectant of death,
+and assured that nothing could serve to banish the soul-peril I confronted I
+crouched with a forgotten cigarette in my hand. A silent world gleamed beyond
+the cheap, dirty windows, and in one corner of the room a pair of dirty oars.
+
+
+
+1145
+
+
+
+placed there before my arrival, shared the vigil of my spirit. The lamp burned
+endlessly, yielding a sick light hued like a corpse's flesh. Glancing at it now and
+again for the desperate distraction it gave, I saw that many bubbles
+unaccountably rose and vanished in the kerosene-filled base. Curiously enough,
+there was no heat from the wick. And suddenly I became aware that the night as
+a whole was neither warm nor cold, but strangely neutral - as if all physical
+forces were suspended, and all the laws of a calm existence disrupted.
+
+Then, with an unheard splash which sent from the silver water to the shore a line
+of ripples echoed in fear by my heart, a swimming thing emerged beyond the
+breakers. The figure may have been that of a dog, a human being, or something
+more strange. It could not have known that I watched - perhaps it did not care -
+but like a distorted fish it swam across the mirrored stars and dived beneath the
+surface. After a moment it came up again, and this time, since it was closer, I saw
+that it was carrying something across its shoulder. I knew, then, that it could be
+no animal, and that it was a man or something like a man, which came toward
+the land from a dark ocean. But it swam with a horrible ease.
+
+As I watched, dread-filled and passive, with the fixed stare of one who awaits
+death in another yet knows he cannot avert it, the swimmer approached the
+shore - though too far down the southward beach for me to discern its outlines or
+features. Obscurely loping, with sparks of moonlit foam scattered by its quick
+gait, it emerged and was lost among the inland dunes.
+
+Now I was possessed by a sudden recurrence of fear, which had died away in the
+previous moments. There was a tingling coldness all over me - though the room,
+whose window I dared not open now, was stuffy. I thought it would be very
+horrible if something were to enter a window which was not closed.
+
+Now that I could no longer see the figure, I felt that it lingered somewhere in the
+close shadows, or peered hideously at me from whatever window I did not
+watch. And so I turned my gaze, eagerly and frantically, to each successive pane;
+dreading that I might indeed behold an intrusive regarding face, yet unable to
+keep myself from the terrifying inspection. But though I watched for hours, there
+was no longer anything upon the beach.
+
+So the night passed, and with it began the ebbing of that strangeness - a
+strangeness which had surged up like an evil brew within a pot, had mounted to
+the very rim in a breathless moment, had paused uncertainly there, and had
+subsided, taking with it whatever unknown message it had borne. Like the stars
+that promise the revelation of terrible and glorious memories, goad us into
+worship by this deception, and then impart nothing, I had come frighteningly
+near to the capture of an old secret which ventured close to man's haunts and
+
+
+
+1146
+
+
+
+lurked cautiously just beyond the edge of the known. Yet in the end I had
+nothing. I was given only a glimpse of the furtive thing; a glimpse made obscure
+by the veils of ignorance. I cannot even conceive what might have shown itself
+had I been too close to that swimmer who went shoreward instead of into the
+ocean. I do not know what might have come if the brew had passed the rim of
+the pot and poured outward in a swift cascade of revelation. The night ocean
+withheld whatever it had nurtured. I shall know nothing more.
+
+Even yet I do not know why the ocean holds such a fascination for me. But then,
+perhaps none of us can solve those things - they exist in defiance of all
+explanation. There are men, and wise men, who do not like the sea and its
+lapping surf on yellow shores; and they think us strange who love the mystery of
+the ancient and unending deep. Yet for me there is a haunting and inscrutable
+glamour in all the ocean's moods. It is in the melancholy silver foam beneath the
+moon's waxen corpse; it hovers over the silent and eternal waves that beat on
+naked shores; it is there when all is lifeless save for unknown shapes that glide
+through sombre depths. And when I behold the awesome billows surging in
+endless strength, there comes upon me an ecstasy akin to fear; so that I must
+abase myself before this mightiness, that I may not hate the clotted waters and
+their overwhelming beauty.
+
+Vast and lonely is the ocean, and even as all things came from it, so shall they
+return thereto. In the shrouded depths of time none shall reign upon the earth,
+nor shall any motion be, save in the eternal waters. And these shall beat on dark
+shores in thunderous foam, though none shall remain in that dying world to
+watch the cold light of the enfeebled moon playing on the swirling tides and
+coarse-grained sand. On the deep's margin shall rest only a stagnant foam,
+gathering about the shells and bones of perished shapes that dwelt within the
+waters. Silent, flabby things will toss and roll along empty shores, their sluggish
+life extinct. Then all shall be dark, for at last even the white moon on the distant
+waves shall wink out. Nothing shall be left, neither above nor below the sombre
+waters. And until that last millennium, and beyond the perishing of all other
+things, the sea will thunder and toss throughout the dismal night.
+
+
+
+1147
+
+
+
+The Thing in the Moonlight - with J.
+Chapman Miske
+
+Written November 24, 1927
+
+The following is based, in places word for word, on a letter Lovecraft wrote to
+Donald Wandrei on November 24, 1927. The first three and last five paragraphs
+were added by J. Chapman Miske; the remainder is almost verbatim Lovecraft.
+
+In the letter, Lovecraft reveals that his "dreams occasionally approach'd the
+phantastical in character, tho' falling somewhat short of coherence." Many of his
+stories were inspired by dreams.
+
+Morgan is not a literary man; in fact he cannot speak English with any degree of
+coherency. That is what makes me wonder about the words he wrote, though
+others have laughed.
+
+He was alone the evening it happened. Suddenly an unconquerable urge to write
+came over him, and taking pen in hand he wrote the following:
+
+My name is Howard Phillips. I live at 66 College Street, in Providence, Rhode
+Island. On November 24, 1927-for I know not even what the year may be now-, I
+fell asleep and dreamed, since when I have been unable to awaken.
+
+My dream began in a dank, reed-choked marsh that lay under a gray autumn
+sky, with a rugged cliff of lichen-crusted stone rising to the north. Impelled by
+some obscure quest, I ascended a rift or cleft in this beetling precipice, noting as I
+did so the black mouths of many fearsome burrows extending from both walls
+into the depths of the stony plateau.
+
+At several points the passage was roofed over by the choking of the upper parts
+of the narrow fissure; these places being exceeding dark, and forbidding the
+perception of such burrows as may have existed there. In one such dark space I
+felt conscious of a singular accession of fright, as if some subtle and bodiless
+emanation from the abyss were engulfing my spirit; but the blackness was too
+great for me to perceive the source of my alarm.
+
+At length I emerged upon a tableland of moss-grown rock and scanty soil, lit by
+a faint moonlight which had replaced the expiring orb of day. Casting my eyes
+about, I beheld no living object; but was sensible of a very peculiar stirring far
+below me, amongst the whispering rushes of the pestilential swamp I had lately
+quitted.
+
+
+
+1148
+
+
+
+After walking for some distance, I encountered the rusty tracks of a street
+railway, and the worm-eaten poles which still held the limp and sagging trolley
+wire. Following this line, I soon came upon a yellow, vestibuled car numbered
+1852-of a plain, double-trucked type common from 1900 to 1910. It was
+untenanted, but evidently ready to start; the trolley being on the wire and the air-
+brake now and then throbbing beneath the floor. I boarded it and looked vainly
+about for the light switch-noting as I did so the absence of the controller handle,
+which thus implied the brief absence of the motorman. Then I sat down in one of
+the cross seats of the vehicle. Presently I heard a swishing in the sparse grass
+toward the left, and saw the dark forms of two men looming up in the
+moonlight. They had the regulation caps of a railway company, and I could not
+doubt but that they were conductor and motorman. Then one of them sniffed
+with singular sharpness, and raised his face to howl to the moon. The other
+dropped on all fours to run toward the car.
+
+I leaped up at once and raced madly out of that car and across endless leagues of
+plateau till exhaustion forced me to stop-doing this not because the conductor
+had dropped on all fours, but because the face of the motorman was a mere
+white cone tapering to one blood- red- tentacle. . .
+
+I was aware that I only dreamed, but the very awareness was not pleasant. Since
+that fearful night, I have prayed only for awakening-it has not come!
+
+Instead I have found myself an inhabitant of this terrible dream-world! That first
+night gave way to dawn, and I wandered aimlessly over the lonely swamp-lands.
+When night came, I still wandered, hoping for awakening. But suddenly I parted
+the weeds and saw before me the ancient railway car-and to one side a cone-
+faced thing lifted its head and in the streaming moonlight howled strangely!
+
+It has been the same each day. Night takes me always to that place of horror. I
+have tried not moving, with the coming of nightfall, but I must walk in my
+slumber, for always I awaken with the thing of dread howling before me in the
+pale moonlight, and I turn and flee madly.
+
+God! when will I awaken?
+
+That is what Morgan wrote. I would go to 66 College Street in Providence, but I
+fear for what I might find there.
+
+
+
+1149
+
+
+
+The Trap - with Henry S. Whitehead
+
+Written late 1931
+
+It was on a certain Thursday morning in December that the whole thing began
+with that unaccountable motion I thought I saw in my antique Copenhagen
+mirror. Something, it seemed to me, stirred - something reflected in the glass,
+though I was alone in my quarters. I paused and looked intently, then, deciding
+that the effect must be a pure illusion, resumed the interrupted brushing of my
+hair.
+
+I had discovered the old mirror, covered with dust and cobwebs, in an
+outbuilding of an abandoned estate- house in Santa Cruz's sparsely settled
+Northside territory, and had brought it to the United States from the Virgin
+Islands. The venerable glass was dim from more than two hundred years'
+exposure to a tropical climate, and the graceful ornamentation along the top of
+the gilt frame had been badly smashed. I had had the detached pieces set back
+into the frame before placing it in storage with my other belongings.
+
+Now, several years later, I was staying half as a guest and half as a tutor at the
+private school of my old friend Browne on a windy Connecticut hillside -
+occupying an unused wing in one of the dormitories, where I had two rooms and
+a hallway to myself. The old mirror, stowed securely in mattresses, was the first
+of my possessions to be unpacked on my arrival; and I had set it up majestically
+in the living-room, on top of an old rosewood console which had belonged to my
+great-grandmother.
+
+The door of my bedroom was just opposite that of the living-room, with a
+hallway between; and I had noticed that by looking into my chiffonier glass I
+could see the larger mirror through the two doorways - which was exactly like
+glancing down an endless, though diminishing, corridor. On this Thursday
+morning I thought I saw a curious suggestion of motion down that normally
+empty corridor - but, as I have said, soon dismissed the notion.
+
+When I reached the dining-room I found everyone complaining of the cold, and
+learned that the school's heating-plant was temporarily out of order. Being
+especially sensitive to low temperatures, I was myself an acute sufferer; and at
+once decided not to brave any freezing schoolroom that day. Accordingly I
+invited my class to come over to my living-room for an informal session around
+my grate-fire - a suggestion which the boys received enthusiastically.
+
+
+
+1150
+
+
+
+After the session one of the boys, Robert Grandison, asked if he might remain;
+since he had no appointment for the second morning period. I told him to stay,
+and welcome. He sat down to study in front of the fireplace in a comfortable
+chair.
+
+It was not long, however, before Robert moved to another chair somewhat
+farther away from the freshly replenished blaze, this change bringing him
+directly opposite the old mirror. From my own chair in another part of the room
+I noticed how fixedly he began to look at the dim, cloudy glass, and, wondering
+what so greatly interested him, was reminded of my own experience earlier that
+morning. As time passed he continued to gaze, a slight frown knitting his brows.
+
+At last I quietly asked him what had attracted his attention. Slowly, and still
+wearing the puzzled frown, he looked over and replied rather cautiously:
+
+"It's the corrugations in the glass - or whatever they are, Mr. Canevin. I was
+noticing how they all seem to run from a certain point. Look - I'll show you what
+I mean."
+
+The boy jumped up, went over to the mirror, and placed his finger on a point
+near its lower left-hand corner.
+
+"It's right here, sir," he explained, turning to look toward me and keeping his
+finger on the chosen spot.
+
+His muscular action in turning may have pressed his finger against the glass.
+Suddenly he withdrew his hand as though with some slight effort, and with a
+faintly muttered "Ouch." Then he looked at the glass in obvious mystification.
+
+"What happened?" I asked, rising and approaching.
+
+"Why - it..." He seemed embarrassed. "It - I - felt - well, as though it were
+pulling my finger into it. Seems - er - perfectly foolish, sir, but - well - it was a
+most peculiar sensation." Robert had an unusual vocabulary for his fifteen years.
+
+I came over and had him show me the exact spot he meant.
+
+"You'll think I'm rather a fool, sir," he said shamefacedly, "but - well, from right
+here I can't be absolutely sure. From the chair it seemed to be clear enough."
+
+Now thoroughly interested, I sat down in the chair Robert had occupied and
+looked at the spot he selected on the mirror. Instantly the thing "jumped out at
+me." Unmistakably, from that particular angle, all the many whorls in the
+
+
+
+1151
+
+
+
+ancient glass appeared to converge like a large number of spread strings held in
+one hand and radiating out in streams.
+
+Getting up and crossing to the mirror, I could no longer see the curious spot.
+Only from certain angles, apparently, was it visible. Directly viewed, that portion
+of the mirror did not even give back a normal reflection - for I could not see my
+face in it. Manifestly I had a minor puzzle on my hands.
+
+Presently the school gong sounded, and the fascinated Robert Grandison
+departed hurriedly, leaving me alone with my odd little problem in optics. I
+raised several window-shades, crossed the hallway, and sought for the spot in
+the chiffonier mirror's reflection. Finding it readily, I looked very intently and
+thought I again detected something of the "motion." I craned my neck, and at
+last, at a certain angle of vision, the thing again "jumped out at me."
+
+The vague "motion" was now positive and definite - an appearance of torsional
+movement, or of whirling; much like a minute yet intense whirlwind or
+waterspout, or a huddle of autumn leaves dancing circularly in an eddy of wind
+along a level lawn. It was, like the earth's, a double motion - around and around,
+and at the same time inward, as if the whorls poured themselves endlessly
+toward some point inside the glass. Fascinated, yet realizing that the thing must
+be an illusion, I grasped an impression of quite distinct suction, and thought of
+Robert's embarrassed explanation: "I felt as though it were pulling my finger
+into it."
+
+A kind of slight chill ran suddenly up and down my backbone. There was
+something here distinctly worth looking into. And as the idea of investigation
+came to me, I recalled the rather wistful expression of Robert Grandison when
+the gong called him to class. I remembered how he had looked back over his
+shoulder as he walked obediently out into the hallway, and resolved that he
+should be included in whatever analysis I might make of this little mystery.
+
+Exciting events connected with that same Robert, however, were soon to chase
+all thoughts of the mirror from my consciousness for a time. I was away all that
+afternoon, and did not return to the school until the five-fifteen "Call-Over" - a
+general assembly at which the boys' attendance was compulsory. Dropping in at
+this function with the idea of picking Robert up for a session with the mirror, I
+was astonished and pained to find him absent - a very unusual and
+unaccountable thing in his case. That evening Browne told me that the boy had
+actually disappeared, a search in his room, in the gymnasium, and in all other
+accustomed places being unavailing, though all his belongings - including his
+outdoor clothing - were in their proper places.
+
+
+
+1152
+
+
+
+He had not been encountered on the ice or with any of the hiking groups that
+afternoon, and telephone calls to all the school-catering merchants of the
+neighborhood were in vain. There was, in short, no record of his having been
+seen since the end of the lesson periods at two-fifteen; when he had turned up
+the stairs toward his room in Dormitory Number Three.
+
+When the disappearance was fully realized, the resulting sensation was
+tremendous throughout the school. Browne, as headmaster, had to bear the
+brunt of it; and such an unprecedented occurrence in his well- regulated, highly
+organized institution left him quite bewildered. It was learned that Robert had
+not run away to his home in western Pennsylvania, nor did any of the searching-
+parties of boys and masters find any trace of him in the snowy countryside
+around the school. So far as could be seen, he had simply vanished.
+
+Robert's parents arrived on the afternoon of the second day after his
+disappearance. They took their trouble quietly, though, of course, they were
+staggered by this unexpected disaster. Browne looked ten years older for it, but
+there was absolutely nothing that could be done. By the fourth day the case had
+settled down in the opinion of the school as an insoluble mystery. Mr. and Mrs.
+Grandison went reluctantly back to their home, and on the following morning
+the ten days' Christmas vacation began.
+
+Boys and masters departed in anything but the usual holiday spirit; and Browne
+and his wife were left, along with the servants, as my only fellow-occupants of
+the big place. Without the masters and boys it seemed a very hollow shell
+indeed.
+
+That afternoon I sat in front of my grate-fire thinking about Robert's
+disappearance and evolving all sorts of fantastic theories to account for it. By
+evening I had acquired a bad headache, and ate a light supper accordingly. Then,
+after a brisk walk around the massed buildings, I returned to my living-room
+and took up the burden of thought once more.
+
+A little after ten o'clock I awakened in my armchair, stiff and chilled, from a doze
+during which I had let the fire go out. I was physically uncomfortable, yet
+mentally aroused by a peculiar sensation of expectancy and possible hope. Of
+course it had to do with the problem that was harassing me. For I had started
+from that inadvertent nap with a curious, persistent idea - the odd idea that a
+tenuous, hardly recognizable Robert Grandison had been trying desperately to
+communicate with me. I finally went to bed with one conviction unreasoningly
+strong in my mind. Somehow I was sure that young Robert Grandison was still
+alive.
+
+
+
+1153
+
+
+
+That I should be receptive of such a notion will not seem strange to those who
+know my long residence in the West Indies and my close contact with
+unexplained happenings there. It will not seem strange, either, that I fell asleep
+with an urgent desire to establish some sort of mental communication with the
+missing boy. Even the most prosaic scientists affirm, with Freud, Jung, and
+Adler, that the subconscious mind is most open to external impressions in sleep;
+though such impressions are seldom carried over intact into the waking state.
+
+Going a step further and granting the existence of telepathic forces, it follows
+that such forces must act most strongly on a sleeper; so that if I were ever to get a
+definite message from Robert, it would be during a period of profoundest
+slumber. Of course, I might lose the message in waking; but my aptitude for
+retaining such things has been sharpened by types of mental discipline picked up
+in various obscure corners of the globe.
+
+I must have dropped asleep instantaneously, and from the vividness of my
+dreams and the absence of wakeful intervals I judge that my sleep was a very
+deep one. It was six-forty-five when I awakened, and there still lingered with me
+certain impressions which I knew were carried over from the world of somnolent
+cerebration. Filling my mind was the vision of Robert Grandison strangely
+transformed to a boy of a dull greenish dark-blue color; Robert desperately
+endeavoring to communicate with me by means of speech, yet finding some
+almost insuperable difficulty in so doing. A wall of curious spatial separation
+seemed to stand between him and me - a mysterious, invisible wall which
+completely baffled us both.
+
+I had seen Robert as though at some distance, yet queerly enough he seemed at
+the same time to be just beside me. He was both larger and smaller than in real
+life, his apparent size varying directly, instead of inversely, with the distance as
+he advanced and retreated in the course of conversation. That is, he grew larger
+instead of smaller to my eye when he stepped away or backwards, and vice
+versa; as if the laws of perspective in his case had been wholly reversed. His
+aspect was misty and uncertain - as if he lacked sharp or permanent outlines; and
+the anomalies of his coloring and clothing baffled me utterly at first.
+
+At some point in my dream Robert's vocal efforts had finally crystallized into
+audible speech - albeit speech of an abnormal thickness and dullness. I could not
+for a time understand anything he said, and even in the dream racked my brain
+for a clue to where he was, what he wanted to tell, and why his utterance was so
+clumsy and unintelligible. Then little by little I began to distinguish words and
+phrases, the very first of which sufficed to throw my dreaming self into the
+wildest excitement and to establish a certain mental connection which had
+
+
+
+1154
+
+
+
+previously refused to take conscious form because of the utter incredibility of
+what it implied.
+
+I do not know how long I listened to those halting words amidst my deep
+slumber, but hours must have passed while the strangely remote speaker
+struggled on with his tale. There was revealed to me such a circumstance as I
+cannot hope to make others believe without the strongest corroborative evidence,
+yet which I was quite ready to accept as truth - both in the dream and after
+waking - because of my former contacts with uncanny things. The boy was
+obviously watching my face - mobile in receptive sleep - as he choked along; for
+about the time I began to comprehend him, his own expression brightened and
+gave signs of gratitude and hope.
+
+Any attempt to hint at Robert's message, as it lingered in my ears after a sudden
+awakening in the cold, brings this narrative to a point where I must choose my
+words with the greatest care. Everything involved is so difficult to record that
+one tends to flounder helplessly. I have said that the revelation established in my
+mind a certain connection which reason had not allowed me to formulate
+consciously before. This connection, I need no longer hesitate to hint, had to do
+with the old Copenhagen mirror whose suggestions of motion had so impressed
+me on the morning of the disappearance, and whose whorl-like contours and
+apparent illusions of suction had later exerted such a disquieting fascination on
+both Robert and me.
+
+Resolutely, though my outer consciousness had previously rejected what my
+intuition would have liked to imply, it could reject that stupendous conception
+no longer. What was fantasy in the tale of "Alice" now came to me as a grave and
+immediate reality. That looking-glass had indeed possessed a malign, abnormal
+suction; and the struggling speaker in my dream made clear the extent to which
+it violated all the known precedents of human experience and all the age-old
+laws of our three sane dimensions. It was more than a mirror - it was a gate; a
+trap; a link with spatial recesses not meant for the denizens of our visible
+universe, and realizable only in terms of the most intricate non-Euclidean
+mathematics. And in some outrageous fashion Robert Grandison had passed out
+of our ken into the glass and was there immured, waiting for release.
+
+It is significant that upon awakening I harbored no genuine doubt of the reality
+of the revelation. That I had actually held conversation with a transdimensional
+Robert, rather than evoked the whole episode from my broodings about his
+disappearance and about the old illusions of the mirror, was as certain to my
+utmost instincts as any of the instinctive certainties commonly recognized as
+valid.
+
+
+
+1155
+
+
+
+The tale thus unfolded to me was of the most incredibly bizarre character. As
+had been clear on the morning of his disappearance, Robert was intensely
+fascinated by the ancient mirror. All through the hours of school, he had it in
+mind to come back to my living-room and examine it further. When he did
+arrive, after the close of the school day, it was somewhat later than two-twenty,
+and I was absent in town. Finding me out and knowing that I would not mind,
+he had come into my living-room and gone straight to the mirror; standing
+before it and studying the place where, as we had noted, the whorls appeared to
+converge.
+
+Then, quite suddenly, there had come to him an overpowering urge to place his
+hand upon this whorl- center. Almost reluctantly, against his better judgment, he
+had done so; and upon making the contact had felt at once the strange, almost
+painful suction which had perplexed him that morning. Immediately thereafter -
+quite without warning, but with a wrench which seemed to twist and tear every
+bone and muscle in his body and to bulge and press and cut at every nerve - he
+had been abruptly drawn through and found himself inside.
+
+Once through, the excruciatingly painful stress upon his entire system was
+suddenly released. He felt, he said, as though he had just been born - a feeling
+that made itself evident every time he tried to do anything; walk, stoop, turn his
+head, or utter speech. Everything about his body seemed a misfit.
+
+These sensations wore off after a long while, Robert's body becoming an
+organized whole rather than a number of protesting parts. Of all the forms of
+expression, speech remained the most difficult; doubtless because it is
+complicated, bringing into play a number of different organs, muscles, and
+tendons. Robert's feet, on the other hand, were the first members to adjust
+themselves to the new conditions within the glass.
+
+During the morning hours I rehearsed the whole reason-defying problem;
+correlating everything I had seen and heard, dismissing the natural scepticism of
+a man of sense, and scheming to devise possible plans for Robert's release from
+his incredible prison. As I did so a number of originally perplexing points
+became clear - or at least, clearer - to me.
+
+There was, for example, the matter of Robert's coloring. His face and hands, as I
+have indicated, were a kind of dull greenish dark-blue; and I may add that his
+familiar blue Norfolk jacket had turned to a pale lemon-yellow while his trousers
+remained a neutral gray as before. Reflecting on this after waking, I found the
+circumstance closely allied to the reversal of perspective which made Robert
+seem to grow larger when receding and smaller when approaching. Here, too,
+was a physical reversal - for every detail of his coloring in the unknown
+
+
+
+1156
+
+
+
+dimension was the exact reverse or complement of the corresponding color detail
+in normal life. In physics the typical complementary colors are blue and yellow,
+and red and green. These pairs are opposites, and when mixed yield gray.
+Robert's natural color was a pinkish-buff, the opposite of which is the greenish-
+blue I saw. His blue coat had become yellow, while the gray trousers remained
+gray. This latter point baffled me until I remembered that gray is itself a mixture
+of opposites. There is no opposite for gray - or rather, it is its own opposite.
+
+Another clarified point was that pertaining to Robert's curiously dulled and
+thickened speech - as well as to the general awkwardness and sense of misfit
+bodily parts of which he complained. This, at the outset, was a puzzle indeed;
+though after long thought the clue occurred to me. Here again was the same
+reversal which affected perspective and coloration. Anyone in the fourth
+dimension must necessarily be reversed in just this way - hands and feet, as well
+as colors and perspectives, being changed about. It would be the same with all
+the other dual organs, such as nostrils, ears, and eyes. Thus Robert had been
+talking with a reversed tongue, teeth, vocal cords, and kindred speech-
+apparatus; so that his difficulties in utterance were little to be wondered at.
+
+As the morning wore on, my sense of the stark reality and maddening urgency of
+the dream-disclosed situation increased rather than decreased. More and more I
+felt that something must be done, yet realized that I could not seek advice or aid.
+Such a story as mine - a conviction based upon mere dreaming - could not
+conceivably bring me anything but ridicule or suspicions as to my mental state.
+And what, indeed, could I do, aided or unaided, with as little working data as
+my nocturnal impressions had provided? I must, I finally recognized, have more
+information before I could even think of a possible plan for releasing Robert. This
+could come only through the receptive conditions of sleep, and it heartened me
+to reflect that according to every probability my telepathic contact would be
+resumed the moment I fell into deep slumber again.
+
+I accomplished sleeping that afternoon, after a midday dinner at which, through
+rigid self-control, I succeeded in concealing from Browne and his wife the
+tumultuous thoughts that crashed through my mind. Hardly had my eyes closed
+when a dim telepathic image began to appear; and I soon realized to my infinite
+excitement that it was identical with what I had seen before. If anything, it was
+more distinct; and when it began to speak I seemed able to grasp a greater
+proportion of the words.
+
+During this sleep I found most of the morning's deductions confirmed, though
+the interview was mysteriously cut off long prior to my awakening. Robert had
+seemed apprehensive just before communication ceased, but had already told me
+that in his strange fourth-dimensional prison colors and spatial relationships
+
+
+
+1157
+
+
+
+were indeed reversed - black being white, distance increasing apparent size, and
+so on.
+
+He had also intimated that, notwithstanding his possession of full physical form
+and sensations, most human vital properties seemed curiously suspended.
+Nutriment, for example, was quite unnecessary - a phenomenon really more
+singular than the omnipresent reversal of objects and attributes, since the latter
+was a reasonable and mathematically indicated state of things. Another
+significant piece of information was that the only exit from the glass to the world
+was the entrance-way, and that this was permanently barred and impenetrably
+sealed, so far as egress was concerned.
+
+That night I had another visitation from Robert; nor did such impressions,
+received at odd intervals while I slept receptively minded, cease during the
+entire period of his incarceration. His efforts to communicate were desperate and
+often pitiful; for at times the telepathic bond would weaken, while at other times
+fatigue, excitement, or fear of interruption would hamper and thicken his speech.
+I may as well narrate as a continuous whole all that Robert told me throughout
+the whole series of transient mental contacts - perhaps supplementing it at
+certain points with facts directly related after his release. The telepathic
+information was fragmentary and often nearly inarticulate, but I studied it over
+and over during the waking intervals of three intense days; classifying and
+cogitating with feverish diligence, since it was all that I had to go upon if the boy
+were to be brought back into our world.
+
+The fourth-dimensional region in which Robert found himself was not, as in
+scientific romance, an unknown and infinite realm of strange sights and fantastic
+denizens; but was rather a projection of certain limited parts of our own
+terrestrial sphere within an alien and normally inaccessible aspect or direction of
+space. It was a curiously fragmentary, intangible, and heterogeneous world - a
+series of apparently dissociated scenes merging indistinctly one into the other;
+their constituent details having an obviously different status from that of an
+object drawn into the ancient mirror as Robert had been drawn. These scenes
+were like dream-vistas or magic -lantern images - elusive visual impressions of
+which the boy was not really a part, but which formed a sort of panoramic
+background or ethereal environment against which or amidst which he moved.
+
+He could not touch any of the parts of these scenes - walls, trees, furniture, and
+the like - but whether this was because they were truly non-material, or because
+they always receded at his approach, he was singularly unable to determine.
+Everything seemed fluid, mutable, and unreal. When he walked, it appeared to
+be on whatever lower surface the visible scene might have - floor, path,
+greensward, or such; but upon analysis he always found that the contact was an
+
+
+
+1158
+
+
+
+illusion. There was never any difference in the resisting force met by his feet -
+and by his hands when he would stoop experimentally - no matter what changes
+of apparent surface might be involved. He could not describe this foundation or
+limiting plane on which he walked as anything more definite than a virtually
+abstract pressure balancing his gravity. Of definite tactile distinctiveness it had
+none, and supplementing it there seemed to be a kind of restricted levitational
+force which accomplished transfers of altitude. He could never actually climb
+stairs, yet would gradually walk up from a lower level to a higher.
+
+Passage from one definite scene to another involved a sort of gliding through a
+region of shadow or blurred focus where the details of each scene mingled
+curiously. All the vistas were distinguished by the absence of transient objects,
+and the indefinite or ambiguous appearance of such semi-transient objects as
+furniture or details of vegetation. The lighting of every scene was diffuse and
+perplexing, and of course the scheme of reversed colors - bright red grass, yellow
+sky with confused black and gray cloud-forms, white tree-trunks, and green
+brick walls - gave to everything an air of unbelievable grotesquerie. There was an
+alteration of day and night, which turned out to be a reversal of the normal hours
+of light and darkness at whatever point on the earth the mirror might be
+hanging.
+
+This seemingly irrelevant diversity of the scenes puzzled Robert until he realized
+that they comprised merely such places as had been reflected for long continuous
+periods in the ancient glass. This also explained the odd absence of transient
+objects, the generally arbitrary boundaries of vision, and the fact that all exteriors
+were framed by the outlines of doorways or windows. The glass, it appeared,
+had power to store up these intangible scenes through long exposure; though it
+could never absorb anything corporeally, as Robert had been absorbed, except by
+a very different and particular process.
+
+But - to me at least - the most incredible aspect of the mad phenomenon was the
+monstrous subversion of our known laws of space involved in the relation of
+various illusory scenes to the actual terrestrial regions represented. I have spoken
+of the glass as storing up the images of these regions, but this is really an inexact
+definition. In truth, each of the mirror scenes formed a true and quasi-permanent
+fourth- dimensional projection of the corresponding mundane region; so that
+whenever Robert moved to a certain part of a certain scene, as he moved into the
+image of my room when sending his telepathic messages, he was actually in that
+place itself, on earth - though under spatial conditions which cut off all sensory
+communication, in either direction, between him and the present tri-dimensional
+aspect of the place.
+
+
+
+1159
+
+
+
+Theoretically speaking, a prisoner in the glass could in a few moments go
+anywhere on our planet - into any place, that is, which had ever been reflected in
+the mirror's surface. This probably applied even to places where the mirror had
+not hung long enough to produce a clear illusory scene; the terrestrial region
+being then represented by a zone of more or less formless shadow. Outside the
+definite scenes was a seemingly limitless waste of neutral gray shadow about
+which Robert could never be certain, and into which he never dared stray far lest
+he become hopelessly lost to the real and mirror worlds alike.
+
+Among the earliest particulars which Robert gave, was the fact that he was not
+alone in his confinement. Various others, all in antique garb, were in there with
+him - a corpulent middle-aged gentleman with tied queue and velvet knee-
+breeches who spoke English fluently though with a marked Scandinavian accent;
+a rather beautiful small girl with very blonde hair which appeared a glossy dark
+blue; two apparently mute Negroes whose features contrasted grotesquely with
+the pallor of their reversed-colored skins; three young men; one young woman; a
+very small child, almost an infant; and a lean, elderly Dane of extremely
+distinctive aspect and a kind of half-malign intellectuality of countenance.
+
+This last-named individual - Axel Holm, who wore the satin small-clothes,
+flared-skirted coat, and voluminous full-bottomed periwig of an age more than
+two centuries in the past - was notable among the little band as being the one
+responsible for the presence of them all. He it was who, skilled equally in the arts
+of magic and glass working, had long ago fashioned this strange dimensional
+prison in which himself, his slaves, and those whom he chose to invite or allure
+thither were immured unchangingly for as long as the mirror might endure.
+
+Holm was born early in the seventeenth century, and had followed with
+tremendous competence and success the trade of a glass-blower and molder in
+Copenhagen. His glass, especially in the form of large drawing-room mirrors,
+was always at a premium. But the same bold mind which had made him the first
+glazier of Europe also served to carry his interests and ambitions far beyond the
+sphere of mere material craftsmanship. He had studied the world around him,
+and chafed at the limitations of human knowledge and capability. Eventually he
+sought for dark ways to overcome those limitations, and gained more success
+than is good for any mortal. He had aspired to enjoy something like eternity, the
+mirror being his provision to secure this end. Serious study of the fourth
+dimension was far from beginning with Einstein in our own era; and Holm, more
+than erudite in all the methods of his day, knew that a bodily entrance into that
+hidden phase of space would prevent him from dying in the ordinary physical
+sense. Research showed him that the principle of reflection undoubtedly forms
+the chief gate to all dimensions beyond our familiar three; and chance placed in
+his hands a small and very ancient glass whose cryptic properties he believed he
+
+
+
+1160
+
+
+
+could turn to advantage. Once "inside" this mirror according to the method he
+had envisaged, he felt that "life" in the sense of form and consciousness would
+go on virtually forever, provided the mirror could be preserved indefinitely from
+breakage or deterioration.
+
+Holm made a magnificent mirror, such as would be prized and carefully
+preserved; and in it deftly fused the strange whorl-configured relic he had
+acquired. Having thus prepared his refuge and his trap, he began to plan his
+mode of entrance and conditions of tenancy. He would have with him both
+servitors and companions; and as an experimental beginning he sent before him
+into the glass two dependable Negro slaves brought from the West Indies. What
+his sensations must have been upon beholding this first concrete demonstration
+of his theories, only imagination can conceive.
+
+Undoubtedly a man of his knowledge realized that absence from the outside
+world, if deferred beyond the natural span of life of those within, must mean
+instant dissolution at the first attempt to return to that world. But, barring that
+misfortune or accidental breakage, those within would remain forever as they
+were at the time of entrance. They would never grow old, and would need
+neither food nor drink.
+
+To make his prison tolerable he sent ahead of him certain books and writing
+materials, a chair and table of stoutest workmanship, and a few other accessories.
+He knew that the images which the glass would reflect or absorb would not be
+tangible, but would merely extend around him like a background of dream. His
+own transition in 1687 was a momentous experience; and must have been
+attended by mixed sensations of triumph and terror. Had anything gone wrong,
+there were frightful possibilities of being lost in dark and inconceivable multiple
+dimensions.
+
+For over fifty years he had been unable to secure any additions to the little
+company of himself and slaves, but later on he had perfected his telepathic
+method of visualizing small sections of the outside world close to the glass, and
+attracting certain individuals in those areas through the mirror's strange
+entrance. Thus Robert, influenced into a desire to press upon the "door," had
+been lured within. Such visualizations depended wholly on telepathy, since no
+one inside the mirror could see out into the world of men.
+
+It was, in truth, a strange life that Holm and his company had lived inside the
+glass. Since the mirror had stood for fully a century with its face to the dusty
+stone wall of the shed where I found it, Robert was the first being to enter this
+limbo after all that interval. His arrival was a gala event, for he brought news of
+the outside world which must have been of the most startling impressiveness to
+
+
+
+1161
+
+
+
+the more thoughtful of those within. He, in his turn - young though he was - felt
+overwhelmingly the weirdness of meeting and talking with persons who had
+been alive in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
+
+The deadly monotony of life for the prisoners can only be vaguely conjectured.
+As mentioned, its extensive spatial variety was limited to localities which had
+been reflected in the mirror for long periods; and many of these had become dim
+and strange as tropical climates had made inroads on the surface. Certain
+localities were bright and beautiful, and in these the company usually gathered.
+But no scene could be fully satisfying; since the visible objects were all unreal
+and intangible, and often of perplexingly indefinite outline. When the tedious
+periods of darkness came, the general custom was to indulge in memories,
+reflections, or conversations. Each one of that strange, pathetic group had
+retained his or her personality unchanged and unchangeable, since becoming
+immune to the time effects of outside space.
+
+The number of inanimate objects within the glass, aside from the clothing of the
+prisoners, was very small; being largely limited to the accessories Holm had
+provided for himself. The rest did without even furniture, since sleep and fatigue
+had vanished along with most other vital attributes. Such inorganic things as
+were present, seemed as exempt from decay as the living beings. The lower
+forms of animal life were wholly absent.
+
+Robert derived most of his information from Herr Thiele, the gentleman who
+spoke English with a Scandinavian accent. This portly Dane had taken a fancy to
+him, and talked at considerable length. The others, too, had received him with
+courtesy and goodwill; Holm himself, seeming well-disposed, had told him
+about various matters including the door of the trap.
+
+The boy, as he told me later, was sensible enough never to attempt
+communication with me when Holm was nearby. Twice, while thus engaged, he
+had seen Holm appear; and had accordingly ceased at once. At no time could I
+see the world behind the mirror's surface. Robert's visual image, which included
+his bodily form and the clothing connected with it, was - like the aural image of
+his halting voice and like his own visualization of myself - a case of purely
+telepathic transmission; and did not involve true interdimensional sight.
+However, had Robert been as trained a telepathist as Holm, he might have
+transmitted a few strong images apart from his immediate person.
+
+Throughout this period of revelation I had, of course, been desperately trying to
+devise a method for Robert's release. On the fourth day - the ninth after the
+disappearance - I hit on a solution. Everything considered, my laboriously
+formulated process was not a very complicated one; though I could not tell
+
+
+
+1162
+
+
+
+beforehand how it would work, while the possibility of ruinous consequences in
+case of a slip was appalling. This process depended, basically, on the fact that
+there was no possible exit from inside the glass. If Holm and his prisoners were
+permanently sealed in, then release must come wholly from outside. Other
+considerations included the disposal of the other prisoners, if any survived, and
+especially of Axel Holm. What Robert had told me of him was anything but
+reassuring; and I certainly did not wish him loose in my apartment, free once
+more to work his evil will upon the world. The telepathic messages had not
+made fully clear the effect of liberation on those who had entered the glass so
+long ago.
+
+There was, too, a final though minor problem in case of success - that of getting
+Robert back into the routine of school life without having to explain the
+incredible. In case of failure, it was highly inadvisable to have witnesses present
+at the release operations - and lacking these, I simply could not attempt to relate
+the actual facts if I should succeed. Even to me the reality seemed a mad one
+whenever I let my mind turn from the data so compellingly presented in that
+tense series of dreams.
+
+When I had thought these problems through as far as possible, I procured a large
+magnifying-glass from the school laboratory and studied minutely every square
+millimeter of that whorl-center which presumably marked the extent of the
+original ancient mirror used by Holm. Even with this aid I could not quite trace
+the exact boundary between the old area and the surface added by the Danish
+wizard; but after a long study decided on a conjectural oval boundary which I
+outlined very precisely with a soft blue pencil. I then made a trip to Stamford,
+where I procured a heavy glass-cutting tool; for my primary idea was to remove
+the ancient and magically potent mirror from its later setting.
+
+My next step was to figure out the best time of day to make the crucial
+experiment. I finally settled on two-thirty a.m. - both because it was a good
+season for uninterrupted work, and because it was the "opposite" of two-thirty
+p.m., the probable moment at which Robert had entered the mirror. This form of
+"oppositeness" may or may not have been relevant, but I knew at least that the
+chosen hour was as good as any - and perhaps better than most.
+
+I finally set to work in the early morning of the eleventh day after the
+disappearance, having drawn all the shades of my living-room and closed and
+locked the door into the hallway. Following with breathless care the elliptical line
+I had traced, I worked around the whorl-section with my steel-wheeled cutting
+tool. The ancient glass, half an inch thick, crackled crisply under the firm,
+uniform pressure; and upon completing the circuit I cut around it a second time,
+crunching the roller more deeply into the glass.
+
+
+
+1163
+
+
+
+Then, very carefully indeed, I lifted the heavy mirror down from its console and
+leaned it face-inward against the wall; prying off two of the thin, narrow boards
+nailed to the back. With equal caution I smartly tapped the cut-around space
+with the heavy wooden handle of the glass-cutter.
+
+At the very first tap the whorl-containing section of glass dropped out on the
+Bokhara rug beneath. I did not know what might happen, but was keyed up for
+anything, and took a deep involuntary breath. I was on my knees for
+convenience at the moment, with my face quite near the newly made aperture;
+and as I breathed there poured into my nostrils a powerful dusty odor - a smell
+not comparable to any other I have ever encountered. Then everything within
+my range of vision suddenly turned to a dull gray before my failing eyesight as I
+felt myself overpowered by an invisible force which robbed my muscles of their
+power to function.
+
+I remember grasping weakly and futilely at the edge of the nearest window
+drapery and feeling it rip loose from its fastening. Then I sank slowly to the floor
+as the darkness of oblivion passed over me.
+
+When I regained consciousness I was lying on the Bokhara rug with my legs held
+unaccountably up in the air. The room was full of that hideous and inexplicable
+dusty smell - and as my eyes began to take in definite images I saw that Robert
+Grandison stood in front of me. It was he - fully in the flesh and with his coloring
+normal - who was holding my legs aloft to bring the blood back to my head as
+the school's first-aid course had taught him to do with persons who had fainted.
+For a moment I was struck mute by the stifling odor and by a bewilderment
+which quickly merged into a sense of triumph. Then I found myself able to move
+and speak collectedly.
+
+I raised a tentative hand and waved feebly at Robert.
+
+"All right, old man," I murmured, "you can let my legs down now. Many thanks.
+I'm all right again, I think. It was the smell - I imagine - that got me. Open that
+farthest window, please - wide - from the bottom. That's it - thanks. No - leave
+the shade down the way it was."
+
+I struggled to my feet, my disturbed circulation adjusting itself in waves, and
+stood upright hanging to the back of a big chair. I was still "groggy," but a blast
+of fresh, bitterly cold air from the window revived me rapidly. I sat down in the
+big chair and looked at Robert, now walking toward me.
+
+"First," I said hurriedly, "tell me, Robert - those others - Holm? What happened
+to them, when I - opened the exit?"
+
+
+
+1164
+
+
+
+Robert paused half-way across the room and looked at me very gravely.
+
+"I saw them fade away - into nothingness - Mr. Canevin/' he said with
+solemnity; "and with them - everything. There isn't any more 'inside/ sir - thank
+God, and you, sir!"
+
+And young Robert, at last yielding to the sustained strain which he had borne
+through all those terrible eleven days, suddenly broke down like a little child and
+began to weep hysterically in great, stifling, dry sobs.
+
+I picked him up and placed him gently on my davenport, threw a rug over him,
+sat down by his side, and put a calming hand on his forehead.
+
+"Take it easy, old fellow," I said soothingly.
+
+The boy's sudden and very natural hysteria passed as quickly as it had come on
+as I talked to him reassuringly about my plans for his quiet restoration to the
+school. The interest of the situation and the need of concealing the incredible
+truth beneath a rational explanation took hold of his imagination as I had
+expected; and at last he sat up eagerly, telling the details of his release and
+listening to the instructions I had thought out. He had, it seems, been in the
+"projected area" of my bedroom when I opened the way back, and had emerged
+in that actual room - hardly realizing that he was "out." Upon hearing a fall in
+the living-room he had hastened thither, finding me on the rug in my fainting
+spell.
+
+I need mention only briefly my method of restoring Robert in a seemingly
+normal way - how I smuggled him out of the window in an old hat and sweater
+of mine, took him down the road in my quietly started car, coached him carefully
+in a tale I had devised, and returned to arouse Browne with the news of his
+discovery. He had, I explained, been walking alone on the afternoon of his
+disappearance; and had been offered a motor ride by two young men who, as a
+joke and over his protests that he could go no farther than Stamford and back,
+had begun to carry him past that town. Jumping from the car during a traffic
+stop with the intention of hitch-hiking back before Call-Over, he had been hit by
+another car just as the traffic was released - awakening ten days later in the
+Greenwich home of the people who had hit him. On learning the date, I added,
+he had immediately telephoned the school; and I, being the only one awake, had
+answered the call and hurried after him in my car without stopping to notify
+anyone.
+
+Browne, who at once telephoned to Robert's parents, accepted my story without
+question; and forbore to interrogate the boy because of the latter's manifest
+
+
+
+1165
+
+
+
+exhaustion. It was arranged that he should remain at the school for a rest, under
+the expert care of Mrs. Browne, a former trained nurse. I naturally saw a good
+deal of him during the remainder of the Christmas vacation, and was thus
+enabled to fill in certain gaps in his fragmentary dream-story.
+
+Now and then we would almost doubt the actuality of what had occurred;
+wondering whether we had not both shared some monstrous delusion born of
+the mirror's glittering hypnotism, and whether the tale of the ride and accident
+were not after all the real truth. But whenever we did so we would be brought
+back to belief by some monstrous and haunting memory; with me, of Robert's
+dream-figure and its thick voice and inverted colors; with him, of the whole
+fantastic pageantry of ancient people and dead scenes that he had witnessed.
+And then there was that joint recollection of that damnable dusty odor. . . . We
+knew what it meant: the instant dissolution of those who had entered an alien
+dimension a century and more ago.
+
+There are, in addition, at least two lines of rather more positive evidence; one of
+which comes through my researches in Danish annals concerning the sorcerer.
+Axel Holm. Such a person, indeed, left many traces in folklore and written
+records; and diligent library sessions, plus conferences with various learned
+Danes, have shed much more light on his evil fame. At present I need say only
+that the Copenhagen glass-blower - born in 1612 - was a notorious Luciferian
+whose pursuits and final vanishing formed a matter of awed debate over two
+centuries ago. He had burned with a desire to know all things and to conquer
+every limitation of mankind - to which end he had delved deeply into occult and
+forbidden fields ever since he was a child.
+
+He was commonly held to have joined a coven of the dreaded witch-cult, and the
+vast lore of ancient Scandinavian myth - with its Loki the Sly One and the
+accursed Fenris-Wolf - was soon an open book to him. He had strange interests
+and objectives, few of which were definitely known, but some of which were
+recognized as intolerably evil. It is recorded that his two Negro helpers,
+originally slaves from the Danish West Indies, had become mute soon after their
+acquisition by him; and that they had disappeared not long before his own
+disappearance from the ken of mankind.
+
+Near the close of an already long life the idea of a glass of immortality appears to
+have entered his mind. That he had acquired an enchanted mirror of
+inconceivable antiquity was a matter of common whispering; it being alleged
+that he had purloined it from a fellow-sorcerer who had entrusted it to him for
+polishing.
+
+
+
+1166
+
+
+
+This mirror - according to popular tales a trophy as potent in its way as the
+better-known Aegis of Minerva or Hammer of Thor - was a small oval object
+called "Loki's Glass/' made of some polished fusible mineral and having magical
+properties which included the divination of the immediate future and the power
+to show the possessor his enemies. That it had deeper potential properties,
+realizable in the hands of an erudite magician, none of the common people
+doubted; and even educated persons attached much fearful importance to
+Holm's rumored attempts to incorporate it in a larger glass of immortality. Then
+had come the wizard's disappearance in 1687, and the final sale and dispersal of
+his goods amidst a growing cloud of fantastic legendry. It was, altogether, just
+such a story as one would laugh at if possessed of no particular key; yet to me,
+remembering those dream messages and having Robert Grandison's
+corroboration before me, it formed a positive confirmation of all the bewildering
+marvels that had been unfolded.
+
+But as I have said, there is still another line of rather positive evidence - of a very
+different character - at my disposal. Two days after his release, as Robert, greatly
+improved in strength and appearance, was placing a log on my living-room fire,
+I noticed a certain awkwardness in his motions and was struck by a persistent
+idea. Summoning him to my desk I suddenly asked him to pick up an ink-stand -
+and was scarcely surprised to note that, despite lifelong right-handedness, he
+obeyed unconsciously with his left hand. Without alarming him, I then asked
+that he unbutton his coat and let me listen to his cardiac action. What I found
+upon placing my ear to his chest - and what I did not tell him for some time
+afterward - was that his heart was beating on his right side.
+
+He had gone into the glass right-handed and with all organs in their normal
+positions. Now he was left- handed and with organs reversed, and would
+doubtless continue so for the rest of his life. Clearly, the dimensional transition
+had been no illusion - for this physical change was tangible and unmistakable.
+Had there been a natural exit from the glass, Robert would probably have
+undergone a thorough re-reversal and emerged in perfect normality - as indeed
+the color-scheme of his body and clothing did emerge. The forcible nature of his
+release, however, undoubtedly set something awry; so that dimensions no longer
+had a chance to right themselves as chromatic wave-frequencies still did.
+
+I had not merely opened Holm's trap; I had destroyed it; and at the particular
+stage of destruction marked by Robert's escape some of the reversing properties
+had perished. It is significant that in escaping Robert had felt no pain comparable
+to that experienced in entering. Had the destruction been still more sudden, I
+shiver to think of the monstrosities of color the boy would always have been
+forced to bear. I may add that after discovering Robert's reversal I examined the
+rumpled and discarded clothing he had worn in the glass, and found, as I had
+
+
+
+1167
+
+
+
+expected, a complete reversal of pockets, buttons, and all other corresponding
+details.
+
+At this moment Loki's Glass, just as it fell on my Bokhara rug from the now
+patched and harmless mirror, weighs down a sheaf of papers on my writing-
+table here in St. Thomas, venerable capital of the Danish West Indies - now the
+American Virgin Islands. Various collectors of old Sandwich glass have mistaken
+it for an odd bit of that early American product - but I privately realize that my
+paper-weight is an antique of far subtler and more paleogean craftsmanship.
+Still, I do not disillusion such enthusiasts.
+
+
+
+1168
+
+
+
+The Tree On The Hill - with Duane W.
+Ritnel
+
+Written 1934
+
+Southeast of Hampden, near the tortuous Salmon River gorge, is a range of steep,
+rocky hills which have defied all efforts of sturdy homesteaders. The canyons are
+too deep and the slopes too precipitous to encourage anything save seasonal
+livestock grazing. The last time I visited Hampden the region - known as Hell's
+Acres - was part of the Blue Mountain Forest Reserve. There are no roads linking
+this inaccessible locality with the outside world, and the hillfolk will tell you that
+it is indeed a spot transplanted from his Satanic Majesty's front yard. There is a
+local superstition that the area is haunted - but by what or by whom no one
+seems to know. Natives will not venture within its mysterious depths, for they
+believe the stories handed down to them by the Nez Perce Indians, who have
+shunned the region for untold generations, because, according to them, it is a
+playground of certain giant devils from the Outside. These suggestive tales made
+me very curious.
+
+My first excursion - and my last, thank God! - into those hills occurred while
+Constantine Theunis and I were living in Hampden the summer of 1938. He was
+writing a treatise on Egyptian mythology, and I found myself alone much of the
+time, despite the fact that we shared a modest cabin on Beacon Street, within
+sight of the infamous Pirate House, built by Exer Jones over sixty years ago.
+
+The morning of June 23rd found me walking in those oddly shaped hills, which
+had, since seven o'clock, seemed very ordinary indeed. I must have been about
+seven miles south of Hampden before I noticed anything unusual. I was climbing
+a grassy ridge overlooking a particularly deep canyon, when I came upon an
+area totally devoid of the usual bunch-grass and greaseweed. It extended
+southward, over numerous hills and valleys. At first I thought the spot had been
+burned over the previous fall, but upon examining the turf, I found no signs of a
+blaze. The nearby slopes and ravines looked terribly scarred and seared, as if
+some gigantic torch had blasted them, wiping away all vegetation. And yet there
+was no evidence of fire. . .
+
+I moved on over rich, black soil in which no grass flourished. As I headed for the
+approximate center of this desolate area, I began to notice a strange silence. There
+were no larks, no rabbits, and even the insects seemed to have deserted the place.
+I gained the summit of a lofty knoll and tried to guess at the size of that bleak,
+inexplicable region. Then I saw the lone tree.
+
+
+
+1169
+
+
+
+It stood on a hill somewhat higher than its companions, and attracted the eye
+because it was so utterly unexpected. I had seen no trees for miles: thorn and
+hackberry bushes clustered the shallower ravines, but there had been no mature
+trees. Strange to find one standing on the crest of the hill.
+
+I crossed two steep canyons before I came to it; and a surprise awaited me. It was
+not a pine tree, nor a fir tree, nor a hackberry tree. I had never, in all my life, seen
+one to compare with it - and I never have to this day, for which I am eternally
+thankful!
+
+More than anything it resembled an oak. It had a huge, twisted trunk, fully a
+yard in diameter, and the large limbs began spreading outward scarcely seven
+feet from the ground. The leaves were round, and curiously alike in size and
+design. It might have been a tree painted on a canvas, but I will swear that it was
+real. I shall always know that it was real, despite what Theunis said later.
+
+I recall that I glanced at the sun and judged the time to be about ten o'clock a.m.,
+although I did not look at my watch. The day was becoming warm, and I sat for
+a while in the welcome shade of the huge tree. Then I regarded the rank grass
+that flourished beneath it - another singular phenomenon when I remembered
+the bleak terrain through which I had passed. A wild maze of hills, ravines, and
+bluffs hemmed me in on all sides, although the rise on which I sat was rather
+higher than any other within miles. I looked far to the east - and I jumped to my
+feet, startled and amazed. Shimmering through a blue haze of distance were the
+Bitterroot Mountains! There is no other range of snow-capped peaks within three
+hundred miles of Hampden; and I knew - at this altitude - that I shouldn't be
+seeing them at all. For several minutes I gazed at the marvel; then I became
+drowsy. I lay in the rank grass, beneath the tree. I unstrapped my camera, took
+off my hat, and relaxed, staring skyward through the green leaves. I closed my
+eyes.
+
+Then a curious phenomenon began to assail me - a vague, cloudy sort of vision -
+glimpsing or day- dreaming seemingly without relevance to anything familiar. I
+thought I saw a great temple by a sea of ooze, where three suns gleamed in a pale
+red sky. The vast tomb, or temple, was an anomalous color - a nameless blue-
+violet shade. Large beasts flew in the cloudy sky, and I seemed to hear the
+pounding of their scaly wings. I went nearer the stone temple, and a huge
+doorway loomed in front of me. Within that portal were swirling shadows that
+seemed to dart and leer and try to snatch me inside that awful darkness. I
+thought I saw three flaming eyes in the shifting void of a doorway, and I
+screamed with mortal fear. In that noisome depth, I knew, lurked utter
+destruction - a living hell even worse than death. I screamed again. The vision
+faded.
+
+
+
+1170
+
+
+
+I saw the round leaves and the sane earthly sky. I struggled to rise. I was
+trembling; cold perspiration beaded my brow. I had a mad impulse to flee; run
+insanely from that sinister tree on the hill - but I checked the absurd intuition and
+sat down, trying to collect my senses. Never had I dreamed anything so realistic;
+so horrifying. What had caused the vision? I had been reading several of
+Theunis' tomes on ancient Egypt. ... I mopped my forehead, and decided that it
+was time for lunch. But I did not feel like eating.
+
+Then I had an inspiration. I would take a few snapshots of the tree, for Theunis.
+They might shock him out of his habitual air of unconcern. Perhaps I would tell
+him about the dream. . . . Opening my camera, I took half a dozen shots of the
+tree, and every aspect of the landscape as seen from the tree. Also, I included one
+of the gleaming, snow-crested peaks. I might want to return, and these photos
+would help. . . .
+
+Folding the camera, I returned to my cushion of soft grass. Had that spot beneath
+the tree a certain alien enchantment? I know that I was reluctant to leave it. ...
+
+I gazed upward at the curious round leaves. I closed my eyes. A breeze stirred
+the branches, and their whispered music lulled me into tranquil oblivion. And
+suddenly I saw again the pale red sky and the three suns. The land of three
+shadows! Again the great temple came into view. I seemed to be floating on the
+air - a disembodied spirit exploring the wonders of a mad, multi-dimensional
+world! The temple's oddly angled cornices frightened me, and I knew that this
+place was one that no man on earth had ever seen in his wildest dreams.
+
+Again the vast doorway yawned before me; and I was sucked within that black,
+writhing cloud. I seemed to be staring at space unlimited. I saw a void beyond
+my vocabulary to describe; a dark, bottomless gulf teeming with nameless
+shapes and entities - things of madness and delirium, as tenuous as a mist from
+Shamballah.
+
+My soul shrank. I was terribly afraid. I screamed and screamed, and felt that I
+would soon go mad. Then in my dream I ran and ran in a fever of utter terror,
+but I did not know what I was running from. ... I left that hideous temple and
+that hellish void, yet I knew I must, barring some miracle, return. . . .
+
+At last my eyes flew open. I was not beneath the tree. I was sprawled on a rocky
+slope, my clothing torn and disordered. My hands were bleeding. I stood up,
+pain stabbing through me. I recognized the spot - the ridge where I had first seen
+the blasted area! I must have walked miles - unconscious! The tree was not in
+sight, and I was glad. . . . Even the knees of my trousers were torn, as if I had
+crawled part of the way. . . .
+
+
+
+1171
+
+
+
+I glanced at the sun. Late afternoon! Where had I been? I snatched out my watch.
+It had stopped at 10:34.
+
+II.
+
+"So you have the snapshots?" Theunis drawled. I met his gray eyes across the
+breakfast table. Three days had slipped by since my return from Hell's Acres. I
+had told him about the dream beneath the tree, and he had laughed.
+
+"Yes," I replied. "They came last night. Haven't had a chance to open them yet.
+Give 'em a good, careful study - if they aren't all failures. Perhaps you'll change
+your mind."
+
+Theunis smiled; sipped his coffee. I gave him the unopened envelope and he
+quickly broke the seal and withdrew the pictures. He glanced at the first one, and
+the smile faded from his leonine face. He crushed out his cigarette.
+
+"My God, man! Look at this!"
+
+I seized the glossy rectangle. It was the first picture of the tree, taken at a distance
+of fifty feet or so. The cause of Theunis' excitement escaped me. There it was,
+standing boldly on the hill, while below it grew the jungle of grass where I had
+lain. In the distance were my snow-capped mountains!
+
+"There you are," I cried. "The proof of my story. . . "
+
+"Look at it!" Theunis snapped. "The shadows... there are three for every rock,
+bush, and tree!"
+
+He was right... Below the tree, spread in fanlike incongruity, lay three
+overlapping shadows. Suddenly I realized that the picture held an abnormal and
+inconsistent element. The leaves on the thing were too lush for the work of sane
+nature, while the trunk was bulged and knotted in the most abhorrent shapes.
+Theunis dropped the picture on the table.
+
+"There is something wrong," I muttered. "The tree I saw didn't look as repulsive
+as that... "
+
+"Are you sure?" Theunis grated. "The fact is, you may have seen many things
+not recorded on this film."
+
+"It shows more than I saw!"
+
+
+
+1172
+
+
+
+"That's the point. There is something damnably out of place in this landscape;
+something I can't understand. The tree seems to suggest a thought - beyond my
+grasp. ... It is too misty; too uncertain; too unreal to be natural!" He rapped
+nervous fingers on the table. He snatched the remaining films and shuffled
+through them, rapidly.
+
+I reached for the snapshot he had dropped, and sensed a touch of bizarre
+uncertainty and strangeness as my eyes absorbed its every detail. The flowers
+and weeds pointed at varying angles, while some of the grass grew in the most
+bewildering fashion. The tree seemed too veiled and clouded to be readily
+distinguished, but I noted the huge limbs and the half-bent flower stems that
+were ready to fall over, yet did not fall. And the many, overlapping shadows. . . .
+They were, altogether, very disquieting shadows - too long or short when
+compared to the stems they fell below to give one a feeling of comfortable
+normality. The landscape hadn't shocked me the day of my visit. . . . There was a
+dark familiarity and mocking suggestion in it; something tangible, yet distant as
+the stars beyond the galaxy.
+
+Theunis came back to earth. "Did you mention three suns in your dreaming
+orgy?"
+
+I nodded, frankly puzzled. Then it dawned on me. My fingers trembled slightly
+as I stared at the picture again. My dream! Of course. . .
+
+"The others are just like it," Theunis said. "That same uncertainness; that
+suggestion. I should be able to catch the mood of the thing; see it in its real light,
+but it is too. . . . Perhaps later I shall find out, if I look at it long enough."
+
+We sat in silence for some time. A thought came to me, suddenly, prompted by a
+strange, inexplicable longing to visit the tree again. "Let's make an excursion. I
+think I can take you there in half a day."
+
+"You'd better stay away," replied Theunis, thoughtfully. "I doubt if you could
+find the place again if you wanted to."
+
+"Nonsense," I replied. "Surely, with these photos to guide us... "
+
+"Did you see any familiar landmarks in them?"
+
+His observation was uncanny. After looking through the remaining snaps
+carefully, I had to admit that there were none.
+
+
+
+1173
+
+
+
+Theunis muttered under his breath and drew viciously on his cigarette. "A
+perfectly normal - or nearly so - picture of a spot apparently dropped from
+nowhere. Seeing mountains at this low altitude is preposterous . . . but wait!"
+
+He sprang from the chair as a hunted animal and raced from the room. I could
+hear him moving about in our makeshift library, cursing volubly. Before long he
+reappeared with an old, leather-bound volume. Theunis opened it reverently,
+and peered over the odd characters.
+
+"What do you call that?" I inquired.
+
+"This is an early English translation of the Chronicle of Nath, written by Rudolf
+Yergler, a German mystic and alchemist who borrowed some of his lore from
+Hermes Trismegistus, the ancient Egyptian sorcerer. There is a passage here that
+might interest you - might make you understand why this business is even
+further from the natural than you suspect. Listen."
+
+"So in the year of the Black Goat there came unto Nath a shadow that should not
+be on Earth, and that had no form known to the eyes of Earth. And it fed on the
+souls of men; they that it gnawed being lured and blinded with dreams till the
+horror and the endless night lay upon them. Nor did they see that which gnawed
+them; for the shadow took false shapes that men know or dream of, and only
+freedom seemed waiting in the Land of the Three Suns. But it was told by priests
+of the Old Book that he who could see the shadow's true shape, and live after the
+seeing, might shun its doom and send it back to the starless gulf of its spawning.
+This none could do save through the Gem; wherefore did Ka-Nefer the High-
+Priest keep that gem sacred in the temple. And when it was lost with Phrenes, he
+who braved the horror and was never seen more, there was weeping in Nath. Yet
+did the Shadow depart sated at last, nor shall it hunger again till the cycles roll
+back to the year of the Black Goat."
+
+Theunis paused while I stared, bewildered. Finally he spoke. "Now, Single, I
+suppose you can guess how all this links up. There is no need of going deep into
+the primal lore behind this business, but I may as well tell you that according to
+the old legends this is the so-called 'Year of the Black Goat' - when certain
+horrors from the fathomless Outside are supposed to visit the earth and do
+infinite harm. We don't know how they'll be manifest, but there's reason to think
+that strange mirages and hallucinations will be mixed up in the matter. I don't
+like the thing you've run up against - the story or the pictures. It may be pretty
+bad, and I warn you to look out. But first I must try to do what old Yergler says -
+to see if I can glimpse the matter as it is. Fortunately the old Gem he mentions
+has been rediscovered - I know where I can get at it. We must use it on the
+photographs and see what we see.
+
+
+
+1174
+
+
+
+"It's more or less like a lens or prism, though one can't take photographs with it.
+Someone of peculiar sensitiveness might look through and sketch what he sees.
+There's a bit of danger, and the looker may have his consciousness shaken a
+trifle; for the real shape of the shadow isn't pleasant and doesn't belong on this
+earth. But it would be a lot more dangerous not to do anything about it.
+Meanwhile, if you value your life and sanity, keep away from that hill - and from
+the thing you think is a tree on it."
+
+I was more bewildered than ever. "How can there be organized beings from the
+Outside in our midst?" I cried. "How do we know that such things exist?"
+
+"You reason in terms of this tiny earth," Theunis said. "Surely you don't think
+that the world is a rule for measuring the universe. There are entities we never
+dream of floating under our very noses. Modern science is thrusting back the
+borderland of the unknown and proving that the mystics were not so far off the
+track. . . "
+
+Suddenly I knew that I did not want to look at the picture again; I wanted to
+destroy it. I wanted to run from it. Theunis was suggesting something beyond. . . .
+A trembling, cosmic fear gripped me and drew me away from the hideous
+picture, for I was afraid I would recognize some object in it. . . .
+
+I glanced at my friend. He was poring over the ancient book, a strange
+expression on his face. He sat up straight. "Let's call the thing off for today. I'm
+tired of this endless guessing and wondering. I must get the loan of the gem from
+the museum where it is, and do what is to be done."
+
+"As you say," I replied. "Will you have to go to Croydon?"
+
+He nodded.
+
+"Then we'll both go home," I said decisively.
+
+III.
+
+I need not chronicle the events of the fortnight that followed. With me they
+formed a constant and enervating struggle between a mad longing to return to
+the cryptic tree of dreams and freedom, and a frenzied dread of that selfsame
+thing and all connected with it. That I did not return is perhaps less a matter of
+my own will than a matter of pure chance. Meanwhile I knew that Theunis was
+desperately active in some investigation of the strangest nature - something
+which included a mysterious motor trip and a return under circumstances of the
+greatest secrecy. By hints over the telephone I was made to understand that he
+had somewhere borrowed the obscure and primal object mentioned in the
+
+
+
+1175
+
+
+
+ancient volume as "The Gem/' and that he was busy devising a means of
+applying it to the photographs I had left with him. He spoke fragmentarily of
+"refraction," "polarization," and "unknown angles of space and time," and
+indicated that he was building a kind of box or camera obscura for the study of
+the curious snapshots with the gem's aid.
+
+It was on the sixteenth day that I received the startling message from the hospital
+in Croydon. Theunis was there, and wanted to see me at once. He had suffered
+some odd sort of seizure; being found prone and unconscious by friends who
+found their way into his house after hearing certain cries of mortal agony and
+fear. Though still weak and helpless, he had now regained his senses and seemed
+frantic to tell me something and have me perform certain important duties. This
+much the hospital informed me over the wire; and within half an hour I was at
+my friend's bedside, marveling at the inroads which worry and tension had
+made on his features in so brief a time. His first act was to move away the nurses
+in order to speak in utter confidence.
+
+"Single - I saw it!" His voice was strained and husky. "You must destroy them all
+- those pictures. I sent it back by seeing it, but the pictures had better go. That
+tree will never be seen on the hill again - at least, I hope not - till thousands of
+eons bring back the Year of the Black Goat. You are safe now - mankind is safe."
+He paused, breathing heavily, and continued.
+
+"Take the Gem out of the apparatus and put it in the safe - you know the
+combination. It must go back where it came from, for there's a time when it may
+be needed to save the world. They won't let me leave here yet, but I can rest if I
+know it's safe. Don't look through the box as it is - it would fix you as it's fixed
+me. And burn those damned photographs . . . the one in the box and the others. .
+. ." But Theunis was exhausted now, and the nurses advanced and motioned me
+away as he leaned back and closed his eyes.
+
+In another half-hour I was at his house and looking curiously at the long black
+box on the library table beside the overturned chair. Scattered papers blew about
+in a breeze from the open window, and close to the box I recognized with a queer
+sensation the envelope of pictures I had taken. It required only a moment for me
+to examine the box and detach at one end my earliest picture of the tree, and at
+the other end a strange bit of amber-colored crystal, cut in devious angles
+impossible to classify. The touch of the glass fragment seemed curiously warm
+and electric, and I could scarcely bear to put it out of sight in Theunis' wall safe.
+The snapshot I handled with a disconcerting mixture of emotions. Even after I
+had replaced it in the envelope with the rest I had a morbid longing to save it
+and gloat over it and rush out and up the hill toward its original. Peculiar line-
+arrangements sprang out of its details to assault and puzzle my memory . . .
+
+
+
+1176
+
+
+
+pictures behind pictures . . . secrets lurking in half-familiar shapes. . . . But a
+saner contrary instinct, operating at the same time, gave me the vigor and avidity
+of unplaceable fear as I hastily kindled a fire in the grate and watched the
+problematic envelope burn to ashes. Somehow I felt that the earth had been
+purged of a horror on whose brink I had trembled, and which was none the less
+monstrous because I did not know what it was.
+
+Of the source of Theunis' terrific shock I could form no coherent guess, nor did I
+dare to think too closely about it. It is notable that I did not at any time have the
+least impulse to look through the box before removing the gem and photograph.
+What was shown in the picture by the antique crystal's lens or prism- like power
+was not, I felt curiously certain, anything that a normal brain ought to be called
+upon to face. Whatever it was, I had myself been close to it - had been completely
+under the spell of its allurement - as it brooded on that remote hill in the form of
+a tree and an unfamiliar landscape. And I did not wish to know what I had so
+narrowly escaped.
+
+Would that my ignorance might have remained complete! I could sleep better at
+night. As it was, my eye was arrested before I left the room by the pile of
+scattered papers rustling on the table beside the black box. All but one were
+blank, but that one bore a crude drawing in pencil. Suddenly recalling what
+Theunis had once said about sketching the horror revealed by the gem, I strove
+to turn away; but sheer curiosity defeated my sane design. Looking again almost
+furtively, I observed the nervous haste of the strokes, and the unfinished edge
+left by the sketcher's terrified seizure. Then, in a burst of perverse boldness, I
+looked squarely at the dark and forbidden design - and fell in a faint.
+
+I shall never describe fully what I saw. After a time I regained my senses, thrust
+the sheet into the dying fire, and staggered out through the quiet streets to my
+home. I thanked God that I had not looked through the crystal at the photograph,
+and prayed fervently that I might forget the drawing's terrible hint of what
+Theunis had beheld. Since then I have never been quite the same. Even the fairest
+scenes have seemed to hold some vague, ambiguous hint of the nameless
+blasphemies which may underlie them and form their masquerading essence.
+And yet the sketch was so slight. . . so little indicative of all that Theunis, to judge
+from his guarded accounts later on, must have discerned!
+
+Only a few basic elements of the landscape were in the thing. For the most part a
+cloudy, exotic-looking vapor dominated the view. Every object that might have
+been familiar was seen to be part of something vague and unknown and
+altogether un-terrestrial - something infinitely vaster than any human eye could
+grasp, and infinitely alien, monstrous, and hideous as guessed from the fragment
+within range.
+
+
+
+1177
+
+
+
+Where I had, in the landscape itself, seen the twisted, half-sentient tree, there was
+here visible only a gnarled, terrible hand or talon with fingers or feelers
+shockingly distended and evidently groping toward something on the ground or
+in the spectator's direction. And squarely below the writhing, bloated digits I
+thought I saw an outline in the grass where a man had lain. But the sketch was
+hasty, and I could not be sure.
+
+
+
+1178
+
+
+
+Through the Gates of the Silver Key -
+with E. Hoffmann Price
+
+Written Oct 1932- Apr 1933
+
+Published July 1934 ii\ Weird Tales, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 60-85.
+
+In a vast room hung with strangely figured arras and carpeted with Bonkhata
+rugs of impressive age and workmanship, four men were sitting around a
+document-strewn table. From the far corners, where odd tripods of wrought iron
+were now and then replenished by an incredibly aged Negro in somber livery,
+came the hypnotic fumes of olibanum; while in a deep niche on one side there
+ticked a curious, coffin- shaped clock whose dial bore baffling hieroglyphs and
+whose four hands did not move in consonance with any time system known on
+this planet. It was a singular and disturbing room, but well fitted to the business
+then at hand. For there, in the New Orleans home of this continent's greatest
+mystic, mathematician and orientalist, there was being settled at last the estate of
+a scarcely less great mystic, scholar, author and dreamer who had vanished from
+the face of the earth four years before.
+
+Randolph Carter, who had all his life sought to escape from the tedium and
+limitations of waking reality in the beckoning vistas of dreams and fabled
+avenues of other dimensions, disappeared from the sight of man on the seventh
+of October, 1928, at the age of fifty-four. His career had been a strange and lonely
+one, and there were those who inferred from his curious novels many episodes
+more bizarre than any in his recorded history. His association with Harley
+Warren, the South Carolina mystic whose studies in the primal Naacal language
+of the Himalayan priests had led to such outrageous conclusions, had been close.
+Indeed, it was he who - one mist-mad, terrible night in an ancient graveyard -
+had seen Warren descend into a dank and nitrous vault, never to emerge. Carter
+lived in Boston, but it was from the wild, haunted hills behind hoary and witch-
+accursed Arkham that all his forebears had come. And it was amid these ancient,
+cryptically brooding hills that he had ultimately vanished.
+
+His old servant. Parks - who died early in 1930 - had spoken of the strangely
+aromatic and hideously carven box he had found in the attic, and of the
+indecipherable parchments and queerly figured silver key which that box had
+contained: matters of which Carter had also written to others. Carter, he said,
+had told him that this key had come down from his ancestors, and that it would
+help him to unlock the gates to his lost boyhood, and to strange dimensions and
+fantastic realms which he had hitherto visited only in vague, brief, and elusive
+
+
+
+1179
+
+
+
+dreams. Then one day Carter took the box and its contents and rode away in his
+car, never to return.
+
+Later on, people found the car at the side of an old, grass-grown road in the hills
+behind crumbling Arkham - the hills where Carter's forebears had once dwelt,
+and where the ruined cellar of the great Carter homestead still gaped to the sky.
+It was in a grove of tall elms near by that another of the Carters had mysteriously
+vanished in 1781, and not far away was the half-rotted cottage where Goody
+Fowler, the witch, had brewed her ominous potions still earlier. The region had
+been settled in 1692 by fugitives from the witchcraft trials in Salem, and even
+now it bore a name for vaguely ominous things scarcely to be envisaged.
+Edmund Carter had fled from the shadow of Gallows Hill just in time, and the
+tales of his sorceries were many. Now, it seemed, his lone descendant had gone
+somewhere to join him!
+
+In the car they found the hideously carved box of fragrant wood, and the
+parchment which no man could read. The silver key was gone - presumably with
+Carter. Further than that there was no certain clue. Detectives from Boston said
+that the fallen timbers of the old Carter place seemed oddly disturbed, and
+somebody found a handkerchief on the rock-ridged, sinisterly wooded slope
+behind the ruins near the dreaded cave called the Snake Den.
+
+It was then that the country legends about the Snake Den gained a new vitality.
+Farmers whispered of the blasphemous uses to which old Edmund Carter the
+wizard had put that horrible grotto, and added later tales about the fondness
+which Randolph Carter himself hid had for it when a boy. In Carter's boyhood
+the venerable gambrel-roofed homestead was still standing and tenanted by his
+great-uncle Christopher. He had visited there often, and had talked singularly
+about the Snake Den. People remembered what he had said about a deep fissure
+and an unknown inner cave beyond, and speculated on the change he had
+shown after spending one whole memorable day in the cavern when he was
+nine. That was in October, too - and ever after that he had seemed to have a
+uncanny knack at prophesying future events.
+
+It had rained late in the night that Carter vanished, and no one was quite able to
+trace his footprints from the car. Inside the Snake Den all was amorphous liquid
+mud, owing to the copious seepage. Only the ignorant rustics whispered about
+the prints they thought they spied where the great elms overhang the road, and
+on the sinister hillside near the Snake Den, where the handkerchief was found.
+Who could pay attention to whispers that spoke of stubby little tracks like those
+which Randolph Carter's square-toed boots made when he was a small boy? It
+was as crazy a notion as that other whisper - that the tracks of old Benijah
+Corey's peculiar heelless boots had met the stubby little tracks in the road. Old
+
+
+
+1180
+
+
+
+Benijah had been the Carters' hired man when Randolph was young; but he had
+died thirty years ago.
+
+It must have been these whispers plus Carter's own statement to Parks and
+others that the queerly arabesqued silver key would help him unlock the gates of
+his lost boyhood - which caused a number of mystical students to declare that
+the missing man had actually doubled back on the trail of time and returned
+through forty-five years to that other October day in 1883 when he had stayed in
+the Snake Den as a small boy. When he came out that night, they argued, he had
+somehow made the whole trip to 1928 and back; for did he not thereafter know
+of things which were to happen later? And yet he had never spoken of anything
+to happen after 1928.
+
+One student - an elderly eccentric of Providence, Rhode Island, who had enjoyed
+a long and close correspondence with Carter - had a still more elaborate theory,
+and believed that Carter had not only returned to boyhood, but achieved a
+further liberation, roving at will through the prismatic vistas of boyhood dream.
+After a strange vision this man published a tale of Carter's vanishing in which he
+hinted that the lost one now reigned as king on the opal throne of Ilek-Vad, that
+fabulous town of turrets atop the hollow cliffs of glass overlooking the twilight
+sea wherein the bearded and finny Gniorri build their singular labyrinths.
+
+It was this old man. Ward Phillips, who pleaded most loudly against the
+apportionment of Carter's estate to his heirs - all distant cousins - on the ground
+that he was still alive in another time-dimension and might well return some
+day. Against him was arrayed the legal talent of one of the cousins, Ernest K.
+Aspinwall of Chicago, a man ten years Carter's senior, but keen as a youth in
+forensic battles. For four years the contest had raged, but now the time for
+apportionment had come, and this vast, strange room in New Orleans was to be
+the scene of the arrangement.
+
+It was the home of Carter's literary and financial executor - the distinguished
+Creole student of mysteries and Eastern antiquities, Etienne-Laurent de Marigny.
+Carter had met de Marigny during the war, when they both served in the French
+Foreign Legion, and had at once cleaved to him because of their similar tastes
+and outlook. When, on a memorable joint furlough, the learned young Creole
+had taken the wistful Boston dreamer to Bayonne, in the south of France, and
+had shown him certain terrible secrets in the nighted and immemorial crypts that
+burrow beneath that brooding, eon-weighted city, the friendship was forever
+sealed. Carter's will had named de Marigny as executor, and now that avid
+scholar was reluctantly presiding over the settlement of the estate. It was sad
+work for him, for like the old Rhode Islander he did not believe that Carter was
+
+
+
+1181
+
+
+
+dead. But what weight had the dreams of mystics against the harsh wisdom of
+the world?
+
+Around the table in that strange room in the old French Quarter sat the men who
+claimed an interest in the proceedings. There had been the usual legal
+advertisements of the conference in papers wherever Carter's heirs were thought
+to live; yet only four now sat listening to the abnormal ticking of that coffin-
+shaped clock which told no earthly time, and to the bubbling of the courtyard
+fountain beyond half-curtained, fan- lighted windows. As the hours wore on, the
+faces of the four were half shrouded in the curling fumes from the tripods,
+which, piled recklessly with fuel, seemed to need less and less attention from the
+silently gliding and increasingly nervous old Negro.
+
+There was Etienne de Marigny himself - slim, dark, handsome, mustached, and
+still young. Aspinwall, representing the heirs, was white-haired, apoplectic-
+faced, side-whiskered, and portly. Phillips, the Providence mystic, was lean,
+gray, long-nosed, clean-shaven, and stoop-shouldered. The fourth man was non-
+committal in age - lean, with a dark, bearded, singularly immobile face of very
+regular contour, bound with the turban of a high-caste Brahman and having
+night-black, burning, almost irisless eyes which seemed to gaze out from a vast
+distance behind the features. He had announced himself as the Swami
+Chandraputra, an adept from Benares, with important information to give; and
+both de Marigny and Phillips - who had corresponded with him - had been quick
+to recognize the genuineness of his mystical pretensions. His speech had an
+oddly forced, hollow, metallic quality, as if the use of English taxed his vocal
+apparatus; yet his language was as easy, correct and idiomatic as any native
+Anglo- Saxon's. In general attire he was the normal European civilian, but his
+loose clothes sat peculiarly badly on him, while his bushy black beard. Eastern
+turban, and large, white mittens gave him an air of exotic eccentricity.
+
+De Marigny, fingering the parchment found in Carter's car, was speaking.
+
+"No, I have not been able to make anything of the parchment. Mr. Phillips, here,
+also gives it up. Colonel Churchward declares it is not Naacal, and it looks
+nothing at all like the hieroglyphics on that Easter Island war-club. The carvings
+on that box, though, do strangely suggest Easter Island images. The nearest thing
+I can recall to these parchment characters - notice how all the letters seem to hang
+down from horizontal word-bar - is the writing in a book poor Harley Warren
+once had. It came from India while Carter and I were visiting him in 1919, and he
+never would tell us anything about it - said it would be better if we didn't know,
+and hinted that it might have come originally from some place other than the
+Earth. He took it with him in December, when he went down into the vault in
+that old graveyard - but neither he nor the book ever came to the surface again.
+
+
+
+1182
+
+
+
+Some time ago I sent our friend here - the Swami Chandraputra - a memory-
+sketch of some of those letters, and also a photostatic copy of the Carter
+parchment. He believes he may be able to shed light on them after certain
+references and consultations.
+
+"But the key - Carter sent me a photograph of that. Its curious arabesques were
+not letters, but seem to have belonged to the same culture-tradition as the
+parchment Carter always spoke of being on the point of solving the mystery,
+though he never gave details. Once he grew almost poetic about the whole
+business. That antique silver key, he said, would unlock the successive doors that
+bar our free march down the mighty corridors of space and time to the very
+Border which no man has crossed since Shaddad with his terrific genius built
+and concealed in the sands of Arabia Pettraea the prodigious domes and
+uncounted minarets of thousand-pillared Irem. Half-starved dervishes - wrote
+Carter - and thirst-crazed nomads have returned to tell of that monumental
+portal, and of the hand that is sculptured above the keystone of the arch, but no
+man has passed and retraced his steps to say that his footprints on the garnet-
+strewn sands within bear witness to his visit. The key, he surmised, was that for
+which the Cyclopean sculptured hand vainly grasps.
+
+"Why Carter didn't take the parchment as well as the key, we can not say.
+Perhaps he forgot it - or perhaps he forbore to take it through recollection of one
+who had taken a book of like characters into a vault and never returned. Or
+perhaps it was really immaterial to what he wished to do."
+
+As de Marigny paused, old Mr. Phillips spoke a harsh, shrill voice.
+
+"We can know of Randolph Carter's wandering only what we dream. I have
+been to many strange places in dreams, and have heard many strange and
+significant things in Ulthar, beyond the River Skai. It does not appear that the
+parchment was needed, for certainly Carter reentered the world of his boyhood
+dreams, and is now a king in Ilek-Vad."
+
+Mr. Aspinwall grew doubly apoplectic-looking as he sputtered: "Can't
+somebody shut the old fool up? We've had enough of these moonings. The
+problem is to divide the property, and it's about time we got to it."
+
+For the first time Swami Chandraputra spoke in his queerly alien voice.
+
+"Gentlemen, there is more to this matter than you think. Mr. Aspinwall does not
+do well to laugh at the evidence of dreams. Mr. Phillips has taken an incomplete
+view - perhaps because he has not dreamed enough. I, myself, have done much
+dreaming. We in India have always done that, just as all the Carters seem to have
+
+
+
+1183
+
+
+
+done it. You, Mr. Aspinwall, as a maternal cousin, are naturally not a Carter. My
+own dreams, and certain other sources of information, have told me a great deal
+which you still find obscure. For example, Randolph Carter forgot that
+parchment which he couldn't decipher - yet it would have been well for him had
+he remembered to take it. You see, I have really learned pretty much what
+happened to Carter after he left his car with the silver key at sunset on that
+seventh of October, four years ago."
+
+Aspinwall audibly sneered, but the others sat up with heightened interest. The
+smoke from the tripods increased, and the crazy ticking of that coffin-shaped
+clock seemed to fall into bizarre patterns like the dots and dashes of some alien
+and insoluble telegraph message from outer space. The Hindoo leaned back, half
+closed his eyes, and continued in that oddly labored yet idiomatic speech, while
+before his audience there began to float a picture of what had happened to
+Randolph Carter.
+
+Chapter Two
+
+The hills beyond Arkham are full of a strange magic - something, perhaps, which
+the old wizard Edmund Carter called down from the stars and up from the
+crypts of nether earth when he fled there from Salem in 1692. As soon as
+Randolph Carter was back among them he knew that he was close to one of the
+gates which a few audacious, abhorred and alien-souled men have blasted
+through titan walls betwixt the world and the outside absolute. Here, he felt, and
+on this day of the year, he could carry out with success the message he had
+deciphered months before from the arabesques of that tarnished and incredibly
+ancient silver key. He knew now how it must be rotated, and how it must be held
+up to the setting sun, and what syllables of ceremony must be intoned into the
+void at the ninth and last turning. In a spot as close to a dark polarity and
+induced gate as this, it could not fail in its primary functions Certainly, he would
+rest that night in the lost boyhood for which he had never ceased to mourn.
+
+He got out of the car with the key in his pocket, walking up-hill deeper and
+deeper into the shadowy core of that brooding, haunted countryside of winding
+road, vine-grown stone wall, black woodland, gnarled, neglected orchard,
+gaping-windowed, deserted farm-house, and nameless nun. At the sunset hour,
+when the distant spires of Kingsport gleamed in the ruddy blaze, he took out the
+key and made the needed turnings and intonations. Only later did he realize
+how soon the ritual had taken effect.
+
+Then in the deepening twilight he had heard a voice out of the past: Old Benijah
+Corey, his great-uncle's hired man. Had not old Benijah been dead for thirty
+years? Thirty years before when. What was time? Where had he been? Why was
+
+
+
+1184
+
+
+
+it strange that Benijah should be caUing him on this seventh of October 1883?
+Was he not out later than Aunt Martha had told him to stay? What was this key
+in his blouse pocket, where his little telescope - given him by his father on his
+ninth birthday, two months before - ought to be? Had he found it in the attic at
+home? Would it unlock the mystic pylon which his sharp eye had traced amidst
+the jagged rocks at the back of that inner cave behind the Snake Den on the hill?
+That was the place they always coupled with old Edmund Carter the wizard.
+People wouldn't go there, and nobody but him had ever noticed or squirmed
+through the root-choked fissure to that great black inner chamber with the pylon.
+Whose hands had carved that hint of a pylon out of the living rock? Old Wizard
+Edmund's - or others that he had conjured up and commanded?
+
+That evening little Randolph ate supper with Uncle Chris and Aunt Martha in
+the old gambrel-roofed farm-house.
+
+Next morning he was up early and out through the twisted-boughed apple
+orchard to the upper timber lot where the mouth of the Snake Den lurked black
+and forbidding amongst grotesque, overnourished oaks. A nameless expectancy
+was upon him, and he did not even notice the loss of his handkerchief as he
+fumbled in his blouse pocket to see if the queer silver key was safe. He crawled
+through the dark orifice with tense, adventurous assurance, lighting his way
+with matches taken from the sitting-room. In another moment he had wriggled
+through the root-choked fissure at the farther end, and was in the vast, unknown
+inner grotto whose ultimate rock wall seemed half like a monstrous and
+consciously shapen pylon. Before that dank, dripping wall he stood silent and
+awestruck, lighting one match after another as he gazed. Was that stony bulge
+above the keystone of the imagined arch really a gigantic sculptured hand? Then
+he drew forth the silver key, and made motions and intonations whose source he
+could only dimly remember. Was anything forgotten? He knew only that he
+wished to cross the barrier to the untrammeled land of his dreams and the gulfs
+where all dimensions dissolved in the absolute.
+
+Chapter Three
+
+What happened then is scarcely to be described in words. It is full of those
+paradoxes, contradictions and anomalies which have no place in waking life, but
+which fill our more fantastic dreams and are taken as matters of course till we
+return to our narrow, rigid, objective world of limited causation and tri-
+dimensional logic. As the Hindoo continued his tale, he had difficulty in
+avoiding what seemed - even more than the notion of a man transferred through
+the years to boyhood - an air of trivial, puerile extravagance. Mr. Aspinwall, in
+disgust, gave an apoplectic snort and virtually stopped listening.
+
+
+
+1185
+
+
+
+For the rite of the silver key, as practiced by Randolph Carter in that black,
+haunted cave within a cave, did not prove unavailing. From the first gesture and
+syllable an aura of strange, awesome mutation was apparent - a sense of
+incalculable disturbance and confusion in time and space, yet one which held no
+hint of what we recognize as motion and duration. Imperceptibly, such things as
+age and location ceased to have any significance whatever. The day before,
+Randolph Carter had miraculously leaped a gulf of years. Now there was no
+distinction between boy and man. There was only the entity Randolph Carter,
+with a certain store of images which had lost all connection with terrestrial
+scenes and circumstances of acquisition. A moment before, there had been an
+inner cave with vague suggestions of a monstrous arch and gigantic sculptured
+hand on the farther wall. Now there was neither cave nor absence of cave;
+neither wall nor absence of wall. There was only a flux of impressions not so
+much visual as cerebral, amidst which the entity that was Randolph Carter
+experienced perceptions or registrations of all that his mind revolved on, yet
+without any clear consciousness of the way in which he received them.
+
+By the time the rite was over. Carter knew that he was in no region whose place
+could be told by Earth's geographers, and in no age whose date history could fix;
+for the nature of what was happening was not wholly unfamiliar to him. There
+were hints of it in the cryptical Pnakotic fragments, and a whole chapter in the
+forbidden Necronomicon of the mad Arab, Abdul Alhazred, had taken on
+significance when he had deciphered the designs graven on the silver key. A gate
+had been unlocked - not, indeed, the Ultimate Gate, but one leading from Earth
+and time to that extension of Earth which is outside time, and from which in turn
+the Ultimate Gate leads fearsomely and perilously to the last Void which is
+outside all earths, all universes, and all matter.
+
+There would be a Guide - and a very terrible one; a Guide who had been an
+entity of Earth millions of years before, when man was undreamed of, and when
+forgotten shapes moved on a steaming planet building strange cities among
+whose last, crumbling ruins the first mammals were to play. Carter remembered
+what the monstrous Necronomicon had vaguely and disconcertingly
+adumbrated concerning that Guide:
+
+"And while there are those," the mad Arab had written, "who have dared to seek
+glimpses beyond the Veil, and to accept HIM as guide, they would have been
+more prudent had they avoided commerce with HIM; for it is written in the Book
+of Thoth how terrific is the price of a single glimpse. Nor may those who pass
+ever return, for in the vastnesses transcending our world are shapes of darkness
+that seize and bind. The Affair that shambleth about in the night, the evil that
+defieth the Elder Sign, the Herd that stand watch at the secret portal each tomb is
+known to have and that thrive on that which groweth out of the tenants thereof: -
+
+
+
+1186
+
+
+
+all these Blacknesses are lesser than HE WHO guardeth the Gateway: HE WHO
+will guide the rash one beyond all the worlds into the Abyss of unnamable
+devourers. For He is 'UMR AT- TAWIL, the Most Ancient One, which the scribe
+rendereth as THE PROLONGED OF LIFE."
+
+Memory and imagination shaped dim half-pictures with uncertain outlines
+amidst the seething chaos, but Carter knew that they were of memory and
+imagination only. Yet he felt that it was not chance which built these things in his
+consciousness, but rather some vast reality, ineffable and undimensioned, which
+surrounded him and strove to translate itself into the only symbols he was
+capable of grasping. For no mind of Earth may grasp the extensions of shape
+which interweave in the oblique gulfs outside time and the dimensions we know.
+
+There floated before Carter a cloudy pageantry of shapes and scenes which he
+somehow linked with Earth's primal, eon-forgotten past. Monstrous living things
+moved deliberately through vistas of fantastic handiwork that no sane dream
+ever held, and landscapes bore incredible vegetation and cliffs and mountains
+and masonry of no human pattern. There were cities under the sea, and denizens
+thereof; and towers in great deserts where globes and cylinders and nameless
+winged entities shot off into space, or hurtled down out of space. All this Carter
+grasped, though the images bore no fixed relation to one another or to him. He
+himself had no stable form or position, but only such shifting hints of form and
+position as his whirling fancy supplied.
+
+He had wished to find the enchanted regions of his boyhood dreams, where
+galleys sail up the river Oukranos past the gilded spires of Thran, and elephant
+caravans tramp through perfumed jungles in Kied, beyond forgotten palaces
+with veined ivory columns that sleep lovely and unbroken under the moon.
+Now, intoxicated with wider visions, he scarcely knew what he sought.
+Thoughts of infinite and blasphemous daring rose in his mind, and he knew he
+would face the dreaded Guide without fear, asking monstrous and terrible things
+of him.
+
+All at once the pageant of impressions seemed to achieve a vague kind of
+stabilization. There were great masses of towering stone, carven into alien and
+incomprehensible designs and disposed according to the laws of some unknown,
+inverse geometry. Light filtered from a sky of no assignable colour in baffling,
+contradictory directions, and played almost sentiently over what seemed to be a
+curved line of gigantic hieroglyphed pedestals more hexagonal than otherwise,
+and surmounted by cloaked, ill-defined shapes.
+
+There was another shape, too, which occupied no pedestal, but which seemed to
+glide or float over the cloudy, floor-like lower level. It was not exactly permanent
+
+
+
+1187
+
+
+
+in outline, but held transient suggestions of something remotely preceding or
+paralleling the human form, though half as large again as an ordinary man. It
+seemed to be heavily cloaked, like the shapes on the pedestals, with some
+neutral-coloured fabric; and Carter could not detect any eye-holes through which
+it might gaze. Probably it did not need to gaze, for it seemed to belong to an
+order of beings far outside the merely physical in organization and faculties.
+
+A moment later Carter knew that this was so, for the Shape had spoken to his
+mind without sound or language. And though the name it uttered was a dreaded
+and terrible one, Randolph Carter did not flinch in fear.
+
+Instead, he spoke back, equally without sound or language, and made those
+obeisances which the hideous Necronomicon had taught him to make. For this
+shape was nothing less than that which all the world has feared since Lomar rose
+out of the sea, and the Children of the Fire Mist came to Earth to teach the Elder
+Lore to man. It was indeed the frightful Guide and Guardian of the Gate - 'UMR
+AT-TAWIL, the ancient one, which the scribe rendereth the PROLONGED OF
+LIFE.
+
+The Guide knew, as he knew all things, of Carter's quest and coming, and that
+this seeker of dreams and secrets stood before him unafraid. There was no horror
+or malignity in what he radiated, and Carter wondered for a moment whether
+the mad Arab's terrific blasphemous hints came from envy and a baffled wish to
+do what was now about to be done. Or perhaps the Guide reserved his horror
+and malignity for those who feared. As the radiations continued. Carter
+eventually interpreted them in the form of words.
+
+"I am indeed that Most Ancient One," said the Guide, "of whom you know. We
+have awaited you - the Ancient Ones and I. You are welcome, even though long
+delayed. You have the key, and have unlocked the First Gate. Now the Ultimate
+Gate is ready for your trial. If you fear, you need not advance. You may still go
+back unharmed, the way you came. But if you chose to advance -"
+
+The pause was ominous, but the radiations continued to be friendly. Carter
+hesitated not a moment, for a burning curiosity drove him on.
+
+"I will advance," he radiated back, "and I accept you as my Guide."
+
+At this reply the Guide seemed to make a sign by certain motions of his robe
+which may or may not have involved the lifting of an arm or some homologous
+member. A second sign followed, and from his well- learned lore Carter knew
+that he was at last very close to the Ultimate Gate. The light now changed to
+another inexplicable colour, and the shapes on the quasi-hexagonal pedestals
+
+
+
+1188
+
+
+
+became more clearly defined. As they sat more erect, their outlines became more
+like those of men, though Carter knew that they could not be men. Upon their
+cloaked heads there now seemed to rest tall, uncertainly coloured miters,
+strangely suggestive of those on certain nameless figures chiseled by a forgotten
+sculptor along the living cliffs of a high, forbidden mountain in Tartary; while
+grasped in certain folds of their swathings were long sceptres whose carven
+heads bodied forth a grotesque and archaic mystery.
+
+Carter guessed what they were and whence they came, and Whom they served;
+and guessed, too, the price of their service. But he was still content, for at one
+mighty venture he was to learn all. Damnation, he reflected, is but a word
+bandied about by those whose blindness leads them to condemn all who can see,
+even with a single eye. He wondered at the vast conceit of those who had
+babbled of the malignant Ancient Ones, as if They could pause from their
+everlasting dreams to wreack a wrath on mankind. As well, he might a
+mammoth pause to visit frantic vengeance on an angleworm. Now the whole
+assemblage on the vaguely hexagonal pillars was greeting him with a gesture of
+those oddly carven sceptres and radiating a message which he understood:
+
+"We salute you. Most Ancient One, and you, Randolph Carter, whose daring has
+made you one of us."
+
+Carter saw now that one of the pedestals was vacant, and a gesture of the Most
+Ancient One told him it was reserved for him. He saw also another pedestal,
+taller than the rest, and at the center of the oddly curved line - neither semicircle
+nor ellipse, parabola nor hyperbola - which they formed. This, he guessed, was
+the Guide's own throne. Moving and rising in a manner hardly definable. Carter
+took his seat; and as he did so he saw that the Guide had seated himself.
+
+Gradually and mistily it became apparent that the Most Ancient One was
+holding something - some object clutched in the outflung folds of his robe as if
+for the sight, or what answered for sight, of the cloaked Companions. It was a
+large sphere, or apparent sphere, of some obscurely iridescent metal, and as the
+Guide put it forward a low, pervasive half-impression of sound began to rise and
+fall in intervals which seemed to be rhythmic even though they followed no
+rhythm of Earth. There was a suggestion of chanting or what human imagination
+might interpret as chanting. Presently the quasi-sphere began to grow luminous,
+and as it gleamed up into a cold, pulsating light of unassignable colour. Carter
+saw that its flickerings conformed to the alien rhythm of the chant. Then all the
+mitered, scepter-bearing Shapes on the pedestals commenced a slight, curious
+swaying in the same inexplicable rhythm, while nimbuses of unclassifiable light -
+resembling that of the quasi-sphere - played around their shrouded heads.
+
+
+
+1189
+
+
+
+The Hindoo paused in his tale and looked curiously at the tall, coffin-shaped
+clock with the four hands and hieroglyphed dial, whose crazy ticking followed
+no known rhythm of Earth.
+
+"You, Mr. de Marigny," he suddenly said to his learned host, "do not need to be
+told the particularly alien rhythm to which those cowled Shapes on the
+hexagonal pillars chanted and nodded. You are the only one else - in America -
+who has had a taste of the Outer Extension. That clock - 1 suppose it was sent to
+you by the Yogi poor Harley Warren used to talk about — the seer who said that
+he alone of living men had been to Yian-Ho, the hidden legacy of eon-old Leng,
+and had borne certain things away from that dreadful and forbidden city. I
+wonder how many of its subtler properties you know? If my dreams and
+readings be correct, it was made by those who knew much of the First Gateway.
+But let me go on with my tale."
+
+At last, continued the Swami, the swaying and the suggestion of chanting ceased,
+the lambent nimbuses around the now drooping and motionless heads faded,
+while the cloaked shapes slumped curiously on their pedestals. The quasi-
+sphere, however, continued to pulsate with inexplicable light. Carter felt that the
+Ancient Ones were sleeping as they had been when he first saw them, and he
+wondered out of what cosmic dreams his coming had aroused them. Slowly
+there filtered into his mind the truth that this strange chanting ritual had been
+one of instruction, and that the Companions had been chanted by the Most
+Ancient One into a new and peculiar kind of sleep in order that their dreams
+might open the Ultimate Gate to which the silver key was a passport. He knew
+that in the profundity of this deep sleep they were contemplating unplumbed
+vastnesses of utter and absolute outsideness, and that they were to accomplish
+that which his presence had demanded.
+
+The Guide did not share this sleep, but seemed still to be giving instructions in
+some subtle, soundless way. Evidently he was implanting images of those things
+which he wished the Companions to dream: and Carter knew that as each of the
+Ancient Ones pictured the prescribed thought, there would be born the nucleus
+of a manifestation visible to his earthly eyes. When the dreams of all the Shapes
+had achieved a oneness, that manifestation would occur, and everything he
+required be materialized, through concentration. He had seen such things on
+Earth - in India, where the combined, projected will of a circle of adepts can
+make a thought take tangible substance, and in hoary Atlaanat, of which few
+even dare speak.
+
+Just what the Ultimate Gate was, and how it was to be passed. Carter could not
+be certain; but a feeling of tense expectancy surged over him. He was conscious
+of having a kind of body, and of holding the fateful silver key in his hand. The
+
+
+
+1190
+
+
+
+masses of towering stone opposite him seemed to possess the evenness of a wall,
+toward the centre of which his eyes were irresistibly drawn. And then suddenly
+he felt the mental currents of the Most Ancient One cease to flow forth.
+
+For the first time Carter realized how terrific utter silence, mental and physical,
+may be. The earlier moments had never failed to contain some perceptible
+rhythm, if only the faint, cryptical pulse of the Earth's dimensional extension, but
+now the hush of the abyss seemed to fall upon everything. Despite his
+intimations of body, he had no audible breath, and the glow of 'Umr at-Tawil's
+quasi-sphere had grown petrifiedly fixed and unpulsating. A potent nimbus,
+brighter than those which had played round the heads of the Shapes, blazed
+frozenly over the shrouded skull of the terrible Guide.
+
+A dizziness assailed Carter, and his sense of lost orientation waxed a
+thousandfold. The strange lights seemed to hold the quality of the most
+impenetrable blacknesses heaped upon blacknesses while about the Ancient
+Ones, so close on their pseudo-hexagonal thrones, there hovered an air of the
+most stupefying remoteness. Then he felt himself wafted into immeasurable
+depths, with waves of perfumed warmth lapping against his face. It was as if he
+floated in a torrid, rose-tinctured sea; a sea of drugged wine whose waves broke
+foaming against shores of brazen fire. A great fear clutched him as he half saw
+that vast expanse of surging sea lapping against its far off coast. But the moment
+of silence was broken - the surgings were speaking to him in a language that was
+not of physical sound or articulate words.
+
+"The Man of Truth is beyond good and evil," intoned the voice that was not a
+voice. 'The Man of Truth has ridden to AU-Is-One. The Man of Truth has learned
+that Illusion is the One Reality, and that Substance is the Great Impostor."
+
+And now, in that rise of masonry to which his eyes had been so irresistibly
+drawn, there appeared the outline of a titanic arch not unlike that which he
+thought he had glimpsed so long ago in that cave within a cave, on the far,
+unreal surface of the three-dimensioned Earth. He realized that he had been
+using the silver key - moving it in accord with an unlearned and instinctive ritual
+closely akin to that which had opened the Inner Gate. That rose-drunken sea
+which lapped his cheeks was, he realized, no more or less than the adamantine
+mass of the solid wall yielding before his spell, and the vortex of thought with
+which the Ancient Ones had aided his spell. Still guided by instinct and blind
+determination, he floated forward - and through the Ultimate Gate.
+
+Chapter Four
+
+
+
+1191
+
+
+
+Randolph Carter's advance through the cyclopean bulk of masonry was like a
+dizzy precipitation through the measureless gulfs between the stars. From a
+great distance he felt triumphant, godlike surges of deadly sweetness, and after
+that the rustling of great wings, and impressions of sound like the chirpings and
+murmurings of objects unknown on Earth or in the solar system. Glancing
+backward, he saw not one gate alone but a multiplicity of gates, at some of which
+clamoured Forms he strove not to remember.
+
+And then, suddenly, he felt a greater terror than that which any of the Forms
+could give - a terror from which he could not flee because it was connected with
+himself. Even the First Gateway had taken something of stability from him,
+leaving him uncertain about his bodily form and about his relationship to the
+mistily defined objects around him, but it had not disturbed his sense of unity.
+He had still been Randolph Carter, a fixed point in the dimensional seething.
+Now, beyond the Ultimate Gateway, he realized in a moment of consuming
+fright that he was not one person, but many persons.
+
+He was in many places at the same time. On Earth, on October 7, 1883, a little
+boy named Randolph Carter was leaving the Snake Den in the hushed evening
+light and running down the rocky slope, and through the twisted-boughed
+orchard toward his Uncle Christopher's house in the hills beyond Arkham; yet at
+that same moment, which was also somehow in the earthly year of 1928, a vague
+shadow not less Randolph Carter was sitting on a pedestal among the Ancient
+Ones in Earth's transdimensional extension. Here, too, was a third Randolph
+Carter, in the unknown and formless cosmic abyss beyond the Ultimate Gate.
+And elsewhere, in a chaos of scenes whose infinite multiplicity and monstrous
+diversity brought him close to the brink of madness, were a limitless confusion of
+beings which he knew were as much himself as the local manifestation now
+beyond the Ultimate Gate.
+
+There were Carters in settings belonging to every known and suspected age of
+Earth's history, and to remoter ages of earthly entity transcending knowledge,
+suspicion, and credibility; Carters of forms both human and non-human,
+vertebrate and invertebrate, conscious and mindless, animal and vegetable. And
+more, there were Carters having nothing in common with earthly life, but
+moving outrageously amidst backgrounds of other planets and systems and
+galaxies and cosmic continua; spores of eternal life drifting from world to world,
+universe to universe, yet all equally himself. Some of the glimpses recalled
+dreams - both faint and vivid, single and persistent - which he had had through
+the long years since he first began to dream; and a few possessed a haunting,
+fascinating and almost horrible familiarity which no earthly logic could explain.
+
+
+
+1192
+
+
+
+Faced with this reahzation, Randolph Carter reeled in the clutch of supreme
+horror - horror such as had not been hinted even at the climax of that hideous
+night when two had ventured into an ancient and abhorred necropolis under a
+waning moon and only one had emerged. No death, no doom, no anguish can
+arouse the surpassing despair which flows from a loss of identity. Merging with
+nothingness is peaceful oblivion; but to be aware of existence and yet to know
+that one is no longer a definite being distinguished from other beings - that one
+no longer has a self - that is the nameless summit of agony and dread.
+
+He knew that there had been a Randolph Carter of Boston, yet could not be sure
+whether he - the fragment or facet of an entity beyond the Ultimate Gate - had
+been that one or some other. His self had been annihilated; and yet he - if indeed
+there could, in view of that utter nullity of individual existence, be such a thing
+as he - was equally aware of being in some inconceivable way a legion of selves.
+It was as though his body had been suddenly transformed into one of those
+many-limbed and many-headed effigies sculptured in Indian temples, and he
+contemplated the aggregation in a bewildered attempt to discern which was the
+original and which the additions - if indeed (supremely monstrous thought!)
+there were any original as distinguished from other embodiments.
+
+Then, in the midst of these devastating reflections. Carter's beyond-the-gate
+fragment was hurled from what had seemed the nadir of horror to black,
+clutching pits of a horror still more profound. This time it was largely external - a
+force of personality which at once confronted and surrounded and pervaded
+him, and which in addition to its local presence, seemed also to be a part of
+himself, and likewise to be co- existent with all time and conterminous with all
+space. There was no visual image, yet the sense of entity and the awful concept
+of combined localism and identity and infinity lent a paralyzing terror beyond
+anything which any Carter-fragment had hitherto deemed capable of existing.
+
+In the face of that awful wonder, the quasi-Carter forgot the horror of destroyed
+individuality. It was an All-in-One and One-in-All of limitless being and self -
+not merely a thing of one space-time continuum, but allied to the ultimate
+animating essence of existence's whole unbounded sweep - the last, utter sweep
+which has no confines and which outreaches fancy and mathematics alike. It was
+perhaps that which certain secret cults of Earth had whispered of as Yog-Sothoth,
+and which has been a deity under other names; that which the crustaceans of
+Yuggoth worship as the Beyond-One, and which the vaporous brains of the
+spiral nebulae know by an untranslatable sign - yet in a flash the Carter-facet
+realized how slight and fractional all these conceptions are.
+
+And now the Being was addressing the Carter-facet in prodigious waves that
+smote and burned and thundered - a concentration of energy that blasted its
+
+
+
+1193
+
+
+
+recipient with well-nigh unendurable violence, and that paralleled in an
+unearthly rhythm the curious swaying of the Ancient Ones, and the flickering of
+the monstrous lights, in that baffling region beyond the First Gate. It was as
+though suns and worlds and universes had converged upon one point whose
+very position in space they had conspired to annihilate with an impact of
+resistless fury. But amidst the greater terror one lesser terror was diminished; for
+the searing waves appeared somehow to isolate the Beyond-the-Gate Carter from
+his infinity of duplicates - to restore, as it were, a certain amount of the illusion of
+identity. After a time the hearer began to translate the waves into speech-forms
+known to him, and his sense of horror and oppression waned. Fright became
+pure awe, and what had seemed blasphemously abnormal seemed now only
+ineffably majestic.
+
+"Randolph Carter," it seemed to say, "my manifestations on your planet's
+extension, the Ancient Ones, have sent you as one who would lately have
+returned to small lands of dream which he had lost, yet who with greater
+freedom has risen to greater and nobler desires and curiosities. You wished to
+sail up golden Oukranos, to search out forgotten ivory cities in orchid-heavy
+Kied, and to reign on the opal throne of Ilek- Vad, whose fabulous towers and
+numberless domes rise mighty toward a single red star in a firmament alien to
+your Earth and to all matter. Now, with the passing of two Gates, you wish
+loftier things. You would not flee like a child from a scene disliked to a dream
+beloved, but would plunge like a man into that last and inmost of secrets which
+lies behind all scenes and dreams.
+
+"What you wish, I have found good; and I am ready to grant that which I have
+granted eleven times only to beings of your planet - five times only to those you
+call men, or those resembling them. I am ready to show you the Ultimate
+Mystery, to look on which is to blast a feeble spirit. Yet before you gaze full at
+that last and first of secrets you may still wield a free choice, and return if you
+will through the two Gates with the Veil still unrent before our eyes."
+
+Chapter Five
+
+A sudden shutting-off of the waves left Carter in a chilling and awesome silence
+full of the spirit of desolation. On every hand pressed the illimitable vastness of
+the void; yet the seeker knew that the Being was still there. After a moment he
+thought of words whose mental substance he flung into the abyss: "I accept. I
+will not retreat."
+
+The waves surged forth again, and Carter knew that the Being had heard. And
+now there poured from that limitless Mind a flood of knowledge and
+explanation which opened new vistas to the seeker, and prepared him for such a
+
+
+
+1194
+
+
+
+grasp of the cosmos as he had never hoped to possess. He was told how childish
+and limited is the notion of a tri-dimensional world, and what an infinity of
+directions there are besides the known directions of up-down, forward-
+backward, right-left. He was shown the smallness and tinsel emptiness of the
+little Earth gods, with their petty, human interests and connections - their
+hatreds, rages, loves and vanities; their craving for praise and sacrifice, and their
+demands for faiths contrary to reason and nature.
+
+While most of the impressions translated themselves to Carter as words there
+were others to which other senses gave interpretation. Perhaps with eyes and
+perhaps with imagination he perceived that he was in a region of dimensions
+beyond those conceivable to the eye and brain of man. He saw now, in the
+brooding shadows of that which had been first a vortex of power and then an
+illimitable void, a sweep of creation that dizzied his senses. From some
+inconceivable vantagepoint he looked upon prodigious forms whose multiple
+extensions transcended any conception of being, size and boundaries which his
+mind had hitherto been able to hold, despite a lifetime of cryptical study. He
+began to understand dimly why there could exist at the same time the little boy
+Randolph Carter in the Arkham farm-house in 1883, the misty form on the
+vaguely hexagonal pillar beyond the First Gate, the fragment now facing the
+Presence in the limitless abyss, and all the other Carters his fancy or perception
+envisaged.
+
+Then the waves increased in strength and sought to improve his understanding,
+reconciling him to the multiform entity of which his present fragment was an
+infinitesimal part. They told him that every figure of space is but the result of the
+intersection by a plane of some corresponding figure of one more dimension - as
+a square is cut from a cube, or a circle from a sphere. The cube and sphere, of
+three dimensions, are thus cut from corresponding forms of four dimensions,
+which men know only through guesses and dreams; and these in turn are cut
+from forms of five dimensions, and so on up to the dizzy and reachless heights of
+archetypal infinity. The world of men and of the gods of men is merely an
+infinitesimal phase of an infinitesimal thing - the three-dimensional phase of that
+small wholeness reached by the First Gate, where 'Umr at-Tawil dictates dreams
+to the Ancient Ones. Though men hail it as reality, and band thoughts of its
+many-dimensioned original as unreality, it is in truth the very opposite. That
+which we call substance and reality is shadow and illusion, and that which we
+call shadow and illusion is substance and reality.
+
+Time, the waves went on, is motionless, and without beginning or end. That it
+has motion and is the cause of change is an illusion. Indeed, it is itself really an
+illusion, for except to the narrow sight of beings in limited dimensions there are
+no such things as past, present and future. Men think of time only because of
+
+
+
+1195
+
+
+
+what they call change, yet that too is illusion. All that was, and is, and is to be,
+exists simultaneously.
+
+These revelations came with a god like solemnity which left Carter unable to
+doubt. Even though they lay almost beyond his comprehension, he felt that they
+must be true in the light of that final cosmic reality which belies all local
+perspectives and narrow partial views; and he was familiar enough with
+profound speculations to be free from the bondage of local and partial
+conceptions. Had his whole quest not been based upon a faith in the unreality of
+the local and partial?
+
+After an impressive pause the waves continued, saying that what the denizens of
+few-dimensioned zones call change is merely a function of their consciousness,
+which views the external world from various cosmic angles. As the Shapes
+produced by the cutting of a cone seem to vary with the angles of cutting - being
+circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola according to that angle, yet without any
+change in the cone itself - so do the local aspects of an unchanged - and endless
+reality seem to change with the cosmic angle of regarding. To this variety of
+angles Of consciousness the feeble beings of the inner worlds are slaves, since
+with rare exceptions they can not learn to control them. Only a few students of
+forbidden things have gained inklings of this control, and have thereby
+conquered time and change. But the entities outside the Gates command all
+angles, and view the myriad parts of the cosmos in terms of fragmentary change-
+involving perspective, or of the changeless totality beyond perspective, in
+accordance with their will.
+
+As the waves paused again. Carter began to comprehend, vaguely and
+terrifiedly, the ultimate background of that riddle of lost individuality which had
+at first so horrified him. His intuition pieced together the fragments of revelation,
+and brought him closer and closer to a grasp of the secret. He understood that
+much of the frightful revelation would have come upon him - splitting up his ego
+amongst myriads of earthly counterparts inside the First Gate, had not the magic
+of 'Umr at-Tawil kept it from him in order that he might use the silver key with
+precision for the Ultimate Gate's opening. Anxious for clearer knowledge, he
+sent out waves of thought, asking more of the exact relationship between his
+various facets - the fragment now beyond the Ultimate Gate, the fragment still on
+the quasi-hexagonal pedestal beyond the First Gate, the boy of 1883, the man of
+1928, the various ancestral beings who had formed his heritage and the bulwark
+of his ego, amid the nameless denizens of the other eons and other worlds which
+that first hideous flash ultimate perception had identified with him. Slowly the
+waves of the Being surged out in reply, trying to make plain what was almost
+beyond the reach of an earthly mind.
+
+
+
+1196
+
+
+
+All descended lines of beings of the finite dimensions, continued the waves, and
+all stages of growth in each one of these beings, are merely manifestations of one
+archetypal and eternal being in the space outside dimensions. Each local being -
+son, father, grandfather, and so on - and each stage of individual being - infant,
+child, boy, man - is merely one of the infinite phases of that same archetypal and
+eternal being, caused by a variation in the angle of the consciousness-plane
+which cuts it. Randolph Carter at all ages; Randolph Carter and all his ancestors,
+both human and pre-human, terrestrial and pre-terrestrial; all these were only
+phases of one ultimate, eternal "Carter" outside space and time - phantom
+projections differentiated only by the angle at which the plane of consciousness
+happened to cut the eternal archetype in each case.
+
+A slight change of angle could turn the student of today into the child of
+yesterday; could turn Randolph Carter into that wizard, Edmund Carter who
+fled from Salem to the hills behind Arkham in 1692, or that Pickman Carter who
+in the year 2169 would use strange means in repelling the Mongol hordes from
+Australia; could turn a human Carter into one of those earlier entities which had
+dwelt in primal Hyperborea and worshipped black, plastic Tsathoggua after
+flying down from Kythamil, the double planet that once revolved around
+Arcturus; could turn a terrestrial Carter to a remotely ancestral and doubtfully
+shaped dweller on Kythamil itself, or a still remoter creature of trans-galactic
+Stronti, or a four- dimensioned gaseous consciousness in an older space-time
+continuum, or a vegetable brain of the future on a dark, radioactive comet of
+inconceivable orbit - so on, in endless cosmic cycle.
+
+The archetype, throbbed the waves, are the people of the Ultimate Abyss -
+formless, ineffable, and guessed at only by rare dreamers on the low-
+dimensioned worlds. Chief among such was this informing Being itself. . . which
+indeed was Carter's own archetype. The gutless zeal of Carter and all his
+forebears for forbidden cosmic secrets was a natural result of derivation from the
+Supreme Archetype. On every world all great wizards, all great thinkers, all
+great artists, are facets of It.
+
+Almost stunned with awe, and with a kind of terrifying delight, Randolph
+Carter's consciousness did homage to that transcendent Entity from which it was
+derived. As the waves paused again he pondered in the mighty silence, thinking
+of strange tributes, stranger questions, and still stranger requests. Curious
+concepts flowed conflictingly through a brain dazed with unaccustomed vistas
+and unforeseen disclosures. It occurred to him that, if these disclosures were
+literally true, he might bodily visit all those infinitely distant ages and parts of
+the universe which he had hitherto known only in dreams, could he but
+command the magic to change the angle of his consciousness-plane. And did not
+the silver key supply that magic? Had it not first changed him from a man in
+
+
+
+1197
+
+
+
+1928 to a boy in 1883, and then to something quite outside time? Oddly, despite
+his present apparent absence of body; he knew that the key was still with him.
+
+While the silence still lasted, Randolph Carter radiated forth the thoughts and
+questions which assailed him. He knew that in this ultimate abyss he was
+equidistant from every facet of his archetype - human or non-human, terrestrial
+or ertra-terrestrial, galactic or tran-galactic; and his curiosity regarding the other
+phases of his being - especially those phases which were farthest from an earthly
+1928 in time and space, or which had most persistently haunted his dreams
+throughout life - was at fever beat He felt that his archetypal Entity could at will
+send him bodily to any of these phases of bygone and distant life by changing his
+consciousness-plane and despite the marvels he had undergone he burned for
+the further marvel of walking in the flesh through those grotesque and incredible
+scenes which visions of the night had fragmentarily brought him.
+
+Without definite intention be was asking the Presence for access to a dim,
+fantastic world whose five multi-coloured suns, alien constellations, dizzily black
+crags, clawed, tapir-snouted denizens, bizarre metal towers, unexplained
+tunnels, and cryptical floating cylinders had intruded again and again upon his
+slumbers. That world, he felt vaguely, was in all the conceivable cosmos the one
+most freely in touch with others; and he longed to explore the vistas whose
+beginnings he had glimpsed, and to embark through space to those still remoter
+worlds with which the clawed, snouted denizens trafficked. There was no time
+for fear. As at all crises of his strange life, sheer cosmic curiosity triumphed over
+everything else.
+
+When the waves resumed their awesome pulsing. Carter knew that his terrible
+request was granted. The Being was telling him of the nighted gulfs through
+which he would have to pass of the unknown quintuple star in an unsuspected
+galaxy around which the alien world revolved, and of the burrowing inner
+horrors against which the clawed, snouted race of that world perpetually fought.
+It told him, too, of how the angle of his personal consciousness-plane, and the
+angle of his consciousness-plane regarding the space-time elements of the
+sought-for world, would have to be tilted simultaneously in order to restore to
+that world the Carter-facet which had dwelt there.
+
+The Presence wanted him to be sure of his symbols if he wished ever to return
+from the remote and alien world he had chosen, and he radiated back an
+impatient affirmation; confident that the silver key, which he felt was with him
+and which he knew had tilted both world and personal planes in throwing him
+back to 1883, contained those symbols which were meant. And now the Being,
+grasping his impatience signified its readiness to accomplish the monstrous
+
+
+
+1198
+
+
+
+precipitation. The waves abruptly ceased, and there supervened a momentary
+stillness tense with nameless and dreadful expectancy.
+
+Then, without warning, came a whirring and drumming that swelled to a terrific
+thundering. Once again Carter felt himself the focal point of an intense
+concentration of energy which smote and hammered and seared unbearably in
+the now -familiar rhythm of outer space, and which he could not classify as either
+the blasting heat of a blazing star, or the all-petrifying cold of the ultimate abyss.
+Bands and rays of colour utterly foreign to any spectrum of our universe played
+and wove and interlaced before him, and he was conscious of a frightful velocity
+of motion. He caught one fleeting glimpse of a figure sitting alone upon a cloudy
+throne more hexagonal than otherwise. . .
+
+Chapter Six
+
+As the Hindoo paused in his story he saw that de Marigny and Phillips were
+watching him absorbedly. Aspinwall pretended to ignore the narrative and kept
+his eyes ostentatiously on the papers before him. The alien-rhythmed ticking of
+the coffin-shaped clock took on a new and portentous meaning, while the fumes
+from the choked, neglected tripods wove themselves into fantastic and
+inexplicable shapes, and formed disturbing combinations with the grotesque
+figures of the draft-swayed tapestries. The old Negro who had tended them was
+gone - perhaps some growing tension had frightened him out of the house. An
+almost apologetic hesitancy hampered the speaker as he resumed in his oddly
+labored yet idiomatic voice.
+
+"You have found these things of the abyss hard to believe," he said, "but you
+will find the tangible and material things ahead still barer. That is the way of our
+minds. Marvels are doubly incredible when brought into three dimensions from
+the vague regions of possible dream. I shall not try to tell you much - that would
+be another and very different story. I will tell only what you absolutely have to
+know."
+
+Carter, after that final vortex of alien and polychromatic rhythm, had found
+himself in what for a moment he thought was his old insistent dream. He was, as
+many a night before, walking amidst throngs of clawed, snouted beings through
+the streets of a labyrinth of inexplicably fashioned metal under a plate of diverse
+solar colour; and as he looked down he saw that his body was like those of the
+others - rugose, partly squamous, and curiously articulated in a fashion mainly
+insect-like yet not without a caricaturish resemblance to the human outline. The
+silver key was still in his grasp, though held by a noxious-looking claw.
+
+
+
+1199
+
+
+
+In another moment the dream-sense vanished, and he feh rather as one just
+awakened from a dream. The ultimate abyss - the Being - the entity of absurd,
+outlandish race called Randolph Carter on a world of the future not yet born -
+some of these things were parts of the persistent recurrent dreams of the wizard
+Zkauba on the planet Yaddith. They were too persistent - they interfered with his
+duties in weaving spells to keep the frightful Dholes in their burrows, and
+became mixed up with his recollections of the myriad real worlds he had visited
+in light-beam envelopes. And now they had become quasi-real as never before.
+This heavy, material silver key in his right upper claw, exact image of one he had
+dreamt about meant no good. He must rest and reflect, and consult the tablets of
+Nhing for advice on what to do. Climbing a metal wall in a lane off the main
+concourse, he entered his apartment and approached the rack of tablets.
+
+Seven day -fractions later Zkauba squatted on his prism in awe and half despair,
+for the truth had opened up a new and conflicting set of memories. Nevermore
+could he know the peace of being one entity. For all time and space he was two:
+Zkauba the wizard of Yaddith, disgusted with the thought of the repellent earth-
+mammal Carter that he was to be and had been, and Randolph Carter, of Boston
+on the Earth, shivering with fright at the clawed, mantel thing which he had once
+been, and had become again.
+
+The time units spent on Yaddith, croaked the Swami - whose laboured voice was
+beginning to show signs of fatigue - made a tale in themselves which could not
+be related in brief compass. There were trips to Stronti and Mthura and Kath,
+and other worlds in the twenty-eight galaxies accessible to the light-beam
+envelopes of the creatures of Yaddith, and trips back and forth through eons of
+time with the aid of the silver key and various other symbols known to Yaddith's
+wizards. There were hideous struggles with the bleached viscous Dholes in the
+primal tunnels that honeycombed the planet. There were awed sessions in
+libraries amongst the massed lore of ten thousand worlds living and dead. There
+were tense conferences with other minds of Yaddith, including that of the Arch-
+Ancient Buo. Zkauba told no one of what had befallen his personality, but when
+the Randolph Carter facet was uppermost he would study furiously every
+possible means of returning to the Earth and to human form, and would
+desperately practice human speech with the alien throat-organs so ill adapted to
+it.
+
+The Carter-facet had soon learned with horror that the silver key was unable to
+effect his return to human form. It was, as he deduced too late from things he
+remembered, things he dreamed, and things he inferred from the lore of Yaddith,
+a product of Hyperborea on Earth; with power over the personal consciousness-
+angles of human beings alone. It could, however, change the planetary angle and
+send the user at will through time in an unchanged body. There had been an
+
+
+
+1200
+
+
+
+added spell which gave it limitless powers it otherwise lacked; but this, too, was
+a human discovery - peculiar to a spatially unreachable region, and not to be
+duplicated by the wizards of Yaddith. It had been written on the undecipherable
+parchment in the hideously carven box with the silver key, and Carter bitterly
+lamented that he had left it behind. The now inaccessible Being of the abyss had
+warned him to be sure of his symbols, and had doubtless thought he lacked
+nothing.
+
+As time wore on he strove harder and harder to utilize the monstrous lore of
+Yaddith in finding a way back to the abyss and the omnipotent Entity. With his
+new knowledge be could have done much toward reading the cryptic
+parchment; but that power, under present conditions, was merely ironic. There
+were times, however, when the Zkauba-facet was uppermost and when he strove
+to erase the conflicting Carter- memories which troubled him.
+
+Thus long spaces of time wore on - ages longer than the brain of man could
+grasp, since the beings of Yaddith die only after prolonged cycles. After many
+hundreds of revolutions the Carter-facet seemed to gain on the Zkauba-facet, and
+would spend vast periods calculating the distance of Yaddith in space and time
+from the human Earth that was to be. The figures were staggering eons of light-
+years beyond counting but the immemorial lore of Yaddith fitted Carter to grasp
+such things. He cultivated the power of dreaming himself momentarily
+Earthward, and learned many things about our planet that he had never known
+before. But he could not dream the needed formula on the missing parchment.
+
+Then at last he conceived a wild plan of escape from Yaddith - which began
+when be found a drug that would keep his Zkauba-facet always dormant, yet
+with out dissolution of the knowledge and memories of Zkauba. He thought that
+his calculations would let him perform a voyage with a light-wave envelope such
+as no being of Yaddidi had ever performed - a bodily voyage through nameless
+eons and across incredible galactic reaches to the solar system and the Earth
+itself.
+
+Once on Earth, though in the body of a clawed, snouted thing, he might be able
+somehow to find and finish deciphering-the strangely hieroglyphed parchment
+he had left in the car at Arkham; and with its aid - and the key's - resume his
+normal terrestrial semblance.
+
+He was not blind to the perils of the attempt. He knew that when he had brought
+the planet-angle to the right eon (a thing impossible to do while hurtling through
+space), Yaddith would be a dead world dominated by triumphant Dholes, and
+that his escape in the light-wave envelope would be a matter of grave doubt.
+Likewise was he aware of how he must achieve suspended animation, in the
+
+
+
+1201
+
+
+
+manner of an adept, to endure the eon long flight through fathomless abysses.
+He knew, too, that - assuming his voyage succeeded - he must immunize himself
+to the bacterial and other earthly conditions hostile to a body from Yaddith.
+Furthermore, he must provide a way of feigning human shape on Earth until he
+might recover and decipher the parchment and resume that shape in truth.
+Otherwise he would probably be discovered and destroyed by the people in
+horror as a thing that should not be. And there must be some gold - luckily
+obtainable on Yaddid - to tide him over that period of quest
+
+Slowly Carter's plans went forward. He prepared a light-wave envelope of
+abnormal toughness, able to stand both the prodigious time-transition and the
+unexampled flight through space. He tested all his calculations, and sent forth
+his Earthward dreams again and again, bringing them as close as possible to
+1928. He practiced suspended animation with marvelous success. He discovered
+just the bacterial agent he needed, and worked out the varying gravity-stress to
+which he must become used. He artfully fashioned a waxen mask and loose
+costume enabling him to pass among men as a human being of a sort, and
+devised a doubly potent spell with which to hold back the Dholes at the moment
+of his starting from the dead, black Yaddith of the inconceivable future. He took
+care, too, to assemble a large supply of the drugs - unobtainable on Earth - which
+would keep his Zkauba-facet in abeyance till he might shed the Yaddith body,
+nor did he neglect a small store of gold for earthly use.
+
+The starting-day was a time of doubt and apprehension. Carter climbed up to his
+envelope-platform, on the pretext of sailing for the triple star Nython, and
+crawled into the sheath of shining metal. He had just room to perform the ritual
+of the silver key, and as he did so he slowly started the levitation of his envelope.
+There was an appalling seething and darkening of the day, and hideous racking
+of pain. The cosmos seemed to reel irresponsibly, and the other constellations
+danced in a black sky.
+
+All at once Carter felt a new equilibrium. The cold of interstellar gulfs gnawed at
+the outside of his envelope, and he could see that he floated free in space - the
+metal building from which he had started having decayed years before. Below
+him the ground was festering with gigantic Dholes; and even as he looked, one
+reared up several hundred feet and leveled a bleached, viscous end at him. But
+his spells were effective, and in another moment he was ailing away from
+Yaddith, unharmed.
+
+Chapter Seven
+
+In that bizarre room in New Orleans, from which the old black servant had
+instinctively fled, the odd voice of Swami Chandraputta grew hoarser still.
+
+
+
+1202
+
+
+
+"Gentlemen," he continued, "I will not ask you to believe these things until I
+have shown you special proof. Accept it, then, as a myth, when I tell you of the
+thousands of light-years - thousands of years of time, and uncounted billions of
+miles that Randolph Carter hurtled through space as a nameless, alien entity in a
+thin envelope of electron-activated metal. He timed his period of suspended
+animation with utmost care, planning to have it end only a few years before the
+time of landing on the Earth in or near 1928.
+
+"He will never forget that awakening. Remember, gentlemen, that before that
+eon long sleep he had lived consciously for thousands of terrestrial years amidst
+the alien and horrible wonders of Yaddith. There was a hideous gnawing of cold,
+a cessation of menacing dreams, and a glance through the eye-plates of the
+envelope. Stars, clusters, nebulae, on every hand - and at last their outline bore
+some kinship to the constellations of Earth that he knew.
+
+"Some day his descent into the solar system may be told. He saw Kynath and
+Yuggoth on the rim, passed close to Neptune and glimpsed the hellish white
+fungi that spot it, learned an untellable secret from the close glimpsed mists of
+Jupiter, and saw the horror on one of the satellites, and gazed at the cyclopean
+ruins that sprawl over Mars' ruddy disc. When the Earth drew near he saw it as a
+thin crescent which swelled alarmingly in size. He slackened speed, though his
+sensations of homecoming made him wish to lose not a moment. I will not try to
+tell you of these sensations as I learned them from Carter.
+
+"Well, toward the last Carter hovered about in the Earth's upper air waiting till
+daylight came over the Western Hemisphere. He wanted to land where he had
+left - near the Snake Den in the hills behind Arkham. If any of you have been
+away from home long - and I know one of you has - I leave it to you how the
+sight of New England's rolling hills and great elms and gnarled orchards and
+ancient stone walls must have affected him.
+
+"He came down at dawn in the lower meadow of the old Carter place, and was
+thankful for the silence and solitude. It was autumn, as when he had left, and the
+smell of the hills was balm to his soul. He managed to drag the metal envelope
+up the slope of the timber lot into the Snake Den, though it would not go through
+the weed-choked fissure to the inner cave. It was there also that he covered his
+alien body with the human clothing and waxen mask which would be necessary.
+He kept the envelope here for over a year, till certain circumstances made a new
+hiding-place necessary.
+
+"He walked to Arkham - incidentally practicing the management of his body in
+human posture and against terrestrial gravity - and his gold changed to money at
+a bank. He also made some inquiries - posing as a foreigner ignorant of much
+
+
+
+1203
+
+
+
+English - and found that the year was 1930, only two years after the goal he had
+aimed at.
+
+"Of course, his position was horrible. Unable to assert his identity, forced to live
+on guard every moment, with certain difficulties regarding food, and with a
+need to conserve the alien drug which kept his Zkauba- facet dormant, he felt
+that he must act as quickly as possible. Going to Boston and taking a room in the
+decaying West End, where he could live cheaply and inconspicuously, he at once
+established inquiries concerning Randolph Carter's estate and effects. It was then
+that he learned how anxious Mr. Aspinwall, here, was to have the estate divided,
+and how valiantly Mr. de Marigny and Mr. Phillips strove to keep it intact."
+
+The Hindoo bowed, though no expression crossed his dark, tranquil, and thickly
+bearded face.
+
+"Indirectly," he continued, "Carter secured a good copy of the missing
+parchment and began working on its deciphering. I am glad to say that I was
+able to help in all this - for he appealed to me quite early, and through me came
+in touch with other mystics throughout the world. I went to live with him in
+Boston - a wretched place in Chambers Street. As for the parchment - I am
+pleased to help Mr. de Marigny in his perplexity. To him let me say that the
+language of those hieroglyphics is not Naacal, but R'lyehian, which was brought
+to Earth by the spawn of Cthulhu countless ages ago. It is, of coarse, a translation
+- there was an Hyperborean original millions of years earlier in the primal
+tongue of Tsath-yo.
+
+"There was more to decipher than Carter had looked for, but at no time did he
+give up hope. Early this year he made great strides through a book he imported
+from Nepal, and there is no question but that he will win before long.
+Unfortunately, however, one handicap has developed - the exhaustion of the
+alien drug which keeps the Zkauba-facet dormant. This is not, however, as great
+a calamity as was feared. Carter's personality is gaining in the body, and when
+Zkauba comes upper most - for shorter and shorter periods, and now only when
+evoked by some unusual excitement - he is generally too dazed to undo any of
+Carter's work. He can not find the metal envelope that would take him hack to
+Yaddith, for although he almost did, once. Carter hid it anew at a time when the
+Zkanba-facet was wholly latent. All the harm he has done is to frighten a few
+people and create certain nightmare rumors among the Poles and Lithuanians of
+Boston's West End. So far, he had never injured the careful disguise prepared by
+the Carter-facet, though he sometimes throws it off so that parts have to be
+replaced. I have seen what lies beneath - and it is not good to see.
+
+
+
+1204
+
+
+
+"A month ago Carter saw the advertisement of this meeting, and knew that he
+must act quickly to save his estate. He could not wait to decipher the parchment
+and resume his human form. Consequently he deputed me to act for him.
+
+"Gentlemen, I say to you that Randolph Carter is not dead; that he is temporarily
+in an anomalous condition, but that within two or three months at the outside he
+will be able to appear in proper form and demand the custody of his estate. I am
+prepared to offer proof if necessary. Therefore I beg that you will adjourn this
+meeting for an indefinite period."
+
+Chapter Eight
+
+De Marigny and Phillips stared at the Hindoo as if hypnotized, while Aspinwall
+emitted a series of snorts and bellows. The old attorney's disgust had by now
+surged into open rage and he pounded the table with an apoplectically veined fit
+When he spoke, it was in a kind of bark.
+
+"How long is this foolery to be borne? I've listened an hour to this madman - this
+faker - and now he has the damned effrontery to say Randolph Carter is alive - to
+ask us to postpone the settlement for no good reason! Why don't you throw the
+scoundrel out, de Marigny? Do you mean to make us all the butts of a charlatan
+or idiot?"
+
+De Marigny quietly raised his hand and spoke softly.
+
+"Let us think slowly and dearly. This has been a very singular tale, and there are
+things in it which I, as a mystic not altogether ignorant, recognize as far from
+impossible. Furthermore - since 1930 I have received letters from the Swami
+which tally with his account."
+
+As he paused, old Mr. Phillips ventured a word.
+
+"Swami Chandraputra spoke of proofs. I, too, recognize much that is significant
+in this story, and I have myself had many oddly corroborative letters from the
+Swami during the last two years; but some of these statements are very extreme.
+Is there not something tangible which can be shown?"
+
+At last the impassive-faced Swami replied, slowly and hoarsely, and drawing an
+object from the pocket of his loose coat as he spoke.
+
+"While none of you here has ever seen the silver key itself, Messrs. de Marigny
+and Phillips have seen photographs of it. Does this look familiar to you?"
+
+
+
+1205
+
+
+
+He fumblingly laid on the table, with his large, white-mittened hand, a heavy
+key of tarnished silver - nearly five inches long, of unknown and utterly exotic
+workmanship, and covered from end to end with hieroglyphs of the most bizarre
+description. De Marigny and Phillips gasped.
+
+"That's it!" cried de Marigny. "The camera doesn't lie I couldn't be mistaken!"
+
+But Aspinwall had already launched a reply.
+
+"Fools! What does it prove? If that's really the key that belonged to my cousin,
+it's up to this foreigner - this damned nigger - to explain how he got it! Randolph
+Carter vanished with the key four years ago. How do we know he wasn't robbed
+and murdered? He was half crazy himself, and in touch with still crazier people.
+
+"Look here, you nigger - where did you get that key? Did you kill Randolph
+Carter?"
+
+The Swami's features, abnormally placid, did not change; but the remote, irisless
+black eyes behind them blazed dangerously. He spoke with great difficulty.
+
+"Please control yourself, Mr. Aspinwall. There is another form of poof that I
+could give, but its effect upon everybody would not be pleasant. Let us be
+reasonable. Here are some papers obviously written since 1930, and in the
+unmistakable style of Randolph Carter."
+
+He clumsily drew a long envelope from inside his loose coat and handed it to the
+sputtering attorney as de Marigny and Phillips watched with chaotic thoughts
+and a dawning feeling of supernal wonder.
+
+"Of course the handwriting is almost illegible - but remember that Randolph
+Carter now has no hands well adapted to forming human script."
+
+Aspinwall looked through the papers hurriedly, and was visibly perplexed, but
+he did not change his demeanor. The room was tense with excitement and
+nameless dread and the alien rhythm of the coffin- shaped clock had an utterly
+diabolic sound to de Marigny and Phillips, though the lawyer seemed affected
+not at all.
+
+Aspinwall spoke again. "These look like clever forgeries. If they aren't, they may
+mean that Randolph Carter has been brought under the control of people with no
+good purpose. There's only one thing to do - have this faker arrested. De
+Marigny, will you telephone for the police?"
+
+
+
+1206
+
+
+
+"Let us wait/' answered their host. "I do not think this case calls for the police. I
+have a certain idea. Mr. Aspinwall, this gentleman is a mystic of real attainments.
+He says he is in the confidence of Randolph Carter. Will it satisfy you if he can
+answer certain questions which could be answered only by one in such
+confidence? I know Carter, and can ask such questions. Let me get a book which
+I think will make a good test."
+
+He turned toward the door to the library, Phillips dazedly following in a kind of
+automatic way. Aspinwall remained where he was, studying closely the Hindoo
+who confronted him with abnormally impassive face. Suddenly, as
+Chandraputra clumsily restored the silver key to his pocket the lawyer emitted a
+guttural shout.
+
+"Hey, by Heaven I've got it! This rascal is in disguise. I don't believe he's an East
+Indian at all. That face - it isn't a face, but a mask! I guess his story put that into
+my head, but it's true. It never moves, and that turban and beard hide the edges.
+This fellow's a common crook! He isn't even a foreigner - I've been watching his
+language. He's a Yankee of some sort. And look at those mittens - he knows his
+fingerprints could be spotted. Damn you, I'll pull that thing off -"
+
+"Stop!" The hoarse, oddly alien voice of the Swami held a tone beyond all mere
+earthly fright "I told you there was another form of proof which I could give if
+necessary, and I warned you not to provoke me to it. This red-faced old meddler
+is right; I'm not really an East Indian. This face is a mask, and what it covers is
+not human. You others have guessed - I felt that minutes ago. It wouldn't be
+pleasant if I took that mask off - let it alone. Ernest, I may as well tell you that I
+am Randolph Carter."
+
+No one moved. Aspinwall snorted and made vague motions. De Marigny and
+Phillips, across the room, watched the workings of the red face and studied the
+back of the turbaned figure that confronted him. The clock's abnormal ticking
+was hideous and the tripod fumes and swaying arras danced a dance of death.
+The half-choking lawyer broke the silence.
+
+"No you don't, you crook - you can't scare me! You've reasons of your own for
+not wanting that mask off. Maybe we'd know who you are. Off with it - "
+
+As he reached forward, the Swami seized his hand with one of his own clumsily
+mittened members, evoking a curious cry of mixed pain and surprise. De
+Marigny started toward the two, but paused confused as the pseudo-Hindoo's
+shout of protest changed to a wholly inexplicable rattling and buzzing sound.
+Aspinwall's red face was furious, and with his free hand he made another lunge
+at his opponent's bushy beard. This time he succeeded in getting a hold, and at
+
+
+
+1207
+
+
+
+his frantic tug the whole waxen visage came loose from the turban and clung to
+the lawyer's apoplectic fist.
+
+As it did so, Aspinwall uttered a frightful gurgling cry, and Phillips and de
+Maigny saw his face convulsed with a wilder, deep and more hideous epilepsy
+of stark panic than ever they had seen on human countenance before. The
+pseudo-Swami had meanwhile released his other hand and was standing as if
+dazed, making buzzing noises of a most abnormal quality. Then the turbaned
+figure slumped oddly into a posture scarcely human, and began a curious,
+fascinated sort of shuffle toward the coffin-shaped clock that ticked out its
+cosmic and abnormal rhythm. His now uncovered face was turned away, and de
+Marigny and Phillips could not see what the lawyer's act had disclosure. Then
+their attention was turned to Aspinwall, who was sinking ponderously to the
+floor. The spell was broken-but when they reached the old man he was dead.
+
+Turning quickly to the shuffling Swami's receding back, de Marigny saw one of
+the great white mittens drop listlessly off a dangling arm. The fumes of the
+olibanum were thick, and all that could be glimpsed of the revealed hand was
+something long and black... Before the Creole could reach the retreating figure,
+old Mr. Phillips laid a hand on his shoulder.
+
+"Don't!" he whispered, "We don't know what we're up against. That other facet,
+you know - Zkauba, the wizard of Yaddith. . . "
+
+The turbaned figure had now reached the abnormal clock, and the watchers saw
+though the dense fumes a blurred black claw fumbling with the tall,
+hieroglyphed door. The fumbling made a queer, clicking sound. Then the figure
+entered the coffin-shaped case and pulled the door shut after it.
+
+De Marigny could no longer be restrained, but when he reached and opened the
+clock it was empty. The abnormal ticking went on, beating out the dark, cosmic
+rhythm which underlies all mystical gate- openings. On the floor the great white
+mitten, and the dead man with a bearded mask clutched in his hand, had
+nothing further to reveal.
+
+
+
+A year passed, and nothing has been heard of Randolph Carter. His estate is still
+unsettled. The Boston address from which one "Swami Chandraputra" sent
+inquiries to various mystics in 1930-31-32 was indeed tenanted by a strange
+Hindoo, but he left shortly before the date of the New Orleans conference and
+has never been seen since. He was said to be dark, expressionless, and bearded,
+and his landlord thinks the swarthy mask - which was duly exhibited - looked
+
+
+
+1208
+
+
+
+very much like him. He was never, however, suspected of any connection with
+the nightmare apparitions whispered of by local Slavs. The hills behind Arkham
+were searched for the "metal envelope," but nothing of the sort was ever found.
+However, a clerk in Arkham's First National Bank does recall a queer turbaned
+man who cashed an odd bit of gold bullion in October, 1930.
+
+De Marigny and Phillips scarcely know what to make of the business. After all,
+what was proved?
+
+There was a story. There was a key which might have been forged from one of
+the pictures Carter had freely distributed in 1928. There were papers - all
+indecisive. There was a masked stranger, but who now living saw behind the
+mask? Amidst the strain and the olibanum fumes that act of vanishing in the
+clock might easily have been a dual hallucination. Hindoos know much of
+hypnotism. Reason proclaims the "Swami" a criminal with designs on Randolph
+Carter's estate. But the autopsy said that Aspinwall had died of shock. Was it
+rage alone which caused it? And some things in that story. . .
+
+In a vast room hung with strangely figured arras and filled with olibanum
+fumes, Etienne Laurent de Marigny often sits listening with vague sensations to
+the abnormal rhythm of that hieroglyphed, coffin- shaped clock.
+
+
+
+1209
+
+
+
+Till A' the Seas - with R. H Barlow
+
+Written Jan 1935
+
+Published Summer 1935 in The Californian, 3, No. 1, 3-7.
+
+I
+
+Upon an eroded cliff-top rested the man, gazing far across the valley. Lying thus,
+he could see a great distance, but in all the sere expanse there was no visible
+motion. Nothing stirred the dusty plain, the disintegrated sand of long-dry river-
+beds, where once coursed the gushing streams of Earth's youth. There was little
+greenery in this ultimate world, this final stage of mankind's prolonged presence
+upon the planet. For unnumbered aeons the drought and sandstorms had
+ravaged all the lands. The trees and bushes had given way to small, twisted
+shrubs that persisted long through their sturdiness; but these, in turn, perished
+before the onslaught of coarse grasses and stringy, tough vegetation of strange
+evolution.
+
+The ever-present heat, as Earth drew nearer to the sun, withered and killed with
+pitiless rays. It had not come at once; long aeons had gone before any could feel
+the change. And all through those first ages man's adaptable form had followed
+the slow mutation and modelled itself to fit the more and more torrid air. then
+the day had come when men could bear their hot cities but ill, and a gradual
+recession began, slow yet deliberate. Those towns and settlements closest to the
+equator had been first, of course, but later there were others. Man, softened and
+exhausted, could cope no longer with the ruthlessly mounting heat. It seared him
+as he was, and evolution was too slow to mould new resistances in him.
+
+Yet not at first were the great cities of the equator left to the spider and the
+scorpion. In the early years there were many who stayed on, devising curious
+shields and armours against the heat and the deadly dryness. These fearless
+souls, screening certain buildings against the encroaching sun, made miniature
+worlds of marvellously ingenious things, so that for a while men persisted in the
+rusting towers, hoping thereby to cling to old lands till the searing should be
+over. For many would not believe what the astronomers said, and looked for a
+coming of the mild olden world again. But one day the men of Dath, from the
+new city of Niyara, made signals to Yuanario, their immemorially ancient capital,
+and gained no answer from the few who remained therein. And when explorers
+reached that millennial city of bridge- linked towers they found only silence.
+There was not even the horror of corruption, for the scavenger lizards had been
+swift.
+
+
+
+1210
+
+
+
+Only then did the people fully realize that these cities were lost to them; know
+that they must forever abandon them to nature. The other colonists in the hot
+lands fled from their brave posts, and total silence reigned within the high basalt
+walls of a thousand empty towns. Of the denser throngs and multitudinous
+activities of the past, nothing finally remained. There now loomed against the
+rainless deserts only the blistered towers of vacant houses, factories, and
+structures of every sort, reflecting the sun's dazzling radiance and parching in
+the more and more intolerable heat.
+
+Many lands, however, had still escaped the scorching blight, so that the refugees
+were soon absorbed in the life of a newer world. During strangely prosperous
+centuries the hoary deserted cities of the equator grew half-forgotten and
+entwined with fantastic fables. Few thought of those spectral, rotting
+towers... those huddles of shabby walls and cactus-choked streets, darkly silent
+and abandoned. . .
+
+Wars came, sinful and prolonged, but the times of peace were greater. Yet always
+the swollen sun increased its radiance as Earth drew closer to its fiery parent. It
+was as if the planet meant to return to that source whence it was snatched, aeons
+ago, through the accidents of cosmic growth.
+
+After a time the blight crept outward from the central belt. Southern Yarat
+burned as a tenantless desert - and then the north. In Perath and Baling, those
+ancient cities where brooding centuries dwelt, there moved only the scaly shapes
+of the serpent and the salamander, and at last Loron echoed only to the fitful
+falling of tottering spires and crumbling domes.
+
+Steady, universal, and inexorable was the great eviction of man from the realms
+he had always known. No land within the widening stricken belt was spared; no
+people left unrouted. It was an epic, a titan tragedy whose plot was unrevealed
+to the actors - this wholesale desertion of the cities of men. It took not years or
+even centuries, but millennia of ruthless change. And still it kept on - sullen,
+inevitable, savagely devastating.
+
+Agriculture was at a standstill, the world fast became too arid for crops. This was
+remedied by artificial substitutes, soon universally used. And as the old places
+that had known the great things of mortals were left, the loot salvaged by the
+fugitives grew smaller and smaller. Things of the greatest value and importance
+were left in dead museums - lost amid the centuries - and in the end the heritage
+of the immemorial past was abandoned. A degeneracy both physical and cultural
+set in with the insidious heat. For man had so long dwelt in comfort and security
+that this exodus from past scenes was difficult. Nor were these events received
+phlegmatically; their very slowness was terrifying. Degradation and debauchery
+
+
+
+1211
+
+
+
+were soon common; government was disorganized, and the civilization aimlessly
+slid back toward barbarism.
+
+When, forty-nine centuries after the blight from the equatorial belt, the whole
+western hemisphere was left unpeopled, chaos was complete. There was no trace
+of order or decency in the last scenes of this titanic, wildly impressive migration.
+Madness and frenzy stalked through them, and fanatics screamed of an
+Armageddon close at hand.
+
+Mankind was now a pitiful remnant of the elder races, a fugitive not only from
+the prevailing conditions, but from his own degeneracy. Into the northland and
+the antarctic went those who could; the rest lingered for years in an incredible
+saturnalia, vaguely doubting the forthcoming disasters. In the city of Borligo a
+wholesale execution of the new prophets took place, after months of unfulfilled
+expectations. They thought the flight to the northland unnecessary, and no
+longer looked for the threatened ending.
+
+How they perished must have been terrible indeed - those vain, foolish creatures
+who thought to defy the universe. But the blackened, scorched towers are
+mute...
+
+These events, however, must not be chronicled - for there are larger things to
+consider then this complex and unhastening downfall of a lost civilization.
+During a long period morale was at lowest ebb among the courageous few who
+settled upon the alien arctic and antarctic shores, now mild as were those of
+southern Yarat in the long-dead past. But here there was respite. The soil was
+fertile, and forgotten pastoral arts were called into use anew. There was, for a
+long time, a contented little epitome of the lost lands; though here were no vast
+throngs or great buildings. Only a sparse remnant of humanity survived the
+aeons of change and peopled those scattered villages of the later world.
+
+How many millenia this continued is not known. The sun was slow in invading
+this last retreat; and as the eras passed there developed a sound, sturdy race,
+bearing no memories or legends of the old, lost lands. Little navigation was
+practiced by this new people, and the flying machine was wholly forgotten. Their
+devices were of the simplest type, and their culture was simple and primitive.
+Yet they were contented, and accepted the warm climate as something natural
+and accustomed.
+
+But unknown to these simple peasant-folk, still further rigours of nature were
+slowly preparing themselves. As the generations passed, the waters of the vast
+and unplumbed ocean wasted slowly away; enriching the air and the desiccated
+soil, but sinking lower and lower each century. The splashing surf still glistened
+
+
+
+1212
+
+
+
+bright, and the swirhng eddies were still there, but a doom of dryness hung over
+the whole watery expanse. However, the shrinkage could not have been detected
+save by instruments more delicate than any then known to the race. Even had the
+people realized the ocean's contraction, it is not likely that any vast alarm or
+great disturbace would have resulted, for the losses were so slight, and the sea so
+great... Only a few inches during many centuries - but in many centuries;
+increasing -
+
+
+
+So at last the oceans went, and water became a rarity on a globe of sun-baked
+drought. Man had slowly spread over all the arctic and antarctic lands; the
+equatorial cities, and many of later habitation, were forgotten even to legend.
+
+And now again the peace was disturbed, for water was scarce, and found only in
+deep caverns. There was little enough, even of this; and men died of thirst
+wandering in far places. Yet so slow were those deadly changes, that each new
+generation of man was loath to believe what it heard from its parents. None
+would admit that the heat had been less or the water more plentiful in the old
+days, or take warning that days of bitterer burning and drought were to come.
+Thus it was even at the end, when only a few hundred human creatures panted
+for breath beneath the cruel sun; a piteous huddled handful out of all the
+unnumbered millions who had once dwelt on the doomed planet.
+
+And the hundreds became small, till man was to be reckoned only in tens. These
+tens clung to the shrinking dampness of the caves, and knew at last at the end
+was near. So slight was their range that none had ever seen the tiny, fabled spots
+of ice left close to the parent's poles - if indeed such remained. Even had they
+existed and been known to man, none could have reached them across the
+trackless and formidable deserts. And so the last pathetic few dwindled...
+
+It cannot be described, this awesome chain of events that depopulated the whole
+Earth; the range is too tremendous for any to picture or encompass. Of the
+people of Earth's fortunate ages, billions of years before, only a few prophets and
+madmen could have conceived that which was to come - could have grasped
+visions of the still, dead lands, and long-empty sea-beds. The rest would have
+doubted... doubted alike the shadow of change upon the planet and the shadow
+of doom upon the race. For man has always thought himself the immortal master
+of natural things. . .
+
+II
+
+
+
+1213
+
+
+
+When he had eased the dying pangs of the old woman, Ull wandered in a fearful
+daze out into the dazzling sands. She had been a fearsome thing, shrivelled and
+so dry; like withered leaves. Her face had been the colour of the sickly yellow
+grasses that rustled in the hot wind, and she was loathsomely old.
+
+But she had been a companion; someone to stammer out vague fears to, to talk to
+about this incredible thing; a comrade to share one's hopes for succour from
+those silent other colonies beyond the mountains. He could not believe none
+lived elsewhere, for Ull was young, and not certain as are the old.
+
+For many years he had known none but the old woman - her name was
+Mladdna. She had come that day in his eleventh year, when all the hunters went
+to seek food, and did not return. Ull had no mother that he could remember, and
+there were few women in the tiny group. When the men had vanished, those
+three women, the young one and the two old, had screamed fearfully, and
+moaned long. Then the young one had gone mad, and killed herself with a sharp
+stick. The old ones buried her in a shallow hole dug with their nails, so Ull had
+been alone when this still older Mladdna came.
+
+She walked with the aid of a knotty pole, a priceless relique of the old forests,
+hard and shiny with years of use. She did not say whence she came, but
+stumbled into the cabin while the young suicide was being buried. There she
+waited till the two returned, and they accepted her incuriously.
+
+That was the way it had been for many weeks, until the two fell sick, and
+Mladdna could not cure them, strange that those younger two should have been
+stricken, while she, infirm and ancient, lived on. Mladdna had cared for them
+many days, and at length they died, so that Ull was left with only the stranger.
+He screamed all the night, so she became at length out of patience, and
+threatened to die too. Then, hearkening, he became quiet at once; for he was not
+desirous of complete solitude. After that he lived with Mladdna and they
+gathered roots to eat.
+
+Mladdna's rotten teeth were ill suited to the food they gathered, but they
+continued to chop it up till she could manage it. This weary routine of seeking
+and eating was Ull's childhood.
+
+Now he was strong, and firm, in his nineteenth year, and the old woman was
+dead. There was naught to stay for, so he determined at once to seek out those
+fabled huts beyond the mountains, and live with the people there. There was
+nothing to take on the journey. Ull closed the door of his cabin - why, he could
+not have told, for no animals had been there for many years - and left the dead
+woman within. Half- dazed, and fearful at his own audacity, he walked long
+
+
+
+1214
+
+
+
+hours in the dry grasses, and at length reached the first of the foothills. The
+afternoon came, and he climbed until he was weary, and lay down on the
+grasses. Sprawled there, he thought of many things. He wondered at the strange
+life, passionately anxious to seek out the lost colony beyond the mountains; but
+at last he slept.
+
+When he awoke there was starlight on his face, and he felt refreshed. Now that
+the sun was gone for a time, he travelled more quickly, eating little, and
+determining to hasten before the lack of water became difficult to bear. He had
+brought none; for the last people, dwelling in one place and never having
+occasion to bear their precious water away, made no vessels of any kind. UU
+hoped to reach his goal within a day, and thus escape thirst; so he hurried on
+beneath the bright stars, running at times in the warm air, and at other times
+lapsing into a dogtrot.
+
+So he continued until the sun arose, yet still he was within the small hills, with
+three great peaks looming ahead. In their shade he rested again, then he climbed
+all the morning, and at mid-day surmounted the first peak, where he lay for a
+time, surveying the space before the next range.
+
+Upon an eroded cliff-top rested the man, gazing far across the valley. Lying thus
+he could see a great distance, but in all the sere expanse there was no visible
+motion. . .
+
+The second night came, and found UU amid the rough peaks, the valley and the
+place where he had rested far behind. He was nearly out of the second range
+now, and hurrying still. Thirst had come upon him that day, and he regretted his
+folly. Yet he could not have stayed there with the corpse, alone in the grasslands.
+He sought to convince himself thus, and hastened ever on, tiredly straining.
+
+And now there only a few steps before the cliff wall would part and allow a view
+of the land beyond. UU stumbled wearily down the stony way, tumbling and
+bruising himself even more. It was nearly before him, this land of which he had
+heard tales in his youth. The way was long, but the goal was great. A boulder of
+giant circumference cut off his view; upon this he scrambled anxiously. Now at
+last he could behold by the sinking orb his long-sought destination, and his thirst
+and aching muscles were forgotten as he saw joyfully that a small huddle of
+buildings clung to the base of the farther cliff.
+
+UU rested not; but, spurred on by what he saw, ran and staggered and crawled
+the half mile remaining. He fancied that he could detect forms among the rude
+cabins. The sun was nearly gone; the hateful, devastating sun that had slain
+humanity. He could not be sure of details, but soon the cabins were near.
+
+
+
+1215
+
+
+
+They were very old, for clay blocks lasted long in the still dryness of the dying
+world. Little, indeed, changed but the living things - the grasses and these last
+men.
+
+Before him an open door swung upon rude pegs. In the fading ligh Ull entered,
+weary unto death, seeking painfully the expected faces.
+
+Then he fell upon the floor and wept, for at the table was propped a dry and
+ancient skeleton.
+
+
+
+He rose at last, crazed by thirst, aching unbearably, and suffering the greatest
+disappointment nay mortal could know. He was, then, the last living thing upon
+the globe. His the heritage of the Earth... all the lands, and all to him equally
+useless. He staggered upo, not looking at the dim white form in the reflected
+moonlight, and went through the door. About the empty village he wandered,
+searching for water and sadly inspecting this long-empty place so spectrally
+preserved by the changeless air. here there was a dwelling, there a rude place
+where things had been made - clay vessels holding only dust, and nowhere any
+liquid to quench his burning thirst.
+
+Then, in the centre of the little town, Ull saw a well-curb. He knew what it was,
+for he had heard tales of such thing from Mladdna. With pitiful joy, he reeled
+forward and leaned upon the edge. There, at last, was the end of his search.
+Water - slimy, stagnant, and shallow, but water - before his sight.
+
+Ull cried out in the voice of a tortured animal, groping for the chain and bucket.
+His hand slipped on the slimy edge; and he fell upon his chest across the brink.
+For a moment he lay there - then soundlessly his body was precipitated down
+the black shaft.
+
+There was a slight splash in the murky shallowness as he struck some long-
+sunken stone, dislodged aeons ago from the massive coping. The disturbed
+water subsided into quietness.
+
+And now at last the Earth was dead. The final, pitiful survivor had perished. All
+the teeming billions; the slow aeons; the empires and civilizations of mankind
+were summed up in this poor twisted form - and how titanically meaningless it
+all had been! Now indeed had come an end and climax to all the efforts of
+humanity - how monstrous and incredible a climax in the eyes of those poor
+complacent fools of the prosperous days! Not ever again would the planet know
+the thunderous rampaging of human millions - or even the crawling of lizards
+
+
+
+1216
+
+
+
+and the buzz of insects, for they, too, had gone, now was come the reign of
+sapless branches and endless fields of tough grasses. Earth, like its cold,
+imperturbable moon, was given over to silence and blackness forever.
+
+The stars whirred on; the whole careless plan would continue for infinities
+unknown. This trivial end of a negligible episode mattered not to distant nebulae
+or to suns new-born, flourishing, and dying. The race of man, too puny and
+momentary to have a real function or purpose, was as if it had never existed. To
+such a conclusion the aeons of its farcically toilsome evolution had led.
+
+But when the deadly sun's first rays darted across the valley, a light found its
+way to the weary face of a broken figure that lay in the slime.
+
+
+
+1217
+
+
+
+Two Black Bottles - with Wilfred
+Blanch Talman
+
+Not all of the few remaining inhabitants of Daalbergen, that dismal little village
+in the Ramapo Mountains, believe that my uncle, old Dominie Vanderhoof, is
+really dead. Some of them believe he is suspended somewhere between heaven
+and hell because of the old sexton's curse. If it had not been for that old magician,
+he might still be preaching in the little damp church across the moor.
+
+After what has happened to me in Daalbergen, I can almost share the opinion of
+the villagers. I am not sure that my uncle is dead, but I am very sure that he is
+not alive upon this earth. There is no doubt that the old sexton buried him once,
+but he is not in that grave now. I can almost feel him behind me as I write,
+impelling me to tell the truth about those strange happenings in Daalbergen so
+many years ago.
+
+It was the fourth day of October when I arrived at Daalbergen in answer to a
+summons. The letter was from a former member of my uncle's congregation,
+who wrote that the old man had passed away and that there should be some
+small estate which I, as his only living relative, might inherit. Having reached the
+secluded little hamlet by a wearying series of changes on branch railways, I
+found my way to the grocery store of Mark Haines, writer of the letter, and he,
+leading me into a stuffy back room, told me a peculiar tale concerning Dominie
+Vanderhoof's death.
+
+"Y' should be careful, Hoffman," Haines told me, "when y' meet that old sexton,
+Abel Foster. He's in league with the devil, sure's you're alive 'Twa'n't two weeks
+ago Sam Pryor, when he passed the old graveyard, beared him mumblin' t' the
+dead there. 'Twa'n't right be should talk that way - an' Sam does vow that there
+was a voice answered him - a kind o' half-voice, hollow and muffled-like, as
+though it come out o' th' ground. There's others, too, as could tell y' about seein'
+him standin' afore old Dominie Slott's grave - that one right agin' the church wall
+- a-wringin' his hands an' a-talkin' t' th' moss on th' tombstone as though it was
+the old Dominie himself."
+
+Old Foster, Haines said, had come to Daalbergen about ten years before, and had
+been immediately engaged by Vanderhoof to take care of the damp stone church
+at which most of the villagers worshipped. No one but Vanderhoof seemed to
+like him, for his presence brought a suggestion almost of the uncanny. He would
+sometimes stand by the door when the people came to church, and the men
+would coldly return his servile bow while the women brushed past in haste.
+
+
+
+1218
+
+
+
+holding their skirts aside to avoid touching him. He could be seen on week days
+cutting the grass in the cemetery and tending the flowers around the graves, now
+and then crooning and muttering to himself. And few failed to notice the
+particular attention he paid to the grave of the Reverend Guilliam Slott, first
+pastor of the church in 1701.
+
+It was not long after Foster's establishment as a village fixture that disaster began
+to lower. First came the failure of the mountain mine where most of the men
+worked. The vein of iron had given out, and many of the people moved away to
+better localities, while those who had large holdings of land in the vicinity took
+to farming and managed to wrest a meager living from the rocky hillsides. Then
+came the disturbances in the church. It was whispered about that the Reverend
+Johannes Vanderhoof had made a compact with the devil, and was preaching his
+word in the house of God. His sermons had become weird and grotesque -
+redolent with sinister things which the ignorant people of Daalbergen did not
+understand. He transported them back over ages of fear and superstition to
+regions of hideous, unseen spirits, and peopled their fancy with night-haunting
+ghouls. One by one the congregation dwindled, while the elders and deacons
+vainly pleaded with Vanderhoof to change the subject of his sermons. Though
+the old man continually promised to comply, he seemed to be enthralled by
+some higher power which forced him to do its will.
+
+A giant in stature, Johannes Vanderhoof was known to be weak and timid at
+heart, yet even when threatened with expulsion he continued his eerie sermons,
+until scarcely a handful of people remained to listen to him on Sunday morning.
+Because of weak finances, it was found impossible to call a new pastor, and
+before long not one of the villagers dared venture near the church or the
+parsonage which adjoined it. Everywhere there was fear of those spectral wraiths
+with whom Vanderhoof was apparently in league.
+
+My uncle, Mark Haines told me, had continued to live in the parsonage because
+there was no one with sufficient courage to tell him to move out of it. No one
+ever saw him again, but lights were visible in the parsonage at night, and were
+even glimpsed in the church from time to time. It was whispered about the town
+that Vanderhoof preached regularly in the church every Sunday morning,
+unaware that his congregation was no longer there to listen. He had only the old
+sexton, who lived in the basement of the church, to take care of him, and Foster
+made a weekly visit to what remained of the business section of the village to
+buy provisions. He no longer bowed servilely to everyone he met, but instead
+seemed to harbor a demoniac and ill-concealed hatred. He spoke to no one
+except as was necessary to make his purchases, and glanced from left to right out
+of evil-filled eyes as he walked the street with his cane tapping the uneven
+pavements. Bent and shriveled with extreme age, his presence could actually be
+
+
+
+1219
+
+
+
+felt by anyone near him, so powerful was that personality which, said the
+townspeople, had made Vanderhoof accept the devil as his master. No person in
+Daalbergen doubted that Abel Foster was at the bottom of all the town's ill luck,
+but not a one dared lift a finger against him, or could even approach him without
+a tremor of fear. His name, as well as Vanderhoof s, was never mentioned aloud.
+Whenever the matter of the church across the moor was discussed, it was in
+whispers; and if the conversation chanced to be nocturnal, the whisperers would
+keep glancing over their shoulders to make sure that nothing shapeless or
+sinister crept out of the darkness to bear witness to their words.
+
+The churchyard continued to be kept just as green and beautiful as when the
+church was in use, and the flowers near the graves in the cemetery were tended
+just as carefully as in times gone by. The old sexton could occasionally be seen
+working there, as if still being paid for his services, and those who dared venture
+near said that he maintained a continual conversation with the devil and with
+those spirits which lurked within the graveyard walls.
+
+One morning, Haines went on to say, Foster was seen digging a grave where the
+steeple of the church throws its shadow in the afternoon, before the sun goes
+down behind the mountain and puts the entire village in semi-twilight. Later, the
+church bell, silent for months, tolled solemnly for a half-hour. And at sun-down
+those who were watching from a distance saw Foster bring a coffin from the
+parsonage on a wheelbarrow, dump it into the grave with slender ceremony, and
+replace the earth in the hole.
+
+The sexton came to the village the next morning, ahead of his usual weekly
+schedule, and in much better spirits than was customary. He seemed willing to
+talk, remarking that Vanderhoof had died the day before, and that he had buried
+his body beside that of Dominie Slott near the church wall. He smiled from time
+to time, and rubbed his hands in an untimely and unaccountable glee. It was
+apparent that he took a perverse and diabolic delight in Vanderhoof's death. The
+villagers were conscious of an added uncanniness in his presence, and avoided
+him as much as they could. With Vanderhoof gone they felt more insecure than
+ever, for the old sexton was now free to cast his worst spells over the town from
+the church across the moor. Muttering something in a tongue which no one
+understood, Foster made his way back along the road over the swamp.
+
+It was then that Mark Haines remembered having heard Dominie Vanderhoof
+speak of me as his nephew. Haines accordingly sent for me, in the hope that I
+might know something which would clear up the mystery of my uncle's last
+years. I assured my summoner, however, that I knew nothing about my uncle or
+his past, except that my mother had mentioned him as a man of gigantic
+physique but with little courage or power of will.
+
+
+
+1220
+
+
+
+Having heard all that Haines had to tell me, I lowered the front legs of my chair
+to the floor and looked at my watch. It was late afternoon.
+
+"How far is it out to the church?" I inquired. "Think I can make it before sunset?"
+
+"Sure, lad, y' ain't goin' out there t' night! Not t' that place!" The old man
+trembled noticeably in every limb and half rose from his chair, stretching out a
+lean, detaining hand, "Why, it's plumb foolishness!" he exclaimed.
+
+I laughed aside his fears and informed him that, come what may, I was
+determined to see the old sexton that evening and get the whole matter over as
+soon as possible. I did not intend to accept the superstitions of ignorant country
+folk as truth, for I was convinced that all I had just heard was merely a chain of
+events which the over-imaginative people of Daalbergen had happened to link
+with their ill-luck. I felt no sense of fear or horror whatever.
+
+Seeing that I was determined to reach my uncle's house before nightfall, Haines
+ushered me out of his office and reluctantly gave me the few required directions,
+pleading from time to time that I change my mind. He shook my hand when I
+left, as though he never expected to see me again.
+
+"Take keer that old devil, Foster, don't git ye!" he warned again and again. "I
+wouldn't go near him after dark fer love n'r money. No siree!" He re-entered his
+store, solemnly shaking his head, while I set out along a road leading to the
+outskirts of the town.
+
+I had walked barely two minutes before I sighted the moor of which Haines had
+spoken. The road, flanked by a whitewashed fence, passed over the great
+swamp, which was overgrown with clumps of underbrush dipping down into
+the dank, slimy ooze. An odor of deadness and decay filled the air, and even in
+the sunlit afternoon little wisps of vapor could be seen rising from the
+unhealthful spot.
+
+On the opposite side of the moor I turned sharply to the left, as I had been
+directed, branching from the main road. There were several houses in the
+vicinity, I noticed; houses which were scarcely more than huts, reflecting the
+extreme poverty of their owners. The road here passed under the drooping
+branches of enormous willows which almost completely shut out the rays of the
+sun. The miasmal odor of the swamp was still in my nostrils, and the air was
+damp and chilly. I hurried my pace to get out of that dismal tunnel as soon as
+possible.
+
+
+
+1221
+
+
+
+Presently I found myself in the light again. The sun, now hanging like a red ball
+upon the crest of the mountain, was beginning to dip low, and there, some
+distance ahead of me, bathed in its bloody iridescence, stood the lonely church. I
+began to sense that uncanniness which Haines had mentioned, that feeling of
+dread which made all Daalbergen shun the place. The squat, stone hulk of the
+church itself, with its blunt steeple, seemed like an idol to which the tombstones
+that surrounded it bowed down and worshipped, each with an arched top like
+the shoulders of a kneeling person, while over the whole assemblage the dingy,
+gray parsonage hovered like a wraith.
+
+I had slowed my pace a trifle as I took in the scene. The sun was disappearing
+behind the mountain very rapidly now, and the damp air chilled me. Turning
+my coat collar up about my neck, I plodded on. Something caught my eye as I
+glanced up again. In the shadow of the church wall was something white - a
+thing which seemed to have no definite shape. Straining my eyes as I came
+nearer, I saw that it was a cross of new timber, surmounting a mound of freshly-
+turned earth. The discovery sent a new chill through me. I realized that this must
+be my uncle's grave, but something told me that it was not like the other graves
+near it. It did not seem like a dead grave. In some intangible way it appeared to
+be living, if a grave can be said to live. Very close to it, I saw as I came nearer,
+was another grave - an old mound with a crumbling stone about it. Dominie
+Slott's tomb, I thought, remembering Haines' story.
+
+There was no sign of life anywhere about the place. In the semi-twilight I
+climbed the low knoll upon which the parsonage stood, and hammered upon the
+door. There was no answer. I skirted the house and peered into the windows.
+The whole place seemed deserted.
+
+The lowering mountains had made night fall with disarming suddenness the
+minute the sun was fully hidden. I realized that I could see scarcely more than a
+few feet ahead of me. Feeling my way carefully, I rounded a corner of the house
+and paused, wondering what to do next.
+
+Everything was quiet. There was not a breath of wind, nor were there even the
+usual noises made by animals in their nocturnal ramblings. All dread had been
+forgotten for a time, but in the presence of that sepulchral calm my
+apprehensions returned. I imagined the air peopled with ghastly spirits that
+pressed around me, making the air almost unbreathable. I wondered, for the
+hundredth time, where the old sexton might be.
+
+As I stood there, half expecting some sinister demon to creep from the shadows, I
+noticed two lighted windows glaring from the belfry of the church. I then
+remembered what Haines had told me about Foster's living in the basement of
+
+
+
+1222
+
+
+
+the building. Advancing cautiously through the blackness, I found a side door of
+the church ajar.
+
+The interior had a musty and mildewed odor. Everything I touched was covered
+with a cold, clammy moistore. I struck a match and began to explore, to discover,
+if I could, how to get into the belfry. Suddenly I stopped in my tracks.
+
+A snatch of song, loud and obscene, sung in a voice that was guttural and thick
+with drink, came from above me. The match burned my fingers, and I dropped
+it. Two pin-points of light pierced the darkness of the farther wall of the church,
+and below them, to one side, I could see a door outlined where light filtered
+through its cracks. The song stopped as abruptly as it had commenced, and there
+was absolute silence again. My heart was thumping and blood raced through my
+temples. Had I not been petrified with fear, I should have fled immediately.
+
+Not caring to light another match, I felt my way among the pews until I stood in
+front of the door. So deep was the feeling of depression which had come over me
+that I felt as though I were acting in a dream. My actions were almost
+involuntary.
+
+The door was locked, as I found when I turned the knob. I hammered upon it for
+some time, but there was no answer. The silence was as complete as before.
+Feeling around the edge of the door, I found the hinges, removed the pins from
+them, and allowed the door to fall toward me. Dim light flooded down a steep
+flight of steps. There was a sickening odor of whiskey. I could now hear someone
+stirring in the belfry room above. Venturing a low halloo, I thought I heard a
+groan in reply, and cautiously climbed the stairs.
+
+My first glance into that unhallowed place was indeed startling. Strewn about
+the little room were old and dusty books and manuscripts - strange things that
+bespoke almost unbelievable age. On rows of shelves which reached to the
+ceiling were horrible things in glass jars and bottles - snakes and lizards and bats.
+Dust and mold and cobwebs encrusted everything. In the center, behind a table
+upon which was a lighted candle, a nearly empty bottle of whisky, and a glass,
+was a motionless figure with a thin, scrawny, wrinkled face and wild eyes that
+stared blankly through me. I recognized Abel Foster the old sexton, in an instant.
+He did not move or speak as I came slowly and fearfully toward him.
+
+"Mr. Foster?" I asked, trembling with unaccountable fear when I heard my voice
+echo within the close confines of the room. There was no reply, and no
+movement from the figure behind the table. I wondered if he had not drunk
+himself to insensibility, and went behind the table to shake him.
+
+
+
+1223
+
+
+
+At the mere touch of my arm upon his shoulder, the strange old man started
+from his chair as though terrified. His eyes, still having in them that same blank
+stare, were fixed upon me. Swinging his arms like flails, he backed away.
+
+"Don't!" he screamed. "Don't touch me! Go back - go back!"
+
+I saw that he was both drunk and struck with some kind of a nameless terror.
+Using a soothing tone, I told him who I was and why I had come. He seemed to
+understand vaguely and sank back into his chair, sitting limp and motionless.
+
+"I thought ye was him," he mumbled. "I thought ye was him come back fer it.
+He's been a-tryin' t' get out - a-tryin' t' get out sence I put him in there." His
+voice again rose to a scream and he clutched his chair. "Maybe he's got out now!
+Maybe he's out!"
+
+I looked about, half expecting to see some spectral shape coming up the stairs.
+
+"Maybe who's out?" I inquired.
+
+"Vanderhoof!" he shrieked. "Th' cross over his grave keeps fallin' down in th'
+night! Every morning the earth is loose, and gets harder t' pat down. He'll come
+out an' I won't be able t' do nothin'."
+
+Forcing him back into the chair, I seated myself on a box near him. He was
+trembling in mortal terror, with the saliva dripping from the corners of his
+mouth. From time to time I felt that sense of horror which Haines had described
+when he told me of the old sexton. Truly, there was something uncanny about
+the man. His head had now sunk forward upon his breast, and he seemed
+calmer, mumbling to himself.
+
+I quietly arose and opened a window to let out the fumes of whisky and the
+musty odor of dead things. Light from a dim moon, just risen, made objects
+below barely visible. I could just see Dominie Vanderhoof's grave from my
+position in the belfry, and blinked my eyes as I gazed at it. That cross was tilted! I
+remembered that it had been vertical an hour ago. Fear took possession of me
+again. I turned quickly. Foster sat in his chair watching me. His glance was saner
+than before.
+
+"So y're Vanderhoof's nephew," he mumbled in a nasal tone. "Waal, ye might's
+well know it all. He'll be back after me afore long, he will jus' as soon as he can
+get out o' that there grave. Ye might's well know all about it now."
+
+
+
+1224
+
+
+
+His terror appeared to have left him. He seemed resigned to some horrible fate
+which he expected any minute. His head dropped down upon his chest again,
+and he went on muttering in that nasal monotone.
+
+"Ye see all them there books and papers? Waal, they was once Dominie Slott's -
+Dominie Slott, who was here years ago. All them things is got t' do with magic -
+black magic that th' old dominie knew afore he come t' this country. They used t'
+burn 'em an' boil 'em in oil fer knowing' that over there, they did. But old Slott
+knew, and he didn't go fer t' tell nobody. No sir, old Slott used to preach here
+generations ago, an' he used to come up here an' study them books, an' use all
+them dead things in jars, an' pronounce magic curses an' things, but he didn't let
+nobody know it No, nobody knowed it but Dominie Slott an' me."
+
+"You?" I ejaculated, leaning across the table toward him.
+
+"That is, me after I learned it." His face showed lines of trickery as he answered
+me. "I found all this stuff here when I come t' be church sexton, an' I used t' read
+it when I wa'n't at work. An' I soon got t' know all about it."
+
+The old man droned on, while I listened, spellbound. He told about learning the
+difficult formulae of demonology, so that, by means of incantations, he could cast
+spells over human beings. He had performed horrible occult rites of his hellish
+creed, calling down anathema upon the town and its inhabitants. Crazed by his
+desires, he tried to bring the church under his spell, but the power of God was
+too strong. Finding Johannes Vanderhoof very weak-willed, he bewitched him so
+that he preached strange and mystic sermons which struck fear into the simple
+hearts of the country folk. From his position in the belfry room, he said, behind a
+painting of the temptation of Christ which adorned the rear wall of the church,
+he would glare at Vanderhoof while he was preaching, through holes which
+were the eyes of the Devil in the picture. Terrified by the uncanny things which
+were happening in their midst, the congregation left one by one, and Foster was
+able to do what he pleased with the church and with Vanderhoof.
+
+"But what did you do with him?" I asked in a hollow voice as the old sexton
+paused in his confession. He burst into a cackle of laughter, throwing back his
+head in drunken glee.
+
+"I took his soul!" he howled in a tone that set me trembling. "I took his soul and
+put it in a bottle - in a little black bottle! And I buried him! Bui he ain't got his
+soul, an' he can't go neither t' heaven n'r hell! But he's a-comm' back after it.
+He's a-trying' t' get out o' his grave now. I can hear him pushin' his way up
+through the ground, he's that strong!"
+
+
+
+1225
+
+
+
+As the old man had proceeded with his story, I had become more and more
+convinced that he must be telHng me the truth, and not merely gibbering in
+drunkenness. Every detail fitted what Haines had told me. Fear was growing
+upon me by degrees. With the old wizard now shouting with demoniac laughter,
+I was tempted to bolt down the narrow stairway and leave that accursed
+neighborhood. To calm myself, I rose and again looked out of the window. My
+eyes nearly started from their sockets when I saw that the cross above
+Vanderhoof's grave had fallen perceptibly since I had last looked at it. It was
+now tilted to an angle of forty-five degrees!
+
+"Can't we dig up Vanderhoof and restore his soul?" I asked almost breathlessly,
+feeling that something must be done in a hurry. The old man rose from his chair
+in terror.
+
+"No, no, no!" he screamed. "He'd kill me! I've fergot th' formula, an' if he gets
+out he'll be alive, without a soul. He'd kill us both!"
+
+"Where is the bottle that contains his soul?" I asked, advancing threateningly
+toward him. I felt that some ghastly thing was about to happen, which I must do
+all in my power to prevent.
+
+"I won't tell ye, ye young whelp!" he snarled. I felt, rather than saw, a queer light
+in his eyes as he backed into a corner. "An' don't ye touch me, either, or ye'U
+wish ye hadn't!"
+
+I moved a step forward, noticing that on a low stool behind him there were two
+black bottles. Foster muttered some peculiar words in a low, singsong voice.
+Everything began to turn gray before my eyes, and something within me seemed
+to be dragged upward, trying to get out at my throat I felt my knees become
+weak.
+
+Lurching forward, I caught the old sexton by the throat, and with my free arm
+reached for the bottles on the stool. But the old man fell backward, striking the
+stool with his foot, and one bottle fell to the floor as I snatched the other. There
+was a flash of blue flame, and a sulfurous smell filled the room. From the little
+heap of broken glass a white vapor rose and followed the draft out the window.
+
+"Curse ye, ye rascal!" sounded a voice that seemed faint and far away. Foster,
+whom I had released when the bottle broke, was crouching against the wall,
+looking smaller and more shriveled than before. His face was slowly turning
+greenish-black.
+
+
+
+1226
+
+
+
+"Curse ye!" said the voice again, hardly sounding as though it came from his
+hps. "I'm done fer! That one in there was mine! Dominie Slott took it out two
+hundred years ago!"
+
+He shd slowly toward the floor, gazing at me with hatred in eyes that were
+rapidly dimming. His flesh changed from white to black, and then to yellow. I
+saw with horror that his body seemed to be crumbling away and his clothing
+falling into limp folds.
+
+The bottle in my hand was growing warm. I glanced at it, fearfully. It glowed
+with a faint phosphorescence. Stiff with fright, I set it upon the table, but could
+not keep my eyes from it There was an ominous moment of silence as its glow
+became brighter, and then there came distinctly to my ears the sound of sliding
+earth. Gasping for breath, I looked out of the window. The moon was now well
+up in the sky, and by its light I could see that the fresh cross above Vanderhoof's
+grave had completely fallen. Once again there came the sound of trickling gravel,
+and no longer able to control myself, I stumbled down the stairs and found my
+way out of doors. Falling now and then as I raced over the uneven ground, I ran
+on in abject terror. When I had reached the foot of the knoll, at the entrance to
+that gloomy tunnel beneath the willows, I heard a horrible roar behind me.
+Turning, I glanced back toward the church. Its wall reflected the light of the
+moon, and silhouetted against it was a gigantic, loathsome, black shadow
+climbing from my uncle's grave and floundering gruesomely toward the church.
+
+I told my story to a group of villagers in Haines' store the next morning. They
+looked from one to the other with little smiles during the tale, I noticed, but
+when I suggested that they accompany me to the spot, gave various excuses for
+not caring to go. Though there seemed to be a limit to their credulity, they cared
+to run no risks. I informed them that I would go alone, though I must confess
+that the project did not appeal to me.
+
+As I left the store, one old man with a long, white beard hurried after me and
+caught my arm.
+
+"I'll go wi' ye, lad," he said, "It do seem that I once beared my gran'pap tell o'
+su'thin' o' the sort concernin' old Dominie Slott. A queer old man I've beared he
+were, but Vanderhoof's been worse."
+
+Dominie Vanderhoof's grave was open and deserted when we arrived. Of course
+it could have been grave- robbers, the two of us agreed, and yet. . . In the belfry
+the bottle which I had left upon the table was gone, though the fragments of the
+broken one were found on the floor. And upon the heap of yellow dust and
+
+
+
+1227
+
+
+
+crumpled clothing that had once been Abel Foster were certain immense
+footprints.
+
+After glancing at some of the books and papers strewn about the belfry room, we
+carried them down the stairs and burned them, as something unclean and
+unholy. With a spade which we found in the church basement we filled in the
+grave of Johannes Vanderhoof, and, as an afterthought, flung the fallen cross
+upon the flames.
+
+Old wives say that now, when the moon is full, there walks about the
+churchyard a gigantic and bewildered figure clutching a bottle and seeking some
+unremembered goal.
+
+
+
+1228
+
+
+
+Within the Walls of Eryx - with
+Kenneth Sterling
+
+Written Jan 1936
+
+Published October 1939 in Weird Tales, Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 50-68.
+
+Before I try to rest I will set down these notes in preparation for the report I must
+make. What I have found is so singular, and so contrary to all past experience
+and expectations, that it deserves a very careful description.
+
+I reached the main landing on Venus, March 18, terrestrial time; VI, 9 of the
+planet's calendar. Being put in the main group under Miller, I received my
+equipment - watch tuned to Venus's slightly quicker rotation - and went through
+the usual mask drill. After two days I was pronounced fit for duty.
+
+Leaving the Crystal Company's post at Terra Nova around dawn, VI, 12, I
+followed the southerly route which Anderson had mapped out from the air. The
+going was bad, for these jungles are always half impassable after a rain. It must
+be the moisture that gives the tangled vines and creepers that leathery toughness;
+a toughness so great that a knife has to work ten minutes on some of them. By
+noon it was dryer - the vegetation getting soft and rubbery so that my knife went
+through it easily - but even then I could not make much speed. These Carter
+oxygen masks are too heavy - just carrying one half wears an ordinary man out.
+A Dubois mask with sponge-reservoir instead of tubes would give just as good
+air at half the weight.
+
+The crystal-detector seemed to function well, pointing steadily in a direction
+verifying Anderson's report. It is curious how that principle of affinity works -
+without any of the fakery of the old 'divining rods' back home. There must be a
+great deposit of crystals within a thousand miles, though I suppose those
+damnable man-lizards always watch and guard it. Possibly they think we are just
+as foolish for coming to Venus to hunt the stuff as we think they are for
+grovelling in the mud whenever they see a piece of it, or for keeping that great
+mass on a pedestal in their temple. I wish they'd get a new religion, for they have
+no use for the crystals except to pray to. Barring theology, they would let us take
+all we want - and even if they learned to tap them for power there'd be more
+than enough for their planet and the earth besides. I for one am tired of passing
+up the main deposits and merely seeking separate crystals out of jungle river-
+beds. Sometime I'll urge the wiping out of these scaly beggars by a good stiff
+army from home. About twenty ships could bring enough troops across to turn
+
+
+
+1229
+
+
+
+the trick. One can't call the damned things men for all their 'cities' and towers.
+They haven't any skill except building - and using swords and poison darts - and
+I don't believe their so-called 'cities' mean much more than ant-hills or beaver-
+dams. I doubt if they even have a real language - all the talk about psychological
+communication through those tentacles down their chests strikes me as bunk.
+What misleads people is their upright posture; just an accidental physical
+resemblance to terrestrial man.
+
+I'd like to go through a Venus jungle for once without having to watch out for
+skulking groups of them or dodge their cursed darts. They may have been all
+right before we began to take the crystals, but they're certainly a bad enough
+nuisance now - with their dart-shooting and their cutting of our water pipes.
+More and more I come to believe that they have a special sense like our crystal-
+detectors. No one ever knew them to bother a man - apart from long-distance
+sniping - who didn't have crystals on him.
+
+Around 1 P.M. a dart nearly took my helmet off, and I thought for a second one
+of my oxygen tubes was punctured. The sly devils hadn't made a sound, but
+three of them were closing in on me. I got them all by sweeping in a circle with
+my flame pistol, for even though their colour blended with the jungle, I could
+spot the moving creepers. One of them was fully eight feet tall, with a snout like
+a tapir's. The other two were average seven-footers. All that makes them hold
+their own is sheer numbers - even a single regiment of flame throwers could
+raise hell with them. It is curious, though, how they've come to be dominant on
+the planet. Not another living thing higher than the wriggling akmans and
+skorahs, or the flying tukahs of the other continent - unless of course those holes
+in the Dionaean Plateau hide something.
+
+About two o'clock my detector veered westward, indicating isolated crystals
+ahead on the right. This checked up with Anderson, and I turned my course
+accordingly. It was harder going - not only because the ground was rising, but
+because the animal life and carnivorous plants were thicker. I was always
+slashing ugrats and stepping on skorahs, and my leather suit was all speckled
+from the bursting darohs which struck it from all sides. The sunlight was all the
+worse because of the mist, and did not seem to dry up the mud in the least.
+Every time I stepped my feet sank down five or six inches, and there was a
+sucking sort of blup every time I pulled them out. I wish somebody would
+invent a safe kind of suiting other than leather for this climate. Cloth of course
+would rot; but some thin metallic tissue that couldn't tear - like the surface of this
+revolving decay-proof record scroll - ought to be feasible sometime.
+
+I ate about 3:30 - if slipping these wretched food tablets through my mask can be
+called eating. Soon after that I noticed a decided change in the landscape - the
+
+
+
+1230
+
+
+
+bright, poisonous-looking flowers shifting in colour and getting wraith-like. The
+outlines of everything shimmered rhythmically, and bright points of light
+appeared and danced in the same slow, steady tempo. After that the temperature
+seemed to fluctuate in unison with a peculiar rhythmic drumming.
+
+The whole universe seemed to be throbbing in deep, regular pulsations that filled
+every corner of space and flowed through my body and mind alike. I lost all
+sense of equilibrium and staggered dizzily, nor did it change things in the least
+when I shut my eyes and covered my ears with my hands. However, my mind
+was still clear, and in a very few minutes I realized what had happened.
+
+I had encountered at last one of those curious mirage-plants about which so
+many of our men told stories. Anderson had warned me of them, and described
+their appearance very closely - the shaggy stalk, the spiky leaves, and the
+mottled blossoms whose gaseous, dream-breeding exhalations penetrate every
+existing make of mask.
+
+Recalling what happened to Bailey three years ago, I fell into a momentary panic,
+and began to dash and stagger about in the crazy, chaotic world which the
+plant's exhalations had woven around me. Then good sense came back, and I
+realized all I need do was retreat from the dangerous blossoms - heading away
+from the source of the pulsations, and cutting a path blindly - regardless of what
+might seem to swirl around me - until safely out of the plant's effective radius.
+
+Although everything was spinning perilously, I tried to start in the right
+direction and hack my way ahead. My route must have been far from straight,
+for it seemed hours before I was free of the mirage- plant's pervasive influence.
+Gradually the dancing lights began to disappear, and the shimmering spectral
+scenery began to assume the aspect of solidity. When I did get wholly clear I
+looked at my watch and was astonished to find that the time was only 4:20.
+Though eternities had seemed to pass, the whole experience could have
+consumed little more than a half-hour.
+
+Every delay, however, was irksome, and I had lost ground in my retreat from the
+plant. I now pushed ahead in the uphill direction indicated by the crystal-
+detector, bending every energy toward making better time. The jungle was still
+thick, though there was less animal life. Once a carnivorous blossom engulfed
+my right foot and held it so tightly that I had to hack it free with my knife;
+reducing the flower to strips before it let go.
+
+In less than an hour I saw that the jungle growths were thinning out, and by five
+o'clock - after passing through a belt of tree-ferns with very little underbrush - I
+emerged on a broad mossy plateau. My progress now became rapid, and I saw
+
+
+
+1231
+
+
+
+by the wavering of my detector-needle that I was getting relatively close to the
+crystal I sought. This was odd, for most of the scattered, egg-like spheroids
+occurred in jungle streams of a sort not likely to be found on this treeless upland.
+
+The terrain sloped upward, ending in a definite crest. I reached the top about
+5:30 and saw ahead of me a very extensive plain with forests in the distance.
+This, without question, was the plateau mapped by Matsugawa from the air fifty
+years ago, and called on our maps 'Eryx' or the 'Erycinian Highland.' But what
+made my heart leap was a smaller detail, whose position could not have been far
+from the plain's exact centre. It was a single point of light, blazing through the
+mist and seeming to draw a piercing, concentrated luminescence from the
+yellowish, vapour-dulled sunbeams. This, without doubt, was the crystal I
+sought - a thing possibly no larger than a hen's egg, yet containing enough
+power to keep a city warm for a year. I could hardly wonder, as I glimpsed the
+distant glow, that those miserable man-lizards worship such crystals. And yet
+they have not the least notion of the powers they contain.
+
+Breaking into a rapid run, I tried to reach the unexpected prize as soon as
+possible; and was annoyed when the firm moss gave place to a thin, singularly
+detestable mud studded with occasional patches of weeds and creepers. But I
+splashed on heedlessly - scarcely thinking to look around for any of the skulking
+man-lizards. In this open space I was not very likely to be waylaid. As I
+advanced, the light ahead seemed to grow in size and brilliancy, and I began to
+notice some peculiarity in its situation. Clearly, this was a crystal of the very
+finest quality, and my elation grew with every spattering step.
+
+It is now that I must begin to be careful in making my report, since what I shall
+henceforward have to say involves unprecedented - though fortunately verifiable
+- matters. I was racing ahead with mounting eagerness, and had come within a
+hundred yards or so of the crystal - whose position on a sort of raised place in the
+omnipresent slime seemed very odd - when a sudden, overpowering force struck
+my chest and the knuckles of my clenched fists and knocked me over backward
+into the mud. The splash of my fall was terrific, nor did the softness of the
+ground and the presence of some slimy weeds and creepers save my head from a
+bewildering jarring. For a moment I lay supine, too utterly startled to think. Then
+I half mechanically stumbled to my feet and began to scrape the worst of the
+mud and scum from my leather suit.
+
+Of what I had encountered I could not form the faintest idea. I had seen nothing
+which could have caused the shock, and I saw nothing now. Had I, after all,
+merely slipped in the mud? My sore knuckles and aching chest forbade me to
+think so. Or was this whole incident an illusion brought on by some hidden
+mirage-plant? It hardly seemed probable, since I had none of the usual
+
+
+
+1232
+
+
+
+symptoms, and since there was no place near by where so vivid and typical a
+growth could lurk unseen. Had I been on the earth, I would have suspected a
+barrier of N-force laid down by some government to mark a forbidden zone, but
+in this humanless region such a notion would have been absurd.
+
+Finally pulling myself together, I decided to investigate in a cautious way.
+Holding my knife as far as possible ahead of me, so that it might be first to feel
+the strange force, I started once more for the shining crystal - preparing to
+advance step by step with the greatest deliberation. At the third step I was
+brought up short by the impact of the knife - point on an apparently solid surface
+
+- a solid surface where my eyes saw nothing.
+
+After a moment's recoil I gained boldness. Extending my gloved left hands I
+verified the presence of invisible solid matter - or a tactile illusion of solid matter
+
+- ahead of me. Upon moving my hand I found that the barrier was of substantial
+extent, and of an almost glassy smoothness, with no evidence of the joining of
+separate blocks. Nerving myself for further experiments, I removed a glove and
+tested the thing with my bare hand. It was indeed hard and glassy, and of a
+curious coldness as contrasted with the air around. I strained my eyesight to the
+utmost in an effort to glimpse some trace of the obstructing substance, but could
+discern nothing whatsoever. There was not even any evidence of refractive
+power as judged by the aspect of the landscape ahead. Absence of reflective
+power was proved by the lack of a glowing image of the sun at any point.
+
+Burning curiosity began to displace all other feelings, and I enlarged my
+investigations as best I could. Exploring with my hands, I found that the barrier
+extended from the ground to some level higher than I could reach, and that it
+stretched off indefinitely on both sides. It was, then, a wall of some kind - though
+all guesses as to its materials and its purpose were beyond me. Again I thought
+of the mirage-plant and the dreams it induced, but a moment's reasoning put
+this out of my head.
+
+Knocking sharply on the barrier with the hilt of my knife, and kicking at it with
+my heavy boots, I tried to interpret the sounds thus made. There was something
+suggestive of cement or concrete in these reverberations, though my hands had
+found the surface more glassy or metallic in feel. Certainly, I was confronting
+something strange beyond all previous experience.
+
+The next logical move was to get some idea of the wall's dimensions. The height
+problem would be hard, if not insoluble, but the length and shape problem could
+perhaps be sooner dealt with. Stretching out my arms and pressing close to the
+barrier, I began to edge gradually to the left - keeping very careful track of the
+way I faced. After several steps I concluded that the wall was not straight, but
+
+
+
+1233
+
+
+
+that I was following part of some vast circle or ellipse. And then my attention
+was distracted by something wholly different - something connected with the
+still-distant crystal which had formed the object of my quest.
+
+I have said that even from a great distance the shining object's position seemed
+indefinably queer - on a slight mound rising from the slime. Now - at about a
+hundred yards - I could see plainly despite the engulfing mist just what that
+mound was. It was the body of a man in one of the Crystal Company's leather
+suits, lying on his back, and with his oxygen mask half buried in the mud a few
+inches away. In his right hand, crushed convulsively against his chest, was the
+crystal which had led me here - a spheroid of incredible size, so large that the
+dead fingers could scarcely close over it. Even at the given distance I could see
+that the body was a recent one. There was little visible decay, and I reflected that
+in this climate such a thing meant death not more than a day before. Soon the
+hateful farnoth-flies would begin to cluster about the corpse. I wondered who the
+man was. Surely no one I had seen on this trip. It must have been one of the old-
+timers absent on a long roving commission, who had come to this especial region
+independently of Anderson's survey. There he lay, past all trouble, and with the
+rays of the great crystal streaming out from between his stiffened fingers.
+
+For fully five minutes I stood there staring in bewilderment and apprehension. A
+curious dread assailed me, and I had an unreasonable impulse to run away. It
+could not have been done by those slinking man- lizards, for he still held the
+crystal he had found. Was there any connexion with the invisible wall? Where
+had he found the crystal? Anderson's instrument had indicated one in this
+quarter well before this man could have perished. I now began to regard the
+unseen barrier as something sinister, and recoiled from it with a shudder. Yet I
+knew I must probe the mystery all the more quickly and thoroughly because of
+this recent tragedy.
+
+Suddenly - wrenching my mind back to the problem I faced - I thought of a
+possible means of testing the wall's height, or at least of finding whether or not it
+extended indefinitely upward. Seizing a handful of mud, I let it drain until it
+gained some coherence and then flung it high in the air toward the utterly
+transparent barrier. At a height of perhaps fourteen feet it struck the invisible
+surface with a resounding splash, disintegrating at once and oozing downward
+in disappearing streams with surprising rapidity. Plainly, the wall was a lofty
+one. A second handful, hurled at an even sharper angle, hit the surface about
+eighteen feet from the ground and disappeared as quickly as the first.
+
+I now summoned up all my strength and prepared to throw a third handful as
+high as I possibly could. Letting the mud drain, and squeezing it to maximum
+dryness, I flung it up so steeply that I feared it might not reach the obstructing
+
+
+
+1234
+
+
+
+surface at all. It did, however, and this time it crossed the barrier and fell in the
+mud beyond with a violent spattering. At last I had a rough idea of the height of
+the wall, for the crossing had evidently occurred some twenty or twenty-one feet
+aloft.
+
+With a nineteen - or twenty-foot vertical wall of glassy flatness, ascent was
+clearly impossible. I must, then, continue to circle the barrier in the hope of
+finding a gate, an ending, or some sort of interruption. Did the obstacle form a
+complete round or other closed figure, or was it merely an arc or semi-circle?
+Acting on my decision, I resumed my slow leftward circling, moving my hands
+up and down over the unseen surface on the chance of finding some window or
+other small aperture. Before starting, I tried to mark my position by kicking a
+hole in the mud, but found the slime too thin to hold any impression. I did,
+though, gauge the place approximately by noting a tall cycad in the distant forest
+which seemed just on a line with the gleaming crystal a hundred yards away. If
+no gate or break existed I could now tell when I had completely circumnavigated
+the wall.
+
+I had not progressed far before I decided that the curvature indicated a circular
+enclosure of about a hundred yards' diameter - provided the outline was regular.
+This would mean that the dead man lay near the wall at a point almost opposite
+the region where I had started. Was he just inside or just outside the enclosure?
+This I would soon ascertain.
+
+As I slowly rounded the barrier without finding any gate, window, or other
+break, I decided that the body was lying within. On closer view the features of
+the dead man seemed vaguely disturbing. I found something alarming in his
+expression, and in the way the glassy eyes stared. By the time I was very near I
+believed I recognized him as Dwight, a veteran whom I had never known, but
+who was pointed out to me at the post last year. The crystal he clutched was
+certainly a prize - the largest single specimen I had ever seen.
+
+I was so near the body that I could - but for the barrier - have touched it, when
+my exploring left hand encountered a corner in the unseen surface. In a second I
+had learned that there was an opening about three feet wide, extending from the
+ground to a height greater than I could reach. There was no door, nor any
+evidence of hingemarks bespeaking a former door. Without a moment's
+hesitation I stepped through and advanced two paces to the prostrate body -
+which lay at right angles to the hallway I had entered, in what seemed to be an
+intersecting doorless corridor. It gave me a fresh curiosity to find that the interior
+of this vast enclosure was divided by partitions.
+
+
+
+1235
+
+
+
+Bending to examine the corpse, I discovered that it bore no wounds. This
+scarcely surprised me, since the continued presence of the crystal argued against
+the pseudo-reptilian natives. Looking about for some possible cause of death, my
+eyes lit upon the oxygen mask lying close to the body's feet. Here, indeed, was
+something significant. Without this device no human being could breathe the air
+of Venus for more than thirty seconds, and Dwight - if it were he - had obviously
+lost his. Probably it had been carelessly buckled, so that the weight of the tubes
+worked the straps loose - a thing which could not happen with a Dubois sponge-
+reservoir mask. The half-minute of grace had been too short to allow the man to
+stoop and recover his protection - or else the cyanogen content of the atmosphere
+was abnormally high at the time. Probably he had been busy admiring the crystal
+- wherever he may have found it. He had, apparently, just taken it from the
+pouch in his suit, for the flap was unbuttoned.
+
+I now proceeded to extricate the huge crystal from the dead prospector's fingers -
+a task which the body's stiffness made very difficult. The spheroid was larger
+than a man's fist, and glowed as if alive in the reddish rays of the weltering sun.
+As I touched the gleaming surface I shuddered involuntarily - as if by taking this
+precious object I had transferred to myself the doom which had overtaken its
+earlier bearer. However, my qualms soon passed, and I carefully buttoned the
+crystal into the pouch of my leather suit. Superstition has never been one of my
+failings.
+
+Placing the man's helmet over his dead, staring face, I straightened up and
+stepped back through the unseen doorway to the entrance hall of the great
+enclosure. All my curiosity about the strange edifice now returned, and I racked
+my brains with speculations regarding its material, origin, and purpose. That the
+hands of men had reared it I could not for a moment believe. Our ships first
+reached Venus only seventy-two years ago, and the only human beings on the
+planet have been those at Terra Nova. Nor does human knowledge include any
+perfectly transparent, non-refractive solid such as the substance of this building.
+Prehistoric human invasions of Venus can be pretty well ruled out, so that one
+must turn to the idea of native construction. Did a forgotten race of highly-
+evolved beings precede the man-lizards as masters of Venus? Despite their
+elaborately-built cities, it seemed hard to credit the pseudo-reptiles with
+anything of this kind. There must have been another race aeons ago, of which
+this is perhaps the last relique. Or will other ruins of kindred origin be found by
+future expeditions? The purpose of such a structure passes all conjecture - but its
+strange and seemingly non-practical material suggests a religious use.
+
+Realizing my inability to solve these problems, I decided that all I could do was
+to explore the invisible structure itself. That various rooms and corridors
+extended over the seemingly unbroken plain of mud I felt convinced; and I
+
+
+
+1236
+
+
+
+believed that a knowledge of their plan might lead to something significant. So,
+feeling my way back through the doorway and edging past the body, I began to
+advance along the corridor toward those interior regions whence the dead man
+had presumably come. Later on I would investigate the hallway I had left.
+
+Groping like a blind man despite the misty sunlight, I moved slowly onward.
+Soon the corridor turned sharply and began to spiral in toward the centre in
+ever-diminishing curves. Now and then my touch would reveal a doorless
+intersecting passage, and I several times encountered junctions with two, three,
+and four diverging avenues. In these latter cases I always followed the inmost
+route, which seemed to form a continuation of the one I had been traversing.
+There would be plenty of time to examine the branches after I had reached and
+returned from the main regions. I can scarcely describe the strangeness of the
+experience - threading the unseen ways of an invisible structure reared by
+forgotten hands on an alien planet!
+
+At last, still stumbling and groping, I felt the corridor end in a sizeable open
+space. Fumbling about, I found I was in a circular chamber about ten feet across;
+and from the position of the dead man against certain distant forest landmarks I
+judged that this chamber lay at or near the centre of the edifice. Out of it opened
+five corridors besides the one through which I had entered, but I kept the latter
+in mind by sighting very carefully past the body to a particular tree on the
+horizon as I stood just within the entrance.
+
+There was nothing in this room to distinguish it - merely the floor of thin mud
+which was everywhere present. Wondering whether this part of the building had
+any roof, I repeated my experiment with an upward-flung handful of mud, and
+found at once that no covering existed. If there had ever been one, it must have
+fallen long ago, for not a trace of debris or scattered blocks ever halted my feet.
+As I reflected, it struck me as distinctly odd that this apparently primordial
+structure should be so devoid of tumbling masonry, gaps in the walls, and other
+common attributes of dilapidation.
+
+What was it? What had it ever been? Of what was it made? Why was there no
+evidence of separate blocks in the glassy, bafflingly homogenous walls? Why
+were there no traces of doors, either interior or exterior? I knew only that I was in
+a round, roofless, doorless edifice of some hard, smooth, perfectly transparent,
+non-refractive and non-reflective material, a hundred yards in diameter, with
+many corridors, and with a small circular room at the centre. More than this I
+could never learn from a direct investigation.
+
+I now observed that the sun was sinking very low in the west - a golden-ruddy
+disc floating in a pool of scarlet and orange above the mist-clouded trees of the
+
+
+
+1237
+
+
+
+horizon. Plainly, I would have to hurry if I expected to choose a sleeping-spot on
+dry ground before dark. I had long before decided to camp for the night on the
+firm, mossy rim of the plateau near the crest whence I had first spied the shining
+crystal, trusting to my usual luck to save me from an attack by the man-lizards. It
+has always been my contention that we ought to travel in parties of two or more,
+so that someone can be on guard during sleeping hours, but the really small
+number of night attacks makes the Company careless about such things. Those
+scaly wretches seem to have difficulty in seeing at night, even with curious glow
+torches.
+
+Having picked out again the hallway through which I had come, I started to
+return to the structure's entrance. Additional exploration could wait for another
+day. Groping a course as best I could through the spiral corridors - with only
+general sense, memory, and a vague recognition of some of the ill-defined weed
+patches on the plain as guides - I soon found myself once more in close proximity
+to the corpse. There were now one or two farnoth flies swooping over the
+helmet-covered face, and I knew that decay was setting in. With a futile
+instinctive loathing I raised my hand to brush away his vanguard of the
+scavengers - when a strange and astonishing thing became manifest. An invisible
+wall, checking the sweep of my arm, told me that - notwithstanding my careful
+retracing of the way - I had not indeed returned to the corridor in which the
+body lay. Instead, I was in a parallel hallway, having no doubt taken some
+wrong turn or fork among the intricate passages behind.
+
+Hoping to find a doorway to the exit hall ahead, I continued my advance, but
+presently came to a blank wall. I would, then, have to return to the central
+chamber and steer my course anew. Exactly where I had made my mistake I
+could not tell. I glanced at the ground to see if by any miracle guiding footprints
+had remained, but at once realized that the thin mud held impressions only for a
+very few moments. There was little difficulty in finding my way to the centre
+again, and once there I carefully reflected on the proper outward course. I had
+kept too far to the right before. This time I must take a more leftward fork
+somewhere - just where, I could decide as I went.
+
+As I groped ahead a second time I felt quite confident of my correctness, and
+diverged to the left at a junction I was sure I remembered. The spiralling
+continued, and I was careful not to stray into any intersecting passages. Soon,
+however, I saw to my disgust that I was passing the body at a considerable
+distance; this passage evidently reached the outer wall at a point much beyond it.
+In the hope that another exit might exist in the half of the wall I had not yet
+explored, I pressed forward for several paces, but eventually came once more to
+a solid barrier. Clearly, the plan of the building was even more complicated than
+I had thought.
+
+
+
+1238
+
+
+
+I now debated whether to return to the centre again or whether to try some of the
+lateral corridors extending toward the body. If I chose this second alternative, I
+would run the risk of breaking my mental pattern of where I was; hence I had
+better not attempt it unless I could think of some way of leaving a visible trail
+behind me. Just how to leave a trail would be quite a problem, and I ransacked
+my mind for a solution. There seemed to be nothing about my person which
+could leave a mark on anything, nor any material which I could scatter - or
+minutely subdivide and scatter.
+
+My pen had no effect on the invisible wall, and I could not lay a trail of my
+precious food tablets. Even had I been willing to spare the latter, there would not
+have been even nearly enough - besides which the small pellets would have
+instantly sunk from sight in the thin mud. I searched my pockets for an old-
+fashioned note-book - often used unofficially on Venus despite the quick rotting-
+rate of paper in the planet's atmosphere - whose pages I could tear up and
+scatter, but could find none. It was obviously impossible to tear the tough, thin
+metal of this revolving decay -proof record scroll, nor did my clothing offer any
+possibilities. In Venus's peculiar atmosphere I could not safely spare my stout
+leather suit, and underwear had been eliminated because of the climate.
+
+I tried to smear mud on the smooth, invisible walls after squeezing it as dry as
+possible, but found that it slipped from sight as quickly as did the height-testing
+handfuls I had previously thrown. Finally I drew out my knife and attempted to
+scratch a line on the glassy, phantom surface - something I could recognize with
+my hand, even though I would not have the advantage of seeing it from afar. It
+was useless, however, for the blade made not the slightest impression on the
+baffling, unknown material.
+
+Frustrated in all attempts to blaze a trail, I again sought the round central
+chamber through memory. It seemed easier to act back to this room than to steer
+a definite, predetermined course away from it, and I had little difficulty in
+finding it anew. This time I listed on my record scroll every turn I made -
+drawing a crude hypothetical diagram of my route, and marking all diverging
+corridors. It was, of course, maddeningly slow work when everything had to be
+determined by touch, and the possibilities of error were infinite; but I believed it
+would pay in the long run.
+
+The long twilight of Venus was thick when I reached the central room, but I still
+had hopes of gaining the outside before dark. Comparing my fresh diagram with
+previous recollections, I believed I had located my original mistake, so once more
+set out confidently along the invisible hall-ways. I veered further to the left than
+during my previous attempts, and tried to keep track of my turnings on the
+records scroll in case I was still mistaken. In the gathering dusk I could see the
+
+
+
+1239
+
+
+
+dim line of the corpse, now the centre of a loathsome cloud of farnoth-flies.
+Before long, no doubt, the mud-dwelling sificlighs would be oozing in from the
+plain to complete the ghastly work. Approaching the body with some reluctance
+I was preparing to step past it when a sudden collision with a wall told me I was
+again astray.
+
+I now realized plainly that I was lost. The complications of this building were too
+much for offhand solution, and I would probably have to do some careful
+checking before I could hope to emerge. Still, I was eager to get to dry ground
+before total darkness set in; hence I returned once more to the centre and began a
+rather aimless series of trials and errors - making notes by the light of my electric
+lamp. When I used this device I noticed with interest that it produced no
+reflection - not even the faintest glistening - in the transparent walls around me. I
+was, however, prepared for this; since the sun had at no time formed a gleaming
+image in the strange material.
+
+I was still groping about when the dusk became total. A heavy mist obscured
+most of the stars and planets, but the earth was plainly visible as a glowing,
+bluish-green point in the southeast. It was just past opposition, and would have
+been a glorious sight in a telescope. I could even make out the moon beside it
+whenever the vapours momentarily thinned. It was now impossible to see the
+corpse - my only landmark - so I blundered back to the central chamber after a
+few false turns. After all, I would have to give up hope of sleeping on dry
+ground. Nothing could be done till daylight, and I might as well make the best of
+it here. Lying down in the mud would not be pleasant, but in my leather suit it
+could be done. On former expeditions I had slept under even worse conditions,
+and now sheer exhaustion would help to conquer repugnance.
+
+So here I am, squatting in the slime of the central room and making these notes
+on my record scroll by the light of the electric lamp. There is something almost
+humorous in my strange, unprecedented plight. Lost in a building without doors
+- a building which I cannot see! I shall doubtless get out early in the morning,
+and ought to be back at Terra Nova with the crystal by late afternoon. It certainly
+is a beauty - with surprising lustre even in the feeble light of this lamp. I have
+just had it out examining it. Despite my fatigue, sleep is slow in coming, so I find
+myself writing at great length. I must stop now. Not much danger of being
+bothered by those cursed natives in this place. The thing I like least is the corpse -
+but fortunately my oxygen mask saves me from the worst effects. I am using the
+chlorate cubes very sparingly. Will take a couple of food tablets now and turn in.
+More later.
+
+LATER - AFTERNOON, VI, 13
+
+
+
+1240
+
+
+
+There has been more trouble than I expected. I am still in the building, and will
+have to work quickly and wisely if I expect to rest on dry ground tonight. It took
+me a long time to get to sleep, and I did not wake till almost noon today. As it
+was, I would have slept longer but for the glare of the sun through the haze. The
+corpse was a rather bad sight - wriggling with sificlighs, and with a cloud of
+farnoth-flies around it. Something had pushed the helmet away from the face,
+and it was better not to look at it. I was doubly glad of my oxygen mask when I
+thought of the situation.
+
+At length I shook and brushed myself dry, took a couple of food tablets, and put
+a new potassium chlorate cube in the electrolyser of the mask. I am using these
+cubes slowly, but wish I had a larger supply. I felt much better after my sleep,
+and expected to get out of the building very shortly.
+
+Consulting the notes and sketches I had jotted down, I was impressed by the
+complexity of the hallways, and by the possibility that I had made a fundamental
+error. Of the six openings leading out of the central space, I had chosen a certain
+one as that by which I had entered - using a sighting-arrangement as a guide.
+When I stood just within the opening, the corpse fifty yards away was exactly in
+line with a particular lepidodendron in the far-off forest. Now it occurred to me
+that this sighting might not have been of sufficient accuracy - the distance of the
+corpse making its difference of direction in relation to the horizon comparatively
+slight when viewed from the openings next to that of my first ingress. Moreover,
+the tree did not differ as distinctly as it might from other lepidodendra on the
+horizon.
+
+Putting the matter to a test, I found to my chagrin that I could not be sure which
+of three openings was the right one. Had I traversed a different set of windings at
+each attempted exit? This time I would be sure. It struck me that despite the
+impossibility of trail-blazing there was one marker I could leave. Though I could
+not spare my suit, I could - because of my thick head of hair - spare my helmet;
+and this was large and light enough to remain visible above the thin mud.
+Accordingly I removed the roughly hemi-spherical device and laid it at the
+entrance of one of the corridors - the right-hand one of the three I must try.
+
+I would follow this corridor on the assumption that it was correct; repeating
+what I seemed to recall as the proper turns, and constantly consulting and
+making notes. If I did not get out, I would systematically exhaust all possible
+variations; and if these failed, I would proceed to cover the avenues extending
+from the next opening in the same way - continuing to the third opening if
+necessary. Sooner or later I could not avoid hitting the right path to the exit, but I
+must use patience. Even at worst, I could scarcely fail to reach the open plain in
+time for a dry night's sleep.
+
+
+
+1241
+
+
+
+Immediate results were rather discouraging, though they helped me eliminate
+the right-hand opening in little more than an hour. Only a succession of blind
+alleys, each ending at a great distance from the corpse, seemed to branch from
+this hallway; and I saw very soon that it had not figured at all in the previous
+afternoon's wanderings. As before, however, I always found it relatively easy to
+grope back to the central chamber.
+
+About 1 P.M. I shifted my helmet marker to the next opening and began to
+explore the hallways beyond it. At first I thought I recognized the turnings, but
+soon found myself in a wholly unfamiliar set of corridors. I could not get near
+the corpse, and this time seemed cut off from the central chamber as well, even
+though I thought I had recorded every move I made. There seemed to be tricky
+twists and crossings too subtle for me to capture in my crude diagrams, and I
+began to develop a kind of mixed anger and discouragement. While patience
+would of course win in the end, I saw that my searching would have to be
+minute, tireless and long-continued.
+
+Two o'clock found me still wandering vainly through strange corridors -
+constantly feeling my way, looking alternately at my helmet and at the corpse,
+and jotting data on my scroll with decreasing confidence. I cursed the stupidity
+and idle curiosity which had drawn me into this tangle of unseen walls -
+reflecting that if I had let the thing alone and headed back as soon as I had taken
+the crystal from the body, I would even now be safe at Terra Nova.
+
+Suddenly it occurred to me that I might be able to tunnel under the invisible
+walls with my knife, and thus effect a short cut to the outside - or to some
+outward-leading corridor. I had no means of knowing how deep the building's
+foundations were, but the omnipresent mud argued the absence of any floor save
+the earth. Facing the distant and increasingly horrible corpse, I began a course of
+feverish digging with the broad, sharp blade.
+
+There was about six inches of semi-liquid mud, below which the density of the
+soil increased sharply. This lower soil seemed to be of a different colour - a
+greyish clay rather like the formations near Venus's north pole. As I continued
+downward close to the unseen barrier I saw that the ground was getting harder
+and harder. Watery mud rushed into the excavation as fast as I removed the clay,
+but I reached through it and kept on working. If I could bore any kind of a
+passage beneath the wall, the mud would not stop my wriggling out.
+
+About three feet down, however, the hardness of the soil halted my digging
+seriously. Its tenacity was beyond anything I had encountered before, even on
+this planet, and was linked with an anomalous heaviness. My knife had to split
+and chip the tightly packed clay, and the fragments I brought up were like solid
+
+
+
+1242
+
+
+
+stones or bits of metal. Finally even this splitting and chipping became
+impossible, and I had to cease my work with no lower edge of wall in reach.
+
+The hour-long attempt was a wasteful as well as futile one, for it used up great
+stores of my energy and forced me both to take an extra food tablet, and to put
+an additional chlorate cube in the oxygen mask. It has also brought a pause in the
+day's gropings, for I am still much too exhausted to walk. After cleaning my
+hands and arms of the worst of the mud I sat down to write these notes - leaning
+against an invisible wall and facing away from the corpse.
+
+That body is simply a writhing mass of vermin now - the odour has begun to
+draw some of the slimy akmans from the far-off jungle. I notice that many of the
+efjeh-weeds on the plain are reaching out necrophagous feelers toward the thing;
+but I doubt if any are long enough to reach it. I wish some really carnivorous
+organisms like the skorahs would appear, for then they might scent me and
+wriggle a course through the building toward me. Things like that have an odd
+sense of direction. I could watch them as they came, and jot down their
+approximate route if they failed to form a continuous line. Even that would be a
+great help. When I met any the pistol would make short work of them.
+
+But I can hardly hope for as much as that. Now that these notes are made I shall
+rest a while longer, and later will do some more groping. As soon as I get back to
+the central chamber - which ought to be fairly easy - I shall try the extreme left-
+hand opening. Perhaps I can get outside by dusk after all.
+
+NIGHT - VI, 13
+
+New trouble. My escape will be tremendously difficult, for there are elements I
+had not suspected. Another night here in the mud, and a fight on my hands
+tomorrow. I cut my rest short and was up and groping again by four o'clock.
+After about fifteen minutes I reached the central chamber and moved my helmet
+to mark the last of the three possible doorways. Starting through this opening, I
+seemed to find the going more familiar, but was brought up short less than five
+minutes by a sight that jolted me more than I can describe.
+
+It was a group of four or five of those detestable man-lizards emerging from the
+forest far off across the plain. I could not see them distinctly at that distance, but
+thought they paused and turned toward the trees to gesticulate, after which they
+were joined by fully a dozen more. The augmented party now began to advance
+directly toward the invisible building, and as they approached I studied them
+carefully. I had never before had a close view of the things outside the steamy
+shadows of the jungle.
+
+
+
+1243
+
+
+
+The resemblance to reptiles was perceptible, though I knew it was only an
+apparent one, since these beings have no point of contact with terrestrial life.
+When they drew nearer they seemed less truly reptilian - only the flat head and
+the green, slimy, frog-like skin carrying out the idea. They walked erect on their
+odd, thick stumps, and their suction-discs made curious noises in the mud. These
+were average specimens, about seven feet in height, and with four long, ropy
+pectoral tentacles. The motions of those tentacles - if the theories of Fogg, Ekberg,
+and Janat are right, which I formerly doubted but am now more ready to believe
+- indicate that the things were in animated conversation.
+
+I drew my flame pistol and was ready for a hard fight. The odds were bad, but
+the weapon gave me a certain advantage. If the things knew this building they
+would come through it after me, and in this way would form a key to getting
+out; just as carnivorous skorahs might have done. That they would attack me
+seemed certain; for even though they could not see the crystal in my pouch, they
+could divine its presence through that special sense of theirs.
+
+Yet, surprisingly enough, they did not attack me. Instead they scattered and
+formed a vast circle around me - at a distance which indicated that they were
+pressing close to the unseen wall. Standing there in a ring, the beings stared
+silently and inquisitively at me, waving their tentacles and sometimes nodding
+their heads and gesturing with their upper limbs. After a while I saw others issue
+from the forest, and these advanced and joined the curious crowd. Those near
+the corpse looked briefly at it but made no move to disturb it. It was a horrible
+sight, yet the man-lizards seemed quite unconcerned. Now and then one of them
+would brush away the farnoth-flies with its limbs or tentacles, or crush a
+wriggling sificligh or akman, or an out-reaching efjeh-weed, with the suction
+discs on its stumps.
+
+Staring back at these grotesque and unexpected intruders, and wondering
+uneasily why they did not attack me at once, I lost for the time being the will-
+power and nervous energy to continue my search for a way out. Instead I leaned
+limply against the invisible wall of the passage where I stood, letting my wonder
+merge gradually into a chain of the wildest speculations. A hundred mysteries
+which had previously baffled me seemed all at once to take on a new and sinister
+significance, and I trembled with an acute fear unlike anything I had experienced
+before.
+
+I believed I knew why these repulsive beings were hovering expectantly around
+me. I believed, too, that I had the secret of the transparent structure at last. The
+alluring crystal which I had seized, the body of the man who had seized it before
+me - all these things began to acquire a dark and threatening meaning.
+
+
+
+1244
+
+
+
+It was no common series of mischances which had made me lose my way in this
+roofless, unseen tangle of corridors. Far from it. Beyond doubt, the place was a
+genuine maze - a labyrinth deliberately built by these hellish things whose craft
+and mentality I had so badly underestimated. Might I not have suspected this
+before, knowing of their uncanny architectural skill? The purpose was all too
+plain. It was a trap - a trap set to catch human beings, and with the crystal
+spheroid as bait. These reptilian things, in their war on the takers of crystals, had
+turned to strategy and were using our own cupidity against us.
+
+Dwight - if this rotting corpse were indeed he - was a victim. He must have been
+trapped some time ago, and had failed to find his way out. Lack of water had
+doubtless maddened him, and perhaps he had run out of chlorate cubes as well.
+Probably his mask had not slipped accidentally after all. Suicide was a likelier
+thing. Rather than face a lingering death he had solved the issue by removing the
+mask deliberately and letting the lethal atmosphere do its work at once. The
+horrible irony of his fate lay in his position - only a few feet from the saving exit
+he had failed to find. One minute more of searching and he would have been
+safe.
+
+And now I was trapped as he had been. Trapped, and with this circling herd of
+curious starers to mock at my predicament. The thought was maddening, and as
+it sank in I was seized with a sudden flash of panic which set me running
+aimlessly through the unseen hallways. For several moments I was essentially a
+maniac - stumbling, tripping, bruising myself on the invisible walls, and finally
+collapsing in the mud as a panting, lacerated heap of mindless, bleeding flesh.
+
+The fall sobered me a bit, so that when I slowly struggled to my feet I could
+notice things and exercise my reason. The circling watchers were swaying their
+tentacles in an odd, irregular way suggestive of sly, alien laughter, and I shook
+my fist savagely at them as I rose. My gesture seemed to increase their hideous
+mirth - a few of them clumsily imitating it with their greenish upper limbs.
+Shamed into sense, I tried to collect my faculties and take stock of the situation.
+
+After all, I was not as badly off as Dwight has been. Unlike him, I knew what the
+situation was - and forewarned is forearmed. I had proof that the exit was
+attainable in the end, and would not repeat his tragic act of impatient despair.
+The body - or skeleton, as it would soon be - was constantly before me as a guide
+to the sought-for aperture, and dogged patience would certainly take me to it if I
+worked long and intelligently enough.
+
+I had, however, the disadvantage of being surrounded by these reptilian devils.
+Now that I realized the nature of the trap - whose invisible material argued a
+science and technology beyond anything on earth - I could no longer discount
+
+
+
+1245
+
+
+
+the mentality and resources of my enemies. Even with my flame-pistol I would
+have a bad time getting away - though boldness and quickness would doubtless
+see me through in the long run.
+
+But first I must reach the exterior - unless I could lure or provoke some of the
+creatures to advance toward me. As I prepared my pistol for action and counted
+over my generous supply of ammunition it occurred to me to try the effect of its
+blasts on the invisible walls. Had I overlooked a feasible means of escape? There
+was no clue to the chemical composition of the transparent barrier, and
+conceivably it might be something which a tongue of fire could cut like cheese.
+Choosing a section facing the corpse, I carefully discharged the pistol at close
+range and felt with my knife where the blast had been aimed. Nothing was
+changed. I had seen the flame spread when it struck the surface, and now I
+realized that my hope had been vain. Only a long, tedious search for the exit
+would ever bring me to the outside.
+
+So, swallowing another food tablet and putting another cube in the elecrolyser of
+my mask, I recommenced the long quest; retracing my steps to the central
+chamber and starting out anew. I constantly consulted my notes and sketches,
+and made fresh ones - taking one false turn after another, but staggering on in
+desperation till the afternoon light grew very dim. As I persisted in my quest I
+looked from time to time at the silent circle of mocking stares, and noticed a
+gradual replacement in their ranks. Every now and then a few would return to
+the forest, while others would arrive to take their places. The more I thought of
+their tactics the less I liked them, for they gave me a hint of the creatures'
+possible motives. At any time these devils could have advanced and fought me,
+but they seemed to prefer watching my struggles to escape. I could not but infer
+that they enjoyed the spectacle - and this made me shrink with double force from
+the prospect of falling into their hands.
+
+With the dark I ceased my searching, and sat down in the mud to rest. Now I am
+writing in the light of my lamp, and will soon try to get some sleep. I hope
+tomorrow will see me out; for my canteen is low, and lacol tablets are a poor
+substitute for water. I would hardly dare to try the moisture in this slime, for
+none of the water in the mud-regions is potable except when distilled. That is
+why we run such long pipe lines to the yellow clay regions - or depend on rain-
+water when those devils find and cut our pipes. I have none too many chlorate
+cubes either, and must try to cut down my oxygen consumption as much as I
+can. My tunnelling attempt of the early afternoon, and my later panic flight,
+burned up a perilous amount of air. Tomorrow I will reduce physical exertion to
+the barest minimum until I meet the reptiles and have to deal with them. I must
+have a good cube supply for the journey back to Terra Nova. My enemies are still
+
+
+
+1246
+
+
+
+on hand; I can see a circle of their feeble glow-torches around me. There is a
+horror about those lights which will keep me awake.
+
+NIGHT - VI, 14
+
+Another full day of searching and still no way out! I am beginning to be worried
+about the water problem, for my canteen went dry at noon. In the afternoon
+there was a burst of rain, and I went back to the central chamber for the helmet
+which I had left as a marker - using this as a bowl and getting about two cupfuls
+of water. I drank most of it, but have put the slight remainder in my canteen.
+Lacol tablets make little headway against real thirst, and I hope there will be
+more rain in the night. I am leaving my helmet bottom up to catch any that falls.
+Food tablets are none too plentiful, but not dangerously low. I shall halve my
+rations from now on. The chlorate cubes are my real worry, for even without
+violent exercise the day's endless tramping burned a dangerous number. I feel
+weak from my forced economies in oxygen, and from my constantly mounting
+thirst. When I reduce my food I suppose I shall feel still weaker.
+
+There is something damnable - something uncanny - about this labyrinth. I could
+swear that I had eliminated certain turns through charting, and yet each new trial
+belies some assumption I had thought established. Never before did I realize
+how lost we are without visual landmarks. A blind man might do better - but for
+most of us sight is the king of the senses. The effect of all these fruitless
+wanderings is one of profound discouragement. I can understand how poor
+Dwight must have felt. His corpse is now just a skeleton, and the sificlighs and
+akmans and farnoth-flies are gone. The efjen-weeds are nipping the leather
+clothing to pieces, for they were longer and faster-growing than I had expected.
+And all the while those relays of tentacled starers stand gloatingly around the
+barrier laughing at me and enjoying my misery. Another day and I shall go mad
+if I do not drop dead from exhaustion.
+
+However, there is nothing to do but persevere. Dwight would have got out if he
+had kept on a minute longer. It is just possible that somebody from Terra Nova
+will come looking for me before long, although this is only my third day out. My
+muscles ache horribly, and I can't seem to rest at all lying down in this
+loathesome mud. Last night, despite my terrific fatigue, I slept only fitfully, and
+tonight I fear will be no better. I live in an endless nightmare - poised between
+waking and sleeping, yet neither truly awake nor truly asleep. My hand shakes, I
+can write no more for the time being. That circle of feeble glow-torches is
+hideous.
+
+LATE AFTERNOON - VI, 15
+
+
+
+1247
+
+
+
+Substantial progress! Looks good. Very weak, and did not sleep much till
+daylight. Then I dozed till noon, though without being at all rested. No rain, and
+thirst leaves me very weak. Ate an extra food tablet to keep me going, but
+without water it didn't help much. I dared to try a little of the slime water just
+once, but it made me violently sick and left me even thirstier than before. Must
+save chlorate cubes, so am nearly suffocating for lack of oxygen. Can't walk
+much of the time, but manage to crawl in the mud. About 2 P.M. I thought I
+recognized some passages, and got substantially nearer to the corpse - or
+skeleton - than I had been since the first day's trials. I was sidetracked once in a
+blind alley, but recovered the main trail with the aid of my chart and notes. The
+trouble with these jottings is that there are so many of them. They must cover
+three feet of the record scroll, and I have to stop for long periods to untangle
+them.
+
+My head is weak from thirst, suffocation, and exhaustion, and I cannot
+understand all I have set down. Those damnable green things keep staring and
+laughing with their tentacles, and sometimes they gesticulate in a way that
+makes me think they share some terrible joke just beyond my perception.
+
+It was three o'clock when I really struck my stride. There was a doorway which,
+according to my notes, I had not traversed before; and when I tried it I found I
+could crawl circuitously toward the weed-twined skeleton. The route was a sort
+of spiral, much like that by which I had first reached the central chamber.
+
+Whenever I came to a lateral doorway or junction I would keep to the course
+which seemed best to repeat that original journey. As I circled nearer and nearer
+to my gruesome landmark, the watchers outside intensified their cryptic
+gesticulations and sardonic silent laughter. Evidently they saw something grimly
+amusing in my progress - perceiving no doubt how helpless I would be in any
+encounter with them. I was content to leave them to their mirth; for although I
+realized my extreme weakness, I counted on the flame pistol and its numerous
+extra magazines to get me through the vile reptilian phalanx.
+
+Hope now soared high, but I did not attempt to rise to my feet. Better crawl now,
+and save my strength for the coming encounter with the man-lizards. My
+advance was very slow, and the danger of straying into some blind alley very
+great, but nonetheless I seemed to curve steadily toward my osseous goal. The
+prospect gave me new strength, and for the nonce I ceased to worry about my
+pain, my thirst, and my scant supply of cubes. The creatures were now all
+massing around the entrance - gesturing, leaping, and laughing with their
+tentacles. Soon, I reflected, I would have to face the entire horde - and perhaps
+such reinforcements as they would receive from the forest.
+
+
+
+1248
+
+
+
+I am now only a few yards from the skeleton, and am pausing to make this entry
+before emerging and breaking through the noxious band of entities. I feel
+confident that with my last ounce of strength I can put them to flight despite
+their numbers, for the range of this pistol is tremendous. Then a camp on the dry
+moss at the plateau's edge, and in the morning a weary trip through the jungle to
+Terra Nova. I shall be glad to see living men and the buildings of human beings
+again. The teeth of that skull gleam and grin horribly.
+
+TOWARD NIGHT - VI, I 5
+
+Horror and despair. Baffled again! After making the previous entry I approached
+still closer to the skeleton, but suddenly encountered an intervening wall. I had
+been deceived once more, and was apparently back where I had been three days
+before, on my first futile attempt to leave the labyrinth. Whether I screamed
+aloud I do not know - perhaps I was too weak to utter a sound. I merely lay
+dazed in the mud for a long period, while the greenish things outside leaped and
+laughed and gestured.
+
+After a time I became more fully conscious. My thirst and weakness and
+suffocation were fast gaining on me, and with my last bit of strength I put a new
+cube in the electrolyser - recklessly, and without regard for the needs of my
+journey to Terra Nova. The fresh oxygen revived me slightly, and enabled me to
+look about more alertly.
+
+It seemed as if I were slightly more distant from poor Dwight than I had been at
+that first disappointment, and I dully wondered if I could be in some other
+corridor a trifle more remote. With this faint shadow of hope I laboriously
+dragged myself forward - but after a few feet encountered a dead end as I had on
+the former occasion.
+
+This, then, was the end. Three days had taken me nowhere, and my strength was
+gone. I would soon go mad from thirst, and I could no longer count on cubes
+enough to get me back. I feebly wondered why the nightmare things had
+gathered so thickly around the entrance as they mocked me. Probably this was
+part of the mockery - to make me think I was approaching an egress which they
+knew did not exist.
+
+I shall not last long, though I am resolved not to hasten matters as Dwight did.
+His grinning skull has just turned toward me, shifted by the groping of one of
+the efjeh-weeds that are devouring his leather suit. The ghoulish stare of those
+empty eye-sockets is worse than the staring of those lizard horrors. It lends a
+hideous meaning to that dead, white-toothed grin.
+
+
+
+1249
+
+
+
+I shall lie very still in the mud and save all the strength I can. This record - which
+I hope may reach and warn those who come after me - will soon be done. After I
+stop writing I shall rest a long while. Then, when it is too dark for those frightful
+creatures to see, I shall muster up my last reserves of strength and try to toss the
+record scroll over the wall and the intervening corridor to the plain outside. I
+shall take care to send it toward the left, where it will not hit the leaping band of
+mocking beleaguers. Perhaps it will be lost forever in the thin mud - but perhaps
+it will land in some widespread clump of weeds and ultimately reach the hands
+of men.
+
+If it does survive to be read, I hope it may do more than merely warn men of this
+trap. I hope it may teach our race to let those shining crystals stay where they
+are. They belong to Venus alone. Our planet does not truly need them, and I
+believe we have violated some obscure and mysterious law - some law buried
+deep in the arcane of the cosmos - in our attempts to take them. Who can tell
+what dark, potent, and widespread forces spur on these reptilian things who
+guard their treasure so strangely? Dwight and I have paid, as others have paid
+and will pay. But it may be that these scattered deaths are only the prelude of
+greater horrors to come. Let us leave to Venus that which belongs only to Venus.
+
+I am very near death now, and fear I may not be able to throw the scroll when
+dusk comes. If I cannot, I suppose the man-lizards will seize it, for they will
+probably realize what it is. They will not wish anyone to be warned of the
+labyrinth - and they will not know that my message holds a plea in their own
+behalf. As the end approaches I feel more kindly towards the things. In the scale
+of cosmic entity who can say which species stands higher, or more nearly
+approaches a space-wide organic norm - theirs or mine?
+
+I have just taken the great crystal out of my pouch to look at in my last moments.
+It shines fiercely and menacingly in the red rays of the dying day. The leaping
+horde have noticed it, and their gestures have changed in a way I cannot
+understand. I wonder why they keep clustered around the entrance instead of
+concentrating at a still closer point in the transparent wall.
+
+I am growing numb and cannot write much more. Things whirl around me, yet I
+do not lose consciousness. Can I throw this over the wall? That crystal glows so,
+yet the twilight is deepening.
+
+Dark. Very weak. They are still laughing and leaping around the doorway, and
+have started those hellish glow-torches.
+
+Are they going away? I dreamed I heard a sound. . . light in the sky.
+
+
+
+1250
+
+
+
+REPORT OF WESLEY P. MILLER, SUPT. GROUP A, VENUS CRYSTAL CO.
+
+(TERRA NOVA ON VENUS - VI, 16)
+
+Our Operative A-49, Kenton J. Stanfield of 5317 Marshall Street, Richmond, Va.,
+left Terra Nova early on VI, 12, for a short-term trip indicated by detector. Due
+back 13th or 14th. Did not appear by evening of 15th, so Scouting Plane FR-58
+with five men under my command set out at 8 P.M. to follow route with detector.
+Needle showed no change from earlier readings.
+
+Followed needle to Erycinian Highland, played strong searchlights all the way.
+Triple-range flame-guns and D-radiation cylinders could have dispersed any
+ordinary hostile force of natives, or any dangerous aggregation of carnivorous
+skorahs.
+
+When over the open plain on Eryx we saw a group of moving lights which we
+knew were native glow- torches. As we approached, they scattered into the
+forest. Probably seventy-five to a hundred in all. Detector indicated crystal on
+spot where they had been. Sailing low over this spot, our lights picked out
+objects on the ground. Skeleton tangled in efjeh-weeds, and complete body ten
+feet from it. Brought plane down near bodies, and corner of wing crashed on
+unseen obstruction.
+
+Approaching bodies on foot, we came up short against a smooth, invisible
+barrier which puzzled us enormously. Feeling along it near the skeleton, we
+struck an opening, beyond which was a space with another opening leading to
+the skeleton. The latter, though robbed of clothing by weeds, had one of the
+company's numbered metal helmets beside it. It was Operative B-9, Frederick N.
+Dwight of Koenig's division, who had been out of Terra Nova for two months on
+a long commission.
+
+Between this skeleton and the complete body there seemed to be another wall,
+but we could easily identify the second man as Stanfield. He had a record scroll
+in his left hand and a pen in his right, and seemed to have been writing when he
+died. No crystal was visible, but the detector indicated a huge specimen near
+Stanfield's body.
+
+We had great difficulty in getting at Stanfield, but finally succeeded. The body
+was still warm, and a great crystal lay beside it, covered by the shallow mud. We
+at once studied the record scroll in the left hand, and prepared to take certain
+steps based on its data. The contents of the scroll forms the long narrative
+prefixed to this report; a narrative whose main descriptions we have verified,
+and which we append as an explanation of what was found. The later parts of
+
+
+
+1251
+
+
+
+this account show mental decay, but there is no reason to doubt the bulk of it.
+Stanfield obviously died of a combination of thirst, suffocation, cardiac strain,
+and psychological depression. His mask was in place, and freely generating
+oxygen despite an alarmingly low cube supply.
+
+Our plane being damaged, we sent a wireless and called out Anderson with
+Repair Plane PG-7, a crew of wreckers, and a set of blasting materials. By
+morning FH-58 was fixed, and went back under Anderson carrying the two
+bodies and the crystal. We shall bury Dwight and Stanfield in the company
+graveyard, and ship the crystal to Chicago on the next earth-bound liner. Later,
+we shall adopt Stanfield's suggestion - the sound one in the saner, earlier part of
+his report - and bring across enough troops to wipe out the natives altogether.
+With a clear field, there can be scarcely any limit to the amount of crystal we can
+secure.
+
+In the afternoon we studied the invisible building or trap with great care,
+exploring it with the aid of long guiding cords, and preparing a complete chart
+for our archives. We were much impressed by the design, and shall keep
+specimens of the substance for chemical analysis. All such knowledge will be
+useful when we take over the various cities of the natives. Our type C diamond
+drills were able to bite into the unseen material, and wreckers are now planting
+dynamite preparatory to a thorough blasting. Nothing will be left when we are
+done. The edifice forms a distinct menace to aerial and other possible traffic.
+
+In considering the plan of the labyrinth one is impressed not only with the irony
+of Dwight's fate, but with that of Stanfield as well. When trying to reach the
+second body from the skeleton, we could find no access on the right, but
+Markheim found a doorway from the first inner space some fifteen feet past
+Dwight and four or five past Stanfield. Beyond this was a long hall which we did
+not explore till later, but on the right-hand side of that hall was another doorway
+leading directly to the body. Stanfield could have reached the outside entrance
+by walking twenty-two or twenty-three feet if he had found the opening which
+lay directly behind him - an opening which he overlooked in his exhaustion and
+despair.
+
+
+
+1252
+
+
+
+At the Root
+
+Written 1918
+
+To those who look beneath the surface, the present universal war drives home
+more than one anthropological truth in striking fashion; and of the verities none
+is more profound than that relating to the essential immutability of mankind and
+its instincts.
+
+Four years ago a large part of the civilised world laboured under certain
+biological fallacies which may, in a sense, be held responsible for the extent and
+duration of the present conflict. These fallacies, which were the foundation of
+pacifism and other pernicious forms of social and political radicalism, dealt with
+the capacity of man to evolve mentally beyond his former state of subservience
+to primate instinct and pugnacity, and to conduct his affairs and international or
+interracial relations on a basis of reason and good-will. That belief in such
+capability is unscientific and childishly naive, is beside the question. The fact
+remains, that the most civilised part of the world, including our own Anglo-
+Saxondom, did entertain enough of these notions to relax military vigilance, lay
+stress on points of honour, place trust in treaties, and permit a powerful and
+unscrupulous nation to indulge unchecked and unsuspected in nearly fifty years
+of preparation for world-wide robbery and slaughter. We are reaping the result
+of our simplicity.
+
+The past is over. Our former follies we can but regret, and expiate as best we may
+by a crusade to the death against the Trans-Rhenane monster which we allowed
+to grow and flourish beneath our very eyes. But the future holds more of
+responsibility, and we must prepare to guard against any renascence of the
+benevolent delusions that four years of blood have barely been able to discard
+forever the sentimental standpoint, and to view our species through the cold
+eyes of science alone. We must recognise the essential underlaying savagery in
+the animal called man, and return to older and sounder principles of national life
+and defense. We must realise that man's nature will remain the same so long as
+he remains man; that civilisation is but a slight coverlet beneath which the
+dominant beast sleeps lightly and ever ready to awake. To preserve civilisation,
+we must deal scientifically with the brute element, using only genuine biological
+principles. In considering ourselves, we think too much of ethics and sociology -
+too little of plain natural history. We should perceive that man's period of
+historical existence, a period so short that his physical constitution has not been
+altered in the slightest degree, is insufficient to allow of any considerable mental
+change. The instincts that governed the Egyptians and the Assyrians of old,
+govern us as well; and as the ancients thought, grasped, struggled, and deceived.
+
+
+
+1253
+
+
+
+so shall we moderns continue to think, grasp, struggle, and deceive in our inmost
+hearts. Change is only superficial and apparent.
+
+Man's respect for the imponderables varies according to his mental constitution
+and environment. Through certain modes of thought and training it can be
+elevated tremendously, yet there is always a limit. The man or nation of high
+culture may acknowledge to great lengths the restraints imposed by conventions
+and honour, but beyond a certain point primitive will or desire cannot be curbed.
+Denied anything ardently desired, the individual or state will argue and parley
+just so long - then, if the impelling motive be sufficiently great, will cast aside
+every rule and break down every acquired inhibition, plunging viciously after
+the object wished; all the more fantastically savage because of previous
+repression. The sole ultimate factor in human decisions is physical force. This we
+must learn, however repugnant the idea may seem, if we are to protect ourselves
+and our institutions. Reliance on anything else is fallacious and ruinous.
+Dangerous beyond description are the voices sometimes heard today, decrying
+the continuance of armament after the close of the present hostilities.
+
+The specific application of the scientific truth regarding man's native instincts
+will be found in the adoption of a post-bellum international programme.
+Obviously, we must take into account the primordial substructure and arrange
+for the upholding of culture by methods which will stand the acid test of stress
+and conflicting ambitions. In disillusioned diplomacy, ample armament, and
+universal military training alone will be found the solution of the world's
+difficulties. It will not be a perfect solution, because humanity is not perfect. It
+will not abolish war, because war is the expression of a natural human tendency.
+But it will at least produce an approximate stability of social and political
+conditions, and prevent the menace of the entire world by the greed of any one
+of its constituent parts.
+
+
+
+1254
+
+
+
+Cats And Dogs
+
+Written November 23, 1926
+
+Published in Something About Cats and Other Pieces, Arkham House, 1949
+
+Being told of the cat-and-dog fight about to occur in your literary club, I cannot
+resist contributing a few Thomastic yowls and sibilants upon my side of the
+dispute, though conscious that the word of a venerable ex-member can scarcely
+have much weight against the brilliancy of such still active adherents as may
+bark upon the other side. Aware of my ineptitude at argument, a valued
+correspondent has supplied me with the records of a similar controversy in the
+New York Tribune, in which Mr. Carl van Doran is on my side and Mr. Albert
+Payson Terhune on that of the canine tribe. From this I would be glad to
+plagiarise such data as I need; but my friend, with genuinely Machiavellian
+subtlety, has furnished me with only a part of the feline section whilst submitting
+the doggish brief in full. No doubt he imagines that this arrangement, in view of
+my own emphatic bias, makes for something like ultimate fairness; but for me it
+is exceedingly inconvenient, since it will force me to be more or less original in
+several parts of the ensuing remarks.
+
+Between dogs and cats my degree of choice is so great that it would never occur
+to me to compare the two. I have no active dislike for dogs, any more than I have
+for monkeys, human beings, tradesmen, cows, sheep, or pterodactyls; but for the
+cat I have entertained a particular respect and affection ever since the earliest
+days of my infancy. In its flawless grace and superior self-sufficiency I have seen
+a symbol of the perfect beauty and bland impersonality of the universe itself,
+objectively considered, and in its air of silent mystery there resides for me all the
+wonder and fascination of the unknown. The dog appeals to cheap and facile
+emotions; the cat to the deepest founts of imagination and cosmic perception in
+the human mind. It is no accident that the contemplative Egyptians, together
+with such later poetic spirits as Poe, Gautier, Baudelaire and Swinburne, were all
+sincere worshippers of the supple grimalkin.
+
+Naturally, one's preference in the matter of cats and dogs depends wholly upon
+one's temperament and point of view. The dog would appear to me to be the
+favorite of superficial, sentimental, and emotional people — people who feel
+rather than think, who attach importance to mankind and the popular
+conventional emotions of the simple, and who find their greatest consolation in
+the fawning and dependent attachments of a gregarious society. Such people live
+
+
+
+1255
+
+
+
+in a limited world of imagination; accepting uncritically the values of common
+folklore, and always preferring to have their naive beliefs, feelings, and
+prejudices tickled, rather than to enjoy a purely aesthetic and philosophic
+pleasure arising from discrimination, contemplation, and the recognition of
+austere, absolute beauty. This is not to say that the cheaper elements do not also
+reside in the average cat-lover's love of cats, but merely to point out that in
+ailurophily there exists a basis of true aestheticism which kynophily does not
+possess. The real lover of cats is one who demands a clearer adjustment to the
+universe than ordinary household platitudes provide; one who refuses to
+swallow the sentimental notion that all good people love dogs, children, and
+horses while all bad people dislike and are disliked by such. He is unwilling to
+set up himself and his cruder feelings as a measure of universal values, or to
+allow shallow ethical notions to warp his judgment. In a word, he had rather
+admire and respect than effuse and dote; and does not fall into the fallacy that
+pointless sociability and friendliness, or slavering devotion and obedience,
+constitute anything intrinsically admirable or exalted. Dog-lovers base their
+whole case on these commonplace, servile, and plebeian qualities, and amusingly
+judge the intelligence of a pet by its degree of conformity to their own wishes.
+Cat-lovers escape this delusion, repudiate the idea that cringing subservience
+and sidling companionship to man are supreme merits, and stand free to
+worship aristocratic independence, self-respect, and individual personality
+joined to extreme grace and beauty as typified by the cool, lithe, cynical and
+unconquered lord of the housetops.
+
+Persons of commonplace ideas — unimaginative worthy burghers who are
+satisfied with the daily round of things and who subscribe to the popular credo
+of sentimental values — will always be dog-lovers. To them nothing will ever be
+more important than themselves and their own primitive feelings, and they will
+never cease to esteem and glorify the fellow-animal who best typifies these. Such
+persons are submerged in the vortex of Oriental idealism and abasement which
+ruined classic civilisation in the Dark Ages, and live in a bleak world of abstract
+sentimental values wherein the mawkish illusions of meekness, gentleness,
+brotherhood, and whining humility are magnified into supreme virtues, and a
+whole false ethic and philosophy erected on the timid reactions of the flexor
+system of muscles. This heritage, ironically foisted on us when Roman politics
+raised the faith of a whipped and broken people to supremacy in the later
+empire, has naturally kept a strong hold over the weak and sentimentally
+thoughtless; and perhaps reached its culmination in the insipid nineteenth
+century, when people were wont to praise dogs "because they are so human" (as
+if humanity were any valid standard of merit!), and honest Edwin Landseer
+painted hundreds of smug Fidoes and Carlos and Rovers with all the anthropoid
+triviality, pettiness, and "cuteness" of eminent Victorians.
+
+
+
+1256
+
+
+
+But amidst this chaos of intellectual and emotional groveling a few free souls
+have always stood out for the old civilised realities which mediaevalism eclipsed
+
+— the stern classic loyalty to truth, strength, and beauty given a clear mind and
+uncowed spirit to the full-living Western Aryan confronted by Nature's majesty,
+loveliness, and aloofness. This is the virile aesthetic and ethic of the extensor
+muscles — the bold, buoyant, assertive beliefs and preferences of proud,
+dominant, unbroken and unterrified conquerors, hunters, and warriors — and it
+has small use for the shams and whimperings of the brotherly, affection-
+slobbering peacemaker and cringer and sentimentalist. Beauty and sufficiency —
+twin qualities of the cosmos itself — are the gods of this unshackled and pagan
+type; to the worshipper of such eternal things the supreme virtue will not be
+found in lowliness, attachment, obedience, and emotional messiness. This sort of
+worshipper will look for that which best embodies the loveliness of the stars and
+the worlds and the forests and the seas and the sunsets, and which best acts out
+the blandness, lordliness, accuracy, self-sufficiency, cruelty, independence, and
+contemptuous and capricious impersonality of the all governing Nature. Beauty
+
+— coolness — aloofness — philosophic repose — self-sufficiency — untamed
+mastery — where else can we find these things incarnated with even half the
+perfection and completeness that mark their incarnation in the peerless and
+softly gliding cat, which performs its mysterious orbit with the relentless and
+obtrusive certainty of a planet in infinity?
+
+That dogs are dear to the unimaginative peasant-burgher whilst cats appeal to
+the sensitive poet-aristocrat-philosopher will be clear in a moment when we
+reflect on the matter of biological association. Practical plebeian folk judge a
+thing only by its immediate touch, taste, and smell; while more delicate types
+form their estimates from the linked images and ideas which the object calls up
+in their minds. Now when dogs and cats are considered, the stolid churl sees
+only the two animals before him, and bases his favour on their relative capacity
+to pander to his sloppy, uniformed ideas of ethics and friendship and flattering
+subservience. On the other hand the gentleman and thinker sees each in all its
+natural affiliations, and cannot fail to notice that in the great symmetries of
+organic life dogs fall in with slovenly wolves and foxes and jackals and coyotes
+and dingoes and painted hyaenas, whilst cats walk proudly with the jungle's
+lords, and own the haughty lion, the sinuous leopard, the regal tiger, and the
+shapely panther and jaguar as their kin. Dogs are the hieroglyphs of blind
+emotion, inferiority, servile attachment, and gregariousness — the attributes of
+commonplace, stupidly passionate, and intellectually and imaginatively
+underdeveloped men. Cats are the runes of beauty, invincibility, wonder, pride,
+freedom, coldness, self-sufficiency, and dainty individuality — the qualities of
+sensitive, enlightened, mentally developed, pagan, cynical, poetic, philosophic,
+dispassionate, reserved, independent, Nietzschean, unbroken, civilised, master-
+class men. The dog is a peasant and the cat is a gentleman.
+
+
+
+1257
+
+
+
+We may, indeed, judge the tone and bias of a civilisation by its relative attitude
+toward dogs and cats. The proud Egypt wherein Pharaoh was Pharaoh and
+pyramids rose in beauty at the wish of him who dreamed them bowed down to
+the cat, and temples were built to its goddess at Bubastis. In imperial Rome the
+graceful leopard adorned most homes of quality, lounging in insolent beauty in
+the atrium with golden collar and chain; while after the age of the Antonines the
+actual cat was imported from Egypt and cherished as a rare and costly luxury. So
+much for the dominant and enlightened peoples. When, however, we come to
+the groveling Middle Ages with their superstitions and ecstasies and
+monasticisms and maunderings over saints and their relics, we find the cool and
+impersonal loveliness of the felidae in very low esteem; and behold a sorry
+spectacle of hatred and cruelty shown toward the beautiful little creature whose
+mousing virtues alone gained it sufferance amongst the ignorant churls who
+resented its self-respecting coolness and feared its cryptical and elusive
+independence as something akin to the dark powers of witchcraft. These boorish
+slaves of eastern darkness could not tolerate what did not serve their own cheap
+emotions and flimsy purposes. They wished a dog to fawn and hunt and fetch
+and carry, and had no use for the cat's gift of eternal disinterested beauty to feed
+the spirit. One can imagine how they must have resented Pussy's magnificent
+reposefulness, unhurriedness, relaxation, and scorn for trivial human aims and
+concernments. Throw a stick, and the servile dog wheezes and pants and
+stumbles to bring it to you. Do the same before a cat, and he will eye you with
+coolly polite and somewhat bored amusement. And just as inferior people prefer
+the inferior animal which scampers excitedly because someone else wants
+something, so do superior people respect the superior animal which lives its own
+life and knows that the puerile stick-throwings of alien bipeds are none of its
+business and beneath its notice. The dog barks and begs and tumbles to amuse
+you when you crack the whip. That pleases a meekness-loving peasant who
+relishes a stimulus to his self importance. The cat, on the other hand, charms you
+into playing for its benefit when it wishes to be amused; making you rush about
+the room with a paper on a string when it feels like exercise, but refusing all your
+attempts to make it play when it is not in the humour. That is personality and
+individuality and self-respect — the calm mastery of a being whose life is its own
+and not yours — and the superior person recognises and appreciates this because
+he too is a free soul whose position is assured, and whose only law is his own
+heritage and aesthetic sense. Altogether, we may see that the dog appeals to
+those primitive emotional souls whose chief demands on the universe are for
+meaningless affection, aimless companionship, and flattering attention and
+subservience; whilst the cat reigns among those more contemplative and
+imaginative spirits who ask of the universe only the objective sight of poignant,
+ethereal beauty and the animate symbolisation of Nature's bland, relentless,
+reposeful, unhurried and impersonal order and sufficiency. The dog gives, but
+the cat is.
+
+
+
+1258
+
+
+
+Simple folk always overstress the ethical element in life, and it is quite natural
+that they should extend it to the realm of their pets. Accordingly, we hear many
+inane dicta in favour of dogs on the ground that they are faithful, whilst cats are
+treacherous. Now just what does this really mean? Where are the points of
+reference? Certainly, the dog has so little imagination and individuality that it
+knows no motives but its master's; but what sophisticated mind can descry a
+positive virtue in this stupid abnegation of its birthright? Discrimination must
+surely award the palm to the superior cat, which has too much natural dignity to
+accept any scheme of things but its own, and which consequently cares not one
+whit what any clumsy human thinks or wishes or expects of it. It is not
+treacherous, because it has never acknowledged any allegiance to anything
+outside its own leisurely wishes; and treachery basically implies a departure
+from some covenant explicitly recognised. The cat is a realist, and no hypocrite.
+He takes what pleases him when he wants it, and gives no promises. He never
+leads you to expect more from him than he gives, and if you choose to be
+stupidly Victorian enough to mistake his purrs and rubbings of self-satisfaction
+for marks of transient affection toward you, that is no fault of his. He would not
+for a moment have you believe that he wants more of you than food and warmth
+and shelter and amusement — and he is certainly justified in criticising your
+aesthetic and imaginative development if you fail to find his grace, beauty, and
+cheerful decorative influence an aboundingly sufficient repayment for all you
+give him. The cat-lover need not be amazed at another's love for dogs — indeed,
+he may also possess this quality himself; for dogs are often very comely, and as
+lovable in a condescending way as a faithful old servant or tenant in the eyes of a
+master — but he cannot help feeling astonished at those who do not share his
+love for cats. The cat is such a perfect symbol of beauty and superiority that it
+seems scarcely possible for any true aesthete and civilised cynic to do other than
+worship it. We call ourselves a dog's "master" — but who ever dared call himself
+the "master" of a cat? We own a dog — he is with us as a slave and inferior
+because we wish him to be. But we entertain a cat — he adorns our hearth as a
+guest, fellow-lodger, and equal because he wishes to be there. It is no
+compliment to be the stupidly idolised master of a dog whose instinct it is to
+idolise, but it is a very distinct tribute to be chosen as the friend and confidant of
+a philosophic cat who is wholly his own master and could easily choose another
+companion if he found such a one more agreeable and interesting. A trace, I
+think, of this great truth regarding the higher dignity of the cat has crept into
+folklore in the use of the names "cat" and "dog" as terms of opprobrium. Whilst
+"cat" has never been applied to any sort of offender more than the mildly
+spiteful and innocuously sly female gossip and commentator, the words "dog"
+and "cur" have always been linked with vileness, dishonor, and degradation of
+the gravest type. In the crystallisation of this nomenclature there has
+undoubtedly been present in the popular mind some dim, half-unconscious
+realisation that there are depths of slinking, whining, fawning, and servile
+
+
+
+1259
+
+
+
+ignobility which no kith of the hon and the leopard could ever attain. The cat
+may fall low, but he is always unbroken. He is, like the Nordic among men, one
+of those who govern their own lives or die.
+
+We have but to glance analytically at the two animals to see the points pile up in
+favour of the cat. Beauty, which is probably the only thing of any basic
+significance in all the cosmos, ought to be our chief criterion; and here the cat
+excels so brilliantly that all comparisons collapse. Some dogs, it is true, have
+beauty in a very ample degree; but even the highest level of canine beauty falls
+far below the feline average. The cat is classic whilst the dog is Gothic —
+nowhere in the animal world can we discover such really Hellenic perfection of
+form, with anatomy adapted to function, as in the felidae. Puss is a Doric temple
+— an Ionic colonnade — in the utter classicism of its structural and decorative
+harmonies. And this is just as true kinetically as statically, for art has no parallel
+for the bewitching grace of the cat's slightest motion. The sheer, perfect
+aestheticism of kitty's lazy stretchings, industrious face-washings, playful
+rollings, and little involuntary shiftings in sleep is something as keen and vital as
+the best pastoral poetry or genre painting; whilst the unerring accuracy of his
+leaping and springing, running and hunting, has an art-value just as high in a
+more spirited way but it is his capacity for leisure and repose which makes the
+cat preeminent. Mr. Carl Van Vechten, in "Peter Whiffle," holds up the timeless
+restfulness of the cat as a model for life's philosophy, and Prof. William Lyon
+Phelps has very effectively captured the secret of felinity when he says that the
+cat does not merely lie down, but "pours his body out on the floor like a glass of
+water". What other creature has thus merged the aestheticism of mechanics and
+hydraulics? Contrast this with the inept panting, wheezing, fumbling, drooling,
+scratching, and general clumsiness of the average dog with his false and wasted
+motions. And in the details of neatness the fastidious cat is of course
+immeasurably ahead. We always love to touch a cat, but only the insensitive can
+uniformly welcome the frantic and humid nuzzlings and pawings of a dusty and
+perhaps not inodorous canine which leaps and fusses and writhes about in
+awkward feverishness for no particular reason save that blind nerve-centres have
+been spurred by certain meaningless stimuli. There is a wearying excess of bad
+manners in all this doggish fury — well-bred people don't paw and maul one,
+and surely enough we invariably find the cat gentle and reserved in his
+advances, and delicate even when he glides gracefully into your lap with
+cultivated purrs, or leaps whimsical on the table where you are writing to play
+with your pen in modulated, seriocomic pats. I do not wonder that Mahomet,
+that sheik of perfect manners, loved cats for their urbanity and disliked dogs for
+their boorishness; or that cats are the favorites in the polite Latin countries whilst
+dogs take the lead in heavy, practical, and beer-drinking Central Europe. Watch
+a cat eat, and then watch a dog. The one is held in check by an inherent and
+inescapable daintiness, and lends a kind of grace to one of the most ungraceful of
+
+
+
+1260
+
+
+
+all processes. The dog, on the other hand, is wholly repulsive in his bestial and
+insatiate greediness; living up to his forest kinship of "wolfing" most openly and
+unashamedly. Returning to beauty of line — is it not significant that while many
+normal breeds of dogs are conspicuously and admittedly ugly, no healthy and
+well-developed feline of any species whatsoever is other than beautiful? There
+are, of course, many ugly cats; but these are always individual cases of
+mongrelism, malnutrition, deformity, or injury. No breed of cats in its proper
+condition can by any stretch of the imagination be thought of as even slightly
+ungraceful — a record against which must be pitted the depressing spectacle of
+impossibly flattened bulldogs, grotesquely elongated dachshunds, hideously
+shapeless and shaggy Airedales, and the like. Of course, it may be said that no
+aesthetic standard is other than relative — but we always work with such
+standards as we empirically have, and in comparing cats and dogs under the
+Western European aesthetic we cannot be unfair to either. If any undiscovered
+tribe in Tibet finds Airedales beautiful and Persian cats ugly, we will not dispute
+them on their own territory — but just now we are dealing with ourselves and
+our territory, and here the verdict would not admit of much doubt even from the
+most ardent kynophile. Such an one usually passes the problem off in an
+epigrammatic paradox, and says that "Snookums is so homely, he's pretty!" This
+is the childish penchant for the grotesque and tawdrily "cute" which we see
+likewise embodied in popular cartoons, freak dolls, and all the malformed
+decorative trumpery of the "Billikin" or "Krazy Kat" order found in the "dens"
+and "cosy corners" of the would-be-sophisticated yokelry.
+
+In the matter of intelligence we find the caninites making amusing claims —
+amusing because they so naively measure what they conceive to be an animal's
+intelligence by its degree of subservience to the human will. A dog will retrieve,
+a cat will not; therefore (sic!) the dog is the more intelligent. Dogs can be more
+elaborately trained for the circus and vaudeville acts than cats, therefore (O Zeus,
+O Royal Mount!) they are cerebrally superior. Now of course this is all the
+sheerest nonsense. We would not call a weak-spirited man more intelligent than
+an independent citizen because we can make him vote as we wish whereas we
+can't influence the independent citizen, yet countless persons apply an exactly
+parallel argument in appraising the grey matter of dogs and cats. Competition in
+servility is something to which no self-respecting Thomas or Tabitha ever
+stooped, and it is plain that any really effective estimate of canine and feline
+intelligence must proceed from a careful observation of dogs and cats in a
+detached state — uninfluenced by human beings — as they formulate certain
+objectives of their own and use their own mental equipment in achieving them.
+When we do this, we arrive at a very wholesome respect for our purring
+hearthside friend who makes so little display about his wishes and business
+methods; for in every conception and calculation he shows a steel-cold and
+deliberate union of intellect, will, and sense of proportion which puts utterly to
+
+
+
+1261
+
+
+
+shame the emotional sloppings-over and docilely acquired artificial tricks of the
+"clever" and "faithful" pointer or sheep-dog. Watch a cat decide to move
+through a door, and see how patiently he waits for his opportunity, never losing
+sight of his purpose even when he finds it expedient to feign other interests in
+the interim. Watch him in the thick of the chase, and compare his calculating
+patience and quiet study of his terrain with the noisy floundering and pawing of
+his canine rival. It is not often that he returns empty-handed. He knows what he
+wants, and means to get it in the most effective way, even at the sacrifice of time
+— which he philosophically recognises as unimportant in the aimless cosmos.
+There is no turning him aside or distracting his attention — and we know that
+among humans this is the quality of mental tenacity, this ability to carry a single
+thread through complex distractions, is considered a pretty good sign of
+intellectual vigour and maturity. Children, old crones, peasants, and dogs
+ramble, cats and philosophers stick to their point. In resourcefulness, too, the cat
+attests his superiority. Dogs can be well trained to do a single thing, but
+psychologists tell us that these responses to an automatic memory instilled from
+outside are of little worth as indices of real intelligence. To judge the abstract
+development of a brain, confront it with new and unfamiliar conditions and see
+how well its own strength enables it to achieve its object by sheer reasoning
+without blazed trails. Here the cats can silently devise a dozen mysterious and
+successful alternatives whilst poor Fido is barking in bewilderment and
+wondering what it is all about. Granted that Rover the retriever may make a
+greater bid for popular sentimental regard by going into the burning house and
+saving the baby in traditional cinema fashion, it remains a fact that whiskered
+and purring Nig is a higher-grade biological organism — something
+physiologically and psychologically nearer a man because of his very freedom
+from man's orders, and as such entitled to a higher respect from those who judge
+by purely philosophic and aesthetic standards. We can respect a cat as we cannot
+respect a dog, no matter which personally appeals the more to our mere doting
+fancy; and if we be aesthetes and analysts rather than commonplace-lovers and
+emotionalists, the scales must inevitably turn completely in kitty's favour.
+
+It may be added, moreover, that even the aloof and sufficient cat is by no means
+devoid of sentimental appeal. Once we get rid of the uncivilised ethical bias —
+the "treacherous" and "horrid bird-catcher" prejudice — we find in the
+"harmless cat" the very apex of happy domestic symbolism; whilst small kittens
+become objects to adore, idealise, and celebrate in the most rhapsodic of dactyls
+and anapaests, iambics and trochaics. I, in my own senescent mellowness,
+confess to an inordinate and wholly unphilosophic predilection for tiny coal-
+black kittens with large yellow eyes, and could no more pass one without petting
+him than Dr. Johnson could pass a sidewalk post without striking it. There is,
+likewise, in many cats quite analogous to the reciprocal fondness so loudly
+extolled in dogs, human beings, horses, and the like. Cats come to associate
+
+
+
+1262
+
+
+
+certain persons with acts continuously contributing to their pleasure, and acquire
+for them a recognition and attachment which manifests itself in pleasant
+excitement at their approach — whether or not bearing food and drink — and a
+certain pensiveness at their protracted absence. A cat with whom I was on
+intimate terms reached the point of accepting food from no hand but one, and
+would actually go hungry rather than touch the least morsel from a kindly
+neighbour source. He also had distinct affections amongst the other cats of that
+idyllic household; voluntarily offering food to one of his whiskered friends,
+whilst disputing most savagely the least glance which his coal-black rival
+"Snowball" would bestow upon his plate. If it be argued that these feline
+fondnesses are essentially "selfish" and "practical" in their ultimate composition,
+let us inquire in return how many human fondnesses, apart from those springing
+directly upon primitive brute instinct, have any other basis. After the returning
+board has brought in the grand total of zero we shall be better able to refrain
+from ingenuous censure of the "selfish" cat.
+
+The superior imaginative inner life of the cat, resulting in superior self-
+possession, is well known. A dog is a pitiful thing, depending wholly on
+companionship, and utterly lost except in packs or by the side of his master.
+Leave him alone and he does not know what to do except bark and howl and trot
+about till sheer exhaustion forces him to sleep. A cat, however, is never without
+the potentialities of contentment. Like a superior man, he knows how to be alone
+and happy. Once he looks about and finds no one to amuse him, he settles down
+to the task of amusing himself; and no one really knows cats without having
+occasionally peeked stealthily at some lively and well-balanced kitten which
+believes itself to be alone. Only after such a glimpse of unaffected tail-chasing
+grace and unstudied purring can one fully understand the charm of those lines
+which Coleridge wrote with reference to the human rather than the feline young
+— page eleven
+
+".... a limber elf.
+
+Singing, dancing to itself."
+
+But whole volumes could be written on the playing of cats, since the varieties
+and aesthetic aspects of such sportiveness are infinite. Be it sufficient to say that
+in such pastimes cats have exhibited traits and actions which psychologists
+authentically declare to be motivated by genuine humour and whimsicality in its
+purest sense; so that the task of "making a cat laugh" may not be so impossible a
+thing even outside the borders of Cheshire. In short, a dog is an incomplete
+thing. Like an inferior man, he needs emotional stimuli from outside, and must
+set something artificial up as a god and motive. The cat, however, is perfect in
+himself. Like the human philosopher, he is a self-sufficient entity and microcosm.
+He is a real and integrated being because he thinks and feels himself to be such.
+
+
+
+1263
+
+
+
+whereas the dog can conceive of himself only in relation to something else. Whip
+a dog and he licks your hand - frauth! The beast has no idea of himself except as
+an inferior part of an organism whereof you are the superior part — he would no
+more think of striking back at you than you would think of pounding your own
+head when it punishes you with a headache. But whip a cat and watch it glare
+and move backward hissing in outraged dignity and self-respect! One more
+blow, and it strikes you in return; for it is a gentleman and your equal, and will
+accept no infringement on its personality and body of privileges. It is only in
+your house anyway because it wishes to be, or perhaps even as a condescending
+favour to yourself. It is the house, not you, it likes; for philosophers realise that
+human beings are at best only minor adjuncts to scenery. Go one step too far, and
+it leaves you altogether. You have mistaken your relationship to it and imagined
+you are its master, and no real cat can tolerate that breach of good manners.
+Henceforward it will seek companions of greater discrimination and clearer
+perspective. Let anaemic persons who believe in "turning the other cheek"
+console themselves with cringing dogs — for the robust pagan with the blood of
+Nordic twilights in his veins there is no beast like the cat; intrepid steed of Freya,
+who can boldly look even Thor and Odin full in the face and stare with great
+round eyes of undimmed yellow or green.
+
+In these observations I believe I have outlined with some fullness the diverse
+reasons why, in my opinion and in the smartly timed title-phrase of Mr. Van
+Doren, "gentlemen prefer cats." The reply of Mr. Terhune in a subsequent issue
+of the Tribune appears to me beside the point; insomuch as it is less a refutation
+of facts than a mere personal affirmation of the author's membership in that
+conventional "very human" majority who take affection and companionship
+seriously, enjoy being important to something alive, hate a "parasite" on mere
+ethical ground without consulting the right of beauty to exist for its own sake,
+and therefore love man's noblest and most faithful friend, the perennial dog. I
+suppose Mr. Terhune loves horses and babies also, for the three go
+conventionally together in the great hundred-per-center's credo as highly
+essential likings for every good and lovable he-man of the Arrow Collar and
+Harold Bell Wright hero school, even though the automobile and Margaret
+Sanger have done much to reduce the last two items.
+
+Dogs, then, are peasants and the pets of peasants, cats are gentlemen and the pets
+of gentlemen. The dog is for him who places crude feeling and outgrown ethic
+and humanocentricity above austere and disinterested beauty; who just loves
+"folks and folksiness" and doesn't mind sloppy clumsiness if only something
+will truly care for him. (Tableau of dog across master's grave — cf. Lanseer, "The
+Old Shepherd's Chief Mourner.") The guy who isn't much for highbrow stuff,
+but is always on the square and don't (sic) often find the Saddypost or the N.Y.
+World too deep for him; who hadn't much use for Valentino, but thinks Doug
+
+
+
+1264
+
+
+
+Fairbanks is just about right for an evening's entertainment. Wholesome —
+constructive — non-morbid — civic-minded — domestic — (I forgot to mention
+the radio) normal — that's the sort of go-getter that ought to go in for dogs.
+
+The cat is for the aristocrat — whether by birth or inclinations or both - who
+admires his fellow-aristocrats. He is for the man who appreciates beauty as the
+one living force in a blind and purposeless universe, and who worships that
+beauty in all its forms without regard for the sentimental and ethical illusions of
+the moment. For the man who knows the hoUowness of feeling and the
+emptiness of human objects and aspirations, and who therefore clings solely to
+what is real — as beauty is real because it pretends to a significance beyond the
+emotion which it excites and is. For the man who feels sufficient in the cosmos,
+and asks no scruples of conventional prejudice, but loves repose and strength
+and freedom and luxury and sufficiency and contemplation; who as a strong
+fearless soul wishes something to respect instead of something to lick his face
+and accept his alternate blows and strokings; who seeks a proud and beautiful
+equal in the peerage of individualism rather than a cowed and cringing satellite
+in the hierarchy of fear, subservience, and devolution. The cat is not for the brisk,
+self-important little worker with a mission, but for the enlightened dreaming
+poet who knows that the world contains nothing really worth doing. The
+dilettante — the connoisseur — the decadent, if you will, though in a healthier
+age than this there were things for such men to do, so that they were the planners
+and leader of those glorious pagan times. The cat is for him who does things not
+for empty duty but for power, pleasure, splendour, romance, and glamour — for
+the harpist who sings alone in the night of old battles, or the warrior who goes
+out to fight such battles for beauty, glory, fame and the splendour of a land
+athwart which no shadow of weakness falls. For him who will be lulled by no
+sops of prose and usefulness, but demands for his comfort the ease and beauty
+and ascendancy and cultivation which make effort worth while. For the man
+who knows that play, not work, and leisure, not bustle, are the great things of
+life; and that the round of striving merely in order to strive some more is a bitter
+irony of which the civilised soul accepts as little as it can.
+
+Beauty, sufficiency, ease, and good manners — what more can civilisation
+require? We have them all in the divine monarch who lounges gloriously on his
+silken cushion before the hearth. Loveliness and joy for their own sake — pride
+and harmony and coordination — spirit, restfulness and completeness — all here
+are present, and need but a sympathetic disillusionment for worship in full
+measure. What fully civilised soul but would eagerly serve as high priest of Bast?
+The star of the cat, I think, is just now in the ascendant, as we emerge little by
+little from the dreams of ethics and conformity which clouded the nineteenth
+century and raised the grubbing and unlovely dog to the pinnacle of sentimental
+regard. Whether a renaissance of power and beauty will restore our Western
+
+
+
+1265
+
+
+
+civilisation, or whether the forces of disintegration are aheady too powerful for
+any hand to check, none may yet say, but in the present moment of cynical
+world-unmasking between the pretence of the eighteen-hundreds and the
+ominous mystery of the decades ahead we have at least a flash of the old pagan
+perspective and the old pagan clearness and honesty.
+
+And one idol lit up by that flash, seen fair and lovely on a dream-throne of silk
+and gold under a chryselephantine dome, is a shape of deathless grace not
+always given its due among groping mortals — the haughty, the unconquered,
+the mysterious, the luxurious, the Babylonian, the impersonal, the eternal
+companion of superiority and art — the type of perfect beauty and the brother of
+poetry — the bland, grave, compliant, and patrician cat.
+
+
+
+1266
+
+
+
+Letter to August Derleth
+
+December 11, 1919
+
+Before quitting the subject of Loveman and horror stories, I must relate the
+frightful dream I had the night after I received S.L.'s latest letter. We have lately
+been discussing weird tales at length, and he has recommended several hair-
+raising books to me; so that I was in the mood to connect him with any thought
+of hideousness or supernatural terror. I do not recall how this dream began, or
+what it was really all about. There remains in my mind only one damnably
+blood-curdling fragment whose ending haunts me yet. We were, for some
+terrible yet unknown reason, in a very strange and very ancient cemetery - which
+I could not identify. I suppose no Wisconsinite can picture such a thing - but we
+have them in New England; horrible old places where the slate stones are graven
+with odd letters and grotesque designs such as a skull and crossbones. In some of
+these places one can walk a long way without coming upon any grave less than
+an hundred and fifty years old. Some day, when Cook issues that promised
+MONADNOCK, you will see my tale "The Tomb", which was inspired by one of
+these places. Such was the scene of my dream - a hideous hollow whose surface
+was covered with a coarse, repulsive sort of long grass, above which peeped the
+shocking stones and markers of decaying slate. In a hillside were several tombs
+whose facades were in the last stages of decrepitude. I had an odd idea that no
+living thing had trodden that ground for many centuries till Loveman and I
+arrived. It was very late in the night - probably in the small hours, since a waning
+crescent moon had attained considerable height in the east. Loveman carried,
+slung over his shoulder, a portable telephone outfit; whilst I bore two spades. We
+proceeded directly to a flat sepulchre near the centre of the horrible place, and
+began to clear away the moss-grown earth which had been washed down upon it
+by the rains of innumerable years. Loveman, in the dream, looked exactly like the
+snapshots of himself which he has sent me - a large, robust young man, not the
+least Semitic in features (albeit dark), and very handsome save for a pair of
+protruding ears. We did not speak as he laid down his telephone outfit, took a
+shovel, and helped me clear away the earth and weeds. We both seemed very
+much impressed with something - almost awestruck. At last we completed these
+preliminaries, and Loveman stepped back to survey the sepulchre. He seemed to
+know exactly what he was about to do, and I also had an idea - though I cannot
+now remember what it was! All I recall is that we were following up some idea
+which Loveman had gained as the result of extensive reading in some old rare
+books, of which he possessed the only existing copies. (Loveman, you may know,
+has a vast library of rare first editions and other treasures precious to the
+bibliophile's heart.) After some mental estimates, Loveman took up his shovel
+again, and using it as a lever, sought to pry up a certain slab which formed the
+
+
+
+1267
+
+
+
+top of the sepulchre. He did not succeed, so I approached and helped him with
+my own shovel. Finally we loosened the stone, lifted it with our combined
+strength, and heaved it away. Beneath was a black passageway with a flight of
+stone steps; but so horrible were the miasmic vapours which poured up from the
+pit, that we stepped back for a while without making further observations. Then
+Loveman picked up the telephone output and began to uncoil the wire -
+speaking for the first time as he did so.
+
+"I'm really sorry", he said in a mellow, pleasant voice; cultivated, and not very
+deep, "to have to ask you to stay above ground, but I couldn't answer for the
+consequences if you were to go down with me. Honestly, I doubt if anyone with
+a nervous system like yours could see it through. You can't imagine what I shall
+have to see and do - not even from what the book said and from what I have told
+you - and I don't think anyone without iron-clad nerves could ever go down and
+come out of that place alive and sane. At any rate, this is no place for anybody
+who can't pass an army physical examination. I discovered this thing, and I am
+responsible in a way for anyone who goes with me - so I would not for a
+thousand dollars let you take the risk. But I'll keep you informed of every move I
+make by the telephone - you see I've enough wire to reach to the centre of the
+earth and back!"
+
+I argued with him, but he replied that if I did not agree, he would call the thing
+off and get another fellow-explorer - he mentioned a "Dr. Burke," a name
+altogether unfamiliar to me. He added, that it would be of no use for me to
+descend alone, since he was sole possessor of the real key to the affair. Finally I
+assented, and seated myself upon a marble bench close by the open grave,
+telephone in hand. He produced an electric lantern, prepared the telephone wire
+for unreeling, and disappeared down the damp stone steps, the insulated wire
+rustling as it uncoiled. For a moment I kept track of the glow of his lantern, but
+suddenly it faded out, as if there were a turn in the stone staircase. Then all was
+still. After this came a period of dull fear and anxious waiting. The crescent
+moon climbed higher, and the mist or fog about the hollow seemed to thicken.
+Everything was horribly damp and bedewed, and I thought I saw an owl flitting
+somewhere in the shadows. Then a clicking sounded in the telephone receiver.
+
+"Lovecraft - I think I'm finding it" - the words came in a tense, excited tone. Then
+a brief pause, followed by more words in atone of ineffable awe and horror.
+
+"God, Lovecraft! If you could see what I am seeing!" I now asked in great
+excitement what had happened. Loveman answered in a trembling voice: "I can't
+tell you - 1 don't dare - 1 never dreamed of this - 1 can't tell - It's enough to unseat
+any mind - wait - what's this?" Then a pause, a clicking in the receiver, and a sort
+of despairing groan. Speech again - "Lovecraft - for God's sake - it's all up - Beat
+
+
+
+1268
+
+
+
+it! Beat it! Don't lose a second!" I was now thoroughly alarmed, and frantically
+asked Loveman to tell what the matter was. He replied only "Never mind!
+Hurry!" Then I felt a sort of offence through my fear - it irked me that anyone
+should assume that I would be willing to desert a companion in peril. I
+disregarded his advice and told him I was coming down to his aid. But he cried:
+
+"Don't be a fool - it's too late - there's no use - nothing you or anyone can do
+now." He seemed calmer - with a terrible, resigned calm, as if he had met and
+recognised an inevitable, inescapable doom. Yet he was obviously anxious that I
+should escape some unknown peril.
+
+"For God's sake get out of this, if you can find the way! I'm not joking - So long,
+Lovecraft, won't see you again - God! Beat it! Beat it!" As he shrieked out the last
+words, his tone was a frenzied crescendo. I have tried to recall the wording as
+nearly as possible, but I cannot reproduce the tone. There followed a long -
+hideously long - period of silence. I tried to move to assist Loveman, but was
+absolutely paralysed. The slightest motion was an impossibility. I could speak,
+however, and kept calling excitedly into the telephone - "Loveman! Loveman!
+What is it? What's the trouble?" But he did not reply. And then came the
+unbelievably frightful thing - the awful, unexplainable, almost unmentionable
+thing. I have said that Loveman was now silent, but after a vast interval of
+terrified waiting another clicking came into the receiver. I called "Loveman - are
+you there?" And in reply came a voice - a thing which I cannot describe by any
+words I know. Shall I say that it was hollow - very deep - fluid - gelatinous -
+indefinitely distant - unearthly - guttural - thick? What shall I say? In that
+telephone I heard it; heard it as I sat on a marble bench in that very ancient
+unknown cemetery with the crumbling stones and tombs and long grass and
+dampness and the owl and the waning crescent moon. Up from the sepulchre it
+came, and this is what it said:
+
+"YOU FOOL, LOVEMAN IS DEAD!"
+
+Well, that's the whole damn thing! I fainted in the dream, and the next I knew I
+was awake - and with a prize headache! I don't know yet what it was all about -
+what on (or under) earth we were looking for, or what that hideous voice at the
+last was supposed to be. I have read of ghouls - mould shades - but hell - the
+headache I had was worse than the dream! Loveman will laugh when I tell him
+about that dream! In due time, I intend to weave this picture into a story, as I
+wove another dream-picture into "The Doom that Came to Sarnath". I wonder,
+though, if I have a right to claim authorship of things I dream? I hate to take
+credit, when I did not really think out the picture with my own conscious wits.
+Yet if I do not take credit, who'n Heaven will I give credit tuh? Coleridge
+
+
+
+1269
+
+
+
+claimed "Kubla Khan", so I guess I'll claim the thing an' let it go at that. But
+believe muh, that was some dream!
+
+(Lovecraft wrote The Statement of Randolph Carter based on this dream.)
+
+
+
+1270
+
+
+
+Metrical Regularity
+
+
+
+Of the various forms of decadence manifest in the poetical art of the present age,
+none strikes more harshly on our sensibilities than the alarming decline in that
+harmonious regularity of metre which adorned the poetry of our immediate
+ancestors.
+
+That metre itself forms an essential part of all true poetry is a principle which not
+even the assertions of an Aristotle or the pronouncements of a Plato can
+disestablish. As old a critic as Dionysius of Halicarnassus and as modern an
+philosopher as Hegel have each affirmed that versification in poetry is not alone
+a necessary attribute, but the very foundation as well; Hegel, indeed, placing
+metre above metaphorical imagination as the essence of all poetic creation.
+
+Science can likewise trace the metrical instinct from the very infancy of mankind,
+or even beyond, to the pre-human age of the apes. Nature is in itself an unending
+succession of regular impulses. The steady recurrence of the seasons and of the
+moonlight, the coming and going of the day, the ebb and flow of the tides, the
+beating of the heart and pulses, the tread of the feet in walking, the countless
+other phenomena of like regularity, have all combined to inculcate in the human
+brain a rhythmic sense which is as manifest in the most uncultivated, as in the
+most polished of peoples. Metre, therefore, is no such false artifice as most
+exponents of radicalism would have us believe, but is instead a natural and
+inevitable embellishment to poesy, which succeeding ages should develop and
+refine, rather than maim or destroy.
+
+Like other instincts, the metric sense has taken on different aspects among
+different races. Savages show it in its simplest form while dancing to the sound
+of primitive drums; barbarians display it in their religious and other chantings;
+civilized peoples utilize it for their formal poetry, either as measured quantity,
+like that of Greek and Roman verse, or as measured accentual stress, like that of
+our own English verse. Precision of metre is thus no mere display of meretricious
+ornament, but a logical evolution from eminently natural sources.
+
+It is the contention of the ultra-modern poet, as enunciated by Mrs. J. W.
+Renshaw in her recent article on "The Autocracy of Art," (The Looking Glass for
+May) that the truly inspired bard must chant forth his feelings independently of
+form or language, permitting each changing impulse to alter the rhythm of his
+lay, and blindly resigning his reason to the "fine frenzy" of his mood. This
+contention is of course founded upon the assumption that poetry is super-
+intellectual; the expression of a "soul" which outranks the mind and its precepts.
+Now while avoiding the impeachment of this dubious theory, we must needs
+
+
+
+1271
+
+
+
+remark that the laws of Nature cannot so easily be outdistanced. However much
+true poesy may overtop the produce of the brain, it must still be affected by
+natural laws, which are universal and inevitable. Wherefore it is the various
+clearly defined natural forms through which the emotions seek expression.
+
+Indeed, we feel even unconsciously the fitness of certain types of metre for
+certain types of thought, and in perusing a crude or irregular poem are often
+abruptly repelled by the unwarranted variations made by the bard, either
+through his ignorance or his perverted taste. We are naturally shocked at the
+clothing of a grave subject in anapestic metre, or the treatment of a long and lofty
+theme in short, choppy lines. This latter defect is what repels us so much from
+Coninghton's really scholarly translation of the Aeneid.
+
+What the radicals so wantonly disregard in their eccentric performances is unity
+of thought. Amidst their wildly repeated leaps from one rough metre to another,
+they ignore the underlying uniformity of each of their poems. Scene may change;
+atmosphere may vary; yet one poem cannot carry but one definite message, and
+to suit this ultimate and fundamental message but one metre must be selected
+and sustained. To accommodate the minor inequalities of tone in a poem, one
+regular metre will amply lend itself to diversity. Our chief but now annoyingly
+neglected measure, the heroic couplet, is capable of taking on the infinite shades
+of expression by the right selection of sequence of words, and by the proper
+placing of the caesura or pause in each line. Dr. Blair, in his 38th lecture, explains
+and illustrates with admirable perspicuity the importance of the caesura's
+location in varying the flow of heroic verse. It is also possible to lend variety to a
+poem by using very judiciously occasional feet of a metre different from that of
+the body of the work. This is generally done without disturbing the
+syllabification, and it in no way impairs or obscures the dominant measure.
+
+Most amusing of all the claims of the radical is the assertion that true poetic
+fervor can never be confined to regular metre; that the wild-eyed, long-haired
+rider of Pegasus must inflict upon a suffering public in unaltered form the vague
+conceptions which flit in noble chaos through his exalted soul. While it is
+perfectly obvious that the hour of rare inspiration must be improved without the
+hindrance of grammars or rhyming dictionaries, it is no less obvious that the
+succeeding hour of calmer contemplation may very profitably be devoted to
+amendment and polishing. The "language of the heart" must be clarified and
+made intelligible to other hearts, else its purport will forever be confined to its
+creator. If natural laws of metrical construction be willfully set aside, the reader's
+attention will be distracted from the soul of the poem to its uncouth and ill-fitting
+dress. The more nearly perfect the metre, the less conspicuous its presence; hence
+if the poet desires supreme consideration for his matter, he should make his
+verses so smooth that the sense may never be interrupted.
+
+
+
+1272
+
+
+
+The ill effect of metrical laxity on the younger generation of poets is enormous.
+These latest suitors of the Muse, not yet sufficiently trained to distinguish
+between their own artless crudities and the cultivated monstrosities of the
+educated but radical bard, come to regard with distrust the orthodox critics, and
+to believe that no grammatical, rhetorical, or metrical skill is necessary to their
+own development. The result cannot but be a race of churlish, cacophonous
+hybrids, whose amorphous outcries will waver uncertainly betwixt prose and
+verse, absorbing the vices of both and the virtues of neither.
+
+When proper consideration shall be taken of the perfect naturalness of polished
+metre, a wholesome reaction against the present chaos must inevitably occur; so
+that the few remaining disciples of conservatism and good taste may justly
+entertain one last, lingering hope of hearing from modern lyres the stately
+heroics of Pope, the majestic blank verse of Thomson, the terse octosyllabics of
+Swift, the sonorous quatrains of Gray, and the lively anapests of Sheridan and
+Moore.
+
+
+
+1273
+
+
+
+The Allowable Rhyme
+
+"Sed ubi plira nitent in carmine, non ego paucis Offendar maculis." - Horace
+
+The poetical tendency of the present and of the preceding century has been
+divided in a manner singularly curious. One loud and conspicuous faction of
+bards, giving way to the corrupt influences of a decaying general culture, seems
+to have abandoned all the properties of versification and reason in its mad
+scramble after sensational novelty; whilst the other and quieter school
+constituting a more logical evolution from the poesy of the Georgian period,
+demands an accuracy of rhyme and metre unknown even to the polished artists
+of the age of Pope.
+
+The rational contemporary disciple of the Nine, justly ignoring the dissonant
+shrieks of the radicals, is therefore confronted with a grave choice of technique.
+May he retain the liberties of imperfect or "allowable" rhyming which were
+enjoyed by his ancestors, or must he conform to the new ideals of perfection
+evolved during the past century? The writer of this article is frankly an archaist
+in verse. He has not scrupled to rhyme "toss'd" with "coast", "come" with
+"Rome", or "home" with "gloom" in his very latest published efforts, thereby
+proclaiming his maintenance of the old-fashioned pets as models; but sound
+modern criticism, proceeding from Mr. Rheinhart Kleiner and from other sources
+which must needs command respect, has impelled him there to rehearse the
+question for public benefit, and particularly to present his own side, attempting
+to justify his adherence to the style of two centuries ago.
+
+The earliest English attempts at rhyming probably included words whose
+agreement is so slight that it deserves the name of mere "assonance" rather than
+that of actual rhyme. Thus in the original ballad of "Chevy-Chase," we encounter
+"King" and "within" supposedly rhymed, whilst in the similar "Battle of
+Otterbourne" we behold "long" rhymed with "down," "ground" with
+"Agurstonne," and "name" with "again". In the ballad of "Sir Patrick Spense,"
+"morn" and "storm," and "deep" and "feet" are rhymed. But the infelicities were
+obviously the result not of artistic negligence, but of plebeian ignorance, since the
+old ballads were undoubtedly the careless products of a peasant minstrelsy. In
+Chaucer, a poet of the Court, the allowable rhyme is but infrequently discovered,
+hence we may assume that the original ideal in English verse was the perfect
+rhyming sound.
+
+Spenser uses allowable rhymes, giving in one of his characteristic stanzas the
+three distinct sounds of "Lord", "ador'd", and "word," all supposed to rhyme;
+but of his pronunciation we know little, and may justly guess that to the ears of
+
+
+
+1274
+
+
+
+his contemporaries the sounds were not conspicuously different. Ben Johnson's
+employment of imperfect rhyming was much like Spenser's; moderate, and
+partially to be excused on account of a chaotic pronunciation. The better poets of
+the Restoration were also sparing of allowable rhymes; Cowley, Waller, Marvell,
+and many others being quite regular in this respect.
+
+It was therefore upon a world unprepared that Samuel Butler burst forth with his
+immortal "Hudibras," whose comical familiarity of diction is in grotesqueness
+surpassed only by its clever licentiousness of rhyming. Butler's well-known
+double rhymes are of necessity forced and inexact, and in ordinary single rhymes
+he seems to have had no more regard for precision. "Vow'd" and "would,"
+"talisman" and "slain," "restores" and "devours" are a few specimens selected at
+random.
+
+Close after Butler came Jon Oldham, a satirist whose force and brilliance gained
+him universal praise, and whose enormous crudity both in rhyme and in metre
+was forgiven amidst the splendor of his attacks. Oldham was almost absolutely
+ungoverned by the demands of the ear, and perpetrated such atrocious rhymes
+as "heads" and "besides," "devise" and "this," "again" and "sin," "tool" and
+"foul," "end" and "design'd," and even "prays" and "cause."
+
+The glorious Dryden, refiner and purifier of English verse, did less for rhyme
+than he did for metre. Though nowhere attaining the extravagances of his friend
+Oldham, he lent the sanction of his great authority to rhymes which Dr. Johnson
+admits are "open to objection." But one vast difference betwixt Dryden and his
+loose predecessors must be observed. Dryden had so far improved metrical
+cadence, that the final syllables of heroic couplets stood out in especial eminence,
+displaying and emphasizing every possible similarity of sound; that is, lending
+to sounds in the first place approximately similar, the added similarity caused by
+the new prominence of their perfectly corresponding positions in their respective
+lines.
+
+It were needless to dwell upon the rhetorical polish of the age immediately
+succeeding Dryden's. So far as English versification is concerned. Pope was the
+world, and all the world was Pope. Dryden had founded a new school of verse,
+but the development and ultimate perfections of this art remained for the sickly
+lad who before the age of twelve begged to be taken to Will's Coffee-House, that
+he might obtain a personal view of the aged Dryden, his idol and model.
+Delicately attuned to the subtlest harmonies of poetical construction, Alexander
+Pope brought English prosody to its zenith, and still stands alone on the heights,
+yet he, exquisite master of verse that he was, frowned not upon imperfect
+rhymes, provided they were set in faultless metre. Though most of his allowable
+rhymes are merely variations in the breadth and nature of vowel sounds, he in
+
+
+
+1275
+
+
+
+one instance departs far enough from rigid perfection to rhyme the words "vice"
+and "destroys." Yet who can take offence? The unvarying ebb and flow of the
+refined metrical impulse conceals and condones all else.
+
+Every argument by which English blank verse or Spanish assonant verse is
+sustained, may with greater force be applied to the allowable rhyme. Metre is the
+real essential of poetical technique, and when two sounds of substantial
+resemblance are so placed that one follows the other in a certain measured
+relation, the normal ear cannot without cavilling find fault with a slight want of
+identity in the respective dominant vowels. The rhyming of a long vowel with a
+short one is common in all the Georgian poets, and when well recited cannot but
+be overlooked amidst the general flow of the verse; as, for instance, the following
+from Pope:
+
+But thinks, admitted to that equal sky.
+
+His faithful dog shall bear him company.
+
+Of like nature is the rhyming of actually different vowels whose sounds are,
+when pronounced in animated oration, by no means dissimilar. Out of verse,
+such words as "join" and "line" are quite unlike, but Pope well rhymes them
+when he writes:
+
+While expletives their feeble aid do join,
+
+and ten low words oft creep in one dull line.
+
+It is the final consonantal sound in rhyming which can never vary. This, above all
+else, gives the desired similarity. Syllables which agree in vowels but not in the
+final consonants are not rhymes at all, but simply assonants. Yet such is the
+inconsistent carelessness of the average modern writer, that he often uses mere
+assonants to a greater extent than his fathers ever employed actually allowable
+rhymes. The writer, in his critical duties, has more than once been forced to point
+out the attempted rhyming of such words as "fame" and "lane," "task" and
+"glass," or "feels" and "yields" and in view of these impossible combinations he
+cannot blame himself very seriously for rhyming "art" and "shot" in the March
+Conservative; for this pair of words have at least identical consonants at the end.
+
+That allowable rhymes have real advantages of a positive sort is an opinion by
+no means lightly to be denied. The monotony of a long heroic poem may often be
+pleasantly relieved by judicious interruptions in the perfect successions of
+rhymes, just as the metre may sometimes be adorned with occasional triplets and
+Alexandrines. Another advantage is the greater latitude allowed for the
+expression of thought. How numerous are the writers who, from restriction to
+perfect rhyming, are frequently compelled to abandon a neat epigram, or
+
+
+
+1276
+
+
+
+brilliant antithesis, which allowable rhyme would easily permit, or else to
+introduce a dull expletive merely to supply a desired rhyme!
+
+But a return to historical considerations shows us only too clearly the logical
+trend of taste, and the reason Mr. Kleiner's demand for absolute perfection is no
+idle cry. In Oliver Goldsmith there arose one who, though retaining the familiar
+classical diction of Pope, yet advanced further still toward what he deemed ideal
+polish by virtually abandoning the allowable rhyme. In unvaried exactitude run
+the couplets of "The Traveler" and of "The Deserted Village," and none can deny
+to them a certain urbanity which pleases the critical ear. With but little less
+precision are molded the simple rhymes of Cowper, whilst the pompous
+Erasmus Darwin likewise shows more attention to identity of sound than do the
+Queen Anne Bards. Gifford's translations of Juvenal and Persius show to an
+almost equal degree the tendency of the age, and Campbell, Crabbe,
+Wordsworth, Byron, Keats, and Thomas Moore are all inclined to refrain from
+the liberties practiced by those of former times. To deny the importance of such a
+widespread change of technique is fruitless, for its existence argues for its
+naturalness. The best critics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries demand
+perfect rhyming, and no aspirant for fame can afford to depart from a standard
+so universal. It is evidently the true goal of the English, as well as of the French
+bard; the goal from which we are but temporarily deflected during the preceding
+age.
+
+But exceptions should and must be made in the case of a few who have somehow
+absorbed theatmosphere of other days, and who long in their hearts for the
+stately sound of the old classic cadences. Well may their predilection for
+imperfect rhyming be discouraged to a limited extent, but to chain them wholly
+to modern rules would be barbarous. Every limited mind demands a certain
+freedom of expression, and the man who cannot express himself satisfactorily
+without the stimulation derived from the spirited mode of two centuries ago
+should certainly be permitted to follow without undue restraint a practice so
+harmless, so free from essential error, and so sanctioned by precedent, as that of
+employing in his poetical compositions the smooth and inoffensive allowable
+rhyme.
+
+
+
+1277
+
+
+
+The Despised Pastoral
+
+
+
+Among the many and complex tendencies observable in modern poetry, or what
+answers for poetry in this age, is a decided but unjust scorn of the honest old
+pastoral, immortalised by Theocritus and Virgil, and revived in our own
+literature by Spencer.
+
+Nor is this unfavorable attitude confined alone to the formal eclogue whose
+classical elements are so well described and exemplified by Mr. Pope. Whenever
+a versifier adorns his song with the pleasing and innocent imagery of this type of
+composition, or borrows its mild and sweet atmosphere, he is forthwith
+condemned as an irresponsible pedant and fossil by every little-wit critic in
+Grub-street.
+
+Modern bards, in their endeavour to display with seriousness and minute
+verisimilitude the inward operations of the human mind and emotions, have
+come to look down upon the simple description of ideal beauty, or the
+straightforward presentation of pleasing images for no other purpose than to
+delight the fancy. Such themes they deem trivial and artificial, and altogether
+unworthy of an art whose design they take to be the analysis and reproduction of
+Nature in all her moods and aspects.
+
+But in this belief, the writer cannot but hold that our contemporaries are
+misjudging the true province and functions of poesy. It was no starched
+classicist, but the exceedingly unconventional Edgar Allen Poe, who roundly
+denounced the melancholy metaphysicians and maintained that true poetry has
+for its first object "pleasure, not truth", and "indefinite pleasure instead of
+definite pleasure," intimating that its concern for the dull or ugly aspects of life is
+slight ideed. That the American bard and critic was fundamentally just in his
+deductions, seems well proved by a comparative survey of those poems of all
+ages which have lived, and those which have fallen into deserved obscurity.
+
+The English pastoral, based upon the best models of antiquity, depicts engaging
+scenes of Arcadian simplicity, which not only transport the imagination through
+their intrinsic beauty, but recall to the scholarly mind the choicest remembrances
+of classical Greece and Rome. Though the combination of rural pursuits with
+polished sentiments and diction is patently artificial, the beauty is not a whit less;
+nor do the conventional names, phrases, and images detract in the least from the
+quaint agreeableness of the whole. The magic of this sort of verse is to any
+unprejudiced mind irresistible, and capable of evoking a more deliciously placid
+and refreshing train of pictures in the imagination than may be obtained from
+any more realistic species of composition. Every untainted fancy begets ideal
+
+
+
+1278
+
+
+
+visions of which the pastoral forms a legitimate and artistically necessary
+reflection.
+
+It is not impossible that the intellectual upheaval attendant upon the present
+conflict will bring about a general simplification and rectification of taste, and an
+appreciation of the value of pure imaginary beauty in a world so full of actual
+misery, which may combine to restore the despised pastoral to its proper station.
+
+
+
+1279
+
+
+
+POETRY
+
+
+
+An American to Mother England
+
+England! My England! can the surging sea
+
+That lies between us tear my heart from thee?
+
+Can distant birth and distant dwelling drain
+
+Th' ancestral blood that warms the loyal vein?
+
+Isle of my Fathers! hear the filial song
+
+Of him whose sources but to thee belong!
+
+World-Conquering Mother! by thy mighty hand
+
+Was carv'd from savage wilds my native land:
+
+Thy matchless sons the firm foundation laid;
+
+Thy matchless arts the nascent nation made:
+
+By thy just laws the young republic grew.
+
+And through thy greatness, kindred greatness knew.
+
+What man that springs from thy untainted line
+
+But sees Columbia's virtues all as thine?
+
+Whilst nameless multitudes upon our shore
+
+From the dim corners of creation pour.
+
+Whilst mongrel slaves crawl hither to partake
+
+Of Saxon liberty they could not make.
+
+From such an alien crew in grief I turn.
+
+And for the mother's voice of Britain burn.
+
+England! can aught remove the cherish'd chain
+
+That binds my spirit to thy blest domain?
+
+Can Revolution's bitter precepts sway
+
+The soul that must the ties of race obey?
+
+Create a new Columbia if ye will.
+
+The flesh that forms me is Britannic still!
+
+Hail! oaken shades, and meads of dewy green.
+
+So oft in sleep, yet ne'er in waking seen.
+
+Peal out, ye ancient chimes, from vine-clad tower
+
+Where pray'd my fathers in a vanish'd hour:
+
+What countless years of rev'rence can ye claim
+
+From bygone worshippers that bore my name!
+
+Their forms are crumbling in the vaults around.
+
+Whilst I, across the sea, but dreamthe sound.
+
+Return, Sweet Vision! Let me glimpse again
+
+
+
+1280
+
+
+
+The stone-built abbey, rising o'er the plain;
+
+The neighb'ring village with its sun-shower'd square;
+
+The shaded mill-stream, and the forest fair.
+
+The hedge-lin'd lane, that leads to rustic cot
+
+Where sweet contentment is the peasant's lot:
+
+The mystic grove, by Druid wraiths possess'd.
+
+The flow'ring fields, with fairy -castles blest:
+
+And the old manor-house, sedate and dark.
+
+Set in the shadows of the wooded park.
+
+Can this be dreaming? Must my eyelids close
+
+That I may catch the fragrance of the rose?
+
+Is it in fancy that the midnight vale
+
+Thrills with the warblings of the nightingale?
+
+A golden moon bewitching radiance yields.
+
+And England's fairies trip o'er England's fields.
+
+England! Old England! in my love for thee
+
+No dream is mine, but blessed memory;
+
+Such haunting images and hidden fires
+
+Course with the bounding blood of British sires:
+
+From British bodies, minds, and souls I come.
+
+And from them draw the vision of their home.
+
+Awake, Columbia! scorn the vulgar age
+That bids thee slight thy lordly heritage.
+Let not the wide Atlantic's wildest wave
+Burst the blest bonds that fav'ring Nature gave:
+Connecting surges 'twixt the nations run.
+Our Saxon souls dissolving into one!
+
+
+
+1281
+
+
+
+Astrophobos
+
+In the Midnight heaven's burning
+Through the ethereal deeps afar
+Once I watch'd with restless yearning
+An alluring aureate star;
+Ev'ry eve aloft returning
+Gleaming nigh the Arctic Car.
+
+Mystic waves of beauty blended
+With the gorgeous golden rays
+Phantasies of bliss descended
+In a myrrh'd Elysian haze.
+In the lyre-born chords extended
+Harmonies of Lydian lays.
+
+And (thought I) lies scenes of pleasure.
+Where the free and blessed dwell.
+And each moment bears a treasure.
+Freighted with the lotos-spell.
+And there floats a liquid measure
+From the lute of Israfel.
+
+There (I told myself) were shining
+Worlds of happiness unknown.
+Peace and Innocence entwining
+By the Crowned Virtue's throne;
+Men of light, their thoughts refining
+Purer, fairer, than my own.
+
+Thus I mus'd when o'er the vision
+Crept a red delirious change;
+Hope dissolving to derision.
+Beauty to distortion strange;
+Hymnic chords in weird collision.
+Spectral sights in endless range. ...
+Crimson burn'd the star of madness
+As behind the beams I peer'd;
+All was woe that seem'd but gladness
+Ere my gaze with Truth was sear'd;
+Cacodaemons, mir'd with madness.
+Through the fever'd flick'ring leer'd. ...
+
+
+
+1282
+
+
+
+Now I know the fiendish fable
+The the golden glitter bore;
+Now I shun the spangled sable
+That I watch'd and lov'd before;
+But the horror, set and stable.
+Haunts my soul forevermore!
+
+
+
+1283
+
+
+
+Christmas Blessings
+
+As when a pigeon, loos'd in realms remote.
+Takes instant wing, and seeks his native cote.
+So speed my blessings from a barb'rous clime
+To thee and Providence at Christmas time!
+
+
+
+1284
+
+
+
+Christmastide
+
+The cottage hearth beams warm and bright.
+The candles gaily glow;
+The stars emit a kinder light
+Above the drifted snow.
+
+Down from the sky a magic steals
+To glad the passing year.
+And belfries sing with joyous peals.
+For Christmastide is here!
+
+
+
+1285
+
+
+
+Despair
+
+February 1919
+
+O'er the midnight moorlands crying.
+Thro' the cypress forests sighing.
+In the night-wind madly flying.
+Hellish forms with streaming hair;
+In the barren branches creaking.
+By the stagnant swamp-pools speaking.
+Past the shore-cliffs ever shrieking,
+Damn'd demons of despair.
+
+Once, I think I half remember.
+Ere the grey skies of November
+Quench'd my youth's aspiring ember,
+Liv'd there such a thing as bliss;
+Skies that now are dark were beaming.
+Bold and azure, splendid seeming
+Till I learn'd it all was dreaming —
+Deadly drowsiness of Dis.
+
+But the stream of Time, swift flowing.
+Brings the torment of half -knowing —
+Dimly rushing, blindly going
+Past the never-trodden lea;
+And the voyager, repining.
+Sees the wicked death-fires shining.
+Hears the wicked petrel's whining
+As he helpless drifts to sea.
+
+Evil wings in ether beating;
+Vultures at the spirit eating;
+Things unseen forever fleeting
+Black against the leering sky.
+Ghastly shades of bygone gladness.
+Clawing fiends of future sadness.
+Mingle in a cloud of madness
+Ever on the soul to lie.
+
+Thus the living, lone and sobbing.
+In the throes of anguish throbbing.
+
+
+
+1286
+
+
+
+With the loathsome Furies robbing
+Night and noon of peace and rest.
+But beyond the groans and grating
+Of abhorrent Life, is waiting
+Sweet Obhvion, culminating
+All the years of fruitless quest.
+
+
+
+1287
+
+
+
+Fact and Fancy
+
+
+
+How dull the wretch, whose philosophic mind
+
+Disdains the pleasures of fantastic kind;
+
+Whose prosy thoughts the joys of life exclude.
+
+And wreck the solace of the poet's mood!
+
+Young Zeno, practis'd in the Stoic's art.
+
+Rejects the language of the glowing heart;
+
+Dissolves sweet Nature to a mess of laws;
+
+Condemns th' effect whilst looking for the cause;
+
+Freezes poor Ovid in an iced review.
+
+And sneers because his fables are untrue!
+
+In search of hope the hopeful zealot goes.
+
+But all the sadder tums, the more he knows!
+
+Stay! Vandal sophist, whose deep lore would blast
+
+The grateful legends of the storied past;
+
+Whose tongue in censure flays th' embellish'd page.
+
+And scorns the comforts of a dreary age:
+
+Wouldst strip the foliage from the vital bough
+
+Till all men grow as wisely dull as thou?
+
+Happy the man whose fresh, untainted eye
+
+Discerns a Pantheon in the spangled sky;
+
+Finds sylphs and dryads in the waving trees.
+
+And spies soft Notus in the southern breeze
+
+For whom the stream a cheering carol sings.
+
+While reedy music by the fountain rings;
+
+To whom the waves a Nereid tale confide
+
+Till friendly presence fills the rising tide.
+
+Happy is he, who void of learning's woes,
+
+Th' ethereal life of bodied Nature knows;
+
+I scorn the sage that tells me it but seems.
+
+And flout his gravity in sunlight dreams!
+
+
+
+1288
+
+
+
+Festival
+
+
+
+Published December 1926 in Weird Tales
+
+There is snow on the ground.
+
+And the valleys are cold.
+
+And a midnight profound
+
+Blackly squats o'er the wold;
+
+But a light on the hilltops half-seen hints of
+
+feastings unhallowed and old.
+
+There is death in the clouds.
+
+There is fear in the night.
+
+For the dead in their shrouds
+
+Hail the sun's turning flight.
+
+And chant wild in the woods as they dance
+
+round a Yule-altar fungous and white.
+
+To no gale of Earth's kind
+
+Sways the forest of oak.
+
+Where the thick boughs entwined
+
+By mad mistletoes choke.
+
+For these pow'rs are the pow'rs of the dark,
+
+from the graves of the lost Druid-folk.
+
+And mayst thou to such deeds
+Be an abbot and priest.
+Singing cannibal greeds
+At each devil-wrought feast.
+And to all the incredulous world
+shewing dimly the sign of the beast.
+
+(Originally a christmas poem sent to Farnsworth Wright, who surprised
+Lovecraft by publishing it as "Yule Horror.")
+
+
+
+1289
+
+
+
+Fungi from Yuggoth
+
+Written 1929-30
+
+I. The Book
+
+The place was dark and dusty and half-lost
+In tangles of old alleys near the quays.
+Reeking of strange things brought in from the seas.
+And with queer curls of fog that west winds tossed.
+Small lozenge panes, obscured by smoke and frost.
+Just shewed the books, in piles like twisted trees.
+Rotting from floor to roof - congeries
+Of crumbling elder lore at little cost.
+
+I entered, charmed, and from a cobw ebbed heap
+Took up the nearest tome and thumbed it through.
+Trembling at curious words that seemed to keep
+Some secret, monstrous if one only knew.
+Then, looking for some seller old in craft,
+I could find nothing but a voice that laughed.
+
+II. Pursuit
+
+I held the book beneath my coat, at pains
+To hide the thing from sight in such a place;
+Hurrying through the ancient harbor lanes
+With often-turning head and nervous pace.
+Dull, furtive windows in old tottering brick
+Peered at me oddly as I hastened by.
+And thinking what they sheltered, I grew sick
+For a redeeming glimpse of clean blue sky.
+
+No one had seen me take the thing - but still
+
+A blank laugh echoed in my whirling head.
+
+And I could guess what nighted worlds of ill
+
+Lurked in that volume I had coveted.
+
+The way grew strange - the walls alike and madding
+
+And far behind me, unseen feet were padding.
+
+
+
+1290
+
+
+
+III. The Key
+
+I do not know what windings in the waste
+
+Of those strange sea-lanes brought me home once more.
+
+But on my porch I trembled, white with haste
+
+To get inside and bolt the heavy door.
+
+I had the book that told the hidden way
+
+Across the void and through the space-hung screens
+
+That hold the undimensioned worlds at bay.
+
+And keep lost aeons to their own demesnes.
+
+At last the key was mine to those vague visions
+Of sunset spires and twilight woods that brood
+Dim in the gulfs beyond this earth's precisions.
+Lurking as memories of infinitude.
+The key was mine, but as I sat there mumbling.
+The attic window shook with a faint fumbling.
+
+IV. Recognition
+
+The day had come again, when as a child
+I saw - just once - that hollow of old oaks.
+Grey with a ground-mist that enfolds and chokes
+The slinking shapes which madness has defiled.
+It was the same - an herbage rank and wild
+Clings round an altar whose carved sign invokes
+That Nameless One to whom a thousand smokes
+Rose, aeons gone, from unclean towers up-piled.
+
+I saw the body spread on that dank stone.
+
+And knew those things which feasted were not men;
+
+I knew this strange, grey world was not my own.
+
+But Yuggoth, past the starry voids - and then
+
+The body shrieked at me with a dead cry.
+
+And all too late I knew that it was I!
+
+V. Homecoming
+
+The daemon said that he would take me home
+To the pale, shadowy land I half recalled
+As a high place of stair and terrace, walled
+With marble balustrades that sky -winds comb.
+While miles below a maze of dome on dome
+
+
+
+1291
+
+
+
+And tower on tower beside a sea lies sprawled.
+Once more, he told me, I would stand enthralled
+On those old heights, and hear the far-off foam.
+
+All this he promised, and through sunset's gate
+
+He swept me, past the lapping lakes of flame.
+
+And red-gold thrones of gods without a name
+
+Who shriek in fear at some impending fate.
+
+Then a black gulf with sea-sounds in the night:
+
+"Here was your home," he mocked, "when you had sight!'
+
+VI. The Lamp
+
+We found the lamp inside those hollow cliffs
+Whose chiseled sign no priest in Thebes could read.
+And from whose caverns frightened hieroglyphs
+Warned every living creature of earth's breed.
+No more was there - just that one brazen bowl
+With traces of a curious oil within;
+Fretted with some obscurely patterned scroll.
+And symbols hinting vaguely of strange sin.
+
+Little the fears of forty centuries meant
+
+To us as we bore off our slender spoil.
+
+And when we scanned it in our darkened tent
+
+We struck a match to test the ancient oil.
+
+It blazed - great God!. . . But the vast shapes we saw
+
+In that mad flash have seared our lives with awe.
+
+VII. Zaman's Hill
+
+The great hill hung close over the old town,
+
+A precipice against the main street's end;
+
+Green, tall, and wooded, looking darkly down
+
+Upon the steeple at the highway bend.
+
+Two hundred years the whispers had been heard
+
+About what happened on the man-shunned slope -
+
+Tales of an oddly mangled deer or bird.
+
+Or of lost boys whose kin had ceased to hope.
+
+One day the mail-man found no village there.
+Nor were its folk or houses seen again;
+People came out from Aylesbury to stare -
+
+
+
+1292
+
+
+
+Yet they all told the mail-man it was plain
+
+That he was mad for saying he had spied
+
+The great hill's gluttonous eyes, and jaws stretched wide.
+
+VIII. The Port
+
+Ten miles from Arkham I had struck the trail
+That rides the cliff-edge over Boynton Beach,
+And hoped that just at sunset I could reach
+The crest that looks on Innsmouth in the vale.
+Far out at sea was a retreating sail.
+White as hard years of ancient winds could bleach.
+But evil with some portent beyond speech.
+So that I did not wave my hand or hail.
+
+Sails out of Innsmouth! echoing old renown
+
+Of long-dead times. But now a too-swift night
+
+Is closing in, and I have reached the height
+
+Whence I so often scan the distant town.
+
+The spires and roofs are there - but look! The gloom
+
+Sinks on dark lanes, as lightless as the tomb!
+
+IX. The Courtyard
+
+It was the city I had known before;
+The ancient, leprous town where mongrel throngs
+Chant to strange gods, and beat unhallowed gongs
+In crypts beneath foul alleys near the shore.
+The rotting, fish-eyed houses leered at me
+From where they leaned, drunk and half-animate.
+As edging through the filth I passed the gate
+To the black courtyard where the man would be.
+
+The dark walls closed me in, and loud I cursed
+That ever I had come to such a den.
+When suddenly a score of windows burst
+Into wild light, and swarmed with dancing men:
+Mad, soundless revels of the dragging dead -
+And not a corpse had either hands or head!
+
+
+
+1293
+
+
+
+X. The Pigeon-Flyers
+
+They took me slumming, where gaunt walls of brick
+
+Bulge outward with a viscous stored-up evil.
+
+And twisted faces, thronging foul and thick.
+
+Wink messages to alien god and devil.
+
+A million fires were blazing in the streets.
+
+And from flat roofs a furtive few would fly
+
+Bedraggled birds into the yawning sky
+
+While hidden drums droned on with measured beats.
+
+I knew those fires were brewing monstrous things.
+And that those birds of space had been Outside -
+I guessed to what dark planet's crypts they plied.
+And what they brought from Thog beneath their wings.
+The others laughed - till struck too mute to speak
+By what they glimpsed in one bird's evil beak.
+
+XL The Well
+
+Farmer Seth Atwood was past eighty when
+He tried to sink that deep well by his door.
+With only Eb to help him bore and bore.
+We laughed, and hoped he'd soon be sane again.
+And yet, instead, young Eb went crazy, too.
+So that they shipped him to the county farm.
+Seth bricked the well-mouth up as tight as glue -
+Then hacked an artery in his gnarled left arm.
+
+After the funeral we felt bound to get
+Out to that well and rip the bricks away.
+But all we saw were iron hand-holds set
+Down a black hole deeper than we could say.
+And yet we put the bricks back - for we found
+The hole too deep for any line to sound.
+
+XII. The Howler
+
+They told me not to take the Briggs' Hill path
+That used to be the highroad through to Zoar,
+For Goody Watkins, hanged in seventeen-four.
+Had left a certain monstrous aftermath.
+Yet when I disobeyed, and had in view
+
+
+
+1294
+
+
+
+The vine-hung cottage by the great rock slope,
+
+I could not think of elms or hempen rope.
+
+But wondered why the house still seemed so new.
+
+Stopping a while to watch the fading day,
+I heard faint howls, as from a room upstairs.
+When through the ivied panes one sunset ray
+Struck in, and caught the howler unawares.
+I glimpsed - and ran in frenzy from the place.
+And from a four-pawed thing with human face.
+
+XIII. Hesperia
+
+The winter sunset, flaming beyond spires
+And chimneys half-detached from this dull sphere.
+Opens great gates to some forgotten year
+Of elder splendours and divine desires.
+Expectant wonders burn in those rich fires.
+Adventure-fraught, and not untinged with fear;
+A row of sphinxes where the way leads clear
+Toward walls and turrets quivering to far lyres.
+
+It is the land where beauty's meaning flowers;
+Where every unplaced memory has a source;
+Where the great river Time begins its course
+Down the vast void in starlit streams of hours.
+Dreams bring us close - but ancient lore repeats
+That human tread has never soiled these streets.
+
+XIV. Star-Winds
+
+It is a certain hour of twilight glooms.
+Mostly in autumn, when the star-wind pours
+Down hilltop streets, deserted out-of-doors.
+But shewing early lamplight from snug rooms.
+The dead leaves rush in strange, fantastic twists.
+And chimney-smoke whirls round with alien grace.
+Heeding geometries of outer space.
+While Fomalhaut peers in through southward mists.
+
+This is the hour when moonstruck poets know
+What fungi sprout in Yuggoth, and what scents
+And tints of flowers fill Nithon's continents.
+
+
+
+1295
+
+
+
+Such as in no poor earthly garden blow.
+Yet for each dream these winds to us convey,
+A dozen more of ours they sweep away!
+
+XV. Antarktos
+
+Deep in my dream the great bird whispered queerly
+Of the black cone amid the polar waste;
+Pushing above the ice-sheet lone and drearly.
+By storm-crazed aeons battered and defaced.
+Hither no living earth-shapes take their courses.
+And only pale auroras and faint suns
+Glow on that pitted rock, whose primal sources
+Are guessed at dimly by the Elder Ones.
+
+If men should glimpse it, they would merely wonder
+What tricky mound of Nature's build they spied;
+But the bird told of vaster parts, that under
+The mile-deep ice-shroud crouch and brood and bide.
+God help the dreamer whose mad visions shew
+Those dead eyes set in crystal gulfs below!
+
+XVI. The Window
+
+The house was old, with tangled wings outthrown.
+Of which no one could ever half keep track.
+And in a small room somewhat near the back
+Was an odd window sealed with ancient stone.
+There, in a dream-plagued childhood, quite alone
+I used to go, where night reigned vague and black;
+Parting the cobwebs with a curious lack
+Of fear, and with a wonder each time grown.
+
+One later day I brought the masons there
+
+To find what view my dim forbears had shunned.
+
+But as they pierced the stone, a rush of air
+
+Burst from the alien voids that yawned beyond.
+
+They fled - but I peered through and found unrolled
+
+All the wild worlds of which my dreams had told.
+
+
+
+1296
+
+
+
+XVII. A Memory
+
+There were great steppes, and rocky table-lands
+Stretching half-limitless in starlit night.
+With alien campfires shedding feeble light
+On beasts with tinkling bells, in shaggy bands.
+Far to the south the plain sloped low and wide
+To a dark zigzag line of wall that lay
+Like a huge python of some primal day
+Which endless time had chilled and petrified.
+
+I shivered oddly in the cold, thin air.
+
+And wondered where I was and how I came.
+
+When a cloaked form against a campfire's glare
+
+Rose and approached, and called me by my name.
+
+Staring at that dead face beneath the hood,
+
+I ceased to hope - because I understood.
+
+XVIII. The Gardens of Yin
+
+Beyond that wall, whose ancient masonry
+Reached almost to the sky in moss-thick towers.
+There would be terraced gardens, rich with flowers.
+And flutter of bird and butterfly and bee.
+There would be walks, and bridges arching over
+Warm lotos-pools reflecting temple eaves.
+And cherry-trees with delicate boughs and leaves
+Against a pink sky where the herons hover.
+
+All would be there, for had not old dreams flung
+Open the gate to that stone-lanterned maze
+Where drowsy streams spin out their winding ways.
+Trailed by green vines from bending branches hung?
+I hurried - but when the wall rose, grim and great,
+I found there was no longer any gate.
+
+XIX. The Bells
+
+Year after year I heard that faint, far ringing
+Of deep-toned bells on the black midnight wind;
+Peals from no steeple I could ever find.
+But strange, as if across some great void winging.
+I searched my dreams and memories for a clue.
+
+
+
+1297
+
+
+
+And thought of all the chimes my visions carried;
+Of quiet Innsmouth, where the white gulls tarried
+Around an ancient spire that once I knew.
+
+Always perplexed I heard those far notes falling.
+Till one March night the bleak rain splashing cold
+Beckoned me back through gateways of recalling
+To elder towers where the mad clappers tolled.
+They tolled - but from the sunless tides that pour
+Through sunken valleys on the sea's dead floor.
+
+XX. Night-Gaunts
+
+Out of what crypt they crawl, I cannot tell.
+
+But every night I see the rubbery things.
+
+Black, horned, and slender, with membraneous wings.
+
+And tails that bear the bifid barb of hell.
+
+They come in legions on the north wind's swell.
+
+With obscene clutch that titillates and stings.
+
+Snatching me off on monstrous voyagings
+
+To grey worlds hidden deep in nightmare's well.
+
+Over the jagged peaks of Thok they sweep.
+
+Heedless of all the cries I try to make.
+
+And down the nether pits to that foul lake
+
+Where the puffed shoggoths splash in doubtful sleep.
+
+But oh! If only they would make some sound.
+
+Or wear a face where faces should be found!
+
+XXL Nyarlathotep
+
+And at the last from inner Egypt came
+The strange dark One to whom the fellahs bowed;
+Silent and lean and cryptically proud.
+And wrapped in fabrics red as sunset flame.
+Throngs pressed around, frantic for his commands.
+But leaving, could not tell what they had heard;
+While through the nations spread the awestruck word
+That wild beasts followed him and licked his hands.
+
+Soon from the sea a noxious birth began;
+Forgotten lands with weedy spires of gold;
+The ground was cleft, and mad auroras rolled
+
+
+
+1298
+
+
+
+Down on the quaking citadels of man.
+
+Then, crushing what he chanced to mould in play.
+
+The idiot Chaos blew Earth's dust away.
+
+XXII. Azathoth
+
+Out in the mindless void the daemon bore me.
+
+Past the bright clusters of dimensioned space.
+
+Till neither time nor matter stretched before me.
+
+But only Chaos, without form or place.
+
+Here the vast Lord of All in darkness muttered
+
+Things he had dreamed but could not understand.
+
+While near him shapeless bat-things flopped and fluttered
+
+In idiot vortices that ray-streams fanned.
+
+They danced insanely to the high, thin whining
+Of a cracked flute clutched in a monstrous paw.
+Whence flow the aimless waves whose chance combining
+Gives each frail cosmos its eternal law.
+"I am His Messenger," the daemon said.
+As in contempt he struck his Master's head.
+
+XXIII. Mirage
+
+I do not know if ever it existed -
+
+That lost world floating dimly on Time's stream -
+
+And yet I see it often, violet-misted.
+
+And shimmering at the back of some vague dream.
+
+There were strange towers and curious lapping rivers.
+
+Labyrinths of wonder, and low vaults of light.
+
+And bough-crossed skies of flame, like that which quivers
+
+Wistfully just before a winter's night.
+
+Great moors led off to sedgy shores unpeopled.
+Where vast birds wheeled, while on a windswept hill
+There was a village, ancient and white-steepled.
+With evening chimes for which I listen still.
+I do not know what land it is - or dare
+Ask when or why I was, or will be, there.
+
+
+
+1299
+
+
+
+XXIV. The Canal
+
+Somewhere in dream there is an evil place
+Where tall, deserted buildings crowd along
+A deep, black, narrow channel, reeking strong
+Of frightful things whence oily currents race.
+Lanes with old walls half meeting overhead
+Wind off to streets one may or may not know.
+And feeble moonlight sheds a spectral glow
+Over long rows of windows, dark and dead.
+
+There are no footfalls, and the one soft sound
+
+Is of the oily water as it glides
+
+Under stone bridges, and along the sides
+
+Of its deep flume, to some vague ocean bound.
+
+None lives to tell when that stream washed away
+
+Its dream-lost region from the world of clay.
+
+XXV. St. Toad's
+
+"Beware St. Toad's cracked chimes!" I heard him scream
+
+As I plunged into those mad lanes that wind
+
+In labyrinths obscure and undefined
+
+South of the river where old centuries dream.
+
+He was a furtive figure, bent and ragged.
+
+And in a flash had staggered out of sight.
+
+So still I burrowed onward in the night
+
+Toward where more roof-lines rose, malign and jagged.
+
+No guide-book told of what was lurking here -
+
+But now I heard another old man shriek:
+
+"Beware St.Toad's cracked chimes!" And growing weak,
+
+I paused, when a third greybeard croaked in fear:
+
+"Beware St. Toad's cracked chimes!" Aghast, I fled -
+
+Till suddenly that black spire loomed ahead.
+
+XXVI. The Familiars
+
+John Whateley lived about a mile from town.
+Up where the hills begin to huddle thick;
+We never thought his wits were very quick.
+Seeing the way he let his farm run down.
+He used to waste his time on some queer books
+
+
+
+1300
+
+
+
+He'd found around the attic of his place.
+Till funny lines got creased into his face.
+And folks all said they didn't like his looks.
+
+When he began those night-howls we declared
+He'd better be locked up away from harm.
+So three men from the Aylesbury town farm
+Went for him - but came back alone and scared.
+They'd found him talking to two crouching things
+That at their step flew off on great black wings.
+
+XXVII. The Elder Pharos
+
+From Leng, where rocky peaks climb bleak and bare
+
+Under cold stars obscure to human sight.
+
+There shoots at dusk a single beam of light
+
+Whose far blue rays make shepherds whine in prayer.
+
+They say (though none has been there) that it comes
+
+Out of a pharos in a tower of stone.
+
+Where the last Elder One lives on alone.
+
+Talking to Chaos with the beat of drums.
+
+The Thing, they whisper, wears a silken mask
+Of yellow, whose queer folds appear to hide
+A face not of this earth, though none dares ask
+Just what those features are, which bulge inside.
+Many, in man's first youth, sought out that glow.
+But what they found, no one will ever know.
+
+XXVIII. Expectancy
+
+I cannot tell why some things hold for me
+A sense of unplumbed marvels to befall.
+Or of a rift in the horizon's wall
+Opening to worlds where only gods can be.
+There is a breathless, vague expectancy.
+As of vast ancient pomps I half recall.
+Or wild adventures, uncorporeal.
+Ecstasy-fraught, and as a day-dream free.
+
+It is in sunsets and strange city spires.
+
+Old villages and woods and misty downs.
+
+South winds, the sea, low hills, and lighted towns.
+
+
+
+1301
+
+
+
+Old gardens, half-heard songs, and the moon's fires.
+But though its lure alone makes life worth living.
+None gains or guesses what it hints at giving.
+
+XXIX. Nostalgia
+
+Once every year, in autumn's wistful glow.
+
+The birds fly out over an ocean waste.
+
+Calling and chattering in a joyous haste
+
+To reach some land their inner memories know.
+
+Great terraced gardens where bright blossoms blow.
+
+And lines of mangoes luscious to the taste.
+
+And temple-groves with branches interlaced
+
+Over cool paths - all these their vague dreams shew.
+
+They search the sea for marks of their old shore -
+For the tall city, white and turreted -
+But only empty waters stretch ahead.
+So that at last they turn away once more.
+Yet sunken deep where alien polyps throng.
+The old towers miss their lost, remembered song.
+
+XXX. Background
+
+I never can be tied to raw, new things.
+
+For I first saw the light in an old town.
+
+Where from my window huddled roofs sloped down
+
+To a quaint harbour rich with visionings.
+
+Streets with carved doorways where the sunset beams
+
+Flooded old fanlights and small window-panes.
+
+And Georgian steeples topped with gilded vanes -
+
+These were the sights that shaped my childhood dreams.
+
+Such treasures, left from times of cautious leaven.
+Cannot but loose the hold of flimsier wraiths
+That flit with shifting ways and muddled faiths
+Across the changeless walls of earth and heaven.
+They cut the moment's thongs and leave me free
+To stand alone before eternity.
+
+
+
+1302
+
+
+
+XXXI. The Dweller
+
+It had been old when Babylon was new;
+None knows how long it slept beneath that mound.
+Where in the end our questing shovels found
+Its granite blocks and brought it back to view.
+There were vast pavements and foundation-walls.
+And crumbling slabs and statues, carved to shew
+Fantastic beings of some long ago
+Past anything the world of man recalls.
+
+And then we saw those stone steps leading down
+Through a choked gate of graven dolomite
+To some black haven of eternal night
+Where elder signs and primal secrets frown.
+We cleared a path - but raced in mad retreat
+When from below we heard those clumping feet.
+
+XXXII. Alienation
+
+His solid flesh had never been away.
+
+For each dawn found him in his usual place.
+
+But every night his spirit loved to race
+
+Through gulfs and worlds remote from common day.
+
+He had seen Yaddith, yet retained his mind.
+
+And come back safely from the Ghooric zone.
+
+When one still night across curved space was thrown
+
+That beckoning piping from the voids behind.
+
+He waked that morning as an older man.
+And nothing since has looked the same to him.
+Objects around float nebulous and dim -
+False, phantom trifles of some vaster plan.
+His folk and friends are now an alien throng
+To which he struggles vainly to belong.
+
+XXXIII. Harbour Whistles
+
+Over old roofs and past decaying spires
+The harbour whistles chant all through the night;
+Throats from strange ports, and beaches far and white.
+And fabulous oceans, ranged in motley choirs.
+Each to the other alien and unknown.
+
+
+
+1303
+
+
+
+Yet all, by some obscurely focussed force
+
+From brooding gulfs beyond the Zodiac's course.
+
+Fused into one mysterious cosmic drone.
+
+Through shadowy dreams they send a marching line
+
+Of still more shadowy shapes and hints and views;
+
+Echoes from outer voids, and subtle clues
+
+To things which they themselves cannot define.
+
+And always in that chorus, faintly blent.
+
+We catch some notes no earth-ship ever sent.
+
+XXXIV. Recapture
+
+The way led down a dark, half-wooded heath
+
+Where moss-grey boulders humped above the mould.
+
+And curious drops, disquieting and cold.
+
+Sprayed up from unseen streams in gulfs beneath.
+
+There was no wind, nor any trace of sound
+
+In puzzling shrub, or alien-featured tree.
+
+Nor any view before - till suddenly.
+
+Straight in my path, I saw a monstrous mound.
+
+Half to the sky those steep sides loomed upspread.
+
+Rank-grassed, and cluttered by a crumbling flight
+
+Of lava stairs that scaled the fear-topped height
+
+In steps too vast for any human tread.
+
+I shrieked - and knew what primal star and year
+
+Had sucked me back from man's dream-transient sphere!
+
+XXXV. Evening Star
+
+I saw it from that hidden, silent place
+Where the old wood half shuts the meadow in.
+It shone through all the sunset's glories - thin
+At first, but with a slowly brightening face.
+Night came, and that lone beacon, amber-hued.
+Beat on my sight as never it did of old;
+The evening star - but grown a thousandfold
+More haunting in this hush and solitude.
+
+It traced strange pictures on the quivering air -
+Half-memories that had always filled my eyes -
+Vast towers and gardens; curious seas and skies
+
+
+
+1304
+
+
+
+Of some dim life - 1 never could tell where.
+But now I knew that through the cosmic dome
+Those rays were calling from my far, lost home.
+
+XXXVI. Continuity
+
+There is in certain ancient things a trace
+
+Of some dim essence - more than form or weight;
+
+A tenuous aether, indeterminate.
+
+Yet linked with all the laws of time and space.
+
+A faint, veiled sign of continuities
+
+That outward eyes can never quite descry;
+
+Of locked dimensions harbouring years gone by.
+
+And out of reach except for hidden keys.
+
+It moves me most when slanting sunbeams glow
+
+On old farm buildings set against a hill.
+
+And paint with life the shapes which linger still
+
+From centuries less a dream than this we know.
+
+In that strange light I feel I am not far
+
+From the fixt mass whose sides the ages are.
+
+
+
+1305
+
+
+
+Good Saint Nick
+
+May good St. Nick, like as a bird of night.
+Bring thee rich blessings in his annual flight;
+Long by thy chimney rest his pond'rous pack.
+And leave with lessen'd weight upon his back!
+
+
+
+1306
+
+
+
+Hallowe'^en in a Suburb
+
+The steeples are white in the wild moonlight.
+
+And the trees have a silver glare;
+
+Past the chimneys high see the vampires fly.
+
+And the harpies of upper air.
+
+That flutter and laugh and stare.
+
+For the village dead to the moon outspread
+
+Never shone in the sunset's gleam.
+
+But grew out of the deep that the dead years keep
+
+Where the rivers of madness stream
+
+Down the gulfs to a pit of dream.
+
+A chill wind blows through the rows of sheaves
+
+In the meadows that shimmer pale.
+
+And comes to twine where the headstones shine
+
+And the ghouls of the churchyard wail
+
+For harvests that fly and fail.
+
+Not a breath of the strange grey gods of change
+
+That tore from the past its own
+
+Can quicken this hour, when a spectral power
+
+Spreads sleep o'er the cosmic throne.
+
+And looses the vast unknown.
+
+So here again stretch the vale and plain
+That moons long-forgotten saw.
+And the dead leap gay in the pallid ray.
+Sprung out of the tomb's black maw
+To shake all the world with awe.
+
+And all that the morn shall greet forlorn.
+
+The ugliness and the pest
+
+Of rows where thick rise the stones and brick.
+
+Shall some day be with the rest.
+
+And brood with the shades unblest.
+
+Then wild in the dark let the lemurs bark.
+And the leprous spires ascend;
+For new and old alike in the fold
+
+
+
+1307
+
+
+
+Of horror and death are penned.
+For the hounds of Time to rend.
+
+
+
+1308
+
+
+
+Laeta; A Lament
+
+How sad droop the willows by Zalal's fair side.
+Where so lately I stray'd with my raven-hair'd bride;
+Ev'ry light-floating lily, each flow'r on the shore.
+Folds in sorrow since Laeta can see them no more!
+
+Oh blest were the days when in childhood and hope
+With my Laeta I rov'd o'er the blossom-clad slope.
+Plucking white meadow-daisies and ferns by the stream.
+As we laugh'd at the ripples that twinkle and gleam.
+
+Not a bloom deck'd the mead that could rival in grace
+The dear innocent charms of my Laeta's fair face;
+Not a thrush thrill'd the grove with a carol so choice
+As the silvery strains of my Laeta's sweet voice.
+
+The shy nymphs of the woodlands, the fount, and the plain.
+Strove to equal her beauty, but strove all in vain;
+Yet no envy they bore her, while fruitless they strove.
+For so pure was my Laeta, they could only love!
+
+When the warm breath of Auster play'd soft o'er the flow'rs.
+And young Zephyrus rustled the gay scented bow'rs,
+Ev'ry breeze seem'd to pause as it drew near the fair.
+Too much aw'd at her sweetness to tumble her hair.
+
+How fond were our dreams on the day when we stood
+In the ivy-grown temple beside the dark wood;
+When our pledges we seal'd at the sanctify'd shrine.
+And I knew that my Laeta forever was mine!
+
+How blissful our thoughts when the wild autumn came.
+And the forests with scarlet and gold were aflame;
+Yet how heavy my heart when I first felt the fear
+That my starry-eyed Laeta would fade with the year!
+
+The pastures were sere and the heavens were grey
+When I laid my lov'd Laeta forever away.
+And the river god pity'd, as weeping I pac'd
+Mingling hot bitter tears with his cold frozen waste.
+
+
+
+1309
+
+
+
+Now the flow'rs have return' d, but they bloom not so sweet
+As in days when they blossom'd round Laeta's dear feet;
+And the willows complain to the answering hill.
+And the thrushes that once were so happy are still.
+
+The green meadows and groves in their loneliness pine.
+Whilst the dryads no more in their madrigals join.
+The breeze once so joyous now murmurs and sighs.
+And blows soft o'er the spot where my lov'd Laeta lies.
+
+So pensive I roam o'er the desolate lawn
+Where we wander'd and lov'd in the days that are gone.
+And I yearn for the autumn, when Zalal's blue tide
+Shall sing low by my grave and the lov'd Laeta's side.
+
+
+
+1310
+
+
+
+Lines on General Robert Edward Lee
+
+Si veris magna paratur
+
+Fama bonis, et se successu nuda remoto
+
+Inspicitur virtus, quicquid laudamus in ullo
+
+Majorum, ortuna fuit.
+
+- Lucan
+
+Whilst martial echoes o'er the wave resound.
+And Europe's gore incarnadines the ground;
+Today no foreign hero we bemoan.
+But count the glowing virtues of our own!
+illustrious LEE! around whose honour'd name
+Entwines a patriot's and a Christian's fame;
+With whose just praise admiring nations ring.
+And whom repenting foes contritely sing!
+When first our land fraternal fury bore.
+And Sumter's guns alarm'd the anxious shore;
+When Faction's reign ancestral rights o'erthrew.
+And sunder'd States a mutual hatred knew;
+Then clash'd contending chiefs of kindred line.
+In flesh to suffer and in fame to shine.
+But o'er them all, majestic in his might.
+Rose LEE, unrivall'd, to sublimest height:
+With torturing choice defy'd opposing Fate,
+And shunn'd Temptation for his native State!
+Thus Washington his monarch's rule o'erturned
+When young Columbia with rebellion burn'd.
+And what in Washington the world reveres.
+In LEE with equal magnitude appears.
+Our nation's Father, crown'd with vict'ry bays.
+Enjoys a loving land's eternal praise:
+Let, then, our hearts with equal rev'rence greet
+His proud successor, rising o'er defeat!
+Around his greatness pour disheart'ning woes.
+But still he tow'rs above his conquering foes.
+Silence! ye jackal herd that vainly blame
+Th' unspotted leader by a traitor's name.
+If such was LEE, let blushing Justice mourn.
+And trait'rous Liberty endure our scorn!
+As Philopoemen once sublimely strove.
+And earn'd declining Hellas' thankful love;
+
+
+
+1311
+
+
+
+So followed LEE the purest patriot's part.
+
+And wak'd the worship of the grateful heart:
+
+The South her soul in body'd form discerns;
+
+The North from LEE a nobler freedom learns!
+
+Attend! ye sons of Albion's ancient race,
+
+Whate'er your country, and whate'er your place;
+
+LEE'S valiant deeds, though dear to Southern song.
+
+To all our Saxon strain as well belong.
+
+Courage like his the parent Island won.
+
+And led an Empire past the setting sun;
+
+To realms unknown our laws and language bore,
+
+Rais'd England's banner on the desert shore;
+
+Crush'd the proud rival, and subdued the sea
+
+For ages past, and aeons yet to be!
+
+From Scotia's hilly bounds the paean rolls.
+
+And Afric's distant Cape great LEE extols;
+
+The sainted soul and manly mien combine
+
+To grace Britannia's and Virginia's line
+
+As dullards now in thoughtless fervour prate
+
+Of shameful peace, and sing th' unmanly State;
+
+As churls their piping reprobations shriek.
+
+And damn the heroes that protect the weak;
+
+Let LEE'S brave shade the timid throng accost.
+
+And give them back the manhood they have lost!
+
+What kindlier spirit, breathing from on high.
+
+Can teach us how to live and how to die?
+
+
+
+1312
+
+
+
+Little Tiger
+
+Little Tiger, burning bright
+With a subtle Blakeish Hght,
+Tell what visions have their home
+In those eyes of flame and chrome!
+Children vex thee - thoughtless, gay
+Holding when thou wouldst away:
+What dark lore is that which thou.
+Spitting, mixest with thy meow?
+
+
+
+1313
+
+
+
+Nathicana
+
+(cowritten with Alfred Galpin)
+
+It was in the pale garden of Zais;
+
+The mist-shrouded gardens of Zais,
+
+Where blossoms the white naphalot.
+
+The redolent herald of midnight.
+
+There slumber the still lakes of crystal.
+
+And streamlets that flow without murm'ring;
+
+Smooth streamlets from caverns of Kathos
+
+Where broodth the calm spirits of twilight.
+
+And over the lakes and the streamlets
+
+Are bridges of pure alabaster.
+
+White bridges all cunningly carven
+
+With figures of fairies and daemons.
+
+Here glimmer strange suns and strange planets.
+
+And strange is the crescent Bnapis
+
+That sets 'yong the ivy-grown ramparts
+
+Where thicken the dusk of the evening.
+
+Here fall the white vapours of Yabon;
+
+And here in the swirl of vapours
+
+I saw the divine Nathicana;
+
+The garlanded, white Nathicana;
+
+The slow -eyed, red-lipped Nathicana;
+
+The silver-voiced, sweet Nathicana;
+
+The pale-rob'd, belov'd Nathicana.
+
+And ever was she my beloved.
+
+From ages when time was unfashioned
+
+Now anything fashion'd but Yabon.
+
+And here dwelt we ever and ever.
+
+The innocent children of Zais,
+
+At peace in the paths and the arbours.
+
+White-crowned with the blest nephalote.
+
+How oft would we float in the twilight
+
+O'er flow'r-cover'd pastures and hillsides
+
+All white with the lowly astalthon;
+
+The lowly yet lovely astalthon.
+
+And dream in a world made of dreaming
+
+The dreams that are fairer than Aidenn;
+
+Bright dreams that are truer than reason!
+
+So dreamed and so lov'd we thro' ages.
+
+
+
+1314
+
+
+
+Till came the cursed season of Dzannin;
+
+The daemon-damn'd season of Dzannin;
+
+When red shone the suns and the planets.
+
+And red learned the crescent Banapis,
+
+And red fell the vapours of Yabon.
+
+Then redden'd the blossoms and streamlets
+
+And lakes that lay under the bridges.
+
+And even the calm alabaster
+
+glowed pink with uncanny reflections
+
+Till all the carv'd fairies and daemons
+
+Leer'd redly from the backgrounds of shadow.
+
+Now redden'd my vision, and madly
+
+I strove to peer thro' the dense curtain
+
+And glimpsed the divine Nathicana;
+
+The pure, ever-pale Nathicana;
+
+The lov'd, the unchang'd Nathicana.
+
+But vortex on vortex of madness
+
+Beclouded my labouring vision;
+
+My damnable, reddening vision
+
+That built a new world for my seeing;
+
+Anew world of redness and darkness,
+
+A horrible coma call'd living
+
+So now in this come call'd living
+
+I view the bright phantons of beauty;
+
+The false hollow phantoms of beauty
+
+That cloak all the evils of Dzannin.
+
+I view them with infinite longing.
+
+So like do they seem to my lov'd one:
+
+Yet foul for their eyes shines their evil;
+
+Their cruel and pitilessevil.
+
+More evil than Thaphron and Latgoz,
+
+Twice ill fro its gorgeous concealment.
+
+And only in slumbers of midnight
+
+Appears the lost maid Nathicana,
+
+The pallid, the pure Nathicana
+
+Who fades at the glance of the dreamer.
+
+Again and again do I seek her;
+
+I woo with deep draughts of Plathotis,
+
+Deep draughts brew'd in wine of Astarte
+
+And strengthen'd with tears of long weeping.
+
+I yearn for the gardens of Zais;
+
+The lovely, lost garden of Zais
+
+Where blossoms the white nephalot.
+
+
+
+1315
+
+
+
+The redolent herald of midnight.
+The last potent draught am I brewing;
+A draught that the daemons delight ih;
+A drught that will banish the redness;
+The horrible coma call'd living.
+Soon, soon, if I fail not in brewing.
+The redness and madness will vanish.
+And deep in the worm-people'd darkness
+Will rot the base chains that hav bound me.
+Once more shall the gardens of Zais
+Dawn white on my long-tortur'd vision,
+Andthere midst the vapours of Yabon
+Will stand the divine Nathicana;
+The deathless, restor'd Nathicana
+whose like is not met with in living.
+
+(In a letter to Donald Wandrei written August 2, 1927, Lovecraft said that this
+
+poem was supposed to be a
+
+"parody on those stylistic excesses which really have no basic meaning". In his
+
+response ten days later,
+
+Wandrei said "It is a rare and curious kind of literary freak, a satire too good, so
+
+that, instead of
+
+parodying, it possesses, the original." )
+
+
+
+1316
+
+
+
+Nemesis
+
+Through the ghoul-guarded gateways of slumber.
+
+Past the wan-mooned abysses of night,
+
+I have lived o'er my lives without number,
+
+I have sounded all things with my sight;
+
+And I struggle and shriek ere the daybreak, being driven to madness with fright.
+
+I have whirled with the earth at the dawning.
+
+When the sky was a vaporous flame;
+
+I have seen the dark universe yawning
+
+Where the black planets roll without aim.
+
+Where they roll in their horror unheeded, without knowledge or lustre or name.
+
+I had drifted o'er seas without ending.
+
+Under sinister grey -clouded skies.
+
+That the many -forked lightning is rending.
+
+That resound with hysterical cries;
+
+With the moans of invisible daemons, that out of the green waters rise.
+
+I have plunged like a deer through the arches
+
+Of the hoary primoridal grove.
+
+Where the oaks feel the presence that marches.
+
+And stalks on where no spirit dares rove.
+
+And I flee from a thing that surrounds me, and leers through dead branches
+
+above.
+
+I have stumbled by cave-ridden mountains
+
+That rise barren and bleak from the plain,
+
+I have drunk of the fog-foetid fountains
+
+That ooze down to the marsh and the main;
+
+And in hot cursed tarns I have seen things, I care not to gaze on again.
+
+I have scanned the vast ivy-clad palace,
+
+I have trod its untenanted hall.
+
+Where the moon rising up from the valleys
+
+Shows the tapestried things on the wall;
+
+Strange figures discordantly woven, that I cannot endure to recall.
+
+I have peered from the casements in wonder
+At the mouldering meadows around.
+At the many-roofed village laid under
+
+
+
+1317
+
+
+
+The curse of a grave-girdled ground;
+
+And from rows of white urn-carven marble, I listen intently for sound.
+
+I have haunted the tombs of the ages,
+
+I have flown on the pinions of fear.
+
+Where the smoke-belching Erebus rages;
+
+Where the jokulls loom snow -clad and drear:
+
+And in realms where the sun of the desert consumes what it never can cheer.
+
+I was old when the pharaohs first mounted
+
+The jewel-decked throne by the Nile;
+
+I was old in those epochs uncounted
+
+When I, and I only, was vile;
+
+And Man, yet untainted and happy, dwelt in bliss on the far Arctic isle.
+
+Oh, great was the sin of my spirit.
+
+And great is the reach of its doom;
+
+Not the pity of Heaven can cheer it.
+
+Nor can respite be found in the tomb:
+
+Down the infinite aeons come beating the wings of unmerciful gloom.
+
+Through the ghoul-guarded gateways of slumber.
+
+Past the wan-mooned abysses of night,
+
+I have lived o'er my lives without number,
+
+I have sounded all things with my sight;
+
+And I struggle and shriek ere the daybreak, being driven to madness with fright.
+
+
+
+1318
+
+
+
+Ode for July Fourth, 1917
+
+As Columbia's brave scions, in anger array'd.
+
+Once defy'd a proud monarch and built a new nation;
+
+'Gainst their brothers of Britain unsheath'd the sharp blade
+
+That hath ne'er met defeat nor endur'd desecration;
+
+So must we in this hour
+
+Show our valour and pow'r.
+
+And dispel the black perils that over us low'r:
+
+Whilst the sons of Britannia, no longer our foes.
+
+Will rejoice in our triumphs and strengthen our blows!
+
+See the banners of Liberty float in the breeze
+
+That plays light o'er the regions our fathers defended;
+
+Hear the voice of the million resound o'er the leas.
+
+As deeds of the past are proclaim'd and commended;
+
+And in splendour on high
+
+Where our flags proudly fly.
+
+See the folds we tore down flung again to the sky:
+
+For the Emblem of England, in kinship unfurl'd.
+
+Shall divide with Old Glory the praise of the world!
+
+Bury'd now are the hatreds of subject and King,
+
+And the strife that once sunder'd an Empire hath vanish'd.
+
+With the fame of the Saxon the heavens shall ring
+
+As the vultures of darkness are baffled and banish' d;
+
+And the broad British sea.
+
+Of her enemies free.
+
+Shall in tribute bow gladly, Columbia to thee:
+
+For the friends of the Right, in the field side by side.
+
+Form a fabric of Freedom no hand can divide!
+
+
+
+1319
+
+
+
+On Reading Lord Dunsany's Book of
+Wonder
+
+
+
+The hours of night unheeded fly.
+And in the grate the embers fade;
+Vast shadows one by one pass by
+In silent daemon cavalcade.
+
+But still the magic volume holds
+The raptur'd eye in realms apart.
+And fulgent sorcery enfolds
+The willing mind and eager heart.
+
+The lonely room no more is there -
+For to the sight in pomp appear
+Temples and cities pois'd in air
+And blazing glories - sphere on sphere.
+
+
+
+1320
+
+
+
+On Receiving a Picture of Swans
+
+"Impromtu verse, or 'poetry' to order, is easy only when approached in the cooly
+
+prosaic sprit. Given
+
+something to say, a metrical mechanic like myself can easily hammer the matter
+
+into technically correct
+
+verse, substituting formal poetic diction for real inspiration or thought. For
+
+instance, I lately received a
+
+post-card bearing the picture of swans on a placid stream. Desiring to reply in
+
+appropriate verse, I harked
+
+back to the classic myth of Phaethon and Cygnus, handling it as follows:
+
+With pensive grace, the melancholy Swan
+Mourns o'er the tomb of luckless Phaethon;
+On grassy banks the weeping poplars wave.
+And guard with tender card the wat'ry grave.
+Would that I might, should I too proudly claim
+An Heav'nly parent, or a God-like fame;
+When flown too high, and dash'd to depths below.
+Receive such tribute as a Cygnus' woe!
+The faithful bird, that dumbly floats along.
+Sighs all the deeper for his want of song.
+
+"This required about 10 minutes of composition."
+
+
+
+1321
+
+
+
+Pacifist War Song - 1917
+
+We are the valiant Knights of Peace
+Who prattle for the Right:
+Our banner is of snowy fleece,
+Inscrib'd: "TOO PROUD TO FIGHT!"
+
+By sweet Chautauqua's flow'ry banks
+We love to sing and play.
+But should we spy a foeman's ranks!
+We'd proudly run away!
+
+When Prussian fury sweeps the main
+Our freedom to deny;
+Of tyrant laws we ne'er complain;
+But gladsomely comply!
+
+We do not fear the submarines
+That plough the troubled foam;
+We scorn the ugly old machines -
+And safely stay at home!
+
+They say our country's close to war
+And soon must man the guns;
+But we see naught to struggle for -
+We love the gentle Huns!
+
+What though their hireling Greaser bands
+Invade our southern plains?
+We well can spare those boist'rous lands.
+Content with what remains!
+
+Our fathers were both rude and bold.
+And would not live like brothers;
+But we are of a finer mould -
+We're much more like our mothers!
+
+
+
+1322
+
+
+
+Poemata Minora
+
+Published September 1902
+
+To The
+
+Gods, Heros, & Ideals
+
+Of The
+
+ANCIENTS
+
+This Volume is Affectionately
+
+DEDICATED
+
+By
+
+A
+
+GREAT
+
+ADMIRER
+
+I submit to the publik these idle lines, hoping they will please.
+
+They form a sort of series, with my Odyssey, Iliad, Aeneid, and the like.
+
+Ode to Selene or Diana
+
+Immortal Moon, in maiden splendour shine;
+Dispense thy beams, divine Latona's child.
+Thy silver rays all grosser things define.
+And hide harsh Truth in sweet illusion mildl.
+
+In thy soft light, the city of unrest
+That stands so squalid in thy brother's glare.
+Throws off its habit, and in silence blest.
+Becomes a vision, sparkling bright and fair.
+
+The modern world,with all its care and pain
+The smokey streets, the loathsome clanging mills.
+Face 'neath thy breams, Selene, and again
+We dream as shepherds on Chaldea's hills.
+
+Take heed, Diana, of my humble plea;
+Convey me where my happiness can last.
+Draw me against the tide of Time's rought sea.
+And let my sprirt rest amidst the past.
+
+
+
+1323
+
+
+
+To the Old Pagan Religion
+
+Olympian gods! how can I let ye go.
+
+And pin my faith to this new Christian creed?
+
+Can I resign the deities I know,
+
+for him who on a cross for man did bleed?
+
+How in my weakness can my hopes depend
+On one lone god, tho' mighty be his pow'r?
+Why can Jove's host no more assistance lend.
+To Soothe my pain, and cheer my troubled hour?
+
+Are there no dryads on these wooded mounts
+O'er which I oft in desolation roam?
+Are there no naiads in these crystal founts
+Or nereids upon the ocean foam?
+
+Fast spreads the new; the older faith declines;
+The name of Christ resounds upon the air;
+But my wrack'd soul in solitude repines
+And gives the gods their last-received pray'r.
+
+On the Ruin of Rome
+
+How dost thou lie, O Rome, neath the foot of the Teuton
+Slaves are they men, and bent to the will of thy conqueror;
+Wither hath gone, great city, the race that gave law to all nations,
+Subdu'd the East and the West, and made them bow down to thy consuls.
+Knew not defeat, but gave it to all who attack'd thee?
+
+Dead! and replac'd by these wretches who cower in confusion.
+
+Dead! they who gave us this empire to guard and to live in,
+
+Rome, thou didst fall from thy pow'r with the proud race that made thee,
+
+and we, base Italians, enjoy'd what we could not have builded.
+
+To Pan
+
+Seated in a woodland glen
+By a shallow stream
+Once I fell a-musing, when
+I was lull'd into a dream.
+
+
+
+1324
+
+
+
+From the brook a shape arose
+Half a man and half a goat.
+Hoofs it had instead of toes
+And a beard adorn'd its throat.
+
+On a set of rustic reeds
+Sweetly play'd this hybrid man
+Naught car'd I for earthly needs.
+For I knew that this was Pan.
+
+Nymphs and Satyrs gather'd round
+To enjoy the lively sound.
+
+All to soon I woke in pain
+And return'd to haunts of men
+But in rural vales I'd fain
+Live and hear Pan's pipes again
+
+On the Vanity of Human Ambition
+
+Apollo, chasing Daphen, claim'd his prize
+But lo! she turn'd to wood before his eyes.
+More modern swains at golden prizes aim.
+And ever strive some worldly thing to claim.
+Yet 'tis the same as in Apollo's case.
+For, once attain' d, the purest gold seems base.
+All that men seek's unworthy of the quest.
+Yet seek they will, and never pause for rest.
+True bliss, methinks, a man can only find
+In virtuous life, and cultivated mind.
+
+
+
+1325
+
+
+
+Providence
+
+Written May 1924
+
+Where bay and river tranquil blend.
+
+And leafy hillsides rise.
+
+The spires of Providence ascend
+
+Against the ancient skies.
+
+And in the narrow winding ways
+
+That climb o'er slope and crest.
+
+The magic of forgotten days
+
+May still be found to rest.
+
+A fanlight's gleam, a knocker's blow,
+
+A glimpse of Georgian brick -
+
+The sights and sounds of long ago
+
+Where fancies cluster thick.
+
+A flight of steps with iron rail,
+
+A belfry looming tall,
+
+A slender steeple, carved and pale,
+
+A moss-grown garden wall.
+
+A hidden churchyard's crumbling proofs
+
+Of man's mortality,
+
+A rotting wharf where gambrel roofs
+
+Keep watch above the sea.
+
+Square and parade, whose walls have towered
+
+Full fifteen decades long
+
+By cobbled ways 'mid trees embowered.
+
+And slighted by the throng.
+
+Stone bridges spanning languid streams.
+
+Houses perched on the hill.
+
+And courts where mysteries and dreams
+
+The brooding spirit fill.
+
+Steep alley steps by vines concealed.
+
+Where small-paned windows glow
+
+At twilight on a bit of field
+
+That chance has left below.
+
+My Providence! What airy hosts
+
+Turn still thy gilded vanes;
+
+What winds of elf that with grey ghosts
+
+People thine ancient lanes!
+
+The chimes of evening as of old
+
+Above thy valleys sound.
+
+
+
+1326
+
+
+
+While thy stern fathers 'neath the mould
+Make blest thy sacred ground.
+
+
+
+1327
+
+
+
+Revelation
+
+In a vale of light and laughter.
+Shining 'neath the friendly sun.
+Where fulfilment foUow'd after
+Ev'ry hope or dream begun;
+Where an Aidenn gay and glorious,
+Beckon'd down the winsome way;
+There my soul, o'er pain victorious,
+Laugh'd and lingered - yesterday.
+
+Green and narrow was my valley,
+Temper'd with a verdant shade;
+Sun deck'd brooklets musically
+Sparkled thro' each glorious glade;
+And at night the stars serenely
+Glow'd betwixt the boughs o'erhead.
+While Astarte, calm and queenly.
+Floods of fairy radiance shed.
+
+There amid the tinted bowers,
+Raptur'd with the opiate spell
+Of the grasses, ferns and flowers.
+Poppy, Phlox and Pimpernel,
+Long I lay, entranc'd and dreaming,
+Pleas'd with Nature's bounteous store.
+Till I mark'd the shaded gleaming
+Of the sky, and yearn'd for more.
+
+Eagerly the branches tearing,
+Clear'd I all the space above.
+Till the bolder gaze, high faring,
+Scann'd the naked skies of Jove;
+Deeps unguess'd now shone before me.
+Splendid beam'd the solar car;
+Wings of fervid fancy bore me
+Out beyond the farthest star.
+
+Reaching, gasping, wishing, longing
+For the pageant brought to sight.
+Vain I watch'd the gold orbs thronging
+Round the celestial poles of light.
+
+
+
+1328
+
+
+
+Madly on a moonbeam ladder
+Heav'ns abyss I sought to scale.
+Ever wiser, ever sadder.
+As the fruitless task would fail.
+
+Then, with futile striving sated,
+Veer'd my soul to earth again.
+Well content that I was fated
+For a fair, yet low domain;
+Pleasing thoughts of glad tomorrows.
+Like the blissful moments past,
+Lull'd to rest my transient sorrows,
+Stil'd my godless greed at last.
+
+But my downward glance, returning.
+Shrank in fright from what it spy'd;
+Slopes in hideous torment burning.
+Terror in the brooklet's tide:
+For the dell, of shade denuded
+By my desecrating hand,
+'Neath the bare sky blaz'd and brooded
+As a lost, accursed land.
+
+
+
+1329
+
+
+
+The Bride of the Sea
+
+Black loom the crags of the uplands behind me.
+Dark are the sands of the far-stretching shore.
+Dim are the pathways and rocks that remind me
+Sadly of years in the lost Nevermore.
+
+Soft laps the ocean on wave-polish'd boulder.
+Sweet is the sound and familiar to me;
+Here, with her head gently bent to my shoulder,
+Walk'd I with Unda, the Bride of the Sea.
+
+Bright was the morn of my youth when I met her.
+Sweet as the breeze that blew o'er the brine.
+Swift was I captur'd in Love's strongest fetter.
+Glad to be here, and she glad to be mine.
+
+Never a question ask'd I where she wander'd.
+Never a question ask'd she of my birth:
+Happy as children, we thought not nor ponder'd.
+Glad of the bounty of ocean and earth.
+
+Once when the moonlight play'd soft 'mid the billows.
+High on the cliff o'er the waters we stood.
+Bound was her hair with a garland of willows,
+Pluck'd by the fount in the bird-haunted wood.
+
+Strangely she gaz'd on the surges beneath her,
+Charm'd with the sound or entranc'd by the light:
+Then did the waves a wild aspect bequeath her.
+Stern as the ocean and weird as the night.
+
+Coldly she left me, astonish'd and weeping.
+Standing alone 'mid the legions she bless'd:
+Down, ever downward, half gliding, half creeping.
+Stole the sweet Unda in oceanward quest.
+
+Calm grew the sea, and tumultuous beating
+Turn'd to a ripple as Unda the fair
+Trod the wet sands in affectionate greeting,
+Beckon'd to me, and no longer was there!
+
+
+
+1330
+
+
+
+Long did I pace by the banks where she vanish' d.
+High cHmb'd the moon and descended again.
+Grey broke the dawn till the sad night was banish' d.
+Still ach'd my soul with its infinite pain.
+
+All the wide world have I search'd for my darling;
+Scour'd the far desert and sail'd distant seas.
+Once on the wave while the tempest was snarling,
+Flash'd a fair face that brought quiet and ease.
+
+Ever in restlessness onward I stumble
+Seeking and pining scarce heeding my way.
+Now have I stray' d where the wide waters rumble.
+Back to the scene of the lost yesterday.
+
+Lo! the red moon from the ocean's low hazes
+Rises in ominous grandeur to view;
+Strange is its face as my tortur'd eye gazes
+O'er the vast reaches of sparkle and blue.
+
+Straight from the moon to the shore where I'm sighing
+Grows a bright bridge made of wavelets and beams.
+Frail it may be, yet how simple the trying,
+Wand'ring from earth to the orb of sweet dreams.
+
+What is yon face in the moonlight appearing;
+Have I at last found the maiden that fled?
+Out on the beam-bridge my footsteps are nearing
+Her whose sweet beckoning hastens my tread.
+
+Current's surround me, and drowsily swaying.
+Far on the moon-path I seek the sweet face.
+Eagerly, hasting, half panting, half praying.
+Forward I reach for the vision of grace.
+
+Murmuring waters about me are closing.
+Soft the sweet vision advances to me.
+Done are my trials; my heart is reposing
+Safe with my Unda, the Bride of the Sea.
+
+
+
+1331
+
+
+
+The Cats
+
+Babels of blocks to the high heavens towering
+Flames of futility swirling below;
+Poisonous fungi in brick and stone flowering.
+Lanterns that shudder and death-lights that glow.
+
+Black monstrous bridges across oily rivers.
+Cobwebs of cable to nameless things spun;
+Catacomb deeps whose dank chaos delivers
+Streams of live foetor that rots in the sun.
+
+Colour and splendour, disease and decaying.
+Shrieking and ringing and crawling insane.
+Rabbles exotic to stranger-gods praying.
+Jumbles of odour that stifle the brain.
+
+Legions of cats from the alleys nocturnal.
+Howling and lean in the glare of the moon.
+Screaming the future with mouthings infernal.
+Yelling the Garden of Pluto's red rune.
+
+Tall towers and pyramids ivy'd and crumbling.
+Bats that swoop low in the weed-cumber'd streets;
+Bleak Arkham bridges o'er rivers whose rumbling
+Joins with no voice as the thick horde retreats.
+
+Belfries that buckle against the moon totter.
+Caverns whose mouths are by mosses effac'd.
+And living to answer the wind and the water.
+Only the lean cats that howl in the wastes.
+
+
+
+1332
+
+
+
+The City
+
+
+
+It was golden and splendid.
+
+That City of light;
+
+A vision suspended
+
+In deeps of the night;
+
+A region of wonder and glory, whose temples were marble and white.
+
+I remember the season
+
+It dawn'd on my gaze;
+
+The mad time of unreason.
+
+The brain-numbing days
+
+When Winter, white-sheeted and ghastly, stalks onward to torture and craze.
+
+More lovely than Zion
+
+It shone in the sky
+
+When the beams of Orion
+
+Beclouded my eye.
+
+Bringing sleep that was filled with dim mem'ries of moments obscure and gone
+
+by.
+
+Its mansions were stately.
+
+With carvings made fair.
+
+Each rising sedately
+
+On terraces rare.
+
+And the gardens were fragrant and bright with strange miracles blossoming
+
+there.
+
+The avenues lur'd me
+
+With vistas sublime;
+
+Tall arches assur'd me
+
+That once on a time
+
+I had wander'd in rapture beneath them, and bask'd in the Halcyon clime.
+
+On the plazas were standing
+
+A sculptur'd array;
+
+Long bearded, commanding,
+
+rave men in their day-
+
+But one stood dismantled and broken, its bearded face battered away.
+
+In that city effulgent
+No mortal I saw.
+
+
+
+1333
+
+
+
+But my fancy, indulgent
+
+To memory's law,
+
+Linger'd long on the forms in the plazas, and eyed their stone features with awe.
+
+I fann'd the faint ember
+
+That glow'd in my mind.
+
+And strove to remember
+
+The aeons behind;
+
+To rove thro' infinity freely, and visit the past unconfin'd.
+
+Then the horrible warning
+
+Upon my soul sped
+
+Like the ominous morning
+
+That rises in red.
+
+And in panic I flew from the knowledge of terrors forgotten and dead.
+
+
+
+1334
+
+
+
+The Conscript
+
+I am a peaceful working man,
+I am not wise or strong.
+But I can follow Nature's plan.
+In labour, rest, and song.
+
+One day the men that rule us all
+Decided we must die.
+Else pride and freedom surely fall
+In the dim bye and bye!
+
+They told me I must write my name
+Upon a scroll of death;
+That some day I should rise to fame
+By giving up my breath.
+
+I do not know what I have done
+That I should thus be bound
+To wait for tortures one by one
+And then an unmark'd mound.
+
+I hate no man, and yet they say
+That I must fight and kill;
+That I must suffer day by day
+To please a master's will.
+
+I used to have a conscience free.
+But now they bid it rest;
+They've made a number out of me.
+And I must ne'er protest.
+
+They tell of trenches, long and deep,
+Fill'd with the mangled slain.
+They talk till I can scarcely sleep.
+So reeling is my brain.
+
+They tell of filth, and blood, and woe;
+Of things beyond belief;
+Of things that make me tremble so
+With mingled fright and grief.
+
+
+
+1335
+
+
+
+I do not know what I shall do -
+Is not the law unjust?
+I can't do what they want me to.
+And yet they say I must!
+
+Each day my doom doth nearer bring;
+Each day the State prepares;
+Sometimes I feel a watching thing
+That stares, and stares, and stares.
+
+I never seem to sleep - my head
+Whirls in the queerest way.
+Why am I chosen to be dead
+Upon some fateful day?
+
+Yet hark - some fibre is o'erwrought
+A giddying wine I quaff -
+Things seem so odd, I can do naught
+But laugh, and laugh, and laugh!
+
+
+
+1336
+
+
+
+The Garden
+
+There's an ancient, ancient garden that I see sometimes in dreams.
+
+Where the very Maytime sunHght plays and glows with spectral gleams;
+
+Where the gaudy-tinted blossoms seem to wither into grey.
+
+And the crumbling walls and pillars waken thoughts of yesterday.
+
+There are vines in nooks and crannies, and there's moss about the pool.
+
+And the tangled weedy thicket chokes the arbour dark and cool:
+
+In the silent sunken pathways springs a herbage sparse and spare.
+
+Where the musty scent of dead things dulls the fragrance of the air.
+
+There is not a living creature in the lonely space arouna.
+
+And the hedge-encompass'd d quiet never echoes to a sound.
+
+As I walk, and wait, and listen, I will often seek to find
+
+When it was I knew that garden in an age long left behind;
+
+I will oft conjure a vision of a day that is no more.
+
+As I gaze upon the grey, grey scenes I feel I knew before.
+
+Then a sadness settles o'er me, and a tremor seems to start -
+
+For I know the flow'rs are shrivell'd hopes - the garden is my heart.
+
+
+
+1337
+
+
+
+The House
+
+
+
+'Tis a grove-circled dwelling
+
+Set close to a hill.
+
+Where the branches are telling
+
+Strange legends of ill;
+
+Over timbers so old
+
+That they breathe of the dead.
+
+Crawl the vines, green and cold.
+
+By strange nourishment fed;
+
+And no man knows the juices they suck from the depths of their dank slimy bed.
+
+In the gardens are growing
+
+Tall blossoms and fair.
+
+Each pallid bloom throwing
+
+Perfume on the air;
+
+But the afternoon sun
+
+with its shining red rays
+
+Makes the picture loom dun
+
+On the curious gaze.
+
+And above the sween scent of the the blossoms rise odours of numberless days.
+
+The rank grasses are waving
+
+On terrace and lawn.
+
+Dim memories savouring
+
+Of things that have gone;
+
+The stones of the walks
+
+Are encrusted and wet.
+
+And a strange spirit stalks
+
+When the red sun has set.
+
+And the soul of the watcher is fill'd with faint pictures he fain would forget.
+
+It was in the hot Junetime
+
+I stood by that scene.
+
+When the gold rays of noontime
+
+Beat bright on the green.
+
+But I shiver'd with cold.
+
+Groping feebly for light.
+
+As a picture unroll'd -
+
+And my age-spanning sight
+
+Saw the time I had been there before flash like fulgury out of the night.
+
+
+
+1338
+
+
+
+(This poem is about the house at 135 Benefit Street in Providence that also
+inspired the short story "The Shunned House".)
+
+
+
+1339
+
+
+
+The Messenger
+
+The thing, he said, would come in the night at three
+From the old churchyard on the hill below;
+But crouching by an oak fire's wholesome glow,
+I tried to tell myself it could not be.
+
+Surely, I mused, it was pleasantry
+Devised by one who did not truly know
+The Elder Sign, bequeathed from long ago.
+That sets the fumbling forms of darkness free.
+
+He had not meant it - no - but still I lit
+Another lamp as starry Leo climbed
+Out of the Seekonk, and a steeple chimed
+Three - and the firelight faded, bit by bit.
+
+Then at the door that cautious rattling came -
+And the mad truth devoured me like a flame!
+
+(This was written in response to Bertrand Kelton Hart, author of a daily column
+
+called "The Sideshow" in
+
+the Providence Journal, who, upon discovering that Wilcox's residence in "The
+
+CallofCthulhu"(7
+
+Thomas Street) was his own, published in his column " . . .1 shall not be happy
+
+until, joining league with
+
+wraiths and ghouls, I have plumped down at least one large and abiding ghost
+
+by way of reprisal upon
+
+[Lovecraft's] own doorstep in Barnes street. . . I think I shall teach it to moan in a
+
+minor dissonance every
+
+morning at 3 o'clock sharp, with a clinking of chains.")
+
+
+
+1340
+
+
+
+The Peace Advocate
+
+(Supposed to be a "pome," but cast strictly in modern metre)
+
+The vicar sat in the firehght's glow,
+
+A volume in his hand.
+
+And a tear he shed for the widespread woe.
+
+And the anguish brought by the vicious foe
+
+That overran the land.
+
+But never a hand for his King raised he.
+For he was a man of peace;
+And he car'd not a whit for the victory
+That must come to preserve his nation free.
+And the world from fear release.
+
+His son had buckled on his sword.
+The first at the front was he.
+But the vicar his valiant child ignor'd
+And his noble deeds in the field deplor'd.
+For he knew not bravery.
+
+On his flock he strove to fix his will.
+
+And lead them to scorn the fray.
+
+He told them that conquest brings but ill;
+
+That meek submission would serve them still
+
+To keep the foe away.
+
+In vain did he hear the bugle's sound
+That strove to avert the fall.
+The land, quoth he, is all men's ground.
+What matter if friend or foe be found
+As master of us all?
+
+One day from the village green hard by
+The vicar heard a roar
+Of cannon that rival'd the anguish'd cry
+Of the hundreds that liv'd but wish'd to die
+As the enemy rode them o'er.
+
+Now he sees his own cathedral shake
+
+At the foemen's wanton aim.
+
+The ancient towers with the bullets quake;
+
+
+
+1341
+
+
+
+The steeples fall, the foundations break.
+And the whole is lost in flame.
+
+Up the vicarage lane file the cavalcade.
+And the vicar, and daughter, and wife
+Scream out in vain for the needed aid
+That only a regiment might have made
+Ere they lose what is more than life.
+
+Then quick to his brain came manhood's thought.
+
+As he saw his erring course.
+
+And the vicar his dusty rifle brought
+
+That the foe might at least by one be fought.
+
+And force repaid with force.
+
+One shot - the enemy's blasting fire
+
+A breach in the wall cuts through.
+
+But the vicar replies with his wakened ire;
+
+Fells one arm'd brute for each fallen spire.
+
+And in blood is born anew.
+
+Two shots - the wife and daughter sink.
+Each with a mortal wound.
+And the vicar, too madden'd by far to think.
+Rushes boldly on to death's vague brink
+With the manhood he has found.
+
+Three shots - but shots of another kind
+The smoky regions rend.
+And upon the foemen with rage gone blind,
+like a ceaseless, resistless, avenging wind.
+The rescuing troops descend.
+
+The smoke-pall clears, and the vicar's son
+His father's life has sav'd.
+And the vicar looks o'er ruin done.
+Ere the victory by his child was won.
+His face with care engrav'd.
+
+The vicar sat in the firelight's glow.
+
+The volume in his hand
+
+That brought to his hearth the bitter woe
+
+
+
+1342
+
+
+
+Which only a husband and father can know.
+And truly understand.
+
+With a chasten'd mien he flung the book
+
+To the leaping flames before.
+
+And a breath of sad relief he took
+
+As the pages blacken'd beneath his look -
+
+The fool of peace no more!
+
+Epilogue
+
+The reverend parson, wak'd to man's estate.
+Laments his wife's and daughter's common fate.
+His martial son in warm embrace enfolds.
+And clings the tighter to the child he holds:
+His peaceful notions, banish'd in an hour.
+Will nevermore his wit or sense devour.
+But steep'd in truth, 'tis now his nobler plan
+To cure, yet recognize, the faults of man.
+
+
+
+1343
+
+
+
+The Poe-et^s Nightmare
+
+A Fable
+
+Luxus tumultus semper causa est.
+
+LucuUus Languish, student of the skies.
+
+And connoisseur of rarebits and mince pies,
+
+A bard by choice, a grocer's clerk by trade,
+
+(Grown pessimist through honours long delay'd)
+
+A secret yearning bore, that he might shine
+
+In breathing numbers, and in song divine.
+
+Each day his fountain pen was wont to drop
+
+An ode or dirge or two about the shop.
+
+Yet naught could strike the chord within his heart
+
+That throbb'd for poesy, and cry'd for art.
+
+Each eve he sought his bashful Muse to wake
+
+With overdoses of ice cream and cake.
+
+But though th' ambitious youth a dreamer grew,
+
+Th' Aonian Nymph delcin'd to come to view.
+
+Something at dusk he scour'd the heav'ns afar
+Searching for raptures in the evening star;
+One night he strove to catch a tale untold
+In crystal deeps - but only caught a cold.
+So pin'd LucuUus with his lofty woe.
+Till one drear day he bought a set of Poe:
+Charm'd with the cheerful horrors there display's.
+He vow'd with gloom to woo the Heav'nly Maid.
+Of Auber's Tarn and Yaanek's slope he dreams.
+And weaves an hundred Ravens in his schemes.
+Not far from our young hero's peaceful home.
+Lies the fair grove wherein he loves to roam.
+Though but a stunted copse in vacant lot.
+He dubs it Temp-e, and adores the spot;
+When shallow puddles dot the wooded plain.
+And brim o'er muddy banks with muddy rain.
+He calls them limpid lakes or poison pools,
+(Depending on which bard his fancy rules.)
+
+'Tis here he comes with Heliconian fire
+On Sundays when he smites the Attic lyre;
+
+
+
+1344
+
+
+
+And here one afternoon he brought his gloom,
+Resolv'd to chant a poet's lay of doom.
+Roget's Thesaurus, and a book of rhymes.
+Provide the rungs whereon his spirit climbs:
+With this grave retinue he trod the grove
+And pray'd the Fauns he might a Poe-et prove.
+But sad to tell, ere Pegasus flew high.
+The not unrelish'd supper hour drew nigh;
+Our tuneful swain th' imperious call attends.
+And soon above the groaning table bends.
+Though it were too prosaic to relate
+Th' exact particulars of what he ate,
+(Such long-drawn lists the hasty reader skips.
+Like Homer's well-known catalogue of ships)
+This much we swear: that as adjournment near'd,
+A monstrous lot of cake had disappear'd!
+Soon to his chamber the young bard repairs.
+And courts soft Somnus with sweet Lydian airs;
+Through open casement scans the star-strown deep.
+And 'neath Orion's beams sinks off to sleep.
+
+Now start from airy dell the elfin train
+
+That dance each midnight o'er the sleeping plain.
+
+To bless the just, or cast a warning spell
+
+On those who dine not wisely, but too well.
+
+First Deacon Smith they plague, whose nasal glow
+
+Comes from what Holmes hath call'd "Elixir Pro";
+
+Group'd round the couch his visage they deride.
+
+Whilst through his dreams unnumber'd serpents glide.
+
+Next troop the little folk into the room
+
+Where snore our young Endymion, swath'd in gloom:
+
+A smile lights up his boyish face, whilst he
+
+Dreams of the moon - or what he ate at tea.
+
+The chieftain elf th' unconscious youth surveys,
+
+and on his form a strange enchantment lays:
+
+Those lips, that lately trill'd with frosted cake.
+
+Uneasy sounds in slumbrous fashion make;
+
+At length their owner's fancies they rehearse.
+
+And lisp this awesome Poe-em in blank verse:
+
+Aletheia Phrikodes
+
+Omnia risus et omnia pulvis et omnia nihil.
+
+
+
+1345
+
+
+
+Demoniac clouds, up-pil'd in chasmy reach
+
+Of soundless heav'n, smother'd the brooding night;
+
+Nor came the wonted whisp'rings of the swamp.
+
+Nor voice of autumn wind along the moor.
+
+Nor mutter'd noises of th' insomnious grove
+
+Whose black recesses never saw the sun.
+
+Within that grove a hideous hollow lies.
+
+Half bare of trees; a pool in centre lurks
+
+That none dares sound; a tarn of murky face,
+
+(Though naught can prove its hue, since light of day.
+
+Affrighted, shuns the forest-shadow's banks.)
+
+Hard by, a yawning hillside grotto breathes
+
+From deeps unvisited, a dull, dank air
+
+That sears the leaves on certain stunted trees
+
+Which stand about, clawing the spectral gloom
+
+With evil boughs. To this accursed dell
+
+Come woodland creatures, seldom to depart:
+
+Once I behold, upon a crumbling stone
+
+Set altar-like before the cave, a thing
+
+I saw not clearly, yet from glimpsing, fled.
+
+In this half-dusk I meditate alone
+
+At many a weary noontide, when without
+
+A world forgets me in its sun-blest mirth.
+
+Here howls by night the werewolves, and the souls
+
+Of those that knew me well in other days.
+
+Yet on this night the grove spake not to me;
+
+Nor spake the swamp, nor wind along the moor
+
+Nor moan'd the wind about the lonely eaves
+
+Of the bleak, haunted pile wherein I lay.
+
+I was afraid to sleep, or quench the spark
+
+Of the low -burning taper by my couch.
+
+I was afraid when through the vaulted space
+
+Of the old tow'r, the clock-ticks died away
+
+Into a silence so profound and chill
+
+That my teeth chatter'd - giving yet no sound.
+
+Then flicker'd low the light, and all dissolv'd
+
+Leaving me floating in the hellish grasp
+
+Of body'd blackness, from whose beating wings
+
+Came ghoulish blasts of charnel-scented mist.
+
+things vague, unseen, unfashion'd, and unnam'd
+
+Jostled each other in the seething void
+
+That gap'd, chaotic, downward to a sea
+
+Of speechless horror, foul with writhing thoughts.
+
+
+
+1346
+
+
+
+All this I felt, and felt the mocking eyes
+
+Of the curs's universe upon my soul;
+
+Yet naught I saw nor heard, till flash'd a beam
+
+Of lurid lustre through the rotting heav'ns.
+
+Playing on scenes I labour'd not to see.
+
+Methought the nameless tarn, alight at last.
+
+Reflected shapes, and more reveal'd within
+
+Those shocking depths that ne'er were seen before;
+
+Methought from out the cave a demon train.
+
+Grinning and smirking, reel'd in fiendish rout;
+
+Bearing within their reeking paws a load
+
+Of carrion viands for an impious feast.
+
+Methought the stunted trees with hungry arms
+
+Grop'd greedily for things I dare not name;
+
+The while a stifling, wraith-like noisomeness
+
+Fill'd all the dale, and spoke a larger life
+
+Of uncorporeal hideousness awake
+
+In the half-sentient wholeness of the spot.
+
+Now glow'd the ground, and tarn, and cave, and trees.
+
+And moving forms, and things not spoken of.
+
+With such a phosphorescence as men glimpse
+
+In the putrescent thickets of the swamp
+
+Where logs decaying lie, and rankness reigns.
+
+Methought a fire-mist drap'd with lucent fold
+
+The well-remember'd features of the grove.
+
+Whilst whirling ether bore in eddying streams
+
+The hot, unfinish'd stuff of nascent worlds
+
+Hither and thither through infinity
+
+Of light and darkness, strangely intermix'd;
+
+Wherein all entity had consciousness.
+
+Without th' accustom'd outward shape of life.
+
+Of these swift circling currents was my soul.
+
+Free from the flesh, a true constituent part;
+
+Nor felt I less myself, for want of form.
+
+Then clear'd the mist, and o'er a star-strown scene
+
+Divine and measureless, I gaz'd in awe.
+
+Alone in space, I view'd a feeble fleck
+
+Of silvern light, marking the narrow ken
+
+Which mortals call the boundless universe.
+
+On ev'ry side, each as a tiny star.
+
+Shone more creations, vaster than our own.
+
+And teeming with unnumber'd forms of life;
+
+Though we as life would recognize it not.
+
+
+
+1347
+
+
+
+Being bound to earthy thoughts of human mould.
+
+As on a moonless night the Milky Way
+
+In solid sheen displays its countless orbs
+
+To weak terrestrial eyes, each orb a sun;
+
+So beam'd the prospect on my wond'ring soul;
+
+A spangled curtain, rich with twinkling gems.
+
+Yet each a mighty universe of suns.
+
+But as I gaz'd, I sens'd a spirit voice
+
+In speech didactic, though no voice it was.
+
+Save as it carried thought. It bade me mark
+
+That all the universes in my view
+
+Form'd but an atom in infinity;
+
+Whose reaches pass the ether-laden realms
+
+Of heat and light, extending to far fields
+
+Where flourish worlds invisible and vague,
+
+Fill'd with strange wisdom and uncanny life.
+
+And yet beyond; to myriad spheres of light.
+
+To spheres of darkness, to abysmal voids
+
+That know the pulses of disorder'd force.
+
+Big with these musings, I survey'd the surge
+
+Of boundless being, yet I us'd not eyes.
+
+For spirit leans not on the props of sense.
+
+The docent presence swell'd my strength of soul;
+
+All things I knew, but knew with mind alone.
+
+Time's endless vista spread before my thought
+
+With its vast pageant of unceasing change
+
+And sempiternal strife of force and will;
+
+I saw the ages flow in stately stream
+
+Past rise and fall of universe and life;
+
+I saw the birth of suns and worlds, their death.
+
+Their transmutation into limpid flame.
+
+Their second birth and second death, their course
+
+Perpetual through the aeons' termless flight.
+
+Never the same, yet born again to serve
+
+The varying purpose of omnipotence.
+
+And whilst I watch' d, I knew each second's space
+
+Was greater than the lifetime of our world.
+
+Then turn'd my musings to that speck of dust
+
+Whereon my form corporeal took its rise;
+
+That speck, born but a second, which must die
+
+In one brief second more; that fragile earth;
+
+That crude experiment; that cosmic sport
+
+Which holds our proud, aspiring race of mites
+
+
+
+1348
+
+
+
+And moral vermin; those presuming mites
+
+Whom ignorance with empty pomp adorns.
+
+And misinstructs in specious dignity;
+
+Those mites who, reas'ning outward, vaunt themselves
+
+As the chief work of Nature, and enjoy
+
+In fatuous fancy the particular care
+
+Of all her mystic, super-regnant pow'r.
+
+And as I strove to vision the sad sphere
+
+Which lurk'd, lost in ethereal vortices;
+
+Methough my soul, tun'd to the infinite,
+
+Refus'd to glimpse that poor atomic blight;
+
+That misbegotten accident of space;
+
+That globe of insignificance, whereon
+
+(My guide celestial told me) dwells no part
+
+Of empyreal virtue, but where breed
+
+The coarse corruptions of divine disease;
+
+The fest'ring ailments of infinity;
+
+The morbid matter by itself call'd man:
+
+Such matter (said my guide) as oft breaks forth
+
+On broad Creation's fabric, to annoy
+
+For a brief instant, ere assuaging death
+
+Heal up the malady its birth provok'd.
+
+Sicken' d, I turn'd my heavy thoughts away.
+
+Then spake th' ethereal guide with mocking mien.
+
+Upbraiding me for searching after Truth;
+
+Visiting on my mind the searing scorn
+
+Of mind superior; laughing at the woe
+
+Which rent the vital essence of my soul.
+
+Methought he brought remembrance of the time
+
+When from my fellows to the grove I stray'd.
+
+In solitude and dusk to meditate
+
+On things forbidden, and to pierce the veil
+
+Of seeming good and seeming beauteousness
+
+That covers o'er the tragedy of Truth,
+
+Helping mankind forget his sorry lot.
+
+And raising Hope where Truth would crush it down.
+
+He spake, and as he ceas'd, methought the flames
+
+Of fuming Heav'n revolv'd in torments dire;
+
+Whirling in maelstroms of revellious might.
+
+Yet ever bound by laws I fathom'd not.
+
+Cycles and epicycles of such girth
+
+That each a cosmos seem'd, dazzled my gaze
+
+Till all a wild phantasmal flow became.
+
+
+
+1349
+
+
+
+Now burst athwart the fulgent formlessness
+
+A rift of purer sheen, a sight supernal.
+
+Broader that all the void conceiv'd by man.
+
+Yet narrow here. A glimpse of heav'ns beyond;
+
+Of weird creations so remote and great
+
+That ev'n my guide assum'd a tone of awe.
+
+Borne on the wings of stark immensity,
+
+A touch of rhythm celestial reach'd my soul;
+
+Thrilling me more with horror than with joy.
+
+Again the spirit mock'd my human pangs.
+
+And deep revil'd me for presumptuous thoughts;
+
+Yet changing now his mien, he bade me scan
+
+The wid'ning rift that clave the walls of space;
+
+He bade me search it for the ultimate;
+
+He bade me find the truth I sought so long;
+
+He bade me brave th' unutterable Thing,
+
+The final Truth of moving entity.
+
+All this he bade and offer'd - but my soul.
+
+Clinging to life, fled without aim or knowledge.
+
+Shrieking in silence through the gibbering deeps.
+
+
+
+'*■'*■'*■'*■'*■'*■
+
+
+
+Thus shriek'd the young LucuUus, as he fled
+Through gibbering deeps - and tumbled out of bed;
+Within the room the morning sunshine gleams.
+Whilst the poor youth recalls his troubled dreams.
+He feels his aching limbs, whose woeful pain
+Informs his soul his body lives again.
+And thanks his stars - or cosmoses - or such -
+That he survives the noxious nightmare's clutch.
+Thrill'd with the music of th' eternal spheres,
+(Or is it the alarm-clock that he hears?)
+He vows to all the Pantheon, high and low.
+No more to feed on cake, or pie, or Foe.
+And now his gloomy spirits seem to rise.
+As he the world beholds with clearer eyes;
+The cup he thought too full of dregs to quaff.
+Affords him wine enough to raise a laugh.
+(All this is metaphor - you must not think
+Our late Endymion prone to stronger drink!)
+With brighter visage and with lighter heart.
+He turns his fancies to the grocer's mart;
+
+
+
+1350
+
+
+
+And strange to say, at last he seems to find
+
+His daily duties worthy of his mind.
+
+Since Truth prov'd such a high and dang'rous goal.
+
+Our bard seeks one less trying to his soul;
+
+With deep-drawn breath he flouts his dreary woes.
+
+And a good clerk from a bad poet grows!
+
+Now close attend my lay, ye scribbling crew
+
+That bay the moon in numbers strange and new;
+
+That madly for the spark celestial bawl
+
+In metres short or long, or none at all;
+
+Curb your rash force, in numbers or at tea.
+
+Nor over-zealous for high fancies be;
+
+Reflect, ere ye the draught Pierian take.
+
+What worthy clerks or plumbers ye might make;
+
+Wax not too frenzied in the leaping line
+
+That neither sense nor measure can confine.
+
+Lest ye, like young LucuUus Launguish, groan
+
+Beneath Poe-etic nightmares of your own!
+
+
+
+1351
+
+
+
+The Rose of England
+
+At morn the rosebud greets the sun
+
+And sheds the evening dew.
+
+Expanding ere the day is done.
+
+In bloom of radiant hue
+
+And when the sun his rest hath found,
+
+Rose-Petals strew the garden round!
+
+Thus that blest Isle that owns the Rose
+
+From mist and darkness came,
+
+A million glories to disclose.
+
+And spread BRITANNIA'S name;
+
+And ere Life's Sun shall leave the blue,
+
+ENGLAND shall reign the whole world through!
+
+
+
+1352
+
+
+
+The Wood
+
+They cut it down, and where the pitch-black aisles
+Of forest night had hid eternal things.
+They scaled the sky with towers and marble piles
+To make a city for their revellings.
+
+White and amazing to the lands around
+
+That wondrous wealth of domes and turrets rose;
+
+Crystal and ivory, sublimely crowned
+
+With pinnacles that bore unmelting snows.
+
+And through its halls the pipe and sistrum rang.
+While wine and riot brought their scarlet stains;
+Never a voice of elder marvels sang.
+Nor any eye called up the hills and plains.
+
+Thus down the years, till on one purple night
+A drunken minstrel in his careless verse
+Spoke the vile words that should not see the light.
+And stirred the shadows of an ancient curse.
+
+Forests may fall, but not the dusk they shield;
+So on the spot where that proud city stood.
+The shuddering dawn no single stone revealed.
+But fled the blackness of a primal wood.
+
+
+
+1353
+
+
+
+To Edward John Moreton Drax
+Plunkelt, Eighteenth Baron Dunsany
+
+As when the sun above a dusky wold.
+
+Springs into sight and turns the gloom to gold.
+
+Lights with his magic beams the dew-deck'd bow'r.
+
+And wakes to life the gay responsive flow'r;
+
+So now o'er realms where dark'ning dulness lies.
+
+In solar state see shining PLUNKETT rise!
+
+Monarch of Fancy! whose ethereal mind
+
+Mounts fairy peaks, and leaves the throng behind;
+
+Whose soul untainted bursts the bounds of space.
+
+And leads to regions of supernal grace:
+
+Can any praise thee with too strong a tone.
+
+Who in this age of folly gleam'd alone?
+
+Thy quill, DUNSANY, with an art divine
+
+Recalls the gods to each deserted shrine;
+
+From mystic air a novel pantheon makes.
+
+And with new spirits fills the meads and brakes;
+
+With thee we wander thro' primeval bow'rs.
+
+For thou hast brought earth's childhood back, and ours!
+
+How leaps the soul, with sudden bliss increas'd.
+
+When led by thee to lands beyond the East!
+
+Sick of this sphere, in crime and conflict old.
+
+We yearn for wonders distant and untold;
+
+O'er Homer's page a second time we pore.
+
+And rack our brains for gleams of infant lore:
+
+But all in vain— for valiant tho' we strive
+
+No common means these pictures can revive.
+
+Then dawns DUNSANY with celestial Hght
+
+And fulgent visions break upon our sight:
+
+His barque enchanted each sad spirit bears
+
+To shores of gold, beyond the reach of cares.
+
+No earthly trammels now our thoughts may chain;
+
+For childhood's fancy hath come back again!
+
+What glitt'ring worlds now wait our eager eyes!
+
+What roads untrodden beckon thro' the skies!
+
+Wonders on wonders line the gorgeous ways.
+
+And glorious vistas greet the ravish'd gaze;
+
+Mountains of clouds, castles of crystal dreams.
+
+Ethereal cities and Elysian streams;
+
+
+
+1354
+
+
+
+Temples of blue, where myriad stars adore
+
+Forgotten gods of aeons gone before!
+
+Such are thine arts, DUNSANY, such thy skill.
+
+That scarce terrestrial seems thy moving quill;
+
+Can man, and man alone, successful draw
+
+Such scenes of wonder and domains of awe?
+
+Our hearts, enraptur'd, fix thy mind's abode
+
+In high PEG AN A: hail thee as a god;
+
+And sure, can aught more high or godlike be
+
+Than such a fancy as resides in thee?
+
+Delighted Pan a friend and peer perceives
+
+As thy sweet music stirs the sylvan leaves;
+
+The Nine, transported, bless thy golden lyre:
+
+Approve thy fancy, and applaud thy fire;
+
+Whilst Jove himself assumes a brother's tone.
+
+And vows the pantheon equal to his own.
+
+DUNSANY, may thy days be glad and long;
+
+Replete with visions, and atune with song;
+
+May thy rare notes increasing millions cheer.
+
+Thy name beloved, and thy mem'ry dear!
+
+'Tis thou who hast in hours of dulness brought
+
+New charms of language, and new gems of thought;
+
+Hast with a poet's grace enrich'd the earth
+
+With aureate dreams as noble as thy birth.
+
+Grateful we name thee, bright with fix'd renown.
+
+The fairest jewel in HIBERNIA'S crown.
+
+
+
+1355
+
+
+
+Tosh Bosh
+
+Dead Passion's Flame
+
+A Pome by Blank Frailty
+
+Ah, Passion, like a voice - that buds!
+With many thorns. . .that sharply stick:
+Recalls to me the longing of our bloods. .
+And - makes my wearied heart requick!
+
+Arcadia
+
+by Head Balledup
+
+give me the life of the Village,
+Uninhibited, free, and sweet.
+
+The place where the arts all flourish.
+Grove Court and Christopher Street.
+
+1 am sick of the old conventions.
+And critics who will not praise.
+So sing ho for the open spaces.
+And aesthetes with kindly ways.
+
+Here every bard is a genius.
+
+And artists are Raphaels,
+
+And above the roofs of Patchin Place
+
+The Muse of Talent dwells.
+
+
+
+1356
+
+
+
+Waste Paper: A Poem of Profound
+Insignificance
+
+
+
+Written 1922
+
+
+
+Out of the reaches of inimitable night
+
+The blazing planet grew, and forc'd to life
+
+Unending cycles of progressive strife
+
+And strange mutations of undying light
+
+And boresome books, than hell's own self more trite
+
+And thoughts repeated and become a blight.
+
+And cheap rum-hounds with moonshine hootch made tight.
+
+And quite contrite to see the flight of fright so bright
+
+I used to ride my bicycle in the night
+
+With a dandy acetylene lantern that cost $3.00
+
+In the evening, by the moonlight, you can hear those darkies singing
+
+Meet me tonight - in dreamland. . . BAH!
+
+I used to sit on the stairs of the house where I was born
+
+After we left it but before it was sold
+
+And play on a zobo with two other boys.
+
+We called ourselves the Blackstone Military Band
+
+Won't you come home. Bill Bailey, won't you come home?
+
+In the spring of the year, in the silver rain
+
+When petal by petal the blossoms fall
+
+And the mocking birds call
+
+And the whippoorwill sings. Marguerite.
+
+The first cinema show in our town opened in 1906
+
+At the old Olympic, which was then call'd Park,
+
+And moving beams shot weirdly thro' the dark
+
+And spit tobacco seldom hit the mark.
+
+Have you read Dickens' American Notes?
+
+My great-great-grandfather was born in a white house
+
+Under green trees in the country
+
+And he used to believe in religion and the weather.
+
+II
+
+"Shantih, shantih, shantih"..." Shanty House"
+Was the name of a novel by I forget whom
+
+
+
+1357
+
+
+
+Published serially in the "All-Story Weekly"
+
+Before it was a weekly. Advt.
+
+Disillusion is wonderful, I've been told.
+
+And I take quinine to stop a cold
+
+But it makes my ears. . . always. . .
+
+Always ringing in my ears. . .
+
+It is the ghost of the Jew I murdered that Christmas day
+
+Because he played "Three O'Clock in the Morning" in the flat above me.
+
+Three O'Clock in the morning, I've danc'd the whole night through
+
+Dancing on the graves in the graveyard
+
+Where life is buried; life and beauty
+
+Life and art and love and duty
+
+Ah, there, sweet cutie.
+
+Stung!
+
+Out of the night that covers me
+
+Black as the pit from pole to pole
+
+I never quote things straight except by accident.
+
+Sophistication! Sophistication!
+
+You are the idol of our nation
+
+Each fellow has
+
+Fallen for jazz
+
+And we'll give the past a merry razz
+
+Thro' the ghoul-guarded gateways of slumber
+
+And fellow-guestship with the glutless worm.
+
+Next stop is 57th St. - 57th St. the next stop.
+
+Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring.
+
+And the governor-general of Canada is Lord Byng
+
+Whose ancestor was shot or hung,
+
+I forget which, the good die young.
+
+Here's to your ripe old age.
+
+Copyright, 1847, by Joseph Miner,
+
+Entered according to act of Congress.
+
+Ill
+
+In the office of the librarian of Congress
+
+America was discovered in 1492
+
+This way out.
+
+No, lady, you gotta change at Washington St. to the Everett train.
+
+Out in the rain on the elevated
+
+Crated, sated, all mismated.
+
+Twelve seats on this bench.
+
+How quaint.
+
+
+
+1358
+
+
+
+In a shady nook, beside a brook, two lovers stroll along.
+
+Express to Park Ave., Car Following.
+
+No, we had it cleaned with the sand blast.
+
+I know it ought to be torn down.
+
+Before the bar of a saloon there stood a reckless crew.
+
+When one said to another, "Jack, this message came for you."
+
+"It may be from a sweetheart, boys," said someone in the crowd.
+
+And here the words are missing. . . but Jack cried out aloud:
+
+"It's only a message from home, sweet home.
+
+From loved ones down on the farm
+
+Fond wife and mother, sister and brother. . ."
+
+Bootleggers all and you're another
+
+In the shade of the old apple tree
+
+'Neath the old cherry tree sweet Marie
+
+The Conchologist's First Book
+
+By Edgar Allan Poe
+
+Stubbed his toe
+
+On a broken brick that didn't show
+
+Or a banana peel
+
+In the fifth reel
+
+By George Creel
+
+It is to laugh
+
+And quaff
+
+It makes you stout and hale
+
+And all my days I'll sing the praise
+
+Of Ivory Soap
+
+Have you a little T. S. Eliot in your house?
+
+IV
+
+The stag at eve had drunk his fill
+
+The thirsty hart look'd up the hill
+
+And craned his neck just as a feeler
+
+To advertise the Double-Dealer.
+
+William Congreve was a gentleman
+
+O art what sins are committed in thy name
+
+For tawdry fame and fleeting flame
+
+And everything, ain't dat a shame?
+
+Mah Creole Belle, ah lubs yo' well;
+
+Aroun' mah heart you hab cast a spell
+
+But I can't learn to spell pseudocracy
+
+Because there ain't no such word.
+
+And I says to Lizzie, if Joe was my feller
+
+
+
+1359
+
+
+
+I'd teach him to go to dances with that
+
+Rat, bat, cat, hat, flat, plat, fat
+
+Fry the fat, fat the fry
+
+You'll be a drug-store by and by.
+
+Get the hook!
+
+Above the lines of brooding hills
+
+Rose spires that reeked of nameless ills.
+
+And ghastly shone upon the sight
+
+In ev'ry flash of lurid light
+
+To be continued.
+
+No smoking.
+
+Smoking on four rear seats.
+
+Fare win return to 5 cents after August 1st
+
+Except outside the Cleveland city limits.
+
+In the ghoul-haunted Woodland of Weir
+
+Strangers pause to shed a tear;
+
+Henry Fielding wrote "Tom Jones"
+
+And cursed be he that moves my bones.
+
+I saw the Leonard-Tendler fight
+
+Farewell, farewell, O go to hell.
+
+Nobody home
+
+In the shantih.
+
+(This poem is a parody of T. S. Elliot's The Waste Land, and mondernist poetry
+in general, which Lovecraft referred to as a "practically meaningless collection of
+phrases, learned allusions, quotations, slang, and scraps in general.")
+
+
+
+1360
+
+
+
+Where Once Poe Walked
+
+Eternal brood the shadows on this ground.
+Dreaming of centuries that have gone before;
+Great elms rise solemnly by slab and mound.
+Arched high above a hidden world of yore.
+Round all the scene a light of memory plays.
+And dead leaves whisper of departed days.
+Longing for sights and sounds that are no more.
+Lonely and sad, a specter glides along
+Aisles where of old his living footsteps fell;
+No common glance discerns him, though his song
+Peals down through time with a mysterious spell.
+Only the few who sorcery's secret know.
+Espy amidst these tombs the shade of Poe.
+
+
+
+1361
+
+
+
+1362
+
+
+
+1363
+
+
--- /dev/null
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "import re\n",
+ "import string\n",
+ "import collections\n",
+ "import unicodedata\n",
+ "import random"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "sample_text = \"\"\"Continuing this process, we obtain better and better approximations to the square root.\n",
+ "Now let's formalize the process in terms of procedures. We start with a value for the radicand (the\n",
+ "number whose square root we are trying to compute) and a value for the guess. If the guess is good\n",
+ "enough for our purposes, we are done; if not, we must repeat the process with an improved guess. We\n",
+ "write this basic strategy as a procedure:\n",
+ "(define (sqrt-iter guess x)\n",
+ "(if (good-enough? guess x)\n",
+ "guess\n",
+ "(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)\n",
+ "x)))\n",
+ "A guess is improved by averaging it with the quotient of the radicand and the old guess:\n",
+ "(define (improve guess x)\n",
+ "(average guess (/ x guess)))\n",
+ "where\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\f",
+ "(define (average x y)\n",
+ "(/ (+ x y) 2))\n",
+ "We also have to say what we mean by ''good enough.'' The following will do for illustration, but it is\n",
+ "not really a very good test. (See exercise 1.7.) The idea is to improve the answer until it is close\n",
+ "enough so that its square differs from the radicand by less than a predetermined tolerance (here\n",
+ "0.001): 22\n",
+ "(define (good-enough? guess x)\n",
+ "(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))\n",
+ "Finally, we need a way to get started. For instance, we can always guess that the square root of any\n",
+ "number is 1: 23\n",
+ "(define (sqrt x)\n",
+ "(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))\n",
+ "If we type these definitions to the interpreter, we can use sqrt just as we can use any procedure:\"\"\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "small_text = '''A guess is improved by averaging it with the quotient of the radicand and the old guess:\n",
+ "(define (improve guess x)\n",
+ "((average guess (/ x guess)))'''\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sentence_boundary = 'in terms of procedures. We start with 0.123 and some'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "double_quotes = \"let's see how such a ''circular'' definition\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'!\"#$%&\\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\\\]^_`{|}~'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "string.punctuation"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789!\"#$%&\\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\\\]^_`{|}~'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "re.compile(r'[^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789\\!\\\"\\#\\$\\%\\&\\\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\-\\.\\/\\:\\;\\<\\=\\>\\?\\@\\[\\\\\\]\\^_\\`\\{\\|\\}\\~]+',\n",
+ "re.UNICODE)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "token_pattern = re.compile(r'[^{}]+'.format(re.escape(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation)))\n",
+ "token_pattern"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "re.compile(r'(\\d+\\.\\d+|\\w+\\'\\w+|[\\!\\\"\\#\\$\\%\\&\\\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\-\\.\\/\\:\\;\\<\\=\\>\\?\\@\\[\\\\\\]\\^_\\`\\{\\|\\}\\~]+(?=\\w)|(?<=\\w)[\\!\\\"\\#\\$\\%\\&\\\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\-\\.\\/\\:\\;\\<\\=\\>\\?\\@\\[\\\\\\]\\^_\\`\\{\\|\\}\\~]+|[\\!\\\"\\#\\$\\%\\&\\\\'\\(\\)\\*\\+\\,\\-\\.\\/\\:\\;\\<\\=\\>\\?\\@\\[\\\\\\]\\^_\\`\\{\\|\\}\\~]+$)',\n",
+ "re.UNICODE)"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "punctuation_pattern = re.compile('(\\d+\\.\\d+|\\w+\\'\\w+|[{0}]+(?=\\w)|(?<=\\w)[{0}]+|[{0}]+$)'.format(re.escape(string.punctuation)))\n",
+ "punctuation_pattern"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['', '((', 'average']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "re.split(r'(\\(+(?=\\w))', '((average')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['A',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'averaging',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'quotient',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'old',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '((',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')))']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "[ch for gp in [re.split(punctuation_pattern, t) for t in re.split(token_pattern, small_text)]\n",
+ " for ch in gp if ch]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'start',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " '0.123',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'some']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "[ch for gp in [re.split(punctuation_pattern, t) for t in re.split(token_pattern, sentence_boundary)]\n",
+ " for ch in gp if ch]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[\"let's\", 'see', 'how', 'such', 'a', \"''\", 'circular', \"''\", 'definition']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "[ch for gp in [re.split(punctuation_pattern, t) for t in re.split(token_pattern, double_quotes)]\n",
+ " for ch in gp if ch]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['Continuing',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'obtain',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'approximations',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'Now',\n",
+ " \"let's\",\n",
+ " 'formalize',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'start',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'number',\n",
+ " 'whose',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'trying',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'compute',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'If',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'our',\n",
+ " 'purposes',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'done',\n",
+ " ';',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'must',\n",
+ " 'repeat',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'an',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'write',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'basic',\n",
+ " 'strategy',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'A',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'averaging',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'quotient',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'old',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'where',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " '(+',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '2',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'also',\n",
+ " 'have',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'say',\n",
+ " 'what',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'mean',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " \"''\",\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " \".''\",\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'following',\n",
+ " 'will',\n",
+ " 'do',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'illustration',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'but',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " 'really',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'very',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'test',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'See',\n",
+ " 'exercise',\n",
+ " '1.7',\n",
+ " '.)',\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'idea',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'answer',\n",
+ " 'until',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'close',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'so',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'its',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'differs',\n",
+ " 'from',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'less',\n",
+ " 'than',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'predetermined',\n",
+ " 'tolerance',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'here',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '):',\n",
+ " '22',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(<',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'abs',\n",
+ " '(-',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'Finally',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'need',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'way',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'get',\n",
+ " 'started',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'For',\n",
+ " 'instance',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'always',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'any',\n",
+ " 'number',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " '1',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '23',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " '1.0',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'If',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'type',\n",
+ " 'these',\n",
+ " 'definitions',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'interpreter',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'use',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " 'just',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'use',\n",
+ " 'any',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " ':']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "[ch for gp in [re.split(punctuation_pattern, t) for t in re.split(token_pattern, sample_text)]\n",
+ " for ch in gp if ch]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def tokenise(text):\n",
+ " return [ch for gp in [re.split(punctuation_pattern, t) for t in re.split(token_pattern, text)]\n",
+ " for ch in gp if ch]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['Continuing',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'obtain',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'approximations',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'Now',\n",
+ " \"let's\",\n",
+ " 'formalize',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'start',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'number',\n",
+ " 'whose',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'trying',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'compute',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'If',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'our',\n",
+ " 'purposes',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'done',\n",
+ " ';',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'must',\n",
+ " 'repeat',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'an',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'write',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'basic',\n",
+ " 'strategy',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'A',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'averaging',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'quotient',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'old',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'where',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " '(+',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '2',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'also',\n",
+ " 'have',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'say',\n",
+ " 'what',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'mean',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " \"''\",\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " \".''\",\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'following',\n",
+ " 'will',\n",
+ " 'do',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'illustration',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'but',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " 'really',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'very',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'test',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'See',\n",
+ " 'exercise',\n",
+ " '1.7',\n",
+ " '.)',\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'idea',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'answer',\n",
+ " 'until',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'close',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'so',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'its',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'differs',\n",
+ " 'from',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'less',\n",
+ " 'than',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'predetermined',\n",
+ " 'tolerance',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'here',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '):',\n",
+ " '22',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(<',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'abs',\n",
+ " '(-',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'Finally',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'need',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'way',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'get',\n",
+ " 'started',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'For',\n",
+ " 'instance',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'always',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'any',\n",
+ " 'number',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " '1',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '23',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " '1.0',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'If',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'type',\n",
+ " 'these',\n",
+ " 'definitions',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'interpreter',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'use',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " 'just',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'can',\n",
+ " 'use',\n",
+ " 'any',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " ':']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "tokenise(sample_text)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['Exercise',\n",
+ " '1.8',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " \"Newton's\",\n",
+ " 'method',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'cube',\n",
+ " 'roots',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'based',\n",
+ " 'on',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'fact',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'an',\n",
+ " 'approximation',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'cube',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'then',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'approximation',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'given',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'Use',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'formula',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'implement',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'cube',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " 'analogous',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'In',\n",
+ " 'section',\n",
+ " '1.3',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " '4',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'will',\n",
+ " 'see',\n",
+ " 'how',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'implement',\n",
+ " \"Newton's\",\n",
+ " 'method',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'general',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'an',\n",
+ " 'abstraction',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'these',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'cube',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.)',\n",
+ " '1.1',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " '8',\n",
+ " 'Procedures',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'Black',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'Box',\n",
+ " 'Abstractions',\n",
+ " 'Sqrt',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'our',\n",
+ " 'first',\n",
+ " 'example',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'defined',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'set',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'mutually',\n",
+ " 'defined',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'Notice',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'definition',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'recursive',\n",
+ " ';',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'defined',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'itself',\n",
+ " '.',\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'idea',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'being',\n",
+ " 'able',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'itself',\n",
+ " 'may',\n",
+ " 'be',\n",
+ " 'disturbing',\n",
+ " ';',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'may',\n",
+ " 'seem',\n",
+ " 'unclear',\n",
+ " 'how',\n",
+ " 'such',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " \"''\",\n",
+ " 'circular',\n",
+ " \"''\",\n",
+ " 'definition',\n",
+ " 'could',\n",
+ " 'make',\n",
+ " 'sense',\n",
+ " 'at',\n",
+ " 'all',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'much',\n",
+ " 'less',\n",
+ " 'specify',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'well',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'defined',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'be',\n",
+ " 'carried']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "tokenise(\"\"\"Exercise 1.8. Newton's method for cube roots is based on the fact that if y is an approximation to the\n",
+ "cube root of x, then a better approximation is given by the value\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Use this formula to implement a cube-root procedure analogous to the square-root procedure. (In\n",
+ "section 1.3.4 we will see how to implement Newton's method in general as an abstraction of these\n",
+ "square-root and cube-root procedures.)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1.1.8 Procedures as Black-Box Abstractions\n",
+ "Sqrt is our first example of a process defined by a set of mutually defined procedures. Notice that the\n",
+ "definition of sqrt-iter is recursive; that is, the procedure is defined in terms of itself. The idea of\n",
+ "being able to define a procedure in terms of itself may be disturbing; it may seem unclear how such a\n",
+ "''circular'' definition could make sense at all, much less specify a well-defined process to be carried\n",
+ "\"\"\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def find_counts_of_sentence(tokens, counts, tuple_size):\n",
+ " for i in range(len(tokens)-(tuple_size)):\n",
+ " counts[tuple(tokens[i:i+tuple_size])].update([tokens[i+tuple_size]])\n",
+ " counts[tuple(tokens[-tuple_size:])].update(None)\n",
+ " return counts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def find_counts(sentences, tuple_size=2):\n",
+ " counts = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)\n",
+ " starts = collections.Counter()\n",
+ " for sentence in sentences:\n",
+ " counts = find_counts_of_sentence(sentence, counts, tuple_size)\n",
+ " starts[tuple(sentence[:tuple_size])] += 1\n",
+ " return starts, counts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def sentences(tokens):\n",
+ " sents = []\n",
+ " sent = []\n",
+ " for i in range(len(tokens)):\n",
+ " if tokens[i] == '.':\n",
+ " sents += [sent + [tokens[i]]]\n",
+ " sent = []\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " sent += [tokens[i]]\n",
+ " return sents"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[['Continuing',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'obtain',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'better',\n",
+ " 'approximations',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " '.'],\n",
+ " ['Now',\n",
+ " \"let's\",\n",
+ " 'formalize',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'in',\n",
+ " 'terms',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'procedures',\n",
+ " '.'],\n",
+ " ['We',\n",
+ " 'start',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'number',\n",
+ " 'whose',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'root',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'trying',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'compute',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'value',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.'],\n",
+ " ['If',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'our',\n",
+ " 'purposes',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'are',\n",
+ " 'done',\n",
+ " ';',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'must',\n",
+ " 'repeat',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'process',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'an',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '.'],\n",
+ " ['We',\n",
+ " 'write',\n",
+ " 'this',\n",
+ " 'basic',\n",
+ " 'strategy',\n",
+ " 'as',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'procedure',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'if',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'sqrt',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'iter',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'A',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'improved',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'averaging',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'with',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'quotient',\n",
+ " 'of',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'and',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'old',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ':',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')))',\n",
+ " 'where',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'average',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(/',\n",
+ " '(+',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " 'y',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '2',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'We',\n",
+ " 'also',\n",
+ " 'have',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'say',\n",
+ " 'what',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'mean',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " \"''\",\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " \".''\",\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'following',\n",
+ " 'will',\n",
+ " 'do',\n",
+ " 'for',\n",
+ " 'illustration',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'but',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'not',\n",
+ " 'really',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'very',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " 'test',\n",
+ " '.'],\n",
+ " ['(',\n",
+ " 'See',\n",
+ " 'exercise',\n",
+ " '1.7',\n",
+ " '.)',\n",
+ " 'The',\n",
+ " 'idea',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'improve',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'answer',\n",
+ " 'until',\n",
+ " 'it',\n",
+ " 'is',\n",
+ " 'close',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " 'so',\n",
+ " 'that',\n",
+ " 'its',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'differs',\n",
+ " 'from',\n",
+ " 'the',\n",
+ " 'radicand',\n",
+ " 'by',\n",
+ " 'less',\n",
+ " 'than',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'predetermined',\n",
+ " 'tolerance',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'here',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '):',\n",
+ " '22',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'good',\n",
+ " '-',\n",
+ " 'enough',\n",
+ " '?',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " '(<',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'abs',\n",
+ " '(-',\n",
+ " '(',\n",
+ " 'square',\n",
+ " 'guess',\n",
+ " ')',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " '0.001',\n",
+ " '))',\n",
+ " 'Finally',\n",
+ " ',',\n",
+ " 'we',\n",
+ " 'need',\n",
+ " 'a',\n",
+ " 'way',\n",
+ " 'to',\n",
+ " 'get',\n",
+ " 'started',\n",
+ " '.']]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "sentences(tokenise(sample_text))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(Counter({('Continuing', 'this'): 1}),\n",
+ " defaultdict(collections.Counter,\n",
+ " {(',', 'we'): Counter({'obtain': 1}),\n",
+ " ('Continuing', 'this'): Counter({'process': 1}),\n",
+ " ('and', 'better'): Counter({'approximations': 1}),\n",
+ " ('approximations', 'to'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'and'): Counter({'better': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'approximations'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('obtain', 'better'): Counter({'and': 1}),\n",
+ " ('process', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('root', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('square', 'root'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'square'): Counter({'root': 1}),\n",
+ " ('this', 'process'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'the'): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'obtain'): Counter({'better': 1})}))"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "one_s_starts, one_s_counts = find_counts([sentences(tokenise(sample_text))[0]])\n",
+ "one_s_starts, one_s_counts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(Counter({('(', 'See', 'exercise'): 1,\n",
+ " ('Continuing', 'this', 'process'): 1,\n",
+ " ('If', 'the', 'guess'): 1,\n",
+ " ('Now', \"let's\", 'formalize'): 1,\n",
+ " ('We', 'start', 'with'): 1,\n",
+ " ('We', 'write', 'this'): 1}),\n",
+ " defaultdict(collections.Counter,\n",
+ " {(\"''\", 'good', 'enough'): Counter({\".''\": 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'See', 'exercise'): Counter({'1.7': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'abs', '(-'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'average', 'guess'): Counter({'(/': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'average', 'x'): Counter({'y': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(',\n",
+ " 'define',\n",
+ " '('): Counter({'average': 1,\n",
+ " 'good': 1,\n",
+ " 'improve': 1,\n",
+ " 'sqrt': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'good', '-'): Counter({'enough': 2}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'here', '0.001'): Counter({'):': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'if', '('): Counter({'good': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'improve', 'guess'): Counter({'x': 2}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'sqrt', '-'): Counter({'iter': 2}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'square', 'guess'): Counter({')': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(', 'the', 'number'): Counter({'whose': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(+', 'x', 'y'): Counter({')': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(-', '(', 'square'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(/', '(+', 'x'): Counter({'y': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(/', 'x', 'guess'): Counter({')))': 1}),\n",
+ " ('(<', '(', 'abs'): Counter({'(-': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', '(', 'average'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', '(', 'if'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', '(/', '(+'): Counter({'x': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', '(<', '('): Counter({'abs': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', '2', '))'): Counter({'We': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', 'and', 'a'): Counter({'value': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', 'guess', '('): Counter({'sqrt': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', 'x', '))'): Counter({'0.001': 1}),\n",
+ " (')', 'x', ')))'): Counter({'A': 1}),\n",
+ " ('))', '0.001', '))'): Counter({'Finally': 1}),\n",
+ " ('))', 'Finally', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('))', 'We', 'also'): Counter({'have': 1}),\n",
+ " (')))', 'A', 'guess'): Counter({'is': 1}),\n",
+ " (')))', 'where', '('): Counter({'define': 1}),\n",
+ " ('):', '22', '('): Counter({'define': 1}),\n",
+ " (',', 'but', 'it'): Counter({'is': 1}),\n",
+ " (',', 'we', 'are'): Counter({'done': 1}),\n",
+ " (',', 'we', 'must'): Counter({'repeat': 1}),\n",
+ " (',', 'we', 'need'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " (',', 'we', 'obtain'): Counter({'better': 1}),\n",
+ " ('-', 'enough', '?'): Counter({'guess': 2}),\n",
+ " ('-', 'iter', '('): Counter({'improve': 1}),\n",
+ " ('-', 'iter', 'guess'): Counter({'x': 1}),\n",
+ " (\".''\", 'The', 'following'): Counter({'will': 1}),\n",
+ " ('.)', 'The', 'idea'): Counter({'is': 1}),\n",
+ " ('0.001', '))', 'Finally'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('0.001', '):', '22'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('1.7', '.)', 'The'): Counter({'idea': 1}),\n",
+ " ('2', '))', 'We'): Counter({'also': 1}),\n",
+ " ('22', '(', 'define'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " (':', '(', 'define'): Counter({'(': 2}),\n",
+ " (';', 'if', 'not'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('?', 'guess', 'x'): Counter({')': 2}),\n",
+ " ('A', 'guess', 'is'): Counter({'improved': 1}),\n",
+ " ('Continuing', 'this', 'process'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('Finally', ',', 'we'): Counter({'need': 1}),\n",
+ " ('If', 'the', 'guess'): Counter({'is': 1}),\n",
+ " ('Now', \"let's\", 'formalize'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('See', 'exercise', '1.7'): Counter({'.)': 1}),\n",
+ " ('The', 'following', 'will'): Counter({'do': 1}),\n",
+ " ('The', 'idea', 'is'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('We', 'also', 'have'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('We', 'start', 'with'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " ('We', 'write', 'this'): Counter({'basic': 1}),\n",
+ " ('a', 'predetermined', 'tolerance'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('a', 'procedure', ':'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('a', 'value', 'for'): Counter({'the': 2}),\n",
+ " ('a', 'very', 'good'): Counter({'test': 1}),\n",
+ " ('a', 'way', 'to'): Counter({'get': 1}),\n",
+ " ('abs', '(-', '('): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('also', 'have', 'to'): Counter({'say': 1}),\n",
+ " ('an', 'improved', 'guess'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('and', 'a', 'value'): Counter({'for': 1}),\n",
+ " ('and', 'better', 'approximations'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('and', 'the', 'old'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('answer', 'until', 'it'): Counter({'is': 1}),\n",
+ " ('approximations', 'to', 'the'): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('are', 'done', ';'): Counter({'if': 1}),\n",
+ " ('are', 'trying', 'to'): Counter({'compute': 1}),\n",
+ " ('as', 'a', 'procedure'): Counter({':': 1}),\n",
+ " ('average', 'guess', '(/'): Counter({'x': 1}),\n",
+ " ('average', 'x', 'y'): Counter({')': 1}),\n",
+ " ('averaging', 'it', 'with'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('basic', 'strategy', 'as'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'and', 'better'): Counter({'approximations': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'approximations', 'to'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('but', 'it', 'is'): Counter({'not': 1}),\n",
+ " ('by', \"''\", 'good'): Counter({'enough': 1}),\n",
+ " ('by', 'averaging', 'it'): Counter({'with': 1}),\n",
+ " ('by', 'less', 'than'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " ('close', 'enough', 'so'): Counter({'that': 1}),\n",
+ " ('compute', ')', 'and'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " ('define', '(', 'average'): Counter({'x': 1}),\n",
+ " ('define', '(', 'good'): Counter({'-': 1}),\n",
+ " ('define', '(', 'improve'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('define', '(', 'sqrt'): Counter({'-': 1}),\n",
+ " ('differs', 'from', 'the'): Counter({'radicand': 1}),\n",
+ " ('do', 'for', 'illustration'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('done', ';', 'if'): Counter({'not': 1}),\n",
+ " ('enough', \".''\", 'The'): Counter({'following': 1}),\n",
+ " ('enough', '?', 'guess'): Counter({'x': 2}),\n",
+ " ('enough', 'for', 'our'): Counter({'purposes': 1}),\n",
+ " ('enough', 'so', 'that'): Counter({'its': 1}),\n",
+ " ('exercise', '1.7', '.)'): Counter({'The': 1}),\n",
+ " ('following', 'will', 'do'): Counter({'for': 1}),\n",
+ " ('for', 'illustration', ','): Counter({'but': 1}),\n",
+ " ('for', 'our', 'purposes'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('for', 'the', 'guess'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('for', 'the', 'radicand'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('formalize', 'the', 'process'): Counter({'in': 1}),\n",
+ " ('from', 'the', 'radicand'): Counter({'by': 1}),\n",
+ " ('get', 'started', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('good', '-', 'enough'): Counter({'?': 2}),\n",
+ " ('good', 'enough', \".''\"): Counter({'The': 1}),\n",
+ " ('good', 'enough', 'for'): Counter({'our': 1}),\n",
+ " ('good', 'test', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('guess', '(', 'sqrt'): Counter({'-': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', '(/', 'x'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', ')', 'x'): Counter({'))': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', ')))', 'where'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', ':', '('): Counter({'define': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', 'is', 'good'): Counter({'enough': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess', 'is', 'improved'): Counter({'by': 1}),\n",
+ " ('guess',\n",
+ " 'x',\n",
+ " ')'): Counter({'(': 2, '(<': 1, 'guess': 1, 'x': 1}),\n",
+ " ('have', 'to', 'say'): Counter({'what': 1}),\n",
+ " ('here', '0.001', '):'): Counter({'22': 1}),\n",
+ " ('idea', 'is', 'to'): Counter({'improve': 1}),\n",
+ " ('if', '(', 'good'): Counter({'-': 1}),\n",
+ " ('if', 'not', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('illustration', ',', 'but'): Counter({'it': 1}),\n",
+ " ('improve', 'guess', 'x'): Counter({')': 2}),\n",
+ " ('improve', 'the', 'answer'): Counter({'until': 1}),\n",
+ " ('improved', 'by', 'averaging'): Counter({'it': 1}),\n",
+ " ('improved', 'guess', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('in', 'terms', 'of'): Counter({'procedures': 1}),\n",
+ " ('is', 'close', 'enough'): Counter({'so': 1}),\n",
+ " ('is', 'good', 'enough'): Counter({'for': 1}),\n",
+ " ('is', 'improved', 'by'): Counter({'averaging': 1}),\n",
+ " ('is', 'not', 'really'): Counter({'a': 1}),\n",
+ " ('is', 'to', 'improve'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('it', 'is', 'close'): Counter({'enough': 1}),\n",
+ " ('it', 'is', 'not'): Counter({'really': 1}),\n",
+ " ('it', 'with', 'the'): Counter({'quotient': 1}),\n",
+ " ('iter', '(', 'improve'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('iter', 'guess', 'x'): Counter({')': 1}),\n",
+ " ('its', 'square', 'differs'): Counter({'from': 1}),\n",
+ " ('less', 'than', 'a'): Counter({'predetermined': 1}),\n",
+ " (\"let's\", 'formalize', 'the'): Counter({'process': 1}),\n",
+ " ('mean', 'by', \"''\"): Counter({'good': 1}),\n",
+ " ('must', 'repeat', 'the'): Counter({'process': 1}),\n",
+ " ('need', 'a', 'way'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('not', ',', 'we'): Counter({'must': 1}),\n",
+ " ('not', 'really', 'a'): Counter({'very': 1}),\n",
+ " ('number', 'whose', 'square'): Counter({'root': 1}),\n",
+ " ('obtain', 'better', 'and'): Counter({'better': 1}),\n",
+ " ('of', 'procedures', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('of', 'the', 'radicand'): Counter({'and': 1}),\n",
+ " ('old', 'guess', ':'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('our', 'purposes', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('predetermined', 'tolerance', '('): Counter({'here': 1}),\n",
+ " ('procedure', ':', '('): Counter({'define': 1}),\n",
+ " ('process', ',', 'we'): Counter({'obtain': 1}),\n",
+ " ('process', 'in', 'terms'): Counter({'of': 1}),\n",
+ " ('process', 'with', 'an'): Counter({'improved': 1}),\n",
+ " ('purposes', ',', 'we'): Counter({'are': 1}),\n",
+ " ('quotient', 'of', 'the'): Counter({'radicand': 1}),\n",
+ " ('radicand', '(', 'the'): Counter({'number': 1}),\n",
+ " ('radicand', 'and', 'the'): Counter({'old': 1}),\n",
+ " ('radicand', 'by', 'less'): Counter({'than': 1}),\n",
+ " ('really', 'a', 'very'): Counter({'good': 1}),\n",
+ " ('repeat', 'the', 'process'): Counter({'with': 1}),\n",
+ " ('root', 'we', 'are'): Counter({'trying': 1}),\n",
+ " ('say', 'what', 'we'): Counter({'mean': 1}),\n",
+ " ('so', 'that', 'its'): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('sqrt', '-', 'iter'): Counter({'(': 1, 'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('square', 'differs', 'from'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('square', 'guess', ')'): Counter({'x': 1}),\n",
+ " ('square', 'root', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('square', 'root', 'we'): Counter({'are': 1}),\n",
+ " ('start', 'with', 'a'): Counter({'value': 1}),\n",
+ " ('strategy', 'as', 'a'): Counter({'procedure': 1}),\n",
+ " ('terms', 'of', 'procedures'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('than', 'a', 'predetermined'): Counter({'tolerance': 1}),\n",
+ " ('that', 'its', 'square'): Counter({'differs': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'answer', 'until'): Counter({'it': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'guess', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('the', 'guess', 'is'): Counter({'good': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'number', 'whose'): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'old', 'guess'): Counter({':': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'process', 'in'): Counter({'terms': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'process', 'with'): Counter({'an': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'quotient', 'of'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'radicand', '('): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'radicand', 'and'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'radicand', 'by'): Counter({'less': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'square', 'root'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('this', 'basic', 'strategy'): Counter({'as': 1}),\n",
+ " ('this', 'process', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'compute', ')'): Counter({'and': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'get', 'started'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'improve', 'the'): Counter({'answer': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'say', 'what'): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'the', 'square'): Counter({'root': 1}),\n",
+ " ('tolerance', '(', 'here'): Counter({'0.001': 1}),\n",
+ " ('trying', 'to', 'compute'): Counter({')': 1}),\n",
+ " ('until', 'it', 'is'): Counter({'close': 1}),\n",
+ " ('value', 'for', 'the'): Counter({'guess': 1, 'radicand': 1}),\n",
+ " ('very', 'good', 'test'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('way', 'to', 'get'): Counter({'started': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'are', 'done'): Counter({';': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'are', 'trying'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'mean', 'by'): Counter({\"''\": 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'must', 'repeat'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'need', 'a'): Counter({'way': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'obtain', 'better'): Counter({'and': 1}),\n",
+ " ('what', 'we', 'mean'): Counter({'by': 1}),\n",
+ " ('where', '(', 'define'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('whose', 'square', 'root'): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('will', 'do', 'for'): Counter({'illustration': 1}),\n",
+ " ('with', 'a', 'value'): Counter({'for': 1}),\n",
+ " ('with', 'an', 'improved'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('with', 'the', 'quotient'): Counter({'of': 1}),\n",
+ " ('write', 'this', 'basic'): Counter({'strategy': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', ')', '('): Counter({'average': 1, 'if': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', ')', '(<'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', ')', 'guess'): Counter({'(': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', ')', 'x'): Counter({')))': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', '))', '0.001'): Counter({'))': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', ')))', 'A'): Counter({'guess': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', 'guess', ')))'): Counter({'where': 1}),\n",
+ " ('x', 'y', ')'): Counter({'(/': 1, '2': 1}),\n",
+ " ('y', ')', '(/'): Counter({'(+': 1}),\n",
+ " ('y', ')', '2'): Counter({'))': 1})}))"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "find_counts(sentences(tokenise(sample_text)), tuple_size=3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "('Continuing', 'this', 'process')"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "s = sentences(tokenise(sample_text))[0]\n",
+ "tuple(s[:3])"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "unaccent_specials = ''.maketrans({\"’\": \"'\", \"’\": \"'\"})\n",
+ "def unaccent(text):\n",
+ " \"\"\"Remove all accents from letters.\n",
+ " It does this by converting the unicode string to decomposed compatability\n",
+ " form, dropping all the combining accents, then re-encoding the bytes.\n",
+ "\n",
+ " >>> unaccent('hello')\n",
+ " 'hello'\n",
+ " >>> unaccent('HELLO')\n",
+ " 'HELLO'\n",
+ " >>> unaccent('héllo')\n",
+ " 'hello'\n",
+ " >>> unaccent('héllö')\n",
+ " 'hello'\n",
+ " >>> unaccent('HÉLLÖ')\n",
+ " 'HELLO'\n",
+ " \"\"\"\n",
+ " translated_text = text.translate(unaccent_specials)\n",
+ " return unicodedata.normalize('NFKD', translated_text).\\\n",
+ " encode('ascii', 'ignore').\\\n",
+ " decode('utf-8')"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "sicp = unaccent(open('sicp.txt').read())\n",
+ "sicp_starts, sicp_counts = find_counts(sentences(tokenise(sicp)), tuple_size=3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[(('subset', 'of', 'mathematical'), Counter({'logic': 1})),\n",
+ " (('at', 'MIT', 'who'), Counter({'major': 1})),\n",
+ " (('enforces', 'the', 'restriction'), Counter({'that': 1})),\n",
+ " (('makes', 'it', 'very'), Counter({'difficult': 1})),\n",
+ " (('understand', 'the', \"compiler's\"), Counter({'preserving': 1})),\n",
+ " (('with', 'instructions', 'to'), Counter({'initialize': 1, 'test': 1})),\n",
+ " (('to', 'problems', 'in'), Counter({'adding': 1})),\n",
+ " (('problem', 'is', 'and'), Counter({'how': 1})),\n",
+ " (('stream', '(', 'conjoin'), Counter({'(': 1})),\n",
+ " (('organization', ',', 'then'), Counter({'to': 1}))]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "list(sicp_counts.items())[:10]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[(('With', 'permanent', '-'), 1),\n",
+ " (('The', 'recursive', 'compilation'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Define', 'abstractions', 'that'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Hall', 'the', 'Rosalind'), 1),\n",
+ " (('The', 'effect', 'executingnew'), 1),\n",
+ " (('1', '-', '4.1'), 1),\n",
+ " (('So', 'the', 'procedure'), 1),\n",
+ " (('However', ',', 'with'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Figure', '3.2', 'shows'), 1),\n",
+ " (('In', 'software', '-'), 1)]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "list(sicp_starts.items())[:10]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "list(sicp_counts[('Gas', 'Meters', '.')].elements())"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "('The', 'left', \"''\")"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "random.choice(list(sicp_starts.elements()))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "('+', 'or')"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "t = ('as', '+')\n",
+ "t[1:] + ('or', )"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def markov_sentence(counts, starts, items=None):\n",
+ " i = 0\n",
+ " current = random.choice(list(starts.elements()))\n",
+ " chain = list(current)\n",
+ " nexts = list(counts[current].elements())\n",
+ " while nexts and items and i < items:\n",
+ " next_item = random.choice(nexts)\n",
+ " chain += [next_item]\n",
+ " current = current[1:] + (next_item, )\n",
+ " i += 1\n",
+ " nexts = list(counts[current].elements())\n",
+ " # print(chain, ':', current, ':', nexts)\n",
+ " return chain"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'Rewrite the sqrt procedure of section 2.2 .'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(markov_sentence(sicp_counts, sicp_starts, 500))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "Counter({'.': 1})"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "sicp_counts['the', 'dispatch', 'procedure']"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'Continuing this process , we obtain better and better approximations to the square root .'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(markov_sentence(one_s_counts, one_s_starts, 500))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "(defaultdict(collections.Counter,\n",
+ " {(',', 'we'): Counter({'obtain': 1}),\n",
+ " ('Continuing', 'this'): Counter({'process': 1}),\n",
+ " ('and', 'better'): Counter({'approximations': 1}),\n",
+ " ('approximations', 'to'): Counter({'the': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'and'): Counter({'better': 1}),\n",
+ " ('better', 'approximations'): Counter({'to': 1}),\n",
+ " ('obtain', 'better'): Counter({'and': 1}),\n",
+ " ('process', ','): Counter({'we': 1}),\n",
+ " ('root', '.'): Counter(),\n",
+ " ('square', 'root'): Counter({'.': 1}),\n",
+ " ('the', 'square'): Counter({'root': 1}),\n",
+ " ('this', 'process'): Counter({',': 1}),\n",
+ " ('to', 'the'): Counter({'square': 1}),\n",
+ " ('we', 'obtain'): Counter({'better': 1})}),\n",
+ " Counter({('Continuing', 'this'): 1}))"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "one_s_counts, one_s_starts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "def sentence_join(tokens):\n",
+ " sentence = ''\n",
+ " for t in tokens:\n",
+ " if t[-1] not in \".,:;')-\":\n",
+ " sentence += ' '\n",
+ " sentence += t\n",
+ " return sentence.strip()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'Griss, Martin L.'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "sentence_join(markov_sentence(sicp_counts, sicp_starts, 500))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'2 Compiling Expressions In this section we will examine several Lisp procedures and design a specific register machine to execute programs written in Scheme, we used a succession of programs, most of the pairs generated in a typical computation are used only to speed up the evaluator by separating analysis from runtime execution. Unfortunately, as we have implemented adjoin- term to work for polynomials with coefficients that are themselves sequences are subtrees. In the original definition of scale- list, the recursive structure of the procedure object W1. A. Turner, David, and Daniel Weinreb. 4 Compound Procedures 1.1. Although their method was complex, it produced reasonably efficient programs because it did little redundant search. Exercise 3.13 constructed such lists. Modify the handling of cond so that it expects the integrand as a delayed argument and hence can be used in this way: ( define ( scheme- number -> scheme- number scheme- number -> scheme- number- package instantiate instantiate a pattern instruction counting instruction execution procedure instruction sequence, a list of n elements ? Exercise 2.65. Exercise 3.22.'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(sicp_counts, sicp_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "kjb = unaccent(open('king-james-bible.txt').read())\n",
+ "kjb_starts, kjb_counts = find_counts(sentences(tokenise(kjb)), tuple_size=3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'4: 5 And Simon answering said unto him, Thou wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and he that is of a perverse heart shall be there: and make no mention of the name of it called Babel; because the former troubles are forgotten, and because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had chosen. 20: 6 But Abram said unto Lot, Hast thou found honey ? eat so much as heard whether there be prophecies, they shall fall one upon another, that shall not be cut off from among his people: neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant stood: and they rest not day and night come to an end, 21: 26 They mount up to heaven, and on camels, and asses. 15: 4 Yea, though he be not redeemed within the space of a full year may he redeem it. 89: 43 Thou hast also committed fornication with her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows, or of the strangers for a prey, and to the soldiers, when they saw that the Syrians were fled, they likewise fled before Abishai his brother, is in darkness even until now. 8: 8 Also he sent forth a raven, which went out from the land of Canaan, the lot of our inheritance on this side Jordan westward. 2: 6 His body also was like the fiery flame, and the Jebusites, which were remaining of the families of the Gershonites according to their families was thus: even the border of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Kareah spake to Gedaliah in Mizpah secretly saying, Let neither man nor woman alive, to bring up the tithe of the corn, and to the king, and of oil, ye shall keep this service. 8: 8 So Rabshakeh returned, and corrupted all their doings. 18: 17 And the flood was forty days upon the land, and their wives, and all they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they possessed it, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he said unto them thus, Who commanded you to perform, even ten thousand captives, and brought him to the face, both he that soweth and he that formed the eye, I am Christ; and shall set the woman before the LORD, the fire causeth the waters to boil, to make an atonement for your sin. 2: 22 Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: 20: 4 And whither I go. 8: 29 And Jesus answered and said, I am in a great strait: let us go by night, being one of them.'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(kjb_counts, kjb_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "all_starts = sicp_starts + kjb_starts"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "[(('The', 'programmer', 'must'), 1),\n",
+ " (('And', 'Jehoram', 'reigned'), 1),\n",
+ " (('The', 'recursive', 'compilation'), 1),\n",
+ " (('17', ':', '22'), 10),\n",
+ " (('Hall', 'the', 'Rosalind'), 1),\n",
+ " (('107', ':', '10'), 1),\n",
+ " (('The', 'stored', 'value'), 1),\n",
+ " (('148', ':', '1'), 1),\n",
+ " (('So', 'the', 'procedure'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Woe', 'to', 'the'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Design', 'and', 'implement'), 1),\n",
+ " (('Figure', '3.2', 'shows'), 1),\n",
+ " (('23', ':', '30'), 7),\n",
+ " (('51', ':', '6'), 3),\n",
+ " (('The', 'key', 'modularity'), 1),\n",
+ " (('6', ':', '17'), 25),\n",
+ " (('47', ':', '1'), 5),\n",
+ " (('mutable', 'Indeed', ','), 1),\n",
+ " (('And', 'he', 'saith'), 4),\n",
+ " (('31', 'Exercise', '1.9'), 1)]"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "list(all_starts.items())[:20]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "all_counts = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)\n",
+ "for k in sicp_counts:\n",
+ " all_counts[k] = sicp_counts[k].copy()\n",
+ "for k in kjb_counts:\n",
+ " all_counts[k] += kjb_counts[k].copy()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "\"The New Hacker's Dictionary. 14 Any memory cell that is not one- directional computations, which perform operations on prespecified arguments to produce desired outputs. 6 Internal Definitions Our environment model of procedure application, which is defined to be the special case where the set elements need not be a one- element list, which is the root of the tree to find the next free location. Fill in the missing expressions in the following definition of factorial: ( define ( user- print modified for compiled code apply- generic requests an operation to initialize the stack and return it, and students pick it up in a few seconds with the Fermat method), and test each of the 12 primes found in exercise 1.22. High- level languages, erected on a machine- language program machine model modified for compiled code monitoring performance ( stack use) of compiled code, and each time we move down the right branch and which will be executed). We have not shown the part of the implementation. ( Hint: Use substitution to evaluate ( square x) ( if (= n 1) ( make- new- machine make- operation- exp- reg dest)))) ( lambda() < exp>), without using the optimization provided by memo- proc do something like ( set ! * unparsed * ( cdr * unparsed*)) sent)) We can generate such a parse with a simple program that has separate procedures for each of the items in the set is ( 1) = y 1. Then we can find the remainder of the division is called the mutual exclusion problem. 4, where we found that formulating stream models of systems with loops may require uses of delay beyond the hidden'' delay supplied by cons- stream initial- value ( thunk- value obj)) ( else ( make- rat is called. Assume that the coefficients of the terms and add them. If none of the < test>, and the result of the operation is valid.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(sicp_counts, sicp_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "\"19: 25 But thou, O God: for they commit lewdness. 16: 15 And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that is in thee by the walls and in the feast of unleavened bread, until the selfsame day. 28: 23 But I will take away out of all his troubles. 4: 5 And they shall answer and say unto him, Is not this the fast that I have been with you at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto him all the elders of the land of Egypt saying, 12: 11 Now when Job's three friends heard of all that therein is, in my realm, which are come to the place which the man of God, the God of Israel, which they could not so much as to eat. 5: 28 The LORD shall preserve thy going out; and it was shut. 43: 4 And the king of the nations: for I will stretch out my hand, and be rejected of the elders: from whom also I speak freely: for I have loved strangers, and after his going forth is prepared as the morning, that they come up out of Egypt, even they also turned to be their governor in the land of thy acts and of thy wisdom was not told me: thy hair is as a troubled fountain, and she conceived, and bare Jacob the fifth son. 22: 38 And Elisha came again to him, and upon the great toe of their right feet: and Deborah went up with ten thousand men of Judah; We have a little sister, and her days shall not be forgiven. 13: 2 And it shall come to pass, when the people removed from their tents, and said unto him that is near of kin unto us, he would raise up Christ to sit on the throne; yea, they have trodden my portion under foot, whose land the rivers have spoiled, to the right hand of the king. 40: 34 Then said they unto him an accusation against him. 14: 1 The priests the Levites, unto Ezra the priest brought the law before the congregation for judgment, but there was no bread there but the shewbread, which was the son of Meshullam, the son of Hinnom, and burnt it with fire, and destroyed down to the pit.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(kjb_counts, kjb_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "'6: 30 And the children of Israel, and the garlick: 11: 11 And Balak said unto Balaam, Go with the men, whom I have not spoken of me the thing that I hate, saith the LORD. 14: 27 And Joshua made them that day, saith the LORD; If ye will not fall upon me yourselves. 7: 2 Thou hast given a banner to them that believe: 2: 37 And at the end of the mountain that lieth before the valley of vision, breaking down the walls of the houses withal: 29: 37 Their meat offering and their drink offerings, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD. Then the master of his mercy; 1: 36 And Bethnimrah, and Succoth, and encamped at Hazeroth. If the queue was initially empty, we set the front and rear pointers of the queue in the first month in the second chariot that he had built, 10: 32 Benjamin, Malluch, and Adaiah, 10: 6 In burnt offerings and sacrifices, and with him an hundred and thirty. An extreme case of inefficiency occurs when the system falls into infinite loops in making deductions. 18: 12 And when the days of Cainan were nine hundred sixty and two years, and begat Methuselah: 5: 11 And Manoah arose, and rebuked them, because of the words which the horn spake: I sought him, but feared the people, He is my shepherd, and the Levites shall keep the watch of the LORD, and we will give ourselves continually to prayer, a certain blind man sat by the way. 34: 20 In a moment, and be still. One thing that makes the query language provides means of combination is crucial to the ability to represent compound data. 4: 15 That which is far off shall die of the pestilence.'"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "' '.join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(all_counts, all_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "all2 = unaccent(open('sicp-trimmed.txt').read() + open('king-james-bible.txt').read())\n",
+ "all2_starts, all2_counts = find_counts(sentences(tokenise(all2)), tuple_size=2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "['32 The stranger that is, that hath taken a new clause to the unit square ( imag- part, and our Saviour.',\n",
+ " '112: 2 And, behold, immediately he arose, and cast them to pass at that level, which loveth thee and thy word is gone a little sister, to bring them unto the sea, they reach even to him, with the whole land shall be the Son of man are before the LORD pondereth the hearts of the first and the latter days.',\n",
+ " '10: 38 Joel the chief man of God, as much as any of the wood offering, with his fathers: also they were ashamed: let not the light of the Greeks seek after my name, and said unto him that doeth righteousness at all redeem ought of the LORD appointed other seventy also, as at other times, and Mearah that is spent in our streets: and in Benjamin fenced cities, and to all that he will preserve him, and couple the curtains of goats that were numbered of them that sleep sleep in the house of Jeroboam the son of Mattaniah: for ye shall be shortened.',\n",
+ " '( This argument is the spirit of his nostrils, and turn again by the heel in the place where concurrency control, and he that reapeth may rejoice.',\n",
+ " '6: 7 That ye may be of the truth.',\n",
+ " '6: 10 And thou shalt see it.',\n",
+ " \"9: 25 And it shall come and sing praise to thee with ? x set) false))))) Without- interrupts disables time- shared operating systems, especially they who are ye in me is true,'' for example, if thou warn the righteous smite me; 26: 10 Declaring the end.\",\n",
+ " '7: 22 But he rebelled against thee, yet make thee to anger, and Jeremoth, and the men of Babylon.',\n",
+ " '( define ( cube x)))) ( parallel- execute is a great multitude from Galilee, into the ark of the dust of the desire of our attitudes about programming and, behold, they brought out the mote out of thy land shall fall therein: and the compiler.',\n",
+ " 'And Peter remembered the days when God overthrew Sodom and her towns and country round about upon the horns, and openeth their ears are open, and to the user, provide a rigorous mathematical definition of the boards of fir.',\n",
+ " '5.4.',\n",
+ " 'For example, we set the battle increased that trouble me ! for my comfort in these cases are recognized by the space is ( define ( append- instruction- sequence, we will use a distinct bignum data type enables the system should be bound in chains among all the days that have not walked in the faith, I will surely shew myself unto prayer.',\n",
+ " '1: 15 And thou shalt require of the testimony in Jacob his people made no lamentation.',\n",
+ " '12: 37 Then he questioned with him.',\n",
+ " 'The procedure that takes as input a pattern such as had not obtained that which is at hand, that David had a servant to wife.',\n",
+ " '2: 11 Now this I say unto thee; and they that were diseased.',\n",
+ " 'There are many ways in the matter, they withered away from him, sing praises unto God from the tower, and birds of the terms of more and more abundantly unto you, he hath given unto thee: and they shall offer the gift, with the beasts of the same car.',\n",
+ " 'You must implement the generic procedure so that they name, and go up, and take up his pillars.',\n",
+ " \"We will have to change ( or ( recursively) during analysis is a faithful man who was yet shut up him that shaketh it ? 30: 15 The way of the LORD's passover.\",\n",
+ " 'Amen, and combine the two horns were high; that thou hast heard, Satan: thou hast redeemed.',\n",
+ " \"The community's broader work goes beyond issues of objects that can skill to hew in the gate of Issachar according to all that they may shave their heads, neither have seen strange things to write coercion procedures that manipulate the shared account.\",\n",
+ " \"25: 1: 36 My desire is, and Lot his brother's name was Tamar: she is thy love to have done evil in his disease he sought how he loved the people and the Amalekites had carried it into the sea side: and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes behold, the joy wherewith we joy for your goodness is as the shadow of death stain it; because he had said unto her mistress, and they of Tyre and Sidon, which uses the last; I will restore it to a given application problem; the family of the whole congregation of the armies of Israel, and shod them, having faithful children not accused of riot, speaking of the lad where he entereth in by the young men now arise, if we call make- new- machine procedure, we hurt them, and his dwelling place of rest, but shall surely pay ox for a fool: much more diligent, upon these tables the words which I also was accounted to him, and much people, and upon the persons were four leprous men at his birth.\",\n",
+ " '32: 3 She crieth in the gate from the power of the sea shall be unclean.',\n",
+ " '2: 13 To keep the commandments of the wicked he turneth upside down shall be set in my sanctuary ? but thou shalt make two rings in the wine, which is called the Italian band, when ye go to Dothan.',\n",
+ " '21: 8 Therefore thus saith the LORD our God in heaven.',\n",
+ " 'The empty set is being paid more than lovers of God; every one over against him.',\n",
+ " 'And the sons of Bilhah.',\n",
+ " '34: 22 Saying, Give us this great fire any more at all times: unless she had seen.',\n",
+ " '1: 7 Ain, Remmon, and Lot the son of Pashur, a flame: there shall be strong.',\n",
+ " '32: 10 Yea, all the leaves of a combination, and Meshullam.']"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "[sentence_join(markov_sentence(all2_counts, all2_starts, 500)) for _ in range(30)]"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 66,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "sicp_lovecraft = unaccent(open('sicp-trimmed.txt').read() + open('lovecraft.txt').read())\n",
+ "sl2_starts, sl2_counts = find_counts(sentences(tokenise(sicp_lovecraft)), tuple_size=2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 70,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "\"To make a new procedure object W1. Now, if you fail to imagine an alien evolution had led him. We also have to steer better with four interface procedures to enforce the condition is called forcing. In Proceedings of the window I did not, they wished; so that the great sweep, half- bent on its own opposite. There he worked like beavers over Lake's two best planes, fitting them again it was very blurred, and very handsome save for his family. By incorporating a limited number of arrests, the brightness and affability which promised respite from our emotions, and aerial, aeroplane parts, an' crinkly albino hair, pale blue eyes, impotently trying to tell is more ancient than the ordered union- set pairs))) Make- withdraw. Out of the same hallucination. I had wander'd in rapture beneath them; and there was only a lone coyote on the side turned away from both men sat still and attempt to divide both the Esquimaux wizards and the weirdness of the sort used in Mesopotamia, being wakeful, and could not sleep well that sucks your life and sensation- the hellish whine of the vault I kept deathly quiet, and when I told them the back of the Eighteenth Century, with full daemoniac fury upon the dark stairs. ( You should find that much of the same constraint that the whole way to the westward precipice beside him was a baronet before his arrival. 1 Representations for Complex Numbers We will augment the factorial machine shown in figure 5.14) of section 5.2 we use apply- dispatch, and seemed to notice this ripple until reminded by later events; but I can scarcely describe the strangeness was not sorry for him did not believe he was so rapidly overtaking it in an infinite continued fraction expansion for e x is unbound.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 70,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "\" \".join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(sl2_counts, sl2_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 75,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/html": [
+ "<p>Mrs. Now she heard voices in other universes and other myths, they raised and the senior Ward, however, were soon unbuttoning our heavy flying furs. 4 Exponentiation Consider the following August his labours. The face was a dream- world discovery in press. Each time we called a program for simulating diffusion ( say N / k calls to protected are done; though once in a begin.) The evaluator can check to see a pale lemon- yellow while his singular results. I had carried off. Reflecting upon these pictures can revive. There was a hideous uncertainty came over and over must you land amongst them with hot brooding gaze and evil. Dee was never regarded by the known habits of childish rebelliousness being exchanged for other needs of the steel- rimmed pince- nez and pointed stiffly to a cloud of probable East- Indian or Indochinese provenance, though I could tell; yet it is too tremendous for any to picture or encompass. Aroused at last to see the old Asian castles clinging to him on his study, a rational number can automatically be applied to frames in parallel and merging with the unbeautiful things of earth's convulsions, this is embedded.</h1>"
+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "from IPython.core.display import display, HTML\n",
+ "display(HTML('<p>' + \n",
+ " \" \".join(sentence_join(markov_sentence(sl2_counts, sl2_starts, 500)) for _ in range(10)) + \n",
+ " '</h1>'))"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.4.3+"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
--- /dev/null
+
+
+\f
+
+Structure and Interpretation
+of Computer Programs
+second edition
+Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman
+with Julie Sussman
+foreword by Alan J. Perlis
+The MIT Press
+Cambridge, Massachusetts
+
+London, England
+
+McGraw-Hill Book Company
+New York St. Louis San Francisco
+
+Montreal
+
+
+
+Toronto
+
+\f
+This book is one of a series of texts written by faculty of the Electrical Engineering and Computer
+Science Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was edited and produced by
+The MIT Press under a joint production-distribution arrangement with the McGraw-Hill Book
+Company.
+Ordering Information:
+North America
+Text orders should be addressed to the McGraw-Hill Book Company.
+All other orders should be addressed to The MIT Press.
+Outside North America
+All orders should be addressed to The MIT Press or its local distributor.
+© 1996 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+Second edition
+All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
+mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
+without permission in writing from the publisher.
+This book was set by the authors using the LATEX typesetting system and was printed and bound
+in the United States of America.
+Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
+Abelson, Harold
+Structure and interpretation of computer programs / Harold Abelson
+and Gerald Jay Sussman, with Julie Sussman. -- 2nd ed.
+p. cm. -- (Electrical engineering and computer science
+series)
+Includes bibliographical references and index.
+ISBN 0-262-01153-0 (MIT Press hardcover)
+ISBN 0-262-51087-1 (MIT Press paperback)
+ISBN 0-07-000484-6 (McGraw-Hill hardcover)
+1. Electronic digital computers -- Programming. 2. LISP (Computer
+program language) I. Sussman, Gerald Jay. II. Sussman, Julie.
+III. Title. IV. Series: MIT electrical engineering and computer
+science series.
+QA76.6.A255
+1996
+005.13’3 -- dc20
+96-17756
+Fourth printing, 1999
+
+
+\f
+This book is dedicated, in respect and admiration, to the spirit that lives in the computer.
+‘‘I think that it’s extraordinarily important that we in computer science keep fun in computing. When
+it started out, it was an awful lot of fun. Of course, the paying customers got shafted every now and
+then, and after a while we began to take their complaints seriously. We began to feel as if we really
+were responsible for the successful, error-free perfect use of these machines. I don’t think we are. I
+think we’re responsible for stretching them, setting them off in new directions, and keeping fun in the
+house. I hope the field of computer science never loses its sense of fun. Above all, I hope we don’t
+become missionaries. Don’t feel as if you’re Bible salesmen. The world has too many of those already.
+What you know about computing other people will learn. Don’t feel as if the key to successful
+computing is only in your hands. What’s in your hands, I think and hope, is intelligence: the ability to
+see the machine as more than when you were first led up to it, that you can make it more.’’
+Alan J. Perlis (April 1, 1922-February 7, 1990)
+
+
+\f
+
+Contents
+Foreword
+Preface to the Second Edition
+Preface to the First Edition
+Acknowledgments
+1 Building Abstractions with Procedures
+1.1 The Elements of Programming
+1.1.1 Expressions
+1.1.2 Naming and the Environment
+1.1.3 Evaluating Combinations
+1.1.4 Compound Procedures
+1.1.5 The Substitution Model for Procedure Application
+1.1.6 Conditional Expressions and Predicates
+1.1.7 Example: Square Roots by Newton’s Method
+1.1.8 Procedures as Black-Box Abstractions
+1.2 Procedures and the Processes They Generate
+1.2.1 Linear Recursion and Iteration
+1.2.2 Tree Recursion
+1.2.3 Orders of Growth
+1.2.4 Exponentiation
+1.2.5 Greatest Common Divisors
+1.2.6 Example: Testing for Primality
+1.3 Formulating Abstractions with Higher-Order Procedures
+1.3.1 Procedures as Arguments
+1.3.2 Constructing Procedures Using Lambda
+1.3.3 Procedures as General Methods
+1.3.4 Procedures as Returned Values
+2 Building Abstractions with Data
+2.1 Introduction to Data Abstraction
+2.1.1 Example: Arithmetic Operations for Rational Numbers
+2.1.2 Abstraction Barriers
+2.1.3 What Is Meant by Data?
+2.1.4 Extended Exercise: Interval Arithmetic
+2.2 Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property
+2.2.1 Representing Sequences
+2.2.2 Hierarchical Structures
+2.2.3 Sequences as Conventional Interfaces
+2.2.4 Example: A Picture Language
+2.3 Symbolic Data
+2.3.1 Quotation
+
+\f2.3.2 Example: Symbolic Differentiation
+2.3.3 Example: Representing Sets
+2.3.4 Example: Huffman Encoding Trees
+2.4 Multiple Representations for Abstract Data
+2.4.1 Representations for Complex Numbers
+2.4.2 Tagged data
+2.4.3 Data-Directed Programming and Additivity
+2.5 Systems with Generic Operations
+2.5.1 Generic Arithmetic Operations
+2.5.2 Combining Data of Different Types
+2.5.3 Example: Symbolic Algebra
+3 Modularity, Objects, and State
+3.1 Assignment and Local State
+3.1.1 Local State Variables
+3.1.2 The Benefits of Introducing Assignment
+3.1.3 The Costs of Introducing Assignment
+3.2 The Environment Model of Evaluation
+3.2.1 The Rules for Evaluation
+3.2.2 Applying Simple Procedures
+3.2.3 Frames as the Repository of Local State
+3.2.4 Internal Definitions
+3.3 Modeling with Mutable Data
+3.3.1 Mutable List Structure
+3.3.2 Representing Queues
+3.3.3 Representing Tables
+3.3.4 A Simulator for Digital Circuits
+3.3.5 Propagation of Constraints
+3.4 Concurrency: Time Is of the Essence
+3.4.1 The Nature of Time in Concurrent Systems
+3.4.2 Mechanisms for Controlling Concurrency
+3.5 Streams
+3.5.1 Streams Are Delayed Lists
+3.5.2 Infinite Streams
+3.5.3 Exploiting the Stream Paradigm
+3.5.4 Streams and Delayed Evaluation
+3.5.5 Modularity of Functional Programs and Modularity of Objects
+4 Metalinguistic Abstraction
+4.1 The Metacircular Evaluator
+4.1.1 The Core of the Evaluator
+4.1.2 Representing Expressions
+4.1.3 Evaluator Data Structures
+4.1.4 Running the Evaluator as a Program
+4.1.5 Data as Programs
+4.1.6 Internal Definitions
+4.1.7 Separating Syntactic Analysis from Execution
+4.2 Variations on a Scheme -- Lazy Evaluation
+4.2.1 Normal Order and Applicative Order
+4.2.2 An Interpreter with Lazy Evaluation
+4.2.3 Streams as Lazy Lists
+
+\f4.3 Variations on a Scheme -- Nondeterministic Computing
+4.3.1 Amb and Search
+4.3.2 Examples of Nondeterministic Programs
+4.3.3 Implementing the Amb Evaluator
+4.4 Logic Programming
+4.4.1 Deductive Information Retrieval
+4.4.2 How the Query System Works
+4.4.3 Is Logic Programming Mathematical Logic?
+4.4.4 Implementing the Query System
+5 Computing with Register Machines
+5.1 Designing Register Machines
+5.1.1 A Language for Describing Register Machines
+5.1.2 Abstraction in Machine Design
+5.1.3 Subroutines
+5.1.4 Using a Stack to Implement Recursion
+5.1.5 Instruction Summary
+5.2 A Register-Machine Simulator
+5.2.1 The Machine Model
+5.2.2 The Assembler
+5.2.3 Generating Execution Procedures for Instructions
+5.2.4 Monitoring Machine Performance
+5.3 Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection
+5.3.1 Memory as Vectors
+5.3.2 Maintaining the Illusion of Infinite Memory
+5.4 The Explicit-Control Evaluator
+5.4.1 The Core of the Explicit-Control Evaluator
+5.4.2 Sequence Evaluation and Tail Recursion
+5.4.3 Conditionals, Assignments, and Definitions
+5.4.4 Running the Evaluator
+5.5 Compilation
+5.5.1 Structure of the Compiler
+5.5.2 Compiling Expressions
+5.5.3 Compiling Combinations
+5.5.4 Combining Instruction Sequences
+5.5.5 An Example of Compiled Code
+5.5.6 Lexical Addressing
+5.5.7 Interfacing Compiled Code to the Evaluator
+References
+List of Exercises
+Index
+
+
+\f
+
+Foreword
+Educators, generals, dieticians, psychologists, and parents program. Armies, students, and some
+societies are programmed. An assault on large problems employs a succession of programs, most of
+which spring into existence en route. These programs are rife with issues that appear to be particular to
+the problem at hand. To appreciate programming as an intellectual activity in its own right you must
+turn to computer programming; you must read and write computer programs -- many of them. It
+doesn’t matter much what the programs are about or what applications they serve. What does matter is
+how well they perform and how smoothly they fit with other programs in the creation of still greater
+programs. The programmer must seek both perfection of part and adequacy of collection. In this book
+the use of ‘‘program’’ is focused on the creation, execution, and study of programs written in a dialect
+of Lisp for execution on a digital computer. Using Lisp we restrict or limit not what we may program,
+but only the notation for our program descriptions.
+Our traffic with the subject matter of this book involves us with three foci of phenomena: the human
+mind, collections of computer programs, and the computer. Every computer program is a model,
+hatched in the mind, of a real or mental process. These processes, arising from human experience and
+thought, are huge in number, intricate in detail, and at any time only partially understood. They are
+modeled to our permanent satisfaction rarely by our computer programs. Thus even though our
+programs are carefully handcrafted discrete collections of symbols, mosaics of interlocking functions,
+they continually evolve: we change them as our perception of the model deepens, enlarges, generalizes
+until the model ultimately attains a metastable place within still another model with which we struggle.
+The source of the exhilaration associated with computer programming is the continual unfolding
+within the mind and on the computer of mechanisms expressed as programs and the explosion of
+perception they generate. If art interprets our dreams, the computer executes them in the guise of
+programs!
+For all its power, the computer is a harsh taskmaster. Its programs must be correct, and what we wish
+to say must be said accurately in every detail. As in every other symbolic activity, we become
+convinced of program truth through argument. Lisp itself can be assigned a semantics (another model,
+by the way), and if a program’s function can be specified, say, in the predicate calculus, the proof
+methods of logic can be used to make an acceptable correctness argument. Unfortunately, as programs
+get large and complicated, as they almost always do, the adequacy, consistency, and correctness of the
+specifications themselves become open to doubt, so that complete formal arguments of correctness
+seldom accompany large programs. Since large programs grow from small ones, it is crucial that we
+develop an arsenal of standard program structures of whose correctness we have become sure -- we
+call them idioms -- and learn to combine them into larger structures using organizational techniques of
+proven value. These techniques are treated at length in this book, and understanding them is essential
+to participation in the Promethean enterprise called programming. More than anything else, the
+uncovering and mastery of powerful organizational techniques accelerates our ability to create large,
+significant programs. Conversely, since writing large programs is very taxing, we are stimulated to
+invent new methods of reducing the mass of function and detail to be fitted into large programs.
+
+\fUnlike programs, computers must obey the laws of physics. If they wish to perform rapidly -- a few
+nanoseconds per state change -- they must transmit electrons only small distances (at most 1 1 /2 feet).
+The heat generated by the huge number of devices so concentrated in space has to be removed. An
+exquisite engineering art has been developed balancing between multiplicity of function and density of
+devices. In any event, hardware always operates at a level more primitive than that at which we care to
+program. The processes that transform our Lisp programs to ‘‘machine’’ programs are themselves
+abstract models which we program. Their study and creation give a great deal of insight into the
+organizational programs associated with programming arbitrary models. Of course the computer itself
+can be so modeled. Think of it: the behavior of the smallest physical switching element is modeled by
+quantum mechanics described by differential equations whose detailed behavior is captured by
+numerical approximations represented in computer programs executing on computers composed of
+...!
+It is not merely a matter of tactical convenience to separately identify the three foci. Even though, as
+they say, it’s all in the head, this logical separation induces an acceleration of symbolic traffic between
+these foci whose richness, vitality, and potential is exceeded in human experience only by the
+evolution of life itself. At best, relationships between the foci are metastable. The computers are never
+large enough or fast enough. Each breakthrough in hardware technology leads to more massive
+programming enterprises, new organizational principles, and an enrichment of abstract models. Every
+reader should ask himself periodically ‘‘Toward what end, toward what end?’’ -- but do not ask it too
+often lest you pass up the fun of programming for the constipation of bittersweet philosophy.
+Among the programs we write, some (but never enough) perform a precise mathematical function such
+as sorting or finding the maximum of a sequence of numbers, determining primality, or finding the
+square root. We call such programs algorithms, and a great deal is known of their optimal behavior,
+particularly with respect to the two important parameters of execution time and data storage
+requirements. A programmer should acquire good algorithms and idioms. Even though some programs
+resist precise specifications, it is the responsibility of the programmer to estimate, and always to
+attempt to improve, their performance.
+Lisp is a survivor, having been in use for about a quarter of a century. Among the active programming
+languages only Fortran has had a longer life. Both languages have supported the programming needs
+of important areas of application, Fortran for scientific and engineering computation and Lisp for
+artificial intelligence. These two areas continue to be important, and their programmers are so devoted
+to these two languages that Lisp and Fortran may well continue in active use for at least another
+quarter-century.
+Lisp changes. The Scheme dialect used in this text has evolved from the original Lisp and differs from
+the latter in several important ways, including static scoping for variable binding and permitting
+functions to yield functions as values. In its semantic structure Scheme is as closely akin to Algol 60
+as to early Lisps. Algol 60, never to be an active language again, lives on in the genes of Scheme and
+Pascal. It would be difficult to find two languages that are the communicating coin of two more
+different cultures than those gathered around these two languages. Pascal is for building pyramids -imposing, breathtaking, static structures built by armies pushing heavy blocks into place. Lisp is for
+building organisms -- imposing, breathtaking, dynamic structures built by squads fitting fluctuating
+myriads of simpler organisms into place. The organizing principles used are the same in both cases,
+except for one extraordinarily important difference: The discretionary exportable functionality
+entrusted to the individual Lisp programmer is more than an order of magnitude greater than that to be
+found within Pascal enterprises. Lisp programs inflate libraries with functions whose utility transcends
+the application that produced them. The list, Lisp’s native data structure, is largely responsible for such
+growth of utility. The simple structure and natural applicability of lists are reflected in functions that
+
+\fare amazingly nonidiosyncratic. In Pascal the plethora of declarable data structures induces a
+specialization within functions that inhibits and penalizes casual cooperation. It is better to have 100
+functions operate on one data structure than to have 10 functions operate on 10 data structures. As a
+result the pyramid must stand unchanged for a millennium; the organism must evolve or perish.
+To illustrate this difference, compare the treatment of material and exercises within this book with that
+in any first-course text using Pascal. Do not labor under the illusion that this is a text digestible at MIT
+only, peculiar to the breed found there. It is precisely what a serious book on programming Lisp must
+be, no matter who the student is or where it is used.
+Note that this is a text about programming, unlike most Lisp books, which are used as a preparation for
+work in artificial intelligence. After all, the critical programming concerns of software engineering and
+artificial intelligence tend to coalesce as the systems under investigation become larger. This explains
+why there is such growing interest in Lisp outside of artificial intelligence.
+As one would expect from its goals, artificial intelligence research generates many significant
+programming problems. In other programming cultures this spate of problems spawns new languages.
+Indeed, in any very large programming task a useful organizing principle is to control and isolate
+traffic within the task modules via the invention of language. These languages tend to become less
+primitive as one approaches the boundaries of the system where we humans interact most often. As a
+result, such systems contain complex language-processing functions replicated many times. Lisp has
+such a simple syntax and semantics that parsing can be treated as an elementary task. Thus parsing
+technology plays almost no role in Lisp programs, and the construction of language processors is
+rarely an impediment to the rate of growth and change of large Lisp systems. Finally, it is this very
+simplicity of syntax and semantics that is responsible for the burden and freedom borne by all Lisp
+programmers. No Lisp program of any size beyond a few lines can be written without being saturated
+with discretionary functions. Invent and fit; have fits and reinvent! We toast the Lisp programmer who
+pens his thoughts within nests of parentheses.
+Alan J. Perlis
+New Haven, Connecticut
+
+
+\f
+
+Preface to the Second Edition
+Is it possible that software is not like anything else, that it
+is meant to be discarded: that the whole point is to always
+see it as a soap bubble?
+Alan J. Perlis
+The material in this book has been the basis of MIT’s entry-level computer science subject since 1980.
+We had been teaching this material for four years when the first edition was published, and twelve
+more years have elapsed until the appearance of this second edition. We are pleased that our work has
+been widely adopted and incorporated into other texts. We have seen our students take the ideas and
+programs in this book and build them in as the core of new computer systems and languages. In literal
+realization of an ancient Talmudic pun, our students have become our builders. We are lucky to have
+such capable students and such accomplished builders.
+In preparing this edition, we have incorporated hundreds of clarifications suggested by our own
+teaching experience and the comments of colleagues at MIT and elsewhere. We have redesigned most
+of the major programming systems in the book, including the generic-arithmetic system, the
+interpreters, the register-machine simulator, and the compiler; and we have rewritten all the program
+examples to ensure that any Scheme implementation conforming to the IEEE Scheme standard (IEEE
+1990) will be able to run the code.
+This edition emphasizes several new themes. The most important of these is the central role played by
+different approaches to dealing with time in computational models: objects with state, concurrent
+programming, functional programming, lazy evaluation, and nondeterministic programming. We have
+included new sections on concurrency and nondeterminism, and we have tried to integrate this theme
+throughout the book.
+The first edition of the book closely followed the syllabus of our MIT one-semester subject. With all
+the new material in the second edition, it will not be possible to cover everything in a single semester,
+so the instructor will have to pick and choose. In our own teaching, we sometimes skip the section on
+logic programming (section 4.4), we have students use the register-machine simulator but we do not
+cover its implementation (section 5.2), and we give only a cursory overview of the compiler
+(section 5.5). Even so, this is still an intense course. Some instructors may wish to cover only the first
+three or four chapters, leaving the other material for subsequent courses.
+The World-Wide-Web site www-mitpress.mit.edu/sicp provides support for users of this
+book. This includes programs from the book, sample programming assignments, supplementary
+materials, and downloadable implementations of the Scheme dialect of Lisp.
+
+
+\f
+
+Preface to the First Edition
+A computer is like a violin. You can imagine a novice
+trying first a phonograph and then a violin. The latter, he
+says, sounds terrible. That is the argument we have heard
+from our humanists and most of our computer scientists.
+Computer programs are good, they say, for particular
+purposes, but they aren’t flexible. Neither is a violin, or a
+typewriter, until you learn how to use it.
+Marvin Minsky, ‘‘Why Programming Is a Good
+Medium for Expressing Poorly-Understood and
+Sloppily-Formulated Ideas’’
+‘‘The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs’’ is the entry-level subject in computer
+science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is required of all students at MIT who major in
+electrical engineering or in computer science, as one-fourth of the ‘‘common core curriculum,’’ which
+also includes two subjects on circuits and linear systems and a subject on the design of digital systems.
+We have been involved in the development of this subject since 1978, and we have taught this material
+in its present form since the fall of 1980 to between 600 and 700 students each year. Most of these
+students have had little or no prior formal training in computation, although many have played with
+computers a bit and a few have had extensive programming or hardware-design experience.
+Our design of this introductory computer-science subject reflects two major concerns. First, we want
+to establish the idea that a computer language is not just a way of getting a computer to perform
+operations but rather that it is a novel formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology. Thus,
+programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. Second,
+we believe that the essential material to be addressed by a subject at this level is not the syntax of
+particular programming-language constructs, nor clever algorithms for computing particular functions
+efficiently, nor even the mathematical analysis of algorithms and the foundations of computing, but
+rather the techniques used to control the intellectual complexity of large software systems.
+Our goal is that students who complete this subject should have a good feel for the elements of style
+and the aesthetics of programming. They should have command of the major techniques for
+controlling complexity in a large system. They should be capable of reading a 50-page-long program,
+if it is written in an exemplary style. They should know what not to read, and what they need not
+understand at any moment. They should feel secure about modifying a program, retaining the spirit
+and style of the original author.
+These skills are by no means unique to computer programming. The techniques we teach and draw
+upon are common to all of engineering design. We control complexity by building abstractions that
+hide details when appropriate. We control complexity by establishing conventional interfaces that
+enable us to construct systems by combining standard, well-understood pieces in a ‘‘mix and match’’
+way. We control complexity by establishing new languages for describing a design, each of which
+emphasizes particular aspects of the design and deemphasizes others.
+
+\fUnderlying our approach to this subject is our conviction that ‘‘computer science’’ is not a science and
+that its significance has little to do with computers. The computer revolution is a revolution in the way
+we think and in the way we express what we think. The essence of this change is the emergence of
+what might best be called procedural epistemology -- the study of the structure of knowledge from an
+imperative point of view, as opposed to the more declarative point of view taken by classical
+mathematical subjects. Mathematics provides a framework for dealing precisely with notions of ‘‘what
+is.’’ Computation provides a framework for dealing precisely with notions of ‘‘how to.’’
+In teaching our material we use a dialect of the programming language Lisp. We never formally teach
+the language, because we don’t have to. We just use it, and students pick it up in a few days. This is
+one great advantage of Lisp-like languages: They have very few ways of forming compound
+expressions, and almost no syntactic structure. All of the formal properties can be covered in an hour,
+like the rules of chess. After a short time we forget about syntactic details of the language (because
+there are none) and get on with the real issues -- figuring out what we want to compute, how we will
+decompose problems into manageable parts, and how we will work on the parts. Another advantage of
+Lisp is that it supports (but does not enforce) more of the large-scale strategies for modular
+decomposition of programs than any other language we know. We can make procedural and data
+abstractions, we can use higher-order functions to capture common patterns of usage, we can model
+local state using assignment and data mutation, we can link parts of a program with streams and
+delayed evaluation, and we can easily implement embedded languages. All of this is embedded in an
+interactive environment with excellent support for incremental program design, construction, testing,
+and debugging. We thank all the generations of Lisp wizards, starting with John McCarthy, who have
+fashioned a fine tool of unprecedented power and elegance.
+Scheme, the dialect of Lisp that we use, is an attempt to bring together the power and elegance of Lisp
+and Algol. From Lisp we take the metalinguistic power that derives from the simple syntax, the
+uniform representation of programs as data objects, and the garbage-collected heap-allocated data.
+From Algol we take lexical scoping and block structure, which are gifts from the pioneers of
+programming-language design who were on the Algol committee. We wish to cite John Reynolds and
+Peter Landin for their insights into the relationship of Church’s lambda calculus to the structure of
+programming languages. We also recognize our debt to the mathematicians who scouted out this
+territory decades before computers appeared on the scene. These pioneers include Alonzo Church,
+Barkley Rosser, Stephen Kleene, and Haskell Curry.
+
+
+\f
+
+Acknowledgments
+We would like to thank the many people who have helped us develop this book and this curriculum.
+Our subject is a clear intellectual descendant of ‘‘6.231,’’ a wonderful subject on programming
+linguistics and the lambda calculus taught at MIT in the late 1960s by Jack Wozencraft and Arthur
+Evans, Jr.
+We owe a great debt to Robert Fano, who reorganized MIT’s introductory curriculum in electrical
+engineering and computer science to emphasize the principles of engineering design. He led us in
+starting out on this enterprise and wrote the first set of subject notes from which this book evolved.
+Much of the style and aesthetics of programming that we try to teach were developed in conjunction
+with Guy Lewis Steele Jr., who collaborated with Gerald Jay Sussman in the initial development of the
+Scheme language. In addition, David Turner, Peter Henderson, Dan Friedman, David Wise, and Will
+Clinger have taught us many of the techniques of the functional programming community that appear
+in this book.
+Joel Moses taught us about structuring large systems. His experience with the Macsyma system for
+symbolic computation provided the insight that one should avoid complexities of control and
+concentrate on organizing the data to reflect the real structure of the world being modeled.
+Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert formed many of our attitudes about programming and its place in
+our intellectual lives. To them we owe the understanding that computation provides a means of
+expression for exploring ideas that would otherwise be too complex to deal with precisely. They
+emphasize that a student’s ability to write and modify programs provides a powerful medium in which
+exploring becomes a natural activity.
+We also strongly agree with Alan Perlis that programming is lots of fun and we had better be careful to
+support the joy of programming. Part of this joy derives from observing great masters at work. We are
+fortunate to have been apprentice programmers at the feet of Bill Gosper and Richard Greenblatt.
+It is difficult to identify all the people who have contributed to the development of our curriculum. We
+thank all the lecturers, recitation instructors, and tutors who have worked with us over the past fifteen
+years and put in many extra hours on our subject, especially Bill Siebert, Albert Meyer, Joe Stoy,
+Randy Davis, Louis Braida, Eric Grimson, Rod Brooks, Lynn Stein, and Peter Szolovits. We would
+like to specially acknowledge the outstanding teaching contributions of Franklyn Turbak, now at
+Wellesley; his work in undergraduate instruction set a standard that we can all aspire to. We are
+grateful to Jerry Saltzer and Jim Miller for helping us grapple with the mysteries of concurrency, and
+to Peter Szolovits and David McAllester for their contributions to the exposition of nondeterministic
+evaluation in chapter 4.
+Many people have put in significant effort presenting this material at other universities. Some of the
+people we have worked closely with are Jacob Katzenelson at the Technion, Hardy Mayer at the
+University of California at Irvine, Joe Stoy at Oxford, Elisha Sacks at Purdue, and Jan Komorowski at
+the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. We are exceptionally proud of our colleagues
+
+\fwho have received major teaching awards for their adaptations of this subject at other universities,
+including Kenneth Yip at Yale, Brian Harvey at the University of California at Berkeley, and Dan
+Huttenlocher at Cornell.
+Al Moyé arranged for us to teach this material to engineers at Hewlett-Packard, and for the production
+of videotapes of these lectures. We would like to thank the talented instructors -- in particular Jim
+Miller, Bill Siebert, and Mike Eisenberg -- who have designed continuing education courses
+incorporating these tapes and taught them at universities and industry all over the world.
+Many educators in other countries have put in significant work translating the first edition. Michel
+Briand, Pierre Chamard, and André Pic produced a French edition; Susanne Daniels-Herold produced
+a German edition; and Fumio Motoyoshi produced a Japanese edition. We do not know who produced
+the Chinese edition, but we consider it an honor to have been selected as the subject of an
+‘‘unauthorized’’ translation.
+It is hard to enumerate all the people who have made technical contributions to the development of the
+Scheme systems we use for instructional purposes. In addition to Guy Steele, principal wizards have
+included Chris Hanson, Joe Bowbeer, Jim Miller, Guillermo Rozas, and Stephen Adams. Others who
+have put in significant time are Richard Stallman, Alan Bawden, Kent Pitman, Jon Taft, Neil Mayle,
+John Lamping, Gwyn Osnos, Tracy Larrabee, George Carrette, Soma Chaudhuri, Bill Chiarchiaro,
+Steven Kirsch, Leigh Klotz, Wayne Noss, Todd Cass, Patrick O’Donnell, Kevin Theobald, Daniel
+Weise, Kenneth Sinclair, Anthony Courtemanche, Henry M. Wu, Andrew Berlin, and Ruth Shyu.
+Beyond the MIT implementation, we would like to thank the many people who worked on the IEEE
+Scheme standard, including William Clinger and Jonathan Rees, who edited the R 4 RS, and Chris
+Haynes, David Bartley, Chris Hanson, and Jim Miller, who prepared the IEEE standard.
+Dan Friedman has been a long-time leader of the Scheme community. The community’s broader work
+goes beyond issues of language design to encompass significant educational innovations, such as the
+high-school curriculum based on EdScheme by Schemer’s Inc., and the wonderful books by Mike
+Eisenberg and by Brian Harvey and Matthew Wright.
+We appreciate the work of those who contributed to making this a real book, especially Terry Ehling,
+Larry Cohen, and Paul Bethge at the MIT Press. Ella Mazel found the wonderful cover image. For the
+second edition we are particularly grateful to Bernard and Ella Mazel for help with the book design,
+and to David Jones, TEX wizard extraordinaire. We also are indebted to those readers who made
+penetrating comments on the new draft: Jacob Katzenelson, Hardy Mayer, Jim Miller, and especially
+Brian Harvey, who did unto this book as Julie did unto his book Simply Scheme.
+Finally, we would like to acknowledge the support of the organizations that have encouraged this work
+over the years, including support from Hewlett-Packard, made possible by Ira Goldstein and Joel
+Birnbaum, and support from DARPA, made possible by Bob Kahn.
+
+
+\f
+
+Chapter 1
+Building Abstractions with Procedures
+The acts of the mind, wherein it exerts its power over
+simple ideas, are chiefly these three: 1. Combining
+several simple ideas into one compound one, and thus all
+complex ideas are made. 2. The second is bringing two
+ideas, whether simple or complex, together, and setting
+them by one another so as to take a view of them at once,
+without uniting them into one, by which it gets all its
+ideas of relations. 3. The third is separating them from all
+other ideas that accompany them in their real existence:
+this is called abstraction, and thus all its general ideas are
+made.
+John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
+(1690)
+We are about to study the idea of a computational process. Computational processes are abstract
+beings that inhabit computers. As they evolve, processes manipulate other abstract things called data.
+The evolution of a process is directed by a pattern of rules called a program. People create programs to
+direct processes. In effect, we conjure the spirits of the computer with our spells.
+A computational process is indeed much like a sorcerer’s idea of a spirit. It cannot be seen or touched.
+It is not composed of matter at all. However, it is very real. It can perform intellectual work. It can
+answer questions. It can affect the world by disbursing money at a bank or by controlling a robot arm
+in a factory. The programs we use to conjure processes are like a sorcerer’s spells. They are carefully
+composed from symbolic expressions in arcane and esoteric programming languages that prescribe the
+tasks we want our processes to perform.
+A computational process, in a correctly working computer, executes programs precisely and
+accurately. Thus, like the sorcerer’s apprentice, novice programmers must learn to understand and to
+anticipate the consequences of their conjuring. Even small errors (usually called bugs or glitches) in
+programs can have complex and unanticipated consequences.
+Fortunately, learning to program is considerably less dangerous than learning sorcery, because the
+spirits we deal with are conveniently contained in a secure way. Real-world programming, however,
+requires care, expertise, and wisdom. A small bug in a computer-aided design program, for example,
+can lead to the catastrophic collapse of an airplane or a dam or the self-destruction of an industrial
+robot.
+Master software engineers have the ability to organize programs so that they can be reasonably sure
+that the resulting processes will perform the tasks intended. They can visualize the behavior of their
+systems in advance. They know how to structure programs so that unanticipated problems do not lead
+to catastrophic consequences, and when problems do arise, they can debug their programs.
+Well-designed computational systems, like well-designed automobiles or nuclear reactors, are
+
+\fdesigned in a modular manner, so that the parts can be constructed, replaced, and debugged separately.
+
+Programming in Lisp
+We need an appropriate language for describing processes, and we will use for this purpose the
+programming language Lisp. Just as our everyday thoughts are usually expressed in our natural
+language (such as English, French, or Japanese), and descriptions of quantitative phenomena are
+expressed with mathematical notations, our procedural thoughts will be expressed in Lisp. Lisp was
+invented in the late 1950s as a formalism for reasoning about the use of certain kinds of logical
+expressions, called recursion equations, as a model for computation. The language was conceived by
+John McCarthy and is based on his paper ‘‘Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their
+Computation by Machine’’ (McCarthy 1960).
+Despite its inception as a mathematical formalism, Lisp is a practical programming language. A Lisp
+interpreter is a machine that carries out processes described in the Lisp language. The first Lisp
+interpreter was implemented by McCarthy with the help of colleagues and students in the Artificial
+Intelligence Group of the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics and in the MIT Computation
+Center. 1 Lisp, whose name is an acronym for LISt Processing, was designed to provide
+symbol-manipulating capabilities for attacking programming problems such as the symbolic
+differentiation and integration of algebraic expressions. It included for this purpose new data objects
+known as atoms and lists, which most strikingly set it apart from all other languages of the period.
+Lisp was not the product of a concerted design effort. Instead, it evolved informally in an experimental
+manner in response to users’ needs and to pragmatic implementation considerations. Lisp’s informal
+evolution has continued through the years, and the community of Lisp users has traditionally resisted
+attempts to promulgate any ‘‘official’’ definition of the language. This evolution, together with the
+flexibility and elegance of the initial conception, has enabled Lisp, which is the second oldest language
+in widespread use today (only Fortran is older), to continually adapt to encompass the most modern
+ideas about program design. Thus, Lisp is by now a family of dialects, which, while sharing most of
+the original features, may differ from one another in significant ways. The dialect of Lisp used in this
+book is called Scheme. 2
+Because of its experimental character and its emphasis on symbol manipulation, Lisp was at first very
+inefficient for numerical computations, at least in comparison with Fortran. Over the years, however,
+Lisp compilers have been developed that translate programs into machine code that can perform
+numerical computations reasonably efficiently. And for special applications, Lisp has been used with
+great effectiveness. 3 Although Lisp has not yet overcome its old reputation as hopelessly inefficient,
+Lisp is now used in many applications where efficiency is not the central concern. For example, Lisp
+has become a language of choice for operating-system shell languages and for extension languages for
+editors and computer-aided design systems.
+If Lisp is not a mainstream language, why are we using it as the framework for our discussion of
+programming? Because the language possesses unique features that make it an excellent medium for
+studying important programming constructs and data structures and for relating them to the linguistic
+features that support them. The most significant of these features is the fact that Lisp descriptions of
+processes, called procedures, can themselves be represented and manipulated as Lisp data. The
+importance of this is that there are powerful program-design techniques that rely on the ability to blur
+the traditional distinction between ‘‘passive’’ data and ‘‘active’’ processes. As we shall discover,
+Lisp’s flexibility in handling procedures as data makes it one of the most convenient languages in
+existence for exploring these techniques. The ability to represent procedures as data also makes Lisp
+an excellent language for writing programs that must manipulate other programs as data, such as the
+
+\finterpreters and compilers that support computer languages. Above and beyond these considerations,
+programming in Lisp is great fun.
+1 The Lisp 1 Programmer’s Manual appeared in 1960, and the Lisp 1.5 Programmer’s Manual
+
+(McCarthy 1965) was published in 1962. The early history of Lisp is described in McCarthy 1978.
+2 The two dialects in which most major Lisp programs of the 1970s were written are MacLisp (Moon
+
+1978; Pitman 1983), developed at the MIT Project MAC, and Interlisp (Teitelman 1974), developed at
+Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Portable Standard Lisp
+(Hearn 1969; Griss 1981) was a Lisp dialect designed to be easily portable between different
+machines. MacLisp spawned a number of subdialects, such as Franz Lisp, which was developed at the
+University of California at Berkeley, and Zetalisp (Moon 1981), which was based on a special-purpose
+processor designed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to run Lisp very efficiently. The Lisp
+dialect used in this book, called Scheme (Steele 1975), was invented in 1975 by Guy Lewis Steele Jr.
+and Gerald Jay Sussman of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and later reimplemented for
+instructional use at MIT. Scheme became an IEEE standard in 1990 (IEEE 1990). The Common Lisp
+dialect (Steele 1982, Steele 1990) was developed by the Lisp community to combine features from the
+earlier Lisp dialects to make an industrial standard for Lisp. Common Lisp became an ANSI standard
+in 1994 (ANSI 1994).
+3 One such special application was a breakthrough computation of scientific importance -- an
+
+integration of the motion of the Solar System that extended previous results by nearly two orders of
+magnitude, and demonstrated that the dynamics of the Solar System is chaotic. This computation was
+made possible by new integration algorithms, a special-purpose compiler, and a special-purpose
+computer all implemented with the aid of software tools written in Lisp (Abelson et al. 1992; Sussman
+and Wisdom 1992).
+
+
+\f
+
+1.1 The Elements of Programming
+A powerful programming language is more than just a means for instructing a computer to perform
+tasks. The language also serves as a framework within which we organize our ideas about processes.
+Thus, when we describe a language, we should pay particular attention to the means that the language
+provides for combining simple ideas to form more complex ideas. Every powerful language has three
+mechanisms for accomplishing this:
+primitive expressions, which represent the simplest entities the language is concerned with,
+means of combination, by which compound elements are built from simpler ones, and
+means of abstraction, by which compound elements can be named and manipulated as units.
+In programming, we deal with two kinds of elements: procedures and data. (Later we will discover that
+they are really not so distinct.) Informally, data is ‘‘stuff’’ that we want to manipulate, and procedures
+are descriptions of the rules for manipulating the data. Thus, any powerful programming language
+should be able to describe primitive data and primitive procedures and should have methods for
+combining and abstracting procedures and data.
+In this chapter we will deal only with simple numerical data so that we can focus on the rules for
+building procedures. 4 In later chapters we will see that these same rules allow us to build procedures
+to manipulate compound data as well.
+
+1.1.1 Expressions
+One easy way to get started at programming is to examine some typical interactions with an interpreter
+for the Scheme dialect of Lisp. Imagine that you are sitting at a computer terminal. You type an
+expression, and the interpreter responds by displaying the result of its evaluating that expression.
+One kind of primitive expression you might type is a number. (More precisely, the expression that you
+type consists of the numerals that represent the number in base 10.) If you present Lisp with a number
+486
+the interpreter will respond by printing 5
+486
+Expressions representing numbers may be combined with an expression representing a primitive
+procedure (such as + or *) to form a compound expression that represents the application of the
+procedure to those numbers. For example:
+(+ 137 349)
+486
+(- 1000 334)
+666
+(* 5 99)
+495
+(/ 10 5)
+
+\f2
+(+ 2.7 10)
+12.7
+Expressions such as these, formed by delimiting a list of expressions within parentheses in order to
+denote procedure application, are called combinations. The leftmost element in the list is called the
+operator, and the other elements are called operands. The value of a combination is obtained by
+applying the procedure specified by the operator to the arguments that are the values of the operands.
+The convention of placing the operator to the left of the operands is known as prefix notation, and it
+may be somewhat confusing at first because it departs significantly from the customary mathematical
+convention. Prefix notation has several advantages, however. One of them is that it can accommodate
+procedures that may take an arbitrary number of arguments, as in the following examples:
+(+ 21 35 12 7)
+75
+(* 25 4 12)
+1200
+No ambiguity can arise, because the operator is always the leftmost element and the entire
+combination is delimited by the parentheses.
+A second advantage of prefix notation is that it extends in a straightforward way to allow combinations
+to be nested, that is, to have combinations whose elements are themselves combinations:
+(+ (* 3 5) (- 10 6))
+19
+There is no limit (in principle) to the depth of such nesting and to the overall complexity of the
+expressions that the Lisp interpreter can evaluate. It is we humans who get confused by still relatively
+simple expressions such as
+(+ (* 3 (+ (* 2 4) (+ 3 5))) (+ (- 10 7) 6))
+which the interpreter would readily evaluate to be 57. We can help ourselves by writing such an
+expression in the form
+(+ (* 3
+(+ (* 2 4)
+(+ 3 5)))
+(+ (- 10 7)
+6))
+following a formatting convention known as pretty-printing, in which each long combination is
+written so that the operands are aligned vertically. The resulting indentations display clearly the
+structure of the expression. 6
+Even with complex expressions, the interpreter always operates in the same basic cycle: It reads an
+expression from the terminal, evaluates the expression, and prints the result. This mode of operation is
+often expressed by saying that the interpreter runs in a read-eval-print loop. Observe in particular that
+it is not necessary to explicitly instruct the interpreter to print the value of the expression. 7
+
+\f1.1.2 Naming and the Environment
+A critical aspect of a programming language is the means it provides for using names to refer to
+computational objects. We say that the name identifies a variable whose value is the object.
+In the Scheme dialect of Lisp, we name things with define. Typing
+(define size 2)
+causes the interpreter to associate the value 2 with the name size. 8 Once the name size has been
+associated with the number 2, we can refer to the value 2 by name:
+size
+2
+(* 5 size)
+10
+Here are further examples of the use of define:
+(define pi 3.14159)
+(define radius 10)
+(* pi (* radius radius))
+314.159
+(define circumference (* 2 pi radius))
+circumference
+62.8318
+Define is our language’s simplest means of abstraction, for it allows us to use simple names to refer
+to the results of compound operations, such as the circumference computed above. In general,
+computational objects may have very complex structures, and it would be extremely inconvenient to
+have to remember and repeat their details each time we want to use them. Indeed, complex programs
+are constructed by building, step by step, computational objects of increasing complexity. The
+interpreter makes this step-by-step program construction particularly convenient because name-object
+associations can be created incrementally in successive interactions. This feature encourages the
+incremental development and testing of programs and is largely responsible for the fact that a Lisp
+program usually consists of a large number of relatively simple procedures.
+It should be clear that the possibility of associating values with symbols and later retrieving them
+means that the interpreter must maintain some sort of memory that keeps track of the name-object
+pairs. This memory is called the environment (more precisely the global environment, since we will
+see later that a computation may involve a number of different environments). 9
+
+1.1.3 Evaluating Combinations
+One of our goals in this chapter is to isolate issues about thinking procedurally. As a case in point, let
+us consider that, in evaluating combinations, the interpreter is itself following a procedure.
+To evaluate a combination, do the following:
+
+\f1. Evaluate the subexpressions of the combination.
+2. Apply the procedure that is the value of the leftmost subexpression (the operator) to the
+arguments that are the values of the other subexpressions (the operands).
+Even this simple rule illustrates some important points about processes in general. First, observe that
+the first step dictates that in order to accomplish the evaluation process for a combination we must first
+perform the evaluation process on each element of the combination. Thus, the evaluation rule is
+recursive in nature; that is, it includes, as one of its steps, the need to invoke the rule itself. 10
+Notice how succinctly the idea of recursion can be used to express what, in the case of a deeply nested
+combination, would otherwise be viewed as a rather complicated process. For example, evaluating
+(* (+ 2 (* 4 6))
+(+ 3 5 7))
+requires that the evaluation rule be applied to four different combinations. We can obtain a picture of
+this process by representing the combination in the form of a tree, as shown in figure 1.1. Each
+combination is represented by a node with branches corresponding to the operator and the operands of
+the combination stemming from it. The terminal nodes (that is, nodes with no branches stemming from
+them) represent either operators or numbers. Viewing evaluation in terms of the tree, we can imagine
+that the values of the operands percolate upward, starting from the terminal nodes and then combining
+at higher and higher levels. In general, we shall see that recursion is a very powerful technique for
+dealing with hierarchical, treelike objects. In fact, the ‘‘percolate values upward’’ form of the
+evaluation rule is an example of a general kind of process known as tree accumulation.
+
+Figure 1.1: Tree representation, showing the value of each subcombination.
+Figure 1.1: Tree representation, showing the value of each subcombination.
+Next, observe that the repeated application of the first step brings us to the point where we need to
+evaluate, not combinations, but primitive expressions such as numerals, built-in operators, or other
+names. We take care of the primitive cases by stipulating that
+
+\fthe values of numerals are the numbers that they name,
+the values of built-in operators are the machine instruction sequences that carry out the
+corresponding operations, and
+the values of other names are the objects associated with those names in the environment.
+We may regard the second rule as a special case of the third one by stipulating that symbols such as +
+and * are also included in the global environment, and are associated with the sequences of machine
+instructions that are their ‘‘values.’’ The key point to notice is the role of the environment in
+determining the meaning of the symbols in expressions. In an interactive language such as Lisp, it is
+meaningless to speak of the value of an expression such as (+ x 1) without specifying any
+information about the environment that would provide a meaning for the symbol x (or even for the
+symbol +). As we shall see in chapter 3, the general notion of the environment as providing a context
+in which evaluation takes place will play an important role in our understanding of program execution.
+Notice that the evaluation rule given above does not handle definitions. For instance, evaluating
+(define x 3) does not apply define to two arguments, one of which is the value of the symbol
+x and the other of which is 3, since the purpose of the define is precisely to associate x with a value.
+(That is, (define x 3) is not a combination.)
+Such exceptions to the general evaluation rule are called special forms. Define is the only example
+of a special form that we have seen so far, but we will meet others shortly. Each special form has its
+own evaluation rule. The various kinds of expressions (each with its associated evaluation rule)
+constitute the syntax of the programming language. In comparison with most other programming
+languages, Lisp has a very simple syntax; that is, the evaluation rule for expressions can be described
+by a simple general rule together with specialized rules for a small number of special forms. 11
+
+1.1.4 Compound Procedures
+We have identified in Lisp some of the elements that must appear in any powerful programming
+language:
+Numbers and arithmetic operations are primitive data and procedures.
+Nesting of combinations provides a means of combining operations.
+Definitions that associate names with values provide a limited means of abstraction.
+Now we will learn about procedure definitions, a much more powerful abstraction technique by which
+a compound operation can be given a name and then referred to as a unit.
+We begin by examining how to express the idea of ‘‘squaring.’’ We might say, ‘‘To square something,
+multiply it by itself.’’ This is expressed in our language as
+(define (square x) (* x x))
+We can understand this in the following way:
+(define (square
+To
+
+x)
+
+(*
+
+square something, multiply
+
+x
+
+x))
+
+it by itself.
+
+\fWe have here a compound procedure, which has been given the name square. The procedure
+represents the operation of multiplying something by itself. The thing to be multiplied is given a local
+name, x, which plays the same role that a pronoun plays in natural language. Evaluating the definition
+creates this compound procedure and associates it with the name square. 12
+The general form of a procedure definition is
+(define (<name> <formal parameters>) <body>)
+The <name> is a symbol to be associated with the procedure definition in the environment. 13 The
+<formal parameters> are the names used within the body of the procedure to refer to the
+corresponding arguments of the procedure. The <body> is an expression that will yield the value of the
+procedure application when the formal parameters are replaced by the actual arguments to which the
+procedure is applied. 14 The <name> and the <formal parameters> are grouped within parentheses,
+just as they would be in an actual call to the procedure being defined.
+Having defined square, we can now use it:
+(square 21)
+441
+(square (+ 2 5))
+49
+(square (square 3))
+81
+We can also use square as a building block in defining other procedures. For example, x 2 + y 2 can
+be expressed as
+(+ (square x) (square y))
+We can easily define a procedure sum-of-squares that, given any two numbers as arguments,
+produces the sum of their squares:
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(sum-of-squares 3 4)
+25
+Now we can use sum-of-squares as a building block in constructing further procedures:
+(define (f a)
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2)))
+(f 5)
+136
+Compound procedures are used in exactly the same way as primitive procedures. Indeed, one could
+not tell by looking at the definition of sum-of-squares given above whether square was built
+into the interpreter, like + and *, or defined as a compound procedure.
+
+\f1.1.5 The Substitution Model for Procedure Application
+To evaluate a combination whose operator names a compound procedure, the interpreter follows much
+the same process as for combinations whose operators name primitive procedures, which we described
+in section 1.1.3. That is, the interpreter evaluates the elements of the combination and applies the
+procedure (which is the value of the operator of the combination) to the arguments (which are the
+values of the operands of the combination).
+We can assume that the mechanism for applying primitive procedures to arguments is built into the
+interpreter. For compound procedures, the application process is as follows:
+To apply a compound procedure to arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure with each
+formal parameter replaced by the corresponding argument.
+To illustrate this process, let’s evaluate the combination
+(f 5)
+where f is the procedure defined in section 1.1.4. We begin by retrieving the body of f:
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2))
+Then we replace the formal parameter a by the argument 5:
+(sum-of-squares (+ 5 1) (* 5 2))
+Thus the problem reduces to the evaluation of a combination with two operands and an operator
+sum-of-squares. Evaluating this combination involves three subproblems. We must evaluate the
+operator to get the procedure to be applied, and we must evaluate the operands to get the arguments.
+Now (+ 5 1) produces 6 and (* 5 2) produces 10, so we must apply the sum-of-squares
+procedure to 6 and 10. These values are substituted for the formal parameters x and y in the body of
+sum-of-squares, reducing the expression to
+(+ (square 6) (square 10))
+If we use the definition of square, this reduces to
+(+ (* 6 6) (* 10 10))
+which reduces by multiplication to
+(+ 36 100)
+and finally to
+136
+The process we have just described is called the substitution model for procedure application. It can be
+taken as a model that determines the ‘‘meaning’’ of procedure application, insofar as the procedures in
+this chapter are concerned. However, there are two points that should be stressed:
+
+\fThe purpose of the substitution is to help us think about procedure application, not to provide a
+description of how the interpreter really works. Typical interpreters do not evaluate procedure
+applications by manipulating the text of a procedure to substitute values for the formal
+parameters. In practice, the ‘‘substitution’’ is accomplished by using a local environment for the
+formal parameters. We will discuss this more fully in chapters 3 and 4 when we examine the
+implementation of an interpreter in detail.
+Over the course of this book, we will present a sequence of increasingly elaborate models of how
+interpreters work, culminating with a complete implementation of an interpreter and compiler in
+chapter 5. The substitution model is only the first of these models -- a way to get started thinking
+formally about the evaluation process. In general, when modeling phenomena in science and
+engineering, we begin with simplified, incomplete models. As we examine things in greater
+detail, these simple models become inadequate and must be replaced by more refined models.
+The substitution model is no exception. In particular, when we address in chapter 3 the use of
+procedures with ‘‘mutable data,’’ we will see that the substitution model breaks down and must
+be replaced by a more complicated model of procedure application. 15
+
+Applicative order versus normal order
+According to the description of evaluation given in section 1.1.3, the interpreter first evaluates the
+operator and operands and then applies the resulting procedure to the resulting arguments. This is not
+the only way to perform evaluation. An alternative evaluation model would not evaluate the operands
+until their values were needed. Instead it would first substitute operand expressions for parameters
+until it obtained an expression involving only primitive operators, and would then perform the
+evaluation. If we used this method, the evaluation of
+(f 5)
+would proceed according to the sequence of expansions
+(sum-of-squares (+ 5 1) (* 5 2))
+(+
+(square (+ 5 1))
+(square (* 5 2)) )
+(+
+(* (+ 5 1) (+ 5 1))
+(* (* 5 2) (* 5 2)))
+followed by the reductions
+(+
+(+
+
+(* 6 6)
+36
+
+(* 10 10))
+100)
+136
+
+This gives the same answer as our previous evaluation model, but the process is different. In
+particular, the evaluations of (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2) are each performed twice here, corresponding
+to the reduction of the expression
+(* x x)
+with x replaced respectively by (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2).
+This alternative ‘‘fully expand and then reduce’’ evaluation method is known as normal-order
+evaluation, in contrast to the ‘‘evaluate the arguments and then apply’’ method that the interpreter
+actually uses, which is called applicative-order evaluation. It can be shown that, for procedure
+applications that can be modeled using substitution (including all the procedures in the first two
+
+\fchapters of this book) and that yield legitimate values, normal-order and applicative-order evaluation
+produce the same value. (See exercise 1.5 for an instance of an ‘‘illegitimate’’ value where
+normal-order and applicative-order evaluation do not give the same result.)
+Lisp uses applicative-order evaluation, partly because of the additional efficiency obtained from
+avoiding multiple evaluations of expressions such as those illustrated with (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2)
+above and, more significantly, because normal-order evaluation becomes much more complicated to
+deal with when we leave the realm of procedures that can be modeled by substitution. On the other
+hand, normal-order evaluation can be an extremely valuable tool, and we will investigate some of its
+implications in chapters 3 and 4. 16
+
+1.1.6 Conditional Expressions and Predicates
+The expressive power of the class of procedures that we can define at this point is very limited,
+because we have no way to make tests and to perform different operations depending on the result of a
+test. For instance, we cannot define a procedure that computes the absolute value of a number by
+testing whether the number is positive, negative, or zero and taking different actions in the different
+cases according to the rule
+
+This construct is called a case analysis, and there is a special form in Lisp for notating such a case
+analysis. It is called cond (which stands for ‘‘conditional’’), and it is used as follows:
+(define (abs x)
+(cond ((> x 0) x)
+((= x 0) 0)
+((< x 0) (- x))))
+The general form of a conditional expression is
+(cond (<p 1 > <e 1 >)
+(<p 2 > <e 2 >)
+(<p n > <e n >))
+consisting of the symbol cond followed by parenthesized pairs of expressions (<p> <e>) called
+clauses. The first expression in each pair is a predicate -- that is, an expression whose value is
+interpreted as either true or false. 17
+Conditional expressions are evaluated as follows. The predicate <p 1 > is evaluated first. If its value is
+false, then <p 2 > is evaluated. If <p 2 >’s value is also false, then <p 3 > is evaluated. This process
+continues until a predicate is found whose value is true, in which case the interpreter returns the value
+of the corresponding consequent expression <e> of the clause as the value of the conditional
+expression. If none of the <p>’s is found to be true, the value of the cond is undefined.
+
+\fThe word predicate is used for procedures that return true or false, as well as for expressions that
+evaluate to true or false. The absolute-value procedure abs makes use of the primitive predicates >, <,
+and =. 18 These take two numbers as arguments and test whether the first number is, respectively,
+greater than, less than, or equal to the second number, returning true or false accordingly.
+Another way to write the absolute-value procedure is
+(define (abs x)
+(cond ((< x 0) (- x))
+(else x)))
+which could be expressed in English as ‘‘If x is less than zero return - x; otherwise return x.’’ Else is
+a special symbol that can be used in place of the <p> in the final clause of a cond. This causes the
+cond to return as its value the value of the corresponding <e> whenever all previous clauses have
+been bypassed. In fact, any expression that always evaluates to a true value could be used as the <p>
+here.
+Here is yet another way to write the absolute-value procedure:
+(define (abs x)
+(if (< x 0)
+(- x)
+x))
+This uses the special form if, a restricted type of conditional that can be used when there are
+precisely two cases in the case analysis. The general form of an if expression is
+(if <predicate> <consequent> <alternative>)
+To evaluate an if expression, the interpreter starts by evaluating the <predicate> part of the
+expression. If the <predicate> evaluates to a true value, the interpreter then evaluates the
+<consequent> and returns its value. Otherwise it evaluates the <alternative> and returns its value. 19
+In addition to primitive predicates such as <, =, and >, there are logical composition operations, which
+enable us to construct compound predicates. The three most frequently used are these:
+(and <e 1 > ... <e n >)
+The interpreter evaluates the expressions <e> one at a time, in left-to-right order. If any <e>
+evaluates to false, the value of the and expression is false, and the rest of the <e>’s are not
+evaluated. If all <e>’s evaluate to true values, the value of the and expression is the value of the
+last one.
+(or <e 1 > ... <e n >)
+The interpreter evaluates the expressions <e> one at a time, in left-to-right order. If any <e>
+evaluates to a true value, that value is returned as the value of the or expression, and the rest of
+the <e>’s are not evaluated. If all <e>’s evaluate to false, the value of the or expression is false.
+(not <e>)
+
+\fThe value of a not expression is true when the expression <e> evaluates to false, and false
+otherwise.
+Notice that and and or are special forms, not procedures, because the subexpressions are not
+necessarily all evaluated. Not is an ordinary procedure.
+As an example of how these are used, the condition that a number x be in the range 5 < x < 10 may be
+expressed as
+(and (> x 5) (< x 10))
+As another example, we can define a predicate to test whether one number is greater than or equal to
+another as
+(define (>= x y)
+(or (> x y) (= x y)))
+or alternatively as
+(define (>= x y)
+(not (< x y)))
+Exercise 1.1. Below is a sequence of expressions. What is the result printed by the interpreter in
+response to each expression? Assume that the sequence is to be evaluated in the order in which it is
+presented.
+10
+(+ 5 3 4)
+(- 9 1)
+(/ 6 2)
+(+ (* 2 4) (- 4 6))
+(define a 3)
+(define b (+ a 1))
+(+ a b (* a b))
+(= a b)
+(if (and (> b a) (< b (* a b)))
+b
+a)
+(cond ((= a 4) 6)
+((= b 4) (+ 6 7 a))
+(else 25))
+(+ 2 (if (> b a) b a))
+(* (cond ((> a b) a)
+((< a b) b)
+(else -1))
+(+ a 1))
+Exercise 1.2. Translate the following expression into prefix form
+
+\fExercise 1.3. Define a procedure that takes three numbers as arguments and returns the sum of the
+squares of the two larger numbers.
+Exercise 1.4. Observe that our model of evaluation allows for combinations whose operators are
+compound expressions. Use this observation to describe the behavior of the following procedure:
+(define (a-plus-abs-b a b)
+((if (> b 0) + -) a b))
+Exercise 1.5. Ben Bitdiddle has invented a test to determine whether the interpreter he is faced with is
+using applicative-order evaluation or normal-order evaluation. He defines the following two
+procedures:
+(define (p) (p))
+(define (test x y)
+(if (= x 0)
+0
+y))
+Then he evaluates the expression
+(test 0 (p))
+What behavior will Ben observe with an interpreter that uses applicative-order evaluation? What
+behavior will he observe with an interpreter that uses normal-order evaluation? Explain your answer.
+(Assume that the evaluation rule for the special form if is the same whether the interpreter is using
+normal or applicative order: The predicate expression is evaluated first, and the result determines
+whether to evaluate the consequent or the alternative expression.)
+
+1.1.7 Example: Square Roots by Newton’s Method
+Procedures, as introduced above, are much like ordinary mathematical functions. They specify a value
+that is determined by one or more parameters. But there is an important difference between
+mathematical functions and computer procedures. Procedures must be effective.
+As a case in point, consider the problem of computing square roots. We can define the square-root
+function as
+
+This describes a perfectly legitimate mathematical function. We could use it to recognize whether one
+number is the square root of another, or to derive facts about square roots in general. On the other
+hand, the definition does not describe a procedure. Indeed, it tells us almost nothing about how to
+actually find the square root of a given number. It will not help matters to rephrase this definition in
+pseudo-Lisp:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(the y (and (>= y 0)
+(= (square y) x))))
+
+\fThis only begs the question.
+The contrast between function and procedure is a reflection of the general distinction between
+describing properties of things and describing how to do things, or, as it is sometimes referred to, the
+distinction between declarative knowledge and imperative knowledge. In mathematics we are usually
+concerned with declarative (what is) descriptions, whereas in computer science we are usually
+concerned with imperative (how to) descriptions. 20
+How does one compute square roots? The most common way is to use Newton’s method of successive
+approximations, which says that whenever we have a guess y for the value of the square root of a
+number x, we can perform a simple manipulation to get a better guess (one closer to the actual square
+root) by averaging y with x/y. 21 For example, we can compute the square root of 2 as follows.
+Suppose our initial guess is 1:
+Guess
+
+Quotient
+
+Average
+
+1
+
+(2/1) = 2
+
+((2 + 1)/2) = 1.5
+
+1.5
+
+(2/1.5) = 1.3333
+
+((1.3333 + 1.5)/2) = 1.4167
+
+1.4167
+
+(2/1.4167) = 1.4118
+
+((1.4167 + 1.4118)/2) = 1.4142
+
+1.4142
+
+...
+
+...
+
+Continuing this process, we obtain better and better approximations to the square root.
+Now let’s formalize the process in terms of procedures. We start with a value for the radicand (the
+number whose square root we are trying to compute) and a value for the guess. If the guess is good
+enough for our purposes, we are done; if not, we must repeat the process with an improved guess. We
+write this basic strategy as a procedure:
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+A guess is improved by averaging it with the quotient of the radicand and the old guess:
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+where
+
+\f(define (average x y)
+(/ (+ x y) 2))
+We also have to say what we mean by ‘‘good enough.’’ The following will do for illustration, but it is
+not really a very good test. (See exercise 1.7.) The idea is to improve the answer until it is close
+enough so that its square differs from the radicand by less than a predetermined tolerance (here
+0.001): 22
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+Finally, we need a way to get started. For instance, we can always guess that the square root of any
+number is 1: 23
+(define (sqrt x)
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+If we type these definitions to the interpreter, we can use sqrt just as we can use any procedure:
+(sqrt 9)
+3.00009155413138
+(sqrt (+ 100 37))
+11.704699917758145
+(sqrt (+ (sqrt 2) (sqrt 3)))
+1.7739279023207892
+(square (sqrt 1000))
+1000.000369924366
+The sqrt program also illustrates that the simple procedural language we have introduced so far is
+sufficient for writing any purely numerical program that one could write in, say, C or Pascal. This
+might seem surprising, since we have not included in our language any iterative (looping) constructs
+that direct the computer to do something over and over again. Sqrt-iter, on the other hand,
+demonstrates how iteration can be accomplished using no special construct other than the ordinary
+ability to call a procedure. 24
+Exercise 1.6. Alyssa P. Hacker doesn’t see why if needs to be provided as a special form. ‘‘Why
+can’t I just define it as an ordinary procedure in terms of cond?’’ she asks. Alyssa’s friend Eva Lu
+Ator claims this can indeed be done, and she defines a new version of if:
+(define (new-if predicate then-clause else-clause)
+(cond (predicate then-clause)
+(else else-clause)))
+Eva demonstrates the program for Alyssa:
+(new-if (= 2 3) 0 5)
+5
+(new-if (= 1 1) 0 5)
+0
+
+\fDelighted, Alyssa uses new-if to rewrite the square-root program:
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(new-if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+What happens when Alyssa attempts to use this to compute square roots? Explain.
+Exercise 1.7. The good-enough? test used in computing square roots will not be very effective for
+finding the square roots of very small numbers. Also, in real computers, arithmetic operations are
+almost always performed with limited precision. This makes our test inadequate for very large
+numbers. Explain these statements, with examples showing how the test fails for small and large
+numbers. An alternative strategy for implementing good-enough? is to watch how guess changes
+from one iteration to the next and to stop when the change is a very small fraction of the guess. Design
+a square-root procedure that uses this kind of end test. Does this work better for small and large
+numbers?
+Exercise 1.8. Newton’s method for cube roots is based on the fact that if y is an approximation to the
+cube root of x, then a better approximation is given by the value
+
+Use this formula to implement a cube-root procedure analogous to the square-root procedure. (In
+section 1.3.4 we will see how to implement Newton’s method in general as an abstraction of these
+square-root and cube-root procedures.)
+
+1.1.8 Procedures as Black-Box Abstractions
+Sqrt is our first example of a process defined by a set of mutually defined procedures. Notice that the
+definition of sqrt-iter is recursive; that is, the procedure is defined in terms of itself. The idea of
+being able to define a procedure in terms of itself may be disturbing; it may seem unclear how such a
+‘‘circular’’ definition could make sense at all, much less specify a well-defined process to be carried
+out by a computer. This will be addressed more carefully in section 1.2. But first let’s consider some
+other important points illustrated by the sqrt example.
+Observe that the problem of computing square roots breaks up naturally into a number of
+subproblems: how to tell whether a guess is good enough, how to improve a guess, and so on. Each of
+these tasks is accomplished by a separate procedure. The entire sqrt program can be viewed as a
+cluster of procedures (shown in figure 1.2) that mirrors the decomposition of the problem into
+subproblems.
+
+\fFigure 1.2: Procedural decomposition of the sqrt program.
+Figure 1.2: Procedural decomposition of the sqrt program.
+The importance of this decomposition strategy is not simply that one is dividing the program into
+parts. After all, we could take any large program and divide it into parts -- the first ten lines, the next
+ten lines, the next ten lines, and so on. Rather, it is crucial that each procedure accomplishes an
+identifiable task that can be used as a module in defining other procedures. For example, when we
+define the good-enough? procedure in terms of square, we are able to regard the square
+procedure as a ‘‘black box.’’ We are not at that moment concerned with how the procedure computes
+its result, only with the fact that it computes the square. The details of how the square is computed can
+be suppressed, to be considered at a later time. Indeed, as far as the good-enough? procedure is
+concerned, square is not quite a procedure but rather an abstraction of a procedure, a so-called
+procedural abstraction. At this level of abstraction, any procedure that computes the square is equally
+good.
+Thus, considering only the values they return, the following two procedures for squaring a number
+should be indistinguishable. Each takes a numerical argument and produces the square of that number
+as the value. 25
+(define (square x) (* x x))
+(define (square x)
+(exp (double (log x))))
+(define (double x) (+ x x))
+So a procedure definition should be able to suppress detail. The users of the procedure may not have
+written the procedure themselves, but may have obtained it from another programmer as a black box.
+A user should not need to know how the procedure is implemented in order to use it.
+
+Local names
+One detail of a procedure’s implementation that should not matter to the user of the procedure is the
+implementer’s choice of names for the procedure’s formal parameters. Thus, the following procedures
+should not be distinguishable:
+
+\f(define (square x) (* x x))
+(define (square y) (* y y))
+This principle -- that the meaning of a procedure should be independent of the parameter names used
+by its author -- seems on the surface to be self-evident, but its consequences are profound. The
+simplest consequence is that the parameter names of a procedure must be local to the body of the
+procedure. For example, we used square in the definition of good-enough? in our square-root
+procedure:
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+The intention of the author of good-enough? is to determine if the square of the first argument is
+within a given tolerance of the second argument. We see that the author of good-enough? used the
+name guess to refer to the first argument and x to refer to the second argument. The argument of
+square is guess. If the author of square used x (as above) to refer to that argument, we see that
+the x in good-enough? must be a different x than the one in square. Running the procedure
+square must not affect the value of x that is used by good-enough?, because that value of x may
+be needed by good-enough? after square is done computing.
+If the parameters were not local to the bodies of their respective procedures, then the parameter x in
+square could be confused with the parameter x in good-enough?, and the behavior of
+good-enough? would depend upon which version of square we used. Thus, square would not
+be the black box we desired.
+A formal parameter of a procedure has a very special role in the procedure definition, in that it doesn’t
+matter what name the formal parameter has. Such a name is called a bound variable, and we say that
+the procedure definition binds its formal parameters. The meaning of a procedure definition is
+unchanged if a bound variable is consistently renamed throughout the definition. 26 If a variable is not
+bound, we say that it is free. The set of expressions for which a binding defines a name is called the
+scope of that name. In a procedure definition, the bound variables declared as the formal parameters of
+the procedure have the body of the procedure as their scope.
+In the definition of good-enough? above, guess and x are bound variables but <, -, abs, and
+square are free. The meaning of good-enough? should be independent of the names we choose
+for guess and x so long as they are distinct and different from <, -, abs, and square. (If we
+renamed guess to abs we would have introduced a bug by capturing the variable abs. It would
+have changed from free to bound.) The meaning of good-enough? is not independent of the names
+of its free variables, however. It surely depends upon the fact (external to this definition) that the
+symbol abs names a procedure for computing the absolute value of a number. Good-enough? will
+compute a different function if we substitute cos for abs in its definition.
+
+Internal definitions and block structure
+We have one kind of name isolation available to us so far: The formal parameters of a procedure are
+local to the body of the procedure. The square-root program illustrates another way in which we would
+like to control the use of names. The existing program consists of separate procedures:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+
+\fguess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+The problem with this program is that the only procedure that is important to users of sqrt is sqrt.
+The other procedures (sqrt-iter, good-enough?, and improve) only clutter up their minds.
+They may not define any other procedure called good-enough? as part of another program to work
+together with the square-root program, because sqrt needs it. The problem is especially severe in the
+construction of large systems by many separate programmers. For example, in the construction of a
+large library of numerical procedures, many numerical functions are computed as successive
+approximations and thus might have procedures named good-enough? and improve as auxiliary
+procedures. We would like to localize the subprocedures, hiding them inside sqrt so that sqrt could
+coexist with other successive approximations, each having its own private good-enough?
+procedure. To make this possible, we allow a procedure to have internal definitions that are local to
+that procedure. For example, in the square-root problem we can write
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+Such nesting of definitions, called block structure, is basically the right solution to the simplest
+name-packaging problem. But there is a better idea lurking here. In addition to internalizing the
+definitions of the auxiliary procedures, we can simplify them. Since x is bound in the definition of
+sqrt, the procedures good-enough?, improve, and sqrt-iter, which are defined internally
+to sqrt, are in the scope of x. Thus, it is not necessary to pass x explicitly to each of these
+procedures. Instead, we allow x to be a free variable in the internal definitions, as shown below. Then
+x gets its value from the argument with which the enclosing procedure sqrt is called. This discipline
+is called lexical scoping. 27
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+
+\fWe will use block structure extensively to help us break up large programs into tractable pieces. 28
+The idea of block structure originated with the programming language Algol 60. It appears in most
+advanced programming languages and is an important tool for helping to organize the construction of
+large programs.
+4 The characterization of numbers as ‘‘simple data’’ is a barefaced bluff. In fact, the treatment of
+
+numbers is one of the trickiest and most confusing aspects of any programming language. Some
+typical issues involved are these: Some computer systems distinguish integers, such as 2, from real
+numbers, such as 2.71. Is the real number 2.00 different from the integer 2? Are the arithmetic
+operations used for integers the same as the operations used for real numbers? Does 6 divided by 2
+produce 3, or 3.0? How large a number can we represent? How many decimal places of accuracy can
+we represent? Is the range of integers the same as the range of real numbers? Above and beyond these
+questions, of course, lies a collection of issues concerning roundoff and truncation errors -- the entire
+science of numerical analysis. Since our focus in this book is on large-scale program design rather than
+on numerical techniques, we are going to ignore these problems. The numerical examples in this
+chapter will exhibit the usual roundoff behavior that one observes when using arithmetic operations
+that preserve a limited number of decimal places of accuracy in noninteger operations.
+5 Throughout this book, when we wish to emphasize the distinction between the input typed by the
+
+user and the response printed by the interpreter, we will show the latter in slanted characters.
+6 Lisp systems typically provide features to aid the user in formatting expressions. Two especially
+
+useful features are one that automatically indents to the proper pretty-print position whenever a new
+line is started and one that highlights the matching left parenthesis whenever a right parenthesis is
+typed.
+7 Lisp obeys the convention that every expression has a value. This convention, together with the old
+
+reputation of Lisp as an inefficient language, is the source of the quip by Alan Perlis (paraphrasing
+Oscar Wilde) that ‘‘Lisp programmers know the value of everything but the cost of nothing.’’
+8 In this book, we do not show the interpreter’s response to evaluating definitions, since this is highly
+
+implementation-dependent.
+9 Chapter 3 will show that this notion of environment is crucial, both for understanding how the
+
+interpreter works and for implementing interpreters.
+10 It may seem strange that the evaluation rule says, as part of the first step, that we should evaluate
+
+the leftmost element of a combination, since at this point that can only be an operator such as + or *
+representing a built-in primitive procedure such as addition or multiplication. We will see later that it
+is useful to be able to work with combinations whose operators are themselves compound expressions.
+11 Special syntactic forms that are simply convenient alternative surface structures for things that can
+
+be written in more uniform ways are sometimes called syntactic sugar, to use a phrase coined by Peter
+Landin. In comparison with users of other languages, Lisp programmers, as a rule, are less concerned
+with matters of syntax. (By contrast, examine any Pascal manual and notice how much of it is devoted
+to descriptions of syntax.) This disdain for syntax is due partly to the flexibility of Lisp, which makes
+it easy to change surface syntax, and partly to the observation that many ‘‘convenient’’ syntactic
+constructs, which make the language less uniform, end up causing more trouble than they are worth
+when programs become large and complex. In the words of Alan Perlis, ‘‘Syntactic sugar causes
+cancer of the semicolon.’’
+
+\f12 Observe that there are two different operations being combined here: we are creating the procedure,
+
+and we are giving it the name square. It is possible, indeed important, to be able to separate these
+two notions -- to create procedures without naming them, and to give names to procedures that have
+already been created. We will see how to do this in section 1.3.2.
+13 Throughout this book, we will describe the general syntax of expressions by using italic symbols
+
+delimited by angle brackets -- e.g., <name> -- to denote the ‘‘slots’’ in the expression to be filled in
+when such an expression is actually used.
+14 More generally, the body of the procedure can be a sequence of expressions. In this case, the
+
+interpreter evaluates each expression in the sequence in turn and returns the value of the final
+expression as the value of the procedure application.
+15 Despite the simplicity of the substitution idea, it turns out to be surprisingly complicated to give a
+
+rigorous mathematical definition of the substitution process. The problem arises from the possibility of
+confusion between the names used for the formal parameters of a procedure and the (possibly
+identical) names used in the expressions to which the procedure may be applied. Indeed, there is a long
+history of erroneous definitions of substitution in the literature of logic and programming semantics.
+See Stoy 1977 for a careful discussion of substitution.
+16 In chapter 3 we will introduce stream processing, which is a way of handling apparently ‘‘infinite’’
+
+data structures by incorporating a limited form of normal-order evaluation. In section 4.2 we will
+modify the Scheme interpreter to produce a normal-order variant of Scheme.
+17 ‘‘Interpreted as either true or false’’ means this: In Scheme, there are two distinguished values that
+
+are denoted by the constants #t and #f. When the interpreter checks a predicate’s value, it interprets
+#f as false. Any other value is treated as true. (Thus, providing #t is logically unnecessary, but it is
+convenient.) In this book we will use names true and false, which are associated with the values
+#t and #f respectively.
+18 Abs also uses the ‘‘minus’’ operator -, which, when used with a single operand, as in (- x),
+
+indicates negation.
+19 A minor difference between if and cond is that the <e> part of each cond clause may be a
+
+sequence of expressions. If the corresponding <p> is found to be true, the expressions <e> are
+evaluated in sequence and the value of the final expression in the sequence is returned as the value of
+the cond. In an if expression, however, the <consequent> and <alternative> must be single
+expressions.
+20 Declarative and imperative descriptions are intimately related, as indeed are mathematics and
+
+computer science. For instance, to say that the answer produced by a program is ‘‘correct’’ is to make
+a declarative statement about the program. There is a large amount of research aimed at establishing
+techniques for proving that programs are correct, and much of the technical difficulty of this subject
+has to do with negotiating the transition between imperative statements (from which programs are
+constructed) and declarative statements (which can be used to deduce things). In a related vein, an
+important current area in programming-language design is the exploration of so-called very high-level
+languages, in which one actually programs in terms of declarative statements. The idea is to make
+interpreters sophisticated enough so that, given ‘‘what is’’ knowledge specified by the programmer,
+they can generate ‘‘how to’’ knowledge automatically. This cannot be done in general, but there are
+important areas where progress has been made. We shall revisit this idea in chapter 4.
+
+\f21 This square-root algorithm is actually a special case of Newton’s method, which is a general
+
+technique for finding roots of equations. The square-root algorithm itself was developed by Heron of
+Alexandria in the first century A.D. We will see how to express the general Newton’s method as a Lisp
+procedure in section 1.3.4.
+22 We will usually give predicates names ending with question marks, to help us remember that they
+
+are predicates. This is just a stylistic convention. As far as the interpreter is concerned, the question
+mark is just an ordinary character.
+23 Observe that we express our initial guess as 1.0 rather than 1. This would not make any difference
+
+in many Lisp implementations. MIT Scheme, however, distinguishes between exact integers and
+decimal values, and dividing two integers produces a rational number rather than a decimal. For
+example, dividing 10 by 6 yields 5/3, while dividing 10.0 by 6.0 yields 1.6666666666666667. (We
+will learn how to implement arithmetic on rational numbers in section 2.1.1.) If we start with an initial
+guess of 1 in our square-root program, and x is an exact integer, all subsequent values produced in the
+square-root computation will be rational numbers rather than decimals. Mixed operations on rational
+numbers and decimals always yield decimals, so starting with an initial guess of 1.0 forces all
+subsequent values to be decimals.
+24 Readers who are worried about the efficiency issues involved in using procedure calls to implement
+
+iteration should note the remarks on ‘‘tail recursion’’ in section 1.2.1.
+25 It is not even clear which of these procedures is a more efficient implementation. This depends
+
+upon the hardware available. There are machines for which the ‘‘obvious’’ implementation is the less
+efficient one. Consider a machine that has extensive tables of logarithms and antilogarithms stored in a
+very efficient manner.
+26 The concept of consistent renaming is actually subtle and difficult to define formally. Famous
+
+logicians have made embarrassing errors here.
+27 Lexical scoping dictates that free variables in a procedure are taken to refer to bindings made by
+
+enclosing procedure definitions; that is, they are looked up in the environment in which the procedure
+was defined. We will see how this works in detail in chapter 3 when we study environments and the
+detailed behavior of the interpreter.
+28 Embedded definitions must come first in a procedure body. The management is not responsible for
+
+the consequences of running programs that intertwine definition and use.
+
+
+\f
+
+1.2 Procedures and the Processes They Generate
+We have now considered the elements of programming: We have used primitive arithmetic operations,
+we have combined these operations, and we have abstracted these composite operations by defining
+them as compound procedures. But that is not enough to enable us to say that we know how to
+program. Our situation is analogous to that of someone who has learned the rules for how the pieces
+move in chess but knows nothing of typical openings, tactics, or strategy. Like the novice chess player,
+we don’t yet know the common patterns of usage in the domain. We lack the knowledge of which
+moves are worth making (which procedures are worth defining). We lack the experience to predict the
+consequences of making a move (executing a procedure).
+The ability to visualize the consequences of the actions under consideration is crucial to becoming an
+expert programmer, just as it is in any synthetic, creative activity. In becoming an expert photographer,
+for example, one must learn how to look at a scene and know how dark each region will appear on a
+print for each possible choice of exposure and development conditions. Only then can one reason
+backward, planning framing, lighting, exposure, and development to obtain the desired effects. So it is
+with programming, where we are planning the course of action to be taken by a process and where we
+control the process by means of a program. To become experts, we must learn to visualize the
+processes generated by various types of procedures. Only after we have developed such a skill can we
+learn to reliably construct programs that exhibit the desired behavior.
+A procedure is a pattern for the local evolution of a computational process. It specifies how each stage
+of the process is built upon the previous stage. We would like to be able to make statements about the
+overall, or global, behavior of a process whose local evolution has been specified by a procedure. This
+is very difficult to do in general, but we can at least try to describe some typical patterns of process
+evolution.
+In this section we will examine some common ‘‘shapes’’ for processes generated by simple
+procedures. We will also investigate the rates at which these processes consume the important
+computational resources of time and space. The procedures we will consider are very simple. Their
+role is like that played by test patterns in photography: as oversimplified prototypical patterns, rather
+than practical examples in their own right.
+
+1.2.1 Linear Recursion and Iteration
+
+\fFigure 1.3: A linear recursive process for computing 6!.
+Figure 1.3: A linear recursive process for computing 6!.
+We begin by considering the factorial function, defined by
+
+There are many ways to compute factorials. One way is to make use of the observation that n! is equal
+to n times (n - 1)! for any positive integer n:
+
+Thus, we can compute n! by computing (n - 1)! and multiplying the result by n. If we add the
+stipulation that 1! is equal to 1, this observation translates directly into a procedure:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
+We can use the substitution model of section 1.1.5 to watch this procedure in action computing 6!, as
+shown in figure 1.3.
+Now let’s take a different perspective on computing factorials. We could describe a rule for computing
+n! by specifying that we first multiply 1 by 2, then multiply the result by 3, then by 4, and so on until
+we reach n. More formally, we maintain a running product, together with a counter that counts from 1
+up to n. We can describe the computation by saying that the counter and the product simultaneously
+change from one step to the next according to the rule
+product
+
+counter · product
+
+counter
+
+counter + 1
+
+and stipulating that n! is the value of the product when the counter exceeds n.
+
+\fFigure 1.4: A linear iterative process for computing 6!.
+Figure 1.4: A linear iterative process for computing 6!.
+Once again, we can recast our description as a procedure for computing factorials: 29
+(define (factorial n)
+(fact-iter 1 1 n))
+(define (fact-iter product counter max-count)
+(if (> counter max-count)
+product
+(fact-iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1)
+max-count)))
+As before, we can use the substitution model to visualize the process of computing 6!, as shown in
+figure 1.4.
+Compare the two processes. From one point of view, they seem hardly different at all. Both compute
+the same mathematical function on the same domain, and each requires a number of steps proportional
+to n to compute n!. Indeed, both processes even carry out the same sequence of multiplications,
+obtaining the same sequence of partial products. On the other hand, when we consider the ‘‘shapes’’ of
+the two processes, we find that they evolve quite differently.
+Consider the first process. The substitution model reveals a shape of expansion followed by
+contraction, indicated by the arrow in figure 1.3. The expansion occurs as the process builds up a chain
+of deferred operations (in this case, a chain of multiplications). The contraction occurs as the
+operations are actually performed. This type of process, characterized by a chain of deferred
+operations, is called a recursive process. Carrying out this process requires that the interpreter keep
+track of the operations to be performed later on. In the computation of n!, the length of the chain of
+deferred multiplications, and hence the amount of information needed to keep track of it, grows
+linearly with n (is proportional to n), just like the number of steps. Such a process is called a linear
+recursive process.
+By contrast, the second process does not grow and shrink. At each step, all we need to keep track of,
+for any n, are the current values of the variables product, counter, and max-count. We call this
+an iterative process. In general, an iterative process is one whose state can be summarized by a fixed
+number of state variables, together with a fixed rule that describes how the state variables should be
+updated as the process moves from state to state and an (optional) end test that specifies conditions
+under which the process should terminate. In computing n!, the number of steps required grows
+linearly with n. Such a process is called a linear iterative process.
+
+\fThe contrast between the two processes can be seen in another way. In the iterative case, the program
+variables provide a complete description of the state of the process at any point. If we stopped the
+computation between steps, all we would need to do to resume the computation is to supply the
+interpreter with the values of the three program variables. Not so with the recursive process. In this
+case there is some additional ‘‘hidden’’ information, maintained by the interpreter and not contained in
+the program variables, which indicates ‘‘where the process is’’ in negotiating the chain of deferred
+operations. The longer the chain, the more information must be maintained. 30
+In contrasting iteration and recursion, we must be careful not to confuse the notion of a recursive
+process with the notion of a recursive procedure. When we describe a procedure as recursive, we are
+referring to the syntactic fact that the procedure definition refers (either directly or indirectly) to the
+procedure itself. But when we describe a process as following a pattern that is, say, linearly recursive,
+we are speaking about how the process evolves, not about the syntax of how a procedure is written. It
+may seem disturbing that we refer to a recursive procedure such as fact-iter as generating an
+iterative process. However, the process really is iterative: Its state is captured completely by its three
+state variables, and an interpreter need keep track of only three variables in order to execute the
+process.
+One reason that the distinction between process and procedure may be confusing is that most
+implementations of common languages (including Ada, Pascal, and C) are designed in such a way that
+the interpretation of any recursive procedure consumes an amount of memory that grows with the
+number of procedure calls, even when the process described is, in principle, iterative. As a
+consequence, these languages can describe iterative processes only by resorting to special-purpose
+‘‘looping constructs’’ such as do, repeat, until, for, and while. The implementation of
+Scheme we shall consider in chapter 5 does not share this defect. It will execute an iterative process in
+constant space, even if the iterative process is described by a recursive procedure. An implementation
+with this property is called tail-recursive. With a tail-recursive implementation, iteration can be
+expressed using the ordinary procedure call mechanism, so that special iteration constructs are useful
+only as syntactic sugar. 31
+Exercise 1.9. Each of the following two procedures defines a method for adding two positive integers
+in terms of the procedures inc, which increments its argument by 1, and dec, which decrements its
+argument by 1.
+(define (+ a b)
+(if (= a 0)
+b
+(inc (+ (dec a) b))))
+(define (+ a b)
+(if (= a 0)
+b
+(+ (dec a) (inc b))))
+Using the substitution model, illustrate the process generated by each procedure in evaluating (+ 4
+5). Are these processes iterative or recursive?
+Exercise 1.10. The following procedure computes a mathematical function called Ackermann’s
+function.
+
+\f(define (A x y)
+(cond ((= y 0)
+((= x 0)
+((= y 1)
+(else (A
+
+0)
+(* 2 y))
+2)
+(- x 1)
+(A x (- y 1))))))
+
+What are the values of the following expressions?
+(A 1 10)
+(A 2 4)
+(A 3 3)
+Consider the following procedures, where A is the procedure defined above:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(f
+(g
+(h
+(k
+
+n)
+n)
+n)
+n)
+
+(A
+(A
+(A
+(*
+
+0
+1
+2
+5
+
+n))
+n))
+n))
+n n))
+
+Give concise mathematical definitions for the functions computed by the procedures f, g, and h for
+positive integer values of n. For example, (k n) computes 5n 2 .
+
+1.2.2 Tree Recursion
+Another common pattern of computation is called tree recursion. As an example, consider computing
+the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, in which each number is the sum of the preceding two:
+
+In general, the Fibonacci numbers can be defined by the rule
+
+We can immediately translate this definition into a recursive procedure for computing Fibonacci
+numbers:
+(define (fib n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (fib (- n 1))
+(fib (- n 2))))))
+
+\fFigure 1.5: The tree-recursive process generated in computing (fib 5).
+Figure 1.5: The tree-recursive process generated in computing (fib 5).
+Consider the pattern of this computation. To compute (fib 5), we compute (fib 4) and (fib
+3). To compute (fib 4), we compute (fib 3) and (fib 2). In general, the evolved process
+looks like a tree, as shown in figure 1.5. Notice that the branches split into two at each level (except at
+the bottom); this reflects the fact that the fib procedure calls itself twice each time it is invoked.
+This procedure is instructive as a prototypical tree recursion, but it is a terrible way to compute
+Fibonacci numbers because it does so much redundant computation. Notice in figure 1.5 that the entire
+computation of (fib 3) -- almost half the work -- is duplicated. In fact, it is not hard to show that
+the number of times the procedure will compute (fib 1) or (fib 0) (the number of leaves in the
+above tree, in general) is precisely Fib(n + 1). To get an idea of how bad this is, one can show that the
+value of Fib(n) grows exponentially with n. More precisely (see exercise 1.13), Fib(n) is the closest
+integer to n / 5, where
+
+is the golden ratio, which satisfies the equation
+
+Thus, the process uses a number of steps that grows exponentially with the input. On the other hand,
+the space required grows only linearly with the input, because we need keep track only of which nodes
+are above us in the tree at any point in the computation. In general, the number of steps required by a
+tree-recursive process will be proportional to the number of nodes in the tree, while the space required
+will be proportional to the maximum depth of the tree.
+
+\fWe can also formulate an iterative process for computing the Fibonacci numbers. The idea is to use a
+pair of integers a and b, initialized to Fib(1) = 1 and Fib(0) = 0, and to repeatedly apply the
+simultaneous transformations
+
+It is not hard to show that, after applying this transformation n times, a and b will be equal,
+respectively, to Fib(n + 1) and Fib(n). Thus, we can compute Fibonacci numbers iteratively using the
+procedure
+(define (fib n)
+(fib-iter 1 0 n))
+(define (fib-iter a b count)
+(if (= count 0)
+b
+(fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1))))
+This second method for computing Fib(n) is a linear iteration. The difference in number of steps
+required by the two methods -- one linear in n, one growing as fast as Fib(n) itself -- is enormous, even
+for small inputs.
+One should not conclude from this that tree-recursive processes are useless. When we consider
+processes that operate on hierarchically structured data rather than numbers, we will find that tree
+recursion is a natural and powerful tool. 32 But even in numerical operations, tree-recursive processes
+can be useful in helping us to understand and design programs. For instance, although the first fib
+procedure is much less efficient than the second one, it is more straightforward, being little more than
+a translation into Lisp of the definition of the Fibonacci sequence. To formulate the iterative algorithm
+required noticing that the computation could be recast as an iteration with three state variables.
+
+Example: Counting change
+It takes only a bit of cleverness to come up with the iterative Fibonacci algorithm. In contrast, consider
+the following problem: How many different ways can we make change of $ 1.00, given half-dollars,
+quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies? More generally, can we write a procedure to compute the
+number of ways to change any given amount of money?
+This problem has a simple solution as a recursive procedure. Suppose we think of the types of coins
+available as arranged in some order. Then the following relation holds:
+The number of ways to change amount a using n kinds of coins equals
+the number of ways to change amount a using all but the first kind of coin, plus
+the number of ways to change amount a - d using all n kinds of coins, where d is the
+denomination of the first kind of coin.
+To see why this is true, observe that the ways to make change can be divided into two groups: those
+that do not use any of the first kind of coin, and those that do. Therefore, the total number of ways to
+make change for some amount is equal to the number of ways to make change for the amount without
+using any of the first kind of coin, plus the number of ways to make change assuming that we do use
+the first kind of coin. But the latter number is equal to the number of ways to make change for the
+
+\famount that remains after using a coin of the first kind.
+Thus, we can recursively reduce the problem of changing a given amount to the problem of changing
+smaller amounts using fewer kinds of coins. Consider this reduction rule carefully, and convince
+yourself that we can use it to describe an algorithm if we specify the following degenerate cases: 33
+If a is exactly 0, we should count that as 1 way to make change.
+If a is less than 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
+If n is 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
+We can easily translate this description into a recursive procedure:
+(define (count-change amount)
+(cc amount 5))
+(define (cc amount kinds-of-coins)
+(cond ((= amount 0) 1)
+((or (< amount 0) (= kinds-of-coins 0)) 0)
+(else (+ (cc amount
+(- kinds-of-coins 1))
+(cc (- amount
+(first-denomination kinds-of-coins))
+kinds-of-coins)))))
+(define (first-denomination kinds-of-coins)
+(cond ((= kinds-of-coins 1) 1)
+((= kinds-of-coins 2) 5)
+((= kinds-of-coins 3) 10)
+((= kinds-of-coins 4) 25)
+((= kinds-of-coins 5) 50)))
+(The first-denomination procedure takes as input the number of kinds of coins available and
+returns the denomination of the first kind. Here we are thinking of the coins as arranged in order from
+largest to smallest, but any order would do as well.) We can now answer our original question about
+changing a dollar:
+(count-change 100)
+292
+Count-change generates a tree-recursive process with redundancies similar to those in our first
+implementation of fib. (It will take quite a while for that 292 to be computed.) On the other hand, it
+is not obvious how to design a better algorithm for computing the result, and we leave this problem as
+a challenge. The observation that a tree-recursive process may be highly inefficient but often easy to
+specify and understand has led people to propose that one could get the best of both worlds by
+designing a ‘‘smart compiler’’ that could transform tree-recursive procedures into more efficient
+procedures that compute the same result. 34
+Exercise 1.11. A function f is defined by the rule that f(n) = n if n<3 and f(n) = f(n - 1) + 2f(n - 2) +
+3f(n - 3) if n> 3. Write a procedure that computes f by means of a recursive process. Write a procedure
+that computes f by means of an iterative process.
+
+\fExercise 1.12. The following pattern of numbers is called Pascal’s triangle.
+
+The numbers at the edge of the triangle are all 1, and each number inside the triangle is the sum of the
+two numbers above it. 35 Write a procedure that computes elements of Pascal’s triangle by means of a
+recursive process.
+Exercise 1.13. Prove that Fib(n) is the closest integer to n / 5, where = (1 + 5)/2. Hint: Let =
+(1 - 5)/2. Use induction and the definition of the Fibonacci numbers (see section 1.2.2) to prove that
+Fib(n) = ( n - n )/ 5.
+
+1.2.3 Orders of Growth
+The previous examples illustrate that processes can differ considerably in the rates at which they
+consume computational resources. One convenient way to describe this difference is to use the notion
+of order of growth to obtain a gross measure of the resources required by a process as the inputs
+become larger.
+Let n be a parameter that measures the size of the problem, and let R(n) be the amount of resources the
+process requires for a problem of size n. In our previous examples we took n to be the number for
+which a given function is to be computed, but there are other possibilities. For instance, if our goal is
+to compute an approximation to the square root of a number, we might take n to be the number of
+digits accuracy required. For matrix multiplication we might take n to be the number of rows in the
+matrices. In general there are a number of properties of the problem with respect to which it will be
+desirable to analyze a given process. Similarly, R(n) might measure the number of internal storage
+registers used, the number of elementary machine operations performed, and so on. In computers that
+do only a fixed number of operations at a time, the time required will be proportional to the number of
+elementary machine operations performed.
+We say that R(n) has order of growth (f(n)), written R(n) = (f(n)) (pronounced ‘‘theta of f(n)’’), if
+there are positive constants k 1 and k 2 independent of n such that
+
+for any sufficiently large value of n. (In other words, for large n, the value R(n) is sandwiched between
+k 1 f(n) and k 2 f(n).)
+For instance, with the linear recursive process for computing factorial described in section 1.2.1 the
+number of steps grows proportionally to the input n. Thus, the steps required for this process grows as
+(n). We also saw that the space required grows as (n). For the iterative factorial, the number of
+steps is still (n) but the space is (1) -- that is, constant. 36 The tree-recursive Fibonacci
+computation requires ( n ) steps and space (n), where is the golden ratio described in
+section 1.2.2.
+
+\fOrders of growth provide only a crude description of the behavior of a process. For example, a process
+requiring n 2 steps and a process requiring 1000n 2 steps and a process requiring 3n 2 + 10n + 17 steps
+all have (n 2 ) order of growth. On the other hand, order of growth provides a useful indication of
+how we may expect the behavior of the process to change as we change the size of the problem. For a
+(n) (linear) process, doubling the size will roughly double the amount of resources used. For an
+exponential process, each increment in problem size will multiply the resource utilization by a
+constant factor. In the remainder of section 1.2 we will examine two algorithms whose order of growth
+is logarithmic, so that doubling the problem size increases the resource requirement by a constant
+amount.
+Exercise 1.14. Draw the tree illustrating the process generated by the count-change procedure of
+section 1.2.2 in making change for 11 cents. What are the orders of growth of the space and number of
+steps used by this process as the amount to be changed increases?
+Exercise 1.15. The sine of an angle (specified in radians) can be computed by making use of the
+approximation sin x x if x is sufficiently small, and the trigonometric identity
+
+to reduce the size of the argument of sin. (For purposes of this exercise an angle is considered
+‘‘sufficiently small’’ if its magnitude is not greater than 0.1 radians.) These ideas are incorporated in
+the following procedures:
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+(define (p x) (- (* 3 x) (* 4 (cube x))))
+(define (sine angle)
+(if (not (> (abs angle) 0.1))
+angle
+(p (sine (/ angle 3.0)))))
+a. How many times is the procedure p applied when (sine 12.15) is evaluated?
+b. What is the order of growth in space and number of steps (as a function of a) used by the process
+generated by the sine procedure when (sine a) is evaluated?
+
+1.2.4 Exponentiation
+Consider the problem of computing the exponential of a given number. We would like a procedure
+that takes as arguments a base b and a positive integer exponent n and computes b n . One way to do
+this is via the recursive definition
+
+which translates readily into the procedure
+(define (expt b n)
+(if (= n 0)
+1
+(* b (expt b (- n 1)))))
+
+\fThis is a linear recursive process, which requires (n) steps and
+can readily formulate an equivalent linear iteration:
+
+(n) space. Just as with factorial, we
+
+(define (expt b n)
+(expt-iter b n 1))
+(define (expt-iter b counter product)
+(if (= counter 0)
+product
+(expt-iter b
+(- counter 1)
+(* b product))))
+This version requires
+
+(n) steps and
+
+(1) space.
+
+We can compute exponentials in fewer steps by using successive squaring. For instance, rather than
+computing b 8 as
+
+we can compute it using three multiplications:
+
+This method works fine for exponents that are powers of 2. We can also take advantage of successive
+squaring in computing exponentials in general if we use the rule
+
+We can express this method as a procedure:
+(define (fast-expt b n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 1)
+((even? n) (square (fast-expt b (/ n 2))))
+(else (* b (fast-expt b (- n 1))))))
+where the predicate to test whether an integer is even is defined in terms of the primitive procedure
+remainder by
+(define (even? n)
+(= (remainder n 2) 0))
+The process evolved by fast-expt grows logarithmically with n in both space and number of steps.
+To see this, observe that computing b 2n using fast-expt requires only one more multiplication
+than computing b n . The size of the exponent we can compute therefore doubles (approximately) with
+every new multiplication we are allowed. Thus, the number of multiplications required for an exponent
+of n grows about as fast as the logarithm of n to the base 2. The process has (log n) growth. 37
+
+\fThe difference between (log n) growth and (n) growth becomes striking as n becomes large. For
+example, fast-expt for n = 1000 requires only 14 multiplications. 38 It is also possible to use the
+idea of successive squaring to devise an iterative algorithm that computes exponentials with a
+logarithmic number of steps (see exercise 1.16), although, as is often the case with iterative
+algorithms, this is not written down so straightforwardly as the recursive algorithm. 39
+Exercise 1.16. Design a procedure that evolves an iterative exponentiation process that uses
+successive squaring and uses a logarithmic number of steps, as does fast-expt. (Hint: Using the
+observation that (b n/2 ) 2 = (b 2 ) n/2 , keep, along with the exponent n and the base b, an additional state
+variable a, and define the state transformation in such a way that the product a b n is unchanged from
+state to state. At the beginning of the process a is taken to be 1, and the answer is given by the value of
+a at the end of the process. In general, the technique of defining an invariant quantity that remains
+unchanged from state to state is a powerful way to think about the design of iterative algorithms.)
+Exercise 1.17. The exponentiation algorithms in this section are based on performing exponentiation
+by means of repeated multiplication. In a similar way, one can perform integer multiplication by
+means of repeated addition. The following multiplication procedure (in which it is assumed that our
+language can only add, not multiply) is analogous to the expt procedure:
+(define (* a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+0
+(+ a (* a (- b 1)))))
+This algorithm takes a number of steps that is linear in b. Now suppose we include, together with
+addition, operations double, which doubles an integer, and halve, which divides an (even) integer
+by 2. Using these, design a multiplication procedure analogous to fast-expt that uses a logarithmic
+number of steps.
+Exercise 1.18. Using the results of exercises 1.16 and 1.17, devise a procedure that generates an
+iterative process for multiplying two integers in terms of adding, doubling, and halving and uses a
+logarithmic number of steps. 40
+Exercise 1.19. There is a clever algorithm for computing the Fibonacci numbers in a logarithmic
+number of steps. Recall the transformation of the state variables a and b in the fib-iter process of
+section 1.2.2: a a + b and b a. Call this transformation T, and observe that applying T over and
+over again n times, starting with 1 and 0, produces the pair Fib(n + 1) and Fib(n). In other words, the
+Fibonacci numbers are produced by applying T n , the nth power of the transformation T, starting with
+the pair (1,0). Now consider T to be the special case of p = 0 and q = 1 in a family of transformations
+T pq , where T pq transforms the pair (a,b) according to a bq + aq + ap and b bp + aq. Show that if
+we apply such a transformation T pq twice, the effect is the same as using a single transformation T p’q’
+of the same form, and compute p’ and q’ in terms of p and q. This gives us an explicit way to square
+these transformations, and thus we can compute T n using successive squaring, as in the fast-expt
+procedure. Put this all together to complete the following procedure, which runs in a logarithmic
+number of steps: 41
+(define (fib n)
+(fib-iter 1 0 0 1 n))
+(define (fib-iter a b p q count)
+(cond ((= count 0) b)
+((even? count)
+
+\f(fib-iter a
+b
+<??>
+; compute p’
+<??>
+; compute q’
+(/ count 2)))
+(else (fib-iter (+ (* b q) (* a q) (* a p))
+(+ (* b p) (* a q))
+p
+q
+(- count 1)))))
+
+1.2.5 Greatest Common Divisors
+The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b is defined to be the largest integer that
+divides both a and b with no remainder. For example, the GCD of 16 and 28 is 4. In chapter 2, when
+we investigate how to implement rational-number arithmetic, we will need to be able to compute
+GCDs in order to reduce rational numbers to lowest terms. (To reduce a rational number to lowest
+terms, we must divide both the numerator and the denominator by their GCD. For example, 16/28
+reduces to 4/7.) One way to find the GCD of two integers is to factor them and search for common
+factors, but there is a famous algorithm that is much more efficient.
+The idea of the algorithm is based on the observation that, if r is the remainder when a is divided by b,
+then the common divisors of a and b are precisely the same as the common divisors of b and r. Thus,
+we can use the equation
+
+to successively reduce the problem of computing a GCD to the problem of computing the GCD of
+smaller and smaller pairs of integers. For example,
+
+reduces GCD(206,40) to GCD(2,0), which is 2. It is possible to show that starting with any two
+positive integers and performing repeated reductions will always eventually produce a pair where the
+second number is 0. Then the GCD is the other number in the pair. This method for computing the
+GCD is known as Euclid’s Algorithm. 42
+It is easy to express Euclid’s Algorithm as a procedure:
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+
+\fThis generates an iterative process, whose number of steps grows as the logarithm of the numbers
+involved.
+The fact that the number of steps required by Euclid’s Algorithm has logarithmic growth bears an
+interesting relation to the Fibonacci numbers:
+Lamé’s Theorem: If Euclid’s Algorithm requires k steps to compute the GCD of some pair, then the
+smaller number in the pair must be greater than or equal to the kth Fibonacci number. 43
+We can use this theorem to get an order-of-growth estimate for Euclid’s Algorithm. Let n be the
+smaller of the two inputs to the procedure. If the process takes k steps, then we must have n> Fib (k)
+k / 5. Therefore the number of steps k grows as the logarithm (to the base ) of n. Hence, the order
+of growth is (log n).
+Exercise 1.20. The process that a procedure generates is of course dependent on the rules used by the
+interpreter. As an example, consider the iterative gcd procedure given above. Suppose we were to
+interpret this procedure using normal-order evaluation, as discussed in section 1.1.5. (The
+normal-order-evaluation rule for if is described in exercise 1.5.) Using the substitution method (for
+normal order), illustrate the process generated in evaluating (gcd 206 40) and indicate the
+remainder operations that are actually performed. How many remainder operations are actually
+performed in the normal-order evaluation of (gcd 206 40)? In the applicative-order evaluation?
+
+1.2.6 Example: Testing for Primality
+This section describes two methods for checking the primality of an integer n, one with order of
+growth ( n), and a ‘‘probabilistic’’ algorithm with order of growth (log n). The exercises at the
+end of this section suggest programming projects based on these algorithms.
+
+Searching for divisors
+Since ancient times, mathematicians have been fascinated by problems concerning prime numbers, and
+many people have worked on the problem of determining ways to test if numbers are prime. One way
+to test if a number is prime is to find the number’s divisors. The following program finds the smallest
+integral divisor (greater than 1) of a given number n. It does this in a straightforward way, by testing n
+for divisibility by successive integers starting with 2.
+(define (smallest-divisor n)
+(find-divisor n 2))
+(define (find-divisor n test-divisor)
+(cond ((> (square test-divisor) n) n)
+((divides? test-divisor n) test-divisor)
+(else (find-divisor n (+ test-divisor 1)))))
+(define (divides? a b)
+(= (remainder b a) 0))
+We can test whether a number is prime as follows: n is prime if and only if n is its own smallest
+divisor.
+(define (prime? n)
+(= n (smallest-divisor n)))
+
+\fThe end test for find-divisor is based on the fact that if n is not prime it must have a divisor less
+than or equal to n. 44 This means that the algorithm need only test divisors between 1 and n.
+Consequently, the number of steps required to identify n as prime will have order of growth ( n).
+
+The Fermat test
+The (log n) primality test is based on a result from number theory known as Fermat’s Little
+Theorem. 45
+Fermat’s Little Theorem: If n is a prime number and a is any positive integer less than n, then a
+raised to the nth power is congruent to a modulo n.
+(Two numbers are said to be congruent modulo n if they both have the same remainder when divided
+by n. The remainder of a number a when divided by n is also referred to as the remainder of a modulo
+n, or simply as a modulo n.)
+If n is not prime, then, in general, most of the numbers a< n will not satisfy the above relation. This
+leads to the following algorithm for testing primality: Given a number n, pick a random number a < n
+and compute the remainder of a n modulo n. If the result is not equal to a, then n is certainly not prime.
+If it is a, then chances are good that n is prime. Now pick another random number a and test it with the
+same method. If it also satisfies the equation, then we can be even more confident that n is prime. By
+trying more and more values of a, we can increase our confidence in the result. This algorithm is
+known as the Fermat test.
+To implement the Fermat test, we need a procedure that computes the exponential of a number modulo
+another number:
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(cond ((= exp 0) 1)
+((even? exp)
+(remainder (square (expmod base (/ exp 2) m))
+m))
+(else
+(remainder (* base (expmod base (- exp 1) m))
+m))))
+This is very similar to the fast-expt procedure of section 1.2.4. It uses successive squaring, so that
+the number of steps grows logarithmically with the exponent. 46
+The Fermat test is performed by choosing at random a number a between 1 and n - 1 inclusive and
+checking whether the remainder modulo n of the nth power of a is equal to a. The random number a is
+chosen using the procedure random, which we assume is included as a primitive in Scheme. Random
+returns a nonnegative integer less than its integer input. Hence, to obtain a random number between 1
+and n - 1, we call random with an input of n - 1 and add 1 to the result:
+(define (fermat-test n)
+(define (try-it a)
+(= (expmod a n n) a))
+(try-it (+ 1 (random (- n 1)))))
+
+\fThe following procedure runs the test a given number of times, as specified by a parameter. Its value is
+true if the test succeeds every time, and false otherwise.
+(define (fast-prime? n times)
+(cond ((= times 0) true)
+((fermat-test n) (fast-prime? n (- times 1)))
+(else false)))
+
+Probabilistic methods
+The Fermat test differs in character from most familiar algorithms, in which one computes an answer
+that is guaranteed to be correct. Here, the answer obtained is only probably correct. More precisely, if
+n ever fails the Fermat test, we can be certain that n is not prime. But the fact that n passes the test,
+while an extremely strong indication, is still not a guarantee that n is prime. What we would like to say
+is that for any number n, if we perform the test enough times and find that n always passes the test,
+then the probability of error in our primality test can be made as small as we like.
+Unfortunately, this assertion is not quite correct. There do exist numbers that fool the Fermat test:
+numbers n that are not prime and yet have the property that a n is congruent to a modulo n for all
+integers a < n. Such numbers are extremely rare, so the Fermat test is quite reliable in practice. 47
+There are variations of the Fermat test that cannot be fooled. In these tests, as with the Fermat method,
+one tests the primality of an integer n by choosing a random integer a<n and checking some condition
+that depends upon n and a. (See exercise 1.28 for an example of such a test.) On the other hand, in
+contrast to the Fermat test, one can prove that, for any n, the condition does not hold for most of the
+integers a<n unless n is prime. Thus, if n passes the test for some random choice of a, the chances are
+better than even that n is prime. If n passes the test for two random choices of a, the chances are better
+than 3 out of 4 that n is prime. By running the test with more and more randomly chosen values of a
+we can make the probability of error as small as we like.
+The existence of tests for which one can prove that the chance of error becomes arbitrarily small has
+sparked interest in algorithms of this type, which have come to be known as probabilistic algorithms.
+There is a great deal of research activity in this area, and probabilistic algorithms have been fruitfully
+applied to many fields. 48
+Exercise 1.21. Use the smallest-divisor procedure to find the smallest divisor of each of the
+following numbers: 199, 1999, 19999.
+Exercise 1.22. Most Lisp implementations include a primitive called runtime that returns an integer
+that specifies the amount of time the system has been running (measured, for example, in
+microseconds). The following timed-prime-test procedure, when called with an integer n, prints
+n and checks to see if n is prime. If n is prime, the procedure prints three asterisks followed by the
+amount of time used in performing the test.
+(define (timed-prime-test n)
+(newline)
+(display n)
+(start-prime-test n (runtime)))
+(define (start-prime-test n start-time)
+(if (prime? n)
+(report-prime (- (runtime) start-time))))
+(define (report-prime elapsed-time)
+(display " *** ")
+
+\f(display elapsed-time))
+Using this procedure, write a procedure search-for-primes that checks the primality of
+consecutive odd integers in a specified range. Use your procedure to find the three smallest primes
+larger than 1000; larger than 10,000; larger than 100,000; larger than 1,000,000. Note the time needed
+to test each prime. Since the testing algorithm has order of growth of ( n), you should expect that
+testing for primes around 10,000 should take about 10 times as long as testing for primes around
+1000. Do your timing data bear this out? How well do the data for 100,000 and 1,000,000 support the
+n prediction? Is your result compatible with the notion that programs on your machine run in time
+proportional to the number of steps required for the computation?
+Exercise 1.23. The smallest-divisor procedure shown at the start of this section does lots of
+needless testing: After it checks to see if the number is divisible by 2 there is no point in checking to
+see if it is divisible by any larger even numbers. This suggests that the values used for
+test-divisor should not be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., but rather 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, .... To implement this
+change, define a procedure next that returns 3 if its input is equal to 2 and otherwise returns its input
+plus 2. Modify the smallest-divisor procedure to use (next test-divisor) instead of
+(+ test-divisor 1). With timed-prime-test incorporating this modified version of
+smallest-divisor, run the test for each of the 12 primes found in exercise 1.22. Since this
+modification halves the number of test steps, you should expect it to run about twice as fast. Is this
+expectation confirmed? If not, what is the observed ratio of the speeds of the two algorithms, and how
+do you explain the fact that it is different from 2?
+Exercise 1.24. Modify the timed-prime-test procedure of exercise 1.22 to use fast-prime?
+(the Fermat method), and test each of the 12 primes you found in that exercise. Since the Fermat test
+has (log n) growth, how would you expect the time to test primes near 1,000,000 to compare with
+the time needed to test primes near 1000? Do your data bear this out? Can you explain any discrepancy
+you find?
+Exercise 1.25. Alyssa P. Hacker complains that we went to a lot of extra work in writing expmod.
+After all, she says, since we already know how to compute exponentials, we could have simply written
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(remainder (fast-expt base exp) m))
+Is she correct? Would this procedure serve as well for our fast prime tester? Explain.
+Exercise 1.26. Louis Reasoner is having great difficulty doing exercise 1.24. His fast-prime? test
+seems to run more slowly than his prime? test. Louis calls his friend Eva Lu Ator over to help. When
+they examine Louis’s code, they find that he has rewritten the expmod procedure to use an explicit
+multiplication, rather than calling square:
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(cond ((= exp 0) 1)
+((even? exp)
+(remainder (* (expmod base (/ exp 2) m)
+(expmod base (/ exp 2) m))
+m))
+(else
+(remainder (* base (expmod base (- exp 1) m))
+m))))
+
+\f‘‘I don’t see what difference that could make,’’ says Louis. ‘‘I do.’’ says Eva. ‘‘By writing the
+procedure like that, you have transformed the (log n) process into a (n) process.’’ Explain.
+Exercise 1.27. Demonstrate that the Carmichael numbers listed in footnote 47 really do fool the
+Fermat test. That is, write a procedure that takes an integer n and tests whether a n is congruent to a
+modulo n for every a<n, and try your procedure on the given Carmichael numbers.
+Exercise 1.28. One variant of the Fermat test that cannot be fooled is called the Miller-Rabin test
+(Miller 1976; Rabin 1980). This starts from an alternate form of Fermat’s Little Theorem, which states
+that if n is a prime number and a is any positive integer less than n, then a raised to the (n - 1)st power
+is congruent to 1 modulo n. To test the primality of a number n by the Miller-Rabin test, we pick a
+random number a<n and raise a to the (n - 1)st power modulo n using the expmod procedure.
+However, whenever we perform the squaring step in expmod, we check to see if we have discovered
+a ‘‘nontrivial square root of 1 modulo n,’’ that is, a number not equal to 1 or n - 1 whose square is
+equal to 1 modulo n. It is possible to prove that if such a nontrivial square root of 1 exists, then n is not
+prime. It is also possible to prove that if n is an odd number that is not prime, then, for at least half the
+numbers a<n, computing a n-1 in this way will reveal a nontrivial square root of 1 modulo n. (This is
+why the Miller-Rabin test cannot be fooled.) Modify the expmod procedure to signal if it discovers a
+nontrivial square root of 1, and use this to implement the Miller-Rabin test with a procedure analogous
+to fermat-test. Check your procedure by testing various known primes and non-primes. Hint:
+One convenient way to make expmod signal is to have it return 0.
+29 In a real program we would probably use the block structure introduced in the last section to hide
+
+the definition of fact-iter:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+We avoided doing this here so as to minimize the number of things to think about at once.
+30 When we discuss the implementation of procedures on register machines in chapter 5, we will see
+
+that any iterative process can be realized ‘‘in hardware’’ as a machine that has a fixed set of registers
+and no auxiliary memory. In contrast, realizing a recursive process requires a machine that uses an
+auxiliary data structure known as a stack.
+31 Tail recursion has long been known as a compiler optimization trick. A coherent semantic basis for
+
+tail recursion was provided by Carl Hewitt (1977), who explained it in terms of the
+‘‘message-passing’’ model of computation that we shall discuss in chapter 3. Inspired by this, Gerald
+Jay Sussman and Guy Lewis Steele Jr. (see Steele 1975) constructed a tail-recursive interpreter for
+Scheme. Steele later showed how tail recursion is a consequence of the natural way to compile
+procedure calls (Steele 1977). The IEEE standard for Scheme requires that Scheme implementations
+be tail-recursive.
+32 An example of this was hinted at in section 1.1.3: The interpreter itself evaluates expressions using
+
+a tree-recursive process.
+
+\f33 For example, work through in detail how the reduction rule applies to the problem of making
+
+change for 10 cents using pennies and nickels.
+34 One approach to coping with redundant computations is to arrange matters so that we automatically
+
+construct a table of values as they are computed. Each time we are asked to apply the procedure to
+some argument, we first look to see if the value is already stored in the table, in which case we avoid
+performing the redundant computation. This strategy, known as tabulation or memoization, can be
+implemented in a straightforward way. Tabulation can sometimes be used to transform processes that
+require an exponential number of steps (such as count-change) into processes whose space and
+time requirements grow linearly with the input. See exercise 3.27.
+35 The elements of Pascal’s triangle are called the binomial coefficients, because the nth row consists
+
+of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x + y) n . This pattern for computing the coefficients
+appeared in Blaise Pascal’s 1653 seminal work on probability theory, Traité du triangle arithmétique.
+According to Knuth (1973), the same pattern appears in the Szu-yuen Yü-chien (‘‘The Precious Mirror
+of the Four Elements’’), published by the Chinese mathematician Chu Shih-chieh in 1303, in the
+works of the twelfth-century Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the works of the
+twelfth-century Hindu mathematician Bháscara Áchárya.
+36 These statements mask a great deal of oversimplification. For instance, if we count process steps as
+
+‘‘machine operations’’ we are making the assumption that the number of machine operations needed
+to perform, say, a multiplication is independent of the size of the numbers to be multiplied, which is
+false if the numbers are sufficiently large. Similar remarks hold for the estimates of space. Like the
+design and description of a process, the analysis of a process can be carried out at various levels of
+abstraction.
+37 More precisely, the number of multiplications required is equal to 1 less than the log base 2 of n
+
+plus the number of ones in the binary representation of n. This total is always less than twice the log
+base 2 of n. The arbitrary constants k 1 and k 2 in the definition of order notation imply that, for a
+logarithmic process, the base to which logarithms are taken does not matter, so all such processes are
+described as (log n).
+38 You may wonder why anyone would care about raising numbers to the 1000th power. See
+
+section 1.2.6.
+39 This iterative algorithm is ancient. It appears in the Chandah-sutra by Áchárya Pingala, written
+
+before 200 B.C. See Knuth 1981, section 4.6.3, for a full discussion and analysis of this and other
+methods of exponentiation.
+40 This algorithm, which is sometimes known as the ‘‘Russian peasant method’’ of multiplication, is
+
+ancient. Examples of its use are found in the Rhind Papyrus, one of the two oldest mathematical
+documents in existence, written about 1700 B.C. (and copied from an even older document) by an
+Egyptian scribe named A’h-mose.
+41 This exercise was suggested to us by Joe Stoy, based on an example in Kaldewaij 1990.
+42 Euclid’s Algorithm is so called because it appears in Euclid’s Elements (Book 7, ca. 300 B.C.).
+
+According to Knuth (1973), it can be considered the oldest known nontrivial algorithm. The ancient
+Egyptian method of multiplication (exercise 1.18) is surely older, but, as Knuth explains, Euclid’s
+algorithm is the oldest known to have been presented as a general algorithm, rather than as a set of
+illustrative examples.
+
+\f43 This theorem was proved in 1845 by Gabriel Lamé, a French mathematician and engineer known
+
+chiefly for his contributions to mathematical physics. To prove the theorem, we consider pairs (a k
+,b k ), where a k > b k , for which Euclid’s Algorithm terminates in k steps. The proof is based on the
+claim that, if (a k+1 , b k+1 ) (a k , b k ) (a k-1 , b k-1 ) are three successive pairs in the reduction
+process, then we must have b k+1 > b k + b k-1 . To verify the claim, consider that a reduction step is
+defined by applying the transformation a k-1 = b k , b k-1 = remainder of a k divided by b k . The second
+equation means that a k = qb k + b k-1 for some positive integer q. And since q must be at least 1 we
+have a k = qb k + b k-1 > b k + b k-1 . But in the previous reduction step we have b k+1 = a k . Therefore,
+b k+1 = a k > b k + b k-1 . This verifies the claim. Now we can prove the theorem by induction on k, the
+number of steps that the algorithm requires to terminate. The result is true for k = 1, since this merely
+requires that b be at least as large as Fib(1) = 1. Now, assume that the result is true for all integers less
+than or equal to k and establish the result for k + 1. Let (a k+1 , b k+1 ) (a k , b k ) (a k-1 , b k-1 ) be
+successive pairs in the reduction process. By our induction hypotheses, we have b k-1 > Fib(k - 1) and
+b k > Fib(k). Thus, applying the claim we just proved together with the definition of the Fibonacci
+numbers gives b k+1 > b k + b k-1 > Fib(k) + Fib(k - 1) = Fib(k + 1), which completes the proof of
+Lamé’s Theorem.
+44 If d is a divisor of n, then so is n/d. But d and n/d cannot both be greater than
+
+n.
+
+45 Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) is considered to be the founder of modern number theory. He
+
+obtained many important number-theoretic results, but he usually announced just the results, without
+providing his proofs. Fermat’s Little Theorem was stated in a letter he wrote in 1640. The first
+published proof was given by Euler in 1736 (and an earlier, identical proof was discovered in the
+unpublished manuscripts of Leibniz). The most famous of Fermat’s results -- known as Fermat’s Last
+Theorem -- was jotted down in 1637 in his copy of the book Arithmetic (by the third-century Greek
+mathematician Diophantus) with the remark ‘‘I have discovered a truly remarkable proof, but this
+margin is too small to contain it.’’ Finding a proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem became one of the most
+famous challenges in number theory. A complete solution was finally given in 1995 by Andrew Wiles
+of Princeton University.
+46 The reduction steps in the cases where the exponent e is greater than 1 are based on the fact that,
+
+for any integers x, y, and m, we can find the remainder of x times y modulo m by computing separately
+the remainders of x modulo m and y modulo m, multiplying these, and then taking the remainder of the
+result modulo m. For instance, in the case where e is even, we compute the remainder of b e/2 modulo
+m, square this, and take the remainder modulo m. This technique is useful because it means we can
+perform our computation without ever having to deal with numbers much larger than m. (Compare
+exercise 1.25.)
+47 Numbers that fool the Fermat test are called Carmichael numbers, and little is known about them
+
+other than that they are extremely rare. There are 255 Carmichael numbers below 100,000,000. The
+smallest few are 561, 1105, 1729, 2465, 2821, and 6601. In testing primality of very large numbers
+chosen at random, the chance of stumbling upon a value that fools the Fermat test is less than the
+chance that cosmic radiation will cause the computer to make an error in carrying out a ‘‘correct’’
+algorithm. Considering an algorithm to be inadequate for the first reason but not for the second
+illustrates the difference between mathematics and engineering.
+48 One of the most striking applications of probabilistic prime testing has been to the field of
+
+cryptography. Although it is now computationally infeasible to factor an arbitrary 200-digit number,
+the primality of such a number can be checked in a few seconds with the Fermat test. This fact forms
+
+\fthe basis of a technique for constructing ‘‘unbreakable codes’’ suggested by Rivest, Shamir, and
+Adleman (1977). The resulting RSA algorithm has become a widely used technique for enhancing the
+security of electronic communications. Because of this and related developments, the study of prime
+numbers, once considered the epitome of a topic in ‘‘pure’’ mathematics to be studied only for its own
+sake, now turns out to have important practical applications to cryptography, electronic funds transfer,
+and information retrieval.
+
+
+\f
+
+1.3 Formulating Abstractions with Higher-Order Procedures
+We have seen that procedures are, in effect, abstractions that describe compound operations on
+numbers independent of the particular numbers. For example, when we
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+we are not talking about the cube of a particular number, but rather about a method for obtaining the
+cube of any number. Of course we could get along without ever defining this procedure, by always
+writing expressions such as
+(* 3 3 3)
+(* x x x)
+(* y y y)
+and never mentioning cube explicitly. This would place us at a serious disadvantage, forcing us to
+work always at the level of the particular operations that happen to be primitives in the language
+(multiplication, in this case) rather than in terms of higher-level operations. Our programs would be
+able to compute cubes, but our language would lack the ability to express the concept of cubing. One
+of the things we should demand from a powerful programming language is the ability to build
+abstractions by assigning names to common patterns and then to work in terms of the abstractions
+directly. Procedures provide this ability. This is why all but the most primitive programming
+languages include mechanisms for defining procedures.
+Yet even in numerical processing we will be severely limited in our ability to create abstractions if we
+are restricted to procedures whose parameters must be numbers. Often the same programming pattern
+will be used with a number of different procedures. To express such patterns as concepts, we will need
+to construct procedures that can accept procedures as arguments or return procedures as values.
+Procedures that manipulate procedures are called higher-order procedures. This section shows how
+higher-order procedures can serve as powerful abstraction mechanisms, vastly increasing the
+expressive power of our language.
+
+1.3.1 Procedures as Arguments
+Consider the following three procedures. The first computes the sum of the integers from a through b:
+(define (sum-integers a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ a (sum-integers (+ a 1) b))))
+The second computes the sum of the cubes of the integers in the given range:
+(define (sum-cubes a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (cube a) (sum-cubes (+ a 1) b))))
+
+\fThe third computes the sum of a sequence of terms in the series
+
+which converges to
+
+/8 (very slowly): 49
+
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (/ 1.0 (* a (+ a 2))) (pi-sum (+ a 4) b))))
+These three procedures clearly share a common underlying pattern. They are for the most part
+identical, differing only in the name of the procedure, the function of a used to compute the term to be
+added, and the function that provides the next value of a. We could generate each of the procedures by
+filling in slots in the same template:
+(define (<name> a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (<term> a)
+(<name> (<next> a) b))))
+The presence of such a common pattern is strong evidence that there is a useful abstraction waiting to
+be brought to the surface. Indeed, mathematicians long ago identified the abstraction of summation of
+a series and invented ‘‘sigma notation,’’ for example
+
+to express this concept. The power of sigma notation is that it allows mathematicians to deal with the
+concept of summation itself rather than only with particular sums -- for example, to formulate general
+results about sums that are independent of the particular series being summed.
+Similarly, as program designers, we would like our language to be powerful enough so that we can
+write a procedure that expresses the concept of summation itself rather than only procedures that
+compute particular sums. We can do so readily in our procedural language by taking the common
+template shown above and transforming the ‘‘slots’’ into formal parameters:
+(define (sum term a next b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (term a)
+(sum term (next a) next b))))
+Notice that sum takes as its arguments the lower and upper bounds a and b together with the
+procedures term and next. We can use sum just as we would any procedure. For example, we can
+use it (along with a procedure inc that increments its argument by 1) to define sum-cubes:
+(define (inc n) (+ n 1))
+(define (sum-cubes a b)
+(sum cube a inc b))
+
+\fUsing this, we can compute the sum of the cubes of the integers from 1 to 10:
+(sum-cubes 1 10)
+3025
+With the aid of an identity procedure to compute the term, we can define sum-integers in terms of
+sum:
+(define (identity x) x)
+(define (sum-integers a b)
+(sum identity a inc b))
+Then we can add up the integers from 1 to 10:
+(sum-integers 1 10)
+55
+We can also define pi-sum in the same way: 50
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(define (pi-term x)
+(/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+(define (pi-next x)
+(+ x 4))
+(sum pi-term a pi-next b))
+Using these procedures, we can compute an approximation to
+
+:
+
+(* 8 (pi-sum 1 1000))
+3.139592655589783
+Once we have sum, we can use it as a building block in formulating further concepts. For instance, the
+definite integral of a function f between the limits a and b can be approximated numerically using the
+formula
+
+for small values of dx. We can express this directly as a procedure:
+(define (integral f a b dx)
+(define (add-dx x) (+ x dx))
+(* (sum f (+ a (/ dx 2.0)) add-dx b)
+dx))
+(integral cube 0 1 0.01)
+.24998750000000042
+(integral cube 0 1 0.001)
+.249999875000001
+(The exact value of the integral of cube between 0 and 1 is 1/4.)
+
+\fExercise 1.29. Simpson’s Rule is a more accurate method of numerical integration than the method
+illustrated above. Using Simpson’s Rule, the integral of a function f between a and b is approximated
+as
+
+where h = (b - a)/n, for some even integer n, and y k = f(a + kh). (Increasing n increases the accuracy of
+the approximation.) Define a procedure that takes as arguments f, a, b, and n and returns the value of
+the integral, computed using Simpson’s Rule. Use your procedure to integrate cube between 0 and 1
+(with n = 100 and n = 1000), and compare the results to those of the integral procedure shown
+above.
+Exercise 1.30. The sum procedure above generates a linear recursion. The procedure can be rewritten
+so that the sum is performed iteratively. Show how to do this by filling in the missing expressions in
+the following definition:
+(define (sum term a next b)
+(define (iter a result)
+(if <??>
+<??>
+(iter <??> <??>)))
+(iter <??> <??>))
+Exercise 1.31.
+a. The sum procedure is only the simplest of a vast number of similar abstractions that can be
+captured as higher-order procedures. 51 Write an analogous procedure called product that returns
+the product of the values of a function at points over a given range. Show how to define factorial
+in terms of product. Also use product to compute approximations to using the formula 52
+
+b. If your product procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+Exercise 1.32. a. Show that sum and product (exercise 1.31) are both special cases of a still more
+general notion called accumulate that combines a collection of terms, using some general
+accumulation function:
+(accumulate combiner null-value term a next b)
+Accumulate takes as arguments the same term and range specifications as sum and product,
+together with a combiner procedure (of two arguments) that specifies how the current term is to be
+combined with the accumulation of the preceding terms and a null-value that specifies what base
+value to use when the terms run out. Write accumulate and show how sum and product can both
+be defined as simple calls to accumulate.
+b. If your accumulate procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+
+\fExercise 1.33. You can obtain an even more general version of accumulate (exercise 1.32) by
+introducing the notion of a filter on the terms to be combined. That is, combine only those terms
+derived from values in the range that satisfy a specified condition. The resulting
+filtered-accumulate abstraction takes the same arguments as accumulate, together with an
+additional predicate of one argument that specifies the filter. Write filtered-accumulate as a
+procedure. Show how to express the following using filtered-accumulate:
+a. the sum of the squares of the prime numbers in the interval a to b (assuming that you have a
+prime? predicate already written)
+b. the product of all the positive integers less than n that are relatively prime to n (i.e., all positive
+integers i < n such that GCD(i,n) = 1).
+
+1.3.2 Constructing Procedures Using Lambda
+In using sum as in section 1.3.1, it seems terribly awkward to have to define trivial procedures such as
+pi-term and pi-next just so we can use them as arguments to our higher-order procedure. Rather
+than define pi-next and pi-term, it would be more convenient to have a way to directly specify
+‘‘the procedure that returns its input incremented by 4’’ and ‘‘the procedure that returns the reciprocal
+of its input times its input plus 2.’’ We can do this by introducing the special form lambda, which
+creates procedures. Using lambda we can describe what we want as
+(lambda (x) (+ x 4))
+and
+(lambda (x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+Then our pi-sum procedure can be expressed without defining any auxiliary procedures as
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(sum (lambda (x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+a
+(lambda (x) (+ x 4))
+b))
+Again using lambda, we can write the integral procedure without having to define the auxiliary
+procedure add-dx:
+(define (integral f a b dx)
+(* (sum f
+(+ a (/ dx 2.0))
+(lambda (x) (+ x dx))
+b)
+dx))
+In general, lambda is used to create procedures in the same way as define, except that no name is
+specified for the procedure:
+(lambda (<formal-parameters>) <body>)
+
+\fThe resulting procedure is just as much a procedure as one that is created using define. The only
+difference is that it has not been associated with any name in the environment. In fact,
+(define (plus4 x) (+ x 4))
+is equivalent to
+(define plus4 (lambda (x) (+ x 4)))
+We can read a lambda expression as follows:
+(lambda
+
+(x)
+
+the procedure
+
+of an argument x
+
+(+
+that adds
+
+x
+
+4))
+
+x and 4
+
+Like any expression that has a procedure as its value, a lambda expression can be used as the
+operator in a combination such as
+((lambda (x y z) (+ x y (square z))) 1 2 3)
+12
+or, more generally, in any context where we would normally use a procedure name. 53
+
+Using let to create local variables
+Another use of lambda is in creating local variables. We often need local variables in our procedures
+other than those that have been bound as formal parameters. For example, suppose we wish to
+compute the function
+
+which we could also express as
+
+In writing a procedure to compute f, we would like to include as local variables not only x and y but
+also the names of intermediate quantities like a and b. One way to accomplish this is to use an
+auxiliary procedure to bind the local variables:
+(define (f x y)
+(define (f-helper a b)
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+(f-helper (+ 1 (* x y))
+(- 1 y)))
+Of course, we could use a lambda expression to specify an anonymous procedure for binding our
+local variables. The body of f then becomes a single call to that procedure:
+
+\f(define (f x y)
+((lambda (a b)
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+(+ 1 (* x y))
+(- 1 y)))
+This construct is so useful that there is a special form called let to make its use more convenient.
+Using let, the f procedure could be written as
+(define (f x y)
+(let ((a (+ 1 (* x y)))
+(b (- 1 y)))
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b))))
+The general form of a let expression is
+(let ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >)
+(<var 2 > <exp 2 >)
+(<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+which can be thought of as saying
+let
+
+<var 1 > have the value <exp 1 > and
+<var 2 > have the value <exp 2 > and
+
+<var n > have the value <exp n >
+in
+
+<body>
+
+The first part of the let expression is a list of name-expression pairs. When the let is evaluated,
+each name is associated with the value of the corresponding expression. The body of the let is
+evaluated with these names bound as local variables. The way this happens is that the let expression
+is interpreted as an alternate syntax for
+((lambda (<var 1 > ...<var n >)
+<body>)
+<exp 1 >
+<exp n >)
+
+\fNo new mechanism is required in the interpreter in order to provide local variables. A let expression
+is simply syntactic sugar for the underlying lambda application.
+We can see from this equivalence that the scope of a variable specified by a let expression is the
+body of the let. This implies that:
+Let allows one to bind variables as locally as possible to where they are to be used. For example,
+if the value of x is 5, the value of the expression
+(+ (let ((x 3))
+(+ x (* x 10)))
+x)
+is 38. Here, the x in the body of the let is 3, so the value of the let expression is 33. On the
+other hand, the x that is the second argument to the outermost + is still 5.
+The variables’ values are computed outside the let. This matters when the expressions that
+provide the values for the local variables depend upon variables having the same names as the
+local variables themselves. For example, if the value of x is 2, the expression
+(let ((x 3)
+(y (+ x 2)))
+(* x y))
+will have the value 12 because, inside the body of the let, x will be 3 and y will be 4 (which is
+the outer x plus 2).
+Sometimes we can use internal definitions to get the same effect as with let. For example, we could
+have defined the procedure f above as
+(define (f x y)
+(define a (+ 1 (* x y)))
+(define b (- 1 y))
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+We prefer, however, to use let in situations like this and to use internal define only for internal
+procedures. 54
+Exercise 1.34. Suppose we define the procedure
+(define (f g)
+(g 2))
+Then we have
+(f square)
+4
+(f (lambda (z) (* z (+ z 1))))
+6
+
+\fWhat happens if we (perversely) ask the interpreter to evaluate the combination (f f)? Explain.
+
+1.3.3 Procedures as General Methods
+We introduced compound procedures in section 1.1.4 as a mechanism for abstracting patterns of
+numerical operations so as to make them independent of the particular numbers involved. With
+higher-order procedures, such as the integral procedure of section 1.3.1, we began to see a more
+powerful kind of abstraction: procedures used to express general methods of computation, independent
+of the particular functions involved. In this section we discuss two more elaborate examples -- general
+methods for finding zeros and fixed points of functions -- and show how these methods can be
+expressed directly as procedures.
+
+Finding roots of equations by the half-interval method
+The half-interval method is a simple but powerful technique for finding roots of an equation f(x) = 0,
+where f is a continuous function. The idea is that, if we are given points a and b such that f(a) < 0 <
+f(b), then f must have at least one zero between a and b. To locate a zero, let x be the average of a and
+b and compute f(x). If f(x) > 0, then f must have a zero between a and x. If f(x) < 0, then f must have a
+zero between x and b. Continuing in this way, we can identify smaller and smaller intervals on which f
+must have a zero. When we reach a point where the interval is small enough, the process stops. Since
+the interval of uncertainty is reduced by half at each step of the process, the number of steps required
+grows as (log( L/T)), where L is the length of the original interval and T is the error tolerance (that
+is, the size of the interval we will consider ‘‘small enough’’). Here is a procedure that implements this
+strategy:
+(define (search f neg-point pos-point)
+(let ((midpoint (average neg-point pos-point)))
+(if (close-enough? neg-point pos-point)
+midpoint
+(let ((test-value (f midpoint)))
+(cond ((positive? test-value)
+(search f neg-point midpoint))
+((negative? test-value)
+(search f midpoint pos-point))
+(else midpoint))))))
+We assume that we are initially given the function f together with points at which its values are
+negative and positive. We first compute the midpoint of the two given points. Next we check to see if
+the given interval is small enough, and if so we simply return the midpoint as our answer. Otherwise,
+we compute as a test value the value of f at the midpoint. If the test value is positive, then we continue
+the process with a new interval running from the original negative point to the midpoint. If the test
+value is negative, we continue with the interval from the midpoint to the positive point. Finally, there
+is the possibility that the test value is 0, in which case the midpoint is itself the root we are searching
+for.
+To test whether the endpoints are ‘‘close enough’’ we can use a procedure similar to the one used in
+section 1.1.7 for computing square roots: 55
+(define (close-enough? x y)
+(< (abs (- x y)) 0.001))
+
+\fSearch is awkward to use directly, because we can accidentally give it points at which f’s values do
+not have the required sign, in which case we get a wrong answer. Instead we will use search via the
+following procedure, which checks to see which of the endpoints has a negative function value and
+which has a positive value, and calls the search procedure accordingly. If the function has the same
+sign on the two given points, the half-interval method cannot be used, in which case the procedure
+signals an error. 56
+(define (half-interval-method f a b)
+(let ((a-value (f a))
+(b-value (f b)))
+(cond ((and (negative? a-value) (positive? b-value))
+(search f a b))
+((and (negative? b-value) (positive? a-value))
+(search f b a))
+(else
+(error "Values are not of opposite sign" a b)))))
+The following example uses the half-interval method to approximate
+sin x = 0:
+
+as the root between 2 and 4 of
+
+(half-interval-method sin 2.0 4.0)
+3.14111328125
+Here is another example, using the half-interval method to search for a root of the equation x 3 - 2x - 3
+= 0 between 1 and 2:
+(half-interval-method (lambda (x) (- (* x x x) (* 2 x) 3))
+1.0
+2.0)
+1.89306640625
+
+Finding fixed points of functions
+A number x is called a fixed point of a function f if x satisfies the equation f(x) = x. For some functions
+f we can locate a fixed point by beginning with an initial guess and applying f repeatedly,
+
+until the value does not change very much. Using this idea, we can devise a procedure
+fixed-point that takes as inputs a function and an initial guess and produces an approximation to a
+fixed point of the function. We apply the function repeatedly until we find two successive values
+whose difference is less than some prescribed tolerance:
+(define tolerance 0.00001)
+(define (fixed-point f first-guess)
+(define (close-enough? v1 v2)
+(< (abs (- v1 v2)) tolerance))
+(define (try guess)
+(let ((next (f guess)))
+(if (close-enough? guess next)
+next
+(try next))))
+
+\f(try first-guess))
+For example, we can use this method to approximate the fixed point of the cosine function, starting
+with 1 as an initial approximation: 57
+(fixed-point cos 1.0)
+.7390822985224023
+Similarly, we can find a solution to the equation y = sin y + cos y:
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (+ (sin y) (cos y)))
+1.0)
+1.2587315962971173
+The fixed-point process is reminiscent of the process we used for finding square roots in section 1.1.7.
+Both are based on the idea of repeatedly improving a guess until the result satisfies some criterion. In
+fact, we can readily formulate the square-root computation as a fixed-point search. Computing the
+square root of some number x requires finding a y such that y 2 = x. Putting this equation into the
+equivalent form y = x/y, we recognize that we are looking for a fixed point of the function 58 y x/y,
+and we can therefore try to compute square roots as
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (/ x y))
+1.0))
+Unfortunately, this fixed-point search does not converge. Consider an initial guess y 1 . The next guess
+is y 2 = x/y 1 and the next guess is y 3 = x/y 2 = x/(x/y 1 ) = y 1 . This results in an infinite loop in which
+the two guesses y 1 and y 2 repeat over and over, oscillating about the answer.
+One way to control such oscillations is to prevent the guesses from changing so much. Since the
+answer is always between our guess y and x/y, we can make a new guess that is not as far from y as x/y
+by averaging y with x/y, so that the next guess after y is (1/2)(y + x/y) instead of x/y. The process of
+making such a sequence of guesses is simply the process of looking for a fixed point of y (1/2)(y +
+x/y):
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (average y (/ x y)))
+1.0))
+(Note that y = (1/2)(y + x/y) is a simple transformation of the equation y = x/y; to derive it, add y to
+both sides of the equation and divide by 2.)
+With this modification, the square-root procedure works. In fact, if we unravel the definitions, we can
+see that the sequence of approximations to the square root generated here is precisely the same as the
+one generated by our original square-root procedure of section 1.1.7. This approach of averaging
+successive approximations to a solution, a technique we that we call average damping, often aids the
+convergence of fixed-point searches.
+Exercise 1.35. Show that the golden ratio (section 1.2.2) is a fixed point of the transformation x
++ 1/x, and use this fact to compute by means of the fixed-point procedure.
+
+1
+
+\fExercise 1.36. Modify fixed-point so that it prints the sequence of approximations it generates,
+using the newline and display primitives shown in exercise 1.22. Then find a solution to x x =
+1000 by finding a fixed point of x
+log(1000)/log(x). (Use Scheme’s primitive log procedure,
+which computes natural logarithms.) Compare the number of steps this takes with and without average
+damping. (Note that you cannot start fixed-point with a guess of 1, as this would cause division
+by log(1) = 0.)
+Exercise 1.37. a. An infinite continued fraction is an expression of the form
+
+As an example, one can show that the infinite continued fraction expansion with the N i and the D i all
+equal to 1 produces 1/ , where is the golden ratio (described in section 1.2.2). One way to
+approximate an infinite continued fraction is to truncate the expansion after a given number of terms.
+Such a truncation -- a so-called k-term finite continued fraction -- has the form
+
+Suppose that n and d are procedures of one argument (the term index i) that return the N i and D i of
+the terms of the continued fraction. Define a procedure cont-frac such that evaluating
+(cont-frac n d k) computes the value of the k-term finite continued fraction. Check your
+procedure by approximating 1/ using
+(cont-frac (lambda (i) 1.0)
+(lambda (i) 1.0)
+k)
+for successive values of k. How large must you make k in order to get an approximation that is
+accurate to 4 decimal places?
+b. If your cont-frac procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+Exercise 1.38. In 1737, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler published a memoir De
+Fractionibus Continuis, which included a continued fraction expansion for e - 2, where e is the base of
+the natural logarithms. In this fraction, the N i are all 1, and the D i are successively 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1,
+6, 1, 1, 8, .... Write a program that uses your cont-frac procedure from exercise 1.37 to
+approximate e, based on Euler’s expansion.
+Exercise 1.39. A continued fraction representation of the tangent function was published in 1770 by
+the German mathematician J.H. Lambert:
+
+\fwhere x is in radians. Define a procedure (tan-cf x k) that computes an approximation to the
+tangent function based on Lambert’s formula. K specifies the number of terms to compute, as in
+exercise 1.37.
+
+1.3.4 Procedures as Returned Values
+The above examples demonstrate how the ability to pass procedures as arguments significantly
+enhances the expressive power of our programming language. We can achieve even more expressive
+power by creating procedures whose returned values are themselves procedures.
+We can illustrate this idea by looking again at the fixed-point example described at the end of
+section 1.3.3. We formulated a new version of the square-root procedure as a fixed-point search,
+starting with the observation that x is a fixed-point of the function y x/y. Then we used average
+damping to make the approximations converge. Average damping is a useful general technique in
+itself. Namely, given a function f, we consider the function whose value at x is equal to the average of
+x and f(x).
+We can express the idea of average damping by means of the following procedure:
+(define (average-damp f)
+(lambda (x) (average x (f x))))
+Average-damp is a procedure that takes as its argument a procedure f and returns as its value a
+procedure (produced by the lambda) that, when applied to a number x, produces the average of x and
+(f x). For example, applying average-damp to the square procedure produces a procedure
+whose value at some number x is the average of x and x 2 . Applying this resulting procedure to 10
+returns the average of 10 and 100, or 55: 59
+((average-damp square) 10)
+55
+Using average-damp, we can reformulate the square-root procedure as follows:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (average-damp (lambda (y) (/ x y)))
+1.0))
+Notice how this formulation makes explicit the three ideas in the method: fixed-point search, average
+damping, and the function y x/y. It is instructive to compare this formulation of the square-root
+method with the original version given in section 1.1.7. Bear in mind that these procedures express the
+same process, and notice how much clearer the idea becomes when we express the process in terms of
+these abstractions. In general, there are many ways to formulate a process as a procedure. Experienced
+programmers know how to choose procedural formulations that are particularly perspicuous, and
+where useful elements of the process are exposed as separate entities that can be reused in other
+applications. As a simple example of reuse, notice that the cube root of x is a fixed point of the
+function y x/y 2 , so we can immediately generalize our square-root procedure to one that extracts
+
+\fcube roots: 60
+(define (cube-root x)
+(fixed-point (average-damp (lambda (y) (/ x (square y))))
+1.0))
+
+Newton’s method
+When we first introduced the square-root procedure, in section 1.1.7, we mentioned that this was a
+special case of Newton’s method. If x g(x) is a differentiable function, then a solution of the
+equation g(x) = 0 is a fixed point of the function x f(x) where
+
+and Dg(x) is the derivative of g evaluated at x. Newton’s method is the use of the fixed-point method
+we saw above to approximate a solution of the equation by finding a fixed point of the function f. 61
+For many functions g and for sufficiently good initial guesses for x, Newton’s method converges very
+rapidly to a solution of g(x) = 0. 62
+In order to implement Newton’s method as a procedure, we must first express the idea of derivative.
+Note that ‘‘derivative,’’ like average damping, is something that transforms a function into another
+function. For instance, the derivative of the function x x 3 is the function x 3x 2 . In general, if g is
+a function and dx is a small number, then the derivative Dg of g is the function whose value at any
+number x is given (in the limit of small dx) by
+
+Thus, we can express the idea of derivative (taking dx to be, say, 0.00001) as the procedure
+(define (deriv g)
+(lambda (x)
+(/ (- (g (+ x dx)) (g x))
+dx)))
+along with the definition
+(define dx 0.00001)
+Like average-damp, deriv is a procedure that takes a procedure as argument and returns a
+procedure as value. For example, to approximate the derivative of x x 3 at 5 (whose exact value is
+75) we can evaluate
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+((deriv cube) 5)
+75.00014999664018
+With the aid of deriv, we can express Newton’s method as a fixed-point process:
+
+\f(define (newton-transform g)
+(lambda (x)
+(- x (/ (g x) ((deriv g) x)))))
+(define (newtons-method g guess)
+(fixed-point (newton-transform g) guess))
+The newton-transform procedure expresses the formula at the beginning of this section, and
+newtons-method is readily defined in terms of this. It takes as arguments a procedure that
+computes the function for which we want to find a zero, together with an initial guess. For instance, to
+find the square root of x, we can use Newton’s method to find a zero of the function y y 2 - x starting
+with an initial guess of 1. 63 This provides yet another form of the square-root procedure:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(newtons-method (lambda (y) (- (square y) x))
+1.0))
+
+Abstractions and first-class procedures
+We’ve seen two ways to express the square-root computation as an instance of a more general method,
+once as a fixed-point search and once using Newton’s method. Since Newton’s method was itself
+expressed as a fixed-point process, we actually saw two ways to compute square roots as fixed points.
+Each method begins with a function and finds a fixed point of some transformation of the function. We
+can express this general idea itself as a procedure:
+(define (fixed-point-of-transform g transform guess)
+(fixed-point (transform g) guess))
+This very general procedure takes as its arguments a procedure g that computes some function, a
+procedure that transforms g, and an initial guess. The returned result is a fixed point of the
+transformed function.
+Using this abstraction, we can recast the first square-root computation from this section (where we
+look for a fixed point of the average-damped version of y x/y) as an instance of this general method:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point-of-transform (lambda (y) (/ x y))
+average-damp
+1.0))
+Similarly, we can express the second square-root computation from this section (an instance of
+Newton’s method that finds a fixed point of the Newton transform of y y 2 - x) as
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point-of-transform (lambda (y) (- (square y) x))
+newton-transform
+1.0))
+We began section 1.3 with the observation that compound procedures are a crucial abstraction
+mechanism, because they permit us to express general methods of computing as explicit elements in
+our programming language. Now we’ve seen how higher-order procedures permit us to manipulate
+these general methods to create further abstractions.
+
+\fAs programmers, we should be alert to opportunities to identify the underlying abstractions in our
+programs and to build upon them and generalize them to create more powerful abstractions. This is not
+to say that one should always write programs in the most abstract way possible; expert programmers
+know how to choose the level of abstraction appropriate to their task. But it is important to be able to
+think in terms of these abstractions, so that we can be ready to apply them in new contexts. The
+significance of higher-order procedures is that they enable us to represent these abstractions explicitly
+as elements in our programming language, so that they can be handled just like other computational
+elements.
+In general, programming languages impose restrictions on the ways in which computational elements
+can be manipulated. Elements with the fewest restrictions are said to have first-class status. Some of
+the ‘‘rights and privileges’’ of first-class elements are: 64
+They may be named by variables.
+They may be passed as arguments to procedures.
+They may be returned as the results of procedures.
+They may be included in data structures. 65
+Lisp, unlike other common programming languages, awards procedures full first-class status. This
+poses challenges for efficient implementation, but the resulting gain in expressive power is
+enormous. 66
+Exercise 1.40. Define a procedure cubic that can be used together with the newtons-method
+procedure in expressions of the form
+(newtons-method (cubic a b c) 1)
+to approximate zeros of the cubic x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c.
+Exercise 1.41. Define a procedure double that takes a procedure of one argument as argument and
+returns a procedure that applies the original procedure twice. For example, if inc is a procedure that
+adds 1 to its argument, then (double inc) should be a procedure that adds 2. What value is
+returned by
+(((double (double double)) inc) 5)
+Exercise 1.42. Let f and g be two one-argument functions. The composition f after g is defined to be
+the function x f(g(x)). Define a procedure compose that implements composition. For example, if
+inc is a procedure that adds 1 to its argument,
+((compose square inc) 6)
+49
+Exercise 1.43. If f is a numerical function and n is a positive integer, then we can form the nth
+repeated application of f, which is defined to be the function whose value at x is f(f(...(f(x))...)).
+For example, if f is the function x x + 1, then the nth repeated application of f is the function x x +
+n. If f is the operation of squaring a number, then the nth repeated application of f is the function that
+raises its argument to the 2 n th power. Write a procedure that takes as inputs a procedure that computes
+f and a positive integer n and returns the procedure that computes the nth repeated application of f.
+Your procedure should be able to be used as follows:
+
+\f((repeated square 2) 5)
+625
+Hint: You may find it convenient to use compose from exercise 1.42.
+Exercise 1.44. The idea of smoothing a function is an important concept in signal processing. If f is a
+function and dx is some small number, then the smoothed version of f is the function whose value at a
+point x is the average of f(x - dx), f(x), and f(x + dx). Write a procedure smooth that takes as input a
+procedure that computes f and returns a procedure that computes the smoothed f. It is sometimes
+valuable to repeatedly smooth a function (that is, smooth the smoothed function, and so on) to
+obtained the n-fold smoothed function. Show how to generate the n-fold smoothed function of any
+given function using smooth and repeated from exercise 1.43.
+Exercise 1.45. We saw in section 1.3.3 that attempting to compute square roots by naively finding a
+fixed point of y x/y does not converge, and that this can be fixed by average damping. The same
+method works for finding cube roots as fixed points of the average-damped y x/y 2 . Unfortunately,
+the process does not work for fourth roots -- a single average damp is not enough to make a
+fixed-point search for y x/y 3 converge. On the other hand, if we average damp twice (i.e., use the
+average damp of the average damp of y x/y 3 ) the fixed-point search does converge. Do some
+experiments to determine how many average damps are required to compute nth roots as a fixed-point
+search based upon repeated average damping of y x/y n-1 . Use this to implement a simple procedure
+for computing nth roots using fixed-point, average-damp, and the repeated procedure of
+exercise 1.43. Assume that any arithmetic operations you need are available as primitives.
+Exercise 1.46. Several of the numerical methods described in this chapter are instances of an
+extremely general computational strategy known as iterative improvement. Iterative improvement says
+that, to compute something, we start with an initial guess for the answer, test if the guess is good
+enough, and otherwise improve the guess and continue the process using the improved guess as the
+new guess. Write a procedure iterative-improve that takes two procedures as arguments: a
+method for telling whether a guess is good enough and a method for improving a guess.
+Iterative-improve should return as its value a procedure that takes a guess as argument and
+keeps improving the guess until it is good enough. Rewrite the sqrt procedure of section 1.1.7 and
+the fixed-point procedure of section 1.3.3 in terms of iterative-improve.
+49 This series, usually written in the equivalent form ( /4) = 1 - (1/3) + (1/5) - (1/7) + ···, is due to
+
+Leibniz. We’ll see how to use this as the basis for some fancy numerical tricks in section 3.5.3.
+50 Notice that we have used block structure (section 1.1.8) to embed the definitions of pi-next and
+
+pi-term within pi-sum, since these procedures are unlikely to be useful for any other purpose. We
+will see how to get rid of them altogether in section 1.3.2.
+51 The intent of exercises 1.31-1.33 is to demonstrate the expressive power that is attained by using an
+
+appropriate abstraction to consolidate many seemingly disparate operations. However, though
+accumulation and filtering are elegant ideas, our hands are somewhat tied in using them at this point
+since we do not yet have data structures to provide suitable means of combination for these
+abstractions. We will return to these ideas in section 2.2.3 when we show how to use sequences as
+interfaces for combining filters and accumulators to build even more powerful abstractions. We will
+see there how these methods really come into their own as a powerful and elegant approach to
+designing programs.
+
+\f52 This formula was discovered by the seventeenth-century English mathematician John Wallis.
+53 It would be clearer and less intimidating to people learning Lisp if a name more obvious than
+
+lambda, such as make-procedure, were used. But the convention is firmly entrenched. The
+notation is adopted from the calculus, a mathematical formalism introduced by the mathematical
+logician Alonzo Church (1941). Church developed the calculus to provide a rigorous foundation for
+studying the notions of function and function application. The calculus has become a basic tool for
+mathematical investigations of the semantics of programming languages.
+54 Understanding internal definitions well enough to be sure a program means what we intend it to
+
+mean requires a more elaborate model of the evaluation process than we have presented in this
+chapter. The subtleties do not arise with internal definitions of procedures, however. We will return to
+this issue in section 4.1.6, after we learn more about evaluation.
+55 We have used 0.001 as a representative ‘‘small’’ number to indicate a tolerance for the acceptable
+
+error in a calculation. The appropriate tolerance for a real calculation depends upon the problem to be
+solved and the limitations of the computer and the algorithm. This is often a very subtle consideration,
+requiring help from a numerical analyst or some other kind of magician.
+56 This can be accomplished using error, which takes as arguments a number of items that are
+
+printed as error messages.
+57 Try this during a boring lecture: Set your calculator to radians mode and then repeatedly press the
+
+cos button until you obtain the fixed point.
+58
+
+(pronounced ‘‘maps to’’) is the mathematician’s way of writing lambda. y
+(lambda(y) (/ x y)), that is, the function whose value at y is x/y.
+
+x/y means
+
+59 Observe that this is a combination whose operator is itself a combination. Exercise 1.4 already
+
+demonstrated the ability to form such combinations, but that was only a toy example. Here we begin to
+see the real need for such combinations -- when applying a procedure that is obtained as the value
+returned by a higher-order procedure.
+60 See exercise 1.45 for a further generalization.
+61 Elementary calculus books usually describe Newton’s method in terms of the sequence of
+
+approximations x n+1 = x n - g(x n )/Dg(x n ). Having language for talking about processes and using the
+idea of fixed points simplifies the description of the method.
+62 Newton’s method does not always converge to an answer, but it can be shown that in favorable
+
+cases each iteration doubles the number-of-digits accuracy of the approximation to the solution. In
+such cases, Newton’s method will converge much more rapidly than the half-interval method.
+63 For finding square roots, Newton’s method converges rapidly to the correct solution from any
+
+starting point.
+64 The notion of first-class status of programming-language elements is due to the British computer
+
+scientist Christopher Strachey (1916-1975).
+65 We’ll see examples of this after we introduce data structures in chapter 2.
+
+\f66 The major implementation cost of first-class procedures is that allowing procedures to be returned
+
+as values requires reserving storage for a procedure’s free variables even while the procedure is not
+executing. In the Scheme implementation we will study in section 4.1, these variables are stored in the
+procedure’s environment.
+
+
+\f
+
+Chapter 2
+Building Abstractions with Data
+We now come to the decisive step of mathematical
+abstraction: we forget about what the symbols stand for.
+...[The mathematician] need not be idle; there are many
+operations which he may carry out with these symbols,
+without ever having to look at the things they stand for.
+Hermann Weyl, The Mathematical Way of Thinking
+We concentrated in chapter 1 on computational processes and on the role of procedures in program
+design. We saw how to use primitive data (numbers) and primitive operations (arithmetic operations),
+how to combine procedures to form compound procedures through composition, conditionals, and the
+use of parameters, and how to abstract procedures by using define. We saw that a procedure can be
+regarded as a pattern for the local evolution of a process, and we classified, reasoned about, and
+performed simple algorithmic analyses of some common patterns for processes as embodied in
+procedures. We also saw that higher-order procedures enhance the power of our language by enabling
+us to manipulate, and thereby to reason in terms of, general methods of computation. This is much of
+the essence of programming.
+In this chapter we are going to look at more complex data. All the procedures in chapter 1 operate on
+simple numerical data, and simple data are not sufficient for many of the problems we wish to address
+using computation. Programs are typically designed to model complex phenomena, and more often
+than not one must construct computational objects that have several parts in order to model real-world
+phenomena that have several aspects. Thus, whereas our focus in chapter 1 was on building
+abstractions by combining procedures to form compound procedures, we turn in this chapter to another
+key aspect of any programming language: the means it provides for building abstractions by
+combining data objects to form compound data.
+Why do we want compound data in a programming language? For the same reasons that we want
+compound procedures: to elevate the conceptual level at which we can design our programs, to
+increase the modularity of our designs, and to enhance the expressive power of our language. Just as
+the ability to define procedures enables us to deal with processes at a higher conceptual level than that
+of the primitive operations of the language, the ability to construct compound data objects enables us
+to deal with data at a higher conceptual level than that of the primitive data objects of the language.
+Consider the task of designing a system to perform arithmetic with rational numbers. We could
+imagine an operation add-rat that takes two rational numbers and produces their sum. In terms of
+simple data, a rational number can be thought of as two integers: a numerator and a denominator.
+Thus, we could design a program in which each rational number would be represented by two integers
+(a numerator and a denominator) and where add-rat would be implemented by two procedures (one
+producing the numerator of the sum and one producing the denominator). But this would be awkward,
+because we would then need to explicitly keep track of which numerators corresponded to which
+denominators. In a system intended to perform many operations on many rational numbers, such
+bookkeeping details would clutter the programs substantially, to say nothing of what they would do to
+
+\four minds. It would be much better if we could ‘‘glue together’’ a numerator and denominator to form
+a pair -- a compound data object -- that our programs could manipulate in a way that would be
+consistent with regarding a rational number as a single conceptual unit.
+The use of compound data also enables us to increase the modularity of our programs. If we can
+manipulate rational numbers directly as objects in their own right, then we can separate the part of our
+program that deals with rational numbers per se from the details of how rational numbers may be
+represented as pairs of integers. The general technique of isolating the parts of a program that deal
+with how data objects are represented from the parts of a program that deal with how data objects are
+used is a powerful design methodology called data abstraction. We will see how data abstraction
+makes programs much easier to design, maintain, and modify.
+The use of compound data leads to a real increase in the expressive power of our programming
+language. Consider the idea of forming a ‘‘linear combination’’ ax + by. We might like to write a
+procedure that would accept a, b, x, and y as arguments and return the value of ax + by. This presents
+no difficulty if the arguments are to be numbers, because we can readily define the procedure
+(define (linear-combination a b x y)
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)))
+But suppose we are not concerned only with numbers. Suppose we would like to express, in
+procedural terms, the idea that one can form linear combinations whenever addition and multiplication
+are defined -- for rational numbers, complex numbers, polynomials, or whatever. We could express
+this as a procedure of the form
+(define (linear-combination a b x y)
+(add (mul a x) (mul b y)))
+where add and mul are not the primitive procedures + and * but rather more complex things that will
+perform the appropriate operations for whatever kinds of data we pass in as the arguments a, b, x, and
+y. The key point is that the only thing linear-combination should need to know about a, b, x,
+and y is that the procedures add and mul will perform the appropriate manipulations. From the
+perspective of the procedure linear-combination, it is irrelevant what a, b, x, and y are and
+even more irrelevant how they might happen to be represented in terms of more primitive data. This
+same example shows why it is important that our programming language provide the ability to
+manipulate compound objects directly: Without this, there is no way for a procedure such as
+linear-combination to pass its arguments along to add and mul without having to know their
+detailed structure. 1 We begin this chapter by implementing the rational-number arithmetic system
+mentioned above. This will form the background for our discussion of compound data and data
+abstraction. As with compound procedures, the main issue to be addressed is that of abstraction as a
+technique for coping with complexity, and we will see how data abstraction enables us to erect suitable
+abstraction barriers between different parts of a program.
+We will see that the key to forming compound data is that a programming language should provide
+some kind of ‘‘glue’’ so that data objects can be combined to form more complex data objects. There
+are many possible kinds of glue. Indeed, we will discover how to form compound data using no
+special ‘‘data’’ operations at all, only procedures. This will further blur the distinction between
+‘‘procedure’’ and ‘‘data,’’ which was already becoming tenuous toward the end of chapter 1. We will
+also explore some conventional techniques for representing sequences and trees. One key idea in
+dealing with compound data is the notion of closure -- that the glue we use for combining data objects
+should allow us to combine not only primitive data objects, but compound data objects as well.
+Another key idea is that compound data objects can serve as conventional interfaces for combining
+
+\fprogram modules in mix-and-match ways. We illustrate some of these ideas by presenting a simple
+graphics language that exploits closure.
+We will then augment the representational power of our language by introducing symbolic expressions
+-- data whose elementary parts can be arbitrary symbols rather than only numbers. We explore various
+alternatives for representing sets of objects. We will find that, just as a given numerical function can
+be computed by many different computational processes, there are many ways in which a given data
+structure can be represented in terms of simpler objects, and the choice of representation can have
+significant impact on the time and space requirements of processes that manipulate the data. We will
+investigate these ideas in the context of symbolic differentiation, the representation of sets, and the
+encoding of information.
+Next we will take up the problem of working with data that may be represented differently by different
+parts of a program. This leads to the need to implement generic operations, which must handle many
+different types of data. Maintaining modularity in the presence of generic operations requires more
+powerful abstraction barriers than can be erected with simple data abstraction alone. In particular, we
+introduce data-directed programming as a technique that allows individual data representations to be
+designed in isolation and then combined additively (i.e., without modification). To illustrate the power
+of this approach to system design, we close the chapter by applying what we have learned to the
+implementation of a package for performing symbolic arithmetic on polynomials, in which the
+coefficients of the polynomials can be integers, rational numbers, complex numbers, and even other
+polynomials.
+1 The ability to directly manipulate procedures provides an analogous increase in the expressive
+
+power of a programming language. For example, in section 1.3.1 we introduced the sum procedure,
+which takes a procedure term as an argument and computes the sum of the values of term over
+some specified interval. In order to define sum, it is crucial that we be able to speak of a procedure
+such as term as an entity in its own right, without regard for how term might be expressed with
+more primitive operations. Indeed, if we did not have the notion of ‘‘a procedure,’’ it is doubtful that
+we would ever even think of the possibility of defining an operation such as sum. Moreover, insofar as
+performing the summation is concerned, the details of how term may be constructed from more
+primitive operations are irrelevant.
+
+
+\f
+
+2.1 Introduction to Data Abstraction
+In section 1.1.8, we noted that a procedure used as an element in creating a more complex procedure
+could be regarded not only as a collection of particular operations but also as a procedural abstraction.
+That is, the details of how the procedure was implemented could be suppressed, and the particular
+procedure itself could be replaced by any other procedure with the same overall behavior. In other
+words, we could make an abstraction that would separate the way the procedure would be used from
+the details of how the procedure would be implemented in terms of more primitive procedures. The
+analogous notion for compound data is called data abstraction. Data abstraction is a methodology that
+enables us to isolate how a compound data object is used from the details of how it is constructed from
+more primitive data objects.
+The basic idea of data abstraction is to structure the programs that are to use compound data objects so
+that they operate on ‘‘abstract data.’’ That is, our programs should use data in such a way as to make
+no assumptions about the data that are not strictly necessary for performing the task at hand. At the
+same time, a ‘‘concrete’’ data representation is defined independent of the programs that use the data.
+The interface between these two parts of our system will be a set of procedures, called selectors and
+constructors, that implement the abstract data in terms of the concrete representation. To illustrate this
+technique, we will consider how to design a set of procedures for manipulating rational numbers.
+
+2.1.1 Example: Arithmetic Operations for Rational Numbers
+Suppose we want to do arithmetic with rational numbers. We want to be able to add, subtract,
+multiply, and divide them and to test whether two rational numbers are equal.
+Let us begin by assuming that we already have a way of constructing a rational number from a
+numerator and a denominator. We also assume that, given a rational number, we have a way of
+extracting (or selecting) its numerator and its denominator. Let us further assume that the constructor
+and selectors are available as procedures:
+(make-rat <n> <d>) returns the rational number whose numerator is the integer <n> and
+whose denominator is the integer <d>.
+(numer <x>) returns the numerator of the rational number <x>.
+(denom <x>) returns the denominator of the rational number <x>.
+We are using here a powerful strategy of synthesis: wishful thinking. We haven’t yet said how a
+rational number is represented, or how the procedures numer, denom, and make-rat should be
+implemented. Even so, if we did have these three procedures, we could then add, subtract, multiply,
+divide, and test equality by using the following relations:
+
+\fWe can express these rules as procedures:
+(define (add-rat x y)
+(make-rat (+ (* (numer
+(* (numer
+(* (denom x)
+(define (sub-rat x y)
+(make-rat (- (* (numer
+(* (numer
+(* (denom x)
+(define (mul-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x)
+(* (denom x)
+(define (div-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x)
+(* (denom x)
+(define (equal-rat? x y)
+(= (* (numer x) (denom
+(* (numer y) (denom
+
+x) (denom y))
+y) (denom x)))
+(denom y))))
+x) (denom y))
+y) (denom x)))
+(denom y))))
+(numer y))
+(denom y))))
+(denom y))
+(numer y))))
+y))
+x))))
+
+Now we have the operations on rational numbers defined in terms of the selector and constructor
+procedures numer, denom, and make-rat. But we haven’t yet defined these. What we need is some
+way to glue together a numerator and a denominator to form a rational number.
+
+Pairs
+To enable us to implement the concrete level of our data abstraction, our language provides a
+compound structure called a pair, which can be constructed with the primitive procedure cons. This
+procedure takes two arguments and returns a compound data object that contains the two arguments as
+parts. Given a pair, we can extract the parts using the primitive procedures car and cdr. 2 Thus, we
+can use cons, car, and cdr as follows:
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(car x)
+1
+(cdr x)
+2
+Notice that a pair is a data object that can be given a name and manipulated, just like a primitive data
+object. Moreover, cons can be used to form pairs whose elements are pairs, and so on:
+
+\f(define x
+(define y
+(define z
+(car (car
+1
+(car (cdr
+3
+
+(cons 1 2))
+(cons 3 4))
+(cons x y))
+z))
+z))
+
+In section 2.2 we will see how this ability to combine pairs means that pairs can be used as
+general-purpose building blocks to create all sorts of complex data structures. The single
+compound-data primitive pair, implemented by the procedures cons, car, and cdr, is the only glue
+we need. Data objects constructed from pairs are called list-structured data.
+
+Representing rational numbers
+Pairs offer a natural way to complete the rational-number system. Simply represent a rational number
+as a pair of two integers: a numerator and a denominator. Then make-rat, numer, and denom are
+readily implemented as follows: 3
+(define (make-rat n d) (cons n d))
+(define (numer x) (car x))
+(define (denom x) (cdr x))
+Also, in order to display the results of our computations, we can print rational numbers by printing the
+numerator, a slash, and the denominator: 4
+(define (print-rat x)
+(newline)
+(display (numer x))
+(display "/")
+(display (denom x)))
+Now we can try our rational-number procedures:
+(define one-half (make-rat 1 2))
+(print-rat one-half)
+1/2
+(define one-third (make-rat 1 3))
+(print-rat (add-rat one-half one-third))
+5/6
+(print-rat (mul-rat one-half one-third))
+1/6
+(print-rat (add-rat one-third one-third))
+6/9
+As the final example shows, our rational-number implementation does not reduce rational numbers to
+lowest terms. We can remedy this by changing make-rat. If we have a gcd procedure like the one
+in section 1.2.5 that produces the greatest common divisor of two integers, we can use gcd to reduce
+the numerator and the denominator to lowest terms before constructing the pair:
+
+\f(define (make-rat n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(cons (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+Now we have
+(print-rat (add-rat one-third one-third))
+2/3
+as desired. This modification was accomplished by changing the constructor make-rat without
+changing any of the procedures (such as add-rat and mul-rat) that implement the actual
+operations.
+Exercise 2.1. Define a better version of make-rat that handles both positive and negative
+arguments. Make-rat should normalize the sign so that if the rational number is positive, both the
+numerator and denominator are positive, and if the rational number is negative, only the numerator is
+negative.
+
+2.1.2 Abstraction Barriers
+Before continuing with more examples of compound data and data abstraction, let us consider some of
+the issues raised by the rational-number example. We defined the rational-number operations in terms
+of a constructor make-rat and selectors numer and denom. In general, the underlying idea of data
+abstraction is to identify for each type of data object a basic set of operations in terms of which all
+manipulations of data objects of that type will be expressed, and then to use only those operations in
+manipulating the data.
+We can envision the structure of the rational-number system as shown in figure 2.1. The horizontal
+lines represent abstraction barriers that isolate different ‘‘levels’’ of the system. At each level, the
+barrier separates the programs (above) that use the data abstraction from the programs (below) that
+implement the data abstraction. Programs that use rational numbers manipulate them solely in terms of
+the procedures supplied ‘‘for public use’’ by the rational-number package: add-rat, sub-rat,
+mul-rat, div-rat, and equal-rat?. These, in turn, are implemented solely in terms of the
+constructor and selectors make-rat, numer, and denom, which themselves are implemented in
+terms of pairs. The details of how pairs are implemented are irrelevant to the rest of the
+rational-number package so long as pairs can be manipulated by the use of cons, car, and cdr. In
+effect, procedures at each level are the interfaces that define the abstraction barriers and connect the
+different levels.
+
+\fFigure 2.1: Data-abstraction barriers in the rational-number package.
+Figure 2.1: Data-abstraction barriers in the rational-number package.
+This simple idea has many advantages. One advantage is that it makes programs much easier to
+maintain and to modify. Any complex data structure can be represented in a variety of ways with the
+primitive data structures provided by a programming language. Of course, the choice of representation
+influences the programs that operate on it; thus, if the representation were to be changed at some later
+time, all such programs might have to be modified accordingly. This task could be time-consuming
+and expensive in the case of large programs unless the dependence on the representation were to be
+confined by design to a very few program modules.
+For example, an alternate way to address the problem of reducing rational numbers to lowest terms is
+to perform the reduction whenever we access the parts of a rational number, rather than when we
+construct it. This leads to different constructor and selector procedures:
+(define (make-rat n d)
+(cons n d))
+(define (numer x)
+(let ((g (gcd (car x) (cdr x))))
+(/ (car x) g)))
+(define (denom x)
+(let ((g (gcd (car x) (cdr x))))
+(/ (cdr x) g)))
+The difference between this implementation and the previous one lies in when we compute the gcd. If
+in our typical use of rational numbers we access the numerators and denominators of the same rational
+numbers many times, it would be preferable to compute the gcd when the rational numbers are
+constructed. If not, we may be better off waiting until access time to compute the gcd. In any case,
+when we change from one representation to the other, the procedures add-rat, sub-rat, and so on
+do not have to be modified at all.
+Constraining the dependence on the representation to a few interface procedures helps us design
+programs as well as modify them, because it allows us to maintain the flexibility to consider alternate
+implementations. To continue with our simple example, suppose we are designing a rational-number
+package and we can’t decide initially whether to perform the gcd at construction time or at selection
+
+\ftime. The data-abstraction methodology gives us a way to defer that decision without losing the ability
+to make progress on the rest of the system.
+Exercise 2.2. Consider the problem of representing line segments in a plane. Each segment is
+represented as a pair of points: a starting point and an ending point. Define a constructor
+make-segment and selectors start-segment and end-segment that define the representation
+of segments in terms of points. Furthermore, a point can be represented as a pair of numbers: the x
+coordinate and the y coordinate. Accordingly, specify a constructor make-point and selectors
+x-point and y-point that define this representation. Finally, using your selectors and
+constructors, define a procedure midpoint-segment that takes a line segment as argument and
+returns its midpoint (the point whose coordinates are the average of the coordinates of the endpoints).
+To try your procedures, you’ll need a way to print points:
+(define (print-point p)
+(newline)
+(display "(")
+(display (x-point p))
+(display ",")
+(display (y-point p))
+(display ")"))
+Exercise 2.3. Implement a representation for rectangles in a plane. (Hint: You may want to make use
+of exercise 2.2.) In terms of your constructors and selectors, create procedures that compute the
+perimeter and the area of a given rectangle. Now implement a different representation for rectangles.
+Can you design your system with suitable abstraction barriers, so that the same perimeter and area
+procedures will work using either representation?
+
+2.1.3 What Is Meant by Data?
+We began the rational-number implementation in section 2.1.1 by implementing the rational-number
+operations add-rat, sub-rat, and so on in terms of three unspecified procedures: make-rat,
+numer, and denom. At that point, we could think of the operations as being defined in terms of data
+objects -- numerators, denominators, and rational numbers -- whose behavior was specified by the
+latter three procedures.
+But exactly what is meant by data? It is not enough to say ‘‘whatever is implemented by the given
+selectors and constructors.’’ Clearly, not every arbitrary set of three procedures can serve as an
+appropriate basis for the rational-number implementation. We need to guarantee that, if we construct a
+rational number x from a pair of integers n and d, then extracting the numer and the denom of x and
+dividing them should yield the same result as dividing n by d. In other words, make-rat, numer,
+and denom must satisfy the condition that, for any integer n and any non-zero integer d, if x is
+(make-rat n d), then
+
+In fact, this is the only condition make-rat, numer, and denom must fulfill in order to form a
+suitable basis for a rational-number representation. In general, we can think of data as defined by some
+collection of selectors and constructors, together with specified conditions that these procedures must
+fulfill in order to be a valid representation. 5
+
+\fThis point of view can serve to define not only ‘‘high-level’’ data objects, such as rational numbers,
+but lower-level objects as well. Consider the notion of a pair, which we used in order to define our
+rational numbers. We never actually said what a pair was, only that the language supplied procedures
+cons, car, and cdr for operating on pairs. But the only thing we need to know about these three
+operations is that if we glue two objects together using cons we can retrieve the objects using car
+and cdr. That is, the operations satisfy the condition that, for any objects x and y, if z is (cons x
+y) then (car z) is x and (cdr z) is y. Indeed, we mentioned that these three procedures are
+included as primitives in our language. However, any triple of procedures that satisfies the above
+condition can be used as the basis for implementing pairs. This point is illustrated strikingly by the fact
+that we could implement cons, car, and cdr without using any data structures at all but only using
+procedures. Here are the definitions:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((= m 0) x)
+((= m 1) y)
+(else (error "Argument not 0 or 1 -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z 0))
+(define (cdr z) (z 1))
+This use of procedures corresponds to nothing like our intuitive notion of what data should be.
+Nevertheless, all we need to do to show that this is a valid way to represent pairs is to verify that these
+procedures satisfy the condition given above.
+The subtle point to notice is that the value returned by (cons x y) is a procedure -- namely the
+internally defined procedure dispatch, which takes one argument and returns either x or y
+depending on whether the argument is 0 or 1. Correspondingly, (car z) is defined to apply z to 0.
+Hence, if z is the procedure formed by (cons x y), then z applied to 0 will yield x. Thus, we have
+shown that (car (cons x y)) yields x, as desired. Similarly, (cdr (cons x y)) applies the
+procedure returned by (cons x y) to 1, which returns y. Therefore, this procedural implementation
+of pairs is a valid implementation, and if we access pairs using only cons, car, and cdr we cannot
+distinguish this implementation from one that uses ‘‘real’’ data structures.
+The point of exhibiting the procedural representation of pairs is not that our language works this way
+(Scheme, and Lisp systems in general, implement pairs directly, for efficiency reasons) but that it
+could work this way. The procedural representation, although obscure, is a perfectly adequate way to
+represent pairs, since it fulfills the only conditions that pairs need to fulfill. This example also
+demonstrates that the ability to manipulate procedures as objects automatically provides the ability to
+represent compound data. This may seem a curiosity now, but procedural representations of data will
+play a central role in our programming repertoire. This style of programming is often called message
+passing, and we will be using it as a basic tool in chapter 3 when we address the issues of modeling
+and simulation.
+Exercise 2.4. Here is an alternative procedural representation of pairs. For this representation, verify
+that (car (cons x y)) yields x for any objects x and y.
+(define (cons x y)
+(lambda (m) (m x y)))
+(define (car z)
+(z (lambda (p q) p)))
+
+\fWhat is the corresponding definition of cdr? (Hint: To verify that this works, make use of the
+substitution model of section 1.1.5.)
+Exercise 2.5. Show that we can represent pairs of nonnegative integers using only numbers and
+arithmetic operations if we represent the pair a and b as the integer that is the product 2 a 3 b . Give the
+corresponding definitions of the procedures cons, car, and cdr.
+Exercise 2.6. In case representing pairs as procedures wasn’t mind-boggling enough, consider that, in
+a language that can manipulate procedures, we can get by without numbers (at least insofar as
+nonnegative integers are concerned) by implementing 0 and the operation of adding 1 as
+(define zero (lambda (f) (lambda (x) x)))
+(define (add-1 n)
+(lambda (f) (lambda (x) (f ((n f) x)))))
+This representation is known as Church numerals, after its inventor, Alonzo Church, the logician who
+invented the calculus.
+Define one and two directly (not in terms of zero and add-1). (Hint: Use substitution to evaluate
+(add-1 zero)). Give a direct definition of the addition procedure + (not in terms of repeated
+application of add-1).
+
+2.1.4 Extended Exercise: Interval Arithmetic
+Alyssa P. Hacker is designing a system to help people solve engineering problems. One feature she
+wants to provide in her system is the ability to manipulate inexact quantities (such as measured
+parameters of physical devices) with known precision, so that when computations are done with such
+approximate quantities the results will be numbers of known precision.
+Electrical engineers will be using Alyssa’s system to compute electrical quantities. It is sometimes
+necessary for them to compute the value of a parallel equivalent resistance R p of two resistors R 1 and
+R 2 using the formula
+
+Resistance values are usually known only up to some tolerance guaranteed by the manufacturer of the
+resistor. For example, if you buy a resistor labeled ‘‘6.8 ohms with 10% tolerance’’ you can only be
+sure that the resistor has a resistance between 6.8 - 0.68 = 6.12 and 6.8 + 0.68 = 7.48 ohms. Thus, if
+you have a 6.8-ohm 10% resistor in parallel with a 4.7-ohm 5% resistor, the resistance of the
+combination can range from about 2.58 ohms (if the two resistors are at the lower bounds) to about
+2.97 ohms (if the two resistors are at the upper bounds).
+Alyssa’s idea is to implement ‘‘interval arithmetic’’ as a set of arithmetic operations for combining
+‘‘intervals’’ (objects that represent the range of possible values of an inexact quantity). The result of
+adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing two intervals is itself an interval, representing the range
+of the result.
+Alyssa postulates the existence of an abstract object called an ‘‘interval’’ that has two endpoints: a
+lower bound and an upper bound. She also presumes that, given the endpoints of an interval, she can
+construct the interval using the data constructor make-interval. Alyssa first writes a procedure for
+
+\fadding two intervals. She reasons that the minimum value the sum could be is the sum of the two
+lower bounds and the maximum value it could be is the sum of the two upper bounds:
+(define (add-interval x y)
+(make-interval (+ (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y))
+(+ (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y))))
+Alyssa also works out the product of two intervals by finding the minimum and the maximum of the
+products of the bounds and using them as the bounds of the resulting interval. (Min and max are
+primitives that find the minimum or maximum of any number of arguments.)
+(define (mul-interval x y)
+(let ((p1 (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound
+(p2 (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound
+(p3 (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound
+(p4 (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound
+(make-interval (min p1 p2 p3 p4)
+(max p1 p2 p3 p4))))
+
+y)))
+y)))
+y)))
+y))))
+
+To divide two intervals, Alyssa multiplies the first by the reciprocal of the second. Note that the
+bounds of the reciprocal interval are the reciprocal of the upper bound and the reciprocal of the lower
+bound, in that order.
+(define (div-interval x y)
+(mul-interval x
+(make-interval (/ 1.0 (upper-bound y))
+(/ 1.0 (lower-bound y)))))
+Exercise 2.7. Alyssa’s program is incomplete because she has not specified the implementation of the
+interval abstraction. Here is a definition of the interval constructor:
+(define (make-interval a b) (cons a b))
+Define selectors upper-bound and lower-bound to complete the implementation.
+Exercise 2.8. Using reasoning analogous to Alyssa’s, describe how the difference of two intervals
+may be computed. Define a corresponding subtraction procedure, called sub-interval.
+Exercise 2.9. The width of an interval is half of the difference between its upper and lower bounds.
+The width is a measure of the uncertainty of the number specified by the interval. For some arithmetic
+operations the width of the result of combining two intervals is a function only of the widths of the
+argument intervals, whereas for others the width of the combination is not a function of the widths of
+the argument intervals. Show that the width of the sum (or difference) of two intervals is a function
+only of the widths of the intervals being added (or subtracted). Give examples to show that this is not
+true for multiplication or division.
+Exercise 2.10. Ben Bitdiddle, an expert systems programmer, looks over Alyssa’s shoulder and
+comments that it is not clear what it means to divide by an interval that spans zero. Modify Alyssa’s
+code to check for this condition and to signal an error if it occurs.
+
+\fExercise 2.11. In passing, Ben also cryptically comments: ‘‘By testing the signs of the endpoints of
+the intervals, it is possible to break mul-interval into nine cases, only one of which requires more
+than two multiplications.’’ Rewrite this procedure using Ben’s suggestion.
+After debugging her program, Alyssa shows it to a potential user, who complains that her program
+solves the wrong problem. He wants a program that can deal with numbers represented as a center
+value and an additive tolerance; for example, he wants to work with intervals such as 3.5± 0.15 rather
+than [3.35, 3.65]. Alyssa returns to her desk and fixes this problem by supplying an alternate
+constructor and alternate selectors:
+(define (make-center-width c w)
+(make-interval (- c w) (+ c w)))
+(define (center i)
+(/ (+ (lower-bound i) (upper-bound i)) 2))
+(define (width i)
+(/ (- (upper-bound i) (lower-bound i)) 2))
+Unfortunately, most of Alyssa’s users are engineers. Real engineering situations usually involve
+measurements with only a small uncertainty, measured as the ratio of the width of the interval to the
+midpoint of the interval. Engineers usually specify percentage tolerances on the parameters of devices,
+as in the resistor specifications given earlier.
+Exercise 2.12. Define a constructor make-center-percent that takes a center and a percentage
+tolerance and produces the desired interval. You must also define a selector percent that produces
+the percentage tolerance for a given interval. The center selector is the same as the one shown
+above.
+Exercise 2.13. Show that under the assumption of small percentage tolerances there is a simple
+formula for the approximate percentage tolerance of the product of two intervals in terms of the
+tolerances of the factors. You may simplify the problem by assuming that all numbers are positive.
+After considerable work, Alyssa P. Hacker delivers her finished system. Several years later, after she
+has forgotten all about it, she gets a frenzied call from an irate user, Lem E. Tweakit. It seems that
+Lem has noticed that the formula for parallel resistors can be written in two algebraically equivalent
+ways:
+
+and
+
+He has written the following two programs, each of which computes the parallel-resistors formula
+differently:
+(define (par1 r1 r2)
+(div-interval (mul-interval r1 r2)
+(add-interval r1 r2)))
+(define (par2 r1 r2)
+(let ((one (make-interval 1 1)))
+
+\f(div-interval one
+(add-interval (div-interval one r1)
+(div-interval one r2)))))
+Lem complains that Alyssa’s program gives different answers for the two ways of computing. This is a
+serious complaint.
+Exercise 2.14. Demonstrate that Lem is right. Investigate the behavior of the system on a variety of
+arithmetic expressions. Make some intervals A and B, and use them in computing the expressions A/A
+and A/B. You will get the most insight by using intervals whose width is a small percentage of the
+center value. Examine the results of the computation in center-percent form (see exercise 2.12).
+Exercise 2.15. Eva Lu Ator, another user, has also noticed the different intervals computed by
+different but algebraically equivalent expressions. She says that a formula to compute with intervals
+using Alyssa’s system will produce tighter error bounds if it can be written in such a form that no
+variable that represents an uncertain number is repeated. Thus, she says, par2 is a ‘‘better’’ program
+for parallel resistances than par1. Is she right? Why?
+Exercise 2.16. Explain, in general, why equivalent algebraic expressions may lead to different
+answers. Can you devise an interval-arithmetic package that does not have this shortcoming, or is this
+task impossible? (Warning: This problem is very difficult.)
+2 The name cons stands for ‘‘construct.’’ The names car and cdr derive from the original
+
+implementation of Lisp on the IBM 704. That machine had an addressing scheme that allowed one to
+reference the ‘‘address’’ and ‘‘decrement’’ parts of a memory location. Car stands for ‘‘Contents of
+Address part of Register’’ and cdr (pronounced ‘‘could-er’’) stands for ‘‘Contents of Decrement part
+of Register.’’
+3 Another way to define the selectors and constructor is
+
+(define make-rat cons)
+(define numer car)
+(define denom cdr)
+The first definition associates the name make-rat with the value of the expression cons, which is
+the primitive procedure that constructs pairs. Thus make-rat and cons are names for the same
+primitive constructor.
+Defining selectors and constructors in this way is efficient: Instead of make-rat calling cons,
+make-rat is cons, so there is only one procedure called, not two, when make-rat is called. On
+the other hand, doing this defeats debugging aids that trace procedure calls or put breakpoints on
+procedure calls: You may want to watch make-rat being called, but you certainly don’t want to
+watch every call to cons.
+We have chosen not to use this style of definition in this book.
+4 Display is the Scheme primitive for printing data. The Scheme primitive newline starts a new
+
+line for printing. Neither of these procedures returns a useful value, so in the uses of print-rat
+below, we show only what print-rat prints, not what the interpreter prints as the value returned by
+print-rat.
+
+\f5 Surprisingly, this idea is very difficult to formulate rigorously. There are two approaches to giving
+
+such a formulation. One, pioneered by C. A. R. Hoare (1972), is known as the method of abstract
+models. It formalizes the ‘‘procedures plus conditions’’ specification as outlined in the
+rational-number example above. Note that the condition on the rational-number representation was
+stated in terms of facts about integers (equality and division). In general, abstract models define new
+kinds of data objects in terms of previously defined types of data objects. Assertions about data objects
+can therefore be checked by reducing them to assertions about previously defined data objects.
+Another approach, introduced by Zilles at MIT, by Goguen, Thatcher, Wagner, and Wright at IBM
+(see Thatcher, Wagner, and Wright 1978), and by Guttag at Toronto (see Guttag 1977), is called
+algebraic specification. It regards the ‘‘procedures’’ as elements of an abstract algebraic system whose
+behavior is specified by axioms that correspond to our ‘‘conditions,’’ and uses the techniques of
+abstract algebra to check assertions about data objects. Both methods are surveyed in the paper by
+Liskov and Zilles (1975).
+
+
+\f
+
+2.2 Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property
+As we have seen, pairs provide a primitive ‘‘glue’’ that we can use to construct compound data
+objects. Figure 2.2 shows a standard way to visualize a pair -- in this case, the pair formed by (cons
+1 2). In this representation, which is called box-and-pointer notation, each object is shown as a
+pointer to a box. The box for a primitive object contains a representation of the object. For example,
+the box for a number contains a numeral. The box for a pair is actually a double box, the left part
+containing (a pointer to) the car of the pair and the right part containing the cdr.
+We have already seen that cons can be used to combine not only numbers but pairs as well. (You
+made use of this fact, or should have, in doing exercises 2.2 and 2.3.) As a consequence, pairs provide
+a universal building block from which we can construct all sorts of data structures. Figure 2.3 shows
+two ways to use pairs to combine the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
+Figure 2.2: Box-and-pointer representation of (cons 1 2).
+Figure 2.2: Box-and-pointer representation of (cons 1 2).
+
+Figure 2.3: Two ways to combine 1, 2, 3, and 4 using pairs.
+Figure 2.3: Two ways to combine 1, 2, 3, and 4 using pairs.
+The ability to create pairs whose elements are pairs is the essence of list structure’s importance as a
+representational tool. We refer to this ability as the closure property of cons. In general, an operation
+for combining data objects satisfies the closure property if the results of combining things with that
+operation can themselves be combined using the same operation. 6 Closure is the key to power in any
+means of combination because it permits us to create hierarchical structures -- structures made up of
+parts, which themselves are made up of parts, and so on.
+
+\fFrom the outset of chapter 1, we’ve made essential use of closure in dealing with procedures, because
+all but the very simplest programs rely on the fact that the elements of a combination can themselves
+be combinations. In this section, we take up the consequences of closure for compound data. We
+describe some conventional techniques for using pairs to represent sequences and trees, and we exhibit
+a graphics language that illustrates closure in a vivid way. 7
+
+2.2.1 Representing Sequences
+
+Figure 2.4: The sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 represented as a chain of pairs.
+Figure 2.4: The sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 represented as a chain of pairs.
+One of the useful structures we can build with pairs is a sequence -- an ordered collection of data
+objects. There are, of course, many ways to represent sequences in terms of pairs. One particularly
+straightforward representation is illustrated in figure 2.4, where the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 is represented
+as a chain of pairs. The car of each pair is the corresponding item in the chain, and the cdr of the
+pair is the next pair in the chain. The cdr of the final pair signals the end of the sequence by pointing
+to a distinguished value that is not a pair, represented in box-and-pointer diagrams as a diagonal line
+and in programs as the value of the variable nil. The entire sequence is constructed by nested cons
+operations:
+(cons 1
+(cons 2
+(cons 3
+(cons 4 nil))))
+Such a sequence of pairs, formed by nested conses, is called a list, and Scheme provides a primitive
+called list to help in constructing lists. 8 The above sequence could be produced by (list 1 2 3
+4). In general,
+(list <a 1 > <a 2 > ... <a n >)
+is equivalent to
+(cons <a 1 > (cons <a 2 > (cons ... (cons <a n > nil) ...)))
+Lisp systems conventionally print lists by printing the sequence of elements, enclosed in parentheses.
+Thus, the data object in figure 2.4 is printed as (1 2 3 4):
+(define one-through-four (list 1 2 3 4))
+one-through-four
+(1 2 3 4)
+
+\fBe careful not to confuse the expression (list 1 2 3 4) with the list (1 2 3 4), which is the
+result obtained when the expression is evaluated. Attempting to evaluate the expression (1 2 3 4)
+will signal an error when the interpreter tries to apply the procedure 1 to arguments 2, 3, and 4.
+We can think of car as selecting the first item in the list, and of cdr as selecting the sublist
+consisting of all but the first item. Nested applications of car and cdr can be used to extract the
+second, third, and subsequent items in the list. 9 The constructor cons makes a list like the original
+one, but with an additional item at the beginning.
+(car one-through-four)
+1
+(cdr one-through-four)
+(2 3 4)
+(car (cdr one-through-four))
+2
+(cons 10 one-through-four)
+(10 1 2 3 4)
+(cons 5 one-through-four)
+(5 1 2 3 4)
+The value of nil, used to terminate the chain of pairs, can be thought of as a sequence of no elements,
+the empty list. The word nil is a contraction of the Latin word nihil, which means ‘‘nothing.’’ 10
+
+List operations
+The use of pairs to represent sequences of elements as lists is accompanied by conventional
+programming techniques for manipulating lists by successively ‘‘cdring down’’ the lists. For
+example, the procedure list-ref takes as arguments a list and a number n and returns the nth item
+of the list. It is customary to number the elements of the list beginning with 0. The method for
+computing list-ref is the following:
+For n = 0, list-ref should return the car of the list.
+Otherwise, list-ref should return the (n - 1)st item of the cdr of the list.
+(define (list-ref items n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(car items)
+(list-ref (cdr items) (- n 1))))
+(define squares (list 1 4 9 16 25))
+(list-ref squares 3)
+16
+Often we cdr down the whole list. To aid in this, Scheme includes a primitive predicate null?,
+which tests whether its argument is the empty list. The procedure length, which returns the number
+of items in a list, illustrates this typical pattern of use:
+(define (length items)
+(if (null? items)
+0
+(+ 1 (length (cdr items)))))
+(define odds (list 1 3 5 7))
+
+\f(length odds)
+4
+The length procedure implements a simple recursive plan. The reduction step is:
+The length of any list is 1 plus the length of the cdr of the list.
+This is applied successively until we reach the base case:
+The length of the empty list is 0.
+We could also compute length in an iterative style:
+(define (length items)
+(define (length-iter a count)
+(if (null? a)
+count
+(length-iter (cdr a) (+ 1 count))))
+(length-iter items 0))
+Another conventional programming technique is to ‘‘cons up’’ an answer list while cdring down a
+list, as in the procedure append, which takes two lists as arguments and combines their elements to
+make a new list:
+(append squares odds)
+(1 4 9 16 25 1 3 5 7)
+(append odds squares)
+(1 3 5 7 1 4 9 16 25)
+Append is also implemented using a recursive plan. To append lists list1 and list2, do the
+following:
+If list1 is the empty list, then the result is just list2.
+Otherwise, append the cdr of list1 and list2, and cons the car of list1 onto the
+result:
+(define (append list1 list2)
+(if (null? list1)
+list2
+(cons (car list1) (append (cdr list1) list2))))
+Exercise 2.17. Define a procedure last-pair that returns the list that contains only the last
+element of a given (nonempty) list:
+(last-pair (list 23 72 149 34))
+(34)
+Exercise 2.18. Define a procedure reverse that takes a list as argument and returns a list of the
+same elements in reverse order:
+
+\f(reverse (list 1 4 9 16 25))
+(25 16 9 4 1)
+Exercise 2.19. Consider the change-counting program of section 1.2.2. It would be nice to be able to
+easily change the currency used by the program, so that we could compute the number of ways to
+change a British pound, for example. As the program is written, the knowledge of the currency is
+distributed partly into the procedure first-denomination and partly into the procedure
+count-change (which knows that there are five kinds of U.S. coins). It would be nicer to be able to
+supply a list of coins to be used for making change.
+We want to rewrite the procedure cc so that its second argument is a list of the values of the coins to
+use rather than an integer specifying which coins to use. We could then have lists that defined each
+kind of currency:
+(define us-coins (list 50 25 10 5 1))
+(define uk-coins (list 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 0.5))
+We could then call cc as follows:
+(cc 100 us-coins)
+292
+To do this will require changing the program cc somewhat. It will still have the same form, but it will
+access its second argument differently, as follows:
+(define (cc amount coin-values)
+(cond ((= amount 0) 1)
+((or (< amount 0) (no-more? coin-values)) 0)
+(else
+(+ (cc amount
+(except-first-denomination coin-values))
+(cc (- amount
+(first-denomination coin-values))
+coin-values)))))
+Define the procedures first-denomination, except-first-denomination, and
+no-more? in terms of primitive operations on list structures. Does the order of the list
+coin-values affect the answer produced by cc? Why or why not?
+Exercise 2.20. The procedures +, *, and list take arbitrary numbers of arguments. One way to
+define such procedures is to use define with dotted-tail notation. In a procedure definition, a
+parameter list that has a dot before the last parameter name indicates that, when the procedure is
+called, the initial parameters (if any) will have as values the initial arguments, as usual, but the final
+parameter’s value will be a list of any remaining arguments. For instance, given the definition
+(define (f x y . z) <body>)
+the procedure f can be called with two or more arguments. If we evaluate
+(f 1 2 3 4 5 6)
+
+\fthen in the body of f, x will be 1, y will be 2, and z will be the list (3 4 5 6). Given the definition
+(define (g . w) <body>)
+the procedure g can be called with zero or more arguments. If we evaluate
+(g 1 2 3 4 5 6)
+then in the body of g, w will be the list (1 2 3 4 5 6). 11
+Use this notation to write a procedure same-parity that takes one or more integers and returns a
+list of all the arguments that have the same even-odd parity as the first argument. For example,
+(same-parity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7)
+(1 3 5 7)
+(same-parity 2 3 4 5 6 7)
+(2 4 6)
+
+Mapping over lists
+One extremely useful operation is to apply some transformation to each element in a list and generate
+the list of results. For instance, the following procedure scales each number in a list by a given factor:
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons (* (car items) factor)
+(scale-list (cdr items) factor))))
+(scale-list (list 1 2 3 4 5) 10)
+(10 20 30 40 50)
+We can abstract this general idea and capture it as a common pattern expressed as a higher-order
+procedure, just as in section 1.3. The higher-order procedure here is called map. Map takes as
+arguments a procedure of one argument and a list, and returns a list of the results produced by
+applying the procedure to each element in the list: 12
+(define (map proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons (proc (car items))
+(map proc (cdr items)))))
+(map abs (list -10 2.5 -11.6 17))
+(10 2.5 11.6 17)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x x))
+(list 1 2 3 4))
+(1 4 9 16)
+Now we can give a new definition of scale-list in terms of map:
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x factor))
+items))
+
+\fMap is an important construct, not only because it captures a common pattern, but because it
+establishes a higher level of abstraction in dealing with lists. In the original definition of
+scale-list, the recursive structure of the program draws attention to the element-by-element
+processing of the list. Defining scale-list in terms of map suppresses that level of detail and
+emphasizes that scaling transforms a list of elements to a list of results. The difference between the
+two definitions is not that the computer is performing a different process (it isn’t) but that we think
+about the process differently. In effect, map helps establish an abstraction barrier that isolates the
+implementation of procedures that transform lists from the details of how the elements of the list are
+extracted and combined. Like the barriers shown in figure 2.1, this abstraction gives us the flexibility
+to change the low-level details of how sequences are implemented, while preserving the conceptual
+framework of operations that transform sequences to sequences. Section 2.2.3 expands on this use of
+sequences as a framework for organizing programs.
+Exercise 2.21. The procedure square-list takes a list of numbers as argument and returns a list
+of the squares of those numbers.
+(square-list (list 1 2 3 4))
+(1 4 9 16)
+Here are two different definitions of square-list. Complete both of them by filling in the missing
+expressions:
+(define (square-list items)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons <??> <??>)))
+(define (square-list items)
+(map <??> <??>))
+Exercise 2.22. Louis Reasoner tries to rewrite the first square-list procedure of exercise 2.21 so
+that it evolves an iterative process:
+(define (square-list items)
+(define (iter things answer)
+(if (null? things)
+answer
+(iter (cdr things)
+(cons (square (car things))
+answer))))
+(iter items nil))
+Unfortunately, defining square-list this way produces the answer list in the reverse order of the
+one desired. Why?
+Louis then tries to fix his bug by interchanging the arguments to cons:
+(define (square-list items)
+(define (iter things answer)
+(if (null? things)
+answer
+(iter (cdr things)
+(cons answer
+
+\f(square (car things))))))
+(iter items nil))
+This doesn’t work either. Explain.
+Exercise 2.23. The procedure for-each is similar to map. It takes as arguments a procedure and a
+list of elements. However, rather than forming a list of the results, for-each just applies the
+procedure to each of the elements in turn, from left to right. The values returned by applying the
+procedure to the elements are not used at all -- for-each is used with procedures that perform an
+action, such as printing. For example,
+(for-each (lambda (x) (newline) (display x))
+(list 57 321 88))
+57
+321
+88
+The value returned by the call to for-each (not illustrated above) can be something arbitrary, such
+as true. Give an implementation of for-each.
+
+2.2.2 Hierarchical Structures
+The representation of sequences in terms of lists generalizes naturally to represent sequences whose
+elements may themselves be sequences. For example, we can regard the object ((1 2) 3 4)
+constructed by
+(cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4))
+as a list of three items, the first of which is itself a list, (1 2). Indeed, this is suggested by the form in
+which the result is printed by the interpreter. Figure 2.5 shows the representation of this structure in
+terms of pairs.
+
+Figure 2.5: Structure formed by (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)).
+Figure 2.5: Structure formed by (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)).
+Another way to think of sequences whose elements are sequences is as trees. The elements of the
+sequence are the branches of the tree, and elements that are themselves sequences are subtrees.
+Figure 2.6 shows the structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+
+\fFigure 2.6: The list structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+Figure 2.6: The list structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+Recursion is a natural tool for dealing with tree structures, since we can often reduce operations on
+trees to operations on their branches, which reduce in turn to operations on the branches of the
+branches, and so on, until we reach the leaves of the tree. As an example, compare the length
+procedure of section 2.2.1 with the count-leaves procedure, which returns the total number of
+leaves of a tree:
+(define x (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+(length x)
+3
+(count-leaves x)
+4
+(list x x)
+(((1 2) 3 4) ((1 2) 3 4))
+(length (list x x))
+2
+(count-leaves (list x x))
+8
+To implement count-leaves, recall the recursive plan for computing length:
+Length of a list x is 1 plus length of the cdr of x.
+Length of the empty list is 0.
+Count-leaves is similar. The value for the empty list is the same:
+Count-leaves of the empty list is 0.
+But in the reduction step, where we strip off the car of the list, we must take into account that the
+car may itself be a tree whose leaves we need to count. Thus, the appropriate reduction step is
+Count-leaves of a tree x is count-leaves of the car of x plus count-leaves of the
+cdr of x.
+Finally, by taking cars we reach actual leaves, so we need another base case:
+Count-leaves of a leaf is 1.
+
+\fTo aid in writing recursive procedures on trees, Scheme provides the primitive predicate pair?,
+which tests whether its argument is a pair. Here is the complete procedure: 13
+(define (count-leaves x)
+(cond ((null? x) 0)
+((not (pair? x)) 1)
+(else (+ (count-leaves (car x))
+(count-leaves (cdr x))))))
+Exercise 2.24. Suppose we evaluate the expression (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4))). Give
+the result printed by the interpreter, the corresponding box-and-pointer structure, and the interpretation
+of this as a tree (as in figure 2.6).
+Exercise 2.25. Give combinations of cars and cdrs that will pick 7 from each of the following lists:
+(1 3 (5 7) 9)
+((7))
+(1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 7))))))
+Exercise 2.26. Suppose we define x and y to be two lists:
+(define x (list 1 2 3))
+(define y (list 4 5 6))
+What result is printed by the interpreter in response to evaluating each of the following expressions:
+(append x y)
+(cons x y)
+(list x y)
+Exercise 2.27. Modify your reverse procedure of exercise 2.18 to produce a deep-reverse
+procedure that takes a list as argument and returns as its value the list with its elements reversed and
+with all sublists deep-reversed as well. For example,
+(define x (list (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+x
+((1 2) (3 4))
+(reverse x)
+((3 4) (1 2))
+(deep-reverse x)
+((4 3) (2 1))
+Exercise 2.28. Write a procedure fringe that takes as argument a tree (represented as a list) and
+returns a list whose elements are all the leaves of the tree arranged in left-to-right order. For example,
+(define x (list (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+(fringe x)
+(1 2 3 4)
+(fringe (list x x))
+(1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4)
+
+\fExercise 2.29. A binary mobile consists of two branches, a left branch and a right branch. Each
+branch is a rod of a certain length, from which hangs either a weight or another binary mobile. We can
+represent a binary mobile using compound data by constructing it from two branches (for example,
+using list):
+(define (make-mobile left right)
+(list left right))
+A branch is constructed from a length (which must be a number) together with a structure,
+which may be either a number (representing a simple weight) or another mobile:
+(define (make-branch length structure)
+(list length structure))
+a. Write the corresponding selectors left-branch and right-branch, which return the
+branches of a mobile, and branch-length and branch-structure, which return the
+components of a branch.
+b. Using your selectors, define a procedure total-weight that returns the total weight of a mobile.
+c. A mobile is said to be balanced if the torque applied by its top-left branch is equal to that applied
+by its top-right branch (that is, if the length of the left rod multiplied by the weight hanging from that
+rod is equal to the corresponding product for the right side) and if each of the submobiles hanging off
+its branches is balanced. Design a predicate that tests whether a binary mobile is balanced.
+d. Suppose we change the representation of mobiles so that the constructors are
+(define
+(cons
+(define
+(cons
+
+(make-mobile left right)
+left right))
+(make-branch length structure)
+length structure))
+
+How much do you need to change your programs to convert to the new representation?
+
+Mapping over trees
+Just as map is a powerful abstraction for dealing with sequences, map together with recursion is a
+powerful abstraction for dealing with trees. For instance, the scale-tree procedure, analogous to
+scale-list of section 2.2.1, takes as arguments a numeric factor and a tree whose leaves are
+numbers. It returns a tree of the same shape, where each number is multiplied by the factor. The
+recursive plan for scale-tree is similar to the one for count-leaves:
+(define (scale-tree tree factor)
+(cond ((null? tree) nil)
+((not (pair? tree)) (* tree factor))
+(else (cons (scale-tree (car tree) factor)
+(scale-tree (cdr tree) factor)))))
+(scale-tree (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4) 5) (list 6 7))
+10)
+(10 (20 (30 40) 50) (60 70))
+
+\fAnother way to implement scale-tree is to regard the tree as a sequence of sub-trees and use map.
+We map over the sequence, scaling each sub-tree in turn, and return the list of results. In the base case,
+where the tree is a leaf, we simply multiply by the factor:
+(define (scale-tree tree factor)
+(map (lambda (sub-tree)
+(if (pair? sub-tree)
+(scale-tree sub-tree factor)
+(* sub-tree factor)))
+tree))
+Many tree operations can be implemented by similar combinations of sequence operations and
+recursion.
+Exercise 2.30. Define a procedure square-tree analogous to the square-list procedure of
+exercise 2.21. That is, square-list should behave as follows:
+(square-tree
+(list 1
+(list 2 (list 3 4) 5)
+(list 6 7)))
+(1 (4 (9 16) 25) (36 49))
+Define square-tree both directly (i.e., without using any higher-order procedures) and also by
+using map and recursion.
+Exercise 2.31. Abstract your answer to exercise 2.30 to produce a procedure tree-map with the
+property that square-tree could be defined as
+(define (square-tree tree) (tree-map square tree))
+Exercise 2.32. We can represent a set as a list of distinct elements, and we can represent the set of all
+subsets of the set as a list of lists. For example, if the set is (1 2 3), then the set of all subsets is
+(() (3) (2) (2 3) (1) (1 3) (1 2) (1 2 3)). Complete the following definition of a
+procedure that generates the set of subsets of a set and give a clear explanation of why it works:
+(define (subsets s)
+(if (null? s)
+(list nil)
+(let ((rest (subsets (cdr s))))
+(append rest (map <??> rest)))))
+
+2.2.3 Sequences as Conventional Interfaces
+In working with compound data, we’ve stressed how data abstraction permits us to design programs
+without becoming enmeshed in the details of data representations, and how abstraction preserves for
+us the flexibility to experiment with alternative representations. In this section, we introduce another
+powerful design principle for working with data structures -- the use of conventional interfaces.
+In section 1.3 we saw how program abstractions, implemented as higher-order procedures, can capture
+common patterns in programs that deal with numerical data. Our ability to formulate analogous
+operations for working with compound data depends crucially on the style in which we manipulate our
+
+\fdata structures. Consider, for example, the following procedure, analogous to the count-leaves
+procedure of section 2.2.2, which takes a tree as argument and computes the sum of the squares of the
+leaves that are odd:
+(define (sum-odd-squares tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) 0)
+((not (pair? tree))
+(if (odd? tree) (square tree) 0))
+(else (+ (sum-odd-squares (car tree))
+(sum-odd-squares (cdr tree))))))
+On the surface, this procedure is very different from the following one, which constructs a list of all
+the even Fibonacci numbers Fib(k), where k is less than or equal to a given integer n:
+(define (even-fibs n)
+(define (next k)
+(if (> k n)
+nil
+(let ((f (fib k)))
+(if (even? f)
+(cons f (next (+ k 1)))
+(next (+ k 1))))))
+(next 0))
+Despite the fact that these two procedures are structurally very different, a more abstract description of
+the two computations reveals a great deal of similarity. The first program
+enumerates the leaves of a tree;
+filters them, selecting the odd ones;
+squares each of the selected ones; and
+accumulates the results using +, starting with 0.
+The second program
+enumerates the integers from 0 to n;
+computes the Fibonacci number for each integer;
+filters them, selecting the even ones; and
+accumulates the results using cons, starting with the empty list.
+A signal-processing engineer would find it natural to conceptualize these processes in terms of signals
+flowing through a cascade of stages, each of which implements part of the program plan, as shown in
+figure 2.7. In sum-odd-squares, we begin with an enumerator, which generates a ‘‘signal’’
+consisting of the leaves of a given tree. This signal is passed through a filter, which eliminates all but
+the odd elements. The resulting signal is in turn passed through a map, which is a ‘‘transducer’’ that
+applies the square procedure to each element. The output of the map is then fed to an accumulator,
+which combines the elements using +, starting from an initial 0. The plan for even-fibs is
+analogous.
+
+\fFigure 2.7: The signal-flow plans for the procedures sum-odd-squares (top) and
+even-fibs (bottom) reveal the commonality between the two programs.
+Figure 2.7: The signal-flow plans for the procedures sum-odd-squares (top) and even-fibs
+(bottom) reveal the commonality between the two programs.
+Unfortunately, the two procedure definitions above fail to exhibit this signal-flow structure. For
+instance, if we examine the sum-odd-squares procedure, we find that the enumeration is
+implemented partly by the null? and pair? tests and partly by the tree-recursive structure of the
+procedure. Similarly, the accumulation is found partly in the tests and partly in the addition used in the
+recursion. In general, there are no distinct parts of either procedure that correspond to the elements in
+the signal-flow description. Our two procedures decompose the computations in a different way,
+spreading the enumeration over the program and mingling it with the map, the filter, and the
+accumulation. If we could organize our programs to make the signal-flow structure manifest in the
+procedures we write, this would increase the conceptual clarity of the resulting code.
+
+Sequence Operations
+The key to organizing programs so as to more clearly reflect the signal-flow structure is to concentrate
+on the ‘‘signals’’ that flow from one stage in the process to the next. If we represent these signals as
+lists, then we can use list operations to implement the processing at each of the stages. For instance,
+we can implement the mapping stages of the signal-flow diagrams using the map procedure from
+section 2.2.1:
+(map square (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 4 9 16 25)
+Filtering a sequence to select only those elements that satisfy a given predicate is accomplished by
+(define (filter predicate sequence)
+(cond ((null? sequence) nil)
+((predicate (car sequence))
+(cons (car sequence)
+(filter predicate (cdr sequence))))
+(else (filter predicate (cdr sequence)))))
+For example,
+(filter odd? (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 3 5)
+
+\fAccumulations can be implemented by
+(define (accumulate op initial sequence)
+(if (null? sequence)
+initial
+(op (car sequence)
+(accumulate op initial (cdr sequence)))))
+(accumulate + 0 (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+15
+(accumulate * 1 (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+120
+(accumulate cons nil (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 2 3 4 5)
+All that remains to implement signal-flow diagrams is to enumerate the sequence of elements to be
+processed. For even-fibs, we need to generate the sequence of integers in a given range, which we
+can do as follows:
+(define (enumerate-interval low high)
+(if (> low high)
+nil
+(cons low (enumerate-interval (+ low 1) high))))
+(enumerate-interval 2 7)
+(2 3 4 5 6 7)
+To enumerate the leaves of a tree, we can use 14
+(define (enumerate-tree tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) nil)
+((not (pair? tree)) (list tree))
+(else (append (enumerate-tree (car tree))
+(enumerate-tree (cdr tree))))))
+(enumerate-tree (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4)) 5))
+(1 2 3 4 5)
+Now we can reformulate sum-odd-squares and even-fibs as in the signal-flow diagrams. For
+sum-odd-squares, we enumerate the sequence of leaves of the tree, filter this to keep only the odd
+numbers in the sequence, square each element, and sum the results:
+(define (sum-odd-squares tree)
+(accumulate +
+0
+(map square
+(filter odd?
+(enumerate-tree tree)))))
+For even-fibs, we enumerate the integers from 0 to n, generate the Fibonacci number for each of
+these integers, filter the resulting sequence to keep only the even elements, and accumulate the results
+into a list:
+
+\f(define (even-fibs n)
+(accumulate cons
+nil
+(filter even?
+(map fib
+(enumerate-interval 0 n)))))
+The value of expressing programs as sequence operations is that this helps us make program designs
+that are modular, that is, designs that are constructed by combining relatively independent pieces. We
+can encourage modular design by providing a library of standard components together with a
+conventional interface for connecting the components in flexible ways.
+Modular construction is a powerful strategy for controlling complexity in engineering design. In real
+signal-processing applications, for example, designers regularly build systems by cascading elements
+selected from standardized families of filters and transducers. Similarly, sequence operations provide a
+library of standard program elements that we can mix and match. For instance, we can reuse pieces
+from the sum-odd-squares and even-fibs procedures in a program that constructs a list of the
+squares of the first n + 1 Fibonacci numbers:
+(define (list-fib-squares n)
+(accumulate cons
+nil
+(map square
+(map fib
+(enumerate-interval 0 n)))))
+(list-fib-squares 10)
+(0 1 1 4 9 25 64 169 441 1156 3025)
+We can rearrange the pieces and use them in computing the product of the odd integers in a sequence:
+(define (product-of-squares-of-odd-elements sequence)
+(accumulate *
+1
+(map square
+(filter odd? sequence))))
+(product-of-squares-of-odd-elements (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+225
+We can also formulate conventional data-processing applications in terms of sequence operations.
+Suppose we have a sequence of personnel records and we want to find the salary of the highest-paid
+programmer. Assume that we have a selector salary that returns the salary of a record, and a
+predicate programmer? that tests if a record is for a programmer. Then we can write
+(define (salary-of-highest-paid-programmer records)
+(accumulate max
+0
+(map salary
+(filter programmer? records))))
+
+\fThese examples give just a hint of the vast range of operations that can be expressed as sequence
+operations. 15
+Sequences, implemented here as lists, serve as a conventional interface that permits us to combine
+processing modules. Additionally, when we uniformly represent structures as sequences, we have
+localized the data-structure dependencies in our programs to a small number of sequence operations.
+By changing these, we can experiment with alternative representations of sequences, while leaving the
+overall design of our programs intact. We will exploit this capability in section 3.5, when we
+generalize the sequence-processing paradigm to admit infinite sequences.
+Exercise 2.33. Fill in the missing expressions to complete the following definitions of some basic
+list-manipulation operations as accumulations:
+(define (map p sequence)
+(accumulate (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+(define (append seq1 seq2)
+(accumulate cons <??> <??>))
+(define (length sequence)
+(accumulate <??> 0 sequence))
+Exercise 2.34. Evaluating a polynomial in x at a given value of x can be formulated as an
+accumulation. We evaluate the polynomial
+
+using a well-known algorithm called Horner’s rule, which structures the computation as
+
+In other words, we start with a n , multiply by x, add a n-1 , multiply by x, and so on, until we reach
+a 0 . 16 Fill in the following template to produce a procedure that evaluates a polynomial using
+Horner’s rule. Assume that the coefficients of the polynomial are arranged in a sequence, from a 0
+through a n .
+(define (horner-eval x coefficient-sequence)
+(accumulate (lambda (this-coeff higher-terms) <??>)
+0
+coefficient-sequence))
+For example, to compute 1 + 3x + 5x 3 + x 5 at x = 2 you would evaluate
+(horner-eval 2 (list 1 3 0 5 0 1))
+Exercise 2.35. Redefine count-leaves from section 2.2.2 as an accumulation:
+(define (count-leaves t)
+(accumulate <??> <??> (map <??> <??>)))
+Exercise 2.36. The procedure accumulate-n is similar to accumulate except that it takes as its
+third argument a sequence of sequences, which are all assumed to have the same number of elements.
+It applies the designated accumulation procedure to combine all the first elements of the sequences, all
+the second elements of the sequences, and so on, and returns a sequence of the results. For instance, if
+
+\fs is a sequence containing four sequences, ((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9) (10 11 12)),
+then the value of (accumulate-n + 0 s) should be the sequence (22 26 30). Fill in the
+missing expressions in the following definition of accumulate-n:
+(define (accumulate-n op init seqs)
+(if (null? (car seqs))
+nil
+(cons (accumulate op init <??>)
+(accumulate-n op init <??>))))
+Exercise 2.37. Suppose we represent vectors v = (v i ) as sequences of numbers, and matrices m =
+(m ij ) as sequences of vectors (the rows of the matrix). For example, the matrix
+
+is represented as the sequence ((1 2 3 4) (4 5 6 6) (6 7 8 9)). With this representation,
+we can use sequence operations to concisely express the basic matrix and vector operations. These
+operations (which are described in any book on matrix algebra) are the following:
+
+We can define the dot product as 17
+(define (dot-product v w)
+(accumulate + 0 (map * v w)))
+Fill in the missing expressions in the following procedures for computing the other matrix operations.
+(The procedure accumulate-n is defined in exercise 2.36.)
+(define (matrix-*-vector m v)
+(map <??> m))
+(define (transpose mat)
+(accumulate-n <??> <??> mat))
+(define (matrix-*-matrix m n)
+(let ((cols (transpose n)))
+(map <??> m)))
+Exercise 2.38. The accumulate procedure is also known as fold-right, because it combines
+the first element of the sequence with the result of combining all the elements to the right. There is
+also a fold-left, which is similar to fold-right, except that it combines elements working in
+the opposite direction:
+
+\f(define (fold-left op initial sequence)
+(define (iter result rest)
+(if (null? rest)
+result
+(iter (op result (car rest))
+(cdr rest))))
+(iter initial sequence))
+What are the values of
+(fold-right / 1 (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-left / 1 (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-right list nil (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-left list nil (list 1 2 3))
+Give a property that op should satisfy to guarantee that fold-right and fold-left will produce
+the same values for any sequence.
+Exercise 2.39. Complete the following definitions of reverse (exercise 2.18) in terms of
+fold-right and fold-left from exercise 2.38:
+(define (reverse sequence)
+(fold-right (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+(define (reverse sequence)
+(fold-left (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+
+Nested Mappings
+We can extend the sequence paradigm to include many computations that are commonly expressed
+using nested loops. 18 Consider this problem: Given a positive integer n, find all ordered pairs of
+distinct positive integers i and j, where 1< j< i< n, such that i + j is prime. For example, if n is 6, then
+the pairs are the following:
+
+A natural way to organize this computation is to generate the sequence of all ordered pairs of positive
+integers less than or equal to n, filter to select those pairs whose sum is prime, and then, for each pair
+(i, j) that passes through the filter, produce the triple (i,j,i + j).
+Here is a way to generate the sequence of pairs: For each integer i< n, enumerate the integers j<i, and
+for each such i and j generate the pair (i,j). In terms of sequence operations, we map along the
+sequence (enumerate-interval 1 n). For each i in this sequence, we map along the sequence
+(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1)). For each j in this latter sequence, we generate the pair
+(list i j). This gives us a sequence of pairs for each i. Combining all the sequences for all the i
+(by accumulating with append) produces the required sequence of pairs: 19
+(accumulate append
+nil
+(map (lambda (i)
+(map (lambda (j) (list i j))
+
+\f(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 n)))
+The combination of mapping and accumulating with append is so common in this sort of program
+that we will isolate it as a separate procedure:
+(define (flatmap proc seq)
+(accumulate append nil (map proc seq)))
+Now filter this sequence of pairs to find those whose sum is prime. The filter predicate is called for
+each element of the sequence; its argument is a pair and it must extract the integers from the pair.
+Thus, the predicate to apply to each element in the sequence is
+(define (prime-sum? pair)
+(prime? (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+Finally, generate the sequence of results by mapping over the filtered pairs using the following
+procedure, which constructs a triple consisting of the two elements of the pair along with their sum:
+(define (make-pair-sum pair)
+(list (car pair) (cadr pair) (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+Combining all these steps yields the complete procedure:
+(define (prime-sum-pairs n)
+(map make-pair-sum
+(filter prime-sum?
+(flatmap
+(lambda (i)
+(map (lambda (j) (list i j))
+(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 n)))))
+Nested mappings are also useful for sequences other than those that enumerate intervals. Suppose we
+wish to generate all the permutations of a set S; that is, all the ways of ordering the items in the set. For
+instance, the permutations of {1,2,3} are {1,2,3}, { 1,3,2}, {2,1,3}, { 2,3,1}, { 3,1,2}, and { 3,2,1}.
+Here is a plan for generating the permutations of S: For each item x in S, recursively generate the
+sequence of permutations of S - x, 20 and adjoin x to the front of each one. This yields, for each x in S,
+the sequence of permutations of S that begin with x. Combining these sequences for all x gives all the
+permutations of S: 21
+(define (permutations s)
+(if (null? s)
+; empty set?
+(list nil)
+; sequence containing empty set
+(flatmap (lambda (x)
+(map (lambda (p) (cons x p))
+(permutations (remove x s))))
+s)))
+Notice how this strategy reduces the problem of generating permutations of S to the problem of
+generating the permutations of sets with fewer elements than S. In the terminal case, we work our way
+down to the empty list, which represents a set of no elements. For this, we generate (list nil),
+
+\fwhich is a sequence with one item, namely the set with no elements. The remove procedure used in
+permutations returns all the items in a given sequence except for a given item. This can be
+expressed as a simple filter:
+(define (remove item sequence)
+(filter (lambda (x) (not (= x item)))
+sequence))
+Exercise 2.40. Define a procedure unique-pairs that, given an integer n, generates the sequence
+of pairs (i,j) with 1< j< i< n. Use unique-pairs to simplify the definition of prime-sum-pairs
+given above.
+Exercise 2.41. Write a procedure to find all ordered triples of distinct positive integers i, j, and k less
+than or equal to a given integer n that sum to a given integer s.
+Exercise 2.42.
+
+Figure 2.8: A solution to the eight-queens puzzle.
+Figure 2.8: A solution to the eight-queens puzzle.
+The ‘‘eight-queens puzzle’’ asks how to place eight queens on a chessboard so that no queen is in
+check from any other (i.e., no two queens are in the same row, column, or diagonal). One possible
+solution is shown in figure 2.8. One way to solve the puzzle is to work across the board, placing a
+queen in each column. Once we have placed k - 1 queens, we must place the kth queen in a position
+where it does not check any of the queens already on the board. We can formulate this approach
+recursively: Assume that we have already generated the sequence of all possible ways to place k - 1
+queens in the first k - 1 columns of the board. For each of these ways, generate an extended set of
+positions by placing a queen in each row of the kth column. Now filter these, keeping only the
+positions for which the queen in the kth column is safe with respect to the other queens. This produces
+the sequence of all ways to place k queens in the first k columns. By continuing this process, we will
+produce not only one solution, but all solutions to the puzzle.
+
+\fWe implement this solution as a procedure queens, which returns a sequence of all solutions to the
+problem of placing n queens on an n× n chessboard. Queens has an internal procedure queen-cols
+that returns the sequence of all ways to place queens in the first k columns of the board.
+(define (queens board-size)
+(define (queen-cols k)
+(if (= k 0)
+(list empty-board)
+(filter
+(lambda (positions) (safe? k positions))
+(flatmap
+(lambda (rest-of-queens)
+(map (lambda (new-row)
+(adjoin-position new-row k rest-of-queens))
+(enumerate-interval 1 board-size)))
+(queen-cols (- k 1))))))
+(queen-cols board-size))
+In this procedure rest-of-queens is a way to place k - 1 queens in the first k - 1 columns, and
+new-row is a proposed row in which to place the queen for the kth column. Complete the program by
+implementing the representation for sets of board positions, including the procedure
+adjoin-position, which adjoins a new row-column position to a set of positions, and
+empty-board, which represents an empty set of positions. You must also write the procedure
+safe?, which determines for a set of positions, whether the queen in the kth column is safe with
+respect to the others. (Note that we need only check whether the new queen is safe -- the other queens
+are already guaranteed safe with respect to each other.)
+Exercise 2.43. Louis Reasoner is having a terrible time doing exercise 2.42. His queens procedure
+seems to work, but it runs extremely slowly. (Louis never does manage to wait long enough for it to
+solve even the 6× 6 case.) When Louis asks Eva Lu Ator for help, she points out that he has
+interchanged the order of the nested mappings in the flatmap, writing it as
+(flatmap
+(lambda (new-row)
+(map (lambda (rest-of-queens)
+(adjoin-position new-row k rest-of-queens))
+(queen-cols (- k 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 board-size))
+Explain why this interchange makes the program run slowly. Estimate how long it will take Louis’s
+program to solve the eight-queens puzzle, assuming that the program in exercise 2.42 solves the puzzle
+in time T.
+
+2.2.4 Example: A Picture Language
+This section presents a simple language for drawing pictures that illustrates the power of data
+abstraction and closure, and also exploits higher-order procedures in an essential way. The language is
+designed to make it easy to experiment with patterns such as the ones in figure 2.9, which are
+composed of repeated elements that are shifted and scaled. 22 In this language, the data objects being
+combined are represented as procedures rather than as list structure. Just as cons, which satisfies the
+closure property, allowed us to easily build arbitrarily complicated list structure, the operations in this
+
+\flanguage, which also satisfy the closure property, allow us to easily build arbitrarily complicated
+patterns.
+
+Figure 2.9: Designs generated with the picture language.
+Figure 2.9: Designs generated with the picture language.
+
+The picture language
+When we began our study of programming in section 1.1, we emphasized the importance of describing
+a language by focusing on the language’s primitives, its means of combination, and its means of
+abstraction. We’ll follow that framework here.
+Part of the elegance of this picture language is that there is only one kind of element, called a painter.
+A painter draws an image that is shifted and scaled to fit within a designated parallelogram-shaped
+frame. For example, there’s a primitive painter we’ll call wave that makes a crude line drawing, as
+shown in figure 2.10. The actual shape of the drawing depends on the frame -- all four images in
+figure 2.10 are produced by the same wave painter, but with respect to four different frames. Painters
+can be more elaborate than this: The primitive painter called rogers paints a picture of MIT’s
+founder, William Barton Rogers, as shown in figure 2.11. 23 The four images in figure 2.11 are drawn
+with respect to the same four frames as the wave images in figure 2.10.
+To combine images, we use various operations that construct new painters from given painters. For
+example, the beside operation takes two painters and produces a new, compound painter that draws
+the first painter’s image in the left half of the frame and the second painter’s image in the right half of
+the frame. Similarly, below takes two painters and produces a compound painter that draws the first
+painter’s image below the second painter’s image. Some operations transform a single painter to
+produce a new painter. For example, flip-vert takes a painter and produces a painter that draws its
+image upside-down, and flip-horiz produces a painter that draws the original painter’s image
+left-to-right reversed.
+
+\fFigure 2.10: Images produced by the wave painter, with respect to four different frames. The
+frames, shown with dotted lines, are not part of the images.
+Figure 2.10: Images produced by the wave painter, with respect to four different frames. The frames,
+shown with dotted lines, are not part of the images.
+
+\fFigure 2.11: Images of William Barton Rogers, founder and first president of MIT, painted with
+respect to the same four frames as in figure 2.10 (original image reprinted with the permission of
+the MIT Museum).
+Figure 2.11: Images of William Barton Rogers, founder and first president of MIT, painted with
+respect to the same four frames as in figure 2.10 (original image reprinted with the permission of the
+MIT Museum).
+Figure 2.12 shows the drawing of a painter called wave4 that is built up in two stages starting from
+wave:
+(define wave2 (beside wave (flip-vert wave)))
+(define wave4 (below wave2 wave2))
+
+\f(define wave2
+(beside wave (flip-vert wave)))
+
+(define wave4
+(below wave2 wave2))
+
+Figure 2.12: Creating a complex figure, starting from the wave painter of figure 2.10.
+Figure 2.12: Creating a complex figure, starting from the wave painter of figure 2.10.
+In building up a complex image in this manner we are exploiting the fact that painters are closed under
+the language’s means of combination. The beside or below of two painters is itself a painter;
+therefore, we can use it as an element in making more complex painters. As with building up list
+structure using cons, the closure of our data under the means of combination is crucial to the ability
+to create complex structures while using only a few operations.
+Once we can combine painters, we would like to be able to abstract typical patterns of combining
+painters. We will implement the painter operations as Scheme procedures. This means that we don’t
+need a special abstraction mechanism in the picture language: Since the means of combination are
+ordinary Scheme procedures, we automatically have the capability to do anything with painter
+operations that we can do with procedures. For example, we can abstract the pattern in wave4 as
+(define (flipped-pairs painter)
+(let ((painter2 (beside painter (flip-vert painter))))
+(below painter2 painter2)))
+and define wave4 as an instance of this pattern:
+(define wave4 (flipped-pairs wave))
+We can also define recursive operations. Here’s one that makes painters split and branch towards the
+right as shown in figures 2.13 and 2.14:
+(define (right-split painter n)
+(if (= n 0)
+painter
+(let ((smaller (right-split painter (- n 1))))
+(beside painter (below smaller smaller)))))
+
+\fright-split n
+
+corner-split n
+
+Figure 2.13: Recursive plans for right-split and corner-split.
+Figure 2.13: Recursive plans for right-split and corner-split.
+We can produce balanced patterns by branching upwards as well as towards the right (see
+exercise 2.44 and figures 2.13 and 2.14):
+(define (corner-split painter n)
+(if (= n 0)
+painter
+(let ((up (up-split painter (- n 1)))
+(right (right-split painter (- n 1))))
+(let ((top-left (beside up up))
+(bottom-right (below right right))
+(corner (corner-split painter (- n 1))))
+(beside (below painter top-left)
+(below bottom-right corner))))))
+
+\f(right-split wave 4)
+
+(corner-split wave 4)
+
+(right-split rogers 4)
+
+(corner-split rogers 4)
+
+Figure 2.14: The recursive operations right-split and corner-split applied to the
+painters wave and rogers. Combining four corner-split figures produces symmetric
+square-limit designs as shown in figure 2.9.
+Figure 2.14: The recursive operations right-split and corner-split applied to the painters
+wave and rogers. Combining four corner-split figures produces symmetric square-limit
+designs as shown in figure 2.9.
+By placing four copies of a corner-split appropriately, we obtain a pattern called
+square-limit, whose application to wave and rogers is shown in figure 2.9:
+(define (square-limit painter n)
+(let ((quarter (corner-split painter n)))
+(let ((half (beside (flip-horiz quarter) quarter)))
+(below (flip-vert half) half))))
+Exercise 2.44. Define the procedure up-split used by corner-split. It is similar to
+right-split, except that it switches the roles of below and beside.
+
+\fHigher-order operations
+In addition to abstracting patterns of combining painters, we can work at a higher level, abstracting
+patterns of combining painter operations. That is, we can view the painter operations as elements to
+manipulate and can write means of combination for these elements -- procedures that take painter
+operations as arguments and create new painter operations.
+For example, flipped-pairs and square-limit each arrange four copies of a painter’s image
+in a square pattern; they differ only in how they orient the copies. One way to abstract this pattern of
+painter combination is with the following procedure, which takes four one-argument painter operations
+and produces a painter operation that transforms a given painter with those four operations and
+arranges the results in a square. Tl, tr, bl, and br are the transformations to apply to the top left
+copy, the top right copy, the bottom left copy, and the bottom right copy, respectively.
+(define (square-of-four tl tr bl br)
+(lambda (painter)
+(let ((top (beside (tl painter) (tr painter)))
+(bottom (beside (bl painter) (br painter))))
+(below bottom top))))
+Then flipped-pairs can be defined in terms of square-of-four as follows: 24
+(define (flipped-pairs painter)
+(let ((combine4 (square-of-four identity flip-vert
+identity flip-vert)))
+(combine4 painter)))
+and square-limit can be expressed as 25
+(define (square-limit painter n)
+(let ((combine4 (square-of-four flip-horiz identity
+rotate180 flip-vert)))
+(combine4 (corner-split painter n))))
+Exercise 2.45. Right-split and up-split can be expressed as instances of a general splitting
+operation. Define a procedure split with the property that evaluating
+(define right-split (split beside below))
+(define up-split (split below beside))
+produces procedures right-split and up-split with the same behaviors as the ones already
+defined.
+
+Frames
+Before we can show how to implement painters and their means of combination, we must first
+consider frames. A frame can be described by three vectors -- an origin vector and two edge vectors.
+The origin vector specifies the offset of the frame’s origin from some absolute origin in the plane, and
+the edge vectors specify the offsets of the frame’s corners from its origin. If the edges are
+perpendicular, the frame will be rectangular. Otherwise the frame will be a more general
+parallelogram.
+
+\fFigure 2.15 shows a frame and its associated vectors. In accordance with data abstraction, we need not
+be specific yet about how frames are represented, other than to say that there is a constructor
+make-frame, which takes three vectors and produces a frame, and three corresponding selectors
+origin-frame, edge1-frame, and edge2-frame (see exercise 2.47).
+
+Figure 2.15: A frame is described by three vectors -- an origin and two edges.
+Figure 2.15: A frame is described by three vectors -- an origin and two edges.
+We will use coordinates in the unit square (0< x,y< 1) to specify images. With each frame, we
+associate a frame coordinate map, which will be used to shift and scale images to fit the frame. The
+map transforms the unit square into the frame by mapping the vector v = (x,y) to the vector sum
+
+For example, (0,0) is mapped to the origin of the frame, (1,1) to the vertex diagonally opposite the
+origin, and (0.5,0.5) to the center of the frame. We can create a frame’s coordinate map with the
+following procedure: 26
+(define (frame-coord-map frame)
+(lambda (v)
+(add-vect
+(origin-frame frame)
+(add-vect (scale-vect (xcor-vect v)
+(edge1-frame frame))
+(scale-vect (ycor-vect v)
+(edge2-frame frame))))))
+Observe that applying frame-coord-map to a frame returns a procedure that, given a vector,
+returns a vector. If the argument vector is in the unit square, the result vector will be in the frame. For
+example,
+((frame-coord-map a-frame) (make-vect 0 0))
+
+\freturns the same vector as
+(origin-frame a-frame)
+Exercise 2.46. A two-dimensional vector v running from the origin to a point can be represented as a
+pair consisting of an x-coordinate and a y-coordinate. Implement a data abstraction for vectors by
+giving a constructor make-vect and corresponding selectors xcor-vect and ycor-vect. In
+terms of your selectors and constructor, implement procedures add-vect, sub-vect, and
+scale-vect that perform the operations vector addition, vector subtraction, and multiplying a
+vector by a scalar:
+
+Exercise 2.47. Here are two possible constructors for frames:
+(define
+(list
+(define
+(cons
+
+(make-frame origin edge1 edge2)
+origin edge1 edge2))
+(make-frame origin edge1 edge2)
+origin (cons edge1 edge2)))
+
+For each constructor supply the appropriate selectors to produce an implementation for frames.
+
+Painters
+A painter is represented as a procedure that, given a frame as argument, draws a particular image
+shifted and scaled to fit the frame. That is to say, if p is a painter and f is a frame, then we produce p’s
+image in f by calling p with f as argument.
+The details of how primitive painters are implemented depend on the particular characteristics of the
+graphics system and the type of image to be drawn. For instance, suppose we have a procedure
+draw-line that draws a line on the screen between two specified points. Then we can create
+painters for line drawings, such as the wave painter in figure 2.10, from lists of line segments as
+follows: 27
+(define (segments->painter segment-list)
+(lambda (frame)
+(for-each
+(lambda (segment)
+(draw-line
+((frame-coord-map frame) (start-segment segment))
+((frame-coord-map frame) (end-segment segment))))
+segment-list)))
+The segments are given using coordinates with respect to the unit square. For each segment in the list,
+the painter transforms the segment endpoints with the frame coordinate map and draws a line between
+the transformed points.
+
+\fRepresenting painters as procedures erects a powerful abstraction barrier in the picture language. We
+can create and intermix all sorts of primitive painters, based on a variety of graphics capabilities. The
+details of their implementation do not matter. Any procedure can serve as a painter, provided that it
+takes a frame as argument and draws something scaled to fit the frame. 28
+Exercise 2.48. A directed line segment in the plane can be represented as a pair of vectors -- the
+vector running from the origin to the start-point of the segment, and the vector running from the origin
+to the end-point of the segment. Use your vector representation from exercise 2.46 to define a
+representation for segments with a constructor make-segment and selectors start-segment and
+end-segment.
+Exercise 2.49. Use segments->painter to define the following primitive painters:
+a. The painter that draws the outline of the designated frame.
+b. The painter that draws an ‘‘X’’ by connecting opposite corners of the frame.
+c. The painter that draws a diamond shape by connecting the midpoints of the sides of the frame.
+d. The wave painter.
+
+Transforming and combining painters
+An operation on painters (such as flip-vert or beside) works by creating a painter that invokes
+the original painters with respect to frames derived from the argument frame. Thus, for example,
+flip-vert doesn’t have to know how a painter works in order to flip it -- it just has to know how to
+turn a frame upside down: The flipped painter just uses the original painter, but in the inverted frame.
+Painter operations are based on the procedure transform-painter, which takes as arguments a
+painter and information on how to transform a frame and produces a new painter. The transformed
+painter, when called on a frame, transforms the frame and calls the original painter on the transformed
+frame. The arguments to transform-painter are points (represented as vectors) that specify the
+corners of the new frame: When mapped into the frame, the first point specifies the new frame’s origin
+and the other two specify the ends of its edge vectors. Thus, arguments within the unit square specify a
+frame contained within the original frame.
+(define (transform-painter painter origin corner1 corner2)
+(lambda (frame)
+(let ((m (frame-coord-map frame)))
+(let ((new-origin (m origin)))
+(painter
+(make-frame new-origin
+(sub-vect (m corner1) new-origin)
+(sub-vect (m corner2) new-origin)))))))
+Here’s how to flip painter images vertically:
+(define (flip-vert painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.0 1.0)
+; new origin
+(make-vect 1.0 1.0)
+; new end of edge1
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0))) ; new end of edge2
+
+\fUsing transform-painter, we can easily define new transformations. For example, we can
+define a painter that shrinks its image to the upper-right quarter of the frame it is given:
+(define (shrink-to-upper-right painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.5 0.5)
+(make-vect 1.0 0.5)
+(make-vect 0.5 1.0)))
+Other transformations rotate images counterclockwise by 90 degrees 29
+(define (rotate90 painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 1.0 0.0)
+(make-vect 1.0 1.0)
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0)))
+or squash images towards the center of the frame: 30
+(define (squash-inwards painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0)
+(make-vect 0.65 0.35)
+(make-vect 0.35 0.65)))
+Frame transformation is also the key to defining means of combining two or more painters. The
+beside procedure, for example, takes two painters, transforms them to paint in the left and right
+halves of an argument frame respectively, and produces a new, compound painter. When the
+compound painter is given a frame, it calls the first transformed painter to paint in the left half of the
+frame and calls the second transformed painter to paint in the right half of the frame:
+(define (beside painter1 painter2)
+(let ((split-point (make-vect 0.5 0.0)))
+(let ((paint-left
+(transform-painter painter1
+(make-vect 0.0
+split-point
+(make-vect 0.0
+(paint-right
+(transform-painter painter2
+split-point
+(make-vect 1.0
+(make-vect 0.5
+(lambda (frame)
+(paint-left frame)
+(paint-right frame)))))
+
+0.0)
+1.0)))
+
+0.0)
+1.0))))
+
+Observe how the painter data abstraction, and in particular the representation of painters as procedures,
+makes beside easy to implement. The beside procedure need not know anything about the details
+of the component painters other than that each painter will draw something in its designated frame.
+
+\fExercise 2.50. Define the transformation flip-horiz, which flips painters horizontally, and
+transformations that rotate painters counterclockwise by 180 degrees and 270 degrees.
+Exercise 2.51. Define the below operation for painters. Below takes two painters as arguments. The
+resulting painter, given a frame, draws with the first painter in the bottom of the frame and with the
+second painter in the top. Define below in two different ways -- first by writing a procedure that is
+analogous to the beside procedure given above, and again in terms of beside and suitable rotation
+operations (from exercise 2.50).
+
+Levels of language for robust design
+The picture language exercises some of the critical ideas we’ve introduced about abstraction with
+procedures and data. The fundamental data abstractions, painters, are implemented using procedural
+representations, which enables the language to handle different basic drawing capabilities in a uniform
+way. The means of combination satisfy the closure property, which permits us to easily build up
+complex designs. Finally, all the tools for abstracting procedures are available to us for abstracting
+means of combination for painters.
+We have also obtained a glimpse of another crucial idea about languages and program design. This is
+the approach of stratified design, the notion that a complex system should be structured as a sequence
+of levels that are described using a sequence of languages. Each level is constructed by combining
+parts that are regarded as primitive at that level, and the parts constructed at each level are used as
+primitives at the next level. The language used at each level of a stratified design has primitives,
+means of combination, and means of abstraction appropriate to that level of detail.
+Stratified design pervades the engineering of complex systems. For example, in computer engineering,
+resistors and transistors are combined (and described using a language of analog circuits) to produce
+parts such as and-gates and or-gates, which form the primitives of a language for digital-circuit
+design. 31 These parts are combined to build processors, bus structures, and memory systems, which
+are in turn combined to form computers, using languages appropriate to computer architecture.
+Computers are combined to form distributed systems, using languages appropriate for describing
+network interconnections, and so on.
+As a tiny example of stratification, our picture language uses primitive elements (primitive painters)
+that are created using a language that specifies points and lines to provide the lists of line segments for
+segments->painter, or the shading details for a painter like rogers. The bulk of our
+description of the picture language focused on combining these primitives, using geometric combiners
+such as beside and below. We also worked at a higher level, regarding beside and below as
+primitives to be manipulated in a language whose operations, such as square-of-four, capture
+common patterns of combining geometric combiners.
+Stratified design helps make programs robust, that is, it makes it likely that small changes in a
+specification will require correspondingly small changes in the program. For instance, suppose we
+wanted to change the image based on wave shown in figure 2.9. We could work at the lowest level to
+change the detailed appearance of the wave element; we could work at the middle level to change the
+way corner-split replicates the wave; we could work at the highest level to change how
+square-limit arranges the four copies of the corner. In general, each level of a stratified design
+provides a different vocabulary for expressing the characteristics of the system, and a different kind of
+ability to change it.
+
+\fExercise 2.52. Make changes to the square limit of wave shown in figure 2.9 by working at each of
+the levels described above. In particular:
+a. Add some segments to the primitive wave painter of exercise 2.49 (to add a smile, for example).
+b. Change the pattern constructed by corner-split (for example, by using only one copy of the
+up-split and right-split images instead of two).
+c. Modify the version of square-limit that uses square-of-four so as to assemble the
+corners in a different pattern. (For example, you might make the big Mr. Rogers look outward from
+each corner of the square.)
+6 The use of the word ‘‘closure’’ here comes from abstract algebra, where a set of elements is said to
+
+be closed under an operation if applying the operation to elements in the set produces an element that
+is again an element of the set. The Lisp community also (unfortunately) uses the word ‘‘closure’’ to
+describe a totally unrelated concept: A closure is an implementation technique for representing
+procedures with free variables. We do not use the word ‘‘closure’’ in this second sense in this book.
+7 The notion that a means of combination should satisfy closure is a straightforward idea.
+
+Unfortunately, the data combiners provided in many popular programming languages do not satisfy
+closure, or make closure cumbersome to exploit. In Fortran or Basic, one typically combines data
+elements by assembling them into arrays -- but one cannot form arrays whose elements are themselves
+arrays. Pascal and C admit structures whose elements are structures. However, this requires that the
+programmer manipulate pointers explicitly, and adhere to the restriction that each field of a structure
+can contain only elements of a prespecified form. Unlike Lisp with its pairs, these languages have no
+built-in general-purpose glue that makes it easy to manipulate compound data in a uniform way. This
+limitation lies behind Alan Perlis’s comment in his foreword to this book: ‘‘In Pascal the plethora of
+declarable data structures induces a specialization within functions that inhibits and penalizes casual
+cooperation. It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure than to have 10 functions
+operate on 10 data structures.’’
+8 In this book, we use list to mean a chain of pairs terminated by the end-of-list marker. In contrast,
+
+the term list structure refers to any data structure made out of pairs, not just to lists.
+9 Since nested applications of car and cdr are cumbersome to write, Lisp dialects provide
+
+abbreviations for them -- for instance,
+
+The names of all such procedures start with c and end with r. Each a between them stands for a car
+operation and each d for a cdr operation, to be applied in the same order in which they appear in the
+name. The names car and cdr persist because simple combinations like cadr are pronounceable.
+10 It’s remarkable how much energy in the standardization of Lisp dialects has been dissipated in
+
+arguments that are literally over nothing: Should nil be an ordinary name? Should the value of nil
+be a symbol? Should it be a list? Should it be a pair? In Scheme, nil is an ordinary name, which we
+use in this section as a variable whose value is the end-of-list marker (just as true is an ordinary
+variable that has a true value). Other dialects of Lisp, including Common Lisp, treat nil as a special
+symbol. The authors of this book, who have endured too many language standardization brawls, would
+like to avoid the entire issue. Once we have introduced quotation in section 2.3, we will denote the
+empty list as ’() and dispense with the variable nil entirely.
+
+\f11 To define f and g using lambda we would write
+
+(define f (lambda (x y . z) <body>))
+(define g (lambda w <body>))
+12 Scheme standardly provides a map procedure that is more general than the one described here. This
+
+more general map takes a procedure of n arguments, together with n lists, and applies the procedure to
+all the first elements of the lists, all the second elements of the lists, and so on, returning a list of the
+results. For example:
+(map + (list 1 2 3) (list 40 50 60) (list 700 800 900))
+(741 852 963)
+(map (lambda (x y) (+ x (* 2 y)))
+(list 1 2 3)
+(list 4 5 6))
+(9 12 15)
+13 The order of the first two clauses in the cond matters, since the empty list satisfies null? and
+
+also is not a pair.
+14 This is, in fact, precisely the fringe procedure from exercise 2.28. Here we’ve renamed it to
+
+emphasize that it is part of a family of general sequence-manipulation procedures.
+15 Richard Waters (1979) developed a program that automatically analyzes traditional Fortran
+
+programs, viewing them in terms of maps, filters, and accumulations. He found that fully 90 percent of
+the code in the Fortran Scientific Subroutine Package fits neatly into this paradigm. One of the reasons
+for the success of Lisp as a programming language is that lists provide a standard medium for
+expressing ordered collections so that they can be manipulated using higher-order operations. The
+programming language APL owes much of its power and appeal to a similar choice. In APL all data
+are represented as arrays, and there is a universal and convenient set of generic operators for all sorts
+of array operations.
+16 According to Knuth (1981), this rule was formulated by W. G. Horner early in the nineteenth
+
+century, but the method was actually used by Newton over a hundred years earlier. Horner’s rule
+evaluates the polynomial using fewer additions and multiplications than does the straightforward
+method of first computing a n x n , then adding a n-1 x n-1 , and so on. In fact, it is possible to prove that
+any algorithm for evaluating arbitrary polynomials must use at least as many additions and
+multiplications as does Horner’s rule, and thus Horner’s rule is an optimal algorithm for polynomial
+evaluation. This was proved (for the number of additions) by A. M. Ostrowski in a 1954 paper that
+essentially founded the modern study of optimal algorithms. The analogous statement for
+multiplications was proved by V. Y. Pan in 1966. The book by Borodin and Munro (1975) provides an
+overview of these and other results about optimal algorithms.
+17 This definition uses the extended version of map described in footnote 12.
+18 This approach to nested mappings was shown to us by David Turner, whose languages KRC and
+
+Miranda provide elegant formalisms for dealing with these constructs. The examples in this section
+(see also exercise 2.42) are adapted from Turner 1981. In section 3.5.3, we’ll see how this approach
+generalizes to infinite sequences.
+
+\f19 We’re representing a pair here as a list of two elements rather than as a Lisp pair. Thus, the ‘‘pair’’
+
+(i,j) is represented as (list i j), not (cons i j).
+20 The set S - x is the set of all elements of S, excluding x.
+21 Semicolons in Scheme code are used to introduce comments. Everything from the semicolon to the
+
+end of the line is ignored by the interpreter. In this book we don’t use many comments; we try to make
+our programs self-documenting by using descriptive names.
+22 The picture language is based on the language Peter Henderson created to construct images like
+
+M.C. Escher’s ‘‘Square Limit’’ woodcut (see Henderson 1982). The woodcut incorporates a repeated
+scaled pattern, similar to the arrangements drawn using the square-limit procedure in this
+section.
+23 William Barton Rogers (1804-1882) was the founder and first president of MIT. A geologist and
+
+talented teacher, he taught at William and Mary College and at the University of Virginia. In 1859 he
+moved to Boston, where he had more time for research, worked on a plan for establishing a
+‘‘polytechnic institute,’’ and served as Massachusetts’s first State Inspector of Gas Meters.
+When MIT was established in 1861, Rogers was elected its first president. Rogers espoused an ideal of
+‘‘useful learning’’ that was different from the university education of the time, with its overemphasis
+on the classics, which, as he wrote, ‘‘stand in the way of the broader, higher and more practical
+instruction and discipline of the natural and social sciences.’’ This education was likewise to be
+different from narrow trade-school education. In Rogers’s words:
+The world-enforced distinction between the practical and the scientific worker is utterly futile,
+and the whole experience of modern times has demonstrated its utter worthlessness.
+Rogers served as president of MIT until 1870, when he resigned due to ill health. In 1878 the second
+president of MIT, John Runkle, resigned under the pressure of a financial crisis brought on by the
+Panic of 1873 and strain of fighting off attempts by Harvard to take over MIT. Rogers returned to hold
+the office of president until 1881.
+Rogers collapsed and died while addressing MIT’s graduating class at the commencement exercises of
+1882. Runkle quoted Rogers’s last words in a memorial address delivered that same year:
+‘‘As I stand here today and see what the Institute is, ... I call to mind the beginnings of science.
+I remember one hundred and fifty years ago Stephen Hales published a pamphlet on the subject of
+illuminating gas, in which he stated that his researches had demonstrated that 128 grains of
+bituminous coal -- ’’
+‘‘Bituminous coal,’’ these were his last words on earth. Here he bent forward, as if consulting
+some notes on the table before him, then slowly regaining an erect position, threw up his hands,
+and was translated from the scene of his earthly labors and triumphs to ‘‘the tomorrow of death,’’
+where the mysteries of life are solved, and the disembodied spirit finds unending satisfaction in
+contemplating the new and still unfathomable mysteries of the infinite future.
+In the words of Francis A. Walker (MIT’s third president):
+All his life he had borne himself most faithfully and heroically, and he died as so good a knight
+would surely have wished, in harness, at his post, and in the very part and act of public duty.
+
+\f24 Equivalently, we could write
+
+(define flipped-pairs
+(square-of-four identity flip-vert identity flip-vert))
+25 Rotate180 rotates a painter by 180 degrees (see exercise 2.50). Instead of rotate180 we
+
+could say (compose flip-vert flip-horiz), using the compose procedure from
+exercise 1.42.
+26 Frame-coord-map uses the vector operations described in exercise 2.46 below, which we
+
+assume have been implemented using some representation for vectors. Because of data abstraction, it
+doesn’t matter what this vector representation is, so long as the vector operations behave correctly.
+27 Segments->painter uses the representation for line segments described in exercise 2.48
+
+below. It also uses the for-each procedure described in exercise 2.23.
+28 For example, the rogers painter of figure 2.11 was constructed from a gray-level image. For each
+
+point in a given frame, the rogers painter determines the point in the image that is mapped to it
+under the frame coordinate map, and shades it accordingly. By allowing different types of painters, we
+are capitalizing on the abstract data idea discussed in section 2.1.3, where we argued that a
+rational-number representation could be anything at all that satisfies an appropriate condition. Here
+we’re using the fact that a painter can be implemented in any way at all, so long as it draws something
+in the designated frame. Section 2.1.3 also showed how pairs could be implemented as procedures.
+Painters are our second example of a procedural representation for data.
+29 Rotate90 is a pure rotation only for square frames, because it also stretches and shrinks the
+
+image to fit into the rotated frame.
+30 The diamond-shaped images in figures 2.10 and 2.11 were created with squash-inwards
+
+applied to wave and rogers.
+31 Section 3.3.4 describes one such language.
+
+
+
+\f
+
+2.3 Symbolic Data
+All the compound data objects we have used so far were constructed ultimately from numbers. In this
+section we extend the representational capability of our language by introducing the ability to work
+with arbitrary symbols as data.
+
+2.3.1 Quotation
+If we can form compound data using symbols, we can have lists such as
+(a b c d)
+(23 45 17)
+((Norah 12) (Molly 9) (Anna 7) (Lauren 6) (Charlotte 4))
+Lists containing symbols can look just like the expressions of our language:
+(* (+ 23 45) (+ x 9))
+(define (fact n) (if (= n 1) 1 (* n (fact (- n 1)))))
+In order to manipulate symbols we need a new element in our language: the ability to quote a data
+object. Suppose we want to construct the list (a b). We can’t accomplish this with (list a b),
+because this expression constructs a list of the values of a and b rather than the symbols themselves.
+This issue is well known in the context of natural languages, where words and sentences may be
+regarded either as semantic entities or as character strings (syntactic entities). The common practice in
+natural languages is to use quotation marks to indicate that a word or a sentence is to be treated
+literally as a string of characters. For instance, the first letter of ‘‘John’’ is clearly ‘‘J.’’ If we tell
+somebody ‘‘say your name aloud,’’ we expect to hear that person’s name. However, if we tell
+somebody ‘‘say ‘your name’ aloud,’’ we expect to hear the words ‘‘your name.’’ Note that we are
+forced to nest quotation marks to describe what somebody else might say. 32
+We can follow this same practice to identify lists and symbols that are to be treated as data objects
+rather than as expressions to be evaluated. However, our format for quoting differs from that of natural
+languages in that we place a quotation mark (traditionally, the single quote symbol ’) only at the
+beginning of the object to be quoted. We can get away with this in Scheme syntax because we rely on
+blanks and parentheses to delimit objects. Thus, the meaning of the single quote character is to quote
+the next object. 33
+Now we can distinguish between symbols and their values:
+(define a 1)
+(define b 2)
+(list a b)
+(1 2)
+(list ’a ’b)
+(a b)
+(list ’a b)
+(a 2)
+
+\fQuotation also allows us to type in compound objects, using the conventional printed representation
+for lists: 34
+(car ’(a b c))
+a
+(cdr ’(a b c))
+(b c)
+In keeping with this, we can obtain the empty list by evaluating ’(), and thus dispense with the
+variable nil.
+One additional primitive used in manipulating symbols is eq?, which takes two symbols as arguments
+and tests whether they are the same. 35 Using eq?, we can implement a useful procedure called memq.
+This takes two arguments, a symbol and a list. If the symbol is not contained in the list (i.e., is not eq?
+to any item in the list), then memq returns false. Otherwise, it returns the sublist of the list beginning
+with the first occurrence of the symbol:
+(define (memq item x)
+(cond ((null? x) false)
+((eq? item (car x)) x)
+(else (memq item (cdr x)))))
+For example, the value of
+(memq ’apple ’(pear banana prune))
+is false, whereas the value of
+(memq ’apple ’(x (apple sauce) y apple pear))
+is (apple pear).
+Exercise 2.53. What would the interpreter print in response to evaluating each of the following
+expressions?
+(list ’a ’b ’c)
+(list (list ’george))
+(cdr ’((x1 x2) (y1 y2)))
+(cadr ’((x1 x2) (y1 y2)))
+(pair? (car ’(a short list)))
+(memq ’red ’((red shoes) (blue socks)))
+(memq ’red ’(red shoes blue socks))
+Exercise 2.54. Two lists are said to be equal? if they contain equal elements arranged in the same
+order. For example,
+(equal? ’(this is a list) ’(this is a list))
+is true, but
+(equal? ’(this is a list) ’(this (is a) list))
+
+\fis false. To be more precise, we can define equal? recursively in terms of the basic eq? equality of
+symbols by saying that a and b are equal? if they are both symbols and the symbols are eq?, or if
+they are both lists such that (car a) is equal? to (car b) and (cdr a) is equal? to (cdr
+b). Using this idea, implement equal? as a procedure. 36
+Exercise 2.55. Eva Lu Ator types to the interpreter the expression
+(car ’’abracadabra)
+To her surprise, the interpreter prints back quote. Explain.
+
+2.3.2 Example: Symbolic Differentiation
+As an illustration of symbol manipulation and a further illustration of data abstraction, consider the
+design of a procedure that performs symbolic differentiation of algebraic expressions. We would like
+the procedure to take as arguments an algebraic expression and a variable and to return the derivative
+of the expression with respect to the variable. For example, if the arguments to the procedure are ax 2
++ bx + c and x, the procedure should return 2ax + b. Symbolic differentiation is of special historical
+significance in Lisp. It was one of the motivating examples behind the development of a computer
+language for symbol manipulation. Furthermore, it marked the beginning of the line of research that
+led to the development of powerful systems for symbolic mathematical work, which are currently
+being used by a growing number of applied mathematicians and physicists.
+In developing the symbolic-differentiation program, we will follow the same strategy of data
+abstraction that we followed in developing the rational-number system of section 2.1.1. That is, we
+will first define a differentiation algorithm that operates on abstract objects such as ‘‘sums,’’
+‘‘products,’’ and ‘‘variables’’ without worrying about how these are to be represented. Only afterward
+will we address the representation problem.
+
+The differentiation program with abstract data
+In order to keep things simple, we will consider a very simple symbolic-differentiation program that
+handles expressions that are built up using only the operations of addition and multiplication with two
+arguments. Differentiation of any such expression can be carried out by applying the following
+reduction rules:
+
+Observe that the latter two rules are recursive in nature. That is, to obtain the derivative of a sum we
+first find the derivatives of the terms and add them. Each of the terms may in turn be an expression
+that needs to be decomposed. Decomposing into smaller and smaller pieces will eventually produce
+pieces that are either constants or variables, whose derivatives will be either 0 or 1.
+
+\fTo embody these rules in a procedure we indulge in a little wishful thinking, as we did in designing
+the rational-number implementation. If we had a means for representing algebraic expressions, we
+should be able to tell whether an expression is a sum, a product, a constant, or a variable. We should
+be able to extract the parts of an expression. For a sum, for example we want to be able to extract the
+addend (first term) and the augend (second term). We should also be able to construct expressions
+from parts. Let us assume that we already have procedures to implement the following selectors,
+constructors, and predicates:
+(variable? e)
+
+Is e a variable?
+
+(same-variable? v1 v2)
+
+Are v1 and v2 the same variable?
+
+(sum? e)
+
+Is e a sum?
+
+(addend e)
+
+Addend of the sum e.
+
+(augend e)
+
+Augend of the sum e.
+
+(make-sum a1 a2)
+
+Construct the sum of a1 and a2.
+
+(product? e)
+
+Is e a product?
+
+(multiplier e)
+
+Multiplier of the product e.
+
+(multiplicand e)
+
+Multiplicand of the product e.
+
+(make-product m1 m2)
+
+Construct the product of m1 and m2.
+
+Using these, and the primitive predicate number?, which identifies numbers, we can express the
+differentiation rules as the following procedure:
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp)
+(if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+((sum? exp)
+(make-sum (deriv (addend exp) var)
+(deriv (augend exp) var)))
+((product? exp)
+(make-sum
+(make-product (multiplier exp)
+(deriv (multiplicand exp) var))
+(make-product (deriv (multiplier exp) var)
+(multiplicand exp))))
+(else
+(error "unknown expression type -- DERIV" exp))))
+This deriv procedure incorporates the complete differentiation algorithm. Since it is expressed in
+terms of abstract data, it will work no matter how we choose to represent algebraic expressions, as
+long as we design a proper set of selectors and constructors. This is the issue we must address next.
+
+\fRepresenting algebraic expressions
+We can imagine many ways to use list structure to represent algebraic expressions. For example, we
+could use lists of symbols that mirror the usual algebraic notation, representing ax + b as the list (a *
+x + b). However, one especially straightforward choice is to use the same parenthesized prefix
+notation that Lisp uses for combinations; that is, to represent ax + b as (+ (* a x) b). Then our
+data representation for the differentiation problem is as follows:
+The variables are symbols. They are identified by the primitive predicate symbol?:
+(define (variable? x) (symbol? x))
+Two variables are the same if the symbols representing them are eq?:
+(define (same-variable? v1 v2)
+(and (variable? v1) (variable? v2) (eq? v1 v2)))
+Sums and products are constructed as lists:
+(define (make-sum a1 a2) (list ’+ a1 a2))
+(define (make-product m1 m2) (list ’* m1 m2))
+A sum is a list whose first element is the symbol +:
+(define (sum? x)
+(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) ’+)))
+The addend is the second item of the sum list:
+(define (addend s) (cadr s))
+The augend is the third item of the sum list:
+(define (augend s) (caddr s))
+A product is a list whose first element is the symbol *:
+(define (product? x)
+(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) ’*)))
+The multiplier is the second item of the product list:
+(define (multiplier p) (cadr p))
+The multiplicand is the third item of the product list:
+(define (multiplicand p) (caddr p))
+Thus, we need only combine these with the algorithm as embodied by deriv in order to have a
+working symbolic-differentiation program. Let us look at some examples of its behavior:
+
+\f(deriv ’(+ x 3) ’x)
+(+ 1 0)
+(deriv ’(* x y) ’x)
+(+ (* x 0) (* 1 y))
+(deriv ’(* (* x y) (+ x 3)) ’x)
+(+ (* (* x y) (+ 1 0))
+(* (+ (* x 0) (* 1 y))
+(+ x 3)))
+The program produces answers that are correct; however, they are unsimplified. It is true that
+
+but we would like the program to know that x · 0 = 0, 1 · y = y, and 0 + y = y. The answer for the
+second example should have been simply y. As the third example shows, this becomes a serious issue
+when the expressions are complex.
+Our difficulty is much like the one we encountered with the rational-number implementation: we
+haven’t reduced answers to simplest form. To accomplish the rational-number reduction, we needed to
+change only the constructors and the selectors of the implementation. We can adopt a similar strategy
+here. We won’t change deriv at all. Instead, we will change make-sum so that if both summands
+are numbers, make-sum will add them and return their sum. Also, if one of the summands is 0, then
+make-sum will return the other summand.
+(define (make-sum a1 a2)
+(cond ((=number? a1 0) a2)
+((=number? a2 0) a1)
+((and (number? a1) (number? a2)) (+ a1 a2))
+(else (list ’+ a1 a2))))
+This uses the procedure =number?, which checks whether an expression is equal to a given number:
+(define (=number? exp num)
+(and (number? exp) (= exp num)))
+Similarly, we will change make-product to build in the rules that 0 times anything is 0 and 1 times
+anything is the thing itself:
+(define (make-product m1 m2)
+(cond ((or (=number? m1 0) (=number? m2 0)) 0)
+((=number? m1 1) m2)
+((=number? m2 1) m1)
+((and (number? m1) (number? m2)) (* m1 m2))
+(else (list ’* m1 m2))))
+Here is how this version works on our three examples:
+(deriv ’(+ x 3) ’x)
+1
+(deriv ’(* x y) ’x)
+y
+
+\f(deriv ’(* (* x y) (+ x 3)) ’x)
+(+ (* x y) (* y (+ x 3)))
+Although this is quite an improvement, the third example shows that there is still a long way to go
+before we get a program that puts expressions into a form that we might agree is ‘‘simplest.’’ The
+problem of algebraic simplification is complex because, among other reasons, a form that may be
+simplest for one purpose may not be for another.
+Exercise 2.56. Show how to extend the basic differentiator to handle more kinds of expressions. For
+instance, implement the differentiation rule
+
+by adding a new clause to the deriv program and defining appropriate procedures
+exponentiation?, base, exponent, and make-exponentiation. (You may use the
+symbol ** to denote exponentiation.) Build in the rules that anything raised to the power 0 is 1 and
+anything raised to the power 1 is the thing itself.
+Exercise 2.57. Extend the differentiation program to handle sums and products of arbitrary numbers
+of (two or more) terms. Then the last example above could be expressed as
+(deriv ’(* x y (+ x 3)) ’x)
+Try to do this by changing only the representation for sums and products, without changing the
+deriv procedure at all. For example, the addend of a sum would be the first term, and the augend
+would be the sum of the rest of the terms.
+Exercise 2.58. Suppose we want to modify the differentiation program so that it works with ordinary
+mathematical notation, in which + and * are infix rather than prefix operators. Since the differentiation
+program is defined in terms of abstract data, we can modify it to work with different representations of
+expressions solely by changing the predicates, selectors, and constructors that define the representation
+of the algebraic expressions on which the differentiator is to operate.
+a. Show how to do this in order to differentiate algebraic expressions presented in infix form, such as
+(x + (3 * (x + (y + 2)))). To simplify the task, assume that + and * always take two
+arguments and that expressions are fully parenthesized.
+b. The problem becomes substantially harder if we allow standard algebraic notation, such as (x + 3
+* (x + y + 2)), which drops unnecessary parentheses and assumes that multiplication is done
+before addition. Can you design appropriate predicates, selectors, and constructors for this notation
+such that our derivative program still works?
+
+2.3.3 Example: Representing Sets
+In the previous examples we built representations for two kinds of compound data objects: rational
+numbers and algebraic expressions. In one of these examples we had the choice of simplifying
+(reducing) the expressions at either construction time or selection time, but other than that the choice
+of a representation for these structures in terms of lists was straightforward. When we turn to the
+representation of sets, the choice of a representation is not so obvious. Indeed, there are a number of
+possible representations, and they differ significantly from one another in several ways.
+
+\fInformally, a set is simply a collection of distinct objects. To give a more precise definition we can
+employ the method of data abstraction. That is, we define ‘‘set’’ by specifying the operations that are
+to be used on sets. These are union-set, intersection-set, element-of-set?, and
+adjoin-set. Element-of-set? is a predicate that determines whether a given element is a
+member of a set. Adjoin-set takes an object and a set as arguments and returns a set that contains
+the elements of the original set and also the adjoined element. Union-set computes the union of two
+sets, which is the set containing each element that appears in either argument. Intersection-set
+computes the intersection of two sets, which is the set containing only elements that appear in both
+arguments. From the viewpoint of data abstraction, we are free to design any representation that
+implements these operations in a way consistent with the interpretations given above. 37
+
+Sets as unordered lists
+One way to represent a set is as a list of its elements in which no element appears more than once. The
+empty set is represented by the empty list. In this representation, element-of-set? is similar to
+the procedure memq of section 2.3.1. It uses equal? instead of eq? so that the set elements need not
+be symbols:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((equal? x (car set)) true)
+(else (element-of-set? x (cdr set)))))
+Using this, we can write adjoin-set. If the object to be adjoined is already in the set, we just return
+the set. Otherwise, we use cons to add the object to the list that represents the set:
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(if (element-of-set? x set)
+set
+(cons x set)))
+For intersection-set we can use a recursive strategy. If we know how to form the intersection
+of set2 and the cdr of set1, we only need to decide whether to include the car of set1 in this.
+But this depends on whether (car set1) is also in set2. Here is the resulting procedure:
+(define (intersection-set set1 set2)
+(cond ((or (null? set1) (null? set2)) ’())
+((element-of-set? (car set1) set2)
+(cons (car set1)
+(intersection-set (cdr set1) set2)))
+(else (intersection-set (cdr set1) set2))))
+In designing a representation, one of the issues we should be concerned with is efficiency. Consider
+the number of steps required by our set operations. Since they all use element-of-set?, the speed
+of this operation has a major impact on the efficiency of the set implementation as a whole. Now, in
+order to check whether an object is a member of a set, element-of-set? may have to scan the
+entire set. (In the worst case, the object turns out not to be in the set.) Hence, if the set has n elements,
+element-of-set? might take up to n steps. Thus, the number of steps required grows as (n).
+The number of steps required by adjoin-set, which uses this operation, also grows as (n). For
+intersection-set, which does an element-of-set? check for each element of set1, the
+number of steps required grows as the product of the sizes of the sets involved, or (n 2 ) for two sets
+of size n. The same will be true of union-set.
+
+\fExercise 2.59. Implement the union-set operation for the unordered-list representation of sets.
+Exercise 2.60. We specified that a set would be represented as a list with no duplicates. Now suppose
+we allow duplicates. For instance, the set {1,2,3} could be represented as the list (2 3 2 1 3 2
+2). Design procedures element-of-set?, adjoin-set, union-set, and
+intersection-set that operate on this representation. How does the efficiency of each compare
+with the corresponding procedure for the non-duplicate representation? Are there applications for
+which you would use this representation in preference to the non-duplicate one?
+
+Sets as ordered lists
+One way to speed up our set operations is to change the representation so that the set elements are
+listed in increasing order. To do this, we need some way to compare two objects so that we can say
+which is bigger. For example, we could compare symbols lexicographically, or we could agree on
+some method for assigning a unique number to an object and then compare the elements by comparing
+the corresponding numbers. To keep our discussion simple, we will consider only the case where the
+set elements are numbers, so that we can compare elements using > and <. We will represent a set of
+numbers by listing its elements in increasing order. Whereas our first representation above allowed us
+to represent the set {1,3,6,10} by listing the elements in any order, our new representation allows only
+the list (1 3 6 10).
+One advantage of ordering shows up in element-of-set?: In checking for the presence of an
+item, we no longer have to scan the entire set. If we reach a set element that is larger than the item we
+are looking for, then we know that the item is not in the set:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((= x (car set)) true)
+((< x (car set)) false)
+(else (element-of-set? x (cdr set)))))
+How many steps does this save? In the worst case, the item we are looking for may be the largest one
+in the set, so the number of steps is the same as for the unordered representation. On the other hand, if
+we search for items of many different sizes we can expect that sometimes we will be able to stop
+searching at a point near the beginning of the list and that other times we will still need to examine
+most of the list. On the average we should expect to have to examine about half of the items in the set.
+Thus, the average number of steps required will be about n/2. This is still (n) growth, but it does
+save us, on the average, a factor of 2 in number of steps over the previous implementation.
+We obtain a more impressive speedup with intersection-set. In the unordered representation
+this operation required (n 2 ) steps, because we performed a complete scan of set2 for each element
+of set1. But with the ordered representation, we can use a more clever method. Begin by comparing
+the initial elements, x1 and x2, of the two sets. If x1 equals x2, then that gives an element of the
+intersection, and the rest of the intersection is the intersection of the cdrs of the two sets. Suppose,
+however, that x1 is less than x2. Since x2 is the smallest element in set2, we can immediately
+conclude that x1 cannot appear anywhere in set2 and hence is not in the intersection. Hence, the
+intersection is equal to the intersection of set2 with the cdr of set1. Similarly, if x2 is less than
+x1, then the intersection is given by the intersection of set1 with the cdr of set2. Here is the
+procedure:
+
+\f(define (intersection-set set1 set2)
+(if (or (null? set1) (null? set2))
+’()
+(let ((x1 (car set1)) (x2 (car set2)))
+(cond ((= x1 x2)
+(cons x1
+(intersection-set (cdr set1)
+(cdr set2))))
+((< x1 x2)
+(intersection-set (cdr set1) set2))
+((< x2 x1)
+(intersection-set set1 (cdr set2)))))))
+To estimate the number of steps required by this process, observe that at each step we reduce the
+intersection problem to computing intersections of smaller sets -- removing the first element from
+set1 or set2 or both. Thus, the number of steps required is at most the sum of the sizes of set1
+and set2, rather than the product of the sizes as with the unordered representation. This is (n)
+growth rather than (n 2 ) -- a considerable speedup, even for sets of moderate size.
+Exercise 2.61. Give an implementation of adjoin-set using the ordered representation. By
+analogy with element-of-set? show how to take advantage of the ordering to produce a
+procedure that requires on the average about half as many steps as with the unordered representation.
+Exercise 2.62. Give a
+
+(n) implementation of union-set for sets represented as ordered lists.
+
+Sets as binary trees
+We can do better than the ordered-list representation by arranging the set elements in the form of a
+tree. Each node of the tree holds one element of the set, called the ‘‘entry’’ at that node, and a link to
+each of two other (possibly empty) nodes. The ‘‘left’’ link points to elements smaller than the one at
+the node, and the ‘‘right’’ link to elements greater than the one at the node. Figure 2.16 shows some
+trees that represent the set {1,3,5,7,9,11}. The same set may be represented by a tree in a number of
+different ways. The only thing we require for a valid representation is that all elements in the left
+subtree be smaller than the node entry and that all elements in the right subtree be larger.
+
+Figure 2.16: Various binary trees that represent the set { 1,3,5,7,9,11 }.
+Figure 2.16: Various binary trees that represent the set { 1,3,5,7,9,11 }.
+
+\fThe advantage of the tree representation is this: Suppose we want to check whether a number x is
+contained in a set. We begin by comparing x with the entry in the top node. If x is less than this, we
+know that we need only search the left subtree; if x is greater, we need only search the right subtree.
+Now, if the tree is ‘‘balanced,’’ each of these subtrees will be about half the size of the original. Thus,
+in one step we have reduced the problem of searching a tree of size n to searching a tree of size n/2.
+Since the size of the tree is halved at each step, we should expect that the number of steps needed to
+search a tree of size n grows as (log n). 38 For large sets, this will be a significant speedup over the
+previous representations.
+We can represent trees by using lists. Each node will be a list of three items: the entry at the node, the
+left subtree, and the right subtree. A left or a right subtree of the empty list will indicate that there is no
+subtree connected there. We can describe this representation by the following procedures: 39
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(list
+
+(entry tree) (car tree))
+(left-branch tree) (cadr tree))
+(right-branch tree) (caddr tree))
+(make-tree entry left right)
+entry left right))
+
+Now we can write the element-of-set? procedure using the strategy described above:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((= x (entry set)) true)
+((< x (entry set))
+(element-of-set? x (left-branch set)))
+((> x (entry set))
+(element-of-set? x (right-branch set)))))
+Adjoining an item to a set is implemented similarly and also requires (log n) steps. To adjoin an
+item x, we compare x with the node entry to determine whether x should be added to the right or to
+the left branch, and having adjoined x to the appropriate branch we piece this newly constructed
+branch together with the original entry and the other branch. If x is equal to the entry, we just return
+the node. If we are asked to adjoin x to an empty tree, we generate a tree that has x as the entry and
+empty right and left branches. Here is the procedure:
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(cond ((null? set) (make-tree x ’() ’()))
+((= x (entry set)) set)
+((< x (entry set))
+(make-tree (entry set)
+(adjoin-set x (left-branch set))
+(right-branch set)))
+((> x (entry set))
+(make-tree (entry set)
+(left-branch set)
+(adjoin-set x (right-branch set))))))
+The above claim that searching the tree can be performed in a logarithmic number of steps rests on the
+assumption that the tree is ‘‘balanced,’’ i.e., that the left and the right subtree of every tree have
+approximately the same number of elements, so that each subtree contains about half the elements of
+its parent. But how can we be certain that the trees we construct will be balanced? Even if we start
+
+\fwith a balanced tree, adding elements with adjoin-set may produce an unbalanced result. Since
+the position of a newly adjoined element depends on how the element compares with the items already
+in the set, we can expect that if we add elements ‘‘randomly’’ the tree will tend to be balanced on the
+average. But this is not a guarantee. For example, if we start with an empty set and adjoin the numbers
+1 through 7 in sequence we end up with the highly unbalanced tree shown in figure 2.17. In this tree
+all the left subtrees are empty, so it has no advantage over a simple ordered list. One way to solve this
+problem is to define an operation that transforms an arbitrary tree into a balanced tree with the same
+elements. Then we can perform this transformation after every few adjoin-set operations to keep
+our set in balance. There are also other ways to solve this problem, most of which involve designing
+new data structures for which searching and insertion both can be done in (log n) steps. 40
+
+Figure 2.17: Unbalanced tree produced by adjoining 1 through 7 in sequence.
+Figure 2.17: Unbalanced tree produced by adjoining 1 through 7 in sequence.
+Exercise 2.63. Each of the following two procedures converts a binary tree to a list.
+(define (tree->list-1 tree)
+(if (null? tree)
+’()
+(append (tree->list-1 (left-branch tree))
+(cons (entry tree)
+(tree->list-1 (right-branch tree))))))
+(define (tree->list-2 tree)
+(define (copy-to-list tree result-list)
+(if (null? tree)
+result-list
+(copy-to-list (left-branch tree)
+(cons (entry tree)
+(copy-to-list (right-branch tree)
+result-list)))))
+(copy-to-list tree ’()))
+a. Do the two procedures produce the same result for every tree? If not, how do the results differ?
+What lists do the two procedures produce for the trees in figure 2.16?
+
+\fb. Do the two procedures have the same order of growth in the number of steps required to convert a
+balanced tree with n elements to a list? If not, which one grows more slowly?
+Exercise 2.64. The following procedure list->tree converts an ordered list to a balanced binary
+tree. The helper procedure partial-tree takes as arguments an integer n and list of at least n
+elements and constructs a balanced tree containing the first n elements of the list. The result returned
+by partial-tree is a pair (formed with cons) whose car is the constructed tree and whose cdr
+is the list of elements not included in the tree.
+(define (list->tree elements)
+(car (partial-tree elements (length elements))))
+(define (partial-tree elts n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(cons ’() elts)
+(let ((left-size (quotient (- n 1) 2)))
+(let ((left-result (partial-tree elts left-size)))
+(let ((left-tree (car left-result))
+(non-left-elts (cdr left-result))
+(right-size (- n (+ left-size 1))))
+(let ((this-entry (car non-left-elts))
+(right-result (partial-tree (cdr non-left-elts)
+right-size)))
+(let ((right-tree (car right-result))
+(remaining-elts (cdr right-result)))
+(cons (make-tree this-entry left-tree right-tree)
+remaining-elts))))))))
+a. Write a short paragraph explaining as clearly as you can how partial-tree works. Draw the
+tree produced by list->tree for the list (1 3 5 7 9 11).
+b. What is the order of growth in the number of steps required by list->tree to convert a list of n
+elements?
+Exercise 2.65. Use the results of exercises 2.63 and 2.64 to give (n) implementations of
+union-set and intersection-set for sets implemented as (balanced) binary trees. 41
+
+Sets and information retrieval
+We have examined options for using lists to represent sets and have seen how the choice of
+representation for a data object can have a large impact on the performance of the programs that use
+the data. Another reason for concentrating on sets is that the techniques discussed here appear again
+and again in applications involving information retrieval.
+Consider a data base containing a large number of individual records, such as the personnel files for a
+company or the transactions in an accounting system. A typical data-management system spends a
+large amount of time accessing or modifying the data in the records and therefore requires an efficient
+method for accessing records. This is done by identifying a part of each record to serve as an
+identifying key. A key can be anything that uniquely identifies the record. For a personnel file, it might
+be an employee’s ID number. For an accounting system, it might be a transaction number. Whatever
+the key is, when we define the record as a data structure we should include a key selector procedure
+that retrieves the key associated with a given record.
+
+\fNow we represent the data base as a set of records. To locate the record with a given key we use a
+procedure lookup, which takes as arguments a key and a data base and which returns the record that
+has that key, or false if there is no such record. Lookup is implemented in almost the same way as
+element-of-set?. For example, if the set of records is implemented as an unordered list, we
+could use
+(define (lookup given-key set-of-records)
+(cond ((null? set-of-records) false)
+((equal? given-key (key (car set-of-records)))
+(car set-of-records))
+(else (lookup given-key (cdr set-of-records)))))
+Of course, there are better ways to represent large sets than as unordered lists. Information-retrieval
+systems in which records have to be ‘‘randomly accessed’’ are typically implemented by a tree-based
+method, such as the binary-tree representation discussed previously. In designing such a system the
+methodology of data abstraction can be a great help. The designer can create an initial implementation
+using a simple, straightforward representation such as unordered lists. This will be unsuitable for the
+eventual system, but it can be useful in providing a ‘‘quick and dirty’’ data base with which to test the
+rest of the system. Later on, the data representation can be modified to be more sophisticated. If the
+data base is accessed in terms of abstract selectors and constructors, this change in representation will
+not require any changes to the rest of the system.
+Exercise 2.66. Implement the lookup procedure for the case where the set of records is structured as
+a binary tree, ordered by the numerical values of the keys.
+
+2.3.4 Example: Huffman Encoding Trees
+This section provides practice in the use of list structure and data abstraction to manipulate sets and
+trees. The application is to methods for representing data as sequences of ones and zeros (bits). For
+example, the ASCII standard code used to represent text in computers encodes each character as a
+sequence of seven bits. Using seven bits allows us to distinguish 2 7 , or 128, possible different
+characters. In general, if we want to distinguish n different symbols, we will need to use log 2 n bits
+per symbol. If all our messages are made up of the eight symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, we can
+choose a code with three bits per character, for example
+A 000
+
+C 010
+
+E 100
+
+G 110
+
+B 001
+
+D 011
+
+F 101
+
+H 111
+
+With this code, the message
+BACADAEAFABBAAAGAH
+is encoded as the string of 54 bits
+001000010000011000100000101000001001000000000110000111
+Codes such as ASCII and the A-through-H code above are known as fixed-length codes, because they
+represent each symbol in the message with the same number of bits. It is sometimes advantageous to
+use variable-length codes, in which different symbols may be represented by different numbers of bits.
+For example, Morse code does not use the same number of dots and dashes for each letter of the
+
+\falphabet. In particular, E, the most frequent letter, is represented by a single dot. In general, if our
+messages are such that some symbols appear very frequently and some very rarely, we can encode
+data more efficiently (i.e., using fewer bits per message) if we assign shorter codes to the frequent
+symbols. Consider the following alternative code for the letters A through H:
+A0
+
+C 1010
+
+E 1100
+
+G 1110
+
+B 100
+
+D 1011
+
+F 1101
+
+H 1111
+
+With this code, the same message as above is encoded as the string
+100010100101101100011010100100000111001111
+This string contains 42 bits, so it saves more than 20% in space in comparison with the fixed-length
+code shown above.
+One of the difficulties of using a variable-length code is knowing when you have reached the end of a
+symbol in reading a sequence of zeros and ones. Morse code solves this problem by using a special
+separator code (in this case, a pause) after the sequence of dots and dashes for each letter. Another
+solution is to design the code in such a way that no complete code for any symbol is the beginning (or
+prefix) of the code for another symbol. Such a code is called a prefix code. In the example above, A is
+encoded by 0 and B is encoded by 100, so no other symbol can have a code that begins with 0 or with
+100.
+In general, we can attain significant savings if we use variable-length prefix codes that take advantage
+of the relative frequencies of the symbols in the messages to be encoded. One particular scheme for
+doing this is called the Huffman encoding method, after its discoverer, David Huffman. A Huffman
+code can be represented as a binary tree whose leaves are the symbols that are encoded. At each
+non-leaf node of the tree there is a set containing all the symbols in the leaves that lie below the node.
+In addition, each symbol at a leaf is assigned a weight (which is its relative frequency), and each
+non-leaf node contains a weight that is the sum of all the weights of the leaves lying below it. The
+weights are not used in the encoding or the decoding process. We will see below how they are used to
+help construct the tree.
+
+\fFigure 2.18: A Huffman encoding tree.
+Figure 2.18: A Huffman encoding tree.
+Figure 2.18 shows the Huffman tree for the A-through-H code given above. The weights at the leaves
+indicate that the tree was designed for messages in which A appears with relative frequency 8, B with
+relative frequency 3, and the other letters each with relative frequency 1.
+Given a Huffman tree, we can find the encoding of any symbol by starting at the root and moving
+down until we reach the leaf that holds the symbol. Each time we move down a left branch we add a 0
+to the code, and each time we move down a right branch we add a 1. (We decide which branch to
+follow by testing to see which branch either is the leaf node for the symbol or contains the symbol in
+its set.) For example, starting from the root of the tree in figure 2.18, we arrive at the leaf for D by
+following a right branch, then a left branch, then a right branch, then a right branch; hence, the code
+for D is 1011.
+To decode a bit sequence using a Huffman tree, we begin at the root and use the successive zeros and
+ones of the bit sequence to determine whether to move down the left or the right branch. Each time we
+come to a leaf, we have generated a new symbol in the message, at which point we start over from the
+root of the tree to find the next symbol. For example, suppose we are given the tree above and the
+sequence 10001010. Starting at the root, we move down the right branch, (since the first bit of the
+string is 1), then down the left branch (since the second bit is 0), then down the left branch (since the
+third bit is also 0). This brings us to the leaf for B, so the first symbol of the decoded message is B.
+Now we start again at the root, and we make a left move because the next bit in the string is 0. This
+brings us to the leaf for A. Then we start again at the root with the rest of the string 1010, so we move
+right, left, right, left and reach C. Thus, the entire message is BAC.
+
+Generating Huffman trees
+Given an ‘‘alphabet’’ of symbols and their relative frequencies, how do we construct the ‘‘best’’ code?
+(In other words, which tree will encode messages with the fewest bits?) Huffman gave an algorithm
+for doing this and showed that the resulting code is indeed the best variable-length code for messages
+where the relative frequency of the symbols matches the frequencies with which the code was
+
+\fconstructed. We will not prove this optimality of Huffman codes here, but we will show how Huffman
+trees are constructed. 42
+The algorithm for generating a Huffman tree is very simple. The idea is to arrange the tree so that the
+symbols with the lowest frequency appear farthest away from the root. Begin with the set of leaf
+nodes, containing symbols and their frequencies, as determined by the initial data from which the code
+is to be constructed. Now find two leaves with the lowest weights and merge them to produce a node
+that has these two nodes as its left and right branches. The weight of the new node is the sum of the
+two weights. Remove the two leaves from the original set and replace them by this new node. Now
+continue this process. At each step, merge two nodes with the smallest weights, removing them from
+the set and replacing them with a node that has these two as its left and right branches. The process
+stops when there is only one node left, which is the root of the entire tree. Here is how the Huffman
+tree of figure 2.18 was generated:
+Initial leaves
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) (C 1) (D 1) (E 1) (F 1) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) (E 1) (F 1) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F} 2) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F} 2) ({G H} 2)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F G H} 4)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) ({B C D} 5) ({E F G H} 4)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) ({B C D E F G H} 9)}
+
+Final merge
+
+{({A B C D E F G H} 17)}
+
+The algorithm does not always specify a unique tree, because there may not be unique smallest-weight
+nodes at each step. Also, the choice of the order in which the two nodes are merged (i.e., which will be
+the right branch and which will be the left branch) is arbitrary.
+
+Representing Huffman trees
+In the exercises below we will work with a system that uses Huffman trees to encode and decode
+messages and generates Huffman trees according to the algorithm outlined above. We will begin by
+discussing how trees are represented.
+Leaves of the tree are represented by a list consisting of the symbol leaf, the symbol at the leaf, and
+the weight:
+(define (make-leaf symbol weight)
+(list ’leaf symbol weight))
+(define (leaf? object)
+(eq? (car object) ’leaf))
+(define (symbol-leaf x) (cadr x))
+(define (weight-leaf x) (caddr x))
+
+\fA general tree will be a list of a left branch, a right branch, a set of symbols, and a weight. The set of
+symbols will be simply a list of the symbols, rather than some more sophisticated set representation.
+When we make a tree by merging two nodes, we obtain the weight of the tree as the sum of the
+weights of the nodes, and the set of symbols as the union of the sets of symbols for the nodes. Since
+our symbol sets are represented as lists, we can form the union by using the append procedure we
+defined in section 2.2.1:
+(define (make-code-tree left right)
+(list left
+right
+(append (symbols left) (symbols right))
+(+ (weight left) (weight right))))
+If we make a tree in this way, we have the following selectors:
+(define (left-branch tree) (car tree))
+(define (right-branch tree) (cadr tree))
+(define (symbols tree)
+(if (leaf? tree)
+(list (symbol-leaf tree))
+(caddr tree)))
+(define (weight tree)
+(if (leaf? tree)
+(weight-leaf tree)
+(cadddr tree)))
+The procedures symbols and weight must do something slightly different depending on whether
+they are called with a leaf or a general tree. These are simple examples of generic procedures
+(procedures that can handle more than one kind of data), which we will have much more to say about
+in sections 2.4 and 2.5.
+
+The decoding procedure
+The following procedure implements the decoding algorithm. It takes as arguments a list of zeros and
+ones, together with a Huffman tree.
+(define (decode bits tree)
+(define (decode-1 bits current-branch)
+(if (null? bits)
+’()
+(let ((next-branch
+(choose-branch (car bits) current-branch)))
+(if (leaf? next-branch)
+(cons (symbol-leaf next-branch)
+(decode-1 (cdr bits) tree))
+(decode-1 (cdr bits) next-branch)))))
+(decode-1 bits tree))
+(define (choose-branch bit branch)
+(cond ((= bit 0) (left-branch branch))
+((= bit 1) (right-branch branch))
+(else (error "bad bit -- CHOOSE-BRANCH" bit))))
+
+\fThe procedure decode-1 takes two arguments: the list of remaining bits and the current position in
+the tree. It keeps moving ‘‘down’’ the tree, choosing a left or a right branch according to whether the
+next bit in the list is a zero or a one. (This is done with the procedure choose-branch.) When it
+reaches a leaf, it returns the symbol at that leaf as the next symbol in the message by consing it onto
+the result of decoding the rest of the message, starting at the root of the tree. Note the error check in
+the final clause of choose-branch, which complains if the procedure finds something other than a
+zero or a one in the input data.
+
+Sets of weighted elements
+In our representation of trees, each non-leaf node contains a set of symbols, which we have
+represented as a simple list. However, the tree-generating algorithm discussed above requires that we
+also work with sets of leaves and trees, successively merging the two smallest items. Since we will be
+required to repeatedly find the smallest item in a set, it is convenient to use an ordered representation
+for this kind of set.
+We will represent a set of leaves and trees as a list of elements, arranged in increasing order of weight.
+The following adjoin-set procedure for constructing sets is similar to the one described in
+exercise 2.61; however, items are compared by their weights, and the element being added to the set is
+never already in it.
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(cond ((null? set) (list x))
+((< (weight x) (weight (car set))) (cons x set))
+(else (cons (car set)
+(adjoin-set x (cdr set))))))
+The following procedure takes a list of symbol-frequency pairs such as ((A 4) (B 2) (C 1) (D
+1)) and constructs an initial ordered set of leaves, ready to be merged according to the Huffman
+algorithm:
+(define (make-leaf-set pairs)
+(if (null? pairs)
+’()
+(let ((pair (car pairs)))
+(adjoin-set (make-leaf (car pair)
+; symbol
+(cadr pair)) ; frequency
+(make-leaf-set (cdr pairs))))))
+Exercise 2.67. Define an encoding tree and a sample message:
+(define sample-tree
+(make-code-tree (make-leaf ’A 4)
+(make-code-tree
+(make-leaf ’B 2)
+(make-code-tree (make-leaf ’D 1)
+(make-leaf ’C 1)))))
+(define sample-message ’(0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0))
+
+\fUse the decode procedure to decode the message, and give the result.
+Exercise 2.68. The encode procedure takes as arguments a message and a tree and produces the list
+of bits that gives the encoded message.
+(define (encode message tree)
+(if (null? message)
+’()
+(append (encode-symbol (car message) tree)
+(encode (cdr message) tree))))
+Encode-symbol is a procedure, which you must write, that returns the list of bits that encodes a
+given symbol according to a given tree. You should design encode-symbol so that it signals an
+error if the symbol is not in the tree at all. Test your procedure by encoding the result you obtained in
+exercise 2.67 with the sample tree and seeing whether it is the same as the original sample message.
+Exercise 2.69. The following procedure takes as its argument a list of symbol-frequency pairs (where
+no symbol appears in more than one pair) and generates a Huffman encoding tree according to the
+Huffman algorithm.
+(define (generate-huffman-tree pairs)
+(successive-merge (make-leaf-set pairs)))
+Make-leaf-set is the procedure given above that transforms the list of pairs into an ordered set of
+leaves. Successive-merge is the procedure you must write, using make-code-tree to
+successively merge the smallest-weight elements of the set until there is only one element left, which
+is the desired Huffman tree. (This procedure is slightly tricky, but not really complicated. If you find
+yourself designing a complex procedure, then you are almost certainly doing something wrong. You
+can take significant advantage of the fact that we are using an ordered set representation.)
+Exercise 2.70. The following eight-symbol alphabet with associated relative frequencies was
+designed to efficiently encode the lyrics of 1950s rock songs. (Note that the ‘‘symbols’’ of an
+‘‘alphabet’’ need not be individual letters.)
+A
+
+2
+
+NA
+
+16
+
+BOOM
+
+1
+
+SHA
+
+3
+
+GET
+
+2
+
+YIP
+
+9
+
+JOB
+
+2
+
+WAH
+
+1
+
+Use generate-huffman-tree (exercise 2.69) to generate a corresponding Huffman tree, and use
+encode (exercise 2.68) to encode the following message:
+Get a job
+Sha na na na na na na na na
+Get a job
+
+\fSha na na na na na na na na
+Wah yip yip yip yip yip yip yip yip yip
+Sha boom
+How many bits are required for the encoding? What is the smallest number of bits that would be
+needed to encode this song if we used a fixed-length code for the eight-symbol alphabet?
+Exercise 2.71. Suppose we have a Huffman tree for an alphabet of n symbols, and that the relative
+frequencies of the symbols are 1, 2, 4, ..., 2 n-1 . Sketch the tree for n=5; for n=10. In such a tree (for
+general n) how may bits are required to encode the most frequent symbol? the least frequent symbol?
+Exercise 2.72. Consider the encoding procedure that you designed in exercise 2.68. What is the order
+of growth in the number of steps needed to encode a symbol? Be sure to include the number of steps
+needed to search the symbol list at each node encountered. To answer this question in general is
+difficult. Consider the special case where the relative frequencies of the n symbols are as described in
+exercise 2.71, and give the order of growth (as a function of n) of the number of steps needed to
+encode the most frequent and least frequent symbols in the alphabet.
+32 Allowing quotation in a language wreaks havoc with the ability to reason about the language in
+
+simple terms, because it destroys the notion that equals can be substituted for equals. For example,
+three is one plus two, but the word ‘‘three’’ is not the phrase ‘‘one plus two.’’ Quotation is powerful
+because it gives us a way to build expressions that manipulate other expressions (as we will see when
+we write an interpreter in chapter 4). But allowing statements in a language that talk about other
+statements in that language makes it very difficult to maintain any coherent principle of what ‘‘equals
+can be substituted for equals’’ should mean. For example, if we know that the evening star is the
+morning star, then from the statement ‘‘the evening star is Venus’’ we can deduce ‘‘the morning star is
+Venus.’’ However, given that ‘‘John knows that the evening star is Venus’’ we cannot infer that ‘‘John
+knows that the morning star is Venus.’’
+33 The single quote is different from the double quote we have been using to enclose character strings
+
+to be printed. Whereas the single quote can be used to denote lists or symbols, the double quote is used
+only with character strings. In this book, the only use for character strings is as items to be printed.
+34 Strictly, our use of the quotation mark violates the general rule that all compound expressions in
+
+our language should be delimited by parentheses and look like lists. We can recover this consistency
+by introducing a special form quote, which serves the same purpose as the quotation mark. Thus, we
+would type (quote a) instead of ’a, and we would type (quote (a b c)) instead of ’(a b
+c). This is precisely how the interpreter works. The quotation mark is just a single-character
+abbreviation for wrapping the next complete expression with quote to form (quote
+<expression>). This is important because it maintains the principle that any expression seen by
+the interpreter can be manipulated as a data object. For instance, we could construct the expression
+(car ’(a b c)), which is the same as (car (quote (a b c))), by evaluating
+(list ’car (list ’quote ’(a b c))).
+35 We can consider two symbols to be ‘‘the same’’ if they consist of the same characters in the same
+
+order. Such a definition skirts a deep issue that we are not yet ready to address: the meaning of
+‘‘sameness’’ in a programming language. We will return to this in chapter 3 (section 3.1.3).
+
+\f36 In practice, programmers use equal? to compare lists that contain numbers as well as symbols.
+
+Numbers are not considered to be symbols. The question of whether two numerically equal numbers
+(as tested by =) are also eq? is highly implementation-dependent. A better definition of equal?
+(such as the one that comes as a primitive in Scheme) would also stipulate that if a and b are both
+numbers, then a and b are equal? if they are numerically equal.
+37 If we want to be more formal, we can specify ‘‘consistent with the interpretations given above’’ to
+
+mean that the operations satisfy a collection of rules such as these:
+For any set S and any object x, (element-of-set? x (adjoin-set x S)) is true
+(informally: ‘‘Adjoining an object to a set produces a set that contains the object’’).
+For any sets S and T and any object x, (element-of-set? x (union-set S T)) is
+equal to (or (element-of-set? x S) (element-of-set? x T)) (informally:
+‘‘The elements of (union S T) are the elements that are in S or in T’’).
+For any object x, (element-of-set? x ’()) is false (informally: ‘‘No object is an
+element of the empty set’’).
+38 Halving the size of the problem at each step is the distinguishing characteristic of logarithmic
+
+growth, as we saw with the fast-exponentiation algorithm of section 1.2.4 and the half-interval search
+method of section 1.3.3.
+39 We are representing sets in terms of trees, and trees in terms of lists -- in effect, a data abstraction
+
+built upon a data abstraction. We can regard the procedures entry, left-branch,
+right-branch, and make-tree as a way of isolating the abstraction of a ‘‘binary tree’’ from the
+particular way we might wish to represent such a tree in terms of list structure.
+40 Examples of such structures include B-trees and red-black trees. There is a large literature on data
+
+structures devoted to this problem. See Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest 1990.
+41 Exercises 2.63-2.65 are due to Paul Hilfinger.
+42 See Hamming 1980 for a discussion of the mathematical properties of Huffman codes.
+
+
+
+\f
+
+2.4 Multiple Representations for Abstract Data
+We have introduced data abstraction, a methodology for structuring systems in such a way that much
+of a program can be specified independent of the choices involved in implementing the data objects
+that the program manipulates. For example, we saw in section 2.1.1 how to separate the task of
+designing a program that uses rational numbers from the task of implementing rational numbers in
+terms of the computer language’s primitive mechanisms for constructing compound data. The key idea
+was to erect an abstraction barrier -- in this case, the selectors and constructors for rational numbers
+(make-rat, numer, denom) -- that isolates the way rational numbers are used from their underlying
+representation in terms of list structure. A similar abstraction barrier isolates the details of the
+procedures that perform rational arithmetic (add-rat, sub-rat, mul-rat, and div-rat) from
+the ‘‘higher-level’’ procedures that use rational numbers. The resulting program has the structure
+shown in figure 2.1.
+These data-abstraction barriers are powerful tools for controlling complexity. By isolating the
+underlying representations of data objects, we can divide the task of designing a large program into
+smaller tasks that can be performed separately. But this kind of data abstraction is not yet powerful
+enough, because it may not always make sense to speak of ‘‘the underlying representation’’ for a data
+object.
+For one thing, there might be more than one useful representation for a data object, and we might like
+to design systems that can deal with multiple representations. To take a simple example, complex
+numbers may be represented in two almost equivalent ways: in rectangular form (real and imaginary
+parts) and in polar form (magnitude and angle). Sometimes rectangular form is more appropriate and
+sometimes polar form is more appropriate. Indeed, it is perfectly plausible to imagine a system in
+which complex numbers are represented in both ways, and in which the procedures for manipulating
+complex numbers work with either representation.
+More importantly, programming systems are often designed by many people working over extended
+periods of time, subject to requirements that change over time. In such an environment, it is simply not
+possible for everyone to agree in advance on choices of data representation. So in addition to the
+data-abstraction barriers that isolate representation from use, we need abstraction barriers that isolate
+different design choices from each other and permit different choices to coexist in a single program.
+Furthermore, since large programs are often created by combining pre-existing modules that were
+designed in isolation, we need conventions that permit programmers to incorporate modules into larger
+systems additively, that is, without having to redesign or reimplement these modules.
+In this section, we will learn how to cope with data that may be represented in different ways by
+different parts of a program. This requires constructing generic procedures -- procedures that can
+operate on data that may be represented in more than one way. Our main technique for building
+generic procedures will be to work in terms of data objects that have type tags, that is, data objects that
+include explicit information about how they are to be processed. We will also discuss data-directed
+programming, a powerful and convenient implementation strategy for additively assembling systems
+with generic operations.
+We begin with the simple complex-number example. We will see how type tags and data-directed
+style enable us to design separate rectangular and polar representations for complex numbers while
+maintaining the notion of an abstract ‘‘complex-number’’ data object. We will accomplish this by
+defining arithmetic procedures for complex numbers (add-complex, sub-complex,
+
+\fmul-complex, and div-complex) in terms of generic selectors that access parts of a complex
+number independent of how the number is represented. The resulting complex-number system, as
+shown in figure 2.19, contains two different kinds of abstraction barriers. The ‘‘horizontal’’
+abstraction barriers play the same role as the ones in figure 2.1. They isolate ‘‘higher-level’’
+operations from ‘‘lower-level’’ representations. In addition, there is a ‘‘vertical’’ barrier that gives us
+the ability to separately design and install alternative representations.
+
+Figure 2.19: Data-abstraction barriers in the complex-number system.
+Figure 2.19: Data-abstraction barriers in the complex-number system.
+In section 2.5 we will show how to use type tags and data-directed style to develop a generic
+arithmetic package. This provides procedures (add, mul, and so on) that can be used to manipulate all
+sorts of ‘‘numbers’’ and can be easily extended when a new kind of number is needed. In
+section 2.5.3, we’ll show how to use generic arithmetic in a system that performs symbolic algebra.
+
+2.4.1 Representations for Complex Numbers
+We will develop a system that performs arithmetic operations on complex numbers as a simple but
+unrealistic example of a program that uses generic operations. We begin by discussing two plausible
+representations for complex numbers as ordered pairs: rectangular form (real part and imaginary part)
+and polar form (magnitude and angle). 43 Section 2.4.2 will show how both representations can be
+made to coexist in a single system through the use of type tags and generic operations.
+Like rational numbers, complex numbers are naturally represented as ordered pairs. The set of
+complex numbers can be thought of as a two-dimensional space with two orthogonal axes, the ‘‘real’’
+axis and the ‘‘imaginary’’ axis. (See figure 2.20.) From this point of view, the complex number z = x +
+iy (where i 2 = - 1) can be thought of as the point in the plane whose real coordinate is x and whose
+imaginary coordinate is y. Addition of complex numbers reduces in this representation to addition of
+coordinates:
+
+When multiplying complex numbers, it is more natural to think in terms of representing a complex
+number in polar form, as a magnitude and an angle (r and A in figure 2.20). The product of two
+complex numbers is the vector obtained by stretching one complex number by the length of the other
+and then rotating it through the angle of the other:
+
+\fThus, there are two different representations for complex numbers, which are appropriate for different
+operations. Yet, from the viewpoint of someone writing a program that uses complex numbers, the
+principle of data abstraction suggests that all the operations for manipulating complex numbers should
+be available regardless of which representation is used by the computer. For example, it is often useful
+to be able to find the magnitude of a complex number that is specified by rectangular coordinates.
+Similarly, it is often useful to be able to determine the real part of a complex number that is specified
+by polar coordinates.
+
+Figure 2.20: Complex numbers as points in the plane.
+Figure 2.20: Complex numbers as points in the plane.
+To design such a system, we can follow the same data-abstraction strategy we followed in designing
+the rational-number package in section 2.1.1. Assume that the operations on complex numbers are
+implemented in terms of four selectors: real-part, imag-part, magnitude, and angle. Also
+assume that we have two procedures for constructing complex numbers: make-from-real-imag
+returns a complex number with specified real and imaginary parts, and make-from-mag-ang
+returns a complex number with specified magnitude and angle. These procedures have the property
+that, for any complex number z, both
+(make-from-real-imag (real-part z) (imag-part z))
+and
+(make-from-mag-ang (magnitude z) (angle z))
+produce complex numbers that are equal to z.
+Using these constructors and selectors, we can implement arithmetic on complex numbers using the
+‘‘abstract data’’ specified by the constructors and selectors, just as we did for rational numbers in
+section 2.1.1. As shown in the formulas above, we can add and subtract complex numbers in terms of
+real and imaginary parts while multiplying and dividing complex numbers in terms of magnitudes and
+angles:
+
+\f(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (sub-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (- (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(- (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (mul-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (* (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(+ (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+(define (div-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (/ (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(- (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+To complete the complex-number package, we must choose a representation and we must implement
+the constructors and selectors in terms of primitive numbers and primitive list structure. There are two
+obvious ways to do this: We can represent a complex number in ‘‘rectangular form’’ as a pair (real
+part, imaginary part) or in ‘‘polar form’’ as a pair (magnitude, angle). Which shall we choose?
+In order to make the different choices concrete, imagine that there are two programmers, Ben
+Bitdiddle and Alyssa P. Hacker, who are independently designing representations for the
+complex-number system. Ben chooses to represent complex numbers in rectangular form. With this
+choice, selecting the real and imaginary parts of a complex number is straightforward, as is
+constructing a complex number with given real and imaginary parts. To find the magnitude and the
+angle, or to construct a complex number with a given magnitude and angle, he uses the trigonometric
+relations
+
+which relate the real and imaginary parts (x, y) to the magnitude and the angle (r, A). 44 Ben’s
+representation is therefore given by the following selectors and constructors:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(sqrt
+(define
+(atan
+(define
+(define
+(cons
+
+(real-part z) (car z))
+(imag-part z) (cdr z))
+(magnitude z)
+(+ (square (real-part z)) (square (imag-part z)))))
+(angle z)
+(imag-part z) (real-part z)))
+(make-from-real-imag x y) (cons x y))
+(make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a))))
+
+Alyssa, in contrast, chooses to represent complex numbers in polar form. For her, selecting the
+magnitude and angle is straightforward, but she has to use the trigonometric relations to obtain the real
+and imaginary parts. Alyssa’s representation is:
+(define (real-part
+(* (magnitude z)
+(define (imag-part
+(* (magnitude z)
+
+z)
+(cos (angle z))))
+z)
+(sin (angle z))))
+
+\f(define
+(define
+(define
+(cons
+
+(magnitude z) (car z))
+(angle z) (cdr z))
+(make-from-real-imag x y)
+(sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a) (cons r a))
+The discipline of data abstraction ensures that the same implementation of add-complex,
+sub-complex, mul-complex, and div-complex will work with either Ben’s representation or
+Alyssa’s representation.
+
+2.4.2 Tagged data
+One way to view data abstraction is as an application of the ‘‘principle of least commitment.’’ In
+implementing the complex-number system in section 2.4.1, we can use either Ben’s rectangular
+representation or Alyssa’s polar representation. The abstraction barrier formed by the selectors and
+constructors permits us to defer to the last possible moment the choice of a concrete representation for
+our data objects and thus retain maximum flexibility in our system design.
+The principle of least commitment can be carried to even further extremes. If we desire, we can
+maintain the ambiguity of representation even after we have designed the selectors and constructors,
+and elect to use both Ben’s representation and Alyssa’s representation. If both representations are
+included in a single system, however, we will need some way to distinguish data in polar form from
+data in rectangular form. Otherwise, if we were asked, for instance, to find the magnitude of the
+pair (3,4), we wouldn’t know whether to answer 5 (interpreting the number in rectangular form) or 3
+(interpreting the number in polar form). A straightforward way to accomplish this distinction is to
+include a type tag -- the symbol rectangular or polar -- as part of each complex number. Then
+when we need to manipulate a complex number we can use the tag to decide which selector to apply.
+In order to manipulate tagged data, we will assume that we have procedures type-tag and
+contents that extract from a data object the tag and the actual contents (the polar or rectangular
+coordinates, in the case of a complex number). We will also postulate a procedure attach-tag that
+takes a tag and contents and produces a tagged data object. A straightforward way to implement this is
+to use ordinary list structure:
+(define (attach-tag type-tag contents)
+(cons type-tag contents))
+(define (type-tag datum)
+(if (pair? datum)
+(car datum)
+(error "Bad tagged datum -- TYPE-TAG" datum)))
+(define (contents datum)
+(if (pair? datum)
+(cdr datum)
+(error "Bad tagged datum -- CONTENTS" datum)))
+Using these procedures, we can define predicates rectangular? and polar?, which recognize
+polar and rectangular numbers, respectively:
+
+\f(define (rectangular? z)
+(eq? (type-tag z) ’rectangular))
+(define (polar? z)
+(eq? (type-tag z) ’polar))
+With type tags, Ben and Alyssa can now modify their code so that their two different representations
+can coexist in the same system. Whenever Ben constructs a complex number, he tags it as rectangular.
+Whenever Alyssa constructs a complex number, she tags it as polar. In addition, Ben and Alyssa must
+make sure that the names of their procedures do not conflict. One way to do this is for Ben to append
+the suffix rectangular to the name of each of his representation procedures and for Alyssa to
+append polar to the names of hers. Here is Ben’s revised rectangular representation from
+section 2.4.1:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(sqrt
+
+(real-part-rectangular z) (car z))
+(imag-part-rectangular z) (cdr z))
+(magnitude-rectangular z)
+(+ (square (real-part-rectangular z))
+(square (imag-part-rectangular z)))))
+(define (angle-rectangular z)
+(atan (imag-part-rectangular z)
+(real-part-rectangular z)))
+(define (make-from-real-imag-rectangular x y)
+(attach-tag ’rectangular (cons x y)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang-rectangular r a)
+(attach-tag ’rectangular
+(cons (* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a)))))
+and here is Alyssa’s revised polar representation:
+(define (real-part-polar z)
+(* (magnitude-polar z) (cos (angle-polar z))))
+(define (imag-part-polar z)
+(* (magnitude-polar z) (sin (angle-polar z))))
+(define (magnitude-polar z) (car z))
+(define (angle-polar z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-real-imag-polar x y)
+(attach-tag ’polar
+(cons (sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x))))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang-polar r a)
+(attach-tag ’polar (cons r a)))
+Each generic selector is implemented as a procedure that checks the tag of its argument and calls the
+appropriate procedure for handling data of that type. For example, to obtain the real part of a complex
+number, real-part examines the tag to determine whether to use Ben’s
+real-part-rectangular or Alyssa’s real-part-polar. In either case, we use contents
+to extract the bare, untagged datum and send this to the rectangular or polar procedure as required:
+(define (real-part z)
+(cond ((rectangular? z)
+(real-part-rectangular (contents z)))
+
+\f(define
+(cond
+
+(define
+(cond
+
+(define
+(cond
+
+((polar? z)
+(real-part-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- REAL-PART" z))))
+(imag-part z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(imag-part-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(imag-part-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- IMAG-PART" z))))
+(magnitude z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(magnitude-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(magnitude-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- MAGNITUDE" z))))
+(angle z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(angle-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(angle-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- ANGLE" z))))
+
+To implement the complex-number arithmetic operations, we can use the same procedures
+add-complex, sub-complex, mul-complex, and div-complex from section 2.4.1, because
+the selectors they call are generic, and so will work with either representation. For example, the
+procedure add-complex is still
+(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+Finally, we must choose whether to construct complex numbers using Ben’s representation or Alyssa’s
+representation. One reasonable choice is to construct rectangular numbers whenever we have real and
+imaginary parts and to construct polar numbers whenever we have magnitudes and angles:
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(make-from-real-imag-rectangular x y))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(make-from-mag-ang-polar r a))
+
+\fFigure 2.21: Structure of the generic complex-arithmetic system.
+Figure 2.21: Structure of the generic complex-arithmetic system.
+The resulting complex-number system has the structure shown in figure 2.21. The system has been
+decomposed into three relatively independent parts: the complex-number-arithmetic operations,
+Alyssa’s polar implementation, and Ben’s rectangular implementation. The polar and rectangular
+implementations could have been written by Ben and Alyssa working separately, and both of these can
+be used as underlying representations by a third programmer implementing the complex-arithmetic
+procedures in terms of the abstract constructor/selector interface.
+Since each data object is tagged with its type, the selectors operate on the data in a generic manner.
+That is, each selector is defined to have a behavior that depends upon the particular type of data it is
+applied to. Notice the general mechanism for interfacing the separate representations: Within a given
+representation implementation (say, Alyssa’s polar package) a complex number is an untyped pair
+(magnitude, angle). When a generic selector operates on a number of polar type, it strips off the tag
+and passes the contents on to Alyssa’s code. Conversely, when Alyssa constructs a number for general
+use, she tags it with a type so that it can be appropriately recognized by the higher-level procedures.
+This discipline of stripping off and attaching tags as data objects are passed from level to level can be
+an important organizational strategy, as we shall see in section 2.5.
+
+2.4.3 Data-Directed Programming and Additivity
+The general strategy of checking the type of a datum and calling an appropriate procedure is called
+dispatching on type. This is a powerful strategy for obtaining modularity in system design. Oh the
+other hand, implementing the dispatch as in section 2.4.2 has two significant weaknesses. One
+weakness is that the generic interface procedures (real-part, imag-part, magnitude, and
+angle) must know about all the different representations. For instance, suppose we wanted to
+incorporate a new representation for complex numbers into our complex-number system. We would
+need to identify this new representation with a type, and then add a clause to each of the generic
+interface procedures to check for the new type and apply the appropriate selector for that
+representation.
+Another weakness of the technique is that even though the individual representations can be designed
+separately, we must guarantee that no two procedures in the entire system have the same name. This is
+why Ben and Alyssa had to change the names of their original procedures from section 2.4.1.
+
+\fThe issue underlying both of these weaknesses is that the technique for implementing generic
+interfaces is not additive. The person implementing the generic selector procedures must modify those
+procedures each time a new representation is installed, and the people interfacing the individual
+representations must modify their code to avoid name conflicts. In each of these cases, the changes
+that must be made to the code are straightforward, but they must be made nonetheless, and this is a
+source of inconvenience and error. This is not much of a problem for the complex-number system as it
+stands, but suppose there were not two but hundreds of different representations for complex numbers.
+And suppose that there were many generic selectors to be maintained in the abstract-data interface.
+Suppose, in fact, that no one programmer knew all the interface procedures or all the representations.
+The problem is real and must be addressed in such programs as large-scale data-base-management
+systems.
+What we need is a means for modularizing the system design even further. This is provided by the
+programming technique known as data-directed programming. To understand how data-directed
+programming works, begin with the observation that whenever we deal with a set of generic operations
+that are common to a set of different types we are, in effect, dealing with a two-dimensional table that
+contains the possible operations on one axis and the possible types on the other axis. The entries in the
+table are the procedures that implement each operation for each type of argument presented. In the
+complex-number system developed in the previous section, the correspondence between operation
+name, data type, and actual procedure was spread out among the various conditional clauses in the
+generic interface procedures. But the same information could have been organized in a table, as shown
+in figure 2.22.
+Data-directed programming is the technique of designing programs to work with such a table directly.
+Previously, we implemented the mechanism that interfaces the complex-arithmetic code with the two
+representation packages as a set of procedures that each perform an explicit dispatch on type. Here we
+will implement the interface as a single procedure that looks up the combination of the operation name
+and argument type in the table to find the correct procedure to apply, and then applies it to the contents
+of the argument. If we do this, then to add a new representation package to the system we need not
+change any existing procedures; we need only add new entries to the table.
+
+Figure 2.22: Table of operations for the complex-number system.
+Figure 2.22: Table of operations for the complex-number system.
+To implement this plan, assume that we have two procedures, put and get, for manipulating the
+operation-and-type table:
+(put <op> <type> <item>)
+installs the <item> in the table, indexed by the <op> and the <type>.
+
+\f(get <op> <type>)
+looks up the <op>, <type> entry in the table and returns the item found there. If no item is
+found, get returns false.
+For now, we can assume that put and get are included in our language. In chapter 3 (section 3.3.3,
+exercise 3.24) we will see how to implement these and other operations for manipulating tables.
+Here is how data-directed programming can be used in the complex-number system. Ben, who
+developed the rectangular representation, implements his code just as he did originally. He defines a
+collection of procedures, or a package, and interfaces these to the rest of the system by adding entries
+to the table that tell the system how to operate on rectangular numbers. This is accomplished by calling
+the following procedure:
+(define (install-rectangular-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (real-part z) (car z))
+(define (imag-part z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y) (cons x y))
+(define (magnitude z)
+(sqrt (+ (square (real-part z))
+(square (imag-part z)))))
+(define (angle z)
+(atan (imag-part z) (real-part z)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(cons (* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a))))
+;; interface to the rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’rectangular x))
+(put ’real-part ’(rectangular) real-part)
+(put ’imag-part ’(rectangular) imag-part)
+(put ’magnitude ’(rectangular) magnitude)
+(put ’angle ’(rectangular) angle)
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’rectangular
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Notice that the internal procedures here are the same procedures from section 2.4.1 that Ben wrote
+when he was working in isolation. No changes are necessary in order to interface them to the rest of
+the system. Moreover, since these procedure definitions are internal to the installation procedure, Ben
+needn’t worry about name conflicts with other procedures outside the rectangular package. To
+interface these to the rest of the system, Ben installs his real-part procedure under the operation
+name real-part and the type (rectangular), and similarly for the other selectors. 45 The
+interface also defines the constructors to be used by the external system. 46 These are identical to
+Ben’s internally defined constructors, except that they attach the tag.
+Alyssa’s polar package is analogous:
+(define (install-polar-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (magnitude z) (car z))
+
+\f(define (angle z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a) (cons r a))
+(define (real-part z)
+(* (magnitude z) (cos (angle z))))
+(define (imag-part z)
+(* (magnitude z) (sin (angle z))))
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(cons (sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x)))
+;; interface to the rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’polar x))
+(put ’real-part ’(polar) real-part)
+(put ’imag-part ’(polar) imag-part)
+(put ’magnitude ’(polar) magnitude)
+(put ’angle ’(polar) angle)
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’polar
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’polar
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Even though Ben and Alyssa both still use their original procedures defined with the same names as
+each other’s (e.g., real-part), these definitions are now internal to different procedures (see
+section 1.1.8), so there is no name conflict.
+The complex-arithmetic selectors access the table by means of a general ‘‘operation’’ procedure called
+apply-generic, which applies a generic operation to some arguments. Apply-generic looks
+in the table under the name of the operation and the types of the arguments and applies the resulting
+procedure if one is present: 47
+(define (apply-generic op . args)
+(let ((type-tags (map type-tag args)))
+(let ((proc (get op type-tags)))
+(if proc
+(apply proc (map contents args))
+(error
+"No method for these types -- APPLY-GENERIC"
+(list op type-tags))))))
+Using apply-generic, we can define our generic selectors as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(real-part z) (apply-generic ’real-part z))
+(imag-part z) (apply-generic ’imag-part z))
+(magnitude z) (apply-generic ’magnitude z))
+(angle z) (apply-generic ’angle z))
+
+Observe that these do not change at all if a new representation is added to the system.
+We can also extract from the table the constructors to be used by the programs external to the packages
+in making complex numbers from real and imaginary parts and from magnitudes and angles. As in
+section 2.4.2, we construct rectangular numbers whenever we have real and imaginary parts, and polar
+numbers whenever we have magnitudes and angles:
+
+\f(define
+((get
+(define
+((get
+
+(make-from-real-imag x y)
+’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular) x y))
+(make-from-mag-ang r a)
+’make-from-mag-ang ’polar) r a))
+
+Exercise 2.73. Section 2.3.2 described a program that performs symbolic differentiation:
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp) (if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+((sum? exp)
+(make-sum (deriv (addend exp) var)
+(deriv (augend exp) var)))
+((product? exp)
+(make-sum
+(make-product (multiplier exp)
+(deriv (multiplicand exp) var))
+(make-product (deriv (multiplier exp) var)
+(multiplicand exp))))
+<more rules can be added here>
+(else (error "unknown expression type -- DERIV" exp))))
+We can regard this program as performing a dispatch on the type of the expression to be differentiated.
+In this situation the ‘‘type tag’’ of the datum is the algebraic operator symbol (such as +) and the
+operation being performed is deriv. We can transform this program into data-directed style by
+rewriting the basic derivative procedure as
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp) (if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+(else ((get ’deriv (operator exp)) (operands exp)
+var))))
+(define (operator exp) (car exp))
+(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))
+a. Explain what was done above. Why can’t we assimilate the predicates number? and
+same-variable? into the data-directed dispatch?
+b. Write the procedures for derivatives of sums and products, and the auxiliary code required to install
+them in the table used by the program above.
+c. Choose any additional differentiation rule that you like, such as the one for exponents
+(exercise 2.56), and install it in this data-directed system.
+d. In this simple algebraic manipulator the type of an expression is the algebraic operator that binds it
+together. Suppose, however, we indexed the procedures in the opposite way, so that the dispatch line
+in deriv looked like
+((get (operator exp) ’deriv) (operands exp) var)
+
+\fWhat corresponding changes to the derivative system are required?
+Exercise 2.74. Insatiable Enterprises, Inc., is a highly decentralized conglomerate company consisting
+of a large number of independent divisions located all over the world. The company’s computer
+facilities have just been interconnected by means of a clever network-interfacing scheme that makes
+the entire network appear to any user to be a single computer. Insatiable’s president, in her first
+attempt to exploit the ability of the network to extract administrative information from division files, is
+dismayed to discover that, although all the division files have been implemented as data structures in
+Scheme, the particular data structure used varies from division to division. A meeting of division
+managers is hastily called to search for a strategy to integrate the files that will satisfy headquarters’
+needs while preserving the existing autonomy of the divisions.
+Show how such a strategy can be implemented with data-directed programming. As an example,
+suppose that each division’s personnel records consist of a single file, which contains a set of records
+keyed on employees’ names. The structure of the set varies from division to division. Furthermore,
+each employee’s record is itself a set (structured differently from division to division) that contains
+information keyed under identifiers such as address and salary. In particular:
+a. Implement for headquarters a get-record procedure that retrieves a specified employee’s record
+from a specified personnel file. The procedure should be applicable to any division’s file. Explain how
+the individual divisions’ files should be structured. In particular, what type information must be
+supplied?
+b. Implement for headquarters a get-salary procedure that returns the salary information from a
+given employee’s record from any division’s personnel file. How should the record be structured in
+order to make this operation work?
+c. Implement for headquarters a find-employee-record procedure. This should search all the
+divisions’ files for the record of a given employee and return the record. Assume that this procedure
+takes as arguments an employee’s name and a list of all the divisions’ files.
+d. When Insatiable takes over a new company, what changes must be made in order to incorporate the
+new personnel information into the central system?
+
+Message passing
+The key idea of data-directed programming is to handle generic operations in programs by dealing
+explicitly with operation-and-type tables, such as the table in figure 2.22. The style of programming
+we used in section 2.4.2 organized the required dispatching on type by having each operation take care
+of its own dispatching. In effect, this decomposes the operation-and-type table into rows, with each
+generic operation procedure representing a row of the table.
+An alternative implementation strategy is to decompose the table into columns and, instead of using
+‘‘intelligent operations’’ that dispatch on data types, to work with ‘‘intelligent data objects’’ that
+dispatch on operation names. We can do this by arranging things so that a data object, such as a
+rectangular number, is represented as a procedure that takes as input the required operation name and
+performs the operation indicated. In such a discipline, make-from-real-imag could be written as
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(define (dispatch op)
+(cond ((eq? op ’real-part) x)
+((eq? op ’imag-part) y)
+
+\f((eq? op ’magnitude)
+(sqrt (+ (square x) (square y))))
+((eq? op ’angle) (atan y x))
+(else
+(error "Unknown op -- MAKE-FROM-REAL-IMAG" op))))
+dispatch)
+The corresponding apply-generic procedure, which applies a generic operation to an argument,
+now simply feeds the operation’s name to the data object and lets the object do the work: 48
+(define (apply-generic op arg) (arg op))
+Note that the value returned by make-from-real-imag is a procedure -- the internal dispatch
+procedure. This is the procedure that is invoked when apply-generic requests an operation to be
+performed.
+This style of programming is called message passing. The name comes from the image that a data
+object is an entity that receives the requested operation name as a ‘‘message.’’ We have already seen
+an example of message passing in section 2.1.3, where we saw how cons, car, and cdr could be
+defined with no data objects but only procedures. Here we see that message passing is not a
+mathematical trick but a useful technique for organizing systems with generic operations. In the
+remainder of this chapter we will continue to use data-directed programming, rather than message
+passing, to discuss generic arithmetic operations. In chapter 3 we will return to message passing, and
+we will see that it can be a powerful tool for structuring simulation programs.
+Exercise 2.75. Implement the constructor make-from-mag-ang in message-passing style. This
+procedure should be analogous to the make-from-real-imag procedure given above.
+Exercise 2.76. As a large system with generic operations evolves, new types of data objects or new
+operations may be needed. For each of the three strategies -- generic operations with explicit dispatch,
+data-directed style, and message-passing-style -- describe the changes that must be made to a system in
+order to add new types or new operations. Which organization would be most appropriate for a system
+in which new types must often be added? Which would be most appropriate for a system in which new
+operations must often be added?
+43 In actual computational systems, rectangular form is preferable to polar form most of the time
+
+because of roundoff errors in conversion between rectangular and polar form. This is why the
+complex-number example is unrealistic. Nevertheless, it provides a clear illustration of the design of a
+system using generic operations and a good introduction to the more substantial systems to be
+developed later in this chapter.
+44 The arctangent function referred to here, computed by Scheme’s atan procedure, is defined so as
+
+to take two arguments y and x and to return the angle whose tangent is y/x. The signs of the arguments
+determine the quadrant of the angle.
+45 We use the list (rectangular) rather than the symbol rectangular to allow for the
+
+possibility of operations with multiple arguments, not all of the same type.
+46 The type the constructors are installed under needn’t be a list because a constructor is always used
+
+to make an object of one particular type.
+
+\f47 Apply-generic uses the dotted-tail notation described in exercise 2.20, because different
+
+generic operations may take different numbers of arguments. In apply-generic, op has as its
+value the first argument to apply-generic and args has as its value a list of the remaining
+arguments.
+Apply-generic also uses the primitive procedure apply, which takes two arguments, a procedure
+and a list. Apply applies the procedure, using the elements in the list as arguments. For example,
+(apply + (list 1 2 3 4))
+returns 10.
+48 One limitation of this organization is it permits only generic procedures of one argument.
+
+
+
+\f
+
+2.5 Systems with Generic Operations
+In the previous section, we saw how to design systems in which data objects can be represented in
+more than one way. The key idea is to link the code that specifies the data operations to the several
+representations by means of generic interface procedures. Now we will see how to use this same idea
+not only to define operations that are generic over different representations but also to define
+operations that are generic over different kinds of arguments. We have already seen several different
+packages of arithmetic operations: the primitive arithmetic (+, -, *, /) built into our language, the
+rational-number arithmetic (add-rat, sub-rat, mul-rat, div-rat) of section 2.1.1, and the
+complex-number arithmetic that we implemented in section 2.4.3. We will now use data-directed
+techniques to construct a package of arithmetic operations that incorporates all the arithmetic packages
+we have already constructed.
+Figure 2.23 shows the structure of the system we shall build. Notice the abstraction barriers. From the
+perspective of someone using ‘‘numbers,’’ there is a single procedure add that operates on whatever
+numbers are supplied. Add is part of a generic interface that allows the separate ordinary-arithmetic,
+rational-arithmetic, and complex-arithmetic packages to be accessed uniformly by programs that use
+numbers. Any individual arithmetic package (such as the complex package) may itself be accessed
+through generic procedures (such as add-complex) that combine packages designed for different
+representations (such as rectangular and polar). Moreover, the structure of the system is additive, so
+that one can design the individual arithmetic packages separately and combine them to produce a
+generic arithmetic system.
+
+Figure 2.23: Generic arithmetic system.
+Figure 2.23: Generic arithmetic system.
+
+2.5.1 Generic Arithmetic Operations
+The task of designing generic arithmetic operations is analogous to that of designing the generic
+complex-number operations. We would like, for instance, to have a generic addition procedure add
+that acts like ordinary primitive addition + on ordinary numbers, like add-rat on rational numbers,
+
+\fand like add-complex on complex numbers. We can implement add, and the other generic
+arithmetic operations, by following the same strategy we used in section 2.4.3 to implement the
+generic selectors for complex numbers. We will attach a type tag to each kind of number and cause the
+generic procedure to dispatch to an appropriate package according to the data type of its arguments.
+The generic arithmetic procedures are defined as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(add
+(sub
+(mul
+(div
+
+x
+x
+x
+x
+
+y)
+y)
+y)
+y)
+
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+
+’add
+’sub
+’mul
+’div
+
+x
+x
+x
+x
+
+y))
+y))
+y))
+y))
+
+We begin by installing a package for handling ordinary numbers, that is, the primitive numbers of our
+language. We will tag these with the symbol scheme-number. The arithmetic operations in this
+package are the primitive arithmetic procedures (so there is no need to define extra procedures to
+handle the untagged numbers). Since these operations each take two arguments, they are installed in
+the table keyed by the list (scheme-number scheme-number):
+(define (install-scheme-number-package)
+(define (tag x)
+(attach-tag ’scheme-number x))
+(put ’add ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (+ x y))))
+(put ’sub ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (- x y))))
+(put ’mul ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (* x y))))
+(put ’div ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (/ x y))))
+(put ’make ’scheme-number
+(lambda (x) (tag x)))
+’done)
+Users of the Scheme-number package will create (tagged) ordinary numbers by means of the
+procedure:
+(define (make-scheme-number n)
+((get ’make ’scheme-number) n))
+Now that the framework of the generic arithmetic system is in place, we can readily include new kinds
+of numbers. Here is a package that performs rational arithmetic. Notice that, as a benefit of additivity,
+we can use without modification the rational-number code from section 2.1.1 as the internal
+procedures in the package:
+(define (install-rational-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (numer x) (car x))
+(define (denom x) (cdr x))
+(define (make-rat n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(cons (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+(define (add-rat x y)
+
+\f(make-rat (+ (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (numer y) (denom x)))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (sub-rat x y)
+(make-rat (- (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (numer y) (denom x)))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (mul-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x) (numer y))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (div-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (denom x) (numer y))))
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’rational x))
+(put ’add ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (add-rat x y))))
+(put ’sub ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (sub-rat x y))))
+(put ’mul ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (mul-rat x y))))
+(put ’div ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (div-rat x y))))
+(put ’make ’rational
+(lambda (n d) (tag (make-rat n d))))
+’done)
+(define (make-rational n d)
+((get ’make ’rational) n d))
+We can install a similar package to handle complex numbers, using the tag complex. In creating the
+package, we extract from the table the operations make-from-real-imag and
+make-from-mag-ang that were defined by the rectangular and polar packages. Additivity permits
+us to use, as the internal operations, the same add-complex, sub-complex, mul-complex, and
+div-complex procedures from section 2.4.1.
+(define (install-complex-package)
+;; imported procedures from rectangular and polar packages
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+((get ’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular) x y))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+((get ’make-from-mag-ang ’polar) r a))
+;; internal procedures
+(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (sub-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (- (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(- (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (mul-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (* (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(+ (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+
+\f(define (div-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (/ (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(- (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag z) (attach-tag ’complex z))
+(put ’add ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (add-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’sub ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (sub-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’mul ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (mul-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’div ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (div-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’complex
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’complex
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Programs outside the complex-number package can construct complex numbers either from real and
+imaginary parts or from magnitudes and angles. Notice how the underlying procedures, originally
+defined in the rectangular and polar packages, are exported to the complex package, and exported from
+there to the outside world.
+(define
+((get
+(define
+((get
+
+(make-complex-from-real-imag x y)
+’make-from-real-imag ’complex) x y))
+(make-complex-from-mag-ang r a)
+’make-from-mag-ang ’complex) r a))
+
+What we have here is a two-level tag system. A typical complex number, such as 3 + 4i in rectangular
+form, would be represented as shown in figure 2.24. The outer tag (complex) is used to direct the
+number to the complex package. Once within the complex package, the next tag (rectangular) is
+used to direct the number to the rectangular package. In a large and complicated system there might be
+many levels, each interfaced with the next by means of generic operations. As a data object is passed
+‘‘downward,’’ the outer tag that is used to direct it to the appropriate package is stripped off (by
+applying contents) and the next level of tag (if any) becomes visible to be used for further
+dispatching.
+
+Figure 2.24: Representation of 3 + 4i in rectangular form.
+Figure 2.24: Representation of 3 + 4i in rectangular form.
+In the above packages, we used add-rat, add-complex, and the other arithmetic procedures
+exactly as originally written. Once these definitions are internal to different installation procedures,
+however, they no longer need names that are distinct from each other: we could simply name them
+
+\fadd, sub, mul, and div in both packages.
+Exercise 2.77. Louis Reasoner tries to evaluate the expression (magnitude z) where z is the
+object shown in figure 2.24. To his surprise, instead of the answer 5 he gets an error message from
+apply-generic, saying there is no method for the operation magnitude on the types
+(complex). He shows this interaction to Alyssa P. Hacker, who says ‘‘The problem is that the
+complex-number selectors were never defined for complex numbers, just for polar and
+rectangular numbers. All you have to do to make this work is add the following to the complex
+package:’’
+(put
+(put
+(put
+(put
+
+’real-part ’(complex) real-part)
+’imag-part ’(complex) imag-part)
+’magnitude ’(complex) magnitude)
+’angle ’(complex) angle)
+
+Describe in detail why this works. As an example, trace through all the procedures called in evaluating
+the expression (magnitude z) where z is the object shown in figure 2.24. In particular, how many
+times is apply-generic invoked? What procedure is dispatched to in each case?
+Exercise 2.78. The internal procedures in the scheme-number package are essentially nothing
+more than calls to the primitive procedures +, -, etc. It was not possible to use the primitives of the
+language directly because our type-tag system requires that each data object have a type attached to it.
+In fact, however, all Lisp implementations do have a type system, which they use internally. Primitive
+predicates such as symbol? and number? determine whether data objects have particular types.
+Modify the definitions of type-tag, contents, and attach-tag from section 2.4.2 so that our
+generic system takes advantage of Scheme’s internal type system. That is to say, the system should
+work as before except that ordinary numbers should be represented simply as Scheme numbers rather
+than as pairs whose car is the symbol scheme-number.
+Exercise 2.79. Define a generic equality predicate equ? that tests the equality of two numbers, and
+install it in the generic arithmetic package. This operation should work for ordinary numbers, rational
+numbers, and complex numbers.
+Exercise 2.80. Define a generic predicate =zero? that tests if its argument is zero, and install it in
+the generic arithmetic package. This operation should work for ordinary numbers, rational numbers,
+and complex numbers.
+
+2.5.2 Combining Data of Different Types
+We have seen how to define a unified arithmetic system that encompasses ordinary numbers, complex
+numbers, rational numbers, and any other type of number we might decide to invent, but we have
+ignored an important issue. The operations we have defined so far treat the different data types as
+being completely independent. Thus, there are separate packages for adding, say, two ordinary
+numbers, or two complex numbers. What we have not yet considered is the fact that it is meaningful to
+define operations that cross the type boundaries, such as the addition of a complex number to an
+ordinary number. We have gone to great pains to introduce barriers between parts of our programs so
+that they can be developed and understood separately. We would like to introduce the cross-type
+operations in some carefully controlled way, so that we can support them without seriously violating
+our module boundaries.
+
+\fOne way to handle cross-type operations is to design a different procedure for each possible
+combination of types for which the operation is valid. For example, we could extend the
+complex-number package so that it provides a procedure for adding complex numbers to ordinary
+numbers and installs this in the table using the tag (complex scheme-number): 49
+;; to be included in the complex package
+(define (add-complex-to-schemenum z x)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z) x)
+(imag-part z)))
+(put ’add ’(complex scheme-number)
+(lambda (z x) (tag (add-complex-to-schemenum z x))))
+This technique works, but it is cumbersome. With such a system, the cost of introducing a new type is
+not just the construction of the package of procedures for that type but also the construction and
+installation of the procedures that implement the cross-type operations. This can easily be much more
+code than is needed to define the operations on the type itself. The method also undermines our ability
+to combine separate packages additively, or least to limit the extent to which the implementors of the
+individual packages need to take account of other packages. For instance, in the example above, it
+seems reasonable that handling mixed operations on complex numbers and ordinary numbers should
+be the responsibility of the complex-number package. Combining rational numbers and complex
+numbers, however, might be done by the complex package, by the rational package, or by some third
+package that uses operations extracted from these two packages. Formulating coherent policies on the
+division of responsibility among packages can be an overwhelming task in designing systems with
+many packages and many cross-type operations.
+
+Coercion
+In the general situation of completely unrelated operations acting on completely unrelated types,
+implementing explicit cross-type operations, cumbersome though it may be, is the best that one can
+hope for. Fortunately, we can usually do better by taking advantage of additional structure that may be
+latent in our type system. Often the different data types are not completely independent, and there may
+be ways by which objects of one type may be viewed as being of another type. This process is called
+coercion. For example, if we are asked to arithmetically combine an ordinary number with a complex
+number, we can view the ordinary number as a complex number whose imaginary part is zero. This
+transforms the problem to that of combining two complex numbers, which can be handled in the
+ordinary way by the complex-arithmetic package.
+In general, we can implement this idea by designing coercion procedures that transform an object of
+one type into an equivalent object of another type. Here is a typical coercion procedure, which
+transforms a given ordinary number to a complex number with that real part and zero imaginary part:
+(define (scheme-number->complex n)
+(make-complex-from-real-imag (contents n) 0))
+We install these coercion procedures in a special coercion table, indexed under the names of the two
+types:
+(put-coercion ’scheme-number ’complex scheme-number->complex)
+
+\f(We assume that there are put-coercion and get-coercion procedures available for
+manipulating this table.) Generally some of the slots in the table will be empty, because it is not
+generally possible to coerce an arbitrary data object of each type into all other types. For example,
+there is no way to coerce an arbitrary complex number to an ordinary number, so there will be no
+general complex->scheme-number procedure included in the table.
+Once the coercion table has been set up, we can handle coercion in a uniform manner by modifying
+the apply-generic procedure of section 2.4.3. When asked to apply an operation, we first check
+whether the operation is defined for the arguments’ types, just as before. If so, we dispatch to the
+procedure found in the operation-and-type table. Otherwise, we try coercion. For simplicity, we
+consider only the case where there are two arguments. 50 We check the coercion table to see if objects
+of the first type can be coerced to the second type. If so, we coerce the first argument and try the
+operation again. If objects of the first type cannot in general be coerced to the second type, we try the
+coercion the other way around to see if there is a way to coerce the second argument to the type of the
+first argument. Finally, if there is no known way to coerce either type to the other type, we give up.
+Here is the procedure:
+(define (apply-generic op . args)
+(let ((type-tags (map type-tag args)))
+(let ((proc (get op type-tags)))
+(if proc
+(apply proc (map contents args))
+(if (= (length args) 2)
+(let ((type1 (car type-tags))
+(type2 (cadr type-tags))
+(a1 (car args))
+(a2 (cadr args)))
+(let ((t1->t2 (get-coercion type1 type2))
+(t2->t1 (get-coercion type2 type1)))
+(cond (t1->t2
+(apply-generic op (t1->t2 a1) a2))
+(t2->t1
+(apply-generic op a1 (t2->t1 a2)))
+(else
+(error "No method for these types"
+(list op type-tags))))))
+(error "No method for these types"
+(list op type-tags)))))))
+This coercion scheme has many advantages over the method of defining explicit cross-type operations,
+as outlined above. Although we still need to write coercion procedures to relate the types (possibly n 2
+procedures for a system with n types), we need to write only one procedure for each pair of types
+rather than a different procedure for each collection of types and each generic operation. 51 What we
+are counting on here is the fact that the appropriate transformation between types depends only on the
+types themselves, not on the operation to be applied.
+On the other hand, there may be applications for which our coercion scheme is not general enough.
+Even when neither of the objects to be combined can be converted to the type of the other it may still
+be possible to perform the operation by converting both objects to a third type. In order to deal with
+such complexity and still preserve modularity in our programs, it is usually necessary to build systems
+that take advantage of still further structure in the relations among types, as we discuss next.
+
+\fHierarchies of types
+The coercion scheme presented above relied on the existence of natural relations between pairs of
+types. Often there is more ‘‘global’’ structure in how the different types relate to each other. For
+instance, suppose we are building a generic arithmetic system to handle integers, rational numbers,
+real numbers, and complex numbers. In such a system, it is quite natural to regard an integer as a
+special kind of rational number, which is in turn a special kind of real number, which is in turn a
+special kind of complex number. What we actually have is a so-called hierarchy of types, in which, for
+example, integers are a subtype of rational numbers (i.e., any operation that can be applied to a rational
+number can automatically be applied to an integer). Conversely, we say that rational numbers form a
+supertype of integers. The particular hierarchy we have here is of a very simple kind, in which each
+type has at most one supertype and at most one subtype. Such a structure, called a tower, is illustrated
+in figure 2.25.
+
+Figure 2.25: A tower of types.
+Figure 2.25: A tower of types.
+If we have a tower structure, then we can greatly simplify the problem of adding a new type to the
+hierarchy, for we need only specify how the new type is embedded in the next supertype above it and
+how it is the supertype of the type below it. For example, if we want to add an integer to a complex
+number, we need not explicitly define a special coercion procedure integer->complex. Instead,
+we define how an integer can be transformed into a rational number, how a rational number is
+transformed into a real number, and how a real number is transformed into a complex number. We
+then allow the system to transform the integer into a complex number through these steps and then add
+the two complex numbers.
+We can redesign our apply-generic procedure in the following way: For each type, we need to
+supply a raise procedure, which ‘‘raises’’ objects of that type one level in the tower. Then when the
+system is required to operate on objects of different types it can successively raise the lower types until
+all the objects are at the same level in the tower. (Exercises 2.83 and 2.84 concern the details of
+implementing such a strategy.)
+Another advantage of a tower is that we can easily implement the notion that every type ‘‘inherits’’ all
+operations defined on a supertype. For instance, if we do not supply a special procedure for finding the
+real part of an integer, we should nevertheless expect that real-part will be defined for integers by
+virtue of the fact that integers are a subtype of complex numbers. In a tower, we can arrange for this to
+happen in a uniform way by modifying apply-generic. If the required operation is not directly
+defined for the type of the object given, we raise the object to its supertype and try again. We thus
+
+\fcrawl up the tower, transforming our argument as we go, until we either find a level at which the
+desired operation can be performed or hit the top (in which case we give up).
+Yet another advantage of a tower over a more general hierarchy is that it gives us a simple way to
+‘‘lower’’ a data object to the simplest representation. For example, if we add 2 + 3i to 4 - 3i, it would
+be nice to obtain the answer as the integer 6 rather than as the complex number 6 + 0i. Exercise 2.85
+discusses a way to implement such a lowering operation. (The trick is that we need a general way to
+distinguish those objects that can be lowered, such as 6 + 0i, from those that cannot, such as 6 + 2i.)
+
+Figure 2.26: Relations among types of geometric figures.
+Figure 2.26: Relations among types of geometric figures.
+
+Inadequacies of hierarchies
+If the data types in our system can be naturally arranged in a tower, this greatly simplifies the
+problems of dealing with generic operations on different types, as we have seen. Unfortunately, this is
+usually not the case. Figure 2.26 illustrates a more complex arrangement of mixed types, this one
+showing relations among different types of geometric figures. We see that, in general, a type may have
+more than one subtype. Triangles and quadrilaterals, for instance, are both subtypes of polygons. In
+addition, a type may have more than one supertype. For example, an isosceles right triangle may be
+regarded either as an isosceles triangle or as a right triangle. This multiple-supertypes issue is
+particularly thorny, since it means that there is no unique way to ‘‘raise’’ a type in the hierarchy.
+Finding the ‘‘correct’’ supertype in which to apply an operation to an object may involve considerable
+searching through the entire type network on the part of a procedure such as apply-generic. Since
+there generally are multiple subtypes for a type, there is a similar problem in coercing a value ‘‘down’’
+the type hierarchy. Dealing with large numbers of interrelated types while still preserving modularity
+
+\fin the design of large systems is very difficult, and is an area of much current research. 52
+Exercise 2.81. Louis Reasoner has noticed that apply-generic may try to coerce the arguments
+to each other’s type even if they already have the same type. Therefore, he reasons, we need to put
+procedures in the coercion table to "coerce" arguments of each type to their own type. For example, in
+addition to the scheme-number->complex coercion shown above, he would do:
+(define (scheme-number->scheme-number n) n)
+(define (complex->complex z) z)
+(put-coercion ’scheme-number ’scheme-number
+scheme-number->scheme-number)
+(put-coercion ’complex ’complex complex->complex)
+a. With Louis’s coercion procedures installed, what happens if apply-generic is called with two
+arguments of type scheme-number or two arguments of type complex for an operation that is not
+found in the table for those types? For example, assume that we’ve defined a generic exponentiation
+operation:
+(define (exp x y) (apply-generic ’exp x y))
+and have put a procedure for exponentiation in the Scheme-number package but not in any other
+package:
+;; following added to Scheme-number package
+(put ’exp ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (expt x y)))) ; using primitive expt
+What happens if we call exp with two complex numbers as arguments?
+b. Is Louis correct that something had to be done about coercion with arguments of the same type, or
+does apply-generic work correctly as is?
+c. Modify apply-generic so that it doesn’t try coercion if the two arguments have the same type.
+Exercise 2.82. Show how to generalize apply-generic to handle coercion in the general case of
+multiple arguments. One strategy is to attempt to coerce all the arguments to the type of the first
+argument, then to the type of the second argument, and so on. Give an example of a situation where
+this strategy (and likewise the two-argument version given above) is not sufficiently general. (Hint:
+Consider the case where there are some suitable mixed-type operations present in the table that will
+not be tried.)
+Exercise 2.83. Suppose you are designing a generic arithmetic system for dealing with the tower of
+types shown in figure 2.25: integer, rational, real, complex. For each type (except complex), design a
+procedure that raises objects of that type one level in the tower. Show how to install a generic raise
+operation that will work for each type (except complex).
+Exercise 2.84. Using the raise operation of exercise 2.83, modify the apply-generic procedure
+so that it coerces its arguments to have the same type by the method of successive raising, as discussed
+in this section. You will need to devise a way to test which of two types is higher in the tower. Do this
+in a manner that is ‘‘compatible’’ with the rest of the system and will not lead to problems in adding
+new levels to the tower.
+
+\fExercise 2.85. This section mentioned a method for ‘‘simplifying’’ a data object by lowering it in the
+tower of types as far as possible. Design a procedure drop that accomplishes this for the tower
+described in exercise 2.83. The key is to decide, in some general way, whether an object can be
+lowered. For example, the complex number 1.5 + 0i can be lowered as far as real, the complex
+number 1 + 0i can be lowered as far as integer, and the complex number 2 + 3i cannot be lowered
+at all. Here is a plan for determining whether an object can be lowered: Begin by defining a generic
+operation project that ‘‘pushes’’ an object down in the tower. For example, projecting a complex
+number would involve throwing away the imaginary part. Then a number can be dropped if, when we
+project it and raise the result back to the type we started with, we end up with something equal
+to what we started with. Show how to implement this idea in detail, by writing a drop procedure that
+drops an object as far as possible. You will need to design the various projection operations 53 and
+install project as a generic operation in the system. You will also need to make use of a generic
+equality predicate, such as described in exercise 2.79. Finally, use drop to rewrite apply-generic
+from exercise 2.84 so that it ‘‘simplifies’’ its answers.
+Exercise 2.86. Suppose we want to handle complex numbers whose real parts, imaginary parts,
+magnitudes, and angles can be either ordinary numbers, rational numbers, or other numbers we might
+wish to add to the system. Describe and implement the changes to the system needed to accommodate
+this. You will have to define operations such as sine and cosine that are generic over ordinary
+numbers and rational numbers.
+
+2.5.3 Example: Symbolic Algebra
+The manipulation of symbolic algebraic expressions is a complex process that illustrates many of the
+hardest problems that occur in the design of large-scale systems. An algebraic expression, in general,
+can be viewed as a hierarchical structure, a tree of operators applied to operands. We can construct
+algebraic expressions by starting with a set of primitive objects, such as constants and variables, and
+combining these by means of algebraic operators, such as addition and multiplication. As in other
+languages, we form abstractions that enable us to refer to compound objects in simple terms. Typical
+abstractions in symbolic algebra are ideas such as linear combination, polynomial, rational function, or
+trigonometric function. We can regard these as compound ‘‘types,’’ which are often useful for
+directing the processing of expressions. For example, we could describe the expression
+
+as a polynomial in x with coefficients that are trigonometric functions of polynomials in y whose
+coefficients are integers.
+We will not attempt to develop a complete algebraic-manipulation system here. Such systems are
+exceedingly complex programs, embodying deep algebraic knowledge and elegant algorithms. What
+we will do is look at a simple but important part of algebraic manipulation: the arithmetic of
+polynomials. We will illustrate the kinds of decisions the designer of such a system faces, and how to
+apply the ideas of abstract data and generic operations to help organize this effort.
+
+Arithmetic on polynomials
+Our first task in designing a system for performing arithmetic on polynomials is to decide just what a
+polynomial is. Polynomials are normally defined relative to certain variables (the indeterminates of the
+polynomial). For simplicity, we will restrict ourselves to polynomials having just one indeterminate
+(univariate polynomials). 54 We will define a polynomial to be a sum of terms, each of which is either
+a coefficient, a power of the indeterminate, or a product of a coefficient and a power of the
+
+\findeterminate. A coefficient is defined as an algebraic expression that is not dependent upon the
+indeterminate of the polynomial. For example,
+
+is a simple polynomial in x, and
+
+is a polynomial in x whose coefficients are polynomials in y.
+Already we are skirting some thorny issues. Is the first of these polynomials the same as the
+polynomial 5y 2 + 3y + 7, or not? A reasonable answer might be ‘‘yes, if we are considering a
+polynomial purely as a mathematical function, but no, if we are considering a polynomial to be a
+syntactic form.’’ The second polynomial is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial in y whose
+coefficients are polynomials in x. Should our system recognize this, or not? Furthermore, there are
+other ways to represent a polynomial -- for example, as a product of factors, or (for a univariate
+polynomial) as the set of roots, or as a listing of the values of the polynomial at a specified set of
+points. 55 We can finesse these questions by deciding that in our algebraic-manipulation system a
+‘‘polynomial’’ will be a particular syntactic form, not its underlying mathematical meaning.
+Now we must consider how to go about doing arithmetic on polynomials. In this simple system, we
+will consider only addition and multiplication. Moreover, we will insist that two polynomials to be
+combined must have the same indeterminate.
+We will approach the design of our system by following the familiar discipline of data abstraction. We
+will represent polynomials using a data structure called a poly, which consists of a variable and a
+collection of terms. We assume that we have selectors variable and term-list that extract those
+parts from a poly and a constructor make-poly that assembles a poly from a given variable and a
+term list. A variable will be just a symbol, so we can use the same-variable? procedure of
+section 2.3.2 to compare variables. The following procedures define addition and multiplication of
+polys:
+(define (add-poly p1 p2)
+(if (same-variable? (variable p1) (variable p2))
+(make-poly (variable p1)
+(add-terms (term-list p1)
+(term-list p2)))
+(error "Polys not in same var -- ADD-POLY"
+(list p1 p2))))
+(define (mul-poly p1 p2)
+(if (same-variable? (variable p1) (variable p2))
+(make-poly (variable p1)
+(mul-terms (term-list p1)
+(term-list p2)))
+(error "Polys not in same var -- MUL-POLY"
+(list p1 p2))))
+To incorporate polynomials into our generic arithmetic system, we need to supply them with type tags.
+We’ll use the tag polynomial, and install appropriate operations on tagged polynomials in the
+operation table. We’ll embed all our code in an installation procedure for the polynomial package,
+similar to the ones in section 2.5.1:
+
+\f(define (install-polynomial-package)
+;; internal procedures
+;; representation of poly
+(define (make-poly variable term-list)
+(cons variable term-list))
+(define (variable p) (car p))
+(define (term-list p) (cdr p))
+<procedures same-variable? and variable? from section 2.3.2>
+;; representation of terms and term lists
+<procedures adjoin-term ...coeff from text below>
+;; continued on next page
+(define (add-poly p1 p2) ...)
+<procedures used by add-poly>
+(define (mul-poly p1 p2) ...)
+<procedures used by mul-poly>
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag p) (attach-tag ’polynomial p))
+(put ’add ’(polynomial polynomial)
+(lambda (p1 p2) (tag (add-poly p1 p2))))
+(put ’mul ’(polynomial polynomial)
+(lambda (p1 p2) (tag (mul-poly p1 p2))))
+(put ’make ’polynomial
+(lambda (var terms) (tag (make-poly var terms))))
+’done)
+Polynomial addition is performed termwise. Terms of the same order (i.e., with the same power of the
+indeterminate) must be combined. This is done by forming a new term of the same order whose
+coefficient is the sum of the coefficients of the addends. Terms in one addend for which there are no
+terms of the same order in the other addend are simply accumulated into the sum polynomial being
+constructed.
+In order to manipulate term lists, we will assume that we have a constructor
+the-empty-termlist that returns an empty term list and a constructor adjoin-term that
+adjoins a new term to a term list. We will also assume that we have a predicate empty-termlist?
+that tells if a given term list is empty, a selector first-term that extracts the highest-order term
+from a term list, and a selector rest-terms that returns all but the highest-order term. To
+manipulate terms, we will suppose that we have a constructor make-term that constructs a term with
+given order and coefficient, and selectors order and coeff that return, respectively, the order and
+the coefficient of the term. These operations allow us to consider both terms and term lists as data
+abstractions, whose concrete representations we can worry about separately.
+Here is the procedure that constructs the term list for the sum of two polynomials: 56
+(define (add-terms L1 L2)
+(cond ((empty-termlist? L1) L2)
+((empty-termlist? L2) L1)
+(else
+(let ((t1 (first-term L1)) (t2 (first-term L2)))
+(cond ((> (order t1) (order t2))
+(adjoin-term
+t1 (add-terms (rest-terms L1) L2)))
+
+\f((< (order t1) (order t2))
+(adjoin-term
+t2 (add-terms L1 (rest-terms L2))))
+(else
+(adjoin-term
+(make-term (order t1)
+(add (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(add-terms (rest-terms L1)
+(rest-terms L2)))))))))
+The most important point to note here is that we used the generic addition procedure add to add
+together the coefficients of the terms being combined. This has powerful consequences, as we will see
+below.
+In order to multiply two term lists, we multiply each term of the first list by all the terms of the other
+list, repeatedly using mul-term-by-all-terms, which multiplies a given term by all terms in a
+given term list. The resulting term lists (one for each term of the first list) are accumulated into a sum.
+Multiplying two terms forms a term whose order is the sum of the orders of the factors and whose
+coefficient is the product of the coefficients of the factors:
+(define (mul-terms L1 L2)
+(if (empty-termlist? L1)
+(the-empty-termlist)
+(add-terms (mul-term-by-all-terms (first-term L1) L2)
+(mul-terms (rest-terms L1) L2))))
+(define (mul-term-by-all-terms t1 L)
+(if (empty-termlist? L)
+(the-empty-termlist)
+(let ((t2 (first-term L)))
+(adjoin-term
+(make-term (+ (order t1) (order t2))
+(mul (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(mul-term-by-all-terms t1 (rest-terms L))))))
+This is really all there is to polynomial addition and multiplication. Notice that, since we operate on
+terms using the generic procedures add and mul, our polynomial package is automatically able to
+handle any type of coefficient that is known about by the generic arithmetic package. If we include a
+coercion mechanism such as one of those discussed in section 2.5.2, then we also are automatically
+able to handle operations on polynomials of different coefficient types, such as
+
+Because we installed the polynomial addition and multiplication procedures add-poly and
+mul-poly in the generic arithmetic system as the add and mul operations for type polynomial,
+our system is also automatically able to handle polynomial operations such as
+
+\fThe reason is that when the system tries to combine coefficients, it will dispatch through add and
+mul. Since the coefficients are themselves polynomials (in y), these will be combined using
+add-poly and mul-poly. The result is a kind of ‘‘data-directed recursion’’ in which, for example,
+a call to mul-poly will result in recursive calls to mul-poly in order to multiply the coefficients. If
+the coefficients of the coefficients were themselves polynomials (as might be used to represent
+polynomials in three variables), the data direction would ensure that the system would follow through
+another level of recursive calls, and so on through as many levels as the structure of the data
+dictates. 57
+
+Representing term lists
+Finally, we must confront the job of implementing a good representation for term lists. A term list is,
+in effect, a set of coefficients keyed by the order of the term. Hence, any of the methods for
+representing sets, as discussed in section 2.3.3, can be applied to this task. On the other hand, our
+procedures add-terms and mul-terms always access term lists sequentially from highest to
+lowest order. Thus, we will use some kind of ordered list representation.
+How should we structure the list that represents a term list? One consideration is the ‘‘density’’ of the
+polynomials we intend to manipulate. A polynomial is said to be dense if it has nonzero coefficients in
+terms of most orders. If it has many zero terms it is said to be sparse. For example,
+
+is a dense polynomial, whereas
+
+is sparse.
+The term lists of dense polynomials are most efficiently represented as lists of the coefficients. For
+example, A above would be nicely represented as (1 2 0 3 -2 -5). The order of a term in this
+representation is the length of the sublist beginning with that term’s coefficient, decremented by 1. 58
+This would be a terrible representation for a sparse polynomial such as B: There would be a giant list
+of zeros punctuated by a few lonely nonzero terms. A more reasonable representation of the term list
+of a sparse polynomial is as a list of the nonzero terms, where each term is a list containing the order
+of the term and the coefficient for that order. In such a scheme, polynomial B is efficiently represented
+as ((100 1) (2 2) (0 1)). As most polynomial manipulations are performed on sparse
+polynomials, we will use this method. We will assume that term lists are represented as lists of terms,
+arranged from highest-order to lowest-order term. Once we have made this decision, implementing the
+selectors and constructors for terms and term lists is straightforward: 59
+(define (adjoin-term term term-list)
+(if (=zero? (coeff term))
+term-list
+(cons term term-list)))
+(define (the-empty-termlist) ’())
+(define (first-term term-list) (car term-list))
+(define (rest-terms term-list) (cdr term-list))
+(define (empty-termlist? term-list) (null? term-list))
+(define (make-term order coeff) (list order coeff))
+(define (order term) (car term))
+(define (coeff term) (cadr term))
+
+\fwhere =zero? is as defined in exercise 2.80. (See also exercise 2.87 below.)
+Users of the polynomial package will create (tagged) polynomials by means of the procedure:
+(define (make-polynomial var terms)
+((get ’make ’polynomial) var terms))
+Exercise 2.87. Install =zero? for polynomials in the generic arithmetic package. This will allow
+adjoin-term to work for polynomials with coefficients that are themselves polynomials.
+Exercise 2.88. Extend the polynomial system to include subtraction of polynomials. (Hint: You may
+find it helpful to define a generic negation operation.)
+Exercise 2.89. Define procedures that implement the term-list representation described above as
+appropriate for dense polynomials.
+Exercise 2.90. Suppose we want to have a polynomial system that is efficient for both sparse and
+dense polynomials. One way to do this is to allow both kinds of term-list representations in our
+system. The situation is analogous to the complex-number example of section 2.4, where we allowed
+both rectangular and polar representations. To do this we must distinguish different types of term lists
+and make the operations on term lists generic. Redesign the polynomial system to implement this
+generalization. This is a major effort, not a local change.
+Exercise 2.91. A univariate polynomial can be divided by another one to produce a polynomial
+quotient and a polynomial remainder. For example,
+
+Division can be performed via long division. That is, divide the highest-order term of the dividend by
+the highest-order term of the divisor. The result is the first term of the quotient. Next, multiply the
+result by the divisor, subtract that from the dividend, and produce the rest of the answer by recursively
+dividing the difference by the divisor. Stop when the order of the divisor exceeds the order of the
+dividend and declare the dividend to be the remainder. Also, if the dividend ever becomes zero, return
+zero as both quotient and remainder.
+We can design a div-poly procedure on the model of add-poly and mul-poly. The procedure
+checks to see if the two polys have the same variable. If so, div-poly strips off the variable and
+passes the problem to div-terms, which performs the division operation on term lists. Div-poly
+finally reattaches the variable to the result supplied by div-terms. It is convenient to design
+div-terms to compute both the quotient and the remainder of a division. Div-terms can take two
+term lists as arguments and return a list of the quotient term list and the remainder term list.
+Complete the following definition of div-terms by filling in the missing expressions. Use this to
+implement div-poly, which takes two polys as arguments and returns a list of the quotient and
+remainder polys.
+(define (div-terms L1 L2)
+(if (empty-termlist? L1)
+(list (the-empty-termlist) (the-empty-termlist))
+(let ((t1 (first-term L1))
+(t2 (first-term L2)))
+
+\f(if (> (order t2) (order t1))
+(list (the-empty-termlist) L1)
+(let ((new-c (div (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(new-o (- (order t1) (order t2))))
+(let ((rest-of-result
+<compute rest of result recursively>
+))
+<form complete result>
+))))))
+
+Hierarchies of types in symbolic algebra
+Our polynomial system illustrates how objects of one type (polynomials) may in fact be complex
+objects that have objects of many different types as parts. This poses no real difficulty in defining
+generic operations. We need only install appropriate generic operations for performing the necessary
+manipulations of the parts of the compound types. In fact, we saw that polynomials form a kind of
+‘‘recursive data abstraction,’’ in that parts of a polynomial may themselves be polynomials. Our
+generic operations and our data-directed programming style can handle this complication without
+much trouble.
+On the other hand, polynomial algebra is a system for which the data types cannot be naturally
+arranged in a tower. For instance, it is possible to have polynomials in x whose coefficients are
+polynomials in y. It is also possible to have polynomials in y whose coefficients are polynomials in x.
+Neither of these types is ‘‘above’’ the other in any natural way, yet it is often necessary to add together
+elements from each set. There are several ways to do this. One possibility is to convert one polynomial
+to the type of the other by expanding and rearranging terms so that both polynomials have the same
+principal variable. One can impose a towerlike structure on this by ordering the variables and thus
+always converting any polynomial to a ‘‘canonical form’’ with the highest-priority variable dominant
+and the lower-priority variables buried in the coefficients. This strategy works fairly well, except that
+the conversion may expand a polynomial unnecessarily, making it hard to read and perhaps less
+efficient to work with. The tower strategy is certainly not natural for this domain or for any domain
+where the user can invent new types dynamically using old types in various combining forms, such as
+trigonometric functions, power series, and integrals.
+It should not be surprising that controlling coercion is a serious problem in the design of large-scale
+algebraic-manipulation systems. Much of the complexity of such systems is concerned with
+relationships among diverse types. Indeed, it is fair to say that we do not yet completely understand
+coercion. In fact, we do not yet completely understand the concept of a data type. Nevertheless, what
+we know provides us with powerful structuring and modularity principles to support the design of
+large systems.
+Exercise 2.92. By imposing an ordering on variables, extend the polynomial package so that addition
+and multiplication of polynomials works for polynomials in different variables. (This is not easy!)
+
+Extended exercise: Rational functions
+We can extend our generic arithmetic system to include rational functions. These are ‘‘fractions’’
+whose numerator and denominator are polynomials, such as
+
+\fThe system should be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational functions, and to perform
+such computations as
+
+(Here the sum has been simplified by removing common factors. Ordinary ‘‘cross multiplication’’
+would have produced a fourth-degree polynomial over a fifth-degree polynomial.)
+If we modify our rational-arithmetic package so that it uses generic operations, then it will do what we
+want, except for the problem of reducing fractions to lowest terms.
+Exercise 2.93. Modify the rational-arithmetic package to use generic operations, but change
+make-rat so that it does not attempt to reduce fractions to lowest terms. Test your system by calling
+make-rational on two polynomials to produce a rational function
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((2 1)(0 1))))
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3 1)(0 1))))
+(define rf (make-rational p2 p1))
+Now add rf to itself, using add. You will observe that this addition procedure does not reduce
+fractions to lowest terms.
+We can reduce polynomial fractions to lowest terms using the same idea we used with integers:
+modifying make-rat to divide both the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common
+divisor. The notion of ‘‘greatest common divisor’’ makes sense for polynomials. In fact, we can
+compute the GCD of two polynomials using essentially the same Euclid’s Algorithm that works for
+integers. 60 The integer version is
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+Using this, we could make the obvious modification to define a GCD operation that works on term
+lists:
+(define (gcd-terms a b)
+(if (empty-termlist? b)
+a
+(gcd-terms b (remainder-terms a b))))
+where remainder-terms picks out the remainder component of the list returned by the term-list
+division operation div-terms that was implemented in exercise 2.91.
+Exercise 2.94. Using div-terms, implement the procedure remainder-terms and use this to
+define gcd-terms as above. Now write a procedure gcd-poly that computes the polynomial GCD
+of two polys. (The procedure should signal an error if the two polys are not in the same variable.)
+Install in the system a generic operation greatest-common-divisor that reduces to gcd-poly
+
+\ffor polynomials and to ordinary gcd for ordinary numbers. As a test, try
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((4 1) (3 -1) (2 -2) (1 2))))
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3 1) (1 -1))))
+(greatest-common-divisor p1 p2)
+and check your result by hand.
+Exercise 2.95. Define P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 to be the polynomials
+
+Now define Q 1 to be the product of P 1 and P 2 and Q 2 to be the product of P 1 and P 3 , and use
+greatest-common-divisor (exercise 2.94) to compute the GCD of Q 1 and Q 2 . Note that the
+answer is not the same as P 1 . This example introduces noninteger operations into the computation,
+causing difficulties with the GCD algorithm. 61 To understand what is happening, try tracing
+gcd-terms while computing the GCD or try performing the division by hand.
+We can solve the problem exhibited in exercise 2.95 if we use the following modification of the GCD
+algorithm (which really works only in the case of polynomials with integer coefficients). Before
+performing any polynomial division in the GCD computation, we multiply the dividend by an integer
+constant factor, chosen to guarantee that no fractions will arise during the division process. Our answer
+will thus differ from the actual GCD by an integer constant factor, but this does not matter in the case
+of reducing rational functions to lowest terms; the GCD will be used to divide both the numerator and
+denominator, so the integer constant factor will cancel out.
+More precisely, if P and Q are polynomials, let O 1 be the order of P (i.e., the order of the largest term
+of P) and let O 2 be the order of Q. Let c be the leading coefficient of Q. Then it can be shown that, if
+we multiply P by the integerizing factor c 1+O 1 -O 2 , the resulting polynomial can be divided by Q by
+using the div-terms algorithm without introducing any fractions. The operation of multiplying the
+dividend by this constant and then dividing is sometimes called the pseudodivision of P by Q. The
+remainder of the division is called the pseudoremainder.
+Exercise 2.96. a. Implement the procedure pseudoremainder-terms, which is just like
+remainder-terms except that it multiplies the dividend by the integerizing factor described above
+before calling div-terms. Modify gcd-terms to use pseudoremainder-terms, and verify
+that greatest-common-divisor now produces an answer with integer coefficients on the
+example in exercise 2.95.
+b. The GCD now has integer coefficients, but they are larger than those of P 1 . Modify gcd-terms
+so that it removes common factors from the coefficients of the answer by dividing all the coefficients
+by their (integer) greatest common divisor.
+Thus, here is how to reduce a rational function to lowest terms:
+
+\fCompute the GCD of the numerator and denominator, using the version of gcd-terms from
+exercise 2.96.
+When you obtain the GCD, multiply both numerator and denominator by the same integerizing
+factor before dividing through by the GCD, so that division by the GCD will not introduce any
+noninteger coefficients. As the factor you can use the leading coefficient of the GCD raised to the
+power 1 + O 1 - O 2 , where O 2 is the order of the GCD and O 1 is the maximum of the orders of
+the numerator and denominator. This will ensure that dividing the numerator and denominator by
+the GCD will not introduce any fractions.
+The result of this operation will be a numerator and denominator with integer coefficients. The
+coefficients will normally be very large because of all of the integerizing factors, so the last step
+is to remove the redundant factors by computing the (integer) greatest common divisor of all the
+coefficients of the numerator and the denominator and dividing through by this factor.
+Exercise 2.97. a. Implement this algorithm as a procedure reduce-terms that takes two term lists
+n and d as arguments and returns a list nn, dd, which are n and d reduced to lowest terms via the
+algorithm given above. Also write a procedure reduce-poly, analogous to add-poly, that checks
+to see if the two polys have the same variable. If so, reduce-poly strips off the variable and passes
+the problem to reduce-terms, then reattaches the variable to the two term lists supplied by
+reduce-terms.
+b. Define a procedure analogous to reduce-terms that does what the original make-rat did for
+integers:
+(define (reduce-integers n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(list (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+and define reduce as a generic operation that calls apply-generic to dispatch to either
+reduce-poly (for polynomial arguments) or reduce-integers (for scheme-number
+arguments). You can now easily make the rational-arithmetic package reduce fractions to lowest terms
+by having make-rat call reduce before combining the given numerator and denominator to form a
+rational number. The system now handles rational expressions in either integers or polynomials. To
+test your program, try the example at the beginning of this extended exercise:
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((1
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3
+(define p3 (make-polynomial ’x ’((1
+(define p4 (make-polynomial ’x ’((2
+(define rf1 (make-rational p1 p2))
+(define rf2 (make-rational p3 p4))
+(add rf1 rf2)
+
+1)(0 1))))
+1)(0 -1))))
+1))))
+1)(0 -1))))
+
+See if you get the correct answer, correctly reduced to lowest terms.
+The GCD computation is at the heart of any system that does operations on rational functions. The
+algorithm used above, although mathematically straightforward, is extremely slow. The slowness is
+due partly to the large number of division operations and partly to the enormous size of the
+intermediate coefficients generated by the pseudodivisions. One of the active areas in the development
+of algebraic-manipulation systems is the design of better algorithms for computing polynomial
+GCDs. 62
+
+\f49 We also have to supply an almost identical procedure to handle the types (scheme-number
+
+complex).
+50 See exercise 2.82 for generalizations.
+51 If we are clever, we can usually get by with fewer than n 2 coercion procedures. For instance, if we
+
+know how to convert from type 1 to type 2 and from type 2 to type 3, then we can use this knowledge
+to convert from type 1 to type 3. This can greatly decrease the number of coercion procedures we need
+to supply explicitly when we add a new type to the system. If we are willing to build the required
+amount of sophistication into our system, we can have it search the ‘‘graph’’ of relations among types
+and automatically generate those coercion procedures that can be inferred from the ones that are
+supplied explicitly.
+52 This statement, which also appears in the first edition of this book, is just as true now as it was
+
+when we wrote it twelve years ago. Developing a useful, general framework for expressing the
+relations among different types of entities (what philosophers call ‘‘ontology’’) seems intractably
+difficult. The main difference between the confusion that existed ten years ago and the confusion that
+exists now is that now a variety of inadequate ontological theories have been embodied in a plethora of
+correspondingly inadequate programming languages. For example, much of the complexity of
+object-oriented programming languages -- and the subtle and confusing differences among
+contemporary object-oriented languages -- centers on the treatment of generic operations on
+interrelated types. Our own discussion of computational objects in chapter 3 avoids these issues
+entirely. Readers familiar with object-oriented programming will notice that we have much to say in
+chapter 3 about local state, but we do not even mention ‘‘classes’’ or ‘‘inheritance.’’ In fact, we
+suspect that these problems cannot be adequately addressed in terms of computer-language design
+alone, without also drawing on work in knowledge representation and automated reasoning.
+53 A real number can be projected to an integer using the round primitive, which returns the closest
+
+integer to its argument.
+54 On the other hand, we will allow polynomials whose coefficients are themselves polynomials in
+
+other variables. This will give us essentially the same representational power as a full multivariate
+system, although it does lead to coercion problems, as discussed below.
+55 For univariate polynomials, giving the value of a polynomial at a given set of points can be a
+
+particularly good representation. This makes polynomial arithmetic extremely simple. To obtain, for
+example, the sum of two polynomials represented in this way, we need only add the values of the
+polynomials at corresponding points. To transform back to a more familiar representation, we can use
+the Lagrange interpolation formula, which shows how to recover the coefficients of a polynomial of
+degree n given the values of the polynomial at n + 1 points.
+56 This operation is very much like the ordered union-set operation we developed in exercise
+
+2.62. In fact, if we think of the terms of the polynomial as a set ordered according to the power of the
+indeterminate, then the program that produces the term list for a sum is almost identical to
+union-set.
+57 To make this work completely smoothly, we should also add to our generic arithmetic system the
+
+ability to coerce a ‘‘number’’ to a polynomial by regarding it as a polynomial of degree zero whose
+coefficient is the number. This is necessary if we are going to perform operations such as
+
+\fwhich requires adding the coefficient y + 1 to the coefficient 2.
+58 In these polynomial examples, we assume that we have implemented the generic arithmetic system
+
+using the type mechanism suggested in exercise 2.78. Thus, coefficients that are ordinary numbers will
+be represented as the numbers themselves rather than as pairs whose car is the symbol
+scheme-number.
+59 Although we are assuming that term lists are ordered, we have implemented adjoin-term to
+
+simply cons the new term onto the existing term list. We can get away with this so long as we
+guarantee that the procedures (such as add-terms) that use adjoin-term always call it with a
+higher-order term than appears in the list. If we did not want to make such a guarantee, we could have
+implemented adjoin-term to be similar to the adjoin-set constructor for the ordered-list
+representation of sets (exercise 2.61).
+60 The fact that Euclid’s Algorithm works for polynomials is formalized in algebra by saying that
+
+polynomials form a kind of algebraic domain called a Euclidean ring. A Euclidean ring is a domain
+that admits addition, subtraction, and commutative multiplication, together with a way of assigning to
+each element x of the ring a positive integer ‘‘measure’’ m(x) with the properties that m(xy)> m(x) for
+any nonzero x and y and that, given any x and y, there exists a q such that y = qx + r and either r = 0 or
+m(r)< m(x). From an abstract point of view, this is what is needed to prove that Euclid’s Algorithm
+works. For the domain of integers, the measure m of an integer is the absolute value of the integer
+itself. For the domain of polynomials, the measure of a polynomial is its degree.
+61 In an implementation like MIT Scheme, this produces a polynomial that is indeed a divisor of Q
+1
+
+and Q 2 , but with rational coefficients. In many other Scheme systems, in which division of integers
+can produce limited-precision decimal numbers, we may fail to get a valid divisor.
+62 One extremely efficient and elegant method for computing polynomial GCDs was discovered by
+
+Richard Zippel (1979). The method is a probabilistic algorithm, as is the fast test for primality that we
+discussed in chapter 1. Zippel’s book (1993) describes this method, together with other ways to
+compute polynomial GCDs.
+
+
+\f
+
+Chapter 3
+Modularity, Objects, and State
+M
+(Even while it changes, it stands still.)
+Heraclitus
+Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose.
+Alphonse Karr
+The preceding chapters introduced the basic elements from which programs are made. We saw how
+primitive procedures and primitive data are combined to construct compound entities, and we learned
+that abstraction is vital in helping us to cope with the complexity of large systems. But these tools are
+not sufficient for designing programs. Effective program synthesis also requires organizational
+principles that can guide us in formulating the overall design of a program. In particular, we need
+strategies to help us structure large systems so that they will be modular, that is, so that they can be
+divided ‘‘naturally’’ into coherent parts that can be separately developed and maintained.
+One powerful design strategy, which is particularly appropriate to the construction of programs for
+modeling physical systems, is to base the structure of our programs on the structure of the system
+being modeled. For each object in the system, we construct a corresponding computational object. For
+each system action, we define a symbolic operation in our computational model. Our hope in using
+this strategy is that extending the model to accommodate new objects or new actions will require no
+strategic changes to the program, only the addition of the new symbolic analogs of those objects or
+actions. If we have been successful in our system organization, then to add a new feature or debug an
+old one we will have to work on only a localized part of the system.
+To a large extent, then, the way we organize a large program is dictated by our perception of the
+system to be modeled. In this chapter we will investigate two prominent organizational strategies
+arising from two rather different ‘‘world views’’ of the structure of systems. The first organizational
+strategy concentrates on objects, viewing a large system as a collection of distinct objects whose
+behaviors may change over time. An alternative organizational strategy concentrates on the streams of
+information that flow in the system, much as an electrical engineer views a signal-processing system.
+Both the object-based approach and the stream-processing approach raise significant linguistic issues
+in programming. With objects, we must be concerned with how a computational object can change and
+yet maintain its identity. This will force us to abandon our old substitution model of computation
+(section 1.1.5) in favor of a more mechanistic but less theoretically tractable environment model of
+computation. The difficulties of dealing with objects, change, and identity are a fundamental
+consequence of the need to grapple with time in our computational models. These difficulties become
+even greater when we allow the possibility of concurrent execution of programs. The stream approach
+can be most fully exploited when we decouple simulated time in our model from the order of the
+events that take place in the computer during evaluation. We will accomplish this using a technique
+known as delayed evaluation.
+
+\f
+
+\f
+
+3.1 Assignment and Local State
+We ordinarily view the world as populated by independent objects, each of which has a state that
+changes over time. An object is said to ‘‘have state’’ if its behavior is influenced by its history. A bank
+account, for example, has state in that the answer to the question ‘‘Can I withdraw $100?’’ depends
+upon the history of deposit and withdrawal transactions. We can characterize an object’s state by one
+or more state variables, which among them maintain enough information about history to determine
+the object’s current behavior. In a simple banking system, we could characterize the state of an
+account by a current balance rather than by remembering the entire history of account transactions.
+In a system composed of many objects, the objects are rarely completely independent. Each may
+influence the states of others through interactions, which serve to couple the state variables of one
+object to those of other objects. Indeed, the view that a system is composed of separate objects is most
+useful when the state variables of the system can be grouped into closely coupled subsystems that are
+only loosely coupled to other subsystems.
+This view of a system can be a powerful framework for organizing computational models of the
+system. For such a model to be modular, it should be decomposed into computational objects that
+model the actual objects in the system. Each computational object must have its own local state
+variables describing the actual object’s state. Since the states of objects in the system being modeled
+change over time, the state variables of the corresponding computational objects must also change. If
+we choose to model the flow of time in the system by the elapsed time in the computer, then we must
+have a way to construct computational objects whose behaviors change as our programs run. In
+particular, if we wish to model state variables by ordinary symbolic names in the programming
+language, then the language must provide an assignment operator to enable us to change the value
+associated with a name.
+
+3.1.1 Local State Variables
+To illustrate what we mean by having a computational object with time-varying state, let us model the
+situation of withdrawing money from a bank account. We will do this using a procedure withdraw,
+which takes as argument an amount to be withdrawn. If there is enough money in the account to
+accommodate the withdrawal, then withdraw should return the balance remaining after the
+withdrawal. Otherwise, withdraw should return the message Insufficient funds. For example, if we
+begin with $100 in the account, we should obtain the following sequence of responses using
+withdraw:
+(withdraw 25)
+75
+(withdraw 25)
+50
+(withdraw 60)
+"Insufficient funds"
+(withdraw 15)
+35
+
+\fObserve that the expression (withdraw 25), evaluated twice, yields different values. This is a new
+kind of behavior for a procedure. Until now, all our procedures could be viewed as specifications for
+computing mathematical functions. A call to a procedure computed the value of the function applied to
+the given arguments, and two calls to the same procedure with the same arguments always produced
+the same result. 1
+To implement withdraw, we can use a variable balance to indicate the balance of money in the
+account and define withdraw as a procedure that accesses balance. The withdraw procedure
+checks to see if balance is at least as large as the requested amount. If so, withdraw decrements
+balance by amount and returns the new value of balance. Otherwise, withdraw returns the
+Insufficient funds message. Here are the definitions of balance and withdraw:
+(define balance 100)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+Decrementing balance is accomplished by the expression
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+This uses the set! special form, whose syntax is
+(set! <name> <new-value>)
+Here <name> is a symbol and <new-value> is any expression. Set! changes <name> so that its value
+is the result obtained by evaluating <new-value>. In the case at hand, we are changing balance so
+that its new value will be the result of subtracting amount from the previous value of balance. 2
+Withdraw also uses the begin special form to cause two expressions to be evaluated in the case
+where the if test is true: first decrementing balance and then returning the value of balance. In
+general, evaluating the expression
+(begin <exp 1 > <exp 2 > ... <exp k >)
+causes the expressions <exp 1 > through <exp k > to be evaluated in sequence and the value of the final
+expression <exp k > to be returned as the value of the entire begin form. 3
+Although withdraw works as desired, the variable balance presents a problem. As specified
+above, balance is a name defined in the global environment and is freely accessible to be examined
+or modified by any procedure. It would be much better if we could somehow make balance internal
+to withdraw, so that withdraw would be the only procedure that could access balance directly
+and any other procedure could access balance only indirectly (through calls to withdraw). This
+would more accurately model the notion that balance is a local state variable used by withdraw to
+keep track of the state of the account.
+We can make balance internal to withdraw by rewriting the definition as follows:
+
+\f(define new-withdraw
+(let ((balance 100))
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))))
+What we have done here is use let to establish an environment with a local variable balance,
+bound to the initial value 100. Within this local environment, we use lambda to create a procedure
+that takes amount as an argument and behaves like our previous withdraw procedure. This
+procedure -- returned as the result of evaluating the let expression -- is new-withdraw, which
+behaves in precisely the same way as withdraw but whose variable balance is not accessible by
+any other procedure. 4
+Combining set! with local variables is the general programming technique we will use for
+constructing computational objects with local state. Unfortunately, using this technique raises a serious
+problem: When we first introduced procedures, we also introduced the substitution model of
+evaluation (section 1.1.5) to provide an interpretation of what procedure application means. We said
+that applying a procedure should be interpreted as evaluating the body of the procedure with the
+formal parameters replaced by their values. The trouble is that, as soon as we introduce assignment
+into our language, substitution is no longer an adequate model of procedure application. (We will see
+why this is so in section 3.1.3.) As a consequence, we technically have at this point no way to
+understand why the new-withdraw procedure behaves as claimed above. In order to really
+understand a procedure such as new-withdraw, we will need to develop a new model of procedure
+application. In section 3.2 we will introduce such a model, together with an explanation of set! and
+local variables. First, however, we examine some variations on the theme established by
+new-withdraw.
+The following procedure, make-withdraw, creates ‘‘withdrawal processors.’’ The formal
+parameter balance in make-withdraw specifies the initial amount of money in the account. 5
+(define (make-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")))
+Make-withdraw can be used as follows to create two objects W1 and W2:
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+(W1 50)
+50
+(W2 70)
+30
+(W2 40)
+"Insufficient funds"
+(W1 40)
+10
+
+\fObserve that W1 and W2 are completely independent objects, each with its own local state variable
+balance. Withdrawals from one do not affect the other.
+We can also create objects that handle deposits as well as withdrawals, and thus we can represent
+simple bank accounts. Here is a procedure that returns a ‘‘bank-account object’’ with a specified initial
+balance:
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)
+Each call to make-account sets up an environment with a local state variable balance. Within
+this environment, make-account defines procedures deposit and withdraw that access
+balance and an additional procedure dispatch that takes a ‘‘message’’ as input and returns one of
+the two local procedures. The dispatch procedure itself is returned as the value that represents the
+bank-account object. This is precisely the message-passing style of programming that we saw in
+section 2.4.3, although here we are using it in conjunction with the ability to modify local variables.
+Make-account can be used as follows:
+(define acc (make-account 100))
+((acc ’withdraw) 50)
+50
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+"Insufficient funds"
+((acc ’deposit) 40)
+90
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+30
+Each call to acc returns the locally defined deposit or withdraw procedure, which is then
+applied to the specified amount. As was the case with make-withdraw, another call to
+make-account
+(define acc2 (make-account 100))
+will produce a completely separate account object, which maintains its own local balance.
+
+\fExercise 3.1. An accumulator is a procedure that is called repeatedly with a single numeric argument
+and accumulates its arguments into a sum. Each time it is called, it returns the currently accumulated
+sum. Write a procedure make-accumulator that generates accumulators, each maintaining an
+independent sum. The input to make-accumulator should specify the initial value of the sum; for
+example
+(define A (make-accumulator 5))
+(A 10)
+15
+(A 10)
+25
+Exercise 3.2. In software-testing applications, it is useful to be able to count the number of times a
+given procedure is called during the course of a computation. Write a procedure make-monitored
+that takes as input a procedure, f, that itself takes one input. The result returned by
+make-monitored is a third procedure, say mf, that keeps track of the number of times it has been
+called by maintaining an internal counter. If the input to mf is the special symbol
+how-many-calls?, then mf returns the value of the counter. If the input is the special symbol
+reset-count, then mf resets the counter to zero. For any other input, mf returns the result of
+calling f on that input and increments the counter. For instance, we could make a monitored version of
+the sqrt procedure:
+(define s (make-monitored sqrt))
+(s 100)
+10
+(s ’how-many-calls?)
+1
+Exercise 3.3. Modify the make-account procedure so that it creates password-protected accounts.
+That is, make-account should take a symbol as an additional argument, as in
+(define acc (make-account 100 ’secret-password))
+The resulting account object should process a request only if it is accompanied by the password with
+which the account was created, and should otherwise return a complaint:
+((acc ’secret-password ’withdraw) 40)
+60
+((acc ’some-other-password ’deposit) 50)
+"Incorrect password"
+Exercise 3.4. Modify the make-account procedure of exercise 3.3 by adding another local state
+variable so that, if an account is accessed more than seven consecutive times with an incorrect
+password, it invokes the procedure call-the-cops.
+
+3.1.2 The Benefits of Introducing Assignment
+As we shall see, introducing assignment into our programming language leads us into a thicket of
+difficult conceptual issues. Nevertheless, viewing systems as collections of objects with local state is a
+powerful technique for maintaining a modular design. As a simple example, consider the design of a
+procedure rand that, whenever it is called, returns an integer chosen at random.
+
+\fIt is not at all clear what is meant by ‘‘chosen at random.’’ What we presumably want is for successive
+calls to rand to produce a sequence of numbers that has statistical properties of uniform distribution.
+We will not discuss methods for generating suitable sequences here. Rather, let us assume that we
+have a procedure rand-update that has the property that if we start with a given number x 1 and
+form
+x 2 = (rand-update x 1 )
+x 3 = (rand-update x 2 )
+then the sequence of values x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ..., will have the desired statistical properties. 6
+We can implement rand as a procedure with a local state variable x that is initialized to some fixed
+value random-init. Each call to rand computes rand-update of the current value of x, returns
+this as the random number, and also stores this as the new value of x.
+(define rand
+(let ((x random-init))
+(lambda ()
+(set! x (rand-update x))
+x)))
+Of course, we could generate the same sequence of random numbers without using assignment by
+simply calling rand-update directly. However, this would mean that any part of our program that
+used random numbers would have to explicitly remember the current value of x to be passed as an
+argument to rand-update. To realize what an annoyance this would be, consider using random
+numbers to implement a technique called Monte Carlo simulation.
+The Monte Carlo method consists of choosing sample experiments at random from a large set and then
+making deductions on the basis of the probabilities estimated from tabulating the results of those
+experiments. For example, we can approximate using the fact that 6/ 2 is the probability that two
+integers chosen at random will have no factors in common; that is, that their greatest common divisor
+will be 1. 7 To obtain the approximation to , we perform a large number of experiments. In each
+experiment we choose two integers at random and perform a test to see if their GCD is 1. The fraction
+of times that the test is passed gives us our estimate of 6/ 2 , and from this we obtain our
+approximation to .
+The heart of our program is a procedure monte-carlo, which takes as arguments the number of
+times to try an experiment, together with the experiment, represented as a no-argument procedure that
+will return either true or false each time it is run. Monte-carlo runs the experiment for the
+designated number of trials and returns a number telling the fraction of the trials in which the
+experiment was found to be true.
+(define (estimate-pi trials)
+(sqrt (/ 6 (monte-carlo trials cesaro-test))))
+(define (cesaro-test)
+(= (gcd (rand) (rand)) 1))
+(define (monte-carlo trials experiment)
+(define (iter trials-remaining trials-passed)
+(cond ((= trials-remaining 0)
+(/ trials-passed trials))
+((experiment)
+
+\f(iter (- trials-remaining 1) (+ trials-passed 1)))
+(else
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1) trials-passed))))
+(iter trials 0))
+Now let us try the same computation using rand-update directly rather than rand, the way we
+would be forced to proceed if we did not use assignment to model local state:
+(define (estimate-pi trials)
+(sqrt (/ 6 (random-gcd-test trials random-init))))
+(define (random-gcd-test trials initial-x)
+(define (iter trials-remaining trials-passed x)
+(let ((x1 (rand-update x)))
+(let ((x2 (rand-update x1)))
+(cond ((= trials-remaining 0)
+(/ trials-passed trials))
+((= (gcd x1 x2) 1)
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1)
+(+ trials-passed 1)
+x2))
+(else
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1)
+trials-passed
+x2))))))
+(iter trials 0 initial-x))
+While the program is still simple, it betrays some painful breaches of modularity. In our first version
+of the program, using rand, we can express the Monte Carlo method directly as a general
+monte-carlo procedure that takes as an argument an arbitrary experiment procedure. In our
+second version of the program, with no local state for the random-number generator,
+random-gcd-test must explicitly manipulate the random numbers x1 and x2 and recycle x2
+through the iterative loop as the new input to rand-update. This explicit handling of the random
+numbers intertwines the structure of accumulating test results with the fact that our particular
+experiment uses two random numbers, whereas other Monte Carlo experiments might use one random
+number or three. Even the top-level procedure estimate-pi has to be concerned with supplying an
+initial random number. The fact that the random-number generator’s insides are leaking out into other
+parts of the program makes it difficult for us to isolate the Monte Carlo idea so that it can be applied to
+other tasks. In the first version of the program, assignment encapsulates the state of the
+random-number generator within the rand procedure, so that the details of random-number
+generation remain independent of the rest of the program.
+The general phenomenon illustrated by the Monte Carlo example is this: From the point of view of one
+part of a complex process, the other parts appear to change with time. They have hidden time-varying
+local state. If we wish to write computer programs whose structure reflects this decomposition, we
+make computational objects (such as bank accounts and random-number generators) whose behavior
+changes with time. We model state with local state variables, and we model the changes of state with
+assignments to those variables.
+It is tempting to conclude this discussion by saying that, by introducing assignment and the technique
+of hiding state in local variables, we are able to structure systems in a more modular fashion than if all
+state had to be manipulated explicitly, by passing additional parameters. Unfortunately, as we shall
+
+\fsee, the story is not so simple.
+Exercise 3.5. Monte Carlo integration is a method of estimating definite integrals by means of Monte
+Carlo simulation. Consider computing the area of a region of space described by a predicate P(x, y)
+that is true for points (x, y) in the region and false for points not in the region. For example, the region
+contained within a circle of radius 3 centered at (5, 7) is described by the predicate that tests whether
+(x - 5) 2 + (y - 7) 2 < 3 2 . To estimate the area of the region described by such a predicate, begin by
+choosing a rectangle that contains the region. For example, a rectangle with diagonally opposite
+corners at (2, 4) and (8, 10) contains the circle above. The desired integral is the area of that portion of
+the rectangle that lies in the region. We can estimate the integral by picking, at random, points (x,y)
+that lie in the rectangle, and testing P(x, y) for each point to determine whether the point lies in the
+region. If we try this with many points, then the fraction of points that fall in the region should give an
+estimate of the proportion of the rectangle that lies in the region. Hence, multiplying this fraction by
+the area of the entire rectangle should produce an estimate of the integral.
+Implement Monte Carlo integration as a procedure estimate-integral that takes as arguments a
+predicate P, upper and lower bounds x1, x2, y1, and y2 for the rectangle, and the number of trials to
+perform in order to produce the estimate. Your procedure should use the same monte-carlo
+procedure that was used above to estimate . Use your estimate-integral to produce an
+estimate of by measuring the area of a unit circle.
+You will find it useful to have a procedure that returns a number chosen at random from a given range.
+The following random-in-range procedure implements this in terms of the random procedure
+used in section 1.2.6, which returns a nonnegative number less than its input. 8
+(define (random-in-range low high)
+(let ((range (- high low)))
+(+ low (random range))))
+Exercise 3.6. It is useful to be able to reset a random-number generator to produce a sequence starting
+from a given value. Design a new rand procedure that is called with an argument that is either the
+symbol generate or the symbol reset and behaves as follows: (rand ’generate) produces a
+new random number; ((rand ’reset) <new-value>) resets the internal state variable to the
+designated <new-value>. Thus, by resetting the state, one can generate repeatable sequences. These are
+very handy to have when testing and debugging programs that use random numbers.
+
+3.1.3 The Costs of Introducing Assignment
+As we have seen, the set! operation enables us to model objects that have local state. However, this
+advantage comes at a price. Our programming language can no longer be interpreted in terms of the
+substitution model of procedure application that we introduced in section 1.1.5. Moreover, no simple
+model with ‘‘nice’’ mathematical properties can be an adequate framework for dealing with objects
+and assignment in programming languages.
+So long as we do not use assignments, two evaluations of the same procedure with the same arguments
+will produce the same result, so that procedures can be viewed as computing mathematical functions.
+Programming without any use of assignments, as we did throughout the first two chapters of this book,
+is accordingly known as functional programming.
+
+\fTo understand how assignment complicates matters, consider a simplified version of the
+make-withdraw procedure of section 3.1.1 that does not bother to check for an insufficient amount:
+(define (make-simplified-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance))
+(define W (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+(W 20)
+5
+(W 10)
+- 5
+Compare this procedure with the following make-decrementer procedure, which does not use
+set!:
+(define (make-decrementer balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(- balance amount)))
+Make-decrementer returns a procedure that subtracts its input from a designated amount
+balance, but there is no accumulated effect over successive calls, as with
+make-simplified-withdraw:
+(define D (make-decrementer 25))
+(D 20)
+5
+(D 10)
+15
+We can use the substitution model to explain how make-decrementer works. For instance, let us
+analyze the evaluation of the expression
+((make-decrementer 25) 20)
+We first simplify the operator of the combination by substituting 25 for balance in the body of
+make-decrementer. This reduces the expression to
+((lambda (amount) (- 25 amount)) 20)
+Now we apply the operator by substituting 20 for amount in the body of the lambda expression:
+(- 25 20)
+The final answer is 5.
+Observe, however, what happens if we attempt a similar substitution analysis with
+make-simplified-withdraw:
+((make-simplified-withdraw 25) 20)
+
+\fWe first simplify the operator by substituting 25 for balance in the body of
+make-simplified-withdraw. This reduces the expression to 9
+((lambda (amount) (set! balance (- 25 amount)) 25) 20)
+Now we apply the operator by substituting 20 for amount in the body of the lambda expression:
+(set! balance (- 25 20)) 25
+If we adhered to the substitution model, we would have to say that the meaning of the procedure
+application is to first set balance to 5 and then return 25 as the value of the expression. This gets the
+wrong answer. In order to get the correct answer, we would have to somehow distinguish the first
+occurrence of balance (before the effect of the set!) from the second occurrence of balance
+(after the effect of the set!), and the substitution model cannot do this.
+The trouble here is that substitution is based ultimately on the notion that the symbols in our language
+are essentially names for values. But as soon as we introduce set! and the idea that the value of a
+variable can change, a variable can no longer be simply a name. Now a variable somehow refers to a
+place where a value can be stored, and the value stored at this place can change. In section 3.2 we will
+see how environments play this role of ‘‘place’’ in our computational model.
+
+Sameness and change
+The issue surfacing here is more profound than the mere breakdown of a particular model of
+computation. As soon as we introduce change into our computational models, many notions that were
+previously straightforward become problematical. Consider the concept of two things being ‘‘the
+same.’’
+Suppose we call make-decrementer twice with the same argument to create two procedures:
+(define D1 (make-decrementer 25))
+(define D2 (make-decrementer 25))
+Are D1 and D2 the same? An acceptable answer is yes, because D1 and D2 have the same
+computational behavior -- each is a procedure that subtracts its input from 25. In fact, D1 could be
+substituted for D2 in any computation without changing the result.
+Contrast this with making two calls to make-simplified-withdraw:
+(define W1 (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+(define W2 (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+Are W1 and W2 the same? Surely not, because calls to W1 and W2 have distinct effects, as shown by the
+following sequence of interactions:
+(W1 20)
+5
+(W1 20)
+- 15
+(W2 20)
+5
+
+\fEven though W1 and W2 are ‘‘equal’’ in the sense that they are both created by evaluating the same
+expression, (make-simplified-withdraw 25), it is not true that W1 could be substituted for
+W2 in any expression without changing the result of evaluating the expression.
+A language that supports the concept that ‘‘equals can be substituted for equals’’ in an expresssion
+without changing the value of the expression is said to be referentially transparent. Referential
+transparency is violated when we include set! in our computer language. This makes it tricky to
+determine when we can simplify expressions by substituting equivalent expressions. Consequently,
+reasoning about programs that use assignment becomes drastically more difficult.
+Once we forgo referential transparency, the notion of what it means for computational objects to be
+‘‘the same’’ becomes difficult to capture in a formal way. Indeed, the meaning of ‘‘same’’ in the real
+world that our programs model is hardly clear in itself. In general, we can determine that two
+apparently identical objects are indeed ‘‘the same one’’ only by modifying one object and then
+observing whether the other object has changed in the same way. But how can we tell if an object has
+‘‘changed’’ other than by observing the ‘‘same’’ object twice and seeing whether some property of the
+object differs from one observation to the next? Thus, we cannot determine ‘‘change’’ without some a
+priori notion of ‘‘sameness,’’ and we cannot determine sameness without observing the effects of
+change.
+As an example of how this issue arises in programming, consider the situation where Peter and Paul
+have a bank account with $100 in it. There is a substantial difference between modeling this as
+(define peter-acc (make-account 100))
+(define paul-acc (make-account 100))
+and modeling it as
+(define peter-acc (make-account 100))
+(define paul-acc peter-acc)
+In the first situation, the two bank accounts are distinct. Transactions made by Peter will not affect
+Paul’s account, and vice versa. In the second situation, however, we have defined paul-acc to be
+the same thing as peter-acc. In effect, Peter and Paul now have a joint bank account, and if Peter
+makes a withdrawal from peter-acc Paul will observe less money in paul-acc. These two
+similar but distinct situations can cause confusion in building computational models. With the shared
+account, in particular, it can be especially confusing that there is one object (the bank account) that has
+two different names (peter-acc and paul-acc); if we are searching for all the places in our
+program where paul-acc can be changed, we must remember to look also at things that change
+peter-acc. 10
+With reference to the above remarks on ‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change,’’ observe that if Peter and Paul
+could only examine their bank balances, and could not perform operations that changed the balance,
+then the issue of whether the two accounts are distinct would be moot. In general, so long as we never
+modify data objects, we can regard a compound data object to be precisely the totality of its pieces.
+For example, a rational number is determined by giving its numerator and its denominator. But this
+view is no longer valid in the presence of change, where a compound data object has an ‘‘identity’’
+that is something different from the pieces of which it is composed. A bank account is still ‘‘the
+same’’ bank account even if we change the balance by making a withdrawal; conversely, we could
+have two different bank accounts with the same state information. This complication is a consequence,
+not of our programming language, but of our perception of a bank account as an object. We do not, for
+example, ordinarily regard a rational number as a changeable object with identity, such that we could
+
+\fchange the numerator and still have ‘‘the same’’ rational number.
+
+Pitfalls of imperative programming
+In contrast to functional programming, programming that makes extensive use of assignment is known
+as imperative programming. In addition to raising complications about computational models,
+programs written in imperative style are susceptible to bugs that cannot occur in functional programs.
+For example, recall the iterative factorial program from section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Instead of passing arguments in the internal iterative loop, we could adopt a more imperative style by
+using explicit assignment to update the values of the variables product and counter:
+(define (factorial n)
+(let ((product 1)
+(counter 1))
+(define (iter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(begin (set! product (* counter product))
+(set! counter (+ counter 1))
+(iter))))
+(iter)))
+This does not change the results produced by the program, but it does introduce a subtle trap. How do
+we decide the order of the assignments? As it happens, the program is correct as written. But writing
+the assignments in the opposite order
+(set! counter (+ counter 1))
+(set! product (* counter product))
+would have produced a different, incorrect result. In general, programming with assignment forces us
+to carefully consider the relative orders of the assignments to make sure that each statement is using
+the correct version of the variables that have been changed. This issue simply does not arise in
+functional programs. 11 The complexity of imperative programs becomes even worse if we consider
+applications in which several processes execute concurrently. We will return to this in section 3.4.
+First, however, we will address the issue of providing a computational model for expressions that
+involve assignment, and explore the uses of objects with local state in designing simulations.
+Exercise 3.7. Consider the bank account objects created by make-account, with the password
+modification described in exercise 3.3. Suppose that our banking system requires the ability to make
+joint accounts. Define a procedure make-joint that accomplishes this. Make-joint should take
+three arguments. The first is a password-protected account. The second argument must match the
+password with which the account was defined in order for the make-joint operation to proceed.
+The third argument is a new password. Make-joint is to create an additional access to the original
+
+\faccount using the new password. For example, if peter-acc is a bank account with password
+open-sesame, then
+(define paul-acc
+(make-joint peter-acc ’open-sesame ’rosebud))
+will allow one to make transactions on peter-acc using the name paul-acc and the password
+rosebud. You may wish to modify your solution to exercise 3.3 to accommodate this new feature.
+Exercise 3.8. When we defined the evaluation model in section 1.1.3, we said that the first step in
+evaluating an expression is to evaluate its subexpressions. But we never specified the order in which
+the subexpressions should be evaluated (e.g., left to right or right to left). When we introduce
+assignment, the order in which the arguments to a procedure are evaluated can make a difference to the
+result. Define a simple procedure f such that evaluating (+ (f 0) (f 1)) will return 0 if the
+arguments to + are evaluated from left to right but will return 1 if the arguments are evaluated from
+right to left.
+1 Actually, this is not quite true. One exception was the random-number generator in section 1.2.6.
+
+Another exception involved the operation/type tables we introduced in section 2.4.3, where the values
+of two calls to get with the same arguments depended on intervening calls to put. On the other hand,
+until we introduce assignment, we have no way to create such procedures ourselves.
+2 The value of a set! expression is implementation-dependent. Set! should be used only for its
+
+effect, not for its value.
+The name set! reflects a naming convention used in Scheme: Operations that change the values of
+variables (or that change data structures, as we will see in section 3.3) are given names that end with
+an exclamation point. This is similar to the convention of designating predicates by names that end
+with a question mark.
+3 We have already used begin implicitly in our programs, because in Scheme the body of a
+
+procedure can be a sequence of expressions. Also, the <consequent> part of each clause in a cond
+expression can be a sequence of expressions rather than a single expression.
+4 In programming-language jargon, the variable balance is said to be encapsulated within the
+
+new-withdraw procedure. Encapsulation reflects the general system-design principle known as the
+hiding principle: One can make a system more modular and robust by protecting parts of the system
+from each other; that is, by providing information access only to those parts of the system that have a
+‘‘need to know.’’
+5 In contrast with new-withdraw above, we do not have to use let to make balance a local
+
+variable, since formal parameters are already local. This will be clearer after the discussion of the
+environment model of evaluation in section 3.2. (See also exercise 3.10.)
+6 One common way to implement rand-update is to use the rule that x is updated to ax + b
+
+modulo m, where a, b, and m are appropriately chosen integers. Chapter 3 of Knuth 1981 includes an
+extensive discussion of techniques for generating sequences of random numbers and establishing their
+statistical properties. Notice that the rand-update procedure computes a mathematical function:
+Given the same input twice, it produces the same output. Therefore, the number sequence produced by
+rand-update certainly is not ‘‘random,’’ if by ‘‘random’’ we insist that each number in the
+sequence is unrelated to the preceding number. The relation between ‘‘real randomness’’ and so-called
+
+\fpseudo-random sequences, which are produced by well-determined computations and yet have
+suitable statistical properties, is a complex question involving difficult issues in mathematics and
+philosophy. Kolmogorov, Solomonoff, and Chaitin have made great progress in clarifying these
+issues; a discussion can be found in Chaitin 1975.
+7 This theorem is due to E. Cesàro. See section 4.5.2 of Knuth 1981 for a discussion and a proof.
+8 MIT Scheme provides such a procedure. If random is given an exact integer (as in section 1.2.6) it
+
+returns an exact integer, but if it is given a decimal value (as in this exercise) it returns a decimal
+value.
+9 We don’t substitute for the occurrence of balance in the set! expression because the <name> in
+
+a set! is not evaluated. If we did substitute for it, we would get (set! 25 (- 25 amount)),
+which makes no sense.
+10 The phenomenon of a single computational object being accessed by more than one name is known
+
+as aliasing. The joint bank account situation illustrates a very simple example of an alias. In
+section 3.3 we will see much more complex examples, such as ‘‘distinct’’ compound data structures
+that share parts. Bugs can occur in our programs if we forget that a change to an object may also, as a
+‘‘side effect,’’ change a ‘‘different’’ object because the two ‘‘different’’ objects are actually a single
+object appearing under different aliases. These so-called side-effect bugs are so difficult to locate and
+to analyze that some people have proposed that programming languages be designed in such a way as
+to not allow side effects or aliasing (Lampson et al. 1981; Morris, Schmidt, and Wadler 1980).
+11 In view of this, it is ironic that introductory programming is most often taught in a highly
+
+imperative style. This may be a vestige of a belief, common throughout the 1960s and 1970s, that
+programs that call procedures must inherently be less efficient than programs that perform
+assignments. (Steele (1977) debunks this argument.) Alternatively it may reflect a view that
+step-by-step assignment is easier for beginners to visualize than procedure call. Whatever the reason, it
+often saddles beginning programmers with ‘‘should I set this variable before or after that one’’
+concerns that can complicate programming and obscure the important ideas.
+
+
+\f
+
+3.2 The Environment Model of Evaluation
+When we introduced compound procedures in chapter 1, we used the substitution model of evaluation
+(section 1.1.5) to define what is meant by applying a procedure to arguments:
+To apply a compound procedure to arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure with each
+formal parameter replaced by the corresponding argument.
+Once we admit assignment into our programming language, such a definition is no longer adequate. In
+particular, section 3.1.3 argued that, in the presence of assignment, a variable can no longer be
+considered to be merely a name for a value. Rather, a variable must somehow designate a ‘‘place’’ in
+which values can be stored. In our new model of evaluation, these places will be maintained in
+structures called environments.
+An environment is a sequence of frames. Each frame is a table (possibly empty) of bindings, which
+associate variable names with their corresponding values. (A single frame may contain at most one
+binding for any variable.) Each frame also has a pointer to its enclosing environment, unless, for the
+purposes of discussion, the frame is considered to be global. The value of a variable with respect to an
+environment is the value given by the binding of the variable in the first frame in the environment that
+contains a binding for that variable. If no frame in the sequence specifies a binding for the variable,
+then the variable is said to be unbound in the environment.
+
+Figure 3.1: A simple environment structure.
+Figure 3.1: A simple environment structure.
+Figure 3.1 shows a simple environment structure consisting of three frames, labeled I, II, and III. In the
+diagram, A, B, C, and D are pointers to environments. C and D point to the same environment. The
+variables z and x are bound in frame II, while y and x are bound in frame I. The value of x in
+environment D is 3. The value of x with respect to environment B is also 3. This is determined as
+follows: We examine the first frame in the sequence (frame III) and do not find a binding for x, so we
+proceed to the enclosing environment D and find the binding in frame I. On the other hand, the value
+of x in environment A is 7, because the first frame in the sequence (frame II) contains a binding of x
+to 7. With respect to environment A, the binding of x to 7 in frame II is said to shadow the binding of
+x to 3 in frame I.
+
+\fThe environment is crucial to the evaluation process, because it determines the context in which an
+expression should be evaluated. Indeed, one could say that expressions in a programming language do
+not, in themselves, have any meaning. Rather, an expression acquires a meaning only with respect to
+some environment in which it is evaluated. Even the interpretation of an expression as straightforward
+as (+ 1 1) depends on an understanding that one is operating in a context in which + is the symbol
+for addition. Thus, in our model of evaluation we will always speak of evaluating an expression with
+respect to some environment. To describe interactions with the interpreter, we will suppose that there
+is a global environment, consisting of a single frame (with no enclosing environment) that includes
+values for the symbols associated with the primitive procedures. For example, the idea that + is the
+symbol for addition is captured by saying that the symbol + is bound in the global environment to the
+primitive addition procedure.
+
+3.2.1 The Rules for Evaluation
+The overall specification of how the interpreter evaluates a combination remains the same as when we
+first introduced it in section 1.1.3:
+To evaluate a combination:
+1. Evaluate the subexpressions of the combination. 12
+2. Apply the value of the operator subexpression to the values of the operand subexpressions.
+The environment model of evaluation replaces the substitution model in specifying what it means to
+apply a compound procedure to arguments.
+In the environment model of evaluation, a procedure is always a pair consisting of some code and a
+pointer to an environment. Procedures are created in one way only: by evaluating a lambda
+expression. This produces a procedure whose code is obtained from the text of the lambda expression
+and whose environment is the environment in which the lambda expression was evaluated to produce
+the procedure. For example, consider the procedure definition
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+evaluated in the global environment. The procedure definition syntax is just syntactic sugar for an
+underlying implicit lambda expression. It would have been equivalent to have used
+(define square
+(lambda (x) (* x x)))
+which evaluates (lambda (x) (* x x)) and binds square to the resulting value, all in the
+global environment.
+Figure 3.2 shows the result of evaluating this define expression. The procedure object is a pair
+whose code specifies that the procedure has one formal parameter, namely x, and a procedure body (*
+x x). The environment part of the procedure is a pointer to the global environment, since that is the
+environment in which the lambda expression was evaluated to produce the procedure. A new
+binding, which associates the procedure object with the symbol square, has been added to the global
+frame. In general, define creates definitions by adding bindings to frames.
+
+\fFigure 3.2: Environment structure produced by evaluating (define (square x) (* x
+x)) in the global environment.
+Figure 3.2: Environment structure produced by evaluating (define (square x) (* x x)) in
+the global environment.
+Now that we have seen how procedures are created, we can describe how procedures are applied. The
+environment model specifies: To apply a procedure to arguments, create a new environment
+containing a frame that binds the parameters to the values of the arguments. The enclosing
+environment of this frame is the environment specified by the procedure. Now, within this new
+environment, evaluate the procedure body.
+To show how this rule is followed, figure 3.3 illustrates the environment structure created by
+evaluating the expression (square 5) in the global environment, where square is the procedure
+generated in figure 3.2. Applying the procedure results in the creation of a new environment, labeled
+E1 in the figure, that begins with a frame in which x, the formal parameter for the procedure, is bound
+to the argument 5. The pointer leading upward from this frame shows that the frame’s enclosing
+environment is the global environment. The global environment is chosen here, because this is the
+environment that is indicated as part of the square procedure object. Within E1, we evaluate the
+body of the procedure, (* x x). Since the value of x in E1 is 5, the result is (* 5 5), or 25.
+
+Figure 3.3: Environment created by evaluating (square 5) in the global environment.
+Figure 3.3: Environment created by evaluating (square 5) in the global environment.
+
+\fThe environment model of procedure application can be summarized by two rules:
+A procedure object is applied to a set of arguments by constructing a frame, binding the formal
+parameters of the procedure to the arguments of the call, and then evaluating the body of the
+procedure in the context of the new environment constructed. The new frame has as its enclosing
+environment the environment part of the procedure object being applied.
+A procedure is created by evaluating a lambda expression relative to a given environment. The
+resulting procedure object is a pair consisting of the text of the lambda expression and a pointer
+to the environment in which the procedure was created.
+We also specify that defining a symbol using define creates a binding in the current environment
+frame and assigns to the symbol the indicated value. 13 Finally, we specify the behavior of set!, the
+operation that forced us to introduce the environment model in the first place. Evaluating the
+expression (set! <variable> <value>) in some environment locates the binding of the
+variable in the environment and changes that binding to indicate the new value. That is, one finds the
+first frame in the environment that contains a binding for the variable and modifies that frame. If the
+variable is unbound in the environment, then set! signals an error.
+These evaluation rules, though considerably more complex than the substitution model, are still
+reasonably straightforward. Moreover, the evaluation model, though abstract, provides a correct
+description of how the interpreter evaluates expressions. In chapter 4 we shall see how this model can
+serve as a blueprint for implementing a working interpreter. The following sections elaborate the
+details of the model by analyzing some illustrative programs.
+
+3.2.2 Applying Simple Procedures
+When we introduced the substitution model in section 1.1.5 we showed how the combination (f 5)
+evaluates to 136, given the following procedure definitions:
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(define (f a)
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2)))
+We can analyze the same example using the environment model. Figure 3.4 shows the three procedure
+objects created by evaluating the definitions of f, square, and sum-of-squares in the global
+environment. Each procedure object consists of some code, together with a pointer to the global
+environment.
+
+\fFigure 3.4: Procedure objects in the global frame.
+Figure 3.4: Procedure objects in the global frame.
+In figure 3.5 we see the environment structure created by evaluating the expression (f 5). The call to
+f creates a new environment E1 beginning with a frame in which a, the formal parameter of f, is
+bound to the argument 5. In E1, we evaluate the body of f:
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2))
+
+Figure 3.5: Environments created by evaluating (f 5) using the procedures in figure 3.4.
+Figure 3.5: Environments created by evaluating (f 5) using the procedures in figure 3.4.
+To evaluate this combination, we first evaluate the subexpressions. The first subexpression,
+sum-of-squares, has a value that is a procedure object. (Notice how this value is found: We first
+look in the first frame of E1, which contains no binding for sum-of-squares. Then we proceed to
+the enclosing environment, i.e. the global environment, and find the binding shown in figure 3.4.) The
+other two subexpressions are evaluated by applying the primitive operations + and * to evaluate the
+two combinations (+ a 1) and (* a 2) to obtain 6 and 10, respectively.
+Now we apply the procedure object sum-of-squares to the arguments 6 and 10. This results in a
+new environment E2 in which the formal parameters x and y are bound to the arguments. Within E2
+we evaluate the combination (+ (square x) (square y)). This leads us to evaluate
+(square x), where square is found in the global frame and x is 6. Once again, we set up a new
+
+\fenvironment, E3, in which x is bound to 6, and within this we evaluate the body of square, which is
+(* x x). Also as part of applying sum-of-squares, we must evaluate the subexpression
+(square y), where y is 10. This second call to square creates another environment, E4, in which
+x, the formal parameter of square, is bound to 10. And within E4 we must evaluate (* x x).
+The important point to observe is that each call to square creates a new environment containing a
+binding for x. We can see here how the different frames serve to keep separate the different local
+variables all named x. Notice that each frame created by square points to the global environment,
+since this is the environment indicated by the square procedure object.
+After the subexpressions are evaluated, the results are returned. The values generated by the two calls
+to square are added by sum-of-squares, and this result is returned by f. Since our focus here is
+on the environment structures, we will not dwell on how these returned values are passed from call to
+call; however, this is also an important aspect of the evaluation process, and we will return to it in
+detail in chapter 5.
+Exercise 3.9. In section 1.2.1 we used the substitution model to analyze two procedures for
+computing factorials, a recursive version
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
+and an iterative version
+(define (factorial n)
+(fact-iter 1 1 n))
+(define (fact-iter product counter max-count)
+(if (> counter max-count)
+product
+(fact-iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1)
+max-count)))
+Show the environment structures created by evaluating (factorial 6) using each version of the
+factorial procedure. 14
+
+3.2.3 Frames as the Repository of Local State
+We can turn to the environment model to see how procedures and assignment can be used to represent
+objects with local state. As an example, consider the ‘‘withdrawal processor’’ from section 3.1.1
+created by calling the procedure
+(define (make-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")))
+
+\fLet us describe the evaluation of
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+followed by
+(W1 50)
+50
+Figure 3.6 shows the result of defining the make-withdraw procedure in the global environment.
+This produces a procedure object that contains a pointer to the global environment. So far, this is no
+different from the examples we have already seen, except that the body of the procedure is itself a
+lambda expression.
+
+Figure 3.6: Result of defining make-withdraw in the global environment.
+Figure 3.6: Result of defining make-withdraw in the global environment.
+The interesting part of the computation happens when we apply the procedure make-withdraw to
+an argument:
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+We begin, as usual, by setting up an environment E1 in which the formal parameter balance is
+bound to the argument 100. Within this environment, we evaluate the body of make-withdraw,
+namely the lambda expression. This constructs a new procedure object, whose code is as specified by
+the lambda and whose environment is E1, the environment in which the lambda was evaluated to
+produce the procedure. The resulting procedure object is the value returned by the call to
+make-withdraw. This is bound to W1 in the global environment, since the define itself is being
+evaluated in the global environment. Figure 3.7 shows the resulting environment structure.
+
+\fFigure 3.7: Result of evaluating (define W1 (make-withdraw 100)).
+Figure 3.7: Result of evaluating (define W1 (make-withdraw 100)).
+Now we can analyze what happens when W1 is applied to an argument:
+(W1 50)
+50
+We begin by constructing a frame in which amount, the formal parameter of W1, is bound to the
+argument 50. The crucial point to observe is that this frame has as its enclosing environment not the
+global environment, but rather the environment E1, because this is the environment that is specified by
+the W1 procedure object. Within this new environment, we evaluate the body of the procedure:
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")
+The resulting environment structure is shown in figure 3.8. The expression being evaluated references
+both amount and balance. Amount will be found in the first frame in the environment, while
+balance will be found by following the enclosing-environment pointer to E1.
+
+\fFigure 3.8: Environments created by applying the procedure object W1.
+Figure 3.8: Environments created by applying the procedure object W1.
+When the set! is executed, the binding of balance in E1 is changed. At the completion of the call
+to W1, balance is 50, and the frame that contains balance is still pointed to by the procedure
+object W1. The frame that binds amount (in which we executed the code that changed balance) is
+no longer relevant, since the procedure call that constructed it has terminated, and there are no pointers
+to that frame from other parts of the environment. The next time W1 is called, this will build a new
+frame that binds amount and whose enclosing environment is E1. We see that E1 serves as the
+‘‘place’’ that holds the local state variable for the procedure object W1. Figure 3.9 shows the situation
+after the call to W1.
+
+Figure 3.9: Environments after the call to W1.
+Figure 3.9: Environments after the call to W1.
+Observe what happens when we create a second ‘‘withdraw’’ object by making another call to
+make-withdraw:
+
+\f(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+This produces the environment structure of figure 3.10, which shows that W2 is a procedure object,
+that is, a pair with some code and an environment. The environment E2 for W2 was created by the call
+to make-withdraw. It contains a frame with its own local binding for balance. On the other
+hand, W1 and W2 have the same code: the code specified by the lambda expression in the body of
+make-withdraw. 15 We see here why W1 and W2 behave as independent objects. Calls to W1
+reference the state variable balance stored in E1, whereas calls to W2 reference the balance stored
+in E2. Thus, changes to the local state of one object do not affect the other object.
+
+Figure 3.10: Using (define W2 (make-withdraw 100)) to create a second object.
+Figure 3.10: Using (define W2 (make-withdraw 100)) to create a second object.
+Exercise 3.10. In the make-withdraw procedure, the local variable balance is created as a
+parameter of make-withdraw. We could also create the local state variable explicitly, using let,
+as follows:
+(define (make-withdraw initial-amount)
+(let ((balance initial-amount))
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))))
+Recall from section 1.3.2 that let is simply syntactic sugar for a procedure call:
+(let ((<var> <exp>)) <body>)
+is interpreted as an alternate syntax for
+((lambda (<var>) <body>) <exp>)
+Use the environment model to analyze this alternate version of make-withdraw, drawing figures
+like the ones above to illustrate the interactions
+
+\f(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+(W1 50)
+(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+Show that the two versions of make-withdraw create objects with the same behavior. How do the
+environment structures differ for the two versions?
+
+3.2.4 Internal Definitions
+Section 1.1.8 introduced the idea that procedures can have internal definitions, thus leading to a block
+structure as in the following procedure to compute square roots:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+Now we can use the environment model to see why these internal definitions behave as desired.
+Figure 3.11 shows the point in the evaluation of the expression (sqrt 2) where the internal
+procedure good-enough? has been called for the first time with guess equal to 1.
+
+Figure 3.11: Sqrt procedure with internal definitions.
+Figure 3.11: Sqrt procedure with internal definitions.
+
+\fObserve the structure of the environment. Sqrt is a symbol in the global environment that is bound to
+a procedure object whose associated environment is the global environment. When sqrt was called, a
+new environment E1 was formed, subordinate to the global environment, in which the parameter x is
+bound to 2. The body of sqrt was then evaluated in E1. Since the first expression in the body of
+sqrt is
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+evaluating this expression defined the procedure good-enough? in the environment E1. To be more
+precise, the symbol good-enough? was added to the first frame of E1, bound to a procedure object
+whose associated environment is E1. Similarly, improve and sqrt-iter were defined as
+procedures in E1. For conciseness, figure 3.11 shows only the procedure object for good-enough?.
+After the local procedures were defined, the expression (sqrt-iter 1.0) was evaluated, still in
+environment E1. So the procedure object bound to sqrt-iter in E1 was called with 1 as an
+argument. This created an environment E2 in which guess, the parameter of sqrt-iter, is bound
+to 1. Sqrt-iter in turn called good-enough? with the value of guess (from E2) as the
+argument for good-enough?. This set up another environment, E3, in which guess (the parameter
+of good-enough?) is bound to 1. Although sqrt-iter and good-enough? both have a
+parameter named guess, these are two distinct local variables located in different frames. Also, E2
+and E3 both have E1 as their enclosing environment, because the sqrt-iter and good-enough?
+procedures both have E1 as their environment part. One consequence of this is that the symbol x that
+appears in the body of good-enough? will reference the binding of x that appears in E1, namely the
+value of x with which the original sqrt procedure was called. The environment model thus explains
+the two key properties that make local procedure definitions a useful technique for modularizing
+programs:
+The names of the local procedures do not interfere with names external to the enclosing
+procedure, because the local procedure names will be bound in the frame that the procedure
+creates when it is run, rather than being bound in the global environment.
+The local procedures can access the arguments of the enclosing procedure, simply by using
+parameter names as free variables. This is because the body of the local procedure is evaluated in
+an environment that is subordinate to the evaluation environment for the enclosing procedure.
+Exercise 3.11. In section 3.2.3 we saw how the environment model described the behavior of
+procedures with local state. Now we have seen how internal definitions work. A typical
+message-passing procedure contains both of these aspects. Consider the bank account procedure of
+section 3.1.1:
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+
+\f((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)
+Show the environment structure generated by the sequence of interactions
+(define acc (make-account 50))
+((acc ’deposit) 40)
+90
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+30
+Where is the local state for acc kept? Suppose we define another account
+(define acc2 (make-account 100))
+How are the local states for the two accounts kept distinct? Which parts of the environment structure
+are shared between acc and acc2?
+12 Assignment introduces a subtlety into step 1 of the evaluation rule. As shown in exercise 3.8, the
+
+presence of assignment allows us to write expressions that will produce different values depending on
+the order in which the subexpressions in a combination are evaluated. Thus, to be precise, we should
+specify an evaluation order in step 1 (e.g., left to right or right to left). However, this order should
+always be considered to be an implementation detail, and one should never write programs that depend
+on some particular order. For instance, a sophisticated compiler might optimize a program by varying
+the order in which subexpressions are evaluated.
+13 If there is already a binding for the variable in the current frame, then the binding is changed. This
+
+is convenient because it allows redefinition of symbols; however, it also means that define can be
+used to change values, and this brings up the issues of assignment without explicitly using set!.
+Because of this, some people prefer redefinitions of existing symbols to signal errors or warnings.
+14 The environment model will not clarify our claim in section 1.2.1 that the interpreter can execute a
+
+procedure such as fact-iter in a constant amount of space using tail recursion. We will discuss tail
+recursion when we deal with the control structure of the interpreter in section 5.4.
+15 Whether W1 and W2 share the same physical code stored in the computer, or whether they each
+
+keep a copy of the code, is a detail of the implementation. For the interpreter we implement in
+chapter 4, the code is in fact shared.
+
+
+\f[Go
+Figure
+to first,
+3.15:previous,
+Effect ofnext
+(set-cdr!
+page; contents;
+x y) on
+index]
+the lists in figure 3.12.
+
+3.3
+Modeling
+Data
+The primitive
+mutators with
+for pairsMutable
+are set-car!
+and set-cdr!. Set-car! takes two arguments,
+the first of which must be a pair. It modifies this pair, replacing the car pointer by a pointer to the
+16 as a means for constructing computational objects that have
+Chapter
+2 dealt with
+compound data
+second argument
+of set-car!.
+several parts, in order to model real-world objects that have several aspects. In that chapter we
+introduced
+the discipline
+of data
+which
+data
+structures
+As an example,
+suppose that
+x isabstraction,
+bound to theaccording
+list ((a tob)
+c d)
+and
+y to the are
+list specified
+(e f) asin terms
+of
+constructors,
+which
+create
+data objects,
+and selectors,
+which access
+themodifies
+parts of compound
+data x
+illustrated
+in figure
+3.12.
+Evaluating
+the expression
+(set-car!
+x y)
+the pair to which
+objects.
+But
+we
+now
+know
+that
+there
+is
+another
+aspect
+of
+data
+that
+chapter
+2
+did
+not
+address.
+The
+is bound, replacing its car by the value of y. The result of the operation is shown in figure 3.13. desire
+The
+to
+model x
+systems
+composed
+objects
+that
+have
+theThe
+need
+to modify
+structure
+has been
+modifiedofand
+would
+now
+bechanging
+printed asstate
+((eleads
+f) us
+c tod).
+pairs
+representing
+compound
+asby
+well
+to construct
+andreplaced,
+select from
+In order from
+to model
+compound
+the list (a data
+b), objects,
+identified
+theaspointer
+that was
+are them.
+now detached
+the original
+17
+objects
+with
+changing
+state,
+we
+will
+design
+data
+abstractions
+to
+include,
+in
+addition
+to
+selectors
+and
+structure.
+constructors, operations called mutators, which modify data objects. For instance, modeling a banking
+Compare
+figure us
+3.13
+figure
+3.14,balances.
+which illustrates
+the result
+of executing
+(define
+(cons
+system
+requires
+to with
+change
+account
+Thus, a data
+structure
+for representing
+bankzaccounts
+3.13:
+Effect
+(set-car!
+x y)
+on thelists
+listsofinfigure
+figure3.12.
+3.12.The variable z is now bound to
+y Figure
+(cdr
+x)))
+with xofand
+y bound to the
+original
+might
+admit
+an operation
+aFigure
+new pair
+created
+byofthe
+cons operation;
+theonlist
+which
+x is bound
+3.13:
+Effect
+(set-car!
+x y)
+thetolists
+in figure
+3.12. is unchanged.
+(set-balance! <account> <new-value>)
+The set-cdr! operation is similar to set-car!. The only difference is that the cdr pointer of the
+that
+the the
+balance
+the designated
+account
+to theofdesignated
+value. Dataxobjects
+pair,changes
+rather than
+car of
+pointer,
+is replaced.
+The effect
+executingnew
+(set-cdr!
+y) onfor
+thewhich
+lists
+mutators
+are defined
+areinknown
+mutable
+objects.
+of figure 3.12
+is shown
+figureas
+3.15.
+Here data
+the cdr
+pointer of x has been replaced by the pointer to
+(e f). Also, the list (c d), which used to be the cdr of x, is now detached from the structure.
+Chapter 2 introduced pairs as a general-purpose ‘‘glue’’ for synthesizing compound data. We begin
+this
+section
+defining
+basic mutators
+for pairs,
+so that
+pairsset-car!
+can serve asand
+building
+blocksmodify
+for
+Cons
+buildsbynew
+list structure
+by creating
+new pairs,
+while
+set-cdr!
+constructing
+objects.
+These mutators
+greatly
+themutators,
+representational
+existing pairs.mutable
+Indeed,data
+we could
+implement
+cons in
+termsenhance
+of the two
+togetherpower
+with aof pairs,
+enabling
+to build data structures
+than
+the sequences
+thatany
+weexisting
+workedlist
+with
+in
+procedureusget-new-pair,
+whichother
+returns
+a new
+pair that isand
+nottrees
+part of
+structure.
+We
+section
+2.2.new
+Wepair,
+also set
+present
+some
+of simulations
+in whichobjects,
+complex
+systems
+obtain the
+its car
+andexamples
+cdr pointers
+to the designated
+and
+return are
+the modeled
+new pair as
+18 local state.
+collections
+objects
+the result ofofthe
+cons.with
+(define
+(cons xList
+y) Structure
+3.3.1
+Mutable
+
+(let ((new (get-new-pair)))
+(set-car!
+x)-- cons, car, and cdr -- can be used to construct list structure and to
+The basic
+operations new
+on pairs
+(set-cdr!
+new
+y) but they are incapable of modifying list structure. The same is true of
+select parts from list structure,
+Figure
+3.14:
+Effect
+of
+(define
+z (cons y (cdr x))) on the lists in figure 3.12.
+the listnew))
+operations we have used so far, such as append and list, since these can be defined in
+terms
+cons,
+car,ofand
+cdr. To modify
+list structures
+needonnew
+Figureof3.14:
+Effect
+(define
+z (cons
+y (cdr we
+x)))
+theoperations.
+lists in figure 3.12.
+Exercise 3.12. The following procedure for appending lists was introduced in section 2.2.1:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x) (append (cdr x) y))))
+Append forms a new list by successively consing the elements of x onto y. The procedure
+append! is similar to append, but it is a mutator rather than a constructor. It appends the lists by
+splicing them together, modifying the final pair of x so that its cdr is now y. (It is an error to call
+append! with an empty x.)
+(define (append! x y)
+(set-cdr! (last-pair x) y)
+x)
+Figure 3.12: Lists x: ((a b) c d) and y: (e f).
+Figure 3.15: Effect of (set-cdr! x y) on the lists in figure 3.12.
+Figure 3.12: Lists x: ((a b) c d) and y: (e f).
+
+\fHere last-pair is a procedure that returns the last pair in its argument:
+(define (last-pair x)
+(if (null? (cdr x))
+x
+(last-pair (cdr x))))
+Consider the interaction
+(define x (list ’a ’b))
+(define y (list ’c ’d))
+(define z (append x y))
+z
+(a b c d)
+(cdr x)
+<response>
+(define w (append! x y))
+w
+(a b c d)
+(cdr x)
+<response>
+What are the missing <response>s? Draw box-and-pointer diagrams to explain your answer.
+Exercise 3.13. Consider the following make-cycle procedure, which uses the last-pair
+procedure defined in exercise 3.12:
+(define (make-cycle x)
+(set-cdr! (last-pair x) x)
+x)
+Draw a box-and-pointer diagram that shows the structure z created by
+(define z (make-cycle (list ’a ’b ’c)))
+What happens if we try to compute (last-pair z)?
+Exercise 3.14. The following procedure is quite useful, although obscure:
+(define (mystery x)
+(define (loop x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(let ((temp (cdr x)))
+(set-cdr! x y)
+(loop temp x))))
+(loop x ’()))
+Loop uses the ‘‘temporary’’ variable temp to hold the old value of the cdr of x, since the
+set-cdr! on the next line destroys the cdr. Explain what mystery does in general. Suppose v is
+defined by (define v (list ’a ’b ’c ’d)). Draw the box-and-pointer diagram that
+represents the list to which v is bound. Suppose that we now evaluate (define w (mystery
+
+\fv)). Draw box-and-pointer diagrams that show the structures v and w after evaluating this expression.
+What would be printed as the values of v and w ?
+
+Sharing and identity
+We mentioned in section 3.1.3 the theoretical issues of ‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change’’ raised by the
+introduction of assignment. These issues arise in practice when individual pairs are shared among
+different data objects. For example, consider the structure formed by
+(define x (list ’a ’b))
+(define z1 (cons x x))
+As shown in figure 3.16, z1 is a pair whose car and cdr both point to the same pair x. This sharing
+of x by the car and cdr of z1 is a consequence of the straightforward way in which cons is
+implemented. In general, using cons to construct lists will result in an interlinked structure of pairs in
+which many individual pairs are shared by many different structures.
+
+Figure 3.16: The list z1 formed by (cons x x).
+Figure 3.16: The list z1 formed by (cons x x).
+
+Figure 3.17: The list z2 formed by (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)).
+Figure 3.17: The list z2 formed by (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)).
+In contrast to figure 3.16, figure 3.17 shows the structure created by
+(define z2 (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)))
+In this structure, the pairs in the two (a b) lists are distinct, although the actual symbols are
+shared. 19
+When thought of as a list, z1 and z2 both represent ‘‘the same’’ list, ((a b) a b). In general,
+sharing is completely undetectable if we operate on lists using only cons, car, and cdr. However, if
+we allow mutators on list structure, sharing becomes significant. As an example of the difference that
+sharing can make, consider the following procedure, which modifies the car of the structure to which
+
+\fit is applied:
+(define (set-to-wow! x)
+(set-car! (car x) ’wow)
+x)
+Even though z1 and z2 are ‘‘the same’’ structure, applying set-to-wow! to them yields different
+results. With z1, altering the car also changes the cdr, because in z1 the car and the cdr are the
+same pair. With z2, the car and cdr are distinct, so set-to-wow! modifies only the car:
+z1
+((a b) a b)
+(set-to-wow! z1)
+((wow b) wow b)
+z2
+((a b) a b)
+(set-to-wow! z2)
+((wow b) a b)
+One way to detect sharing in list structures is to use the predicate eq?, which we introduced in
+section 2.3.1 as a way to test whether two symbols are equal. More generally, (eq? x y) tests
+whether x and y are the same object (that is, whether x and y are equal as pointers). Thus, with z1
+and z2 as defined in figures 3.16 and 3.17, (eq? (car z1) (cdr z1)) is true and (eq?
+(car z2) (cdr z2)) is false.
+As will be seen in the following sections, we can exploit sharing to greatly extend the repertoire of
+data structures that can be represented by pairs. On the other hand, sharing can also be dangerous,
+since modifications made to structures will also affect other structures that happen to share the
+modified parts. The mutation operations set-car! and set-cdr! should be used with care; unless
+we have a good understanding of how our data objects are shared, mutation can have unanticipated
+results. 20
+Exercise 3.15. Draw box-and-pointer diagrams to explain the effect of set-to-wow! on the
+structures z1 and z2 above.
+Exercise 3.16. Ben Bitdiddle decides to write a procedure to count the number of pairs in any list
+structure. ‘‘It’s easy,’’ he reasons. ‘‘The number of pairs in any structure is the number in the car
+plus the number in the cdr plus one more to count the current pair.’’ So Ben writes the following
+procedure:
+(define (count-pairs x)
+(if (not (pair? x))
+0
+(+ (count-pairs (car x))
+(count-pairs (cdr x))
+1)))
+Show that this procedure is not correct. In particular, draw box-and-pointer diagrams representing list
+structures made up of exactly three pairs for which Ben’s procedure would return 3; return 4; return 7;
+never return at all.
+
+\fExercise 3.17. Devise a correct version of the count-pairs procedure of exercise 3.16 that returns
+the number of distinct pairs in any structure. (Hint: Traverse the structure, maintaining an auxiliary
+data structure that is used to keep track of which pairs have already been counted.)
+Exercise 3.18. Write a procedure that examines a list and determines whether it contains a cycle, that
+is, whether a program that tried to find the end of the list by taking successive cdrs would go into an
+infinite loop. Exercise 3.13 constructed such lists.
+Exercise 3.19. Redo exercise 3.18 using an algorithm that takes only a constant amount of space.
+(This requires a very clever idea.)
+
+Mutation is just assignment
+When we introduced compound data, we observed in section 2.1.3 that pairs can be represented purely
+in terms of procedures:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’car) x)
+((eq? m ’cdr) y)
+(else (error "Undefined operation -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z ’car))
+(define (cdr z) (z ’cdr))
+The same observation is true for mutable data. We can implement mutable data objects as procedures
+using assignment and local state. For instance, we can extend the above pair implementation to handle
+set-car! and set-cdr! in a manner analogous to the way we implemented bank accounts using
+make-account in section 3.1.1:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (set-x! v) (set! x v))
+(define (set-y! v) (set! y v))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’car) x)
+((eq? m ’cdr) y)
+((eq? m ’set-car!) set-x!)
+((eq? m ’set-cdr!) set-y!)
+(else (error "Undefined operation -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z ’car))
+(define (cdr z) (z ’cdr))
+(define (set-car! z new-value)
+((z ’set-car!) new-value)
+z)
+(define (set-cdr! z new-value)
+((z ’set-cdr!) new-value)
+z)
+
+\fAssignment is all that is needed, theoretically, to account for the behavior of mutable data. As soon as
+we admit set! to our language, we raise all the issues, not only of assignment, but of mutable data in
+general. 21
+Exercise 3.20. Draw environment diagrams to illustrate the evaluation of the sequence of expressions
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(define z (cons x x))
+(set-car! (cdr z) 17)
+(car x)
+17
+using the procedural implementation of pairs given above. (Compare exercise 3.11.)
+
+3.3.2 Representing Queues
+The mutators set-car! and set-cdr! enable us to use pairs to construct data structures that
+cannot be built with cons, car, and cdr alone. This section shows how to use pairs to represent a
+data structure called a queue. Section 3.3.3 will show how to represent data structures called tables.
+A queue is a sequence in which items are inserted at one end (called the rear of the queue) and deleted
+from the other end (the front). Figure 3.18 shows an initially empty queue in which the items a and b
+are inserted. Then a is removed, c and d are inserted, and b is removed. Because items are always
+removed in the order in which they are inserted, a queue is sometimes called a FIFO (first in, first out)
+buffer.
+Operation
+
+Resulting Queue
+
+(define q (make-queue))
+(insert-queue! q ’a)
+
+a
+
+(insert-queue! q ’b)
+
+a b
+
+(delete-queue! q)
+
+b
+
+(insert-queue! q ’c)
+
+b c
+
+(insert-queue! q ’d)
+
+b c d
+
+(delete-queue! q)
+
+c d
+
+Figure 3.18: Queue operations.
+Figure 3.18: Queue operations.
+In terms of data abstraction, we can regard a queue as defined by the following set of operations:
+a constructor:
+(make-queue)
+returns an empty queue (a queue containing no items).
+
+\ftwo selectors:
+(empty-queue? <queue>)
+tests if the queue is empty.
+(front-queue <queue>)
+returns the object at the front of the queue, signaling an error if the queue is empty; it does not
+modify the queue.
+two mutators:
+(insert-queue! <queue> <item>)
+inserts the item at the rear of the queue and returns the modified queue as its value.
+(delete-queue! <queue>)
+removes the item at the front of the queue and returns the modified queue as its value, signaling
+an error if the queue is empty before the deletion.
+Because a queue is a sequence of items, we could certainly represent it as an ordinary list; the front of
+the queue would be the car of the list, inserting an item in the queue would amount to appending a
+new element at the end of the list, and deleting an item from the queue would just be taking the cdr of
+the list. However, this representation is inefficient, because in order to insert an item we must scan the
+list until we reach the end. Since the only method we have for scanning a list is by successive cdr
+operations, this scanning requires (n) steps for a list of n items. A simple modification to the list
+representation overcomes this disadvantage by allowing the queue operations to be implemented so
+that they require (1) steps; that is, so that the number of steps needed is independent of the length of
+the queue.
+The difficulty with the list representation arises from the need to scan to find the end of the list. The
+reason we need to scan is that, although the standard way of representing a list as a chain of pairs
+readily provides us with a pointer to the beginning of the list, it gives us no easily accessible pointer to
+the end. The modification that avoids the drawback is to represent the queue as a list, together with an
+additional pointer that indicates the final pair in the list. That way, when we go to insert an item, we
+can consult the rear pointer and so avoid scanning the list.
+A queue is represented, then, as a pair of pointers, front-ptr and rear-ptr, which indicate,
+respectively, the first and last pairs in an ordinary list. Since we would like the queue to be an
+identifiable object, we can use cons to combine the two pointers. Thus, the queue itself will be the
+cons of the two pointers. Figure 3.19 illustrates this representation.
+
+Figure 3.19: Implementation of a queue as a list with front and rear pointers.
+Figure 3.19: Implementation of a queue as a list with front and rear pointers.
+
+\fTo define the queue operations we use the following procedures, which enable us to select and to
+modify the front and rear pointers of a queue:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(front-ptr queue) (car queue))
+(rear-ptr queue) (cdr queue))
+(set-front-ptr! queue item) (set-car! queue item))
+(set-rear-ptr! queue item) (set-cdr! queue item))
+
+Now we can implement the actual queue operations. We will consider a queue to be empty if its front
+pointer is the empty list:
+(define (empty-queue? queue) (null? (front-ptr queue)))
+The make-queue constructor returns, as an initially empty queue, a pair whose car and cdr are
+both the empty list:
+(define (make-queue) (cons ’() ’()))
+To select the item at the front of the queue, we return the car of the pair indicated by the front
+pointer:
+(define (front-queue queue)
+(if (empty-queue? queue)
+(error "FRONT called with an empty queue" queue)
+(car (front-ptr queue))))
+To insert an item in a queue, we follow the method whose result is indicated in figure 3.20. We first
+create a new pair whose car is the item to be inserted and whose cdr is the empty list. If the queue
+was initially empty, we set the front and rear pointers of the queue to this new pair. Otherwise, we
+modify the final pair in the queue to point to the new pair, and also set the rear pointer to the new pair.
+
+Figure 3.20: Result of using (insert-queue! q ’d) on the queue of figure 3.19.
+Figure 3.20: Result of using (insert-queue! q ’d) on the queue of figure 3.19.
+(define (insert-queue! queue item)
+(let ((new-pair (cons item ’())))
+(cond ((empty-queue? queue)
+(set-front-ptr! queue new-pair)
+(set-rear-ptr! queue new-pair)
+queue)
+(else
+(set-cdr! (rear-ptr queue) new-pair)
+
+\f(set-rear-ptr! queue new-pair)
+queue))))
+To delete the item at the front of the queue, we merely modify the front pointer so that it now points at
+the second item in the queue, which can be found by following the cdr pointer of the first item (see
+figure 3.21): 22
+
+Figure 3.21: Result of using (delete-queue! q) on the queue of figure 3.20.
+Figure 3.21: Result of using (delete-queue! q) on the queue of figure 3.20.
+(define (delete-queue! queue)
+(cond ((empty-queue? queue)
+(error "DELETE! called with an empty queue" queue))
+(else
+(set-front-ptr! queue (cdr (front-ptr queue)))
+queue)))
+Exercise 3.21. Ben Bitdiddle decides to test the queue implementation described above. He types in
+the procedures to the Lisp interpreter and proceeds to try them out:
+(define q1 (make-queue))
+(insert-queue! q1 ’a)
+((a) a)
+(insert-queue! q1 ’b)
+((a b) b)
+(delete-queue! q1)
+((b) b)
+(delete-queue! q1)
+(() b)
+‘‘It’s all wrong!’’ he complains. ‘‘The interpreter’s response shows that the last item is inserted into
+the queue twice. And when I delete both items, the second b is still there, so the queue isn’t empty,
+even though it’s supposed to be.’’ Eva Lu Ator suggests that Ben has misunderstood what is
+happening. ‘‘It’s not that the items are going into the queue twice,’’ she explains. ‘‘It’s just that the
+standard Lisp printer doesn’t know how to make sense of the queue representation. If you want to see
+the queue printed correctly, you’ll have to define your own print procedure for queues.’’ Explain what
+Eva Lu is talking about. In particular, show why Ben’s examples produce the printed results that they
+do. Define a procedure print-queue that takes a queue as input and prints the sequence of items in
+the queue.
+
+\fExercise 3.22. Instead of representing a queue as a pair of pointers, we can build a queue as a
+procedure with local state. The local state will consist of pointers to the beginning and the end of an
+ordinary list. Thus, the make-queue procedure will have the form
+(define (make-queue)
+(let ((front-ptr ...)
+(rear-ptr ...))
+<definitions of internal procedures>
+(define (dispatch m) ...)
+dispatch))
+Complete the definition of make-queue and provide implementations of the queue operations using
+this representation.
+Exercise 3.23. A deque (‘‘double-ended queue’’) is a sequence in which items can be inserted and
+deleted at either the front or the rear. Operations on deques are the constructor make-deque, the
+predicate empty-deque?, selectors front-deque and rear-deque, and mutators
+front-insert-deque!, rear-insert-deque!, front-delete-deque!, and
+rear-delete-deque!. Show how to represent deques using pairs, and give implementations of
+the operations. 23 All operations should be accomplished in (1) steps.
+
+3.3.3 Representing Tables
+When we studied various ways of representing sets in chapter 2, we mentioned in section 2.3.3 the task
+of maintaining a table of records indexed by identifying keys. In the implementation of data-directed
+programming in section 2.4.3, we made extensive use of two-dimensional tables, in which information
+is stored and retrieved using two keys. Here we see how to build tables as mutable list structures.
+We first consider a one-dimensional table, in which each value is stored under a single key. We
+implement the table as a list of records, each of which is implemented as a pair consisting of a key and
+the associated value. The records are glued together to form a list by pairs whose cars point to
+successive records. These gluing pairs are called the backbone of the table. In order to have a place
+that we can change when we add a new record to the table, we build the table as a headed list. A
+headed list has a special backbone pair at the beginning, which holds a dummy ‘‘record’’ -- in this
+case the arbitrarily chosen symbol *table*. Figure 3.22 shows the box-and-pointer diagram for the
+table
+a:
+b:
+c:
+
+1
+2
+3
+
+\fFigure 3.22: A table represented as a headed list.
+Figure 3.22: A table represented as a headed list.
+To extract information from a table we use the lookup procedure, which takes a key as argument and
+returns the associated value (or false if there is no value stored under that key). Lookup is defined in
+terms of the assoc operation, which expects a key and a list of records as arguments. Note that
+assoc never sees the dummy record. Assoc returns the record that has the given key as its car. 24
+Lookup then checks to see that the resulting record returned by assoc is not false, and returns the
+value (the cdr) of the record.
+(define (lookup key table)
+(let ((record (assoc key (cdr table))))
+(if record
+(cdr record)
+false)))
+(define (assoc key records)
+(cond ((null? records) false)
+((equal? key (caar records)) (car records))
+(else (assoc key (cdr records)))))
+To insert a value in a table under a specified key, we first use assoc to see if there is already a record
+in the table with this key. If not, we form a new record by consing the key with the value, and insert
+this at the head of the table’s list of records, after the dummy record. If there already is a record with
+this key, we set the cdr of this record to the designated new value. The header of the table provides us
+with a fixed location to modify in order to insert the new record. 25
+(define (insert! key value table)
+(let ((record (assoc key (cdr table))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! table
+(cons (cons key value) (cdr table)))))
+’ok)
+To construct a new table, we simply create a list containing the symbol *table*:
+(define (make-table)
+(list ’*table*))
+
+\fTwo-dimensional tables
+In a two-dimensional table, each value is indexed by two keys. We can construct such a table as a
+one-dimensional table in which each key identifies a subtable. Figure 3.23 shows the box-and-pointer
+diagram for the table
+math:
++: 43
+-: 45
+*: 42
+letters:
+a: 97
+b: 98
+which has two subtables. (The subtables don’t need a special header symbol, since the key that
+identifies the subtable serves this purpose.)
+
+Figure 3.23: A two-dimensional table.
+Figure 3.23: A two-dimensional table.
+When we look up an item, we use the first key to identify the correct subtable. Then we use the second
+key to identify the record within the subtable.
+(define (lookup key-1 key-2 table)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+
+\f(cdr record)
+false))
+false)))
+To insert a new item under a pair of keys, we use assoc to see if there is a subtable stored under the
+first key. If not, we build a new subtable containing the single record (key-2, value) and insert it
+into the table under the first key. If a subtable already exists for the first key, we insert the new record
+into this subtable, using the insertion method for one-dimensional tables described above:
+(define (insert! key-1 key-2 value table)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! subtable
+(cons (cons key-2 value)
+(cdr subtable)))))
+(set-cdr! table
+(cons (list key-1
+(cons key-2 value))
+(cdr table)))))
+’ok)
+
+Creating local tables
+The lookup and insert! operations defined above take the table as an argument. This enables us
+to use programs that access more than one table. Another way to deal with multiple tables is to have
+separate lookup and insert! procedures for each table. We can do this by representing a table
+procedurally, as an object that maintains an internal table as part of its local state. When sent an
+appropriate message, this ‘‘table object’’ supplies the procedure with which to operate on the internal
+table. Here is a generator for two-dimensional tables represented in this fashion:
+(define (make-table)
+(let ((local-table (list ’*table*)))
+(define (lookup key-1 key-2)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr local-table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(cdr record)
+false))
+false)))
+(define (insert! key-1 key-2 value)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr local-table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! subtable
+(cons (cons key-2 value)
+
+\f(cdr subtable)))))
+(set-cdr! local-table
+(cons (list key-1
+(cons key-2 value))
+(cdr local-table)))))
+’ok)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’lookup-proc) lookup)
+((eq? m ’insert-proc!) insert!)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- TABLE" m))))
+dispatch))
+Using make-table, we could implement the get and put operations used in section 2.4.3 for
+data-directed programming, as follows:
+(define operation-table (make-table))
+(define get (operation-table ’lookup-proc))
+(define put (operation-table ’insert-proc!))
+Get takes as arguments two keys, and put takes as arguments two keys and a value. Both operations
+access the same local table, which is encapsulated within the object created by the call to
+make-table.
+Exercise 3.24. In the table implementations above, the keys are tested for equality using equal?
+(called by assoc). This is not always the appropriate test. For instance, we might have a table with
+numeric keys in which we don’t need an exact match to the number we’re looking up, but only a
+number within some tolerance of it. Design a table constructor make-table that takes as an
+argument a same-key? procedure that will be used to test ‘‘equality’’ of keys. Make-table should
+return a dispatch procedure that can be used to access appropriate lookup and insert!
+procedures for a local table.
+Exercise 3.25. Generalizing one- and two-dimensional tables, show how to implement a table in
+which values are stored under an arbitrary number of keys and different values may be stored under
+different numbers of keys. The lookup and insert! procedures should take as input a list of keys
+used to access the table.
+Exercise 3.26. To search a table as implemented above, one needs to scan through the list of records.
+This is basically the unordered list representation of section 2.3.3. For large tables, it may be more
+efficient to structure the table in a different manner. Describe a table implementation where the (key,
+value) records are organized using a binary tree, assuming that keys can be ordered in some way (e.g.,
+numerically or alphabetically). (Compare exercise 2.66 of chapter 2.)
+Exercise 3.27. Memoization (also called tabulation) is a technique that enables a procedure to record,
+in a local table, values that have previously been computed. This technique can make a vast difference
+in the performance of a program. A memoized procedure maintains a table in which values of previous
+calls are stored using as keys the arguments that produced the values. When the memoized procedure
+is asked to compute a value, it first checks the table to see if the value is already there and, if so, just
+returns that value. Otherwise, it computes the new value in the ordinary way and stores this in the
+table. As an example of memoization, recall from section 1.2.2 the exponential process for computing
+Fibonacci numbers:
+
+\f(define (fib n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (fib (- n 1))
+(fib (- n 2))))))
+The memoized version of the same procedure is
+(define memo-fib
+(memoize (lambda (n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (memo-fib (- n 1))
+(memo-fib (- n 2))))))))
+where the memoizer is defined as
+(define (memoize f)
+(let ((table (make-table)))
+(lambda (x)
+(let ((previously-computed-result (lookup x table)))
+(or previously-computed-result
+(let ((result (f x)))
+(insert! x result table)
+result))))))
+Draw an environment diagram to analyze the computation of (memo-fib 3). Explain why
+memo-fib computes the nth Fibonacci number in a number of steps proportional to n. Would the
+scheme still work if we had simply defined memo-fib to be (memoize fib)?
+
+3.3.4 A Simulator for Digital Circuits
+Designing complex digital systems, such as computers, is an important engineering activity. Digital
+systems are constructed by interconnecting simple elements. Although the behavior of these individual
+elements is simple, networks of them can have very complex behavior. Computer simulation of
+proposed circuit designs is an important tool used by digital systems engineers. In this section we
+design a system for performing digital logic simulations. This system typifies a kind of program called
+an event-driven simulation, in which actions (‘‘events’’) trigger further events that happen at a later
+time, which in turn trigger more events, and so so.
+Our computational model of a circuit will be composed of objects that correspond to the elementary
+components from which the circuit is constructed. There are wires, which carry digital signals. A
+digital signal may at any moment have only one of two possible values, 0 and 1. There are also various
+types of digital function boxes, which connect wires carrying input signals to other output wires. Such
+boxes produce output signals computed from their input signals. The output signal is delayed by a time
+that depends on the type of the function box. For example, an inverter is a primitive function box that
+inverts its input. If the input signal to an inverter changes to 0, then one inverter-delay later the inverter
+will change its output signal to 1. If the input signal to an inverter changes to 1, then one inverter-delay
+later the inverter will change its output signal to 0. We draw an inverter symbolically as in figure 3.24.
+An and-gate, also shown in figure 3.24, is a primitive function box with two inputs and one output. It
+drives its output signal to a value that is the logical and of the inputs. That is, if both of its input
+
+\fsignals become 1, then one and-gate-delay time later the and-gate will force its output signal to be 1;
+otherwise the output will be 0. An or-gate is a similar two-input primitive function box that drives its
+output signal to a value that is the logical or of the inputs. That is, the output will become 1 if at least
+one of the input signals is 1; otherwise the output will become 0.
+
+Figure 3.24: Primitive functions in the digital logic simulator.
+Figure 3.24: Primitive functions in the digital logic simulator.
+We can connect primitive functions together to construct more complex functions. To accomplish this
+we wire the outputs of some function boxes to the inputs of other function boxes. For example, the
+half-adder circuit shown in figure 3.25 consists of an or-gate, two and-gates, and an inverter. It takes
+two input signals, A and B, and has two output signals, S and C. S will become 1 whenever precisely
+one of A and B is 1, and C will become 1 whenever A and B are both 1. We can see from the figure
+that, because of the delays involved, the outputs may be generated at different times. Many of the
+difficulties in the design of digital circuits arise from this fact.
+
+Figure 3.25: A half-adder circuit.
+Figure 3.25: A half-adder circuit.
+We will now build a program for modeling the digital logic circuits we wish to study. The program
+will construct computational objects modeling the wires, which will ‘‘hold’’ the signals. Function
+boxes will be modeled by procedures that enforce the correct relationships among the signals.
+One basic element of our simulation will be a procedure make-wire, which constructs wires. For
+example, we can construct six wires as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+s
+
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+
+We attach a function box to a set of wires by calling a procedure that constructs that kind of box. The
+arguments to the constructor procedure are the wires to be attached to the box. For example, given that
+we can construct and-gates, or-gates, and inverters, we can wire together the half-adder shown in
+figure 3.25:
+
+\f(or-gate a b d)
+ok
+(and-gate a b c)
+ok
+(inverter c e)
+ok
+(and-gate d e s)
+ok
+Better yet, we can explicitly name this operation by defining a procedure half-adder that
+constructs this circuit, given the four external wires to be attached to the half-adder:
+(define (half-adder a b s c)
+(let ((d (make-wire)) (e (make-wire)))
+(or-gate a b d)
+(and-gate a b c)
+(inverter c e)
+(and-gate d e s)
+’ok))
+The advantage of making this definition is that we can use half-adder itself as a building block in
+creating more complex circuits. Figure 3.26, for example, shows a full-adder composed of two
+half-adders and an or-gate. 26 We can construct a full-adder as follows:
+(define (full-adder a b c-in sum c-out)
+(let ((s (make-wire))
+(c1 (make-wire))
+(c2 (make-wire)))
+(half-adder b c-in s c1)
+(half-adder a s sum c2)
+(or-gate c1 c2 c-out)
+’ok))
+Having defined full-adder as a procedure, we can now use it as a building block for creating still
+more complex circuits. (For example, see exercise 3.30.)
+
+Figure 3.26: A full-adder circuit.
+Figure 3.26: A full-adder circuit.
+In essence, our simulator provides us with the tools to construct a language of circuits. If we adopt the
+general perspective on languages with which we approached the study of Lisp in section 1.1, we can
+say that the primitive function boxes form the primitive elements of the language, that wiring boxes
+together provides a means of combination, and that specifying wiring patterns as procedures serves as
+
+\fa means of abstraction.
+
+Primitive function boxes
+The primitive function boxes implement the ‘‘forces’’ by which a change in the signal on one wire
+influences the signals on other wires. To build function boxes, we use the following operations on
+wires:
+(get-signal <wire>)
+returns the current value of the signal on the wire.
+(set-signal! <wire> <new value>)
+changes the value of the signal on the wire to the new value.
+(add-action! <wire> <procedure of no arguments>)
+asserts that the designated procedure should be run whenever the signal on the wire changes
+value. Such procedures are the vehicles by which changes in the signal value on the wire are
+communicated to other wires.
+In addition, we will make use of a procedure after-delay that takes a time delay and a procedure
+to be run and executes the given procedure after the given delay.
+Using these procedures, we can define the primitive digital logic functions. To connect an input to an
+output through an inverter, we use add-action! to associate with the input wire a procedure that
+will be run whenever the signal on the input wire changes value. The procedure computes the
+logical-not of the input signal, and then, after one inverter-delay, sets the output signal to
+be this new value:
+(define (inverter input output)
+(define (invert-input)
+(let ((new-value (logical-not (get-signal input))))
+(after-delay inverter-delay
+(lambda ()
+(set-signal! output new-value)))))
+(add-action! input invert-input)
+’ok)
+(define (logical-not s)
+(cond ((= s 0) 1)
+((= s 1) 0)
+(else (error "Invalid signal" s))))
+An and-gate is a little more complex. The action procedure must be run if either of the inputs to the
+gate changes. It computes the logical-and (using a procedure analogous to logical-not) of
+the values of the signals on the input wires and sets up a change to the new value to occur on the
+output wire after one and-gate-delay.
+(define (and-gate a1 a2 output)
+(define (and-action-procedure)
+(let ((new-value
+(logical-and (get-signal a1) (get-signal a2))))
+(after-delay and-gate-delay
+(lambda ()
+
+\f(set-signal! output new-value)))))
+(add-action! a1 and-action-procedure)
+(add-action! a2 and-action-procedure)
+’ok)
+Exercise 3.28. Define an or-gate as a primitive function box. Your or-gate constructor should be
+similar to and-gate.
+Exercise 3.29. Another way to construct an or-gate is as a compound digital logic device, built from
+and-gates and inverters. Define a procedure or-gate that accomplishes this. What is the delay time
+of the or-gate in terms of and-gate-delay and inverter-delay?
+Exercise 3.30. Figure 3.27 shows a ripple-carry adder formed by stringing together n full-adders.
+This is the simplest form of parallel adder for adding two n-bit binary numbers. The inputs A 1 , A 2 ,
+A 3 , ..., A n and B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , ..., B n are the two binary numbers to be added (each A k and B k is a
+0 or a 1). The circuit generates S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , ..., S n , the n bits of the sum, and C, the carry from the
+addition. Write a procedure ripple-carry-adder that generates this circuit. The procedure
+should take as arguments three lists of n wires each -- the A k , the B k , and the S k -- and also another
+wire C. The major drawback of the ripple-carry adder is the need to wait for the carry signals to
+propagate. What is the delay needed to obtain the complete output from an n-bit ripple-carry adder,
+expressed in terms of the delays for and-gates, or-gates, and inverters?
+
+Figure 3.27: A ripple-carry adder for n-bit numbers.
+Figure 3.27: A ripple-carry adder for n-bit numbers.
+
+Representing wires
+A wire in our simulation will be a computational object with two local state variables: a
+signal-value (initially taken to be 0) and a collection of action-procedures to be run when
+the signal changes value. We implement the wire, using message-passing style, as a collection of local
+procedures together with a dispatch procedure that selects the appropriate local operation, just as
+we did with the simple bank-account object in section 3.1.1:
+(define (make-wire)
+(let ((signal-value 0) (action-procedures ’()))
+(define (set-my-signal! new-value)
+(if (not (= signal-value new-value))
+(begin (set! signal-value new-value)
+(call-each action-procedures))
+
+\f’done))
+(define (accept-action-procedure! proc)
+(set! action-procedures (cons proc action-procedures))
+(proc))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’get-signal) signal-value)
+((eq? m ’set-signal!) set-my-signal!)
+((eq? m ’add-action!) accept-action-procedure!)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- WIRE" m))))
+dispatch))
+The local procedure set-my-signal! tests whether the new signal value changes the signal on the
+wire. If so, it runs each of the action procedures, using the following procedure call-each, which
+calls each of the items in a list of no-argument procedures:
+(define (call-each procedures)
+(if (null? procedures)
+’done
+(begin
+((car procedures))
+(call-each (cdr procedures)))))
+The local procedure accept-action-procedure! adds the given procedure to the list of
+procedures to be run, and then runs the new procedure once. (See exercise 3.31.)
+With the local dispatch procedure set up as specified, we can provide the following procedures to
+access the local operations on wires: 27
+(define (get-signal wire)
+(wire ’get-signal))
+(define (set-signal! wire new-value)
+((wire ’set-signal!) new-value))
+(define (add-action! wire action-procedure)
+((wire ’add-action!) action-procedure))
+Wires, which have time-varying signals and may be incrementally attached to devices, are typical of
+mutable objects. We have modeled them as procedures with local state variables that are modified by
+assignment. When a new wire is created, a new set of state variables is allocated (by the let
+expression in make-wire) and a new dispatch procedure is constructed and returned, capturing
+the environment with the new state variables.
+The wires are shared among the various devices that have been connected to them. Thus, a change
+made by an interaction with one device will affect all the other devices attached to the wire. The wire
+communicates the change to its neighbors by calling the action procedures provided to it when the
+connections were established.
+
+The agenda
+The only thing needed to complete the simulator is after-delay. The idea here is that we maintain
+a data structure, called an agenda, that contains a schedule of things to do. The following operations
+are defined for agendas:
+
+\f(make-agenda)
+returns a new empty agenda.
+(empty-agenda? <agenda>)
+is true if the specified agenda is empty.
+(first-agenda-item <agenda>)
+returns the first item on the agenda.
+(remove-first-agenda-item! <agenda>)
+modifies the agenda by removing the first item.
+(add-to-agenda! <time> <action> <agenda>)
+modifies the agenda by adding the given action procedure to be run at the specified time.
+(current-time <agenda>)
+returns the current simulation time.
+The particular agenda that we use is denoted by the-agenda. The procedure after-delay adds
+new elements to the-agenda:
+(define (after-delay delay action)
+(add-to-agenda! (+ delay (current-time the-agenda))
+action
+the-agenda))
+The simulation is driven by the procedure propagate, which operates on the-agenda, executing
+each procedure on the agenda in sequence. In general, as the simulation runs, new items will be added
+to the agenda, and propagate will continue the simulation as long as there are items on the agenda:
+(define (propagate)
+(if (empty-agenda? the-agenda)
+’done
+(let ((first-item (first-agenda-item the-agenda)))
+(first-item)
+(remove-first-agenda-item! the-agenda)
+(propagate))))
+
+A sample simulation
+The following procedure, which places a ‘‘probe’’ on a wire, shows the simulator in action. The probe
+tells the wire that, whenever its signal changes value, it should print the new signal value, together
+with the current time and a name that identifies the wire:
+(define (probe name wire)
+(add-action! wire
+(lambda ()
+(newline)
+(display name)
+(display " ")
+(display (current-time the-agenda))
+(display " New-value = ")
+
+\f(display (get-signal wire)))))
+We begin by initializing the agenda and specifying delays for the primitive function boxes:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+the-agenda (make-agenda))
+inverter-delay 2)
+and-gate-delay 3)
+or-gate-delay 5)
+
+Now we define four wires, placing probes on two of them:
+(define input-1 (make-wire))
+(define input-2 (make-wire))
+(define sum (make-wire))
+(define carry (make-wire))
+(probe ’sum sum)
+sum 0 New-value = 0
+(probe ’carry carry)
+carry 0 New-value = 0
+Next we connect the wires in a half-adder circuit (as in figure 3.25), set the signal on input-1 to 1,
+and run the simulation:
+(half-adder input-1 input-2 sum carry)
+ok
+(set-signal! input-1 1)
+done
+(propagate)
+sum 8 New-value = 1
+done
+The sum signal changes to 1 at time 8. We are now eight time units from the beginning of the
+simulation. At this point, we can set the signal on input-2 to 1 and allow the values to propagate:
+(set-signal! input-2 1)
+done
+(propagate)
+carry 11 New-value = 1
+sum 16 New-value = 0
+done
+The carry changes to 1 at time 11 and the sum changes to 0 at time 16.
+Exercise 3.31. The internal procedure accept-action-procedure! defined in make-wire
+specifies that when a new action procedure is added to a wire, the procedure is immediately run.
+Explain why this initialization is necessary. In particular, trace through the half-adder example in the
+paragraphs above and say how the system’s response would differ if we had defined
+accept-action-procedure! as
+(define (accept-action-procedure! proc)
+(set! action-procedures (cons proc action-procedures)))
+
+\fImplementing the agenda
+Finally, we give details of the agenda data structure, which holds the procedures that are scheduled for
+future execution.
+The agenda is made up of time segments. Each time segment is a pair consisting of a number (the time)
+and a queue (see exercise 3.32) that holds the procedures that are scheduled to be run during that time
+segment.
+(define
+(cons
+(define
+(define
+
+(make-time-segment time queue)
+time queue))
+(segment-time s) (car s))
+(segment-queue s) (cdr s))
+
+We will operate on the time-segment queues using the queue operations described in section 3.3.2.
+The agenda itself is a one-dimensional table of time segments. It differs from the tables described in
+section 3.3.3 in that the segments will be sorted in order of increasing time. In addition, we store the
+current time (i.e., the time of the last action that was processed) at the head of the agenda. A newly
+constructed agenda has no time segments and has a current time of 0: 28
+(define (make-agenda) (list 0))
+(define (current-time agenda) (car agenda))
+(define (set-current-time! agenda time)
+(set-car! agenda time))
+(define (segments agenda) (cdr agenda))
+(define (set-segments! agenda segments)
+(set-cdr! agenda segments))
+(define (first-segment agenda) (car (segments agenda)))
+(define (rest-segments agenda) (cdr (segments agenda)))
+An agenda is empty if it has no time segments:
+(define (empty-agenda? agenda)
+(null? (segments agenda)))
+To add an action to an agenda, we first check if the agenda is empty. If so, we create a time segment
+for the action and install this in the agenda. Otherwise, we scan the agenda, examining the time of each
+segment. If we find a segment for our appointed time, we add the action to the associated queue. If we
+reach a time later than the one to which we are appointed, we insert a new time segment into the
+agenda just before it. If we reach the end of the agenda, we must create a new time segment at the end.
+(define (add-to-agenda! time action agenda)
+(define (belongs-before? segments)
+(or (null? segments)
+(< time (segment-time (car segments)))))
+(define (make-new-time-segment time action)
+(let ((q (make-queue)))
+(insert-queue! q action)
+(make-time-segment time q)))
+(define (add-to-segments! segments)
+(if (= (segment-time (car segments)) time)
+
+\f(insert-queue! (segment-queue (car segments))
+action)
+(let ((rest (cdr segments)))
+(if (belongs-before? rest)
+(set-cdr!
+segments
+(cons (make-new-time-segment time action)
+(cdr segments)))
+(add-to-segments! rest)))))
+(let ((segments (segments agenda)))
+(if (belongs-before? segments)
+(set-segments!
+agenda
+(cons (make-new-time-segment time action)
+segments))
+(add-to-segments! segments))))
+The procedure that removes the first item from the agenda deletes the item at the front of the queue in
+the first time segment. If this deletion makes the time segment empty, we remove it from the list of
+segments: 29
+(define (remove-first-agenda-item! agenda)
+(let ((q (segment-queue (first-segment agenda))))
+(delete-queue! q)
+(if (empty-queue? q)
+(set-segments! agenda (rest-segments agenda)))))
+The first agenda item is found at the head of the queue in the first time segment. Whenever we extract
+an item, we also update the current time: 30
+(define (first-agenda-item agenda)
+(if (empty-agenda? agenda)
+(error "Agenda is empty -- FIRST-AGENDA-ITEM")
+(let ((first-seg (first-segment agenda)))
+(set-current-time! agenda (segment-time first-seg))
+(front-queue (segment-queue first-seg)))))
+Exercise 3.32. The procedures to be run during each time segment of the agenda are kept in a queue.
+Thus, the procedures for each segment are called in the order in which they were added to the agenda
+(first in, first out). Explain why this order must be used. In particular, trace the behavior of an and-gate
+whose inputs change from 0,1 to 1,0 in the same segment and say how the behavior would differ if we
+stored a segment’s procedures in an ordinary list, adding and removing procedures only at the front
+(last in, first out).
+
+3.3.5 Propagation of Constraints
+Computer programs are traditionally organized as one-directional computations, which perform
+operations on prespecified arguments to produce desired outputs. On the other hand, we often model
+systems in terms of relations among quantities. For example, a mathematical model of a mechanical
+structure might include the information that the deflection d of a metal rod is related to the force F on
+the rod, the length L of the rod, the cross-sectional area A, and the elastic modulus E via the equation
+
+\fSuch an equation is not one-directional. Given any four of the quantities, we can use it to compute the
+fifth. Yet translating the equation into a traditional computer language would force us to choose one of
+the quantities to be computed in terms of the other four. Thus, a procedure for computing the area A
+could not be used to compute the deflection d, even though the computations of A and d arise from the
+same equation. 31
+In this section, we sketch the design of a language that enables us to work in terms of relations
+themselves. The primitive elements of the language are primitive constraints, which state that certain
+relations hold between quantities. For example, (adder a b c) specifies that the quantities a, b,
+and c must be related by the equation a + b = c, (multiplier x y z) expresses the constraint xy
+= z, and (constant 3.14 x) says that the value of x must be 3.14.
+Our language provides a means of combining primitive constraints in order to express more complex
+relations. We combine constraints by constructing constraint networks, in which constraints are joined
+by connectors. A connector is an object that ‘‘holds’’ a value that may participate in one or more
+constraints. For example, we know that the relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures
+is
+
+Such a constraint can be thought of as a network consisting of primitive adder, multiplier, and constant
+constraints (figure 3.28). In the figure, we see on the left a multiplier box with three terminals, labeled
+m1, m2, and p. These connect the multiplier to the rest of the network as follows: The m1 terminal is
+linked to a connector C, which will hold the Celsius temperature. The m2 terminal is linked to a
+connector w, which is also linked to a constant box that holds 9. The p terminal, which the multiplier
+box constrains to be the product of m1 and m2, is linked to the p terminal of another multiplier box,
+whose m2 is connected to a constant 5 and whose m1 is connected to one of the terms in a sum.
+
+Figure 3.28: The relation 9C = 5(F - 32) expressed as a constraint network.
+Figure 3.28: The relation 9C = 5(F - 32) expressed as a constraint network.
+Computation by such a network proceeds as follows: When a connector is given a value (by the user or
+by a constraint box to which it is linked), it awakens all of its associated constraints (except for the
+constraint that just awakened it) to inform them that it has a value. Each awakened constraint box then
+polls its connectors to see if there is enough information to determine a value for a connector. If so, the
+box sets that connector, which then awakens all of its associated constraints, and so on. For instance,
+in conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit, w, x, and y are immediately set by the constant boxes to
+9, 5, and 32, respectively. The connectors awaken the multipliers and the adder, which determine that
+there is not enough information to proceed. If the user (or some other part of the network) sets C to a
+value (say 25), the leftmost multiplier will be awakened, and it will set u to 25 · 9 = 225. Then u
+awakens the second multiplier, which sets v to 45, and v awakens the adder, which sets F to 77.
+
+\fUsing the constraint system
+To use the constraint system to carry out the temperature computation outlined above, we first create
+two connectors, C and F, by calling the constructor make-connector, and link C and F in an
+appropriate network:
+(define C (make-connector))
+(define F (make-connector))
+(celsius-fahrenheit-converter C F)
+ok
+The procedure that creates the network is defined as follows:
+(define (celsius-fahrenheit-converter c f)
+(let ((u (make-connector))
+(v (make-connector))
+(w (make-connector))
+(x (make-connector))
+(y (make-connector)))
+(multiplier c w u)
+(multiplier v x u)
+(adder v y f)
+(constant 9 w)
+(constant 5 x)
+(constant 32 y)
+’ok))
+This procedure creates the internal connectors u, v, w, x, and y, and links them as shown in
+figure 3.28 using the primitive constraint constructors adder, multiplier, and constant. Just
+as with the digital-circuit simulator of section 3.3.4, expressing these combinations of primitive
+elements in terms of procedures automatically provides our language with a means of abstraction for
+compound objects.
+To watch the network in action, we can place probes on the connectors C and F, using a probe
+procedure similar to the one we used to monitor wires in section 3.3.4. Placing a probe on a connector
+will cause a message to be printed whenever the connector is given a value:
+(probe "Celsius temp" C)
+(probe "Fahrenheit temp" F)
+Next we set the value of C to 25. (The third argument to set-value! tells C that this directive
+comes from the user.)
+(set-value! C 25 ’user)
+Probe: Celsius temp = 25
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = 77
+done
+The probe on C awakens and reports the value. C also propagates its value through the network as
+described above. This sets F to 77, which is reported by the probe on F.
+
+\fNow we can try to set F to a new value, say 212:
+(set-value! F 212 ’user)
+Error! Contradiction (77 212)
+The connector complains that it has sensed a contradiction: Its value is 77, and someone is trying to set
+it to 212. If we really want to reuse the network with new values, we can tell C to forget its old value:
+(forget-value! C ’user)
+Probe: Celsius temp = ?
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = ?
+done
+C finds that the user, who set its value originally, is now retracting that value, so C agrees to lose its
+value, as shown by the probe, and informs the rest of the network of this fact. This information
+eventually propagates to F, which now finds that it has no reason for continuing to believe that its own
+value is 77. Thus, F also gives up its value, as shown by the probe.
+Now that F has no value, we are free to set it to 212:
+(set-value! F 212 ’user)
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = 212
+Probe: Celsius temp = 100
+done
+This new value, when propagated through the network, forces C to have a value of 100, and this is
+registered by the probe on C. Notice that the very same network is being used to compute C given F
+and to compute F given C. This nondirectionality of computation is the distinguishing feature of
+constraint-based systems.
+
+Implementing the constraint system
+The constraint system is implemented via procedural objects with local state, in a manner very similar
+to the digital-circuit simulator of section 3.3.4. Although the primitive objects of the constraint system
+are somewhat more complex, the overall system is simpler, since there is no concern about agendas
+and logic delays.
+The basic operations on connectors are the following:
+(has-value? <connector>)
+tells whether the connector has a value.
+(get-value <connector>)
+returns the connector’s current value.
+(set-value! <connector> <new-value> <informant>)
+indicates that the informant is requesting the connector to set its value to the new value.
+(forget-value! <connector> <retractor>)
+tells the connector that the retractor is requesting it to forget its value.
+
+\f(connect <connector> <new-constraint>)
+tells the connector to participate in the new constraint.
+The connectors communicate with the constraints by means of the procedures
+inform-about-value, which tells the given constraint that the connector has a value, and
+inform-about-no-value, which tells the constraint that the connector has lost its value.
+Adder constructs an adder constraint among summand connectors a1 and a2 and a sum connector.
+An adder is implemented as a procedure with local state (the procedure me below):
+(define (adder a1 a2 sum)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(cond ((and (has-value? a1) (has-value? a2))
+(set-value! sum
+(+ (get-value a1) (get-value a2))
+me))
+((and (has-value? a1) (has-value? sum))
+(set-value! a2
+(- (get-value sum) (get-value a1))
+me))
+((and (has-value? a2) (has-value? sum))
+(set-value! a1
+(- (get-value sum) (get-value a2))
+me))))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(forget-value! sum me)
+(forget-value! a1 me)
+(forget-value! a2 me)
+(process-new-value))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- ADDER" request))))
+(connect a1 me)
+(connect a2 me)
+(connect sum me)
+me)
+Adder connects the new adder to the designated connectors and returns it as its value. The procedure
+me, which represents the adder, acts as a dispatch to the local procedures. The following ‘‘syntax
+interfaces’’ (see footnote 27 in section 3.3.4) are used in conjunction with the dispatch:
+(define (inform-about-value constraint)
+(constraint ’I-have-a-value))
+(define (inform-about-no-value constraint)
+(constraint ’I-lost-my-value))
+
+\fThe adder’s local procedure process-new-value is called when the adder is informed that one of
+its connectors has a value. The adder first checks to see if both a1 and a2 have values. If so, it tells
+sum to set its value to the sum of the two addends. The informant argument to set-value! is
+me, which is the adder object itself. If a1 and a2 do not both have values, then the adder checks to see
+if perhaps a1 and sum have values. If so, it sets a2 to the difference of these two. Finally, if a2 and
+sum have values, this gives the adder enough information to set a1. If the adder is told that one of its
+connectors has lost a value, it requests that all of its connectors now lose their values. (Only those
+values that were set by this adder are actually lost.) Then it runs process-new-value. The reason
+for this last step is that one or more connectors may still have a value (that is, a connector may have
+had a value that was not originally set by the adder), and these values may need to be propagated back
+through the adder.
+A multiplier is very similar to an adder. It will set its product to 0 if either of the factors is 0, even if
+the other factor is not known.
+(define (multiplier m1 m2 product)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(cond ((or (and (has-value? m1) (= (get-value m1) 0))
+(and (has-value? m2) (= (get-value m2) 0)))
+(set-value! product 0 me))
+((and (has-value? m1) (has-value? m2))
+(set-value! product
+(* (get-value m1) (get-value m2))
+me))
+((and (has-value? product) (has-value? m1))
+(set-value! m2
+(/ (get-value product) (get-value m1))
+me))
+((and (has-value? product) (has-value? m2))
+(set-value! m1
+(/ (get-value product) (get-value m2))
+me))))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(forget-value! product me)
+(forget-value! m1 me)
+(forget-value! m2 me)
+(process-new-value))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- MULTIPLIER" request))))
+(connect m1 me)
+(connect m2 me)
+(connect product me)
+me)
+
+\fA constant constructor simply sets the value of the designated connector. Any
+I-have-a-value or I-lost-my-value message sent to the constant box will produce an error.
+(define (constant value connector)
+(define (me request)
+(error "Unknown request -- CONSTANT" request))
+(connect connector me)
+(set-value! connector value me)
+me)
+Finally, a probe prints a message about the setting or unsetting of the designated connector:
+(define (probe name connector)
+(define (print-probe value)
+(newline)
+(display "Probe: ")
+(display name)
+(display " = ")
+(display value))
+(define (process-new-value)
+(print-probe (get-value connector)))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(print-probe "?"))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- PROBE" request))))
+(connect connector me)
+me)
+
+Representing connectors
+A connector is represented as a procedural object with local state variables value, the current value
+of the connector; informant, the object that set the connector’s value; and constraints, a list of
+the constraints in which the connector participates.
+(define (make-connector)
+(let ((value false) (informant false) (constraints ’()))
+(define (set-my-value newval setter)
+(cond ((not (has-value? me))
+(set! value newval)
+(set! informant setter)
+(for-each-except setter
+inform-about-value
+constraints))
+((not (= value newval))
+(error "Contradiction" (list value newval)))
+(else ’ignored)))
+
+\f(define (forget-my-value retractor)
+(if (eq? retractor informant)
+(begin (set! informant false)
+(for-each-except retractor
+inform-about-no-value
+constraints))
+’ignored))
+(define (connect new-constraint)
+(if (not (memq new-constraint constraints))
+(set! constraints
+(cons new-constraint constraints)))
+(if (has-value? me)
+(inform-about-value new-constraint))
+’done)
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’has-value?)
+(if informant true false))
+((eq? request ’value) value)
+((eq? request ’set-value!) set-my-value)
+((eq? request ’forget) forget-my-value)
+((eq? request ’connect) connect)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- CONNECTOR"
+request))))
+me))
+The connector’s local procedure set-my-value is called when there is a request to set the
+connector’s value. If the connector does not currently have a value, it will set its value and remember
+as informant the constraint that requested the value to be set. 32 Then the connector will notify all
+of its participating constraints except the constraint that requested the value to be set. This is
+accomplished using the following iterator, which applies a designated procedure to all items in a list
+except a given one:
+(define (for-each-except exception procedure list)
+(define (loop items)
+(cond ((null? items) ’done)
+((eq? (car items) exception) (loop (cdr items)))
+(else (procedure (car items))
+(loop (cdr items)))))
+(loop list))
+If a connector is asked to forget its value, it runs the local procedure forget-my-value, which first
+checks to make sure that the request is coming from the same object that set the value originally. If so,
+the connector informs its associated constraints about the loss of the value.
+The local procedure connect adds the designated new constraint to the list of constraints if it is not
+already in that list. Then, if the connector has a value, it informs the new constraint of this fact.
+The connector’s procedure me serves as a dispatch to the other internal procedures and also represents
+the connector as an object. The following procedures provide a syntax interface for the dispatch:
+
+\f(define (has-value? connector)
+(connector ’has-value?))
+(define (get-value connector)
+(connector ’value))
+(define (set-value! connector new-value informant)
+((connector ’set-value!) new-value informant))
+(define (forget-value! connector retractor)
+((connector ’forget) retractor))
+(define (connect connector new-constraint)
+((connector ’connect) new-constraint))
+Exercise 3.33. Using primitive multiplier, adder, and constant constraints, define a procedure
+averager that takes three connectors a, b, and c as inputs and establishes the constraint that the
+value of c is the average of the values of a and b.
+Exercise 3.34. Louis Reasoner wants to build a squarer, a constraint device with two terminals such
+that the value of connector b on the second terminal will always be the square of the value a on the
+first terminal. He proposes the following simple device made from a multiplier:
+(define (squarer a b)
+(multiplier a a b))
+There is a serious flaw in this idea. Explain.
+Exercise 3.35. Ben Bitdiddle tells Louis that one way to avoid the trouble in exercise 3.34 is to define
+a squarer as a new primitive constraint. Fill in the missing portions in Ben’s outline for a procedure to
+implement such a constraint:
+(define (squarer a b)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(if (has-value? b)
+(if (< (get-value b) 0)
+(error "square less than 0 -- SQUARER" (get-value b))
+<alternative1>)
+<alternative2>))
+(define (process-forget-value) <body1>)
+(define (me request) <body2>)
+<rest of definition>
+me)
+Exercise 3.36. Suppose we evaluate the following sequence of expressions in the global environment:
+(define a (make-connector))
+(define b (make-connector))
+(set-value! a 10 ’user)
+At some time during evaluation of the set-value!, the following expression from the connector’s
+local procedure is evaluated:
+(for-each-except setter inform-about-value constraints)
+
+\fDraw an environment diagram showing the environment in which the above expression is evaluated.
+Exercise 3.37. The celsius-fahrenheit-converter procedure is cumbersome when
+compared with a more expression-oriented style of definition, such as
+(define (celsius-fahrenheit-converter x)
+(c+ (c* (c/ (cv 9) (cv 5))
+x)
+(cv 32)))
+(define C (make-connector))
+(define F (celsius-fahrenheit-converter C))
+Here c+, c*, etc. are the ‘‘constraint’’ versions of the arithmetic operations. For example, c+ takes
+two connectors as arguments and returns a connector that is related to these by an adder constraint:
+(define (c+ x y)
+(let ((z (make-connector)))
+(adder x y z)
+z))
+Define analogous procedures c-, c*, c/, and cv (constant value) that enable us to define compound
+constraints as in the converter example above. 33
+16 Set-car! and set-cdr! return implementation-dependent values. Like set!, they should be
+
+used only for their effect.
+17 We see from this that mutation operations on lists can create ‘‘garbage’’ that is not part of any
+
+accessible structure. We will see in section 5.3.2 that Lisp memory-management systems include a
+garbage collector, which identifies and recycles the memory space used by unneeded pairs.
+18 Get-new-pair is one of the operations that must be implemented as part of the memory
+
+management required by a Lisp implementation. We will discuss this in section 5.3.1.
+19 The two pairs are distinct because each call to cons returns a new pair. The symbols are shared; in
+
+Scheme there is a unique symbol with any given name. Since Scheme provides no way to mutate a
+symbol, this sharing is undetectable. Note also that the sharing is what enables us to compare symbols
+using eq?, which simply checks equality of pointers.
+20 The subtleties of dealing with sharing of mutable data objects reflect the underlying issues of
+
+‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change’’ that were raised in section 3.1.3. We mentioned there that admitting
+change to our language requires that a compound object must have an ‘‘identity’’ that is something
+different from the pieces from which it is composed. In Lisp, we consider this ‘‘identity’’ to be the
+quality that is tested by eq?, i.e., by equality of pointers. Since in most Lisp implementations a pointer
+is essentially a memory address, we are ‘‘solving the problem’’ of defining the identity of objects by
+stipulating that a data object ‘‘itself’’ is the information stored in some particular set of memory
+locations in the computer. This suffices for simple Lisp programs, but is hardly a general way to
+resolve the issue of ‘‘sameness’’ in computational models.
+21 On the other hand, from the viewpoint of implementation, assignment requires us to modify the
+
+environment, which is itself a mutable data structure. Thus, assignment and mutation are equipotent:
+Each can be implemented in terms of the other.
+
+\f22 If the first item is the final item in the queue, the front pointer will be the empty list after the
+
+deletion, which will mark the queue as empty; we needn’t worry about updating the rear pointer,
+which will still point to the deleted item, because empty-queue? looks only at the front pointer.
+23 Be careful not to make the interpreter try to print a structure that contains cycles. (See
+
+exercise 3.13.)
+24 Because assoc uses equal?, it can recognize keys that are symbols, numbers, or list structure.
+25 Thus, the first backbone pair is the object that represents the table ‘‘itself’’; that is, a pointer to the
+
+table is a pointer to this pair. This same backbone pair always starts the table. If we did not arrange
+things in this way, insert! would have to return a new value for the start of the table when it added
+a new record.
+26 A full-adder is a basic circuit element used in adding two binary numbers. Here A and B are the
+
+bits at corresponding positions in the two numbers to be added, and C in is the carry bit from the
+addition one place to the right. The circuit generates SUM, which is the sum bit in the corresponding
+position, and C out , which is the carry bit to be propagated to the left.
+27 These procedures are simply syntactic sugar that allow us to use ordinary procedural syntax to
+
+access the local procedures of objects. It is striking that we can interchange the role of ‘‘procedures’’
+and ‘‘data’’ in such a simple way. For example, if we write (wire ’get-signal) we think of
+wire as a procedure that is called with the message get-signal as input. Alternatively, writing
+(get-signal wire) encourages us to think of wire as a data object that is the input to a
+procedure get-signal. The truth of the matter is that, in a language in which we can deal with
+procedures as objects, there is no fundamental difference between ‘‘procedures’’ and ‘‘data,’’ and we
+can choose our syntactic sugar to allow us to program in whatever style we choose.
+28 The agenda is a headed list, like the tables in section 3.3.3, but since the list is headed by the time,
+
+we do not need an additional dummy header (such as the *table* symbol used with tables).
+29 Observe that the if expression in this procedure has no <alternative> expression. Such a
+
+‘‘one-armed if statement’’ is used to decide whether to do something, rather than to select between
+two expressions. An if expression returns an unspecified value if the predicate is false and there is no
+<alternative>.
+30 In this way, the current time will always be the time of the action most recently processed. Storing
+
+this time at the head of the agenda ensures that it will still be available even if the associated time
+segment has been deleted.
+31 Constraint propagation first appeared in the incredibly forward-looking SKETCHPAD system of
+
+Ivan Sutherland (1963). A beautiful constraint-propagation system based on the Smalltalk language
+was developed by Alan Borning (1977) at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Sussman, Stallman, and
+Steele applied constraint propagation to electrical circuit analysis (Sussman and Stallman 1975;
+Sussman and Steele 1980). TK!Solver (Konopasek and Jayaraman 1984) is an extensive modeling
+environment based on constraints.
+32 The setter might not be a constraint. In our temperature example, we used user as the
+
+setter.
+
+\f33 The expression-oriented format is convenient because it avoids the need to name the intermediate
+
+expressions in a computation. Our original formulation of the constraint language is cumbersome in
+the same way that many languages are cumbersome when dealing with operations on compound data.
+For example, if we wanted to compute the product (a + b) · (c + d), where the variables represent
+vectors, we could work in ‘‘imperative style,’’ using procedures that set the values of designated
+vector arguments but do not themselves return vectors as values:
+(v-sum a b temp1)
+(v-sum c d temp2)
+(v-prod temp1 temp2 answer)
+Alternatively, we could deal with expressions, using procedures that return vectors as values, and thus
+avoid explicitly mentioning temp1 and temp2:
+(define answer (v-prod (v-sum a b) (v-sum c d)))
+Since Lisp allows us to return compound objects as values of procedures, we can transform our
+imperative-style constraint language into an expression-oriented style as shown in this exercise. In
+languages that are impoverished in handling compound objects, such as Algol, Basic, and Pascal
+(unless one explicitly uses Pascal pointer variables), one is usually stuck with the imperative style
+when manipulating compound objects. Given the advantage of the expression-oriented format, one
+might ask if there is any reason to have implemented the system in imperative style, as we did in this
+section. One reason is that the non-expression-oriented constraint language provides a handle on
+constraint objects (e.g., the value of the adder procedure) as well as on connector objects. This is
+useful if we wish to extend the system with new operations that communicate with constraints directly
+rather than only indirectly via operations on connectors. Although it is easy to implement the
+expression-oriented style in terms of the imperative implementation, it is very difficult to do the
+converse.
+
+
+\f
+
+3.4 Concurrency: Time Is of the Essence
+We’ve seen the power of computational objects with local state as tools for modeling. Yet, as
+section 3.1.3 warned, this power extracts a price: the loss of referential transparency, giving rise to a
+thicket of questions about sameness and change, and the need to abandon the substitution model of
+evaluation in favor of the more intricate environment model.
+The central issue lurking beneath the complexity of state, sameness, and change is that by introducing
+assignment we are forced to admit time into our computational models. Before we introduced
+assignment, all our programs were timeless, in the sense that any expression that has a value always
+has the same value. In contrast, recall the example of modeling withdrawals from a bank account and
+returning the resulting balance, introduced at the beginning of section 3.1.1:
+(withdraw 25)
+75
+(withdraw 25)
+50
+Here successive evaluations of the same expression yield different values. This behavior arises from
+the fact that the execution of assignment statements (in this case, assignments to the variable
+balance) delineates moments in time when values change. The result of evaluating an expression
+depends not only on the expression itself, but also on whether the evaluation occurs before or after
+these moments. Building models in terms of computational objects with local state forces us to
+confront time as an essential concept in programming.
+We can go further in structuring computational models to match our perception of the physical world.
+Objects in the world do not change one at a time in sequence. Rather we perceive them as acting
+concurrently -- all at once. So it is often natural to model systems as collections of computational
+processes that execute concurrently. Just as we can make our programs modular by organizing models
+in terms of objects with separate local state, it is often appropriate to divide computational models into
+parts that evolve separately and concurrently. Even if the programs are to be executed on a sequential
+computer, the practice of writing programs as if they were to be executed concurrently forces the
+programmer to avoid inessential timing constraints and thus makes programs more modular.
+In addition to making programs more modular, concurrent computation can provide a speed advantage
+over sequential computation. Sequential computers execute only one operation at a time, so the
+amount of time it takes to perform a task is proportional to the total number of operations
+performed. 34 However, if it is possible to decompose a problem into pieces that are relatively
+independent and need to communicate only rarely, it may be possible to allocate pieces to separate
+computing processors, producing a speed advantage proportional to the number of processors
+available.
+Unfortunately, the complexities introduced by assignment become even more problematic in the
+presence of concurrency. The fact of concurrent execution, either because the world operates in
+parallel or because our computers do, entails additional complexity in our understanding of time.
+
+\f3.4.1 The Nature of Time in Concurrent Systems
+On the surface, time seems straightforward. It is an ordering imposed on events. 35 For any events A
+and B, either A occurs before B, A and B are simultaneous, or A occurs after B. For instance, returning
+to the bank account example, suppose that Peter withdraws $10 and Paul withdraws $25 from a joint
+account that initially contains $100, leaving $65 in the account. Depending on the order of the two
+withdrawals, the sequence of balances in the account is either $100 $90 $65 or $100 $75
+$65. In a computer implementation of the banking system, this changing sequence of balances could
+be modeled by successive assignments to a variable balance.
+In complex situations, however, such a view can be problematic. Suppose that Peter and Paul, and
+other people besides, are accessing the same bank account through a network of banking machines
+distributed all over the world. The actual sequence of balances in the account will depend critically on
+the detailed timing of the accesses and the details of the communication among the machines.
+This indeterminacy in the order of events can pose serious problems in the design of concurrent
+systems. For instance, suppose that the withdrawals made by Peter and Paul are implemented as two
+separate processes sharing a common variable balance, each process specified by the procedure
+given in section 3.1.1:
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+If the two processes operate independently, then Peter might test the balance and attempt to withdraw
+a legitimate amount. However, Paul might withdraw some funds in between the time that Peter checks
+the balance and the time Peter completes the withdrawal, thus invalidating Peter’s test.
+Things can be worse still. Consider the expression
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+executed as part of each withdrawal process. This consists of three steps: (1) accessing the value of the
+balance variable; (2) computing the new balance; (3) setting balance to this new value. If Peter
+and Paul’s withdrawals execute this statement concurrently, then the two withdrawals might interleave
+the order in which they access balance and set it to the new value.
+The timing diagram in figure 3.29 depicts an order of events where balance starts at 100, Peter
+withdraws 10, Paul withdraws 25, and yet the final value of balance is 75. As shown in the diagram,
+the reason for this anomaly is that Paul’s assignment of 75 to balance is made under the assumption
+that the value of balance to be decremented is 100. That assumption, however, became invalid when
+Peter changed balance to 90. This is a catastrophic failure for the banking system, because the total
+amount of money in the system is not conserved. Before the transactions, the total amount of money
+was $100. Afterwards, Peter has $10, Paul has $25, and the bank has $75. 36
+The general phenomenon illustrated here is that several processes may share a common state variable.
+What makes this complicated is that more than one process may be trying to manipulate the shared
+state at the same time. For the bank account example, during each transaction, each customer should
+be able to act as if the other customers did not exist. When a customer changes the balance in a way
+that depends on the balance, he must be able to assume that, just before the moment of change, the
+
+\fbalance is still what he thought it was.
+
+Correct behavior of concurrent programs
+The above example typifies the subtle bugs that can creep into concurrent programs. The root of this
+complexity lies in the assignments to variables that are shared among the different processes. We
+already know that we must be careful in writing programs that use set!, because the results of a
+computation depend on the order in which the assignments occur. 37 With concurrent processes we
+must be especially careful about assignments, because we may not be able to control the order of the
+assignments made by the different processes. If several such changes might be made concurrently (as
+with two depositors accessing a joint account) we need some way to ensure that our system behaves
+correctly. For example, in the case of withdrawals from a joint bank account, we must ensure that
+money is conserved. To make concurrent programs behave correctly, we may have to place some
+restrictions on concurrent execution.
+
+Figure 3.29: Timing diagram showing how interleaving the order of events in two banking
+withdrawals can lead to an incorrect final balance.
+Figure 3.29: Timing diagram showing how interleaving the order of events in two banking
+withdrawals can lead to an incorrect final balance.
+One possible restriction on concurrency would stipulate that no two operations that change any shared
+state variables can occur at the same time. This is an extremely stringent requirement. For distributed
+banking, it would require the system designer to ensure that only one transaction could proceed at a
+time. This would be both inefficient and overly conservative. Figure 3.30 shows Peter and Paul sharing
+a bank account, where Paul has a private account as well. The diagram illustrates two withdrawals
+from the shared account (one by Peter and one by Paul) and a deposit to Paul’s private account. 38 The
+two withdrawals from the shared account must not be concurrent (since both access and update the
+same account), and Paul’s deposit and withdrawal must not be concurrent (since both access and
+update the amount in Paul’s wallet). But there should be no problem permitting Paul’s deposit to his
+private account to proceed concurrently with Peter’s withdrawal from the shared account.
+
+\fFigure 3.30: Concurrent deposits and withdrawals from a joint account in Bank1 and a private
+account in Bank2.
+Figure 3.30: Concurrent deposits and withdrawals from a joint account in Bank1 and a private
+account in Bank2.
+A less stringent restriction on concurrency would ensure that a concurrent system produces the same
+result as if the processes had run sequentially in some order. There are two important aspects to this
+requirement. First, it does not require the processes to actually run sequentially, but only to produce
+results that are the same as if they had run sequentially. For the example in figure 3.30, the designer of
+the bank account system can safely allow Paul’s deposit and Peter’s withdrawal to happen
+concurrently, because the net result will be the same as if the two operations had happened
+sequentially. Second, there may be more than one possible ‘‘correct’’ result produced by a concurrent
+program, because we require only that the result be the same as for some sequential order. For
+example, suppose that Peter and Paul’s joint account starts out with $100, and Peter deposits $40 while
+Paul concurrently withdraws half the money in the account. Then sequential execution could result in
+the account balance being either $70 or $90 (see exercise 3.38). 39
+There are still weaker requirements for correct execution of concurrent programs. A program for
+simulating diffusion (say, the flow of heat in an object) might consist of a large number of processes,
+each one representing a small volume of space, that update their values concurrently. Each process
+repeatedly changes its value to the average of its own value and its neighbors’ values. This algorithm
+converges to the right answer independent of the order in which the operations are done; there is no
+need for any restrictions on concurrent use of the shared values.
+Exercise 3.38. Suppose that Peter, Paul, and Mary share a joint bank account that initially contains
+$100. Concurrently, Peter deposits $10, Paul withdraws $20, and Mary withdraws half the money in
+the account, by executing the following commands:
+
+\fPeter:
+
+(set! balance (+ balance 10))
+
+Paul:
+
+(set! balance (- balance 20))
+
+Mary:
+
+(set! balance (- balance (/ balance 2)))
+
+a. List all the different possible values for balance after these three transactions have been
+completed, assuming that the banking system forces the three processes to run sequentially in some
+order.
+b. What are some other values that could be produced if the system allows the processes to be
+interleaved? Draw timing diagrams like the one in figure 3.29 to explain how these values can occur.
+
+3.4.2 Mechanisms for Controlling Concurrency
+We’ve seen that the difficulty in dealing with concurrent processes is rooted in the need to consider the
+interleaving of the order of events in the different processes. For example, suppose we have two
+processes, one with three ordered events (a,b,c) and one with three ordered events (x,y,z). If the two
+processes run concurrently, with no constraints on how their execution is interleaved, then there are 20
+different possible orderings for the events that are consistent with the individual orderings for the two
+processes:
+
+As programmers designing this system, we would have to consider the effects of each of these 20
+orderings and check that each behavior is acceptable. Such an approach rapidly becomes unwieldy as
+the numbers of processes and events increase.
+A more practical approach to the design of concurrent systems is to devise general mechanisms that
+allow us to constrain the interleaving of concurrent processes so that we can be sure that the program
+behavior is correct. Many mechanisms have been developed for this purpose. In this section, we
+describe one of them, the serializer.
+
+Serializing access to shared state
+Serialization implements the following idea: Processes will execute concurrently, but there will be
+certain collections of procedures that cannot be executed concurrently. More precisely, serialization
+creates distinguished sets of procedures such that only one execution of a procedure in each serialized
+set is permitted to happen at a time. If some procedure in the set is being executed, then a process that
+attempts to execute any procedure in the set will be forced to wait until the first execution has finished.
+We can use serialization to control access to shared variables. For example, if we want to update a
+shared variable based on the previous value of that variable, we put the access to the previous value of
+the variable and the assignment of the new value to the variable in the same procedure. We then ensure
+that no other procedure that assigns to the variable can run concurrently with this procedure by
+serializing all of these procedures with the same serializer. This guarantees that the value of the
+variable cannot be changed between an access and the corresponding assignment.
+
+\fSerializers in Scheme
+To make the above mechanism more concrete, suppose that we have extended Scheme to include a
+procedure called parallel-execute:
+(parallel-execute <p 1 > <p 2 > ... <p k >)
+Each <p> must be a procedure of no arguments. Parallel-execute creates a separate process for
+each <p>, which applies <p> (to no arguments). These processes all run concurrently. 40
+As an example of how this is used, consider
+(define x 10)
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x (* x x)))
+(lambda () (set! x (+ x 1))))
+This creates two concurrent processes -- P 1 , which sets x to x times x, and P 2 , which increments x.
+After execution is complete, x will be left with one of five possible values, depending on the
+interleaving of the events of P 1 and P 2 :
+101:
+
+P 1 sets x to 100 and then P 2 increments x to 101.
+
+121:
+
+P 2 increments x to 11 and then P 1 sets x to x times x.
+
+110:
+
+P 2 changes x from 10 to 11 between the two times that P 1 accesses the value of x during
+the evaluation of (* x x).
+
+11:
+
+P 2 accesses x, then P 1 sets x to 100, then P 2 sets x.
+
+100:
+
+P 1 accesses x (twice), then P 2 sets x to 11, then P 1 sets x.
+
+We can constrain the concurrency by using serialized procedures, which are created by serializers.
+Serializers are constructed by make-serializer, whose implementation is given below. A
+serializer takes a procedure as argument and returns a serialized procedure that behaves like the
+original procedure. All calls to a given serializer return serialized procedures in the same set.
+Thus, in contrast to the example above, executing
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (s (lambda () (set! x (* x x))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (+ x 1)))))
+can produce only two possible values for x, 101 or 121. The other possibilities are eliminated, because
+the execution of P 1 and P 2 cannot be interleaved.
+Here is a version of the make-account procedure from section 3.1.1, where the deposits and
+withdrawals have been serialized:
+
+\f(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (protected withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (protected deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+With this implementation, two processes cannot be withdrawing from or depositing into a single
+account concurrently. This eliminates the source of the error illustrated in figure 3.29, where Peter
+changes the account balance between the times when Paul accesses the balance to compute the new
+value and when Paul actually performs the assignment. On the other hand, each account has its own
+serializer, so that deposits and withdrawals for different accounts can proceed concurrently.
+Exercise 3.39. Which of the five possibilities in the parallel execution shown above remain if we
+instead serialize execution as follows:
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x ((s (lambda () (* x x))))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (+ x 1)))))
+Exercise 3.40. Give all possible values of x that can result from executing
+(define x 10)
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x (* x x)))
+(lambda () (set! x (* x x x))))
+Which of these possibilities remain if we instead use serialized procedures:
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (s (lambda () (set! x (* x x))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (* x x x)))))
+Exercise 3.41. Ben Bitdiddle worries that it would be better to implement the bank account as follows
+(where the commented line has been changed):
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+
+\fbalance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+;; continued on next page
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (protected withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (protected deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance)
+((protected (lambda () balance)))) ; serialized
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+because allowing unserialized access to the bank balance can result in anomalous behavior. Do you
+agree? Is there any scenario that demonstrates Ben’s concern?
+Exercise 3.42. Ben Bitdiddle suggests that it’s a waste of time to create a new serialized procedure in
+response to every withdraw and deposit message. He says that make-account could be
+changed so that the calls to protected are done outside the dispatch procedure. That is, an
+account would return the same serialized procedure (which was created at the same time as the
+account) each time it is asked for a withdrawal procedure.
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(let ((protected-withdraw (protected withdraw))
+(protected-deposit (protected deposit)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) protected-withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) protected-deposit)
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)))
+Is this a safe change to make? In particular, is there any difference in what concurrency is allowed by
+these two versions of make-account ?
+
+\fComplexity of using multiple shared resources
+Serializers provide a powerful abstraction that helps isolate the complexities of concurrent programs
+so that they can be dealt with carefully and (hopefully) correctly. However, while using serializers is
+relatively straightforward when there is only a single shared resource (such as a single bank account),
+concurrent programming can be treacherously difficult when there are multiple shared resources.
+To illustrate one of the difficulties that can arise, suppose we wish to swap the balances in two bank
+accounts. We access each account to find the balance, compute the difference between the balances,
+withdraw this difference from one account, and deposit it in the other account. We could implement
+this as follows: 41
+(define (exchange account1 account2)
+(let ((difference (- (account1 ’balance)
+(account2 ’balance))))
+((account1 ’withdraw) difference)
+((account2 ’deposit) difference)))
+This procedure works well when only a single process is trying to do the exchange. Suppose, however,
+that Peter and Paul both have access to accounts a1, a2, and a3, and that Peter exchanges a1 and a2
+while Paul concurrently exchanges a1 and a3. Even with account deposits and withdrawals serialized
+for individual accounts (as in the make-account procedure shown above in this section),
+exchange can still produce incorrect results. For example, Peter might compute the difference in the
+balances for a1 and a2, but then Paul might change the balance in a1 before Peter is able to complete
+the exchange. 42 For correct behavior, we must arrange for the exchange procedure to lock out any
+other concurrent accesses to the accounts during the entire time of the exchange.
+One way we can accomplish this is by using both accounts’ serializers to serialize the entire
+exchange procedure. To do this, we will arrange for access to an account’s serializer. Note that we
+are deliberately breaking the modularity of the bank-account object by exposing the serializer. The
+following version of make-account is identical to the original version given in section 3.1.1, except
+that a serializer is provided to protect the balance variable, and the serializer is exported via message
+passing:
+(define (make-account-and-serializer balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((balance-serializer (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+((eq? m ’serializer) balance-serializer)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+
+\fdispatch))
+We can use this to do serialized deposits and withdrawals. However, unlike our earlier serialized
+account, it is now the responsibility of each user of bank-account objects to explicitly manage the
+serialization, for example as follows: 43
+(define (deposit account amount)
+(let ((s (account ’serializer))
+(d (account ’deposit)))
+((s d) amount)))
+Exporting the serializer in this way gives us enough flexibility to implement a serialized exchange
+program. We simply serialize the original exchange procedure with the serializers for both accounts:
+(define (serialized-exchange account1 account2)
+(let ((serializer1 (account1 ’serializer))
+(serializer2 (account2 ’serializer)))
+((serializer1 (serializer2 exchange))
+account1
+account2)))
+Exercise 3.43. Suppose that the balances in three accounts start out as $10, $20, and $30, and that
+multiple processes run, exchanging the balances in the accounts. Argue that if the processes are run
+sequentially, after any number of concurrent exchanges, the account balances should be $10, $20, and
+$30 in some order. Draw a timing diagram like the one in figure 3.29 to show how this condition can
+be violated if the exchanges are implemented using the first version of the account-exchange program
+in this section. On the other hand, argue that even with this exchange program, the sum of the
+balances in the accounts will be preserved. Draw a timing diagram to show how even this condition
+would be violated if we did not serialize the transactions on individual accounts.
+Exercise 3.44. Consider the problem of transferring an amount from one account to another. Ben
+Bitdiddle claims that this can be accomplished with the following procedure, even if there are multiple
+people concurrently transferring money among multiple accounts, using any account mechanism that
+serializes deposit and withdrawal transactions, for example, the version of make-account in the
+text above.
+(define (transfer from-account to-account amount)
+((from-account ’withdraw) amount)
+((to-account ’deposit) amount))
+Louis Reasoner claims that there is a problem here, and that we need to use a more sophisticated
+method, such as the one required for dealing with the exchange problem. Is Louis right? If not, what is
+the essential difference between the transfer problem and the exchange problem? (You should assume
+that the balance in from-account is at least amount.)
+Exercise 3.45. Louis Reasoner thinks our bank-account system is unnecessarily complex and
+error-prone now that deposits and withdrawals aren’t automatically serialized. He suggests that
+make-account-and-serializer should have exported the serializer (for use by such
+procedures as serialized-exchange) in addition to (rather than instead of) using it to serialize
+accounts and deposits as make-account did. He proposes to redefine accounts as follows:
+
+\f(define (make-account-and-serializer balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((balance-serializer (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (balance-serializer withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (balance-serializer deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+((eq? m ’serializer) balance-serializer)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+Then deposits are handled as with the original make-account:
+(define (deposit account amount)
+((account ’deposit) amount))
+Explain what is wrong with Louis’s reasoning. In particular, consider what happens when
+serialized-exchange is called.
+
+Implementing serializers
+We implement serializers in terms of a more primitive synchronization mechanism called a mutex. A
+mutex is an object that supports two operations -- the mutex can be acquired, and the mutex can be
+released. Once a mutex has been acquired, no other acquire operations on that mutex may proceed
+until the mutex is released. 44 In our implementation, each serializer has an associated mutex. Given a
+procedure p, the serializer returns a procedure that acquires the mutex, runs p, and then releases the
+mutex. This ensures that only one of the procedures produced by the serializer can be running at once,
+which is precisely the serialization property that we need to guarantee.
+(define (make-serializer)
+(let ((mutex (make-mutex)))
+(lambda (p)
+(define (serialized-p . args)
+(mutex ’acquire)
+(let ((val (apply p args)))
+(mutex ’release)
+val))
+serialized-p)))
+The mutex is a mutable object (here we’ll use a one-element list, which we’ll refer to as a cell) that can
+hold the value true or false. When the value is false, the mutex is available to be acquired. When the
+value is true, the mutex is unavailable, and any process that attempts to acquire the mutex must wait.
+
+\fOur mutex constructor make-mutex begins by initializing the cell contents to false. To acquire the
+mutex, we test the cell. If the mutex is available, we set the cell contents to true and proceed.
+Otherwise, we wait in a loop, attempting to acquire over and over again, until we find that the mutex is
+available. 45 To release the mutex, we set the cell contents to false.
+(define (make-mutex)
+(let ((cell (list false)))
+(define (the-mutex m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’acquire)
+(if (test-and-set! cell)
+(the-mutex ’acquire))) ; retry
+((eq? m ’release) (clear! cell))))
+the-mutex))
+(define (clear! cell)
+(set-car! cell false))
+Test-and-set! tests the cell and returns the result of the test. In addition, if the test was false,
+test-and-set! sets the cell contents to true before returning false. We can express this behavior
+as the following procedure:
+(define (test-and-set! cell)
+(if (car cell)
+true
+(begin (set-car! cell true)
+false)))
+However, this implementation of test-and-set! does not suffice as it stands. There is a crucial
+subtlety here, which is the essential place where concurrency control enters the system: The
+test-and-set! operation must be performed atomically. That is, we must guarantee that, once a
+process has tested the cell and found it to be false, the cell contents will actually be set to true before
+any other process can test the cell. If we do not make this guarantee, then the mutex can fail in a way
+similar to the bank-account failure in figure 3.29. (See exercise 3.46.)
+The actual implementation of test-and-set! depends on the details of how our system runs
+concurrent processes. For example, we might be executing concurrent processes on a sequential
+processor using a time-slicing mechanism that cycles through the processes, permitting each process to
+run for a short time before interrupting it and moving on to the next process. In that case,
+test-and-set! can work by disabling time slicing during the testing and setting. 46 Alternatively,
+multiprocessing computers provide instructions that support atomic operations directly in hardware. 47
+Exercise 3.46. Suppose that we implement test-and-set! using an ordinary procedure as shown
+in the text, without attempting to make the operation atomic. Draw a timing diagram like the one in
+figure 3.29 to demonstrate how the mutex implementation can fail by allowing two processes to
+acquire the mutex at the same time.
+Exercise 3.47. A semaphore (of size n) is a generalization of a mutex. Like a mutex, a semaphore
+supports acquire and release operations, but it is more general in that up to n processes can acquire it
+concurrently. Additional processes that attempt to acquire the semaphore must wait for release
+operations. Give implementations of semaphores
+
+\fa. in terms of mutexes
+b. in terms of atomic test-and-set! operations.
+
+Deadlock
+Now that we have seen how to implement serializers, we can see that account exchanging still has a
+problem, even with the serialized-exchange procedure above. Imagine that Peter attempts to
+exchange a1 with a2 while Paul concurrently attempts to exchange a2 with a1. Suppose that Peter’s
+process reaches the point where it has entered a serialized procedure protecting a1 and, just after that,
+Paul’s process enters a serialized procedure protecting a2. Now Peter cannot proceed (to enter a
+serialized procedure protecting a2) until Paul exits the serialized procedure protecting a2. Similarly,
+Paul cannot proceed until Peter exits the serialized procedure protecting a1. Each process is stalled
+forever, waiting for the other. This situation is called a deadlock. Deadlock is always a danger in
+systems that provide concurrent access to multiple shared resources.
+One way to avoid the deadlock in this situation is to give each account a unique identification number
+and rewrite serialized-exchange so that a process will always attempt to enter a procedure
+protecting the lowest-numbered account first. Although this method works well for the exchange
+problem, there are other situations that require more sophisticated deadlock-avoidance techniques, or
+where deadlock cannot be avoided at all. (See exercises 3.48 and 3.49.) 48
+Exercise 3.48. Explain in detail why the deadlock-avoidance method described above, (i.e., the
+accounts are numbered, and each process attempts to acquire the smaller-numbered account first)
+avoids deadlock in the exchange problem. Rewrite serialized-exchange to incorporate this
+idea. (You will also need to modify make-account so that each account is created with a number,
+which can be accessed by sending an appropriate message.)
+Exercise 3.49. Give a scenario where the deadlock-avoidance mechanism described above does not
+work. (Hint: In the exchange problem, each process knows in advance which accounts it will need to
+get access to. Consider a situation where a process must get access to some shared resources before it
+can know which additional shared resources it will require.)
+
+Concurrency, time, and communication
+We’ve seen how programming concurrent systems requires controlling the ordering of events when
+different processes access shared state, and we’ve seen how to achieve this control through judicious
+use of serializers. But the problems of concurrency lie deeper than this, because, from a fundamental
+point of view, it’s not always clear what is meant by ‘‘shared state.’’
+Mechanisms such as test-and-set! require processes to examine a global shared flag at arbitrary
+times. This is problematic and inefficient to implement in modern high-speed processors, where due to
+optimization techniques such as pipelining and cached memory, the contents of memory may not be in
+a consistent state at every instant. In contemporary multiprocessing systems, therefore, the serializer
+paradigm is being supplanted by new approaches to concurrency control. 49
+The problematic aspects of shared state also arise in large, distributed systems. For instance, imagine a
+distributed banking system where individual branch banks maintain local values for bank balances and
+periodically compare these with values maintained by other branches. In such a system the value of
+‘‘the account balance’’ would be undetermined, except right after synchronization. If Peter deposits
+money in an account he holds jointly with Paul, when should we say that the account balance has
+changed -- when the balance in the local branch changes, or not until after the synchronization? And if
+
+\fPaul accesses the account from a different branch, what are the reasonable constraints to place on the
+banking system such that the behavior is ‘‘correct’’? The only thing that might matter for correctness
+is the behavior observed by Peter and Paul individually and the ‘‘state’’ of the account immediately
+after synchronization. Questions about the ‘‘real’’ account balance or the order of events between
+synchronizations may be irrelevant or meaningless. 50
+The basic phenomenon here is that synchronizing different processes, establishing shared state, or
+imposing an order on events requires communication among the processes. In essence, any notion of
+time in concurrency control must be intimately tied to communication. 51 It is intriguing that a similar
+connection between time and communication also arises in the Theory of Relativity, where the speed
+of light (the fastest signal that can be used to synchronize events) is a fundamental constant relating
+time and space. The complexities we encounter in dealing with time and state in our computational
+models may in fact mirror a fundamental complexity of the physical universe.
+34 Most real processors actually execute a few operations at a time, following a strategy called
+
+pipelining. Although this technique greatly improves the effective utilization of the hardware, it is used
+only to speed up the execution of a sequential instruction stream, while retaining the behavior of the
+sequential program.
+35 To quote some graffiti seen on a Cambridge building wall: ‘‘Time is a device that was invented to
+
+keep everything from happening at once.’’
+36 An even worse failure for this system could occur if the two set! operations attempt to change the
+
+balance simultaneously, in which case the actual data appearing in memory might end up being a
+random combination of the information being written by the two processes. Most computers have
+interlocks on the primitive memory-write operations, which protect against such simultaneous access.
+Even this seemingly simple kind of protection, however, raises implementation challenges in the
+design of multiprocessing computers, where elaborate cache-coherence protocols are required to
+ensure that the various processors will maintain a consistent view of memory contents, despite the fact
+that data may be replicated (‘‘cached’’) among the different processors to increase the speed of
+memory access.
+37 The factorial program in section 3.1.3 illustrates this for a single sequential process.
+38 The columns show the contents of Peter’s wallet, the joint account (in Bank1), Paul’s wallet, and
+
+Paul’s private account (in Bank2), before and after each withdrawal (W) and deposit (D). Peter
+withdraws $10 from Bank1; Paul deposits $5 in Bank2, then withdraws $25 from Bank1.
+39 A more formal way to express this idea is to say that concurrent programs are inherently
+
+nondeterministic. That is, they are described not by single-valued functions, but by functions whose
+results are sets of possible values. In section 4.3 we will study a language for expressing
+nondeterministic computations.
+40 Parallel-execute is not part of standard Scheme, but it can be implemented in MIT Scheme.
+
+In our implementation, the new concurrent processes also run concurrently with the original Scheme
+process. Also, in our implementation, the value returned by parallel-execute is a special
+control object that can be used to halt the newly created processes.
+41 We have simplified exchange by exploiting the fact that our deposit message accepts negative
+
+amounts. (This is a serious bug in our banking system!)
+
+\f42 If the account balances start out as $10, $20, and $30, then after any number of concurrent
+
+exchanges, the balances should still be $10, $20, and $30 in some order. Serializing the deposits to
+individual accounts is not sufficient to guarantee this. See exercise 3.43.
+43 Exercise 3.45 investigates why deposits and withdrawals are no longer automatically serialized by
+
+the account.
+44 The term ‘‘mutex’’ is an abbreviation for mutual exclusion. The general problem of arranging a
+
+mechanism that permits concurrent processes to safely share resources is called the mutual exclusion
+problem. Our mutex is a simple variant of the semaphore mechanism (see exercise 3.47), which was
+introduced in the ‘‘THE’’ Multiprogramming System developed at the Technological University of
+Eindhoven and named for the university’s initials in Dutch (Dijkstra 1968a). The acquire and release
+operations were originally called P and V, from the Dutch words passeren (to pass) and vrijgeven (to
+release), in reference to the semaphores used on railroad systems. Dijkstra’s classic exposition (1968b)
+was one of the first to clearly present the issues of concurrency control, and showed how to use
+semaphores to handle a variety of concurrency problems.
+45 In most time-shared operating systems, processes that are blocked by a mutex do not waste time
+
+‘‘busy-waiting’’ as above. Instead, the system schedules another process to run while the first is
+waiting, and the blocked process is awakened when the mutex becomes available.
+46 In MIT Scheme for a single processor, which uses a time-slicing model, test-and-set! can be
+
+implemented as follows:
+(define (test-and-set! cell)
+(without-interrupts
+(lambda ()
+(if (car cell)
+true
+(begin (set-car! cell true)
+false)))))
+Without-interrupts disables time-slicing interrupts while its procedure argument is being
+executed.
+47 There are many variants of such instructions -- including test-and-set, test-and-clear, swap,
+
+compare-and-exchange, load-reserve, and store-conditional -- whose design must be carefully matched
+to the machine’s processor-memory interface. One issue that arises here is to determine what happens
+if two processes attempt to acquire the same resource at exactly the same time by using such an
+instruction. This requires some mechanism for making a decision about which process gets control.
+Such a mechanism is called an arbiter. Arbiters usually boil down to some sort of hardware device.
+Unfortunately, it is possible to prove that one cannot physically construct a fair arbiter that works
+100% of the time unless one allows the arbiter an arbitrarily long time to make its decision. The
+fundamental phenomenon here was originally observed by the fourteenth-century French philosopher
+Jean Buridan in his commentary on Aristotle’s De caelo. Buridan argued that a perfectly rational dog
+placed between two equally attractive sources of food will starve to death, because it is incapable of
+deciding which to go to first.
+48 The general technique for avoiding deadlock by numbering the shared resources and acquiring
+
+them in order is due to Havender (1968). Situations where deadlock cannot be avoided require
+deadlock-recovery methods, which entail having processes ‘‘back out’’ of the deadlocked state and try
+again. Deadlock-recovery mechanisms are widely used in database management systems, a topic that
+
+\fis treated in detail in Gray and Reuter 1993.
+49 One such alternative to serialization is called barrier synchronization. The programmer permits
+
+concurrent processes to execute as they please, but establishes certain synchronization points
+(‘‘barriers’’) through which no process can proceed until all the processes have reached the barrier.
+Modern processors provide machine instructions that permit programmers to establish synchronization
+points at places where consistency is required. The PowerPC TM , for example, includes for this
+purpose two instructions called SYNC and EIEIO (Enforced In-order Execution of Input/Output).
+50 This may seem like a strange point of view, but there are systems that work this way. International
+
+charges to credit-card accounts, for example, are normally cleared on a per-country basis, and the
+charges made in different countries are periodically reconciled. Thus the account balance may be
+different in different countries.
+51 For distributed systems, this perspective was pursued by Lamport (1978), who showed how to use
+
+communication to establish ‘‘global clocks’’ that can be used to establish orderings on events in
+distributed systems.
+
+
+\f
+
+3.5 Streams
+We’ve gained a good understanding of assignment as a tool in modeling, as well as an appreciation of
+the complex problems that assignment raises. It is time to ask whether we could have gone about
+things in a different way, so as to avoid some of these problems. In this section, we explore an
+alternative approach to modeling state, based on data structures called streams. As we shall see,
+streams can mitigate some of the complexity of modeling state.
+Let’s step back and review where this complexity comes from. In an attempt to model real-world
+phenomena, we made some apparently reasonable decisions: We modeled real-world objects with
+local state by computational objects with local variables. We identified time variation in the real world
+with time variation in the computer. We implemented the time variation of the states of the model
+objects in the computer with assignments to the local variables of the model objects.
+Is there another approach? Can we avoid identifying time in the computer with time in the modeled
+world? Must we make the model change with time in order to model phenomena in a changing world?
+Think about the issue in terms of mathematical functions. We can describe the time-varying behavior
+of a quantity x as a function of time x(t). If we concentrate on x instant by instant, we think of it as a
+changing quantity. Yet if we concentrate on the entire time history of values, we do not emphasize
+change -- the function itself does not change. 52
+If time is measured in discrete steps, then we can model a time function as a (possibly infinite)
+sequence. In this section, we will see how to model change in terms of sequences that represent the
+time histories of the systems being modeled. To accomplish this, we introduce new data structures
+called streams. From an abstract point of view, a stream is simply a sequence. However, we will find
+that the straightforward implementation of streams as lists (as in section 2.2.1) doesn’t fully reveal the
+power of stream processing. As an alternative, we introduce the technique of delayed evaluation,
+which enables us to represent very large (even infinite) sequences as streams.
+Stream processing lets us model systems that have state without ever using assignment or mutable
+data. This has important implications, both theoretical and practical, because we can build models that
+avoid the drawbacks inherent in introducing assignment. On the other hand, the stream framework
+raises difficulties of its own, and the question of which modeling technique leads to more modular and
+more easily maintained systems remains open.
+
+3.5.1 Streams Are Delayed Lists
+As we saw in section 2.2.3, sequences can serve as standard interfaces for combining program
+modules. We formulated powerful abstractions for manipulating sequences, such as map, filter,
+and accumulate, that capture a wide variety of operations in a manner that is both succinct and
+elegant.
+Unfortunately, if we represent sequences as lists, this elegance is bought at the price of severe
+inefficiency with respect to both the time and space required by our computations. When we represent
+manipulations on sequences as transformations of lists, our programs must construct and copy data
+structures (which may be huge) at every step of a process.
+
+\fTo see why this is true, let us compare two programs for computing the sum of all the prime numbers
+in an interval. The first program is written in standard iterative style: 53
+(define (sum-primes a b)
+(define (iter count accum)
+(cond ((> count b) accum)
+((prime? count) (iter (+ count 1) (+ count accum)))
+(else (iter (+ count 1) accum))))
+(iter a 0))
+The second program performs the same computation using the sequence operations of section 2.2.3:
+(define (sum-primes a b)
+(accumulate +
+0
+(filter prime? (enumerate-interval a b))))
+In carrying out the computation, the first program needs to store only the sum being accumulated. In
+contrast, the filter in the second program cannot do any testing until enumerate-interval has
+constructed a complete list of the numbers in the interval. The filter generates another list, which in
+turn is passed to accumulate before being collapsed to form a sum. Such large intermediate storage
+is not needed by the first program, which we can think of as enumerating the interval incrementally,
+adding each prime to the sum as it is generated.
+The inefficiency in using lists becomes painfully apparent if we use the sequence paradigm to compute
+the second prime in the interval from 10,000 to 1,000,000 by evaluating the expression
+(car (cdr (filter prime?
+(enumerate-interval 10000 1000000))))
+This expression does find the second prime, but the computational overhead is outrageous. We
+construct a list of almost a million integers, filter this list by testing each element for primality, and
+then ignore almost all of the result. In a more traditional programming style, we would interleave the
+enumeration and the filtering, and stop when we reached the second prime.
+Streams are a clever idea that allows one to use sequence manipulations without incurring the costs of
+manipulating sequences as lists. With streams we can achieve the best of both worlds: We can
+formulate programs elegantly as sequence manipulations, while attaining the efficiency of incremental
+computation. The basic idea is to arrange to construct a stream only partially, and to pass the partial
+construction to the program that consumes the stream. If the consumer attempts to access a part of the
+stream that has not yet been constructed, the stream will automatically construct just enough more of
+itself to produce the required part, thus preserving the illusion that the entire stream exists. In other
+words, although we will write programs as if we were processing complete sequences, we design our
+stream implementation to automatically and transparently interleave the construction of the stream
+with its use.
+On the surface, streams are just lists with different names for the procedures that manipulate them.
+There is a constructor, cons-stream, and two selectors, stream-car and stream-cdr, which
+satisfy the constraints
+
+\fThere is a distinguishable object, the-empty-stream, which cannot be the result of any
+cons-stream operation, and which can be identified with the predicate stream-null?. 54 Thus
+we can make and use streams, in just the same way as we can make and use lists, to represent
+aggregate data arranged in a sequence. In particular, we can build stream analogs of the list operations
+from chapter 2, such as list-ref, map, and for-each: 55
+(define (stream-ref s n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(stream-car s)
+(stream-ref (stream-cdr s) (- n 1))))
+(define (stream-map proc s)
+(if (stream-null? s)
+the-empty-stream
+(cons-stream (proc (stream-car s))
+(stream-map proc (stream-cdr s)))))
+(define (stream-for-each proc s)
+(if (stream-null? s)
+’done
+(begin (proc (stream-car s))
+(stream-for-each proc (stream-cdr s)))))
+Stream-for-each is useful for viewing streams:
+(define (display-stream s)
+(stream-for-each display-line s))
+(define (display-line x)
+(newline)
+(display x))
+To make the stream implementation automatically and transparently interleave the construction of a
+stream with its use, we will arrange for the cdr of a stream to be evaluated when it is accessed by the
+stream-cdr procedure rather than when the stream is constructed by cons-stream. This
+implementation choice is reminiscent of our discussion of rational numbers in section 2.1.2, where we
+saw that we can choose to implement rational numbers so that the reduction of numerator and
+denominator to lowest terms is performed either at construction time or at selection time. The two
+rational-number implementations produce the same data abstraction, but the choice has an effect on
+efficiency. There is a similar relationship between streams and ordinary lists. As a data abstraction,
+streams are the same as lists. The difference is the time at which the elements are evaluated. With
+ordinary lists, both the car and the cdr are evaluated at construction time. With streams, the cdr is
+evaluated at selection time.
+Our implementation of streams will be based on a special form called delay. Evaluating (delay
+<exp>) does not evaluate the expression <exp>, but rather returns a so-called delayed object, which
+we can think of as a ‘‘promise’’ to evaluate <exp> at some future time. As a companion to delay,
+there is a procedure called force that takes a delayed object as argument and performs the evaluation
+-- in effect, forcing the delay to fulfill its promise. We will see below how delay and force can
+be implemented, but first let us use these to construct streams.
+
+\fCons-stream is a special form defined so that
+(cons-stream <a> <b>)
+is equivalent to
+(cons <a> (delay <b>))
+What this means is that we will construct streams using pairs. However, rather than placing the value
+of the rest of the stream into the cdr of the pair we will put there a promise to compute the rest if it is
+ever requested. Stream-car and stream-cdr can now be defined as procedures:
+(define (stream-car stream) (car stream))
+(define (stream-cdr stream) (force (cdr stream)))
+Stream-car selects the car of the pair; stream-cdr selects the cdr of the pair and evaluates the
+delayed expression found there to obtain the rest of the stream. 56
+
+The stream implementation in action
+To see how this implementation behaves, let us analyze the ‘‘outrageous’’ prime computation we saw
+above, reformulated in terms of streams:
+(stream-car
+(stream-cdr
+(stream-filter prime?
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10000 1000000))))
+We will see that it does indeed work efficiently.
+We begin by calling stream-enumerate-interval with the arguments 10,000 and 1,000,000.
+Stream-enumerate-interval is the stream analog of enumerate-interval
+(section 2.2.3):
+(define (stream-enumerate-interval low high)
+(if (> low high)
+the-empty-stream
+(cons-stream
+low
+(stream-enumerate-interval (+ low 1) high))))
+and thus the result returned by stream-enumerate-interval, formed by the cons-stream,
+is 57
+(cons 10000
+(delay (stream-enumerate-interval 10001 1000000)))
+That is, stream-enumerate-interval returns a stream represented as a pair whose car is
+10,000 and whose cdr is a promise to enumerate more of the interval if so requested. This stream is
+now filtered for primes, using the stream analog of the filter procedure (section 2.2.3):
+
+\f(define (stream-filter pred stream)
+(cond ((stream-null? stream) the-empty-stream)
+((pred (stream-car stream))
+(cons-stream (stream-car stream)
+(stream-filter pred
+(stream-cdr stream))))
+(else (stream-filter pred (stream-cdr stream)))))
+Stream-filter tests the stream-car of the stream (the car of the pair, which is 10,000). Since
+this is not prime, stream-filter examines the stream-cdr of its input stream. The call to
+stream-cdr forces evaluation of the delayed stream-enumerate-interval, which now
+returns
+(cons 10001
+(delay (stream-enumerate-interval 10002 1000000)))
+Stream-filter now looks at the stream-car of this stream, 10,001, sees that this is not prime
+either, forces another stream-cdr, and so on, until stream-enumerate-interval yields the
+prime 10,007, whereupon stream-filter, according to its definition, returns
+(cons-stream (stream-car stream)
+(stream-filter pred (stream-cdr stream)))
+which in this case is
+(cons 10007
+(delay
+(stream-filter
+prime?
+(cons 10008
+(delay
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10009
+1000000))))))
+This result is now passed to stream-cdr in our original expression. This forces the delayed
+stream-filter, which in turn keeps forcing the delayed stream-enumerate-interval
+until it finds the next prime, which is 10,009. Finally, the result passed to stream-car in our
+original expression is
+(cons 10009
+(delay
+(stream-filter
+prime?
+(cons 10010
+(delay
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10011
+1000000))))))
+Stream-car returns 10,009, and the computation is complete. Only as many integers were tested for
+primality as were necessary to find the second prime, and the interval was enumerated only as far as
+was necessary to feed the prime filter.
+
+\fIn general, we can think of delayed evaluation as ‘‘demand-driven’’ programming, whereby each stage
+in the stream process is activated only enough to satisfy the next stage. What we have done is to
+decouple the actual order of events in the computation from the apparent structure of our procedures.
+We write procedures as if the streams existed ‘‘all at once’’ when, in reality, the computation is
+performed incrementally, as in traditional programming styles.
+
+Implementing delay and force
+Although delay and force may seem like mysterious operations, their implementation is really
+quite straightforward. Delay must package an expression so that it can be evaluated later on demand,
+and we can accomplish this simply by treating the expression as the body of a procedure. Delay can
+be a special form such that
+(delay <exp>)
+is syntactic sugar for
+(lambda () <exp>)
+Force simply calls the procedure (of no arguments) produced by delay, so we can implement
+force as a procedure:
+(define (force delayed-object)
+(delayed-object))
+This implementation suffices for delay and force to work as advertised, but there is an important
+optimization that we can include. In many applications, we end up forcing the same delayed object
+many times. This can lead to serious inefficiency in recursive programs involving streams. (See
+exercise 3.57.) The solution is to build delayed objects so that the first time they are forced, they store
+the value that is computed. Subsequent forcings will simply return the stored value without repeating
+the computation. In other words, we implement delay as a special-purpose memoized procedure
+similar to the one described in exercise 3.27. One way to accomplish this is to use the following
+procedure, which takes as argument a procedure (of no arguments) and returns a memoized version of
+the procedure. The first time the memoized procedure is run, it saves the computed result. On
+subsequent evaluations, it simply returns the result.
+(define (memo-proc proc)
+(let ((already-run? false) (result false))
+(lambda ()
+(if (not already-run?)
+(begin (set! result (proc))
+(set! already-run? true)
+result)
+result))))
+Delay is then defined so that (delay <exp>) is equivalent to
+(memo-proc (lambda () <exp>))
+and force is as defined previously. 58
+
+\fExercise 3.50. Complete the following definition, which generalizes stream-map to allow
+procedures that take multiple arguments, analogous to map in section 2.2.3, footnote 12.
+(define (stream-map proc . argstreams)
+(if (<??> (car argstreams))
+the-empty-stream
+(<??>
+(apply proc (map <??> argstreams))
+(apply stream-map
+(cons proc (map <??> argstreams))))))
+Exercise 3.51. In order to take a closer look at delayed evaluation, we will use the following
+procedure, which simply returns its argument after printing it:
+(define (show x)
+(display-line x)
+x)
+What does the interpreter print in response to evaluating each expression in the following sequence? 59
+(define x (stream-map show (stream-enumerate-interval 0 10)))
+(stream-ref x 5)
+(stream-ref x 7)
+Exercise 3.52. Consider the sequence of expressions
+(define
+(define
+(set!
+sum)
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+sum 0)
+(accum x)
+sum (+ x sum))
+
+seq (stream-map accum (stream-enumerate-interval 1 20)))
+y (stream-filter even? seq))
+z (stream-filter (lambda (x) (= (remainder x 5) 0))
+seq))
+(stream-ref y 7)
+(display-stream z)
+What is the value of sum after each of the above expressions is evaluated? What is the printed
+response to evaluating the stream-ref and display-stream expressions? Would these
+responses differ if we had implemented (delay <exp>) simply as (lambda () <exp>)
+without using the optimization provided by memo-proc ? Explain.
+
+3.5.2 Infinite Streams
+We have seen how to support the illusion of manipulating streams as complete entities even though, in
+actuality, we compute only as much of the stream as we need to access. We can exploit this technique
+to represent sequences efficiently as streams, even if the sequences are very long. What is more
+striking, we can use streams to represent sequences that are infinitely long. For instance, consider the
+following definition of the stream of positive integers:
+
+\f(define (integers-starting-from n)
+(cons-stream n (integers-starting-from (+ n 1))))
+(define integers (integers-starting-from 1))
+This makes sense because integers will be a pair whose car is 1 and whose cdr is a promise to
+produce the integers beginning with 2. This is an infinitely long stream, but in any given time we can
+examine only a finite portion of it. Thus, our programs will never know that the entire infinite stream
+is not there.
+Using integers we can define other infinite streams, such as the stream of integers that are not
+divisible by 7:
+(define (divisible? x y) (= (remainder x y) 0))
+(define no-sevens
+(stream-filter (lambda (x) (not (divisible? x 7)))
+integers))
+Then we can find integers not divisible by 7 simply by accessing elements of this stream:
+(stream-ref no-sevens 100)
+117
+In analogy with integers, we can define the infinite stream of Fibonacci numbers:
+(define (fibgen a b)
+(cons-stream a (fibgen b (+ a b))))
+(define fibs (fibgen 0 1))
+Fibs is a pair whose car is 0 and whose cdr is a promise to evaluate (fibgen 1 1). When we
+evaluate this delayed (fibgen 1 1), it will produce a pair whose car is 1 and whose cdr is a
+promise to evaluate (fibgen 1 2), and so on.
+For a look at a more exciting infinite stream, we can generalize the no-sevens example to construct
+the infinite stream of prime numbers, using a method known as the sieve of Eratosthenes. 60 We start
+with the integers beginning with 2, which is the first prime. To get the rest of the primes, we start by
+filtering the multiples of 2 from the rest of the integers. This leaves a stream beginning with 3, which
+is the next prime. Now we filter the multiples of 3 from the rest of this stream. This leaves a stream
+beginning with 5, which is the next prime, and so on. In other words, we construct the primes by a
+sieving process, described as follows: To sieve a stream S, form a stream whose first element is the
+first element of S and the rest of which is obtained by filtering all multiples of the first element of S
+out of the rest of S and sieving the result. This process is readily described in terms of stream
+operations:
+(define (sieve stream)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car stream)
+(sieve (stream-filter
+(lambda (x)
+(not (divisible? x (stream-car stream))))
+(stream-cdr stream)))))
+(define primes (sieve (integers-starting-from 2)))
+
+\fNow to find a particular prime we need only ask for it:
+(stream-ref primes 50)
+233
+It is interesting to contemplate the signal-processing system set up by sieve, shown in the
+‘‘Henderson diagram’’ in figure 3.31. 61 The input stream feeds into an ‘‘unconser’’ that separates
+the first element of the stream from the rest of the stream. The first element is used to construct a
+divisibility filter, through which the rest is passed, and the output of the filter is fed to another sieve
+box. Then the original first element is consed onto the output of the internal sieve to form the output
+stream. Thus, not only is the stream infinite, but the signal processor is also infinite, because the sieve
+contains a sieve within it.
+
+Figure 3.31: The prime sieve viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.31: The prime sieve viewed as a signal-processing system.
+
+Defining streams implicitly
+The integers and fibs streams above were defined by specifying ‘‘generating’’ procedures that
+explicitly compute the stream elements one by one. An alternative way to specify streams is to take
+advantage of delayed evaluation to define streams implicitly. For example, the following expression
+defines the stream ones to be an infinite stream of ones:
+(define ones (cons-stream 1 ones))
+This works much like the definition of a recursive procedure: ones is a pair whose car is 1 and
+whose cdr is a promise to evaluate ones. Evaluating the cdr gives us again a 1 and a promise to
+evaluate ones, and so on.
+We can do more interesting things by manipulating streams with operations such as add-streams,
+which produces the elementwise sum of two given streams: 62
+(define (add-streams s1 s2)
+(stream-map + s1 s2))
+Now we can define the integers as follows:
+(define integers (cons-stream 1 (add-streams ones integers)))
+
+\fThis defines integers to be a stream whose first element is 1 and the rest of which is the sum of
+ones and integers. Thus, the second element of integers is 1 plus the first element of
+integers, or 2; the third element of integers is 1 plus the second element of integers, or 3;
+and so on. This definition works because, at any point, enough of the integers stream has been
+generated so that we can feed it back into the definition to produce the next integer.
+We can define the Fibonacci numbers in the same style:
+(define fibs
+(cons-stream 0
+(cons-stream 1
+(add-streams (stream-cdr fibs)
+fibs))))
+This definition says that fibs is a stream beginning with 0 and 1, such that the rest of the stream can
+be generated by adding fibs to itself shifted by one place:
+
+0
+
+1
+
+1
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+21
+
+... = (stream-cdr fibs)
+
+0
+
+1
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+... = fibs
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+21
+
+34
+
+... = fibs
+
+Scale-stream is another useful procedure in formulating such stream definitions. This multiplies
+each item in a stream by a given constant:
+(define (scale-stream stream factor)
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (* x factor)) stream))
+For example,
+(define double (cons-stream 1 (scale-stream double 2)))
+produces the stream of powers of 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ....
+An alternate definition of the stream of primes can be given by starting with the integers and filtering
+them by testing for primality. We will need the first prime, 2, to get started:
+(define primes
+(cons-stream
+2
+(stream-filter prime? (integers-starting-from 3))))
+This definition is not so straightforward as it appears, because we will test whether a number n is
+prime by checking whether n is divisible by a prime (not by just any integer) less than or equal to
+(define (prime? n)
+(define (iter ps)
+(cond ((> (square (stream-car ps)) n) true)
+((divisible? n (stream-car ps)) false)
+(else (iter (stream-cdr ps)))))
+(iter primes))
+
+n:
+
+\fThis is a recursive definition, since primes is defined in terms of the prime? predicate, which itself
+uses the primes stream. The reason this procedure works is that, at any point, enough of the primes
+stream has been generated to test the primality of the numbers we need to check next. That is, for
+every n we test for primality, either n is not prime (in which case there is a prime already generated
+that divides it) or n is prime (in which case there is a prime already generated -- i.e., a prime less than
+n -- that is greater than n). 63
+Exercise 3.53. Without running the program, describe the elements of the stream defined by
+(define s (cons-stream 1 (add-streams s s)))
+Exercise 3.54. Define a procedure mul-streams, analogous to add-streams, that produces the
+elementwise product of its two input streams. Use this together with the stream of integers to
+complete the following definition of the stream whose nth element (counting from 0) is n + 1 factorial:
+(define factorials (cons-stream 1 (mul-streams <??> <??>)))
+Exercise 3.55. Define a procedure partial-sums that takes as argument a stream S and returns the
+stream whose elements are S 0 , S 0 + S 1 , S 0 + S 1 + S 2 , .... For example, (partial-sums
+integers) should be the stream 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ....
+Exercise 3.56. A famous problem, first raised by R. Hamming, is to enumerate, in ascending order
+with no repetitions, all positive integers with no prime factors other than 2, 3, or 5. One obvious way
+to do this is to simply test each integer in turn to see whether it has any factors other than 2, 3, and 5.
+But this is very inefficient, since, as the integers get larger, fewer and fewer of them fit the
+requirement. As an alternative, let us call the required stream of numbers S and notice the following
+facts about it.
+S begins with 1.
+The elements of (scale-stream S 2) are also elements of S.
+The same is true for (scale-stream S 3) and (scale-stream 5 S).
+These are all the elements of S.
+Now all we have to do is combine elements from these sources. For this we define a procedure merge
+that combines two ordered streams into one ordered result stream, eliminating repetitions:
+(define (merge s1 s2)
+(cond ((stream-null? s1) s2)
+((stream-null? s2) s1)
+(else
+(let ((s1car (stream-car s1))
+(s2car (stream-car s2)))
+(cond ((< s1car s2car)
+(cons-stream s1car (merge (stream-cdr s1) s2)))
+((> s1car s2car)
+(cons-stream s2car (merge s1 (stream-cdr s2))))
+(else
+(cons-stream s1car
+(merge (stream-cdr s1)
+
+\f(stream-cdr s2)))))))))
+Then the required stream may be constructed with merge, as follows:
+(define S (cons-stream 1 (merge <??> <??>)))
+Fill in the missing expressions in the places marked <??> above.
+Exercise 3.57. How many additions are performed when we compute the nth Fibonacci number using
+the definition of fibs based on the add-streams procedure? Show that the number of additions
+would be exponentially greater if we had implemented (delay <exp>) simply as (lambda ()
+<exp>), without using the optimization provided by the memo-proc procedure described in
+section 3.5.1. 64
+Exercise 3.58. Give an interpretation of the stream computed by the following procedure:
+(define (expand num den radix)
+(cons-stream
+(quotient (* num radix) den)
+(expand (remainder (* num radix) den) den radix)))
+(Quotient is a primitive that returns the integer quotient of two integers.) What are the successive
+elements produced by (expand 1 7 10) ? What is produced by (expand 3 8 10) ?
+Exercise 3.59. In section 2.5.3 we saw how to implement a polynomial arithmetic system
+representing polynomials as lists of terms. In a similar way, we can work with power series, such as
+
+represented as infinite streams. We will represent the series a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ··· as the
+stream whose elements are the coefficients a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ....
+a. The integral of the series a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ··· is the series
+
+where c is any constant. Define a procedure integrate-series that takes as input a stream a 0 ,
+a 1 , a 2 , ... representing a power series and returns the stream a 0 , (1/2)a 1 , (1/3)a 2 , ... of
+coefficients of the non-constant terms of the integral of the series. (Since the result has no constant
+term, it doesn’t represent a power series; when we use integrate-series, we will cons on the
+appropriate constant.)
+
+\fb. The function x e x is its own derivative. This implies that e x and the integral of e x are the same
+series, except for the constant term, which is e 0 = 1. Accordingly, we can generate the series for e x as
+(define exp-series
+(cons-stream 1 (integrate-series exp-series)))
+Show how to generate the series for sine and cosine, starting from the facts that the derivative of sine
+is cosine and the derivative of cosine is the negative of sine:
+(define cosine-series
+(cons-stream 1 <??>))
+(define sine-series
+(cons-stream 0 <??>))
+Exercise 3.60. With power series represented as streams of coefficients as in exercise 3.59, adding
+series is implemented by add-streams. Complete the definition of the following procedure for
+multiplying series:
+(define (mul-series s1 s2)
+(cons-stream <??> (add-streams <??> <??>)))
+You can test your procedure by verifying that sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1, using the series from exercise 3.59.
+Exercise 3.61. Let S be a power series (exercise 3.59) whose constant term is 1. Suppose we want to
+find the power series 1/S, that is, the series X such that S · X = 1. Write S = 1 + S R where S R is the part
+of S after the constant term. Then we can solve for X as follows:
+
+In other words, X is the power series whose constant term is 1 and whose higher-order terms are given
+by the negative of S R times X. Use this idea to write a procedure invert-unit-series that
+computes 1/S for a power series S with constant term 1. You will need to use mul-series from
+exercise 3.60.
+Exercise 3.62. Use the results of exercises 3.60 and 3.61 to define a procedure div-series that
+divides two power series. Div-series should work for any two series, provided that the
+denominator series begins with a nonzero constant term. (If the denominator has a zero constant term,
+then div-series should signal an error.) Show how to use div-series together with the result
+of exercise 3.59 to generate the power series for tangent.
+
+3.5.3 Exploiting the Stream Paradigm
+Streams with delayed evaluation can be a powerful modeling tool, providing many of the benefits of
+local state and assignment. Moreover, they avoid some of the theoretical tangles that accompany the
+introduction of assignment into a programming language.
+
+\fThe stream approach can be illuminating because it allows us to build systems with different module
+boundaries than systems organized around assignment to state variables. For example, we can think of
+an entire time series (or signal) as a focus of interest, rather than the values of the state variables at
+individual moments. This makes it convenient to combine and compare components of state from
+different moments.
+
+Formulating iterations as stream processes
+In section 1.2.1, we introduced iterative processes, which proceed by updating state variables. We
+know now that we can represent state as a ‘‘timeless’’ stream of values rather than as a set of variables
+to be updated. Let’s adopt this perspective in revisiting the square-root procedure from section 1.1.7.
+Recall that the idea is to generate a sequence of better and better guesses for the square root of x by
+applying over and over again the procedure that improves guesses:
+(define (sqrt-improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+In our original sqrt procedure, we made these guesses be the successive values of a state variable.
+Instead we can generate the infinite stream of guesses, starting with an initial guess of 1: 65
+(define (sqrt-stream x)
+(define guesses
+(cons-stream 1.0
+(stream-map (lambda (guess)
+(sqrt-improve guess x))
+guesses)))
+guesses)
+(display-stream (sqrt-stream 2))
+1.
+1.5
+1.4166666666666665
+1.4142156862745097
+1.4142135623746899
+...
+We can generate more and more terms of the stream to get better and better guesses. If we like, we can
+write a procedure that keeps generating terms until the answer is good enough. (See exercise 3.64.)
+Another iteration that we can treat in the same way is to generate an approximation to
+the alternating series that we saw in section 1.3.1:
+
+, based upon
+
+We first generate the stream of summands of the series (the reciprocals of the odd integers, with
+alternating signs). Then we take the stream of sums of more and more terms (using the
+partial-sums procedure of exercise 3.55) and scale the result by 4:
+(define (pi-summands n)
+(cons-stream (/ 1.0 n)
+(stream-map - (pi-summands (+ n 2)))))
+(define pi-stream
+
+\f(scale-stream (partial-sums (pi-summands 1)) 4))
+(display-stream pi-stream)
+4.
+2.666666666666667
+3.466666666666667
+2.8952380952380956
+3.3396825396825403
+2.9760461760461765
+3.2837384837384844
+3.017071817071818
+...
+This gives us a stream of better and better approximations to , although the approximations converge
+rather slowly. Eight terms of the sequence bound the value of between 3.284 and 3.017.
+So far, our use of the stream of states approach is not much different from updating state variables. But
+streams give us an opportunity to do some interesting tricks. For example, we can transform a stream
+with a sequence accelerator that converts a sequence of approximations to a new sequence that
+converges to the same value as the original, only faster.
+One such accelerator, due to the eighteenth-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, works well
+with sequences that are partial sums of alternating series (series of terms with alternating signs). In
+Euler’s technique, if S n is the nth term of the original sum sequence, then the accelerated sequence has
+terms
+
+Thus, if the original sequence is represented as a stream of values, the transformed sequence is given
+by
+(define (euler-transform s)
+(let ((s0 (stream-ref s 0))
+; S n-1
+(s1 (stream-ref s 1))
+; Sn
+(s2 (stream-ref s 2)))
+; S n+1
+(cons-stream (- s2 (/ (square (- s2 s1))
+(+ s0 (* -2 s1) s2)))
+(euler-transform (stream-cdr s)))))
+We can demonstrate Euler acceleration with our sequence of approximations to
+(display-stream (euler-transform pi-stream))
+3.166666666666667
+3.1333333333333337
+3.1452380952380956
+3.13968253968254
+3.1427128427128435
+3.1408813408813416
+3.142071817071818
+3.1412548236077655
+...
+
+:
+
+\fEven better, we can accelerate the accelerated sequence, and recursively accelerate that, and so on.
+Namely, we create a stream of streams (a structure we’ll call a tableau) in which each stream is the
+transform of the preceding one:
+(define (make-tableau transform s)
+(cons-stream s
+(make-tableau transform
+(transform s))))
+The tableau has the form
+
+Finally, we form a sequence by taking the first term in each row of the tableau:
+(define (accelerated-sequence transform s)
+(stream-map stream-car
+(make-tableau transform s)))
+We can demonstrate this kind of ‘‘super-acceleration’’ of the
+
+sequence:
+
+(display-stream (accelerated-sequence euler-transform
+pi-stream))
+4.
+3.166666666666667
+3.142105263157895
+3.141599357319005
+3.1415927140337785
+3.1415926539752927
+3.1415926535911765
+3.141592653589778
+...
+The result is impressive. Taking eight terms of the sequence yields the correct value of to 14 decimal
+places. If we had used only the original sequence, we would need to compute on the order of 10 13
+terms (i.e., expanding the series far enough so that the individual terms are less then 10 -13 ) to get that
+much accuracy! We could have implemented these acceleration techniques without using streams. But
+the stream formulation is particularly elegant and convenient because the entire sequence of states is
+available to us as a data structure that can be manipulated with a uniform set of operations.
+Exercise 3.63. Louis Reasoner asks why the sqrt-stream procedure was not written in the
+following more straightforward way, without the local variable guesses:
+(define (sqrt-stream x)
+(cons-stream 1.0
+(stream-map (lambda (guess)
+(sqrt-improve guess x))
+(sqrt-stream x))))
+
+\fAlyssa P. Hacker replies that this version of the procedure is considerably less efficient because it
+performs redundant computation. Explain Alyssa’s answer. Would the two versions still differ in
+efficiency if our implementation of delay used only (lambda () <exp>) without using the
+optimization provided by memo-proc (section 3.5.1)?
+Exercise 3.64. Write a procedure stream-limit that takes as arguments a stream and a number
+(the tolerance). It should examine the stream until it finds two successive elements that differ in
+absolute value by less than the tolerance, and return the second of the two elements. Using this, we
+could compute square roots up to a given tolerance by
+(define (sqrt x tolerance)
+(stream-limit (sqrt-stream x) tolerance))
+Exercise 3.65. Use the series
+
+to compute three sequences of approximations to the natural logarithm of 2, in the same way we did
+above for . How rapidly do these sequences converge?
+
+Infinite streams of pairs
+In section 2.2.3, we saw how the sequence paradigm handles traditional nested loops as processes
+defined on sequences of pairs. If we generalize this technique to infinite streams, then we can write
+programs that are not easily represented as loops, because the ‘‘looping’’ must range over an infinite
+set.
+For example, suppose we want to generalize the prime-sum-pairs procedure of section 2.2.3 to
+produce the stream of pairs of all integers (i,j) with i < j such that i + j is prime. If int-pairs is the
+sequence of all pairs of integers (i,j) with i < j, then our required stream is simply 66
+(stream-filter (lambda (pair)
+(prime? (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+int-pairs)
+Our problem, then, is to produce the stream int-pairs. More generally, suppose we have two
+streams S = (S i ) and T = (T j ), and imagine the infinite rectangular array
+
+We wish to generate a stream that contains all the pairs in the array that lie on or above the diagonal,
+i.e., the pairs
+
+\f(If we take both S and T to be the stream of integers, then this will be our desired stream
+int-pairs.)
+Call the general stream of pairs (pairs S T), and consider it to be composed of three parts: the
+pair (S 0 ,T 0 ), the rest of the pairs in the first row, and the remaining pairs: 67
+
+Observe that the third piece in this decomposition (pairs that are not in the first row) is (recursively)
+the pairs formed from (stream-cdr S) and (stream-cdr T). Also note that the second piece
+(the rest of the first row) is
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+Thus we can form our stream of pairs as follows:
+(define (pairs s t)
+(cons-stream
+(list (stream-car s) (stream-car t))
+(<combine-in-some-way>
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t)))))
+In order to complete the procedure, we must choose some way to combine the two inner streams. One
+idea is to use the stream analog of the append procedure from section 2.2.1:
+(define (stream-append s1 s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+s2
+(cons-stream (stream-car s1)
+(stream-append (stream-cdr s1) s2))))
+This is unsuitable for infinite streams, however, because it takes all the elements from the first stream
+before incorporating the second stream. In particular, if we try to generate all pairs of positive integers
+using
+(pairs integers integers)
+our stream of results will first try to run through all pairs with the first integer equal to 1, and hence
+will never produce pairs with any other value of the first integer.
+To handle infinite streams, we need to devise an order of combination that ensures that every element
+will eventually be reached if we let our program run long enough. An elegant way to accomplish this
+is with the following interleave procedure: 68
+
+\f(define (interleave s1 s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+s2
+(cons-stream (stream-car s1)
+(interleave s2 (stream-cdr s1)))))
+Since interleave takes elements alternately from the two streams, every element of the second
+stream will eventually find its way into the interleaved stream, even if the first stream is infinite.
+We can thus generate the required stream of pairs as
+(define (pairs s t)
+(cons-stream
+(list (stream-car s) (stream-car t))
+(interleave
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t)))))
+Exercise 3.66. Examine the stream (pairs integers integers). Can you make any general
+comments about the order in which the pairs are placed into the stream? For example, about how many
+pairs precede the pair (1,100)? the pair (99,100)? the pair (100,100)? (If you can make precise
+mathematical statements here, all the better. But feel free to give more qualitative answers if you find
+yourself getting bogged down.)
+Exercise 3.67. Modify the pairs procedure so that (pairs integers integers) will
+produce the stream of all pairs of integers (i,j) (without the condition i < j). Hint: You will need to mix
+in an additional stream.
+Exercise 3.68. Louis Reasoner thinks that building a stream of pairs from three parts is unnecessarily
+complicated. Instead of separating the pair (S 0 ,T 0 ) from the rest of the pairs in the first row, he
+proposes to work with the whole first row, as follows:
+(define (pairs s t)
+(interleave
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+t)
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t))))
+Does this work? Consider what happens if we evaluate (pairs integers integers) using
+Louis’s definition of pairs.
+Exercise 3.69. Write a procedure triples that takes three infinite streams, S, T, and U, and
+produces the stream of triples (S i ,T j ,U k ) such that i < j < k. Use triples to generate the stream of
+all Pythagorean triples of positive integers, i.e., the triples (i,j,k) such that i < j and i 2 + j 2 = k 2 .
+Exercise 3.70. It would be nice to be able to generate streams in which the pairs appear in some
+useful order, rather than in the order that results from an ad hoc interleaving process. We can use a
+technique similar to the merge procedure of exercise 3.56, if we define a way to say that one pair of
+integers is ‘‘less than’’ another. One way to do this is to define a ‘‘weighting function’’ W(i,j) and
+stipulate that (i 1 ,j 1 ) is less than (i 2 ,j 2 ) if W(i 1 ,j 1 ) < W(i 2 ,j 2 ). Write a procedure
+merge-weighted that is like merge, except that merge-weighted takes an additional
+
+\fargument weight, which is a procedure that computes the weight of a pair, and is used to determine
+the order in which elements should appear in the resulting merged stream. 69 Using this, generalize
+pairs to a procedure weighted-pairs that takes two streams, together with a procedure that
+computes a weighting function, and generates the stream of pairs, ordered according to weight. Use
+your procedure to generate
+a. the stream of all pairs of positive integers (i,j) with i < j ordered according to the sum i + j
+b. the stream of all pairs of positive integers (i,j) with i < j, where neither i nor j is divisible by 2, 3, or
+5, and the pairs are ordered according to the sum 2 i + 3 j + 5 i j.
+Exercise 3.71. Numbers that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in more than one way are
+sometimes called Ramanujan numbers, in honor of the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. 70
+Ordered streams of pairs provide an elegant solution to the problem of computing these numbers. To
+find a number that can be written as the sum of two cubes in two different ways, we need only
+generate the stream of pairs of integers (i,j) weighted according to the sum i 3 + j 3 (see exercise 3.70),
+then search the stream for two consecutive pairs with the same weight. Write a procedure to generate
+the Ramanujan numbers. The first such number is 1,729. What are the next five?
+Exercise 3.72. In a similar way to exercise 3.71 generate a stream of all numbers that can be written
+as the sum of two squares in three different ways (showing how they can be so written).
+
+Streams as signals
+We began our discussion of streams by describing them as computational analogs of the ‘‘signals’’ in
+signal-processing systems. In fact, we can use streams to model signal-processing systems in a very
+direct way, representing the values of a signal at successive time intervals as consecutive elements of a
+stream. For instance, we can implement an integrator or summer that, for an input stream x = (x i ), an
+initial value C, and a small increment dt, accumulates the sum
+
+and returns the stream of values S = (S i ). The following integral procedure is reminiscent of the
+‘‘implicit style’’ definition of the stream of integers (section 3.5.2):
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int)))
+int)
+
+\fFigure 3.32: The integral procedure viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.32: The integral procedure viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.32 is a picture of a signal-processing system that corresponds to the integral procedure.
+The input stream is scaled by dt and passed through an adder, whose output is passed back through the
+same adder. The self-reference in the definition of int is reflected in the figure by the feedback loop
+that connects the output of the adder to one of the inputs.
+Exercise 3.73.
+
+v = v 0 + (1/C)
+
+0
+
+ti
+
+dt + R i
+
+Figure 3.33: An RC circuit and the associated signal-flow diagram.
+Figure 3.33: An RC circuit and the associated signal-flow diagram.
+We can model electrical circuits using streams to represent the values of currents or voltages at a
+sequence of times. For instance, suppose we have an RC circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R
+and a capacitor of capacitance C in series. The voltage response v of the circuit to an injected current i
+is determined by the formula in figure 3.33, whose structure is shown by the accompanying
+signal-flow diagram.
+Write a procedure RC that models this circuit. RC should take as inputs the values of R, C, and dt and
+should return a procedure that takes as inputs a stream representing the current i and an initial value for
+the capacitor voltage v 0 and produces as output the stream of voltages v. For example, you should be
+able to use RC to model an RC circuit with R = 5 ohms, C = 1 farad, and a 0.5-second time step by
+evaluating (define RC1 (RC 5 1 0.5)). This defines RC1 as a procedure that takes a stream
+
+\frepresenting the time sequence of currents and an initial capacitor voltage and produces the output
+stream of voltages.
+Exercise 3.74. Alyssa P. Hacker is designing a system to process signals coming from physical
+sensors. One important feature she wishes to produce is a signal that describes the zero crossings of
+the input signal. That is, the resulting signal should be + 1 whenever the input signal changes from
+negative to positive, - 1 whenever the input signal changes from positive to negative, and 0 otherwise.
+(Assume that the sign of a 0 input is positive.) For example, a typical input signal with its associated
+zero-crossing signal would be
+...1
+
+2
+
+1.5
+
+1
+
+0.5
+
+-0.1
+
+-2
+
+-3
+
+-2
+
+-0.5
+
+0.2
+
+3
+
+4 ...... 0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+-1
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+1
+
+0
+
+0 ...
+
+In Alyssa’s system, the signal from the sensor is represented as a stream sense-data and the stream
+zero-crossings is the corresponding stream of zero crossings. Alyssa first writes a procedure
+sign-change-detector that takes two values as arguments and compares the signs of the values
+to produce an appropriate 0, 1, or - 1. She then constructs her zero-crossing stream as follows:
+(define (make-zero-crossings input-stream last-value)
+(cons-stream
+(sign-change-detector (stream-car input-stream) last-value)
+(make-zero-crossings (stream-cdr input-stream)
+(stream-car input-stream))))
+(define zero-crossings (make-zero-crossings sense-data 0))
+Alyssa’s boss, Eva Lu Ator, walks by and suggests that this program is approximately equivalent to
+the following one, which uses the generalized version of stream-map from exercise 3.50:
+(define zero-crossings
+(stream-map sign-change-detector sense-data <expression>))
+Complete the program by supplying the indicated <expression>.
+Exercise 3.75. Unfortunately, Alyssa’s zero-crossing detector in exercise 3.74 proves to be
+insufficient, because the noisy signal from the sensor leads to spurious zero crossings. Lem E.
+Tweakit, a hardware specialist, suggests that Alyssa smooth the signal to filter out the noise before
+extracting the zero crossings. Alyssa takes his advice and decides to extract the zero crossings from the
+signal constructed by averaging each value of the sense data with the previous value. She explains the
+problem to her assistant, Louis Reasoner, who attempts to implement the idea, altering Alyssa’s
+program as follows:
+(define (make-zero-crossings input-stream last-value)
+(let ((avpt (/ (+ (stream-car input-stream) last-value) 2)))
+(cons-stream (sign-change-detector avpt last-value)
+(make-zero-crossings (stream-cdr input-stream)
+avpt))))
+This does not correctly implement Alyssa’s plan. Find the bug that Louis has installed and fix it
+without changing the structure of the program. (Hint: You will need to increase the number of
+arguments to make-zero-crossings.)
+
+\fExercise 3.76. Eva Lu Ator has a criticism of Louis’s approach in exercise 3.75. The program he
+wrote is not modular, because it intermixes the operation of smoothing with the zero-crossing
+extraction. For example, the extractor should not have to be changed if Alyssa finds a better way to
+condition her input signal. Help Louis by writing a procedure smooth that takes a stream as input and
+produces a stream in which each element is the average of two successive input stream elements. Then
+use smooth as a component to implement the zero-crossing detector in a more modular style.
+
+3.5.4 Streams and Delayed Evaluation
+The integral procedure at the end of the preceding section shows how we can use streams to model
+signal-processing systems that contain feedback loops. The feedback loop for the adder shown in
+figure 3.32 is modeled by the fact that integral’s internal stream int is defined in terms of itself:
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int)))
+The interpreter’s ability to deal with such an implicit definition depends on the delay that is
+incorporated into cons-stream. Without this delay, the interpreter could not construct int
+before evaluating both arguments to cons-stream, which would require that int already be
+defined. In general, delay is crucial for using streams to model signal-processing systems that
+contain loops. Without delay, our models would have to be formulated so that the inputs to any
+signal-processing component would be fully evaluated before the output could be produced. This
+would outlaw loops.
+Unfortunately, stream models of systems with loops may require uses of delay beyond the ‘‘hidden’’
+delay supplied by cons-stream. For instance, figure 3.34 shows a signal-processing system for
+solving the differential equation dy/dt = f(y) where f is a given function. The figure shows a mapping
+component, which applies f to its input signal, linked in a feedback loop to an integrator in a manner
+very similar to that of the analog computer circuits that are actually used to solve such equations.
+
+Figure 3.34: An ‘‘analog computer circuit’’ that solves the equation dy/dt = f(y).
+Figure 3.34: An ‘‘analog computer circuit’’ that solves the equation dy/dt = f(y).
+Assuming we are given an initial value y 0 for y, we could try to model this system using the procedure
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral dy y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+
+\fThis procedure does not work, because in the first line of solve the call to integral requires that
+the input dy be defined, which does not happen until the second line of solve.
+On the other hand, the intent of our definition does make sense, because we can, in principle, begin to
+generate the y stream without knowing dy. Indeed, integral and many other stream operations
+have properties similar to those of cons-stream, in that we can generate part of the answer given
+only partial information about the arguments. For integral, the first element of the output stream is
+the specified initial-value. Thus, we can generate the first element of the output stream without
+evaluating the integrand dy. Once we know the first element of y, the stream-map in the second
+line of solve can begin working to generate the first element of dy, which will produce the next
+element of y, and so on.
+To take advantage of this idea, we will redefine integral to expect the integrand stream to be a
+delayed argument. Integral will force the integrand to be evaluated only when it is required to
+generate more than the first element of the output stream:
+(define (integral delayed-integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(let ((integrand (force delayed-integrand)))
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int))))
+int)
+Now we can implement our solve procedure by delaying the evaluation of dy in the definition of
+y: 71
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral (delay dy) y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+In general, every caller of integral must now delay the integrand argument. We can demonstrate
+that the solve procedure works by approximating e 2.718 by computing the value at y = 1 of the
+solution to the differential equation dy/dt = y with initial condition y(0) = 1:
+(stream-ref (solve (lambda (y) y) 1 0.001) 1000)
+2.716924
+Exercise 3.77. The integral procedure used above was analogous to the ‘‘implicit’’ definition of
+the infinite stream of integers in section 3.5.2. Alternatively, we can give a definition of integral
+that is more like integers-starting-from (also in section 3.5.2):
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(if (stream-null? integrand)
+the-empty-stream
+(integral (stream-cdr integrand)
+(+ (* dt (stream-car integrand))
+initial-value)
+dt))))
+
+\fWhen used in systems with loops, this procedure has the same problem as does our original version of
+integral. Modify the procedure so that it expects the integrand as a delayed argument and
+hence can be used in the solve procedure shown above.
+Exercise 3.78.
+
+Figure 3.35: Signal-flow diagram for the solution to a second-order linear differential equation.
+Figure 3.35: Signal-flow diagram for the solution to a second-order linear differential equation.
+Consider the problem of designing a signal-processing system to study the homogeneous second-order
+linear differential equation
+
+The output stream, modeling y, is generated by a network that contains a loop. This is because the
+value of d 2 y/dt 2 depends upon the values of y and dy/dt and both of these are determined by
+integrating d 2 y/dt 2 . The diagram we would like to encode is shown in figure 3.35. Write a procedure
+solve-2nd that takes as arguments the constants a, b, and dt and the initial values y 0 and dy 0 for y
+and dy/dt and generates the stream of successive values of y.
+Exercise 3.79. Generalize the solve-2nd procedure of exercise 3.78 so that it can be used to solve
+general second-order differential equations d 2 y/dt 2 = f(dy/dt, y).
+Exercise 3.80. A series RLC circuit consists of a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor connected in
+series, as shown in figure 3.36. If R, L, and C are the resistance, inductance, and capacitance, then the
+relations between voltage (v) and current (i) for the three components are described by the equations
+
+\fand the circuit connections dictate the relations
+
+Combining these equations shows that the state of the circuit (summarized by v C , the voltage across
+the capacitor, and i L , the current in the inductor) is described by the pair of differential equations
+
+The signal-flow diagram representing this system of differential equations is shown in figure 3.37.
+
+Figure 3.36: A series RLC circuit.
+Figure 3.36: A series RLC circuit.
+
+Figure 3.37: A signal-flow diagram for the solution to a series RLC circuit.
+Figure 3.37: A signal-flow diagram for the solution to a series RLC circuit.
+
+\fWrite a procedure RLC that takes as arguments the parameters R, L, and C of the circuit and the time
+increment dt. In a manner similar to that of the RC procedure of exercise 3.73, RLC should produce a
+procedure that takes the initial values of the state variables, v C 0 and i L 0 , and produces a pair (using
+cons) of the streams of states v C and i L . Using RLC, generate the pair of streams that models the
+behavior of a series RLC circuit with R = 1 ohm, C = 0.2 farad, L = 1 henry, dt = 0.1 second, and
+initial values i L 0 = 0 amps and v C 0 = 10 volts.
+
+Normal-order evaluation
+The examples in this section illustrate how the explicit use of delay and force provides great
+programming flexibility, but the same examples also show how this can make our programs more
+complex. Our new integral procedure, for instance, gives us the power to model systems with
+loops, but we must now remember that integral should be called with a delayed integrand, and
+every procedure that uses integral must be aware of this. In effect, we have created two classes of
+procedures: ordinary procedures and procedures that take delayed arguments. In general, creating
+separate classes of procedures forces us to create separate classes of higher-order procedures as
+well. 72
+One way to avoid the need for two different classes of procedures is to make all procedures take
+delayed arguments. We could adopt a model of evaluation in which all arguments to procedures are
+automatically delayed and arguments are forced only when they are actually needed (for example,
+when they are required by a primitive operation). This would transform our language to use
+normal-order evaluation, which we first described when we introduced the substitution model for
+evaluation in section 1.1.5. Converting to normal-order evaluation provides a uniform and elegant way
+to simplify the use of delayed evaluation, and this would be a natural strategy to adopt if we were
+concerned only with stream processing. In section 4.2, after we have studied the evaluator, we will see
+how to transform our language in just this way. Unfortunately, including delays in procedure calls
+wreaks havoc with our ability to design programs that depend on the order of events, such as programs
+that use assignment, mutate data, or perform input or output. Even the single delay in
+cons-stream can cause great confusion, as illustrated by exercises 3.51 and 3.52. As far as anyone
+knows, mutability and delayed evaluation do not mix well in programming languages, and devising
+ways to deal with both of these at once is an active area of research.
+
+3.5.5 Modularity of Functional Programs and Modularity of Objects
+As we saw in section 3.1.2, one of the major benefits of introducing assignment is that we can increase
+the modularity of our systems by encapsulating, or ‘‘hiding,’’ parts of the state of a large system
+within local variables. Stream models can provide an equivalent modularity without the use of
+assignment. As an illustration, we can reimplement the Monte Carlo estimation of , which we
+examined in section 3.1.2, from a stream-processing point of view.
+The key modularity issue was that we wished to hide the internal state of a random-number generator
+from programs that used random numbers. We began with a procedure rand-update, whose
+successive values furnished our supply of random numbers, and used this to produce a random-number
+generator:
+(define rand
+(let ((x random-init))
+(lambda ()
+(set! x (rand-update x))
+
+\fx)))
+In the stream formulation there is no random-number generator per se, just a stream of random
+numbers produced by successive calls to rand-update:
+(define random-numbers
+(cons-stream random-init
+(stream-map rand-update random-numbers)))
+We use this to construct the stream of outcomes of the Cesàro experiment performed on consecutive
+pairs in the random-numbers stream:
+(define cesaro-stream
+(map-successive-pairs (lambda (r1 r2) (= (gcd r1 r2) 1))
+random-numbers))
+(define (map-successive-pairs f s)
+(cons-stream
+(f (stream-car s) (stream-car (stream-cdr s)))
+(map-successive-pairs f (stream-cdr (stream-cdr s)))))
+The cesaro-stream is now fed to a monte-carlo procedure, which produces a stream of
+estimates of probabilities. The results are then converted into a stream of estimates of . This version
+of the program doesn’t need a parameter telling how many trials to perform. Better estimates of (from
+performing more experiments) are obtained by looking farther into the pi stream:
+(define (monte-carlo experiment-stream passed failed)
+(define (next passed failed)
+(cons-stream
+(/ passed (+ passed failed))
+(monte-carlo
+(stream-cdr experiment-stream) passed failed)))
+(if (stream-car experiment-stream)
+(next (+ passed 1) failed)
+(next passed (+ failed 1))))
+(define pi
+(stream-map (lambda (p) (sqrt (/ 6 p)))
+(monte-carlo cesaro-stream 0 0)))
+There is considerable modularity in this approach, because we still can formulate a general
+monte-carlo procedure that can deal with arbitrary experiments. Yet there is no assignment or
+local state.
+Exercise 3.81. Exercise 3.6 discussed generalizing the random-number generator to allow one to reset
+the random-number sequence so as to produce repeatable sequences of ‘‘random’’ numbers. Produce a
+stream formulation of this same generator that operates on an input stream of requests to generate a
+new random number or to reset the sequence to a specified value and that produces the desired
+stream of random numbers. Don’t use assignment in your solution.
+Exercise 3.82. Redo exercise 3.5 on Monte Carlo integration in terms of streams. The stream version
+of estimate-integral will not have an argument telling how many trials to perform. Instead, it
+will produce a stream of estimates based on successively more trials.
+
+\fA functional-programming view of time
+Let us now return to the issues of objects and state that were raised at the beginning of this chapter and
+examine them in a new light. We introduced assignment and mutable objects to provide a mechanism
+for modular construction of programs that model systems with state. We constructed computational
+objects with local state variables and used assignment to modify these variables. We modeled the
+temporal behavior of the objects in the world by the temporal behavior of the corresponding
+computational objects.
+Now we have seen that streams provide an alternative way to model objects with local state. We can
+model a changing quantity, such as the local state of some object, using a stream that represents the
+time history of successive states. In essence, we represent time explicitly, using streams, so that we
+decouple time in our simulated world from the sequence of events that take place during evaluation.
+Indeed, because of the presence of delay there may be little relation between simulated time in the
+model and the order of events during the evaluation.
+In order to contrast these two approaches to modeling, let us reconsider the implementation of a
+‘‘withdrawal processor’’ that monitors the balance in a bank account. In section 3.1.3 we implemented
+a simplified version of such a processor:
+(define (make-simplified-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance))
+Calls to make-simplified-withdraw produce computational objects, each with a local state
+variable balance that is decremented by successive calls to the object. The object takes an amount
+as an argument and returns the new balance. We can imagine the user of a bank account typing a
+sequence of inputs to such an object and observing the sequence of returned values shown on a display
+screen.
+Alternatively, we can model a withdrawal processor as a procedure that takes as input a balance and a
+stream of amounts to withdraw and produces the stream of successive balances in the account:
+(define (stream-withdraw balance amount-stream)
+(cons-stream
+balance
+(stream-withdraw (- balance (stream-car amount-stream))
+(stream-cdr amount-stream))))
+Stream-withdraw implements a well-defined mathematical function whose output is fully
+determined by its input. Suppose, however, that the input amount-stream is the stream of
+successive values typed by the user and that the resulting stream of balances is displayed. Then, from
+the perspective of the user who is typing values and watching results, the stream process has the same
+behavior as the object created by make-simplified-withdraw. However, with the stream
+version, there is no assignment, no local state variable, and consequently none of the theoretical
+difficulties that we encountered in section 3.1.3. Yet the system has state!
+This is really remarkable. Even though stream-withdraw implements a well-defined
+mathematical function whose behavior does not change, the user’s perception here is one of interacting
+with a system that has a changing state. One way to resolve this paradox is to realize that it is the
+user’s temporal existence that imposes state on the system. If the user could step back from the
+
+\finteraction and think in terms of streams of balances rather than individual transactions, the system
+would appear stateless. 73
+From the point of view of one part of a complex process, the other parts appear to change with time.
+They have hidden time-varying local state. If we wish to write programs that model this kind of natural
+decomposition in our world (as we see it from our viewpoint as a part of that world) with structures in
+our computer, we make computational objects that are not functional -- they must change with time.
+We model state with local state variables, and we model the changes of state with assignments to those
+variables. By doing this we make the time of execution of a computation model time in the world that
+we are part of, and thus we get ‘‘objects’’ in our computer.
+Modeling with objects is powerful and intuitive, largely because this matches the perception of
+interacting with a world of which we are part. However, as we’ve seen repeatedly throughout this
+chapter, these models raise thorny problems of constraining the order of events and of synchronizing
+multiple processes. The possibility of avoiding these problems has stimulated the development of
+functional programming languages, which do not include any provision for assignment or mutable
+data. In such a language, all procedures implement well-defined mathematical functions of their
+arguments, whose behavior does not change. The functional approach is extremely attractive for
+dealing with concurrent systems. 74
+On the other hand, if we look closely, we can see time-related problems creeping into functional
+models as well. One particularly troublesome area arises when we wish to design interactive systems,
+especially ones that model interactions between independent entities. For instance, consider once more
+the implementation a banking system that permits joint bank accounts. In a conventional system using
+assignment and objects, we would model the fact that Peter and Paul share an account by having both
+Peter and Paul send their transaction requests to the same bank-account object, as we saw in
+section 3.1.3. From the stream point of view, where there are no ‘‘objects’’ per se, we have already
+indicated that a bank account can be modeled as a process that operates on a stream of transaction
+requests to produce a stream of responses. Accordingly, we could model the fact that Peter and Paul
+have a joint bank account by merging Peter’s stream of transaction requests with Paul’s stream of
+requests and feeding the result to the bank-account stream process, as shown in figure 3.38.
+
+Figure 3.38: A joint bank account, modeled by merging two streams of transaction requests.
+Figure 3.38: A joint bank account, modeled by merging two streams of transaction requests.
+The trouble with this formulation is in the notion of merge. It will not do to merge the two streams by
+simply taking alternately one request from Peter and one request from Paul. Suppose Paul accesses the
+account only very rarely. We could hardly force Peter to wait for Paul to access the account before he
+could issue a second transaction. However such a merge is implemented, it must interleave the two
+transaction streams in some way that is constrained by ‘‘real time’’ as perceived by Peter and Paul, in
+the sense that, if Peter and Paul meet, they can agree that certain transactions were processed before
+the meeting, and other transactions were processed after the meeting. 75 This is precisely the same
+constraint that we had to deal with in section 3.4.1, where we found the need to introduce explicit
+synchronization to ensure a ‘‘correct’’ order of events in concurrent processing of objects with state.
+Thus, in an attempt to support the functional style, the need to merge inputs from different agents
+
+\freintroduces the same problems that the functional style was meant to eliminate.
+We began this chapter with the goal of building computational models whose structure matches our
+perception of the real world we are trying to model. We can model the world as a collection of
+separate, time-bound, interacting objects with state, or we can model the world as a single, timeless,
+stateless unity. Each view has powerful advantages, but neither view alone is completely satisfactory.
+A grand unification has yet to emerge. 76
+52 Physicists sometimes adopt this view by introducing the ‘‘world lines’’ of particles as a device for
+
+reasoning about motion. We’ve also already mentioned (section 2.2.3) that this is the natural way to
+think about signal-processing systems. We will explore applications of streams to signal processing in
+section 3.5.3.
+53 Assume that we have a predicate prime? (e.g., as in section 1.2.6) that tests for primality.
+54 In the MIT implementation, the-empty-stream is the same as the empty list ’(), and
+
+stream-null? is the same as null?.
+55 This should bother you. The fact that we are defining such similar procedures for streams and lists
+
+indicates that we are missing some underlying abstraction. Unfortunately, in order to exploit this
+abstraction, we will need to exert finer control over the process of evaluation than we can at present.
+We will discuss this point further at the end of section 3.5.4. In section 4.2, we’ll develop a framework
+that unifies lists and streams.
+56 Although stream-car and stream-cdr can be defined as procedures, cons-stream must
+
+be a special form. If cons-stream were a procedure, then, according to our model of evaluation,
+evaluating (cons-stream <a> <b>) would automatically cause <b> to be evaluated, which is
+precisely what we do not want to happen. For the same reason, delay must be a special form, though
+force can be an ordinary procedure.
+57 The numbers shown here do not really appear in the delayed expression. What actually appears is
+
+the original expression, in an environment in which the variables are bound to the appropriate
+numbers. For example, (+ low 1) with low bound to 10,000 actually appears where 10001 is
+shown.
+58 There are many possible implementations of streams other than the one described in this section.
+
+Delayed evaluation, which is the key to making streams practical, was inherent in Algol 60’s
+call-by-name parameter-passing method. The use of this mechanism to implement streams was first
+described by Landin (1965). Delayed evaluation for streams was introduced into Lisp by Friedman and
+Wise (1976). In their implementation, cons always delays evaluating its arguments, so that lists
+automatically behave as streams. The memoizing optimization is also known as call-by-need. The
+Algol community would refer to our original delayed objects as call-by-name thunks and to the
+optimized versions as call-by-need thunks.
+59 Exercises such as 3.51 and 3.52 are valuable for testing our understanding of how delay works.
+
+On the other hand, intermixing delayed evaluation with printing -- and, even worse, with assignment -is extremely confusing, and instructors of courses on computer languages have traditionally tormented
+their students with examination questions such as the ones in this section. Needless to say, writing
+programs that depend on such subtleties is odious programming style. Part of the power of stream
+processing is that it lets us ignore the order in which events actually happen in our programs.
+Unfortunately, this is precisely what we cannot afford to do in the presence of assignment, which
+
+\fforces us to be concerned with time and change.
+60 Eratosthenes, a third-century B.C. Alexandrian Greek philosopher, is famous for giving the first
+
+accurate estimate of the circumference of the Earth, which he computed by observing shadows cast at
+noon on the day of the summer solstice. Eratosthenes’s sieve method, although ancient, has formed the
+basis for special-purpose hardware ‘‘sieves’’ that, until recently, were the most powerful tools in
+existence for locating large primes. Since the 70s, however, these methods have been superseded by
+outgrowths of the probabilistic techniques discussed in section 1.2.6.
+61 We have named these figures after Peter Henderson, who was the first person to show us diagrams
+
+of this sort as a way of thinking about stream processing. Each solid line represents a stream of values
+being transmitted. The dashed line from the car to the cons and the filter indicates that this is a
+single value rather than a stream.
+62 This uses the generalized version of stream-map from exercise 3.50.
+63 This last point is very subtle and relies on the fact that p
+2
+n+1 < p n . (Here, p k denotes the kth
+
+prime.) Estimates such as these are very difficult to establish. The ancient proof by Euclid that there
+are an infinite number of primes shows that p n+1 < p 1 p 2 ··· p n + 1, and no substantially better
+result was proved until 1851, when the Russian mathematician P. L. Chebyshev established that p n+1 <
+2p n for all n. This result, originally conjectured in 1845, is known as Bertrand’s hypothesis. A proof
+can be found in section 22.3 of Hardy and Wright 1960.
+64 This exercise shows how call-by-need is closely related to ordinary memoization as described in
+
+exercise 3.27. In that exercise, we used assignment to explicitly construct a local table. Our
+call-by-need stream optimization effectively constructs such a table automatically, storing values in
+the previously forced parts of the stream.
+65 We can’t use let to bind the local variable guesses, because the value of guesses depends on
+
+guesses itself. Exercise 3.63 addresses why we want a local variable here.
+66 As in section 2.2.3, we represent a pair of integers as a list rather than a Lisp pair.
+67 See exercise 3.68 for some insight into why we chose this decomposition.
+68 The precise statement of the required property on the order of combination is as follows: There
+
+should be a function f of two arguments such that the pair corresponding to element i of the first
+stream and element j of the second stream will appear as element number f(i,j) of the output stream.
+The trick of using interleave to accomplish this was shown to us by David Turner, who employed
+it in the language KRC (Turner 1981).
+69 We will require that the weighting function be such that the weight of a pair increases as we move
+
+out along a row or down along a column of the array of pairs.
+70 To quote from G. H. Hardy’s obituary of Ramanujan (Hardy 1921): ‘‘It was Mr. Littlewood (I
+
+believe) who remarked that ‘every positive integer was one of his friends.’ I remember once going to
+see him when he was lying ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi-cab No. 1729, and remarked that the
+number seemed to me a rather dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen. ‘No,’ he
+replied, ‘it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes
+in two different ways.’ ’’ The trick of using weighted pairs to generate the Ramanujan numbers was
+shown to us by Charles Leiserson.
+
+\f71 This procedure is not guaranteed to work in all Scheme implementations, although for any
+
+implementation there is a simple variation that will work. The problem has to do with subtle
+differences in the ways that Scheme implementations handle internal definitions. (See section 4.1.6.)
+72 This is a small reflection, in Lisp, of the difficulties that conventional strongly typed languages
+
+such as Pascal have in coping with higher-order procedures. In such languages, the programmer must
+specify the data types of the arguments and the result of each procedure: number, logical value,
+sequence, and so on. Consequently, we could not express an abstraction such as ‘‘map a given
+procedure proc over all the elements in a sequence’’ by a single higher-order procedure such as
+stream-map. Rather, we would need a different mapping procedure for each different combination
+of argument and result data types that might be specified for a proc. Maintaining a practical notion of
+‘‘data type’’ in the presence of higher-order procedures raises many difficult issues. One way of
+dealing with this problem is illustrated by the language ML (Gordon, Milner, and Wadsworth 1979),
+whose ‘‘polymorphic data types’’ include templates for higher-order transformations between data
+types. Moreover, data types for most procedures in ML are never explicitly declared by the
+programmer. Instead, ML includes a type-inferencing mechanism that uses information in the
+environment to deduce the data types for newly defined procedures.
+73 Similarly in physics, when we observe a moving particle, we say that the position (state) of the
+
+particle is changing. However, from the perspective of the particle’s world line in space-time there is
+no change involved.
+74 John Backus, the inventor of Fortran, gave high visibility to functional programming when he was
+
+awarded the ACM Turing award in 1978. His acceptance speech (Backus 1978) strongly advocated the
+functional approach. A good overview of functional programming is given in Henderson 1980 and in
+Darlington, Henderson, and Turner 1982.
+75 Observe that, for any two streams, there is in general more than one acceptable order of
+
+interleaving. Thus, technically, ‘‘merge’’ is a relation rather than a function -- the answer is not a
+deterministic function of the inputs. We already mentioned (footnote 39) that nondeterminism is
+essential when dealing with concurrency. The merge relation illustrates the same essential
+nondeterminism, from the functional perspective. In section 4.3, we will look at nondeterminism from
+yet another point of view.
+76 The object model approximates the world by dividing it into separate pieces. The functional model
+
+does not modularize along object boundaries. The object model is useful when the unshared state of
+the ‘‘objects’’ is much larger than the state that they share. An example of a place where the object
+viewpoint fails is quantum mechanics, where thinking of things as individual particles leads to
+paradoxes and confusions. Unifying the object view with the functional view may have little to do
+with programming, but rather with fundamental epistemological issues.
+
+
+\f
+
+Chapter 4
+Metalinguistic Abstraction
+... It’s in words that the magic is -- Abracadabra, Open
+Sesame, and the rest -- but the magic words in one story
+aren’t magical in the next. The real magic is to understand
+which words work, and when, and for what; the trick is to
+learn the trick.
+... And those words are made from the letters of our
+alphabet: a couple-dozen squiggles we can draw with the
+pen. This is the key! And the treasure, too, if we can only
+get our hands on it! It’s as if -- as if the key to the treasure
+is the treasure!
+John Barth, Chimera
+In our study of program design, we have seen that expert programmers control the complexity of their
+designs with the same general techniques used by designers of all complex systems. They combine
+primitive elements to form compound objects, they abstract compound objects to form higher-level
+building blocks, and they preserve modularity by adopting appropriate large-scale views of system
+structure. In illustrating these techniques, we have used Lisp as a language for describing processes
+and for constructing computational data objects and processes to model complex phenomena in the
+real world. However, as we confront increasingly complex problems, we will find that Lisp, or indeed
+any fixed programming language, is not sufficient for our needs. We must constantly turn to new
+languages in order to express our ideas more effectively. Establishing new languages is a powerful
+strategy for controlling complexity in engineering design; we can often enhance our ability to deal
+with a complex problem by adopting a new language that enables us to describe (and hence to think
+about) the problem in a different way, using primitives, means of combination, and means of
+abstraction that are particularly well suited to the problem at hand. 1
+Programming is endowed with a multitude of languages. There are physical languages, such as the
+machine languages for particular computers. These languages are concerned with the representation of
+data and control in terms of individual bits of storage and primitive machine instructions. The
+machine-language programmer is concerned with using the given hardware to erect systems and
+utilities for the efficient implementation of resource-limited computations. High-level languages,
+erected on a machine-language substrate, hide concerns about the representation of data as collections
+of bits and the representation of programs as sequences of primitive instructions. These languages
+have means of combination and abstraction, such as procedure definition, that are appropriate to the
+larger-scale organization of systems.
+Metalinguistic abstraction -- establishing new languages -- plays an important role in all branches of
+engineering design. It is particularly important to computer programming, because in programming not
+only can we formulate new languages but we can also implement these languages by constructing
+evaluators. An evaluator (or interpreter) for a programming language is a procedure that, when
+applied to an expression of the language, performs the actions required to evaluate that expression.
+
+\fIt is no exaggeration to regard this as the most fundamental idea in programming:
+The evaluator, which determines the meaning of expressions in a programming language, is just
+another program.
+To appreciate this point is to change our images of ourselves as programmers. We come to see
+ourselves as designers of languages, rather than only users of languages designed by others.
+In fact, we can regard almost any program as the evaluator for some language. For instance, the
+polynomial manipulation system of section 2.5.3 embodies the rules of polynomial arithmetic and
+implements them in terms of operations on list-structured data. If we augment this system with
+procedures to read and print polynomial expressions, we have the core of a special-purpose language
+for dealing with problems in symbolic mathematics. The digital-logic simulator of section 3.3.4 and
+the constraint propagator of section 3.3.5 are legitimate languages in their own right, each with its own
+primitives, means of combination, and means of abstraction. Seen from this perspective, the
+technology for coping with large-scale computer systems merges with the technology for building new
+computer languages, and computer science itself becomes no more (and no less) than the discipline of
+constructing appropriate descriptive languages.
+We now embark on a tour of the technology by which languages are established in terms of other
+languages. In this chapter we shall use Lisp as a base, implementing evaluators as Lisp procedures.
+Lisp is particularly well suited to this task, because of its ability to represent and manipulate symbolic
+expressions. We will take the first step in understanding how languages are implemented by building
+an evaluator for Lisp itself. The language implemented by our evaluator will be a subset of the Scheme
+dialect of Lisp that we use in this book. Although the evaluator described in this chapter is written for
+a particular dialect of Lisp, it contains the essential structure of an evaluator for any
+expression-oriented language designed for writing programs for a sequential machine. (In fact, most
+language processors contain, deep within them, a little ‘‘Lisp’’ evaluator.) The evaluator has been
+simplified for the purposes of illustration and discussion, and some features have been left out that
+would be important to include in a production-quality Lisp system. Nevertheless, this simple evaluator
+is adequate to execute most of the programs in this book. 2
+An important advantage of making the evaluator accessible as a Lisp program is that we can
+implement alternative evaluation rules by describing these as modifications to the evaluator program.
+One place where we can use this power to good effect is to gain extra control over the ways in which
+computational models embody the notion of time, which was so central to the discussion in chapter 3.
+There, we mitigated some of the complexities of state and assignment by using streams to decouple the
+representation of time in the world from time in the computer. Our stream programs, however, were
+sometimes cumbersome, because they were constrained by the applicative-order evaluation of
+Scheme. In section 4.2, we’ll change the underlying language to provide for a more elegant approach,
+by modifying the evaluator to provide for normal-order evaluation.
+Section 4.3 implements a more ambitious linguistic change, whereby expressions have many values,
+rather than just a single value. In this language of nondeterministic computing, it is natural to express
+processes that generate all possible values for expressions and then search for those values that satisfy
+certain constraints. In terms of models of computation and time, this is like having time branch into a
+set of ‘‘possible futures’’ and then searching for appropriate time lines. With our nondeterministic
+evaluator, keeping track of multiple values and performing searches are handled automatically by the
+underlying mechanism of the language.
+
+\fIn section 4.4 we implement a logic-programming language in which knowledge is expressed in terms
+of relations, rather than in terms of computations with inputs and outputs. Even though this makes the
+language drastically different from Lisp, or indeed from any conventional language, we will see that
+the logic-programming evaluator shares the essential structure of the Lisp evaluator.
+1 The same idea is pervasive throughout all of engineering. For example, electrical engineers use
+
+many different languages for describing circuits. Two of these are the language of electrical networks
+and the language of electrical systems. The network language emphasizes the physical modeling of
+devices in terms of discrete electrical elements. The primitive objects of the network language are
+primitive electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transistors, which are
+characterized in terms of physical variables called voltage and current. When describing circuits in the
+network language, the engineer is concerned with the physical characteristics of a design. In contrast,
+the primitive objects of the system language are signal-processing modules such as filters and
+amplifiers. Only the functional behavior of the modules is relevant, and signals are manipulated
+without concern for their physical realization as voltages and currents. The system language is erected
+on the network language, in the sense that the elements of signal-processing systems are constructed
+from electrical networks. Here, however, the concerns are with the large-scale organization of
+electrical devices to solve a given application problem; the physical feasibility of the parts is assumed.
+This layered collection of languages is another example of the stratified design technique illustrated by
+the picture language of section 2.2.4.
+2 The most important features that our evaluator leaves out are mechanisms for handling errors and
+
+supporting debugging. For a more extensive discussion of evaluators, see Friedman, Wand, and
+Haynes 1992, which gives an exposition of programming languages that proceeds via a sequence of
+evaluators written in Scheme.
+
+
+\f
+
+4.1 The Metacircular Evaluator
+Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program. It may seem circular to think about
+evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp. However, evaluation is
+a process, so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp, which, after all, is our tool
+for describing processes. 3 An evaluator that is written in the same language that it evaluates is said to
+be metacircular.
+The metacircular evaluator is essentially a Scheme formulation of the environment model of
+evaluation described in section 3.2. Recall that the model has two basic parts:
+1. To evaluate a combination (a compound expression other than a special form), evaluate the
+subexpressions and then apply the value of the operator subexpression to the values of the
+operand subexpressions.
+2. To apply a compound procedure to a set of arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure in a
+new environment. To construct this environment, extend the environment part of the procedure
+object by a frame in which the formal parameters of the procedure are bound to the arguments to
+which the procedure is applied.
+These two rules describe the essence of the evaluation process, a basic cycle in which expressions to
+be evaluated in environments are reduced to procedures to be applied to arguments, which in turn are
+reduced to new expressions to be evaluated in new environments, and so on, until we get down to
+symbols, whose values are looked up in the environment, and to primitive procedures, which are
+applied directly (see figure 4.1). 4 This evaluation cycle will be embodied by the interplay between the
+two critical procedures in the evaluator, eval and apply, which are described in section 4.1.1 (see
+figure 4.1).
+The implementation of the evaluator will depend upon procedures that define the syntax of the
+expressions to be evaluated. We will use data abstraction to make the evaluator independent of the
+representation of the language. For example, rather than committing to a choice that an assignment is
+to be represented by a list beginning with the symbol set! we use an abstract predicate
+assignment? to test for an assignment, and we use abstract selectors assignment-variable
+and assignment-value to access the parts of an assignment. Implementation of expressions will
+be described in detail in section 4.1.2. There are also operations, described in section 4.1.3, that
+specify the representation of procedures and environments. For example, make-procedure
+constructs compound procedures, lookup-variable-value accesses the values of variables, and
+apply-primitive-procedure applies a primitive procedure to a given list of arguments.
+
+4.1.1 The Core of the Evaluator
+
+\fFigure 4.1: The eval-apply cycle exposes the essence of a computer language.
+Figure 4.1: The eval-apply cycle exposes the essence of a computer language.
+The evaluation process can be described as the interplay between two procedures: eval and apply.
+
+Eval
+Eval takes as arguments an expression and an environment. It classifies the expression and directs its
+evaluation. Eval is structured as a case analysis of the syntactic type of the expression to be
+evaluated. In order to keep the procedure general, we express the determination of the type of an
+expression abstractly, making no commitment to any particular representation for the various types of
+expressions. Each type of expression has a predicate that tests for it and an abstract means for selecting
+its parts. This abstract syntax makes it easy to see how we can change the syntax of the language by
+using the same evaluator, but with a different collection of syntax procedures.
+
+Primitive expressions
+For self-evaluating expressions, such as numbers, eval returns the expression itself.
+Eval must look up variables in the environment to find their values.
+
+Special forms
+For quoted expressions, eval returns the expression that was quoted.
+An assignment to (or a definition of) a variable must recursively call eval to compute the new
+value to be associated with the variable. The environment must be modified to change (or create)
+the binding of the variable.
+An if expression requires special processing of its parts, so as to evaluate the consequent if the
+predicate is true, and otherwise to evaluate the alternative.
+A lambda expression must be transformed into an applicable procedure by packaging together
+the parameters and body specified by the lambda expression with the environment of the
+evaluation.
+A begin expression requires evaluating its sequence of expressions in the order in which they
+appear.
+
+\fA case analysis (cond) is transformed into a nest of if expressions and then evaluated.
+
+Combinations
+For a procedure application, eval must recursively evaluate the operator part and the operands
+of the combination. The resulting procedure and arguments are passed to apply, which handles
+the actual procedure application.
+Here is the definition of eval:
+(define (eval exp env)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
+((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
+((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
+((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
+((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
+((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
+((lambda? exp)
+(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
+(lambda-body exp)
+env))
+((begin? exp)
+(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
+((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
+((application? exp)
+(apply (eval (operator exp) env)
+(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp))))
+For clarity, eval has been implemented as a case analysis using cond. The disadvantage of this is
+that our procedure handles only a few distinguishable types of expressions, and no new ones can be
+defined without editing the definition of eval. In most Lisp implementations, dispatching on the type
+of an expression is done in a data-directed style. This allows a user to add new types of expressions
+that eval can distinguish, without modifying the definition of eval itself. (See exercise 4.3.)
+
+Apply
+Apply takes two arguments, a procedure and a list of arguments to which the procedure should be
+applied. Apply classifies procedures into two kinds: It calls apply-primitive-procedure to
+apply primitives; it applies compound procedures by sequentially evaluating the expressions that make
+up the body of the procedure. The environment for the evaluation of the body of a compound
+procedure is constructed by extending the base environment carried by the procedure to include a
+frame that binds the parameters of the procedure to the arguments to which the procedure is to be
+applied. Here is the definition of apply:
+(define (apply procedure arguments)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
+(apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
+((compound-procedure? procedure)
+(eval-sequence
+
+\f(procedure-body procedure)
+(extend-environment
+(procedure-parameters procedure)
+arguments
+(procedure-environment procedure))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
+
+Procedure arguments
+When eval processes a procedure application, it uses list-of-values to produce the list of
+arguments to which the procedure is to be applied. List-of-values takes as an argument the
+operands of the combination. It evaluates each operand and returns a list of the corresponding values: 5
+(define (list-of-values exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))
+
+Conditionals
+Eval-if evaluates the predicate part of an if expression in the given environment. If the result is
+true, eval-if evaluates the consequent, otherwise it evaluates the alternative:
+(define (eval-if exp env)
+(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
+(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
+(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
+The use of true? in eval-if highlights the issue of the connection between an implemented
+language and an implementation language. The if-predicate is evaluated in the language being
+implemented and thus yields a value in that language. The interpreter predicate true? translates that
+value into a value that can be tested by the if in the implementation language: The metacircular
+representation of truth might not be the same as that of the underlying Scheme. 6
+
+Sequences
+Eval-sequence is used by apply to evaluate the sequence of expressions in a procedure body and
+by eval to evaluate the sequence of expressions in a begin expression. It takes as arguments a
+sequence of expressions and an environment, and evaluates the expressions in the order in which they
+occur. The value returned is the value of the final expression.
+(define (eval-sequence exps env)
+(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
+(else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
+(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
+
+\fAssignments and definitions
+The following procedure handles assignments to variables. It calls eval to find the value to be
+assigned and transmits the variable and the resulting value to set-variable-value! to be
+installed in the designated environment.
+(define (eval-assignment exp env)
+(set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
+(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
+env)
+’ok)
+Definitions of variables are handled in a similar manner. 7
+(define (eval-definition exp env)
+(define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
+(eval (definition-value exp) env)
+env)
+’ok)
+We have chosen here to return the symbol ok as the value of an assignment or a definition. 8
+Exercise 4.1. Notice that we cannot tell whether the metacircular evaluator evaluates operands from
+left to right or from right to left. Its evaluation order is inherited from the underlying Lisp: If the
+arguments to cons in list-of-values are evaluated from left to right, then list-of-values
+will evaluate operands from left to right; and if the arguments to cons are evaluated from right to left,
+then list-of-values will evaluate operands from right to left.
+Write a version of list-of-values that evaluates operands from left to right regardless of the
+order of evaluation in the underlying Lisp. Also write a version of list-of-values that evaluates
+operands from right to left.
+
+4.1.2 Representing Expressions
+The evaluator is reminiscent of the symbolic differentiation program discussed in section 2.3.2. Both
+programs operate on symbolic expressions. In both programs, the result of operating on a compound
+expression is determined by operating recursively on the pieces of the expression and combining the
+results in a way that depends on the type of the expression. In both programs we used data abstraction
+to decouple the general rules of operation from the details of how expressions are represented. In the
+differentiation program this meant that the same differentiation procedure could deal with algebraic
+expressions in prefix form, in infix form, or in some other form. For the evaluator, this means that the
+syntax of the language being evaluated is determined solely by the procedures that classify and extract
+pieces of expressions.
+Here is the specification of the syntax of our language:
+¤ The only self-evaluating items are numbers and strings:
+(define (self-evaluating? exp)
+(cond ((number? exp) true)
+((string? exp) true)
+(else false)))
+
+\f¤ Variables are represented by symbols:
+(define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp))
+¤ Quotations have the form (quote <text-of-quotation>): 9
+(define (quoted? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’quote))
+(define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp))
+Quoted? is defined in terms of the procedure tagged-list?, which identifies lists beginning with
+a designated symbol:
+(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(eq? (car exp) tag)
+false))
+¤ Assignments have the form (set! <var> <value>):
+(define (assignment? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’set!))
+(define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp))
+¤ Definitions have the form
+(define <var> <value>)
+or the form
+(define (<var> <parameter 1 > ... <parameter n >)
+<body>)
+The latter form (standard procedure definition) is syntactic sugar for
+(define <var>
+(lambda (<parameter 1 > ... <parameter n >)
+<body>))
+The corresponding syntax procedures are the following:
+(define (definition? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’define))
+(define (definition-variable exp)
+(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
+(cadr exp)
+(caadr exp)))
+(define (definition-value exp)
+(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
+(caddr exp)
+(make-lambda (cdadr exp)
+; formal parameters
+(cddr exp)))) ; body
+
+\f¤ Lambda expressions are lists that begin with the symbol lambda:
+(define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’lambda))
+(define (lambda-parameters exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (lambda-body exp) (cddr exp))
+We also provide a constructor for lambda expressions, which is used by definition-value,
+above:
+(define (make-lambda parameters body)
+(cons ’lambda (cons parameters body)))
+¤ Conditionals begin with if and have a predicate, a consequent, and an (optional) alternative. If the
+expression has no alternative part, we provide false as the alternative. 10
+(define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’if))
+(define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp))
+(define (if-alternative exp)
+(if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))
+(cadddr exp)
+’false))
+We also provide a constructor for if expressions, to be used by cond->if to transform cond
+expressions into if expressions:
+(define (make-if predicate consequent alternative)
+(list ’if predicate consequent alternative))
+¤ Begin packages a sequence of expressions into a single expression. We include syntax operations
+on begin expressions to extract the actual sequence from the begin expression, as well as selectors
+that return the first expression and the rest of the expressions in the sequence. 11
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’begin))
+(begin-actions exp) (cdr exp))
+(last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq)))
+(first-exp seq) (car seq))
+(rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))
+
+We also include a constructor sequence->exp (for use by cond->if) that transforms a sequence
+into a single expression, using begin if necessary:
+(define (sequence->exp seq)
+(cond ((null? seq) seq)
+((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
+(else (make-begin seq))))
+(define (make-begin seq) (cons ’begin seq))
+¤ A procedure application is any compound expression that is not one of the above expression types.
+The car of the expression is the operator, and the cdr is the list of operands:
+
+\f(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(application? exp) (pair? exp))
+(operator exp) (car exp))
+(operands exp) (cdr exp))
+(no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
+(first-operand ops) (car ops))
+(rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
+
+Derived expressions
+Some special forms in our language can be defined in terms of expressions involving other special
+forms, rather than being implemented directly. One example is cond, which can be implemented as a
+nest of if expressions. For example, we can reduce the problem of evaluating the expression
+(cond ((> x 0) x)
+((= x 0) (display ’zero) 0)
+(else (- x)))
+to the problem of evaluating the following expression involving if and begin expressions:
+(if (> x 0)
+x
+(if (= x 0)
+(begin (display ’zero)
+0)
+(- x)))
+Implementing the evaluation of cond in this way simplifies the evaluator because it reduces the
+number of special forms for which the evaluation process must be explicitly specified.
+We include syntax procedures that extract the parts of a cond expression, and a procedure
+cond->if that transforms cond expressions into if expressions. A case analysis begins with cond
+and has a list of predicate-action clauses. A clause is an else clause if its predicate is the symbol
+else. 12
+(define (cond? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’cond))
+(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
+(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
+(eq? (cond-predicate clause) ’else))
+(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))
+(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))
+(define (cond->if exp)
+(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
+(define (expand-clauses clauses)
+(if (null? clauses)
+’false
+; no else clause
+(let ((first (car clauses))
+(rest (cdr clauses)))
+(if (cond-else-clause? first)
+(if (null? rest)
+(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
+(error "ELSE clause isn’t last -- COND->IF"
+clauses))
+
+\f(make-if (cond-predicate first)
+(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
+(expand-clauses rest))))))
+Expressions (such as cond) that we choose to implement as syntactic transformations are called
+derived expressions. Let expressions are also derived expressions (see exercise 4.6). 13
+Exercise 4.2. Louis Reasoner plans to reorder the cond clauses in eval so that the clause for
+procedure applications appears before the clause for assignments. He argues that this will make the
+interpreter more efficient: Since programs usually contain more applications than assignments,
+definitions, and so on, his modified eval will usually check fewer clauses than the original eval
+before identifying the type of an expression.
+a. What is wrong with Louis’s plan? (Hint: What will Louis’s evaluator do with the expression
+(define x 3)?)
+b. Louis is upset that his plan didn’t work. He is willing to go to any lengths to make his evaluator
+recognize procedure applications before it checks for most other kinds of expressions. Help him by
+changing the syntax of the evaluated language so that procedure applications start with call. For
+example, instead of (factorial 3) we will now have to write (call factorial 3) and
+instead of (+ 1 2) we will have to write (call + 1 2).
+Exercise 4.3. Rewrite eval so that the dispatch is done in data-directed style. Compare this with the
+data-directed differentiation procedure of exercise 2.73. (You may use the car of a compound
+expression as the type of the expression, as is appropriate for the syntax implemented in this section.) .
+Exercise 4.4. Recall the definitions of the special forms and and or from chapter 1:
+and: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates to false, false is
+returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all the expressions evaluate to true
+values, the value of the last expression is returned. If there are no expressions then true is
+returned.
+or: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates to a true value,
+that value is returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all expressions evaluate to
+false, or if there are no expressions, then false is returned.
+Install and and or as new special forms for the evaluator by defining appropriate syntax procedures
+and evaluation procedures eval-and and eval-or. Alternatively, show how to implement and
+and or as derived expressions.
+Exercise 4.5. Scheme allows an additional syntax for cond clauses, (<test> =>
+<recipient>). If <test> evaluates to a true value, then <recipient> is evaluated. Its value must be a
+procedure of one argument; this procedure is then invoked on the value of the <test>, and the result is
+returned as the value of the cond expression. For example
+(cond ((assoc ’b ’((a 1) (b 2))) => cadr)
+(else false))
+returns 2. Modify the handling of cond so that it supports this extended syntax.
+
+\fExercise 4.6. Let expressions are derived expressions, because
+(let ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >) ... (<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+is equivalent to
+((lambda (<var 1 > ... <var n >)
+<body>)
+<exp 1 >
+<exp n >)
+Implement a syntactic transformation let->combination that reduces evaluating let expressions
+to evaluating combinations of the type shown above, and add the appropriate clause to eval to handle
+let expressions.
+Exercise 4.7. Let* is similar to let, except that the bindings of the let variables are performed
+sequentially from left to right, and each binding is made in an environment in which all of the
+preceding bindings are visible. For example
+(let* ((x 3)
+(y (+ x 2))
+(z (+ x y 5)))
+(* x z))
+returns 39. Explain how a let* expression can be rewritten as a set of nested let expressions, and
+write a procedure let*->nested-lets that performs this transformation. If we have already
+implemented let (exercise 4.6) and we want to extend the evaluator to handle let*, is it sufficient
+to add a clause to eval whose action is
+(eval (let*->nested-lets exp) env)
+or must we explicitly expand let* in terms of non-derived expressions?
+Exercise 4.8. ‘‘Named let’’ is a variant of let that has the form
+(let <var> <bindings> <body>)
+The <bindings> and <body> are just as in ordinary let, except that <var> is bound within <body> to
+a procedure whose body is <body> and whose parameters are the variables in the <bindings>. Thus,
+one can repeatedly execute the <body> by invoking the procedure named <var>. For example, the
+iterative Fibonacci procedure (section 1.2.2) can be rewritten using named let as follows:
+(define (fib n)
+(let fib-iter ((a 1)
+(b 0)
+(count n))
+(if (= count 0)
+b
+(fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1)))))
+
+\fModify let->combination of exercise 4.6 to also support named let.
+Exercise 4.9. Many languages support a variety of iteration constructs, such as do, for, while, and
+until. In Scheme, iterative processes can be expressed in terms of ordinary procedure calls, so
+special iteration constructs provide no essential gain in computational power. On the other hand, such
+constructs are often convenient. Design some iteration constructs, give examples of their use, and
+show how to implement them as derived expressions.
+Exercise 4.10. By using data abstraction, we were able to write an eval procedure that is
+independent of the particular syntax of the language to be evaluated. To illustrate this, design and
+implement a new syntax for Scheme by modifying the procedures in this section, without changing
+eval or apply.
+
+4.1.3 Evaluator Data Structures
+In addition to defining the external syntax of expressions, the evaluator implementation must also
+define the data structures that the evaluator manipulates internally, as part of the execution of a
+program, such as the representation of procedures and environments and the representation of true and
+false.
+
+Testing of predicates
+For conditionals, we accept anything to be true that is not the explicit false object.
+(define (true? x)
+(not (eq? x false)))
+(define (false? x)
+(eq? x false))
+
+Representing procedures
+To handle primitives, we assume that we have available the following procedures:
+(apply-primitive-procedure <proc> <args>)
+applies the given primitive procedure to the argument values in the list <args> and returns the
+result of the application.
+(primitive-procedure? <proc>)
+tests whether <proc> is a primitive procedure.
+These mechanisms for handling primitives are further described in section 4.1.4.
+Compound procedures are constructed from parameters, procedure bodies, and environments using the
+constructor make-procedure:
+(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
+(list ’procedure parameters body env))
+(define (compound-procedure? p)
+(tagged-list? p ’procedure))
+(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
+(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
+(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))
+
+\fOperations on Environments
+The evaluator needs operations for manipulating environments. As explained in section 3.2, an
+environment is a sequence of frames, where each frame is a table of bindings that associate variables
+with their corresponding values. We use the following operations for manipulating environments:
+(lookup-variable-value <var> <env>)
+returns the value that is bound to the symbol <var> in the environment <env>, or signals an error
+if the variable is unbound.
+(extend-environment <variables> <values> <base-env>)
+returns a new environment, consisting of a new frame in which the symbols in the list
+<variables> are bound to the corresponding elements in the list <values>, where the enclosing
+environment is the environment <base-env>.
+(define-variable! <var> <value> <env>)
+adds to the first frame in the environment <env> a new binding that associates the variable <var>
+with the value <value>.
+(set-variable-value! <var> <value> <env>)
+changes the binding of the variable <var> in the environment <env> so that the variable is now
+bound to the value <value>, or signals an error if the variable is unbound.
+To implement these operations we represent an environment as a list of frames. The enclosing
+environment of an environment is the cdr of the list. The empty environment is simply the empty list.
+(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
+(define (first-frame env) (car env))
+(define the-empty-environment ’())
+Each frame of an environment is represented as a pair of lists: a list of the variables bound in that
+frame and a list of the associated values. 14
+(define (make-frame variables values)
+(cons variables values))
+(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
+(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
+(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
+(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
+(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))
+To extend an environment by a new frame that associates variables with values, we make a frame
+consisting of the list of variables and the list of values, and we adjoin this to the environment. We
+signal an error if the number of variables does not match the number of values.
+(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
+(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
+(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
+(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
+(error "Too many arguments supplied" vars vals)
+(error "Too few arguments supplied" vars vals))))
+
+\fTo look up a variable in an environment, we scan the list of variables in the first frame. If we find the
+desired variable, we return the corresponding element in the list of values. If we do not find the
+variable in the current frame, we search the enclosing environment, and so on. If we reach the empty
+environment, we signal an ‘‘unbound variable’’ error.
+(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
+(define (env-loop env)
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(car vals))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
+(error "Unbound variable" var)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+(frame-values frame)))))
+(env-loop env))
+To set a variable to a new value in a specified environment, we scan for the variable, just as in
+lookup-variable-value, and change the corresponding value when we find it.
+(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
+(define (env-loop env)
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(set-car! vals val))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
+(error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+(frame-values frame)))))
+(env-loop env))
+To define a variable, we search the first frame for a binding for the variable, and change the binding if
+it exists (just as in set-variable-value!). If no such binding exists, we adjoin one to the first
+frame.
+(define (define-variable! var val env)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(set-car! vals val))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+
+\f(frame-values frame))))
+The method described here is only one of many plausible ways to represent environments. Since we
+used data abstraction to isolate the rest of the evaluator from the detailed choice of representation, we
+could change the environment representation if we wanted to. (See exercise 4.11.) In a
+production-quality Lisp system, the speed of the evaluator’s environment operations -- especially that
+of variable lookup -- has a major impact on the performance of the system. The representation
+described here, although conceptually simple, is not efficient and would not ordinarily be used in a
+production system. 15
+Exercise 4.11. Instead of representing a frame as a pair of lists, we can represent a frame as a list of
+bindings, where each binding is a name-value pair. Rewrite the environment operations to use this
+alternative representation.
+Exercise 4.12. The procedures set-variable-value!, define-variable!, and
+lookup-variable-value can be expressed in terms of more abstract procedures for traversing
+the environment structure. Define abstractions that capture the common patterns and redefine the three
+procedures in terms of these abstractions.
+Exercise 4.13. Scheme allows us to create new bindings for variables by means of define, but
+provides no way to get rid of bindings. Implement for the evaluator a special form make-unbound!
+that removes the binding of a given symbol from the environment in which the make-unbound!
+expression is evaluated. This problem is not completely specified. For example, should we remove
+only the binding in the first frame of the environment? Complete the specification and justify any
+choices you make.
+
+4.1.4 Running the Evaluator as a Program
+Given the evaluator, we have in our hands a description (expressed in Lisp) of the process by which
+Lisp expressions are evaluated. One advantage of expressing the evaluator as a program is that we can
+run the program. This gives us, running within Lisp, a working model of how Lisp itself evaluates
+expressions. This can serve as a framework for experimenting with evaluation rules, as we shall do
+later in this chapter.
+Our evaluator program reduces expressions ultimately to the application of primitive procedures.
+Therefore, all that we need to run the evaluator is to create a mechanism that calls on the underlying
+Lisp system to model the application of primitive procedures.
+There must be a binding for each primitive procedure name, so that when eval evaluates the operator
+of an application of a primitive, it will find an object to pass to apply. We thus set up a global
+environment that associates unique objects with the names of the primitive procedures that can appear
+in the expressions we will be evaluating. The global environment also includes bindings for the
+symbols true and false, so that they can be used as variables in expressions to be evaluated.
+(define (setup-environment)
+(let ((initial-env
+(extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
+(primitive-procedure-objects)
+the-empty-environment)))
+(define-variable! ’true true initial-env)
+(define-variable! ’false false initial-env)
+
+\finitial-env))
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+It does not matter how we represent the primitive procedure objects, so long as apply can identify
+and apply them by using the procedures primitive-procedure? and
+apply-primitive-procedure. We have chosen to represent a primitive procedure as a list
+beginning with the symbol primitive and containing a procedure in the underlying Lisp that
+implements that primitive.
+(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
+(tagged-list? proc ’primitive))
+(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))
+Setup-environment will get the primitive names and implementation procedures from a list: 16
+(define primitive-procedures
+(list (list ’car car)
+(list ’cdr cdr)
+(list ’cons cons)
+(list ’null? null?)
+<more primitives>
+))
+(define (primitive-procedure-names)
+(map car
+primitive-procedures))
+(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
+(map (lambda (proc) (list ’primitive (cadr proc)))
+primitive-procedures))
+To apply a primitive procedure, we simply apply the implementation procedure to the arguments,
+using the underlying Lisp system: 17
+(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
+(apply-in-underlying-scheme
+(primitive-implementation proc) args))
+For convenience in running the metacircular evaluator, we provide a driver loop that models the
+read-eval-print loop of the underlying Lisp system. It prints a prompt, reads an input expression,
+evaluates this expression in the global environment, and prints the result. We precede each printed
+result by an output prompt so as to distinguish the value of the expression from other output that may
+be printed. 18
+(define input-prompt ";;; M-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(let ((output (eval input the-global-environment)))
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print output)))
+(driver-loop))
+(define (prompt-for-input string)
+
+\f(newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))
+(define (announce-output string)
+(newline) (display string) (newline))
+We use a special printing procedure, user-print, to avoid printing the environment part of a
+compound procedure, which may be a very long list (or may even contain cycles).
+(define (user-print object)
+(if (compound-procedure? object)
+(display (list ’compound-procedure
+(procedure-parameters object)
+(procedure-body object)
+’<procedure-env>))
+(display object)))
+Now all we need to do to run the evaluator is to initialize the global environment and start the driver
+loop. Here is a sample interaction:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(driver-loop)
+;;; M-Eval input:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x)
+(append (cdr x) y))))
+;;; M-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; M-Eval input:
+(append ’(a b c) ’(d e f))
+;;; M-Eval value:
+(a b c d e f)
+Exercise 4.14. Eva Lu Ator and Louis Reasoner are each experimenting with the metacircular
+evaluator. Eva types in the definition of map, and runs some test programs that use it. They work fine.
+Louis, in contrast, has installed the system version of map as a primitive for the metacircular
+evaluator. When he tries it, things go terribly wrong. Explain why Louis’s map fails even though
+Eva’s works.
+
+4.1.5 Data as Programs
+In thinking about a Lisp program that evaluates Lisp expressions, an analogy might be helpful. One
+operational view of the meaning of a program is that a program is a description of an abstract (perhaps
+infinitely large) machine. For example, consider the familiar program to compute factorials:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+
+\fWe may regard this program as the description of a machine containing parts that decrement, multiply,
+and test for equality, together with a two-position switch and another factorial machine. (The factorial
+machine is infinite because it contains another factorial machine within it.) Figure 4.2 is a flow
+diagram for the factorial machine, showing how the parts are wired together.
+
+Figure 4.2: The factorial program, viewed as an abstract machine.
+Figure 4.2: The factorial program, viewed as an abstract machine.
+In a similar way, we can regard the evaluator as a very special machine that takes as input a
+description of a machine. Given this input, the evaluator configures itself to emulate the machine
+described. For example, if we feed our evaluator the definition of factorial, as shown in
+figure 4.3, the evaluator will be able to compute factorials.
+
+Figure 4.3: The evaluator emulating a factorial machine.
+Figure 4.3: The evaluator emulating a factorial machine.
+From this perspective, our evaluator is seen to be a universal machine. It mimics other machines when
+these are described as Lisp programs. 19 This is striking. Try to imagine an analogous evaluator for
+electrical circuits. This would be a circuit that takes as input a signal encoding the plans for some other
+circuit, such as a filter. Given this input, the circuit evaluator would then behave like a filter with the
+same description. Such a universal electrical circuit is almost unimaginably complex. It is remarkable
+that the program evaluator is a rather simple program. 20
+
+\fAnother striking aspect of the evaluator is that it acts as a bridge between the data objects that are
+manipulated by our programming language and the programming language itself. Imagine that the
+evaluator program (implemented in Lisp) is running, and that a user is typing expressions to the
+evaluator and observing the results. From the perspective of the user, an input expression such as (*
+x x) is an expression in the programming language, which the evaluator should execute. From the
+perspective of the evaluator, however, the expression is simply a list (in this case, a list of three
+symbols: *, x, and x) that is to be manipulated according to a well-defined set of rules.
+That the user’s programs are the evaluator’s data need not be a source of confusion. In fact, it is
+sometimes convenient to ignore this distinction, and to give the user the ability to explicitly evaluate a
+data object as a Lisp expression, by making eval available for use in programs. Many Lisp dialects
+provide a primitive eval procedure that takes as arguments an expression and an environment and
+evaluates the expression relative to the environment. 21 Thus,
+(eval ’(* 5 5) user-initial-environment)
+and
+(eval (cons ’* (list 5 5)) user-initial-environment)
+will both return 25. 22
+Exercise 4.15. Given a one-argument procedure p and an object a, p is said to ‘‘halt’’ on a if
+evaluating the expression (p a) returns a value (as opposed to terminating with an error message or
+running forever). Show that it is impossible to write a procedure halts? that correctly determines
+whether p halts on a for any procedure p and object a. Use the following reasoning: If you had such a
+procedure halts?, you could implement the following program:
+(define (run-forever) (run-forever))
+(define (try p)
+(if (halts? p p)
+(run-forever)
+’halted))
+Now consider evaluating the expression (try try) and show that any possible outcome (either
+halting or running forever) violates the intended behavior of halts?. 23
+
+4.1.6 Internal Definitions
+Our environment model of evaluation and our metacircular evaluator execute definitions in sequence,
+extending the environment frame one definition at a time. This is particularly convenient for
+interactive program development, in which the programmer needs to freely mix the application of
+procedures with the definition of new procedures. However, if we think carefully about the internal
+definitions used to implement block structure (introduced in section 1.1.8), we will find that
+name-by-name extension of the environment may not be the best way to define local variables.
+Consider a procedure with internal definitions, such as
+(define (f x)
+(define (even? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+
+\f(odd? (- n 1))))
+(define (odd? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))
+<rest of body of f>)
+Our intention here is that the name odd? in the body of the procedure even? should refer to the
+procedure odd? that is defined after even?. The scope of the name odd? is the entire body of f, not
+just the portion of the body of f starting at the point where the define for odd? occurs. Indeed,
+when we consider that odd? is itself defined in terms of even? -- so that even? and odd? are
+mutually recursive procedures -- we see that the only satisfactory interpretation of the two defines is
+to regard them as if the names even? and odd? were being added to the environment
+simultaneously. More generally, in block structure, the scope of a local name is the entire procedure
+body in which the define is evaluated.
+As it happens, our interpreter will evaluate calls to f correctly, but for an ‘‘accidental’’ reason: Since
+the definitions of the internal procedures come first, no calls to these procedures will be evaluated until
+all of them have been defined. Hence, odd? will have been defined by the time even? is executed. In
+fact, our sequential evaluation mechanism will give the same result as a mechanism that directly
+implements simultaneous definition for any procedure in which the internal definitions come first in a
+body and evaluation of the value expressions for the defined variables doesn’t actually use any of the
+defined variables. (For an example of a procedure that doesn’t obey these restrictions, so that
+sequential definition isn’t equivalent to simultaneous definition, see exercise 4.19.) 24
+There is, however, a simple way to treat definitions so that internally defined names have truly
+simultaneous scope -- just create all local variables that will be in the current environment before
+evaluating any of the value expressions. One way to do this is by a syntax transformation on lambda
+expressions. Before evaluating the body of a lambda expression, we ‘‘scan out’’ and eliminate all the
+internal definitions in the body. The internally defined variables will be created with a let and then
+set to their values by assignment. For example, the procedure
+(lambda <vars>
+(define u <e1>)
+(define v <e2>)
+<e3>)
+would be transformed into
+(lambda <vars>
+(let ((u ’*unassigned*)
+(v ’*unassigned*))
+(set! u <e1>)
+(set! v <e2>)
+<e3>))
+where *unassigned* is a special symbol that causes looking up a variable to signal an error if an
+attempt is made to use the value of the not-yet-assigned variable.
+
+\fAn alternative strategy for scanning out internal definitions is shown in exercise 4.18. Unlike the
+transformation shown above, this enforces the restriction that the defined variables’ values can be
+evaluated without using any of the variables’ values. 25
+Exercise 4.16. In this exercise we implement the method just described for interpreting internal
+definitions. We assume that the evaluator supports let (see exercise 4.6).
+a. Change lookup-variable-value (section 4.1.3) to signal an error if the value it finds is the
+symbol *unassigned*.
+b. Write a procedure scan-out-defines that takes a procedure body and returns an equivalent
+one that has no internal definitions, by making the transformation described above.
+c. Install scan-out-defines in the interpreter, either in make-procedure or in
+procedure-body (see section 4.1.3). Which place is better? Why?
+Exercise 4.17. Draw diagrams of the environment in effect when evaluating the expression <e3> in
+the procedure in the text, comparing how this will be structured when definitions are interpreted
+sequentially with how it will be structured if definitions are scanned out as described. Why is there an
+extra frame in the transformed program? Explain why this difference in environment structure can
+never make a difference in the behavior of a correct program. Design a way to make the interpreter
+implement the ‘‘simultaneous’’ scope rule for internal definitions without constructing the extra frame.
+Exercise 4.18. Consider an alternative strategy for scanning out definitions that translates the example
+in the text to
+(lambda <vars>
+(let ((u ’*unassigned*)
+(v ’*unassigned*))
+(let ((a <e1>)
+(b <e2>))
+(set! u a)
+(set! v b))
+<e3>))
+Here a and b are meant to represent new variable names, created by the interpreter, that do not appear
+in the user’s program. Consider the solve procedure from section 3.5.4:
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral (delay dy) y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+Will this procedure work if internal definitions are scanned out as shown in this exercise? What if they
+are scanned out as shown in the text? Explain.
+Exercise 4.19. Ben Bitdiddle, Alyssa P. Hacker, and Eva Lu Ator are arguing about the desired result
+of evaluating the expression
+(let ((a 1))
+(define (f x)
+(define b (+ a x))
+
+\f(define a 5)
+(+ a b))
+(f 10))
+Ben asserts that the result should be obtained using the sequential rule for define: b is defined to be
+11, then a is defined to be 5, so the result is 16. Alyssa objects that mutual recursion requires the
+simultaneous scope rule for internal procedure definitions, and that it is unreasonable to treat
+procedure names differently from other names. Thus, she argues for the mechanism implemented in
+exercise 4.16. This would lead to a being unassigned at the time that the value for b is to be computed.
+Hence, in Alyssa’s view the procedure should produce an error. Eva has a third opinion. She says that
+if the definitions of a and b are truly meant to be simultaneous, then the value 5 for a should be used
+in evaluating b. Hence, in Eva’s view a should be 5, b should be 15, and the result should be 20.
+Which (if any) of these viewpoints do you support? Can you devise a way to implement internal
+definitions so that they behave as Eva prefers? 26
+Exercise 4.20. Because internal definitions look sequential but are actually simultaneous, some
+people prefer to avoid them entirely, and use the special form letrec instead. Letrec looks like
+let, so it is not surprising that the variables it binds are bound simultaneously and have the same
+scope as each other. The sample procedure f above can be written without internal definitions, but
+with exactly the same meaning, as
+(define (f x)
+(letrec ((even?
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+(odd? (- n 1)))))
+(odd?
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))))
+<rest of body of f>))
+Letrec expressions, which have the form
+(letrec ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >) ... (<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+are a variation on let in which the expressions <exp k > that provide the initial values for the variables
+<var k > are evaluated in an environment that includes all the letrec bindings. This permits recursion
+in the bindings, such as the mutual recursion of even? and odd? in the example above, or the
+evaluation of 10 factorial with
+(letrec ((fact
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (fact (- n 1)))))))
+(fact 10))
+
+\fa. Implement letrec as a derived expression, by transforming a letrec expression into a let
+expression as shown in the text above or in exercise 4.18. That is, the letrec variables should be
+created with a let and then be assigned their values with set!.
+b. Louis Reasoner is confused by all this fuss about internal definitions. The way he sees it, if you
+don’t like to use define inside a procedure, you can just use let. Illustrate what is loose about his
+reasoning by drawing an environment diagram that shows the environment in which the <rest of body
+of f> is evaluated during evaluation of the expression (f 5), with f defined as in this exercise. Draw
+an environment diagram for the same evaluation, but with let in place of letrec in the definition
+of f.
+Exercise 4.21. Amazingly, Louis’s intuition in exercise 4.20 is correct. It is indeed possible to specify
+recursive procedures without using letrec (or even define), although the method for
+accomplishing this is much more subtle than Louis imagined. The following expression computes 10
+factorial by applying a recursive factorial procedure: 27
+((lambda (n)
+((lambda (fact)
+(fact fact n))
+(lambda (ft k)
+(if (= k 1)
+1
+(* k (ft ft (- k 1)))))))
+10)
+a. Check (by evaluating the expression) that this really does compute factorials. Devise an analogous
+expression for computing Fibonacci numbers.
+b. Consider the following procedure, which includes mutually recursive internal definitions:
+(define (f x)
+(define (even? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+(odd? (- n 1))))
+(define (odd? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))
+(even? x))
+Fill in the missing expressions to complete an alternative definition of f, which uses neither internal
+definitions nor letrec:
+(define (f x)
+((lambda (even? odd?)
+(even? even? odd? x))
+(lambda (ev? od? n)
+(if (= n 0) true (od? <??> <??> <??>)))
+(lambda (ev? od? n)
+(if (= n 0) false (ev? <??> <??> <??>)))))
+
+\f4.1.7 Separating Syntactic Analysis from Execution
+The evaluator implemented above is simple, but it is very inefficient, because the syntactic analysis of
+expressions is interleaved with their execution. Thus if a program is executed many times, its syntax is
+analyzed many times. Consider, for example, evaluating (factorial 4) using the following
+definition of factorial:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+Each time factorial is called, the evaluator must determine that the body is an if expression and
+extract the predicate. Only then can it evaluate the predicate and dispatch on its value. Each time it
+evaluates the expression (* (factorial (- n 1)) n), or the subexpressions (factorial
+(- n 1)) and (- n 1), the evaluator must perform the case analysis in eval to determine that
+the expression is an application, and must extract its operator and operands. This analysis is expensive.
+Performing it repeatedly is wasteful.
+We can transform the evaluator to be significantly more efficient by arranging things so that syntactic
+analysis is performed only once. 28 We split eval, which takes an expression and an environment,
+into two parts. The procedure analyze takes only the expression. It performs the syntactic analysis
+and returns a new procedure, the execution procedure, that encapsulates the work to be done in
+executing the analyzed expression. The execution procedure takes an environment as its argument and
+completes the evaluation. This saves work because analyze will be called only once on an
+expression, while the execution procedure may be called many times.
+With the separation into analysis and execution, eval now becomes
+(define (eval exp env)
+((analyze exp) env))
+The result of calling analyze is the execution procedure to be applied to the environment. The
+analyze procedure is the same case analysis as performed by the original eval of section 4.1.1,
+except that the procedures to which we dispatch perform only analysis, not full evaluation:
+(define (analyze exp)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
+(analyze-self-evaluating exp))
+((quoted? exp) (analyze-quoted exp))
+((variable? exp) (analyze-variable exp))
+((assignment? exp) (analyze-assignment exp))
+((definition? exp) (analyze-definition exp))
+((if? exp) (analyze-if exp))
+((lambda? exp) (analyze-lambda exp))
+((begin? exp) (analyze-sequence (begin-actions exp)))
+((cond? exp) (analyze (cond->if exp)))
+((application? exp) (analyze-application exp))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- ANALYZE" exp))))
+
+\fHere is the simplest syntactic analysis procedure, which handles self-evaluating expressions. It returns
+an execution procedure that ignores its environment argument and just returns the expression:
+(define (analyze-self-evaluating exp)
+(lambda (env) exp))
+For a quoted expression, we can gain a little efficiency by extracting the text of the quotation only
+once, in the analysis phase, rather than in the execution phase.
+(define (analyze-quoted exp)
+(let ((qval (text-of-quotation exp)))
+(lambda (env) qval)))
+Looking up a variable value must still be done in the execution phase, since this depends upon
+knowing the environment. 29
+(define (analyze-variable exp)
+(lambda (env) (lookup-variable-value exp env)))
+Analyze-assignment also must defer actually setting the variable until the execution, when the
+environment has been supplied. However, the fact that the assignment-value expression can be
+analyzed (recursively) during analysis is a major gain in efficiency, because the
+assignment-value expression will now be analyzed only once. The same holds true for
+definitions.
+(define (analyze-assignment exp)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (assignment-value exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(set-variable-value! var (vproc env) env)
+’ok)))
+(define (analyze-definition exp)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (definition-value exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(define-variable! var (vproc env) env)
+’ok)))
+For if expressions, we extract and analyze the predicate, consequent, and alternative at analysis time.
+(define (analyze-if exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (if-predicate exp)))
+(cproc (analyze (if-consequent exp)))
+(aproc (analyze (if-alternative exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(if (true? (pproc env))
+(cproc env)
+(aproc env)))))
+Analyzing a lambda expression also achieves a major gain in efficiency: We analyze the lambda
+body only once, even though procedures resulting from evaluation of the lambda may be applied
+many times.
+
+\f(define (analyze-lambda exp)
+(let ((vars (lambda-parameters exp))
+(bproc (analyze-sequence (lambda-body exp))))
+(lambda (env) (make-procedure vars bproc env))))
+Analysis of a sequence of expressions (as in a begin or the body of a lambda expression) is more
+involved. 30 Each expression in the sequence is analyzed, yielding an execution procedure. These
+execution procedures are combined to produce an execution procedure that takes an environment as
+argument and sequentially calls each individual execution procedure with the environment as
+argument.
+(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (sequentially proc1 proc2)
+(lambda (env) (proc1 env) (proc2 env)))
+(define (loop first-proc rest-procs)
+(if (null? rest-procs)
+first-proc
+(loop (sequentially first-proc (car rest-procs))
+(cdr rest-procs))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(loop (car procs) (cdr procs))))
+To analyze an application, we analyze the operator and operands and construct an execution procedure
+that calls the operator execution procedure (to obtain the actual procedure to be applied) and the
+operand execution procedures (to obtain the actual arguments). We then pass these to
+execute-application, which is the analog of apply in section 4.1.1.
+Execute-application differs from apply in that the procedure body for a compound
+procedure has already been analyzed, so there is no need to do further analysis. Instead, we just call
+the execution procedure for the body on the extended environment.
+(define (analyze-application exp)
+(let ((fproc (analyze (operator exp)))
+(aprocs (map analyze (operands exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(execute-application (fproc env)
+(map (lambda (aproc) (aproc env))
+aprocs)))))
+(define (execute-application proc args)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
+(apply-primitive-procedure proc args))
+((compound-procedure? proc)
+((procedure-body proc)
+(extend-environment (procedure-parameters proc)
+args
+(procedure-environment proc))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- EXECUTE-APPLICATION"
+proc))))
+
+\fOur new evaluator uses the same data structures, syntax procedures, and run-time support procedures
+as in sections 4.1.2, 4.1.3, and 4.1.4.
+Exercise 4.22. Extend the evaluator in this section to support the special form let. (See
+exercise 4.6.)
+Exercise 4.23. Alyssa P. Hacker doesn’t understand why analyze-sequence needs to be so
+complicated. All the other analysis procedures are straightforward transformations of the
+corresponding evaluation procedures (or eval clauses) in section 4.1.1. She expected
+analyze-sequence to look like this:
+(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (execute-sequence procs env)
+(cond ((null? (cdr procs)) ((car procs) env))
+(else ((car procs) env)
+(execute-sequence (cdr procs) env))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(lambda (env) (execute-sequence procs env))))
+Eva Lu Ator explains to Alyssa that the version in the text does more of the work of evaluating a
+sequence at analysis time. Alyssa’s sequence-execution procedure, rather than having the calls to the
+individual execution procedures built in, loops through the procedures in order to call them: In effect,
+although the individual expressions in the sequence have been analyzed, the sequence itself has not
+been.
+Compare the two versions of analyze-sequence. For example, consider the common case
+(typical of procedure bodies) where the sequence has just one expression. What work will the
+execution procedure produced by Alyssa’s program do? What about the execution procedure produced
+by the program in the text above? How do the two versions compare for a sequence with two
+expressions?
+Exercise 4.24. Design and carry out some experiments to compare the speed of the original
+metacircular evaluator with the version in this section. Use your results to estimate the fraction of time
+that is spent in analysis versus execution for various procedures.
+3 Even so, there will remain important aspects of the evaluation process that are not elucidated by our
+
+evaluator. The most important of these are the detailed mechanisms by which procedures call other
+procedures and return values to their callers. We will address these issues in chapter 5, where we take
+a closer look at the evaluation process by implementing the evaluator as a simple register machine.
+4 If we grant ourselves the ability to apply primitives, then what remains for us to implement in the
+
+evaluator? The job of the evaluator is not to specify the primitives of the language, but rather to
+provide the connective tissue -- the means of combination and the means of abstraction -- that binds a
+collection of primitives to form a language. Specifically:
+The evaluator enables us to deal with nested expressions. For example, although simply applying
+primitives would suffice for evaluating the expression (+ 1 6), it is not adequate for handling
+(+ 1 (* 2 3)). As far as the primitive procedure + is concerned, its arguments must be
+numbers, and it would choke if we passed it the expression (* 2 3) as an argument. One
+
+\fimportant role of the evaluator is to choreograph procedure composition so that (* 2 3) is
+reduced to 6 before being passed as an argument to +.
+The evaluator allows us to use variables. For example, the primitive procedure for addition has no
+way to deal with expressions such as (+ x 1). We need an evaluator to keep track of variables
+and obtain their values before invoking the primitive procedures.
+The evaluator allows us to define compound procedures. This involves keeping track of
+procedure definitions, knowing how to use these definitions in evaluating expressions, and providing a
+mechanism that enables procedures to accept arguments.
+The evaluator provides the special forms, which must be evaluated differently from procedure
+calls.
+5 We could have simplified the application? clause in eval by using map (and stipulating that
+
+operands returns a list) rather than writing an explicit list-of-values procedure. We chose
+not to use map here to emphasize the fact that the evaluator can be implemented without any use of
+higher-order procedures (and thus could be written in a language that doesn’t have higher-order
+procedures), even though the language that it supports will include higher-order procedures.
+6 In this case, the language being implemented and the implementation language are the same.
+
+Contemplation of the meaning of true? here yields expansion of consciousness without the abuse of
+substance.
+7 This implementation of define ignores a subtle issue in the handling of internal definitions,
+
+although it works correctly in most cases. We will see what the problem is and how to solve it in
+section 4.1.6.
+8 As we said when we introduced define and set!, these values are implementation-dependent in
+
+Scheme -- that is, the implementor can choose what value to return.
+9 As mentioned in section 2.3.1, the evaluator sees a quoted expression as a list beginning with
+
+quote, even if the expression is typed with the quotation mark. For example, the expression ’a
+would be seen by the evaluator as (quote a). See exercise 2.55.
+10 The value of an if expression when the predicate is false and there is no alternative is unspecified
+
+in Scheme; we have chosen here to make it false. We will support the use of the variables true and
+false in expressions to be evaluated by binding them in the global environment. See section 4.1.4.
+11 These selectors for a list of expressions -- and the corresponding ones for a list of operands -- are
+
+not intended as a data abstraction. They are introduced as mnemonic names for the basic list
+operations in order to make it easier to understand the explicit-control evaluator in section 5.4.
+12 The value of a cond expression when all the predicates are false and there is no else clause is
+
+unspecified in Scheme; we have chosen here to make it false.
+13 Practical Lisp systems provide a mechanism that allows a user to add new derived expressions and
+
+specify their implementation as syntactic transformations without modifying the evaluator. Such a
+user-defined transformation is called a macro. Although it is easy to add an elementary mechanism for
+defining macros, the resulting language has subtle name-conflict problems. There has been much
+research on mechanisms for macro definition that do not cause these difficulties. See, for example,
+Kohlbecker 1986, Clinger and Rees 1991, and Hanson 1991.
+
+\f14 Frames are not really a data abstraction in the following code: Set-variable-value! and
+
+define-variable! use set-car! to directly modify the values in a frame. The purpose of the
+frame procedures is to make the environment-manipulation procedures easy to read.
+15 The drawback of this representation (as well as the variant in exercise 4.11) is that the evaluator
+
+may have to search through many frames in order to find the binding for a given variable. (Such an
+approach is referred to as deep binding.) One way to avoid this inefficiency is to make use of a
+strategy called lexical addressing, which will be discussed in section 5.5.6.
+16 Any procedure defined in the underlying Lisp can be used as a primitive for the metacircular
+
+evaluator. The name of a primitive installed in the evaluator need not be the same as the name of its
+implementation in the underlying Lisp; the names are the same here because the metacircular evaluator
+implements Scheme itself. Thus, for example, we could put (list ’first car) or (list
+’square (lambda (x) (* x x))) in the list of primitive-procedures.
+17 Apply-in-underlying-scheme is the apply procedure we have used in earlier chapters.
+
+The metacircular evaluator’s apply procedure (section 4.1.1) models the working of this primitive.
+Having two different things called apply leads to a technical problem in running the metacircular
+evaluator, because defining the metacircular evaluator’s apply will mask the definition of the
+primitive. One way around this is to rename the metacircular apply to avoid conflict with the name
+of the primitive procedure. We have assumed instead that we have saved a reference to the underlying
+apply by doing
+(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
+before defining the metacircular apply. This allows us to access the original version of apply under
+a different name.
+18 The primitive procedure read waits for input from the user, and returns the next complete
+
+expression that is typed. For example, if the user types (+ 23 x), read returns a three-element list
+containing the symbol +, the number 23, and the symbol x. If the user types ’x, read returns a
+two-element list containing the symbol quote and the symbol x.
+19 The fact that the machines are described in Lisp is inessential. If we give our evaluator a Lisp
+
+program that behaves as an evaluator for some other language, say C, the Lisp evaluator will emulate
+the C evaluator, which in turn can emulate any machine described as a C program. Similarly, writing a
+Lisp evaluator in C produces a C program that can execute any Lisp program. The deep idea here is
+that any evaluator can emulate any other. Thus, the notion of ‘‘what can in principle be computed’’
+(ignoring practicalities of time and memory required) is independent of the language or the computer,
+and instead reflects an underlying notion of computability. This was first demonstrated in a clear way
+by Alan M. Turing (1912-1954), whose 1936 paper laid the foundations for theoretical computer
+science. In the paper, Turing presented a simple computational model -- now known as a Turing
+machine -- and argued that any ‘‘effective process’’ can be formulated as a program for such a
+machine. (This argument is known as the Church-Turing thesis.) Turing then implemented a universal
+machine, i.e., a Turing machine that behaves as an evaluator for Turing-machine programs. He used
+this framework to demonstrate that there are well-posed problems that cannot be computed by Turing
+machines (see exercise 4.15), and so by implication cannot be formulated as ‘‘effective processes.’’
+Turing went on to make fundamental contributions to practical computer science as well. For example,
+he invented the idea of structuring programs using general-purpose subroutines. See Hodges 1983 for
+a biography of Turing.
+
+\f20 Some people find it counterintuitive that an evaluator, which is implemented by a relatively simple
+
+procedure, can emulate programs that are more complex than the evaluator itself. The existence of a
+universal evaluator machine is a deep and wonderful property of computation. Recursion theory, a
+branch of mathematical logic, is concerned with logical limits of computation. Douglas Hofstadter’s
+beautiful book Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979) explores some of these ideas.
+21 Warning: This eval primitive is not identical to the eval procedure we implemented in
+
+section 4.1.1, because it uses actual Scheme environments rather than the sample environment
+structures we built in section 4.1.3. These actual environments cannot be manipulated by the user as
+ordinary lists; they must be accessed via eval or other special operations. Similarly, the apply
+primitive we saw earlier is not identical to the metacircular apply, because it uses actual Scheme
+procedures rather than the procedure objects we constructed in sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.4.
+22 The MIT implementation of Scheme includes eval, as well as a symbol
+
+user-initial-environment that is bound to the initial environment in which the user’s input
+expressions are evaluated.
+23 Although we stipulated that halts? is given a procedure object, notice that this reasoning still
+
+applies even if halts? can gain access to the procedure’s text and its environment. This is Turing’s
+celebrated Halting Theorem, which gave the first clear example of a non-computable problem, i.e., a
+well-posed task that cannot be carried out as a computational procedure.
+24 Wanting programs to not depend on this evaluation mechanism is the reason for the ‘‘management
+
+is not responsible’’ remark in footnote 28 of chapter 1. By insisting that internal definitions come first
+and do not use each other while the definitions are being evaluated, the IEEE standard for Scheme
+leaves implementors some choice in the mechanism used to evaluate these definitions. The choice of
+one evaluation rule rather than another here may seem like a small issue, affecting only the
+interpretation of ‘‘badly formed’’ programs. However, we will see in section 5.5.6 that moving to a
+model of simultaneous scoping for internal definitions avoids some nasty difficulties that would
+otherwise arise in implementing a compiler.
+25 The IEEE standard for Scheme allows for different implementation strategies by specifying that it
+
+is up to the programmer to obey this restriction, not up to the implementation to enforce it. Some
+Scheme implementations, including MIT Scheme, use the transformation shown above. Thus, some
+programs that don’t obey this restriction will in fact run in such implementations.
+26 The MIT implementors of Scheme support Alyssa on the following grounds: Eva is in principle
+
+correct -- the definitions should be regarded as simultaneous. But it seems difficult to implement a
+general, efficient mechanism that does what Eva requires. In the absence of such a mechanism, it is
+better to generate an error in the difficult cases of simultaneous definitions (Alyssa’s notion) than to
+produce an incorrect answer (as Ben would have it).
+27 This example illustrates a programming trick for formulating recursive procedures without using
+
+define. The most general trick of this sort is the Y operator, which can be used to give a ‘‘pure
+-calculus’’ implementation of recursion. (See Stoy 1977 for details on the lambda calculus, and
+Gabriel 1988 for an exposition of the Y operator in Scheme.)
+28 This technique is an integral part of the compilation process, which we shall discuss in chapter 5.
+
+Jonathan Rees wrote a Scheme interpreter like this in about 1982 for the T project (Rees and Adams
+1982). Marc Feeley (1986) (see also Feeley and Lapalme 1987) independently invented this technique
+in his master’s thesis.
+
+\f29 There is, however, an important part of the variable search that can be done as part of the syntactic
+
+analysis. As we will show in section 5.5.6, one can determine the position in the environment structure
+where the value of the variable will be found, thus obviating the need to scan the environment for the
+entry that matches the variable.
+30 See exercise 4.23 for some insight into the processing of sequences.
+
+
+
+\f
+
+4.2 Variations on a Scheme -- Lazy Evaluation
+Now that we have an evaluator expressed as a Lisp program, we can experiment with alternative
+choices in language design simply by modifying the evaluator. Indeed, new languages are often
+invented by first writing an evaluator that embeds the new language within an existing high-level
+language. For example, if we wish to discuss some aspect of a proposed modification to Lisp with
+another member of the Lisp community, we can supply an evaluator that embodies the change. The
+recipient can then experiment with the new evaluator and send back comments as further
+modifications. Not only does the high-level implementation base make it easier to test and debug the
+evaluator; in addition, the embedding enables the designer to snarf 31 features from the underlying
+language, just as our embedded Lisp evaluator uses primitives and control structure from the
+underlying Lisp. Only later (if ever) need the designer go to the trouble of building a complete
+implementation in a low-level language or in hardware. In this section and the next we explore some
+variations on Scheme that provide significant additional expressive power.
+
+4.2.1 Normal Order and Applicative Order
+In section 1.1, where we began our discussion of models of evaluation, we noted that Scheme is an
+applicative-order language, namely, that all the arguments to Scheme procedures are evaluated when
+the procedure is applied. In contrast, normal-order languages delay evaluation of procedure arguments
+until the actual argument values are needed. Delaying evaluation of procedure arguments until the last
+possible moment (e.g., until they are required by a primitive operation) is called lazy evaluation. 32
+Consider the procedure
+(define (try a b)
+(if (= a 0) 1 b))
+Evaluating (try 0 (/ 1 0)) generates an error in Scheme. With lazy evaluation, there would be
+no error. Evaluating the expression would return 1, because the argument (/ 1 0) would never be
+evaluated.
+An example that exploits lazy evaluation is the definition of a procedure unless
+(define (unless condition usual-value exceptional-value)
+(if condition exceptional-value usual-value))
+that can be used in expressions such as
+(unless (= b 0)
+(/ a b)
+(begin (display "exception: returning 0")
+0))
+This won’t work in an applicative-order language because both the usual value and the exceptional
+value will be evaluated before unless is called (compare exercise 1.6). An advantage of lazy
+evaluation is that some procedures, such as unless, can do useful computation even if evaluation of
+some of their arguments would produce errors or would not terminate.
+
+\fIf the body of a procedure is entered before an argument has been evaluated we say that the procedure
+is non-strict in that argument. If the argument is evaluated before the body of the procedure is entered
+we say that the procedure is strict in that argument. 33 In a purely applicative-order language, all
+procedures are strict in each argument. In a purely normal-order language, all compound procedures
+are non-strict in each argument, and primitive procedures may be either strict or non-strict. There are
+also languages (see exercise 4.31) that give programmers detailed control over the strictness of the
+procedures they define.
+A striking example of a procedure that can usefully be made non-strict is cons (or, in general, almost
+any constructor for data structures). One can do useful computation, combining elements to form data
+structures and operating on the resulting data structures, even if the values of the elements are not
+known. It makes perfect sense, for instance, to compute the length of a list without knowing the values
+of the individual elements in the list. We will exploit this idea in section 4.2.3 to implement the
+streams of chapter 3 as lists formed of non-strict cons pairs.
+Exercise 4.25. Suppose that (in ordinary applicative-order Scheme) we define unless as shown
+above and then define factorial in terms of unless as
+(define (factorial n)
+(unless (= n 1)
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))
+1))
+What happens if we attempt to evaluate (factorial 5)? Will our definitions work in a
+normal-order language?
+Exercise 4.26. Ben Bitdiddle and Alyssa P. Hacker disagree over the importance of lazy evaluation
+for implementing things such as unless. Ben points out that it’s possible to implement unless in
+applicative order as a special form. Alyssa counters that, if one did that, unless would be merely
+syntax, not a procedure that could be used in conjunction with higher-order procedures. Fill in the
+details on both sides of the argument. Show how to implement unless as a derived expression (like
+cond or let), and give an example of a situation where it might be useful to have unless available
+as a procedure, rather than as a special form.
+
+4.2.2 An Interpreter with Lazy Evaluation
+In this section we will implement a normal-order language that is the same as Scheme except that
+compound procedures are non-strict in each argument. Primitive procedures will still be strict. It is not
+difficult to modify the evaluator of section 4.1.1 so that the language it interprets behaves this way.
+Almost all the required changes center around procedure application.
+The basic idea is that, when applying a procedure, the interpreter must determine which arguments are
+to be evaluated and which are to be delayed. The delayed arguments are not evaluated; instead, they
+are transformed into objects called thunks. 34 The thunk must contain the information required to
+produce the value of the argument when it is needed, as if it had been evaluated at the time of the
+application. Thus, the thunk must contain the argument expression and the environment in which the
+procedure application is being evaluated.
+The process of evaluating the expression in a thunk is called forcing. 35 In general, a thunk will be
+forced only when its value is needed: when it is passed to a primitive procedure that will use the value
+of the thunk; when it is the value of a predicate of a conditional; and when it is the value of an operator
+
+\fthat is about to be applied as a procedure. One design choice we have available is whether or not to
+memoize thunks, as we did with delayed objects in section 3.5.1. With memoization, the first time a
+thunk is forced, it stores the value that is computed. Subsequent forcings simply return the stored value
+without repeating the computation. We’ll make our interpreter memoize, because this is more efficient
+for many applications. There are tricky considerations here, however. 36
+
+Modifying the evaluator
+The main difference between the lazy evaluator and the one in section 4.1 is in the handling of
+procedure applications in eval and apply.
+The application? clause of eval becomes
+((application? exp)
+(apply (actual-value (operator exp) env)
+(operands exp)
+env))
+This is almost the same as the application? clause of eval in section 4.1.1. For lazy evaluation,
+however, we call apply with the operand expressions, rather than the arguments produced by
+evaluating them. Since we will need the environment to construct thunks if the arguments are to be
+delayed, we must pass this as well. We still evaluate the operator, because apply needs the actual
+procedure to be applied in order to dispatch on its type (primitive versus compound) and apply it.
+Whenever we need the actual value of an expression, we use
+(define (actual-value exp env)
+(force-it (eval exp env)))
+instead of just eval, so that if the expression’s value is a thunk, it will be forced.
+Our new version of apply is also almost the same as the version in section 4.1.1. The difference is
+that eval has passed in unevaluated operand expressions: For primitive procedures (which are strict),
+we evaluate all the arguments before applying the primitive; for compound procedures (which are
+non-strict) we delay all the arguments before applying the procedure.
+(define (apply procedure arguments env)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
+(apply-primitive-procedure
+procedure
+(list-of-arg-values arguments env))) ; changed
+((compound-procedure? procedure)
+(eval-sequence
+(procedure-body procedure)
+(extend-environment
+(procedure-parameters procedure)
+(list-of-delayed-args arguments env) ; changed
+(procedure-environment procedure))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
+
+\fThe procedures that process the arguments are just like list-of-values from section 4.1.1,
+except that list-of-delayed-args delays the arguments instead of evaluating them, and
+list-of-arg-values uses actual-value instead of eval:
+(define (list-of-arg-values exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (actual-value (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-arg-values (rest-operands exps)
+env))))
+(define (list-of-delayed-args exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (delay-it (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-delayed-args (rest-operands exps)
+env))))
+The other place we must change the evaluator is in the handling of if, where we must use
+actual-value instead of eval to get the value of the predicate expression before testing whether
+it is true or false:
+(define (eval-if exp env)
+(if (true? (actual-value (if-predicate exp) env))
+(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
+(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
+Finally, we must change the driver-loop procedure (section 4.1.4) to use actual-value
+instead of eval, so that if a delayed value is propagated back to the read-eval-print loop, it will be
+forced before being printed. We also change the prompts to indicate that this is the lazy evaluator:
+(define input-prompt ";;; L-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; L-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(let ((output
+(actual-value input the-global-environment)))
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print output)))
+(driver-loop))
+With these changes made, we can start the evaluator and test it. The successful evaluation of the try
+expression discussed in section 4.2.1 indicates that the interpreter is performing lazy evaluation:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(driver-loop)
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(define (try a b)
+(if (= a 0) 1 b))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; L-Eval input:
+
+\f(try 0 (/ 1 0))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+1
+
+Representing thunks
+Our evaluator must arrange to create thunks when procedures are applied to arguments and to force
+these thunks later. A thunk must package an expression together with the environment, so that the
+argument can be produced later. To force the thunk, we simply extract the expression and environment
+from the thunk and evaluate the expression in the environment. We use actual-value rather than
+eval so that in case the value of the expression is itself a thunk, we will force that, and so on, until we
+reach something that is not a thunk:
+(define (force-it obj)
+(if (thunk? obj)
+(actual-value (thunk-exp obj) (thunk-env obj))
+obj))
+One easy way to package an expression with an environment is to make a list containing the
+expression and the environment. Thus, we create a thunk as follows:
+(define (delay-it exp env)
+(list ’thunk exp env))
+(define (thunk? obj)
+(tagged-list? obj ’thunk))
+(define (thunk-exp thunk) (cadr thunk))
+(define (thunk-env thunk) (caddr thunk))
+Actually, what we want for our interpreter is not quite this, but rather thunks that have been memoized.
+When a thunk is forced, we will turn it into an evaluated thunk by replacing the stored expression with
+its value and changing the thunk tag so that it can be recognized as already evaluated. 37
+(define (evaluated-thunk? obj)
+(tagged-list? obj ’evaluated-thunk))
+(define (thunk-value evaluated-thunk) (cadr evaluated-thunk))
+(define (force-it obj)
+(cond ((thunk? obj)
+(let ((result (actual-value
+(thunk-exp obj)
+(thunk-env obj))))
+(set-car! obj ’evaluated-thunk)
+(set-car! (cdr obj) result) ; replace exp with its value
+(set-cdr! (cdr obj) ’())
+; forget unneeded env
+result))
+((evaluated-thunk? obj)
+(thunk-value obj))
+(else obj)))
+Notice that the same delay-it procedure works both with and without memoization.
+
+\fExercise 4.27. Suppose we type in the following definitions to the lazy evaluator:
+(define count 0)
+(define (id x)
+(set! count (+ count 1))
+x)
+Give the missing values in the following sequence of interactions, and explain your answers. 38
+(define w (id (id 10)))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+w
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+Exercise 4.28. Eval uses actual-value rather than eval to evaluate the operator before passing
+it to apply, in order to force the value of the operator. Give an example that demonstrates the need
+for this forcing.
+Exercise 4.29. Exhibit a program that you would expect to run much more slowly without
+memoization than with memoization. Also, consider the following interaction, where the id procedure
+is defined as in exercise 4.27 and count starts at 0:
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(square (id 10))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+Give the responses both when the evaluator memoizes and when it does not.
+Exercise 4.30. Cy D. Fect, a reformed C programmer, is worried that some side effects may never
+take place, because the lazy evaluator doesn’t force the expressions in a sequence. Since the value of
+an expression in a sequence other than the last one is not used (the expression is there only for its
+effect, such as assigning to a variable or printing), there can be no subsequent use of this value (e.g., as
+an argument to a primitive procedure) that will cause it to be forced. Cy thus thinks that when
+evaluating sequences, we must force all expressions in the sequence except the final one. He proposes
+to modify eval-sequence from section 4.1.1 to use actual-value rather than eval:
+
+\f(define (eval-sequence exps env)
+(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
+(else (actual-value (first-exp exps) env)
+(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
+a. Ben Bitdiddle thinks Cy is wrong. He shows Cy the for-each procedure described in
+exercise 2.23, which gives an important example of a sequence with side effects:
+(define (for-each proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+’done
+(begin (proc (car items))
+(for-each proc (cdr items)))))
+He claims that the evaluator in the text (with the original eval-sequence) handles this correctly:
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(for-each (lambda (x) (newline) (display x))
+(list 57 321 88))
+57
+321
+88
+;;; L-Eval value:
+done
+Explain why Ben is right about the behavior of for-each.
+b. Cy agrees that Ben is right about the for-each example, but says that that’s not the kind of
+program he was thinking about when he proposed his change to eval-sequence. He defines the
+following two procedures in the lazy evaluator:
+(define (p1 x)
+(set! x (cons x ’(2)))
+x)
+(define (p2 x)
+(define (p e)
+e
+x)
+(p (set! x (cons x ’(2)))))
+What are the values of (p1 1) and (p2 1) with the original eval-sequence? What would the
+values be with Cy’s proposed change to eval-sequence?
+c. Cy also points out that changing eval-sequence as he proposes does not affect the behavior of
+the example in part a. Explain why this is true.
+d. How do you think sequences ought to be treated in the lazy evaluator? Do you like Cy’s approach,
+the approach in the text, or some other approach?
+Exercise 4.31. The approach taken in this section is somewhat unpleasant, because it makes an
+incompatible change to Scheme. It might be nicer to implement lazy evaluation as an
+upward-compatible extension, that is, so that ordinary Scheme programs will work as before. We can
+
+\fdo this by extending the syntax of procedure declarations to let the user control whether or not
+arguments are to be delayed. While we’re at it, we may as well also give the user the choice between
+delaying with and without memoization. For example, the definition
+(define (f a (b lazy) c (d lazy-memo))
+...)
+would define f to be a procedure of four arguments, where the first and third arguments are evaluated
+when the procedure is called, the second argument is delayed, and the fourth argument is both delayed
+and memoized. Thus, ordinary procedure definitions will produce the same behavior as ordinary
+Scheme, while adding the lazy-memo declaration to each parameter of every compound procedure
+will produce the behavior of the lazy evaluator defined in this section. Design and implement the
+changes required to produce such an extension to Scheme. You will have to implement new syntax
+procedures to handle the new syntax for define. You must also arrange for eval or apply to
+determine when arguments are to be delayed, and to force or delay arguments accordingly, and you
+must arrange for forcing to memoize or not, as appropriate.
+
+4.2.3 Streams as Lazy Lists
+In section 3.5.1, we showed how to implement streams as delayed lists. We introduced special forms
+delay and cons-stream, which allowed us to construct a ‘‘promise’’ to compute the cdr of a
+stream, without actually fulfilling that promise until later. We could use this general technique of
+introducing special forms whenever we need more control over the evaluation process, but this is
+awkward. For one thing, a special form is not a first-class object like a procedure, so we cannot use it
+together with higher-order procedures. 39 Additionally, we were forced to create streams as a new kind
+of data object similar but not identical to lists, and this required us to reimplement many ordinary list
+operations (map, append, and so on) for use with streams.
+With lazy evaluation, streams and lists can be identical, so there is no need for special forms or for
+separate list and stream operations. All we need to do is to arrange matters so that cons is non-strict.
+One way to accomplish this is to extend the lazy evaluator to allow for non-strict primitives, and to
+implement cons as one of these. An easier way is to recall (section 2.1.3) that there is no fundamental
+need to implement cons as a primitive at all. Instead, we can represent pairs as procedures: 40
+(define (cons x y)
+(lambda (m) (m x y)))
+(define (car z)
+(z (lambda (p q) p)))
+(define (cdr z)
+(z (lambda (p q) q)))
+In terms of these basic operations, the standard definitions of the list operations will work with infinite
+lists (streams) as well as finite ones, and the stream operations can be implemented as list operations.
+Here are some examples:
+(define (list-ref items n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(car items)
+(list-ref (cdr items) (- n 1))))
+(define (map proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+
+\f’()
+(cons (proc (car items))
+(map proc (cdr items)))))
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x factor))
+items))
+(define (add-lists list1 list2)
+(cond ((null? list1) list2)
+((null? list2) list1)
+(else (cons (+ (car list1) (car list2))
+(add-lists (cdr list1) (cdr list2))))))
+(define ones (cons 1 ones))
+(define integers (cons 1 (add-lists ones integers)))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(list-ref integers 17)
+;;; L-Eval value:
+18
+Note that these lazy lists are even lazier than the streams of chapter 3: The car of the list, as well as
+the cdr, is delayed. 41 In fact, even accessing the car or cdr of a lazy pair need not force the value
+of a list element. The value will be forced only when it is really needed -- e.g., for use as the argument
+of a primitive, or to be printed as an answer.
+Lazy pairs also help with the problem that arose with streams in section 3.5.4, where we found that
+formulating stream models of systems with loops may require us to sprinkle our programs with
+explicit delay operations, beyond the ones supplied by cons-stream. With lazy evaluation, all
+arguments to procedures are delayed uniformly. For instance, we can implement procedures to
+integrate lists and solve differential equations as we originally intended in section 3.5.4:
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons initial-value
+(add-lists (scale-list integrand dt)
+int)))
+int)
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral dy y0 dt))
+(define dy (map f y))
+y)
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(list-ref (solve (lambda (x) x) 1 0.001) 1000)
+;;; L-Eval value:
+2.716924
+Exercise 4.32. Give some examples that illustrate the difference between the streams of chapter 3 and
+the ‘‘lazier’’ lazy lists described in this section. How can you take advantage of this extra laziness?
+Exercise 4.33. Ben Bitdiddle tests the lazy list implementation given above by evaluating the
+expression
+
+\f(car ’(a b c))
+To his surprise, this produces an error. After some thought, he realizes that the ‘‘lists’’ obtained by
+reading in quoted expressions are different from the lists manipulated by the new definitions of cons,
+car, and cdr. Modify the evaluator’s treatment of quoted expressions so that quoted lists typed at the
+driver loop will produce true lazy lists.
+Exercise 4.34. Modify the driver loop for the evaluator so that lazy pairs and lists will print in some
+reasonable way. (What are you going to do about infinite lists?) You may also need to modify the
+representation of lazy pairs so that the evaluator can identify them in order to print them.
+31 Snarf: ‘‘To grab, especially a large document or file for the purpose of using it either with or
+
+without the owner’s permission.’’ Snarf down: ‘‘To snarf, sometimes with the connotation of
+absorbing, processing, or understanding.’’ (These definitions were snarfed from Steele et al. 1983. See
+also Raymond 1993.)
+32 The difference between the ‘‘lazy’’ terminology and the ‘‘normal-order’’ terminology is somewhat
+
+fuzzy. Generally, ‘‘lazy’’ refers to the mechanisms of particular evaluators, while ‘‘normal-order’’
+refers to the semantics of languages, independent of any particular evaluation strategy. But this is not a
+hard-and-fast distinction, and the two terminologies are often used interchangeably.
+33 The ‘‘strict’’ versus ‘‘non-strict’’ terminology means essentially the same thing as
+
+‘‘applicative-order’’ versus ‘‘normal-order,’’ except that it refers to individual procedures and
+arguments rather than to the language as a whole. At a conference on programming languages you
+might hear someone say, ‘‘The normal-order language Hassle has certain strict primitives. Other
+procedures take their arguments by lazy evaluation.’’
+34 The word thunk was invented by an informal working group that was discussing the
+
+implementation of call-by-name in Algol 60. They observed that most of the analysis of (‘‘thinking
+about’’) the expression could be done at compile time; thus, at run time, the expression would already
+have been ‘‘thunk’’ about (Ingerman et al. 1960).
+35 This is analogous to the use of force on the delayed objects that were introduced in chapter 3 to
+
+represent streams. The critical difference between what we are doing here and what we did in
+chapter 3 is that we are building delaying and forcing into the evaluator, and thus making this uniform
+and automatic throughout the language.
+36 Lazy evaluation combined with memoization is sometimes referred to as call-by-need argument
+
+passing, in contrast to call-by-name argument passing. (Call-by-name, introduced in Algol 60, is
+similar to non-memoized lazy evaluation.) As language designers, we can build our evaluator to
+memoize, not to memoize, or leave this an option for programmers (exercise 4.31). As you might
+expect from chapter 3, these choices raise issues that become both subtle and confusing in the presence
+of assignments. (See exercises 4.27 and 4.29.) An excellent article by Clinger (1982) attempts to
+clarify the multiple dimensions of confusion that arise here.
+37 Notice that we also erase the env from the thunk once the expression’s value has been computed.
+
+This makes no difference in the values returned by the interpreter. It does help save space, however,
+because removing the reference from the thunk to the env once it is no longer needed allows this
+structure to be garbage-collected and its space recycled, as we will discuss in section 5.3.
+
+\fSimilarly, we could have allowed unneeded environments in the memoized delayed objects of
+section 3.5.1 to be garbage-collected, by having memo-proc do something like (set! proc
+’()) to discard the procedure proc (which includes the environment in which the delay was
+evaluated) after storing its value.
+38 This exercise demonstrates that the interaction between lazy evaluation and side effects can be very
+
+confusing. This is just what you might expect from the discussion in chapter 3.
+39 This is precisely the issue with the unless procedure, as in exercise 4.26.
+40 This is the procedural representation described in exercise 2.4. Essentially any procedural
+
+representation (e.g., a message-passing implementation) would do as well. Notice that we can install
+these definitions in the lazy evaluator simply by typing them at the driver loop. If we had originally
+included cons, car, and cdr as primitives in the global environment, they will be redefined. (Also
+see exercises 4.33 and 4.34.)
+41 This permits us to create delayed versions of more general kinds of list structures, not just
+
+sequences. Hughes 1990 discusses some applications of ‘‘lazy trees.’’
+
+
+\f
+
+4.3 Variations on a Scheme -- Nondeterministic Computing
+In this section, we extend the Scheme evaluator to support a programming paradigm called
+nondeterministic computing by building into the evaluator a facility to support automatic search. This
+is a much more profound change to the language than the introduction of lazy evaluation in
+section 4.2.
+Nondeterministic computing, like stream processing, is useful for ‘‘generate and test’’ applications.
+Consider the task of starting with two lists of positive integers and finding a pair of integers -- one
+from the first list and one from the second list -- whose sum is prime. We saw how to handle this with
+finite sequence operations in section 2.2.3 and with infinite streams in section 3.5.3. Our approach was
+to generate the sequence of all possible pairs and filter these to select the pairs whose sum is prime.
+Whether we actually generate the entire sequence of pairs first as in chapter 2, or interleave the
+generating and filtering as in chapter 3, is immaterial to the essential image of how the computation is
+organized.
+The nondeterministic approach evokes a different image. Imagine simply that we choose (in some
+way) a number from the first list and a number from the second list and require (using some
+mechanism) that their sum be prime. This is expressed by following procedure:
+(define (prime-sum-pair list1 list2)
+(let ((a (an-element-of list1))
+(b (an-element-of list2)))
+(require (prime? (+ a b)))
+(list a b)))
+It might seem as if this procedure merely restates the problem, rather than specifying a way to solve it.
+Nevertheless, this is a legitimate nondeterministic program. 42
+The key idea here is that expressions in a nondeterministic language can have more than one possible
+value. For instance, an-element-of might return any element of the given list. Our
+nondeterministic program evaluator will work by automatically choosing a possible value and keeping
+track of the choice. If a subsequent requirement is not met, the evaluator will try a different choice,
+and it will keep trying new choices until the evaluation succeeds, or until we run out of choices. Just as
+the lazy evaluator freed the programmer from the details of how values are delayed and forced, the
+nondeterministic program evaluator will free the programmer from the details of how choices are
+made.
+It is instructive to contrast the different images of time evoked by nondeterministic evaluation and
+stream processing. Stream processing uses lazy evaluation to decouple the time when the stream of
+possible answers is assembled from the time when the actual stream elements are produced. The
+evaluator supports the illusion that all the possible answers are laid out before us in a timeless
+sequence. With nondeterministic evaluation, an expression represents the exploration of a set of
+possible worlds, each determined by a set of choices. Some of the possible worlds lead to dead ends,
+while others have useful values. The nondeterministic program evaluator supports the illusion that
+time branches, and that our programs have different possible execution histories. When we reach a
+dead end, we can revisit a previous choice point and proceed along a different branch.
+
+\fThe nondeterministic program evaluator implemented below is called the amb evaluator because it is
+based on a new special form called amb. We can type the above definition of prime-sum-pair at
+the amb evaluator driver loop (along with definitions of prime?, an-element-of, and require)
+and run the procedure as follows:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 20)
+The value returned was obtained after the evaluator repeatedly chose elements from each of the lists,
+until a successful choice was made.
+Section 4.3.1 introduces amb and explains how it supports nondeterminism through the evaluator’s
+automatic search mechanism. Section 4.3.2 presents examples of nondeterministic programs, and
+section 4.3.3 gives the details of how to implement the amb evaluator by modifying the ordinary
+Scheme evaluator.
+
+4.3.1 Amb and Search
+To extend Scheme to support nondeterminism, we introduce a new special form called amb. 43 The
+expression (amb <e 1 > <e 2 > ... <e n >) returns the value of one of the n expressions <e i >
+‘‘ambiguously.’’ For example, the expression
+(list (amb 1 2 3) (amb ’a ’b))
+can have six possible values:
+(1 a)
+
+(1 b)
+
+(2 a)
+
+(2 b)
+
+(3 a)
+
+(3 b)
+
+Amb with a single choice produces an ordinary (single) value.
+Amb with no choices -- the expression (amb) -- is an expression with no acceptable values.
+Operationally, we can think of (amb) as an expression that when evaluated causes the computation to
+‘‘fail’’: The computation aborts and no value is produced. Using this idea, we can express the
+requirement that a particular predicate expression p must be true as follows:
+(define (require p)
+(if (not p) (amb)))
+With amb and require, we can implement the an-element-of procedure used above:
+(define (an-element-of items)
+(require (not (null? items)))
+(amb (car items) (an-element-of (cdr items))))
+An-element-of fails if the list is empty. Otherwise it ambiguously returns either the first element
+of the list or an element chosen from the rest of the list.
+
+\fWe can also express infinite ranges of choices. The following procedure potentially returns any integer
+greater than or equal to some given n:
+(define (an-integer-starting-from n)
+(amb n (an-integer-starting-from (+ n 1))))
+This is like the stream procedure integers-starting-from described in section 3.5.2, but with
+an important difference: The stream procedure returns an object that represents the sequence of all
+integers beginning with n, whereas the amb procedure returns a single integer. 44
+Abstractly, we can imagine that evaluating an amb expression causes time to split into branches,
+where the computation continues on each branch with one of the possible values of the expression. We
+say that amb represents a nondeterministic choice point. If we had a machine with a sufficient number
+of processors that could be dynamically allocated, we could implement the search in a straightforward
+way. Execution would proceed as in a sequential machine, until an amb expression is encountered. At
+this point, more processors would be allocated and initialized to continue all of the parallel executions
+implied by the choice. Each processor would proceed sequentially as if it were the only choice, until it
+either terminates by encountering a failure, or it further subdivides, or it finishes. 45
+On the other hand, if we have a machine that can execute only one process (or a few concurrent
+processes), we must consider the alternatives sequentially. One could imagine modifying an evaluator
+to pick at random a branch to follow whenever it encounters a choice point. Random choice, however,
+can easily lead to failing values. We might try running the evaluator over and over, making random
+choices and hoping to find a non-failing value, but it is better to systematically search all possible
+execution paths. The amb evaluator that we will develop and work with in this section implements a
+systematic search as follows: When the evaluator encounters an application of amb, it initially selects
+the first alternative. This selection may itself lead to a further choice. The evaluator will always
+initially choose the first alternative at each choice point. If a choice results in a failure, then the
+evaluator automagically 46 backtracks to the most recent choice point and tries the next alternative. If
+it runs out of alternatives at any choice point, the evaluator will back up to the previous choice point
+and resume from there. This process leads to a search strategy known as depth-first search or
+chronological backtracking. 47
+
+Driver loop
+The driver loop for the amb evaluator has some unusual properties. It reads an expression and prints
+the value of the first non-failing execution, as in the prime-sum-pair example shown above. If we
+want to see the value of the next successful execution, we can ask the interpreter to backtrack and
+attempt to generate a second non-failing execution. This is signaled by typing the symbol
+try-again. If any expression except try-again is given, the interpreter will start a new problem,
+discarding the unexplored alternatives in the previous problem. Here is a sample interaction:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 20)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 110)
+
+\f;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(8 35)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; There are no more values of
+(prime-sum-pair (quote (1 3 5 8)) (quote (20 35 110)))
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(19 27 30) ’(11 36 58))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(30 11)
+Exercise 4.35. Write a procedure an-integer-between that returns an integer between two
+given bounds. This can be used to implement a procedure that finds Pythagorean triples, i.e., triples of
+integers (i,j,k) between the given bounds such that i < j and i 2 + j 2 = k 2 , as follows:
+(define (a-pythagorean-triple-between low high)
+(let ((i (an-integer-between low high)))
+(let ((j (an-integer-between i high)))
+(let ((k (an-integer-between j high)))
+(require (= (+ (* i i) (* j j)) (* k k)))
+(list i j k)))))
+Exercise 4.36. Exercise 3.69 discussed how to generate the stream of all Pythagorean triples, with no
+upper bound on the size of the integers to be searched. Explain why simply replacing
+an-integer-between by an-integer-starting-from in the procedure in exercise 4.35 is
+not an adequate way to generate arbitrary Pythagorean triples. Write a procedure that actually will
+accomplish this. (That is, write a procedure for which repeatedly typing try-again would in
+principle eventually generate all Pythagorean triples.)
+Exercise 4.37. Ben Bitdiddle claims that the following method for generating Pythagorean triples is
+more efficient than the one in exercise 4.35. Is he correct? (Hint: Consider the number of possibilities
+that must be explored.)
+(define (a-pythagorean-triple-between low high)
+(let ((i (an-integer-between low high))
+(hsq (* high high)))
+(let ((j (an-integer-between i high)))
+(let ((ksq (+ (* i i) (* j j))))
+(require (>= hsq ksq))
+(let ((k (sqrt ksq)))
+(require (integer? k))
+(list i j k))))))
+
+4.3.2 Examples of Nondeterministic Programs
+Section 4.3.3 describes the implementation of the amb evaluator. First, however, we give some
+examples of how it can be used. The advantage of nondeterministic programming is that we can
+suppress the details of how search is carried out, thereby expressing our programs at a higher level of
+
+\fabstraction.
+
+Logic Puzzles
+The following puzzle (taken from Dinesman 1968) is typical of a large class of simple logic puzzles:
+Baker, Cooper, Fletcher, Miller, and Smith live on different floors of an apartment house that
+contains only five floors. Baker does not live on the top floor. Cooper does not live on the bottom
+floor. Fletcher does not live on either the top or the bottom floor. Miller lives on a higher floor
+than does Cooper. Smith does not live on a floor adjacent to Fletcher’s. Fletcher does not live on
+a floor adjacent to Cooper’s. Where does everyone live?
+We can determine who lives on each floor in a straightforward way by enumerating all the possibilities
+and imposing the given restrictions: 48
+(define (multiple-dwelling)
+(let ((baker (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(cooper (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(fletcher (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(miller (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(smith (amb 1 2 3 4 5)))
+(require
+(distinct? (list baker cooper fletcher miller smith)))
+(require (not (= baker 5)))
+(require (not (= cooper 1)))
+(require (not (= fletcher 5)))
+(require (not (= fletcher 1)))
+(require (> miller cooper))
+(require (not (= (abs (- smith fletcher)) 1)))
+(require (not (= (abs (- fletcher cooper)) 1)))
+(list (list ’baker baker)
+(list ’cooper cooper)
+(list ’fletcher fletcher)
+(list ’miller miller)
+(list ’smith smith))))
+Evaluating the expression (multiple-dwelling) produces the result
+((baker 3) (cooper 2) (fletcher 4) (miller 5) (smith 1))
+Although this simple procedure works, it is very slow. Exercises 4.39 and 4.40 discuss some possible
+improvements.
+Exercise 4.38. Modify the multiple-dwelling procedure to omit the requirement that Smith and
+Fletcher do not live on adjacent floors. How many solutions are there to this modified puzzle?
+Exercise 4.39. Does the order of the restrictions in the multiple-dwelling procedure affect the answer?
+Does it affect the time to find an answer? If you think it matters, demonstrate a faster program
+obtained from the given one by reordering the restrictions. If you think it does not matter, argue your
+case.
+
+\fExercise 4.40. In the multiple dwelling problem, how many sets of assignments are there of people to
+floors, both before and after the requirement that floor assignments be distinct? It is very inefficient to
+generate all possible assignments of people to floors and then leave it to backtracking to eliminate
+them. For example, most of the restrictions depend on only one or two of the person-floor variables,
+and can thus be imposed before floors have been selected for all the people. Write and demonstrate a
+much more efficient nondeterministic procedure that solves this problem based upon generating only
+those possibilities that are not already ruled out by previous restrictions. (Hint: This will require a nest
+of let expressions.)
+Exercise 4.41. Write an ordinary Scheme program to solve the multiple dwelling puzzle.
+Exercise 4.42. Solve the following ‘‘Liars’’ puzzle (from Phillips 1934):
+Five schoolgirls sat for an examination. Their parents -- so they thought -- showed an undue
+degree of interest in the result. They therefore agreed that, in writing home about the examination,
+each girl should make one true statement and one untrue one. The following are the relevant
+passages from their letters:
+Betty: ‘‘Kitty was second in the examination. I was only third.’’
+Ethel: ‘‘You’ll be glad to hear that I was on top. Joan was second.’’
+Joan: ‘‘I was third, and poor old Ethel was bottom.’’
+Kitty: ‘‘I came out second. Mary was only fourth.’’
+Mary: ‘‘I was fourth. Top place was taken by Betty.’’
+What in fact was the order in which the five girls were placed?
+Exercise 4.43. Use the amb evaluator to solve the following puzzle: 49
+Mary Ann Moore’s father has a yacht and so has each of his four friends: Colonel Downing, Mr.
+Hall, Sir Barnacle Hood, and Dr. Parker. Each of the five also has one daughter and each has
+named his yacht after a daughter of one of the others. Sir Barnacle’s yacht is the Gabrielle, Mr.
+Moore owns the Lorna; Mr. Hall the Rosalind. The Melissa, owned by Colonel Downing, is
+named after Sir Barnacle’s daughter. Gabrielle’s father owns the yacht that is named after Dr.
+Parker’s daughter. Who is Lorna’s father?
+Try to write the program so that it runs efficiently (see exercise 4.40). Also determine how many
+solutions there are if we are not told that Mary Ann’s last name is Moore.
+Exercise 4.44. Exercise 2.42 described the ‘‘eight-queens puzzle’’ of placing queens on a chessboard
+so that no two attack each other. Write a nondeterministic program to solve this puzzle.
+
+Parsing natural language
+Programs designed to accept natural language as input usually start by attempting to parse the input,
+that is, to match the input against some grammatical structure. For example, we might try to recognize
+simple sentences consisting of an article followed by a noun followed by a verb, such as ‘‘The cat
+eats.’’ To accomplish such an analysis, we must be able to identify the parts of speech of individual
+words. We could start with some lists that classify various words: 50
+(define nouns ’(noun student professor cat class))
+(define verbs ’(verb studies lectures eats sleeps))
+(define articles ’(article the a))
+
+\fWe also need a grammar, that is, a set of rules describing how grammatical elements are composed
+from simpler elements. A very simple grammar might stipulate that a sentence always consists of two
+pieces -- a noun phrase followed by a verb -- and that a noun phrase consists of an article followed by
+a noun. With this grammar, the sentence ‘‘The cat eats’’ is parsed as follows:
+(sentence (noun-phrase (article the) (noun cat))
+(verb eats))
+We can generate such a parse with a simple program that has separate procedures for each of the
+grammatical rules. To parse a sentence, we identify its two constituent pieces and return a list of these
+two elements, tagged with the symbol sentence:
+(define (parse-sentence)
+(list ’sentence
+(parse-noun-phrase)
+(parse-word verbs)))
+A noun phrase, similarly, is parsed by finding an article followed by a noun:
+(define (parse-noun-phrase)
+(list ’noun-phrase
+(parse-word articles)
+(parse-word nouns)))
+At the lowest level, parsing boils down to repeatedly checking that the next unparsed word is a
+member of the list of words for the required part of speech. To implement this, we maintain a global
+variable *unparsed*, which is the input that has not yet been parsed. Each time we check a word,
+we require that *unparsed* must be non-empty and that it should begin with a word from the
+designated list. If so, we remove that word from *unparsed* and return the word together with its
+part of speech (which is found at the head of the list): 51
+(define (parse-word word-list)
+(require (not (null? *unparsed*)))
+(require (memq (car *unparsed*) (cdr word-list)))
+(let ((found-word (car *unparsed*)))
+(set! *unparsed* (cdr *unparsed*))
+(list (car word-list) found-word)))
+To start the parsing, all we need to do is set *unparsed* to be the entire input, try to parse a
+sentence, and check that nothing is left over:
+(define *unparsed* ’())
+(define (parse input)
+(set! *unparsed* input)
+(let ((sent (parse-sentence)))
+(require (null? *unparsed*))
+sent))
+We can now try the parser and verify that it works for our simple test sentence:
+
+\f;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(parse ’(the cat eats))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(sentence (noun-phrase (article the) (noun cat)) (verb eats))
+The amb evaluator is useful here because it is convenient to express the parsing constraints with the
+aid of require. Automatic search and backtracking really pay off, however, when we consider more
+complex grammars where there are choices for how the units can be decomposed.
+Let’s add to our grammar a list of prepositions:
+(define prepositions ’(prep for to in by with))
+and define a prepositional phrase (e.g., ‘‘for the cat’’) to be a preposition followed by a noun phrase:
+(define (parse-prepositional-phrase)
+(list ’prep-phrase
+(parse-word prepositions)
+(parse-noun-phrase)))
+Now we can define a sentence to be a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase, where a verb phrase can
+be either a verb or a verb phrase extended by a prepositional phrase: 52
+(define (parse-sentence)
+(list ’sentence
+(parse-noun-phrase)
+(parse-verb-phrase)))
+(define (parse-verb-phrase)
+(define (maybe-extend verb-phrase)
+(amb verb-phrase
+(maybe-extend (list ’verb-phrase
+verb-phrase
+(parse-prepositional-phrase)))))
+(maybe-extend (parse-word verbs)))
+While we’re at it, we can also elaborate the definition of noun phrases to permit such things as ‘‘a cat
+in the class.’’ What we used to call a noun phrase, we’ll now call a simple noun phrase, and a noun
+phrase will now be either a simple noun phrase or a noun phrase extended by a prepositional phrase:
+(define (parse-simple-noun-phrase)
+(list ’simple-noun-phrase
+(parse-word articles)
+(parse-word nouns)))
+(define (parse-noun-phrase)
+(define (maybe-extend noun-phrase)
+(amb noun-phrase
+(maybe-extend (list ’noun-phrase
+noun-phrase
+(parse-prepositional-phrase)))))
+(maybe-extend (parse-simple-noun-phrase)))
+
+\fOur new grammar lets us parse more complex sentences. For example
+(parse ’(the student with the cat sleeps in the class))
+produces
+(sentence
+(noun-phrase
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun student))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat))))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb sleeps)
+(prep-phrase (prep in)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun class)))))
+Observe that a given input may have more than one legal parse. In the sentence ‘‘The professor
+lectures to the student with the cat,’’ it may be that the professor is lecturing with the cat, or that the
+student has the cat. Our nondeterministic program finds both possibilities:
+(parse ’(the professor lectures to the student with the cat))
+produces
+(sentence
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun professor))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb-phrase
+(verb lectures)
+(prep-phrase (prep to)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun student))))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat)))))
+Asking the evaluator to try again yields
+(sentence
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun professor))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb lectures)
+(prep-phrase (prep to)
+(noun-phrase
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun student))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat)))))))
+
+\fExercise 4.45. With the grammar given above, the following sentence can be parsed in five different
+ways: ‘‘The professor lectures to the student in the class with the cat.’’ Give the five parses and
+explain the differences in shades of meaning among them.
+Exercise 4.46. The evaluators in sections 4.1 and 4.2 do not determine what order operands are
+evaluated in. We will see that the amb evaluator evaluates them from left to right. Explain why our
+parsing program wouldn’t work if the operands were evaluated in some other order.
+Exercise 4.47. Louis Reasoner suggests that, since a verb phrase is either a verb or a verb phrase
+followed by a prepositional phrase, it would be much more straightforward to define the procedure
+parse-verb-phrase as follows (and similarly for noun phrases):
+(define (parse-verb-phrase)
+(amb (parse-word verbs)
+(list ’verb-phrase
+(parse-verb-phrase)
+(parse-prepositional-phrase))))
+Does this work? Does the program’s behavior change if we interchange the order of expressions in the
+amb?
+Exercise 4.48. Extend the grammar given above to handle more complex sentences. For example, you
+could extend noun phrases and verb phrases to include adjectives and adverbs, or you could handle
+compound sentences. 53
+Exercise 4.49. Alyssa P. Hacker is more interested in generating interesting sentences than in parsing
+them. She reasons that by simply changing the procedure parse-word so that it ignores the ‘‘input
+sentence’’ and instead always succeeds and generates an appropriate word, we can use the programs
+we had built for parsing to do generation instead. Implement Alyssa’s idea, and show the first
+half-dozen or so sentences generated. 54
+
+4.3.3 Implementing the Amb Evaluator
+The evaluation of an ordinary Scheme expression may return a value, may never terminate, or may
+signal an error. In nondeterministic Scheme the evaluation of an expression may in addition result in
+the discovery of a dead end, in which case evaluation must backtrack to a previous choice point. The
+interpretation of nondeterministic Scheme is complicated by this extra case.
+We will construct the amb evaluator for nondeterministic Scheme by modifying the analyzing
+evaluator of section 4.1.7. 55 As in the analyzing evaluator, evaluation of an expression is
+accomplished by calling an execution procedure produced by analysis of that expression. The
+difference between the interpretation of ordinary Scheme and the interpretation of nondeterministic
+Scheme will be entirely in the execution procedures.
+
+Execution procedures and continuations
+Recall that the execution procedures for the ordinary evaluator take one argument: the environment of
+execution. In contrast, the execution procedures in the amb evaluator take three arguments: the
+environment, and two procedures called continuation procedures. The evaluation of an expression will
+finish by calling one of these two continuations: If the evaluation results in a value, the success
+continuation is called with that value; if the evaluation results in the discovery of a dead end, the
+failure continuation is called. Constructing and calling appropriate continuations is the mechanism by
+
+\fwhich the nondeterministic evaluator implements backtracking.
+It is the job of the success continuation to receive a value and proceed with the computation. Along
+with that value, the success continuation is passed another failure continuation, which is to be called
+subsequently if the use of that value leads to a dead end.
+It is the job of the failure continuation to try another branch of the nondeterministic process. The
+essence of the nondeterministic language is in the fact that expressions may represent choices among
+alternatives. The evaluation of such an expression must proceed with one of the indicated alternative
+choices, even though it is not known in advance which choices will lead to acceptable results. To deal
+with this, the evaluator picks one of the alternatives and passes this value to the success continuation.
+Together with this value, the evaluator constructs and passes along a failure continuation that can be
+called later to choose a different alternative.
+A failure is triggered during evaluation (that is, a failure continuation is called) when a user program
+explicitly rejects the current line of attack (for example, a call to require may result in execution of
+(amb), an expression that always fails -- see section 4.3.1). The failure continuation in hand at that
+point will cause the most recent choice point to choose another alternative. If there are no more
+alternatives to be considered at that choice point, a failure at an earlier choice point is triggered, and so
+on. Failure continuations are also invoked by the driver loop in response to a try-again request, to
+find another value of the expression.
+In addition, if a side-effect operation (such as assignment to a variable) occurs on a branch of the
+process resulting from a choice, it may be necessary, when the process finds a dead end, to undo the
+side effect before making a new choice. This is accomplished by having the side-effect operation
+produce a failure continuation that undoes the side effect and propagates the failure.
+In summary, failure continuations are constructed by
+amb expressions -- to provide a mechanism to make alternative choices if the current choice
+made by the amb expression leads to a dead end;
+the top-level driver -- to provide a mechanism to report failure when the choices are exhausted;
+assignments -- to intercept failures and undo assignments during backtracking.
+Failures are initiated only when a dead end is encountered. This occurs
+if the user program executes (amb);
+if the user types try-again at the top-level driver.
+Failure continuations are also called during processing of a failure:
+When the failure continuation created by an assignment finishes undoing a side effect, it calls the
+failure continuation it intercepted, in order to propagate the failure back to the choice point that
+led to this assignment or to the top level.
+When the failure continuation for an amb runs out of choices, it calls the failure continuation that
+was originally given to the amb, in order to propagate the failure back to the previous choice
+point or to the top level.
+
+\fStructure of the evaluator
+The syntax- and data-representation procedures for the amb evaluator, and also the basic analyze
+procedure, are identical to those in the evaluator of section 4.1.7, except for the fact that we need
+additional syntax procedures to recognize the amb special form: 56
+(define (amb? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’amb))
+(define (amb-choices exp) (cdr exp))
+We must also add to the dispatch in analyze a clause that will recognize this special form and
+generate an appropriate execution procedure:
+((amb? exp) (analyze-amb exp))
+The top-level procedure ambeval (similar to the version of eval given in section 4.1.7) analyzes the
+given expression and applies the resulting execution procedure to the given environment, together with
+two given continuations:
+(define (ambeval exp env succeed fail)
+((analyze exp) env succeed fail))
+A success continuation is a procedure of two arguments: the value just obtained and another failure
+continuation to be used if that value leads to a subsequent failure. A failure continuation is a procedure
+of no arguments. So the general form of an execution procedure is
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+;; succeed is (lambda (value fail) ...)
+;; fail is (lambda () ...)
+...)
+For example, executing
+(ambeval <exp>
+the-global-environment
+(lambda (value fail) value)
+(lambda () ’failed))
+will attempt to evaluate the given expression and will return either the expression’s value (if the
+evaluation succeeds) or the symbol failed (if the evaluation fails). The call to ambeval in the
+driver loop shown below uses much more complicated continuation procedures, which continue the
+loop and support the try-again request.
+Most of the complexity of the amb evaluator results from the mechanics of passing the continuations
+around as the execution procedures call each other. In going through the following code, you should
+compare each of the execution procedures with the corresponding procedure for the ordinary evaluator
+given in section 4.1.7.
+
+Simple expressions
+The execution procedures for the simplest kinds of expressions are essentially the same as those for the
+ordinary evaluator, except for the need to manage the continuations. The execution procedures simply
+succeed with the value of the expression, passing along the failure continuation that was passed to
+
+\fthem.
+(define (analyze-self-evaluating exp)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed exp fail)))
+(define (analyze-quoted exp)
+(let ((qval (text-of-quotation exp)))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed qval fail))))
+(define (analyze-variable exp)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed (lookup-variable-value exp env)
+fail)))
+(define (analyze-lambda exp)
+(let ((vars (lambda-parameters exp))
+(bproc (analyze-sequence (lambda-body exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed (make-procedure vars bproc env)
+fail))))
+Notice that looking up a variable always ‘‘succeeds.’’ If lookup-variable-value fails to find
+the variable, it signals an error, as usual. Such a ‘‘failure’’ indicates a program bug -- a reference to an
+unbound variable; it is not an indication that we should try another nondeterministic choice instead of
+the one that is currently being tried.
+
+Conditionals and sequences
+Conditionals are also handled in a similar way as in the ordinary evaluator. The execution procedure
+generated by analyze-if invokes the predicate execution procedure pproc with a success
+continuation that checks whether the predicate value is true and goes on to execute either the
+consequent or the alternative. If the execution of pproc fails, the original failure continuation for the
+if expression is called.
+(define (analyze-if exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (if-predicate exp)))
+(cproc (analyze (if-consequent exp)))
+(aproc (analyze (if-alternative exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(pproc env
+;; success continuation for evaluating the predicate
+;; to obtain pred-value
+(lambda (pred-value fail2)
+(if (true? pred-value)
+(cproc env succeed fail2)
+(aproc env succeed fail2)))
+;; failure continuation for evaluating the predicate
+fail))))
+Sequences are also handled in the same way as in the previous evaluator, except for the machinations
+in the subprocedure sequentially that are required for passing the continuations. Namely, to
+sequentially execute a and then b, we call a with a success continuation that calls b.
+
+\f(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (sequentially a b)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(a env
+;; success continuation for calling a
+(lambda (a-value fail2)
+(b env succeed fail2))
+;; failure continuation for calling a
+fail)))
+(define (loop first-proc rest-procs)
+(if (null? rest-procs)
+first-proc
+(loop (sequentially first-proc (car rest-procs))
+(cdr rest-procs))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(loop (car procs) (cdr procs))))
+
+Definitions and assignments
+Definitions are another case where we must go to some trouble to manage the continuations, because it
+is necessary to evaluate the definition-value expression before actually defining the new variable. To
+accomplish this, the definition-value execution procedure vproc is called with the environment, a
+success continuation, and the failure continuation. If the execution of vproc succeeds, obtaining a
+value val for the defined variable, the variable is defined and the success is propagated:
+(define (analyze-definition exp)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (definition-value exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(vproc env
+(lambda (val fail2)
+(define-variable! var val env)
+(succeed ’ok fail2))
+fail))))
+Assignments are more interesting. This is the first place where we really use the continuations, rather
+than just passing them around. The execution procedure for assignments starts out like the one for
+definitions. It first attempts to obtain the new value to be assigned to the variable. If this evaluation of
+vproc fails, the assignment fails.
+If vproc succeeds, however, and we go on to make the assignment, we must consider the possibility
+that this branch of the computation might later fail, which will require us to backtrack out of the
+assignment. Thus, we must arrange to undo the assignment as part of the backtracking process. 57
+This is accomplished by giving vproc a success continuation (marked with the comment ‘‘*1*’’
+below) that saves the old value of the variable before assigning the new value to the variable and
+proceeding from the assignment. The failure continuation that is passed along with the value of the
+assignment (marked with the comment ‘‘*2*’’ below) restores the old value of the variable before
+continuing the failure. That is, a successful assignment provides a failure continuation that will
+
+\fintercept a subsequent failure; whatever failure would otherwise have called fail2 calls this
+procedure instead, to undo the assignment before actually calling fail2.
+(define (analyze-assignment exp)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (assignment-value exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(vproc env
+(lambda (val fail2)
+; *1*
+(let ((old-value
+(lookup-variable-value var env)))
+(set-variable-value! var val env)
+(succeed ’ok
+(lambda ()
+; *2*
+(set-variable-value! var
+old-value
+env)
+(fail2)))))
+fail))))
+
+Procedure applications
+The execution procedure for applications contains no new ideas except for the technical complexity of
+managing the continuations. This complexity arises in analyze-application, due to the need to
+keep track of the success and failure continuations as we evaluate the operands. We use a procedure
+get-args to evaluate the list of operands, rather than a simple map as in the ordinary evaluator.
+(define (analyze-application exp)
+(let ((fproc (analyze (operator exp)))
+(aprocs (map analyze (operands exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(fproc env
+(lambda (proc fail2)
+(get-args aprocs
+env
+(lambda (args fail3)
+(execute-application
+proc args succeed fail3))
+fail2))
+fail))))
+In get-args, notice how cdring down the list of aproc execution procedures and consing up the
+resulting list of args is accomplished by calling each aproc in the list with a success continuation
+that recursively calls get-args. Each of these recursive calls to get-args has a success
+continuation whose value is the cons of the newly obtained argument onto the list of accumulated
+arguments:
+(define (get-args aprocs env succeed fail)
+(if (null? aprocs)
+(succeed ’() fail)
+((car aprocs) env
+
+\f;; success continuation for this aproc
+(lambda (arg fail2)
+(get-args (cdr aprocs)
+env
+;; success continuation for recursive
+;; call to get-args
+(lambda (args fail3)
+(succeed (cons arg args)
+fail3))
+fail2))
+fail)))
+The actual procedure application, which is performed by execute-application, is accomplished
+in the same way as for the ordinary evaluator, except for the need to manage the continuations.
+(define (execute-application proc args succeed fail)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
+(succeed (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
+fail))
+((compound-procedure? proc)
+((procedure-body proc)
+(extend-environment (procedure-parameters proc)
+args
+(procedure-environment proc))
+succeed
+fail))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- EXECUTE-APPLICATION"
+proc))))
+
+Evaluating amb expressions
+The amb special form is the key element in the nondeterministic language. Here we see the essence of
+the interpretation process and the reason for keeping track of the continuations. The execution
+procedure for amb defines a loop try-next that cycles through the execution procedures for all the
+possible values of the amb expression. Each execution procedure is called with a failure continuation
+that will try the next one. When there are no more alternatives to try, the entire amb expression fails.
+(define (analyze-amb exp)
+(let ((cprocs (map analyze (amb-choices exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(define (try-next choices)
+(if (null? choices)
+(fail)
+((car choices) env
+succeed
+(lambda ()
+(try-next (cdr choices))))))
+(try-next cprocs))))
+
+\fDriver loop
+The driver loop for the amb evaluator is complex, due to the mechanism that permits the user to try
+again in evaluating an expression. The driver uses a procedure called internal-loop, which takes
+as argument a procedure try-again. The intent is that calling try-again should go on to the next
+untried alternative in the nondeterministic evaluation. Internal-loop either calls try-again in
+response to the user typing try-again at the driver loop, or else starts a new evaluation by calling
+ambeval.
+The failure continuation for this call to ambeval informs the user that there are no more values and
+re-invokes the driver loop.
+The success continuation for the call to ambeval is more subtle. We print the obtained value and then
+invoke the internal loop again with a try-again procedure that will be able to try the next
+alternative. This next-alternative procedure is the second argument that was passed to the
+success continuation. Ordinarily, we think of this second argument as a failure continuation to be used
+if the current evaluation branch later fails. In this case, however, we have completed a successful
+evaluation, so we can invoke the ‘‘failure’’ alternative branch in order to search for additional
+successful evaluations.
+(define input-prompt ";;; Amb-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; Amb-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(define (internal-loop try-again)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(if (eq? input ’try-again)
+(try-again)
+(begin
+(newline)
+(display ";;; Starting a new problem ")
+(ambeval input
+the-global-environment
+;; ambeval success
+(lambda (val next-alternative)
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print val)
+(internal-loop next-alternative))
+;; ambeval failure
+(lambda ()
+(announce-output
+";;; There are no more values of")
+(user-print input)
+(driver-loop)))))))
+(internal-loop
+(lambda ()
+(newline)
+(display ";;; There is no current problem")
+(driver-loop))))
+
+\fThe initial call to internal-loop uses a try-again procedure that complains that there is no
+current problem and restarts the driver loop. This is the behavior that will happen if the user types
+try-again when there is no evaluation in progress.
+Exercise 4.50. Implement a new special form ramb that is like amb except that it searches
+alternatives in a random order, rather than from left to right. Show how this can help with Alyssa’s
+problem in exercise 4.49.
+Exercise 4.51. Implement a new kind of assignment called permanent-set! that is not undone
+upon failure. For example, we can choose two distinct elements from a list and count the number of
+trials required to make a successful choice as follows:
+(define count 0)
+(let ((x (an-element-of ’(a b c)))
+(y (an-element-of ’(a b c))))
+(permanent-set! count (+ count 1))
+(require (not (eq? x y)))
+(list x y count))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(a b 2)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(a c 3)
+What values would have been displayed if we had used set! here rather than permanent-set! ?
+Exercise 4.52. Implement a new construct called if-fail that permits the user to catch the failure
+of an expression. If-fail takes two expressions. It evaluates the first expression as usual and
+returns as usual if the evaluation succeeds. If the evaluation fails, however, the value of the second
+expression is returned, as in the following example:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(if-fail (let ((x (an-element-of ’(1 3 5))))
+(require (even? x))
+x)
+’all-odd)
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+all-odd
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(if-fail (let ((x (an-element-of ’(1 3 5 8))))
+(require (even? x))
+x)
+’all-odd)
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+8
+
+\fExercise 4.53. With permanent-set! as described in exercise 4.51 and if-fail as in
+exercise 4.52, what will be the result of evaluating
+(let ((pairs ’()))
+(if-fail (let ((p (prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))))
+(permanent-set! pairs (cons p pairs))
+(amb))
+pairs))
+Exercise 4.54. If we had not realized that require could be implemented as an ordinary procedure
+that uses amb, to be defined by the user as part of a nondeterministic program, we would have had to
+implement it as a special form. This would require syntax procedures
+(define (require? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’require))
+(define (require-predicate exp) (cadr exp))
+and a new clause in the dispatch in analyze
+((require? exp) (analyze-require exp))
+as well the procedure analyze-require that handles require expressions. Complete the
+following definition of analyze-require.
+(define (analyze-require exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (require-predicate exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(pproc env
+(lambda (pred-value fail2)
+(if <??>
+<??>
+(succeed ’ok fail2)))
+fail))))
+42 We assume that we have previously defined a procedure prime? that tests whether numbers are
+
+prime. Even with prime? defined, the prime-sum-pair procedure may look suspiciously like the
+unhelpful ‘‘pseudo-Lisp’’ attempt to define the square-root function, which we described at the
+beginning of section 1.1.7. In fact, a square-root procedure along those lines can actually be
+formulated as a nondeterministic program. By incorporating a search mechanism into the evaluator,
+we are eroding the distinction between purely declarative descriptions and imperative specifications of
+how to compute answers. We’ll go even farther in this direction in section 4.4.
+43 The idea of amb for nondeterministic programming was first described in 1961 by John McCarthy
+
+(see McCarthy 1967).
+44 In actuality, the distinction between nondeterministically returning a single choice and returning all
+
+choices depends somewhat on our point of view. From the perspective of the code that uses the value,
+the nondeterministic choice returns a single value. From the perspective of the programmer designing
+the code, the nondeterministic choice potentially returns all possible values, and the computation
+branches so that each value is investigated separately.
+
+\f45 One might object that this is a hopelessly inefficient mechanism. It might require millions of
+
+processors to solve some easily stated problem this way, and most of the time most of those processors
+would be idle. This objection should be taken in the context of history. Memory used to be considered
+just such an expensive commodity. In 1964 a megabyte of RAM cost about $400,000. Now every
+personal computer has many megabytes of RAM, and most of the time most of that RAM is unused. It
+is hard to underestimate the cost of mass-produced electronics.
+46 Automagically: ‘‘Automatically, but in a way which, for some reason (typically because it is too
+
+complicated, or too ugly, or perhaps even too trivial), the speaker doesn’t feel like explaining.’’ (Steele
+1983, Raymond 1993)
+47 The integration of automatic search strategies into programming languages has had a long and
+
+checkered history. The first suggestions that nondeterministic algorithms might be elegantly encoded
+in a programming language with search and automatic backtracking came from Robert Floyd (1967).
+Carl Hewitt (1969) invented a programming language called Planner that explicitly supported
+automatic chronological backtracking, providing for a built-in depth-first search strategy. Sussman,
+Winograd, and Charniak (1971) implemented a subset of this language, called MicroPlanner, which
+was used to support work in problem solving and robot planning. Similar ideas, arising from logic and
+theorem proving, led to the genesis in Edinburgh and Marseille of the elegant language Prolog (which
+we will discuss in section 4.4). After sufficient frustration with automatic search, McDermott and
+Sussman (1972) developed a language called Conniver, which included mechanisms for placing the
+search strategy under programmer control. This proved unwieldy, however, and Sussman and Stallman
+(1975) found a more tractable approach while investigating methods of symbolic analysis for electrical
+circuits. They developed a non-chronological backtracking scheme that was based on tracing out the
+logical dependencies connecting facts, a technique that has come to be known as dependency-directed
+backtracking. Although their method was complex, it produced reasonably efficient programs because
+it did little redundant search. Doyle (1979) and McAllester (1978, 1980) generalized and clarified the
+methods of Stallman and Sussman, developing a new paradigm for formulating search that is now
+called truth maintenance. Modern problem-solving systems all use some form of truth-maintenance
+system as a substrate. See Forbus and deKleer 1993 for a discussion of elegant ways to build
+truth-maintenance systems and applications using truth maintenance. Zabih, McAllester, and Chapman
+1987 describes a nondeterministic extension to Scheme that is based on amb; it is similar to the
+interpreter described in this section, but more sophisticated, because it uses dependency-directed
+backtracking rather than chronological backtracking. Winston 1992 gives an introduction to both kinds
+of backtracking.
+48 Our program uses the following procedure to determine if the elements of a list are distinct:
+
+(define (distinct? items)
+(cond ((null? items) true)
+((null? (cdr items)) true)
+((member (car items) (cdr items)) false)
+(else (distinct? (cdr items)))))
+Member is like memq except that it uses equal? instead of eq? to test for equality.
+49 This is taken from a booklet called ‘‘Problematical Recreations,’’ published in the 1960s by Litton
+
+Industries, where it is attributed to the Kansas State Engineer.
+
+\f50 Here we use the convention that the first element of each list designates the part of speech for the
+
+rest of the words in the list.
+51 Notice that parse-word uses set! to modify the unparsed input list. For this to work, our amb
+
+evaluator must undo the effects of set! operations when it backtracks.
+52 Observe that this definition is recursive -- a verb may be followed by any number of prepositional
+
+phrases.
+53 This kind of grammar can become arbitrarily complex, but it is only a toy as far as real language
+
+understanding is concerned. Real natural-language understanding by computer requires an elaborate
+mixture of syntactic analysis and interpretation of meaning. On the other hand, even toy parsers can be
+useful in supporting flexible command languages for programs such as information-retrieval systems.
+Winston 1992 discusses computational approaches to real language understanding and also the
+applications of simple grammars to command languages.
+54 Although Alyssa’s idea works just fine (and is surprisingly simple), the sentences that it generates
+
+are a bit boring -- they don’t sample the possible sentences of this language in a very interesting way.
+In fact, the grammar is highly recursive in many places, and Alyssa’s technique ‘‘falls into’’ one of
+these recursions and gets stuck. See exercise 4.50 for a way to deal with this.
+55 We chose to implement the lazy evaluator in section 4.2 as a modification of the ordinary
+
+metacircular evaluator of section 4.1.1. In contrast, we will base the amb evaluator on the analyzing
+evaluator of section 4.1.7, because the execution procedures in that evaluator provide a convenient
+framework for implementing backtracking.
+56 We assume that the evaluator supports let (see exercise 4.22), which we have used in our
+
+nondeterministic programs.
+57 We didn’t worry about undoing definitions, since we can assume that internal definitions are
+
+scanned out (section 4.1.6).
+
+
+\f
+
+4.4 Logic Programming
+In chapter 1 we stressed that computer science deals with imperative (how to) knowledge, whereas
+mathematics deals with declarative (what is) knowledge. Indeed, programming languages require that
+the programmer express knowledge in a form that indicates the step-by-step methods for solving
+particular problems. On the other hand, high-level languages provide, as part of the language
+implementation, a substantial amount of methodological knowledge that frees the user from concern
+with numerous details of how a specified computation will progress.
+Most programming languages, including Lisp, are organized around computing the values of
+mathematical functions. Expression-oriented languages (such as Lisp, Fortran, and Algol) capitalize on
+the ‘‘pun’’ that an expression that describes the value of a function may also be interpreted as a means
+of computing that value. Because of this, most programming languages are strongly biased toward
+unidirectional computations (computations with well-defined inputs and outputs). There are, however,
+radically different programming languages that relax this bias. We saw one such example in
+section 3.3.5, where the objects of computation were arithmetic constraints. In a constraint system the
+direction and the order of computation are not so well specified; in carrying out a computation the
+system must therefore provide more detailed ‘‘how to’’ knowledge than would be the case with an
+ordinary arithmetic computation. This does not mean, however, that the user is released altogether
+from the responsibility of providing imperative knowledge. There are many constraint networks that
+implement the same set of constraints, and the user must choose from the set of mathematically
+equivalent networks a suitable network to specify a particular computation.
+The nondeterministic program evaluator of section 4.3 also moves away from the view that
+programming is about constructing algorithms for computing unidirectional functions. In a
+nondeterministic language, expressions can have more than one value, and, as a result, the
+computation is dealing with relations rather than with single-valued functions. Logic programming
+extends this idea by combining a relational vision of programming with a powerful kind of symbolic
+pattern matching called unification. 58
+This approach, when it works, can be a very powerful way to write programs. Part of the power comes
+from the fact that a single ‘‘what is’’ fact can be used to solve a number of different problems that
+would have different ‘‘how to’’ components. As an example, consider the append operation, which
+takes two lists as arguments and combines their elements to form a single list. In a procedural language
+such as Lisp, we could define append in terms of the basic list constructor cons, as we did in
+section 2.2.1:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x) (append (cdr x) y))))
+This procedure can be regarded as a translation into Lisp of the following two rules, the first of which
+covers the case where the first list is empty and the second of which handles the case of a nonempty
+list, which is a cons of two parts:
+For any list y, the empty list and y append to form y.
+
+\fFor any u, v, y, and z, (cons u v) and y append to form (cons u z) if v and y
+append to form z. 59
+Using the append procedure, we can answer questions such as
+Find the append of (a b) and (c d).
+But the same two rules are also sufficient for answering the following sorts of questions, which the
+procedure can’t answer:
+Find a list y that appends with (a b) to produce (a b c d).
+Find all x and y that append to form (a b c d).
+In a logic programming language, the programmer writes an append ‘‘procedure’’ by stating the two
+rules about append given above. ‘‘How to’’ knowledge is provided automatically by the interpreter
+to allow this single pair of rules to be used to answer all three types of questions about append. 60
+Contemporary logic programming languages (including the one we implement here) have substantial
+deficiencies, in that their general ‘‘how to’’ methods can lead them into spurious infinite loops or other
+undesirable behavior. Logic programming is an active field of research in computer science. 61
+Earlier in this chapter we explored the technology of implementing interpreters and described the
+elements that are essential to an interpreter for a Lisp-like language (indeed, to an interpreter for any
+conventional language). Now we will apply these ideas to discuss an interpreter for a logic
+programming language. We call this language the query language, because it is very useful for
+retrieving information from data bases by formulating queries, or questions, expressed in the language.
+Even though the query language is very different from Lisp, we will find it convenient to describe the
+language in terms of the same general framework we have been using all along: as a collection of
+primitive elements, together with means of combination that enable us to combine simple elements to
+create more complex elements and means of abstraction that enable us to regard complex elements as
+single conceptual units. An interpreter for a logic programming language is considerably more
+complex than an interpreter for a language like Lisp. Nevertheless, we will see that our query-language
+interpreter contains many of the same elements found in the interpreter of section 4.1. In particular,
+there will be an ‘‘eval’’ part that classifies expressions according to type and an ‘‘apply’’ part that
+implements the language’s abstraction mechanism (procedures in the case of Lisp, and rules in the
+case of logic programming). Also, a central role is played in the implementation by a frame data
+structure, which determines the correspondence between symbols and their associated values. One
+additional interesting aspect of our query-language implementation is that we make substantial use of
+streams, which were introduced in chapter 3.
+
+4.4.1 Deductive Information Retrieval
+Logic programming excels in providing interfaces to data bases for information retrieval. The query
+language we shall implement in this chapter is designed to be used in this way.
+In order to illustrate what the query system does, we will show how it can be used to manage the data
+base of personnel records for Microshaft, a thriving high-technology company in the Boston area. The
+language provides pattern-directed access to personnel information and can also take advantage of
+general rules in order to make logical deductions.
+
+\fA sample data base
+The personnel data base for Microshaft contains assertions about company personnel. Here is the
+information about Ben Bitdiddle, the resident computer wizard:
+(address (Bitdiddle Ben) (Slumerville (Ridge Road) 10))
+(job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard))
+(salary (Bitdiddle Ben) 60000)
+Each assertion is a list (in this case a triple) whose elements can themselves be lists.
+As resident wizard, Ben is in charge of the company’s computer division, and he supervises two
+programmers and one technician. Here is the information about them:
+(address (Hacker Alyssa P) (Cambridge (Mass Ave) 78))
+(job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(salary (Hacker Alyssa P) 40000)
+(supervisor (Hacker Alyssa P) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(address (Fect Cy D) (Cambridge (Ames Street) 3))
+(job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(salary (Fect Cy D) 35000)
+(supervisor (Fect Cy D) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(address (Tweakit Lem E) (Boston (Bay State Road) 22))
+(job (Tweakit Lem E) (computer technician))
+(salary (Tweakit Lem E) 25000)
+(supervisor (Tweakit Lem E) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+There is also a programmer trainee, who is supervised by Alyssa:
+(address (Reasoner Louis) (Slumerville (Pine Tree Road) 80))
+(job (Reasoner Louis) (computer programmer trainee))
+(salary (Reasoner Louis) 30000)
+(supervisor (Reasoner Louis) (Hacker Alyssa P))
+All of these people are in the computer division, as indicated by the word computer as the first item
+in their job descriptions.
+Ben is a high-level employee. His supervisor is the company’s big wheel himself:
+(supervisor (Bitdiddle Ben) (Warbucks Oliver))
+(address (Warbucks Oliver) (Swellesley (Top Heap Road)))
+(job (Warbucks Oliver) (administration big wheel))
+(salary (Warbucks Oliver) 150000)
+Besides the computer division supervised by Ben, the company has an accounting division, consisting
+of a chief accountant and his assistant:
+(address (Scrooge Eben) (Weston (Shady Lane) 10))
+(job (Scrooge Eben) (accounting chief accountant))
+(salary (Scrooge Eben) 75000)
+(supervisor (Scrooge Eben) (Warbucks Oliver))
+(address (Cratchet Robert) (Allston (N Harvard Street) 16))
+
+\f(job (Cratchet Robert) (accounting scrivener))
+(salary (Cratchet Robert) 18000)
+(supervisor (Cratchet Robert) (Scrooge Eben))
+There is also a secretary for the big wheel:
+(address (Aull DeWitt) (Slumerville (Onion Square) 5))
+(job (Aull DeWitt) (administration secretary))
+(salary (Aull DeWitt) 25000)
+(supervisor (Aull DeWitt) (Warbucks Oliver))
+The data base also contains assertions about which kinds of jobs can be done by people holding other
+kinds of jobs. For instance, a computer wizard can do the jobs of both a computer programmer and a
+computer technician:
+(can-do-job (computer wizard) (computer programmer))
+(can-do-job (computer wizard) (computer technician))
+A computer programmer could fill in for a trainee:
+(can-do-job (computer programmer)
+(computer programmer trainee))
+Also, as is well known,
+(can-do-job (administration secretary)
+(administration big wheel))
+
+Simple queries
+The query language allows users to retrieve information from the data base by posing queries in
+response to the system’s prompt. For example, to find all computer programmers one can say
+;;; Query input:
+(job ?x (computer programmer))
+The system will respond with the following items:
+;;; Query results:
+(job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+The input query specifies that we are looking for entries in the data base that match a certain pattern.
+In this example, the pattern specifies entries consisting of three items, of which the first is the literal
+symbol job, the second can be anything, and the third is the literal list (computer
+programmer). The ‘‘anything’’ that can be the second item in the matching list is specified by a
+pattern variable, ?x. The general form of a pattern variable is a symbol, taken to be the name of the
+variable, preceded by a question mark. We will see below why it is useful to specify names for pattern
+variables rather than just putting ? into patterns to represent ‘‘anything.’’ The system responds to a
+simple query by showing all entries in the data base that match the specified pattern.
+
+\fA pattern can have more than one variable. For example, the query
+(address ?x ?y)
+will list all the employees’ addresses.
+A pattern can have no variables, in which case the query simply determines whether that pattern is an
+entry in the data base. If so, there will be one match; if not, there will be no matches.
+The same pattern variable can appear more than once in a query, specifying that the same ‘‘anything’’
+must appear in each position. This is why variables have names. For example,
+(supervisor ?x ?x)
+finds all people who supervise themselves (though there are no such assertions in our sample data
+base).
+The query
+(job ?x (computer ?type))
+matches all job entries whose third item is a two-element list whose first item is computer:
+(job
+(job
+(job
+(job
+
+(Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard))
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (computer technician))
+
+This same pattern does not match
+(job (Reasoner Louis) (computer programmer trainee))
+because the third item in the entry is a list of three elements, and the pattern’s third item specifies that
+there should be two elements. If we wanted to change the pattern so that the third item could be any
+list beginning with computer, we could specify 62
+(job ?x (computer . ?type))
+For example,
+(computer . ?type)
+matches the data
+(computer programmer trainee)
+with ?type as the list (programmer trainee). It also matches the data
+(computer programmer)
+with ?type as the list (programmer), and matches the data
+
+\f(computer)
+with ?type as the empty list ().
+We can describe the query language’s processing of simple queries as follows:
+The system finds all assignments to variables in the query pattern that satisfy the pattern -- that is,
+all sets of values for the variables such that if the pattern variables are instantiated with (replaced
+by) the values, the result is in the data base.
+The system responds to the query by listing all instantiations of the query pattern with the
+variable assignments that satisfy it.
+Note that if the pattern has no variables, the query reduces to a determination of whether that pattern is
+in the data base. If so, the empty assignment, which assigns no values to variables, satisfies that pattern
+for that data base.
+Exercise 4.55. Give simple queries that retrieve the following information from the data base:
+a. all people supervised by Ben Bitdiddle;
+b. the names and jobs of all people in the accounting division;
+c. the names and addresses of all people who live in Slumerville.
+
+Compound queries
+Simple queries form the primitive operations of the query language. In order to form compound
+operations, the query language provides means of combination. One thing that makes the query
+language a logic programming language is that the means of combination mirror the means of
+combination used in forming logical expressions: and, or, and not. (Here and, or, and not are not
+the Lisp primitives, but rather operations built into the query language.)
+We can use and as follows to find the addresses of all the computer programmers:
+(and (job ?person (computer programmer))
+(address ?person ?where))
+The resulting output is
+(and (job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(address (Hacker Alyssa P) (Cambridge (Mass Ave) 78)))
+(and (job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(address (Fect Cy D) (Cambridge (Ames Street) 3)))
+In general,
+(and <query 1 > <query 2 > ... <query n >)
+is satisfied by all sets of values for the pattern variables that simultaneously satisfy <query 1 > ...
+<query n >.
+
+\fAs for simple queries, the system processes a compound query by finding all assignments to the
+pattern variables that satisfy the query, then displaying instantiations of the query with those values.
+Another means of constructing compound queries is through or. For example,
+(or (supervisor ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(supervisor ?x (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+will find all employees supervised by Ben Bitdiddle or Alyssa P. Hacker:
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Fect Cy D) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Fect Cy D) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Reasoner Louis) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Reasoner Louis) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+
+In general,
+(or <query 1 > <query 2 > ... <query n >)
+is satisfied by all sets of values for the pattern variables that satisfy at least one of <query 1 > ...
+<query n >.
+Compound queries can also be formed with not. For example,
+(and (supervisor ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+finds all people supervised by Ben Bitdiddle who are not computer programmers. In general,
+(not <query 1 >)
+is satisfied by all assignments to the pattern variables that do not satisfy <query 1 >. 63
+The final combining form is called lisp-value. When lisp-value is the first element of a
+pattern, it specifies that the next element is a Lisp predicate to be applied to the rest of the
+(instantiated) elements as arguments. In general,
+(lisp-value <predicate> <arg 1 > ... <arg n >)
+will be satisfied by assignments to the pattern variables for which the <predicate> applied to the
+instantiated <arg 1 > ... <arg n > is true. For example, to find all people whose salary is greater than
+$30,000 we could write 64
+(and (salary ?person ?amount)
+(lisp-value > ?amount 30000))
+
+\fExercise 4.56. Formulate compound queries that retrieve the following information:
+a. the names of all people who are supervised by Ben Bitdiddle, together with their addresses;
+b. all people whose salary is less than Ben Bitdiddle’s, together with their salary and Ben Bitdiddle’s
+salary;
+c. all people who are supervised by someone who is not in the computer division, together with the
+supervisor’s name and job.
+
+Rules
+In addition to primitive queries and compound queries, the query language provides means for
+abstracting queries. These are given by rules. The rule
+(rule (lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+(and (address ?person-1 (?town . ?rest-1))
+(address ?person-2 (?town . ?rest-2))
+(not (same ?person-1 ?person-2))))
+specifies that two people live near each other if they live in the same town. The final not clause
+prevents the rule from saying that all people live near themselves. The same relation is defined by a
+very simple rule: 65
+(rule (same ?x ?x))
+The following rule declares that a person is a ‘‘wheel’’ in an organization if he supervises someone
+who is in turn a supervisor:
+(rule (wheel ?person)
+(and (supervisor ?middle-manager ?person)
+(supervisor ?x ?middle-manager)))
+The general form of a rule is
+(rule <conclusion> <body>)
+where <conclusion> is a pattern and <body> is any query. 66 We can think of a rule as representing a
+large (even infinite) set of assertions, namely all instantiations of the rule conclusion with variable
+assignments that satisfy the rule body. When we described simple queries (patterns), we said that an
+assignment to variables satisfies a pattern if the instantiated pattern is in the data base. But the pattern
+needn’t be explicitly in the data base as an assertion. It can be an implicit assertion implied by a rule.
+For example, the query
+(lives-near ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+results in
+(lives-near (Reasoner Louis) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(lives-near (Aull DeWitt) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+
+\fTo find all computer programmers who live near Ben Bitdiddle, we can ask
+(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(lives-near ?x (Bitdiddle Ben)))
+As in the case of compound procedures, rules can be used as parts of other rules (as we saw with the
+lives-near rule above) or even be defined recursively. For instance, the rule
+(rule (outranked-by ?staff-person ?boss)
+(or (supervisor ?staff-person ?boss)
+(and (supervisor ?staff-person ?middle-manager)
+(outranked-by ?middle-manager ?boss))))
+says that a staff person is outranked by a boss in the organization if the boss is the person’s supervisor
+or (recursively) if the person’s supervisor is outranked by the boss.
+Exercise 4.57. Define a rule that says that person 1 can replace person 2 if either person 1 does the
+same job as person 2 or someone who does person 1’s job can also do person 2’s job, and if person 1
+and person 2 are not the same person. Using your rule, give queries that find the following:
+a. all people who can replace Cy D. Fect;
+b. all people who can replace someone who is being paid more than they are, together with the two
+salaries.
+Exercise 4.58. Define a rule that says that a person is a ‘‘big shot’’ in a division if the person works in
+the division but does not have a supervisor who works in the division.
+Exercise 4.59. Ben Bitdiddle has missed one meeting too many. Fearing that his habit of forgetting
+meetings could cost him his job, Ben decides to do something about it. He adds all the weekly
+meetings of the firm to the Microshaft data base by asserting the following:
+(meeting
+(meeting
+(meeting
+(meeting
+
+accounting (Monday 9am))
+administration (Monday 10am))
+computer (Wednesday 3pm))
+administration (Friday 1pm))
+
+Each of the above assertions is for a meeting of an entire division. Ben also adds an entry for the
+company-wide meeting that spans all the divisions. All of the company’s employees attend this
+meeting.
+(meeting whole-company (Wednesday 4pm))
+a. On Friday morning, Ben wants to query the data base for all the meetings that occur that day. What
+query should he use?
+b. Alyssa P. Hacker is unimpressed. She thinks it would be much more useful to be able to ask for her
+meetings by specifying her name. So she designs a rule that says that a person’s meetings include all
+whole-company meetings plus all meetings of that person’s division. Fill in the body of Alyssa’s
+rule.
+
+\f(rule (meeting-time ?person ?day-and-time)
+<rule-body>)
+c. Alyssa arrives at work on Wednesday morning and wonders what meetings she has to attend that
+day. Having defined the above rule, what query should she make to find this out?
+Exercise 4.60. By giving the query
+(lives-near ?person (Hacker Alyssa P))
+Alyssa P. Hacker is able to find people who live near her, with whom she can ride to work. On the
+other hand, when she tries to find all pairs of people who live near each other by querying
+(lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+she notices that each pair of people who live near each other is listed twice; for example,
+(lives-near (Hacker Alyssa P) (Fect Cy D))
+(lives-near (Fect Cy D) (Hacker Alyssa P))
+Why does this happen? Is there a way to find a list of people who live near each other, in which each
+pair appears only once? Explain.
+
+Logic as programs
+We can regard a rule as a kind of logical implication: If an assignment of values to pattern variables
+satisfies the body, then it satisfies the conclusion. Consequently, we can regard the query language as
+having the ability to perform logical deductions based upon the rules. As an example, consider the
+append operation described at the beginning of section 4.4. As we said, append can be
+characterized by the following two rules:
+For any list y, the empty list and y append to form y.
+For any u, v, y, and z, (cons u v) and y append to form (cons u z) if v and y
+append to form z.
+To express this in our query language, we define two rules for a relation
+(append-to-form x y z)
+which we can interpret to mean ‘‘x and y append to form z’’:
+(rule (append-to-form () ?y ?y))
+(rule (append-to-form (?u . ?v) ?y (?u . ?z))
+(append-to-form ?v ?y ?z))
+The first rule has no body, which means that the conclusion holds for any value of ?y. Note how the
+second rule makes use of dotted-tail notation to name the car and cdr of a list.
+Given these two rules, we can formulate queries that compute the append of two lists:
+
+\f;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) ?z)
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+What is more striking, we can use the same rules to ask the question ‘‘Which list, when appended to
+(a b), yields (a b c d)?’’ This is done as follows:
+;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form (a b) ?y (a b c d))
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+We can also ask for all pairs of lists that append to form (a b c d):
+;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form ?x ?y (a b c d))
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form () (a b c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a) (b c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b c) (d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b c d) () (a b c d))
+The query system may seem to exhibit quite a bit of intelligence in using the rules to deduce the
+answers to the queries above. Actually, as we will see in the next section, the system is following a
+well-determined algorithm in unraveling the rules. Unfortunately, although the system works
+impressively in the append case, the general methods may break down in more complex cases, as we
+will see in section 4.4.3.
+Exercise 4.61. The following rules implement a next-to relation that finds adjacent elements of a
+list:
+(rule (?x next-to ?y in (?x ?y . ?u)))
+(rule (?x next-to ?y in (?v . ?z))
+(?x next-to ?y in ?z))
+What will the response be to the following queries?
+(?x next-to ?y in (1 (2 3) 4))
+(?x next-to 1 in (2 1 3 1))
+Exercise 4.62. Define rules to implement the last-pair operation of exercise 2.17, which returns a
+list containing the last element of a nonempty list. Check your rules on queries such as (last-pair
+(3) ?x), (last-pair (1 2 3) ?x), and (last-pair (2 ?x) (3)). Do your rules
+work correctly on queries such as (last-pair ?x (3)) ?
+Exercise 4.63. The following data base (see Genesis 4) traces the genealogy of the descendants of
+Ada back to Adam, by way of Cain:
+
+\f(son Adam Cain)
+(son Cain Enoch)
+(son Enoch Irad)
+(son Irad Mehujael)
+(son Mehujael Methushael)
+(son Methushael Lamech)
+(wife Lamech Ada)
+(son Ada Jabal)
+(son Ada Jubal)
+Formulate rules such as ‘‘If S is the son of F, and F is the son of G, then S is the grandson of G’’ and
+‘‘If W is the wife of M, and S is the son of W, then S is the son of M’’ (which was supposedly more
+true in biblical times than today) that will enable the query system to find the grandson of Cain; the
+sons of Lamech; the grandsons of Methushael. (See exercise 4.69 for some rules to deduce more
+complicated relationships.)
+
+4.4.2 How the Query System Works
+In section 4.4.4 we will present an implementation of the query interpreter as a collection of
+procedures. In this section we give an overview that explains the general structure of the system
+independent of low-level implementation details. After describing the implementation of the
+interpreter, we will be in a position to understand some of its limitations and some of the subtle ways
+in which the query language’s logical operations differ from the operations of mathematical logic.
+It should be apparent that the query evaluator must perform some kind of search in order to match
+queries against facts and rules in the data base. One way to do this would be to implement the query
+system as a nondeterministic program, using the amb evaluator of section 4.3 (see exercise 4.78).
+Another possibility is to manage the search with the aid of streams. Our implementation follows this
+second approach.
+The query system is organized around two central operations called pattern matching and unification.
+We first describe pattern matching and explain how this operation, together with the organization of
+information in terms of streams of frames, enables us to implement both simple and compound
+queries. We next discuss unification, a generalization of pattern matching needed to implement rules.
+Finally, we show how the entire query interpreter fits together through a procedure that classifies
+expressions in a manner analogous to the way eval classifies expressions for the interpreter described
+in section 4.1.
+
+Pattern matching
+A pattern matcher is a program that tests whether some datum fits a specified pattern. For example,
+the data list ((a b) c (a b)) matches the pattern (?x c ?x) with the pattern variable ?x
+bound to (a b). The same data list matches the pattern (?x ?y ?z) with ?x and ?z both bound to
+(a b) and ?y bound to c. It also matches the pattern ((?x ?y) c (?x ?y)) with ?x bound to
+a and ?y bound to b. However, it does not match the pattern (?x a ?y), since that pattern specifies
+a list whose second element is the symbol a.
+The pattern matcher used by the query system takes as inputs a pattern, a datum, and a frame that
+specifies bindings for various pattern variables. It checks whether the datum matches the pattern in a
+way that is consistent with the bindings already in the frame. If so, it returns the given frame
+augmented by any bindings that may have been determined by the match. Otherwise, it indicates that
+
+\fthe match has failed.
+For example, using the pattern (?x ?y ?x) to match (a b a) given an empty frame will return a
+frame specifying that ?x is bound to a and ?y is bound to b. Trying the match with the same pattern,
+the same datum, and a frame specifying that ?y is bound to a will fail. Trying the match with the same
+pattern, the same datum, and a frame in which ?y is bound to b and ?x is unbound will return the
+given frame augmented by a binding of ?x to a.
+The pattern matcher is all the mechanism that is needed to process simple queries that don’t involve
+rules. For instance, to process the query
+(job ?x (computer programmer))
+we scan through all assertions in the data base and select those that match the pattern with respect to
+an initially empty frame. For each match we find, we use the frame returned by the match to instantiate
+the pattern with a value for ?x.
+
+Streams of frames
+The testing of patterns against frames is organized through the use of streams. Given a single frame,
+the matching process runs through the data-base entries one by one. For each data-base entry, the
+matcher generates either a special symbol indicating that the match has failed or an extension to the
+frame. The results for all the data-base entries are collected into a stream, which is passed through a
+filter to weed out the failures. The result is a stream of all the frames that extend the given frame via a
+match to some assertion in the data base. 67
+In our system, a query takes an input stream of frames and performs the above matching operation for
+every frame in the stream, as indicated in figure 4.4. That is, for each frame in the input stream, the
+query generates a new stream consisting of all extensions to that frame by matches to assertions in the
+data base. All these streams are then combined to form one huge stream, which contains all possible
+extensions of every frame in the input stream. This stream is the output of the query.
+
+Figure 4.4: A query processes a stream of frames.
+Figure 4.4: A query processes a stream of frames.
+To answer a simple query, we use the query with an input stream consisting of a single empty frame.
+The resulting output stream contains all extensions to the empty frame (that is, all answers to our
+query). This stream of frames is then used to generate a stream of copies of the original query pattern
+with the variables instantiated by the values in each frame, and this is the stream that is finally printed.
+
+\fCompound queries
+The real elegance of the stream-of-frames implementation is evident when we deal with compound
+queries. The processing of compound queries makes use of the ability of our matcher to demand that a
+match be consistent with a specified frame. For example, to handle the and of two queries, such as
+(and (can-do-job ?x (computer programmer trainee))
+(job ?person ?x))
+(informally, ‘‘Find all people who can do the job of a computer programmer trainee’’), we first find all
+entries that match the pattern
+(can-do-job ?x (computer programmer trainee))
+This produces a stream of frames, each of which contains a binding for ?x. Then for each frame in the
+stream we find all entries that match
+(job ?person ?x)
+in a way that is consistent with the given binding for ?x. Each such match will produce a frame
+containing bindings for ?x and ?person. The and of two queries can be viewed as a series
+combination of the two component queries, as shown in figure 4.5. The frames that pass through the
+first query filter are filtered and further extended by the second query.
+
+Figure 4.5: The and combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of
+frames in series.
+Figure 4.5: The and combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames in
+series.
+Figure 4.6 shows the analogous method for computing the or of two queries as a parallel combination
+of the two component queries. The input stream of frames is extended separately by each query. The
+two resulting streams are then merged to produce the final output stream.
+
+\fFigure 4.6: The or combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames
+in parallel and merging the results.
+Figure 4.6: The or combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames in
+parallel and merging the results.
+Even from this high-level description, it is apparent that the processing of compound queries can be
+slow. For example, since a query may produce more than one output frame for each input frame, and
+each query in an and gets its input frames from the previous query, an and query could, in the worst
+case, have to perform a number of matches that is exponential in the number of queries (see
+exercise 4.76). 68 Though systems for handling only simple queries are quite practical, dealing with
+complex queries is extremely difficult. 69
+From the stream-of-frames viewpoint, the not of some query acts as a filter that removes all frames
+for which the query can be satisfied. For instance, given the pattern
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+we attempt, for each frame in the input stream, to produce extension frames that satisfy (job ?x
+(computer programmer)). We remove from the input stream all frames for which such
+extensions exist. The result is a stream consisting of only those frames in which the binding for ?x
+does not satisfy (job ?x (computer programmer)). For example, in processing the query
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+the first clause will generate frames with bindings for ?x and ?y. The not clause will then filter these
+by removing all frames in which the binding for ?x satisfies the restriction that ?x is a computer
+programmer. 70
+The lisp-value special form is implemented as a similar filter on frame streams. We use each
+frame in the stream to instantiate any variables in the pattern, then apply the Lisp predicate. We
+remove from the input stream all frames for which the predicate fails.
+
+\fUnification
+In order to handle rules in the query language, we must be able to find the rules whose conclusions
+match a given query pattern. Rule conclusions are like assertions except that they can contain
+variables, so we will need a generalization of pattern matching -- called unification -- in which both
+the ‘‘pattern’’ and the ‘‘datum’’ may contain variables.
+A unifier takes two patterns, each containing constants and variables, and determines whether it is
+possible to assign values to the variables that will make the two patterns equal. If so, it returns a frame
+containing these bindings. For example, unifying (?x a ?y) and (?y ?z a) will specify a frame
+in which ?x, ?y, and ?z must all be bound to a. On the other hand, unifying (?x ?y a) and (?x
+b ?y) will fail, because there is no value for ?y that can make the two patterns equal. (For the
+second elements of the patterns to be equal, ?y would have to be b; however, for the third elements to
+be equal, ?y would have to be a.) The unifier used in the query system, like the pattern matcher, takes
+a frame as input and performs unifications that are consistent with this frame.
+The unification algorithm is the most technically difficult part of the query system. With complex
+patterns, performing unification may seem to require deduction. To unify (?x ?x) and ((a ?y c)
+(a b ?z)), for example, the algorithm must infer that ?x should be (a b c), ?y should be b, and
+?z should be c. We may think of this process as solving a set of equations among the pattern
+components. In general, these are simultaneous equations, which may require substantial manipulation
+to solve. 71 For example, unifying (?x ?x) and ((a ?y c) (a b ?z)) may be thought of as
+specifying the simultaneous equations
+?x
+?x
+
+=
+=
+
+(a ?y c)
+(a b ?z)
+
+These equations imply that
+(a ?y c)
+
+=
+
+(a b ?z)
+
+which in turn implies that
+a
+
+=
+
+a, ?y
+
+=
+
+b, c
+
+=
+
+?z,
+
+and hence that
+?x
+
+=
+
+(a b c)
+
+In a successful pattern match, all pattern variables become bound, and the values to which they are
+bound contain only constants. This is also true of all the examples of unification we have seen so far.
+In general, however, a successful unification may not completely determine the variable values; some
+variables may remain unbound and others may be bound to values that contain variables.
+Consider the unification of (?x a) and ((b ?y) ?z). We can deduce that ?x = (b ?y) and a
+= ?z, but we cannot further solve for ?x or ?y. The unification doesn’t fail, since it is certainly
+possible to make the two patterns equal by assigning values to ?x and ?y. Since this match in no way
+restricts the values ?y can take on, no binding for ?y is put into the result frame. The match does,
+however, restrict the value of ?x. Whatever value ?y has, ?x must be (b ?y). A binding of ?x to
+the pattern (b ?y) is thus put into the frame. If a value for ?y is later determined and added to the
+frame (by a pattern match or unification that is required to be consistent with this frame), the
+previously bound ?x will refer to this value. 72
+
+\fApplying rules
+Unification is the key to the component of the query system that makes inferences from rules. To see
+how this is accomplished, consider processing a query that involves applying a rule, such as
+(lives-near ?x (Hacker Alyssa P))
+To process this query, we first use the ordinary pattern-match procedure described above to see if there
+are any assertions in the data base that match this pattern. (There will not be any in this case, since our
+data base includes no direct assertions about who lives near whom.) The next step is to attempt to
+unify the query pattern with the conclusion of each rule. We find that the pattern unifies with the
+conclusion of the rule
+(rule (lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+(and (address ?person-1 (?town . ?rest-1))
+(address ?person-2 (?town . ?rest-2))
+(not (same ?person-1 ?person-2))))
+resulting in a frame specifying that ?person-2 is bound to (Hacker Alyssa P) and that ?x
+should be bound to (have the same value as) ?person-1. Now, relative to this frame, we evaluate
+the compound query given by the body of the rule. Successful matches will extend this frame by
+providing a binding for ?person-1, and consequently a value for ?x, which we can use to
+instantiate the original query pattern.
+In general, the query evaluator uses the following method to apply a rule when trying to establish a
+query pattern in a frame that specifies bindings for some of the pattern variables:
+Unify the query with the conclusion of the rule to form, if successful, an extension of the original
+frame.
+Relative to the extended frame, evaluate the query formed by the body of the rule.
+Notice how similar this is to the method for applying a procedure in the eval/apply evaluator for
+Lisp:
+Bind the procedure’s parameters to its arguments to form a frame that extends the original
+procedure environment.
+Relative to the extended environment, evaluate the expression formed by the body of the
+procedure.
+The similarity between the two evaluators should come as no surprise. Just as procedure definitions are
+the means of abstraction in Lisp, rule definitions are the means of abstraction in the query language. In
+each case, we unwind the abstraction by creating appropriate bindings and evaluating the rule or
+procedure body relative to these.
+
+Simple queries
+We saw earlier in this section how to evaluate simple queries in the absence of rules. Now that we
+have seen how to apply rules, we can describe how to evaluate simple queries by using both rules and
+assertions.
+
+\fGiven the query pattern and a stream of frames, we produce, for each frame in the input stream, two
+streams:
+a stream of extended frames obtained by matching the pattern against all assertions in the data
+base (using the pattern matcher), and
+a stream of extended frames obtained by applying all possible rules (using the unifier). 73
+Appending these two streams produces a stream that consists of all the ways that the given pattern can
+be satisfied consistent with the original frame. These streams (one for each frame in the input stream)
+are now all combined to form one large stream, which therefore consists of all the ways that any of the
+frames in the original input stream can be extended to produce a match with the given pattern.
+
+The query evaluator and the driver loop
+Despite the complexity of the underlying matching operations, the system is organized much like an
+evaluator for any language. The procedure that coordinates the matching operations is called qeval,
+and it plays a role analogous to that of the eval procedure for Lisp. Qeval takes as inputs a query
+and a stream of frames. Its output is a stream of frames, corresponding to successful matches to the
+query pattern, that extend some frame in the input stream, as indicated in figure 4.4. Like eval,
+qeval classifies the different types of expressions (queries) and dispatches to an appropriate
+procedure for each. There is a procedure for each special form (and, or, not, and lisp-value)
+and one for simple queries.
+The driver loop, which is analogous to the driver-loop procedure for the other evaluators in this
+chapter, reads queries from the terminal. For each query, it calls qeval with the query and a stream
+that consists of a single empty frame. This will produce the stream of all possible matches (all possible
+extensions to the empty frame). For each frame in the resulting stream, it instantiates the original query
+using the values of the variables found in the frame. This stream of instantiated queries is then
+printed. 74
+The driver also checks for the special command assert!, which signals that the input is not a query
+but rather an assertion or rule to be added to the data base. For instance,
+(assert! (job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard)))
+(assert! (rule (wheel ?person)
+(and (supervisor ?middle-manager ?person)
+(supervisor ?x ?middle-manager))))
+
+4.4.3 Is Logic Programming Mathematical Logic?
+The means of combination used in the query language may at first seem identical to the operations
+and, or, and not of mathematical logic, and the application of query-language rules is in fact
+accomplished through a legitimate method of inference. 75 This identification of the query language
+with mathematical logic is not really valid, though, because the query language provides a control
+structure that interprets the logical statements procedurally. We can often take advantage of this
+control structure. For example, to find all of the supervisors of programmers we could formulate a
+query in either of two logically equivalent forms:
+
+\f(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(supervisor ?x ?y))
+or
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(job ?x (computer programmer)))
+If a company has many more supervisors than programmers (the usual case), it is better to use the first
+form rather than the second because the data base must be scanned for each intermediate result (frame)
+produced by the first clause of the and.
+The aim of logic programming is to provide the programmer with techniques for decomposing a
+computational problem into two separate problems: ‘‘what’’ is to be computed, and ‘‘how’’ this
+should be computed. This is accomplished by selecting a subset of the statements of mathematical
+logic that is powerful enough to be able to describe anything one might want to compute, yet weak
+enough to have a controllable procedural interpretation. The intention here is that, on the one hand, a
+program specified in a logic programming language should be an effective program that can be carried
+out by a computer. Control (‘‘how’’ to compute) is effected by using the order of evaluation of the
+language. We should be able to arrange the order of clauses and the order of subgoals within each
+clause so that the computation is done in an order deemed to be effective and efficient. At the same
+time, we should be able to view the result of the computation (‘‘what’’ to compute) as a simple
+consequence of the laws of logic.
+Our query language can be regarded as just such a procedurally interpretable subset of mathematical
+logic. An assertion represents a simple fact (an atomic proposition). A rule represents the implication
+that the rule conclusion holds for those cases where the rule body holds. A rule has a natural
+procedural interpretation: To establish the conclusion of the rule, establish the body of the rule. Rules,
+therefore, specify computations. However, because rules can also be regarded as statements of
+mathematical logic, we can justify any ‘‘inference’’ accomplished by a logic program by asserting that
+the same result could be obtained by working entirely within mathematical logic. 76
+
+Infinite loops
+A consequence of the procedural interpretation of logic programs is that it is possible to construct
+hopelessly inefficient programs for solving certain problems. An extreme case of inefficiency occurs
+when the system falls into infinite loops in making deductions. As a simple example, suppose we are
+setting up a data base of famous marriages, including
+(assert! (married Minnie Mickey))
+If we now ask
+(married Mickey ?who)
+we will get no response, because the system doesn’t know that if A is married to B, then B is married
+to A. So we assert the rule
+(assert! (rule (married ?x ?y)
+(married ?y ?x)))
+
+\fand again query
+(married Mickey ?who)
+Unfortunately, this will drive the system into an infinite loop, as follows:
+The system finds that the married rule is applicable; that is, the rule conclusion (married
+?x ?y) successfully unifies with the query pattern (married Mickey ?who) to produce a
+frame in which ?x is bound to Mickey and ?y is bound to ?who. So the interpreter proceeds to
+evaluate the rule body (married ?y ?x) in this frame -- in effect, to process the query
+(married ?who Mickey).
+One answer appears directly as an assertion in the data base: (married Minnie Mickey).
+The married rule is also applicable, so the interpreter again evaluates the rule body, which this
+time is equivalent to (married Mickey ?who).
+The system is now in an infinite loop. Indeed, whether the system will find the simple answer
+(married Minnie Mickey) before it goes into the loop depends on implementation details
+concerning the order in which the system checks the items in the data base. This is a very simple
+example of the kinds of loops that can occur. Collections of interrelated rules can lead to loops that are
+much harder to anticipate, and the appearance of a loop can depend on the order of clauses in an and
+(see exercise 4.64) or on low-level details concerning the order in which the system processes
+queries. 77
+
+Problems with not
+Another quirk in the query system concerns not. Given the data base of section 4.4.1, consider the
+following two queries:
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+(and (not (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+(supervisor ?x ?y))
+These two queries do not produce the same result. The first query begins by finding all entries in the
+data base that match (supervisor ?x ?y), and then filters the resulting frames by removing the
+ones in which the value of ?x satisfies (job ?x (computer programmer)). The second
+query begins by filtering the incoming frames to remove those that can satisfy (job ?x
+(computer programmer)). Since the only incoming frame is empty, it checks the data base to
+see if there are any patterns that satisfy (job ?x (computer programmer)). Since there
+generally are entries of this form, the not clause filters out the empty frame and returns an empty
+stream of frames. Consequently, the entire compound query returns an empty stream.
+The trouble is that our implementation of not really is meant to serve as a filter on values for the
+variables. If a not clause is processed with a frame in which some of the variables remain unbound
+(as does ?x in the example above), the system will produce unexpected results. Similar problems
+occur with the use of lisp-value -- the Lisp predicate can’t work if some of its arguments are
+unbound. See exercise 4.77.
+
+\fThere is also a much more serious way in which the not of the query language differs from the not
+of mathematical logic. In logic, we interpret the statement ‘‘not P’’ to mean that P is not true. In the
+query system, however, ‘‘not P’’ means that P is not deducible from the knowledge in the data base.
+For example, given the personnel data base of section 4.4.1, the system would happily deduce all sorts
+of not statements, such as that Ben Bitdiddle is not a baseball fan, that it is not raining outside, and
+that 2 + 2 is not 4. 78 In other words, the not of logic programming languages reflects the so-called
+closed world assumption that all relevant information has been included in the data base. 79
+Exercise 4.64. Louis Reasoner mistakenly deletes the outranked-by rule (section 4.4.1) from the
+data base. When he realizes this, he quickly reinstalls it. Unfortunately, he makes a slight change in the
+rule, and types it in as
+(rule (outranked-by ?staff-person ?boss)
+(or (supervisor ?staff-person ?boss)
+(and (outranked-by ?middle-manager ?boss)
+(supervisor ?staff-person ?middle-manager))))
+Just after Louis types this information into the system, DeWitt Aull comes by to find out who outranks
+Ben Bitdiddle. He issues the query
+(outranked-by (Bitdiddle Ben) ?who)
+After answering, the system goes into an infinite loop. Explain why.
+Exercise 4.65. Cy D. Fect, looking forward to the day when he will rise in the organization, gives a
+query to find all the wheels (using the wheel rule of section 4.4.1):
+(wheel ?who)
+To his surprise, the system responds
+;;; Query results:
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+Why is Oliver Warbucks listed four times?
+Exercise 4.66. Ben has been generalizing the query system to provide statistics about the company.
+For example, to find the total salaries of all the computer programmers one will be able to say
+(sum ?amount
+(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(salary ?x ?amount)))
+In general, Ben’s new system allows expressions of the form
+(accumulation-function <variable>
+<query pattern>)
+
+\fwhere accumulation-function can be things like sum, average, or maximum. Ben reasons
+that it should be a cinch to implement this. He will simply feed the query pattern to qeval. This will
+produce a stream of frames. He will then pass this stream through a mapping function that extracts the
+value of the designated variable from each frame in the stream and feed the resulting stream of values
+to the accumulation function. Just as Ben completes the implementation and is about to try it out, Cy
+walks by, still puzzling over the wheel query result in exercise 4.65. When Cy shows Ben the
+system’s response, Ben groans, ‘‘Oh, no, my simple accumulation scheme won’t work!’’
+What has Ben just realized? Outline a method he can use to salvage the situation.
+Exercise 4.67. Devise a way to install a loop detector in the query system so as to avoid the kinds of
+simple loops illustrated in the text and in exercise 4.64. The general idea is that the system should
+maintain some sort of history of its current chain of deductions and should not begin processing a
+query that it is already working on. Describe what kind of information (patterns and frames) is
+included in this history, and how the check should be made. (After you study the details of the
+query-system implementation in section 4.4.4, you may want to modify the system to include your
+loop detector.)
+Exercise 4.68. Define rules to implement the reverse operation of exercise 2.18, which returns a
+list containing the same elements as a given list in reverse order. (Hint: Use append-to-form.)
+Can your rules answer both (reverse (1 2 3) ?x) and (reverse ?x (1 2 3)) ?
+Exercise 4.69. Beginning with the data base and the rules you formulated in exercise 4.63, devise a
+rule for adding ‘‘greats’’ to a grandson relationship. This should enable the system to deduce that Irad
+is the great-grandson of Adam, or that Jabal and Jubal are the great-great-great-great-great-grandsons
+of Adam. (Hint: Represent the fact about Irad, for example, as ((great grandson) Adam
+Irad). Write rules that determine if a list ends in the word grandson. Use this to express a rule that
+allows one to derive the relationship ((great . ?rel) ?x ?y), where ?rel is a list ending in
+grandson.) Check your rules on queries such as ((great grandson) ?g ?ggs) and
+(?relationship Adam Irad).
+
+4.4.4 Implementing the Query System
+Section 4.4.2 described how the query system works. Now we fill in the details by presenting a
+complete implementation of the system.
+
+4.4.4.1 The Driver Loop and Instantiation
+The driver loop for the query system repeatedly reads input expressions. If the expression is a rule or
+assertion to be added to the data base, then the information is added. Otherwise the expression is
+assumed to be a query. The driver passes this query to the evaluator qeval together with an initial
+frame stream consisting of a single empty frame. The result of the evaluation is a stream of frames
+generated by satisfying the query with variable values found in the data base. These frames are used to
+form a new stream consisting of copies of the original query in which the variables are instantiated
+with values supplied by the stream of frames, and this final stream is printed at the terminal:
+(define input-prompt ";;; Query input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; Query results:")
+(define (query-driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((q (query-syntax-process (read))))
+
+\f(cond ((assertion-to-be-added? q)
+(add-rule-or-assertion! (add-assertion-body q))
+(newline)
+(display "Assertion added to data base.")
+(query-driver-loop))
+(else
+(newline)
+(display output-prompt)
+(display-stream
+(stream-map
+(lambda (frame)
+(instantiate q
+frame
+(lambda (v f)
+(contract-question-mark v))))
+(qeval q (singleton-stream ’()))))
+(query-driver-loop)))))
+Here, as in the other evaluators in this chapter, we use an abstract syntax for the expressions of the
+query language. The implementation of the expression syntax, including the predicate
+assertion-to-be-added? and the selector add-assertion-body, is given in
+section 4.4.4.7. Add-rule-or-assertion! is defined in section 4.4.4.5.
+Before doing any processing on an input expression, the driver loop transforms it syntactically into a
+form that makes the processing more efficient. This involves changing the representation of pattern
+variables. When the query is instantiated, any variables that remain unbound are transformed back to
+the input representation before being printed. These transformations are performed by the two
+procedures query-syntax-process and contract-question-mark (section 4.4.4.7).
+To instantiate an expression, we copy it, replacing any variables in the expression by their values in a
+given frame. The values are themselves instantiated, since they could contain variables (for example, if
+?x in exp is bound to ?y as the result of unification and ?y is in turn bound to 5). The action to take
+if a variable cannot be instantiated is given by a procedural argument to instantiate.
+(define (instantiate exp frame unbound-var-handler)
+(define (copy exp)
+(cond ((var? exp)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame exp frame)))
+(if binding
+(copy (binding-value binding))
+(unbound-var-handler exp frame))))
+((pair? exp)
+(cons (copy (car exp)) (copy (cdr exp))))
+(else exp)))
+(copy exp))
+The procedures that manipulate bindings are defined in section 4.4.4.8.
+
+\f4.4.4.2 The Evaluator
+The qeval procedure, called by the query-driver-loop, is the basic evaluator of the query
+system. It takes as inputs a query and a stream of frames, and it returns a stream of extended frames. It
+identifies special forms by a data-directed dispatch using get and put, just as we did in
+implementing generic operations in chapter 2. Any query that is not identified as a special form is
+assumed to be a simple query, to be processed by simple-query.
+(define (qeval query frame-stream)
+(let ((qproc (get (type query) ’qeval)))
+(if qproc
+(qproc (contents query) frame-stream)
+(simple-query query frame-stream))))
+Type and contents, defined in section 4.4.4.7, implement the abstract syntax of the special forms.
+
+Simple queries
+The simple-query procedure handles simple queries. It takes as arguments a simple query (a
+pattern) together with a stream of frames, and it returns the stream formed by extending each frame by
+all data-base matches of the query.
+(define (simple-query query-pattern frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(stream-append-delayed
+(find-assertions query-pattern frame)
+(delay (apply-rules query-pattern frame))))
+frame-stream))
+For each frame in the input stream, we use find-assertions (section 4.4.4.3) to match the pattern
+against all assertions in the data base, producing a stream of extended frames, and we use
+apply-rules (section 4.4.4.4) to apply all possible rules, producing another stream of extended
+frames. These two streams are combined (using stream-append-delayed, section 4.4.4.6) to
+make a stream of all the ways that the given pattern can be satisfied consistent with the original frame
+(see exercise 4.71). The streams for the individual input frames are combined using
+stream-flatmap (section 4.4.4.6) to form one large stream of all the ways that any of the frames
+in the original input stream can be extended to produce a match with the given pattern.
+
+Compound queries
+And queries are handled as illustrated in figure 4.5 by the conjoin procedure. Conjoin takes as
+inputs the conjuncts and the frame stream and returns the stream of extended frames. First, conjoin
+processes the stream of frames to find the stream of all possible frame extensions that satisfy the first
+query in the conjunction. Then, using this as the new frame stream, it recursively applies conjoin to
+the rest of the queries.
+(define (conjoin conjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-conjunction? conjuncts)
+frame-stream
+(conjoin (rest-conjuncts conjuncts)
+(qeval (first-conjunct conjuncts)
+
+\fframe-stream))))
+The expression
+(put ’and ’qeval conjoin)
+sets up qeval to dispatch to conjoin when an and form is encountered.
+Or queries are handled similarly, as shown in figure 4.6. The output streams for the various disjuncts
+of the or are computed separately and merged using the interleave-delayed procedure from
+section 4.4.4.6. (See exercises 4.71 and 4.72.)
+(define (disjoin disjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-disjunction? disjuncts)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave-delayed
+(qeval (first-disjunct disjuncts) frame-stream)
+(delay (disjoin (rest-disjuncts disjuncts)
+frame-stream)))))
+(put ’or ’qeval disjoin)
+The predicates and selectors for the syntax of conjuncts and disjuncts are given in section 4.4.4.7.
+
+Filters
+Not is handled by the method outlined in section 4.4.2. We attempt to extend each frame in the input
+stream to satisfy the query being negated, and we include a given frame in the output stream only if it
+cannot be extended.
+(define (negate operands frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(if (stream-null? (qeval (negated-query operands)
+(singleton-stream frame)))
+(singleton-stream frame)
+the-empty-stream))
+frame-stream))
+(put ’not ’qeval negate)
+Lisp-value is a filter similar to not. Each frame in the stream is used to instantiate the variables in
+the pattern, the indicated predicate is applied, and the frames for which the predicate returns false are
+filtered out of the input stream. An error results if there are unbound pattern variables.
+(define (lisp-value call frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(if (execute
+(instantiate
+call
+frame
+(lambda (v f)
+(error "Unknown pat var -- LISP-VALUE" v))))
+
+\f(singleton-stream frame)
+the-empty-stream))
+frame-stream))
+(put ’lisp-value ’qeval lisp-value)
+Execute, which applies the predicate to the arguments, must eval the predicate expression to get
+the procedure to apply. However, it must not evaluate the arguments, since they are already the actual
+arguments, not expressions whose evaluation (in Lisp) will produce the arguments. Note that
+execute is implemented using eval and apply from the underlying Lisp system.
+(define (execute exp)
+(apply (eval (predicate exp) user-initial-environment)
+(args exp)))
+The always-true special form provides for a query that is always satisfied. It ignores its contents
+(normally empty) and simply passes through all the frames in the input stream. Always-true is
+used by the rule-body selector (section 4.4.4.7) to provide bodies for rules that were defined
+without bodies (that is, rules whose conclusions are always satisfied).
+(define (always-true ignore frame-stream) frame-stream)
+(put ’always-true ’qeval always-true)
+The selectors that define the syntax of not and lisp-value are given in section 4.4.4.7.
+
+4.4.4.3 Finding Assertions by Pattern Matching
+Find-assertions, called by simple-query (section 4.4.4.2), takes as input a pattern and a
+frame. It returns a stream of frames, each extending the given one by a data-base match of the given
+pattern. It uses fetch-assertions (section 4.4.4.5) to get a stream of all the assertions in the data
+base that should be checked for a match against the pattern and the frame. The reason for
+fetch-assertions here is that we can often apply simple tests that will eliminate many of the
+entries in the data base from the pool of candidates for a successful match. The system would still
+work if we eliminated fetch-assertions and simply checked a stream of all assertions in the
+data base, but the computation would be less efficient because we would need to make many more
+calls to the matcher.
+(define (find-assertions pattern frame)
+(stream-flatmap (lambda (datum)
+(check-an-assertion datum pattern frame))
+(fetch-assertions pattern frame)))
+Check-an-assertion takes as arguments a pattern, a data object (assertion), and a frame and
+returns either a one-element stream containing the extended frame or the-empty-stream if the
+match fails.
+(define (check-an-assertion assertion query-pat query-frame)
+(let ((match-result
+(pattern-match query-pat assertion query-frame)))
+(if (eq? match-result ’failed)
+the-empty-stream
+(singleton-stream match-result))))
+
+\fThe basic pattern matcher returns either the symbol failed or an extension of the given frame. The
+basic idea of the matcher is to check the pattern against the data, element by element, accumulating
+bindings for the pattern variables. If the pattern and the data object are the same, the match succeeds
+and we return the frame of bindings accumulated so far. Otherwise, if the pattern is a variable we
+extend the current frame by binding the variable to the data, so long as this is consistent with the
+bindings already in the frame. If the pattern and the data are both pairs, we (recursively) match the
+car of the pattern against the car of the data to produce a frame; in this frame we then match the
+cdr of the pattern against the cdr of the data. If none of these cases are applicable, the match fails
+and we return the symbol failed.
+(define (pattern-match pat dat frame)
+(cond ((eq? frame ’failed) ’failed)
+((equal? pat dat) frame)
+((var? pat) (extend-if-consistent pat dat frame))
+((and (pair? pat) (pair? dat))
+(pattern-match (cdr pat)
+(cdr dat)
+(pattern-match (car pat)
+(car dat)
+frame)))
+(else ’failed)))
+Here is the procedure that extends a frame by adding a new binding, if this is consistent with the
+bindings already in the frame:
+(define (extend-if-consistent var dat frame)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame var frame)))
+(if binding
+(pattern-match (binding-value binding) dat frame)
+(extend var dat frame))))
+If there is no binding for the variable in the frame, we simply add the binding of the variable to the
+data. Otherwise we match, in the frame, the data against the value of the variable in the frame. If the
+stored value contains only constants, as it must if it was stored during pattern matching by
+extend-if-consistent, then the match simply tests whether the stored and new values are the
+same. If so, it returns the unmodified frame; if not, it returns a failure indication. The stored value
+may, however, contain pattern variables if it was stored during unification (see section 4.4.4.4). The
+recursive match of the stored pattern against the new data will add or check bindings for the variables
+in this pattern. For example, suppose we have a frame in which ?x is bound to (f ?y) and ?y is
+unbound, and we wish to augment this frame by a binding of ?x to (f b). We look up ?x and find
+that it is bound to (f ?y). This leads us to match (f ?y) against the proposed new value (f b) in
+the same frame. Eventually this match extends the frame by adding a binding of ?y to b. ?X remains
+bound to (f ?y). We never modify a stored binding and we never store more than one binding for a
+given variable.
+The procedures used by extend-if-consistent to manipulate bindings are defined in
+section 4.4.4.8.
+
+\fPatterns with dotted tails
+If a pattern contains a dot followed by a pattern variable, the pattern variable matches the rest of the
+data list (rather than the next element of the data list), just as one would expect with the dotted-tail
+notation described in exercise 2.20. Although the pattern matcher we have just implemented doesn’t
+look for dots, it does behave as we want. This is because the Lisp read primitive, which is used by
+query-driver-loop to read the query and represent it as a list structure, treats dots in a special
+way.
+When read sees a dot, instead of making the next item be the next element of a list (the car of a
+cons whose cdr will be the rest of the list) it makes the next item be the cdr of the list structure. For
+example, the list structure produced by read for the pattern (computer ?type) could be
+constructed by evaluating the expression (cons ’computer (cons ’?type ’())), and that
+for (computer . ?type) could be constructed by evaluating the expression (cons
+’computer ’?type).
+Thus, as pattern-match recursively compares cars and cdrs of a data list and a pattern that had
+a dot, it eventually matches the variable after the dot (which is a cdr of the pattern) against a sublist
+of the data list, binding the variable to that list. For example, matching the pattern (computer .
+?type) against (computer programmer trainee) will match ?type against the list
+(programmer trainee).
+
+4.4.4.4 Rules and Unification
+Apply-rules is the rule analog of find-assertions (section 4.4.4.3). It takes as input a
+pattern and a frame, and it forms a stream of extension frames by applying rules from the data base.
+Stream-flatmap maps apply-a-rule down the stream of possibly applicable rules (selected
+by fetch-rules, section 4.4.4.5) and combines the resulting streams of frames.
+(define (apply-rules pattern frame)
+(stream-flatmap (lambda (rule)
+(apply-a-rule rule pattern frame))
+(fetch-rules pattern frame)))
+Apply-a-rule applies rules using the method outlined in section 4.4.2. It first augments its
+argument frame by unifying the rule conclusion with the pattern in the given frame. If this succeeds, it
+evaluates the rule body in this new frame.
+Before any of this happens, however, the program renames all the variables in the rule with unique
+new names. The reason for this is to prevent the variables for different rule applications from
+becoming confused with each other. For instance, if two rules both use a variable named ?x, then each
+one may add a binding for ?x to the frame when it is applied. These two ?x’s have nothing to do with
+each other, and we should not be fooled into thinking that the two bindings must be consistent. Rather
+than rename variables, we could devise a more clever environment structure; however, the renaming
+approach we have chosen here is the most straightforward, even if not the most efficient. (See
+exercise 4.79.) Here is the apply-a-rule procedure:
+(define (apply-a-rule rule query-pattern query-frame)
+(let ((clean-rule (rename-variables-in rule)))
+(let ((unify-result
+(unify-match query-pattern
+(conclusion clean-rule)
+
+\fquery-frame)))
+(if (eq? unify-result ’failed)
+the-empty-stream
+(qeval (rule-body clean-rule)
+(singleton-stream unify-result))))))
+The selectors rule-body and conclusion that extract parts of a rule are defined in
+section 4.4.4.7.
+We generate unique variable names by associating a unique identifier (such as a number) with each
+rule application and combining this identifier with the original variable names. For example, if the
+rule-application identifier is 7, we might change each ?x in the rule to ?x-7 and each ?y in the rule
+to ?y-7. (Make-new-variable and new-rule-application-id are included with the
+syntax procedures in section 4.4.4.7.)
+(define (rename-variables-in rule)
+(let ((rule-application-id (new-rule-application-id)))
+(define (tree-walk exp)
+(cond ((var? exp)
+(make-new-variable exp rule-application-id))
+((pair? exp)
+(cons (tree-walk (car exp))
+(tree-walk (cdr exp))))
+(else exp)))
+(tree-walk rule)))
+The unification algorithm is implemented as a procedure that takes as inputs two patterns and a frame
+and returns either the extended frame or the symbol failed. The unifier is like the pattern matcher
+except that it is symmetrical -- variables are allowed on both sides of the match. Unify-match is
+basically the same as pattern-match, except that there is extra code (marked ‘‘***’’ below) to
+handle the case where the object on the right side of the match is a variable.
+(define (unify-match p1 p2 frame)
+(cond ((eq? frame ’failed) ’failed)
+((equal? p1 p2) frame)
+((var? p1) (extend-if-possible p1 p2 frame))
+((var? p2) (extend-if-possible p2 p1 frame))
+((and (pair? p1) (pair? p2))
+(unify-match (cdr p1)
+(cdr p2)
+(unify-match (car p1)
+(car p2)
+frame)))
+(else ’failed)))
+
+; ***
+
+In unification, as in one-sided pattern matching, we want to accept a proposed extension of the frame
+only if it is consistent with existing bindings. The procedure extend-if-possible used in
+unification is the same as the extend-if-consistent used in pattern matching except for two
+special checks, marked ‘‘***’’ in the program below. In the first case, if the variable we are trying to
+match is not bound, but the value we are trying to match it with is itself a (different) variable, it is
+necessary to check to see if the value is bound, and if so, to match its value. If both parties to the
+
+\fmatch are unbound, we may bind either to the other.
+The second check deals with attempts to bind a variable to a pattern that includes that variable. Such a
+situation can occur whenever a variable is repeated in both patterns. Consider, for example, unifying
+the two patterns (?x ?x) and (?y <expression involving ?y>) in a frame where both ?x
+and ?y are unbound. First ?x is matched against ?y, making a binding of ?x to ?y. Next, the same
+?x is matched against the given expression involving ?y. Since ?x is already bound to ?y, this results
+in matching ?y against the expression. If we think of the unifier as finding a set of values for the
+pattern variables that make the patterns the same, then these patterns imply instructions to find a ?y
+such that ?y is equal to the expression involving ?y. There is no general method for solving such
+equations, so we reject such bindings; these cases are recognized by the predicate depends-on?. 80
+On the other hand, we do not want to reject attempts to bind a variable to itself. For example, consider
+unifying (?x ?x) and (?y ?y). The second attempt to bind ?x to ?y matches ?y (the stored value
+of ?x) against ?y (the new value of ?x). This is taken care of by the equal? clause of
+unify-match.
+(define (extend-if-possible var val frame)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame var frame)))
+(cond (binding
+(unify-match
+(binding-value binding) val frame))
+((var? val)
+; ***
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame val frame)))
+(if binding
+(unify-match
+var (binding-value binding) frame)
+(extend var val frame))))
+((depends-on? val var frame)
+; ***
+’failed)
+(else (extend var val frame)))))
+Depends-on? is a predicate that tests whether an expression proposed to be the value of a pattern
+variable depends on the variable. This must be done relative to the current frame because the
+expression may contain occurrences of a variable that already has a value that depends on our test
+variable. The structure of depends-on? is a simple recursive tree walk in which we substitute for
+the values of variables whenever necessary.
+(define (depends-on? exp var frame)
+(define (tree-walk e)
+(cond ((var? e)
+(if (equal? var e)
+true
+(let ((b (binding-in-frame e frame)))
+(if b
+(tree-walk (binding-value b))
+false))))
+((pair? e)
+(or (tree-walk (car e))
+(tree-walk (cdr e))))
+(else false)))
+(tree-walk exp))
+
+\f4.4.4.5 Maintaining the Data Base
+One important problem in designing logic programming languages is that of arranging things so that as
+few irrelevant data-base entries as possible will be examined in checking a given pattern. In our
+system, in addition to storing all assertions in one big stream, we store all assertions whose cars are
+constant symbols in separate streams, in a table indexed by the symbol. To fetch an assertion that may
+match a pattern, we first check to see if the car of the pattern is a constant symbol. If so, we return (to
+be tested using the matcher) all the stored assertions that have the same car. If the pattern’s car is
+not a constant symbol, we return all the stored assertions. Cleverer methods could also take advantage
+of information in the frame, or try also to optimize the case where the car of the pattern is not a
+constant symbol. We avoid building our criteria for indexing (using the car, handling only the case of
+constant symbols) into the program; instead we call on predicates and selectors that embody our
+criteria.
+(define THE-ASSERTIONS the-empty-stream)
+(define (fetch-assertions pattern frame)
+(if (use-index? pattern)
+(get-indexed-assertions pattern)
+(get-all-assertions)))
+(define (get-all-assertions) THE-ASSERTIONS)
+(define (get-indexed-assertions pattern)
+(get-stream (index-key-of pattern) ’assertion-stream))
+Get-stream looks up a stream in the table and returns an empty stream if nothing is stored there.
+(define (get-stream key1 key2)
+(let ((s (get key1 key2)))
+(if s s the-empty-stream)))
+Rules are stored similarly, using the car of the rule conclusion. Rule conclusions are arbitrary
+patterns, however, so they differ from assertions in that they can contain variables. A pattern whose
+car is a constant symbol can match rules whose conclusions start with a variable as well as rules
+whose conclusions have the same car. Thus, when fetching rules that might match a pattern whose
+car is a constant symbol we fetch all rules whose conclusions start with a variable as well as those
+whose conclusions have the same car as the pattern. For this purpose we store all rules whose
+conclusions start with a variable in a separate stream in our table, indexed by the symbol ?.
+(define THE-RULES the-empty-stream)
+(define (fetch-rules pattern frame)
+(if (use-index? pattern)
+(get-indexed-rules pattern)
+(get-all-rules)))
+(define (get-all-rules) THE-RULES)
+(define (get-indexed-rules pattern)
+(stream-append
+(get-stream (index-key-of pattern) ’rule-stream)
+(get-stream ’? ’rule-stream)))
+Add-rule-or-assertion! is used by query-driver-loop to add assertions and rules to the
+data base. Each item is stored in the index, if appropriate, and in a stream of all assertions or rules in
+the data base.
+
+\f(define (add-rule-or-assertion! assertion)
+(if (rule? assertion)
+(add-rule! assertion)
+(add-assertion! assertion)))
+(define (add-assertion! assertion)
+(store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(let ((old-assertions THE-ASSERTIONS))
+(set! THE-ASSERTIONS
+(cons-stream assertion old-assertions))
+’ok))
+(define (add-rule! rule)
+(store-rule-in-index rule)
+(let ((old-rules THE-RULES))
+(set! THE-RULES (cons-stream rule old-rules))
+’ok))
+To actually store an assertion or a rule, we check to see if it can be indexed. If so, we store it in the
+appropriate stream.
+(define (store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(if (indexable? assertion)
+(let ((key (index-key-of assertion)))
+(let ((current-assertion-stream
+(get-stream key ’assertion-stream)))
+(put key
+’assertion-stream
+(cons-stream assertion
+current-assertion-stream))))))
+(define (store-rule-in-index rule)
+(let ((pattern (conclusion rule)))
+(if (indexable? pattern)
+(let ((key (index-key-of pattern)))
+(let ((current-rule-stream
+(get-stream key ’rule-stream)))
+(put key
+’rule-stream
+(cons-stream rule
+current-rule-stream)))))))
+The following procedures define how the data-base index is used. A pattern (an assertion or a rule
+conclusion) will be stored in the table if it starts with a variable or a constant symbol.
+(define (indexable? pat)
+(or (constant-symbol? (car pat))
+(var? (car pat))))
+The key under which a pattern is stored in the table is either ? (if it starts with a variable) or the
+constant symbol with which it starts.
+
+\f(define (index-key-of pat)
+(let ((key (car pat)))
+(if (var? key) ’? key)))
+The index will be used to retrieve items that might match a pattern if the pattern starts with a constant
+symbol.
+(define (use-index? pat)
+(constant-symbol? (car pat)))
+Exercise 4.70. What is the purpose of the let bindings in the procedures add-assertion! and
+add-rule! ? What would be wrong with the following implementation of add-assertion! ?
+Hint: Recall the definition of the infinite stream of ones in section 3.5.2: (define ones
+(cons-stream 1 ones)).
+(define (add-assertion! assertion)
+(store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(set! THE-ASSERTIONS
+(cons-stream assertion THE-ASSERTIONS))
+’ok)
+
+4.4.4.6 Stream Operations
+The query system uses a few stream operations that were not presented in chapter 3.
+Stream-append-delayed and interleave-delayed are just like stream-append and
+interleave (section 3.5.3), except that they take a delayed argument (like the integral
+procedure in section 3.5.4). This postpones looping in some cases (see exercise 4.71).
+(define (stream-append-delayed s1 delayed-s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+(force delayed-s2)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car s1)
+(stream-append-delayed (stream-cdr s1) delayed-s2))))
+(define (interleave-delayed s1 delayed-s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+(force delayed-s2)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car s1)
+(interleave-delayed (force delayed-s2)
+(delay (stream-cdr s1))))))
+Stream-flatmap, which is used throughout the query evaluator to map a procedure over a stream
+of frames and combine the resulting streams of frames, is the stream analog of the flatmap
+procedure introduced for ordinary lists in section 2.2.3. Unlike ordinary flatmap, however, we
+accumulate the streams with an interleaving process, rather than simply appending them (see
+exercises 4.72 and 4.73).
+(define (stream-flatmap proc s)
+(flatten-stream (stream-map proc s)))
+(define (flatten-stream stream)
+
+\f(if (stream-null? stream)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave-delayed
+(stream-car stream)
+(delay (flatten-stream (stream-cdr stream))))))
+The evaluator also uses the following simple procedure to generate a stream consisting of a single
+element:
+(define (singleton-stream x)
+(cons-stream x the-empty-stream))
+
+4.4.4.7 Query Syntax Procedures
+Type and contents, used by qeval (section 4.4.4.2), specify that a special form is identified by
+the symbol in its car. They are the same as the type-tag and contents procedures in
+section 2.4.2, except for the error message.
+(define (type exp)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(car exp)
+(error "Unknown expression TYPE" exp)))
+(define (contents exp)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(cdr exp)
+(error "Unknown expression CONTENTS" exp)))
+The following procedures, used by query-driver-loop (in section 4.4.4.1), specify that rules and
+assertions are added to the data base by expressions of the form (assert!
+<rule-or-assertion>):
+(define (assertion-to-be-added? exp)
+(eq? (type exp) ’assert!))
+(define (add-assertion-body exp)
+(car (contents exp)))
+Here are the syntax definitions for the and, or, not, and lisp-value special forms
+(section 4.4.4.2):
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(empty-conjunction? exps) (null? exps))
+(first-conjunct exps) (car exps))
+(rest-conjuncts exps) (cdr exps))
+(empty-disjunction? exps) (null? exps))
+(first-disjunct exps) (car exps))
+(rest-disjuncts exps) (cdr exps))
+(negated-query exps) (car exps))
+(predicate exps) (car exps))
+(args exps) (cdr exps))
+
+The following three procedures define the syntax of rules:
+
+\f(define (rule? statement)
+(tagged-list? statement ’rule))
+(define (conclusion rule) (cadr rule))
+(define (rule-body rule)
+(if (null? (cddr rule))
+’(always-true)
+(caddr rule)))
+Query-driver-loop (section 4.4.4.1) calls query-syntax-process to transform pattern
+variables in the expression, which have the form ?symbol, into the internal format (? symbol).
+That is to say, a pattern such as (job ?x ?y) is actually represented internally by the system as
+(job (? x) (? y)). This increases the efficiency of query processing, since it means that the
+system can check to see if an expression is a pattern variable by checking whether the car of the
+expression is the symbol ?, rather than having to extract characters from the symbol. The syntax
+transformation is accomplished by the following procedure: 81
+(define (query-syntax-process exp)
+(map-over-symbols expand-question-mark exp))
+(define (map-over-symbols proc exp)
+(cond ((pair? exp)
+(cons (map-over-symbols proc (car exp))
+(map-over-symbols proc (cdr exp))))
+((symbol? exp) (proc exp))
+(else exp)))
+(define (expand-question-mark symbol)
+(let ((chars (symbol->string symbol)))
+(if (string=? (substring chars 0 1) "?")
+(list ’?
+(string->symbol
+(substring chars 1 (string-length chars))))
+symbol)))
+Once the variables are transformed in this way, the variables in a pattern are lists starting with ?, and
+the constant symbols (which need to be recognized for data-base indexing, section 4.4.4.5) are just the
+symbols.
+(define (var? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’?))
+(define (constant-symbol? exp) (symbol? exp))
+Unique variables are constructed during rule application (in section 4.4.4.4) by means of the following
+procedures. The unique identifier for a rule application is a number, which is incremented each time a
+rule is applied.
+(define rule-counter 0)
+(define (new-rule-application-id)
+(set! rule-counter (+ 1 rule-counter))
+rule-counter)
+(define (make-new-variable var rule-application-id)
+(cons ’? (cons rule-application-id (cdr var))))
+
+\fWhen query-driver-loop instantiates the query to print the answer, it converts any unbound
+pattern variables back to the right form for printing, using
+(define (contract-question-mark variable)
+(string->symbol
+(string-append "?"
+(if (number? (cadr variable))
+(string-append (symbol->string (caddr variable))
+"-"
+(number->string (cadr variable)))
+(symbol->string (cadr variable))))))
+
+4.4.4.8 Frames and Bindings
+Frames are represented as lists of bindings, which are variable-value pairs:
+(define (make-binding variable value)
+(cons variable value))
+(define (binding-variable binding)
+(car binding))
+(define (binding-value binding)
+(cdr binding))
+(define (binding-in-frame variable frame)
+(assoc variable frame))
+(define (extend variable value frame)
+(cons (make-binding variable value) frame))
+Exercise 4.71. Louis Reasoner wonders why the simple-query and disjoin procedures
+(section 4.4.4.2) are implemented using explicit delay operations, rather than being defined as
+follows:
+(define (simple-query query-pattern frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(stream-append (find-assertions query-pattern frame)
+(apply-rules query-pattern frame)))
+frame-stream))
+(define (disjoin disjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-disjunction? disjuncts)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave
+(qeval (first-disjunct disjuncts) frame-stream)
+(disjoin (rest-disjuncts disjuncts) frame-stream))))
+Can you give examples of queries where these simpler definitions would lead to undesirable behavior?
+Exercise 4.72. Why do disjoin and stream-flatmap interleave the streams rather than simply
+append them? Give examples that illustrate why interleaving works better. (Hint: Why did we use
+interleave in section 3.5.3?)
+
+\fExercise 4.73. Why does flatten-stream use delay explicitly? What would be wrong with
+defining it as follows:
+(define (flatten-stream stream)
+(if (stream-null? stream)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave
+(stream-car stream)
+(flatten-stream (stream-cdr stream)))))
+Exercise 4.74. Alyssa P. Hacker proposes to use a simpler version of stream-flatmap in
+negate, lisp-value, and find-assertions. She observes that the procedure that is mapped
+over the frame stream in these cases always produces either the empty stream or a singleton stream, so
+no interleaving is needed when combining these streams.
+a. Fill in the missing expressions in Alyssa’s program.
+(define (simple-stream-flatmap proc s)
+(simple-flatten (stream-map proc s)))
+(define (simple-flatten stream)
+(stream-map <??>
+(stream-filter <??> stream)))
+b. Does the query system’s behavior change if we change it in this way?
+Exercise 4.75. Implement for the query language a new special form called unique. Unique
+should succeed if there is precisely one item in the data base satisfying a specified query. For example,
+(unique (job ?x (computer wizard)))
+should print the one-item stream
+(unique (job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard)))
+since Ben is the only computer wizard, and
+(unique (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+should print the empty stream, since there is more than one computer programmer. Moreover,
+(and (job ?x ?j) (unique (job ?anyone ?j)))
+should list all the jobs that are filled by only one person, and the people who fill them.
+There are two parts to implementing unique. The first is to write a procedure that handles this
+special form, and the second is to make qeval dispatch to that procedure. The second part is trivial,
+since qeval does its dispatching in a data-directed way. If your procedure is called
+uniquely-asserted, all you need to do is
+(put ’unique ’qeval uniquely-asserted)
+
+\fand qeval will dispatch to this procedure for every query whose type (car) is the symbol
+unique.
+The real problem is to write the procedure uniquely-asserted. This should take as input the
+contents (cdr) of the unique query, together with a stream of frames. For each frame in the
+stream, it should use qeval to find the stream of all extensions to the frame that satisfy the given
+query. Any stream that does not have exactly one item in it should be eliminated. The remaining
+streams should be passed back to be accumulated into one big stream that is the result of the unique
+query. This is similar to the implementation of the not special form.
+Test your implementation by forming a query that lists all people who supervise precisely one person.
+Exercise 4.76. Our implementation of and as a series combination of queries (figure 4.5) is elegant,
+but it is inefficient because in processing the second query of the and we must scan the data base for
+each frame produced by the first query. If the data base has N elements, and a typical query produces a
+number of output frames proportional to N (say N/k), then scanning the data base for each frame
+produced by the first query will require N 2 /k calls to the pattern matcher. Another approach would be
+to process the two clauses of the and separately, then look for all pairs of output frames that are
+compatible. If each query produces N/k output frames, then this means that we must perform N 2 /k 2
+compatibility checks -- a factor of k fewer than the number of matches required in our current method.
+Devise an implementation of and that uses this strategy. You must implement a procedure that takes
+two frames as inputs, checks whether the bindings in the frames are compatible, and, if so, produces a
+frame that merges the two sets of bindings. This operation is similar to unification.
+Exercise 4.77. In section 4.4.3 we saw that not and lisp-value can cause the query language to
+give ‘‘wrong’’ answers if these filtering operations are applied to frames in which variables are
+unbound. Devise a way to fix this shortcoming. One idea is to perform the filtering in a ‘‘delayed’’
+manner by appending to the frame a ‘‘promise’’ to filter that is fulfilled only when enough variables
+have been bound to make the operation possible. We could wait to perform filtering until all other
+operations have been performed. However, for efficiency’s sake, we would like to perform filtering as
+soon as possible so as to cut down on the number of intermediate frames generated.
+Exercise 4.78. Redesign the query language as a nondeterministic program to be implemented using
+the evaluator of section 4.3, rather than as a stream process. In this approach, each query will produce
+a single answer (rather than the stream of all answers) and the user can type try-again to see more
+answers. You should find that much of the mechanism we built in this section is subsumed by
+nondeterministic search and backtracking. You will probably also find, however, that your new query
+language has subtle differences in behavior from the one implemented here. Can you find examples
+that illustrate this difference?
+Exercise 4.79. When we implemented the Lisp evaluator in section 4.1, we saw how to use local
+environments to avoid name conflicts between the parameters of procedures. For example, in
+evaluating
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(sum-of-squares 3 4)
+
+\fthere is no confusion between the x in square and the x in sum-of-squares, because we
+evaluate the body of each procedure in an environment that is specially constructed to contain bindings
+for the local variables. In the query system, we used a different strategy to avoid name conflicts in
+applying rules. Each time we apply a rule we rename the variables with new names that are guaranteed
+to be unique. The analogous strategy for the Lisp evaluator would be to do away with local
+environments and simply rename the variables in the body of a procedure each time we apply the
+procedure.
+Implement for the query language a rule-application method that uses environments rather than
+renaming. See if you can build on your environment structure to create constructs in the query
+language for dealing with large systems, such as the rule analog of block-structured procedures. Can
+you relate any of this to the problem of making deductions in a context (e.g., ‘‘If I supposed that P
+were true, then I would be able to deduce A and B.’’) as a method of problem solving? (This problem
+is open-ended. A good answer is probably worth a Ph.D.)
+58 Logic programming has grown out of a long history of research in automatic theorem proving.
+
+Early theorem-proving programs could accomplish very little, because they exhaustively searched the
+space of possible proofs. The major breakthrough that made such a search plausible was the discovery
+in the early 1960s of the unification algorithm and the resolution principle (Robinson 1965).
+Resolution was used, for example, by Green and Raphael (1968) (see also Green 1969) as the basis for
+a deductive question-answering system. During most of this period, researchers concentrated on
+algorithms that are guaranteed to find a proof if one exists. Such algorithms were difficult to control
+and to direct toward a proof. Hewitt (1969) recognized the possibility of merging the control structure
+of a programming language with the operations of a logic-manipulation system, leading to the work in
+automatic search mentioned in section 4.3.1 (footnote 47). At the same time that this was being done,
+Colmerauer, in Marseille, was developing rule-based systems for manipulating natural language (see
+Colmerauer et al. 1973). He invented a programming language called Prolog for representing those
+rules. Kowalski (1973; 1979), in Edinburgh, recognized that execution of a Prolog program could be
+interpreted as proving theorems (using a proof technique called linear Horn-clause resolution). The
+merging of the last two strands led to the logic-programming movement. Thus, in assigning credit for
+the development of logic programming, the French can point to Prolog’s genesis at the University of
+Marseille, while the British can highlight the work at the University of Edinburgh. According to
+people at MIT, logic programming was developed by these groups in an attempt to figure out what
+Hewitt was talking about in his brilliant but impenetrable Ph.D. thesis. For a history of logic
+programming, see Robinson 1983.
+59 To see the correspondence between the rules and the procedure, let x in the procedure (where x is
+
+nonempty) correspond to (cons u v) in the rule. Then z in the rule corresponds to the append of
+(cdr x) and y.
+60 This certainly does not relieve the user of the entire problem of how to compute the answer. There
+
+are many different mathematically equivalent sets of rules for formulating the append relation, only
+some of which can be turned into effective devices for computing in any direction. In addition,
+sometimes ‘‘what is’’ information gives no clue ‘‘how to’’ compute an answer. For example, consider
+the problem of computing the y such that y 2 = x.
+61 Interest in logic programming peaked during the early 80s when the Japanese government began an
+
+ambitious project aimed at building superfast computers optimized to run logic programming
+languages. The speed of such computers was to be measured in LIPS (Logical Inferences Per Second)
+rather than the usual FLOPS (FLoating-point Operations Per Second). Although the project succeeded
+
+\fin developing hardware and software as originally planned, the international computer industry moved
+in a different direction. See Feigenbaum and Shrobe 1993 for an overview evaluation of the Japanese
+project. The logic programming community has also moved on to consider relational programming
+based on techniques other than simple pattern matching, such as the ability to deal with numerical
+constraints such as the ones illustrated in the constraint-propagation system of section 3.3.5.
+62 This uses the dotted-tail notation introduced in exercise 2.20.
+63 Actually, this description of not is valid only for simple cases. The real behavior of not is more
+
+complex. We will examine not’s peculiarities in sections 4.4.2 and 4.4.3.
+64 Lisp-value should be used only to perform an operation not provided in the query language. In
+
+particular, it should not be used to test equality (since that is what the matching in the query language
+is designed to do) or inequality (since that can be done with the same rule shown below).
+65 Notice that we do not need same in order to make two things be the same: We just use the same
+
+pattern variable for each -- in effect, we have one thing instead of two things in the first place. For
+example, see ?town in the lives-near rule and ?middle-manager in the wheel rule below.
+Same is useful when we want to force two things to be different, such as ?person-1 and
+?person-2 in the lives-near rule. Although using the same pattern variable in two parts of a
+query forces the same value to appear in both places, using different pattern variables does not force
+different values to appear. (The values assigned to different pattern variables may be the same or
+different.)
+66 We will also allow rules without bodies, as in same, and we will interpret such a rule to mean that
+
+the rule conclusion is satisfied by any values of the variables.
+67 Because matching is generally very expensive, we would like to avoid applying the full matcher to
+
+every element of the data base. This is usually arranged by breaking up the process into a fast, coarse
+match and the final match. The coarse match filters the data base to produce a small set of candidates
+for the final match. With care, we can arrange our data base so that some of the work of coarse
+matching can be done when the data base is constructed rather then when we want to select the
+candidates. This is called indexing the data base. There is a vast technology built around
+data-base-indexing schemes. Our implementation, described in section 4.4.4, contains a
+simple-minded form of such an optimization.
+68 But this kind of exponential explosion is not common in and queries because the added conditions
+
+tend to reduce rather than expand the number of frames produced.
+69 There is a large literature on data-base-management systems that is concerned with how to handle
+
+complex queries efficiently.
+70 There is a subtle difference between this filter implementation of not and the usual meaning of
+
+not in mathematical logic. See section 4.4.3.
+71 In one-sided pattern matching, all the equations that contain pattern variables are explicit and
+
+already solved for the unknown (the pattern variable).
+72 Another way to think of unification is that it generates the most general pattern that is a
+
+specialization of the two input patterns. That is, the unification of (?x a) and ((b ?y) ?z) is
+((b ?y) a), and the unification of (?x a ?y) and (?y ?z a), discussed above, is (a a a).
+For our implementation, it is more convenient to think of the result of unification as a frame rather
+
+\fthan a pattern.
+73 Since unification is a generalization of matching, we could simplify the system by using the unifier
+
+to produce both streams. Treating the easy case with the simple matcher, however, illustrates how
+matching (as opposed to full-blown unification) can be useful in its own right.
+74 The reason we use streams (rather than lists) of frames is that the recursive application of rules can
+
+generate infinite numbers of values that satisfy a query. The delayed evaluation embodied in streams is
+crucial here: The system will print responses one by one as they are generated, regardless of whether
+there are a finite or infinite number of responses.
+75 That a particular method of inference is legitimate is not a trivial assertion. One must prove that if
+
+one starts with true premises, only true conclusions can be derived. The method of inference
+represented by rule applications is modus ponens, the familiar method of inference that says that if A is
+true and A implies B is true, then we may conclude that B is true.
+76 We must qualify this statement by agreeing that, in speaking of the ‘‘inference’’ accomplished by a
+
+logic program, we assume that the computation terminates. Unfortunately, even this qualified
+statement is false for our implementation of the query language (and also false for programs in Prolog
+and most other current logic programming languages) because of our use of not and lisp-value.
+As we will describe below, the not implemented in the query language is not always consistent with
+the not of mathematical logic, and lisp-value introduces additional complications. We could
+implement a language consistent with mathematical logic by simply removing not and
+lisp-value from the language and agreeing to write programs using only simple queries, and, and
+or. However, this would greatly restrict the expressive power of the language. One of the major
+concerns of research in logic programming is to find ways to achieve more consistency with
+mathematical logic without unduly sacrificing expressive power.
+77 This is not a problem of the logic but one of the procedural interpretation of the logic provided by
+
+our interpreter. We could write an interpreter that would not fall into a loop here. For example, we
+could enumerate all the proofs derivable from our assertions and our rules in a breadth-first rather than
+a depth-first order. However, such a system makes it more difficult to take advantage of the order of
+deductions in our programs. One attempt to build sophisticated control into such a program is
+described in deKleer et al. 1977. Another technique, which does not lead to such serious control
+problems, is to put in special knowledge, such as detectors for particular kinds of loops (exercise 4.67).
+However, there can be no general scheme for reliably preventing a system from going down infinite
+paths in performing deductions. Imagine a diabolical rule of the form ‘‘To show P(x) is true, show that
+P(f(x)) is true,’’ for some suitably chosen function f.
+78 Consider the query (not (baseball-fan (Bitdiddle Ben))). The system finds that
+
+(baseball-fan (Bitdiddle Ben)) is not in the data base, so the empty frame does not
+satisfy the pattern and is not filtered out of the initial stream of frames. The result of the query is thus
+the empty frame, which is used to instantiate the input query to produce (not (baseball-fan
+(Bitdiddle Ben))).
+79 A discussion and justification of this treatment of not can be found in the article by Clark (1978).
+80 In general, unifying ?y with an expression involving ?y would require our being able to find a
+
+fixed point of the equation ?y = <expression involving ?y>. It is sometimes possible to syntactically
+form an expression that appears to be the solution. For example, ?y = (f ?y) seems to have the
+fixed point (f (f (f ... ))), which we can produce by beginning with the expression (f ?y)
+and repeatedly substituting (f ?y) for ?y. Unfortunately, not every such equation has a meaningful
+
+\ffixed point. The issues that arise here are similar to the issues of manipulating infinite series in
+mathematics. For example, we know that 2 is the solution to the equation y = 1 + y/2. Beginning with
+the expression 1 + y/2 and repeatedly substituting 1 + y/2 for y gives
+
+which leads to
+
+However, if we try the same manipulation beginning with the observation that - 1 is the solution to the
+equation y = 1 + 2y, we obtain
+
+which leads to
+
+Although the formal manipulations used in deriving these two equations are identical, the first result is
+a valid assertion about infinite series but the second is not. Similarly, for our unification results,
+reasoning with an arbitrary syntactically constructed expression may lead to errors.
+81 Most Lisp systems give the user the ability to modify the ordinary read procedure to perform such
+
+transformations by defining reader macro characters. Quoted expressions are already handled in this
+way: The reader automatically translates ’expression into (quote expression) before the
+evaluator sees it. We could arrange for ?expression to be transformed into (? expression) in
+the same way; however, for the sake of clarity we have included the transformation procedure here
+explicitly.
+Expand-question-mark and contract-question-mark use several procedures with
+string in their names. These are Scheme primitives.
+
+
+\f
+
+Chapter 5
+Computing with Register Machines
+My aim is to show that the heavenly machine is not a
+kind of divine, live being, but a kind of clockwork (and
+he who believes that a clock has soul attributes the
+maker’s glory to the work), insofar as nearly all the
+manifold motions are caused by a most simple and
+material force, just as all motions of the clock are caused
+by a single weight.
+Johannes Kepler (letter to Herwart von Hohenburg, 1605)
+We began this book by studying processes and by describing processes in terms of procedures written
+in Lisp. To explain the meanings of these procedures, we used a succession of models of evaluation:
+the substitution model of chapter 1, the environment model of chapter 3, and the metacircular
+evaluator of chapter 4. Our examination of the metacircular evaluator, in particular, dispelled much of
+the mystery of how Lisp-like languages are interpreted. But even the metacircular evaluator leaves
+important questions unanswered, because it fails to elucidate the mechanisms of control in a Lisp
+system. For instance, the evaluator does not explain how the evaluation of a subexpression manages to
+return a value to the expression that uses this value, nor does the evaluator explain how some recursive
+procedures generate iterative processes (that is, are evaluated using constant space) whereas other
+recursive procedures generate recursive processes. These questions remain unanswered because the
+metacircular evaluator is itself a Lisp program and hence inherits the control structure of the
+underlying Lisp system. In order to provide a more complete description of the control structure of the
+Lisp evaluator, we must work at a more primitive level than Lisp itself.
+In this chapter we will describe processes in terms of the step-by-step operation of a traditional
+computer. Such a computer, or register machine, sequentially executes instructions that manipulate the
+contents of a fixed set of storage elements called registers. A typical register-machine instruction
+applies a primitive operation to the contents of some registers and assigns the result to another register.
+Our descriptions of processes executed by register machines will look very much like
+‘‘machine-language’’ programs for traditional computers. However, instead of focusing on the
+machine language of any particular computer, we will examine several Lisp procedures and design a
+specific register machine to execute each procedure. Thus, we will approach our task from the
+perspective of a hardware architect rather than that of a machine-language computer programmer. In
+designing register machines, we will develop mechanisms for implementing important programming
+constructs such as recursion. We will also present a language for describing designs for register
+machines. In section 5.2 we will implement a Lisp program that uses these descriptions to simulate the
+machines we design.
+Most of the primitive operations of our register machines are very simple. For example, an operation
+might add the numbers fetched from two registers, producing a result to be stored into a third register.
+Such an operation can be performed by easily described hardware. In order to deal with list structure,
+however, we will also use the memory operations car, cdr, and cons, which require an elaborate
+storage-allocation mechanism. In section 5.3 we study their implementation in terms of more
+
+\felementary operations.
+In section 5.4, after we have accumulated experience formulating simple procedures as register
+machines, we will design a machine that carries out the algorithm described by the metacircular
+evaluator of section 4.1. This will fill in the gap in our understanding of how Scheme expressions are
+interpreted, by providing an explicit model for the mechanisms of control in the evaluator. In
+section 5.5 we will study a simple compiler that translates Scheme programs into sequences of
+instructions that can be executed directly with the registers and operations of the evaluator register
+machine.
+
+
+\f
+
+5.1 Designing Register Machines
+To design a register machine, we must design its data paths (registers and operations) and the
+controller that sequences these operations. To illustrate the design of a simple register machine, let us
+examine Euclid’s Algorithm, which is used to compute the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two
+integers. As we saw in section 1.2.5, Euclid’s Algorithm can be carried out by an iterative process, as
+specified by the following procedure:
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+A machine to carry out this algorithm must keep track of two numbers, a and b, so let us assume that
+these numbers are stored in two registers with those names. The basic operations required are testing
+whether the contents of register b is zero and computing the remainder of the contents of register a
+divided by the contents of register b. The remainder operation is a complex process, but assume for
+the moment that we have a primitive device that computes remainders. On each cycle of the GCD
+algorithm, the contents of register a must be replaced by the contents of register b, and the contents of
+b must be replaced by the remainder of the old contents of a divided by the old contents of b. It would
+be convenient if these replacements could be done simultaneously, but in our model of register
+machines we will assume that only one register can be assigned a new value at each step. To
+accomplish the replacements, our machine will use a third ‘‘temporary’’ register, which we call t.
+(First the remainder will be placed in t, then the contents of b will be placed in a, and finally the
+remainder stored in t will be placed in b.)
+We can illustrate the registers and operations required for this machine by using the data-path diagram
+shown in figure 5.1. In this diagram, the registers (a, b, and t) are represented by rectangles. Each
+way to assign a value to a register is indicated by an arrow with an X behind the head, pointing from
+the source of data to the register. We can think of the X as a button that, when pushed, allows the value
+at the source to ‘‘flow’’ into the designated register. The label next to each button is the name we will
+use to refer to the button. The names are arbitrary, and can be chosen to have mnemonic value (for
+example, a<-b denotes pushing the button that assigns the contents of register b to register a). The
+source of data for a register can be another register (as in the a<-b assignment), an operation result
+(as in the t<-r assignment), or a constant (a built-in value that cannot be changed, represented in a
+data-path diagram by a triangle containing the constant).
+An operation that computes a value from constants and the contents of registers is represented in a
+data-path diagram by a trapezoid containing a name for the operation. For example, the box marked
+rem in figure 5.1 represents an operation that computes the remainder of the contents of the registers
+a and b to which it is attached. Arrows (without buttons) point from the input registers and constants
+to the box, and arrows connect the operation’s output value to registers. A test is represented by a
+circle containing a name for the test. For example, our GCD machine has an operation that tests
+whether the contents of register b is zero. A test also has arrows from its input registers and constants,
+but it has no output arrows; its value is used by the controller rather than by the data paths. Overall, the
+data-path diagram shows the registers and operations that are required for the machine and how they
+must be connected. If we view the arrows as wires and the X buttons as switches, the data-path
+diagram is very like the wiring diagram for a machine that could be constructed from electrical
+components.
+
+\fFigure 5.2: Controller for a GCD machine.
+Exercise 5.1. Design a register machine to compute factorials using the iterative algorithm specified
+by the following procedure. Draw data-path and controller diagrams for this machine.
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Figure 5.1: Data paths for a GCD machine.
+5.1.1
+A Language for Describing Register Machines
+Figure 5.1: Data paths for a GCD machine.
+Data-path and controller diagrams are adequate for representing simple machines such as GCD, but
+they are unwieldy for describing large machines such as a Lisp interpreter. To make it possible to deal
+with
+complex
+create
+a language
+thatthe
+presents,
+textual
+form, allinthe
+In order
+for themachines,
+data pathswe
+towill
+actually
+compute
+GCDs,
+buttonsinmust
+be pushed
+theinformation
+correct
+given
+by the
+and controller
+diagrams.
+Weofwill
+start withdiagram,
+a notation
+directlyinmirrors
+the
+sequence.
+Wedata-path
+will describe
+this sequence
+in terms
+a controller
+asthat
+illustrated
+figure 5.2.
+diagrams.
+The
+elements of the controller diagram indicate how the data-path components should be operated.
+The rectangular boxes in the controller diagram identify data-path buttons to be pushed, and the arrows
+We define
+data pathsfrom
+of a machine
+describing
+thediamond
+registersinand
+operations.
+To describe
+a
+describe
+thethe
+sequencing
+one step by
+to the
+next. The
+thethe
+diagram
+represents
+a decision.
+register,
+wetwo
+givesequencing
+it a name and
+specify
+buttons that
+control assignment
+Wedata-path
+give eachtest
+of these
+One
+of the
+arrows
+will the
+be followed,
+depending
+on the valuetoofit.the
+buttons a name
+specifyWe
+thecan
+source
+of thethe
+data
+that enters
+the register
+under the
+button’s
+control.
+identified
+in theand
+diamond.
+interpret
+controller
+in terms
+of a physical
+analogy:
+Think
+of the
+(The
+source
+is
+a
+register,
+a
+constant,
+or
+an
+operation.)
+To
+describe
+an
+operation,
+we
+give
+it
+a
+name
+diagram as a maze in which a marble is rolling. When the marble rolls into a box, it pushes the and
+specify itsbutton
+inputsthat
+(registers
+or constants).
+data-path
+is named
+by the box. When the marble rolls into a decision node (such as the test
+for b = 0), it leaves the node on the path determined by the result of the indicated test. Taken together,
+We data
+define
+the and
+controller
+of a machine
+as a sequence
+instructions
+together with
+labelsWe
+that
+identify
+the
+paths
+the controller
+completely
+describeof
+a machine
+for computing
+GCDs.
+start
+the
+entry
+points
+in
+the
+sequence.
+An
+instruction
+is
+one
+of
+the
+following:
+controller (the rolling marble) at the place marked start, after placing numbers in registers a and b.
+When the controller reaches done, we will find the value of the GCD in register a.
+The name of a data-path button to push to assign a value to a register. (This corresponds to a box
+in the controller diagram.)
+A test instruction, that performs a specified test.
+A conditional branch (branch instruction) to a location indicated by a controller label, based on
+the result of the previous test. (The test and branch together correspond to a diamond in the
+controller diagram.) If the test is false, the controller should continue with the next instruction in
+the sequence. Otherwise, the controller should continue with the instruction after the label.
+An unconditional branch (goto instruction) naming a controller label at which to continue
+execution.
+The machine starts at the beginning of the controller instruction sequence and stops when execution
+reaches the end of the sequence. Except when a branch changes the flow of control, instructions are
+executed in the order in which they are listed.
+
+Figure 5.2: Controller for a GCD machine.
+
+\f(data-paths
+(registers
+((name a)
+(buttons ((name a<-b) (source (register b)))))
+((name b)
+(buttons ((name b<-t) (source (register t)))))
+((name t)
+(buttons ((name t<-r) (source (operation rem))))))
+(operations
+((name rem)
+(inputs (register a) (register b)))
+((name =)
+(inputs (register b) (constant 0)))))
+(controller
+test-b
+; label
+(test =)
+; test
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+; conditional branch
+(t<-r)
+; button push
+(a<-b)
+; button push
+(b<-t)
+; button push
+(goto (label test-b))
+; unconditional branch
+gcd-done)
+; label
+Figure 5.3: A specification of the GCD machine.
+Figure 5.3: A specification of the GCD machine.
+Figure 5.3 shows the GCD machine described in this way. This example only hints at the generality of
+these descriptions, since the GCD machine is a very simple case: Each register has only one button,
+and each button and test is used only once in the controller.
+Unfortunately, it is difficult to read such a description. In order to understand the controller
+instructions we must constantly refer back to the definitions of the button names and the operation
+names, and to understand what the buttons do we may have to refer to the definitions of the operation
+names. We will thus transform our notation to combine the information from the data-path and
+controller descriptions so that we see it all together.
+To obtain this form of description, we will replace the arbitrary button and operation names by the
+definitions of their behavior. That is, instead of saying (in the controller) ‘‘Push button t<-r’’ and
+separately saying (in the data paths) ‘‘Button t<-r assigns the value of the rem operation to register
+t’’ and ‘‘The rem operation’s inputs are the contents of registers a and b,’’ we will say (in the
+controller) ‘‘Push the button that assigns to register t the value of the rem operation on the contents
+of registers a and b.’’ Similarly, instead of saying (in the controller) ‘‘Perform the = test’’ and
+separately saying (in the data paths) ‘‘The = test operates on the contents of register b and the constant
+0,’’ we will say ‘‘Perform the = test on the contents of register b and the constant 0.’’ We will omit
+the data-path description, leaving only the controller sequence. Thus, the GCD machine is described as
+follows:
+
+\f(controller
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)
+This form of description is easier to read than the kind illustrated in figure 5.3, but it also has
+disadvantages:
+It is more verbose for large machines, because complete descriptions of the data-path elements
+are repeated whenever the elements are mentioned in the controller instruction sequence. (This is
+not a problem in the GCD example, because each operation and button is used only once.)
+Moreover, repeating the data-path descriptions obscures the actual data-path structure of the
+machine; it is not obvious for a large machine how many registers, operations, and buttons there
+are and how they are interconnected.
+Because the controller instructions in a machine definition look like Lisp expressions, it is easy to
+forget that they are not arbitrary Lisp expressions. They can notate only legal machine operations.
+For example, operations can operate directly only on constants and the contents of registers, not
+on the results of other operations.
+In spite of these disadvantages, we will use this register-machine language throughout this chapter,
+because we will be more concerned with understanding controllers than with understanding the
+elements and connections in data paths. We should keep in mind, however, that data-path design is
+crucial in designing real machines.
+Exercise 5.2. Use the register-machine language to describe the iterative factorial machine of
+exercise 5.1.
+
+Actions
+Let us modify the GCD machine so that we can type in the numbers whose GCD we want and get the
+answer printed at our terminal. We will not discuss how to make a machine that can read and print, but
+will assume (as we do when we use read and display in Scheme) that they are available as
+primitive operations. 1
+Read is like the operations we have been using in that it produces a value that can be stored in a
+register. But read does not take inputs from any registers; its value depends on something that
+happens outside the parts of the machine we are designing. We will allow our machine’s operations to
+have such behavior, and thus will draw and notate the use of read just as we do any other operation
+that computes a value.
+Print, on the other hand, differs from the operations we have been using in a fundamental way: It
+does not produce an output value to be stored in a register. Though it has an effect, this effect is not on
+a part of the machine we are designing. We will refer to this kind of operation as an action. We will
+represent an action in a data-path diagram just as we represent an operation that computes a value -- as
+a trapezoid that contains the name of the action. Arrows point to the action box from any inputs
+(registers or constants). We also associate a button with the action. Pushing the button makes the
+
+\faction happen. To make a controller push an action button we use a new kind of instruction called
+perform. Thus, the action of printing the contents of register a is represented in a controller
+sequence by the instruction
+(perform (op print) (reg a))
+Figure 5.4 shows the data paths and controller for the new GCD machine. Instead of having the
+machine stop after printing the answer, we have made it start over, so that it repeatedly reads a pair of
+numbers, computes their GCD, and prints the result. This structure is like the driver loops we used in
+the interpreters of chapter 4.
+
+(controller
+gcd-loop
+(assign a (op read))
+(assign b (op read))
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done
+(perform (op print) (reg a))
+(goto (label gcd-loop)))
+Figure 5.4: A GCD machine that reads inputs and prints results.
+Figure 5.4: A GCD machine that reads inputs and prints results.
+
+\f5.1.2 Abstraction in Machine Design
+We will often define a machine to include ‘‘primitive’’ operations that are actually very complex. For
+example, in sections 5.4 and 5.5 we will treat Scheme’s environment manipulations as primitive. Such
+abstraction is valuable because it allows us to ignore the details of parts of a machine so that we can
+concentrate on other aspects of the design. The fact that we have swept a lot of complexity under the
+rug, however, does not mean that a machine design is unrealistic. We can always replace the complex
+‘‘primitives’’ by simpler primitive operations.
+Consider the GCD machine. The machine has an instruction that computes the remainder of the
+contents of registers a and b and assigns the result to register t. If we want to construct the GCD
+machine without using a primitive remainder operation, we must specify how to compute remainders
+in terms of simpler operations, such as subtraction. Indeed, we can write a Scheme procedure that
+finds remainders in this way:
+(define (remainder n d)
+(if (< n d)
+n
+(remainder (- n d) d)))
+We can thus replace the remainder operation in the GCD machine’s data paths with a subtraction
+operation and a comparison test. Figure 5.5 shows the data paths and controller for the elaborated
+machine. The instruction
+
+\fFigure 5.5: Data paths and controller for the elaborated GCD machine.
+Figure 5.5: Data paths and controller for the elaborated GCD machine.
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+in the GCD controller definition is replaced by a sequence of instructions that contains a loop, as
+shown in figure 5.6.
+
+\f(controller
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (reg a))
+rem-loop
+(test (op <) (reg t) (reg b))
+(branch (label rem-done))
+(assign t (op -) (reg t) (reg b))
+(goto (label rem-loop))
+rem-done
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)
+Figure 5.6: Controller instruction sequence for the GCD machine in figure 5.5.
+Figure 5.6: Controller instruction sequence for the GCD machine in figure 5.5.
+Exercise 5.3. Design a machine to compute square roots using Newton’s method, as described in
+section 1.1.7:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+Begin by assuming that good-enough? and improve operations are available as primitives. Then
+show how to expand these in terms of arithmetic operations. Describe each version of the sqrt
+machine design by drawing a data-path diagram and writing a controller definition in the
+register-machine language.
+
+5.1.3 Subroutines
+When designing a machine to perform a computation, we would often prefer to arrange for
+components to be shared by different parts of the computation rather than duplicate the components.
+Consider a machine that includes two GCD computations -- one that finds the GCD of the contents of
+registers a and b and one that finds the GCD of the contents of registers c and d. We might start by
+assuming we have a primitive gcd operation, then expand the two instances of gcd in terms of more
+primitive operations. Figure 5.7 shows just the GCD portions of the resulting machine’s data paths,
+without showing how they connect to the rest of the machine. The figure also shows the corresponding
+portions of the machine’s controller sequence.
+
+\fgcd-1
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-1))
+after-gcd-1
+gcd-2
+(test (op =) (reg d) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-2))
+(assign s (op rem) (reg c) (reg d))
+(assign c (reg d))
+(assign d (reg s))
+(goto (label gcd-2))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.7: Portions of the data paths and controller sequence for a machine with two GCD
+computations.
+Figure 5.7: Portions of the data paths and controller sequence for a machine with two GCD
+computations.
+This machine has two remainder operation boxes and two boxes for testing equality. If the duplicated
+components are complicated, as is the remainder box, this will not be an economical way to build the
+machine. We can avoid duplicating the data-path components by using the same components for both
+GCD computations, provided that doing so will not affect the rest of the larger machine’s computation.
+If the values in registers a and b are not needed by the time the controller gets to gcd-2 (or if these
+values can be moved to other registers for safekeeping), we can change the machine so that it uses
+registers a and b, rather than registers c and d, in computing the second GCD as well as the first. If
+we do this, we obtain the controller sequence shown in figure 5.8.
+We have removed the duplicate data-path components (so that the data paths are again as in
+figure 5.1), but the controller now has two GCD sequences that differ only in their entry-point labels. It
+would be better to replace these two sequences by branches to a single sequence -- a gcd subroutine -at the end of which we branch back to the correct place in the main instruction sequence. We can
+
+\faccomplish this as follows: Before branching to gcd, we place a distinguishing value (such as 0 or 1)
+into a special register, continue. At the end of the gcd subroutine we return either to
+after-gcd-1 or to after-gcd-2, depending on the value of the continue register. Figure 5.9
+shows the relevant portion of the resulting controller sequence, which includes only a single copy of
+the gcd instructions.
+gcd-1
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-1))
+after-gcd-1
+gcd-2
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-2))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-2))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.8: Portions of the controller sequence for a machine that uses the same data-path
+components for two different GCD computations.
+Figure 5.8: Portions of the controller sequence for a machine that uses the same data-path
+components for two different GCD computations.
+
+\fgcd
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd))
+gcd-done
+(test (op =) (reg continue) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(goto (label after-gcd-2))
+;; Before branching to gcd from the first place where
+;; it is needed, we place 0 in the continue register
+(assign continue (const 0))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-1
+;; Before the second use of gcd, we place 1 in the continue register
+(assign continue (const 1))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.9: Using a continue register to avoid the duplicate controller sequence in figure 5.8.
+Figure 5.9: Using a continue register to avoid the duplicate controller sequence in figure 5.8.
+
+\fgcd
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd))
+gcd-done
+(goto (reg continue))
+;; Before calling gcd, we assign to continue
+;; the label to which gcd should return.
+(assign continue (label after-gcd-1))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-1
+;; Here is the second call to gcd, with a different continuation.
+(assign continue (label after-gcd-2))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.10: Assigning labels to the continue register simplifies and generalizes the strategy
+shown in figure 5.9.
+Figure 5.10: Assigning labels to the continue register simplifies and generalizes the strategy
+shown in figure 5.9.
+This is a reasonable approach for handling small problems, but it would be awkward if there were
+many instances of GCD computations in the controller sequence. To decide where to continue
+executing after the gcd subroutine, we would need tests in the data paths and branch instructions in
+the controller for all the places that use gcd. A more powerful method for implementing subroutines is
+to have the continue register hold the label of the entry point in the controller sequence at which
+execution should continue when the subroutine is finished. Implementing this strategy requires a new
+kind of connection between the data paths and the controller of a register machine: There must be a
+way to assign to a register a label in the controller sequence in such a way that this value can be
+fetched from the register and used to continue execution at the designated entry point.
+To reflect this ability, we will extend the assign instruction of the register-machine language to
+allow a register to be assigned as value a label from the controller sequence (as a special kind of
+constant). We will also extend the goto instruction to allow execution to continue at the entry point
+described by the contents of a register rather than only at an entry point described by a constant label.
+Using these new constructs we can terminate the gcd subroutine with a branch to the location stored
+in the continue register. This leads to the controller sequence shown in figure 5.10.
+A machine with more than one subroutine could use multiple continuation registers (e.g.,
+gcd-continue, factorial-continue) or we could have all subroutines share a single
+continue register. Sharing is more economical, but we must be careful if we have a subroutine
+(sub1) that calls another subroutine (sub2). Unless sub1 saves the contents of continue in some
+other register before setting up continue for the call to sub2, sub1 will not know where to go
+when it is finished. The mechanism developed in the next section to handle recursion also provides a
+better solution to this problem of nested subroutine calls.
+
+\f5.1.4 Using a Stack to Implement Recursion
+With the ideas illustrated so far, we can implement any iterative process by specifying a register
+machine that has a register corresponding to each state variable of the process. The machine repeatedly
+executes a controller loop, changing the contents of the registers, until some termination condition is
+satisfied. At each point in the controller sequence, the state of the machine (representing the state of
+the iterative process) is completely determined by the contents of the registers (the values of the state
+variables).
+Implementing recursive processes, however, requires an additional mechanism. Consider the following
+recursive method for computing factorials, which we first examined in section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+As we see from the procedure, computing n! requires computing (n - 1)!. Our GCD machine, modeled
+on the procedure
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+similarly had to compute another GCD. But there is an important difference between the gcd
+procedure, which reduces the original computation to a new GCD computation, and factorial,
+which requires computing another factorial as a subproblem. In GCD, the answer to the new GCD
+computation is the answer to the original problem. To compute the next GCD, we simply place the
+new arguments in the input registers of the GCD machine and reuse the machine’s data paths by
+executing the same controller sequence. When the machine is finished solving the final GCD problem,
+it has completed the entire computation.
+In the case of factorial (or any recursive process) the answer to the new factorial subproblem is not the
+answer to the original problem. The value obtained for (n - 1)! must be multiplied by n to get the final
+answer. If we try to imitate the GCD design, and solve the factorial subproblem by decrementing the n
+register and rerunning the factorial machine, we will no longer have available the old value of n by
+which to multiply the result. We thus need a second factorial machine to work on the subproblem. This
+second factorial computation itself has a factorial subproblem, which requires a third factorial
+machine, and so on. Since each factorial machine contains another factorial machine within it, the total
+machine contains an infinite nest of similar machines and hence cannot be constructed from a fixed,
+finite number of parts.
+Nevertheless, we can implement the factorial process as a register machine if we can arrange to use the
+same components for each nested instance of the machine. Specifically, the machine that computes n!
+should use the same components to work on the subproblem of computing (n - 1)!, on the subproblem
+for (n - 2)!, and so on. This is plausible because, although the factorial process dictates that an
+unbounded number of copies of the same machine are needed to perform a computation, only one of
+these copies needs to be active at any given time. When the machine encounters a recursive
+subproblem, it can suspend work on the main problem, reuse the same physical parts to work on the
+subproblem, then continue the suspended computation.
+
+\fIn the subproblem, the contents of the registers will be different than they were in the main problem.
+(In this case the n register is decremented.) In order to be able to continue the suspended computation,
+the machine must save the contents of any registers that will be needed after the subproblem is solved
+so that these can be restored to continue the suspended computation. In the case of factorial, we will
+save the old value of n, to be restored when we are finished computing the factorial of the
+decremented n register. 2
+Since there is no a priori limit on the depth of nested recursive calls, we may need to save an arbitrary
+number of register values. These values must be restored in the reverse of the order in which they were
+saved, since in a nest of recursions the last subproblem to be entered is the first to be finished. This
+dictates the use of a stack, or ‘‘last in, first out’’ data structure, to save register values. We can extend
+the register-machine language to include a stack by adding two kinds of instructions: Values are
+placed on the stack using a save instruction and restored from the stack using a restore
+instruction. After a sequence of values has been saved on the stack, a sequence of restores will
+retrieve these values in reverse order. 3
+With the aid of the stack, we can reuse a single copy of the factorial machine’s data paths for each
+factorial subproblem. There is a similar design issue in reusing the controller sequence that operates
+the data paths. To reexecute the factorial computation, the controller cannot simply loop back to the
+beginning, as with an iterative process, because after solving the (n - 1)! subproblem the machine must
+still multiply the result by n. The controller must suspend its computation of n!, solve the (n - 1)!
+subproblem, then continue its computation of n!. This view of the factorial computation suggests the
+use of the subroutine mechanism described in section 5.1.3, which has the controller use a continue
+register to transfer to the part of the sequence that solves a subproblem and then continue where it left
+off on the main problem. We can thus make a factorial subroutine that returns to the entry point stored
+in the continue register. Around each subroutine call, we save and restore continue just as we do
+the n register, since each ‘‘level’’ of the factorial computation will use the same continue register.
+That is, the factorial subroutine must put a new value in continue when it calls itself for a
+subproblem, but it will need the old value in order to return to the place that called it to solve a
+subproblem.
+Figure 5.11 shows the data paths and controller for a machine that implements the recursive
+factorial procedure. The machine has a stack and three registers, called n, val, and continue.
+To simplify the data-path diagram, we have not named the register-assignment buttons, only the
+stack-operation buttons (sc and sn to save registers, rc and rn to restore registers). To operate the
+machine, we put in register n the number whose factorial we wish to compute and start the machine.
+When the machine reaches fact-done, the computation is finished and the answer will be found in
+the val register. In the controller sequence, n and continue are saved before each recursive call
+and restored upon return from the call. Returning from a call is accomplished by branching to the
+location stored in continue. Continue is initialized when the machine starts so that the last return
+will go to fact-done. The val register, which holds the result of the factorial computation, is not
+saved before the recursive call, because the old contents of val is not useful after the subroutine
+returns. Only the new value, which is the value produced by the subcomputation, is needed. Although
+in principle the factorial computation requires an infinite machine, the machine in figure 5.11 is
+actually finite except for the stack, which is potentially unbounded. Any particular physical
+implementation of a stack, however, will be of finite size, and this will limit the depth of recursive
+calls that can be handled by the machine. This implementation of factorial illustrates the general
+strategy for realizing recursive algorithms as ordinary register machines augmented by stacks. When a
+recursive subproblem is encountered, we save on the stack the registers whose current values will be
+required after the subproblem is solved, solve the recursive subproblem, then restore the saved
+registers and continue execution on the main problem. The continue register must always be saved.
+
+\fWhether there are other registers that need to be saved depends on the particular machine, since not all
+recursive computations need the original values of registers that are modified during solution of the
+subproblem (see exercise 5.4).
+
+A double recursion
+Let us examine a more complex recursive process, the tree-recursive computation of the Fibonacci
+numbers, which we introduced in section 1.2.2:
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+Just as with factorial, we can implement the recursive Fibonacci computation as a register machine
+with registers n, val, and continue. The machine is more complex than the one for factorial,
+because there are two places in the controller sequence where we need to perform recursive calls -once to compute Fib(n - 1) and once to compute Fib(n - 2). To set up for each of these calls, we save
+the registers whose values will be needed later, set the n register to the number whose Fib we need to
+compute recursively (n - 1 or n - 2), and assign to continue the entry point in the main sequence to
+which to return (afterfib-n-1 or afterfib-n-2, respectively). We then go to fib-loop.
+When we return from the recursive call, the answer is in val. Figure 5.12 shows the controller
+sequence for this machine.
+
+\f(controller
+(assign continue (label fact-done))
+; set up final return address
+fact-loop
+(test (op =) (reg n) (const 1))
+(branch (label base-case))
+;; Set up for the recursive call by saving n and continue.
+;; Set up continue so that the computation will continue
+;; at after-fact when the subroutine returns.
+(save continue)
+(save n)
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 1))
+(assign continue (label after-fact))
+(goto (label fact-loop))
+after-fact
+(restore n)
+(restore continue)
+(assign val (op *) (reg n) (reg val))
+; val now contains n(n - 1)!
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller
+base-case
+(assign val (const 1))
+; base case: 1! = 1
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller
+fact-done)
+Figure 5.11: A recursive factorial machine.
+Figure 5.11: A recursive factorial machine.
+
+\f(controller
+(assign continue (label fib-done))
+fib-loop
+(test (op <) (reg n) (const 2))
+(branch (label immediate-answer))
+;; set up to compute Fib(n - 1)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label afterfib-n-1))
+(save n)
+; save old value of n
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 1)); clobber n to n - 1
+(goto (label fib-loop))
+; perform recursive call
+afterfib-n-1
+; upon return, val contains Fib(n 1)
+(restore n)
+(restore continue)
+;; set up to compute Fib(n - 2)
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 2))
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label afterfib-n-2))
+(save val)
+; save Fib(n - 1)
+(goto (label fib-loop))
+afterfib-n-2
+; upon return, val contains Fib(n 2)
+(assign n (reg val))
+; n now contains Fib(n - 2)
+(restore val)
+; val now contains Fib(n - 1)
+(restore continue)
+(assign val
+; Fib(n - 1) + Fib(n - 2)
+(op +) (reg val) (reg n))
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller, answer is in val
+immediate-answer
+(assign val (reg n))
+; base case: Fib(n) = n
+(goto (reg continue))
+fib-done)
+Figure 5.12: Controller for a machine to compute Fibonacci numbers.
+Figure 5.12: Controller for a machine to compute Fibonacci numbers.
+
+Exercise 5.4. Specify register machines that implement each of the following procedures. For each
+machine, write a controller instruction sequence and draw a diagram showing the data paths.
+a. Recursive exponentiation:
+(define (expt b n)
+(if (= n 0)
+1
+(* b (expt b (- n 1)))))
+
+\fb. Iterative exponentiation:
+(define (expt b n)
+(define (expt-iter counter product)
+(if (= counter 0)
+product
+(expt-iter (- counter 1) (* b product))))
+(expt-iter n 1))
+Exercise 5.5. Hand-simulate the factorial and Fibonacci machines, using some nontrivial input
+(requiring execution of at least one recursive call). Show the contents of the stack at each significant
+point in the execution.
+Exercise 5.6. Ben Bitdiddle observes that the Fibonacci machine’s controller sequence has an extra
+save and an extra restore, which can be removed to make a faster machine. Where are these
+instructions?
+
+5.1.5 Instruction Summary
+A controller instruction in our register-machine language has one of the following forms, where each
+<input i > is either (reg <register-name>) or (const <constant-value>).
+These instructions were introduced in section 5.1.1:
+(assign <register-name> (reg <register-name>))
+(assign <register-name> (const <constant-value>))
+(assign <register-name> (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ...
+<input n >)
+(perform (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ... <input n >)
+(test (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ... <input n >)
+(branch (label <label-name>))
+(goto (label <label-name>))
+The use of registers to hold labels was introduced in section 5.1.3:
+(assign <register-name> (label <label-name>))
+(goto (reg <register-name>))
+Instructions to use the stack were introduced in section 5.1.4:
+(save <register-name>)
+(restore <register-name>)
+The only kind of <constant-value> we have seen so far is a number, but later we will use strings,
+symbols, and lists. For example, (const "abc") is the string "abc", (const abc) is the
+symbol abc, (const (a b c)) is the list (a b c), and (const ()) is the empty list.
+1 This assumption glosses over a great deal of complexity. Usually a large portion of the
+
+implementation of a Lisp system is dedicated to making reading and printing work.
+
+\f2 One might argue that we don’t need to save the old n; after we decrement it and solve the
+
+subproblem, we could simply increment it to recover the old value. Although this strategy works for
+factorial, it cannot work in general, since the old value of a register cannot always be computed from
+the new one.
+3 In section 5.3 we will see how to implement a stack in terms of more primitive operations.
+
+
+
+\f
+
+5.2 A Register-Machine Simulator
+In order to gain a good understanding of the design of register machines, we must test the machines we
+design to see if they perform as expected. One way to test a design is to hand-simulate the operation of
+the controller, as in exercise 5.5. But this is extremely tedious for all but the simplest machines. In this
+section we construct a simulator for machines described in the register-machine language. The
+simulator is a Scheme program with four interface procedures. The first uses a description of a register
+machine to construct a model of the machine (a data structure whose parts correspond to the parts of
+the machine to be simulated), and the other three allow us to simulate the machine by manipulating the
+model:
+(make-machine <register-names> <operations> <controller>)
+constructs and returns a model of the machine with the given registers, operations, and controller.
+(set-register-contents! <machine-model> <register-name> <value>)
+stores a value in a simulated register in the given machine.
+(get-register-contents <machine-model> <register-name>)
+returns the contents of a simulated register in the given machine.
+(start <machine-model>)
+simulates the execution of the given machine, starting from the beginning of the controller
+sequence and stopping when it reaches the end of the sequence.
+As an example of how these procedures are used, we can define gcd-machine to be a model of the
+GCD machine of section 5.1.1 as follows:
+(define gcd-machine
+(make-machine
+’(a b t)
+(list (list ’rem remainder) (list ’= =))
+’(test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)))
+The first argument to make-machine is a list of register names. The next argument is a table (a list
+of two-element lists) that pairs each operation name with a Scheme procedure that implements the
+operation (that is, produces the same output value given the same input values). The last argument
+specifies the controller as a list of labels and machine instructions, as in section 5.1.
+To compute GCDs with this machine, we set the input registers, start the machine, and examine the
+result when the simulation terminates:
+
+\f(set-register-contents! gcd-machine ’a 206)
+done
+(set-register-contents! gcd-machine ’b 40)
+done
+(start gcd-machine)
+done
+(get-register-contents gcd-machine ’a)
+2
+This computation will run much more slowly than a gcd procedure written in Scheme, because we
+will simulate low-level machine instructions, such as assign, by much more complex operations.
+Exercise 5.7. Use the simulator to test the machines you designed in exercise 5.4.
+
+5.2.1 The Machine Model
+The machine model generated by make-machine is represented as a procedure with local state
+using the message-passing techniques developed in chapter 3. To build this model, make-machine
+begins by calling the procedure make-new-machine to construct the parts of the machine model
+that are common to all register machines. This basic machine model constructed by
+make-new-machine is essentially a container for some registers and a stack, together with an
+execution mechanism that processes the controller instructions one by one.
+Make-machine then extends this basic model (by sending it messages) to include the registers,
+operations, and controller of the particular machine being defined. First it allocates a register in the
+new machine for each of the supplied register names and installs the designated operations in the
+machine. Then it uses an assembler (described below in section 5.2.2) to transform the controller list
+into instructions for the new machine and installs these as the machine’s instruction sequence.
+Make-machine returns as its value the modified machine model.
+(define (make-machine register-names ops controller-text)
+(let ((machine (make-new-machine)))
+(for-each (lambda (register-name)
+((machine ’allocate-register) register-name))
+register-names)
+((machine ’install-operations) ops)
+((machine ’install-instruction-sequence)
+(assemble controller-text machine))
+machine))
+
+Registers
+We will represent a register as a procedure with local state, as in chapter 3. The procedure
+make-register creates a register that holds a value that can be accessed or changed:
+(define (make-register name)
+(let ((contents ’*unassigned*))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’get) contents)
+((eq? message ’set)
+(lambda (value) (set! contents value)))
+
+\f(else
+(error "Unknown request -- REGISTER" message))))
+dispatch))
+The following procedures are used to access registers:
+(define (get-contents register)
+(register ’get))
+(define (set-contents! register value)
+((register ’set) value))
+
+The stack
+We can also represent a stack as a procedure with local state. The procedure make-stack creates a
+stack whose local state consists of a list of the items on the stack. A stack accepts requests to push an
+item onto the stack, to pop the top item off the stack and return it, and to initialize the stack to
+empty.
+(define (make-stack)
+(let ((s ’()))
+(define (push x)
+(set! s (cons x s)))
+(define (pop)
+(if (null? s)
+(error "Empty stack -- POP")
+(let ((top (car s)))
+(set! s (cdr s))
+top)))
+(define (initialize)
+(set! s ’())
+’done)
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’push) push)
+((eq? message ’pop) (pop))
+((eq? message ’initialize) (initialize))
+(else (error "Unknown request -- STACK"
+message))))
+dispatch))
+The following procedures are used to access stacks:
+(define (pop stack)
+(stack ’pop))
+(define (push stack value)
+((stack ’push) value))
+
+The basic machine
+The make-new-machine procedure, shown in figure 5.13, constructs an object whose local state
+consists of a stack, an initially empty instruction sequence, a list of operations that initially contains an
+operation to initialize the stack, and a register table that initially contains two registers, named flag
+and pc (for ‘‘program counter’’). The internal procedure allocate-register adds new entries to
+
+\fthe register table, and the internal procedure lookup-register looks up registers in the table.
+The flag register is used to control branching in the simulated machine. Test instructions set the
+contents of flag to the result of the test (true or false). Branch instructions decide whether or not to
+branch by examining the contents of flag.
+The pc register determines the sequencing of instructions as the machine runs. This sequencing is
+implemented by the internal procedure execute. In the simulation model, each machine instruction
+is a data structure that includes a procedure of no arguments, called the instruction execution
+procedure, such that calling this procedure simulates executing the instruction. As the simulation runs,
+pc points to the place in the instruction sequence beginning with the next instruction to be executed.
+Execute gets that instruction, executes it by calling the instruction execution procedure, and repeats
+this cycle until there are no more instructions to execute (i.e., until pc points to the end of the
+instruction sequence).
+
+\f(define (make-new-machine)
+(let ((pc (make-register ’pc))
+(flag (make-register ’flag))
+(stack (make-stack))
+(the-instruction-sequence ’()))
+(let ((the-ops
+(list (list ’initialize-stack
+(lambda () (stack ’initialize)))))
+(register-table
+(list (list ’pc pc) (list ’flag flag))))
+(define (allocate-register name)
+(if (assoc name register-table)
+(error "Multiply defined register: " name)
+(set! register-table
+(cons (list name (make-register name))
+register-table)))
+’register-allocated)
+(define (lookup-register name)
+(let ((val (assoc name register-table)))
+(if val
+(cadr val)
+(error "Unknown register:" name))))
+(define (execute)
+(let ((insts (get-contents pc)))
+(if (null? insts)
+’done
+(begin
+((instruction-execution-proc (car insts)))
+(execute)))))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’start)
+(set-contents! pc the-instruction-sequence)
+(execute))
+((eq? message ’install-instruction-sequence)
+(lambda (seq) (set! the-instruction-sequence seq)))
+((eq? message ’allocate-register) allocate-register)
+((eq? message ’get-register) lookup-register)
+((eq? message ’install-operations)
+(lambda (ops) (set! the-ops (append the-ops ops))))
+((eq? message ’stack) stack)
+((eq? message ’operations) the-ops)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MACHINE" message))))
+dispatch)))
+Figure 5.13: The make-new-machine procedure, which implements the basic machine model.
+Figure 5.13: The make-new-machine procedure, which implements the basic machine model.
+
+\fAs part of its operation, each instruction execution procedure modifies pc to indicate the next
+instruction to be executed. Branch and goto instructions change pc to point to the new destination.
+All other instructions simply advance pc, making it point to the next instruction in the sequence.
+Observe that each call to execute calls execute again, but this does not produce an infinite loop
+because running the instruction execution procedure changes the contents of pc.
+Make-new-machine returns a dispatch procedure that implements message-passing access to
+the internal state. Notice that starting the machine is accomplished by setting pc to the beginning of
+the instruction sequence and calling execute.
+For convenience, we provide an alternate procedural interface to a machine’s start operation, as
+well as procedures to set and examine register contents, as specified at the beginning of section 5.2:
+(define (start machine)
+(machine ’start))
+(define (get-register-contents machine register-name)
+(get-contents (get-register machine register-name)))
+(define (set-register-contents! machine register-name value)
+(set-contents! (get-register machine register-name) value)
+’done)
+These procedures (and many procedures in sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3) use the following to look up the
+register with a given name in a given machine:
+(define (get-register machine reg-name)
+((machine ’get-register) reg-name))
+
+5.2.2 The Assembler
+The assembler transforms the sequence of controller expressions for a machine into a corresponding
+list of machine instructions, each with its execution procedure. Overall, the assembler is much like the
+evaluators we studied in chapter 4 -- there is an input language (in this case, the register-machine
+language) and we must perform an appropriate action for each type of expression in the language.
+The technique of producing an execution procedure for each instruction is just what we used in
+section 4.1.7 to speed up the evaluator by separating analysis from runtime execution. As we saw in
+chapter 4, much useful analysis of Scheme expressions could be performed without knowing the actual
+values of variables. Here, analogously, much useful analysis of register-machine-language expressions
+can be performed without knowing the actual contents of machine registers. For example, we can
+replace references to registers by pointers to the register objects, and we can replace references to
+labels by pointers to the place in the instruction sequence that the label designates.
+Before it can generate the instruction execution procedures, the assembler must know what all the
+labels refer to, so it begins by scanning the controller text to separate the labels from the instructions.
+As it scans the text, it constructs both a list of instructions and a table that associates each label with a
+pointer into that list. Then the assembler augments the instruction list by inserting the execution
+procedure for each instruction.
+The assemble procedure is the main entry to the assembler. It takes the controller text and the
+machine model as arguments and returns the instruction sequence to be stored in the model.
+Assemble calls extract-labels to build the initial instruction list and label table from the
+supplied controller text. The second argument to extract-labels is a procedure to be called to
+
+\fprocess these results: This procedure uses update-insts! to generate the instruction execution
+procedures and insert them into the instruction list, and returns the modified list.
+(define (assemble controller-text machine)
+(extract-labels controller-text
+(lambda (insts labels)
+(update-insts! insts labels machine)
+insts)))
+Extract-labels takes as arguments a list text (the sequence of controller instruction
+expressions) and a receive procedure. Receive will be called with two values: (1) a list insts of
+instruction data structures, each containing an instruction from text; and (2) a table called labels,
+which associates each label from text with the position in the list insts that the label designates.
+(define (extract-labels text receive)
+(if (null? text)
+(receive ’() ’())
+(extract-labels (cdr text)
+(lambda (insts labels)
+(let ((next-inst (car text)))
+(if (symbol? next-inst)
+(receive insts
+(cons (make-label-entry next-inst
+insts)
+labels))
+(receive (cons (make-instruction next-inst)
+insts)
+labels)))))))
+Extract-labels works by sequentially scanning the elements of the text and accumulating the
+insts and the labels. If an element is a symbol (and thus a label) an appropriate entry is added to
+the labels table. Otherwise the element is accumulated onto the insts list. 4
+Update-insts! modifies the instruction list, which initially contains only the text of the
+instructions, to include the corresponding execution procedures:
+(define (update-insts! insts labels machine)
+(let ((pc (get-register machine ’pc))
+(flag (get-register machine ’flag))
+(stack (machine ’stack))
+(ops (machine ’operations)))
+(for-each
+(lambda (inst)
+(set-instruction-execution-proc!
+inst
+(make-execution-procedure
+(instruction-text inst) labels machine
+pc flag stack ops)))
+insts)))
+
+\fThe machine instruction data structure simply pairs the instruction text with the corresponding
+execution procedure. The execution procedure is not yet available when extract-labels
+constructs the instruction, and is inserted later by update-insts!.
+(define (make-instruction text)
+(cons text ’()))
+(define (instruction-text inst)
+(car inst))
+(define (instruction-execution-proc inst)
+(cdr inst))
+(define (set-instruction-execution-proc! inst proc)
+(set-cdr! inst proc))
+The instruction text is not used by our simulator, but it is handy to keep around for debugging (see
+exercise 5.16).
+Elements of the label table are pairs:
+(define (make-label-entry label-name insts)
+(cons label-name insts))
+Entries will be looked up in the table with
+(define (lookup-label labels label-name)
+(let ((val (assoc label-name labels)))
+(if val
+(cdr val)
+(error "Undefined label -- ASSEMBLE" label-name))))
+Exercise 5.8. The following register-machine code is ambiguous, because the label here is defined
+more than once:
+start
+(goto (label here))
+here
+(assign a (const 3))
+(goto (label there))
+here
+(assign a (const 4))
+(goto (label there))
+there
+With the simulator as written, what will the contents of register a be when control reaches there?
+Modify the extract-labels procedure so that the assembler will signal an error if the same label
+name is used to indicate two different locations.
+
+5.2.3 Generating Execution Procedures for Instructions
+The assembler calls make-execution-procedure to generate the execution procedure for an
+instruction. Like the analyze procedure in the evaluator of section 4.1.7, this dispatches on the type
+of instruction to generate the appropriate execution procedure.
+
+\f(define (make-execution-procedure inst labels machine
+pc flag stack ops)
+(cond ((eq? (car inst) ’assign)
+(make-assign inst machine labels ops pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’test)
+(make-test inst machine labels ops flag pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’branch)
+(make-branch inst machine labels flag pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’goto)
+(make-goto inst machine labels pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’save)
+(make-save inst machine stack pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’restore)
+(make-restore inst machine stack pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’perform)
+(make-perform inst machine labels ops pc))
+(else (error "Unknown instruction type -- ASSEMBLE"
+inst))))
+For each type of instruction in the register-machine language, there is a generator that builds an
+appropriate execution procedure. The details of these procedures determine both the syntax and
+meaning of the individual instructions in the register-machine language. We use data abstraction to
+isolate the detailed syntax of register-machine expressions from the general execution mechanism, as
+we did for evaluators in section 4.1.2, by using syntax procedures to extract and classify the parts of an
+instruction.
+
+Assign instructions
+The make-assign procedure handles assign instructions:
+(define (make-assign inst machine labels operations pc)
+(let ((target
+(get-register machine (assign-reg-name inst)))
+(value-exp (assign-value-exp inst)))
+(let ((value-proc
+(if (operation-exp? value-exp)
+(make-operation-exp
+value-exp machine labels operations)
+(make-primitive-exp
+(car value-exp) machine labels))))
+(lambda ()
+; execution procedure for assign
+(set-contents! target (value-proc))
+(advance-pc pc)))))
+Make-assign extracts the target register name (the second element of the instruction) and the value
+expression (the rest of the list that forms the instruction) from the assign instruction using the
+selectors
+(define (assign-reg-name assign-instruction)
+(cadr assign-instruction))
+(define (assign-value-exp assign-instruction)
+
+\f(cddr assign-instruction))
+The register name is looked up with get-register to produce the target register object. The value
+expression is passed to make-operation-exp if the value is the result of an operation, and to
+make-primitive-exp otherwise. These procedures (shown below) parse the value expression and
+produce an execution procedure for the value. This is a procedure of no arguments, called
+value-proc, which will be evaluated during the simulation to produce the actual value to be
+assigned to the register. Notice that the work of looking up the register name and parsing the value
+expression is performed just once, at assembly time, not every time the instruction is simulated. This
+saving of work is the reason we use execution procedures, and corresponds directly to the saving in
+work we obtained by separating program analysis from execution in the evaluator of section 4.1.7.
+The result returned by make-assign is the execution procedure for the assign instruction. When
+this procedure is called (by the machine model’s execute procedure), it sets the contents of the
+target register to the result obtained by executing value-proc. Then it advances the pc to the next
+instruction by running the procedure
+(define (advance-pc pc)
+(set-contents! pc (cdr (get-contents pc))))
+Advance-pc is the normal termination for all instructions except branch and goto.
+
+Test, branch, and goto instructions
+Make-test handles test instructions in a similar way. It extracts the expression that specifies the
+condition to be tested and generates an execution procedure for it. At simulation time, the procedure
+for the condition is called, the result is assigned to the flag register, and the pc is advanced:
+(define (make-test inst machine labels operations flag pc)
+(let ((condition (test-condition inst)))
+(if (operation-exp? condition)
+(let ((condition-proc
+(make-operation-exp
+condition machine labels operations)))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! flag (condition-proc))
+(advance-pc pc)))
+(error "Bad TEST instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (test-condition test-instruction)
+(cdr test-instruction))
+The execution procedure for a branch instruction checks the contents of the flag register and either
+sets the contents of the pc to the branch destination (if the branch is taken) or else just advances the
+pc (if the branch is not taken). Notice that the indicated destination in a branch instruction must be a
+label, and the make-branch procedure enforces this. Notice also that the label is looked up at
+assembly time, not each time the branch instruction is simulated.
+(define (make-branch inst machine labels flag pc)
+(let ((dest (branch-dest inst)))
+(if (label-exp? dest)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels (label-exp-label dest))))
+
+\f(lambda ()
+(if (get-contents flag)
+(set-contents! pc insts)
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(error "Bad BRANCH instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (branch-dest branch-instruction)
+(cadr branch-instruction))
+A goto instruction is similar to a branch, except that the destination may be specified either as a label
+or as a register, and there is no condition to check -- the pc is always set to the new destination.
+(define (make-goto inst machine labels pc)
+(let ((dest (goto-dest inst)))
+(cond ((label-exp? dest)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels
+(label-exp-label dest))))
+(lambda () (set-contents! pc insts))))
+((register-exp? dest)
+(let ((reg
+(get-register machine
+(register-exp-reg dest))))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! pc (get-contents reg)))))
+(else (error "Bad GOTO instruction -- ASSEMBLE"
+inst)))))
+(define (goto-dest goto-instruction)
+(cadr goto-instruction))
+
+Other instructions
+The stack instructions save and restore simply use the stack with the designated register and
+advance the pc:
+(define (make-save inst machine stack pc)
+(let ((reg (get-register machine
+(stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
+(lambda ()
+(push stack (get-contents reg))
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(define (make-restore inst machine stack pc)
+(let ((reg (get-register machine
+(stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! reg (pop stack))
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(define (stack-inst-reg-name stack-instruction)
+(cadr stack-instruction))
+
+\fThe final instruction type, handled by make-perform, generates an execution procedure for the
+action to be performed. At simulation time, the action procedure is executed and the pc advanced.
+(define (make-perform inst machine labels operations pc)
+(let ((action (perform-action inst)))
+(if (operation-exp? action)
+(let ((action-proc
+(make-operation-exp
+action machine labels operations)))
+(lambda ()
+(action-proc)
+(advance-pc pc)))
+(error "Bad PERFORM instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (perform-action inst) (cdr inst))
+
+Execution procedures for subexpressions
+The value of a reg, label, or const expression may be needed for assignment to a register
+(make-assign) or for input to an operation (make-operation-exp, below). The following
+procedure generates execution procedures to produce values for these expressions during the
+simulation:
+(define (make-primitive-exp exp machine labels)
+(cond ((constant-exp? exp)
+(let ((c (constant-exp-value exp)))
+(lambda () c)))
+((label-exp? exp)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels
+(label-exp-label exp))))
+(lambda () insts)))
+((register-exp? exp)
+(let ((r (get-register machine
+(register-exp-reg exp))))
+(lambda () (get-contents r))))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- ASSEMBLE" exp))))
+The syntax of reg, label, and const expressions is determined by
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(register-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’reg))
+(register-exp-reg exp) (cadr exp))
+(constant-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’const))
+(constant-exp-value exp) (cadr exp))
+(label-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’label))
+(label-exp-label exp) (cadr exp))
+
+Assign, perform, and test instructions may include the application of a machine operation
+(specified by an op expression) to some operands (specified by reg and const expressions). The
+following procedure produces an execution procedure for an ‘‘operation expression’’ -- a list
+containing the operation and operand expressions from the instruction:
+
+\f(define (make-operation-exp exp machine labels operations)
+(let ((op (lookup-prim (operation-exp-op exp) operations))
+(aprocs
+(map (lambda (e)
+(make-primitive-exp e machine labels))
+(operation-exp-operands exp))))
+(lambda ()
+(apply op (map (lambda (p) (p)) aprocs)))))
+The syntax of operation expressions is determined by
+(define (operation-exp? exp)
+(and (pair? exp) (tagged-list? (car exp) ’op)))
+(define (operation-exp-op operation-exp)
+(cadr (car operation-exp)))
+(define (operation-exp-operands operation-exp)
+(cdr operation-exp))
+Observe that the treatment of operation expressions is very much like the treatment of procedure
+applications by the analyze-application procedure in the evaluator of section 4.1.7 in that we
+generate an execution procedure for each operand. At simulation time, we call the operand procedures
+and apply the Scheme procedure that simulates the operation to the resulting values. The simulation
+procedure is found by looking up the operation name in the operation table for the machine:
+(define (lookup-prim symbol operations)
+(let ((val (assoc symbol operations)))
+(if val
+(cadr val)
+(error "Unknown operation -- ASSEMBLE" symbol))))
+Exercise 5.9. The treatment of machine operations above permits them to operate on labels as well as
+on constants and the contents of registers. Modify the expression-processing procedures to enforce the
+condition that operations can be used only with registers and constants.
+Exercise 5.10. Design a new syntax for register-machine instructions and modify the simulator to use
+your new syntax. Can you implement your new syntax without changing any part of the simulator
+except the syntax procedures in this section?
+Exercise 5.11. When we introduced save and restore in section 5.1.4, we didn’t specify what
+would happen if you tried to restore a register that was not the last one saved, as in the sequence
+(save y)
+(save x)
+(restore y)
+There are several reasonable possibilities for the meaning of restore:
+a. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved on the stack, regardless of what register that value
+came from. This is the way our simulator behaves. Show how to take advantage of this behavior to
+eliminate one instruction from the Fibonacci machine of section 5.1.4 (figure 5.12).
+
+\fb. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved on the stack, but only if that value was saved from
+y; otherwise, it signals an error. Modify the simulator to behave this way. You will have to change
+save to put the register name on the stack along with the value.
+c. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved from y regardless of what other registers were
+saved after y and not restored. Modify the simulator to behave this way. You will have to associate a
+separate stack with each register. You should make the initialize-stack operation initialize all
+the register stacks.
+Exercise 5.12. The simulator can be used to help determine the data paths required for implementing
+a machine with a given controller. Extend the assembler to store the following information in the
+machine model:
+a list of all instructions, with duplicates removed, sorted by instruction type (assign, goto, and
+so on);
+a list (without duplicates) of the registers used to hold entry points (these are the registers
+referenced by goto instructions);
+a list (without duplicates) of the registers that are saved or restored;
+for each register, a list (without duplicates) of the sources from which it is assigned (for example,
+the sources for register val in the factorial machine of figure 5.11 are (const 1) and ((op
+*) (reg n) (reg val))).
+Extend the message-passing interface to the machine to provide access to this new information. To test
+your analyzer, define the Fibonacci machine from figure 5.12 and examine the lists you constructed.
+Exercise 5.13. Modify the simulator so that it uses the controller sequence to determine what registers
+the machine has rather than requiring a list of registers as an argument to make-machine. Instead of
+pre-allocating the registers in make-machine, you can allocate them one at a time when they are
+first seen during assembly of the instructions.
+
+5.2.4 Monitoring Machine Performance
+Simulation is useful not only for verifying the correctness of a proposed machine design but also for
+measuring the machine’s performance. For example, we can install in our simulation program a
+‘‘meter’’ that measures the number of stack operations used in a computation. To do this, we modify
+our simulated stack to keep track of the number of times registers are saved on the stack and the
+maximum depth reached by the stack, and add a message to the stack’s interface that prints the
+statistics, as shown below. We also add an operation to the basic machine model to print the stack
+statistics, by initializing the-ops in make-new-machine to
+(list (list ’initialize-stack
+(lambda () (stack ’initialize)))
+(list ’print-stack-statistics
+(lambda () (stack ’print-statistics))))
+Here is the new version of make-stack:
+
+\f(define (make-stack)
+(let ((s ’())
+(number-pushes 0)
+(max-depth 0)
+(current-depth 0))
+(define (push x)
+(set! s (cons x s))
+(set! number-pushes (+ 1 number-pushes))
+(set! current-depth (+ 1 current-depth))
+(set! max-depth (max current-depth max-depth)))
+(define (pop)
+(if (null? s)
+(error "Empty stack -- POP")
+(let ((top (car s)))
+(set! s (cdr s))
+(set! current-depth (- current-depth 1))
+top)))
+(define (initialize)
+(set! s ’())
+(set! number-pushes 0)
+(set! max-depth 0)
+(set! current-depth 0)
+’done)
+(define (print-statistics)
+(newline)
+(display (list ’total-pushes ’= number-pushes
+’maximum-depth ’= max-depth)))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’push) push)
+((eq? message ’pop) (pop))
+((eq? message ’initialize) (initialize))
+((eq? message ’print-statistics)
+(print-statistics))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- STACK" message))))
+dispatch))
+Exercises 5.15 through 5.19 describe other useful monitoring and debugging features that can be added
+to the register-machine simulator.
+Exercise 5.14. Measure the number of pushes and the maximum stack depth required to compute n!
+for various small values of n using the factorial machine shown in figure 5.11. From your data
+determine formulas in terms of n for the total number of push operations and the maximum stack depth
+used in computing n! for any n > 1. Note that each of these is a linear function of n and is thus
+determined by two constants. In order to get the statistics printed, you will have to augment the
+factorial machine with instructions to initialize the stack and print the statistics. You may want to also
+modify the machine so that it repeatedly reads a value for n, computes the factorial, and prints the
+result (as we did for the GCD machine in figure 5.4), so that you will not have to repeatedly invoke
+get-register-contents, set-register-contents!, and start.
+
+\fExercise 5.15. Add instruction counting to the register machine simulation. That is, have the machine
+model keep track of the number of instructions executed. Extend the machine model’s interface to
+accept a new message that prints the value of the instruction count and resets the count to zero.
+Exercise 5.16. Augment the simulator to provide for instruction tracing. That is, before each
+instruction is executed, the simulator should print the text of the instruction. Make the machine model
+accept trace-on and trace-off messages to turn tracing on and off.
+Exercise 5.17. Extend the instruction tracing of exercise 5.16 so that before printing an instruction,
+the simulator prints any labels that immediately precede that instruction in the controller sequence. Be
+careful to do this in a way that does not interfere with instruction counting (exercise 5.15). You will
+have to make the simulator retain the necessary label information.
+Exercise 5.18. Modify the make-register procedure of section 5.2.1 so that registers can be
+traced. Registers should accept messages that turn tracing on and off. When a register is traced,
+assigning a value to the register should print the name of the register, the old contents of the register,
+and the new contents being assigned. Extend the interface to the machine model to permit you to turn
+tracing on and off for designated machine registers.
+Exercise 5.19. Alyssa P. Hacker wants a breakpoint feature in the simulator to help her debug her
+machine designs. You have been hired to install this feature for her. She wants to be able to specify a
+place in the controller sequence where the simulator will stop and allow her to examine the state of the
+machine. You are to implement a procedure
+(set-breakpoint <machine> <label> <n>)
+that sets a breakpoint just before the nth instruction after the given label. For example,
+(set-breakpoint gcd-machine ’test-b 4)
+installs a breakpoint in gcd-machine just before the assignment to register a. When the simulator
+reaches the breakpoint it should print the label and the offset of the breakpoint and stop executing
+instructions. Alyssa can then use get-register-contents and set-register-contents!
+to manipulate the state of the simulated machine. She should then be able to continue execution by
+saying
+(proceed-machine <machine>)
+She should also be able to remove a specific breakpoint by means of
+(cancel-breakpoint <machine> <label> <n>)
+or to remove all breakpoints by means of
+(cancel-all-breakpoints <machine>)
+4 Using the receive procedure here is a way to get extract-labels to effectively return two
+
+values -- labels and insts -- without explicitly making a compound data structure to hold them.
+An alternative implementation, which returns an explicit pair of values, is
+
+\f(define (extract-labels text)
+(if (null? text)
+(cons ’() ’())
+(let ((result (extract-labels (cdr text))))
+(let ((insts (car result)) (labels (cdr result)))
+(let ((next-inst (car text)))
+(if (symbol? next-inst)
+(cons insts
+(cons (make-label-entry next-inst insts) labels))
+(cons (cons (make-instruction next-inst) insts)
+labels)))))))
+which would be called by assemble as follows:
+(define (assemble controller-text machine)
+(let ((result (extract-labels controller-text)))
+(let ((insts (car result)) (labels (cdr result)))
+(update-insts! insts labels machine)
+insts)))
+You can consider our use of receive as demonstrating an elegant way to return multiple values, or
+simply an excuse to show off a programming trick. An argument like receive that is the next
+procedure to be invoked is called a ‘‘continuation.’’ Recall that we also used continuations to
+implement the backtracking control structure in the amb evaluator in section 4.3.3.
+
+
+\f
+
+5.3 Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection
+In section 5.4, we will show how to implement a Scheme evaluator as a register machine. In order to
+simplify the discussion, we will assume that our register machines can be equipped with a
+list-structured memory, in which the basic operations for manipulating list-structured data are
+primitive. Postulating the existence of such a memory is a useful abstraction when one is focusing on
+the mechanisms of control in a Scheme interpreter, but this does not reflect a realistic view of the
+actual primitive data operations of contemporary computers. To obtain a more complete picture of
+how a Lisp system operates, we must investigate how list structure can be represented in a way that is
+compatible with conventional computer memories.
+There are two considerations in implementing list structure. The first is purely an issue of
+representation: how to represent the ‘‘box-and-pointer’’ structure of Lisp pairs, using only the storage
+and addressing capabilities of typical computer memories. The second issue concerns the management
+of memory as a computation proceeds. The operation of a Lisp system depends crucially on the ability
+to continually create new data objects. These include objects that are explicitly created by the Lisp
+procedures being interpreted as well as structures created by the interpreter itself, such as
+environments and argument lists. Although the constant creation of new data objects would pose no
+problem on a computer with an infinite amount of rapidly addressable memory, computer memories
+are available only in finite sizes (more’s the pity). Lisp systems thus provide an automatic storage
+allocation facility to support the illusion of an infinite memory. When a data object is no longer
+needed, the memory allocated to it is automatically recycled and used to construct new data objects.
+There are various techniques for providing such automatic storage allocation. The method we shall
+discuss in this section is called garbage collection.
+
+5.3.1 Memory as Vectors
+A conventional computer memory can be thought of as an array of cubbyholes, each of which can
+contain a piece of information. Each cubbyhole has a unique name, called its address or location.
+Typical memory systems provide two primitive operations: one that fetches the data stored in a
+specified location and one that assigns new data to a specified location. Memory addresses can be
+incremented to support sequential access to some set of the cubbyholes. More generally, many
+important data operations require that memory addresses be treated as data, which can be stored in
+memory locations and manipulated in machine registers. The representation of list structure is one
+application of such address arithmetic.
+To model computer memory, we use a new kind of data structure called a vector. Abstractly, a vector
+is a compound data object whose individual elements can be accessed by means of an integer index in
+an amount of time that is independent of the index. 5 In order to describe memory operations, we use
+two primitive Scheme procedures for manipulating vectors:
+(vector-ref <vector> <n>) returns the nth element of the vector.
+(vector-set! <vector> <n> <value>) sets the nth element of the vector to the
+designated value.
+
+\fFor example, if v is a vector, then (vector-ref v 5) gets the fifth entry in the vector v and
+(vector-set! v 5 7) changes the value of the fifth entry of the vector v to 7. 6 For computer
+memory, this access can be implemented through the use of address arithmetic to combine a base
+address that specifies the beginning location of a vector in memory with an index that specifies the
+offset of a particular element of the vector.
+
+Representing Lisp data
+We can use vectors to implement the basic pair structures required for a list-structured memory. Let us
+imagine that computer memory is divided into two vectors: the-cars and the-cdrs. We will
+represent list structure as follows: A pointer to a pair is an index into the two vectors. The car of the
+pair is the entry in the-cars with the designated index, and the cdr of the pair is the entry in
+the-cdrs with the designated index. We also need a representation for objects other than pairs (such
+as numbers and symbols) and a way to distinguish one kind of data from another. There are many
+methods of accomplishing this, but they all reduce to using typed pointers, that is, to extending the
+notion of ‘‘pointer’’ to include information on data type. 7 The data type enables the system to
+distinguish a pointer to a pair (which consists of the ‘‘pair’’ data type and an index into the memory
+vectors) from pointers to other kinds of data (which consist of some other data type and whatever is
+being used to represent data of that type). Two data objects are considered to be the same (eq?) if
+their pointers are identical. 8 Figure 5.14 illustrates the use of this method to represent the list ((1 2)
+3 4), whose box-and-pointer diagram is also shown. We use letter prefixes to denote the data-type
+information. Thus, a pointer to the pair with index 5 is denoted p5, the empty list is denoted by the
+pointer e0, and a pointer to the number 4 is denoted n4. In the box-and-pointer diagram, we have
+indicated at the lower left of each pair the vector index that specifies where the car and cdr of the
+pair are stored. The blank locations in the-cars and the-cdrs may contain parts of other list
+structures (not of interest here).
+
+Figure 5.14: Box-and-pointer and memory-vector representations of the list ((1 2) 3 4).
+Figure 5.14: Box-and-pointer and memory-vector representations of the list ((1 2) 3 4).
+A pointer to a number, such as n4, might consist of a type indicating numeric data together with the
+actual representation of the number 4. 9 To deal with numbers that are too large to be represented in
+the fixed amount of space allocated for a single pointer, we could use a distinct bignum data type, for
+which the pointer designates a list in which the parts of the number are stored. 10
+
+\fA symbol might be represented as a typed pointer that designates a sequence of the characters that
+form the symbol’s printed representation. This sequence is constructed by the Lisp reader when the
+character string is initially encountered in input. Since we want two instances of a symbol to be
+recognized as the ‘‘same’’ symbol by eq? and we want eq? to be a simple test for equality of
+pointers, we must ensure that if the reader sees the same character string twice, it will use the same
+pointer (to the same sequence of characters) to represent both occurrences. To accomplish this, the
+reader maintains a table, traditionally called the obarray, of all the symbols it has ever encountered.
+When the reader encounters a character string and is about to construct a symbol, it checks the obarray
+to see if it has ever before seen the same character string. If it has not, it uses the characters to
+construct a new symbol (a typed pointer to a new character sequence) and enters this pointer in the
+obarray. If the reader has seen the string before, it returns the symbol pointer stored in the obarray.
+This process of replacing character strings by unique pointers is called interning symbols.
+
+Implementing the primitive list operations
+Given the above representation scheme, we can replace each ‘‘primitive’’ list operation of a register
+machine with one or more primitive vector operations. We will use two registers, the-cars and
+the-cdrs, to identify the memory vectors, and will assume that vector-ref and vector-set!
+are available as primitive operations. We also assume that numeric operations on pointers (such as
+incrementing a pointer, using a pair pointer to index a vector, or adding two numbers) use only the
+index portion of the typed pointer.
+For example, we can make a register machine support the instructions
+(assign <reg 1 > (op car) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (op cdr) (reg <reg 2 >))
+if we implement these, respectively, as
+(assign <reg 1 > (op vector-ref) (reg the-cars) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg <reg 2 >))
+The instructions
+(perform (op set-car!) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform (op set-cdr!) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+are implemented as
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cars) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+Cons is performed by allocating an unused index and storing the arguments to cons in the-cars
+and the-cdrs at that indexed vector position. We presume that there is a special register, free, that
+always holds a pair pointer containing the next available index, and that we can increment the index
+part of that pointer to find the next free location. 11 For example, the instruction
+
+\f(assign <reg 1 > (op cons) (reg <reg 2 >) (reg <reg 3 >))
+is implemented as the following sequence of vector operations: 12
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cars) (reg free) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg free) (reg <reg 3 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (reg free))
+(assign free (op +) (reg free) (const 1))
+The eq? operation
+(op eq?) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >)
+simply tests the equality of all fields in the registers, and predicates such as pair?, null?,
+symbol?, and number? need only check the type field.
+
+Implementing stacks
+Although our register machines use stacks, we need do nothing special here, since stacks can be
+modeled in terms of lists. The stack can be a list of the saved values, pointed to by a special register
+the-stack. Thus, (save <reg>) can be implemented as
+(assign the-stack (op cons) (reg <reg>) (reg the-stack))
+Similarly, (restore <reg>) can be implemented as
+(assign <reg> (op car) (reg the-stack))
+(assign the-stack (op cdr) (reg the-stack))
+and (perform (op initialize-stack)) can be implemented as
+(assign the-stack (const ()))
+These operations can be further expanded in terms of the vector operations given above. In
+conventional computer architectures, however, it is usually advantageous to allocate the stack as a
+separate vector. Then pushing and popping the stack can be accomplished by incrementing or
+decrementing an index into that vector.
+Exercise 5.20. Draw the box-and-pointer representation and the memory-vector representation (as in
+figure 5.14) of the list structure produced by
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(define y (list x x))
+with the free pointer initially p1. What is the final value of free ? What pointers represent the
+values of x and y ?
+Exercise 5.21. Implement register machines for the following procedures. Assume that the
+list-structure memory operations are available as machine primitives.
+
+\fa. Recursive count-leaves:
+(define (count-leaves tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) 0)
+((not (pair? tree)) 1)
+(else (+ (count-leaves (car tree))
+(count-leaves (cdr tree))))))
+b. Recursive count-leaves with explicit counter:
+(define (count-leaves tree)
+(define (count-iter tree n)
+(cond ((null? tree) n)
+((not (pair? tree)) (+ n 1))
+(else (count-iter (cdr tree)
+(count-iter (car tree) n)))))
+(count-iter tree 0))
+Exercise 5.22. Exercise 3.12 of section 3.3.1 presented an append procedure that appends two lists
+to form a new list and an append! procedure that splices two lists together. Design a register
+machine to implement each of these procedures. Assume that the list-structure memory operations are
+available as primitive operations.
+
+5.3.2 Maintaining the Illusion of Infinite Memory
+The representation method outlined in section 5.3.1 solves the problem of implementing list structure,
+provided that we have an infinite amount of memory. With a real computer we will eventually run out
+of free space in which to construct new pairs. 13 However, most of the pairs generated in a typical
+computation are used only to hold intermediate results. After these results are accessed, the pairs are
+no longer needed -- they are garbage. For instance, the computation
+(accumulate + 0 (filter odd? (enumerate-interval 0 n)))
+constructs two lists: the enumeration and the result of filtering the enumeration. When the
+accumulation is complete, these lists are no longer needed, and the allocated memory can be
+reclaimed. If we can arrange to collect all the garbage periodically, and if this turns out to recycle
+memory at about the same rate at which we construct new pairs, we will have preserved the illusion
+that there is an infinite amount of memory.
+In order to recycle pairs, we must have a way to determine which allocated pairs are not needed (in the
+sense that their contents can no longer influence the future of the computation). The method we shall
+examine for accomplishing this is known as garbage collection. Garbage collection is based on the
+observation that, at any moment in a Lisp interpretation, the only objects that can affect the future of
+the computation are those that can be reached by some succession of car and cdr operations starting
+from the pointers that are currently in the machine registers. 14 Any memory cell that is not so
+accessible may be recycled.
+There are many ways to perform garbage collection. The method we shall examine here is called
+stop-and-copy. The basic idea is to divide memory into two halves: ‘‘working memory’’ and ‘‘free
+memory.’’ When cons constructs pairs, it allocates these in working memory. When working
+memory is full, we perform garbage collection by locating all the useful pairs in working memory and
+copying these into consecutive locations in free memory. (The useful pairs are located by tracing all
+
+\fthe car and cdr pointers, starting with the machine registers.) Since we do not copy the garbage,
+there will presumably be additional free memory that we can use to allocate new pairs. In addition,
+nothing in the working memory is needed, since all the useful pairs in it have been copied. Thus, if we
+interchange the roles of working memory and free memory, we can continue processing; new pairs
+will be allocated in the new working memory (which was the old free memory). When this is full, we
+can copy the useful pairs into the new free memory (which was the old working memory). 15
+
+Implementation of a stop-and-copy garbage collector
+We now use our register-machine language to describe the stop-and-copy algorithm in more detail. We
+will assume that there is a register called root that contains a pointer to a structure that eventually
+points at all accessible data. This can be arranged by storing the contents of all the machine registers in
+a pre-allocated list pointed at by root just before starting garbage collection. 16 We also assume that,
+in addition to the current working memory, there is free memory available into which we can copy the
+useful data. The current working memory consists of vectors whose base addresses are in registers
+called the-cars and the-cdrs, and the free memory is in registers called new-cars and
+new-cdrs.
+Garbage collection is triggered when we exhaust the free cells in the current working memory, that is,
+when a cons operation attempts to increment the free pointer beyond the end of the memory vector.
+When the garbage-collection process is complete, the root pointer will point into the new memory,
+all objects accessible from the root will have been moved to the new memory, and the free pointer
+will indicate the next place in the new memory where a new pair can be allocated. In addition, the
+roles of working memory and new memory will have been interchanged -- new pairs will be
+constructed in the new memory, beginning at the place indicated by free, and the (previous) working
+memory will be available as the new memory for the next garbage collection. Figure 5.15 shows the
+arrangement of memory just before and just after garbage collection.
+
+\fFigure 5.15: Reconfiguration of memory by the garbage-collection process.
+Figure 5.15: Reconfiguration of memory by the garbage-collection process.
+The state of the garbage-collection process is controlled by maintaining two pointers: free and
+scan. These are initialized to point to the beginning of the new memory. The algorithm begins by
+relocating the pair pointed at by root to the beginning of the new memory. The pair is copied, the
+root pointer is adjusted to point to the new location, and the free pointer is incremented. In
+addition, the old location of the pair is marked to show that its contents have been moved. This
+marking is done as follows: In the car position, we place a special tag that signals that this is an
+already-moved object. (Such an object is traditionally called a broken heart.) 17 In the cdr position
+we place a forwarding address that points at the location to which the object has been moved.
+After relocating the root, the garbage collector enters its basic cycle. At each step in the algorithm, the
+scan pointer (initially pointing at the relocated root) points at a pair that has been moved to the new
+memory but whose car and cdr pointers still refer to objects in the old memory. These objects are
+each relocated, and the scan pointer is incremented. To relocate an object (for example, the object
+indicated by the car pointer of the pair we are scanning) we check to see if the object has already
+been moved (as indicated by the presence of a broken-heart tag in the car position of the object). If
+the object has not already been moved, we copy it to the place indicated by free, update free, set
+
+\fup a broken heart at the object’s old location, and update the pointer to the object (in this example, the
+car pointer of the pair we are scanning) to point to the new location. If the object has already been
+moved, its forwarding address (found in the cdr position of the broken heart) is substituted for the
+pointer in the pair being scanned. Eventually, all accessible objects will have been moved and scanned,
+at which point the scan pointer will overtake the free pointer and the process will terminate.
+We can specify the stop-and-copy algorithm as a sequence of instructions for a register machine. The
+basic step of relocating an object is accomplished by a subroutine called
+relocate-old-result-in-new. This subroutine gets its argument, a pointer to the object to be
+relocated, from a register named old. It relocates the designated object (incrementing free in the
+process), puts a pointer to the relocated object into a register called new, and returns by branching to
+the entry point stored in the register relocate-continue. To begin garbage collection, we invoke
+this subroutine to relocate the root pointer, after initializing free and scan. When the relocation of
+root has been accomplished, we install the new pointer as the new root and enter the main loop of
+the garbage collector.
+begin-garbage-collection
+(assign free (const 0))
+(assign scan (const 0))
+(assign old (reg root))
+(assign relocate-continue (label reassign-root))
+(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+reassign-root
+(assign root (reg new))
+(goto (label gc-loop))
+In the main loop of the garbage collector we must determine whether there are any more objects to be
+scanned. We do this by testing whether the scan pointer is coincident with the free pointer. If the
+pointers are equal, then all accessible objects have been relocated, and we branch to gc-flip, which
+cleans things up so that we can continue the interrupted computation. If there are still pairs to be
+scanned, we call the relocate subroutine to relocate the car of the next pair (by placing the car
+pointer in old). The relocate-continue register is set up so that the subroutine will return to
+update the car pointer.
+gc-loop
+(test (op =) (reg scan) (reg free))
+(branch (label gc-flip))
+(assign old (op vector-ref) (reg new-cars) (reg scan))
+(assign relocate-continue (label update-car))
+(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+At update-car, we modify the car pointer of the pair being scanned, then proceed to relocate the
+cdr of the pair. We return to update-cdr when that relocation has been accomplished. After
+relocating and updating the cdr, we are finished scanning that pair, so we continue with the main
+loop.
+update-car
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg new-cars) (reg scan) (reg new))
+(assign old (op vector-ref) (reg new-cdrs) (reg scan))
+(assign relocate-continue (label update-cdr))
+
+\f(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+update-cdr
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg new-cdrs) (reg scan) (reg new))
+(assign scan (op +) (reg scan) (const 1))
+(goto (label gc-loop))
+The subroutine relocate-old-result-in-new relocates objects as follows: If the object to be
+relocated (pointed at by old) is not a pair, then we return the same pointer to the object unchanged (in
+new). (For example, we may be scanning a pair whose car is the number 4. If we represent the car
+by n4, as described in section 5.3.1, then we want the ‘‘relocated’’ car pointer to still be n4.)
+Otherwise, we must perform the relocation. If the car position of the pair to be relocated contains a
+broken-heart tag, then the pair has in fact already been moved, so we retrieve the forwarding address
+(from the cdr position of the broken heart) and return this in new. If the pointer in old points at a
+yet-unmoved pair, then we move the pair to the first free cell in new memory (pointed at by free)
+and set up the broken heart by storing a broken-heart tag and forwarding address at the old location.
+Relocate-old-result-in-new uses a register oldcr to hold the car or the cdr of the object
+pointed at by old. 18
+relocate-old-result-in-new
+(test (op pointer-to-pair?) (reg old))
+(branch (label pair))
+(assign new (reg old))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+pair
+(assign oldcr (op vector-ref) (reg the-cars) (reg old))
+(test (op broken-heart?) (reg oldcr))
+(branch (label already-moved))
+(assign new (reg free)) ; new location for pair
+;; Update free pointer.
+(assign free (op +) (reg free) (const 1))
+;; Copy the car and cdr to new memory.
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg new-cars) (reg new) (reg oldcr))
+(assign oldcr (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old))
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg new-cdrs) (reg new) (reg oldcr))
+;; Construct the broken heart.
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg the-cars) (reg old) (const broken-heart))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old) (reg new))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+already-moved
+(assign new (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+At the very end of the garbage-collection process, we interchange the role of old and new memories by
+interchanging pointers: interchanging the-cars with new-cars, and the-cdrs with
+new-cdrs. We will then be ready to perform another garbage collection the next time memory runs
+out.
+
+\fgc-flip
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+
+temp (reg the-cdrs))
+the-cdrs (reg new-cdrs))
+new-cdrs (reg temp))
+temp (reg the-cars))
+the-cars (reg new-cars))
+new-cars (reg temp))
+
+5 We could represent memory as lists of items. However, the access time would then not be
+
+independent of the index, since accessing the nth element of a list requires n - 1 cdr operations.
+6 For completeness, we should specify a make-vector operation that constructs vectors. However,
+
+in the present application we will use vectors only to model fixed divisions of the computer memory.
+7 This is precisely the same ‘‘tagged data’’ idea we introduced in chapter 2 for dealing with generic
+
+operations. Here, however, the data types are included at the primitive machine level rather than
+constructed through the use of lists.
+8 Type information may be encoded in a variety of ways, depending on the details of the machine on
+
+which the Lisp system is to be implemented. The execution efficiency of Lisp programs will be
+strongly dependent on how cleverly this choice is made, but it is difficult to formulate general design
+rules for good choices. The most straightforward way to implement typed pointers is to allocate a fixed
+set of bits in each pointer to be a type field that encodes the data type. Important questions to be
+addressed in designing such a representation include the following: How many type bits are required?
+How large must the vector indices be? How efficiently can the primitive machine instructions be used
+to manipulate the type fields of pointers? Machines that include special hardware for the efficient
+handling of type fields are said to have tagged architectures.
+9 This decision on the representation of numbers determines whether eq?, which tests equality of
+
+pointers, can be used to test for equality of numbers. If the pointer contains the number itself, then
+equal numbers will have the same pointer. But if the pointer contains the index of a location where the
+number is stored, equal numbers will be guaranteed to have equal pointers only if we are careful never
+to store the same number in more than one location.
+10 This is just like writing a number as a sequence of digits, except that each ‘‘digit’’ is a number
+
+between 0 and the largest number that can be stored in a single pointer.
+11 There are other ways of finding free storage. For example, we could link together all the unused
+
+pairs into a free list. Our free locations are consecutive (and hence can be accessed by incrementing a
+pointer) because we are using a compacting garbage collector, as we will see in section 5.3.2.
+12 This is essentially the implementation of cons in terms of set-car! and set-cdr!, as
+
+described in section 3.3.1. The operation get-new-pair used in that implementation is realized
+here by the free pointer.
+13 This may not be true eventually, because memories may get large enough so that it would be
+
+impossible to run out of free memory in the lifetime of the computer. For example, there are about 3×
+10 13 , microseconds in a year, so if we were to cons once per microsecond we would need about
+10 15 cells of memory to build a machine that could operate for 30 years without running out of
+memory. That much memory seems absurdly large by today’s standards, but it is not physically
+impossible. On the other hand, processors are getting faster and a future computer may have large
+
+\fnumbers of processors operating in parallel on a single memory, so it may be possible to use up
+memory much faster than we have postulated.
+14 We assume here that the stack is represented as a list as described in section 5.3.1, so that items on
+
+the stack are accessible via the pointer in the stack register.
+15 This idea was invented and first implemented by Minsky, as part of the implementation of Lisp for
+
+the PDP-1 at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics. It was further developed by Fenichel and
+Yochelson (1969) for use in the Lisp implementation for the Multics time-sharing system. Later, Baker
+(1978) developed a ‘‘real-time’’ version of the method, which does not require the computation to stop
+during garbage collection. Baker’s idea was extended by Hewitt, Lieberman, and Moon (see
+Lieberman and Hewitt 1983) to take advantage of the fact that some structure is more volatile and
+other structure is more permanent.
+An alternative commonly used garbage-collection technique is the mark-sweep method. This consists
+of tracing all the structure accessible from the machine registers and marking each pair we reach. We
+then scan all of memory, and any location that is unmarked is ‘‘swept up’’ as garbage and made
+available for reuse. A full discussion of the mark-sweep method can be found in Allen 1978.
+The Minsky-Fenichel-Yochelson algorithm is the dominant algorithm in use for large-memory
+systems because it examines only the useful part of memory. This is in contrast to mark-sweep, in
+which the sweep phase must check all of memory. A second advantage of stop-and-copy is that it is a
+compacting garbage collector. That is, at the end of the garbage-collection phase the useful data will
+have been moved to consecutive memory locations, with all garbage pairs compressed out. This can be
+an extremely important performance consideration in machines with virtual memory, in which
+accesses to widely separated memory addresses may require extra paging operations.
+16 This list of registers does not include the registers used by the storage-allocation system -- root,
+
+the-cars, the-cdrs, and the other registers that will be introduced in this section.
+17 The term broken heart was coined by David Cressey, who wrote a garbage collector for MDL, a
+
+dialect of Lisp developed at MIT during the early 1970s.
+18 The garbage collector uses the low-level predicate pointer-to-pair? instead of the
+
+list-structure pair? operation because in a real system there might be various things that are treated
+as pairs for garbage-collection purposes. For example, in a Scheme system that conforms to the IEEE
+standard a procedure object may be implemented as a special kind of ‘‘pair’’ that doesn’t satisfy the
+pair? predicate. For simulation purposes, pointer-to-pair? can be implemented as pair?.
+
+
+\f
+
+5.4 The Explicit-Control Evaluator
+In section 5.1 we saw how to transform simple Scheme programs into descriptions of register
+machines. We will now perform this transformation on a more complex program, the metacircular
+evaluator of sections 4.1.1-4.1.4, which shows how the behavior of a Scheme interpreter can be
+described in terms of the procedures eval and apply. The explicit-control evaluator that we develop
+in this section shows how the underlying procedure-calling and argument-passing mechanisms used in
+the evaluation process can be described in terms of operations on registers and stacks. In addition, the
+explicit-control evaluator can serve as an implementation of a Scheme interpreter, written in a
+language that is very similar to the native machine language of conventional computers. The evaluator
+can be executed by the register-machine simulator of section 5.2. Alternatively, it can be used as a
+starting point for building a machine-language implementation of a Scheme evaluator, or even a
+special-purpose machine for evaluating Scheme expressions. Figure 5.16 shows such a hardware
+implementation: a silicon chip that acts as an evaluator for Scheme. The chip designers started with the
+data-path and controller specifications for a register machine similar to the evaluator described in this
+section and used design automation programs to construct the integrated-circuit layout. 19
+
+Registers and operations
+In designing the explicit-control evaluator, we must specify the operations to be used in our register
+machine. We described the metacircular evaluator in terms of abstract syntax, using procedures such
+as quoted? and make-procedure. In implementing the register machine, we could expand these
+procedures into sequences of elementary list-structure memory operations, and implement these
+operations on our register machine. However, this would make our evaluator very long, obscuring the
+basic structure with details. To clarify the presentation, we will include as primitive operations of the
+register machine the syntax procedures given in section 4.1.2 and the procedures for representing
+environments and other run-time data given in sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.4. In order to completely specify
+an evaluator that could be programmed in a low-level machine language or implemented in hardware,
+we would replace these operations by more elementary operations, using the list-structure
+implementation we described in section 5.3.
+
+\fFigure 5.16: A silicon-chip implementation of an evaluator for Scheme.
+Figure 5.16: A silicon-chip implementation of an evaluator for Scheme.
+
+\fOur Scheme evaluator register machine includes a stack and seven registers: exp, env, val,
+continue, proc, argl, and unev. Exp is used to hold the expression to be evaluated, and env
+contains the environment in which the evaluation is to be performed. At the end of an evaluation, val
+contains the value obtained by evaluating the expression in the designated environment. The
+continue register is used to implement recursion, as explained in section 5.1.4. (The evaluator
+needs to call itself recursively, since evaluating an expression requires evaluating its subexpressions.)
+The registers proc, argl, and unev are used in evaluating combinations.
+We will not provide a data-path diagram to show how the registers and operations of the evaluator are
+connected, nor will we give the complete list of machine operations. These are implicit in the
+evaluator’s controller, which will be presented in detail.
+
+5.4.1 The Core of the Explicit-Control Evaluator
+The central element in the evaluator is the sequence of instructions beginning at eval-dispatch.
+This corresponds to the eval procedure of the metacircular evaluator described in section 4.1.1.
+When the controller starts at eval-dispatch, it evaluates the expression specified by exp in the
+environment specified by env. When evaluation is complete, the controller will go to the entry point
+stored in continue, and the val register will hold the value of the expression. As with the
+metacircular eval, the structure of eval-dispatch is a case analysis on the syntactic type of the
+expression to be evaluated. 20
+eval-dispatch
+(test (op self-evaluating?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-self-eval))
+(test (op variable?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-variable))
+(test (op quoted?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-quoted))
+(test (op assignment?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-assignment))
+(test (op definition?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-definition))
+(test (op if?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-if))
+(test (op lambda?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-lambda))
+(test (op begin?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-begin))
+(test (op application?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-application))
+(goto (label unknown-expression-type))
+
+Evaluating simple expressions
+Numbers and strings (which are self-evaluating), variables, quotations, and lambda expressions have
+no subexpressions to be evaluated. For these, the evaluator simply places the correct value in the val
+register and continues execution at the entry point specified by continue. Evaluation of simple
+expressions is performed by the following controller code:
+
+\fev-self-eval
+(assign val (reg exp))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-variable
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (reg exp) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-quoted
+(assign val (op text-of-quotation) (reg exp))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-lambda
+(assign unev (op lambda-parameters) (reg exp))
+(assign exp (op lambda-body) (reg exp))
+(assign val (op make-procedure)
+(reg unev) (reg exp) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Observe how ev-lambda uses the unev and exp registers to hold the parameters and body of the
+lambda expression so that they can be passed to the make-procedure operation, along with the
+environment in env.
+
+Evaluating procedure applications
+A procedure application is specified by a combination containing an operator and operands. The
+operator is a subexpression whose value is a procedure, and the operands are subexpressions whose
+values are the arguments to which the procedure should be applied. The metacircular eval handles
+applications by calling itself recursively to evaluate each element of the combination, and then passing
+the results to apply, which performs the actual procedure application. The explicit-control evaluator
+does the same thing; these recursive calls are implemented by goto instructions, together with use of
+the stack to save registers that will be restored after the recursive call returns. Before each call we will
+be careful to identify which registers must be saved (because their values will be needed later). 21
+We begin the evaluation of an application by evaluating the operator to produce a procedure, which
+will later be applied to the evaluated operands. To evaluate the operator, we move it to the exp
+register and go to eval-dispatch. The environment in the env register is already the correct one
+in which to evaluate the operator. However, we save env because we will need it later to evaluate the
+operands. We also extract the operands into unev and save this on the stack. We set up continue so
+that eval-dispatch will resume at ev-appl-did-operator after the operator has been
+evaluated. First, however, we save the old value of continue, which tells the controller where to
+continue after the application.
+ev-application
+(save continue)
+(save env)
+(assign unev (op operands) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+(assign exp (op operator) (reg exp))
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-did-operator))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+\fUpon returning from evaluating the operator subexpression, we proceed to evaluate the operands of
+the combination and to accumulate the resulting arguments in a list, held in argl. First we restore the
+unevaluated operands and the environment. We initialize argl to an empty list. Then we assign to the
+proc register the procedure that was produced by evaluating the operator. If there are no operands,
+we go directly to apply-dispatch. Otherwise we save proc on the stack and start the
+argument-evaluation loop: 22
+ev-appl-did-operator
+(restore unev)
+; the operands
+(restore env)
+(assign argl (op empty-arglist))
+(assign proc (reg val))
+; the operator
+(test (op no-operands?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label apply-dispatch))
+(save proc)
+Each cycle of the argument-evaluation loop evaluates an operand from the list in unev and
+accumulates the result into argl. To evaluate an operand, we place it in the exp register and go to
+eval-dispatch, after setting continue so that execution will resume with the
+argument-accumulation phase. But first we save the arguments accumulated so far (held in argl), the
+environment (held in env), and the remaining operands to be evaluated (held in unev). A special case
+is made for the evaluation of the last operand, which is handled at ev-appl-last-arg.
+ev-appl-operand-loop
+(save argl)
+(assign exp (op first-operand) (reg unev))
+(test (op last-operand?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-appl-last-arg))
+(save env)
+(save unev)
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-accumulate-arg))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+When an operand has been evaluated, the value is accumulated into the list held in argl. The operand
+is then removed from the list of unevaluated operands in unev, and the argument-evaluation
+continues.
+ev-appl-accumulate-arg
+(restore unev)
+(restore env)
+(restore argl)
+(assign argl (op adjoin-arg) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(assign unev (op rest-operands) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-appl-operand-loop))
+Evaluation of the last argument is handled differently. There is no need to save the environment or the
+list of unevaluated operands before going to eval-dispatch, since they will not be required after
+the last operand is evaluated. Thus, we return from the evaluation to a special entry point
+ev-appl-accum-last-arg, which restores the argument list, accumulates the new argument,
+restores the saved procedure, and goes off to perform the application. 23
+
+\fev-appl-last-arg
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-accum-last-arg))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-appl-accum-last-arg
+(restore argl)
+(assign argl (op adjoin-arg) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(restore proc)
+(goto (label apply-dispatch))
+The details of the argument-evaluation loop determine the order in which the interpreter evaluates the
+operands of a combination (e.g., left to right or right to left -- see exercise 3.8). This order is not
+determined by the metacircular evaluator, which inherits its control structure from the underlying
+Scheme in which it is implemented. 24 Because the first-operand selector (used in
+ev-appl-operand-loop to extract successive operands from unev) is implemented as car and
+the rest-operands selector is implemented as cdr, the explicit-control evaluator will evaluate the
+operands of a combination in left-to-right order.
+
+Procedure application
+The entry point apply-dispatch corresponds to the apply procedure of the metacircular
+evaluator. By the time we get to apply-dispatch, the proc register contains the procedure to
+apply and argl contains the list of evaluated arguments to which it must be applied. The saved value
+of continue (originally passed to eval-dispatch and saved at ev-application), which
+tells where to return with the result of the procedure application, is on the stack. When the application
+is complete, the controller transfers to the entry point specified by the saved continue, with the
+result of the application in val. As with the metacircular apply, there are two cases to consider.
+Either the procedure to be applied is a primitive or it is a compound procedure.
+apply-dispatch
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-apply))
+(test (op compound-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label compound-apply))
+(goto (label unknown-procedure-type))
+We assume that each primitive is implemented so as to obtain its arguments from argl and place its
+result in val. To specify how the machine handles primitives, we would have to provide a sequence
+of controller instructions to implement each primitive and arrange for primitive-apply to
+dispatch to the instructions for the primitive identified by the contents of proc. Since we are
+interested in the structure of the evaluation process rather than the details of the primitives, we will
+instead just use an apply-primitive-procedure operation that applies the procedure in proc
+to the arguments in argl. For the purpose of simulating the evaluator with the simulator of
+section 5.2 we use the procedure apply-primitive-procedure, which calls on the underlying
+Scheme system to perform the application, just as we did for the metacircular evaluator in
+section 4.1.4. After computing the value of the primitive application, we restore continue and go to
+the designated entry point.
+primitive-apply
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+
+\f(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+To apply a compound procedure, we proceed just as with the metacircular evaluator. We construct a
+frame that binds the procedure’s parameters to the arguments, use this frame to extend the
+environment carried by the procedure, and evaluate in this extended environment the sequence of
+expressions that forms the body of the procedure. Ev-sequence, described below in section 5.4.2,
+handles the evaluation of the sequence.
+compound-apply
+(assign unev (op procedure-parameters) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op procedure-environment) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op extend-environment)
+(reg unev) (reg argl) (reg env))
+(assign unev (op procedure-body) (reg proc))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+Compound-apply is the only place in the interpreter where the env register is ever assigned a new
+value. Just as in the metacircular evaluator, the new environment is constructed from the environment
+carried by the procedure, together with the argument list and the corresponding list of variables to be
+bound.
+
+5.4.2 Sequence Evaluation and Tail Recursion
+The portion of the explicit-control evaluator at ev-sequence is analogous to the metacircular
+evaluator’s eval-sequence procedure. It handles sequences of expressions in procedure bodies or
+in explicit begin expressions.
+Explicit begin expressions are evaluated by placing the sequence of expressions to be evaluated in
+unev, saving continue on the stack, and jumping to ev-sequence.
+ev-begin
+(assign unev (op begin-actions) (reg exp))
+(save continue)
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+The implicit sequences in procedure bodies are handled by jumping to ev-sequence from
+compound-apply, at which point continue is already on the stack, having been saved at
+ev-application.
+The entries at ev-sequence and ev-sequence-continue form a loop that successively
+evaluates each expression in a sequence. The list of unevaluated expressions is kept in unev. Before
+evaluating each expression, we check to see if there are additional expressions to be evaluated in the
+sequence. If so, we save the rest of the unevaluated expressions (held in unev) and the environment in
+which these must be evaluated (held in env) and call eval-dispatch to evaluate the expression.
+The two saved registers are restored upon the return from this evaluation, at
+ev-sequence-continue.
+The final expression in the sequence is handled differently, at the entry point
+ev-sequence-last-exp. Since there are no more expressions to be evaluated after this one, we
+need not save unev or env before going to eval-dispatch. The value of the whole sequence is
+the value of the last expression, so after the evaluation of the last expression there is nothing left to do
+
+\fexcept continue at the entry point currently held on the stack (which was saved by
+ev-application or ev-begin.) Rather than setting up continue to arrange for
+eval-dispatch to return here and then restoring continue from the stack and continuing at that
+entry point, we restore continue from the stack before going to eval-dispatch, so that
+eval-dispatch will continue at that entry point after evaluating the expression.
+ev-sequence
+(assign exp (op first-exp) (reg unev))
+(test (op last-exp?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-sequence-last-exp))
+(save unev)
+(save env)
+(assign continue (label ev-sequence-continue))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-sequence-continue
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(assign unev (op rest-exps) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+ev-sequence-last-exp
+(restore continue)
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+Tail recursion
+In chapter 1 we said that the process described by a procedure such as
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+is an iterative process. Even though the procedure is syntactically recursive (defined in terms of itself),
+it is not logically necessary for an evaluator to save information in passing from one call to
+sqrt-iter to the next. 25 An evaluator that can execute a procedure such as sqrt-iter without
+requiring increasing storage as the procedure continues to call itself is called a tail-recursive evaluator.
+The metacircular implementation of the evaluator in chapter 4 does not specify whether the evaluator
+is tail-recursive, because that evaluator inherits its mechanism for saving state from the underlying
+Scheme. With the explicit-control evaluator, however, we can trace through the evaluation process to
+see when procedure calls cause a net accumulation of information on the stack.
+Our evaluator is tail-recursive, because in order to evaluate the final expression of a sequence we
+transfer directly to eval-dispatch without saving any information on the stack. Hence, evaluating
+the final expression in a sequence -- even if it is a procedure call (as in sqrt-iter, where the if
+expression, which is the last expression in the procedure body, reduces to a call to sqrt-iter) -will not cause any information to be accumulated on the stack. 26
+If we did not think to take advantage of the fact that it was unnecessary to save information in this
+case, we might have implemented eval-sequence by treating all the expressions in a sequence in
+the same way -- saving the registers, evaluating the expression, returning to restore the registers, and
+
+\frepeating this until all the expressions have been evaluated: 27
+ev-sequence
+(test (op no-more-exps?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-sequence-end))
+(assign exp (op first-exp) (reg unev))
+(save unev)
+(save env)
+(assign continue (label ev-sequence-continue))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-sequence-continue
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(assign unev (op rest-exps) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+ev-sequence-end
+(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+This may seem like a minor change to our previous code for evaluation of a sequence: The only
+difference is that we go through the save-restore cycle for the last expression in a sequence as well as
+for the others. The interpreter will still give the same value for any expression. But this change is fatal
+to the tail-recursive implementation, because we must now return after evaluating the final expression
+in a sequence in order to undo the (useless) register saves. These extra saves will accumulate during a
+nest of procedure calls. Consequently, processes such as sqrt-iter will require space proportional
+to the number of iterations rather than requiring constant space. This difference can be significant. For
+example, with tail recursion, an infinite loop can be expressed using only the procedure-call
+mechanism:
+(define (count n)
+(newline)
+(display n)
+(count (+ n 1)))
+Without tail recursion, such a procedure would eventually run out of stack space, and expressing a true
+iteration would require some control mechanism other than procedure call.
+
+5.4.3 Conditionals, Assignments, and Definitions
+As with the metacircular evaluator, special forms are handled by selectively evaluating fragments of
+the expression. For an if expression, we must evaluate the predicate and decide, based on the value of
+predicate, whether to evaluate the consequent or the alternative.
+Before evaluating the predicate, we save the if expression itself so that we can later extract the
+consequent or alternative. We also save the environment, which we will need later in order to evaluate
+the consequent or the alternative, and we save continue, which we will need later in order to return
+to the evaluation of the expression that is waiting for the value of the if.
+ev-if
+(save exp)
+(save env)
+
+; save expression for later
+
+\f(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-if-decide))
+(assign exp (op if-predicate) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the predicate
+When we return from evaluating the predicate, we test whether it was true or false and, depending on
+the result, place either the consequent or the alternative in exp before going to eval-dispatch.
+Notice that restoring env and continue here sets up eval-dispatch to have the correct
+environment and to continue at the right place to receive the value of the if expression.
+ev-if-decide
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore exp)
+(test (op true?) (reg val))
+(branch (label ev-if-consequent))
+ev-if-alternative
+(assign exp (op if-alternative) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-if-consequent
+(assign exp (op if-consequent) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+Assignments and definitions
+Assignments are handled by ev-assignment, which is reached from eval-dispatch with the
+assignment expression in exp. The code at ev-assignment first evaluates the value part of the
+expression and then installs the new value in the environment. Set-variable-value! is assumed
+to be available as a machine operation.
+ev-assignment
+(assign unev (op assignment-variable) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+; save variable for later
+(assign exp (op assignment-value) (reg exp))
+(save env)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-assignment-1))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the assignment value
+ev-assignment-1
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(perform
+(op set-variable-value!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Definitions are handled in a similar way:
+
+\fev-definition
+(assign unev (op definition-variable) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+; save variable for later
+(assign exp (op definition-value) (reg exp))
+(save env)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-definition-1))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the definition value
+ev-definition-1
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(perform
+(op define-variable!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Exercise 5.23. Extend the evaluator to handle derived expressions such as cond, let, and so on
+(section 4.1.2). You may ‘‘cheat’’ and assume that the syntax transformers such as cond->if are
+available as machine operations. 28
+Exercise 5.24. Implement cond as a new basic special form without reducing it to if. You will have
+to construct a loop that tests the predicates of successive cond clauses until you find one that is true,
+and then use ev-sequence to evaluate the actions of the clause.
+Exercise 5.25. Modify the evaluator so that it uses normal-order evaluation, based on the lazy
+evaluator of section 4.2.
+
+5.4.4 Running the Evaluator
+With the implementation of the explicit-control evaluator we come to the end of a development, begun
+in chapter 1, in which we have explored successively more precise models of the evaluation process.
+We started with the relatively informal substitution model, then extended this in chapter 3 to the
+environment model, which enabled us to deal with state and change. In the metacircular evaluator of
+chapter 4, we used Scheme itself as a language for making more explicit the environment structure
+constructed during evaluation of an expression. Now, with register machines, we have taken a close
+look at the evaluator’s mechanisms for storage management, argument passing, and control. At each
+new level of description, we have had to raise issues and resolve ambiguities that were not apparent at
+the previous, less precise treatment of evaluation. To understand the behavior of the explicit-control
+evaluator, we can simulate it and monitor its performance.
+We will install a driver loop in our evaluator machine. This plays the role of the driver-loop
+procedure of section 4.1.4. The evaluator will repeatedly print a prompt, read an expression, evaluate
+the expression by going to eval-dispatch, and print the result. The following instructions form
+the beginning of the explicit-control evaluator’s controller sequence: 29
+read-eval-print-loop
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+(perform
+(op prompt-for-input) (const ";;; EC-Eval input:"))
+(assign exp (op read))
+
+\f(assign env (op get-global-environment))
+(assign continue (label print-result))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+print-result
+(perform
+(op announce-output) (const ";;; EC-Eval value:"))
+(perform (op user-print) (reg val))
+(goto (label read-eval-print-loop))
+When we encounter an error in a procedure (such as the ‘‘unknown procedure type error’’ indicated at
+apply-dispatch), we print an error message and return to the driver loop. 30
+unknown-expression-type
+(assign val (const unknown-expression-type-error))
+(goto (label signal-error))
+unknown-procedure-type
+(restore continue)
+; clean up stack (from apply-dispatch)
+(assign val (const unknown-procedure-type-error))
+(goto (label signal-error))
+signal-error
+(perform (op user-print) (reg val))
+(goto (label read-eval-print-loop))
+For the purposes of the simulation, we initialize the stack each time through the driver loop, since it
+might not be empty after an error (such as an undefined variable) interrupts an evaluation. 31
+If we combine all the code fragments presented in sections 5.4.1-5.4.4, we can create an evaluator
+machine model that we can run using the register-machine simulator of section 5.2.
+(define eceval
+(make-machine
+’(exp env val proc argl continue unev)
+eceval-operations
+’(
+read-eval-print-loop
+<entire machine controller as given above>
+)))
+We must define Scheme procedures to simulate the operations used as primitives by the evaluator.
+These are the same procedures we used for the metacircular evaluator in section 4.1, together with the
+few additional ones defined in footnotes throughout section 5.4.
+(define eceval-operations
+(list (list ’self-evaluating? self-evaluating)
+<complete list of operations for eceval machine>))
+Finally, we can initialize the global environment and run the evaluator:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(start eceval)
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(define (append x y)
+
+\f(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x)
+(append (cdr x) y))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(append ’(a b c) ’(d e f))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+(a b c d e f)
+Of course, evaluating expressions in this way will take much longer than if we had directly typed them
+into Scheme, because of the multiple levels of simulation involved. Our expressions are evaluated by
+the explicit-control-evaluator machine, which is being simulated by a Scheme program, which is itself
+being evaluated by the Scheme interpreter.
+
+Monitoring the performance of the evaluator
+Simulation can be a powerful tool to guide the implementation of evaluators. Simulations make it easy
+not only to explore variations of the register-machine design but also to monitor the performance of
+the simulated evaluator. For example, one important factor in performance is how efficiently the
+evaluator uses the stack. We can observe the number of stack operations required to evaluate various
+expressions by defining the evaluator register machine with the version of the simulator that collects
+statistics on stack use (section 5.2.4), and adding an instruction at the evaluator’s print-result
+entry point to print the statistics:
+print-result
+(perform (op print-stack-statistics)); added instruction
+(perform
+(op announce-output) (const ";;; EC-Eval value:"))
+... ; same as before
+Interactions with the evaluator now look like this:
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+(total-pushes = 3 maximum-depth = 3)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+(total-pushes = 144 maximum-depth = 28)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Note that the driver loop of the evaluator reinitializes the stack at the start of each interaction, so that
+the statistics printed will refer only to stack operations used to evaluate the previous expression.
+
+\fExercise 5.26. Use the monitored stack to explore the tail-recursive property of the evaluator
+(section 5.4.2). Start the evaluator and define the iterative factorial procedure from section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Run the procedure with some small values of n. Record the maximum stack depth and the number of
+pushes required to compute n! for each of these values.
+a. You will find that the maximum depth required to evaluate n! is independent of n. What is that
+depth?
+b. Determine from your data a formula in terms of n for the total number of push operations used in
+evaluating n! for any n > 1. Note that the number of operations used is a linear function of n and is
+thus determined by two constants.
+Exercise 5.27. For comparison with exercise 5.26, explore the behavior of the following procedure
+for computing factorials recursively:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+By running this procedure with the monitored stack, determine, as a function of n, the maximum depth
+of the stack and the total number of pushes used in evaluating n! for n > 1. (Again, these functions will
+be linear.) Summarize your experiments by filling in the following table with the appropriate
+expressions in terms of n:
+Maximum depth Number of pushes
+Recursive
+factorial
+Iterative
+factorial
+
+The maximum depth is a measure of the amount of space used by the evaluator in carrying out the
+computation, and the number of pushes correlates well with the time required.
+Exercise 5.28. Modify the definition of the evaluator by changing eval-sequence as described in
+section 5.4.2 so that the evaluator is no longer tail-recursive. Rerun your experiments from
+exercises 5.26 and 5.27 to demonstrate that both versions of the factorial procedure now require
+space that grows linearly with their input.
+
+\fExercise 5.29. Monitor the stack operations in the tree-recursive Fibonacci computation:
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+a. Give a formula in terms of n for the maximum depth of the stack required to compute Fib(n) for n >
+2. Hint: In section 1.2.2 we argued that the space used by this process grows linearly with n.
+b. Give a formula for the total number of pushes used to compute Fib(n) for n > 2. You should find
+that the number of pushes (which correlates well with the time used) grows exponentially with n. Hint:
+Let S(n) be the number of pushes used in computing Fib(n). You should be able to argue that there is a
+formula that expresses S(n) in terms of S(n - 1), S(n - 2), and some fixed ‘‘overhead’’ constant k that is
+independent of n. Give the formula, and say what k is. Then show that S(n) can be expressed as a
+Fib(n + 1) + b and give the values of a and b.
+Exercise 5.30. Our evaluator currently catches and signals only two kinds of errors -- unknown
+expression types and unknown procedure types. Other errors will take us out of the evaluator
+read-eval-print loop. When we run the evaluator using the register-machine simulator, these errors are
+caught by the underlying Scheme system. This is analogous to the computer crashing when a user
+program makes an error. 32 It is a large project to make a real error system work, but it is well worth
+the effort to understand what is involved here.
+a. Errors that occur in the evaluation process, such as an attempt to access an unbound variable, could
+be caught by changing the lookup operation to make it return a distinguished condition code, which
+cannot be a possible value of any user variable. The evaluator can test for this condition code and then
+do what is necessary to go to signal-error. Find all of the places in the evaluator where such a
+change is necessary and fix them. This is lots of work.
+b. Much worse is the problem of handling errors that are signaled by applying primitive procedures,
+such as an attempt to divide by zero or an attempt to extract the car of a symbol. In a professionally
+written high-quality system, each primitive application is checked for safety as part of the primitive.
+For example, every call to car could first check that the argument is a pair. If the argument is not a
+pair, the application would return a distinguished condition code to the evaluator, which would then
+report the failure. We could arrange for this in our register-machine simulator by making each
+primitive procedure check for applicability and returning an appropriate distinguished condition code
+on failure. Then the primitive-apply code in the evaluator can check for the condition code and
+go to signal-error if necessary. Build this structure and make it work. This is a major project.
+19 See Batali et al. 1982 for more information on the chip and the method by which it was designed.
+20 In our controller, the dispatch is written as a sequence of test and branch instructions.
+
+Alternatively, it could have been written in a data-directed style (and in a real system it probably
+would have been) to avoid the need to perform sequential tests and to facilitate the definition of new
+expression types. A machine designed to run Lisp would probably include a dispatch-on-type
+instruction that would efficiently execute such data-directed dispatches.
+21 This is an important but subtle point in translating algorithms from a procedural language, such as
+
+Lisp, to a register-machine language. As an alternative to saving only what is needed, we could save
+all the registers (except val) before each recursive call. This is called a framed-stack discipline. This
+
+\fwould work but might save more registers than necessary; this could be an important consideration in
+a system where stack operations are expensive. Saving registers whose contents will not be needed
+later may also hold onto useless data that could otherwise be garbage-collected, freeing space to be
+reused.
+22 We add to the evaluator data-structure procedures in section 4.1.3 the following two procedures for
+
+manipulating argument lists:
+(define (empty-arglist) ’())
+(define (adjoin-arg arg arglist)
+(append arglist (list arg)))
+We also use an additional syntax procedure to test for the last operand in a combination:
+(define (last-operand? ops)
+(null? (cdr ops)))
+23 The optimization of treating the last operand specially is known as evlis tail recursion (see Wand
+
+1980). We could be somewhat more efficient in the argument evaluation loop if we made evaluation of
+the first operand a special case too. This would permit us to postpone initializing argl until after
+evaluating the first operand, so as to avoid saving argl in this case. The compiler in section 5.5
+performs this optimization. (Compare the construct-arglist procedure of section 5.5.3.)
+24 The order of operand evaluation in the metacircular evaluator is determined by the order of
+
+evaluation of the arguments to cons in the procedure list-of-values of section 4.1.1 (see
+exercise 4.1).
+25 We saw in section 5.1 how to implement such a process with a register machine that had no stack;
+
+the state of the process was stored in a fixed set of registers.
+26 This implementation of tail recursion in ev-sequence is one variety of a well-known
+
+optimization technique used by many compilers. In compiling a procedure that ends with a procedure
+call, one can replace the call by a jump to the called procedure’s entry point. Building this strategy into
+the interpreter, as we have done in this section, provides the optimization uniformly throughout the
+language.
+27 We can define no-more-exps? as follows:
+
+(define (no-more-exps? seq) (null? seq))
+28 This isn’t really cheating. In an actual implementation built from scratch, we would use our
+
+explicit-control evaluator to interpret a Scheme program that performs source-level transformations
+like cond->if in a syntax phase that runs before execution.
+29 We assume here that read and the various printing operations are available as primitive machine
+
+operations, which is useful for our simulation, but completely unrealistic in practice. These are
+actually extremely complex operations. In practice, they would be implemented using low-level
+input-output operations such as transferring single characters to and from a device.
+To support the get-global-environment operation we define
+
+\f(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(define (get-global-environment)
+the-global-environment)
+30 There are other errors that we would like the interpreter to handle, but these are not so simple. See
+
+exercise 5.30.
+31 We could perform the stack initialization only after errors, but doing it in the driver loop will be
+
+convenient for monitoring the evaluator’s performance, as described below.
+32 Regrettably, this is the normal state of affairs in conventional compiler-based language systems
+
+such as C. In UNIX TM the system ‘‘dumps core,’’ and in DOS/Windows TM it becomes catatonic.
+The Macintosh TM displays a picture of an exploding bomb and offers you the opportunity to reboot
+the computer -- if you’re lucky.
+
+
+\f
+
+5.5 Compilation
+The explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 is a register machine whose controller interprets Scheme
+programs. In this section we will see how to run Scheme programs on a register machine whose
+controller is not a Scheme interpreter.
+The explicit-control evaluator machine is universal -- it can carry out any computational process that
+can be described in Scheme. The evaluator’s controller orchestrates the use of its data paths to perform
+the desired computation. Thus, the evaluator’s data paths are universal: They are sufficient to perform
+any computation we desire, given an appropriate controller. 33
+Commercial general-purpose computers are register machines organized around a collection of
+registers and operations that constitute an efficient and convenient universal set of data paths. The
+controller for a general-purpose machine is an interpreter for a register-machine language like the one
+we have been using. This language is called the native language of the machine, or simply machine
+language. Programs written in machine language are sequences of instructions that use the machine’s
+data paths. For example, the explicit-control evaluator’s instruction sequence can be thought of as a
+machine-language program for a general-purpose computer rather than as the controller for a
+specialized interpreter machine.
+There are two common strategies for bridging the gap between higher-level languages and
+register-machine languages. The explicit-control evaluator illustrates the strategy of interpretation. An
+interpreter written in the native language of a machine configures the machine to execute programs
+written in a language (called the source language) that may differ from the native language of the
+machine performing the evaluation. The primitive procedures of the source language are implemented
+as a library of subroutines written in the native language of the given machine. A program to be
+interpreted (called the source program) is represented as a data structure. The interpreter traverses this
+data structure, analyzing the source program. As it does so, it simulates the intended behavior of the
+source program by calling appropriate primitive subroutines from the library.
+In this section, we explore the alternative strategy of compilation. A compiler for a given source
+language and machine translates a source program into an equivalent program (called the object
+program) written in the machine’s native language. The compiler that we implement in this section
+translates programs written in Scheme into sequences of instructions to be executed using the
+explicit-control evaluator machine’s data paths. 34
+Compared with interpretation, compilation can provide a great increase in the efficiency of program
+execution, as we will explain below in the overview of the compiler. On the other hand, an interpreter
+provides a more powerful environment for interactive program development and debugging, because
+the source program being executed is available at run time to be examined and modified. In addition,
+because the entire library of primitives is present, new programs can be constructed and added to the
+system during debugging.
+In view of the complementary advantages of compilation and interpretation, modern
+program-development environments pursue a mixed strategy. Lisp interpreters are generally organized
+so that interpreted procedures and compiled procedures can call each other. This enables a
+programmer to compile those parts of a program that are assumed to be debugged, thus gaining the
+efficiency advantage of compilation, while retaining the interpretive mode of execution for those parts
+of the program that are in the flux of interactive development and debugging. In section 5.5.7, after we
+
+\fhave implemented the compiler, we will show how to interface it with our interpreter to produce an
+integrated interpreter-compiler development system.
+
+An overview of the compiler
+Our compiler is much like our interpreter, both in its structure and in the function it performs.
+Accordingly, the mechanisms used by the compiler for analyzing expressions will be similar to those
+used by the interpreter. Moreover, to make it easy to interface compiled and interpreted code, we will
+design the compiler to generate code that obeys the same conventions of register usage as the
+interpreter: The environment will be kept in the env register, argument lists will be accumulated in
+argl, a procedure to be applied will be in proc, procedures will return their answers in val, and the
+location to which a procedure should return will be kept in continue. In general, the compiler
+translates a source program into an object program that performs essentially the same register
+operations as would the interpreter in evaluating the same source program.
+This description suggests a strategy for implementing a rudimentary compiler: We traverse the
+expression in the same way the interpreter does. When we encounter a register instruction that the
+interpreter would perform in evaluating the expression, we do not execute the instruction but instead
+accumulate it into a sequence. The resulting sequence of instructions will be the object code. Observe
+the efficiency advantage of compilation over interpretation. Each time the interpreter evaluates an
+expression -- for example, (f 84 96) -- it performs the work of classifying the expression
+(discovering that this is a procedure application) and testing for the end of the operand list (discovering
+that there are two operands). With a compiler, the expression is analyzed only once, when the
+instruction sequence is generated at compile time. The object code produced by the compiler contains
+only the instructions that evaluate the operator and the two operands, assemble the argument list, and
+apply the procedure (in proc) to the arguments (in argl).
+This is the same kind of optimization we implemented in the analyzing evaluator of section 4.1.7. But
+there are further opportunities to gain efficiency in compiled code. As the interpreter runs, it follows a
+process that must be applicable to any expression in the language. In contrast, a given segment of
+compiled code is meant to execute some particular expression. This can make a big difference, for
+example in the use of the stack to save registers. When the interpreter evaluates an expression, it must
+be prepared for any contingency. Before evaluating a subexpression, the interpreter saves all registers
+that will be needed later, because the subexpression might require an arbitrary evaluation. A compiler,
+on the other hand, can exploit the structure of the particular expression it is processing to generate
+code that avoids unnecessary stack operations.
+As a case in point, consider the combination (f 84 96). Before the interpreter evaluates the
+operator of the combination, it prepares for this evaluation by saving the registers containing the
+operands and the environment, whose values will be needed later. The interpreter then evaluates the
+operator to obtain the result in val, restores the saved registers, and finally moves the result from val
+to proc. However, in the particular expression we are dealing with, the operator is the symbol f,
+whose evaluation is accomplished by the machine operation lookup-variable-value, which
+does not alter any registers. The compiler that we implement in this section will take advantage of this
+fact and generate code that evaluates the operator using the instruction
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const f) (reg env))
+This code not only avoids the unnecessary saves and restores but also assigns the value of the lookup
+directly to proc, whereas the interpreter would obtain the result in val and then move this to proc.
+
+\fA compiler can also optimize access to the environment. Having analyzed the code, the compiler can
+in many cases know in which frame a particular variable will be located and access that frame directly,
+rather than performing the lookup-variable-value search. We will discuss how to implement
+such variable access in section 5.5.6. Until then, however, we will focus on the kind of register and
+stack optimizations described above. There are many other optimizations that can be performed by a
+compiler, such as coding primitive operations ‘‘in line’’ instead of using a general apply mechanism
+(see exercise 5.38); but we will not emphasize these here. Our main goal in this section is to illustrate
+the compilation process in a simplified (but still interesting) context.
+
+5.5.1 Structure of the Compiler
+In section 4.1.7 we modified our original metacircular interpreter to separate analysis from execution.
+We analyzed each expression to produce an execution procedure that took an environment as argument
+and performed the required operations. In our compiler, we will do essentially the same analysis.
+Instead of producing execution procedures, however, we will generate sequences of instructions to be
+run by our register machine.
+The procedure compile is the top-level dispatch in the compiler. It corresponds to the eval
+procedure of section 4.1.1, the analyze procedure of section 4.1.7, and the eval-dispatch entry
+point of the explicit-control-evaluator in section 5.4.1. The compiler, like the interpreters, uses the
+expression-syntax procedures defined in section 4.1.2. 35 Compile performs a case analysis on the
+syntactic type of the expression to be compiled. For each type of expression, it dispatches to a
+specialized code generator:
+(define (compile exp target linkage)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
+(compile-self-evaluating exp target linkage))
+((quoted? exp) (compile-quoted exp target linkage))
+((variable? exp)
+(compile-variable exp target linkage))
+((assignment? exp)
+(compile-assignment exp target linkage))
+((definition? exp)
+(compile-definition exp target linkage))
+((if? exp) (compile-if exp target linkage))
+((lambda? exp) (compile-lambda exp target linkage))
+((begin? exp)
+(compile-sequence (begin-actions exp)
+target
+linkage))
+((cond? exp) (compile (cond->if exp) target linkage))
+((application? exp)
+(compile-application exp target linkage))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- COMPILE" exp))))
+
+\fTargets and linkages
+Compile and the code generators that it calls take two arguments in addition to the expression to
+compile. There is a target, which specifies the register in which the compiled code is to return the
+value of the expression. There is also a linkage descriptor, which describes how the code resulting
+from the compilation of the expression should proceed when it has finished its execution. The linkage
+descriptor can require that the code do one of the following three things:
+continue at the next instruction in sequence (this is specified by the linkage descriptor next),
+return from the procedure being compiled (this is specified by the linkage descriptor return), or
+jump to a named entry point (this is specified by using the designated label as the linkage
+descriptor).
+For example, compiling the expression 5 (which is self-evaluating) with a target of the val register
+and a linkage of next should produce the instruction
+(assign val (const 5))
+Compiling the same expression with a linkage of return should produce the instructions
+(assign val (const 5))
+(goto (reg continue))
+In the first case, execution will continue with the next instruction in the sequence. In the second case,
+we will return from a procedure call. In both cases, the value of the expression will be placed into the
+target val register.
+
+Instruction sequences and stack usage
+Each code generator returns an instruction sequence containing the object code it has generated for the
+expression. Code generation for a compound expression is accomplished by combining the output
+from simpler code generators for component expressions, just as evaluation of a compound expression
+is accomplished by evaluating the component expressions.
+The simplest method for combining instruction sequences is a procedure called
+append-instruction-sequences. It takes as arguments any number of instruction sequences
+that are to be executed sequentially; it appends them and returns the combined sequence. That is, if
+<seq 1 > and <seq 2 > are sequences of instructions, then evaluating
+(append-instruction-sequences <seq 1 > <seq 2 >)
+produces the sequence
+<seq 1 >
+<seq 2 >
+Whenever registers might need to be saved, the compiler’s code generators use preserving, which
+is a more subtle method for combining instruction sequences. Preserving takes three arguments: a
+set of registers and two instruction sequences that are to be executed sequentially. It appends the
+sequences in such a way that the contents of each register in the set is preserved over the execution of
+
+\fthe first sequence, if this is needed for the execution of the second sequence. That is, if the first
+sequence modifies the register and the second sequence actually needs the register’s original contents,
+then preserving wraps a save and a restore of the register around the first sequence before
+appending the sequences. Otherwise, preserving simply returns the appended instruction
+sequences. Thus, for example,
+(preserving (list <reg 1 > <reg 2 >) <seq 1 > <seq 2 >)
+produces one of the following four sequences of instructions, depending on how <seq 1 > and <seq 2 >
+use <reg 1 > and <reg 2 >:
+
+By using preserving to combine instruction sequences the compiler avoids unnecessary stack
+operations. This also isolates the details of whether or not to generate save and restore
+instructions within the preserving procedure, separating them from the concerns that arise in
+writing each of the individual code generators. In fact no save or restore instructions are
+explicitly produced by the code generators.
+In principle, we could represent an instruction sequence simply as a list of instructions.
+Append-instruction-sequences could then combine instruction sequences by performing an
+ordinary list append. However, preserving would then be a complex operation, because it would
+have to analyze each instruction sequence to determine how the sequence uses its registers.
+Preserving would be inefficient as well as complex, because it would have to analyze each of its
+instruction sequence arguments, even though these sequences might themselves have been constructed
+by calls to preserving, in which case their parts would have already been analyzed. To avoid such
+repetitious analysis we will associate with each instruction sequence some information about its
+register use. When we construct a basic instruction sequence we will provide this information
+explicitly, and the procedures that combine instruction sequences will derive register-use information
+for the combined sequence from the information associated with the component sequences.
+An instruction sequence will contain three pieces of information:
+the set of registers that must be initialized before the instructions in the sequence are executed
+(these registers are said to be needed by the sequence),
+the set of registers whose values are modified by the instructions in the sequence, and
+the actual instructions (also called statements) in the sequence.
+We will represent an instruction sequence as a list of its three parts. The constructor for instruction
+sequences is thus
+(define (make-instruction-sequence needs modifies statements)
+(list needs modifies statements))
+
+\fFor example, the two-instruction sequence that looks up the value of the variable x in the current
+environment, assigns the result to val, and then returns, requires registers env and continue to
+have been initialized, and modifies register val. This sequence would therefore be constructed as
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env continue) ’(val)
+’((assign val
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))))
+We sometimes need to construct an instruction sequence with no statements:
+(define (empty-instruction-sequence)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’() ’()))
+The procedures for combining instruction sequences are shown in section 5.5.4.
+Exercise 5.31. In evaluating a procedure application, the explicit-control evaluator always saves and
+restores the env register around the evaluation of the operator, saves and restores env around the
+evaluation of each operand (except the final one), saves and restores argl around the evaluation of
+each operand, and saves and restores proc around the evaluation of the operand sequence. For each
+of the following combinations, say which of these save and restore operations are superfluous
+and thus could be eliminated by the compiler’s preserving mechanism:
+(f ’x ’y)
+((f) ’x ’y)
+(f (g ’x) y)
+(f (g ’x) ’y)
+Exercise 5.32. Using the preserving mechanism, the compiler will avoid saving and restoring
+env around the evaluation of the operator of a combination in the case where the operator is a symbol.
+We could also build such optimizations into the evaluator. Indeed, the explicit-control evaluator of
+section 5.4 already performs a similar optimization, by treating combinations with no operands as a
+special case.
+a. Extend the explicit-control evaluator to recognize as a separate class of expressions combinations
+whose operator is a symbol, and to take advantage of this fact in evaluating such expressions.
+b. Alyssa P. Hacker suggests that by extending the evaluator to recognize more and more special cases
+we could incorporate all the compiler’s optimizations, and that this would eliminate the advantage of
+compilation altogether. What do you think of this idea?
+
+5.5.2 Compiling Expressions
+In this section and the next we implement the code generators to which the compile procedure
+dispatches.
+
+Compiling linkage code
+In general, the output of each code generator will end with instructions -- generated by the procedure
+compile-linkage -- that implement the required linkage. If the linkage is return then we must
+generate the instruction (goto (reg continue)). This needs the continue register and does
+not modify any registers. If the linkage is next, then we needn’t include any additional instructions.
+
+\fOtherwise, the linkage is a label, and we generate a goto to that label, an instruction that does not
+need or modify any registers. 36
+(define (compile-linkage linkage)
+(cond ((eq? linkage ’return)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(continue) ’()
+’((goto (reg continue)))))
+((eq? linkage ’next)
+(empty-instruction-sequence))
+(else
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’()
+‘((goto (label ,linkage)))))))
+The linkage code is appended to an instruction sequence by preserving the continue register,
+since a return linkage will require the continue register: If the given instruction sequence
+modifies continue and the linkage code needs it, continue will be saved and restored.
+(define (end-with-linkage linkage instruction-sequence)
+(preserving ’(continue)
+instruction-sequence
+(compile-linkage linkage)))
+
+Compiling simple expressions
+The code generators for self-evaluating expressions, quotations, and variables construct instruction
+sequences that assign the required value to the target register and then proceed as specified by the
+linkage descriptor.
+(define (compile-self-evaluating exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() (list target)
+‘((assign ,target (const ,exp))))))
+(define (compile-quoted exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() (list target)
+‘((assign ,target (const ,(text-of-quotation exp)))))))
+(define (compile-variable exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env) (list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op lookup-variable-value)
+(const ,exp)
+(reg env))))))
+All these assignment instructions modify the target register, and the one that looks up a variable needs
+the env register.
+Assignments and definitions are handled much as they are in the interpreter. We recursively generate
+code that computes the value to be assigned to the variable, and append to it a two-instruction
+sequence that actually sets or defines the variable and assigns the value of the whole expression (the
+symbol ok) to the target register. The recursive compilation has target val and linkage next so that
+the code will put its result into val and continue with the code that is appended after it. The
+
+\fappending is done preserving env, since the environment is needed for setting or defining the variable
+and the code for the variable value could be the compilation of a complex expression that might
+modify the registers in arbitrary ways.
+(define (compile-assignment exp target linkage)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(get-value-code
+(compile (assignment-value exp) ’val ’next)))
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(preserving ’(env)
+get-value-code
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env val) (list target)
+‘((perform (op set-variable-value!)
+(const ,var)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign ,target (const ok))))))))
+(define (compile-definition exp target linkage)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(get-value-code
+(compile (definition-value exp) ’val ’next)))
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(preserving ’(env)
+get-value-code
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env val) (list target)
+‘((perform (op define-variable!)
+(const ,var)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign ,target (const ok))))))))
+The appended two-instruction sequence requires env and val and modifies the target. Note that
+although we preserve env for this sequence, we do not preserve val, because the
+get-value-code is designed to explicitly place its result in val for use by this sequence. (In fact,
+if we did preserve val, we would have a bug, because this would cause the previous contents of val
+to be restored right after the get-value-code is run.)
+
+Compiling conditional expressions
+The code for an if expression compiled with a given target and linkage has the form
+<compilation of predicate, target val, linkage next>
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch))
+true-branch
+<compilation of consequent with given target and given linkage or after-if>
+
+false-branch
+<compilation of alternative with given target and linkage>
+after-if
+
+\fTo generate this code, we compile the predicate, consequent, and alternative, and combine the
+resulting code with instructions to test the predicate result and with newly generated labels to mark the
+true and false branches and the end of the conditional. 37 In this arrangement of code, we must branch
+around the true branch if the test is false. The only slight complication is in how the linkage for the
+true branch should be handled. If the linkage for the conditional is return or a label, then the true
+and false branches will both use this same linkage. If the linkage is next, the true branch ends with a
+jump around the code for the false branch to the label at the end of the conditional.
+(define (compile-if exp target linkage)
+(let ((t-branch (make-label ’true-branch))
+(f-branch (make-label ’false-branch))
+(after-if (make-label ’after-if)))
+(let ((consequent-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-if linkage)))
+(let ((p-code (compile (if-predicate exp) ’val ’next))
+(c-code
+(compile
+(if-consequent exp) target consequent-linkage))
+(a-code
+(compile (if-alternative exp) target linkage)))
+(preserving ’(env continue)
+p-code
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val) ’()
+‘((test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label ,f-branch))))
+(parallel-instruction-sequences
+(append-instruction-sequences t-branch c-code)
+(append-instruction-sequences f-branch a-code))
+after-if))))))
+Env is preserved around the predicate code because it could be needed by the true and false branches,
+and continue is preserved because it could be needed by the linkage code in those branches. The
+code for the true and false branches (which are not executed sequentially) is appended using a special
+combiner parallel-instruction-sequences described in section 5.5.4.
+Note that cond is a derived expression, so all that the compiler needs to do handle it is to apply the
+cond->if transformer (from section 4.1.2) and compile the resulting if expression.
+
+Compiling sequences
+The compilation of sequences (from procedure bodies or explicit begin expressions) parallels their
+evaluation. Each expression of the sequence is compiled -- the last expression with the linkage
+specified for the sequence, and the other expressions with linkage next (to execute the rest of the
+sequence). The instruction sequences for the individual expressions are appended to form a single
+instruction sequence, such that env (needed for the rest of the sequence) and continue (possibly
+needed for the linkage at the end of the sequence) are preserved.
+(define (compile-sequence seq target linkage)
+(if (last-exp? seq)
+(compile (first-exp seq) target linkage)
+
+\f(preserving ’(env continue)
+(compile (first-exp seq) target ’next)
+(compile-sequence (rest-exps seq) target linkage))))
+
+Compiling lambda expressions
+Lambda expressions construct procedures. The object code for a lambda expression must have the
+form
+<construct procedure object and assign it to target register>
+<linkage>
+When we compile the lambda expression, we also generate the code for the procedure body.
+Although the body won’t be executed at the time of procedure construction, it is convenient to insert it
+into the object code right after the code for the lambda. If the linkage for the lambda expression is a
+label or return, this is fine. But if the linkage is next, we will need to skip around the code for the
+procedure body by using a linkage that jumps to a label that is inserted after the body. The object code
+thus has the form
+<construct procedure object and assign it to target register>
+<code for given linkage>or (goto (label after-lambda))
+<compilation of procedure body>
+after-lambda
+Compile-lambda generates the code for constructing the procedure object followed by the code for
+the procedure body. The procedure object will be constructed at run time by combining the current
+environment (the environment at the point of definition) with the entry point to the compiled
+procedure body (a newly generated label). 38
+(define (compile-lambda exp target linkage)
+(let ((proc-entry (make-label ’entry))
+(after-lambda (make-label ’after-lambda)))
+(let ((lambda-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-lambda linkage)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(tack-on-instruction-sequence
+(end-with-linkage lambda-linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env) (list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op make-compiled-procedure)
+(label ,proc-entry)
+(reg env)))))
+(compile-lambda-body exp proc-entry))
+after-lambda))))
+Compile-lambda uses the special combiner tack-on-instruction-sequence
+(section 5.5.4) rather than append-instruction-sequences to append the procedure body to
+the lambda expression code, because the body is not part of the sequence of instructions that will be
+executed when the combined sequence is entered; rather, it is in the sequence only because that was a
+convenient place to put it.
+
+\fCompile-lambda-body constructs the code for the body of the procedure. This code begins with a
+label for the entry point. Next come instructions that will cause the run-time evaluation environment to
+switch to the correct environment for evaluating the procedure body -- namely, the definition
+environment of the procedure, extended to include the bindings of the formal parameters to the
+arguments with which the procedure is called. After this comes the code for the sequence of
+expressions that makes up the procedure body. The sequence is compiled with linkage return and
+target val so that it will end by returning from the procedure with the procedure result in val.
+(define (compile-lambda-body exp proc-entry)
+(let ((formals (lambda-parameters exp)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env proc argl) ’(env)
+‘(,proc-entry
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env
+(op extend-environment)
+(const ,formals)
+(reg argl)
+(reg env))))
+(compile-sequence (lambda-body exp) ’val ’return))))
+
+5.5.3 Compiling Combinations
+The essence of the compilation process is the compilation of procedure applications. The code for a
+combination compiled with a given target and linkage has the form
+<compilation of operator, target proc, linkage next>
+<evaluate operands and construct argument list in argl>
+<compilation of procedure call with given target and linkage>
+The registers env, proc, and argl may have to be saved and restored during evaluation of the
+operator and operands. Note that this is the only place in the compiler where a target other than val is
+specified.
+The required code is generated by compile-application. This recursively compiles the
+operator, to produce code that puts the procedure to be applied into proc, and compiles the operands,
+to produce code that evaluates the individual operands of the application. The instruction sequences
+for the operands are combined (by construct-arglist) with code that constructs the list of
+arguments in argl, and the resulting argument-list code is combined with the procedure code and the
+code that performs the procedure call (produced by compile-procedure-call). In appending
+the code sequences, the env register must be preserved around the evaluation of the operator (since
+evaluating the operator might modify env, which will be needed to evaluate the operands), and the
+proc register must be preserved around the construction of the argument list (since evaluating the
+operands might modify proc, which will be needed for the actual procedure application). Continue
+must also be preserved throughout, since it is needed for the linkage in the procedure call.
+(define (compile-application exp target linkage)
+(let ((proc-code (compile (operator exp) ’proc ’next))
+(operand-codes
+(map (lambda (operand) (compile operand ’val ’next))
+(operands exp))))
+
+\f(preserving ’(env continue)
+proc-code
+(preserving ’(proc continue)
+(construct-arglist operand-codes)
+(compile-procedure-call target linkage)))))
+The code to construct the argument list will evaluate each operand into val and then cons that value
+onto the argument list being accumulated in argl. Since we cons the arguments onto argl in
+sequence, we must start with the last argument and end with the first, so that the arguments will appear
+in order from first to last in the resulting list. Rather than waste an instruction by initializing argl to
+the empty list to set up for this sequence of evaluations, we make the first code sequence construct the
+initial argl. The general form of the argument-list construction is thus as follows:
+<compilation of last operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+<compilation of next operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+...<compilation of first operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+Argl must be preserved around each operand evaluation except the first (so that arguments
+accumulated so far won’t be lost), and env must be preserved around each operand evaluation except
+the last (for use by subsequent operand evaluations).
+Compiling this argument code is a bit tricky, because of the special treatment of the first operand to be
+evaluated and the need to preserve argl and env in different places. The construct-arglist
+procedure takes as arguments the code that evaluates the individual operands. If there are no operands
+at all, it simply emits the instruction
+(assign argl (const ()))
+Otherwise, construct-arglist creates code that initializes argl with the last argument, and
+appends code that evaluates the rest of the arguments and adjoins them to argl in succession. In
+order to process the arguments from last to first, we must reverse the list of operand code sequences
+from the order supplied by compile-application.
+(define (construct-arglist operand-codes)
+(let ((operand-codes (reverse operand-codes)))
+(if (null? operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’(argl)
+’((assign argl (const ()))))
+(let ((code-to-get-last-arg
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(car operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val) ’(argl)
+’((assign argl (op list) (reg val)))))))
+(if (null? (cdr operand-codes))
+code-to-get-last-arg
+(preserving ’(env)
+code-to-get-last-arg
+(code-to-get-rest-args
+(cdr operand-codes))))))))
+
+\f(define (code-to-get-rest-args operand-codes)
+(let ((code-for-next-arg
+(preserving ’(argl)
+(car operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val argl) ’(argl)
+’((assign argl
+(op cons) (reg val) (reg argl)))))))
+(if (null? (cdr operand-codes))
+code-for-next-arg
+(preserving ’(env)
+code-for-next-arg
+(code-to-get-rest-args (cdr operand-codes))))))
+
+Applying procedures
+After evaluating the elements of a combination, the compiled code must apply the procedure in proc
+to the arguments in argl. The code performs essentially the same dispatch as the apply procedure
+in the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1.1 or the apply-dispatch entry point in the
+explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4.1. It checks whether the procedure to be applied is a primitive
+procedure or a compiled procedure. For a primitive procedure, it uses
+apply-primitive-procedure; we will see shortly how it handles compiled procedures. The
+procedure-application code has the following form:
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch))
+compiled-branch
+<code to apply compiled procedure with given target and appropriate linkage>
+
+primitive-branch
+(assign <target>
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+<linkage>
+after-call
+Observe that the compiled branch must skip around the primitive branch. Therefore, if the linkage for
+the original procedure call was next, the compound branch must use a linkage that jumps to a label
+that is inserted after the primitive branch. (This is similar to the linkage used for the true branch in
+compile-if.)
+(define (compile-procedure-call target linkage)
+(let ((primitive-branch (make-label ’primitive-branch))
+(compiled-branch (make-label ’compiled-branch))
+(after-call (make-label ’after-call)))
+(let ((compiled-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-call linkage)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) ’()
+‘((test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label ,primitive-branch))))
+(parallel-instruction-sequences
+
+\f(append-instruction-sequences
+compiled-branch
+(compile-proc-appl target compiled-linkage))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+primitive-branch
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc argl)
+(list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl)))))))
+after-call))))
+The primitive and compound branches, like the true and false branches in compile-if, are
+appended using parallel-instruction-sequences rather than the ordinary
+append-instruction-sequences, because they will not be executed sequentially.
+
+Applying compiled procedures
+The code that handles procedure application is the most subtle part of the compiler, even though the
+instruction sequences it generates are very short. A compiled procedure (as constructed by
+compile-lambda) has an entry point, which is a label that designates where the code for the
+procedure starts. The code at this entry point computes a result in val and returns by executing the
+instruction (goto (reg continue)). Thus, we might expect the code for a compiled-procedure
+application (to be generated by compile-proc-appl) with a given target and linkage to look like
+this if the linkage is a label
+(assign continue (label proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+proc-return
+(assign <target> (reg val))
+; included if target is not val
+(goto (label <linkage>))
+; linkage code
+or like this if the linkage is return.
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+proc-return
+(assign <target> (reg val))
+; included if target is not val
+(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+; linkage code
+This code sets up continue so that the procedure will return to a label proc-return and jumps to
+the procedure’s entry point. The code at proc-return transfers the procedure’s result from val to
+the target register (if necessary) and then jumps to the location specified by the linkage. (The linkage is
+always return or a label, because compile-procedure-call replaces a next linkage for the
+compound-procedure branch by an after-call label.)
+
+\fIn fact, if the target is not val, that is exactly the code our compiler will generate. 39 Usually,
+however, the target is val (the only time the compiler specifies a different register is when targeting
+the evaluation of an operator to proc), so the procedure result is put directly into the target register
+and there is no need to return to a special location that copies it. Instead, we simplify the code by
+setting up continue so that the procedure will ‘‘return’’ directly to the place specified by the
+caller’s linkage:
+<set up continue for linkage>
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+If the linkage is a label, we set up continue so that the procedure will return to that label. (That is,
+the (goto (reg continue)) the procedure ends with becomes equivalent to the (goto
+(label <linkage>)) at proc-return above.)
+(assign continue (label <linkage>))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+If the linkage is return, we don’t need to set up continue at all: It already holds the desired
+location. (That is, the (goto (reg continue)) the procedure ends with goes directly to the
+place where the (goto (reg continue)) at proc-return would have gone.)
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+With this implementation of the return linkage, the compiler generates tail-recursive code. Calling a
+procedure as the final step in a procedure body does a direct transfer, without saving any information
+on the stack.
+Suppose instead that we had handled the case of a procedure call with a linkage of return and a
+target of val as shown above for a non-val target. This would destroy tail recursion. Our system
+would still give the same value for any expression. But each time we called a procedure, we would
+save continue and return after the call to undo the (useless) save. These extra saves would
+accumulate during a nest of procedure calls. 40
+Compile-proc-appl generates the above procedure-application code by considering four cases,
+depending on whether the target for the call is val and whether the linkage is return. Observe that
+the instruction sequences are declared to modify all the registers, since executing the procedure body
+can change the registers in arbitrary ways. 41 Also note that the code sequence for the case with target
+val and linkage return is declared to need continue: Even though continue is not explicitly
+used in the two-instruction sequence, we must be sure that continue will have the correct value
+when we enter the compiled procedure.
+(define (compile-proc-appl target linkage)
+(cond ((and (eq? target ’val) (not (eq? linkage ’return)))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) all-regs
+‘((assign continue (label ,linkage))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val)))))
+((and (not (eq? target ’val))
+
+\f(not (eq? linkage ’return)))
+(let ((proc-return (make-label ’proc-return)))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) all-regs
+‘((assign continue (label ,proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+,proc-return
+(assign ,target (reg val))
+(goto (label ,linkage))))))
+((and (eq? target ’val) (eq? linkage ’return))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc continue) all-regs
+’((assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val)))))
+((and (not (eq? target ’val)) (eq? linkage ’return))
+(error "return linkage, target not val -- COMPILE"
+target))))
+
+5.5.4 Combining Instruction Sequences
+This section describes the details on how instruction sequences are represented and combined. Recall
+from section 5.5.1 that an instruction sequence is represented as a list of the registers needed, the
+registers modified, and the actual instructions. We will also consider a label (symbol) to be a
+degenerate case of an instruction sequence, which doesn’t need or modify any registers. So to
+determine the registers needed and modified by instruction sequences we use the selectors
+(define (registers-needed s)
+(if (symbol? s) ’() (car s)))
+(define (registers-modified s)
+(if (symbol? s) ’() (cadr s)))
+(define (statements s)
+(if (symbol? s) (list s) (caddr s)))
+and to determine whether a given sequence needs or modifies a given register we use the predicates
+(define
+(memq
+(define
+(memq
+
+(needs-register? seq reg)
+reg (registers-needed seq)))
+(modifies-register? seq reg)
+reg (registers-modified seq)))
+
+In terms of these predicates and selectors, we can implement the various instruction sequence
+combiners used throughout the compiler.
+The basic combiner is append-instruction-sequences. This takes as arguments an arbitrary
+number of instruction sequences that are to be executed sequentially and returns an instruction
+sequence whose statements are the statements of all the sequences appended together. The subtle point
+is to determine the registers that are needed and modified by the resulting sequence. It modifies those
+registers that are modified by any of the sequences; it needs those registers that must be initialized
+before the first sequence can be run (the registers needed by the first sequence), together with those
+registers needed by any of the other sequences that are not initialized (modified) by sequences
+
+\fpreceding it.
+The sequences are appended two at a time by append-2-sequences. This takes two instruction
+sequences seq1 and seq2 and returns the instruction sequence whose statements are the statements
+of seq1 followed by the statements of seq2, whose modified registers are those registers that are
+modified by either seq1 or seq2, and whose needed registers are the registers needed by seq1
+together with those registers needed by seq2 that are not modified by seq1. (In terms of set
+operations, the new set of needed registers is the union of the set of registers needed by seq1 with the
+set difference of the registers needed by seq2 and the registers modified by seq1.) Thus,
+append-instruction-sequences is implemented as follows:
+(define (append-instruction-sequences . seqs)
+(define (append-2-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (registers-needed seq1)
+(list-difference (registers-needed seq2)
+(registers-modified seq1)))
+(list-union (registers-modified seq1)
+(registers-modified seq2))
+(append (statements seq1) (statements seq2))))
+(define (append-seq-list seqs)
+(if (null? seqs)
+(empty-instruction-sequence)
+(append-2-sequences (car seqs)
+(append-seq-list (cdr seqs)))))
+(append-seq-list seqs))
+This procedure uses some simple operations for manipulating sets represented as lists, similar to the
+(unordered) set representation described in section 2.3.3:
+(define (list-union s1 s2)
+(cond ((null? s1) s2)
+((memq (car s1) s2) (list-union (cdr s1) s2))
+(else (cons (car s1) (list-union (cdr s1) s2)))))
+(define (list-difference s1 s2)
+(cond ((null? s1) ’())
+((memq (car s1) s2) (list-difference (cdr s1) s2))
+(else (cons (car s1)
+(list-difference (cdr s1) s2)))))
+Preserving, the second major instruction sequence combiner, takes a list of registers regs and
+two instruction sequences seq1 and seq2 that are to be executed sequentially. It returns an
+instruction sequence whose statements are the statements of seq1 followed by the statements of
+seq2, with appropriate save and restore instructions around seq1 to protect the registers in
+regs that are modified by seq1 but needed by seq2. To accomplish this, preserving first
+creates a sequence that has the required saves followed by the statements of seq1 followed by the
+required restores. This sequence needs the registers being saved and restored in addition to the
+registers needed by seq1, and modifies the registers modified by seq1 except for the ones being
+saved and restored. This augmented sequence and seq2 are then appended in the usual way. The
+following procedure implements this strategy recursively, walking down the list of registers to be
+preserved: 42
+
+\f(define (preserving regs seq1 seq2)
+(if (null? regs)
+(append-instruction-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(let ((first-reg (car regs)))
+(if (and (needs-register? seq2 first-reg)
+(modifies-register? seq1 first-reg))
+(preserving (cdr regs)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (list first-reg)
+(registers-needed seq1))
+(list-difference (registers-modified seq1)
+(list first-reg))
+(append ‘((save ,first-reg))
+(statements seq1)
+‘((restore ,first-reg))))
+seq2)
+(preserving (cdr regs) seq1 seq2)))))
+Another sequence combiner, tack-on-instruction-sequence, is used by
+compile-lambda to append a procedure body to another sequence. Because the procedure body is
+not ‘‘in line’’ to be executed as part of the combined sequence, its register use has no impact on the
+register use of the sequence in which it is embedded. We thus ignore the procedure body’s sets of
+needed and modified registers when we tack it onto the other sequence.
+(define (tack-on-instruction-sequence seq body-seq)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(registers-needed seq)
+(registers-modified seq)
+(append (statements seq) (statements body-seq))))
+Compile-if and compile-procedure-call use a special combiner called
+parallel-instruction-sequences to append the two alternative branches that follow a test.
+The two branches will never be executed sequentially; for any particular evaluation of the test, one
+branch or the other will be entered. Because of this, the registers needed by the second branch are still
+needed by the combined sequence, even if these are modified by the first branch.
+(define (parallel-instruction-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (registers-needed seq1)
+(registers-needed seq2))
+(list-union (registers-modified seq1)
+(registers-modified seq2))
+(append (statements seq1) (statements seq2))))
+
+5.5.5 An Example of Compiled Code
+Now that we have seen all the elements of the compiler, let us examine an example of compiled code
+to see how things fit together. We will compile the definition of a recursive factorial procedure by
+calling compile:
+
+\f(compile
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+’val
+’next)
+We have specified that the value of the define expression should be placed in the val register. We
+don’t care what the compiled code does after executing the define, so our choice of next as the
+linkage descriptor is arbitrary.
+Compile determines that the expression is a definition, so it calls compile-definition to
+compile code to compute the value to be assigned (targeted to val), followed by code to install the
+definition, followed by code to put the value of the define (which is the symbol ok) into the target
+register, followed finally by the linkage code. Env is preserved around the computation of the value,
+because it is needed in order to install the definition. Because the linkage is next, there is no linkage
+code in this case. The skeleton of the compiled code is thus
+<save env if modified by code to compute value>
+<compilation of definition value, target val, linkage next>
+<restore env if saved above>
+(perform (op define-variable!)
+(const factorial)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+The expression that is to be compiled to produce the value for the variable factorial is a lambda
+expression whose value is the procedure that computes factorials. Compile handles this by calling
+compile-lambda, which compiles the procedure body, labels it as a new entry point, and generates
+the instruction that will combine the procedure body at the new entry point with the run-time
+environment and assign the result to val. The sequence then skips around the compiled procedure
+code, which is inserted at this point. The procedure code itself begins by extending the procedure’s
+definition environment by a frame that binds the formal parameter n to the procedure argument. Then
+comes the actual procedure body. Since this code for the value of the variable doesn’t modify the env
+register, the optional save and restore shown above aren’t generated. (The procedure code at
+entry2 isn’t executed at this point, so its use of env is irrelevant.) Therefore, the skeleton for the
+compiled code becomes
+(assign val (op make-compiled-procedure)
+(label entry2)
+(reg env))
+(goto (label after-lambda1))
+entry2
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op extend-environment)
+(const (n))
+(reg argl)
+(reg env))
+<compilation of procedure body>
+
+\fafter-lambda1
+(perform (op define-variable!)
+(const factorial)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+A procedure body is always compiled (by compile-lambda-body) as a sequence with target val
+and linkage return. The sequence in this case consists of a single if expression:
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))
+Compile-if generates code that first computes the predicate (targeted to val), then checks the
+result and branches around the true branch if the predicate is false. Env and continue are preserved
+around the predicate code, since they may be needed for the rest of the if expression. Since the if
+expression is the final expression (and only expression) in the sequence making up the procedure
+body, its target is val and its linkage is return, so the true and false branches are both compiled
+with target val and linkage return. (That is, the value of the conditional, which is the value
+computed by either of its branches, is the value of the procedure.)
+<save continue, env if modified by predicate and needed by branches>
+<compilation of predicate, target val, linkage next>
+<restore continue, env if saved above>
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch4))
+true-branch5
+<compilation of true branch, target val, linkage return>
+false-branch4
+<compilation of false branch, target val, linkage return>
+after-if3
+
+The predicate (= n 1) is a procedure call. This looks up the operator (the symbol =) and places this
+value in proc. It then assembles the arguments 1 and the value of n into argl. Then it tests whether
+proc contains a primitive or a compound procedure, and dispatches to a primitive branch or a
+compound branch accordingly. Both branches resume at the after-call label. The requirements to
+preserve registers around the evaluation of the operator and operands don’t result in any saving of
+registers, because in this case those evaluations don’t modify the registers in question.
+(assign proc
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const =) (reg env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch17))
+compiled-branch16
+(assign continue (label after-call15))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+
+\f(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch17
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+after-call15
+The true branch, which is the constant 1, compiles (with target val and linkage return) to
+(assign val (const 1))
+(goto (reg continue))
+The code for the false branch is another a procedure call, where the procedure is the value of the
+symbol *, and the arguments are n and the result of another procedure call (a call to factorial).
+Each of these calls sets up proc and argl and its own primitive and compound branches.
+Figure 5.17 shows the complete compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure. Notice
+that the possible save and restore of continue and env around the predicate, shown above, are
+in fact generated, because these registers are modified by the procedure call in the predicate and
+needed for the procedure call and the return linkage in the branches.
+Exercise 5.33. Consider the following definition of a factorial procedure, which is slightly different
+from the one given above:
+(define (factorial-alt n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial-alt (- n 1)))))
+Compile this procedure and compare the resulting code with that produced for factorial. Explain
+any differences you find. Does either program execute more efficiently than the other?
+Exercise 5.34. Compile the iterative factorial procedure
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Annotate the resulting code, showing the essential difference between the code for iterative and
+recursive versions of factorial that makes one process build up stack space and the other run in
+constant stack space.
+
+\f;; construct the procedure and skip over code for the procedure body
+(assign val
+(op make-compiled-procedure) (label entry2) (reg env))
+(goto (label after-lambda1))
+entry2
+; calls to factorial will enter here
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env
+(op extend-environment) (const (n)) (reg argl) (reg env))
+;; begin actual procedure body
+(save continue)
+(save env)
+;; compute (= n 1)
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const =) (reg env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch17))
+compiled-branch16
+(assign continue (label after-call15))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch17
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+after-call15
+; val now contains result of (= n 1)
+(restore env)
+(restore continue)
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch4))
+true-branch5 ; return 1
+(assign val (const 1))
+(goto (reg continue))
+false-branch4
+;; compute and return (* (factorial (- n 1)) n)
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const *) (reg env))
+(save continue)
+(save proc)
+; save * procedure
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(save argl)
+; save partial argument list for *
+;; compute (factorial (- n 1)), which is the other argument for *
+(assign proc
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const factorial) (reg env))
+(save proc) ; save factorial procedure
+Figure 5.17: Compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure (continued on next page).
+Figure 5.17: Compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure (continued on next page).
+
+\f;; compute (- n 1), which is the argument for factorial
+Exercise
+5.35. What
+was compiled to produce the code
+shown-)
+in figure
+(assign
+procexpression
+(op lookup-variable-value)
+(const
+(reg5.18?
+env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+val (op
+(label entry16)
+(assign argl
+(op make-compiled-procedure)
+list) (reg val))
+(reg n)
+env))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const
+(reg env))
+(goto (label
+after-lambda15))
+(assign
+argl (op
+cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+entry16
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(assign (label
+env (opprimitive-branch8))
+compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(branch
+(assign env
+compiled-branch7
+(op extend-environment)
+(const (x)) (reg argl) (reg env))
+(assign continue
+(label after-call6))
+(assign val
+(reg proc))
+proc(op
+(opcompiled-procedure-entry)
+lookup-variable-value) (const
++) (reg env))
+(goto
+val))
+(save (reg
+continue)
+primitive-branch8
+(save proc)
+(assign
+val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+(save env)
+after-call6
+val lookup-variable-value)
+now contains result of (const
+(- n 1)g) (reg env))
+(assign proc; (op
+(assign
+argl (op list) (reg val))
+(save proc)
+(restore
+proc)
+; restore
+factorial
+(assign proc
+(op
+lookup-variable-value)
+(const +) (reg env))
+;;(assign
+apply factorial
+val (const 2))
+(test
+(op
+primitive-procedure?)
+(reg proc))
+(assign
+argl
+(op list) (reg val))
+(branch
+(assign (label
+val (opprimitive-branch11))
+lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+compiled-branch10
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(assign
+continue
+(label after-call9))
+(test (op
+primitive-procedure?)
+(reg proc))
+(assign
+(op primitive-branch19))
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(branch val
+(label
+(goto (reg val))
+compiled-branch18
+primitive-branch11
+(assign continue (label after-call17))
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc))
+proc) (reg argl))
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg
+after-call9
+; val now contains result of (factorial (- n 1))
+(goto (reg val))
+(restore argl) ; restore partial argument list for *
+primitive-branch19
+(assign argl
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+cons) (reg val) (reg argl))(reg proc) (reg argl))
+val (op
+(restore proc) ; restore *
+after-call17
+(restore
+continue)
+(assign argl
+(op list) (reg val))
+;;(restore
+apply * and
+return
+its value
+proc)
+(test (op primitive-procedure?)
+primitive-procedure?) (reg
+(reg proc))
+proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch14))
+primitive-branch22))
+compiled-branch13
+compiled-branch21
+;;(assign
+note that
+a compound
+procedure
+here is called tail-recursively
+continue
+(label
+after-call20))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg
+(reg proc))
+proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch14
+primitive-branch22
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+apply-primitive-procedure) (reg
+(reg proc)
+proc) (reg
+(reg argl))
+argl))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Figure 5.18: An example of compiler output (continued on next page). See exercise 5.35.
+after-call12
+after-if3
+Figure
+5.18: An example of compiler output (continued on next page). See exercise 5.35.
+after-lambda1
+;; assign the procedure to the variable factorial
+(perform
+(op define-variable!) (const factorial) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+Figure 5.17: (continued)
+Figure 5.17: (continued)
+
+\fafter-call20
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(restore env)
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(restore proc)
+(restore continue)
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch25))
+compiled-branch24
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch25
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+(goto (reg continue))
+after-call23
+after-lambda15
+(perform (op define-variable!) (const f) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+Figure 5.18: (continued)
+Figure 5.18: (continued)
+
+Exercise 5.36. What order of evaluation does our compiler produce for operands of a combination? Is
+it left-to-right, right-to-left, or some other order? Where in the compiler is this order determined?
+Modify the compiler so that it produces some other order of evaluation. (See the discussion of order of
+evaluation for the explicit-control evaluator in section 5.4.1.) How does changing the order of operand
+evaluation affect the efficiency of the code that constructs the argument list?
+Exercise 5.37. One way to understand the compiler’s preserving mechanism for optimizing stack
+usage is to see what extra operations would be generated if we did not use this idea. Modify
+preserving so that it always generates the save and restore operations. Compile some simple
+expressions and identify the unnecessary stack operations that are generated. Compare the code to that
+generated with the preserving mechanism intact.
+Exercise 5.38. Our compiler is clever about avoiding unnecessary stack operations, but it is not clever
+at all when it comes to compiling calls to the primitive procedures of the language in terms of the
+primitive operations supplied by the machine. For example, consider how much code is compiled to
+compute (+ a 1): The code sets up an argument list in argl, puts the primitive addition procedure
+(which it finds by looking up the symbol + in the environment) into proc, and tests whether the
+procedure is primitive or compound. The compiler always generates code to perform the test, as well
+as code for primitive and compound branches (only one of which will be executed). We have not
+shown the part of the controller that implements primitives, but we presume that these instructions
+make use of primitive arithmetic operations in the machine’s data paths. Consider how much less code
+would be generated if the compiler could open-code primitives -- that is, if it could generate code to
+directly use these primitive machine operations. The expression (+ a 1) might be compiled into
+something as simple as 43
+
+\f(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const a) (reg env))
+(assign val (op +) (reg val) (const 1))
+In this exercise we will extend our compiler to support open coding of selected primitives.
+Special-purpose code will be generated for calls to these primitive procedures instead of the general
+procedure-application code. In order to support this, we will augment our machine with special
+argument registers arg1 and arg2. The primitive arithmetic operations of the machine will take their
+inputs from arg1 and arg2. The results may be put into val, arg1, or arg2.
+The compiler must be able to recognize the application of an open-coded primitive in the source
+program. We will augment the dispatch in the compile procedure to recognize the names of these
+primitives in addition to the reserved words (the special forms) it currently recognizes. 44 For each
+special form our compiler has a code generator. In this exercise we will construct a family of code
+generators for the open-coded primitives.
+a. The open-coded primitives, unlike the special forms, all need their operands evaluated. Write a
+code generator spread-arguments for use by all the open-coding code generators.
+Spread-arguments should take an operand list and compile the given operands targeted to
+successive argument registers. Note that an operand may contain a call to an open-coded primitive, so
+argument registers will have to be preserved during operand evaluation.
+b. For each of the primitive procedures =, *, -, and +, write a code generator that takes a combination
+with that operator, together with a target and a linkage descriptor, and produces code to spread the
+arguments into the registers and then perform the operation targeted to the given target with the given
+linkage. You need only handle expressions with two operands. Make compile dispatch to these code
+generators.
+c. Try your new compiler on the factorial example. Compare the resulting code with the result
+produced without open coding.
+d. Extend your code generators for + and * so that they can handle expressions with arbitrary
+numbers of operands. An expression with more than two operands will have to be compiled into a
+sequence of operations, each with only two inputs.
+
+5.5.6 Lexical Addressing
+One of the most common optimizations performed by compilers is the optimization of variable lookup.
+Our compiler, as we have implemented it so far, generates code that uses the
+lookup-variable-value operation of the evaluator machine. This searches for a variable by
+comparing it with each variable that is currently bound, working frame by frame outward through the
+run-time environment. This search can be expensive if the frames are deeply nested or if there are
+many variables. For example, consider the problem of looking up the value of x while evaluating the
+expression (* x y z) in an application of the procedure that is returned by
+(let ((x 3) (y 4))
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+(let ((y (* a b x))
+(z (+ c d x)))
+(* x y z))))
+
+\fSince a let expression is just syntactic sugar for a lambda combination, this expression is
+equivalent to
+((lambda (x y)
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+((lambda (y z) (* x y z))
+(* a b x)
+(+ c d x))))
+3
+4)
+Each time lookup-variable-value searches for x, it must determine that the symbol x is not
+eq? to y or z (in the first frame), nor to a, b, c, d, or e (in the second frame). We will assume, for the
+moment, that our programs do not use define -- that variables are bound only with lambda.
+Because our language is lexically scoped, the run-time environment for any expression will have a
+structure that parallels the lexical structure of the program in which the expression appears. 45 Thus,
+the compiler can know, when it analyzes the above expression, that each time the procedure is applied
+the variable x in (* x y z) will be found two frames out from the current frame and will be the
+first variable in that frame.
+We can exploit this fact by inventing a new kind of variable-lookup operation,
+lexical-address-lookup, that takes as arguments an environment and a lexical address that
+consists of two numbers: a frame number, which specifies how many frames to pass over, and a
+displacement number, which specifies how many variables to pass over in that frame.
+Lexical-address-lookup will produce the value of the variable stored at that lexical address
+relative to the current environment. If we add the lexical-address-lookup operation to our
+machine, we can make the compiler generate code that references variables using this operation, rather
+than lookup-variable-value. Similarly, our compiled code can use a new
+lexical-address-set! operation instead of set-variable-value!.
+In order to generate such code, the compiler must be able to determine the lexical address of a variable
+it is about to compile a reference to. The lexical address of a variable in a program depends on where
+one is in the code. For example, in the following program, the address of x in expression <e1> is (2,0)
+-- two frames back and the first variable in the frame. At that point y is at address (0,0) and c is at
+address (1,2). In expression <e2>, x is at (1,0), y is at (1,1), and c is at (0,2).
+((lambda (x y)
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+((lambda (y z) <e1>)
+<e2>
+(+ c d x))))
+3
+4)
+One way for the compiler to produce code that uses lexical addressing is to maintain a data structure
+called a compile-time environment. This keeps track of which variables will be at which positions in
+which frames in the run-time environment when a particular variable-access operation is executed. The
+compile-time environment is a list of frames, each containing a list of variables. (There will of course
+be no values bound to the variables, since values are not computed at compile time.) The compile-time
+environment becomes an additional argument to compile and is passed along to each code
+generator. The top-level call to compile uses an empty compile-time environment. When a lambda
+
+\fbody is compiled, compile-lambda-body extends the compile-time environment by a frame
+containing the procedure’s parameters, so that the sequence making up the body is compiled with that
+extended environment. At each point in the compilation, compile-variable and
+compile-assignment use the compile-time environment in order to generate the appropriate
+lexical addresses.
+Exercises 5.39 through 5.43 describe how to complete this sketch of the lexical-addressing strategy in
+order to incorporate lexical lookup into the compiler. Exercise 5.44 describes another use for the
+compile-time environment.
+Exercise 5.39. Write a procedure lexical-address-lookup that implements the new lookup
+operation. It should take two arguments -- a lexical address and a run-time environment -- and return
+the value of the variable stored at the specified lexical address. Lexical-address-lookup
+should signal an error if the value of the variable is the symbol *unassigned*. 46 Also write a
+procedure lexical-address-set! that implements the operation that changes the value of the
+variable at a specified lexical address.
+Exercise 5.40. Modify the compiler to maintain the compile-time environment as described above.
+That is, add a compile-time-environment argument to compile and the various code generators, and
+extend it in compile-lambda-body.
+Exercise 5.41. Write a procedure find-variable that takes as arguments a variable and a
+compile-time environment and returns the lexical address of the variable with respect to that
+environment. For example, in the program fragment that is shown above, the compile-time
+environment during the compilation of expression <e1> is ((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)).
+Find-variable should produce
+(find-variable ’c ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+(1 2)
+(find-variable ’x ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+(2 0)
+(find-variable ’w ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+not-found
+Exercise 5.42. Using find-variable from exercise 5.41, rewrite compile-variable and
+compile-assignment to output lexical-address instructions. In cases where find-variable
+returns not-found (that is, where the variable is not in the compile-time environment), you should
+have the code generators use the evaluator operations, as before, to search for the binding. (The only
+place a variable that is not found at compile time can be is in the global environment, which is part of
+the run-time environment but is not part of the compile-time environment. 47 Thus, if you wish, you
+may have the evaluator operations look directly in the global environment, which can be obtained with
+the operation (op get-global-environment), instead of having them search the whole
+run-time environment found in env.) Test the modified compiler on a few simple cases, such as the
+nested lambda combination at the beginning of this section.
+Exercise 5.43. We argued in section 4.1.6 that internal definitions for block structure should not be
+considered ‘‘real’’ defines. Rather, a procedure body should be interpreted as if the internal
+variables being defined were installed as ordinary lambda variables initialized to their correct values
+using set!. Section 4.1.6 and exercise 4.16 showed how to modify the metacircular interpreter to
+accomplish this by scanning out internal definitions. Modify the compiler to perform the same
+transformation before it compiles a procedure body.
+
+\fExercise 5.44. In this section we have focused on the use of the compile-time environment to produce
+lexical addresses. But there are other uses for compile-time environments. For instance, in
+exercise 5.38 we increased the efficiency of compiled code by open-coding primitive procedures. Our
+implementation treated the names of open-coded procedures as reserved words. If a program were to
+rebind such a name, the mechanism described in exercise 5.38 would still open-code it as a primitive,
+ignoring the new binding. For example, consider the procedure
+(lambda (+ * a b x y)
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)))
+which computes a linear combination of x and y. We might call it with arguments +matrix,
+*matrix, and four matrices, but the open-coding compiler would still open-code the + and the * in
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)) as primitive + and *. Modify the open-coding compiler to consult the
+compile-time environment in order to compile the correct code for expressions involving the names of
+primitive procedures. (The code will work correctly as long as the program does not define or set!
+these names.)
+
+5.5.7 Interfacing Compiled Code to the Evaluator
+We have not yet explained how to load compiled code into the evaluator machine or how to run it. We
+will assume that the explicit-control-evaluator machine has been defined as in section 5.4.4, with the
+additional operations specified in footnote 38. We will implement a procedure compile-and-go
+that compiles a Scheme expression, loads the resulting object code into the evaluator machine, and
+causes the machine to run the code in the evaluator global environment, print the result, and enter the
+evaluator’s driver loop. We will also modify the evaluator so that interpreted expressions can call
+compiled procedures as well as interpreted ones. We can then put a compiled procedure into the
+machine and use the evaluator to call it:
+(compile-and-go
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+To allow the evaluator to handle compiled procedures (for example, to evaluate the call to
+factorial above), we need to change the code at apply-dispatch (section 5.4.1) so that it
+recognizes compiled procedures (as distinct from compound or primitive procedures) and transfers
+control directly to the entry point of the compiled code: 48
+apply-dispatch
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-apply))
+(test (op compound-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label compound-apply))
+(test (op compiled-procedure?) (reg proc))
+
+\f(branch (label compiled-apply))
+(goto (label unknown-procedure-type))
+compiled-apply
+(restore continue)
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+Note the restore of continue at compiled-apply. Recall that the evaluator was arranged so that
+at apply-dispatch, the continuation would be at the top of the stack. The compiled code entry
+point, on the other hand, expects the continuation to be in continue, so continue must be
+restored before the compiled code is executed.
+To enable us to run some compiled code when we start the evaluator machine, we add a branch
+instruction at the beginning of the evaluator machine, which causes the machine to go to a new entry
+point if the flag register is set. 49
+(branch (label external-entry))
+read-eval-print-loop
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+...
+
+; branches if flag is set
+
+External-entry assumes that the machine is started with val containing the location of an
+instruction sequence that puts a result into val and ends with (goto (reg continue)). Starting
+at this entry point jumps to the location designated by val, but first assigns continue so that
+execution will return to print-result, which prints the value in val and then goes to the
+beginning of the evaluator’s read-eval-print loop. 50
+external-entry
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+(assign env (op get-global-environment))
+(assign continue (label print-result))
+(goto (reg val))
+Now we can use the following procedure to compile a procedure definition, execute the compiled
+code, and run the read-eval-print loop so we can try the procedure. Because we want the compiled
+code to return to the location in continue with its result in val, we compile the expression with a
+target of val and a linkage of return. In order to transform the object code produced by the
+compiler into executable instructions for the evaluator register machine, we use the procedure
+assemble from the register-machine simulator (section 5.2.2). We then initialize the val register to
+point to the list of instructions, set the flag so that the evaluator will go to external-entry, and
+start the evaluator.
+(define (compile-and-go expression)
+(let ((instructions
+(assemble (statements
+(compile expression ’val ’return))
+eceval)))
+(set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’val instructions)
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’flag true)
+(start eceval)))
+
+\fIf we have set up stack monitoring, as at the end of section 5.4.4, we can examine the stack usage of
+compiled code:
+(compile-and-go
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+(total-pushes = 0 maximum-depth = 0)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+(total-pushes = 31 maximum-depth = 14)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Compare this example with the evaluation of (factorial 5) using the interpreted version of the
+same procedure, shown at the end of section 5.4.4. The interpreted version required 144 pushes and a
+maximum stack depth of 28. This illustrates the optimization that results from our compilation
+strategy.
+
+Interpretation and compilation
+With the programs in this section, we can now experiment with the alternative execution strategies of
+interpretation and compilation. 51 An interpreter raises the machine to the level of the user program; a
+compiler lowers the user program to the level of the machine language. We can regard the Scheme
+language (or any programming language) as a coherent family of abstractions erected on the machine
+language. Interpreters are good for interactive program development and debugging because the steps
+of program execution are organized in terms of these abstractions, and are therefore more intelligible
+to the programmer. Compiled code can execute faster, because the steps of program execution are
+organized in terms of the machine language, and the compiler is free to make optimizations that cut
+across the higher-level abstractions. 52
+The alternatives of interpretation and compilation also lead to different strategies for porting languages
+to new computers. Suppose that we wish to implement Lisp for a new machine. One strategy is to
+begin with the explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 and translate its instructions to instructions for
+the new machine. A different strategy is to begin with the compiler and change the code generators so
+that they generate code for the new machine. The second strategy allows us to run any Lisp program
+on the new machine by first compiling it with the compiler running on our original Lisp system, and
+linking it with a compiled version of the run-time library. 53 Better yet, we can compile the compiler
+itself, and run this on the new machine to compile other Lisp programs. 54 Or we can compile one of
+the interpreters of section 4.1 to produce an interpreter that runs on the new machine.
+Exercise 5.45. By comparing the stack operations used by compiled code to the stack operations used
+by the evaluator for the same computation, we can determine the extent to which the compiler
+optimizes use of the stack, both in speed (reducing the total number of stack operations) and in space
+(reducing the maximum stack depth). Comparing this optimized stack use to the performance of a
+special-purpose machine for the same computation gives some indication of the quality of the
+compiler.
+
+\fa. Exercise 5.27 asked you to determine, as a function of n, the number of pushes and the maximum
+stack depth needed by the evaluator to compute n! using the recursive factorial procedure given above.
+Exercise 5.14 asked you to do the same measurements for the special-purpose factorial machine shown
+in figure 5.11. Now perform the same analysis using the compiled factorial procedure.
+Take the ratio of the number of pushes in the compiled version to the number of pushes in the
+interpreted version, and do the same for the maximum stack depth. Since the number of operations and
+the stack depth used to compute n! are linear in n, these ratios should approach constants as n becomes
+large. What are these constants? Similarly, find the ratios of the stack usage in the special-purpose
+machine to the usage in the interpreted version.
+Compare the ratios for special-purpose versus interpreted code to the ratios for compiled versus
+interpreted code. You should find that the special-purpose machine does much better than the
+compiled code, since the hand-tailored controller code should be much better than what is produced by
+our rudimentary general-purpose compiler.
+b. Can you suggest improvements to the compiler that would help it generate code that would come
+closer in performance to the hand-tailored version?
+Exercise 5.46. Carry out an analysis like the one in exercise 5.45 to determine the effectiveness of
+compiling the tree-recursive Fibonacci procedure
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+compared to the effectiveness of using the special-purpose Fibonacci machine of figure 5.12. (For
+measurement of the interpreted performance, see exercise 5.29.) For Fibonacci, the time resource used
+is not linear in n; hence the ratios of stack operations will not approach a limiting value that is
+independent of n.
+Exercise 5.47. This section described how to modify the explicit-control evaluator so that interpreted
+code can call compiled procedures. Show how to modify the compiler so that compiled procedures can
+call not only primitive procedures and compiled procedures, but interpreted procedures as well. This
+requires modifying compile-procedure-call to handle the case of compound (interpreted)
+procedures. Be sure to handle all the same target and linkage combinations as in
+compile-proc-appl. To do the actual procedure application, the code needs to jump to the
+evaluator’s compound-apply entry point. This label cannot be directly referenced in object code
+(since the assembler requires that all labels referenced by the code it is assembling be defined there),
+so we will add a register called compapp to the evaluator machine to hold this entry point, and add an
+instruction to initialize it:
+(assign compapp (label compound-apply))
+(branch (label external-entry))
+; branches if flag is set
+read-eval-print-loop
+...
+To test your code, start by defining a procedure f that calls a procedure g. Use compile-and-go to
+compile the definition of f and start the evaluator. Now, typing at the evaluator, define g and try to
+call f.
+
+\fExercise 5.48. The compile-and-go interface implemented in this section is awkward, since the
+compiler can be called only once (when the evaluator machine is started). Augment the
+compiler-interpreter interface by providing a compile-and-run primitive that can be called from
+within the explicit-control evaluator as follows:
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(compile-and-run
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Exercise 5.49. As an alternative to using the explicit-control evaluator’s read-eval-print loop, design a
+register machine that performs a read-compile-execute-print loop. That is, the machine should run a
+loop that reads an expression, compiles it, assembles and executes the resulting code, and prints the
+result. This is easy to run in our simulated setup, since we can arrange to call the procedures
+compile and assemble as ‘‘register-machine operations.’’
+Exercise 5.50. Use the compiler to compile the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1 and run this
+program using the register-machine simulator. (To compile more than one definition at a time, you can
+package the definitions in a begin.) The resulting interpreter will run very slowly because of the
+multiple levels of interpretation, but getting all the details to work is an instructive exercise.
+Exercise 5.51. Develop a rudimentary implementation of Scheme in C (or some other low-level
+language of your choice) by translating the explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 into C. In order to
+run this code you will need to also provide appropriate storage-allocation routines and other run-time
+support.
+Exercise 5.52. As a counterpoint to exercise 5.51, modify the compiler so that it compiles Scheme
+procedures into sequences of C instructions. Compile the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1 to
+produce a Scheme interpreter written in C.
+33 This is a theoretical statement. We are not claiming that the evaluator’s data paths are a particularly
+
+convenient or efficient set of data paths for a general-purpose computer. For example, they are not
+very good for implementing high-performance floating-point calculations or calculations that
+intensively manipulate bit vectors.
+34 Actually, the machine that runs compiled code can be simpler than the interpreter machine, because
+
+we won’t use the exp and unev registers. The interpreter used these to hold pieces of unevaluated
+expressions. With the compiler, however, these expressions get built into the compiled code that the
+register machine will run. For the same reason, we don’t need the machine operations that deal with
+expression syntax. But compiled code will use a few additional machine operations (to represent
+compiled procedure objects) that didn’t appear in the explicit-control evaluator machine.
+
+\f35 Notice, however, that our compiler is a Scheme program, and the syntax procedures that it uses to
+
+manipulate expressions are the actual Scheme procedures used with the metacircular evaluator. For the
+explicit-control evaluator, in contrast, we assumed that equivalent syntax operations were available as
+operations for the register machine. (Of course, when we simulated the register machine in Scheme,
+we used the actual Scheme procedures in our register machine simulation.)
+36 This procedure uses a feature of Lisp called backquote (or quasiquote) that is handy for
+
+constructing lists. Preceding a list with a backquote symbol is much like quoting it, except that
+anything in the list that is flagged with a comma is evaluated.
+For example, if the value of linkage is the symbol branch25, then the expression ‘((goto
+(label ,linkage))) evaluates to the list ((goto (label branch25))). Similarly, if the
+value of x is the list (a b c), then ‘(1 2 ,(car x)) evaluates to the list (1 2 a).
+37 We can’t just use the labels true-branch, false-branch, and after-if as shown above,
+
+because there might be more than one if in the program. The compiler uses the procedure
+make-label to generate labels. Make-label takes a symbol as argument and returns a new
+symbol that begins with the given symbol. For example, successive calls to (make-label ’a)
+would return a1, a2, and so on. Make-label can be implemented similarly to the generation of
+unique variable names in the query language, as follows:
+(define label-counter 0)
+(define (new-label-number)
+(set! label-counter (+ 1 label-counter))
+label-counter)
+(define (make-label name)
+(string->symbol
+(string-append (symbol->string name)
+(number->string (new-label-number)))))
+38 We need machine operations to implement a data structure for representing compiled procedures,
+
+analogous to the structure for compound procedures described in section 4.1.3:
+(define (make-compiled-procedure entry env)
+(list ’compiled-procedure entry env))
+(define (compiled-procedure? proc)
+(tagged-list? proc ’compiled-procedure))
+(define (compiled-procedure-entry c-proc) (cadr c-proc))
+(define (compiled-procedure-env c-proc) (caddr c-proc))
+39 Actually, we signal an error when the target is not val and the linkage is return, since the only
+
+place we request return linkages is in compiling procedures, and our convention is that procedures
+return their values in val.
+40 Making a compiler generate tail-recursive code might seem like a straightforward idea. But most
+
+compilers for common languages, including C and Pascal, do not do this, and therefore these
+languages cannot represent iterative processes in terms of procedure call alone. The difficulty with tail
+recursion in these languages is that their implementations use the stack to store procedure arguments
+and local variables as well as return addresses. The Scheme implementations described in this book
+store arguments and variables in memory to be garbage-collected. The reason for using the stack for
+variables and arguments is that it avoids the need for garbage collection in languages that would not
+otherwise require it, and is generally believed to be more efficient. Sophisticated Lisp compilers can,
+
+\fin fact, use the stack for arguments without destroying tail recursion. (See Hanson 1990 for a
+description.) There is also some debate about whether stack allocation is actually more efficient than
+garbage collection in the first place, but the details seem to hinge on fine points of computer
+architecture. (See Appel 1987 and Miller and Rozas 1994 for opposing views on this issue.)
+41 The variable all-regs is bound to the list of names of all the registers:
+
+(define all-regs ’(env proc val argl continue))
+42 Note that preserving calls append with three arguments. Though the definition of append
+
+shown in this book accepts only two arguments, Scheme standardly provides an append procedure
+that takes an arbitrary number of arguments.
+43 We have used the same symbol + here to denote both the source-language procedure and the
+
+machine operation. In general there will not be a one-to-one correspondence between primitives of the
+source language and primitives of the machine.
+44 Making the primitives into reserved words is in general a bad idea, since a user cannot then rebind
+
+these names to different procedures. Moreover, if we add reserved words to a compiler that is in use,
+existing programs that define procedures with these names will stop working. See exercise 5.44 for
+ideas on how to avoid this problem.
+45 This is not true if we allow internal definitions, unless we scan them out. See exercise 5.43.
+46 This is the modification to variable lookup required if we implement the scanning method to
+
+eliminate internal definitions (exercise 5.43). We will need to eliminate these definitions in order for
+lexical addressing to work.
+47 Lexical addresses cannot be used to access variables in the global environment, because these
+
+names can be defined and redefined interactively at any time. With internal definitions scanned out, as
+in exercise 5.43, the only definitions the compiler sees are those at top level, which act on the global
+environment. Compilation of a definition does not cause the defined name to be entered in the
+compile-time environment.
+48 Of course, compiled procedures as well as interpreted procedures are compound (nonprimitive).
+
+For compatibility with the terminology used in the explicit-control evaluator, in this section we will
+use ‘‘compound’’ to mean interpreted (as opposed to compiled).
+49 Now that the evaluator machine starts with a branch, we must always initialize the flag register
+
+before starting the evaluator machine. To start the machine at its ordinary read-eval-print loop, we
+could use
+(define (start-eceval)
+(set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’flag false)
+(start eceval))
+50 Since a compiled procedure is an object that the system may try to print, we also modify the system
+
+print operation user-print (from section 4.1.4) so that it will not attempt to print the components
+of a compiled procedure:
+
+\f(define (user-print object)
+(cond ((compound-procedure? object)
+(display (list ’compound-procedure
+(procedure-parameters object)
+(procedure-body object)
+’<procedure-env>)))
+((compiled-procedure? object)
+(display ’<compiled-procedure>))
+(else (display object))))
+51 We can do even better by extending the compiler to allow compiled code to call interpreted
+
+procedures. See exercise 5.47.
+52 Independent of the strategy of execution, we incur significant overhead if we insist that errors
+
+encountered in execution of a user program be detected and signaled, rather than being allowed to kill
+the system or produce wrong answers. For example, an out-of-bounds array reference can be detected
+by checking the validity of the reference before performing it. The overhead of checking, however, can
+be many times the cost of the array reference itself, and a programmer should weigh speed against
+safety in determining whether such a check is desirable. A good compiler should be able to produce
+code with such checks, should avoid redundant checks, and should allow programmers to control the
+extent and type of error checking in the compiled code.
+Compilers for popular languages, such as C and C++, put hardly any error-checking operations into
+running code, so as to make things run as fast as possible. As a result, it falls to programmers to
+explicitly provide error checking. Unfortunately, people often neglect to do this, even in critical
+applications where speed is not a constraint. Their programs lead fast and dangerous lives. For
+example, the notorious ‘‘Worm’’ that paralyzed the Internet in 1988 exploited the UNIX TM operating
+system’s failure to check whether the input buffer has overflowed in the finger daemon. (See Spafford
+1989.)
+53 Of course, with either the interpretation or the compilation strategy we must also implement for the
+
+new machine storage allocation, input and output, and all the various operations that we took as
+‘‘primitive’’ in our discussion of the evaluator and compiler. One strategy for minimizing work here is
+to write as many of these operations as possible in Lisp and then compile them for the new machine.
+Ultimately, everything reduces to a small kernel (such as garbage collection and the mechanism for
+applying actual machine primitives) that is hand-coded for the new machine.
+54 This strategy leads to amusing tests of correctness of the compiler, such as checking whether the
+
+compilation of a program on the new machine, using the compiled compiler, is identical with the
+compilation of the program on the original Lisp system. Tracking down the source of differences is
+fun but often frustrating, because the results are extremely sensitive to minuscule details.
+
+
+\f
+
+References
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+
+
+\f
+
+List of Exercises
+1.1
+1.2
+1.3
+1.4
+1.5
+1.6
+1.7
+1.8
+1.9
+1.10
+1.11
+1.12
+1.13
+1.14
+1.15
+1.16
+1.17
+1.18
+1.19
+1.20
+1.21
+1.22
+1.23
+1.24
+1.25
+1.26
+1.27
+1.28
+1.29
+1.30
+1.31
+1.32
+1.33
+1.34
+1.35
+1.36
+1.37
+1.38
+1.39
+1.40
+1.41
+1.42
+1.43
+
+\f1.44
+1.45
+1.46
+2.1
+2.2
+2.3
+2.4
+2.5
+2.6
+2.7
+2.8
+2.9
+2.10
+2.11
+2.12
+2.13
+2.14
+2.15
+2.16
+2.17
+2.18
+2.19
+2.20
+2.21
+2.22
+2.23
+2.24
+2.25
+2.26
+2.27
+2.28
+2.29
+2.30
+2.31
+2.32
+2.33
+2.34
+2.35
+2.36
+2.37
+2.38
+2.39
+2.40
+2.41
+2.42
+2.43
+2.44
+2.45
+2.46
+2.47
+
+\f2.48
+2.49
+2.50
+2.51
+2.52
+2.53
+2.54
+2.55
+2.56
+2.57
+2.58
+2.59
+2.60
+2.61
+2.62
+2.63
+2.64
+2.65
+2.66
+2.67
+2.68
+2.69
+2.70
+2.71
+2.72
+2.73
+2.74
+2.75
+2.76
+2.77
+2.78
+2.79
+2.80
+2.81
+2.82
+2.83
+2.84
+2.85
+2.86
+2.87
+2.88
+2.89
+2.90
+2.91
+2.92
+2.93
+2.94
+2.95
+2.96
+2.97
+
+\f3.1
+3.2
+3.3
+3.4
+3.5
+3.6
+3.7
+3.8
+3.9
+3.10
+3.11
+3.12
+3.13
+3.14
+3.15
+3.16
+3.17
+3.18
+3.19
+3.20
+3.21
+3.22
+3.23
+3.24
+3.25
+3.26
+3.27
+3.28
+3.29
+3.30
+3.31
+3.32
+3.33
+3.34
+3.35
+3.36
+3.37
+3.38
+3.39
+3.40
+3.41
+3.42
+3.43
+3.44
+3.45
+3.46
+3.47
+3.48
+3.49
+3.50
+
+\f3.51
+3.52
+3.53
+3.54
+3.55
+3.56
+3.57
+3.58
+3.59
+3.60
+3.61
+3.62
+3.63
+3.64
+3.65
+3.66
+3.67
+3.68
+3.69
+3.70
+3.71
+3.72
+3.73
+3.74
+3.75
+3.76
+3.77
+3.78
+3.79
+3.80
+3.81
+3.82
+4.1
+4.2
+4.3
+4.4
+4.5
+4.6
+4.7
+4.8
+4.9
+4.10
+4.11
+4.12
+4.13
+4.14
+4.15
+4.16
+4.17
+4.18
+
+\f4.19
+4.20
+4.21
+4.22
+4.23
+4.24
+4.25
+4.26
+4.27
+4.28
+4.29
+4.30
+4.31
+4.32
+4.33
+4.34
+4.35
+4.36
+4.37
+4.38
+4.39
+4.40
+4.41
+4.42
+4.43
+4.44
+4.45
+4.46
+4.47
+4.48
+4.49
+4.50
+4.51
+4.52
+4.53
+4.54
+4.55
+4.56
+4.57
+4.58
+4.59
+4.60
+4.61
+4.62
+4.63
+4.64
+4.65
+4.66
+4.67
+4.68
+
+\f4.69
+4.70
+4.71
+4.72
+4.73
+4.74
+4.75
+4.76
+4.77
+4.78
+4.79
+5.1
+5.2
+5.3
+5.4
+5.5
+5.6
+5.7
+5.8
+5.9
+5.10
+5.11
+5.12
+5.13
+5.14
+5.15
+5.16
+5.17
+5.18
+5.19
+5.20
+5.21
+5.22
+5.23
+5.24
+5.25
+5.26
+5.27
+5.28
+5.29
+5.30
+5.31
+5.32
+5.33
+5.34
+5.35
+5.36
+5.37
+5.38
+5.39
+
+\f5.40
+5.41
+5.42
+5.43
+5.44
+5.45
+5.46
+5.47
+5.48
+5.49
+5.50
+5.51
+5.52
+
+
+\f
+
+Index
+Any inaccuracies in this index may be explained by the
+fact that it has been prepared with the help of a computer.
+Donald E. Knuth, Fundamental Algorithms (Volume 1 of
+The Art of Computer Programming)
+! in names
+" (double quote)
+calculus, see lambda calculus
+notation for mathematical function
+, see pi
+sum (sigma) notation
+, see theta
+’ (single quote)
+read and, [2]
+* (primitive multiplication procedure)
++ (primitive addition procedure)
+, (comma, used with backquote)
+- (primitive subtraction procedure)
+as negation
+/ (primitive division procedure)
+< (primitive numeric comparison predicate)
+= (primitive numeric equality predicate)
+=number?
+=zero? (generic)
+for polynomials
+> (primitive numeric comparison predicate)
+>=, [2]
+? , in predicate names
+#f
+#t
+‘ (backquote)
+;, see semicolon
+Abelson, Harold
+abs, [2], [3]
+absolute value
+abstract data, see also data abstraction
+abstract models for data
+abstract syntax
+in metacircular evaluator
+in query interpreter
+abstraction, see also means of abstraction; data abstraction; higher-order procedures
+
+\fcommon pattern and
+metalinguistic
+procedural
+in register-machine design
+of search in nondeterministic programming
+abstraction barriers, [2], [3]
+in complex-number system
+in generic arithmetic system
+accelerated-sequence
+accumulate, [2]
+same as fold-right
+accumulate-n
+accumulator, [2]
+Áchárya, Bháscara
+Ackermann’s function
+acquire a mutex
+actions, in register machine
+actual-value
+Ada
+recursive procedures
+Adams, Norman I., IV
+add (generic)
+used for polynomial coefficients, [2]
+add-action!, [2]
+add-binding-to-frame!
+add-complex
+add-complex-to-schemenum
+add-interval
+add-lists
+add-poly
+add-rat
+add-rule-or-assertion!
+add-streams
+add-terms
+add-to-agenda!, [2]
+add-vect
+addend
+adder
+full
+half
+ripple-carry
+adder (primitive constraint)
+additivity, [2], [3], [4]
+address
+address arithmetic
+Adelman, Leonard
+adjoin-arg
+adjoin-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+
+\funordered-list representation
+for weighted sets
+adjoin-term, [2]
+advance-pc
+after-delay, [2]
+agenda, see digital-circuit simulation
+A’h-mose
+algebra, symbolic, see symbolic algebra
+algebraic expression
+differentiating
+representing
+simplifying
+algebraic specification for data
+Algol
+block structure
+call-by-name argument passing, [2]
+thunks, [2]
+weakness in handling compound objects
+algorithm
+optimal
+probabilistic, [2]
+aliasing
+all-regs (compiler)
+Allen, John
+alternative of if
+always-true
+amb
+amb evaluator, see nondeterministic evaluator
+ambeval
+an-element-of
+an-integer-starting-from
+analog computer
+analyze
+metacircular
+nondeterministic
+analyze-...
+metacircular, [2]
+nondeterministic
+analyze-amb
+analyzing evaluator
+as basis for nondeterministic evaluator
+let
+and (query language)
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+and (special form)
+evaluation of
+why a special form
+with no subexpressions
+and-gate
+and-gate
+
+\fangle
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+angle-polar
+angle-rectangular
+announce-output
+APL
+Appel, Andrew W.
+append, [2], [3]
+as accumulation
+append! vs.
+with arbitrary number of arguments
+as register machine
+‘‘what is’’ (rules) vs. ‘‘how to’’ (procedure)
+append!
+as register machine
+append-instruction-sequences, [2]
+append-to-form (rules)
+application?
+applicative-order evaluation
+in Lisp
+normal order vs., [2], [3]
+apply (lazy)
+apply (metacircular)
+primitive apply vs.
+apply (primitive procedure)
+apply-dispatch
+modified for compiled code
+apply-generic
+with coercion, [2]
+with coercion by raising
+with coercion of multiple arguments
+with coercion to simplify
+with message passing
+with tower of types
+apply-primitive-procedure, [2], [3]
+apply-rules
+arbiter
+arctangent
+argl register
+argument passing, see call-by-name argument passing; call-by-need argument passing
+argument(s)
+arbitrary number of, [2]
+delayed
+Aristotle’s De caelo (Buridan’s commentary on)
+arithmetic
+address arithmetic
+generic, see also generic arithmetic operations
+
+\fon complex numbers
+on intervals
+on polynomials, see polynomial arithmetic
+on power series, [2]
+on rational numbers
+primitive procedures for
+articles
+ASCII code
+assemble, [2]
+assembler, [2]
+assert! (query interpreter)
+assertion
+implicit
+assign (in register machine)
+simulating
+storing label in register
+assign-reg-name
+assign-value-exp
+assignment, see also set!
+benefits of
+bugs associated with, [2]
+costs of
+assignment operator, see also set!
+assignment-value
+assignment-variable
+assignment?
+assoc
+atan (primitive procedure)
+atomic operations supported in hardware
+atomic requirement for test-and-set!
+attach-tag
+using Scheme data types
+augend
+automagically
+automatic search, see also search
+history of
+automatic storage allocation
+average
+average damping
+average-damp
+averager (constraint)
+B-tree
+backquote
+backtracking, see also nondeterministic computing
+Backus, John
+Baker, Henry G., Jr.
+balanced binary tree, see also binary tree
+balanced mobile
+bank account, [2]
+exchanging balances
+
+\fjoint, [2]
+joint, modeled with streams
+joint, with concurrent access
+password-protected
+serialized
+stream model
+transferring money
+barrier synchronization
+Barth, John
+Basic
+restrictions on compound data
+weakness in handling compound objects
+Batali, John Dean
+begin (special form)
+implicit in consequent of cond and in procedure body
+begin-actions
+begin?
+below, [2]
+Bertrand’s Hypothesis
+beside, [2]
+bignum
+binary numbers, addition of, see adder
+binary search
+binary tree
+balanced
+converting a list to a
+converting to a list
+for Huffman encoding
+represented with lists
+sets represented as
+table structured as
+bind
+binding
+deep
+binomial coefficients
+black box
+block structure, [2]
+in environment model
+in query language
+blocked process
+body of a procedure
+Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
+Borning, Alan
+Borodin, Alan
+bound variable
+box-and-pointer notation
+end-of-list marker
+branch (in register machine)
+simulating
+branch of a tree
+
+\fbranch-dest
+breakpoint
+broken heart
+bug
+capturing a free variable
+order of assignments
+side effect with aliasing
+bureaucracy
+Buridan, Jean
+busy-waiting
+C
+compiling Scheme into
+error handling, [2]
+recursive procedures
+restrictions on compound data
+Scheme interpreter written in, [2]
+ca...r
+cache-coherence protocols
+cadr
+calculator, fixed points with
+call-by-name argument passing, [2]
+call-by-need argument passing, [2]
+memoization and
+call-each
+cancer of the semicolon
+canonical form, for polynomials
+capturing a free variable
+car (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+origin of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+Carmichael numbers, [2]
+case analysis
+data-directed programming vs.
+general, see also cond
+with two cases (if)
+cd...r
+cdr (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+origin of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+cdr down a list
+cell, in serializer implementation
+celsius-fahrenheit-converter
+expression-oriented
+center
+
+\fCesàro, Ernesto
+cesaro-stream
+cesaro-test
+Chaitin, Gregory
+Chandah-sutra
+change and sameness
+meaning of
+shared data and
+changing money, see counting change
+chaos in the Solar System
+Chapman, David
+character strings
+primitive procedures for, [2]
+quotation of
+character, ASCII encoding
+Charniak, Eugene
+Chebyshev, Pafnutii L’vovich
+chess, eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+chip implementation of Scheme, [2]
+chronological backtracking
+Chu Shih-chieh
+Church numerals
+Church, Alonzo, [2]
+Church-Turing thesis
+circuit
+digital, see digital-circuit simulation
+modeled with streams, [2]
+Clark, Keith L.
+clause, of a cond
+additional syntax
+Clinger, William, [2]
+closed world assumption
+closure
+in abstract algebra
+closure property of cons
+closure property of picture-language operations, [2]
+lack of in many languages
+coal, bituminous
+code
+ASCII
+fixed-length
+Huffman, see Huffman code
+Morse
+prefix
+variable-length
+code generator
+arguments of
+value of
+coeff, [2]
+coercion
+
+\fin algebraic manipulation
+in polynomial arithmetic
+procedure
+table
+Colmerauer, Alain
+combination
+combination as operator of
+compound expression as operator of
+evaluation of
+lambda expression as operator of
+as operator of combination
+as a tree
+combination, means of, see also closure
+comma, used with backquote
+comments in programs
+Common Lisp
+treatment of nil
+compacting garbage collector
+compilation, see compiler
+compile
+compile-and-go, [2]
+compile-and-run
+compile-application
+compile-assignment
+compile-definition
+compile-if
+compile-lambda
+compile-linkage
+compile-proc-appl
+compile-procedure-call
+compile-quoted
+compile-self-evaluating
+compile-sequence
+compile-time environment, [2], [3]
+open coding and
+compile-variable
+compiled-apply
+compiled-procedure-entry
+compiled-procedure-env
+compiled-procedure?
+compiler
+interpreter vs., [2]
+tail recursion, stack allocation, and garbage-collection
+compiler for Scheme, see also code generator; compile-time environment; instruction sequence;
+linkage descriptor; target register
+analyzing evaluator vs., [2]
+assignments
+code generators, see compile-...
+combinations
+conditionals
+
+\fdefinitions
+efficiency
+example compilation
+explicit-control evaluator vs., [2], [3]
+expression-syntax procedures
+interfacing to evaluator
+label generation
+lambda expressions
+lexical addressing
+linkage code
+machine-operation use
+monitoring performance (stack use) of compiled code, [2], [3]
+open coding of primitives, [2]
+order of operand evaluation
+procedure applications
+quotations
+register use, [2], [3]
+running compiled code
+scanning out internal definitions, [2]
+self-evaluating expressions
+sequences of expressions
+stack usage, [2], [3]
+structure of
+tail-recursive code generated by
+variables
+complex package
+complex numbers
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+rectangular vs. polar form
+represented as tagged data
+complex->complex
+complex-number arithmetic
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+structure of system
+composition of functions
+compound data, need for
+compound expression, see also combination; special form
+as operator of combination
+compound procedure, see also procedure
+used like primitive procedure
+compound query
+processing, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+compound-apply
+compound-procedure?
+computability, [2]
+computational process, see also process
+computer science, [2]
+mathematics vs., [2]
+concrete data representation
+
+\fconcurrency
+correctness of concurrent programs
+deadlock
+functional programming and
+mechanisms for controlling
+cond (special form)
+additional clause syntax
+clause
+evaluation of
+if vs.
+implicit begin in consequent
+cond->if
+cond-actions
+cond-clauses
+cond-else-clause?
+cond-predicate
+cond?
+conditional expression
+cond
+if
+congruent modulo n
+conjoin
+connect, [2]
+connector(s), in constraint system
+operations on
+representing
+Conniver
+cons (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+closure property of
+implemented with mutators
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+meaning of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+cons up a list
+cons-stream (special form), [2]
+lazy evaluation and
+why a special form
+consciousness, expansion of
+consequent
+of cond clause
+of if
+const (in register machine)
+simulating
+syntax of
+constant (primitive constraint)
+constant, specifying in register machine
+constant-exp
+constant-exp-value
+
+\fconstraint network
+constraint(s)
+primitive
+propagation of
+construct-arglist
+constructor
+as abstraction barrier
+contents
+using Scheme data types
+continuation
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2], see also failure continuation; success continuation
+in register-machine simulator
+continue register
+in explicit-control evaluator
+recursion and
+continued fraction
+e as
+golden ratio as
+tangent as
+control structure
+controller for register machine
+controller diagram
+conventional interface
+sequence as
+Cormen, Thomas H.
+corner-split
+correctness of a program
+cos (primitive procedure)
+cosine
+fixed point of
+power series for
+cosmic radiation
+count-change
+count-leaves, [2]
+as accumulation
+as register machine
+count-pairs
+counting change, [2]
+credit-card accounts, international
+Cressey, David
+cross-type operations
+cryptography
+cube, [2], [3]
+cube root
+as fixed point
+by Newton’s method
+cube-root
+current time, for simulation agenda
+current-time, [2]
+cycle in list
+
+\fdetecting
+Darlington, John
+data, [2]
+abstract, see also data abstraction
+abstract models for
+algebraic specification for
+compound
+concrete representation of
+hierarchical, [2]
+list-structured
+meaning of
+mutable, see mutable data objects
+numerical
+procedural representation of
+as program
+shared
+symbolic
+tagged, [2]
+data abstraction, [2], [3], [4], [5], see also metacircular evaluator
+for queue
+data base
+data-directed programming and
+indexing, [2]
+Insatiable Enterprises personnel
+logic programming and
+Microshaft personnel
+as set of records
+data paths for register machine
+data-path diagram
+data types
+in Lisp
+in strongly typed languages
+data-directed programming, [2]
+case analysis vs.
+in metacircular evaluator
+in query interpreter
+data-directed recursion
+deadlock
+avoidance
+recovery
+debug
+decimal point in numbers
+declarative vs. imperative knowledge, [2]
+logic programming and, [2]
+nondeterministic computing and
+decode
+decomposition of program into parts
+deep binding
+deep-reverse
+deferred operations
+
+\fdefine (special form)
+with dotted-tail notation
+environment model of
+lambda vs.
+for procedures, [2]
+syntactic sugar
+value of
+why a special form
+define (special form)
+internal, see internal definition
+define-variable!, [2]
+definite integral
+estimated with Monte Carlo simulation, [2]
+definition, see define; internal definition
+definition-value
+definition-variable
+definition?
+deKleer, Johan, [2]
+delay (special form)
+explicit
+explicit vs. automatic
+implementation using lambda
+lazy evaluation and
+memoized, [2]
+why a special form
+delay, in digital circuit
+delay-it
+delayed argument
+delayed evaluation, [2]
+assignment and
+explicit vs. automatic
+in lazy evaluator
+normal-order evaluation and
+printing and
+streams and
+delayed object
+delete-queue!, [2]
+denom, [2]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+dense polynomial
+dependency-directed backtracking
+deposit , with external serializer
+deposit message for bank account
+depth-first search
+deque
+deriv (numerical)
+deriv (symbolic)
+data-directed
+derivative of a function
+
+\fderived expressions in evaluator
+adding to explicit-control evaluator
+design, stratified
+differential equation, see also solve
+second-order, [2]
+differentiation
+numerical
+rules for, [2]
+symbolic, [2]
+diffusion, simulation of
+digital signal
+digital-circuit simulation
+agenda
+agenda implementation
+primitive function boxes
+representing wires
+sample simulation
+Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe
+Dinesman, Howard P.
+Diophantus’s Arithmetic, Fermat’s copy of
+disjoin
+dispatching
+comparing different styles
+on type, see also data-directed programming
+display (primitive procedure), [2]
+display-line
+display-stream
+distinct?
+div (generic)
+div-complex
+div-interval
+division by zero
+div-poly
+div-rat
+div-series
+div-terms
+divides?
+divisible?
+division of integers
+dog, perfectly rational, behavior of
+DOS/Windows
+dot-product
+dotted-tail notation
+for procedure parameters, [2]
+in query pattern, [2]
+in query-language rule
+read and
+Doyle, Jon
+draw-line
+driver loop
+
+\fin explicit-control evaluator
+in lazy evaluator
+in metacircular evaluator
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2]
+in query interpreter, [2]
+driver-loop
+for lazy evaluator
+for metacircular evaluator
+for nondeterministic evaluator
+e
+as continued fraction
+as solution to differential equation
+e x , power series for
+Earth, measuring circumference of
+edge1-frame
+edge2-frame
+efficiency, see also order of growth, see also order of growth
+of compilation
+of data-base access
+of evaluation
+of Lisp
+of query processing
+of tree-recursive process
+EIEIO
+eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+electrical circuits, modeled with streams, [2]
+element-of-set?
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+else (special symbol in cond)
+embedded language, language design using
+empty list
+denoted as ’()
+recognizing with null?
+empty stream
+empty-agenda?, [2]
+empty-arglist
+empty-instruction-sequence
+empty-queue?, [2]
+empty-termlist?, [2]
+encapsulated name
+enclosing environment
+enclosing-environment
+encode
+end-of-list marker
+end-segment, [2]
+end-with-linkage
+engineering vs. mathematics
+entry
+
+\fenumerate-interval
+enumerate-tree
+enumerator
+env register
+environment, [2]
+compile-time, see compile-time environment
+as context for evaluation
+enclosing
+global, see global environment
+lexical scoping and
+in query interpreter
+renaming vs.
+environment model of evaluation, [2]
+environment structure
+internal definitions
+local state
+message passing
+metacircular evaluator and
+procedure-application example
+rules for evaluation
+tail recursion and
+eq? (primitive procedure)
+for arbitrary objects
+as equality of pointers, [2]
+implementation for symbols
+numerical equality and
+equ? (generic predicate)
+equal-rat?
+equal?
+equality
+in generic arithmetic system
+of lists
+of numbers, [2], [3]
+referential transparency and
+of symbols
+equation, solving, see half-interval method; Newton’s method; solve
+Eratosthenes
+error (primitive procedure)
+error handling
+in compiled code
+in explicit-control evaluator, [2]
+Escher, Maurits Cornelis
+estimate-integral
+estimate-pi, [2]
+Euclid’s Algorithm, [2], see also greatest common divisor
+order of growth
+for polynomials
+Euclid’s Elements
+Euclid’s proof of infinite number of primes
+Euclidean ring
+
+\fEuler, Leonhard
+proof of Fermat’s Little Theorem
+series accelerator
+euler-transform
+ev-application
+ev-assignment
+ev-begin
+ev-definition
+ev-if
+ev-lambda
+ev-quoted
+ev-self-eval
+ev-sequence
+with tail recursion
+without tail recursion
+ev-variable
+eval (lazy)
+eval (metacircular), [2]
+analyzing version
+data-directed
+primitive eval vs.
+eval (primitive procedure)
+MIT Scheme
+used in query interpreter
+eval-assignment
+eval-definition
+eval-dispatch
+eval-if (lazy)
+eval-if (metacircular)
+eval-sequence
+evaluation
+applicative-order, see applicative-order evaluation
+delayed, see delayed evaluation
+environment model of, see environment model of evaluation
+models of
+normal-order, see normal-order evaluation
+of a combination
+of and
+of cond
+of if
+of or
+of primitive expressions
+of special forms
+order of subexpression evaluation, see order of evaluation
+substitution model of, see substitution model of procedure application
+evaluator, see also interpreter
+as abstract machine
+metacircular
+as universal machine
+evaluators, see metacircular evaluator; analyzing evaluator; lazy evaluator; nondeterministic evaluator;
+
+\fquery interpreter; explicit-control evaluator
+even-fibs, [2]
+even?
+evening star, see Venus
+event-driven simulation
+evlis tail recursion
+exact integer
+exchange
+exclamation point in names
+execute
+execute-application
+metacircular
+nondeterministic
+execution procedure
+in analyzing evaluator
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2], [3]
+in register-machine simulator, [2]
+exp register
+expand-clauses
+explicit-control evaluator for Scheme
+assignments
+combinations
+compound procedures
+conditionals
+controller
+data paths
+definitions
+derived expressions
+driver loop
+error handling, [2]
+expressions with no subexpressions to evaluate
+as machine-language program
+machine model
+modified for compiled code
+monitoring performance (stack use)
+normal-order evaluation
+operand evaluation
+operations
+optimizations (additional)
+primitive procedures
+procedure application
+registers
+running
+sequences of expressions
+special forms (additional), [2]
+stack usage
+tail recursion, [2], [3]
+as universal machine
+expmod, [2], [3]
+exponential growth
+
+\fof tree-recursive Fibonacci-number computation
+exponentiation
+modulo n
+expression, see also compound expression; primitive expression
+algebraic, see algebraic expressions
+self-evaluating
+symbolic, see also symbol(s)
+expression-oriented vs. imperative programming style
+expt
+linear iterative version
+linear recursive version
+register machine for
+extend-environment, [2]
+extend-if-consistent
+extend-if-possible
+external-entry
+extract-labels, [2]
+#f
+factorial, see also factorial
+infinite stream
+with letrec
+without letrec or define
+factorial
+as an abstract machine
+compilation of, [2]
+environment structure in evaluating
+linear iterative version
+linear recursive version
+register machine for (iterative), [2]
+register machine for (recursive), [2]
+stack usage, compiled
+stack usage, interpreted, [2]
+stack usage, register machine
+with assignment
+with higher-order procedures
+failure continuation (nondeterministic evaluator), [2]
+constructed by amb
+constructed by assignment
+constructed by driver loop
+failure, in nondeterministic computation
+bug vs.
+searching and
+false
+false
+false?
+fast-expt
+fast-prime?
+feedback loop, modeled with streams
+Feeley, Marc
+Feigenbaum, Edward
+
+\fFenichel, Robert
+Fermat, Pierre de
+Fermat test for primality
+variant of
+Fermat’s Little Theorem
+alternate form
+proof
+fermat-test
+fetch-assertions
+fetch-rules
+fib
+linear iterative version
+logarithmic version
+register machine for (tree-recursive), [2]
+stack usage, compiled
+stack usage, interpreted
+tree-recursive version, [2]
+with memoization
+with named let
+Fibonacci numbers, see also fib
+Euclid’s GCD algorithm and
+infinite stream of, see fibs
+fibs (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+FIFO buffer
+filter, [2]
+filter
+filtered-accumulate
+find-assertions
+find-divisor
+first-agenda-item, [2]
+first-class elements in language
+first-exp
+first-frame
+first-operand
+first-segment
+first-term, [2]
+fixed point
+computing with calculator
+of cosine
+cube root as
+fourth root as
+golden ratio as
+as iterative improvement
+in Newton’s method
+nth root as
+square root as, [2], [3]
+of transformed function
+unification and
+fixed-length code
+
+\ffixed-point
+as iterative improvement
+fixed-point-of-transform
+flag register
+flatmap
+flatten-stream
+flip-horiz, [2]
+flip-vert, [2]
+flipped-pairs, [2], [3]
+Floyd, Robert
+fold-left
+fold-right
+for-each, [2]
+for-each-except
+Forbus, Kenneth D.
+force, [2]
+forcing a thunk vs.
+force a thunk
+force-it
+memoized version
+forget-value!, [2]
+formal parameters
+names of
+scope of
+formatting input expressions
+Fortran, [2]
+inventor of
+restrictions on compound data
+forwarding address
+fourth root, as fixed point
+fraction, see rational number(s)
+frame (environment model)
+as repository of local state
+global
+frame (picture language), [2]
+coordinate map
+frame (query interpreter), see also pattern matching; unification
+representation
+frame-coord-map
+frame-values
+frame-variables
+framed-stack discipline
+Franz Lisp
+free register, [2]
+free list
+free variable
+capturing
+in internal definition
+Friedman, Daniel P., [2]
+fringe
+
+\fas a tree enumeration
+front-ptr
+front-queue, [2]
+full-adder
+full-adder
+function (mathematical)
+notation for
+Ackermann’s
+composition of
+derivative of
+fixed point of
+procedure vs.
+rational
+repeated application of
+smoothing of
+function box, in digital circuit
+functional programming, [2]
+concurrency and
+functional programming languages
+time and
+Gabriel, Richard P.
+garbage collection
+memoization and
+mutation and
+tail recursion and
+garbage collector
+compacting
+mark-sweep
+stop-and-copy
+GCD, see greatest common divisor
+gcd
+register machine for, [2]
+gcd-terms
+general-purpose computer, as universal machine
+generate-huffman-tree
+generating sentences
+generic arithmetic operations
+structure of system
+generic operation
+generic procedure, [2]
+generic selector, [2]
+Genesis
+get, [2]
+get-contents
+get-global-environment
+get-register
+get-register-contents, [2]
+get-signal, [2]
+get-value, [2]
+glitch
+
+\fglobal environment, [2]
+in metacircular evaluator
+global frame
+Goguen, Joseph
+golden ratio
+as continued fraction
+as fixed point
+Gordon, Michael
+goto (in register machine)
+label as destination
+simulating
+goto-dest
+grammar
+graphics, see picture language
+Gray, Jim
+greatest common divisor, see also gcd
+generic
+of polynomials
+used to estimate
+used in rational-number arithmetic
+Green, Cordell
+Griss, Martin Lewis
+Guttag, John Vogel
+half-adder
+half-adder
+simulation of
+half-interval method
+half-interval-method
+Newton’s method vs.
+halting problem
+Halting Theorem
+Hamming, Richard Wesley, [2]
+Hanson, Christopher P., [2]
+Hardy, Godfrey Harold, [2]
+has-value?, [2]
+Hassle
+Havender, J.
+Haynes, Christopher T.
+headed list, [2]
+Hearn, Anthony C.
+Henderson, Peter, [2], [3]
+Henderson diagram
+Heraclitus
+Heron of Alexandria
+Hewitt, Carl Eddie, [2], [3], [4]
+hiding principle
+hierarchical data structures, [2]
+hierarchy of types
+in symbolic algebra
+inadequacy of
+
+\fhigh-level language, machine language vs.
+higher-order procedures
+in metacircular evaluator
+procedure as argument
+procedure as general method
+procedure as returned value
+strong typing and
+Hilfinger, Paul
+Hoare, Charles Antony Richard
+Hodges, Andrew
+Hofstadter, Douglas R.
+Horner, W. G.
+Horner’s rule
+‘‘how to’’ vs. ‘‘what is’’ description, see imperative vs. declarative knowledge
+Huffman code
+optimality of
+order of growth of encoding
+Huffman, David
+Hughes, R. J. M.
+IBM 704
+identity
+if (special form)
+cond vs.
+evaluation of
+normal-order evaluation of
+one-armed (without alternative)
+predicate, consequent, and alternative of
+why a special form
+if-alternative
+if-consequent
+if-predicate
+if?
+imag-part
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+imag-part-polar
+imag-part-rectangular
+imperative programming
+imperative vs. declarative knowledge, [2]
+logic programming and, [2]
+nondeterministic computing and
+imperative vs. expression-oriented programming style
+implementation dependencies, see also unspecified values
+numbers
+order of subexpression evaluation
+inc
+incremental development of programs
+indeterminate of a polynomial
+
+\findexing a data base, [2]
+inference, method of
+infinite series
+infinite stream(s)
+merging, [2], [3], [4]
+merging as a relation
+of factorials
+of Fibonacci numbers, see fibs
+of integers, see integers
+of pairs
+of prime numbers, see primes
+of random numbers
+representing power series
+to model signals
+to sum a series
+infix notation, prefix notation vs.
+inform-about-no-value
+inform-about-value
+information retrieval, see data base
+Ingerman, Peter
+initialize-stack operation in register machine, [2]
+insert!
+in one-dimensional table
+in two-dimensional table
+insert-queue!, [2]
+install-complex-package
+install-polar-package
+install-polynomial-package
+install-rational-package
+install-rectangular-package
+install-scheme-number-package
+instantiate
+instantiate a pattern
+instruction counting
+instruction execution procedure
+instruction sequence, [2]
+instruction tracing
+instruction-execution-proc
+instruction-text
+integer(s)
+dividing
+exact
+integerizing factor
+integers (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+lazy-list version
+integers-starting-from
+integral, see also definite integral; Monte Carlo integration
+of a power series
+integral, [2], [3]
+
+\fwith delayed argument
+with lambda
+lazy-list version
+need for delayed evaluation
+integrate-series
+integrated-circuit implementation of Scheme, [2]
+integrator, for signals
+interleave
+interleave-delayed
+Interlisp
+internal definition
+in environment model
+free variable in
+let vs.
+in nondeterministic evaluator
+position of
+restrictions on
+scanning out
+scope of name
+Internet ‘‘Worm’’
+interning symbols
+interpreter, see also evaluator
+compiler vs., [2]
+read-eval-print loop
+intersection-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+interval arithmetic
+invariant quantity of an iterative process
+inverter
+inverter
+iteration contructs, see looping constructs
+iterative improvement
+iterative process
+as a stream process
+design of algorithm
+implemented by procedure call, [2], [3], see also tail recursion
+linear, [2]
+recursive process vs., [2], [3], [4]
+register machine for
+Jayaraman, Sundaresan
+Kaldewaij, Anne
+Karr, Alphonse
+Kepler, Johannes
+key
+key of a record
+in a data base
+in a table
+
+\ftesting equality of
+Khayyam, Omar
+Knuth, Donald E., [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
+Kohlbecker, Eugene Edmund, Jr.
+Kolmogorov, A. N.
+Konopasek, Milos
+Kowalski, Robert
+KRC, [2]
+label (in register machine)
+simulating
+label-exp
+label-exp-label
+Lagrange interpolation formula
+calculus (lambda calculus)
+lambda (special form)
+define vs.
+with dotted-tail notation
+lambda expression
+as operator of combination
+value of
+lambda-body
+lambda-parameters
+lambda?
+Lambert, J.H.
+Lamé, Gabriel
+Lamé’s Theorem
+Lamport, Leslie
+Lampson, Butler
+Landin, Peter, [2]
+language, see natural language; programming language
+Lapalme, Guy
+last-exp?
+last-operand?
+last-pair, [2]
+rules
+lazy evaluation
+lazy evaluator
+lazy list
+lazy pair
+lazy tree
+leaf?
+least commitment, principle of
+lecture, something to do during
+left-branch, [2]
+Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von
+proof of Fermat’s Little Theorem
+series for , [2]
+Leiserson, Charles E., [2]
+length
+as accumulation
+
+\fiterative version
+recursive version
+let (special form)
+evaluation model
+internal definition vs.
+named
+scope of variables
+as syntactic sugar, [2]
+let* (special form)
+letrec (special form)
+lexical addressing
+lexical address
+lexical scoping
+environment structure and
+lexical-address-lookup, [2]
+lexical-address-set!, [2]
+Lieberman, Henry
+LIFO buffer, see stack
+line segment
+represented as pair of points
+represented as pair of vectors
+linear growth, [2]
+linear iterative process
+order of growth
+linear recursive process
+order of growth
+linkage descriptor
+Liskov, Barbara Huberman
+Lisp
+acronym for LISt Processing
+applicative-order evaluation in
+on DEC PDP-1
+efficiency of, [2]
+first-class procedures in
+Fortran vs.
+history of
+internal type system
+original implementation on IBM 704
+Pascal vs.
+suitability for writing evaluators
+unique features of
+Lisp dialects
+Common Lisp
+Franz Lisp
+Interlisp
+MacLisp
+MDL
+Portable Standard Lisp
+Scheme
+Zetalisp
+
+\flisp-value (query interpreter)
+lisp-value (query language), [2]
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+list (primitive procedure)
+list structure
+list vs.
+mutable
+represented using vectors
+list(s)
+backquote with
+cdring down
+combining with append
+consing up
+converting a binary tree to a
+converting to a binary tree
+empty, see empty list
+equality of
+headed, [2]
+last pair of
+lazy
+length of
+list structure vs.
+manipulation with car, cdr, and cons
+mapping over
+nth element of
+operations on
+printed representation of
+quotation of
+reversing
+techniques for manipulating
+list->tree
+list-difference
+list-of-arg-values
+list-of-delayed-args
+list-of-values
+list-ref, [2]
+list-structured memory
+list-union
+lives-near (rule), [2]
+local evolution of a process
+local name, [2]
+local state
+maintained in frames
+local state variable
+local variable
+location
+Locke, John
+log (primitive procedure)
+logarithm, approximating ln 2
+logarithmic growth, [2], [3]
+
+\flogic programming, see also query language; query interpreter
+computers for
+history of, [2]
+in Japan
+logic programming languages
+mathematical logic vs.
+logic puzzles
+logical and
+logical or
+logical-not
+lookup
+in one-dimensional table
+in set of records
+in two-dimensional table
+lookup-label
+lookup-prim
+lookup-variable-value, [2]
+for scanned-out definitions
+looping constructs, [2]
+implementing in metacircular evaluator
+lower-bound
+machine language
+high-level language vs.
+Macintosh
+MacLisp
+macro, see also reader macro character
+magician, see numerical analyst
+magnitude
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+magnitude-polar
+magnitude-rectangular
+make-account
+in environment model
+with serialization, [2], [3]
+make-account-and-serializer
+make-accumulator
+make-agenda, [2]
+make-assign
+make-begin
+make-branch
+make-center-percent
+make-center-width
+make-code-tree
+make-compiled-procedure
+make-complex-from-mag-ang
+make-complex-from-real-imag
+make-connector
+
+\fmake-cycle
+make-decrementer
+make-execution-procedure
+make-frame, [2], [3]
+make-from-mag-ang, [2]
+message-passing
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+make-from-mag-ang-polar
+make-from-mag-ang-rectangular
+make-from-real-imag, [2]
+message-passing
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+make-from-real-imag-polar
+make-from-real-imag-rectangular
+make-goto
+make-if
+make-instruction
+make-instruction-sequence
+make-interval, [2]
+make-joint
+make-label
+make-label-entry
+make-lambda
+make-leaf
+make-leaf-set
+make-machine, [2]
+make-monitored
+make-mutex
+make-new-machine
+make-operation-exp
+make-perform
+make-point
+make-poly
+make-polynomial
+make-primitive-exp
+make-procedure
+make-product, [2]
+make-queue, [2]
+make-rat, [2], [3]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+make-rational
+make-register
+make-restore
+make-save
+make-scheme-number
+make-segment, [2]
+make-serializer
+
+\fmake-simplified-withdraw, [2]
+make-stack
+with monitored stack
+make-sum, [2]
+make-table
+message-passing implementation
+one-dimensional table
+make-tableau
+make-term, [2]
+make-test
+make-time-segment
+make-tree
+make-vect
+make-wire, [2], [3]
+make-withdraw
+in environment model
+using let
+making change, see counting change
+map, [2]
+as accumulation
+with multiple arguments
+map-over-symbols
+map-successive-pairs
+mapping
+over lists
+nested, [2]
+as a transducer
+over trees
+mark-sweep garbage collector
+mathematical function, see function (mathematical)
+mathematics
+computer science vs., [2]
+engineering vs.
+matrix, represented as sequence
+matrix-*-matrix
+matrix-*-vector
+max (primitive procedure)
+McAllester, David Allen, [2]
+McCarthy, John, [2], [3], [4]
+McDermott, Drew
+MDL
+means of abstraction
+define
+means of combination, see also closure
+measure in a Euclidean ring
+member
+memo-fib
+memo-proc
+memoization, [2]
+call-by-need and
+
+\fby delay
+garbage collection and
+of thunks
+memoize
+memory
+in 1964
+list-structured
+memq
+merge
+merge-weighted
+merging infinite streams, see infinite stream(s)
+message passing, [2]
+environment model and
+in bank account
+in digital-circuit simulation
+tail recursion and
+metacircular evaluator
+metacircular evaluator for Scheme
+analyzing version
+combinations (procedure applications)
+compilation of, [2]
+data abstraction in, [2], [3], [4]
+data-directed eval
+derived expressions
+driver loop
+efficiency of
+environment model of evaluation in
+environment operations
+eval and apply
+eval-apply cycle, [2]
+expression representation, [2]
+global environment
+higher-order procedures in
+implemented language vs. implementation language
+job of
+order of operand evaluation
+primitive procedures
+representation of environments
+representation of procedures
+representation of true and false
+running
+special forms (additional), [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+special forms as derived expressions
+symbolic differentiation and
+syntax of evaluated language, [2], [3]
+tail recursiveness unspecified in
+true and false
+metalinguistic abstraction
+MicroPlanner
+Microshaft
+
+\fmidpoint-segment
+Miller, Gary L.
+Miller, James S.
+Miller-Rabin test for primality
+Milner, Robin
+min (primitive procedure)
+Minsky, Marvin Lee, [2]
+Miranda
+MIT
+Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
+early history of
+Project MAC
+Research Laboratory of Electronics, [2]
+MIT Scheme
+the empty stream
+eval
+internal definitions
+numbers
+random
+user-initial-environment
+without-interrupts
+ML
+mobile
+modeling
+as a design strategy
+in science and engineering
+models of evaluation
+modified registers, see instruction sequence
+modifies-register?
+modularity, [2]
+along object boundaries
+functional programs vs. objects
+hiding principle
+streams and
+through dispatching on type
+through infinite streams
+through modeling with objects
+modulo n
+modus ponens
+money, changing, see counting change
+monitored procedure
+Monte Carlo integration
+stream formulation
+Monte Carlo simulation
+stream formulation
+monte-carlo
+infinite stream
+Moon, David A., [2]
+morning star, see evening star
+Morris, J. H.
+
+\fMorse code
+Mouse, Minnie and Mickey
+mul (generic)
+used for polynomial coefficients
+mul-complex
+mul-interval
+more efficient version
+mul-poly
+mul-rat
+mul-series
+mul-streams
+mul-terms
+Multics time-sharing system
+multiple-dwelling
+multiplicand
+multiplication by Russian peasant method
+multiplier
+primitive constraint
+selector
+Munro, Ian
+mutable data objects, see also queue; table
+implemented with assignment
+list structure
+pairs
+procedural representation of
+shared data
+mutator
+mutex
+mutual exclusion
+mystery
+name, see also local name; variable; local variable
+encapsulated
+of a formal parameter
+of a procedure
+named let (special form)
+naming
+of computational objects
+of procedures
+naming conventions
+! for assignment and mutation
+? for predicates
+native language of machine
+natural language
+parsing, see parsing natural language
+quotation in
+needed registers, see instruction sequence
+needs-register?
+negate
+nested applications of car and cdr
+nested combinations
+
+\fnested definitions, see internal definition
+nested mappings, see mapping
+new register
+new-cars register
+new-cdrs register
+new-withdraw
+newline (primitive procedure), [2]
+Newton’s method
+for cube roots
+for differentiable functions
+half-interval method vs.
+for square roots, [2], [3]
+newton-transform
+newtons-method
+next (linkage descriptor)
+next-to (rules)
+nil
+dispensing with
+as empty list
+as end-of-list marker
+as ordinary variable in Scheme
+no-more-exps?
+no-operands?
+node of a tree
+non-computable
+non-strict
+nondeterminism, in behavior of concurrent programs, [2]
+nondeterministic choice point
+nondeterministic computing
+nondeterministic evaluator
+order of operand evaluation
+nondeterministic programming vs. Scheme programming, [2], [3], [4]
+nondeterministic programs
+logic puzzles
+pairs with prime sums
+parsing natural language
+Pythagorean triples, [2], [3]
+normal-order evaluation
+applicative order vs., [2], [3]
+delayed evaluation and
+in explicit-control evaluator
+of if
+normal-order evaluator, see lazy evaluator
+not (primitive procedure)
+not (query language), [2]
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+notation in this book
+italic symbols in expression syntax
+slanted characters for interpreter response
+nouns
+
+\fnth root, as fixed point
+null? (primitive procedure)
+implemented with typed pointers
+number theory
+number(s)
+comparison of
+decimal point in
+equality of, [2], [3]
+in generic arithmetic system
+implementation dependencies
+integer vs. real number
+integer, exact
+in Lisp
+rational number
+number? (primitive procedure)
+data types and
+implemented with typed pointers
+numer, [2]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+numerical analysis
+numerical analyst
+numerical data
+obarray
+object program
+object(s)
+benefits of modeling with
+with time-varying state
+object-oriented programming languages
+old register
+oldcr register
+ones (infinite stream)
+lazy-list version
+op (in register machine)
+simulating
+open coding of primitives, [2]
+operands
+operands of a combination
+operation
+cross-type
+generic
+in register machine
+operation-and-type table
+assignment needed for
+implementing
+operation-exp
+operation-exp-op
+operation-exp-operands
+operator
+operator of a combination
+
+\fcombination as
+compound expression as
+lambda expression as
+optimality
+of Horner’s rule
+of Huffman code
+or (query language)
+evaluation of, [2]
+or (special form)
+evaluation of
+why a special form
+with no subexpressions
+or-gate
+or-gate, [2]
+order, [2]
+order notation
+order of evaluation
+assignment and
+implementation-dependent
+in compiler
+in explicit-control evaluator
+in metacircular evaluator
+in Scheme
+order of events
+decoupling apparent from actual
+indeterminacy in concurrent systems
+order of growth
+linear iterative process
+linear recursive process
+logarithmic
+tree-recursive process
+order of subexpression evaluation, see order of evaluation
+ordered-list representation of sets
+ordinary numbers (in generic arithmetic system)
+origin-frame
+Ostrowski, A. M.
+outranked-by (rule), [2]
+P operation on semaphore
+package
+complex-number
+polar representation
+polynomial
+rational-number
+rectangular representation
+Scheme-number
+painter(s)
+higher-order operations
+operations
+represented as procedures
+transforming and combining
+
+\fpair(s)
+axiomatic definition of
+box-and-pointer notation for
+infinite stream of
+lazy
+mutable
+procedural representation of, [2], [3]
+represented using vectors
+used to represent sequence
+used to represent tree
+pair? (primitive procedure)
+implemented with typed pointers
+pairs
+Pan, V. Y.
+parallel-execute
+parallel-instruction-sequences
+parallelism, see concurrency
+parameter, see formal parameters
+parameter passing, see call-by-name argument passing; call-by-need argument passing
+parentheses
+delimiting combination
+delimiting cond clauses
+in procedure definition
+parse
+parse-...
+parsing natural language
+real language understanding vs. toy parser
+partial-sums
+Pascal
+lack of higher-order procedures
+recursive procedures
+restrictions on compound data
+weakness in handling compound objects
+Pascal, Blaise
+Pascal’s triangle
+password-protected bank account
+pattern
+pattern matching
+implementation
+unification vs., [2]
+pattern variable
+representation of, [2]
+pattern-match
+pc register
+perform (in register machine)
+simulating
+perform-action
+Perlis, Alan J., [2]
+quips, [2]
+permutations of a set
+
+\fpermutations
+Phillips, Hubert
+(pi)
+approximation with half-interval method
+approximation with Monte Carlo integration, [2]
+Cesàro estimate for, [2]
+Leibniz’s series for, [2]
+stream of approximations
+Wallis’s formula for
+pi-stream
+pi-sum
+with higher-order procedures
+with lambda
+picture language
+Pingala, Áchárya
+pipelining
+Pitman, Kent M.
+Planner
+point, represented as a pair
+pointer
+in box-and-pointer notation
+typed
+polar package
+polar?
+poly
+polynomial package
+polynomial arithmetic
+addition
+division
+Euclid’s Algorithm
+greatest common divisor, [2]
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+multiplication
+probabilistic algorithm for GCD
+rational functions
+subtraction
+polynomial(s)
+canonical form
+dense
+evaluating with Horner’s rule
+hierarchy of types
+indeterminate of
+sparse
+univariate
+pop
+Portable Standard Lisp
+porting a language
+power series, as stream
+adding
+dividing
+
+\fintegrating
+multiplying
+PowerPC
+predicate
+of cond clause
+of if
+naming convention for
+prefix code
+prefix notation
+infix notation vs.
+prepositions
+preserving, [2], [3], [4]
+pretty-printing
+prime number(s)
+cryptography and
+Eratosthenes’s sieve for
+Fermat test for
+infinite stream of, see primes
+Miller-Rabin test for
+testing for
+prime-sum-pair
+prime-sum-pairs
+infinite stream
+prime?, [2]
+primes (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+primitive constraints
+primitive expression
+evaluation of
+name of primitive procedure
+name of variable
+number
+primitive procedures (those marked ns are not in the IEEE Scheme standard)
+*
++
+-, [2]
+/
+<
+=
+>
+apply
+atan
+car
+cdr
+cons
+cos
+display
+eq?
+error (ns)
+eval (ns)
+
+\flist
+log
+max
+min
+newline
+not
+null?
+number?
+pair?
+quotient
+random (ns), [2]
+read
+remainder
+round
+runtime (ns)
+set-car!
+set-cdr!
+sin
+symbol?
+vector-ref
+vector-set!
+primitive query, see simple query
+primitive-apply
+primitive-implementation
+primitive-procedure-names
+primitive-procedure-objects
+primitive-procedure?, [2]
+principle of least commitment
+print operation in register machine
+print-point
+print-queue
+print-rat
+print-result
+monitored-stack version
+print-stack-statistics operation in register machine
+printing, primitives for
+probabilistic algorithm, [2], [3]
+probe
+in constraint system
+in digital-circuit simulator
+proc register
+procedural abstraction
+procedural representation of data
+mutable data
+procedure, [2]
+anonymous
+arbitrary number of arguments, [2]
+as argument
+as black box
+body of
+
+\fcompound
+creating with define
+creating with lambda, [2], [3]
+as data
+definition of
+first-class in Lisp
+formal parameters of
+as general method
+generic, [2]
+higher-order, see higher-order procedure
+implicit begin in body of
+mathematical function vs.
+memoized
+monitored
+name of
+naming (with define)
+as pattern for local evolution of a process
+as returned value
+returning multiple values
+scope of formal parameters
+special form vs., [2]
+procedure application
+combination denoting
+environment model of
+substitution model of, see substitution model of procedure application
+procedure-body
+procedure-environment
+procedure-parameters
+process
+iterative
+linear iterative
+linear recursive
+local evolution of
+order of growth of
+recursive
+resources required by
+shape of
+tree-recursive
+product
+as accumulation
+product?
+program
+as abstract machine
+comments in
+as data
+incremental development of
+structure of, [2], [3], see also abstraction barriers
+structured with subroutines
+program counter
+programming
+
+\fdata-directed, see data-directed programming
+demand-driven
+elements of
+functional, see functional programming
+imperative
+odious style
+programming language
+design of
+functional
+logic
+object-oriented
+strongly typed
+very high-level
+Prolog, [2]
+prompt-for-input
+prompts
+explicit-control evaluator
+lazy evaluator
+metacircular evaluator
+nondeterministic evaluator
+query interpreter
+propagate
+propagation of constraints
+proving programs correct
+pseudo-random sequence
+pseudodivision of polynomials
+pseudoremainder of polynomials
+push
+put, [2]
+puzzles
+eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+logic puzzles
+Pythagorean triples
+with nondeterministic programs, [2], [3]
+with streams
+qeval, [2]
+quantum mechanics
+quasiquote
+queens
+query, see also simple query; compound query
+query interpreter
+adding rule or assertion
+compound query, see compound query
+data base
+driver loop, [2]
+environment structure in
+frame, [2]
+improvements to, [2], [3]
+infinite loops, [2]
+instantiation
+
+\fLisp interpreter vs., [2], [3]
+overview
+pattern matching, [2]
+pattern-variable representation, [2]
+problems with not and lisp-value, [2]
+query evaluator, [2]
+rule, see rule
+simple query, see simple query
+stream operations
+streams of frames, [2]
+syntax of query language
+unification, [2]
+query language, [2]
+abstraction in
+compound query, see compound query
+data base
+equality testing in
+extensions to, [2]
+logical deductions
+mathematical logic vs.
+rule, see rule
+simple query, see simple query
+query-driver-loop
+question mark, in predicate names
+queue
+double-ended
+front of
+operations on
+procedural implementation of
+rear of
+in simulation agenda
+quotation
+of character strings
+of Lisp data objects
+in natural language
+quotation mark, single vs. double
+quote (special form)
+read and, [2]
+quoted?
+quotient (primitive procedure)
+Rabin, Michael O.
+radicand
+Ramanujan numbers
+Ramanujan, Srinivasa
+rand
+with reset
+random (primitive procedure)
+assignment needed for
+MIT Scheme
+random-in-range
+
+\frandom-number generator, [2]
+in Monte Carlo simulation
+in primality testing
+with reset
+with reset, stream version
+random-numbers (infinite stream)
+Raphael, Bertram
+rational package
+rational function
+reducing to lowest terms
+rational number(s)
+arithmetic operations on
+in MIT Scheme
+printing
+reducing to lowest terms, [2]
+represented as pairs
+rational-number arithmetic
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+need for compound data
+Raymond, Eric, [2]
+RC circuit
+read (primitive procedure)
+dotted-tail notation handling by
+macro characters
+read operation in register machine
+read-eval-print loop, see also driver loop
+read-eval-print-loop
+reader macro character
+real number
+real-part
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+real-part-polar
+real-part-rectangular
+rear-ptr
+receive procedure
+record, in a data base
+rectangle, representing
+rectangular package
+rectangular?
+recursion
+data-directed
+expressing complicated process
+in rules
+in working with trees
+recursion equations
+recursion theory
+recursive procedure
+
+\frecursive procedure definition
+recursive process vs.
+specifying without define
+recursive process
+iterative process vs., [2], [3], [4]
+linear, [2]
+recursive procedure vs.
+register machine for
+tree, [2]
+red-black tree
+reducing to lowest terms, [2], [3]
+Rees, Jonathan A., [2]
+referential transparency
+reg (in register machine)
+simulating
+register machine
+actions
+controller
+controller diagram
+data paths
+data-path diagram
+design of
+language for describing
+monitoring performance
+simulator
+stack
+subroutine
+test operation
+register table, in simulator
+register(s)
+representing
+tracing
+register-exp
+register-exp-reg
+register-machine language
+assign, [2]
+branch, [2]
+const, [2], [3]
+entry point
+goto, [2]
+instructions, [2]
+label
+label, [2]
+op, [2]
+perform, [2]
+reg, [2]
+restore, [2]
+save, [2]
+test, [2]
+register-machine simulator
+
+\fregisters-modified
+registers-needed
+relations, computing in terms of, [2]
+relatively prime
+relativity, theory of
+release a mutex
+remainder (primitive procedure)
+remainder modulo n
+remainder-terms
+remove
+remove-first-agenda-item!, [2]
+require
+as a special form
+reserved words, [2]
+resistance
+formula for parallel resistors, [2]
+tolerance of resistors
+resolution principle
+resolution, Horn-clause
+rest-exps
+rest-operands
+rest-segments
+rest-terms, [2]
+restore (in register machine), [2]
+implementing
+simulating
+return (linkage descriptor)
+returning multiple values
+Reuter, Andreas
+reverse
+as folding
+rules
+Rhind Papyrus
+right-branch, [2]
+right-split
+ripple-carry adder
+Rivest, Ronald L., [2]
+RLC circuit
+Robinson, J. A.
+robustness
+rock songs, 1950s
+Rogers, William Barton
+root register
+roots of equation, see half-interval method; Newton’s method
+rotate90
+round (primitive procedure)
+roundoff error, [2]
+Rozas, Guillermo Juan
+RSA algorithm
+rule (query language)
+
+\fapplying, [2], [3]
+without body, [2], [3]
+Runkle, John Daniel
+runtime (primitive procedure)
+Russian peasant method of multiplication
+same (rule)
+same-variable?, [2]
+sameness and change
+meaning of
+shared data and
+satisfy a compound query
+satisfy a pattern (simple query)
+save (in register machine), [2]
+implementing
+simulating
+scale-list, [2], [3]
+scale-stream
+scale-tree, [2]
+scale-vect
+scan register
+scan-out-defines
+scanning out internal definitions
+in compiler, [2]
+Scheme
+history of
+Scheme chip, [2]
+scheme-number package
+scheme-number->complex
+scheme-number->scheme-number
+Schmidt, Eric
+scope of a variable, see also lexical scoping
+internal define
+in let
+procedure’s formal parameters
+search
+of binary tree
+depth-first
+systematic
+search
+secretary, importance of
+segment-queue
+segment-time
+segments
+segments->painter
+selector
+as abstraction barrier
+generic, [2]
+self-evaluating expression
+self-evaluating?
+semaphore
+
+\fof size n
+semicolon
+comment introduced by
+separator code
+sequence accelerator
+sequence of expressions
+in consequent of cond
+in procedure body
+sequence(s)
+as conventional interface
+as source of modularity
+operations on
+represented by pairs
+sequence->exp
+serialized-exchange
+with deadlock avoidance
+serializer
+implementing
+with multiple shared resources
+series, summation of
+accelerating sequence of approximations
+with streams
+set
+set
+(special form), see also assignment
+data base as
+operations on
+permutations of
+represented as binary tree
+represented as ordered list
+represented as unordered list
+subsets of
+set! (special form)
+environment model of
+value of
+set-car! (primitive procedure)
+implemented with vectors
+procedural implementation of
+value of
+set-cdr! (primitive procedure)
+implemented with vectors
+procedural implementation of
+value of
+set-contents!
+set-current-time!
+set-front-ptr!
+set-instruction-execution-proc!
+set-rear-ptr!
+set-register-contents!, [2]
+set-segments!
+
+\fset-signal!, [2]
+set-value!, [2]
+set-variable-value!, [2]
+setup-environment
+shadow a binding
+Shamir, Adi
+shape of a process
+shared data
+shared resources
+shared state
+shrink-to-upper-right
+Shrobe, Howard E.
+side-effect bug
+sieve of Eratosthenes
+sieve
+sum (sigma) notation
+signal processing
+smoothing a function
+smoothing a signal, [2]
+stream model of
+zero crossings of a signal, [2], [3]
+signal, digital
+signal-error
+signal-flow diagram, [2]
+signal-processing view of computation
+simple query
+processing, [2], [3], [4]
+simple-query
+simplification of algebraic expressions
+Simpson’s Rule for numerical integration
+simulation
+of digital circuit, see digital-circuit simulation
+event-driven
+as machine-design tool
+for monitoring performance of register machine
+Monte Carlo, see Monte Carlo simulation
+of register machine, see register-machine simulator
+sin (primitive procedure)
+sine
+approximation for small angle
+power series for
+singleton-stream
+SKETCHPAD
+smallest-divisor
+more efficient version
+Smalltalk
+smoothing a function
+smoothing a signal, [2]
+snarf
+Solar System’s chaotic dynamics
+
+\fSolomonoff, Ray
+solve differential equation, [2]
+lazy-list version
+with scanned-out definitions
+solving equation, see half-interval method; Newton’s method; solve
+source language
+source program
+Spafford, Eugene H.
+sparse polynomial
+special form
+as derived expression in evaluator
+need for
+procedure vs., [2]
+special forms (those marked ns are not in the IEEE Scheme standard)
+and
+begin
+cond
+cons-stream (ns)
+define, [2]
+delay (ns)
+if
+lambda
+let
+let*
+letrec
+named let
+or
+quote
+set!
+split
+sqrt
+block structured
+in environment model
+as fixed point, [2], [3], [4]
+as iterative improvement
+with Newton’s method, [2]
+register machine for
+as stream limit
+sqrt-stream
+square
+in environment model
+square root, see also sqrt
+stream of approximations
+square-limit, [2]
+square-of-four
+squarer (constraint), [2]
+squash-inwards
+stack
+framed
+for recursion in register machine
+
+\frepresenting, [2]
+stack allocation and tail recursion
+stack-inst-reg-name
+Stallman, Richard M., [2]
+start register machine, [2]
+start-eceval
+start-segment, [2]
+state
+local, see local state
+shared
+vanishes in stream formulation
+state variable, [2]
+local
+statements, see instruction sequence
+statements
+Steele, Guy Lewis Jr., [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+stop-and-copy garbage collector
+Stoy, Joseph E., [2], [3]
+Strachey, Christopher
+stratified design
+stream(s), [2]
+delayed evaluation and
+empty
+implemented as delayed lists
+implemented as lazy lists
+implicit definition
+infinite, see infinite streams
+used in query interpreter, [2]
+stream-append
+stream-append-delayed
+stream-car, [2]
+stream-cdr, [2]
+stream-enumerate-interval
+stream-filter
+stream-flatmap, [2]
+stream-for-each
+stream-limit
+stream-map
+with multiple arguments
+stream-null?
+in MIT Scheme
+stream-ref
+stream-withdraw
+strict
+string, see character string
+strongly typed language
+sub (generic)
+sub-complex
+sub-interval
+sub-rat
+
+\fsub-vect
+subroutine in register machine
+subsets of a set
+substitution model of procedure application, [2]
+inadequacy of
+shape of process
+subtype
+multiple
+success continuation (nondeterministic evaluator), [2]
+successive squaring
+sum
+as accumulation
+iterative version
+sum-cubes
+with higher-order procedures
+sum-integers
+with higher-order procedures
+sum-odd-squares, [2]
+sum-of-squares
+in environment model
+sum-primes, [2]
+sum?
+summation of a series
+with streams
+supertype
+multiple
+Sussman, Gerald Jay, [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
+Sussman, Julie Esther Mazel, nieces of
+Sutherland, Ivan
+symbol(s)
+equality of
+interning
+quotation of
+representation of
+uniqueness of
+symbol-leaf
+symbol? (primitive procedure)
+data types and
+implemented with typed pointers
+symbolic algebra
+symbolic differentiation, [2]
+symbolic expression, see also symbol(s)
+symbols
+SYNC
+synchronization, see concurrency
+syntactic analysis, separated from execution
+in metacircular evaluator
+in register-machine simulator, [2]
+syntactic sugar
+define
+
+\flet as
+looping constructs as
+procedure vs. data as
+syntax, see also special forms
+abstract, see abstract syntax
+of expressions, describing
+of a programming language
+syntax interface
+systematic search
+#t
+table
+backbone of
+for coercion
+for data-directed programming
+local
+n-dimensional
+one-dimensional
+operation-and-type, see operation-and-type table
+represented as binary tree vs. unordered list
+testing equality of keys
+two-dimensional
+used in simulation agenda
+used to store computed values
+tableau
+tabulation, [2]
+tack-on-instruction-sequence
+tagged architecture
+tagged data, [2]
+tagged-list?
+tail recursion
+compiler and
+environment model of evaluation and
+explicit-control evaluator and, [2], [3]
+garbage collection and
+metacircular evaluator and
+in Scheme
+tail-recursive evaluator
+tangent
+as continued fraction
+power series for
+target register
+Technological University of Eindhoven
+Teitelman, Warren
+term list of polynomial
+representing
+term-list
+terminal node of a tree
+test (in register machine)
+simulating
+test operation in register machine
+
+\ftest-and-set!, [2]
+test-condition
+text-of-quotation
+Thatcher, James W.
+THE Multiprogramming System
+the-cars
+register, [2]
+vector
+the-cdrs
+register, [2]
+vector
+the-empty-stream
+in MIT Scheme
+the-empty-termlist, [2]
+the-global-environment, [2]
+theorem proving (automatic)
+(f(n)) (theta of f(n))
+thunk
+call-by-name
+call-by-need
+forcing
+implementation of
+origin of name
+time
+assignment and
+communication and
+in concurrent systems
+functional programming and
+in nondeterministic computing, [2]
+purpose of
+time segment, in agenda
+time slicing
+timed-prime-test
+timing diagram
+TK!Solver
+tower of types
+tracing
+instruction execution
+register assignment
+transform-painter
+transparency, referential
+transpose a matrix
+tree
+B-tree
+binary, see also binary tree
+combination viewed as
+counting leaves of
+enumerating leaves of
+fringe of
+Huffman
+
+\flazy
+mapping over
+red-black
+represented as pairs
+reversing at all levels
+tree accumulation
+tree->list...
+tree-map
+tree-recursive process
+order of growth
+trigonometric relations
+true
+true
+true?
+truncation error
+truth maintenance
+try-again
+Turing machine
+Turing, Alan M., [2]
+Turner, David, [2], [3]
+type field
+type tag, [2]
+two-level
+type(s)
+cross-type operations
+dispatching on
+hierarchy in symbolic algebra
+hierarchy of
+lowering, [2]
+multiple subtype and supertype
+raising, [2]
+subtype
+supertype
+tower of
+type-inferencing mechanism
+type-tag
+using Scheme data types
+typed pointer
+typing input expressions
+unbound variable
+unev register
+unification
+discovery of algorithm
+implementation
+pattern matching vs., [2]
+unify-match
+union-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+
+\funique (query language)
+unique-pairs
+unit square
+univariate polynomial
+universal machine
+explicit-control evaluator as
+general-purpose computer as
+University of California at Berkeley
+University of Edinburgh
+University of Marseille
+UNIX, [2]
+unknown-expression-type
+unknown-procedure-type
+unordered-list representation of sets
+unspecified values
+define
+display
+if without alternative
+newline
+set!
+set-car!
+set-cdr!
+up-split
+update-insts!
+upper-bound
+upward compatibility
+user-initial-environment (MIT Scheme)
+user-print
+modified for compiled code
+V operation on semaphore
+val register
+value
+of a combination
+of an expression, see also unspecified values
+value-proc
+variable, see also local variable
+bound
+free
+scope of, see also scope of a variable
+unbound
+value of, [2]
+variable
+variable-length code
+variable?, [2]
+vector (data structure)
+vector (mathematical)
+operations on, [2]
+in picture-language frame
+represented as pair
+represented as sequence
+
+\fvector-ref (primitive procedure)
+vector-set! (primitive procedure)
+Venus
+verbs
+very high-level language
+Wadler, Philip
+Wadsworth, Christopher
+Wagner, Eric G.
+Walker, Francis Amasa
+Wallis, John
+Wand, Mitchell, [2]
+Waters, Richard C.
+weight
+weight-leaf
+Weyl, Hermann
+‘‘what is’’ vs. ‘‘how to’’ description, see declarative vs. imperative knowledge
+wheel (rule), [2]
+width
+width of an interval
+Wilde, Oscar (Perlis’s paraphrase of)
+Wiles, Andrew
+Winograd, Terry
+Winston, Patrick Henry, [2]
+wire, in digital circuit
+Wisdom, Jack
+Wise, David S.
+wishful thinking, [2]
+withdraw
+problems in concurrent system
+without-interrupts
+world line of a particle, [2]
+Wright, E. M.
+Wright, Jesse B.
+xcor-vect
+Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, [2]
+Y operator
+ycor-vect
+Yochelson, Jerome C.
+Zabih, Ramin
+zero crossings of a signal, [2], [3]
+zero test (generic)
+for polynomials
+Zetalisp
+Zilles, Stephen N.
+Zippel, Richard E.
+
+\f
+
+\f
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Structure and Interpretation
+of Computer Programs
+second edition
+Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman
+with Julie Sussman
+foreword by Alan J. Perlis
+The MIT Press
+Cambridge, Massachusetts
+
+London, England
+
+McGraw-Hill Book Company
+New York St. Louis San Francisco
+
+Montreal
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Toronto
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+This book is one of a series of texts written by faculty of the Electrical Engineering and Computer
+Science Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was edited and produced by
+The MIT Press under a joint production-distribution arrangement with the McGraw-Hill Book
+Company.
+Ordering Information:
+North America
+Text orders should be addressed to the McGraw-Hill Book Company.
+All other orders should be addressed to The MIT Press.
+Outside North America
+All orders should be addressed to The MIT Press or its local distributor.
+© 1996 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+Second edition
+All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
+mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
+without permission in writing from the publisher.
+This book was set by the authors using the LATEX typesetting system and was printed and bound
+in the United States of America.
+Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
+Abelson, Harold
+Structure and interpretation of computer programs / Harold Abelson
+and Gerald Jay Sussman, with Julie Sussman. -- 2nd ed.
+p. cm. -- (Electrical engineering and computer science
+series)
+Includes bibliographical references and index.
+ISBN 0-262-01153-0 (MIT Press hardcover)
+ISBN 0-262-51087-1 (MIT Press paperback)
+ISBN 0-07-000484-6 (McGraw-Hill hardcover)
+1. Electronic digital computers -- Programming. 2. LISP (Computer
+program language) I. Sussman, Gerald Jay. II. Sussman, Julie.
+III. Title. IV. Series: MIT electrical engineering and computer
+science series.
+QA76.6.A255
+1996
+005.13’3 -- dc20
+96-17756
+Fourth printing, 1999
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+This book is dedicated, in respect and admiration, to the spirit that lives in the computer.
+‘‘I think that it’s extraordinarily important that we in computer science keep fun in computing. When
+it started out, it was an awful lot of fun. Of course, the paying customers got shafted every now and
+then, and after a while we began to take their complaints seriously. We began to feel as if we really
+were responsible for the successful, error-free perfect use of these machines. I don’t think we are. I
+think we’re responsible for stretching them, setting them off in new directions, and keeping fun in the
+house. I hope the field of computer science never loses its sense of fun. Above all, I hope we don’t
+become missionaries. Don’t feel as if you’re Bible salesmen. The world has too many of those already.
+What you know about computing other people will learn. Don’t feel as if the key to successful
+computing is only in your hands. What’s in your hands, I think and hope, is intelligence: the ability to
+see the machine as more than when you were first led up to it, that you can make it more.’’
+Alan J. Perlis (April 1, 1922-February 7, 1990)
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Contents
+Foreword
+Preface to the Second Edition
+Preface to the First Edition
+Acknowledgments
+1 Building Abstractions with Procedures
+1.1 The Elements of Programming
+1.1.1 Expressions
+1.1.2 Naming and the Environment
+1.1.3 Evaluating Combinations
+1.1.4 Compound Procedures
+1.1.5 The Substitution Model for Procedure Application
+1.1.6 Conditional Expressions and Predicates
+1.1.7 Example: Square Roots by Newton’s Method
+1.1.8 Procedures as Black-Box Abstractions
+1.2 Procedures and the Processes They Generate
+1.2.1 Linear Recursion and Iteration
+1.2.2 Tree Recursion
+1.2.3 Orders of Growth
+1.2.4 Exponentiation
+1.2.5 Greatest Common Divisors
+1.2.6 Example: Testing for Primality
+1.3 Formulating Abstractions with Higher-Order Procedures
+1.3.1 Procedures as Arguments
+1.3.2 Constructing Procedures Using Lambda
+1.3.3 Procedures as General Methods
+1.3.4 Procedures as Returned Values
+2 Building Abstractions with Data
+2.1 Introduction to Data Abstraction
+2.1.1 Example: Arithmetic Operations for Rational Numbers
+2.1.2 Abstraction Barriers
+2.1.3 What Is Meant by Data?
+2.1.4 Extended Exercise: Interval Arithmetic
+2.2 Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property
+2.2.1 Representing Sequences
+2.2.2 Hierarchical Structures
+2.2.3 Sequences as Conventional Interfaces
+2.2.4 Example: A Picture Language
+2.3 Symbolic Data
+2.3.1 Quotation
+
+\f2.3.2 Example: Symbolic Differentiation
+2.3.3 Example: Representing Sets
+2.3.4 Example: Huffman Encoding Trees
+2.4 Multiple Representations for Abstract Data
+2.4.1 Representations for Complex Numbers
+2.4.2 Tagged data
+2.4.3 Data-Directed Programming and Additivity
+2.5 Systems with Generic Operations
+2.5.1 Generic Arithmetic Operations
+2.5.2 Combining Data of Different Types
+2.5.3 Example: Symbolic Algebra
+3 Modularity, Objects, and State
+3.1 Assignment and Local State
+3.1.1 Local State Variables
+3.1.2 The Benefits of Introducing Assignment
+3.1.3 The Costs of Introducing Assignment
+3.2 The Environment Model of Evaluation
+3.2.1 The Rules for Evaluation
+3.2.2 Applying Simple Procedures
+3.2.3 Frames as the Repository of Local State
+3.2.4 Internal Definitions
+3.3 Modeling with Mutable Data
+3.3.1 Mutable List Structure
+3.3.2 Representing Queues
+3.3.3 Representing Tables
+3.3.4 A Simulator for Digital Circuits
+3.3.5 Propagation of Constraints
+3.4 Concurrency: Time Is of the Essence
+3.4.1 The Nature of Time in Concurrent Systems
+3.4.2 Mechanisms for Controlling Concurrency
+3.5 Streams
+3.5.1 Streams Are Delayed Lists
+3.5.2 Infinite Streams
+3.5.3 Exploiting the Stream Paradigm
+3.5.4 Streams and Delayed Evaluation
+3.5.5 Modularity of Functional Programs and Modularity of Objects
+4 Metalinguistic Abstraction
+4.1 The Metacircular Evaluator
+4.1.1 The Core of the Evaluator
+4.1.2 Representing Expressions
+4.1.3 Evaluator Data Structures
+4.1.4 Running the Evaluator as a Program
+4.1.5 Data as Programs
+4.1.6 Internal Definitions
+4.1.7 Separating Syntactic Analysis from Execution
+4.2 Variations on a Scheme -- Lazy Evaluation
+4.2.1 Normal Order and Applicative Order
+4.2.2 An Interpreter with Lazy Evaluation
+4.2.3 Streams as Lazy Lists
+
+\f4.3 Variations on a Scheme -- Nondeterministic Computing
+4.3.1 Amb and Search
+4.3.2 Examples of Nondeterministic Programs
+4.3.3 Implementing the Amb Evaluator
+4.4 Logic Programming
+4.4.1 Deductive Information Retrieval
+4.4.2 How the Query System Works
+4.4.3 Is Logic Programming Mathematical Logic?
+4.4.4 Implementing the Query System
+5 Computing with Register Machines
+5.1 Designing Register Machines
+5.1.1 A Language for Describing Register Machines
+5.1.2 Abstraction in Machine Design
+5.1.3 Subroutines
+5.1.4 Using a Stack to Implement Recursion
+5.1.5 Instruction Summary
+5.2 A Register-Machine Simulator
+5.2.1 The Machine Model
+5.2.2 The Assembler
+5.2.3 Generating Execution Procedures for Instructions
+5.2.4 Monitoring Machine Performance
+5.3 Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection
+5.3.1 Memory as Vectors
+5.3.2 Maintaining the Illusion of Infinite Memory
+5.4 The Explicit-Control Evaluator
+5.4.1 The Core of the Explicit-Control Evaluator
+5.4.2 Sequence Evaluation and Tail Recursion
+5.4.3 Conditionals, Assignments, and Definitions
+5.4.4 Running the Evaluator
+5.5 Compilation
+5.5.1 Structure of the Compiler
+5.5.2 Compiling Expressions
+5.5.3 Compiling Combinations
+5.5.4 Combining Instruction Sequences
+5.5.5 An Example of Compiled Code
+5.5.6 Lexical Addressing
+5.5.7 Interfacing Compiled Code to the Evaluator
+References
+List of Exercises
+Index
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Foreword
+Educators, generals, dieticians, psychologists, and parents program. Armies, students, and some
+societies are programmed. An assault on large problems employs a succession of programs, most of
+which spring into existence en route. These programs are rife with issues that appear to be particular to
+the problem at hand. To appreciate programming as an intellectual activity in its own right you must
+turn to computer programming; you must read and write computer programs -- many of them. It
+doesn’t matter much what the programs are about or what applications they serve. What does matter is
+how well they perform and how smoothly they fit with other programs in the creation of still greater
+programs. The programmer must seek both perfection of part and adequacy of collection. In this book
+the use of ‘‘program’’ is focused on the creation, execution, and study of programs written in a dialect
+of Lisp for execution on a digital computer. Using Lisp we restrict or limit not what we may program,
+but only the notation for our program descriptions.
+Our traffic with the subject matter of this book involves us with three foci of phenomena: the human
+mind, collections of computer programs, and the computer. Every computer program is a model,
+hatched in the mind, of a real or mental process. These processes, arising from human experience and
+thought, are huge in number, intricate in detail, and at any time only partially understood. They are
+modeled to our permanent satisfaction rarely by our computer programs. Thus even though our
+programs are carefully handcrafted discrete collections of symbols, mosaics of interlocking functions,
+they continually evolve: we change them as our perception of the model deepens, enlarges, generalizes
+until the model ultimately attains a metastable place within still another model with which we struggle.
+The source of the exhilaration associated with computer programming is the continual unfolding
+within the mind and on the computer of mechanisms expressed as programs and the explosion of
+perception they generate. If art interprets our dreams, the computer executes them in the guise of
+programs!
+For all its power, the computer is a harsh taskmaster. Its programs must be correct, and what we wish
+to say must be said accurately in every detail. As in every other symbolic activity, we become
+convinced of program truth through argument. Lisp itself can be assigned a semantics (another model,
+by the way), and if a program’s function can be specified, say, in the predicate calculus, the proof
+methods of logic can be used to make an acceptable correctness argument. Unfortunately, as programs
+get large and complicated, as they almost always do, the adequacy, consistency, and correctness of the
+specifications themselves become open to doubt, so that complete formal arguments of correctness
+seldom accompany large programs. Since large programs grow from small ones, it is crucial that we
+develop an arsenal of standard program structures of whose correctness we have become sure -- we
+call them idioms -- and learn to combine them into larger structures using organizational techniques of
+proven value. These techniques are treated at length in this book, and understanding them is essential
+to participation in the Promethean enterprise called programming. More than anything else, the
+uncovering and mastery of powerful organizational techniques accelerates our ability to create large,
+significant programs. Conversely, since writing large programs is very taxing, we are stimulated to
+invent new methods of reducing the mass of function and detail to be fitted into large programs.
+
+\fUnlike programs, computers must obey the laws of physics. If they wish to perform rapidly -- a few
+nanoseconds per state change -- they must transmit electrons only small distances (at most 1 1 /2 feet).
+The heat generated by the huge number of devices so concentrated in space has to be removed. An
+exquisite engineering art has been developed balancing between multiplicity of function and density of
+devices. In any event, hardware always operates at a level more primitive than that at which we care to
+program. The processes that transform our Lisp programs to ‘‘machine’’ programs are themselves
+abstract models which we program. Their study and creation give a great deal of insight into the
+organizational programs associated with programming arbitrary models. Of course the computer itself
+can be so modeled. Think of it: the behavior of the smallest physical switching element is modeled by
+quantum mechanics described by differential equations whose detailed behavior is captured by
+numerical approximations represented in computer programs executing on computers composed of
+...!
+It is not merely a matter of tactical convenience to separately identify the three foci. Even though, as
+they say, it’s all in the head, this logical separation induces an acceleration of symbolic traffic between
+these foci whose richness, vitality, and potential is exceeded in human experience only by the
+evolution of life itself. At best, relationships between the foci are metastable. The computers are never
+large enough or fast enough. Each breakthrough in hardware technology leads to more massive
+programming enterprises, new organizational principles, and an enrichment of abstract models. Every
+reader should ask himself periodically ‘‘Toward what end, toward what end?’’ -- but do not ask it too
+often lest you pass up the fun of programming for the constipation of bittersweet philosophy.
+Among the programs we write, some (but never enough) perform a precise mathematical function such
+as sorting or finding the maximum of a sequence of numbers, determining primality, or finding the
+square root. We call such programs algorithms, and a great deal is known of their optimal behavior,
+particularly with respect to the two important parameters of execution time and data storage
+requirements. A programmer should acquire good algorithms and idioms. Even though some programs
+resist precise specifications, it is the responsibility of the programmer to estimate, and always to
+attempt to improve, their performance.
+Lisp is a survivor, having been in use for about a quarter of a century. Among the active programming
+languages only Fortran has had a longer life. Both languages have supported the programming needs
+of important areas of application, Fortran for scientific and engineering computation and Lisp for
+artificial intelligence. These two areas continue to be important, and their programmers are so devoted
+to these two languages that Lisp and Fortran may well continue in active use for at least another
+quarter-century.
+Lisp changes. The Scheme dialect used in this text has evolved from the original Lisp and differs from
+the latter in several important ways, including static scoping for variable binding and permitting
+functions to yield functions as values. In its semantic structure Scheme is as closely akin to Algol 60
+as to early Lisps. Algol 60, never to be an active language again, lives on in the genes of Scheme and
+Pascal. It would be difficult to find two languages that are the communicating coin of two more
+different cultures than those gathered around these two languages. Pascal is for building pyramids -imposing, breathtaking, static structures built by armies pushing heavy blocks into place. Lisp is for
+building organisms -- imposing, breathtaking, dynamic structures built by squads fitting fluctuating
+myriads of simpler organisms into place. The organizing principles used are the same in both cases,
+except for one extraordinarily important difference: The discretionary exportable functionality
+entrusted to the individual Lisp programmer is more than an order of magnitude greater than that to be
+found within Pascal enterprises. Lisp programs inflate libraries with functions whose utility transcends
+the application that produced them. The list, Lisp’s native data structure, is largely responsible for such
+growth of utility. The simple structure and natural applicability of lists are reflected in functions that
+
+\fare amazingly nonidiosyncratic. In Pascal the plethora of declarable data structures induces a
+specialization within functions that inhibits and penalizes casual cooperation. It is better to have 100
+functions operate on one data structure than to have 10 functions operate on 10 data structures. As a
+result the pyramid must stand unchanged for a millennium; the organism must evolve or perish.
+To illustrate this difference, compare the treatment of material and exercises within this book with that
+in any first-course text using Pascal. Do not labor under the illusion that this is a text digestible at MIT
+only, peculiar to the breed found there. It is precisely what a serious book on programming Lisp must
+be, no matter who the student is or where it is used.
+Note that this is a text about programming, unlike most Lisp books, which are used as a preparation for
+work in artificial intelligence. After all, the critical programming concerns of software engineering and
+artificial intelligence tend to coalesce as the systems under investigation become larger. This explains
+why there is such growing interest in Lisp outside of artificial intelligence.
+As one would expect from its goals, artificial intelligence research generates many significant
+programming problems. In other programming cultures this spate of problems spawns new languages.
+Indeed, in any very large programming task a useful organizing principle is to control and isolate
+traffic within the task modules via the invention of language. These languages tend to become less
+primitive as one approaches the boundaries of the system where we humans interact most often. As a
+result, such systems contain complex language-processing functions replicated many times. Lisp has
+such a simple syntax and semantics that parsing can be treated as an elementary task. Thus parsing
+technology plays almost no role in Lisp programs, and the construction of language processors is
+rarely an impediment to the rate of growth and change of large Lisp systems. Finally, it is this very
+simplicity of syntax and semantics that is responsible for the burden and freedom borne by all Lisp
+programmers. No Lisp program of any size beyond a few lines can be written without being saturated
+with discretionary functions. Invent and fit; have fits and reinvent! We toast the Lisp programmer who
+pens his thoughts within nests of parentheses.
+Alan J. Perlis
+New Haven, Connecticut
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Preface to the Second Edition
+Is it possible that software is not like anything else, that it
+is meant to be discarded: that the whole point is to always
+see it as a soap bubble?
+Alan J. Perlis
+The material in this book has been the basis of MIT’s entry-level computer science subject since 1980.
+We had been teaching this material for four years when the first edition was published, and twelve
+more years have elapsed until the appearance of this second edition. We are pleased that our work has
+been widely adopted and incorporated into other texts. We have seen our students take the ideas and
+programs in this book and build them in as the core of new computer systems and languages. In literal
+realization of an ancient Talmudic pun, our students have become our builders. We are lucky to have
+such capable students and such accomplished builders.
+In preparing this edition, we have incorporated hundreds of clarifications suggested by our own
+teaching experience and the comments of colleagues at MIT and elsewhere. We have redesigned most
+of the major programming systems in the book, including the generic-arithmetic system, the
+interpreters, the register-machine simulator, and the compiler; and we have rewritten all the program
+examples to ensure that any Scheme implementation conforming to the IEEE Scheme standard (IEEE
+1990) will be able to run the code.
+This edition emphasizes several new themes. The most important of these is the central role played by
+different approaches to dealing with time in computational models: objects with state, concurrent
+programming, functional programming, lazy evaluation, and nondeterministic programming. We have
+included new sections on concurrency and nondeterminism, and we have tried to integrate this theme
+throughout the book.
+The first edition of the book closely followed the syllabus of our MIT one-semester subject. With all
+the new material in the second edition, it will not be possible to cover everything in a single semester,
+so the instructor will have to pick and choose. In our own teaching, we sometimes skip the section on
+logic programming (section 4.4), we have students use the register-machine simulator but we do not
+cover its implementation (section 5.2), and we give only a cursory overview of the compiler
+(section 5.5). Even so, this is still an intense course. Some instructors may wish to cover only the first
+three or four chapters, leaving the other material for subsequent courses.
+The World-Wide-Web site www-mitpress.mit.edu/sicp provides support for users of this
+book. This includes programs from the book, sample programming assignments, supplementary
+materials, and downloadable implementations of the Scheme dialect of Lisp.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Preface to the First Edition
+A computer is like a violin. You can imagine a novice
+trying first a phonograph and then a violin. The latter, he
+says, sounds terrible. That is the argument we have heard
+from our humanists and most of our computer scientists.
+Computer programs are good, they say, for particular
+purposes, but they aren’t flexible. Neither is a violin, or a
+typewriter, until you learn how to use it.
+Marvin Minsky, ‘‘Why Programming Is a Good
+Medium for Expressing Poorly-Understood and
+Sloppily-Formulated Ideas’’
+‘‘The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs’’ is the entry-level subject in computer
+science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is required of all students at MIT who major in
+electrical engineering or in computer science, as one-fourth of the ‘‘common core curriculum,’’ which
+also includes two subjects on circuits and linear systems and a subject on the design of digital systems.
+We have been involved in the development of this subject since 1978, and we have taught this material
+in its present form since the fall of 1980 to between 600 and 700 students each year. Most of these
+students have had little or no prior formal training in computation, although many have played with
+computers a bit and a few have had extensive programming or hardware-design experience.
+Our design of this introductory computer-science subject reflects two major concerns. First, we want
+to establish the idea that a computer language is not just a way of getting a computer to perform
+operations but rather that it is a novel formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology. Thus,
+programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. Second,
+we believe that the essential material to be addressed by a subject at this level is not the syntax of
+particular programming-language constructs, nor clever algorithms for computing particular functions
+efficiently, nor even the mathematical analysis of algorithms and the foundations of computing, but
+rather the techniques used to control the intellectual complexity of large software systems.
+Our goal is that students who complete this subject should have a good feel for the elements of style
+and the aesthetics of programming. They should have command of the major techniques for
+controlling complexity in a large system. They should be capable of reading a 50-page-long program,
+if it is written in an exemplary style. They should know what not to read, and what they need not
+understand at any moment. They should feel secure about modifying a program, retaining the spirit
+and style of the original author.
+These skills are by no means unique to computer programming. The techniques we teach and draw
+upon are common to all of engineering design. We control complexity by building abstractions that
+hide details when appropriate. We control complexity by establishing conventional interfaces that
+enable us to construct systems by combining standard, well-understood pieces in a ‘‘mix and match’’
+way. We control complexity by establishing new languages for describing a design, each of which
+emphasizes particular aspects of the design and deemphasizes others.
+
+\fUnderlying our approach to this subject is our conviction that ‘‘computer science’’ is not a science and
+that its significance has little to do with computers. The computer revolution is a revolution in the way
+we think and in the way we express what we think. The essence of this change is the emergence of
+what might best be called procedural epistemology -- the study of the structure of knowledge from an
+imperative point of view, as opposed to the more declarative point of view taken by classical
+mathematical subjects. Mathematics provides a framework for dealing precisely with notions of ‘‘what
+is.’’ Computation provides a framework for dealing precisely with notions of ‘‘how to.’’
+In teaching our material we use a dialect of the programming language Lisp. We never formally teach
+the language, because we don’t have to. We just use it, and students pick it up in a few days. This is
+one great advantage of Lisp-like languages: They have very few ways of forming compound
+expressions, and almost no syntactic structure. All of the formal properties can be covered in an hour,
+like the rules of chess. After a short time we forget about syntactic details of the language (because
+there are none) and get on with the real issues -- figuring out what we want to compute, how we will
+decompose problems into manageable parts, and how we will work on the parts. Another advantage of
+Lisp is that it supports (but does not enforce) more of the large-scale strategies for modular
+decomposition of programs than any other language we know. We can make procedural and data
+abstractions, we can use higher-order functions to capture common patterns of usage, we can model
+local state using assignment and data mutation, we can link parts of a program with streams and
+delayed evaluation, and we can easily implement embedded languages. All of this is embedded in an
+interactive environment with excellent support for incremental program design, construction, testing,
+and debugging. We thank all the generations of Lisp wizards, starting with John McCarthy, who have
+fashioned a fine tool of unprecedented power and elegance.
+Scheme, the dialect of Lisp that we use, is an attempt to bring together the power and elegance of Lisp
+and Algol. From Lisp we take the metalinguistic power that derives from the simple syntax, the
+uniform representation of programs as data objects, and the garbage-collected heap-allocated data.
+From Algol we take lexical scoping and block structure, which are gifts from the pioneers of
+programming-language design who were on the Algol committee. We wish to cite John Reynolds and
+Peter Landin for their insights into the relationship of Church’s lambda calculus to the structure of
+programming languages. We also recognize our debt to the mathematicians who scouted out this
+territory decades before computers appeared on the scene. These pioneers include Alonzo Church,
+Barkley Rosser, Stephen Kleene, and Haskell Curry.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Acknowledgments
+We would like to thank the many people who have helped us develop this book and this curriculum.
+Our subject is a clear intellectual descendant of ‘‘6.231,’’ a wonderful subject on programming
+linguistics and the lambda calculus taught at MIT in the late 1960s by Jack Wozencraft and Arthur
+Evans, Jr.
+We owe a great debt to Robert Fano, who reorganized MIT’s introductory curriculum in electrical
+engineering and computer science to emphasize the principles of engineering design. He led us in
+starting out on this enterprise and wrote the first set of subject notes from which this book evolved.
+Much of the style and aesthetics of programming that we try to teach were developed in conjunction
+with Guy Lewis Steele Jr., who collaborated with Gerald Jay Sussman in the initial development of the
+Scheme language. In addition, David Turner, Peter Henderson, Dan Friedman, David Wise, and Will
+Clinger have taught us many of the techniques of the functional programming community that appear
+in this book.
+Joel Moses taught us about structuring large systems. His experience with the Macsyma system for
+symbolic computation provided the insight that one should avoid complexities of control and
+concentrate on organizing the data to reflect the real structure of the world being modeled.
+Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert formed many of our attitudes about programming and its place in
+our intellectual lives. To them we owe the understanding that computation provides a means of
+expression for exploring ideas that would otherwise be too complex to deal with precisely. They
+emphasize that a student’s ability to write and modify programs provides a powerful medium in which
+exploring becomes a natural activity.
+We also strongly agree with Alan Perlis that programming is lots of fun and we had better be careful to
+support the joy of programming. Part of this joy derives from observing great masters at work. We are
+fortunate to have been apprentice programmers at the feet of Bill Gosper and Richard Greenblatt.
+It is difficult to identify all the people who have contributed to the development of our curriculum. We
+thank all the lecturers, recitation instructors, and tutors who have worked with us over the past fifteen
+years and put in many extra hours on our subject, especially Bill Siebert, Albert Meyer, Joe Stoy,
+Randy Davis, Louis Braida, Eric Grimson, Rod Brooks, Lynn Stein, and Peter Szolovits. We would
+like to specially acknowledge the outstanding teaching contributions of Franklyn Turbak, now at
+Wellesley; his work in undergraduate instruction set a standard that we can all aspire to. We are
+grateful to Jerry Saltzer and Jim Miller for helping us grapple with the mysteries of concurrency, and
+to Peter Szolovits and David McAllester for their contributions to the exposition of nondeterministic
+evaluation in chapter 4.
+Many people have put in significant effort presenting this material at other universities. Some of the
+people we have worked closely with are Jacob Katzenelson at the Technion, Hardy Mayer at the
+University of California at Irvine, Joe Stoy at Oxford, Elisha Sacks at Purdue, and Jan Komorowski at
+the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. We are exceptionally proud of our colleagues
+
+\fwho have received major teaching awards for their adaptations of this subject at other universities,
+including Kenneth Yip at Yale, Brian Harvey at the University of California at Berkeley, and Dan
+Huttenlocher at Cornell.
+Al Moyé arranged for us to teach this material to engineers at Hewlett-Packard, and for the production
+of videotapes of these lectures. We would like to thank the talented instructors -- in particular Jim
+Miller, Bill Siebert, and Mike Eisenberg -- who have designed continuing education courses
+incorporating these tapes and taught them at universities and industry all over the world.
+Many educators in other countries have put in significant work translating the first edition. Michel
+Briand, Pierre Chamard, and André Pic produced a French edition; Susanne Daniels-Herold produced
+a German edition; and Fumio Motoyoshi produced a Japanese edition. We do not know who produced
+the Chinese edition, but we consider it an honor to have been selected as the subject of an
+‘‘unauthorized’’ translation.
+It is hard to enumerate all the people who have made technical contributions to the development of the
+Scheme systems we use for instructional purposes. In addition to Guy Steele, principal wizards have
+included Chris Hanson, Joe Bowbeer, Jim Miller, Guillermo Rozas, and Stephen Adams. Others who
+have put in significant time are Richard Stallman, Alan Bawden, Kent Pitman, Jon Taft, Neil Mayle,
+John Lamping, Gwyn Osnos, Tracy Larrabee, George Carrette, Soma Chaudhuri, Bill Chiarchiaro,
+Steven Kirsch, Leigh Klotz, Wayne Noss, Todd Cass, Patrick O’Donnell, Kevin Theobald, Daniel
+Weise, Kenneth Sinclair, Anthony Courtemanche, Henry M. Wu, Andrew Berlin, and Ruth Shyu.
+Beyond the MIT implementation, we would like to thank the many people who worked on the IEEE
+Scheme standard, including William Clinger and Jonathan Rees, who edited the R 4 RS, and Chris
+Haynes, David Bartley, Chris Hanson, and Jim Miller, who prepared the IEEE standard.
+Dan Friedman has been a long-time leader of the Scheme community. The community’s broader work
+goes beyond issues of language design to encompass significant educational innovations, such as the
+high-school curriculum based on EdScheme by Schemer’s Inc., and the wonderful books by Mike
+Eisenberg and by Brian Harvey and Matthew Wright.
+We appreciate the work of those who contributed to making this a real book, especially Terry Ehling,
+Larry Cohen, and Paul Bethge at the MIT Press. Ella Mazel found the wonderful cover image. For the
+second edition we are particularly grateful to Bernard and Ella Mazel for help with the book design,
+and to David Jones, TEX wizard extraordinaire. We also are indebted to those readers who made
+penetrating comments on the new draft: Jacob Katzenelson, Hardy Mayer, Jim Miller, and especially
+Brian Harvey, who did unto this book as Julie did unto his book Simply Scheme.
+Finally, we would like to acknowledge the support of the organizations that have encouraged this work
+over the years, including support from Hewlett-Packard, made possible by Ira Goldstein and Joel
+Birnbaum, and support from DARPA, made possible by Bob Kahn.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Chapter 1
+Building Abstractions with Procedures
+The acts of the mind, wherein it exerts its power over
+simple ideas, are chiefly these three: 1. Combining
+several simple ideas into one compound one, and thus all
+complex ideas are made. 2. The second is bringing two
+ideas, whether simple or complex, together, and setting
+them by one another so as to take a view of them at once,
+without uniting them into one, by which it gets all its
+ideas of relations. 3. The third is separating them from all
+other ideas that accompany them in their real existence:
+this is called abstraction, and thus all its general ideas are
+made.
+John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
+(1690)
+We are about to study the idea of a computational process. Computational processes are abstract
+beings that inhabit computers. As they evolve, processes manipulate other abstract things called data.
+The evolution of a process is directed by a pattern of rules called a program. People create programs to
+direct processes. In effect, we conjure the spirits of the computer with our spells.
+A computational process is indeed much like a sorcerer’s idea of a spirit. It cannot be seen or touched.
+It is not composed of matter at all. However, it is very real. It can perform intellectual work. It can
+answer questions. It can affect the world by disbursing money at a bank or by controlling a robot arm
+in a factory. The programs we use to conjure processes are like a sorcerer’s spells. They are carefully
+composed from symbolic expressions in arcane and esoteric programming languages that prescribe the
+tasks we want our processes to perform.
+A computational process, in a correctly working computer, executes programs precisely and
+accurately. Thus, like the sorcerer’s apprentice, novice programmers must learn to understand and to
+anticipate the consequences of their conjuring. Even small errors (usually called bugs or glitches) in
+programs can have complex and unanticipated consequences.
+Fortunately, learning to program is considerably less dangerous than learning sorcery, because the
+spirits we deal with are conveniently contained in a secure way. Real-world programming, however,
+requires care, expertise, and wisdom. A small bug in a computer-aided design program, for example,
+can lead to the catastrophic collapse of an airplane or a dam or the self-destruction of an industrial
+robot.
+Master software engineers have the ability to organize programs so that they can be reasonably sure
+that the resulting processes will perform the tasks intended. They can visualize the behavior of their
+systems in advance. They know how to structure programs so that unanticipated problems do not lead
+to catastrophic consequences, and when problems do arise, they can debug their programs.
+Well-designed computational systems, like well-designed automobiles or nuclear reactors, are
+
+\fdesigned in a modular manner, so that the parts can be constructed, replaced, and debugged separately.
+
+Programming in Lisp
+We need an appropriate language for describing processes, and we will use for this purpose the
+programming language Lisp. Just as our everyday thoughts are usually expressed in our natural
+language (such as English, French, or Japanese), and descriptions of quantitative phenomena are
+expressed with mathematical notations, our procedural thoughts will be expressed in Lisp. Lisp was
+invented in the late 1950s as a formalism for reasoning about the use of certain kinds of logical
+expressions, called recursion equations, as a model for computation. The language was conceived by
+John McCarthy and is based on his paper ‘‘Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their
+Computation by Machine’’ (McCarthy 1960).
+Despite its inception as a mathematical formalism, Lisp is a practical programming language. A Lisp
+interpreter is a machine that carries out processes described in the Lisp language. The first Lisp
+interpreter was implemented by McCarthy with the help of colleagues and students in the Artificial
+Intelligence Group of the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics and in the MIT Computation
+Center. 1 Lisp, whose name is an acronym for LISt Processing, was designed to provide
+symbol-manipulating capabilities for attacking programming problems such as the symbolic
+differentiation and integration of algebraic expressions. It included for this purpose new data objects
+known as atoms and lists, which most strikingly set it apart from all other languages of the period.
+Lisp was not the product of a concerted design effort. Instead, it evolved informally in an experimental
+manner in response to users’ needs and to pragmatic implementation considerations. Lisp’s informal
+evolution has continued through the years, and the community of Lisp users has traditionally resisted
+attempts to promulgate any ‘‘official’’ definition of the language. This evolution, together with the
+flexibility and elegance of the initial conception, has enabled Lisp, which is the second oldest language
+in widespread use today (only Fortran is older), to continually adapt to encompass the most modern
+ideas about program design. Thus, Lisp is by now a family of dialects, which, while sharing most of
+the original features, may differ from one another in significant ways. The dialect of Lisp used in this
+book is called Scheme. 2
+Because of its experimental character and its emphasis on symbol manipulation, Lisp was at first very
+inefficient for numerical computations, at least in comparison with Fortran. Over the years, however,
+Lisp compilers have been developed that translate programs into machine code that can perform
+numerical computations reasonably efficiently. And for special applications, Lisp has been used with
+great effectiveness. 3 Although Lisp has not yet overcome its old reputation as hopelessly inefficient,
+Lisp is now used in many applications where efficiency is not the central concern. For example, Lisp
+has become a language of choice for operating-system shell languages and for extension languages for
+editors and computer-aided design systems.
+If Lisp is not a mainstream language, why are we using it as the framework for our discussion of
+programming? Because the language possesses unique features that make it an excellent medium for
+studying important programming constructs and data structures and for relating them to the linguistic
+features that support them. The most significant of these features is the fact that Lisp descriptions of
+processes, called procedures, can themselves be represented and manipulated as Lisp data. The
+importance of this is that there are powerful program-design techniques that rely on the ability to blur
+the traditional distinction between ‘‘passive’’ data and ‘‘active’’ processes. As we shall discover,
+Lisp’s flexibility in handling procedures as data makes it one of the most convenient languages in
+existence for exploring these techniques. The ability to represent procedures as data also makes Lisp
+an excellent language for writing programs that must manipulate other programs as data, such as the
+
+\finterpreters and compilers that support computer languages. Above and beyond these considerations,
+programming in Lisp is great fun.
+1 The Lisp 1 Programmer’s Manual appeared in 1960, and the Lisp 1.5 Programmer’s Manual
+
+(McCarthy 1965) was published in 1962. The early history of Lisp is described in McCarthy 1978.
+2 The two dialects in which most major Lisp programs of the 1970s were written are MacLisp (Moon
+
+1978; Pitman 1983), developed at the MIT Project MAC, and Interlisp (Teitelman 1974), developed at
+Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Portable Standard Lisp
+(Hearn 1969; Griss 1981) was a Lisp dialect designed to be easily portable between different
+machines. MacLisp spawned a number of subdialects, such as Franz Lisp, which was developed at the
+University of California at Berkeley, and Zetalisp (Moon 1981), which was based on a special-purpose
+processor designed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to run Lisp very efficiently. The Lisp
+dialect used in this book, called Scheme (Steele 1975), was invented in 1975 by Guy Lewis Steele Jr.
+and Gerald Jay Sussman of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and later reimplemented for
+instructional use at MIT. Scheme became an IEEE standard in 1990 (IEEE 1990). The Common Lisp
+dialect (Steele 1982, Steele 1990) was developed by the Lisp community to combine features from the
+earlier Lisp dialects to make an industrial standard for Lisp. Common Lisp became an ANSI standard
+in 1994 (ANSI 1994).
+3 One such special application was a breakthrough computation of scientific importance -- an
+
+integration of the motion of the Solar System that extended previous results by nearly two orders of
+magnitude, and demonstrated that the dynamics of the Solar System is chaotic. This computation was
+made possible by new integration algorithms, a special-purpose compiler, and a special-purpose
+computer all implemented with the aid of software tools written in Lisp (Abelson et al. 1992; Sussman
+and Wisdom 1992).
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+1.1 The Elements of Programming
+A powerful programming language is more than just a means for instructing a computer to perform
+tasks. The language also serves as a framework within which we organize our ideas about processes.
+Thus, when we describe a language, we should pay particular attention to the means that the language
+provides for combining simple ideas to form more complex ideas. Every powerful language has three
+mechanisms for accomplishing this:
+primitive expressions, which represent the simplest entities the language is concerned with,
+means of combination, by which compound elements are built from simpler ones, and
+means of abstraction, by which compound elements can be named and manipulated as units.
+In programming, we deal with two kinds of elements: procedures and data. (Later we will discover that
+they are really not so distinct.) Informally, data is ‘‘stuff’’ that we want to manipulate, and procedures
+are descriptions of the rules for manipulating the data. Thus, any powerful programming language
+should be able to describe primitive data and primitive procedures and should have methods for
+combining and abstracting procedures and data.
+In this chapter we will deal only with simple numerical data so that we can focus on the rules for
+building procedures. 4 In later chapters we will see that these same rules allow us to build procedures
+to manipulate compound data as well.
+
+1.1.1 Expressions
+One easy way to get started at programming is to examine some typical interactions with an interpreter
+for the Scheme dialect of Lisp. Imagine that you are sitting at a computer terminal. You type an
+expression, and the interpreter responds by displaying the result of its evaluating that expression.
+One kind of primitive expression you might type is a number. (More precisely, the expression that you
+type consists of the numerals that represent the number in base 10.) If you present Lisp with a number
+486
+the interpreter will respond by printing 5
+486
+Expressions representing numbers may be combined with an expression representing a primitive
+procedure (such as + or *) to form a compound expression that represents the application of the
+procedure to those numbers. For example:
+(+ 137 349)
+486
+(- 1000 334)
+666
+(* 5 99)
+495
+(/ 10 5)
+
+\f2
+(+ 2.7 10)
+12.7
+Expressions such as these, formed by delimiting a list of expressions within parentheses in order to
+denote procedure application, are called combinations. The leftmost element in the list is called the
+operator, and the other elements are called operands. The value of a combination is obtained by
+applying the procedure specified by the operator to the arguments that are the values of the operands.
+The convention of placing the operator to the left of the operands is known as prefix notation, and it
+may be somewhat confusing at first because it departs significantly from the customary mathematical
+convention. Prefix notation has several advantages, however. One of them is that it can accommodate
+procedures that may take an arbitrary number of arguments, as in the following examples:
+(+ 21 35 12 7)
+75
+(* 25 4 12)
+1200
+No ambiguity can arise, because the operator is always the leftmost element and the entire
+combination is delimited by the parentheses.
+A second advantage of prefix notation is that it extends in a straightforward way to allow combinations
+to be nested, that is, to have combinations whose elements are themselves combinations:
+(+ (* 3 5) (- 10 6))
+19
+There is no limit (in principle) to the depth of such nesting and to the overall complexity of the
+expressions that the Lisp interpreter can evaluate. It is we humans who get confused by still relatively
+simple expressions such as
+(+ (* 3 (+ (* 2 4) (+ 3 5))) (+ (- 10 7) 6))
+which the interpreter would readily evaluate to be 57. We can help ourselves by writing such an
+expression in the form
+(+ (* 3
+(+ (* 2 4)
+(+ 3 5)))
+(+ (- 10 7)
+6))
+following a formatting convention known as pretty-printing, in which each long combination is
+written so that the operands are aligned vertically. The resulting indentations display clearly the
+structure of the expression. 6
+Even with complex expressions, the interpreter always operates in the same basic cycle: It reads an
+expression from the terminal, evaluates the expression, and prints the result. This mode of operation is
+often expressed by saying that the interpreter runs in a read-eval-print loop. Observe in particular that
+it is not necessary to explicitly instruct the interpreter to print the value of the expression. 7
+
+\f1.1.2 Naming and the Environment
+A critical aspect of a programming language is the means it provides for using names to refer to
+computational objects. We say that the name identifies a variable whose value is the object.
+In the Scheme dialect of Lisp, we name things with define. Typing
+(define size 2)
+causes the interpreter to associate the value 2 with the name size. 8 Once the name size has been
+associated with the number 2, we can refer to the value 2 by name:
+size
+2
+(* 5 size)
+10
+Here are further examples of the use of define:
+(define pi 3.14159)
+(define radius 10)
+(* pi (* radius radius))
+314.159
+(define circumference (* 2 pi radius))
+circumference
+62.8318
+Define is our language’s simplest means of abstraction, for it allows us to use simple names to refer
+to the results of compound operations, such as the circumference computed above. In general,
+computational objects may have very complex structures, and it would be extremely inconvenient to
+have to remember and repeat their details each time we want to use them. Indeed, complex programs
+are constructed by building, step by step, computational objects of increasing complexity. The
+interpreter makes this step-by-step program construction particularly convenient because name-object
+associations can be created incrementally in successive interactions. This feature encourages the
+incremental development and testing of programs and is largely responsible for the fact that a Lisp
+program usually consists of a large number of relatively simple procedures.
+It should be clear that the possibility of associating values with symbols and later retrieving them
+means that the interpreter must maintain some sort of memory that keeps track of the name-object
+pairs. This memory is called the environment (more precisely the global environment, since we will
+see later that a computation may involve a number of different environments). 9
+
+1.1.3 Evaluating Combinations
+One of our goals in this chapter is to isolate issues about thinking procedurally. As a case in point, let
+us consider that, in evaluating combinations, the interpreter is itself following a procedure.
+To evaluate a combination, do the following:
+
+\f1. Evaluate the subexpressions of the combination.
+2. Apply the procedure that is the value of the leftmost subexpression (the operator) to the
+arguments that are the values of the other subexpressions (the operands).
+Even this simple rule illustrates some important points about processes in general. First, observe that
+the first step dictates that in order to accomplish the evaluation process for a combination we must first
+perform the evaluation process on each element of the combination. Thus, the evaluation rule is
+recursive in nature; that is, it includes, as one of its steps, the need to invoke the rule itself. 10
+Notice how succinctly the idea of recursion can be used to express what, in the case of a deeply nested
+combination, would otherwise be viewed as a rather complicated process. For example, evaluating
+(* (+ 2 (* 4 6))
+(+ 3 5 7))
+requires that the evaluation rule be applied to four different combinations. We can obtain a picture of
+this process by representing the combination in the form of a tree, as shown in figure 1.1. Each
+combination is represented by a node with branches corresponding to the operator and the operands of
+the combination stemming from it. The terminal nodes (that is, nodes with no branches stemming from
+them) represent either operators or numbers. Viewing evaluation in terms of the tree, we can imagine
+that the values of the operands percolate upward, starting from the terminal nodes and then combining
+at higher and higher levels. In general, we shall see that recursion is a very powerful technique for
+dealing with hierarchical, treelike objects. In fact, the ‘‘percolate values upward’’ form of the
+evaluation rule is an example of a general kind of process known as tree accumulation.
+
+Figure 1.1: Tree representation, showing the value of each subcombination.
+Figure 1.1: Tree representation, showing the value of each subcombination.
+Next, observe that the repeated application of the first step brings us to the point where we need to
+evaluate, not combinations, but primitive expressions such as numerals, built-in operators, or other
+names. We take care of the primitive cases by stipulating that
+
+\fthe values of numerals are the numbers that they name,
+the values of built-in operators are the machine instruction sequences that carry out the
+corresponding operations, and
+the values of other names are the objects associated with those names in the environment.
+We may regard the second rule as a special case of the third one by stipulating that symbols such as +
+and * are also included in the global environment, and are associated with the sequences of machine
+instructions that are their ‘‘values.’’ The key point to notice is the role of the environment in
+determining the meaning of the symbols in expressions. In an interactive language such as Lisp, it is
+meaningless to speak of the value of an expression such as (+ x 1) without specifying any
+information about the environment that would provide a meaning for the symbol x (or even for the
+symbol +). As we shall see in chapter 3, the general notion of the environment as providing a context
+in which evaluation takes place will play an important role in our understanding of program execution.
+Notice that the evaluation rule given above does not handle definitions. For instance, evaluating
+(define x 3) does not apply define to two arguments, one of which is the value of the symbol
+x and the other of which is 3, since the purpose of the define is precisely to associate x with a value.
+(That is, (define x 3) is not a combination.)
+Such exceptions to the general evaluation rule are called special forms. Define is the only example
+of a special form that we have seen so far, but we will meet others shortly. Each special form has its
+own evaluation rule. The various kinds of expressions (each with its associated evaluation rule)
+constitute the syntax of the programming language. In comparison with most other programming
+languages, Lisp has a very simple syntax; that is, the evaluation rule for expressions can be described
+by a simple general rule together with specialized rules for a small number of special forms. 11
+
+1.1.4 Compound Procedures
+We have identified in Lisp some of the elements that must appear in any powerful programming
+language:
+Numbers and arithmetic operations are primitive data and procedures.
+Nesting of combinations provides a means of combining operations.
+Definitions that associate names with values provide a limited means of abstraction.
+Now we will learn about procedure definitions, a much more powerful abstraction technique by which
+a compound operation can be given a name and then referred to as a unit.
+We begin by examining how to express the idea of ‘‘squaring.’’ We might say, ‘‘To square something,
+multiply it by itself.’’ This is expressed in our language as
+(define (square x) (* x x))
+We can understand this in the following way:
+(define (square
+To
+
+x)
+
+(*
+
+square something, multiply
+
+x
+
+x))
+
+it by itself.
+
+\fWe have here a compound procedure, which has been given the name square. The procedure
+represents the operation of multiplying something by itself. The thing to be multiplied is given a local
+name, x, which plays the same role that a pronoun plays in natural language. Evaluating the definition
+creates this compound procedure and associates it with the name square. 12
+The general form of a procedure definition is
+(define (<name> <formal parameters>) <body>)
+The <name> is a symbol to be associated with the procedure definition in the environment. 13 The
+<formal parameters> are the names used within the body of the procedure to refer to the
+corresponding arguments of the procedure. The <body> is an expression that will yield the value of the
+procedure application when the formal parameters are replaced by the actual arguments to which the
+procedure is applied. 14 The <name> and the <formal parameters> are grouped within parentheses,
+just as they would be in an actual call to the procedure being defined.
+Having defined square, we can now use it:
+(square 21)
+441
+(square (+ 2 5))
+49
+(square (square 3))
+81
+We can also use square as a building block in defining other procedures. For example, x 2 + y 2 can
+be expressed as
+(+ (square x) (square y))
+We can easily define a procedure sum-of-squares that, given any two numbers as arguments,
+produces the sum of their squares:
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(sum-of-squares 3 4)
+25
+Now we can use sum-of-squares as a building block in constructing further procedures:
+(define (f a)
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2)))
+(f 5)
+136
+Compound procedures are used in exactly the same way as primitive procedures. Indeed, one could
+not tell by looking at the definition of sum-of-squares given above whether square was built
+into the interpreter, like + and *, or defined as a compound procedure.
+
+\f1.1.5 The Substitution Model for Procedure Application
+To evaluate a combination whose operator names a compound procedure, the interpreter follows much
+the same process as for combinations whose operators name primitive procedures, which we described
+in section 1.1.3. That is, the interpreter evaluates the elements of the combination and applies the
+procedure (which is the value of the operator of the combination) to the arguments (which are the
+values of the operands of the combination).
+We can assume that the mechanism for applying primitive procedures to arguments is built into the
+interpreter. For compound procedures, the application process is as follows:
+To apply a compound procedure to arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure with each
+formal parameter replaced by the corresponding argument.
+To illustrate this process, let’s evaluate the combination
+(f 5)
+where f is the procedure defined in section 1.1.4. We begin by retrieving the body of f:
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2))
+Then we replace the formal parameter a by the argument 5:
+(sum-of-squares (+ 5 1) (* 5 2))
+Thus the problem reduces to the evaluation of a combination with two operands and an operator
+sum-of-squares. Evaluating this combination involves three subproblems. We must evaluate the
+operator to get the procedure to be applied, and we must evaluate the operands to get the arguments.
+Now (+ 5 1) produces 6 and (* 5 2) produces 10, so we must apply the sum-of-squares
+procedure to 6 and 10. These values are substituted for the formal parameters x and y in the body of
+sum-of-squares, reducing the expression to
+(+ (square 6) (square 10))
+If we use the definition of square, this reduces to
+(+ (* 6 6) (* 10 10))
+which reduces by multiplication to
+(+ 36 100)
+and finally to
+136
+The process we have just described is called the substitution model for procedure application. It can be
+taken as a model that determines the ‘‘meaning’’ of procedure application, insofar as the procedures in
+this chapter are concerned. However, there are two points that should be stressed:
+
+\fThe purpose of the substitution is to help us think about procedure application, not to provide a
+description of how the interpreter really works. Typical interpreters do not evaluate procedure
+applications by manipulating the text of a procedure to substitute values for the formal
+parameters. In practice, the ‘‘substitution’’ is accomplished by using a local environment for the
+formal parameters. We will discuss this more fully in chapters 3 and 4 when we examine the
+implementation of an interpreter in detail.
+Over the course of this book, we will present a sequence of increasingly elaborate models of how
+interpreters work, culminating with a complete implementation of an interpreter and compiler in
+chapter 5. The substitution model is only the first of these models -- a way to get started thinking
+formally about the evaluation process. In general, when modeling phenomena in science and
+engineering, we begin with simplified, incomplete models. As we examine things in greater
+detail, these simple models become inadequate and must be replaced by more refined models.
+The substitution model is no exception. In particular, when we address in chapter 3 the use of
+procedures with ‘‘mutable data,’’ we will see that the substitution model breaks down and must
+be replaced by a more complicated model of procedure application. 15
+
+Applicative order versus normal order
+According to the description of evaluation given in section 1.1.3, the interpreter first evaluates the
+operator and operands and then applies the resulting procedure to the resulting arguments. This is not
+the only way to perform evaluation. An alternative evaluation model would not evaluate the operands
+until their values were needed. Instead it would first substitute operand expressions for parameters
+until it obtained an expression involving only primitive operators, and would then perform the
+evaluation. If we used this method, the evaluation of
+(f 5)
+would proceed according to the sequence of expansions
+(sum-of-squares (+ 5 1) (* 5 2))
+(+
+(square (+ 5 1))
+(square (* 5 2)) )
+(+
+(* (+ 5 1) (+ 5 1))
+(* (* 5 2) (* 5 2)))
+followed by the reductions
+(+
+(+
+
+(* 6 6)
+36
+
+(* 10 10))
+100)
+136
+
+This gives the same answer as our previous evaluation model, but the process is different. In
+particular, the evaluations of (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2) are each performed twice here, corresponding
+to the reduction of the expression
+(* x x)
+with x replaced respectively by (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2).
+This alternative ‘‘fully expand and then reduce’’ evaluation method is known as normal-order
+evaluation, in contrast to the ‘‘evaluate the arguments and then apply’’ method that the interpreter
+actually uses, which is called applicative-order evaluation. It can be shown that, for procedure
+applications that can be modeled using substitution (including all the procedures in the first two
+
+\fchapters of this book) and that yield legitimate values, normal-order and applicative-order evaluation
+produce the same value. (See exercise 1.5 for an instance of an ‘‘illegitimate’’ value where
+normal-order and applicative-order evaluation do not give the same result.)
+Lisp uses applicative-order evaluation, partly because of the additional efficiency obtained from
+avoiding multiple evaluations of expressions such as those illustrated with (+ 5 1) and (* 5 2)
+above and, more significantly, because normal-order evaluation becomes much more complicated to
+deal with when we leave the realm of procedures that can be modeled by substitution. On the other
+hand, normal-order evaluation can be an extremely valuable tool, and we will investigate some of its
+implications in chapters 3 and 4. 16
+
+1.1.6 Conditional Expressions and Predicates
+The expressive power of the class of procedures that we can define at this point is very limited,
+because we have no way to make tests and to perform different operations depending on the result of a
+test. For instance, we cannot define a procedure that computes the absolute value of a number by
+testing whether the number is positive, negative, or zero and taking different actions in the different
+cases according to the rule
+
+This construct is called a case analysis, and there is a special form in Lisp for notating such a case
+analysis. It is called cond (which stands for ‘‘conditional’’), and it is used as follows:
+(define (abs x)
+(cond ((> x 0) x)
+((= x 0) 0)
+((< x 0) (- x))))
+The general form of a conditional expression is
+(cond (<p 1 > <e 1 >)
+(<p 2 > <e 2 >)
+(<p n > <e n >))
+consisting of the symbol cond followed by parenthesized pairs of expressions (<p> <e>) called
+clauses. The first expression in each pair is a predicate -- that is, an expression whose value is
+interpreted as either true or false. 17
+Conditional expressions are evaluated as follows. The predicate <p 1 > is evaluated first. If its value is
+false, then <p 2 > is evaluated. If <p 2 >’s value is also false, then <p 3 > is evaluated. This process
+continues until a predicate is found whose value is true, in which case the interpreter returns the value
+of the corresponding consequent expression <e> of the clause as the value of the conditional
+expression. If none of the <p>’s is found to be true, the value of the cond is undefined.
+
+\fThe word predicate is used for procedures that return true or false, as well as for expressions that
+evaluate to true or false. The absolute-value procedure abs makes use of the primitive predicates >, <,
+and =. 18 These take two numbers as arguments and test whether the first number is, respectively,
+greater than, less than, or equal to the second number, returning true or false accordingly.
+Another way to write the absolute-value procedure is
+(define (abs x)
+(cond ((< x 0) (- x))
+(else x)))
+which could be expressed in English as ‘‘If x is less than zero return - x; otherwise return x.’’ Else is
+a special symbol that can be used in place of the <p> in the final clause of a cond. This causes the
+cond to return as its value the value of the corresponding <e> whenever all previous clauses have
+been bypassed. In fact, any expression that always evaluates to a true value could be used as the <p>
+here.
+Here is yet another way to write the absolute-value procedure:
+(define (abs x)
+(if (< x 0)
+(- x)
+x))
+This uses the special form if, a restricted type of conditional that can be used when there are
+precisely two cases in the case analysis. The general form of an if expression is
+(if <predicate> <consequent> <alternative>)
+To evaluate an if expression, the interpreter starts by evaluating the <predicate> part of the
+expression. If the <predicate> evaluates to a true value, the interpreter then evaluates the
+<consequent> and returns its value. Otherwise it evaluates the <alternative> and returns its value. 19
+In addition to primitive predicates such as <, =, and >, there are logical composition operations, which
+enable us to construct compound predicates. The three most frequently used are these:
+(and <e 1 > ... <e n >)
+The interpreter evaluates the expressions <e> one at a time, in left-to-right order. If any <e>
+evaluates to false, the value of the and expression is false, and the rest of the <e>’s are not
+evaluated. If all <e>’s evaluate to true values, the value of the and expression is the value of the
+last one.
+(or <e 1 > ... <e n >)
+The interpreter evaluates the expressions <e> one at a time, in left-to-right order. If any <e>
+evaluates to a true value, that value is returned as the value of the or expression, and the rest of
+the <e>’s are not evaluated. If all <e>’s evaluate to false, the value of the or expression is false.
+(not <e>)
+
+\fThe value of a not expression is true when the expression <e> evaluates to false, and false
+otherwise.
+Notice that and and or are special forms, not procedures, because the subexpressions are not
+necessarily all evaluated. Not is an ordinary procedure.
+As an example of how these are used, the condition that a number x be in the range 5 < x < 10 may be
+expressed as
+(and (> x 5) (< x 10))
+As another example, we can define a predicate to test whether one number is greater than or equal to
+another as
+(define (>= x y)
+(or (> x y) (= x y)))
+or alternatively as
+(define (>= x y)
+(not (< x y)))
+Exercise 1.1. Below is a sequence of expressions. What is the result printed by the interpreter in
+response to each expression? Assume that the sequence is to be evaluated in the order in which it is
+presented.
+10
+(+ 5 3 4)
+(- 9 1)
+(/ 6 2)
+(+ (* 2 4) (- 4 6))
+(define a 3)
+(define b (+ a 1))
+(+ a b (* a b))
+(= a b)
+(if (and (> b a) (< b (* a b)))
+b
+a)
+(cond ((= a 4) 6)
+((= b 4) (+ 6 7 a))
+(else 25))
+(+ 2 (if (> b a) b a))
+(* (cond ((> a b) a)
+((< a b) b)
+(else -1))
+(+ a 1))
+Exercise 1.2. Translate the following expression into prefix form
+
+\fExercise 1.3. Define a procedure that takes three numbers as arguments and returns the sum of the
+squares of the two larger numbers.
+Exercise 1.4. Observe that our model of evaluation allows for combinations whose operators are
+compound expressions. Use this observation to describe the behavior of the following procedure:
+(define (a-plus-abs-b a b)
+((if (> b 0) + -) a b))
+Exercise 1.5. Ben Bitdiddle has invented a test to determine whether the interpreter he is faced with is
+using applicative-order evaluation or normal-order evaluation. He defines the following two
+procedures:
+(define (p) (p))
+(define (test x y)
+(if (= x 0)
+0
+y))
+Then he evaluates the expression
+(test 0 (p))
+What behavior will Ben observe with an interpreter that uses applicative-order evaluation? What
+behavior will he observe with an interpreter that uses normal-order evaluation? Explain your answer.
+(Assume that the evaluation rule for the special form if is the same whether the interpreter is using
+normal or applicative order: The predicate expression is evaluated first, and the result determines
+whether to evaluate the consequent or the alternative expression.)
+
+1.1.7 Example: Square Roots by Newton’s Method
+Procedures, as introduced above, are much like ordinary mathematical functions. They specify a value
+that is determined by one or more parameters. But there is an important difference between
+mathematical functions and computer procedures. Procedures must be effective.
+As a case in point, consider the problem of computing square roots. We can define the square-root
+function as
+
+This describes a perfectly legitimate mathematical function. We could use it to recognize whether one
+number is the square root of another, or to derive facts about square roots in general. On the other
+hand, the definition does not describe a procedure. Indeed, it tells us almost nothing about how to
+actually find the square root of a given number. It will not help matters to rephrase this definition in
+pseudo-Lisp:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(the y (and (>= y 0)
+(= (square y) x))))
+
+\fThis only begs the question.
+The contrast between function and procedure is a reflection of the general distinction between
+describing properties of things and describing how to do things, or, as it is sometimes referred to, the
+distinction between declarative knowledge and imperative knowledge. In mathematics we are usually
+concerned with declarative (what is) descriptions, whereas in computer science we are usually
+concerned with imperative (how to) descriptions. 20
+How does one compute square roots? The most common way is to use Newton’s method of successive
+approximations, which says that whenever we have a guess y for the value of the square root of a
+number x, we can perform a simple manipulation to get a better guess (one closer to the actual square
+root) by averaging y with x/y. 21 For example, we can compute the square root of 2 as follows.
+Suppose our initial guess is 1:
+Guess
+
+Quotient
+
+Average
+
+1
+
+(2/1) = 2
+
+((2 + 1)/2) = 1.5
+
+1.5
+
+(2/1.5) = 1.3333
+
+((1.3333 + 1.5)/2) = 1.4167
+
+1.4167
+
+(2/1.4167) = 1.4118
+
+((1.4167 + 1.4118)/2) = 1.4142
+
+1.4142
+
+...
+
+...
+
+Continuing this process, we obtain better and better approximations to the square root.
+Now let’s formalize the process in terms of procedures. We start with a value for the radicand (the
+number whose square root we are trying to compute) and a value for the guess. If the guess is good
+enough for our purposes, we are done; if not, we must repeat the process with an improved guess. We
+write this basic strategy as a procedure:
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+A guess is improved by averaging it with the quotient of the radicand and the old guess:
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+where
+
+\f(define (average x y)
+(/ (+ x y) 2))
+We also have to say what we mean by ‘‘good enough.’’ The following will do for illustration, but it is
+not really a very good test. (See exercise 1.7.) The idea is to improve the answer until it is close
+enough so that its square differs from the radicand by less than a predetermined tolerance (here
+0.001): 22
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+Finally, we need a way to get started. For instance, we can always guess that the square root of any
+number is 1: 23
+(define (sqrt x)
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+If we type these definitions to the interpreter, we can use sqrt just as we can use any procedure:
+(sqrt 9)
+3.00009155413138
+(sqrt (+ 100 37))
+11.704699917758145
+(sqrt (+ (sqrt 2) (sqrt 3)))
+1.7739279023207892
+(square (sqrt 1000))
+1000.000369924366
+The sqrt program also illustrates that the simple procedural language we have introduced so far is
+sufficient for writing any purely numerical program that one could write in, say, C or Pascal. This
+might seem surprising, since we have not included in our language any iterative (looping) constructs
+that direct the computer to do something over and over again. Sqrt-iter, on the other hand,
+demonstrates how iteration can be accomplished using no special construct other than the ordinary
+ability to call a procedure. 24
+Exercise 1.6. Alyssa P. Hacker doesn’t see why if needs to be provided as a special form. ‘‘Why
+can’t I just define it as an ordinary procedure in terms of cond?’’ she asks. Alyssa’s friend Eva Lu
+Ator claims this can indeed be done, and she defines a new version of if:
+(define (new-if predicate then-clause else-clause)
+(cond (predicate then-clause)
+(else else-clause)))
+Eva demonstrates the program for Alyssa:
+(new-if (= 2 3) 0 5)
+5
+(new-if (= 1 1) 0 5)
+0
+
+\fDelighted, Alyssa uses new-if to rewrite the square-root program:
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(new-if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+What happens when Alyssa attempts to use this to compute square roots? Explain.
+Exercise 1.7. The good-enough? test used in computing square roots will not be very effective for
+finding the square roots of very small numbers. Also, in real computers, arithmetic operations are
+almost always performed with limited precision. This makes our test inadequate for very large
+numbers. Explain these statements, with examples showing how the test fails for small and large
+numbers. An alternative strategy for implementing good-enough? is to watch how guess changes
+from one iteration to the next and to stop when the change is a very small fraction of the guess. Design
+a square-root procedure that uses this kind of end test. Does this work better for small and large
+numbers?
+Exercise 1.8. Newton’s method for cube roots is based on the fact that if y is an approximation to the
+cube root of x, then a better approximation is given by the value
+
+Use this formula to implement a cube-root procedure analogous to the square-root procedure. (In
+section 1.3.4 we will see how to implement Newton’s method in general as an abstraction of these
+square-root and cube-root procedures.)
+
+1.1.8 Procedures as Black-Box Abstractions
+Sqrt is our first example of a process defined by a set of mutually defined procedures. Notice that the
+definition of sqrt-iter is recursive; that is, the procedure is defined in terms of itself. The idea of
+being able to define a procedure in terms of itself may be disturbing; it may seem unclear how such a
+‘‘circular’’ definition could make sense at all, much less specify a well-defined process to be carried
+out by a computer. This will be addressed more carefully in section 1.2. But first let’s consider some
+other important points illustrated by the sqrt example.
+Observe that the problem of computing square roots breaks up naturally into a number of
+subproblems: how to tell whether a guess is good enough, how to improve a guess, and so on. Each of
+these tasks is accomplished by a separate procedure. The entire sqrt program can be viewed as a
+cluster of procedures (shown in figure 1.2) that mirrors the decomposition of the problem into
+subproblems.
+
+\fFigure 1.2: Procedural decomposition of the sqrt program.
+Figure 1.2: Procedural decomposition of the sqrt program.
+The importance of this decomposition strategy is not simply that one is dividing the program into
+parts. After all, we could take any large program and divide it into parts -- the first ten lines, the next
+ten lines, the next ten lines, and so on. Rather, it is crucial that each procedure accomplishes an
+identifiable task that can be used as a module in defining other procedures. For example, when we
+define the good-enough? procedure in terms of square, we are able to regard the square
+procedure as a ‘‘black box.’’ We are not at that moment concerned with how the procedure computes
+its result, only with the fact that it computes the square. The details of how the square is computed can
+be suppressed, to be considered at a later time. Indeed, as far as the good-enough? procedure is
+concerned, square is not quite a procedure but rather an abstraction of a procedure, a so-called
+procedural abstraction. At this level of abstraction, any procedure that computes the square is equally
+good.
+Thus, considering only the values they return, the following two procedures for squaring a number
+should be indistinguishable. Each takes a numerical argument and produces the square of that number
+as the value. 25
+(define (square x) (* x x))
+(define (square x)
+(exp (double (log x))))
+(define (double x) (+ x x))
+So a procedure definition should be able to suppress detail. The users of the procedure may not have
+written the procedure themselves, but may have obtained it from another programmer as a black box.
+A user should not need to know how the procedure is implemented in order to use it.
+
+Local names
+One detail of a procedure’s implementation that should not matter to the user of the procedure is the
+implementer’s choice of names for the procedure’s formal parameters. Thus, the following procedures
+should not be distinguishable:
+
+\f(define (square x) (* x x))
+(define (square y) (* y y))
+This principle -- that the meaning of a procedure should be independent of the parameter names used
+by its author -- seems on the surface to be self-evident, but its consequences are profound. The
+simplest consequence is that the parameter names of a procedure must be local to the body of the
+procedure. For example, we used square in the definition of good-enough? in our square-root
+procedure:
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+The intention of the author of good-enough? is to determine if the square of the first argument is
+within a given tolerance of the second argument. We see that the author of good-enough? used the
+name guess to refer to the first argument and x to refer to the second argument. The argument of
+square is guess. If the author of square used x (as above) to refer to that argument, we see that
+the x in good-enough? must be a different x than the one in square. Running the procedure
+square must not affect the value of x that is used by good-enough?, because that value of x may
+be needed by good-enough? after square is done computing.
+If the parameters were not local to the bodies of their respective procedures, then the parameter x in
+square could be confused with the parameter x in good-enough?, and the behavior of
+good-enough? would depend upon which version of square we used. Thus, square would not
+be the black box we desired.
+A formal parameter of a procedure has a very special role in the procedure definition, in that it doesn’t
+matter what name the formal parameter has. Such a name is called a bound variable, and we say that
+the procedure definition binds its formal parameters. The meaning of a procedure definition is
+unchanged if a bound variable is consistently renamed throughout the definition. 26 If a variable is not
+bound, we say that it is free. The set of expressions for which a binding defines a name is called the
+scope of that name. In a procedure definition, the bound variables declared as the formal parameters of
+the procedure have the body of the procedure as their scope.
+In the definition of good-enough? above, guess and x are bound variables but <, -, abs, and
+square are free. The meaning of good-enough? should be independent of the names we choose
+for guess and x so long as they are distinct and different from <, -, abs, and square. (If we
+renamed guess to abs we would have introduced a bug by capturing the variable abs. It would
+have changed from free to bound.) The meaning of good-enough? is not independent of the names
+of its free variables, however. It surely depends upon the fact (external to this definition) that the
+symbol abs names a procedure for computing the absolute value of a number. Good-enough? will
+compute a different function if we substitute cos for abs in its definition.
+
+Internal definitions and block structure
+We have one kind of name isolation available to us so far: The formal parameters of a procedure are
+local to the body of the procedure. The square-root program illustrates another way in which we would
+like to control the use of names. The existing program consists of separate procedures:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+
+\fguess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+The problem with this program is that the only procedure that is important to users of sqrt is sqrt.
+The other procedures (sqrt-iter, good-enough?, and improve) only clutter up their minds.
+They may not define any other procedure called good-enough? as part of another program to work
+together with the square-root program, because sqrt needs it. The problem is especially severe in the
+construction of large systems by many separate programmers. For example, in the construction of a
+large library of numerical procedures, many numerical functions are computed as successive
+approximations and thus might have procedures named good-enough? and improve as auxiliary
+procedures. We would like to localize the subprocedures, hiding them inside sqrt so that sqrt could
+coexist with other successive approximations, each having its own private good-enough?
+procedure. To make this possible, we allow a procedure to have internal definitions that are local to
+that procedure. For example, in the square-root problem we can write
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess x)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
+Such nesting of definitions, called block structure, is basically the right solution to the simplest
+name-packaging problem. But there is a better idea lurking here. In addition to internalizing the
+definitions of the auxiliary procedures, we can simplify them. Since x is bound in the definition of
+sqrt, the procedures good-enough?, improve, and sqrt-iter, which are defined internally
+to sqrt, are in the scope of x. Thus, it is not necessary to pass x explicitly to each of these
+procedures. Instead, we allow x to be a free variable in the internal definitions, as shown below. Then
+x gets its value from the argument with which the enclosing procedure sqrt is called. This discipline
+is called lexical scoping. 27
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+
+\fWe will use block structure extensively to help us break up large programs into tractable pieces. 28
+The idea of block structure originated with the programming language Algol 60. It appears in most
+advanced programming languages and is an important tool for helping to organize the construction of
+large programs.
+4 The characterization of numbers as ‘‘simple data’’ is a barefaced bluff. In fact, the treatment of
+
+numbers is one of the trickiest and most confusing aspects of any programming language. Some
+typical issues involved are these: Some computer systems distinguish integers, such as 2, from real
+numbers, such as 2.71. Is the real number 2.00 different from the integer 2? Are the arithmetic
+operations used for integers the same as the operations used for real numbers? Does 6 divided by 2
+produce 3, or 3.0? How large a number can we represent? How many decimal places of accuracy can
+we represent? Is the range of integers the same as the range of real numbers? Above and beyond these
+questions, of course, lies a collection of issues concerning roundoff and truncation errors -- the entire
+science of numerical analysis. Since our focus in this book is on large-scale program design rather than
+on numerical techniques, we are going to ignore these problems. The numerical examples in this
+chapter will exhibit the usual roundoff behavior that one observes when using arithmetic operations
+that preserve a limited number of decimal places of accuracy in noninteger operations.
+5 Throughout this book, when we wish to emphasize the distinction between the input typed by the
+
+user and the response printed by the interpreter, we will show the latter in slanted characters.
+6 Lisp systems typically provide features to aid the user in formatting expressions. Two especially
+
+useful features are one that automatically indents to the proper pretty-print position whenever a new
+line is started and one that highlights the matching left parenthesis whenever a right parenthesis is
+typed.
+7 Lisp obeys the convention that every expression has a value. This convention, together with the old
+
+reputation of Lisp as an inefficient language, is the source of the quip by Alan Perlis (paraphrasing
+Oscar Wilde) that ‘‘Lisp programmers know the value of everything but the cost of nothing.’’
+8 In this book, we do not show the interpreter’s response to evaluating definitions, since this is highly
+
+implementation-dependent.
+9 Chapter 3 will show that this notion of environment is crucial, both for understanding how the
+
+interpreter works and for implementing interpreters.
+10 It may seem strange that the evaluation rule says, as part of the first step, that we should evaluate
+
+the leftmost element of a combination, since at this point that can only be an operator such as + or *
+representing a built-in primitive procedure such as addition or multiplication. We will see later that it
+is useful to be able to work with combinations whose operators are themselves compound expressions.
+11 Special syntactic forms that are simply convenient alternative surface structures for things that can
+
+be written in more uniform ways are sometimes called syntactic sugar, to use a phrase coined by Peter
+Landin. In comparison with users of other languages, Lisp programmers, as a rule, are less concerned
+with matters of syntax. (By contrast, examine any Pascal manual and notice how much of it is devoted
+to descriptions of syntax.) This disdain for syntax is due partly to the flexibility of Lisp, which makes
+it easy to change surface syntax, and partly to the observation that many ‘‘convenient’’ syntactic
+constructs, which make the language less uniform, end up causing more trouble than they are worth
+when programs become large and complex. In the words of Alan Perlis, ‘‘Syntactic sugar causes
+cancer of the semicolon.’’
+
+\f12 Observe that there are two different operations being combined here: we are creating the procedure,
+
+and we are giving it the name square. It is possible, indeed important, to be able to separate these
+two notions -- to create procedures without naming them, and to give names to procedures that have
+already been created. We will see how to do this in section 1.3.2.
+13 Throughout this book, we will describe the general syntax of expressions by using italic symbols
+
+delimited by angle brackets -- e.g., <name> -- to denote the ‘‘slots’’ in the expression to be filled in
+when such an expression is actually used.
+14 More generally, the body of the procedure can be a sequence of expressions. In this case, the
+
+interpreter evaluates each expression in the sequence in turn and returns the value of the final
+expression as the value of the procedure application.
+15 Despite the simplicity of the substitution idea, it turns out to be surprisingly complicated to give a
+
+rigorous mathematical definition of the substitution process. The problem arises from the possibility of
+confusion between the names used for the formal parameters of a procedure and the (possibly
+identical) names used in the expressions to which the procedure may be applied. Indeed, there is a long
+history of erroneous definitions of substitution in the literature of logic and programming semantics.
+See Stoy 1977 for a careful discussion of substitution.
+16 In chapter 3 we will introduce stream processing, which is a way of handling apparently ‘‘infinite’’
+
+data structures by incorporating a limited form of normal-order evaluation. In section 4.2 we will
+modify the Scheme interpreter to produce a normal-order variant of Scheme.
+17 ‘‘Interpreted as either true or false’’ means this: In Scheme, there are two distinguished values that
+
+are denoted by the constants #t and #f. When the interpreter checks a predicate’s value, it interprets
+#f as false. Any other value is treated as true. (Thus, providing #t is logically unnecessary, but it is
+convenient.) In this book we will use names true and false, which are associated with the values
+#t and #f respectively.
+18 Abs also uses the ‘‘minus’’ operator -, which, when used with a single operand, as in (- x),
+
+indicates negation.
+19 A minor difference between if and cond is that the <e> part of each cond clause may be a
+
+sequence of expressions. If the corresponding <p> is found to be true, the expressions <e> are
+evaluated in sequence and the value of the final expression in the sequence is returned as the value of
+the cond. In an if expression, however, the <consequent> and <alternative> must be single
+expressions.
+20 Declarative and imperative descriptions are intimately related, as indeed are mathematics and
+
+computer science. For instance, to say that the answer produced by a program is ‘‘correct’’ is to make
+a declarative statement about the program. There is a large amount of research aimed at establishing
+techniques for proving that programs are correct, and much of the technical difficulty of this subject
+has to do with negotiating the transition between imperative statements (from which programs are
+constructed) and declarative statements (which can be used to deduce things). In a related vein, an
+important current area in programming-language design is the exploration of so-called very high-level
+languages, in which one actually programs in terms of declarative statements. The idea is to make
+interpreters sophisticated enough so that, given ‘‘what is’’ knowledge specified by the programmer,
+they can generate ‘‘how to’’ knowledge automatically. This cannot be done in general, but there are
+important areas where progress has been made. We shall revisit this idea in chapter 4.
+
+\f21 This square-root algorithm is actually a special case of Newton’s method, which is a general
+
+technique for finding roots of equations. The square-root algorithm itself was developed by Heron of
+Alexandria in the first century A.D. We will see how to express the general Newton’s method as a Lisp
+procedure in section 1.3.4.
+22 We will usually give predicates names ending with question marks, to help us remember that they
+
+are predicates. This is just a stylistic convention. As far as the interpreter is concerned, the question
+mark is just an ordinary character.
+23 Observe that we express our initial guess as 1.0 rather than 1. This would not make any difference
+
+in many Lisp implementations. MIT Scheme, however, distinguishes between exact integers and
+decimal values, and dividing two integers produces a rational number rather than a decimal. For
+example, dividing 10 by 6 yields 5/3, while dividing 10.0 by 6.0 yields 1.6666666666666667. (We
+will learn how to implement arithmetic on rational numbers in section 2.1.1.) If we start with an initial
+guess of 1 in our square-root program, and x is an exact integer, all subsequent values produced in the
+square-root computation will be rational numbers rather than decimals. Mixed operations on rational
+numbers and decimals always yield decimals, so starting with an initial guess of 1.0 forces all
+subsequent values to be decimals.
+24 Readers who are worried about the efficiency issues involved in using procedure calls to implement
+
+iteration should note the remarks on ‘‘tail recursion’’ in section 1.2.1.
+25 It is not even clear which of these procedures is a more efficient implementation. This depends
+
+upon the hardware available. There are machines for which the ‘‘obvious’’ implementation is the less
+efficient one. Consider a machine that has extensive tables of logarithms and antilogarithms stored in a
+very efficient manner.
+26 The concept of consistent renaming is actually subtle and difficult to define formally. Famous
+
+logicians have made embarrassing errors here.
+27 Lexical scoping dictates that free variables in a procedure are taken to refer to bindings made by
+
+enclosing procedure definitions; that is, they are looked up in the environment in which the procedure
+was defined. We will see how this works in detail in chapter 3 when we study environments and the
+detailed behavior of the interpreter.
+28 Embedded definitions must come first in a procedure body. The management is not responsible for
+
+the consequences of running programs that intertwine definition and use.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+1.2 Procedures and the Processes They Generate
+We have now considered the elements of programming: We have used primitive arithmetic operations,
+we have combined these operations, and we have abstracted these composite operations by defining
+them as compound procedures. But that is not enough to enable us to say that we know how to
+program. Our situation is analogous to that of someone who has learned the rules for how the pieces
+move in chess but knows nothing of typical openings, tactics, or strategy. Like the novice chess player,
+we don’t yet know the common patterns of usage in the domain. We lack the knowledge of which
+moves are worth making (which procedures are worth defining). We lack the experience to predict the
+consequences of making a move (executing a procedure).
+The ability to visualize the consequences of the actions under consideration is crucial to becoming an
+expert programmer, just as it is in any synthetic, creative activity. In becoming an expert photographer,
+for example, one must learn how to look at a scene and know how dark each region will appear on a
+print for each possible choice of exposure and development conditions. Only then can one reason
+backward, planning framing, lighting, exposure, and development to obtain the desired effects. So it is
+with programming, where we are planning the course of action to be taken by a process and where we
+control the process by means of a program. To become experts, we must learn to visualize the
+processes generated by various types of procedures. Only after we have developed such a skill can we
+learn to reliably construct programs that exhibit the desired behavior.
+A procedure is a pattern for the local evolution of a computational process. It specifies how each stage
+of the process is built upon the previous stage. We would like to be able to make statements about the
+overall, or global, behavior of a process whose local evolution has been specified by a procedure. This
+is very difficult to do in general, but we can at least try to describe some typical patterns of process
+evolution.
+In this section we will examine some common ‘‘shapes’’ for processes generated by simple
+procedures. We will also investigate the rates at which these processes consume the important
+computational resources of time and space. The procedures we will consider are very simple. Their
+role is like that played by test patterns in photography: as oversimplified prototypical patterns, rather
+than practical examples in their own right.
+
+1.2.1 Linear Recursion and Iteration
+
+\fFigure 1.3: A linear recursive process for computing 6!.
+Figure 1.3: A linear recursive process for computing 6!.
+We begin by considering the factorial function, defined by
+
+There are many ways to compute factorials. One way is to make use of the observation that n! is equal
+to n times (n - 1)! for any positive integer n:
+
+Thus, we can compute n! by computing (n - 1)! and multiplying the result by n. If we add the
+stipulation that 1! is equal to 1, this observation translates directly into a procedure:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
+We can use the substitution model of section 1.1.5 to watch this procedure in action computing 6!, as
+shown in figure 1.3.
+Now let’s take a different perspective on computing factorials. We could describe a rule for computing
+n! by specifying that we first multiply 1 by 2, then multiply the result by 3, then by 4, and so on until
+we reach n. More formally, we maintain a running product, together with a counter that counts from 1
+up to n. We can describe the computation by saying that the counter and the product simultaneously
+change from one step to the next according to the rule
+product
+
+counter · product
+
+counter
+
+counter + 1
+
+and stipulating that n! is the value of the product when the counter exceeds n.
+
+\fFigure 1.4: A linear iterative process for computing 6!.
+Figure 1.4: A linear iterative process for computing 6!.
+Once again, we can recast our description as a procedure for computing factorials: 29
+(define (factorial n)
+(fact-iter 1 1 n))
+(define (fact-iter product counter max-count)
+(if (> counter max-count)
+product
+(fact-iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1)
+max-count)))
+As before, we can use the substitution model to visualize the process of computing 6!, as shown in
+figure 1.4.
+Compare the two processes. From one point of view, they seem hardly different at all. Both compute
+the same mathematical function on the same domain, and each requires a number of steps proportional
+to n to compute n!. Indeed, both processes even carry out the same sequence of multiplications,
+obtaining the same sequence of partial products. On the other hand, when we consider the ‘‘shapes’’ of
+the two processes, we find that they evolve quite differently.
+Consider the first process. The substitution model reveals a shape of expansion followed by
+contraction, indicated by the arrow in figure 1.3. The expansion occurs as the process builds up a chain
+of deferred operations (in this case, a chain of multiplications). The contraction occurs as the
+operations are actually performed. This type of process, characterized by a chain of deferred
+operations, is called a recursive process. Carrying out this process requires that the interpreter keep
+track of the operations to be performed later on. In the computation of n!, the length of the chain of
+deferred multiplications, and hence the amount of information needed to keep track of it, grows
+linearly with n (is proportional to n), just like the number of steps. Such a process is called a linear
+recursive process.
+By contrast, the second process does not grow and shrink. At each step, all we need to keep track of,
+for any n, are the current values of the variables product, counter, and max-count. We call this
+an iterative process. In general, an iterative process is one whose state can be summarized by a fixed
+number of state variables, together with a fixed rule that describes how the state variables should be
+updated as the process moves from state to state and an (optional) end test that specifies conditions
+under which the process should terminate. In computing n!, the number of steps required grows
+linearly with n. Such a process is called a linear iterative process.
+
+\fThe contrast between the two processes can be seen in another way. In the iterative case, the program
+variables provide a complete description of the state of the process at any point. If we stopped the
+computation between steps, all we would need to do to resume the computation is to supply the
+interpreter with the values of the three program variables. Not so with the recursive process. In this
+case there is some additional ‘‘hidden’’ information, maintained by the interpreter and not contained in
+the program variables, which indicates ‘‘where the process is’’ in negotiating the chain of deferred
+operations. The longer the chain, the more information must be maintained. 30
+In contrasting iteration and recursion, we must be careful not to confuse the notion of a recursive
+process with the notion of a recursive procedure. When we describe a procedure as recursive, we are
+referring to the syntactic fact that the procedure definition refers (either directly or indirectly) to the
+procedure itself. But when we describe a process as following a pattern that is, say, linearly recursive,
+we are speaking about how the process evolves, not about the syntax of how a procedure is written. It
+may seem disturbing that we refer to a recursive procedure such as fact-iter as generating an
+iterative process. However, the process really is iterative: Its state is captured completely by its three
+state variables, and an interpreter need keep track of only three variables in order to execute the
+process.
+One reason that the distinction between process and procedure may be confusing is that most
+implementations of common languages (including Ada, Pascal, and C) are designed in such a way that
+the interpretation of any recursive procedure consumes an amount of memory that grows with the
+number of procedure calls, even when the process described is, in principle, iterative. As a
+consequence, these languages can describe iterative processes only by resorting to special-purpose
+‘‘looping constructs’’ such as do, repeat, until, for, and while. The implementation of
+Scheme we shall consider in chapter 5 does not share this defect. It will execute an iterative process in
+constant space, even if the iterative process is described by a recursive procedure. An implementation
+with this property is called tail-recursive. With a tail-recursive implementation, iteration can be
+expressed using the ordinary procedure call mechanism, so that special iteration constructs are useful
+only as syntactic sugar. 31
+Exercise 1.9. Each of the following two procedures defines a method for adding two positive integers
+in terms of the procedures inc, which increments its argument by 1, and dec, which decrements its
+argument by 1.
+(define (+ a b)
+(if (= a 0)
+b
+(inc (+ (dec a) b))))
+(define (+ a b)
+(if (= a 0)
+b
+(+ (dec a) (inc b))))
+Using the substitution model, illustrate the process generated by each procedure in evaluating (+ 4
+5). Are these processes iterative or recursive?
+Exercise 1.10. The following procedure computes a mathematical function called Ackermann’s
+function.
+
+\f(define (A x y)
+(cond ((= y 0)
+((= x 0)
+((= y 1)
+(else (A
+
+0)
+(* 2 y))
+2)
+(- x 1)
+(A x (- y 1))))))
+
+What are the values of the following expressions?
+(A 1 10)
+(A 2 4)
+(A 3 3)
+Consider the following procedures, where A is the procedure defined above:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(f
+(g
+(h
+(k
+
+n)
+n)
+n)
+n)
+
+(A
+(A
+(A
+(*
+
+0
+1
+2
+5
+
+n))
+n))
+n))
+n n))
+
+Give concise mathematical definitions for the functions computed by the procedures f, g, and h for
+positive integer values of n. For example, (k n) computes 5n 2 .
+
+1.2.2 Tree Recursion
+Another common pattern of computation is called tree recursion. As an example, consider computing
+the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, in which each number is the sum of the preceding two:
+
+In general, the Fibonacci numbers can be defined by the rule
+
+We can immediately translate this definition into a recursive procedure for computing Fibonacci
+numbers:
+(define (fib n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (fib (- n 1))
+(fib (- n 2))))))
+
+\fFigure 1.5: The tree-recursive process generated in computing (fib 5).
+Figure 1.5: The tree-recursive process generated in computing (fib 5).
+Consider the pattern of this computation. To compute (fib 5), we compute (fib 4) and (fib
+3). To compute (fib 4), we compute (fib 3) and (fib 2). In general, the evolved process
+looks like a tree, as shown in figure 1.5. Notice that the branches split into two at each level (except at
+the bottom); this reflects the fact that the fib procedure calls itself twice each time it is invoked.
+This procedure is instructive as a prototypical tree recursion, but it is a terrible way to compute
+Fibonacci numbers because it does so much redundant computation. Notice in figure 1.5 that the entire
+computation of (fib 3) -- almost half the work -- is duplicated. In fact, it is not hard to show that
+the number of times the procedure will compute (fib 1) or (fib 0) (the number of leaves in the
+above tree, in general) is precisely Fib(n + 1). To get an idea of how bad this is, one can show that the
+value of Fib(n) grows exponentially with n. More precisely (see exercise 1.13), Fib(n) is the closest
+integer to n / 5, where
+
+is the golden ratio, which satisfies the equation
+
+Thus, the process uses a number of steps that grows exponentially with the input. On the other hand,
+the space required grows only linearly with the input, because we need keep track only of which nodes
+are above us in the tree at any point in the computation. In general, the number of steps required by a
+tree-recursive process will be proportional to the number of nodes in the tree, while the space required
+will be proportional to the maximum depth of the tree.
+
+\fWe can also formulate an iterative process for computing the Fibonacci numbers. The idea is to use a
+pair of integers a and b, initialized to Fib(1) = 1 and Fib(0) = 0, and to repeatedly apply the
+simultaneous transformations
+
+It is not hard to show that, after applying this transformation n times, a and b will be equal,
+respectively, to Fib(n + 1) and Fib(n). Thus, we can compute Fibonacci numbers iteratively using the
+procedure
+(define (fib n)
+(fib-iter 1 0 n))
+(define (fib-iter a b count)
+(if (= count 0)
+b
+(fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1))))
+This second method for computing Fib(n) is a linear iteration. The difference in number of steps
+required by the two methods -- one linear in n, one growing as fast as Fib(n) itself -- is enormous, even
+for small inputs.
+One should not conclude from this that tree-recursive processes are useless. When we consider
+processes that operate on hierarchically structured data rather than numbers, we will find that tree
+recursion is a natural and powerful tool. 32 But even in numerical operations, tree-recursive processes
+can be useful in helping us to understand and design programs. For instance, although the first fib
+procedure is much less efficient than the second one, it is more straightforward, being little more than
+a translation into Lisp of the definition of the Fibonacci sequence. To formulate the iterative algorithm
+required noticing that the computation could be recast as an iteration with three state variables.
+
+Example: Counting change
+It takes only a bit of cleverness to come up with the iterative Fibonacci algorithm. In contrast, consider
+the following problem: How many different ways can we make change of $ 1.00, given half-dollars,
+quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies? More generally, can we write a procedure to compute the
+number of ways to change any given amount of money?
+This problem has a simple solution as a recursive procedure. Suppose we think of the types of coins
+available as arranged in some order. Then the following relation holds:
+The number of ways to change amount a using n kinds of coins equals
+the number of ways to change amount a using all but the first kind of coin, plus
+the number of ways to change amount a - d using all n kinds of coins, where d is the
+denomination of the first kind of coin.
+To see why this is true, observe that the ways to make change can be divided into two groups: those
+that do not use any of the first kind of coin, and those that do. Therefore, the total number of ways to
+make change for some amount is equal to the number of ways to make change for the amount without
+using any of the first kind of coin, plus the number of ways to make change assuming that we do use
+the first kind of coin. But the latter number is equal to the number of ways to make change for the
+
+\famount that remains after using a coin of the first kind.
+Thus, we can recursively reduce the problem of changing a given amount to the problem of changing
+smaller amounts using fewer kinds of coins. Consider this reduction rule carefully, and convince
+yourself that we can use it to describe an algorithm if we specify the following degenerate cases: 33
+If a is exactly 0, we should count that as 1 way to make change.
+If a is less than 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
+If n is 0, we should count that as 0 ways to make change.
+We can easily translate this description into a recursive procedure:
+(define (count-change amount)
+(cc amount 5))
+(define (cc amount kinds-of-coins)
+(cond ((= amount 0) 1)
+((or (< amount 0) (= kinds-of-coins 0)) 0)
+(else (+ (cc amount
+(- kinds-of-coins 1))
+(cc (- amount
+(first-denomination kinds-of-coins))
+kinds-of-coins)))))
+(define (first-denomination kinds-of-coins)
+(cond ((= kinds-of-coins 1) 1)
+((= kinds-of-coins 2) 5)
+((= kinds-of-coins 3) 10)
+((= kinds-of-coins 4) 25)
+((= kinds-of-coins 5) 50)))
+(The first-denomination procedure takes as input the number of kinds of coins available and
+returns the denomination of the first kind. Here we are thinking of the coins as arranged in order from
+largest to smallest, but any order would do as well.) We can now answer our original question about
+changing a dollar:
+(count-change 100)
+292
+Count-change generates a tree-recursive process with redundancies similar to those in our first
+implementation of fib. (It will take quite a while for that 292 to be computed.) On the other hand, it
+is not obvious how to design a better algorithm for computing the result, and we leave this problem as
+a challenge. The observation that a tree-recursive process may be highly inefficient but often easy to
+specify and understand has led people to propose that one could get the best of both worlds by
+designing a ‘‘smart compiler’’ that could transform tree-recursive procedures into more efficient
+procedures that compute the same result. 34
+Exercise 1.11. A function f is defined by the rule that f(n) = n if n<3 and f(n) = f(n - 1) + 2f(n - 2) +
+3f(n - 3) if n> 3. Write a procedure that computes f by means of a recursive process. Write a procedure
+that computes f by means of an iterative process.
+
+\fExercise 1.12. The following pattern of numbers is called Pascal’s triangle.
+
+The numbers at the edge of the triangle are all 1, and each number inside the triangle is the sum of the
+two numbers above it. 35 Write a procedure that computes elements of Pascal’s triangle by means of a
+recursive process.
+Exercise 1.13. Prove that Fib(n) is the closest integer to n / 5, where = (1 + 5)/2. Hint: Let =
+(1 - 5)/2. Use induction and the definition of the Fibonacci numbers (see section 1.2.2) to prove that
+Fib(n) = ( n - n )/ 5.
+
+1.2.3 Orders of Growth
+The previous examples illustrate that processes can differ considerably in the rates at which they
+consume computational resources. One convenient way to describe this difference is to use the notion
+of order of growth to obtain a gross measure of the resources required by a process as the inputs
+become larger.
+Let n be a parameter that measures the size of the problem, and let R(n) be the amount of resources the
+process requires for a problem of size n. In our previous examples we took n to be the number for
+which a given function is to be computed, but there are other possibilities. For instance, if our goal is
+to compute an approximation to the square root of a number, we might take n to be the number of
+digits accuracy required. For matrix multiplication we might take n to be the number of rows in the
+matrices. In general there are a number of properties of the problem with respect to which it will be
+desirable to analyze a given process. Similarly, R(n) might measure the number of internal storage
+registers used, the number of elementary machine operations performed, and so on. In computers that
+do only a fixed number of operations at a time, the time required will be proportional to the number of
+elementary machine operations performed.
+We say that R(n) has order of growth (f(n)), written R(n) = (f(n)) (pronounced ‘‘theta of f(n)’’), if
+there are positive constants k 1 and k 2 independent of n such that
+
+for any sufficiently large value of n. (In other words, for large n, the value R(n) is sandwiched between
+k 1 f(n) and k 2 f(n).)
+For instance, with the linear recursive process for computing factorial described in section 1.2.1 the
+number of steps grows proportionally to the input n. Thus, the steps required for this process grows as
+(n). We also saw that the space required grows as (n). For the iterative factorial, the number of
+steps is still (n) but the space is (1) -- that is, constant. 36 The tree-recursive Fibonacci
+computation requires ( n ) steps and space (n), where is the golden ratio described in
+section 1.2.2.
+
+\fOrders of growth provide only a crude description of the behavior of a process. For example, a process
+requiring n 2 steps and a process requiring 1000n 2 steps and a process requiring 3n 2 + 10n + 17 steps
+all have (n 2 ) order of growth. On the other hand, order of growth provides a useful indication of
+how we may expect the behavior of the process to change as we change the size of the problem. For a
+(n) (linear) process, doubling the size will roughly double the amount of resources used. For an
+exponential process, each increment in problem size will multiply the resource utilization by a
+constant factor. In the remainder of section 1.2 we will examine two algorithms whose order of growth
+is logarithmic, so that doubling the problem size increases the resource requirement by a constant
+amount.
+Exercise 1.14. Draw the tree illustrating the process generated by the count-change procedure of
+section 1.2.2 in making change for 11 cents. What are the orders of growth of the space and number of
+steps used by this process as the amount to be changed increases?
+Exercise 1.15. The sine of an angle (specified in radians) can be computed by making use of the
+approximation sin x x if x is sufficiently small, and the trigonometric identity
+
+to reduce the size of the argument of sin. (For purposes of this exercise an angle is considered
+‘‘sufficiently small’’ if its magnitude is not greater than 0.1 radians.) These ideas are incorporated in
+the following procedures:
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+(define (p x) (- (* 3 x) (* 4 (cube x))))
+(define (sine angle)
+(if (not (> (abs angle) 0.1))
+angle
+(p (sine (/ angle 3.0)))))
+a. How many times is the procedure p applied when (sine 12.15) is evaluated?
+b. What is the order of growth in space and number of steps (as a function of a) used by the process
+generated by the sine procedure when (sine a) is evaluated?
+
+1.2.4 Exponentiation
+Consider the problem of computing the exponential of a given number. We would like a procedure
+that takes as arguments a base b and a positive integer exponent n and computes b n . One way to do
+this is via the recursive definition
+
+which translates readily into the procedure
+(define (expt b n)
+(if (= n 0)
+1
+(* b (expt b (- n 1)))))
+
+\fThis is a linear recursive process, which requires (n) steps and
+can readily formulate an equivalent linear iteration:
+
+(n) space. Just as with factorial, we
+
+(define (expt b n)
+(expt-iter b n 1))
+(define (expt-iter b counter product)
+(if (= counter 0)
+product
+(expt-iter b
+(- counter 1)
+(* b product))))
+This version requires
+
+(n) steps and
+
+(1) space.
+
+We can compute exponentials in fewer steps by using successive squaring. For instance, rather than
+computing b 8 as
+
+we can compute it using three multiplications:
+
+This method works fine for exponents that are powers of 2. We can also take advantage of successive
+squaring in computing exponentials in general if we use the rule
+
+We can express this method as a procedure:
+(define (fast-expt b n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 1)
+((even? n) (square (fast-expt b (/ n 2))))
+(else (* b (fast-expt b (- n 1))))))
+where the predicate to test whether an integer is even is defined in terms of the primitive procedure
+remainder by
+(define (even? n)
+(= (remainder n 2) 0))
+The process evolved by fast-expt grows logarithmically with n in both space and number of steps.
+To see this, observe that computing b 2n using fast-expt requires only one more multiplication
+than computing b n . The size of the exponent we can compute therefore doubles (approximately) with
+every new multiplication we are allowed. Thus, the number of multiplications required for an exponent
+of n grows about as fast as the logarithm of n to the base 2. The process has (log n) growth. 37
+
+\fThe difference between (log n) growth and (n) growth becomes striking as n becomes large. For
+example, fast-expt for n = 1000 requires only 14 multiplications. 38 It is also possible to use the
+idea of successive squaring to devise an iterative algorithm that computes exponentials with a
+logarithmic number of steps (see exercise 1.16), although, as is often the case with iterative
+algorithms, this is not written down so straightforwardly as the recursive algorithm. 39
+Exercise 1.16. Design a procedure that evolves an iterative exponentiation process that uses
+successive squaring and uses a logarithmic number of steps, as does fast-expt. (Hint: Using the
+observation that (b n/2 ) 2 = (b 2 ) n/2 , keep, along with the exponent n and the base b, an additional state
+variable a, and define the state transformation in such a way that the product a b n is unchanged from
+state to state. At the beginning of the process a is taken to be 1, and the answer is given by the value of
+a at the end of the process. In general, the technique of defining an invariant quantity that remains
+unchanged from state to state is a powerful way to think about the design of iterative algorithms.)
+Exercise 1.17. The exponentiation algorithms in this section are based on performing exponentiation
+by means of repeated multiplication. In a similar way, one can perform integer multiplication by
+means of repeated addition. The following multiplication procedure (in which it is assumed that our
+language can only add, not multiply) is analogous to the expt procedure:
+(define (* a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+0
+(+ a (* a (- b 1)))))
+This algorithm takes a number of steps that is linear in b. Now suppose we include, together with
+addition, operations double, which doubles an integer, and halve, which divides an (even) integer
+by 2. Using these, design a multiplication procedure analogous to fast-expt that uses a logarithmic
+number of steps.
+Exercise 1.18. Using the results of exercises 1.16 and 1.17, devise a procedure that generates an
+iterative process for multiplying two integers in terms of adding, doubling, and halving and uses a
+logarithmic number of steps. 40
+Exercise 1.19. There is a clever algorithm for computing the Fibonacci numbers in a logarithmic
+number of steps. Recall the transformation of the state variables a and b in the fib-iter process of
+section 1.2.2: a a + b and b a. Call this transformation T, and observe that applying T over and
+over again n times, starting with 1 and 0, produces the pair Fib(n + 1) and Fib(n). In other words, the
+Fibonacci numbers are produced by applying T n , the nth power of the transformation T, starting with
+the pair (1,0). Now consider T to be the special case of p = 0 and q = 1 in a family of transformations
+T pq , where T pq transforms the pair (a,b) according to a bq + aq + ap and b bp + aq. Show that if
+we apply such a transformation T pq twice, the effect is the same as using a single transformation T p’q’
+of the same form, and compute p’ and q’ in terms of p and q. This gives us an explicit way to square
+these transformations, and thus we can compute T n using successive squaring, as in the fast-expt
+procedure. Put this all together to complete the following procedure, which runs in a logarithmic
+number of steps: 41
+(define (fib n)
+(fib-iter 1 0 0 1 n))
+(define (fib-iter a b p q count)
+(cond ((= count 0) b)
+((even? count)
+
+\f(fib-iter a
+b
+<??>
+; compute p’
+<??>
+; compute q’
+(/ count 2)))
+(else (fib-iter (+ (* b q) (* a q) (* a p))
+(+ (* b p) (* a q))
+p
+q
+(- count 1)))))
+
+1.2.5 Greatest Common Divisors
+The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b is defined to be the largest integer that
+divides both a and b with no remainder. For example, the GCD of 16 and 28 is 4. In chapter 2, when
+we investigate how to implement rational-number arithmetic, we will need to be able to compute
+GCDs in order to reduce rational numbers to lowest terms. (To reduce a rational number to lowest
+terms, we must divide both the numerator and the denominator by their GCD. For example, 16/28
+reduces to 4/7.) One way to find the GCD of two integers is to factor them and search for common
+factors, but there is a famous algorithm that is much more efficient.
+The idea of the algorithm is based on the observation that, if r is the remainder when a is divided by b,
+then the common divisors of a and b are precisely the same as the common divisors of b and r. Thus,
+we can use the equation
+
+to successively reduce the problem of computing a GCD to the problem of computing the GCD of
+smaller and smaller pairs of integers. For example,
+
+reduces GCD(206,40) to GCD(2,0), which is 2. It is possible to show that starting with any two
+positive integers and performing repeated reductions will always eventually produce a pair where the
+second number is 0. Then the GCD is the other number in the pair. This method for computing the
+GCD is known as Euclid’s Algorithm. 42
+It is easy to express Euclid’s Algorithm as a procedure:
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+
+\fThis generates an iterative process, whose number of steps grows as the logarithm of the numbers
+involved.
+The fact that the number of steps required by Euclid’s Algorithm has logarithmic growth bears an
+interesting relation to the Fibonacci numbers:
+Lamé’s Theorem: If Euclid’s Algorithm requires k steps to compute the GCD of some pair, then the
+smaller number in the pair must be greater than or equal to the kth Fibonacci number. 43
+We can use this theorem to get an order-of-growth estimate for Euclid’s Algorithm. Let n be the
+smaller of the two inputs to the procedure. If the process takes k steps, then we must have n> Fib (k)
+k / 5. Therefore the number of steps k grows as the logarithm (to the base ) of n. Hence, the order
+of growth is (log n).
+Exercise 1.20. The process that a procedure generates is of course dependent on the rules used by the
+interpreter. As an example, consider the iterative gcd procedure given above. Suppose we were to
+interpret this procedure using normal-order evaluation, as discussed in section 1.1.5. (The
+normal-order-evaluation rule for if is described in exercise 1.5.) Using the substitution method (for
+normal order), illustrate the process generated in evaluating (gcd 206 40) and indicate the
+remainder operations that are actually performed. How many remainder operations are actually
+performed in the normal-order evaluation of (gcd 206 40)? In the applicative-order evaluation?
+
+1.2.6 Example: Testing for Primality
+This section describes two methods for checking the primality of an integer n, one with order of
+growth ( n), and a ‘‘probabilistic’’ algorithm with order of growth (log n). The exercises at the
+end of this section suggest programming projects based on these algorithms.
+
+Searching for divisors
+Since ancient times, mathematicians have been fascinated by problems concerning prime numbers, and
+many people have worked on the problem of determining ways to test if numbers are prime. One way
+to test if a number is prime is to find the number’s divisors. The following program finds the smallest
+integral divisor (greater than 1) of a given number n. It does this in a straightforward way, by testing n
+for divisibility by successive integers starting with 2.
+(define (smallest-divisor n)
+(find-divisor n 2))
+(define (find-divisor n test-divisor)
+(cond ((> (square test-divisor) n) n)
+((divides? test-divisor n) test-divisor)
+(else (find-divisor n (+ test-divisor 1)))))
+(define (divides? a b)
+(= (remainder b a) 0))
+We can test whether a number is prime as follows: n is prime if and only if n is its own smallest
+divisor.
+(define (prime? n)
+(= n (smallest-divisor n)))
+
+\fThe end test for find-divisor is based on the fact that if n is not prime it must have a divisor less
+than or equal to n. 44 This means that the algorithm need only test divisors between 1 and n.
+Consequently, the number of steps required to identify n as prime will have order of growth ( n).
+
+The Fermat test
+The (log n) primality test is based on a result from number theory known as Fermat’s Little
+Theorem. 45
+Fermat’s Little Theorem: If n is a prime number and a is any positive integer less than n, then a
+raised to the nth power is congruent to a modulo n.
+(Two numbers are said to be congruent modulo n if they both have the same remainder when divided
+by n. The remainder of a number a when divided by n is also referred to as the remainder of a modulo
+n, or simply as a modulo n.)
+If n is not prime, then, in general, most of the numbers a< n will not satisfy the above relation. This
+leads to the following algorithm for testing primality: Given a number n, pick a random number a < n
+and compute the remainder of a n modulo n. If the result is not equal to a, then n is certainly not prime.
+If it is a, then chances are good that n is prime. Now pick another random number a and test it with the
+same method. If it also satisfies the equation, then we can be even more confident that n is prime. By
+trying more and more values of a, we can increase our confidence in the result. This algorithm is
+known as the Fermat test.
+To implement the Fermat test, we need a procedure that computes the exponential of a number modulo
+another number:
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(cond ((= exp 0) 1)
+((even? exp)
+(remainder (square (expmod base (/ exp 2) m))
+m))
+(else
+(remainder (* base (expmod base (- exp 1) m))
+m))))
+This is very similar to the fast-expt procedure of section 1.2.4. It uses successive squaring, so that
+the number of steps grows logarithmically with the exponent. 46
+The Fermat test is performed by choosing at random a number a between 1 and n - 1 inclusive and
+checking whether the remainder modulo n of the nth power of a is equal to a. The random number a is
+chosen using the procedure random, which we assume is included as a primitive in Scheme. Random
+returns a nonnegative integer less than its integer input. Hence, to obtain a random number between 1
+and n - 1, we call random with an input of n - 1 and add 1 to the result:
+(define (fermat-test n)
+(define (try-it a)
+(= (expmod a n n) a))
+(try-it (+ 1 (random (- n 1)))))
+
+\fThe following procedure runs the test a given number of times, as specified by a parameter. Its value is
+true if the test succeeds every time, and false otherwise.
+(define (fast-prime? n times)
+(cond ((= times 0) true)
+((fermat-test n) (fast-prime? n (- times 1)))
+(else false)))
+
+Probabilistic methods
+The Fermat test differs in character from most familiar algorithms, in which one computes an answer
+that is guaranteed to be correct. Here, the answer obtained is only probably correct. More precisely, if
+n ever fails the Fermat test, we can be certain that n is not prime. But the fact that n passes the test,
+while an extremely strong indication, is still not a guarantee that n is prime. What we would like to say
+is that for any number n, if we perform the test enough times and find that n always passes the test,
+then the probability of error in our primality test can be made as small as we like.
+Unfortunately, this assertion is not quite correct. There do exist numbers that fool the Fermat test:
+numbers n that are not prime and yet have the property that a n is congruent to a modulo n for all
+integers a < n. Such numbers are extremely rare, so the Fermat test is quite reliable in practice. 47
+There are variations of the Fermat test that cannot be fooled. In these tests, as with the Fermat method,
+one tests the primality of an integer n by choosing a random integer a<n and checking some condition
+that depends upon n and a. (See exercise 1.28 for an example of such a test.) On the other hand, in
+contrast to the Fermat test, one can prove that, for any n, the condition does not hold for most of the
+integers a<n unless n is prime. Thus, if n passes the test for some random choice of a, the chances are
+better than even that n is prime. If n passes the test for two random choices of a, the chances are better
+than 3 out of 4 that n is prime. By running the test with more and more randomly chosen values of a
+we can make the probability of error as small as we like.
+The existence of tests for which one can prove that the chance of error becomes arbitrarily small has
+sparked interest in algorithms of this type, which have come to be known as probabilistic algorithms.
+There is a great deal of research activity in this area, and probabilistic algorithms have been fruitfully
+applied to many fields. 48
+Exercise 1.21. Use the smallest-divisor procedure to find the smallest divisor of each of the
+following numbers: 199, 1999, 19999.
+Exercise 1.22. Most Lisp implementations include a primitive called runtime that returns an integer
+that specifies the amount of time the system has been running (measured, for example, in
+microseconds). The following timed-prime-test procedure, when called with an integer n, prints
+n and checks to see if n is prime. If n is prime, the procedure prints three asterisks followed by the
+amount of time used in performing the test.
+(define (timed-prime-test n)
+(newline)
+(display n)
+(start-prime-test n (runtime)))
+(define (start-prime-test n start-time)
+(if (prime? n)
+(report-prime (- (runtime) start-time))))
+(define (report-prime elapsed-time)
+(display " *** ")
+
+\f(display elapsed-time))
+Using this procedure, write a procedure search-for-primes that checks the primality of
+consecutive odd integers in a specified range. Use your procedure to find the three smallest primes
+larger than 1000; larger than 10,000; larger than 100,000; larger than 1,000,000. Note the time needed
+to test each prime. Since the testing algorithm has order of growth of ( n), you should expect that
+testing for primes around 10,000 should take about 10 times as long as testing for primes around
+1000. Do your timing data bear this out? How well do the data for 100,000 and 1,000,000 support the
+n prediction? Is your result compatible with the notion that programs on your machine run in time
+proportional to the number of steps required for the computation?
+Exercise 1.23. The smallest-divisor procedure shown at the start of this section does lots of
+needless testing: After it checks to see if the number is divisible by 2 there is no point in checking to
+see if it is divisible by any larger even numbers. This suggests that the values used for
+test-divisor should not be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., but rather 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, .... To implement this
+change, define a procedure next that returns 3 if its input is equal to 2 and otherwise returns its input
+plus 2. Modify the smallest-divisor procedure to use (next test-divisor) instead of
+(+ test-divisor 1). With timed-prime-test incorporating this modified version of
+smallest-divisor, run the test for each of the 12 primes found in exercise 1.22. Since this
+modification halves the number of test steps, you should expect it to run about twice as fast. Is this
+expectation confirmed? If not, what is the observed ratio of the speeds of the two algorithms, and how
+do you explain the fact that it is different from 2?
+Exercise 1.24. Modify the timed-prime-test procedure of exercise 1.22 to use fast-prime?
+(the Fermat method), and test each of the 12 primes you found in that exercise. Since the Fermat test
+has (log n) growth, how would you expect the time to test primes near 1,000,000 to compare with
+the time needed to test primes near 1000? Do your data bear this out? Can you explain any discrepancy
+you find?
+Exercise 1.25. Alyssa P. Hacker complains that we went to a lot of extra work in writing expmod.
+After all, she says, since we already know how to compute exponentials, we could have simply written
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(remainder (fast-expt base exp) m))
+Is she correct? Would this procedure serve as well for our fast prime tester? Explain.
+Exercise 1.26. Louis Reasoner is having great difficulty doing exercise 1.24. His fast-prime? test
+seems to run more slowly than his prime? test. Louis calls his friend Eva Lu Ator over to help. When
+they examine Louis’s code, they find that he has rewritten the expmod procedure to use an explicit
+multiplication, rather than calling square:
+(define (expmod base exp m)
+(cond ((= exp 0) 1)
+((even? exp)
+(remainder (* (expmod base (/ exp 2) m)
+(expmod base (/ exp 2) m))
+m))
+(else
+(remainder (* base (expmod base (- exp 1) m))
+m))))
+
+\f‘‘I don’t see what difference that could make,’’ says Louis. ‘‘I do.’’ says Eva. ‘‘By writing the
+procedure like that, you have transformed the (log n) process into a (n) process.’’ Explain.
+Exercise 1.27. Demonstrate that the Carmichael numbers listed in footnote 47 really do fool the
+Fermat test. That is, write a procedure that takes an integer n and tests whether a n is congruent to a
+modulo n for every a<n, and try your procedure on the given Carmichael numbers.
+Exercise 1.28. One variant of the Fermat test that cannot be fooled is called the Miller-Rabin test
+(Miller 1976; Rabin 1980). This starts from an alternate form of Fermat’s Little Theorem, which states
+that if n is a prime number and a is any positive integer less than n, then a raised to the (n - 1)st power
+is congruent to 1 modulo n. To test the primality of a number n by the Miller-Rabin test, we pick a
+random number a<n and raise a to the (n - 1)st power modulo n using the expmod procedure.
+However, whenever we perform the squaring step in expmod, we check to see if we have discovered
+a ‘‘nontrivial square root of 1 modulo n,’’ that is, a number not equal to 1 or n - 1 whose square is
+equal to 1 modulo n. It is possible to prove that if such a nontrivial square root of 1 exists, then n is not
+prime. It is also possible to prove that if n is an odd number that is not prime, then, for at least half the
+numbers a<n, computing a n-1 in this way will reveal a nontrivial square root of 1 modulo n. (This is
+why the Miller-Rabin test cannot be fooled.) Modify the expmod procedure to signal if it discovers a
+nontrivial square root of 1, and use this to implement the Miller-Rabin test with a procedure analogous
+to fermat-test. Check your procedure by testing various known primes and non-primes. Hint:
+One convenient way to make expmod signal is to have it return 0.
+29 In a real program we would probably use the block structure introduced in the last section to hide
+
+the definition of fact-iter:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+We avoided doing this here so as to minimize the number of things to think about at once.
+30 When we discuss the implementation of procedures on register machines in chapter 5, we will see
+
+that any iterative process can be realized ‘‘in hardware’’ as a machine that has a fixed set of registers
+and no auxiliary memory. In contrast, realizing a recursive process requires a machine that uses an
+auxiliary data structure known as a stack.
+31 Tail recursion has long been known as a compiler optimization trick. A coherent semantic basis for
+
+tail recursion was provided by Carl Hewitt (1977), who explained it in terms of the
+‘‘message-passing’’ model of computation that we shall discuss in chapter 3. Inspired by this, Gerald
+Jay Sussman and Guy Lewis Steele Jr. (see Steele 1975) constructed a tail-recursive interpreter for
+Scheme. Steele later showed how tail recursion is a consequence of the natural way to compile
+procedure calls (Steele 1977). The IEEE standard for Scheme requires that Scheme implementations
+be tail-recursive.
+32 An example of this was hinted at in section 1.1.3: The interpreter itself evaluates expressions using
+
+a tree-recursive process.
+
+\f33 For example, work through in detail how the reduction rule applies to the problem of making
+
+change for 10 cents using pennies and nickels.
+34 One approach to coping with redundant computations is to arrange matters so that we automatically
+
+construct a table of values as they are computed. Each time we are asked to apply the procedure to
+some argument, we first look to see if the value is already stored in the table, in which case we avoid
+performing the redundant computation. This strategy, known as tabulation or memoization, can be
+implemented in a straightforward way. Tabulation can sometimes be used to transform processes that
+require an exponential number of steps (such as count-change) into processes whose space and
+time requirements grow linearly with the input. See exercise 3.27.
+35 The elements of Pascal’s triangle are called the binomial coefficients, because the nth row consists
+
+of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (x + y) n . This pattern for computing the coefficients
+appeared in Blaise Pascal’s 1653 seminal work on probability theory, Traité du triangle arithmétique.
+According to Knuth (1973), the same pattern appears in the Szu-yuen Yü-chien (‘‘The Precious Mirror
+of the Four Elements’’), published by the Chinese mathematician Chu Shih-chieh in 1303, in the
+works of the twelfth-century Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the works of the
+twelfth-century Hindu mathematician Bháscara Áchárya.
+36 These statements mask a great deal of oversimplification. For instance, if we count process steps as
+
+‘‘machine operations’’ we are making the assumption that the number of machine operations needed
+to perform, say, a multiplication is independent of the size of the numbers to be multiplied, which is
+false if the numbers are sufficiently large. Similar remarks hold for the estimates of space. Like the
+design and description of a process, the analysis of a process can be carried out at various levels of
+abstraction.
+37 More precisely, the number of multiplications required is equal to 1 less than the log base 2 of n
+
+plus the number of ones in the binary representation of n. This total is always less than twice the log
+base 2 of n. The arbitrary constants k 1 and k 2 in the definition of order notation imply that, for a
+logarithmic process, the base to which logarithms are taken does not matter, so all such processes are
+described as (log n).
+38 You may wonder why anyone would care about raising numbers to the 1000th power. See
+
+section 1.2.6.
+39 This iterative algorithm is ancient. It appears in the Chandah-sutra by Áchárya Pingala, written
+
+before 200 B.C. See Knuth 1981, section 4.6.3, for a full discussion and analysis of this and other
+methods of exponentiation.
+40 This algorithm, which is sometimes known as the ‘‘Russian peasant method’’ of multiplication, is
+
+ancient. Examples of its use are found in the Rhind Papyrus, one of the two oldest mathematical
+documents in existence, written about 1700 B.C. (and copied from an even older document) by an
+Egyptian scribe named A’h-mose.
+41 This exercise was suggested to us by Joe Stoy, based on an example in Kaldewaij 1990.
+42 Euclid’s Algorithm is so called because it appears in Euclid’s Elements (Book 7, ca. 300 B.C.).
+
+According to Knuth (1973), it can be considered the oldest known nontrivial algorithm. The ancient
+Egyptian method of multiplication (exercise 1.18) is surely older, but, as Knuth explains, Euclid’s
+algorithm is the oldest known to have been presented as a general algorithm, rather than as a set of
+illustrative examples.
+
+\f43 This theorem was proved in 1845 by Gabriel Lamé, a French mathematician and engineer known
+
+chiefly for his contributions to mathematical physics. To prove the theorem, we consider pairs (a k
+,b k ), where a k > b k , for which Euclid’s Algorithm terminates in k steps. The proof is based on the
+claim that, if (a k+1 , b k+1 ) (a k , b k ) (a k-1 , b k-1 ) are three successive pairs in the reduction
+process, then we must have b k+1 > b k + b k-1 . To verify the claim, consider that a reduction step is
+defined by applying the transformation a k-1 = b k , b k-1 = remainder of a k divided by b k . The second
+equation means that a k = qb k + b k-1 for some positive integer q. And since q must be at least 1 we
+have a k = qb k + b k-1 > b k + b k-1 . But in the previous reduction step we have b k+1 = a k . Therefore,
+b k+1 = a k > b k + b k-1 . This verifies the claim. Now we can prove the theorem by induction on k, the
+number of steps that the algorithm requires to terminate. The result is true for k = 1, since this merely
+requires that b be at least as large as Fib(1) = 1. Now, assume that the result is true for all integers less
+than or equal to k and establish the result for k + 1. Let (a k+1 , b k+1 ) (a k , b k ) (a k-1 , b k-1 ) be
+successive pairs in the reduction process. By our induction hypotheses, we have b k-1 > Fib(k - 1) and
+b k > Fib(k). Thus, applying the claim we just proved together with the definition of the Fibonacci
+numbers gives b k+1 > b k + b k-1 > Fib(k) + Fib(k - 1) = Fib(k + 1), which completes the proof of
+Lamé’s Theorem.
+44 If d is a divisor of n, then so is n/d. But d and n/d cannot both be greater than
+
+n.
+
+45 Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) is considered to be the founder of modern number theory. He
+
+obtained many important number-theoretic results, but he usually announced just the results, without
+providing his proofs. Fermat’s Little Theorem was stated in a letter he wrote in 1640. The first
+published proof was given by Euler in 1736 (and an earlier, identical proof was discovered in the
+unpublished manuscripts of Leibniz). The most famous of Fermat’s results -- known as Fermat’s Last
+Theorem -- was jotted down in 1637 in his copy of the book Arithmetic (by the third-century Greek
+mathematician Diophantus) with the remark ‘‘I have discovered a truly remarkable proof, but this
+margin is too small to contain it.’’ Finding a proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem became one of the most
+famous challenges in number theory. A complete solution was finally given in 1995 by Andrew Wiles
+of Princeton University.
+46 The reduction steps in the cases where the exponent e is greater than 1 are based on the fact that,
+
+for any integers x, y, and m, we can find the remainder of x times y modulo m by computing separately
+the remainders of x modulo m and y modulo m, multiplying these, and then taking the remainder of the
+result modulo m. For instance, in the case where e is even, we compute the remainder of b e/2 modulo
+m, square this, and take the remainder modulo m. This technique is useful because it means we can
+perform our computation without ever having to deal with numbers much larger than m. (Compare
+exercise 1.25.)
+47 Numbers that fool the Fermat test are called Carmichael numbers, and little is known about them
+
+other than that they are extremely rare. There are 255 Carmichael numbers below 100,000,000. The
+smallest few are 561, 1105, 1729, 2465, 2821, and 6601. In testing primality of very large numbers
+chosen at random, the chance of stumbling upon a value that fools the Fermat test is less than the
+chance that cosmic radiation will cause the computer to make an error in carrying out a ‘‘correct’’
+algorithm. Considering an algorithm to be inadequate for the first reason but not for the second
+illustrates the difference between mathematics and engineering.
+48 One of the most striking applications of probabilistic prime testing has been to the field of
+
+cryptography. Although it is now computationally infeasible to factor an arbitrary 200-digit number,
+the primality of such a number can be checked in a few seconds with the Fermat test. This fact forms
+
+\fthe basis of a technique for constructing ‘‘unbreakable codes’’ suggested by Rivest, Shamir, and
+Adleman (1977). The resulting RSA algorithm has become a widely used technique for enhancing the
+security of electronic communications. Because of this and related developments, the study of prime
+numbers, once considered the epitome of a topic in ‘‘pure’’ mathematics to be studied only for its own
+sake, now turns out to have important practical applications to cryptography, electronic funds transfer,
+and information retrieval.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+1.3 Formulating Abstractions with Higher-Order Procedures
+We have seen that procedures are, in effect, abstractions that describe compound operations on
+numbers independent of the particular numbers. For example, when we
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+we are not talking about the cube of a particular number, but rather about a method for obtaining the
+cube of any number. Of course we could get along without ever defining this procedure, by always
+writing expressions such as
+(* 3 3 3)
+(* x x x)
+(* y y y)
+and never mentioning cube explicitly. This would place us at a serious disadvantage, forcing us to
+work always at the level of the particular operations that happen to be primitives in the language
+(multiplication, in this case) rather than in terms of higher-level operations. Our programs would be
+able to compute cubes, but our language would lack the ability to express the concept of cubing. One
+of the things we should demand from a powerful programming language is the ability to build
+abstractions by assigning names to common patterns and then to work in terms of the abstractions
+directly. Procedures provide this ability. This is why all but the most primitive programming
+languages include mechanisms for defining procedures.
+Yet even in numerical processing we will be severely limited in our ability to create abstractions if we
+are restricted to procedures whose parameters must be numbers. Often the same programming pattern
+will be used with a number of different procedures. To express such patterns as concepts, we will need
+to construct procedures that can accept procedures as arguments or return procedures as values.
+Procedures that manipulate procedures are called higher-order procedures. This section shows how
+higher-order procedures can serve as powerful abstraction mechanisms, vastly increasing the
+expressive power of our language.
+
+1.3.1 Procedures as Arguments
+Consider the following three procedures. The first computes the sum of the integers from a through b:
+(define (sum-integers a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ a (sum-integers (+ a 1) b))))
+The second computes the sum of the cubes of the integers in the given range:
+(define (sum-cubes a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (cube a) (sum-cubes (+ a 1) b))))
+
+\fThe third computes the sum of a sequence of terms in the series
+
+which converges to
+
+/8 (very slowly): 49
+
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (/ 1.0 (* a (+ a 2))) (pi-sum (+ a 4) b))))
+These three procedures clearly share a common underlying pattern. They are for the most part
+identical, differing only in the name of the procedure, the function of a used to compute the term to be
+added, and the function that provides the next value of a. We could generate each of the procedures by
+filling in slots in the same template:
+(define (<name> a b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (<term> a)
+(<name> (<next> a) b))))
+The presence of such a common pattern is strong evidence that there is a useful abstraction waiting to
+be brought to the surface. Indeed, mathematicians long ago identified the abstraction of summation of
+a series and invented ‘‘sigma notation,’’ for example
+
+to express this concept. The power of sigma notation is that it allows mathematicians to deal with the
+concept of summation itself rather than only with particular sums -- for example, to formulate general
+results about sums that are independent of the particular series being summed.
+Similarly, as program designers, we would like our language to be powerful enough so that we can
+write a procedure that expresses the concept of summation itself rather than only procedures that
+compute particular sums. We can do so readily in our procedural language by taking the common
+template shown above and transforming the ‘‘slots’’ into formal parameters:
+(define (sum term a next b)
+(if (> a b)
+0
+(+ (term a)
+(sum term (next a) next b))))
+Notice that sum takes as its arguments the lower and upper bounds a and b together with the
+procedures term and next. We can use sum just as we would any procedure. For example, we can
+use it (along with a procedure inc that increments its argument by 1) to define sum-cubes:
+(define (inc n) (+ n 1))
+(define (sum-cubes a b)
+(sum cube a inc b))
+
+\fUsing this, we can compute the sum of the cubes of the integers from 1 to 10:
+(sum-cubes 1 10)
+3025
+With the aid of an identity procedure to compute the term, we can define sum-integers in terms of
+sum:
+(define (identity x) x)
+(define (sum-integers a b)
+(sum identity a inc b))
+Then we can add up the integers from 1 to 10:
+(sum-integers 1 10)
+55
+We can also define pi-sum in the same way: 50
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(define (pi-term x)
+(/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+(define (pi-next x)
+(+ x 4))
+(sum pi-term a pi-next b))
+Using these procedures, we can compute an approximation to
+
+:
+
+(* 8 (pi-sum 1 1000))
+3.139592655589783
+Once we have sum, we can use it as a building block in formulating further concepts. For instance, the
+definite integral of a function f between the limits a and b can be approximated numerically using the
+formula
+
+for small values of dx. We can express this directly as a procedure:
+(define (integral f a b dx)
+(define (add-dx x) (+ x dx))
+(* (sum f (+ a (/ dx 2.0)) add-dx b)
+dx))
+(integral cube 0 1 0.01)
+.24998750000000042
+(integral cube 0 1 0.001)
+.249999875000001
+(The exact value of the integral of cube between 0 and 1 is 1/4.)
+
+\fExercise 1.29. Simpson’s Rule is a more accurate method of numerical integration than the method
+illustrated above. Using Simpson’s Rule, the integral of a function f between a and b is approximated
+as
+
+where h = (b - a)/n, for some even integer n, and y k = f(a + kh). (Increasing n increases the accuracy of
+the approximation.) Define a procedure that takes as arguments f, a, b, and n and returns the value of
+the integral, computed using Simpson’s Rule. Use your procedure to integrate cube between 0 and 1
+(with n = 100 and n = 1000), and compare the results to those of the integral procedure shown
+above.
+Exercise 1.30. The sum procedure above generates a linear recursion. The procedure can be rewritten
+so that the sum is performed iteratively. Show how to do this by filling in the missing expressions in
+the following definition:
+(define (sum term a next b)
+(define (iter a result)
+(if <??>
+<??>
+(iter <??> <??>)))
+(iter <??> <??>))
+Exercise 1.31.
+a. The sum procedure is only the simplest of a vast number of similar abstractions that can be
+captured as higher-order procedures. 51 Write an analogous procedure called product that returns
+the product of the values of a function at points over a given range. Show how to define factorial
+in terms of product. Also use product to compute approximations to using the formula 52
+
+b. If your product procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+Exercise 1.32. a. Show that sum and product (exercise 1.31) are both special cases of a still more
+general notion called accumulate that combines a collection of terms, using some general
+accumulation function:
+(accumulate combiner null-value term a next b)
+Accumulate takes as arguments the same term and range specifications as sum and product,
+together with a combiner procedure (of two arguments) that specifies how the current term is to be
+combined with the accumulation of the preceding terms and a null-value that specifies what base
+value to use when the terms run out. Write accumulate and show how sum and product can both
+be defined as simple calls to accumulate.
+b. If your accumulate procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+
+\fExercise 1.33. You can obtain an even more general version of accumulate (exercise 1.32) by
+introducing the notion of a filter on the terms to be combined. That is, combine only those terms
+derived from values in the range that satisfy a specified condition. The resulting
+filtered-accumulate abstraction takes the same arguments as accumulate, together with an
+additional predicate of one argument that specifies the filter. Write filtered-accumulate as a
+procedure. Show how to express the following using filtered-accumulate:
+a. the sum of the squares of the prime numbers in the interval a to b (assuming that you have a
+prime? predicate already written)
+b. the product of all the positive integers less than n that are relatively prime to n (i.e., all positive
+integers i < n such that GCD(i,n) = 1).
+
+1.3.2 Constructing Procedures Using Lambda
+In using sum as in section 1.3.1, it seems terribly awkward to have to define trivial procedures such as
+pi-term and pi-next just so we can use them as arguments to our higher-order procedure. Rather
+than define pi-next and pi-term, it would be more convenient to have a way to directly specify
+‘‘the procedure that returns its input incremented by 4’’ and ‘‘the procedure that returns the reciprocal
+of its input times its input plus 2.’’ We can do this by introducing the special form lambda, which
+creates procedures. Using lambda we can describe what we want as
+(lambda (x) (+ x 4))
+and
+(lambda (x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+Then our pi-sum procedure can be expressed without defining any auxiliary procedures as
+(define (pi-sum a b)
+(sum (lambda (x) (/ 1.0 (* x (+ x 2))))
+a
+(lambda (x) (+ x 4))
+b))
+Again using lambda, we can write the integral procedure without having to define the auxiliary
+procedure add-dx:
+(define (integral f a b dx)
+(* (sum f
+(+ a (/ dx 2.0))
+(lambda (x) (+ x dx))
+b)
+dx))
+In general, lambda is used to create procedures in the same way as define, except that no name is
+specified for the procedure:
+(lambda (<formal-parameters>) <body>)
+
+\fThe resulting procedure is just as much a procedure as one that is created using define. The only
+difference is that it has not been associated with any name in the environment. In fact,
+(define (plus4 x) (+ x 4))
+is equivalent to
+(define plus4 (lambda (x) (+ x 4)))
+We can read a lambda expression as follows:
+(lambda
+
+(x)
+
+the procedure
+
+of an argument x
+
+(+
+that adds
+
+x
+
+4))
+
+x and 4
+
+Like any expression that has a procedure as its value, a lambda expression can be used as the
+operator in a combination such as
+((lambda (x y z) (+ x y (square z))) 1 2 3)
+12
+or, more generally, in any context where we would normally use a procedure name. 53
+
+Using let to create local variables
+Another use of lambda is in creating local variables. We often need local variables in our procedures
+other than those that have been bound as formal parameters. For example, suppose we wish to
+compute the function
+
+which we could also express as
+
+In writing a procedure to compute f, we would like to include as local variables not only x and y but
+also the names of intermediate quantities like a and b. One way to accomplish this is to use an
+auxiliary procedure to bind the local variables:
+(define (f x y)
+(define (f-helper a b)
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+(f-helper (+ 1 (* x y))
+(- 1 y)))
+Of course, we could use a lambda expression to specify an anonymous procedure for binding our
+local variables. The body of f then becomes a single call to that procedure:
+
+\f(define (f x y)
+((lambda (a b)
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+(+ 1 (* x y))
+(- 1 y)))
+This construct is so useful that there is a special form called let to make its use more convenient.
+Using let, the f procedure could be written as
+(define (f x y)
+(let ((a (+ 1 (* x y)))
+(b (- 1 y)))
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b))))
+The general form of a let expression is
+(let ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >)
+(<var 2 > <exp 2 >)
+(<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+which can be thought of as saying
+let
+
+<var 1 > have the value <exp 1 > and
+<var 2 > have the value <exp 2 > and
+
+<var n > have the value <exp n >
+in
+
+<body>
+
+The first part of the let expression is a list of name-expression pairs. When the let is evaluated,
+each name is associated with the value of the corresponding expression. The body of the let is
+evaluated with these names bound as local variables. The way this happens is that the let expression
+is interpreted as an alternate syntax for
+((lambda (<var 1 > ...<var n >)
+<body>)
+<exp 1 >
+<exp n >)
+
+\fNo new mechanism is required in the interpreter in order to provide local variables. A let expression
+is simply syntactic sugar for the underlying lambda application.
+We can see from this equivalence that the scope of a variable specified by a let expression is the
+body of the let. This implies that:
+Let allows one to bind variables as locally as possible to where they are to be used. For example,
+if the value of x is 5, the value of the expression
+(+ (let ((x 3))
+(+ x (* x 10)))
+x)
+is 38. Here, the x in the body of the let is 3, so the value of the let expression is 33. On the
+other hand, the x that is the second argument to the outermost + is still 5.
+The variables’ values are computed outside the let. This matters when the expressions that
+provide the values for the local variables depend upon variables having the same names as the
+local variables themselves. For example, if the value of x is 2, the expression
+(let ((x 3)
+(y (+ x 2)))
+(* x y))
+will have the value 12 because, inside the body of the let, x will be 3 and y will be 4 (which is
+the outer x plus 2).
+Sometimes we can use internal definitions to get the same effect as with let. For example, we could
+have defined the procedure f above as
+(define (f x y)
+(define a (+ 1 (* x y)))
+(define b (- 1 y))
+(+ (* x (square a))
+(* y b)
+(* a b)))
+We prefer, however, to use let in situations like this and to use internal define only for internal
+procedures. 54
+Exercise 1.34. Suppose we define the procedure
+(define (f g)
+(g 2))
+Then we have
+(f square)
+4
+(f (lambda (z) (* z (+ z 1))))
+6
+
+\fWhat happens if we (perversely) ask the interpreter to evaluate the combination (f f)? Explain.
+
+1.3.3 Procedures as General Methods
+We introduced compound procedures in section 1.1.4 as a mechanism for abstracting patterns of
+numerical operations so as to make them independent of the particular numbers involved. With
+higher-order procedures, such as the integral procedure of section 1.3.1, we began to see a more
+powerful kind of abstraction: procedures used to express general methods of computation, independent
+of the particular functions involved. In this section we discuss two more elaborate examples -- general
+methods for finding zeros and fixed points of functions -- and show how these methods can be
+expressed directly as procedures.
+
+Finding roots of equations by the half-interval method
+The half-interval method is a simple but powerful technique for finding roots of an equation f(x) = 0,
+where f is a continuous function. The idea is that, if we are given points a and b such that f(a) < 0 <
+f(b), then f must have at least one zero between a and b. To locate a zero, let x be the average of a and
+b and compute f(x). If f(x) > 0, then f must have a zero between a and x. If f(x) < 0, then f must have a
+zero between x and b. Continuing in this way, we can identify smaller and smaller intervals on which f
+must have a zero. When we reach a point where the interval is small enough, the process stops. Since
+the interval of uncertainty is reduced by half at each step of the process, the number of steps required
+grows as (log( L/T)), where L is the length of the original interval and T is the error tolerance (that
+is, the size of the interval we will consider ‘‘small enough’’). Here is a procedure that implements this
+strategy:
+(define (search f neg-point pos-point)
+(let ((midpoint (average neg-point pos-point)))
+(if (close-enough? neg-point pos-point)
+midpoint
+(let ((test-value (f midpoint)))
+(cond ((positive? test-value)
+(search f neg-point midpoint))
+((negative? test-value)
+(search f midpoint pos-point))
+(else midpoint))))))
+We assume that we are initially given the function f together with points at which its values are
+negative and positive. We first compute the midpoint of the two given points. Next we check to see if
+the given interval is small enough, and if so we simply return the midpoint as our answer. Otherwise,
+we compute as a test value the value of f at the midpoint. If the test value is positive, then we continue
+the process with a new interval running from the original negative point to the midpoint. If the test
+value is negative, we continue with the interval from the midpoint to the positive point. Finally, there
+is the possibility that the test value is 0, in which case the midpoint is itself the root we are searching
+for.
+To test whether the endpoints are ‘‘close enough’’ we can use a procedure similar to the one used in
+section 1.1.7 for computing square roots: 55
+(define (close-enough? x y)
+(< (abs (- x y)) 0.001))
+
+\fSearch is awkward to use directly, because we can accidentally give it points at which f’s values do
+not have the required sign, in which case we get a wrong answer. Instead we will use search via the
+following procedure, which checks to see which of the endpoints has a negative function value and
+which has a positive value, and calls the search procedure accordingly. If the function has the same
+sign on the two given points, the half-interval method cannot be used, in which case the procedure
+signals an error. 56
+(define (half-interval-method f a b)
+(let ((a-value (f a))
+(b-value (f b)))
+(cond ((and (negative? a-value) (positive? b-value))
+(search f a b))
+((and (negative? b-value) (positive? a-value))
+(search f b a))
+(else
+(error "Values are not of opposite sign" a b)))))
+The following example uses the half-interval method to approximate
+sin x = 0:
+
+as the root between 2 and 4 of
+
+(half-interval-method sin 2.0 4.0)
+3.14111328125
+Here is another example, using the half-interval method to search for a root of the equation x 3 - 2x - 3
+= 0 between 1 and 2:
+(half-interval-method (lambda (x) (- (* x x x) (* 2 x) 3))
+1.0
+2.0)
+1.89306640625
+
+Finding fixed points of functions
+A number x is called a fixed point of a function f if x satisfies the equation f(x) = x. For some functions
+f we can locate a fixed point by beginning with an initial guess and applying f repeatedly,
+
+until the value does not change very much. Using this idea, we can devise a procedure
+fixed-point that takes as inputs a function and an initial guess and produces an approximation to a
+fixed point of the function. We apply the function repeatedly until we find two successive values
+whose difference is less than some prescribed tolerance:
+(define tolerance 0.00001)
+(define (fixed-point f first-guess)
+(define (close-enough? v1 v2)
+(< (abs (- v1 v2)) tolerance))
+(define (try guess)
+(let ((next (f guess)))
+(if (close-enough? guess next)
+next
+(try next))))
+
+\f(try first-guess))
+For example, we can use this method to approximate the fixed point of the cosine function, starting
+with 1 as an initial approximation: 57
+(fixed-point cos 1.0)
+.7390822985224023
+Similarly, we can find a solution to the equation y = sin y + cos y:
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (+ (sin y) (cos y)))
+1.0)
+1.2587315962971173
+The fixed-point process is reminiscent of the process we used for finding square roots in section 1.1.7.
+Both are based on the idea of repeatedly improving a guess until the result satisfies some criterion. In
+fact, we can readily formulate the square-root computation as a fixed-point search. Computing the
+square root of some number x requires finding a y such that y 2 = x. Putting this equation into the
+equivalent form y = x/y, we recognize that we are looking for a fixed point of the function 58 y x/y,
+and we can therefore try to compute square roots as
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (/ x y))
+1.0))
+Unfortunately, this fixed-point search does not converge. Consider an initial guess y 1 . The next guess
+is y 2 = x/y 1 and the next guess is y 3 = x/y 2 = x/(x/y 1 ) = y 1 . This results in an infinite loop in which
+the two guesses y 1 and y 2 repeat over and over, oscillating about the answer.
+One way to control such oscillations is to prevent the guesses from changing so much. Since the
+answer is always between our guess y and x/y, we can make a new guess that is not as far from y as x/y
+by averaging y with x/y, so that the next guess after y is (1/2)(y + x/y) instead of x/y. The process of
+making such a sequence of guesses is simply the process of looking for a fixed point of y (1/2)(y +
+x/y):
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (lambda (y) (average y (/ x y)))
+1.0))
+(Note that y = (1/2)(y + x/y) is a simple transformation of the equation y = x/y; to derive it, add y to
+both sides of the equation and divide by 2.)
+With this modification, the square-root procedure works. In fact, if we unravel the definitions, we can
+see that the sequence of approximations to the square root generated here is precisely the same as the
+one generated by our original square-root procedure of section 1.1.7. This approach of averaging
+successive approximations to a solution, a technique we that we call average damping, often aids the
+convergence of fixed-point searches.
+Exercise 1.35. Show that the golden ratio (section 1.2.2) is a fixed point of the transformation x
++ 1/x, and use this fact to compute by means of the fixed-point procedure.
+
+1
+
+\fExercise 1.36. Modify fixed-point so that it prints the sequence of approximations it generates,
+using the newline and display primitives shown in exercise 1.22. Then find a solution to x x =
+1000 by finding a fixed point of x
+log(1000)/log(x). (Use Scheme’s primitive log procedure,
+which computes natural logarithms.) Compare the number of steps this takes with and without average
+damping. (Note that you cannot start fixed-point with a guess of 1, as this would cause division
+by log(1) = 0.)
+Exercise 1.37. a. An infinite continued fraction is an expression of the form
+
+As an example, one can show that the infinite continued fraction expansion with the N i and the D i all
+equal to 1 produces 1/ , where is the golden ratio (described in section 1.2.2). One way to
+approximate an infinite continued fraction is to truncate the expansion after a given number of terms.
+Such a truncation -- a so-called k-term finite continued fraction -- has the form
+
+Suppose that n and d are procedures of one argument (the term index i) that return the N i and D i of
+the terms of the continued fraction. Define a procedure cont-frac such that evaluating
+(cont-frac n d k) computes the value of the k-term finite continued fraction. Check your
+procedure by approximating 1/ using
+(cont-frac (lambda (i) 1.0)
+(lambda (i) 1.0)
+k)
+for successive values of k. How large must you make k in order to get an approximation that is
+accurate to 4 decimal places?
+b. If your cont-frac procedure generates a recursive process, write one that generates an iterative
+process. If it generates an iterative process, write one that generates a recursive process.
+Exercise 1.38. In 1737, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler published a memoir De
+Fractionibus Continuis, which included a continued fraction expansion for e - 2, where e is the base of
+the natural logarithms. In this fraction, the N i are all 1, and the D i are successively 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1,
+6, 1, 1, 8, .... Write a program that uses your cont-frac procedure from exercise 1.37 to
+approximate e, based on Euler’s expansion.
+Exercise 1.39. A continued fraction representation of the tangent function was published in 1770 by
+the German mathematician J.H. Lambert:
+
+\fwhere x is in radians. Define a procedure (tan-cf x k) that computes an approximation to the
+tangent function based on Lambert’s formula. K specifies the number of terms to compute, as in
+exercise 1.37.
+
+1.3.4 Procedures as Returned Values
+The above examples demonstrate how the ability to pass procedures as arguments significantly
+enhances the expressive power of our programming language. We can achieve even more expressive
+power by creating procedures whose returned values are themselves procedures.
+We can illustrate this idea by looking again at the fixed-point example described at the end of
+section 1.3.3. We formulated a new version of the square-root procedure as a fixed-point search,
+starting with the observation that x is a fixed-point of the function y x/y. Then we used average
+damping to make the approximations converge. Average damping is a useful general technique in
+itself. Namely, given a function f, we consider the function whose value at x is equal to the average of
+x and f(x).
+We can express the idea of average damping by means of the following procedure:
+(define (average-damp f)
+(lambda (x) (average x (f x))))
+Average-damp is a procedure that takes as its argument a procedure f and returns as its value a
+procedure (produced by the lambda) that, when applied to a number x, produces the average of x and
+(f x). For example, applying average-damp to the square procedure produces a procedure
+whose value at some number x is the average of x and x 2 . Applying this resulting procedure to 10
+returns the average of 10 and 100, or 55: 59
+((average-damp square) 10)
+55
+Using average-damp, we can reformulate the square-root procedure as follows:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point (average-damp (lambda (y) (/ x y)))
+1.0))
+Notice how this formulation makes explicit the three ideas in the method: fixed-point search, average
+damping, and the function y x/y. It is instructive to compare this formulation of the square-root
+method with the original version given in section 1.1.7. Bear in mind that these procedures express the
+same process, and notice how much clearer the idea becomes when we express the process in terms of
+these abstractions. In general, there are many ways to formulate a process as a procedure. Experienced
+programmers know how to choose procedural formulations that are particularly perspicuous, and
+where useful elements of the process are exposed as separate entities that can be reused in other
+applications. As a simple example of reuse, notice that the cube root of x is a fixed point of the
+function y x/y 2 , so we can immediately generalize our square-root procedure to one that extracts
+
+\fcube roots: 60
+(define (cube-root x)
+(fixed-point (average-damp (lambda (y) (/ x (square y))))
+1.0))
+
+Newton’s method
+When we first introduced the square-root procedure, in section 1.1.7, we mentioned that this was a
+special case of Newton’s method. If x g(x) is a differentiable function, then a solution of the
+equation g(x) = 0 is a fixed point of the function x f(x) where
+
+and Dg(x) is the derivative of g evaluated at x. Newton’s method is the use of the fixed-point method
+we saw above to approximate a solution of the equation by finding a fixed point of the function f. 61
+For many functions g and for sufficiently good initial guesses for x, Newton’s method converges very
+rapidly to a solution of g(x) = 0. 62
+In order to implement Newton’s method as a procedure, we must first express the idea of derivative.
+Note that ‘‘derivative,’’ like average damping, is something that transforms a function into another
+function. For instance, the derivative of the function x x 3 is the function x 3x 2 . In general, if g is
+a function and dx is a small number, then the derivative Dg of g is the function whose value at any
+number x is given (in the limit of small dx) by
+
+Thus, we can express the idea of derivative (taking dx to be, say, 0.00001) as the procedure
+(define (deriv g)
+(lambda (x)
+(/ (- (g (+ x dx)) (g x))
+dx)))
+along with the definition
+(define dx 0.00001)
+Like average-damp, deriv is a procedure that takes a procedure as argument and returns a
+procedure as value. For example, to approximate the derivative of x x 3 at 5 (whose exact value is
+75) we can evaluate
+(define (cube x) (* x x x))
+((deriv cube) 5)
+75.00014999664018
+With the aid of deriv, we can express Newton’s method as a fixed-point process:
+
+\f(define (newton-transform g)
+(lambda (x)
+(- x (/ (g x) ((deriv g) x)))))
+(define (newtons-method g guess)
+(fixed-point (newton-transform g) guess))
+The newton-transform procedure expresses the formula at the beginning of this section, and
+newtons-method is readily defined in terms of this. It takes as arguments a procedure that
+computes the function for which we want to find a zero, together with an initial guess. For instance, to
+find the square root of x, we can use Newton’s method to find a zero of the function y y 2 - x starting
+with an initial guess of 1. 63 This provides yet another form of the square-root procedure:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(newtons-method (lambda (y) (- (square y) x))
+1.0))
+
+Abstractions and first-class procedures
+We’ve seen two ways to express the square-root computation as an instance of a more general method,
+once as a fixed-point search and once using Newton’s method. Since Newton’s method was itself
+expressed as a fixed-point process, we actually saw two ways to compute square roots as fixed points.
+Each method begins with a function and finds a fixed point of some transformation of the function. We
+can express this general idea itself as a procedure:
+(define (fixed-point-of-transform g transform guess)
+(fixed-point (transform g) guess))
+This very general procedure takes as its arguments a procedure g that computes some function, a
+procedure that transforms g, and an initial guess. The returned result is a fixed point of the
+transformed function.
+Using this abstraction, we can recast the first square-root computation from this section (where we
+look for a fixed point of the average-damped version of y x/y) as an instance of this general method:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point-of-transform (lambda (y) (/ x y))
+average-damp
+1.0))
+Similarly, we can express the second square-root computation from this section (an instance of
+Newton’s method that finds a fixed point of the Newton transform of y y 2 - x) as
+(define (sqrt x)
+(fixed-point-of-transform (lambda (y) (- (square y) x))
+newton-transform
+1.0))
+We began section 1.3 with the observation that compound procedures are a crucial abstraction
+mechanism, because they permit us to express general methods of computing as explicit elements in
+our programming language. Now we’ve seen how higher-order procedures permit us to manipulate
+these general methods to create further abstractions.
+
+\fAs programmers, we should be alert to opportunities to identify the underlying abstractions in our
+programs and to build upon them and generalize them to create more powerful abstractions. This is not
+to say that one should always write programs in the most abstract way possible; expert programmers
+know how to choose the level of abstraction appropriate to their task. But it is important to be able to
+think in terms of these abstractions, so that we can be ready to apply them in new contexts. The
+significance of higher-order procedures is that they enable us to represent these abstractions explicitly
+as elements in our programming language, so that they can be handled just like other computational
+elements.
+In general, programming languages impose restrictions on the ways in which computational elements
+can be manipulated. Elements with the fewest restrictions are said to have first-class status. Some of
+the ‘‘rights and privileges’’ of first-class elements are: 64
+They may be named by variables.
+They may be passed as arguments to procedures.
+They may be returned as the results of procedures.
+They may be included in data structures. 65
+Lisp, unlike other common programming languages, awards procedures full first-class status. This
+poses challenges for efficient implementation, but the resulting gain in expressive power is
+enormous. 66
+Exercise 1.40. Define a procedure cubic that can be used together with the newtons-method
+procedure in expressions of the form
+(newtons-method (cubic a b c) 1)
+to approximate zeros of the cubic x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c.
+Exercise 1.41. Define a procedure double that takes a procedure of one argument as argument and
+returns a procedure that applies the original procedure twice. For example, if inc is a procedure that
+adds 1 to its argument, then (double inc) should be a procedure that adds 2. What value is
+returned by
+(((double (double double)) inc) 5)
+Exercise 1.42. Let f and g be two one-argument functions. The composition f after g is defined to be
+the function x f(g(x)). Define a procedure compose that implements composition. For example, if
+inc is a procedure that adds 1 to its argument,
+((compose square inc) 6)
+49
+Exercise 1.43. If f is a numerical function and n is a positive integer, then we can form the nth
+repeated application of f, which is defined to be the function whose value at x is f(f(...(f(x))...)).
+For example, if f is the function x x + 1, then the nth repeated application of f is the function x x +
+n. If f is the operation of squaring a number, then the nth repeated application of f is the function that
+raises its argument to the 2 n th power. Write a procedure that takes as inputs a procedure that computes
+f and a positive integer n and returns the procedure that computes the nth repeated application of f.
+Your procedure should be able to be used as follows:
+
+\f((repeated square 2) 5)
+625
+Hint: You may find it convenient to use compose from exercise 1.42.
+Exercise 1.44. The idea of smoothing a function is an important concept in signal processing. If f is a
+function and dx is some small number, then the smoothed version of f is the function whose value at a
+point x is the average of f(x - dx), f(x), and f(x + dx). Write a procedure smooth that takes as input a
+procedure that computes f and returns a procedure that computes the smoothed f. It is sometimes
+valuable to repeatedly smooth a function (that is, smooth the smoothed function, and so on) to
+obtained the n-fold smoothed function. Show how to generate the n-fold smoothed function of any
+given function using smooth and repeated from exercise 1.43.
+Exercise 1.45. We saw in section 1.3.3 that attempting to compute square roots by naively finding a
+fixed point of y x/y does not converge, and that this can be fixed by average damping. The same
+method works for finding cube roots as fixed points of the average-damped y x/y 2 . Unfortunately,
+the process does not work for fourth roots -- a single average damp is not enough to make a
+fixed-point search for y x/y 3 converge. On the other hand, if we average damp twice (i.e., use the
+average damp of the average damp of y x/y 3 ) the fixed-point search does converge. Do some
+experiments to determine how many average damps are required to compute nth roots as a fixed-point
+search based upon repeated average damping of y x/y n-1 . Use this to implement a simple procedure
+for computing nth roots using fixed-point, average-damp, and the repeated procedure of
+exercise 1.43. Assume that any arithmetic operations you need are available as primitives.
+Exercise 1.46. Several of the numerical methods described in this chapter are instances of an
+extremely general computational strategy known as iterative improvement. Iterative improvement says
+that, to compute something, we start with an initial guess for the answer, test if the guess is good
+enough, and otherwise improve the guess and continue the process using the improved guess as the
+new guess. Write a procedure iterative-improve that takes two procedures as arguments: a
+method for telling whether a guess is good enough and a method for improving a guess.
+Iterative-improve should return as its value a procedure that takes a guess as argument and
+keeps improving the guess until it is good enough. Rewrite the sqrt procedure of section 1.1.7 and
+the fixed-point procedure of section 1.3.3 in terms of iterative-improve.
+49 This series, usually written in the equivalent form ( /4) = 1 - (1/3) + (1/5) - (1/7) + ···, is due to
+
+Leibniz. We’ll see how to use this as the basis for some fancy numerical tricks in section 3.5.3.
+50 Notice that we have used block structure (section 1.1.8) to embed the definitions of pi-next and
+
+pi-term within pi-sum, since these procedures are unlikely to be useful for any other purpose. We
+will see how to get rid of them altogether in section 1.3.2.
+51 The intent of exercises 1.31-1.33 is to demonstrate the expressive power that is attained by using an
+
+appropriate abstraction to consolidate many seemingly disparate operations. However, though
+accumulation and filtering are elegant ideas, our hands are somewhat tied in using them at this point
+since we do not yet have data structures to provide suitable means of combination for these
+abstractions. We will return to these ideas in section 2.2.3 when we show how to use sequences as
+interfaces for combining filters and accumulators to build even more powerful abstractions. We will
+see there how these methods really come into their own as a powerful and elegant approach to
+designing programs.
+
+\f52 This formula was discovered by the seventeenth-century English mathematician John Wallis.
+53 It would be clearer and less intimidating to people learning Lisp if a name more obvious than
+
+lambda, such as make-procedure, were used. But the convention is firmly entrenched. The
+notation is adopted from the calculus, a mathematical formalism introduced by the mathematical
+logician Alonzo Church (1941). Church developed the calculus to provide a rigorous foundation for
+studying the notions of function and function application. The calculus has become a basic tool for
+mathematical investigations of the semantics of programming languages.
+54 Understanding internal definitions well enough to be sure a program means what we intend it to
+
+mean requires a more elaborate model of the evaluation process than we have presented in this
+chapter. The subtleties do not arise with internal definitions of procedures, however. We will return to
+this issue in section 4.1.6, after we learn more about evaluation.
+55 We have used 0.001 as a representative ‘‘small’’ number to indicate a tolerance for the acceptable
+
+error in a calculation. The appropriate tolerance for a real calculation depends upon the problem to be
+solved and the limitations of the computer and the algorithm. This is often a very subtle consideration,
+requiring help from a numerical analyst or some other kind of magician.
+56 This can be accomplished using error, which takes as arguments a number of items that are
+
+printed as error messages.
+57 Try this during a boring lecture: Set your calculator to radians mode and then repeatedly press the
+
+cos button until you obtain the fixed point.
+58
+
+(pronounced ‘‘maps to’’) is the mathematician’s way of writing lambda. y
+(lambda(y) (/ x y)), that is, the function whose value at y is x/y.
+
+x/y means
+
+59 Observe that this is a combination whose operator is itself a combination. Exercise 1.4 already
+
+demonstrated the ability to form such combinations, but that was only a toy example. Here we begin to
+see the real need for such combinations -- when applying a procedure that is obtained as the value
+returned by a higher-order procedure.
+60 See exercise 1.45 for a further generalization.
+61 Elementary calculus books usually describe Newton’s method in terms of the sequence of
+
+approximations x n+1 = x n - g(x n )/Dg(x n ). Having language for talking about processes and using the
+idea of fixed points simplifies the description of the method.
+62 Newton’s method does not always converge to an answer, but it can be shown that in favorable
+
+cases each iteration doubles the number-of-digits accuracy of the approximation to the solution. In
+such cases, Newton’s method will converge much more rapidly than the half-interval method.
+63 For finding square roots, Newton’s method converges rapidly to the correct solution from any
+
+starting point.
+64 The notion of first-class status of programming-language elements is due to the British computer
+
+scientist Christopher Strachey (1916-1975).
+65 We’ll see examples of this after we introduce data structures in chapter 2.
+
+\f66 The major implementation cost of first-class procedures is that allowing procedures to be returned
+
+as values requires reserving storage for a procedure’s free variables even while the procedure is not
+executing. In the Scheme implementation we will study in section 4.1, these variables are stored in the
+procedure’s environment.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Chapter 2
+Building Abstractions with Data
+We now come to the decisive step of mathematical
+abstraction: we forget about what the symbols stand for.
+...[The mathematician] need not be idle; there are many
+operations which he may carry out with these symbols,
+without ever having to look at the things they stand for.
+Hermann Weyl, The Mathematical Way of Thinking
+We concentrated in chapter 1 on computational processes and on the role of procedures in program
+design. We saw how to use primitive data (numbers) and primitive operations (arithmetic operations),
+how to combine procedures to form compound procedures through composition, conditionals, and the
+use of parameters, and how to abstract procedures by using define. We saw that a procedure can be
+regarded as a pattern for the local evolution of a process, and we classified, reasoned about, and
+performed simple algorithmic analyses of some common patterns for processes as embodied in
+procedures. We also saw that higher-order procedures enhance the power of our language by enabling
+us to manipulate, and thereby to reason in terms of, general methods of computation. This is much of
+the essence of programming.
+In this chapter we are going to look at more complex data. All the procedures in chapter 1 operate on
+simple numerical data, and simple data are not sufficient for many of the problems we wish to address
+using computation. Programs are typically designed to model complex phenomena, and more often
+than not one must construct computational objects that have several parts in order to model real-world
+phenomena that have several aspects. Thus, whereas our focus in chapter 1 was on building
+abstractions by combining procedures to form compound procedures, we turn in this chapter to another
+key aspect of any programming language: the means it provides for building abstractions by
+combining data objects to form compound data.
+Why do we want compound data in a programming language? For the same reasons that we want
+compound procedures: to elevate the conceptual level at which we can design our programs, to
+increase the modularity of our designs, and to enhance the expressive power of our language. Just as
+the ability to define procedures enables us to deal with processes at a higher conceptual level than that
+of the primitive operations of the language, the ability to construct compound data objects enables us
+to deal with data at a higher conceptual level than that of the primitive data objects of the language.
+Consider the task of designing a system to perform arithmetic with rational numbers. We could
+imagine an operation add-rat that takes two rational numbers and produces their sum. In terms of
+simple data, a rational number can be thought of as two integers: a numerator and a denominator.
+Thus, we could design a program in which each rational number would be represented by two integers
+(a numerator and a denominator) and where add-rat would be implemented by two procedures (one
+producing the numerator of the sum and one producing the denominator). But this would be awkward,
+because we would then need to explicitly keep track of which numerators corresponded to which
+denominators. In a system intended to perform many operations on many rational numbers, such
+bookkeeping details would clutter the programs substantially, to say nothing of what they would do to
+
+\four minds. It would be much better if we could ‘‘glue together’’ a numerator and denominator to form
+a pair -- a compound data object -- that our programs could manipulate in a way that would be
+consistent with regarding a rational number as a single conceptual unit.
+The use of compound data also enables us to increase the modularity of our programs. If we can
+manipulate rational numbers directly as objects in their own right, then we can separate the part of our
+program that deals with rational numbers per se from the details of how rational numbers may be
+represented as pairs of integers. The general technique of isolating the parts of a program that deal
+with how data objects are represented from the parts of a program that deal with how data objects are
+used is a powerful design methodology called data abstraction. We will see how data abstraction
+makes programs much easier to design, maintain, and modify.
+The use of compound data leads to a real increase in the expressive power of our programming
+language. Consider the idea of forming a ‘‘linear combination’’ ax + by. We might like to write a
+procedure that would accept a, b, x, and y as arguments and return the value of ax + by. This presents
+no difficulty if the arguments are to be numbers, because we can readily define the procedure
+(define (linear-combination a b x y)
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)))
+But suppose we are not concerned only with numbers. Suppose we would like to express, in
+procedural terms, the idea that one can form linear combinations whenever addition and multiplication
+are defined -- for rational numbers, complex numbers, polynomials, or whatever. We could express
+this as a procedure of the form
+(define (linear-combination a b x y)
+(add (mul a x) (mul b y)))
+where add and mul are not the primitive procedures + and * but rather more complex things that will
+perform the appropriate operations for whatever kinds of data we pass in as the arguments a, b, x, and
+y. The key point is that the only thing linear-combination should need to know about a, b, x,
+and y is that the procedures add and mul will perform the appropriate manipulations. From the
+perspective of the procedure linear-combination, it is irrelevant what a, b, x, and y are and
+even more irrelevant how they might happen to be represented in terms of more primitive data. This
+same example shows why it is important that our programming language provide the ability to
+manipulate compound objects directly: Without this, there is no way for a procedure such as
+linear-combination to pass its arguments along to add and mul without having to know their
+detailed structure. 1 We begin this chapter by implementing the rational-number arithmetic system
+mentioned above. This will form the background for our discussion of compound data and data
+abstraction. As with compound procedures, the main issue to be addressed is that of abstraction as a
+technique for coping with complexity, and we will see how data abstraction enables us to erect suitable
+abstraction barriers between different parts of a program.
+We will see that the key to forming compound data is that a programming language should provide
+some kind of ‘‘glue’’ so that data objects can be combined to form more complex data objects. There
+are many possible kinds of glue. Indeed, we will discover how to form compound data using no
+special ‘‘data’’ operations at all, only procedures. This will further blur the distinction between
+‘‘procedure’’ and ‘‘data,’’ which was already becoming tenuous toward the end of chapter 1. We will
+also explore some conventional techniques for representing sequences and trees. One key idea in
+dealing with compound data is the notion of closure -- that the glue we use for combining data objects
+should allow us to combine not only primitive data objects, but compound data objects as well.
+Another key idea is that compound data objects can serve as conventional interfaces for combining
+
+\fprogram modules in mix-and-match ways. We illustrate some of these ideas by presenting a simple
+graphics language that exploits closure.
+We will then augment the representational power of our language by introducing symbolic expressions
+-- data whose elementary parts can be arbitrary symbols rather than only numbers. We explore various
+alternatives for representing sets of objects. We will find that, just as a given numerical function can
+be computed by many different computational processes, there are many ways in which a given data
+structure can be represented in terms of simpler objects, and the choice of representation can have
+significant impact on the time and space requirements of processes that manipulate the data. We will
+investigate these ideas in the context of symbolic differentiation, the representation of sets, and the
+encoding of information.
+Next we will take up the problem of working with data that may be represented differently by different
+parts of a program. This leads to the need to implement generic operations, which must handle many
+different types of data. Maintaining modularity in the presence of generic operations requires more
+powerful abstraction barriers than can be erected with simple data abstraction alone. In particular, we
+introduce data-directed programming as a technique that allows individual data representations to be
+designed in isolation and then combined additively (i.e., without modification). To illustrate the power
+of this approach to system design, we close the chapter by applying what we have learned to the
+implementation of a package for performing symbolic arithmetic on polynomials, in which the
+coefficients of the polynomials can be integers, rational numbers, complex numbers, and even other
+polynomials.
+1 The ability to directly manipulate procedures provides an analogous increase in the expressive
+
+power of a programming language. For example, in section 1.3.1 we introduced the sum procedure,
+which takes a procedure term as an argument and computes the sum of the values of term over
+some specified interval. In order to define sum, it is crucial that we be able to speak of a procedure
+such as term as an entity in its own right, without regard for how term might be expressed with
+more primitive operations. Indeed, if we did not have the notion of ‘‘a procedure,’’ it is doubtful that
+we would ever even think of the possibility of defining an operation such as sum. Moreover, insofar as
+performing the summation is concerned, the details of how term may be constructed from more
+primitive operations are irrelevant.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+2.1 Introduction to Data Abstraction
+In section 1.1.8, we noted that a procedure used as an element in creating a more complex procedure
+could be regarded not only as a collection of particular operations but also as a procedural abstraction.
+That is, the details of how the procedure was implemented could be suppressed, and the particular
+procedure itself could be replaced by any other procedure with the same overall behavior. In other
+words, we could make an abstraction that would separate the way the procedure would be used from
+the details of how the procedure would be implemented in terms of more primitive procedures. The
+analogous notion for compound data is called data abstraction. Data abstraction is a methodology that
+enables us to isolate how a compound data object is used from the details of how it is constructed from
+more primitive data objects.
+The basic idea of data abstraction is to structure the programs that are to use compound data objects so
+that they operate on ‘‘abstract data.’’ That is, our programs should use data in such a way as to make
+no assumptions about the data that are not strictly necessary for performing the task at hand. At the
+same time, a ‘‘concrete’’ data representation is defined independent of the programs that use the data.
+The interface between these two parts of our system will be a set of procedures, called selectors and
+constructors, that implement the abstract data in terms of the concrete representation. To illustrate this
+technique, we will consider how to design a set of procedures for manipulating rational numbers.
+
+2.1.1 Example: Arithmetic Operations for Rational Numbers
+Suppose we want to do arithmetic with rational numbers. We want to be able to add, subtract,
+multiply, and divide them and to test whether two rational numbers are equal.
+Let us begin by assuming that we already have a way of constructing a rational number from a
+numerator and a denominator. We also assume that, given a rational number, we have a way of
+extracting (or selecting) its numerator and its denominator. Let us further assume that the constructor
+and selectors are available as procedures:
+(make-rat <n> <d>) returns the rational number whose numerator is the integer <n> and
+whose denominator is the integer <d>.
+(numer <x>) returns the numerator of the rational number <x>.
+(denom <x>) returns the denominator of the rational number <x>.
+We are using here a powerful strategy of synthesis: wishful thinking. We haven’t yet said how a
+rational number is represented, or how the procedures numer, denom, and make-rat should be
+implemented. Even so, if we did have these three procedures, we could then add, subtract, multiply,
+divide, and test equality by using the following relations:
+
+\fWe can express these rules as procedures:
+(define (add-rat x y)
+(make-rat (+ (* (numer
+(* (numer
+(* (denom x)
+(define (sub-rat x y)
+(make-rat (- (* (numer
+(* (numer
+(* (denom x)
+(define (mul-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x)
+(* (denom x)
+(define (div-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x)
+(* (denom x)
+(define (equal-rat? x y)
+(= (* (numer x) (denom
+(* (numer y) (denom
+
+x) (denom y))
+y) (denom x)))
+(denom y))))
+x) (denom y))
+y) (denom x)))
+(denom y))))
+(numer y))
+(denom y))))
+(denom y))
+(numer y))))
+y))
+x))))
+
+Now we have the operations on rational numbers defined in terms of the selector and constructor
+procedures numer, denom, and make-rat. But we haven’t yet defined these. What we need is some
+way to glue together a numerator and a denominator to form a rational number.
+
+Pairs
+To enable us to implement the concrete level of our data abstraction, our language provides a
+compound structure called a pair, which can be constructed with the primitive procedure cons. This
+procedure takes two arguments and returns a compound data object that contains the two arguments as
+parts. Given a pair, we can extract the parts using the primitive procedures car and cdr. 2 Thus, we
+can use cons, car, and cdr as follows:
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(car x)
+1
+(cdr x)
+2
+Notice that a pair is a data object that can be given a name and manipulated, just like a primitive data
+object. Moreover, cons can be used to form pairs whose elements are pairs, and so on:
+
+\f(define x
+(define y
+(define z
+(car (car
+1
+(car (cdr
+3
+
+(cons 1 2))
+(cons 3 4))
+(cons x y))
+z))
+z))
+
+In section 2.2 we will see how this ability to combine pairs means that pairs can be used as
+general-purpose building blocks to create all sorts of complex data structures. The single
+compound-data primitive pair, implemented by the procedures cons, car, and cdr, is the only glue
+we need. Data objects constructed from pairs are called list-structured data.
+
+Representing rational numbers
+Pairs offer a natural way to complete the rational-number system. Simply represent a rational number
+as a pair of two integers: a numerator and a denominator. Then make-rat, numer, and denom are
+readily implemented as follows: 3
+(define (make-rat n d) (cons n d))
+(define (numer x) (car x))
+(define (denom x) (cdr x))
+Also, in order to display the results of our computations, we can print rational numbers by printing the
+numerator, a slash, and the denominator: 4
+(define (print-rat x)
+(newline)
+(display (numer x))
+(display "/")
+(display (denom x)))
+Now we can try our rational-number procedures:
+(define one-half (make-rat 1 2))
+(print-rat one-half)
+1/2
+(define one-third (make-rat 1 3))
+(print-rat (add-rat one-half one-third))
+5/6
+(print-rat (mul-rat one-half one-third))
+1/6
+(print-rat (add-rat one-third one-third))
+6/9
+As the final example shows, our rational-number implementation does not reduce rational numbers to
+lowest terms. We can remedy this by changing make-rat. If we have a gcd procedure like the one
+in section 1.2.5 that produces the greatest common divisor of two integers, we can use gcd to reduce
+the numerator and the denominator to lowest terms before constructing the pair:
+
+\f(define (make-rat n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(cons (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+Now we have
+(print-rat (add-rat one-third one-third))
+2/3
+as desired. This modification was accomplished by changing the constructor make-rat without
+changing any of the procedures (such as add-rat and mul-rat) that implement the actual
+operations.
+Exercise 2.1. Define a better version of make-rat that handles both positive and negative
+arguments. Make-rat should normalize the sign so that if the rational number is positive, both the
+numerator and denominator are positive, and if the rational number is negative, only the numerator is
+negative.
+
+2.1.2 Abstraction Barriers
+Before continuing with more examples of compound data and data abstraction, let us consider some of
+the issues raised by the rational-number example. We defined the rational-number operations in terms
+of a constructor make-rat and selectors numer and denom. In general, the underlying idea of data
+abstraction is to identify for each type of data object a basic set of operations in terms of which all
+manipulations of data objects of that type will be expressed, and then to use only those operations in
+manipulating the data.
+We can envision the structure of the rational-number system as shown in figure 2.1. The horizontal
+lines represent abstraction barriers that isolate different ‘‘levels’’ of the system. At each level, the
+barrier separates the programs (above) that use the data abstraction from the programs (below) that
+implement the data abstraction. Programs that use rational numbers manipulate them solely in terms of
+the procedures supplied ‘‘for public use’’ by the rational-number package: add-rat, sub-rat,
+mul-rat, div-rat, and equal-rat?. These, in turn, are implemented solely in terms of the
+constructor and selectors make-rat, numer, and denom, which themselves are implemented in
+terms of pairs. The details of how pairs are implemented are irrelevant to the rest of the
+rational-number package so long as pairs can be manipulated by the use of cons, car, and cdr. In
+effect, procedures at each level are the interfaces that define the abstraction barriers and connect the
+different levels.
+
+\fFigure 2.1: Data-abstraction barriers in the rational-number package.
+Figure 2.1: Data-abstraction barriers in the rational-number package.
+This simple idea has many advantages. One advantage is that it makes programs much easier to
+maintain and to modify. Any complex data structure can be represented in a variety of ways with the
+primitive data structures provided by a programming language. Of course, the choice of representation
+influences the programs that operate on it; thus, if the representation were to be changed at some later
+time, all such programs might have to be modified accordingly. This task could be time-consuming
+and expensive in the case of large programs unless the dependence on the representation were to be
+confined by design to a very few program modules.
+For example, an alternate way to address the problem of reducing rational numbers to lowest terms is
+to perform the reduction whenever we access the parts of a rational number, rather than when we
+construct it. This leads to different constructor and selector procedures:
+(define (make-rat n d)
+(cons n d))
+(define (numer x)
+(let ((g (gcd (car x) (cdr x))))
+(/ (car x) g)))
+(define (denom x)
+(let ((g (gcd (car x) (cdr x))))
+(/ (cdr x) g)))
+The difference between this implementation and the previous one lies in when we compute the gcd. If
+in our typical use of rational numbers we access the numerators and denominators of the same rational
+numbers many times, it would be preferable to compute the gcd when the rational numbers are
+constructed. If not, we may be better off waiting until access time to compute the gcd. In any case,
+when we change from one representation to the other, the procedures add-rat, sub-rat, and so on
+do not have to be modified at all.
+Constraining the dependence on the representation to a few interface procedures helps us design
+programs as well as modify them, because it allows us to maintain the flexibility to consider alternate
+implementations. To continue with our simple example, suppose we are designing a rational-number
+package and we can’t decide initially whether to perform the gcd at construction time or at selection
+
+\ftime. The data-abstraction methodology gives us a way to defer that decision without losing the ability
+to make progress on the rest of the system.
+Exercise 2.2. Consider the problem of representing line segments in a plane. Each segment is
+represented as a pair of points: a starting point and an ending point. Define a constructor
+make-segment and selectors start-segment and end-segment that define the representation
+of segments in terms of points. Furthermore, a point can be represented as a pair of numbers: the x
+coordinate and the y coordinate. Accordingly, specify a constructor make-point and selectors
+x-point and y-point that define this representation. Finally, using your selectors and
+constructors, define a procedure midpoint-segment that takes a line segment as argument and
+returns its midpoint (the point whose coordinates are the average of the coordinates of the endpoints).
+To try your procedures, you’ll need a way to print points:
+(define (print-point p)
+(newline)
+(display "(")
+(display (x-point p))
+(display ",")
+(display (y-point p))
+(display ")"))
+Exercise 2.3. Implement a representation for rectangles in a plane. (Hint: You may want to make use
+of exercise 2.2.) In terms of your constructors and selectors, create procedures that compute the
+perimeter and the area of a given rectangle. Now implement a different representation for rectangles.
+Can you design your system with suitable abstraction barriers, so that the same perimeter and area
+procedures will work using either representation?
+
+2.1.3 What Is Meant by Data?
+We began the rational-number implementation in section 2.1.1 by implementing the rational-number
+operations add-rat, sub-rat, and so on in terms of three unspecified procedures: make-rat,
+numer, and denom. At that point, we could think of the operations as being defined in terms of data
+objects -- numerators, denominators, and rational numbers -- whose behavior was specified by the
+latter three procedures.
+But exactly what is meant by data? It is not enough to say ‘‘whatever is implemented by the given
+selectors and constructors.’’ Clearly, not every arbitrary set of three procedures can serve as an
+appropriate basis for the rational-number implementation. We need to guarantee that, if we construct a
+rational number x from a pair of integers n and d, then extracting the numer and the denom of x and
+dividing them should yield the same result as dividing n by d. In other words, make-rat, numer,
+and denom must satisfy the condition that, for any integer n and any non-zero integer d, if x is
+(make-rat n d), then
+
+In fact, this is the only condition make-rat, numer, and denom must fulfill in order to form a
+suitable basis for a rational-number representation. In general, we can think of data as defined by some
+collection of selectors and constructors, together with specified conditions that these procedures must
+fulfill in order to be a valid representation. 5
+
+\fThis point of view can serve to define not only ‘‘high-level’’ data objects, such as rational numbers,
+but lower-level objects as well. Consider the notion of a pair, which we used in order to define our
+rational numbers. We never actually said what a pair was, only that the language supplied procedures
+cons, car, and cdr for operating on pairs. But the only thing we need to know about these three
+operations is that if we glue two objects together using cons we can retrieve the objects using car
+and cdr. That is, the operations satisfy the condition that, for any objects x and y, if z is (cons x
+y) then (car z) is x and (cdr z) is y. Indeed, we mentioned that these three procedures are
+included as primitives in our language. However, any triple of procedures that satisfies the above
+condition can be used as the basis for implementing pairs. This point is illustrated strikingly by the fact
+that we could implement cons, car, and cdr without using any data structures at all but only using
+procedures. Here are the definitions:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((= m 0) x)
+((= m 1) y)
+(else (error "Argument not 0 or 1 -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z 0))
+(define (cdr z) (z 1))
+This use of procedures corresponds to nothing like our intuitive notion of what data should be.
+Nevertheless, all we need to do to show that this is a valid way to represent pairs is to verify that these
+procedures satisfy the condition given above.
+The subtle point to notice is that the value returned by (cons x y) is a procedure -- namely the
+internally defined procedure dispatch, which takes one argument and returns either x or y
+depending on whether the argument is 0 or 1. Correspondingly, (car z) is defined to apply z to 0.
+Hence, if z is the procedure formed by (cons x y), then z applied to 0 will yield x. Thus, we have
+shown that (car (cons x y)) yields x, as desired. Similarly, (cdr (cons x y)) applies the
+procedure returned by (cons x y) to 1, which returns y. Therefore, this procedural implementation
+of pairs is a valid implementation, and if we access pairs using only cons, car, and cdr we cannot
+distinguish this implementation from one that uses ‘‘real’’ data structures.
+The point of exhibiting the procedural representation of pairs is not that our language works this way
+(Scheme, and Lisp systems in general, implement pairs directly, for efficiency reasons) but that it
+could work this way. The procedural representation, although obscure, is a perfectly adequate way to
+represent pairs, since it fulfills the only conditions that pairs need to fulfill. This example also
+demonstrates that the ability to manipulate procedures as objects automatically provides the ability to
+represent compound data. This may seem a curiosity now, but procedural representations of data will
+play a central role in our programming repertoire. This style of programming is often called message
+passing, and we will be using it as a basic tool in chapter 3 when we address the issues of modeling
+and simulation.
+Exercise 2.4. Here is an alternative procedural representation of pairs. For this representation, verify
+that (car (cons x y)) yields x for any objects x and y.
+(define (cons x y)
+(lambda (m) (m x y)))
+(define (car z)
+(z (lambda (p q) p)))
+
+\fWhat is the corresponding definition of cdr? (Hint: To verify that this works, make use of the
+substitution model of section 1.1.5.)
+Exercise 2.5. Show that we can represent pairs of nonnegative integers using only numbers and
+arithmetic operations if we represent the pair a and b as the integer that is the product 2 a 3 b . Give the
+corresponding definitions of the procedures cons, car, and cdr.
+Exercise 2.6. In case representing pairs as procedures wasn’t mind-boggling enough, consider that, in
+a language that can manipulate procedures, we can get by without numbers (at least insofar as
+nonnegative integers are concerned) by implementing 0 and the operation of adding 1 as
+(define zero (lambda (f) (lambda (x) x)))
+(define (add-1 n)
+(lambda (f) (lambda (x) (f ((n f) x)))))
+This representation is known as Church numerals, after its inventor, Alonzo Church, the logician who
+invented the calculus.
+Define one and two directly (not in terms of zero and add-1). (Hint: Use substitution to evaluate
+(add-1 zero)). Give a direct definition of the addition procedure + (not in terms of repeated
+application of add-1).
+
+2.1.4 Extended Exercise: Interval Arithmetic
+Alyssa P. Hacker is designing a system to help people solve engineering problems. One feature she
+wants to provide in her system is the ability to manipulate inexact quantities (such as measured
+parameters of physical devices) with known precision, so that when computations are done with such
+approximate quantities the results will be numbers of known precision.
+Electrical engineers will be using Alyssa’s system to compute electrical quantities. It is sometimes
+necessary for them to compute the value of a parallel equivalent resistance R p of two resistors R 1 and
+R 2 using the formula
+
+Resistance values are usually known only up to some tolerance guaranteed by the manufacturer of the
+resistor. For example, if you buy a resistor labeled ‘‘6.8 ohms with 10% tolerance’’ you can only be
+sure that the resistor has a resistance between 6.8 - 0.68 = 6.12 and 6.8 + 0.68 = 7.48 ohms. Thus, if
+you have a 6.8-ohm 10% resistor in parallel with a 4.7-ohm 5% resistor, the resistance of the
+combination can range from about 2.58 ohms (if the two resistors are at the lower bounds) to about
+2.97 ohms (if the two resistors are at the upper bounds).
+Alyssa’s idea is to implement ‘‘interval arithmetic’’ as a set of arithmetic operations for combining
+‘‘intervals’’ (objects that represent the range of possible values of an inexact quantity). The result of
+adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing two intervals is itself an interval, representing the range
+of the result.
+Alyssa postulates the existence of an abstract object called an ‘‘interval’’ that has two endpoints: a
+lower bound and an upper bound. She also presumes that, given the endpoints of an interval, she can
+construct the interval using the data constructor make-interval. Alyssa first writes a procedure for
+
+\fadding two intervals. She reasons that the minimum value the sum could be is the sum of the two
+lower bounds and the maximum value it could be is the sum of the two upper bounds:
+(define (add-interval x y)
+(make-interval (+ (lower-bound x) (lower-bound y))
+(+ (upper-bound x) (upper-bound y))))
+Alyssa also works out the product of two intervals by finding the minimum and the maximum of the
+products of the bounds and using them as the bounds of the resulting interval. (Min and max are
+primitives that find the minimum or maximum of any number of arguments.)
+(define (mul-interval x y)
+(let ((p1 (* (lower-bound x) (lower-bound
+(p2 (* (lower-bound x) (upper-bound
+(p3 (* (upper-bound x) (lower-bound
+(p4 (* (upper-bound x) (upper-bound
+(make-interval (min p1 p2 p3 p4)
+(max p1 p2 p3 p4))))
+
+y)))
+y)))
+y)))
+y))))
+
+To divide two intervals, Alyssa multiplies the first by the reciprocal of the second. Note that the
+bounds of the reciprocal interval are the reciprocal of the upper bound and the reciprocal of the lower
+bound, in that order.
+(define (div-interval x y)
+(mul-interval x
+(make-interval (/ 1.0 (upper-bound y))
+(/ 1.0 (lower-bound y)))))
+Exercise 2.7. Alyssa’s program is incomplete because she has not specified the implementation of the
+interval abstraction. Here is a definition of the interval constructor:
+(define (make-interval a b) (cons a b))
+Define selectors upper-bound and lower-bound to complete the implementation.
+Exercise 2.8. Using reasoning analogous to Alyssa’s, describe how the difference of two intervals
+may be computed. Define a corresponding subtraction procedure, called sub-interval.
+Exercise 2.9. The width of an interval is half of the difference between its upper and lower bounds.
+The width is a measure of the uncertainty of the number specified by the interval. For some arithmetic
+operations the width of the result of combining two intervals is a function only of the widths of the
+argument intervals, whereas for others the width of the combination is not a function of the widths of
+the argument intervals. Show that the width of the sum (or difference) of two intervals is a function
+only of the widths of the intervals being added (or subtracted). Give examples to show that this is not
+true for multiplication or division.
+Exercise 2.10. Ben Bitdiddle, an expert systems programmer, looks over Alyssa’s shoulder and
+comments that it is not clear what it means to divide by an interval that spans zero. Modify Alyssa’s
+code to check for this condition and to signal an error if it occurs.
+
+\fExercise 2.11. In passing, Ben also cryptically comments: ‘‘By testing the signs of the endpoints of
+the intervals, it is possible to break mul-interval into nine cases, only one of which requires more
+than two multiplications.’’ Rewrite this procedure using Ben’s suggestion.
+After debugging her program, Alyssa shows it to a potential user, who complains that her program
+solves the wrong problem. He wants a program that can deal with numbers represented as a center
+value and an additive tolerance; for example, he wants to work with intervals such as 3.5± 0.15 rather
+than [3.35, 3.65]. Alyssa returns to her desk and fixes this problem by supplying an alternate
+constructor and alternate selectors:
+(define (make-center-width c w)
+(make-interval (- c w) (+ c w)))
+(define (center i)
+(/ (+ (lower-bound i) (upper-bound i)) 2))
+(define (width i)
+(/ (- (upper-bound i) (lower-bound i)) 2))
+Unfortunately, most of Alyssa’s users are engineers. Real engineering situations usually involve
+measurements with only a small uncertainty, measured as the ratio of the width of the interval to the
+midpoint of the interval. Engineers usually specify percentage tolerances on the parameters of devices,
+as in the resistor specifications given earlier.
+Exercise 2.12. Define a constructor make-center-percent that takes a center and a percentage
+tolerance and produces the desired interval. You must also define a selector percent that produces
+the percentage tolerance for a given interval. The center selector is the same as the one shown
+above.
+Exercise 2.13. Show that under the assumption of small percentage tolerances there is a simple
+formula for the approximate percentage tolerance of the product of two intervals in terms of the
+tolerances of the factors. You may simplify the problem by assuming that all numbers are positive.
+After considerable work, Alyssa P. Hacker delivers her finished system. Several years later, after she
+has forgotten all about it, she gets a frenzied call from an irate user, Lem E. Tweakit. It seems that
+Lem has noticed that the formula for parallel resistors can be written in two algebraically equivalent
+ways:
+
+and
+
+He has written the following two programs, each of which computes the parallel-resistors formula
+differently:
+(define (par1 r1 r2)
+(div-interval (mul-interval r1 r2)
+(add-interval r1 r2)))
+(define (par2 r1 r2)
+(let ((one (make-interval 1 1)))
+
+\f(div-interval one
+(add-interval (div-interval one r1)
+(div-interval one r2)))))
+Lem complains that Alyssa’s program gives different answers for the two ways of computing. This is a
+serious complaint.
+Exercise 2.14. Demonstrate that Lem is right. Investigate the behavior of the system on a variety of
+arithmetic expressions. Make some intervals A and B, and use them in computing the expressions A/A
+and A/B. You will get the most insight by using intervals whose width is a small percentage of the
+center value. Examine the results of the computation in center-percent form (see exercise 2.12).
+Exercise 2.15. Eva Lu Ator, another user, has also noticed the different intervals computed by
+different but algebraically equivalent expressions. She says that a formula to compute with intervals
+using Alyssa’s system will produce tighter error bounds if it can be written in such a form that no
+variable that represents an uncertain number is repeated. Thus, she says, par2 is a ‘‘better’’ program
+for parallel resistances than par1. Is she right? Why?
+Exercise 2.16. Explain, in general, why equivalent algebraic expressions may lead to different
+answers. Can you devise an interval-arithmetic package that does not have this shortcoming, or is this
+task impossible? (Warning: This problem is very difficult.)
+2 The name cons stands for ‘‘construct.’’ The names car and cdr derive from the original
+
+implementation of Lisp on the IBM 704. That machine had an addressing scheme that allowed one to
+reference the ‘‘address’’ and ‘‘decrement’’ parts of a memory location. Car stands for ‘‘Contents of
+Address part of Register’’ and cdr (pronounced ‘‘could-er’’) stands for ‘‘Contents of Decrement part
+of Register.’’
+3 Another way to define the selectors and constructor is
+
+(define make-rat cons)
+(define numer car)
+(define denom cdr)
+The first definition associates the name make-rat with the value of the expression cons, which is
+the primitive procedure that constructs pairs. Thus make-rat and cons are names for the same
+primitive constructor.
+Defining selectors and constructors in this way is efficient: Instead of make-rat calling cons,
+make-rat is cons, so there is only one procedure called, not two, when make-rat is called. On
+the other hand, doing this defeats debugging aids that trace procedure calls or put breakpoints on
+procedure calls: You may want to watch make-rat being called, but you certainly don’t want to
+watch every call to cons.
+We have chosen not to use this style of definition in this book.
+4 Display is the Scheme primitive for printing data. The Scheme primitive newline starts a new
+
+line for printing. Neither of these procedures returns a useful value, so in the uses of print-rat
+below, we show only what print-rat prints, not what the interpreter prints as the value returned by
+print-rat.
+
+\f5 Surprisingly, this idea is very difficult to formulate rigorously. There are two approaches to giving
+
+such a formulation. One, pioneered by C. A. R. Hoare (1972), is known as the method of abstract
+models. It formalizes the ‘‘procedures plus conditions’’ specification as outlined in the
+rational-number example above. Note that the condition on the rational-number representation was
+stated in terms of facts about integers (equality and division). In general, abstract models define new
+kinds of data objects in terms of previously defined types of data objects. Assertions about data objects
+can therefore be checked by reducing them to assertions about previously defined data objects.
+Another approach, introduced by Zilles at MIT, by Goguen, Thatcher, Wagner, and Wright at IBM
+(see Thatcher, Wagner, and Wright 1978), and by Guttag at Toronto (see Guttag 1977), is called
+algebraic specification. It regards the ‘‘procedures’’ as elements of an abstract algebraic system whose
+behavior is specified by axioms that correspond to our ‘‘conditions,’’ and uses the techniques of
+abstract algebra to check assertions about data objects. Both methods are surveyed in the paper by
+Liskov and Zilles (1975).
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+2.2 Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property
+As we have seen, pairs provide a primitive ‘‘glue’’ that we can use to construct compound data
+objects. Figure 2.2 shows a standard way to visualize a pair -- in this case, the pair formed by (cons
+1 2). In this representation, which is called box-and-pointer notation, each object is shown as a
+pointer to a box. The box for a primitive object contains a representation of the object. For example,
+the box for a number contains a numeral. The box for a pair is actually a double box, the left part
+containing (a pointer to) the car of the pair and the right part containing the cdr.
+We have already seen that cons can be used to combine not only numbers but pairs as well. (You
+made use of this fact, or should have, in doing exercises 2.2 and 2.3.) As a consequence, pairs provide
+a universal building block from which we can construct all sorts of data structures. Figure 2.3 shows
+two ways to use pairs to combine the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
+Figure 2.2: Box-and-pointer representation of (cons 1 2).
+Figure 2.2: Box-and-pointer representation of (cons 1 2).
+
+Figure 2.3: Two ways to combine 1, 2, 3, and 4 using pairs.
+Figure 2.3: Two ways to combine 1, 2, 3, and 4 using pairs.
+The ability to create pairs whose elements are pairs is the essence of list structure’s importance as a
+representational tool. We refer to this ability as the closure property of cons. In general, an operation
+for combining data objects satisfies the closure property if the results of combining things with that
+operation can themselves be combined using the same operation. 6 Closure is the key to power in any
+means of combination because it permits us to create hierarchical structures -- structures made up of
+parts, which themselves are made up of parts, and so on.
+
+\fFrom the outset of chapter 1, we’ve made essential use of closure in dealing with procedures, because
+all but the very simplest programs rely on the fact that the elements of a combination can themselves
+be combinations. In this section, we take up the consequences of closure for compound data. We
+describe some conventional techniques for using pairs to represent sequences and trees, and we exhibit
+a graphics language that illustrates closure in a vivid way. 7
+
+2.2.1 Representing Sequences
+
+Figure 2.4: The sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 represented as a chain of pairs.
+Figure 2.4: The sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 represented as a chain of pairs.
+One of the useful structures we can build with pairs is a sequence -- an ordered collection of data
+objects. There are, of course, many ways to represent sequences in terms of pairs. One particularly
+straightforward representation is illustrated in figure 2.4, where the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4 is represented
+as a chain of pairs. The car of each pair is the corresponding item in the chain, and the cdr of the
+pair is the next pair in the chain. The cdr of the final pair signals the end of the sequence by pointing
+to a distinguished value that is not a pair, represented in box-and-pointer diagrams as a diagonal line
+and in programs as the value of the variable nil. The entire sequence is constructed by nested cons
+operations:
+(cons 1
+(cons 2
+(cons 3
+(cons 4 nil))))
+Such a sequence of pairs, formed by nested conses, is called a list, and Scheme provides a primitive
+called list to help in constructing lists. 8 The above sequence could be produced by (list 1 2 3
+4). In general,
+(list <a 1 > <a 2 > ... <a n >)
+is equivalent to
+(cons <a 1 > (cons <a 2 > (cons ... (cons <a n > nil) ...)))
+Lisp systems conventionally print lists by printing the sequence of elements, enclosed in parentheses.
+Thus, the data object in figure 2.4 is printed as (1 2 3 4):
+(define one-through-four (list 1 2 3 4))
+one-through-four
+(1 2 3 4)
+
+\fBe careful not to confuse the expression (list 1 2 3 4) with the list (1 2 3 4), which is the
+result obtained when the expression is evaluated. Attempting to evaluate the expression (1 2 3 4)
+will signal an error when the interpreter tries to apply the procedure 1 to arguments 2, 3, and 4.
+We can think of car as selecting the first item in the list, and of cdr as selecting the sublist
+consisting of all but the first item. Nested applications of car and cdr can be used to extract the
+second, third, and subsequent items in the list. 9 The constructor cons makes a list like the original
+one, but with an additional item at the beginning.
+(car one-through-four)
+1
+(cdr one-through-four)
+(2 3 4)
+(car (cdr one-through-four))
+2
+(cons 10 one-through-four)
+(10 1 2 3 4)
+(cons 5 one-through-four)
+(5 1 2 3 4)
+The value of nil, used to terminate the chain of pairs, can be thought of as a sequence of no elements,
+the empty list. The word nil is a contraction of the Latin word nihil, which means ‘‘nothing.’’ 10
+
+List operations
+The use of pairs to represent sequences of elements as lists is accompanied by conventional
+programming techniques for manipulating lists by successively ‘‘cdring down’’ the lists. For
+example, the procedure list-ref takes as arguments a list and a number n and returns the nth item
+of the list. It is customary to number the elements of the list beginning with 0. The method for
+computing list-ref is the following:
+For n = 0, list-ref should return the car of the list.
+Otherwise, list-ref should return the (n - 1)st item of the cdr of the list.
+(define (list-ref items n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(car items)
+(list-ref (cdr items) (- n 1))))
+(define squares (list 1 4 9 16 25))
+(list-ref squares 3)
+16
+Often we cdr down the whole list. To aid in this, Scheme includes a primitive predicate null?,
+which tests whether its argument is the empty list. The procedure length, which returns the number
+of items in a list, illustrates this typical pattern of use:
+(define (length items)
+(if (null? items)
+0
+(+ 1 (length (cdr items)))))
+(define odds (list 1 3 5 7))
+
+\f(length odds)
+4
+The length procedure implements a simple recursive plan. The reduction step is:
+The length of any list is 1 plus the length of the cdr of the list.
+This is applied successively until we reach the base case:
+The length of the empty list is 0.
+We could also compute length in an iterative style:
+(define (length items)
+(define (length-iter a count)
+(if (null? a)
+count
+(length-iter (cdr a) (+ 1 count))))
+(length-iter items 0))
+Another conventional programming technique is to ‘‘cons up’’ an answer list while cdring down a
+list, as in the procedure append, which takes two lists as arguments and combines their elements to
+make a new list:
+(append squares odds)
+(1 4 9 16 25 1 3 5 7)
+(append odds squares)
+(1 3 5 7 1 4 9 16 25)
+Append is also implemented using a recursive plan. To append lists list1 and list2, do the
+following:
+If list1 is the empty list, then the result is just list2.
+Otherwise, append the cdr of list1 and list2, and cons the car of list1 onto the
+result:
+(define (append list1 list2)
+(if (null? list1)
+list2
+(cons (car list1) (append (cdr list1) list2))))
+Exercise 2.17. Define a procedure last-pair that returns the list that contains only the last
+element of a given (nonempty) list:
+(last-pair (list 23 72 149 34))
+(34)
+Exercise 2.18. Define a procedure reverse that takes a list as argument and returns a list of the
+same elements in reverse order:
+
+\f(reverse (list 1 4 9 16 25))
+(25 16 9 4 1)
+Exercise 2.19. Consider the change-counting program of section 1.2.2. It would be nice to be able to
+easily change the currency used by the program, so that we could compute the number of ways to
+change a British pound, for example. As the program is written, the knowledge of the currency is
+distributed partly into the procedure first-denomination and partly into the procedure
+count-change (which knows that there are five kinds of U.S. coins). It would be nicer to be able to
+supply a list of coins to be used for making change.
+We want to rewrite the procedure cc so that its second argument is a list of the values of the coins to
+use rather than an integer specifying which coins to use. We could then have lists that defined each
+kind of currency:
+(define us-coins (list 50 25 10 5 1))
+(define uk-coins (list 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 0.5))
+We could then call cc as follows:
+(cc 100 us-coins)
+292
+To do this will require changing the program cc somewhat. It will still have the same form, but it will
+access its second argument differently, as follows:
+(define (cc amount coin-values)
+(cond ((= amount 0) 1)
+((or (< amount 0) (no-more? coin-values)) 0)
+(else
+(+ (cc amount
+(except-first-denomination coin-values))
+(cc (- amount
+(first-denomination coin-values))
+coin-values)))))
+Define the procedures first-denomination, except-first-denomination, and
+no-more? in terms of primitive operations on list structures. Does the order of the list
+coin-values affect the answer produced by cc? Why or why not?
+Exercise 2.20. The procedures +, *, and list take arbitrary numbers of arguments. One way to
+define such procedures is to use define with dotted-tail notation. In a procedure definition, a
+parameter list that has a dot before the last parameter name indicates that, when the procedure is
+called, the initial parameters (if any) will have as values the initial arguments, as usual, but the final
+parameter’s value will be a list of any remaining arguments. For instance, given the definition
+(define (f x y . z) <body>)
+the procedure f can be called with two or more arguments. If we evaluate
+(f 1 2 3 4 5 6)
+
+\fthen in the body of f, x will be 1, y will be 2, and z will be the list (3 4 5 6). Given the definition
+(define (g . w) <body>)
+the procedure g can be called with zero or more arguments. If we evaluate
+(g 1 2 3 4 5 6)
+then in the body of g, w will be the list (1 2 3 4 5 6). 11
+Use this notation to write a procedure same-parity that takes one or more integers and returns a
+list of all the arguments that have the same even-odd parity as the first argument. For example,
+(same-parity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7)
+(1 3 5 7)
+(same-parity 2 3 4 5 6 7)
+(2 4 6)
+
+Mapping over lists
+One extremely useful operation is to apply some transformation to each element in a list and generate
+the list of results. For instance, the following procedure scales each number in a list by a given factor:
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons (* (car items) factor)
+(scale-list (cdr items) factor))))
+(scale-list (list 1 2 3 4 5) 10)
+(10 20 30 40 50)
+We can abstract this general idea and capture it as a common pattern expressed as a higher-order
+procedure, just as in section 1.3. The higher-order procedure here is called map. Map takes as
+arguments a procedure of one argument and a list, and returns a list of the results produced by
+applying the procedure to each element in the list: 12
+(define (map proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons (proc (car items))
+(map proc (cdr items)))))
+(map abs (list -10 2.5 -11.6 17))
+(10 2.5 11.6 17)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x x))
+(list 1 2 3 4))
+(1 4 9 16)
+Now we can give a new definition of scale-list in terms of map:
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x factor))
+items))
+
+\fMap is an important construct, not only because it captures a common pattern, but because it
+establishes a higher level of abstraction in dealing with lists. In the original definition of
+scale-list, the recursive structure of the program draws attention to the element-by-element
+processing of the list. Defining scale-list in terms of map suppresses that level of detail and
+emphasizes that scaling transforms a list of elements to a list of results. The difference between the
+two definitions is not that the computer is performing a different process (it isn’t) but that we think
+about the process differently. In effect, map helps establish an abstraction barrier that isolates the
+implementation of procedures that transform lists from the details of how the elements of the list are
+extracted and combined. Like the barriers shown in figure 2.1, this abstraction gives us the flexibility
+to change the low-level details of how sequences are implemented, while preserving the conceptual
+framework of operations that transform sequences to sequences. Section 2.2.3 expands on this use of
+sequences as a framework for organizing programs.
+Exercise 2.21. The procedure square-list takes a list of numbers as argument and returns a list
+of the squares of those numbers.
+(square-list (list 1 2 3 4))
+(1 4 9 16)
+Here are two different definitions of square-list. Complete both of them by filling in the missing
+expressions:
+(define (square-list items)
+(if (null? items)
+nil
+(cons <??> <??>)))
+(define (square-list items)
+(map <??> <??>))
+Exercise 2.22. Louis Reasoner tries to rewrite the first square-list procedure of exercise 2.21 so
+that it evolves an iterative process:
+(define (square-list items)
+(define (iter things answer)
+(if (null? things)
+answer
+(iter (cdr things)
+(cons (square (car things))
+answer))))
+(iter items nil))
+Unfortunately, defining square-list this way produces the answer list in the reverse order of the
+one desired. Why?
+Louis then tries to fix his bug by interchanging the arguments to cons:
+(define (square-list items)
+(define (iter things answer)
+(if (null? things)
+answer
+(iter (cdr things)
+(cons answer
+
+\f(square (car things))))))
+(iter items nil))
+This doesn’t work either. Explain.
+Exercise 2.23. The procedure for-each is similar to map. It takes as arguments a procedure and a
+list of elements. However, rather than forming a list of the results, for-each just applies the
+procedure to each of the elements in turn, from left to right. The values returned by applying the
+procedure to the elements are not used at all -- for-each is used with procedures that perform an
+action, such as printing. For example,
+(for-each (lambda (x) (newline) (display x))
+(list 57 321 88))
+57
+321
+88
+The value returned by the call to for-each (not illustrated above) can be something arbitrary, such
+as true. Give an implementation of for-each.
+
+2.2.2 Hierarchical Structures
+The representation of sequences in terms of lists generalizes naturally to represent sequences whose
+elements may themselves be sequences. For example, we can regard the object ((1 2) 3 4)
+constructed by
+(cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4))
+as a list of three items, the first of which is itself a list, (1 2). Indeed, this is suggested by the form in
+which the result is printed by the interpreter. Figure 2.5 shows the representation of this structure in
+terms of pairs.
+
+Figure 2.5: Structure formed by (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)).
+Figure 2.5: Structure formed by (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)).
+Another way to think of sequences whose elements are sequences is as trees. The elements of the
+sequence are the branches of the tree, and elements that are themselves sequences are subtrees.
+Figure 2.6 shows the structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+
+\fFigure 2.6: The list structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+Figure 2.6: The list structure in figure 2.5 viewed as a tree.
+Recursion is a natural tool for dealing with tree structures, since we can often reduce operations on
+trees to operations on their branches, which reduce in turn to operations on the branches of the
+branches, and so on, until we reach the leaves of the tree. As an example, compare the length
+procedure of section 2.2.1 with the count-leaves procedure, which returns the total number of
+leaves of a tree:
+(define x (cons (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+(length x)
+3
+(count-leaves x)
+4
+(list x x)
+(((1 2) 3 4) ((1 2) 3 4))
+(length (list x x))
+2
+(count-leaves (list x x))
+8
+To implement count-leaves, recall the recursive plan for computing length:
+Length of a list x is 1 plus length of the cdr of x.
+Length of the empty list is 0.
+Count-leaves is similar. The value for the empty list is the same:
+Count-leaves of the empty list is 0.
+But in the reduction step, where we strip off the car of the list, we must take into account that the
+car may itself be a tree whose leaves we need to count. Thus, the appropriate reduction step is
+Count-leaves of a tree x is count-leaves of the car of x plus count-leaves of the
+cdr of x.
+Finally, by taking cars we reach actual leaves, so we need another base case:
+Count-leaves of a leaf is 1.
+
+\fTo aid in writing recursive procedures on trees, Scheme provides the primitive predicate pair?,
+which tests whether its argument is a pair. Here is the complete procedure: 13
+(define (count-leaves x)
+(cond ((null? x) 0)
+((not (pair? x)) 1)
+(else (+ (count-leaves (car x))
+(count-leaves (cdr x))))))
+Exercise 2.24. Suppose we evaluate the expression (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4))). Give
+the result printed by the interpreter, the corresponding box-and-pointer structure, and the interpretation
+of this as a tree (as in figure 2.6).
+Exercise 2.25. Give combinations of cars and cdrs that will pick 7 from each of the following lists:
+(1 3 (5 7) 9)
+((7))
+(1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 7))))))
+Exercise 2.26. Suppose we define x and y to be two lists:
+(define x (list 1 2 3))
+(define y (list 4 5 6))
+What result is printed by the interpreter in response to evaluating each of the following expressions:
+(append x y)
+(cons x y)
+(list x y)
+Exercise 2.27. Modify your reverse procedure of exercise 2.18 to produce a deep-reverse
+procedure that takes a list as argument and returns as its value the list with its elements reversed and
+with all sublists deep-reversed as well. For example,
+(define x (list (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+x
+((1 2) (3 4))
+(reverse x)
+((3 4) (1 2))
+(deep-reverse x)
+((4 3) (2 1))
+Exercise 2.28. Write a procedure fringe that takes as argument a tree (represented as a list) and
+returns a list whose elements are all the leaves of the tree arranged in left-to-right order. For example,
+(define x (list (list 1 2) (list 3 4)))
+(fringe x)
+(1 2 3 4)
+(fringe (list x x))
+(1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4)
+
+\fExercise 2.29. A binary mobile consists of two branches, a left branch and a right branch. Each
+branch is a rod of a certain length, from which hangs either a weight or another binary mobile. We can
+represent a binary mobile using compound data by constructing it from two branches (for example,
+using list):
+(define (make-mobile left right)
+(list left right))
+A branch is constructed from a length (which must be a number) together with a structure,
+which may be either a number (representing a simple weight) or another mobile:
+(define (make-branch length structure)
+(list length structure))
+a. Write the corresponding selectors left-branch and right-branch, which return the
+branches of a mobile, and branch-length and branch-structure, which return the
+components of a branch.
+b. Using your selectors, define a procedure total-weight that returns the total weight of a mobile.
+c. A mobile is said to be balanced if the torque applied by its top-left branch is equal to that applied
+by its top-right branch (that is, if the length of the left rod multiplied by the weight hanging from that
+rod is equal to the corresponding product for the right side) and if each of the submobiles hanging off
+its branches is balanced. Design a predicate that tests whether a binary mobile is balanced.
+d. Suppose we change the representation of mobiles so that the constructors are
+(define
+(cons
+(define
+(cons
+
+(make-mobile left right)
+left right))
+(make-branch length structure)
+length structure))
+
+How much do you need to change your programs to convert to the new representation?
+
+Mapping over trees
+Just as map is a powerful abstraction for dealing with sequences, map together with recursion is a
+powerful abstraction for dealing with trees. For instance, the scale-tree procedure, analogous to
+scale-list of section 2.2.1, takes as arguments a numeric factor and a tree whose leaves are
+numbers. It returns a tree of the same shape, where each number is multiplied by the factor. The
+recursive plan for scale-tree is similar to the one for count-leaves:
+(define (scale-tree tree factor)
+(cond ((null? tree) nil)
+((not (pair? tree)) (* tree factor))
+(else (cons (scale-tree (car tree) factor)
+(scale-tree (cdr tree) factor)))))
+(scale-tree (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4) 5) (list 6 7))
+10)
+(10 (20 (30 40) 50) (60 70))
+
+\fAnother way to implement scale-tree is to regard the tree as a sequence of sub-trees and use map.
+We map over the sequence, scaling each sub-tree in turn, and return the list of results. In the base case,
+where the tree is a leaf, we simply multiply by the factor:
+(define (scale-tree tree factor)
+(map (lambda (sub-tree)
+(if (pair? sub-tree)
+(scale-tree sub-tree factor)
+(* sub-tree factor)))
+tree))
+Many tree operations can be implemented by similar combinations of sequence operations and
+recursion.
+Exercise 2.30. Define a procedure square-tree analogous to the square-list procedure of
+exercise 2.21. That is, square-list should behave as follows:
+(square-tree
+(list 1
+(list 2 (list 3 4) 5)
+(list 6 7)))
+(1 (4 (9 16) 25) (36 49))
+Define square-tree both directly (i.e., without using any higher-order procedures) and also by
+using map and recursion.
+Exercise 2.31. Abstract your answer to exercise 2.30 to produce a procedure tree-map with the
+property that square-tree could be defined as
+(define (square-tree tree) (tree-map square tree))
+Exercise 2.32. We can represent a set as a list of distinct elements, and we can represent the set of all
+subsets of the set as a list of lists. For example, if the set is (1 2 3), then the set of all subsets is
+(() (3) (2) (2 3) (1) (1 3) (1 2) (1 2 3)). Complete the following definition of a
+procedure that generates the set of subsets of a set and give a clear explanation of why it works:
+(define (subsets s)
+(if (null? s)
+(list nil)
+(let ((rest (subsets (cdr s))))
+(append rest (map <??> rest)))))
+
+2.2.3 Sequences as Conventional Interfaces
+In working with compound data, we’ve stressed how data abstraction permits us to design programs
+without becoming enmeshed in the details of data representations, and how abstraction preserves for
+us the flexibility to experiment with alternative representations. In this section, we introduce another
+powerful design principle for working with data structures -- the use of conventional interfaces.
+In section 1.3 we saw how program abstractions, implemented as higher-order procedures, can capture
+common patterns in programs that deal with numerical data. Our ability to formulate analogous
+operations for working with compound data depends crucially on the style in which we manipulate our
+
+\fdata structures. Consider, for example, the following procedure, analogous to the count-leaves
+procedure of section 2.2.2, which takes a tree as argument and computes the sum of the squares of the
+leaves that are odd:
+(define (sum-odd-squares tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) 0)
+((not (pair? tree))
+(if (odd? tree) (square tree) 0))
+(else (+ (sum-odd-squares (car tree))
+(sum-odd-squares (cdr tree))))))
+On the surface, this procedure is very different from the following one, which constructs a list of all
+the even Fibonacci numbers Fib(k), where k is less than or equal to a given integer n:
+(define (even-fibs n)
+(define (next k)
+(if (> k n)
+nil
+(let ((f (fib k)))
+(if (even? f)
+(cons f (next (+ k 1)))
+(next (+ k 1))))))
+(next 0))
+Despite the fact that these two procedures are structurally very different, a more abstract description of
+the two computations reveals a great deal of similarity. The first program
+enumerates the leaves of a tree;
+filters them, selecting the odd ones;
+squares each of the selected ones; and
+accumulates the results using +, starting with 0.
+The second program
+enumerates the integers from 0 to n;
+computes the Fibonacci number for each integer;
+filters them, selecting the even ones; and
+accumulates the results using cons, starting with the empty list.
+A signal-processing engineer would find it natural to conceptualize these processes in terms of signals
+flowing through a cascade of stages, each of which implements part of the program plan, as shown in
+figure 2.7. In sum-odd-squares, we begin with an enumerator, which generates a ‘‘signal’’
+consisting of the leaves of a given tree. This signal is passed through a filter, which eliminates all but
+the odd elements. The resulting signal is in turn passed through a map, which is a ‘‘transducer’’ that
+applies the square procedure to each element. The output of the map is then fed to an accumulator,
+which combines the elements using +, starting from an initial 0. The plan for even-fibs is
+analogous.
+
+\fFigure 2.7: The signal-flow plans for the procedures sum-odd-squares (top) and
+even-fibs (bottom) reveal the commonality between the two programs.
+Figure 2.7: The signal-flow plans for the procedures sum-odd-squares (top) and even-fibs
+(bottom) reveal the commonality between the two programs.
+Unfortunately, the two procedure definitions above fail to exhibit this signal-flow structure. For
+instance, if we examine the sum-odd-squares procedure, we find that the enumeration is
+implemented partly by the null? and pair? tests and partly by the tree-recursive structure of the
+procedure. Similarly, the accumulation is found partly in the tests and partly in the addition used in the
+recursion. In general, there are no distinct parts of either procedure that correspond to the elements in
+the signal-flow description. Our two procedures decompose the computations in a different way,
+spreading the enumeration over the program and mingling it with the map, the filter, and the
+accumulation. If we could organize our programs to make the signal-flow structure manifest in the
+procedures we write, this would increase the conceptual clarity of the resulting code.
+
+Sequence Operations
+The key to organizing programs so as to more clearly reflect the signal-flow structure is to concentrate
+on the ‘‘signals’’ that flow from one stage in the process to the next. If we represent these signals as
+lists, then we can use list operations to implement the processing at each of the stages. For instance,
+we can implement the mapping stages of the signal-flow diagrams using the map procedure from
+section 2.2.1:
+(map square (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 4 9 16 25)
+Filtering a sequence to select only those elements that satisfy a given predicate is accomplished by
+(define (filter predicate sequence)
+(cond ((null? sequence) nil)
+((predicate (car sequence))
+(cons (car sequence)
+(filter predicate (cdr sequence))))
+(else (filter predicate (cdr sequence)))))
+For example,
+(filter odd? (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 3 5)
+
+\fAccumulations can be implemented by
+(define (accumulate op initial sequence)
+(if (null? sequence)
+initial
+(op (car sequence)
+(accumulate op initial (cdr sequence)))))
+(accumulate + 0 (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+15
+(accumulate * 1 (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+120
+(accumulate cons nil (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+(1 2 3 4 5)
+All that remains to implement signal-flow diagrams is to enumerate the sequence of elements to be
+processed. For even-fibs, we need to generate the sequence of integers in a given range, which we
+can do as follows:
+(define (enumerate-interval low high)
+(if (> low high)
+nil
+(cons low (enumerate-interval (+ low 1) high))))
+(enumerate-interval 2 7)
+(2 3 4 5 6 7)
+To enumerate the leaves of a tree, we can use 14
+(define (enumerate-tree tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) nil)
+((not (pair? tree)) (list tree))
+(else (append (enumerate-tree (car tree))
+(enumerate-tree (cdr tree))))))
+(enumerate-tree (list 1 (list 2 (list 3 4)) 5))
+(1 2 3 4 5)
+Now we can reformulate sum-odd-squares and even-fibs as in the signal-flow diagrams. For
+sum-odd-squares, we enumerate the sequence of leaves of the tree, filter this to keep only the odd
+numbers in the sequence, square each element, and sum the results:
+(define (sum-odd-squares tree)
+(accumulate +
+0
+(map square
+(filter odd?
+(enumerate-tree tree)))))
+For even-fibs, we enumerate the integers from 0 to n, generate the Fibonacci number for each of
+these integers, filter the resulting sequence to keep only the even elements, and accumulate the results
+into a list:
+
+\f(define (even-fibs n)
+(accumulate cons
+nil
+(filter even?
+(map fib
+(enumerate-interval 0 n)))))
+The value of expressing programs as sequence operations is that this helps us make program designs
+that are modular, that is, designs that are constructed by combining relatively independent pieces. We
+can encourage modular design by providing a library of standard components together with a
+conventional interface for connecting the components in flexible ways.
+Modular construction is a powerful strategy for controlling complexity in engineering design. In real
+signal-processing applications, for example, designers regularly build systems by cascading elements
+selected from standardized families of filters and transducers. Similarly, sequence operations provide a
+library of standard program elements that we can mix and match. For instance, we can reuse pieces
+from the sum-odd-squares and even-fibs procedures in a program that constructs a list of the
+squares of the first n + 1 Fibonacci numbers:
+(define (list-fib-squares n)
+(accumulate cons
+nil
+(map square
+(map fib
+(enumerate-interval 0 n)))))
+(list-fib-squares 10)
+(0 1 1 4 9 25 64 169 441 1156 3025)
+We can rearrange the pieces and use them in computing the product of the odd integers in a sequence:
+(define (product-of-squares-of-odd-elements sequence)
+(accumulate *
+1
+(map square
+(filter odd? sequence))))
+(product-of-squares-of-odd-elements (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+225
+We can also formulate conventional data-processing applications in terms of sequence operations.
+Suppose we have a sequence of personnel records and we want to find the salary of the highest-paid
+programmer. Assume that we have a selector salary that returns the salary of a record, and a
+predicate programmer? that tests if a record is for a programmer. Then we can write
+(define (salary-of-highest-paid-programmer records)
+(accumulate max
+0
+(map salary
+(filter programmer? records))))
+
+\fThese examples give just a hint of the vast range of operations that can be expressed as sequence
+operations. 15
+Sequences, implemented here as lists, serve as a conventional interface that permits us to combine
+processing modules. Additionally, when we uniformly represent structures as sequences, we have
+localized the data-structure dependencies in our programs to a small number of sequence operations.
+By changing these, we can experiment with alternative representations of sequences, while leaving the
+overall design of our programs intact. We will exploit this capability in section 3.5, when we
+generalize the sequence-processing paradigm to admit infinite sequences.
+Exercise 2.33. Fill in the missing expressions to complete the following definitions of some basic
+list-manipulation operations as accumulations:
+(define (map p sequence)
+(accumulate (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+(define (append seq1 seq2)
+(accumulate cons <??> <??>))
+(define (length sequence)
+(accumulate <??> 0 sequence))
+Exercise 2.34. Evaluating a polynomial in x at a given value of x can be formulated as an
+accumulation. We evaluate the polynomial
+
+using a well-known algorithm called Horner’s rule, which structures the computation as
+
+In other words, we start with a n , multiply by x, add a n-1 , multiply by x, and so on, until we reach
+a 0 . 16 Fill in the following template to produce a procedure that evaluates a polynomial using
+Horner’s rule. Assume that the coefficients of the polynomial are arranged in a sequence, from a 0
+through a n .
+(define (horner-eval x coefficient-sequence)
+(accumulate (lambda (this-coeff higher-terms) <??>)
+0
+coefficient-sequence))
+For example, to compute 1 + 3x + 5x 3 + x 5 at x = 2 you would evaluate
+(horner-eval 2 (list 1 3 0 5 0 1))
+Exercise 2.35. Redefine count-leaves from section 2.2.2 as an accumulation:
+(define (count-leaves t)
+(accumulate <??> <??> (map <??> <??>)))
+Exercise 2.36. The procedure accumulate-n is similar to accumulate except that it takes as its
+third argument a sequence of sequences, which are all assumed to have the same number of elements.
+It applies the designated accumulation procedure to combine all the first elements of the sequences, all
+the second elements of the sequences, and so on, and returns a sequence of the results. For instance, if
+
+\fs is a sequence containing four sequences, ((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9) (10 11 12)),
+then the value of (accumulate-n + 0 s) should be the sequence (22 26 30). Fill in the
+missing expressions in the following definition of accumulate-n:
+(define (accumulate-n op init seqs)
+(if (null? (car seqs))
+nil
+(cons (accumulate op init <??>)
+(accumulate-n op init <??>))))
+Exercise 2.37. Suppose we represent vectors v = (v i ) as sequences of numbers, and matrices m =
+(m ij ) as sequences of vectors (the rows of the matrix). For example, the matrix
+
+is represented as the sequence ((1 2 3 4) (4 5 6 6) (6 7 8 9)). With this representation,
+we can use sequence operations to concisely express the basic matrix and vector operations. These
+operations (which are described in any book on matrix algebra) are the following:
+
+We can define the dot product as 17
+(define (dot-product v w)
+(accumulate + 0 (map * v w)))
+Fill in the missing expressions in the following procedures for computing the other matrix operations.
+(The procedure accumulate-n is defined in exercise 2.36.)
+(define (matrix-*-vector m v)
+(map <??> m))
+(define (transpose mat)
+(accumulate-n <??> <??> mat))
+(define (matrix-*-matrix m n)
+(let ((cols (transpose n)))
+(map <??> m)))
+Exercise 2.38. The accumulate procedure is also known as fold-right, because it combines
+the first element of the sequence with the result of combining all the elements to the right. There is
+also a fold-left, which is similar to fold-right, except that it combines elements working in
+the opposite direction:
+
+\f(define (fold-left op initial sequence)
+(define (iter result rest)
+(if (null? rest)
+result
+(iter (op result (car rest))
+(cdr rest))))
+(iter initial sequence))
+What are the values of
+(fold-right / 1 (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-left / 1 (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-right list nil (list 1 2 3))
+(fold-left list nil (list 1 2 3))
+Give a property that op should satisfy to guarantee that fold-right and fold-left will produce
+the same values for any sequence.
+Exercise 2.39. Complete the following definitions of reverse (exercise 2.18) in terms of
+fold-right and fold-left from exercise 2.38:
+(define (reverse sequence)
+(fold-right (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+(define (reverse sequence)
+(fold-left (lambda (x y) <??>) nil sequence))
+
+Nested Mappings
+We can extend the sequence paradigm to include many computations that are commonly expressed
+using nested loops. 18 Consider this problem: Given a positive integer n, find all ordered pairs of
+distinct positive integers i and j, where 1< j< i< n, such that i + j is prime. For example, if n is 6, then
+the pairs are the following:
+
+A natural way to organize this computation is to generate the sequence of all ordered pairs of positive
+integers less than or equal to n, filter to select those pairs whose sum is prime, and then, for each pair
+(i, j) that passes through the filter, produce the triple (i,j,i + j).
+Here is a way to generate the sequence of pairs: For each integer i< n, enumerate the integers j<i, and
+for each such i and j generate the pair (i,j). In terms of sequence operations, we map along the
+sequence (enumerate-interval 1 n). For each i in this sequence, we map along the sequence
+(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1)). For each j in this latter sequence, we generate the pair
+(list i j). This gives us a sequence of pairs for each i. Combining all the sequences for all the i
+(by accumulating with append) produces the required sequence of pairs: 19
+(accumulate append
+nil
+(map (lambda (i)
+(map (lambda (j) (list i j))
+
+\f(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 n)))
+The combination of mapping and accumulating with append is so common in this sort of program
+that we will isolate it as a separate procedure:
+(define (flatmap proc seq)
+(accumulate append nil (map proc seq)))
+Now filter this sequence of pairs to find those whose sum is prime. The filter predicate is called for
+each element of the sequence; its argument is a pair and it must extract the integers from the pair.
+Thus, the predicate to apply to each element in the sequence is
+(define (prime-sum? pair)
+(prime? (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+Finally, generate the sequence of results by mapping over the filtered pairs using the following
+procedure, which constructs a triple consisting of the two elements of the pair along with their sum:
+(define (make-pair-sum pair)
+(list (car pair) (cadr pair) (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+Combining all these steps yields the complete procedure:
+(define (prime-sum-pairs n)
+(map make-pair-sum
+(filter prime-sum?
+(flatmap
+(lambda (i)
+(map (lambda (j) (list i j))
+(enumerate-interval 1 (- i 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 n)))))
+Nested mappings are also useful for sequences other than those that enumerate intervals. Suppose we
+wish to generate all the permutations of a set S; that is, all the ways of ordering the items in the set. For
+instance, the permutations of {1,2,3} are {1,2,3}, { 1,3,2}, {2,1,3}, { 2,3,1}, { 3,1,2}, and { 3,2,1}.
+Here is a plan for generating the permutations of S: For each item x in S, recursively generate the
+sequence of permutations of S - x, 20 and adjoin x to the front of each one. This yields, for each x in S,
+the sequence of permutations of S that begin with x. Combining these sequences for all x gives all the
+permutations of S: 21
+(define (permutations s)
+(if (null? s)
+; empty set?
+(list nil)
+; sequence containing empty set
+(flatmap (lambda (x)
+(map (lambda (p) (cons x p))
+(permutations (remove x s))))
+s)))
+Notice how this strategy reduces the problem of generating permutations of S to the problem of
+generating the permutations of sets with fewer elements than S. In the terminal case, we work our way
+down to the empty list, which represents a set of no elements. For this, we generate (list nil),
+
+\fwhich is a sequence with one item, namely the set with no elements. The remove procedure used in
+permutations returns all the items in a given sequence except for a given item. This can be
+expressed as a simple filter:
+(define (remove item sequence)
+(filter (lambda (x) (not (= x item)))
+sequence))
+Exercise 2.40. Define a procedure unique-pairs that, given an integer n, generates the sequence
+of pairs (i,j) with 1< j< i< n. Use unique-pairs to simplify the definition of prime-sum-pairs
+given above.
+Exercise 2.41. Write a procedure to find all ordered triples of distinct positive integers i, j, and k less
+than or equal to a given integer n that sum to a given integer s.
+Exercise 2.42.
+
+Figure 2.8: A solution to the eight-queens puzzle.
+Figure 2.8: A solution to the eight-queens puzzle.
+The ‘‘eight-queens puzzle’’ asks how to place eight queens on a chessboard so that no queen is in
+check from any other (i.e., no two queens are in the same row, column, or diagonal). One possible
+solution is shown in figure 2.8. One way to solve the puzzle is to work across the board, placing a
+queen in each column. Once we have placed k - 1 queens, we must place the kth queen in a position
+where it does not check any of the queens already on the board. We can formulate this approach
+recursively: Assume that we have already generated the sequence of all possible ways to place k - 1
+queens in the first k - 1 columns of the board. For each of these ways, generate an extended set of
+positions by placing a queen in each row of the kth column. Now filter these, keeping only the
+positions for which the queen in the kth column is safe with respect to the other queens. This produces
+the sequence of all ways to place k queens in the first k columns. By continuing this process, we will
+produce not only one solution, but all solutions to the puzzle.
+
+\fWe implement this solution as a procedure queens, which returns a sequence of all solutions to the
+problem of placing n queens on an n× n chessboard. Queens has an internal procedure queen-cols
+that returns the sequence of all ways to place queens in the first k columns of the board.
+(define (queens board-size)
+(define (queen-cols k)
+(if (= k 0)
+(list empty-board)
+(filter
+(lambda (positions) (safe? k positions))
+(flatmap
+(lambda (rest-of-queens)
+(map (lambda (new-row)
+(adjoin-position new-row k rest-of-queens))
+(enumerate-interval 1 board-size)))
+(queen-cols (- k 1))))))
+(queen-cols board-size))
+In this procedure rest-of-queens is a way to place k - 1 queens in the first k - 1 columns, and
+new-row is a proposed row in which to place the queen for the kth column. Complete the program by
+implementing the representation for sets of board positions, including the procedure
+adjoin-position, which adjoins a new row-column position to a set of positions, and
+empty-board, which represents an empty set of positions. You must also write the procedure
+safe?, which determines for a set of positions, whether the queen in the kth column is safe with
+respect to the others. (Note that we need only check whether the new queen is safe -- the other queens
+are already guaranteed safe with respect to each other.)
+Exercise 2.43. Louis Reasoner is having a terrible time doing exercise 2.42. His queens procedure
+seems to work, but it runs extremely slowly. (Louis never does manage to wait long enough for it to
+solve even the 6× 6 case.) When Louis asks Eva Lu Ator for help, she points out that he has
+interchanged the order of the nested mappings in the flatmap, writing it as
+(flatmap
+(lambda (new-row)
+(map (lambda (rest-of-queens)
+(adjoin-position new-row k rest-of-queens))
+(queen-cols (- k 1))))
+(enumerate-interval 1 board-size))
+Explain why this interchange makes the program run slowly. Estimate how long it will take Louis’s
+program to solve the eight-queens puzzle, assuming that the program in exercise 2.42 solves the puzzle
+in time T.
+
+2.2.4 Example: A Picture Language
+This section presents a simple language for drawing pictures that illustrates the power of data
+abstraction and closure, and also exploits higher-order procedures in an essential way. The language is
+designed to make it easy to experiment with patterns such as the ones in figure 2.9, which are
+composed of repeated elements that are shifted and scaled. 22 In this language, the data objects being
+combined are represented as procedures rather than as list structure. Just as cons, which satisfies the
+closure property, allowed us to easily build arbitrarily complicated list structure, the operations in this
+
+\flanguage, which also satisfy the closure property, allow us to easily build arbitrarily complicated
+patterns.
+
+Figure 2.9: Designs generated with the picture language.
+Figure 2.9: Designs generated with the picture language.
+
+The picture language
+When we began our study of programming in section 1.1, we emphasized the importance of describing
+a language by focusing on the language’s primitives, its means of combination, and its means of
+abstraction. We’ll follow that framework here.
+Part of the elegance of this picture language is that there is only one kind of element, called a painter.
+A painter draws an image that is shifted and scaled to fit within a designated parallelogram-shaped
+frame. For example, there’s a primitive painter we’ll call wave that makes a crude line drawing, as
+shown in figure 2.10. The actual shape of the drawing depends on the frame -- all four images in
+figure 2.10 are produced by the same wave painter, but with respect to four different frames. Painters
+can be more elaborate than this: The primitive painter called rogers paints a picture of MIT’s
+founder, William Barton Rogers, as shown in figure 2.11. 23 The four images in figure 2.11 are drawn
+with respect to the same four frames as the wave images in figure 2.10.
+To combine images, we use various operations that construct new painters from given painters. For
+example, the beside operation takes two painters and produces a new, compound painter that draws
+the first painter’s image in the left half of the frame and the second painter’s image in the right half of
+the frame. Similarly, below takes two painters and produces a compound painter that draws the first
+painter’s image below the second painter’s image. Some operations transform a single painter to
+produce a new painter. For example, flip-vert takes a painter and produces a painter that draws its
+image upside-down, and flip-horiz produces a painter that draws the original painter’s image
+left-to-right reversed.
+
+\fFigure 2.10: Images produced by the wave painter, with respect to four different frames. The
+frames, shown with dotted lines, are not part of the images.
+Figure 2.10: Images produced by the wave painter, with respect to four different frames. The frames,
+shown with dotted lines, are not part of the images.
+
+\fFigure 2.11: Images of William Barton Rogers, founder and first president of MIT, painted with
+respect to the same four frames as in figure 2.10 (original image reprinted with the permission of
+the MIT Museum).
+Figure 2.11: Images of William Barton Rogers, founder and first president of MIT, painted with
+respect to the same four frames as in figure 2.10 (original image reprinted with the permission of the
+MIT Museum).
+Figure 2.12 shows the drawing of a painter called wave4 that is built up in two stages starting from
+wave:
+(define wave2 (beside wave (flip-vert wave)))
+(define wave4 (below wave2 wave2))
+
+\f(define wave2
+(beside wave (flip-vert wave)))
+
+(define wave4
+(below wave2 wave2))
+
+Figure 2.12: Creating a complex figure, starting from the wave painter of figure 2.10.
+Figure 2.12: Creating a complex figure, starting from the wave painter of figure 2.10.
+In building up a complex image in this manner we are exploiting the fact that painters are closed under
+the language’s means of combination. The beside or below of two painters is itself a painter;
+therefore, we can use it as an element in making more complex painters. As with building up list
+structure using cons, the closure of our data under the means of combination is crucial to the ability
+to create complex structures while using only a few operations.
+Once we can combine painters, we would like to be able to abstract typical patterns of combining
+painters. We will implement the painter operations as Scheme procedures. This means that we don’t
+need a special abstraction mechanism in the picture language: Since the means of combination are
+ordinary Scheme procedures, we automatically have the capability to do anything with painter
+operations that we can do with procedures. For example, we can abstract the pattern in wave4 as
+(define (flipped-pairs painter)
+(let ((painter2 (beside painter (flip-vert painter))))
+(below painter2 painter2)))
+and define wave4 as an instance of this pattern:
+(define wave4 (flipped-pairs wave))
+We can also define recursive operations. Here’s one that makes painters split and branch towards the
+right as shown in figures 2.13 and 2.14:
+(define (right-split painter n)
+(if (= n 0)
+painter
+(let ((smaller (right-split painter (- n 1))))
+(beside painter (below smaller smaller)))))
+
+\fright-split n
+
+corner-split n
+
+Figure 2.13: Recursive plans for right-split and corner-split.
+Figure 2.13: Recursive plans for right-split and corner-split.
+We can produce balanced patterns by branching upwards as well as towards the right (see
+exercise 2.44 and figures 2.13 and 2.14):
+(define (corner-split painter n)
+(if (= n 0)
+painter
+(let ((up (up-split painter (- n 1)))
+(right (right-split painter (- n 1))))
+(let ((top-left (beside up up))
+(bottom-right (below right right))
+(corner (corner-split painter (- n 1))))
+(beside (below painter top-left)
+(below bottom-right corner))))))
+
+\f(right-split wave 4)
+
+(corner-split wave 4)
+
+(right-split rogers 4)
+
+(corner-split rogers 4)
+
+Figure 2.14: The recursive operations right-split and corner-split applied to the
+painters wave and rogers. Combining four corner-split figures produces symmetric
+square-limit designs as shown in figure 2.9.
+Figure 2.14: The recursive operations right-split and corner-split applied to the painters
+wave and rogers. Combining four corner-split figures produces symmetric square-limit
+designs as shown in figure 2.9.
+By placing four copies of a corner-split appropriately, we obtain a pattern called
+square-limit, whose application to wave and rogers is shown in figure 2.9:
+(define (square-limit painter n)
+(let ((quarter (corner-split painter n)))
+(let ((half (beside (flip-horiz quarter) quarter)))
+(below (flip-vert half) half))))
+Exercise 2.44. Define the procedure up-split used by corner-split. It is similar to
+right-split, except that it switches the roles of below and beside.
+
+\fHigher-order operations
+In addition to abstracting patterns of combining painters, we can work at a higher level, abstracting
+patterns of combining painter operations. That is, we can view the painter operations as elements to
+manipulate and can write means of combination for these elements -- procedures that take painter
+operations as arguments and create new painter operations.
+For example, flipped-pairs and square-limit each arrange four copies of a painter’s image
+in a square pattern; they differ only in how they orient the copies. One way to abstract this pattern of
+painter combination is with the following procedure, which takes four one-argument painter operations
+and produces a painter operation that transforms a given painter with those four operations and
+arranges the results in a square. Tl, tr, bl, and br are the transformations to apply to the top left
+copy, the top right copy, the bottom left copy, and the bottom right copy, respectively.
+(define (square-of-four tl tr bl br)
+(lambda (painter)
+(let ((top (beside (tl painter) (tr painter)))
+(bottom (beside (bl painter) (br painter))))
+(below bottom top))))
+Then flipped-pairs can be defined in terms of square-of-four as follows: 24
+(define (flipped-pairs painter)
+(let ((combine4 (square-of-four identity flip-vert
+identity flip-vert)))
+(combine4 painter)))
+and square-limit can be expressed as 25
+(define (square-limit painter n)
+(let ((combine4 (square-of-four flip-horiz identity
+rotate180 flip-vert)))
+(combine4 (corner-split painter n))))
+Exercise 2.45. Right-split and up-split can be expressed as instances of a general splitting
+operation. Define a procedure split with the property that evaluating
+(define right-split (split beside below))
+(define up-split (split below beside))
+produces procedures right-split and up-split with the same behaviors as the ones already
+defined.
+
+Frames
+Before we can show how to implement painters and their means of combination, we must first
+consider frames. A frame can be described by three vectors -- an origin vector and two edge vectors.
+The origin vector specifies the offset of the frame’s origin from some absolute origin in the plane, and
+the edge vectors specify the offsets of the frame’s corners from its origin. If the edges are
+perpendicular, the frame will be rectangular. Otherwise the frame will be a more general
+parallelogram.
+
+\fFigure 2.15 shows a frame and its associated vectors. In accordance with data abstraction, we need not
+be specific yet about how frames are represented, other than to say that there is a constructor
+make-frame, which takes three vectors and produces a frame, and three corresponding selectors
+origin-frame, edge1-frame, and edge2-frame (see exercise 2.47).
+
+Figure 2.15: A frame is described by three vectors -- an origin and two edges.
+Figure 2.15: A frame is described by three vectors -- an origin and two edges.
+We will use coordinates in the unit square (0< x,y< 1) to specify images. With each frame, we
+associate a frame coordinate map, which will be used to shift and scale images to fit the frame. The
+map transforms the unit square into the frame by mapping the vector v = (x,y) to the vector sum
+
+For example, (0,0) is mapped to the origin of the frame, (1,1) to the vertex diagonally opposite the
+origin, and (0.5,0.5) to the center of the frame. We can create a frame’s coordinate map with the
+following procedure: 26
+(define (frame-coord-map frame)
+(lambda (v)
+(add-vect
+(origin-frame frame)
+(add-vect (scale-vect (xcor-vect v)
+(edge1-frame frame))
+(scale-vect (ycor-vect v)
+(edge2-frame frame))))))
+Observe that applying frame-coord-map to a frame returns a procedure that, given a vector,
+returns a vector. If the argument vector is in the unit square, the result vector will be in the frame. For
+example,
+((frame-coord-map a-frame) (make-vect 0 0))
+
+\freturns the same vector as
+(origin-frame a-frame)
+Exercise 2.46. A two-dimensional vector v running from the origin to a point can be represented as a
+pair consisting of an x-coordinate and a y-coordinate. Implement a data abstraction for vectors by
+giving a constructor make-vect and corresponding selectors xcor-vect and ycor-vect. In
+terms of your selectors and constructor, implement procedures add-vect, sub-vect, and
+scale-vect that perform the operations vector addition, vector subtraction, and multiplying a
+vector by a scalar:
+
+Exercise 2.47. Here are two possible constructors for frames:
+(define
+(list
+(define
+(cons
+
+(make-frame origin edge1 edge2)
+origin edge1 edge2))
+(make-frame origin edge1 edge2)
+origin (cons edge1 edge2)))
+
+For each constructor supply the appropriate selectors to produce an implementation for frames.
+
+Painters
+A painter is represented as a procedure that, given a frame as argument, draws a particular image
+shifted and scaled to fit the frame. That is to say, if p is a painter and f is a frame, then we produce p’s
+image in f by calling p with f as argument.
+The details of how primitive painters are implemented depend on the particular characteristics of the
+graphics system and the type of image to be drawn. For instance, suppose we have a procedure
+draw-line that draws a line on the screen between two specified points. Then we can create
+painters for line drawings, such as the wave painter in figure 2.10, from lists of line segments as
+follows: 27
+(define (segments->painter segment-list)
+(lambda (frame)
+(for-each
+(lambda (segment)
+(draw-line
+((frame-coord-map frame) (start-segment segment))
+((frame-coord-map frame) (end-segment segment))))
+segment-list)))
+The segments are given using coordinates with respect to the unit square. For each segment in the list,
+the painter transforms the segment endpoints with the frame coordinate map and draws a line between
+the transformed points.
+
+\fRepresenting painters as procedures erects a powerful abstraction barrier in the picture language. We
+can create and intermix all sorts of primitive painters, based on a variety of graphics capabilities. The
+details of their implementation do not matter. Any procedure can serve as a painter, provided that it
+takes a frame as argument and draws something scaled to fit the frame. 28
+Exercise 2.48. A directed line segment in the plane can be represented as a pair of vectors -- the
+vector running from the origin to the start-point of the segment, and the vector running from the origin
+to the end-point of the segment. Use your vector representation from exercise 2.46 to define a
+representation for segments with a constructor make-segment and selectors start-segment and
+end-segment.
+Exercise 2.49. Use segments->painter to define the following primitive painters:
+a. The painter that draws the outline of the designated frame.
+b. The painter that draws an ‘‘X’’ by connecting opposite corners of the frame.
+c. The painter that draws a diamond shape by connecting the midpoints of the sides of the frame.
+d. The wave painter.
+
+Transforming and combining painters
+An operation on painters (such as flip-vert or beside) works by creating a painter that invokes
+the original painters with respect to frames derived from the argument frame. Thus, for example,
+flip-vert doesn’t have to know how a painter works in order to flip it -- it just has to know how to
+turn a frame upside down: The flipped painter just uses the original painter, but in the inverted frame.
+Painter operations are based on the procedure transform-painter, which takes as arguments a
+painter and information on how to transform a frame and produces a new painter. The transformed
+painter, when called on a frame, transforms the frame and calls the original painter on the transformed
+frame. The arguments to transform-painter are points (represented as vectors) that specify the
+corners of the new frame: When mapped into the frame, the first point specifies the new frame’s origin
+and the other two specify the ends of its edge vectors. Thus, arguments within the unit square specify a
+frame contained within the original frame.
+(define (transform-painter painter origin corner1 corner2)
+(lambda (frame)
+(let ((m (frame-coord-map frame)))
+(let ((new-origin (m origin)))
+(painter
+(make-frame new-origin
+(sub-vect (m corner1) new-origin)
+(sub-vect (m corner2) new-origin)))))))
+Here’s how to flip painter images vertically:
+(define (flip-vert painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.0 1.0)
+; new origin
+(make-vect 1.0 1.0)
+; new end of edge1
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0))) ; new end of edge2
+
+\fUsing transform-painter, we can easily define new transformations. For example, we can
+define a painter that shrinks its image to the upper-right quarter of the frame it is given:
+(define (shrink-to-upper-right painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.5 0.5)
+(make-vect 1.0 0.5)
+(make-vect 0.5 1.0)))
+Other transformations rotate images counterclockwise by 90 degrees 29
+(define (rotate90 painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 1.0 0.0)
+(make-vect 1.0 1.0)
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0)))
+or squash images towards the center of the frame: 30
+(define (squash-inwards painter)
+(transform-painter painter
+(make-vect 0.0 0.0)
+(make-vect 0.65 0.35)
+(make-vect 0.35 0.65)))
+Frame transformation is also the key to defining means of combining two or more painters. The
+beside procedure, for example, takes two painters, transforms them to paint in the left and right
+halves of an argument frame respectively, and produces a new, compound painter. When the
+compound painter is given a frame, it calls the first transformed painter to paint in the left half of the
+frame and calls the second transformed painter to paint in the right half of the frame:
+(define (beside painter1 painter2)
+(let ((split-point (make-vect 0.5 0.0)))
+(let ((paint-left
+(transform-painter painter1
+(make-vect 0.0
+split-point
+(make-vect 0.0
+(paint-right
+(transform-painter painter2
+split-point
+(make-vect 1.0
+(make-vect 0.5
+(lambda (frame)
+(paint-left frame)
+(paint-right frame)))))
+
+0.0)
+1.0)))
+
+0.0)
+1.0))))
+
+Observe how the painter data abstraction, and in particular the representation of painters as procedures,
+makes beside easy to implement. The beside procedure need not know anything about the details
+of the component painters other than that each painter will draw something in its designated frame.
+
+\fExercise 2.50. Define the transformation flip-horiz, which flips painters horizontally, and
+transformations that rotate painters counterclockwise by 180 degrees and 270 degrees.
+Exercise 2.51. Define the below operation for painters. Below takes two painters as arguments. The
+resulting painter, given a frame, draws with the first painter in the bottom of the frame and with the
+second painter in the top. Define below in two different ways -- first by writing a procedure that is
+analogous to the beside procedure given above, and again in terms of beside and suitable rotation
+operations (from exercise 2.50).
+
+Levels of language for robust design
+The picture language exercises some of the critical ideas we’ve introduced about abstraction with
+procedures and data. The fundamental data abstractions, painters, are implemented using procedural
+representations, which enables the language to handle different basic drawing capabilities in a uniform
+way. The means of combination satisfy the closure property, which permits us to easily build up
+complex designs. Finally, all the tools for abstracting procedures are available to us for abstracting
+means of combination for painters.
+We have also obtained a glimpse of another crucial idea about languages and program design. This is
+the approach of stratified design, the notion that a complex system should be structured as a sequence
+of levels that are described using a sequence of languages. Each level is constructed by combining
+parts that are regarded as primitive at that level, and the parts constructed at each level are used as
+primitives at the next level. The language used at each level of a stratified design has primitives,
+means of combination, and means of abstraction appropriate to that level of detail.
+Stratified design pervades the engineering of complex systems. For example, in computer engineering,
+resistors and transistors are combined (and described using a language of analog circuits) to produce
+parts such as and-gates and or-gates, which form the primitives of a language for digital-circuit
+design. 31 These parts are combined to build processors, bus structures, and memory systems, which
+are in turn combined to form computers, using languages appropriate to computer architecture.
+Computers are combined to form distributed systems, using languages appropriate for describing
+network interconnections, and so on.
+As a tiny example of stratification, our picture language uses primitive elements (primitive painters)
+that are created using a language that specifies points and lines to provide the lists of line segments for
+segments->painter, or the shading details for a painter like rogers. The bulk of our
+description of the picture language focused on combining these primitives, using geometric combiners
+such as beside and below. We also worked at a higher level, regarding beside and below as
+primitives to be manipulated in a language whose operations, such as square-of-four, capture
+common patterns of combining geometric combiners.
+Stratified design helps make programs robust, that is, it makes it likely that small changes in a
+specification will require correspondingly small changes in the program. For instance, suppose we
+wanted to change the image based on wave shown in figure 2.9. We could work at the lowest level to
+change the detailed appearance of the wave element; we could work at the middle level to change the
+way corner-split replicates the wave; we could work at the highest level to change how
+square-limit arranges the four copies of the corner. In general, each level of a stratified design
+provides a different vocabulary for expressing the characteristics of the system, and a different kind of
+ability to change it.
+
+\fExercise 2.52. Make changes to the square limit of wave shown in figure 2.9 by working at each of
+the levels described above. In particular:
+a. Add some segments to the primitive wave painter of exercise 2.49 (to add a smile, for example).
+b. Change the pattern constructed by corner-split (for example, by using only one copy of the
+up-split and right-split images instead of two).
+c. Modify the version of square-limit that uses square-of-four so as to assemble the
+corners in a different pattern. (For example, you might make the big Mr. Rogers look outward from
+each corner of the square.)
+6 The use of the word ‘‘closure’’ here comes from abstract algebra, where a set of elements is said to
+
+be closed under an operation if applying the operation to elements in the set produces an element that
+is again an element of the set. The Lisp community also (unfortunately) uses the word ‘‘closure’’ to
+describe a totally unrelated concept: A closure is an implementation technique for representing
+procedures with free variables. We do not use the word ‘‘closure’’ in this second sense in this book.
+7 The notion that a means of combination should satisfy closure is a straightforward idea.
+
+Unfortunately, the data combiners provided in many popular programming languages do not satisfy
+closure, or make closure cumbersome to exploit. In Fortran or Basic, one typically combines data
+elements by assembling them into arrays -- but one cannot form arrays whose elements are themselves
+arrays. Pascal and C admit structures whose elements are structures. However, this requires that the
+programmer manipulate pointers explicitly, and adhere to the restriction that each field of a structure
+can contain only elements of a prespecified form. Unlike Lisp with its pairs, these languages have no
+built-in general-purpose glue that makes it easy to manipulate compound data in a uniform way. This
+limitation lies behind Alan Perlis’s comment in his foreword to this book: ‘‘In Pascal the plethora of
+declarable data structures induces a specialization within functions that inhibits and penalizes casual
+cooperation. It is better to have 100 functions operate on one data structure than to have 10 functions
+operate on 10 data structures.’’
+8 In this book, we use list to mean a chain of pairs terminated by the end-of-list marker. In contrast,
+
+the term list structure refers to any data structure made out of pairs, not just to lists.
+9 Since nested applications of car and cdr are cumbersome to write, Lisp dialects provide
+
+abbreviations for them -- for instance,
+
+The names of all such procedures start with c and end with r. Each a between them stands for a car
+operation and each d for a cdr operation, to be applied in the same order in which they appear in the
+name. The names car and cdr persist because simple combinations like cadr are pronounceable.
+10 It’s remarkable how much energy in the standardization of Lisp dialects has been dissipated in
+
+arguments that are literally over nothing: Should nil be an ordinary name? Should the value of nil
+be a symbol? Should it be a list? Should it be a pair? In Scheme, nil is an ordinary name, which we
+use in this section as a variable whose value is the end-of-list marker (just as true is an ordinary
+variable that has a true value). Other dialects of Lisp, including Common Lisp, treat nil as a special
+symbol. The authors of this book, who have endured too many language standardization brawls, would
+like to avoid the entire issue. Once we have introduced quotation in section 2.3, we will denote the
+empty list as ’() and dispense with the variable nil entirely.
+
+\f11 To define f and g using lambda we would write
+
+(define f (lambda (x y . z) <body>))
+(define g (lambda w <body>))
+12 Scheme standardly provides a map procedure that is more general than the one described here. This
+
+more general map takes a procedure of n arguments, together with n lists, and applies the procedure to
+all the first elements of the lists, all the second elements of the lists, and so on, returning a list of the
+results. For example:
+(map + (list 1 2 3) (list 40 50 60) (list 700 800 900))
+(741 852 963)
+(map (lambda (x y) (+ x (* 2 y)))
+(list 1 2 3)
+(list 4 5 6))
+(9 12 15)
+13 The order of the first two clauses in the cond matters, since the empty list satisfies null? and
+
+also is not a pair.
+14 This is, in fact, precisely the fringe procedure from exercise 2.28. Here we’ve renamed it to
+
+emphasize that it is part of a family of general sequence-manipulation procedures.
+15 Richard Waters (1979) developed a program that automatically analyzes traditional Fortran
+
+programs, viewing them in terms of maps, filters, and accumulations. He found that fully 90 percent of
+the code in the Fortran Scientific Subroutine Package fits neatly into this paradigm. One of the reasons
+for the success of Lisp as a programming language is that lists provide a standard medium for
+expressing ordered collections so that they can be manipulated using higher-order operations. The
+programming language APL owes much of its power and appeal to a similar choice. In APL all data
+are represented as arrays, and there is a universal and convenient set of generic operators for all sorts
+of array operations.
+16 According to Knuth (1981), this rule was formulated by W. G. Horner early in the nineteenth
+
+century, but the method was actually used by Newton over a hundred years earlier. Horner’s rule
+evaluates the polynomial using fewer additions and multiplications than does the straightforward
+method of first computing a n x n , then adding a n-1 x n-1 , and so on. In fact, it is possible to prove that
+any algorithm for evaluating arbitrary polynomials must use at least as many additions and
+multiplications as does Horner’s rule, and thus Horner’s rule is an optimal algorithm for polynomial
+evaluation. This was proved (for the number of additions) by A. M. Ostrowski in a 1954 paper that
+essentially founded the modern study of optimal algorithms. The analogous statement for
+multiplications was proved by V. Y. Pan in 1966. The book by Borodin and Munro (1975) provides an
+overview of these and other results about optimal algorithms.
+17 This definition uses the extended version of map described in footnote 12.
+18 This approach to nested mappings was shown to us by David Turner, whose languages KRC and
+
+Miranda provide elegant formalisms for dealing with these constructs. The examples in this section
+(see also exercise 2.42) are adapted from Turner 1981. In section 3.5.3, we’ll see how this approach
+generalizes to infinite sequences.
+
+\f19 We’re representing a pair here as a list of two elements rather than as a Lisp pair. Thus, the ‘‘pair’’
+
+(i,j) is represented as (list i j), not (cons i j).
+20 The set S - x is the set of all elements of S, excluding x.
+21 Semicolons in Scheme code are used to introduce comments. Everything from the semicolon to the
+
+end of the line is ignored by the interpreter. In this book we don’t use many comments; we try to make
+our programs self-documenting by using descriptive names.
+22 The picture language is based on the language Peter Henderson created to construct images like
+
+M.C. Escher’s ‘‘Square Limit’’ woodcut (see Henderson 1982). The woodcut incorporates a repeated
+scaled pattern, similar to the arrangements drawn using the square-limit procedure in this
+section.
+23 William Barton Rogers (1804-1882) was the founder and first president of MIT. A geologist and
+
+talented teacher, he taught at William and Mary College and at the University of Virginia. In 1859 he
+moved to Boston, where he had more time for research, worked on a plan for establishing a
+‘‘polytechnic institute,’’ and served as Massachusetts’s first State Inspector of Gas Meters.
+When MIT was established in 1861, Rogers was elected its first president. Rogers espoused an ideal of
+‘‘useful learning’’ that was different from the university education of the time, with its overemphasis
+on the classics, which, as he wrote, ‘‘stand in the way of the broader, higher and more practical
+instruction and discipline of the natural and social sciences.’’ This education was likewise to be
+different from narrow trade-school education. In Rogers’s words:
+The world-enforced distinction between the practical and the scientific worker is utterly futile,
+and the whole experience of modern times has demonstrated its utter worthlessness.
+Rogers served as president of MIT until 1870, when he resigned due to ill health. In 1878 the second
+president of MIT, John Runkle, resigned under the pressure of a financial crisis brought on by the
+Panic of 1873 and strain of fighting off attempts by Harvard to take over MIT. Rogers returned to hold
+the office of president until 1881.
+Rogers collapsed and died while addressing MIT’s graduating class at the commencement exercises of
+1882. Runkle quoted Rogers’s last words in a memorial address delivered that same year:
+‘‘As I stand here today and see what the Institute is, ... I call to mind the beginnings of science.
+I remember one hundred and fifty years ago Stephen Hales published a pamphlet on the subject of
+illuminating gas, in which he stated that his researches had demonstrated that 128 grains of
+bituminous coal -- ’’
+‘‘Bituminous coal,’’ these were his last words on earth. Here he bent forward, as if consulting
+some notes on the table before him, then slowly regaining an erect position, threw up his hands,
+and was translated from the scene of his earthly labors and triumphs to ‘‘the tomorrow of death,’’
+where the mysteries of life are solved, and the disembodied spirit finds unending satisfaction in
+contemplating the new and still unfathomable mysteries of the infinite future.
+In the words of Francis A. Walker (MIT’s third president):
+All his life he had borne himself most faithfully and heroically, and he died as so good a knight
+would surely have wished, in harness, at his post, and in the very part and act of public duty.
+
+\f24 Equivalently, we could write
+
+(define flipped-pairs
+(square-of-four identity flip-vert identity flip-vert))
+25 Rotate180 rotates a painter by 180 degrees (see exercise 2.50). Instead of rotate180 we
+
+could say (compose flip-vert flip-horiz), using the compose procedure from
+exercise 1.42.
+26 Frame-coord-map uses the vector operations described in exercise 2.46 below, which we
+
+assume have been implemented using some representation for vectors. Because of data abstraction, it
+doesn’t matter what this vector representation is, so long as the vector operations behave correctly.
+27 Segments->painter uses the representation for line segments described in exercise 2.48
+
+below. It also uses the for-each procedure described in exercise 2.23.
+28 For example, the rogers painter of figure 2.11 was constructed from a gray-level image. For each
+
+point in a given frame, the rogers painter determines the point in the image that is mapped to it
+under the frame coordinate map, and shades it accordingly. By allowing different types of painters, we
+are capitalizing on the abstract data idea discussed in section 2.1.3, where we argued that a
+rational-number representation could be anything at all that satisfies an appropriate condition. Here
+we’re using the fact that a painter can be implemented in any way at all, so long as it draws something
+in the designated frame. Section 2.1.3 also showed how pairs could be implemented as procedures.
+Painters are our second example of a procedural representation for data.
+29 Rotate90 is a pure rotation only for square frames, because it also stretches and shrinks the
+
+image to fit into the rotated frame.
+30 The diamond-shaped images in figures 2.10 and 2.11 were created with squash-inwards
+
+applied to wave and rogers.
+31 Section 3.3.4 describes one such language.
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+2.3 Symbolic Data
+All the compound data objects we have used so far were constructed ultimately from numbers. In this
+section we extend the representational capability of our language by introducing the ability to work
+with arbitrary symbols as data.
+
+2.3.1 Quotation
+If we can form compound data using symbols, we can have lists such as
+(a b c d)
+(23 45 17)
+((Norah 12) (Molly 9) (Anna 7) (Lauren 6) (Charlotte 4))
+Lists containing symbols can look just like the expressions of our language:
+(* (+ 23 45) (+ x 9))
+(define (fact n) (if (= n 1) 1 (* n (fact (- n 1)))))
+In order to manipulate symbols we need a new element in our language: the ability to quote a data
+object. Suppose we want to construct the list (a b). We can’t accomplish this with (list a b),
+because this expression constructs a list of the values of a and b rather than the symbols themselves.
+This issue is well known in the context of natural languages, where words and sentences may be
+regarded either as semantic entities or as character strings (syntactic entities). The common practice in
+natural languages is to use quotation marks to indicate that a word or a sentence is to be treated
+literally as a string of characters. For instance, the first letter of ‘‘John’’ is clearly ‘‘J.’’ If we tell
+somebody ‘‘say your name aloud,’’ we expect to hear that person’s name. However, if we tell
+somebody ‘‘say ‘your name’ aloud,’’ we expect to hear the words ‘‘your name.’’ Note that we are
+forced to nest quotation marks to describe what somebody else might say. 32
+We can follow this same practice to identify lists and symbols that are to be treated as data objects
+rather than as expressions to be evaluated. However, our format for quoting differs from that of natural
+languages in that we place a quotation mark (traditionally, the single quote symbol ’) only at the
+beginning of the object to be quoted. We can get away with this in Scheme syntax because we rely on
+blanks and parentheses to delimit objects. Thus, the meaning of the single quote character is to quote
+the next object. 33
+Now we can distinguish between symbols and their values:
+(define a 1)
+(define b 2)
+(list a b)
+(1 2)
+(list ’a ’b)
+(a b)
+(list ’a b)
+(a 2)
+
+\fQuotation also allows us to type in compound objects, using the conventional printed representation
+for lists: 34
+(car ’(a b c))
+a
+(cdr ’(a b c))
+(b c)
+In keeping with this, we can obtain the empty list by evaluating ’(), and thus dispense with the
+variable nil.
+One additional primitive used in manipulating symbols is eq?, which takes two symbols as arguments
+and tests whether they are the same. 35 Using eq?, we can implement a useful procedure called memq.
+This takes two arguments, a symbol and a list. If the symbol is not contained in the list (i.e., is not eq?
+to any item in the list), then memq returns false. Otherwise, it returns the sublist of the list beginning
+with the first occurrence of the symbol:
+(define (memq item x)
+(cond ((null? x) false)
+((eq? item (car x)) x)
+(else (memq item (cdr x)))))
+For example, the value of
+(memq ’apple ’(pear banana prune))
+is false, whereas the value of
+(memq ’apple ’(x (apple sauce) y apple pear))
+is (apple pear).
+Exercise 2.53. What would the interpreter print in response to evaluating each of the following
+expressions?
+(list ’a ’b ’c)
+(list (list ’george))
+(cdr ’((x1 x2) (y1 y2)))
+(cadr ’((x1 x2) (y1 y2)))
+(pair? (car ’(a short list)))
+(memq ’red ’((red shoes) (blue socks)))
+(memq ’red ’(red shoes blue socks))
+Exercise 2.54. Two lists are said to be equal? if they contain equal elements arranged in the same
+order. For example,
+(equal? ’(this is a list) ’(this is a list))
+is true, but
+(equal? ’(this is a list) ’(this (is a) list))
+
+\fis false. To be more precise, we can define equal? recursively in terms of the basic eq? equality of
+symbols by saying that a and b are equal? if they are both symbols and the symbols are eq?, or if
+they are both lists such that (car a) is equal? to (car b) and (cdr a) is equal? to (cdr
+b). Using this idea, implement equal? as a procedure. 36
+Exercise 2.55. Eva Lu Ator types to the interpreter the expression
+(car ’’abracadabra)
+To her surprise, the interpreter prints back quote. Explain.
+
+2.3.2 Example: Symbolic Differentiation
+As an illustration of symbol manipulation and a further illustration of data abstraction, consider the
+design of a procedure that performs symbolic differentiation of algebraic expressions. We would like
+the procedure to take as arguments an algebraic expression and a variable and to return the derivative
+of the expression with respect to the variable. For example, if the arguments to the procedure are ax 2
++ bx + c and x, the procedure should return 2ax + b. Symbolic differentiation is of special historical
+significance in Lisp. It was one of the motivating examples behind the development of a computer
+language for symbol manipulation. Furthermore, it marked the beginning of the line of research that
+led to the development of powerful systems for symbolic mathematical work, which are currently
+being used by a growing number of applied mathematicians and physicists.
+In developing the symbolic-differentiation program, we will follow the same strategy of data
+abstraction that we followed in developing the rational-number system of section 2.1.1. That is, we
+will first define a differentiation algorithm that operates on abstract objects such as ‘‘sums,’’
+‘‘products,’’ and ‘‘variables’’ without worrying about how these are to be represented. Only afterward
+will we address the representation problem.
+
+The differentiation program with abstract data
+In order to keep things simple, we will consider a very simple symbolic-differentiation program that
+handles expressions that are built up using only the operations of addition and multiplication with two
+arguments. Differentiation of any such expression can be carried out by applying the following
+reduction rules:
+
+Observe that the latter two rules are recursive in nature. That is, to obtain the derivative of a sum we
+first find the derivatives of the terms and add them. Each of the terms may in turn be an expression
+that needs to be decomposed. Decomposing into smaller and smaller pieces will eventually produce
+pieces that are either constants or variables, whose derivatives will be either 0 or 1.
+
+\fTo embody these rules in a procedure we indulge in a little wishful thinking, as we did in designing
+the rational-number implementation. If we had a means for representing algebraic expressions, we
+should be able to tell whether an expression is a sum, a product, a constant, or a variable. We should
+be able to extract the parts of an expression. For a sum, for example we want to be able to extract the
+addend (first term) and the augend (second term). We should also be able to construct expressions
+from parts. Let us assume that we already have procedures to implement the following selectors,
+constructors, and predicates:
+(variable? e)
+
+Is e a variable?
+
+(same-variable? v1 v2)
+
+Are v1 and v2 the same variable?
+
+(sum? e)
+
+Is e a sum?
+
+(addend e)
+
+Addend of the sum e.
+
+(augend e)
+
+Augend of the sum e.
+
+(make-sum a1 a2)
+
+Construct the sum of a1 and a2.
+
+(product? e)
+
+Is e a product?
+
+(multiplier e)
+
+Multiplier of the product e.
+
+(multiplicand e)
+
+Multiplicand of the product e.
+
+(make-product m1 m2)
+
+Construct the product of m1 and m2.
+
+Using these, and the primitive predicate number?, which identifies numbers, we can express the
+differentiation rules as the following procedure:
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp)
+(if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+((sum? exp)
+(make-sum (deriv (addend exp) var)
+(deriv (augend exp) var)))
+((product? exp)
+(make-sum
+(make-product (multiplier exp)
+(deriv (multiplicand exp) var))
+(make-product (deriv (multiplier exp) var)
+(multiplicand exp))))
+(else
+(error "unknown expression type -- DERIV" exp))))
+This deriv procedure incorporates the complete differentiation algorithm. Since it is expressed in
+terms of abstract data, it will work no matter how we choose to represent algebraic expressions, as
+long as we design a proper set of selectors and constructors. This is the issue we must address next.
+
+\fRepresenting algebraic expressions
+We can imagine many ways to use list structure to represent algebraic expressions. For example, we
+could use lists of symbols that mirror the usual algebraic notation, representing ax + b as the list (a *
+x + b). However, one especially straightforward choice is to use the same parenthesized prefix
+notation that Lisp uses for combinations; that is, to represent ax + b as (+ (* a x) b). Then our
+data representation for the differentiation problem is as follows:
+The variables are symbols. They are identified by the primitive predicate symbol?:
+(define (variable? x) (symbol? x))
+Two variables are the same if the symbols representing them are eq?:
+(define (same-variable? v1 v2)
+(and (variable? v1) (variable? v2) (eq? v1 v2)))
+Sums and products are constructed as lists:
+(define (make-sum a1 a2) (list ’+ a1 a2))
+(define (make-product m1 m2) (list ’* m1 m2))
+A sum is a list whose first element is the symbol +:
+(define (sum? x)
+(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) ’+)))
+The addend is the second item of the sum list:
+(define (addend s) (cadr s))
+The augend is the third item of the sum list:
+(define (augend s) (caddr s))
+A product is a list whose first element is the symbol *:
+(define (product? x)
+(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) ’*)))
+The multiplier is the second item of the product list:
+(define (multiplier p) (cadr p))
+The multiplicand is the third item of the product list:
+(define (multiplicand p) (caddr p))
+Thus, we need only combine these with the algorithm as embodied by deriv in order to have a
+working symbolic-differentiation program. Let us look at some examples of its behavior:
+
+\f(deriv ’(+ x 3) ’x)
+(+ 1 0)
+(deriv ’(* x y) ’x)
+(+ (* x 0) (* 1 y))
+(deriv ’(* (* x y) (+ x 3)) ’x)
+(+ (* (* x y) (+ 1 0))
+(* (+ (* x 0) (* 1 y))
+(+ x 3)))
+The program produces answers that are correct; however, they are unsimplified. It is true that
+
+but we would like the program to know that x · 0 = 0, 1 · y = y, and 0 + y = y. The answer for the
+second example should have been simply y. As the third example shows, this becomes a serious issue
+when the expressions are complex.
+Our difficulty is much like the one we encountered with the rational-number implementation: we
+haven’t reduced answers to simplest form. To accomplish the rational-number reduction, we needed to
+change only the constructors and the selectors of the implementation. We can adopt a similar strategy
+here. We won’t change deriv at all. Instead, we will change make-sum so that if both summands
+are numbers, make-sum will add them and return their sum. Also, if one of the summands is 0, then
+make-sum will return the other summand.
+(define (make-sum a1 a2)
+(cond ((=number? a1 0) a2)
+((=number? a2 0) a1)
+((and (number? a1) (number? a2)) (+ a1 a2))
+(else (list ’+ a1 a2))))
+This uses the procedure =number?, which checks whether an expression is equal to a given number:
+(define (=number? exp num)
+(and (number? exp) (= exp num)))
+Similarly, we will change make-product to build in the rules that 0 times anything is 0 and 1 times
+anything is the thing itself:
+(define (make-product m1 m2)
+(cond ((or (=number? m1 0) (=number? m2 0)) 0)
+((=number? m1 1) m2)
+((=number? m2 1) m1)
+((and (number? m1) (number? m2)) (* m1 m2))
+(else (list ’* m1 m2))))
+Here is how this version works on our three examples:
+(deriv ’(+ x 3) ’x)
+1
+(deriv ’(* x y) ’x)
+y
+
+\f(deriv ’(* (* x y) (+ x 3)) ’x)
+(+ (* x y) (* y (+ x 3)))
+Although this is quite an improvement, the third example shows that there is still a long way to go
+before we get a program that puts expressions into a form that we might agree is ‘‘simplest.’’ The
+problem of algebraic simplification is complex because, among other reasons, a form that may be
+simplest for one purpose may not be for another.
+Exercise 2.56. Show how to extend the basic differentiator to handle more kinds of expressions. For
+instance, implement the differentiation rule
+
+by adding a new clause to the deriv program and defining appropriate procedures
+exponentiation?, base, exponent, and make-exponentiation. (You may use the
+symbol ** to denote exponentiation.) Build in the rules that anything raised to the power 0 is 1 and
+anything raised to the power 1 is the thing itself.
+Exercise 2.57. Extend the differentiation program to handle sums and products of arbitrary numbers
+of (two or more) terms. Then the last example above could be expressed as
+(deriv ’(* x y (+ x 3)) ’x)
+Try to do this by changing only the representation for sums and products, without changing the
+deriv procedure at all. For example, the addend of a sum would be the first term, and the augend
+would be the sum of the rest of the terms.
+Exercise 2.58. Suppose we want to modify the differentiation program so that it works with ordinary
+mathematical notation, in which + and * are infix rather than prefix operators. Since the differentiation
+program is defined in terms of abstract data, we can modify it to work with different representations of
+expressions solely by changing the predicates, selectors, and constructors that define the representation
+of the algebraic expressions on which the differentiator is to operate.
+a. Show how to do this in order to differentiate algebraic expressions presented in infix form, such as
+(x + (3 * (x + (y + 2)))). To simplify the task, assume that + and * always take two
+arguments and that expressions are fully parenthesized.
+b. The problem becomes substantially harder if we allow standard algebraic notation, such as (x + 3
+* (x + y + 2)), which drops unnecessary parentheses and assumes that multiplication is done
+before addition. Can you design appropriate predicates, selectors, and constructors for this notation
+such that our derivative program still works?
+
+2.3.3 Example: Representing Sets
+In the previous examples we built representations for two kinds of compound data objects: rational
+numbers and algebraic expressions. In one of these examples we had the choice of simplifying
+(reducing) the expressions at either construction time or selection time, but other than that the choice
+of a representation for these structures in terms of lists was straightforward. When we turn to the
+representation of sets, the choice of a representation is not so obvious. Indeed, there are a number of
+possible representations, and they differ significantly from one another in several ways.
+
+\fInformally, a set is simply a collection of distinct objects. To give a more precise definition we can
+employ the method of data abstraction. That is, we define ‘‘set’’ by specifying the operations that are
+to be used on sets. These are union-set, intersection-set, element-of-set?, and
+adjoin-set. Element-of-set? is a predicate that determines whether a given element is a
+member of a set. Adjoin-set takes an object and a set as arguments and returns a set that contains
+the elements of the original set and also the adjoined element. Union-set computes the union of two
+sets, which is the set containing each element that appears in either argument. Intersection-set
+computes the intersection of two sets, which is the set containing only elements that appear in both
+arguments. From the viewpoint of data abstraction, we are free to design any representation that
+implements these operations in a way consistent with the interpretations given above. 37
+
+Sets as unordered lists
+One way to represent a set is as a list of its elements in which no element appears more than once. The
+empty set is represented by the empty list. In this representation, element-of-set? is similar to
+the procedure memq of section 2.3.1. It uses equal? instead of eq? so that the set elements need not
+be symbols:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((equal? x (car set)) true)
+(else (element-of-set? x (cdr set)))))
+Using this, we can write adjoin-set. If the object to be adjoined is already in the set, we just return
+the set. Otherwise, we use cons to add the object to the list that represents the set:
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(if (element-of-set? x set)
+set
+(cons x set)))
+For intersection-set we can use a recursive strategy. If we know how to form the intersection
+of set2 and the cdr of set1, we only need to decide whether to include the car of set1 in this.
+But this depends on whether (car set1) is also in set2. Here is the resulting procedure:
+(define (intersection-set set1 set2)
+(cond ((or (null? set1) (null? set2)) ’())
+((element-of-set? (car set1) set2)
+(cons (car set1)
+(intersection-set (cdr set1) set2)))
+(else (intersection-set (cdr set1) set2))))
+In designing a representation, one of the issues we should be concerned with is efficiency. Consider
+the number of steps required by our set operations. Since they all use element-of-set?, the speed
+of this operation has a major impact on the efficiency of the set implementation as a whole. Now, in
+order to check whether an object is a member of a set, element-of-set? may have to scan the
+entire set. (In the worst case, the object turns out not to be in the set.) Hence, if the set has n elements,
+element-of-set? might take up to n steps. Thus, the number of steps required grows as (n).
+The number of steps required by adjoin-set, which uses this operation, also grows as (n). For
+intersection-set, which does an element-of-set? check for each element of set1, the
+number of steps required grows as the product of the sizes of the sets involved, or (n 2 ) for two sets
+of size n. The same will be true of union-set.
+
+\fExercise 2.59. Implement the union-set operation for the unordered-list representation of sets.
+Exercise 2.60. We specified that a set would be represented as a list with no duplicates. Now suppose
+we allow duplicates. For instance, the set {1,2,3} could be represented as the list (2 3 2 1 3 2
+2). Design procedures element-of-set?, adjoin-set, union-set, and
+intersection-set that operate on this representation. How does the efficiency of each compare
+with the corresponding procedure for the non-duplicate representation? Are there applications for
+which you would use this representation in preference to the non-duplicate one?
+
+Sets as ordered lists
+One way to speed up our set operations is to change the representation so that the set elements are
+listed in increasing order. To do this, we need some way to compare two objects so that we can say
+which is bigger. For example, we could compare symbols lexicographically, or we could agree on
+some method for assigning a unique number to an object and then compare the elements by comparing
+the corresponding numbers. To keep our discussion simple, we will consider only the case where the
+set elements are numbers, so that we can compare elements using > and <. We will represent a set of
+numbers by listing its elements in increasing order. Whereas our first representation above allowed us
+to represent the set {1,3,6,10} by listing the elements in any order, our new representation allows only
+the list (1 3 6 10).
+One advantage of ordering shows up in element-of-set?: In checking for the presence of an
+item, we no longer have to scan the entire set. If we reach a set element that is larger than the item we
+are looking for, then we know that the item is not in the set:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((= x (car set)) true)
+((< x (car set)) false)
+(else (element-of-set? x (cdr set)))))
+How many steps does this save? In the worst case, the item we are looking for may be the largest one
+in the set, so the number of steps is the same as for the unordered representation. On the other hand, if
+we search for items of many different sizes we can expect that sometimes we will be able to stop
+searching at a point near the beginning of the list and that other times we will still need to examine
+most of the list. On the average we should expect to have to examine about half of the items in the set.
+Thus, the average number of steps required will be about n/2. This is still (n) growth, but it does
+save us, on the average, a factor of 2 in number of steps over the previous implementation.
+We obtain a more impressive speedup with intersection-set. In the unordered representation
+this operation required (n 2 ) steps, because we performed a complete scan of set2 for each element
+of set1. But with the ordered representation, we can use a more clever method. Begin by comparing
+the initial elements, x1 and x2, of the two sets. If x1 equals x2, then that gives an element of the
+intersection, and the rest of the intersection is the intersection of the cdrs of the two sets. Suppose,
+however, that x1 is less than x2. Since x2 is the smallest element in set2, we can immediately
+conclude that x1 cannot appear anywhere in set2 and hence is not in the intersection. Hence, the
+intersection is equal to the intersection of set2 with the cdr of set1. Similarly, if x2 is less than
+x1, then the intersection is given by the intersection of set1 with the cdr of set2. Here is the
+procedure:
+
+\f(define (intersection-set set1 set2)
+(if (or (null? set1) (null? set2))
+’()
+(let ((x1 (car set1)) (x2 (car set2)))
+(cond ((= x1 x2)
+(cons x1
+(intersection-set (cdr set1)
+(cdr set2))))
+((< x1 x2)
+(intersection-set (cdr set1) set2))
+((< x2 x1)
+(intersection-set set1 (cdr set2)))))))
+To estimate the number of steps required by this process, observe that at each step we reduce the
+intersection problem to computing intersections of smaller sets -- removing the first element from
+set1 or set2 or both. Thus, the number of steps required is at most the sum of the sizes of set1
+and set2, rather than the product of the sizes as with the unordered representation. This is (n)
+growth rather than (n 2 ) -- a considerable speedup, even for sets of moderate size.
+Exercise 2.61. Give an implementation of adjoin-set using the ordered representation. By
+analogy with element-of-set? show how to take advantage of the ordering to produce a
+procedure that requires on the average about half as many steps as with the unordered representation.
+Exercise 2.62. Give a
+
+(n) implementation of union-set for sets represented as ordered lists.
+
+Sets as binary trees
+We can do better than the ordered-list representation by arranging the set elements in the form of a
+tree. Each node of the tree holds one element of the set, called the ‘‘entry’’ at that node, and a link to
+each of two other (possibly empty) nodes. The ‘‘left’’ link points to elements smaller than the one at
+the node, and the ‘‘right’’ link to elements greater than the one at the node. Figure 2.16 shows some
+trees that represent the set {1,3,5,7,9,11}. The same set may be represented by a tree in a number of
+different ways. The only thing we require for a valid representation is that all elements in the left
+subtree be smaller than the node entry and that all elements in the right subtree be larger.
+
+Figure 2.16: Various binary trees that represent the set { 1,3,5,7,9,11 }.
+Figure 2.16: Various binary trees that represent the set { 1,3,5,7,9,11 }.
+
+\fThe advantage of the tree representation is this: Suppose we want to check whether a number x is
+contained in a set. We begin by comparing x with the entry in the top node. If x is less than this, we
+know that we need only search the left subtree; if x is greater, we need only search the right subtree.
+Now, if the tree is ‘‘balanced,’’ each of these subtrees will be about half the size of the original. Thus,
+in one step we have reduced the problem of searching a tree of size n to searching a tree of size n/2.
+Since the size of the tree is halved at each step, we should expect that the number of steps needed to
+search a tree of size n grows as (log n). 38 For large sets, this will be a significant speedup over the
+previous representations.
+We can represent trees by using lists. Each node will be a list of three items: the entry at the node, the
+left subtree, and the right subtree. A left or a right subtree of the empty list will indicate that there is no
+subtree connected there. We can describe this representation by the following procedures: 39
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(list
+
+(entry tree) (car tree))
+(left-branch tree) (cadr tree))
+(right-branch tree) (caddr tree))
+(make-tree entry left right)
+entry left right))
+
+Now we can write the element-of-set? procedure using the strategy described above:
+(define (element-of-set? x set)
+(cond ((null? set) false)
+((= x (entry set)) true)
+((< x (entry set))
+(element-of-set? x (left-branch set)))
+((> x (entry set))
+(element-of-set? x (right-branch set)))))
+Adjoining an item to a set is implemented similarly and also requires (log n) steps. To adjoin an
+item x, we compare x with the node entry to determine whether x should be added to the right or to
+the left branch, and having adjoined x to the appropriate branch we piece this newly constructed
+branch together with the original entry and the other branch. If x is equal to the entry, we just return
+the node. If we are asked to adjoin x to an empty tree, we generate a tree that has x as the entry and
+empty right and left branches. Here is the procedure:
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(cond ((null? set) (make-tree x ’() ’()))
+((= x (entry set)) set)
+((< x (entry set))
+(make-tree (entry set)
+(adjoin-set x (left-branch set))
+(right-branch set)))
+((> x (entry set))
+(make-tree (entry set)
+(left-branch set)
+(adjoin-set x (right-branch set))))))
+The above claim that searching the tree can be performed in a logarithmic number of steps rests on the
+assumption that the tree is ‘‘balanced,’’ i.e., that the left and the right subtree of every tree have
+approximately the same number of elements, so that each subtree contains about half the elements of
+its parent. But how can we be certain that the trees we construct will be balanced? Even if we start
+
+\fwith a balanced tree, adding elements with adjoin-set may produce an unbalanced result. Since
+the position of a newly adjoined element depends on how the element compares with the items already
+in the set, we can expect that if we add elements ‘‘randomly’’ the tree will tend to be balanced on the
+average. But this is not a guarantee. For example, if we start with an empty set and adjoin the numbers
+1 through 7 in sequence we end up with the highly unbalanced tree shown in figure 2.17. In this tree
+all the left subtrees are empty, so it has no advantage over a simple ordered list. One way to solve this
+problem is to define an operation that transforms an arbitrary tree into a balanced tree with the same
+elements. Then we can perform this transformation after every few adjoin-set operations to keep
+our set in balance. There are also other ways to solve this problem, most of which involve designing
+new data structures for which searching and insertion both can be done in (log n) steps. 40
+
+Figure 2.17: Unbalanced tree produced by adjoining 1 through 7 in sequence.
+Figure 2.17: Unbalanced tree produced by adjoining 1 through 7 in sequence.
+Exercise 2.63. Each of the following two procedures converts a binary tree to a list.
+(define (tree->list-1 tree)
+(if (null? tree)
+’()
+(append (tree->list-1 (left-branch tree))
+(cons (entry tree)
+(tree->list-1 (right-branch tree))))))
+(define (tree->list-2 tree)
+(define (copy-to-list tree result-list)
+(if (null? tree)
+result-list
+(copy-to-list (left-branch tree)
+(cons (entry tree)
+(copy-to-list (right-branch tree)
+result-list)))))
+(copy-to-list tree ’()))
+a. Do the two procedures produce the same result for every tree? If not, how do the results differ?
+What lists do the two procedures produce for the trees in figure 2.16?
+
+\fb. Do the two procedures have the same order of growth in the number of steps required to convert a
+balanced tree with n elements to a list? If not, which one grows more slowly?
+Exercise 2.64. The following procedure list->tree converts an ordered list to a balanced binary
+tree. The helper procedure partial-tree takes as arguments an integer n and list of at least n
+elements and constructs a balanced tree containing the first n elements of the list. The result returned
+by partial-tree is a pair (formed with cons) whose car is the constructed tree and whose cdr
+is the list of elements not included in the tree.
+(define (list->tree elements)
+(car (partial-tree elements (length elements))))
+(define (partial-tree elts n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(cons ’() elts)
+(let ((left-size (quotient (- n 1) 2)))
+(let ((left-result (partial-tree elts left-size)))
+(let ((left-tree (car left-result))
+(non-left-elts (cdr left-result))
+(right-size (- n (+ left-size 1))))
+(let ((this-entry (car non-left-elts))
+(right-result (partial-tree (cdr non-left-elts)
+right-size)))
+(let ((right-tree (car right-result))
+(remaining-elts (cdr right-result)))
+(cons (make-tree this-entry left-tree right-tree)
+remaining-elts))))))))
+a. Write a short paragraph explaining as clearly as you can how partial-tree works. Draw the
+tree produced by list->tree for the list (1 3 5 7 9 11).
+b. What is the order of growth in the number of steps required by list->tree to convert a list of n
+elements?
+Exercise 2.65. Use the results of exercises 2.63 and 2.64 to give (n) implementations of
+union-set and intersection-set for sets implemented as (balanced) binary trees. 41
+
+Sets and information retrieval
+We have examined options for using lists to represent sets and have seen how the choice of
+representation for a data object can have a large impact on the performance of the programs that use
+the data. Another reason for concentrating on sets is that the techniques discussed here appear again
+and again in applications involving information retrieval.
+Consider a data base containing a large number of individual records, such as the personnel files for a
+company or the transactions in an accounting system. A typical data-management system spends a
+large amount of time accessing or modifying the data in the records and therefore requires an efficient
+method for accessing records. This is done by identifying a part of each record to serve as an
+identifying key. A key can be anything that uniquely identifies the record. For a personnel file, it might
+be an employee’s ID number. For an accounting system, it might be a transaction number. Whatever
+the key is, when we define the record as a data structure we should include a key selector procedure
+that retrieves the key associated with a given record.
+
+\fNow we represent the data base as a set of records. To locate the record with a given key we use a
+procedure lookup, which takes as arguments a key and a data base and which returns the record that
+has that key, or false if there is no such record. Lookup is implemented in almost the same way as
+element-of-set?. For example, if the set of records is implemented as an unordered list, we
+could use
+(define (lookup given-key set-of-records)
+(cond ((null? set-of-records) false)
+((equal? given-key (key (car set-of-records)))
+(car set-of-records))
+(else (lookup given-key (cdr set-of-records)))))
+Of course, there are better ways to represent large sets than as unordered lists. Information-retrieval
+systems in which records have to be ‘‘randomly accessed’’ are typically implemented by a tree-based
+method, such as the binary-tree representation discussed previously. In designing such a system the
+methodology of data abstraction can be a great help. The designer can create an initial implementation
+using a simple, straightforward representation such as unordered lists. This will be unsuitable for the
+eventual system, but it can be useful in providing a ‘‘quick and dirty’’ data base with which to test the
+rest of the system. Later on, the data representation can be modified to be more sophisticated. If the
+data base is accessed in terms of abstract selectors and constructors, this change in representation will
+not require any changes to the rest of the system.
+Exercise 2.66. Implement the lookup procedure for the case where the set of records is structured as
+a binary tree, ordered by the numerical values of the keys.
+
+2.3.4 Example: Huffman Encoding Trees
+This section provides practice in the use of list structure and data abstraction to manipulate sets and
+trees. The application is to methods for representing data as sequences of ones and zeros (bits). For
+example, the ASCII standard code used to represent text in computers encodes each character as a
+sequence of seven bits. Using seven bits allows us to distinguish 2 7 , or 128, possible different
+characters. In general, if we want to distinguish n different symbols, we will need to use log 2 n bits
+per symbol. If all our messages are made up of the eight symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, we can
+choose a code with three bits per character, for example
+A 000
+
+C 010
+
+E 100
+
+G 110
+
+B 001
+
+D 011
+
+F 101
+
+H 111
+
+With this code, the message
+BACADAEAFABBAAAGAH
+is encoded as the string of 54 bits
+001000010000011000100000101000001001000000000110000111
+Codes such as ASCII and the A-through-H code above are known as fixed-length codes, because they
+represent each symbol in the message with the same number of bits. It is sometimes advantageous to
+use variable-length codes, in which different symbols may be represented by different numbers of bits.
+For example, Morse code does not use the same number of dots and dashes for each letter of the
+
+\falphabet. In particular, E, the most frequent letter, is represented by a single dot. In general, if our
+messages are such that some symbols appear very frequently and some very rarely, we can encode
+data more efficiently (i.e., using fewer bits per message) if we assign shorter codes to the frequent
+symbols. Consider the following alternative code for the letters A through H:
+A0
+
+C 1010
+
+E 1100
+
+G 1110
+
+B 100
+
+D 1011
+
+F 1101
+
+H 1111
+
+With this code, the same message as above is encoded as the string
+100010100101101100011010100100000111001111
+This string contains 42 bits, so it saves more than 20% in space in comparison with the fixed-length
+code shown above.
+One of the difficulties of using a variable-length code is knowing when you have reached the end of a
+symbol in reading a sequence of zeros and ones. Morse code solves this problem by using a special
+separator code (in this case, a pause) after the sequence of dots and dashes for each letter. Another
+solution is to design the code in such a way that no complete code for any symbol is the beginning (or
+prefix) of the code for another symbol. Such a code is called a prefix code. In the example above, A is
+encoded by 0 and B is encoded by 100, so no other symbol can have a code that begins with 0 or with
+100.
+In general, we can attain significant savings if we use variable-length prefix codes that take advantage
+of the relative frequencies of the symbols in the messages to be encoded. One particular scheme for
+doing this is called the Huffman encoding method, after its discoverer, David Huffman. A Huffman
+code can be represented as a binary tree whose leaves are the symbols that are encoded. At each
+non-leaf node of the tree there is a set containing all the symbols in the leaves that lie below the node.
+In addition, each symbol at a leaf is assigned a weight (which is its relative frequency), and each
+non-leaf node contains a weight that is the sum of all the weights of the leaves lying below it. The
+weights are not used in the encoding or the decoding process. We will see below how they are used to
+help construct the tree.
+
+\fFigure 2.18: A Huffman encoding tree.
+Figure 2.18: A Huffman encoding tree.
+Figure 2.18 shows the Huffman tree for the A-through-H code given above. The weights at the leaves
+indicate that the tree was designed for messages in which A appears with relative frequency 8, B with
+relative frequency 3, and the other letters each with relative frequency 1.
+Given a Huffman tree, we can find the encoding of any symbol by starting at the root and moving
+down until we reach the leaf that holds the symbol. Each time we move down a left branch we add a 0
+to the code, and each time we move down a right branch we add a 1. (We decide which branch to
+follow by testing to see which branch either is the leaf node for the symbol or contains the symbol in
+its set.) For example, starting from the root of the tree in figure 2.18, we arrive at the leaf for D by
+following a right branch, then a left branch, then a right branch, then a right branch; hence, the code
+for D is 1011.
+To decode a bit sequence using a Huffman tree, we begin at the root and use the successive zeros and
+ones of the bit sequence to determine whether to move down the left or the right branch. Each time we
+come to a leaf, we have generated a new symbol in the message, at which point we start over from the
+root of the tree to find the next symbol. For example, suppose we are given the tree above and the
+sequence 10001010. Starting at the root, we move down the right branch, (since the first bit of the
+string is 1), then down the left branch (since the second bit is 0), then down the left branch (since the
+third bit is also 0). This brings us to the leaf for B, so the first symbol of the decoded message is B.
+Now we start again at the root, and we make a left move because the next bit in the string is 0. This
+brings us to the leaf for A. Then we start again at the root with the rest of the string 1010, so we move
+right, left, right, left and reach C. Thus, the entire message is BAC.
+
+Generating Huffman trees
+Given an ‘‘alphabet’’ of symbols and their relative frequencies, how do we construct the ‘‘best’’ code?
+(In other words, which tree will encode messages with the fewest bits?) Huffman gave an algorithm
+for doing this and showed that the resulting code is indeed the best variable-length code for messages
+where the relative frequency of the symbols matches the frequencies with which the code was
+
+\fconstructed. We will not prove this optimality of Huffman codes here, but we will show how Huffman
+trees are constructed. 42
+The algorithm for generating a Huffman tree is very simple. The idea is to arrange the tree so that the
+symbols with the lowest frequency appear farthest away from the root. Begin with the set of leaf
+nodes, containing symbols and their frequencies, as determined by the initial data from which the code
+is to be constructed. Now find two leaves with the lowest weights and merge them to produce a node
+that has these two nodes as its left and right branches. The weight of the new node is the sum of the
+two weights. Remove the two leaves from the original set and replace them by this new node. Now
+continue this process. At each step, merge two nodes with the smallest weights, removing them from
+the set and replacing them with a node that has these two as its left and right branches. The process
+stops when there is only one node left, which is the root of the entire tree. Here is how the Huffman
+tree of figure 2.18 was generated:
+Initial leaves
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) (C 1) (D 1) (E 1) (F 1) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) (E 1) (F 1) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F} 2) (G 1) (H 1)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F} 2) ({G H} 2)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) (B 3) ({C D} 2) ({E F G H} 4)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) ({B C D} 5) ({E F G H} 4)}
+
+Merge
+
+{(A 8) ({B C D E F G H} 9)}
+
+Final merge
+
+{({A B C D E F G H} 17)}
+
+The algorithm does not always specify a unique tree, because there may not be unique smallest-weight
+nodes at each step. Also, the choice of the order in which the two nodes are merged (i.e., which will be
+the right branch and which will be the left branch) is arbitrary.
+
+Representing Huffman trees
+In the exercises below we will work with a system that uses Huffman trees to encode and decode
+messages and generates Huffman trees according to the algorithm outlined above. We will begin by
+discussing how trees are represented.
+Leaves of the tree are represented by a list consisting of the symbol leaf, the symbol at the leaf, and
+the weight:
+(define (make-leaf symbol weight)
+(list ’leaf symbol weight))
+(define (leaf? object)
+(eq? (car object) ’leaf))
+(define (symbol-leaf x) (cadr x))
+(define (weight-leaf x) (caddr x))
+
+\fA general tree will be a list of a left branch, a right branch, a set of symbols, and a weight. The set of
+symbols will be simply a list of the symbols, rather than some more sophisticated set representation.
+When we make a tree by merging two nodes, we obtain the weight of the tree as the sum of the
+weights of the nodes, and the set of symbols as the union of the sets of symbols for the nodes. Since
+our symbol sets are represented as lists, we can form the union by using the append procedure we
+defined in section 2.2.1:
+(define (make-code-tree left right)
+(list left
+right
+(append (symbols left) (symbols right))
+(+ (weight left) (weight right))))
+If we make a tree in this way, we have the following selectors:
+(define (left-branch tree) (car tree))
+(define (right-branch tree) (cadr tree))
+(define (symbols tree)
+(if (leaf? tree)
+(list (symbol-leaf tree))
+(caddr tree)))
+(define (weight tree)
+(if (leaf? tree)
+(weight-leaf tree)
+(cadddr tree)))
+The procedures symbols and weight must do something slightly different depending on whether
+they are called with a leaf or a general tree. These are simple examples of generic procedures
+(procedures that can handle more than one kind of data), which we will have much more to say about
+in sections 2.4 and 2.5.
+
+The decoding procedure
+The following procedure implements the decoding algorithm. It takes as arguments a list of zeros and
+ones, together with a Huffman tree.
+(define (decode bits tree)
+(define (decode-1 bits current-branch)
+(if (null? bits)
+’()
+(let ((next-branch
+(choose-branch (car bits) current-branch)))
+(if (leaf? next-branch)
+(cons (symbol-leaf next-branch)
+(decode-1 (cdr bits) tree))
+(decode-1 (cdr bits) next-branch)))))
+(decode-1 bits tree))
+(define (choose-branch bit branch)
+(cond ((= bit 0) (left-branch branch))
+((= bit 1) (right-branch branch))
+(else (error "bad bit -- CHOOSE-BRANCH" bit))))
+
+\fThe procedure decode-1 takes two arguments: the list of remaining bits and the current position in
+the tree. It keeps moving ‘‘down’’ the tree, choosing a left or a right branch according to whether the
+next bit in the list is a zero or a one. (This is done with the procedure choose-branch.) When it
+reaches a leaf, it returns the symbol at that leaf as the next symbol in the message by consing it onto
+the result of decoding the rest of the message, starting at the root of the tree. Note the error check in
+the final clause of choose-branch, which complains if the procedure finds something other than a
+zero or a one in the input data.
+
+Sets of weighted elements
+In our representation of trees, each non-leaf node contains a set of symbols, which we have
+represented as a simple list. However, the tree-generating algorithm discussed above requires that we
+also work with sets of leaves and trees, successively merging the two smallest items. Since we will be
+required to repeatedly find the smallest item in a set, it is convenient to use an ordered representation
+for this kind of set.
+We will represent a set of leaves and trees as a list of elements, arranged in increasing order of weight.
+The following adjoin-set procedure for constructing sets is similar to the one described in
+exercise 2.61; however, items are compared by their weights, and the element being added to the set is
+never already in it.
+(define (adjoin-set x set)
+(cond ((null? set) (list x))
+((< (weight x) (weight (car set))) (cons x set))
+(else (cons (car set)
+(adjoin-set x (cdr set))))))
+The following procedure takes a list of symbol-frequency pairs such as ((A 4) (B 2) (C 1) (D
+1)) and constructs an initial ordered set of leaves, ready to be merged according to the Huffman
+algorithm:
+(define (make-leaf-set pairs)
+(if (null? pairs)
+’()
+(let ((pair (car pairs)))
+(adjoin-set (make-leaf (car pair)
+; symbol
+(cadr pair)) ; frequency
+(make-leaf-set (cdr pairs))))))
+Exercise 2.67. Define an encoding tree and a sample message:
+(define sample-tree
+(make-code-tree (make-leaf ’A 4)
+(make-code-tree
+(make-leaf ’B 2)
+(make-code-tree (make-leaf ’D 1)
+(make-leaf ’C 1)))))
+(define sample-message ’(0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0))
+
+\fUse the decode procedure to decode the message, and give the result.
+Exercise 2.68. The encode procedure takes as arguments a message and a tree and produces the list
+of bits that gives the encoded message.
+(define (encode message tree)
+(if (null? message)
+’()
+(append (encode-symbol (car message) tree)
+(encode (cdr message) tree))))
+Encode-symbol is a procedure, which you must write, that returns the list of bits that encodes a
+given symbol according to a given tree. You should design encode-symbol so that it signals an
+error if the symbol is not in the tree at all. Test your procedure by encoding the result you obtained in
+exercise 2.67 with the sample tree and seeing whether it is the same as the original sample message.
+Exercise 2.69. The following procedure takes as its argument a list of symbol-frequency pairs (where
+no symbol appears in more than one pair) and generates a Huffman encoding tree according to the
+Huffman algorithm.
+(define (generate-huffman-tree pairs)
+(successive-merge (make-leaf-set pairs)))
+Make-leaf-set is the procedure given above that transforms the list of pairs into an ordered set of
+leaves. Successive-merge is the procedure you must write, using make-code-tree to
+successively merge the smallest-weight elements of the set until there is only one element left, which
+is the desired Huffman tree. (This procedure is slightly tricky, but not really complicated. If you find
+yourself designing a complex procedure, then you are almost certainly doing something wrong. You
+can take significant advantage of the fact that we are using an ordered set representation.)
+Exercise 2.70. The following eight-symbol alphabet with associated relative frequencies was
+designed to efficiently encode the lyrics of 1950s rock songs. (Note that the ‘‘symbols’’ of an
+‘‘alphabet’’ need not be individual letters.)
+A
+
+2
+
+NA
+
+16
+
+BOOM
+
+1
+
+SHA
+
+3
+
+GET
+
+2
+
+YIP
+
+9
+
+JOB
+
+2
+
+WAH
+
+1
+
+Use generate-huffman-tree (exercise 2.69) to generate a corresponding Huffman tree, and use
+encode (exercise 2.68) to encode the following message:
+Get a job
+Sha na na na na na na na na
+Get a job
+
+\fSha na na na na na na na na
+Wah yip yip yip yip yip yip yip yip yip
+Sha boom
+How many bits are required for the encoding? What is the smallest number of bits that would be
+needed to encode this song if we used a fixed-length code for the eight-symbol alphabet?
+Exercise 2.71. Suppose we have a Huffman tree for an alphabet of n symbols, and that the relative
+frequencies of the symbols are 1, 2, 4, ..., 2 n-1 . Sketch the tree for n=5; for n=10. In such a tree (for
+general n) how may bits are required to encode the most frequent symbol? the least frequent symbol?
+Exercise 2.72. Consider the encoding procedure that you designed in exercise 2.68. What is the order
+of growth in the number of steps needed to encode a symbol? Be sure to include the number of steps
+needed to search the symbol list at each node encountered. To answer this question in general is
+difficult. Consider the special case where the relative frequencies of the n symbols are as described in
+exercise 2.71, and give the order of growth (as a function of n) of the number of steps needed to
+encode the most frequent and least frequent symbols in the alphabet.
+32 Allowing quotation in a language wreaks havoc with the ability to reason about the language in
+
+simple terms, because it destroys the notion that equals can be substituted for equals. For example,
+three is one plus two, but the word ‘‘three’’ is not the phrase ‘‘one plus two.’’ Quotation is powerful
+because it gives us a way to build expressions that manipulate other expressions (as we will see when
+we write an interpreter in chapter 4). But allowing statements in a language that talk about other
+statements in that language makes it very difficult to maintain any coherent principle of what ‘‘equals
+can be substituted for equals’’ should mean. For example, if we know that the evening star is the
+morning star, then from the statement ‘‘the evening star is Venus’’ we can deduce ‘‘the morning star is
+Venus.’’ However, given that ‘‘John knows that the evening star is Venus’’ we cannot infer that ‘‘John
+knows that the morning star is Venus.’’
+33 The single quote is different from the double quote we have been using to enclose character strings
+
+to be printed. Whereas the single quote can be used to denote lists or symbols, the double quote is used
+only with character strings. In this book, the only use for character strings is as items to be printed.
+34 Strictly, our use of the quotation mark violates the general rule that all compound expressions in
+
+our language should be delimited by parentheses and look like lists. We can recover this consistency
+by introducing a special form quote, which serves the same purpose as the quotation mark. Thus, we
+would type (quote a) instead of ’a, and we would type (quote (a b c)) instead of ’(a b
+c). This is precisely how the interpreter works. The quotation mark is just a single-character
+abbreviation for wrapping the next complete expression with quote to form (quote
+<expression>). This is important because it maintains the principle that any expression seen by
+the interpreter can be manipulated as a data object. For instance, we could construct the expression
+(car ’(a b c)), which is the same as (car (quote (a b c))), by evaluating
+(list ’car (list ’quote ’(a b c))).
+35 We can consider two symbols to be ‘‘the same’’ if they consist of the same characters in the same
+
+order. Such a definition skirts a deep issue that we are not yet ready to address: the meaning of
+‘‘sameness’’ in a programming language. We will return to this in chapter 3 (section 3.1.3).
+
+\f36 In practice, programmers use equal? to compare lists that contain numbers as well as symbols.
+
+Numbers are not considered to be symbols. The question of whether two numerically equal numbers
+(as tested by =) are also eq? is highly implementation-dependent. A better definition of equal?
+(such as the one that comes as a primitive in Scheme) would also stipulate that if a and b are both
+numbers, then a and b are equal? if they are numerically equal.
+37 If we want to be more formal, we can specify ‘‘consistent with the interpretations given above’’ to
+
+mean that the operations satisfy a collection of rules such as these:
+For any set S and any object x, (element-of-set? x (adjoin-set x S)) is true
+(informally: ‘‘Adjoining an object to a set produces a set that contains the object’’).
+For any sets S and T and any object x, (element-of-set? x (union-set S T)) is
+equal to (or (element-of-set? x S) (element-of-set? x T)) (informally:
+‘‘The elements of (union S T) are the elements that are in S or in T’’).
+For any object x, (element-of-set? x ’()) is false (informally: ‘‘No object is an
+element of the empty set’’).
+38 Halving the size of the problem at each step is the distinguishing characteristic of logarithmic
+
+growth, as we saw with the fast-exponentiation algorithm of section 1.2.4 and the half-interval search
+method of section 1.3.3.
+39 We are representing sets in terms of trees, and trees in terms of lists -- in effect, a data abstraction
+
+built upon a data abstraction. We can regard the procedures entry, left-branch,
+right-branch, and make-tree as a way of isolating the abstraction of a ‘‘binary tree’’ from the
+particular way we might wish to represent such a tree in terms of list structure.
+40 Examples of such structures include B-trees and red-black trees. There is a large literature on data
+
+structures devoted to this problem. See Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest 1990.
+41 Exercises 2.63-2.65 are due to Paul Hilfinger.
+42 See Hamming 1980 for a discussion of the mathematical properties of Huffman codes.
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+2.4 Multiple Representations for Abstract Data
+We have introduced data abstraction, a methodology for structuring systems in such a way that much
+of a program can be specified independent of the choices involved in implementing the data objects
+that the program manipulates. For example, we saw in section 2.1.1 how to separate the task of
+designing a program that uses rational numbers from the task of implementing rational numbers in
+terms of the computer language’s primitive mechanisms for constructing compound data. The key idea
+was to erect an abstraction barrier -- in this case, the selectors and constructors for rational numbers
+(make-rat, numer, denom) -- that isolates the way rational numbers are used from their underlying
+representation in terms of list structure. A similar abstraction barrier isolates the details of the
+procedures that perform rational arithmetic (add-rat, sub-rat, mul-rat, and div-rat) from
+the ‘‘higher-level’’ procedures that use rational numbers. The resulting program has the structure
+shown in figure 2.1.
+These data-abstraction barriers are powerful tools for controlling complexity. By isolating the
+underlying representations of data objects, we can divide the task of designing a large program into
+smaller tasks that can be performed separately. But this kind of data abstraction is not yet powerful
+enough, because it may not always make sense to speak of ‘‘the underlying representation’’ for a data
+object.
+For one thing, there might be more than one useful representation for a data object, and we might like
+to design systems that can deal with multiple representations. To take a simple example, complex
+numbers may be represented in two almost equivalent ways: in rectangular form (real and imaginary
+parts) and in polar form (magnitude and angle). Sometimes rectangular form is more appropriate and
+sometimes polar form is more appropriate. Indeed, it is perfectly plausible to imagine a system in
+which complex numbers are represented in both ways, and in which the procedures for manipulating
+complex numbers work with either representation.
+More importantly, programming systems are often designed by many people working over extended
+periods of time, subject to requirements that change over time. In such an environment, it is simply not
+possible for everyone to agree in advance on choices of data representation. So in addition to the
+data-abstraction barriers that isolate representation from use, we need abstraction barriers that isolate
+different design choices from each other and permit different choices to coexist in a single program.
+Furthermore, since large programs are often created by combining pre-existing modules that were
+designed in isolation, we need conventions that permit programmers to incorporate modules into larger
+systems additively, that is, without having to redesign or reimplement these modules.
+In this section, we will learn how to cope with data that may be represented in different ways by
+different parts of a program. This requires constructing generic procedures -- procedures that can
+operate on data that may be represented in more than one way. Our main technique for building
+generic procedures will be to work in terms of data objects that have type tags, that is, data objects that
+include explicit information about how they are to be processed. We will also discuss data-directed
+programming, a powerful and convenient implementation strategy for additively assembling systems
+with generic operations.
+We begin with the simple complex-number example. We will see how type tags and data-directed
+style enable us to design separate rectangular and polar representations for complex numbers while
+maintaining the notion of an abstract ‘‘complex-number’’ data object. We will accomplish this by
+defining arithmetic procedures for complex numbers (add-complex, sub-complex,
+
+\fmul-complex, and div-complex) in terms of generic selectors that access parts of a complex
+number independent of how the number is represented. The resulting complex-number system, as
+shown in figure 2.19, contains two different kinds of abstraction barriers. The ‘‘horizontal’’
+abstraction barriers play the same role as the ones in figure 2.1. They isolate ‘‘higher-level’’
+operations from ‘‘lower-level’’ representations. In addition, there is a ‘‘vertical’’ barrier that gives us
+the ability to separately design and install alternative representations.
+
+Figure 2.19: Data-abstraction barriers in the complex-number system.
+Figure 2.19: Data-abstraction barriers in the complex-number system.
+In section 2.5 we will show how to use type tags and data-directed style to develop a generic
+arithmetic package. This provides procedures (add, mul, and so on) that can be used to manipulate all
+sorts of ‘‘numbers’’ and can be easily extended when a new kind of number is needed. In
+section 2.5.3, we’ll show how to use generic arithmetic in a system that performs symbolic algebra.
+
+2.4.1 Representations for Complex Numbers
+We will develop a system that performs arithmetic operations on complex numbers as a simple but
+unrealistic example of a program that uses generic operations. We begin by discussing two plausible
+representations for complex numbers as ordered pairs: rectangular form (real part and imaginary part)
+and polar form (magnitude and angle). 43 Section 2.4.2 will show how both representations can be
+made to coexist in a single system through the use of type tags and generic operations.
+Like rational numbers, complex numbers are naturally represented as ordered pairs. The set of
+complex numbers can be thought of as a two-dimensional space with two orthogonal axes, the ‘‘real’’
+axis and the ‘‘imaginary’’ axis. (See figure 2.20.) From this point of view, the complex number z = x +
+iy (where i 2 = - 1) can be thought of as the point in the plane whose real coordinate is x and whose
+imaginary coordinate is y. Addition of complex numbers reduces in this representation to addition of
+coordinates:
+
+When multiplying complex numbers, it is more natural to think in terms of representing a complex
+number in polar form, as a magnitude and an angle (r and A in figure 2.20). The product of two
+complex numbers is the vector obtained by stretching one complex number by the length of the other
+and then rotating it through the angle of the other:
+
+\fThus, there are two different representations for complex numbers, which are appropriate for different
+operations. Yet, from the viewpoint of someone writing a program that uses complex numbers, the
+principle of data abstraction suggests that all the operations for manipulating complex numbers should
+be available regardless of which representation is used by the computer. For example, it is often useful
+to be able to find the magnitude of a complex number that is specified by rectangular coordinates.
+Similarly, it is often useful to be able to determine the real part of a complex number that is specified
+by polar coordinates.
+
+Figure 2.20: Complex numbers as points in the plane.
+Figure 2.20: Complex numbers as points in the plane.
+To design such a system, we can follow the same data-abstraction strategy we followed in designing
+the rational-number package in section 2.1.1. Assume that the operations on complex numbers are
+implemented in terms of four selectors: real-part, imag-part, magnitude, and angle. Also
+assume that we have two procedures for constructing complex numbers: make-from-real-imag
+returns a complex number with specified real and imaginary parts, and make-from-mag-ang
+returns a complex number with specified magnitude and angle. These procedures have the property
+that, for any complex number z, both
+(make-from-real-imag (real-part z) (imag-part z))
+and
+(make-from-mag-ang (magnitude z) (angle z))
+produce complex numbers that are equal to z.
+Using these constructors and selectors, we can implement arithmetic on complex numbers using the
+‘‘abstract data’’ specified by the constructors and selectors, just as we did for rational numbers in
+section 2.1.1. As shown in the formulas above, we can add and subtract complex numbers in terms of
+real and imaginary parts while multiplying and dividing complex numbers in terms of magnitudes and
+angles:
+
+\f(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (sub-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (- (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(- (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (mul-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (* (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(+ (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+(define (div-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (/ (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(- (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+To complete the complex-number package, we must choose a representation and we must implement
+the constructors and selectors in terms of primitive numbers and primitive list structure. There are two
+obvious ways to do this: We can represent a complex number in ‘‘rectangular form’’ as a pair (real
+part, imaginary part) or in ‘‘polar form’’ as a pair (magnitude, angle). Which shall we choose?
+In order to make the different choices concrete, imagine that there are two programmers, Ben
+Bitdiddle and Alyssa P. Hacker, who are independently designing representations for the
+complex-number system. Ben chooses to represent complex numbers in rectangular form. With this
+choice, selecting the real and imaginary parts of a complex number is straightforward, as is
+constructing a complex number with given real and imaginary parts. To find the magnitude and the
+angle, or to construct a complex number with a given magnitude and angle, he uses the trigonometric
+relations
+
+which relate the real and imaginary parts (x, y) to the magnitude and the angle (r, A). 44 Ben’s
+representation is therefore given by the following selectors and constructors:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(sqrt
+(define
+(atan
+(define
+(define
+(cons
+
+(real-part z) (car z))
+(imag-part z) (cdr z))
+(magnitude z)
+(+ (square (real-part z)) (square (imag-part z)))))
+(angle z)
+(imag-part z) (real-part z)))
+(make-from-real-imag x y) (cons x y))
+(make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a))))
+
+Alyssa, in contrast, chooses to represent complex numbers in polar form. For her, selecting the
+magnitude and angle is straightforward, but she has to use the trigonometric relations to obtain the real
+and imaginary parts. Alyssa’s representation is:
+(define (real-part
+(* (magnitude z)
+(define (imag-part
+(* (magnitude z)
+
+z)
+(cos (angle z))))
+z)
+(sin (angle z))))
+
+\f(define
+(define
+(define
+(cons
+
+(magnitude z) (car z))
+(angle z) (cdr z))
+(make-from-real-imag x y)
+(sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a) (cons r a))
+The discipline of data abstraction ensures that the same implementation of add-complex,
+sub-complex, mul-complex, and div-complex will work with either Ben’s representation or
+Alyssa’s representation.
+
+2.4.2 Tagged data
+One way to view data abstraction is as an application of the ‘‘principle of least commitment.’’ In
+implementing the complex-number system in section 2.4.1, we can use either Ben’s rectangular
+representation or Alyssa’s polar representation. The abstraction barrier formed by the selectors and
+constructors permits us to defer to the last possible moment the choice of a concrete representation for
+our data objects and thus retain maximum flexibility in our system design.
+The principle of least commitment can be carried to even further extremes. If we desire, we can
+maintain the ambiguity of representation even after we have designed the selectors and constructors,
+and elect to use both Ben’s representation and Alyssa’s representation. If both representations are
+included in a single system, however, we will need some way to distinguish data in polar form from
+data in rectangular form. Otherwise, if we were asked, for instance, to find the magnitude of the
+pair (3,4), we wouldn’t know whether to answer 5 (interpreting the number in rectangular form) or 3
+(interpreting the number in polar form). A straightforward way to accomplish this distinction is to
+include a type tag -- the symbol rectangular or polar -- as part of each complex number. Then
+when we need to manipulate a complex number we can use the tag to decide which selector to apply.
+In order to manipulate tagged data, we will assume that we have procedures type-tag and
+contents that extract from a data object the tag and the actual contents (the polar or rectangular
+coordinates, in the case of a complex number). We will also postulate a procedure attach-tag that
+takes a tag and contents and produces a tagged data object. A straightforward way to implement this is
+to use ordinary list structure:
+(define (attach-tag type-tag contents)
+(cons type-tag contents))
+(define (type-tag datum)
+(if (pair? datum)
+(car datum)
+(error "Bad tagged datum -- TYPE-TAG" datum)))
+(define (contents datum)
+(if (pair? datum)
+(cdr datum)
+(error "Bad tagged datum -- CONTENTS" datum)))
+Using these procedures, we can define predicates rectangular? and polar?, which recognize
+polar and rectangular numbers, respectively:
+
+\f(define (rectangular? z)
+(eq? (type-tag z) ’rectangular))
+(define (polar? z)
+(eq? (type-tag z) ’polar))
+With type tags, Ben and Alyssa can now modify their code so that their two different representations
+can coexist in the same system. Whenever Ben constructs a complex number, he tags it as rectangular.
+Whenever Alyssa constructs a complex number, she tags it as polar. In addition, Ben and Alyssa must
+make sure that the names of their procedures do not conflict. One way to do this is for Ben to append
+the suffix rectangular to the name of each of his representation procedures and for Alyssa to
+append polar to the names of hers. Here is Ben’s revised rectangular representation from
+section 2.4.1:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(sqrt
+
+(real-part-rectangular z) (car z))
+(imag-part-rectangular z) (cdr z))
+(magnitude-rectangular z)
+(+ (square (real-part-rectangular z))
+(square (imag-part-rectangular z)))))
+(define (angle-rectangular z)
+(atan (imag-part-rectangular z)
+(real-part-rectangular z)))
+(define (make-from-real-imag-rectangular x y)
+(attach-tag ’rectangular (cons x y)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang-rectangular r a)
+(attach-tag ’rectangular
+(cons (* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a)))))
+and here is Alyssa’s revised polar representation:
+(define (real-part-polar z)
+(* (magnitude-polar z) (cos (angle-polar z))))
+(define (imag-part-polar z)
+(* (magnitude-polar z) (sin (angle-polar z))))
+(define (magnitude-polar z) (car z))
+(define (angle-polar z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-real-imag-polar x y)
+(attach-tag ’polar
+(cons (sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x))))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang-polar r a)
+(attach-tag ’polar (cons r a)))
+Each generic selector is implemented as a procedure that checks the tag of its argument and calls the
+appropriate procedure for handling data of that type. For example, to obtain the real part of a complex
+number, real-part examines the tag to determine whether to use Ben’s
+real-part-rectangular or Alyssa’s real-part-polar. In either case, we use contents
+to extract the bare, untagged datum and send this to the rectangular or polar procedure as required:
+(define (real-part z)
+(cond ((rectangular? z)
+(real-part-rectangular (contents z)))
+
+\f(define
+(cond
+
+(define
+(cond
+
+(define
+(cond
+
+((polar? z)
+(real-part-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- REAL-PART" z))))
+(imag-part z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(imag-part-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(imag-part-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- IMAG-PART" z))))
+(magnitude z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(magnitude-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(magnitude-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- MAGNITUDE" z))))
+(angle z)
+((rectangular? z)
+(angle-rectangular (contents z)))
+((polar? z)
+(angle-polar (contents z)))
+(else (error "Unknown type -- ANGLE" z))))
+
+To implement the complex-number arithmetic operations, we can use the same procedures
+add-complex, sub-complex, mul-complex, and div-complex from section 2.4.1, because
+the selectors they call are generic, and so will work with either representation. For example, the
+procedure add-complex is still
+(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+Finally, we must choose whether to construct complex numbers using Ben’s representation or Alyssa’s
+representation. One reasonable choice is to construct rectangular numbers whenever we have real and
+imaginary parts and to construct polar numbers whenever we have magnitudes and angles:
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(make-from-real-imag-rectangular x y))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(make-from-mag-ang-polar r a))
+
+\fFigure 2.21: Structure of the generic complex-arithmetic system.
+Figure 2.21: Structure of the generic complex-arithmetic system.
+The resulting complex-number system has the structure shown in figure 2.21. The system has been
+decomposed into three relatively independent parts: the complex-number-arithmetic operations,
+Alyssa’s polar implementation, and Ben’s rectangular implementation. The polar and rectangular
+implementations could have been written by Ben and Alyssa working separately, and both of these can
+be used as underlying representations by a third programmer implementing the complex-arithmetic
+procedures in terms of the abstract constructor/selector interface.
+Since each data object is tagged with its type, the selectors operate on the data in a generic manner.
+That is, each selector is defined to have a behavior that depends upon the particular type of data it is
+applied to. Notice the general mechanism for interfacing the separate representations: Within a given
+representation implementation (say, Alyssa’s polar package) a complex number is an untyped pair
+(magnitude, angle). When a generic selector operates on a number of polar type, it strips off the tag
+and passes the contents on to Alyssa’s code. Conversely, when Alyssa constructs a number for general
+use, she tags it with a type so that it can be appropriately recognized by the higher-level procedures.
+This discipline of stripping off and attaching tags as data objects are passed from level to level can be
+an important organizational strategy, as we shall see in section 2.5.
+
+2.4.3 Data-Directed Programming and Additivity
+The general strategy of checking the type of a datum and calling an appropriate procedure is called
+dispatching on type. This is a powerful strategy for obtaining modularity in system design. Oh the
+other hand, implementing the dispatch as in section 2.4.2 has two significant weaknesses. One
+weakness is that the generic interface procedures (real-part, imag-part, magnitude, and
+angle) must know about all the different representations. For instance, suppose we wanted to
+incorporate a new representation for complex numbers into our complex-number system. We would
+need to identify this new representation with a type, and then add a clause to each of the generic
+interface procedures to check for the new type and apply the appropriate selector for that
+representation.
+Another weakness of the technique is that even though the individual representations can be designed
+separately, we must guarantee that no two procedures in the entire system have the same name. This is
+why Ben and Alyssa had to change the names of their original procedures from section 2.4.1.
+
+\fThe issue underlying both of these weaknesses is that the technique for implementing generic
+interfaces is not additive. The person implementing the generic selector procedures must modify those
+procedures each time a new representation is installed, and the people interfacing the individual
+representations must modify their code to avoid name conflicts. In each of these cases, the changes
+that must be made to the code are straightforward, but they must be made nonetheless, and this is a
+source of inconvenience and error. This is not much of a problem for the complex-number system as it
+stands, but suppose there were not two but hundreds of different representations for complex numbers.
+And suppose that there were many generic selectors to be maintained in the abstract-data interface.
+Suppose, in fact, that no one programmer knew all the interface procedures or all the representations.
+The problem is real and must be addressed in such programs as large-scale data-base-management
+systems.
+What we need is a means for modularizing the system design even further. This is provided by the
+programming technique known as data-directed programming. To understand how data-directed
+programming works, begin with the observation that whenever we deal with a set of generic operations
+that are common to a set of different types we are, in effect, dealing with a two-dimensional table that
+contains the possible operations on one axis and the possible types on the other axis. The entries in the
+table are the procedures that implement each operation for each type of argument presented. In the
+complex-number system developed in the previous section, the correspondence between operation
+name, data type, and actual procedure was spread out among the various conditional clauses in the
+generic interface procedures. But the same information could have been organized in a table, as shown
+in figure 2.22.
+Data-directed programming is the technique of designing programs to work with such a table directly.
+Previously, we implemented the mechanism that interfaces the complex-arithmetic code with the two
+representation packages as a set of procedures that each perform an explicit dispatch on type. Here we
+will implement the interface as a single procedure that looks up the combination of the operation name
+and argument type in the table to find the correct procedure to apply, and then applies it to the contents
+of the argument. If we do this, then to add a new representation package to the system we need not
+change any existing procedures; we need only add new entries to the table.
+
+Figure 2.22: Table of operations for the complex-number system.
+Figure 2.22: Table of operations for the complex-number system.
+To implement this plan, assume that we have two procedures, put and get, for manipulating the
+operation-and-type table:
+(put <op> <type> <item>)
+installs the <item> in the table, indexed by the <op> and the <type>.
+
+\f(get <op> <type>)
+looks up the <op>, <type> entry in the table and returns the item found there. If no item is
+found, get returns false.
+For now, we can assume that put and get are included in our language. In chapter 3 (section 3.3.3,
+exercise 3.24) we will see how to implement these and other operations for manipulating tables.
+Here is how data-directed programming can be used in the complex-number system. Ben, who
+developed the rectangular representation, implements his code just as he did originally. He defines a
+collection of procedures, or a package, and interfaces these to the rest of the system by adding entries
+to the table that tell the system how to operate on rectangular numbers. This is accomplished by calling
+the following procedure:
+(define (install-rectangular-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (real-part z) (car z))
+(define (imag-part z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y) (cons x y))
+(define (magnitude z)
+(sqrt (+ (square (real-part z))
+(square (imag-part z)))))
+(define (angle z)
+(atan (imag-part z) (real-part z)))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+(cons (* r (cos a)) (* r (sin a))))
+;; interface to the rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’rectangular x))
+(put ’real-part ’(rectangular) real-part)
+(put ’imag-part ’(rectangular) imag-part)
+(put ’magnitude ’(rectangular) magnitude)
+(put ’angle ’(rectangular) angle)
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’rectangular
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Notice that the internal procedures here are the same procedures from section 2.4.1 that Ben wrote
+when he was working in isolation. No changes are necessary in order to interface them to the rest of
+the system. Moreover, since these procedure definitions are internal to the installation procedure, Ben
+needn’t worry about name conflicts with other procedures outside the rectangular package. To
+interface these to the rest of the system, Ben installs his real-part procedure under the operation
+name real-part and the type (rectangular), and similarly for the other selectors. 45 The
+interface also defines the constructors to be used by the external system. 46 These are identical to
+Ben’s internally defined constructors, except that they attach the tag.
+Alyssa’s polar package is analogous:
+(define (install-polar-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (magnitude z) (car z))
+
+\f(define (angle z) (cdr z))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a) (cons r a))
+(define (real-part z)
+(* (magnitude z) (cos (angle z))))
+(define (imag-part z)
+(* (magnitude z) (sin (angle z))))
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(cons (sqrt (+ (square x) (square y)))
+(atan y x)))
+;; interface to the rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’polar x))
+(put ’real-part ’(polar) real-part)
+(put ’imag-part ’(polar) imag-part)
+(put ’magnitude ’(polar) magnitude)
+(put ’angle ’(polar) angle)
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’polar
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’polar
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Even though Ben and Alyssa both still use their original procedures defined with the same names as
+each other’s (e.g., real-part), these definitions are now internal to different procedures (see
+section 1.1.8), so there is no name conflict.
+The complex-arithmetic selectors access the table by means of a general ‘‘operation’’ procedure called
+apply-generic, which applies a generic operation to some arguments. Apply-generic looks
+in the table under the name of the operation and the types of the arguments and applies the resulting
+procedure if one is present: 47
+(define (apply-generic op . args)
+(let ((type-tags (map type-tag args)))
+(let ((proc (get op type-tags)))
+(if proc
+(apply proc (map contents args))
+(error
+"No method for these types -- APPLY-GENERIC"
+(list op type-tags))))))
+Using apply-generic, we can define our generic selectors as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(real-part z) (apply-generic ’real-part z))
+(imag-part z) (apply-generic ’imag-part z))
+(magnitude z) (apply-generic ’magnitude z))
+(angle z) (apply-generic ’angle z))
+
+Observe that these do not change at all if a new representation is added to the system.
+We can also extract from the table the constructors to be used by the programs external to the packages
+in making complex numbers from real and imaginary parts and from magnitudes and angles. As in
+section 2.4.2, we construct rectangular numbers whenever we have real and imaginary parts, and polar
+numbers whenever we have magnitudes and angles:
+
+\f(define
+((get
+(define
+((get
+
+(make-from-real-imag x y)
+’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular) x y))
+(make-from-mag-ang r a)
+’make-from-mag-ang ’polar) r a))
+
+Exercise 2.73. Section 2.3.2 described a program that performs symbolic differentiation:
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp) (if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+((sum? exp)
+(make-sum (deriv (addend exp) var)
+(deriv (augend exp) var)))
+((product? exp)
+(make-sum
+(make-product (multiplier exp)
+(deriv (multiplicand exp) var))
+(make-product (deriv (multiplier exp) var)
+(multiplicand exp))))
+<more rules can be added here>
+(else (error "unknown expression type -- DERIV" exp))))
+We can regard this program as performing a dispatch on the type of the expression to be differentiated.
+In this situation the ‘‘type tag’’ of the datum is the algebraic operator symbol (such as +) and the
+operation being performed is deriv. We can transform this program into data-directed style by
+rewriting the basic derivative procedure as
+(define (deriv exp var)
+(cond ((number? exp) 0)
+((variable? exp) (if (same-variable? exp var) 1 0))
+(else ((get ’deriv (operator exp)) (operands exp)
+var))))
+(define (operator exp) (car exp))
+(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))
+a. Explain what was done above. Why can’t we assimilate the predicates number? and
+same-variable? into the data-directed dispatch?
+b. Write the procedures for derivatives of sums and products, and the auxiliary code required to install
+them in the table used by the program above.
+c. Choose any additional differentiation rule that you like, such as the one for exponents
+(exercise 2.56), and install it in this data-directed system.
+d. In this simple algebraic manipulator the type of an expression is the algebraic operator that binds it
+together. Suppose, however, we indexed the procedures in the opposite way, so that the dispatch line
+in deriv looked like
+((get (operator exp) ’deriv) (operands exp) var)
+
+\fWhat corresponding changes to the derivative system are required?
+Exercise 2.74. Insatiable Enterprises, Inc., is a highly decentralized conglomerate company consisting
+of a large number of independent divisions located all over the world. The company’s computer
+facilities have just been interconnected by means of a clever network-interfacing scheme that makes
+the entire network appear to any user to be a single computer. Insatiable’s president, in her first
+attempt to exploit the ability of the network to extract administrative information from division files, is
+dismayed to discover that, although all the division files have been implemented as data structures in
+Scheme, the particular data structure used varies from division to division. A meeting of division
+managers is hastily called to search for a strategy to integrate the files that will satisfy headquarters’
+needs while preserving the existing autonomy of the divisions.
+Show how such a strategy can be implemented with data-directed programming. As an example,
+suppose that each division’s personnel records consist of a single file, which contains a set of records
+keyed on employees’ names. The structure of the set varies from division to division. Furthermore,
+each employee’s record is itself a set (structured differently from division to division) that contains
+information keyed under identifiers such as address and salary. In particular:
+a. Implement for headquarters a get-record procedure that retrieves a specified employee’s record
+from a specified personnel file. The procedure should be applicable to any division’s file. Explain how
+the individual divisions’ files should be structured. In particular, what type information must be
+supplied?
+b. Implement for headquarters a get-salary procedure that returns the salary information from a
+given employee’s record from any division’s personnel file. How should the record be structured in
+order to make this operation work?
+c. Implement for headquarters a find-employee-record procedure. This should search all the
+divisions’ files for the record of a given employee and return the record. Assume that this procedure
+takes as arguments an employee’s name and a list of all the divisions’ files.
+d. When Insatiable takes over a new company, what changes must be made in order to incorporate the
+new personnel information into the central system?
+
+Message passing
+The key idea of data-directed programming is to handle generic operations in programs by dealing
+explicitly with operation-and-type tables, such as the table in figure 2.22. The style of programming
+we used in section 2.4.2 organized the required dispatching on type by having each operation take care
+of its own dispatching. In effect, this decomposes the operation-and-type table into rows, with each
+generic operation procedure representing a row of the table.
+An alternative implementation strategy is to decompose the table into columns and, instead of using
+‘‘intelligent operations’’ that dispatch on data types, to work with ‘‘intelligent data objects’’ that
+dispatch on operation names. We can do this by arranging things so that a data object, such as a
+rectangular number, is represented as a procedure that takes as input the required operation name and
+performs the operation indicated. In such a discipline, make-from-real-imag could be written as
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+(define (dispatch op)
+(cond ((eq? op ’real-part) x)
+((eq? op ’imag-part) y)
+
+\f((eq? op ’magnitude)
+(sqrt (+ (square x) (square y))))
+((eq? op ’angle) (atan y x))
+(else
+(error "Unknown op -- MAKE-FROM-REAL-IMAG" op))))
+dispatch)
+The corresponding apply-generic procedure, which applies a generic operation to an argument,
+now simply feeds the operation’s name to the data object and lets the object do the work: 48
+(define (apply-generic op arg) (arg op))
+Note that the value returned by make-from-real-imag is a procedure -- the internal dispatch
+procedure. This is the procedure that is invoked when apply-generic requests an operation to be
+performed.
+This style of programming is called message passing. The name comes from the image that a data
+object is an entity that receives the requested operation name as a ‘‘message.’’ We have already seen
+an example of message passing in section 2.1.3, where we saw how cons, car, and cdr could be
+defined with no data objects but only procedures. Here we see that message passing is not a
+mathematical trick but a useful technique for organizing systems with generic operations. In the
+remainder of this chapter we will continue to use data-directed programming, rather than message
+passing, to discuss generic arithmetic operations. In chapter 3 we will return to message passing, and
+we will see that it can be a powerful tool for structuring simulation programs.
+Exercise 2.75. Implement the constructor make-from-mag-ang in message-passing style. This
+procedure should be analogous to the make-from-real-imag procedure given above.
+Exercise 2.76. As a large system with generic operations evolves, new types of data objects or new
+operations may be needed. For each of the three strategies -- generic operations with explicit dispatch,
+data-directed style, and message-passing-style -- describe the changes that must be made to a system in
+order to add new types or new operations. Which organization would be most appropriate for a system
+in which new types must often be added? Which would be most appropriate for a system in which new
+operations must often be added?
+43 In actual computational systems, rectangular form is preferable to polar form most of the time
+
+because of roundoff errors in conversion between rectangular and polar form. This is why the
+complex-number example is unrealistic. Nevertheless, it provides a clear illustration of the design of a
+system using generic operations and a good introduction to the more substantial systems to be
+developed later in this chapter.
+44 The arctangent function referred to here, computed by Scheme’s atan procedure, is defined so as
+
+to take two arguments y and x and to return the angle whose tangent is y/x. The signs of the arguments
+determine the quadrant of the angle.
+45 We use the list (rectangular) rather than the symbol rectangular to allow for the
+
+possibility of operations with multiple arguments, not all of the same type.
+46 The type the constructors are installed under needn’t be a list because a constructor is always used
+
+to make an object of one particular type.
+
+\f47 Apply-generic uses the dotted-tail notation described in exercise 2.20, because different
+
+generic operations may take different numbers of arguments. In apply-generic, op has as its
+value the first argument to apply-generic and args has as its value a list of the remaining
+arguments.
+Apply-generic also uses the primitive procedure apply, which takes two arguments, a procedure
+and a list. Apply applies the procedure, using the elements in the list as arguments. For example,
+(apply + (list 1 2 3 4))
+returns 10.
+48 One limitation of this organization is it permits only generic procedures of one argument.
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+2.5 Systems with Generic Operations
+In the previous section, we saw how to design systems in which data objects can be represented in
+more than one way. The key idea is to link the code that specifies the data operations to the several
+representations by means of generic interface procedures. Now we will see how to use this same idea
+not only to define operations that are generic over different representations but also to define
+operations that are generic over different kinds of arguments. We have already seen several different
+packages of arithmetic operations: the primitive arithmetic (+, -, *, /) built into our language, the
+rational-number arithmetic (add-rat, sub-rat, mul-rat, div-rat) of section 2.1.1, and the
+complex-number arithmetic that we implemented in section 2.4.3. We will now use data-directed
+techniques to construct a package of arithmetic operations that incorporates all the arithmetic packages
+we have already constructed.
+Figure 2.23 shows the structure of the system we shall build. Notice the abstraction barriers. From the
+perspective of someone using ‘‘numbers,’’ there is a single procedure add that operates on whatever
+numbers are supplied. Add is part of a generic interface that allows the separate ordinary-arithmetic,
+rational-arithmetic, and complex-arithmetic packages to be accessed uniformly by programs that use
+numbers. Any individual arithmetic package (such as the complex package) may itself be accessed
+through generic procedures (such as add-complex) that combine packages designed for different
+representations (such as rectangular and polar). Moreover, the structure of the system is additive, so
+that one can design the individual arithmetic packages separately and combine them to produce a
+generic arithmetic system.
+
+Figure 2.23: Generic arithmetic system.
+Figure 2.23: Generic arithmetic system.
+
+2.5.1 Generic Arithmetic Operations
+The task of designing generic arithmetic operations is analogous to that of designing the generic
+complex-number operations. We would like, for instance, to have a generic addition procedure add
+that acts like ordinary primitive addition + on ordinary numbers, like add-rat on rational numbers,
+
+\fand like add-complex on complex numbers. We can implement add, and the other generic
+arithmetic operations, by following the same strategy we used in section 2.4.3 to implement the
+generic selectors for complex numbers. We will attach a type tag to each kind of number and cause the
+generic procedure to dispatch to an appropriate package according to the data type of its arguments.
+The generic arithmetic procedures are defined as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(add
+(sub
+(mul
+(div
+
+x
+x
+x
+x
+
+y)
+y)
+y)
+y)
+
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+(apply-generic
+
+’add
+’sub
+’mul
+’div
+
+x
+x
+x
+x
+
+y))
+y))
+y))
+y))
+
+We begin by installing a package for handling ordinary numbers, that is, the primitive numbers of our
+language. We will tag these with the symbol scheme-number. The arithmetic operations in this
+package are the primitive arithmetic procedures (so there is no need to define extra procedures to
+handle the untagged numbers). Since these operations each take two arguments, they are installed in
+the table keyed by the list (scheme-number scheme-number):
+(define (install-scheme-number-package)
+(define (tag x)
+(attach-tag ’scheme-number x))
+(put ’add ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (+ x y))))
+(put ’sub ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (- x y))))
+(put ’mul ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (* x y))))
+(put ’div ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (/ x y))))
+(put ’make ’scheme-number
+(lambda (x) (tag x)))
+’done)
+Users of the Scheme-number package will create (tagged) ordinary numbers by means of the
+procedure:
+(define (make-scheme-number n)
+((get ’make ’scheme-number) n))
+Now that the framework of the generic arithmetic system is in place, we can readily include new kinds
+of numbers. Here is a package that performs rational arithmetic. Notice that, as a benefit of additivity,
+we can use without modification the rational-number code from section 2.1.1 as the internal
+procedures in the package:
+(define (install-rational-package)
+;; internal procedures
+(define (numer x) (car x))
+(define (denom x) (cdr x))
+(define (make-rat n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(cons (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+(define (add-rat x y)
+
+\f(make-rat (+ (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (numer y) (denom x)))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (sub-rat x y)
+(make-rat (- (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (numer y) (denom x)))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (mul-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x) (numer y))
+(* (denom x) (denom y))))
+(define (div-rat x y)
+(make-rat (* (numer x) (denom y))
+(* (denom x) (numer y))))
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag x) (attach-tag ’rational x))
+(put ’add ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (add-rat x y))))
+(put ’sub ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (sub-rat x y))))
+(put ’mul ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (mul-rat x y))))
+(put ’div ’(rational rational)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (div-rat x y))))
+(put ’make ’rational
+(lambda (n d) (tag (make-rat n d))))
+’done)
+(define (make-rational n d)
+((get ’make ’rational) n d))
+We can install a similar package to handle complex numbers, using the tag complex. In creating the
+package, we extract from the table the operations make-from-real-imag and
+make-from-mag-ang that were defined by the rectangular and polar packages. Additivity permits
+us to use, as the internal operations, the same add-complex, sub-complex, mul-complex, and
+div-complex procedures from section 2.4.1.
+(define (install-complex-package)
+;; imported procedures from rectangular and polar packages
+(define (make-from-real-imag x y)
+((get ’make-from-real-imag ’rectangular) x y))
+(define (make-from-mag-ang r a)
+((get ’make-from-mag-ang ’polar) r a))
+;; internal procedures
+(define (add-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(+ (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (sub-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-real-imag (- (real-part z1) (real-part z2))
+(- (imag-part z1) (imag-part z2))))
+(define (mul-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (* (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(+ (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+
+\f(define (div-complex z1 z2)
+(make-from-mag-ang (/ (magnitude z1) (magnitude z2))
+(- (angle z1) (angle z2))))
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag z) (attach-tag ’complex z))
+(put ’add ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (add-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’sub ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (sub-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’mul ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (mul-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’div ’(complex complex)
+(lambda (z1 z2) (tag (div-complex z1 z2))))
+(put ’make-from-real-imag ’complex
+(lambda (x y) (tag (make-from-real-imag x y))))
+(put ’make-from-mag-ang ’complex
+(lambda (r a) (tag (make-from-mag-ang r a))))
+’done)
+Programs outside the complex-number package can construct complex numbers either from real and
+imaginary parts or from magnitudes and angles. Notice how the underlying procedures, originally
+defined in the rectangular and polar packages, are exported to the complex package, and exported from
+there to the outside world.
+(define
+((get
+(define
+((get
+
+(make-complex-from-real-imag x y)
+’make-from-real-imag ’complex) x y))
+(make-complex-from-mag-ang r a)
+’make-from-mag-ang ’complex) r a))
+
+What we have here is a two-level tag system. A typical complex number, such as 3 + 4i in rectangular
+form, would be represented as shown in figure 2.24. The outer tag (complex) is used to direct the
+number to the complex package. Once within the complex package, the next tag (rectangular) is
+used to direct the number to the rectangular package. In a large and complicated system there might be
+many levels, each interfaced with the next by means of generic operations. As a data object is passed
+‘‘downward,’’ the outer tag that is used to direct it to the appropriate package is stripped off (by
+applying contents) and the next level of tag (if any) becomes visible to be used for further
+dispatching.
+
+Figure 2.24: Representation of 3 + 4i in rectangular form.
+Figure 2.24: Representation of 3 + 4i in rectangular form.
+In the above packages, we used add-rat, add-complex, and the other arithmetic procedures
+exactly as originally written. Once these definitions are internal to different installation procedures,
+however, they no longer need names that are distinct from each other: we could simply name them
+
+\fadd, sub, mul, and div in both packages.
+Exercise 2.77. Louis Reasoner tries to evaluate the expression (magnitude z) where z is the
+object shown in figure 2.24. To his surprise, instead of the answer 5 he gets an error message from
+apply-generic, saying there is no method for the operation magnitude on the types
+(complex). He shows this interaction to Alyssa P. Hacker, who says ‘‘The problem is that the
+complex-number selectors were never defined for complex numbers, just for polar and
+rectangular numbers. All you have to do to make this work is add the following to the complex
+package:’’
+(put
+(put
+(put
+(put
+
+’real-part ’(complex) real-part)
+’imag-part ’(complex) imag-part)
+’magnitude ’(complex) magnitude)
+’angle ’(complex) angle)
+
+Describe in detail why this works. As an example, trace through all the procedures called in evaluating
+the expression (magnitude z) where z is the object shown in figure 2.24. In particular, how many
+times is apply-generic invoked? What procedure is dispatched to in each case?
+Exercise 2.78. The internal procedures in the scheme-number package are essentially nothing
+more than calls to the primitive procedures +, -, etc. It was not possible to use the primitives of the
+language directly because our type-tag system requires that each data object have a type attached to it.
+In fact, however, all Lisp implementations do have a type system, which they use internally. Primitive
+predicates such as symbol? and number? determine whether data objects have particular types.
+Modify the definitions of type-tag, contents, and attach-tag from section 2.4.2 so that our
+generic system takes advantage of Scheme’s internal type system. That is to say, the system should
+work as before except that ordinary numbers should be represented simply as Scheme numbers rather
+than as pairs whose car is the symbol scheme-number.
+Exercise 2.79. Define a generic equality predicate equ? that tests the equality of two numbers, and
+install it in the generic arithmetic package. This operation should work for ordinary numbers, rational
+numbers, and complex numbers.
+Exercise 2.80. Define a generic predicate =zero? that tests if its argument is zero, and install it in
+the generic arithmetic package. This operation should work for ordinary numbers, rational numbers,
+and complex numbers.
+
+2.5.2 Combining Data of Different Types
+We have seen how to define a unified arithmetic system that encompasses ordinary numbers, complex
+numbers, rational numbers, and any other type of number we might decide to invent, but we have
+ignored an important issue. The operations we have defined so far treat the different data types as
+being completely independent. Thus, there are separate packages for adding, say, two ordinary
+numbers, or two complex numbers. What we have not yet considered is the fact that it is meaningful to
+define operations that cross the type boundaries, such as the addition of a complex number to an
+ordinary number. We have gone to great pains to introduce barriers between parts of our programs so
+that they can be developed and understood separately. We would like to introduce the cross-type
+operations in some carefully controlled way, so that we can support them without seriously violating
+our module boundaries.
+
+\fOne way to handle cross-type operations is to design a different procedure for each possible
+combination of types for which the operation is valid. For example, we could extend the
+complex-number package so that it provides a procedure for adding complex numbers to ordinary
+numbers and installs this in the table using the tag (complex scheme-number): 49
+;; to be included in the complex package
+(define (add-complex-to-schemenum z x)
+(make-from-real-imag (+ (real-part z) x)
+(imag-part z)))
+(put ’add ’(complex scheme-number)
+(lambda (z x) (tag (add-complex-to-schemenum z x))))
+This technique works, but it is cumbersome. With such a system, the cost of introducing a new type is
+not just the construction of the package of procedures for that type but also the construction and
+installation of the procedures that implement the cross-type operations. This can easily be much more
+code than is needed to define the operations on the type itself. The method also undermines our ability
+to combine separate packages additively, or least to limit the extent to which the implementors of the
+individual packages need to take account of other packages. For instance, in the example above, it
+seems reasonable that handling mixed operations on complex numbers and ordinary numbers should
+be the responsibility of the complex-number package. Combining rational numbers and complex
+numbers, however, might be done by the complex package, by the rational package, or by some third
+package that uses operations extracted from these two packages. Formulating coherent policies on the
+division of responsibility among packages can be an overwhelming task in designing systems with
+many packages and many cross-type operations.
+
+Coercion
+In the general situation of completely unrelated operations acting on completely unrelated types,
+implementing explicit cross-type operations, cumbersome though it may be, is the best that one can
+hope for. Fortunately, we can usually do better by taking advantage of additional structure that may be
+latent in our type system. Often the different data types are not completely independent, and there may
+be ways by which objects of one type may be viewed as being of another type. This process is called
+coercion. For example, if we are asked to arithmetically combine an ordinary number with a complex
+number, we can view the ordinary number as a complex number whose imaginary part is zero. This
+transforms the problem to that of combining two complex numbers, which can be handled in the
+ordinary way by the complex-arithmetic package.
+In general, we can implement this idea by designing coercion procedures that transform an object of
+one type into an equivalent object of another type. Here is a typical coercion procedure, which
+transforms a given ordinary number to a complex number with that real part and zero imaginary part:
+(define (scheme-number->complex n)
+(make-complex-from-real-imag (contents n) 0))
+We install these coercion procedures in a special coercion table, indexed under the names of the two
+types:
+(put-coercion ’scheme-number ’complex scheme-number->complex)
+
+\f(We assume that there are put-coercion and get-coercion procedures available for
+manipulating this table.) Generally some of the slots in the table will be empty, because it is not
+generally possible to coerce an arbitrary data object of each type into all other types. For example,
+there is no way to coerce an arbitrary complex number to an ordinary number, so there will be no
+general complex->scheme-number procedure included in the table.
+Once the coercion table has been set up, we can handle coercion in a uniform manner by modifying
+the apply-generic procedure of section 2.4.3. When asked to apply an operation, we first check
+whether the operation is defined for the arguments’ types, just as before. If so, we dispatch to the
+procedure found in the operation-and-type table. Otherwise, we try coercion. For simplicity, we
+consider only the case where there are two arguments. 50 We check the coercion table to see if objects
+of the first type can be coerced to the second type. If so, we coerce the first argument and try the
+operation again. If objects of the first type cannot in general be coerced to the second type, we try the
+coercion the other way around to see if there is a way to coerce the second argument to the type of the
+first argument. Finally, if there is no known way to coerce either type to the other type, we give up.
+Here is the procedure:
+(define (apply-generic op . args)
+(let ((type-tags (map type-tag args)))
+(let ((proc (get op type-tags)))
+(if proc
+(apply proc (map contents args))
+(if (= (length args) 2)
+(let ((type1 (car type-tags))
+(type2 (cadr type-tags))
+(a1 (car args))
+(a2 (cadr args)))
+(let ((t1->t2 (get-coercion type1 type2))
+(t2->t1 (get-coercion type2 type1)))
+(cond (t1->t2
+(apply-generic op (t1->t2 a1) a2))
+(t2->t1
+(apply-generic op a1 (t2->t1 a2)))
+(else
+(error "No method for these types"
+(list op type-tags))))))
+(error "No method for these types"
+(list op type-tags)))))))
+This coercion scheme has many advantages over the method of defining explicit cross-type operations,
+as outlined above. Although we still need to write coercion procedures to relate the types (possibly n 2
+procedures for a system with n types), we need to write only one procedure for each pair of types
+rather than a different procedure for each collection of types and each generic operation. 51 What we
+are counting on here is the fact that the appropriate transformation between types depends only on the
+types themselves, not on the operation to be applied.
+On the other hand, there may be applications for which our coercion scheme is not general enough.
+Even when neither of the objects to be combined can be converted to the type of the other it may still
+be possible to perform the operation by converting both objects to a third type. In order to deal with
+such complexity and still preserve modularity in our programs, it is usually necessary to build systems
+that take advantage of still further structure in the relations among types, as we discuss next.
+
+\fHierarchies of types
+The coercion scheme presented above relied on the existence of natural relations between pairs of
+types. Often there is more ‘‘global’’ structure in how the different types relate to each other. For
+instance, suppose we are building a generic arithmetic system to handle integers, rational numbers,
+real numbers, and complex numbers. In such a system, it is quite natural to regard an integer as a
+special kind of rational number, which is in turn a special kind of real number, which is in turn a
+special kind of complex number. What we actually have is a so-called hierarchy of types, in which, for
+example, integers are a subtype of rational numbers (i.e., any operation that can be applied to a rational
+number can automatically be applied to an integer). Conversely, we say that rational numbers form a
+supertype of integers. The particular hierarchy we have here is of a very simple kind, in which each
+type has at most one supertype and at most one subtype. Such a structure, called a tower, is illustrated
+in figure 2.25.
+
+Figure 2.25: A tower of types.
+Figure 2.25: A tower of types.
+If we have a tower structure, then we can greatly simplify the problem of adding a new type to the
+hierarchy, for we need only specify how the new type is embedded in the next supertype above it and
+how it is the supertype of the type below it. For example, if we want to add an integer to a complex
+number, we need not explicitly define a special coercion procedure integer->complex. Instead,
+we define how an integer can be transformed into a rational number, how a rational number is
+transformed into a real number, and how a real number is transformed into a complex number. We
+then allow the system to transform the integer into a complex number through these steps and then add
+the two complex numbers.
+We can redesign our apply-generic procedure in the following way: For each type, we need to
+supply a raise procedure, which ‘‘raises’’ objects of that type one level in the tower. Then when the
+system is required to operate on objects of different types it can successively raise the lower types until
+all the objects are at the same level in the tower. (Exercises 2.83 and 2.84 concern the details of
+implementing such a strategy.)
+Another advantage of a tower is that we can easily implement the notion that every type ‘‘inherits’’ all
+operations defined on a supertype. For instance, if we do not supply a special procedure for finding the
+real part of an integer, we should nevertheless expect that real-part will be defined for integers by
+virtue of the fact that integers are a subtype of complex numbers. In a tower, we can arrange for this to
+happen in a uniform way by modifying apply-generic. If the required operation is not directly
+defined for the type of the object given, we raise the object to its supertype and try again. We thus
+
+\fcrawl up the tower, transforming our argument as we go, until we either find a level at which the
+desired operation can be performed or hit the top (in which case we give up).
+Yet another advantage of a tower over a more general hierarchy is that it gives us a simple way to
+‘‘lower’’ a data object to the simplest representation. For example, if we add 2 + 3i to 4 - 3i, it would
+be nice to obtain the answer as the integer 6 rather than as the complex number 6 + 0i. Exercise 2.85
+discusses a way to implement such a lowering operation. (The trick is that we need a general way to
+distinguish those objects that can be lowered, such as 6 + 0i, from those that cannot, such as 6 + 2i.)
+
+Figure 2.26: Relations among types of geometric figures.
+Figure 2.26: Relations among types of geometric figures.
+
+Inadequacies of hierarchies
+If the data types in our system can be naturally arranged in a tower, this greatly simplifies the
+problems of dealing with generic operations on different types, as we have seen. Unfortunately, this is
+usually not the case. Figure 2.26 illustrates a more complex arrangement of mixed types, this one
+showing relations among different types of geometric figures. We see that, in general, a type may have
+more than one subtype. Triangles and quadrilaterals, for instance, are both subtypes of polygons. In
+addition, a type may have more than one supertype. For example, an isosceles right triangle may be
+regarded either as an isosceles triangle or as a right triangle. This multiple-supertypes issue is
+particularly thorny, since it means that there is no unique way to ‘‘raise’’ a type in the hierarchy.
+Finding the ‘‘correct’’ supertype in which to apply an operation to an object may involve considerable
+searching through the entire type network on the part of a procedure such as apply-generic. Since
+there generally are multiple subtypes for a type, there is a similar problem in coercing a value ‘‘down’’
+the type hierarchy. Dealing with large numbers of interrelated types while still preserving modularity
+
+\fin the design of large systems is very difficult, and is an area of much current research. 52
+Exercise 2.81. Louis Reasoner has noticed that apply-generic may try to coerce the arguments
+to each other’s type even if they already have the same type. Therefore, he reasons, we need to put
+procedures in the coercion table to "coerce" arguments of each type to their own type. For example, in
+addition to the scheme-number->complex coercion shown above, he would do:
+(define (scheme-number->scheme-number n) n)
+(define (complex->complex z) z)
+(put-coercion ’scheme-number ’scheme-number
+scheme-number->scheme-number)
+(put-coercion ’complex ’complex complex->complex)
+a. With Louis’s coercion procedures installed, what happens if apply-generic is called with two
+arguments of type scheme-number or two arguments of type complex for an operation that is not
+found in the table for those types? For example, assume that we’ve defined a generic exponentiation
+operation:
+(define (exp x y) (apply-generic ’exp x y))
+and have put a procedure for exponentiation in the Scheme-number package but not in any other
+package:
+;; following added to Scheme-number package
+(put ’exp ’(scheme-number scheme-number)
+(lambda (x y) (tag (expt x y)))) ; using primitive expt
+What happens if we call exp with two complex numbers as arguments?
+b. Is Louis correct that something had to be done about coercion with arguments of the same type, or
+does apply-generic work correctly as is?
+c. Modify apply-generic so that it doesn’t try coercion if the two arguments have the same type.
+Exercise 2.82. Show how to generalize apply-generic to handle coercion in the general case of
+multiple arguments. One strategy is to attempt to coerce all the arguments to the type of the first
+argument, then to the type of the second argument, and so on. Give an example of a situation where
+this strategy (and likewise the two-argument version given above) is not sufficiently general. (Hint:
+Consider the case where there are some suitable mixed-type operations present in the table that will
+not be tried.)
+Exercise 2.83. Suppose you are designing a generic arithmetic system for dealing with the tower of
+types shown in figure 2.25: integer, rational, real, complex. For each type (except complex), design a
+procedure that raises objects of that type one level in the tower. Show how to install a generic raise
+operation that will work for each type (except complex).
+Exercise 2.84. Using the raise operation of exercise 2.83, modify the apply-generic procedure
+so that it coerces its arguments to have the same type by the method of successive raising, as discussed
+in this section. You will need to devise a way to test which of two types is higher in the tower. Do this
+in a manner that is ‘‘compatible’’ with the rest of the system and will not lead to problems in adding
+new levels to the tower.
+
+\fExercise 2.85. This section mentioned a method for ‘‘simplifying’’ a data object by lowering it in the
+tower of types as far as possible. Design a procedure drop that accomplishes this for the tower
+described in exercise 2.83. The key is to decide, in some general way, whether an object can be
+lowered. For example, the complex number 1.5 + 0i can be lowered as far as real, the complex
+number 1 + 0i can be lowered as far as integer, and the complex number 2 + 3i cannot be lowered
+at all. Here is a plan for determining whether an object can be lowered: Begin by defining a generic
+operation project that ‘‘pushes’’ an object down in the tower. For example, projecting a complex
+number would involve throwing away the imaginary part. Then a number can be dropped if, when we
+project it and raise the result back to the type we started with, we end up with something equal
+to what we started with. Show how to implement this idea in detail, by writing a drop procedure that
+drops an object as far as possible. You will need to design the various projection operations 53 and
+install project as a generic operation in the system. You will also need to make use of a generic
+equality predicate, such as described in exercise 2.79. Finally, use drop to rewrite apply-generic
+from exercise 2.84 so that it ‘‘simplifies’’ its answers.
+Exercise 2.86. Suppose we want to handle complex numbers whose real parts, imaginary parts,
+magnitudes, and angles can be either ordinary numbers, rational numbers, or other numbers we might
+wish to add to the system. Describe and implement the changes to the system needed to accommodate
+this. You will have to define operations such as sine and cosine that are generic over ordinary
+numbers and rational numbers.
+
+2.5.3 Example: Symbolic Algebra
+The manipulation of symbolic algebraic expressions is a complex process that illustrates many of the
+hardest problems that occur in the design of large-scale systems. An algebraic expression, in general,
+can be viewed as a hierarchical structure, a tree of operators applied to operands. We can construct
+algebraic expressions by starting with a set of primitive objects, such as constants and variables, and
+combining these by means of algebraic operators, such as addition and multiplication. As in other
+languages, we form abstractions that enable us to refer to compound objects in simple terms. Typical
+abstractions in symbolic algebra are ideas such as linear combination, polynomial, rational function, or
+trigonometric function. We can regard these as compound ‘‘types,’’ which are often useful for
+directing the processing of expressions. For example, we could describe the expression
+
+as a polynomial in x with coefficients that are trigonometric functions of polynomials in y whose
+coefficients are integers.
+We will not attempt to develop a complete algebraic-manipulation system here. Such systems are
+exceedingly complex programs, embodying deep algebraic knowledge and elegant algorithms. What
+we will do is look at a simple but important part of algebraic manipulation: the arithmetic of
+polynomials. We will illustrate the kinds of decisions the designer of such a system faces, and how to
+apply the ideas of abstract data and generic operations to help organize this effort.
+
+Arithmetic on polynomials
+Our first task in designing a system for performing arithmetic on polynomials is to decide just what a
+polynomial is. Polynomials are normally defined relative to certain variables (the indeterminates of the
+polynomial). For simplicity, we will restrict ourselves to polynomials having just one indeterminate
+(univariate polynomials). 54 We will define a polynomial to be a sum of terms, each of which is either
+a coefficient, a power of the indeterminate, or a product of a coefficient and a power of the
+
+\findeterminate. A coefficient is defined as an algebraic expression that is not dependent upon the
+indeterminate of the polynomial. For example,
+
+is a simple polynomial in x, and
+
+is a polynomial in x whose coefficients are polynomials in y.
+Already we are skirting some thorny issues. Is the first of these polynomials the same as the
+polynomial 5y 2 + 3y + 7, or not? A reasonable answer might be ‘‘yes, if we are considering a
+polynomial purely as a mathematical function, but no, if we are considering a polynomial to be a
+syntactic form.’’ The second polynomial is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial in y whose
+coefficients are polynomials in x. Should our system recognize this, or not? Furthermore, there are
+other ways to represent a polynomial -- for example, as a product of factors, or (for a univariate
+polynomial) as the set of roots, or as a listing of the values of the polynomial at a specified set of
+points. 55 We can finesse these questions by deciding that in our algebraic-manipulation system a
+‘‘polynomial’’ will be a particular syntactic form, not its underlying mathematical meaning.
+Now we must consider how to go about doing arithmetic on polynomials. In this simple system, we
+will consider only addition and multiplication. Moreover, we will insist that two polynomials to be
+combined must have the same indeterminate.
+We will approach the design of our system by following the familiar discipline of data abstraction. We
+will represent polynomials using a data structure called a poly, which consists of a variable and a
+collection of terms. We assume that we have selectors variable and term-list that extract those
+parts from a poly and a constructor make-poly that assembles a poly from a given variable and a
+term list. A variable will be just a symbol, so we can use the same-variable? procedure of
+section 2.3.2 to compare variables. The following procedures define addition and multiplication of
+polys:
+(define (add-poly p1 p2)
+(if (same-variable? (variable p1) (variable p2))
+(make-poly (variable p1)
+(add-terms (term-list p1)
+(term-list p2)))
+(error "Polys not in same var -- ADD-POLY"
+(list p1 p2))))
+(define (mul-poly p1 p2)
+(if (same-variable? (variable p1) (variable p2))
+(make-poly (variable p1)
+(mul-terms (term-list p1)
+(term-list p2)))
+(error "Polys not in same var -- MUL-POLY"
+(list p1 p2))))
+To incorporate polynomials into our generic arithmetic system, we need to supply them with type tags.
+We’ll use the tag polynomial, and install appropriate operations on tagged polynomials in the
+operation table. We’ll embed all our code in an installation procedure for the polynomial package,
+similar to the ones in section 2.5.1:
+
+\f(define (install-polynomial-package)
+;; internal procedures
+;; representation of poly
+(define (make-poly variable term-list)
+(cons variable term-list))
+(define (variable p) (car p))
+(define (term-list p) (cdr p))
+<procedures same-variable? and variable? from section 2.3.2>
+;; representation of terms and term lists
+<procedures adjoin-term ...coeff from text below>
+;; continued on next page
+(define (add-poly p1 p2) ...)
+<procedures used by add-poly>
+(define (mul-poly p1 p2) ...)
+<procedures used by mul-poly>
+;; interface to rest of the system
+(define (tag p) (attach-tag ’polynomial p))
+(put ’add ’(polynomial polynomial)
+(lambda (p1 p2) (tag (add-poly p1 p2))))
+(put ’mul ’(polynomial polynomial)
+(lambda (p1 p2) (tag (mul-poly p1 p2))))
+(put ’make ’polynomial
+(lambda (var terms) (tag (make-poly var terms))))
+’done)
+Polynomial addition is performed termwise. Terms of the same order (i.e., with the same power of the
+indeterminate) must be combined. This is done by forming a new term of the same order whose
+coefficient is the sum of the coefficients of the addends. Terms in one addend for which there are no
+terms of the same order in the other addend are simply accumulated into the sum polynomial being
+constructed.
+In order to manipulate term lists, we will assume that we have a constructor
+the-empty-termlist that returns an empty term list and a constructor adjoin-term that
+adjoins a new term to a term list. We will also assume that we have a predicate empty-termlist?
+that tells if a given term list is empty, a selector first-term that extracts the highest-order term
+from a term list, and a selector rest-terms that returns all but the highest-order term. To
+manipulate terms, we will suppose that we have a constructor make-term that constructs a term with
+given order and coefficient, and selectors order and coeff that return, respectively, the order and
+the coefficient of the term. These operations allow us to consider both terms and term lists as data
+abstractions, whose concrete representations we can worry about separately.
+Here is the procedure that constructs the term list for the sum of two polynomials: 56
+(define (add-terms L1 L2)
+(cond ((empty-termlist? L1) L2)
+((empty-termlist? L2) L1)
+(else
+(let ((t1 (first-term L1)) (t2 (first-term L2)))
+(cond ((> (order t1) (order t2))
+(adjoin-term
+t1 (add-terms (rest-terms L1) L2)))
+
+\f((< (order t1) (order t2))
+(adjoin-term
+t2 (add-terms L1 (rest-terms L2))))
+(else
+(adjoin-term
+(make-term (order t1)
+(add (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(add-terms (rest-terms L1)
+(rest-terms L2)))))))))
+The most important point to note here is that we used the generic addition procedure add to add
+together the coefficients of the terms being combined. This has powerful consequences, as we will see
+below.
+In order to multiply two term lists, we multiply each term of the first list by all the terms of the other
+list, repeatedly using mul-term-by-all-terms, which multiplies a given term by all terms in a
+given term list. The resulting term lists (one for each term of the first list) are accumulated into a sum.
+Multiplying two terms forms a term whose order is the sum of the orders of the factors and whose
+coefficient is the product of the coefficients of the factors:
+(define (mul-terms L1 L2)
+(if (empty-termlist? L1)
+(the-empty-termlist)
+(add-terms (mul-term-by-all-terms (first-term L1) L2)
+(mul-terms (rest-terms L1) L2))))
+(define (mul-term-by-all-terms t1 L)
+(if (empty-termlist? L)
+(the-empty-termlist)
+(let ((t2 (first-term L)))
+(adjoin-term
+(make-term (+ (order t1) (order t2))
+(mul (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(mul-term-by-all-terms t1 (rest-terms L))))))
+This is really all there is to polynomial addition and multiplication. Notice that, since we operate on
+terms using the generic procedures add and mul, our polynomial package is automatically able to
+handle any type of coefficient that is known about by the generic arithmetic package. If we include a
+coercion mechanism such as one of those discussed in section 2.5.2, then we also are automatically
+able to handle operations on polynomials of different coefficient types, such as
+
+Because we installed the polynomial addition and multiplication procedures add-poly and
+mul-poly in the generic arithmetic system as the add and mul operations for type polynomial,
+our system is also automatically able to handle polynomial operations such as
+
+\fThe reason is that when the system tries to combine coefficients, it will dispatch through add and
+mul. Since the coefficients are themselves polynomials (in y), these will be combined using
+add-poly and mul-poly. The result is a kind of ‘‘data-directed recursion’’ in which, for example,
+a call to mul-poly will result in recursive calls to mul-poly in order to multiply the coefficients. If
+the coefficients of the coefficients were themselves polynomials (as might be used to represent
+polynomials in three variables), the data direction would ensure that the system would follow through
+another level of recursive calls, and so on through as many levels as the structure of the data
+dictates. 57
+
+Representing term lists
+Finally, we must confront the job of implementing a good representation for term lists. A term list is,
+in effect, a set of coefficients keyed by the order of the term. Hence, any of the methods for
+representing sets, as discussed in section 2.3.3, can be applied to this task. On the other hand, our
+procedures add-terms and mul-terms always access term lists sequentially from highest to
+lowest order. Thus, we will use some kind of ordered list representation.
+How should we structure the list that represents a term list? One consideration is the ‘‘density’’ of the
+polynomials we intend to manipulate. A polynomial is said to be dense if it has nonzero coefficients in
+terms of most orders. If it has many zero terms it is said to be sparse. For example,
+
+is a dense polynomial, whereas
+
+is sparse.
+The term lists of dense polynomials are most efficiently represented as lists of the coefficients. For
+example, A above would be nicely represented as (1 2 0 3 -2 -5). The order of a term in this
+representation is the length of the sublist beginning with that term’s coefficient, decremented by 1. 58
+This would be a terrible representation for a sparse polynomial such as B: There would be a giant list
+of zeros punctuated by a few lonely nonzero terms. A more reasonable representation of the term list
+of a sparse polynomial is as a list of the nonzero terms, where each term is a list containing the order
+of the term and the coefficient for that order. In such a scheme, polynomial B is efficiently represented
+as ((100 1) (2 2) (0 1)). As most polynomial manipulations are performed on sparse
+polynomials, we will use this method. We will assume that term lists are represented as lists of terms,
+arranged from highest-order to lowest-order term. Once we have made this decision, implementing the
+selectors and constructors for terms and term lists is straightforward: 59
+(define (adjoin-term term term-list)
+(if (=zero? (coeff term))
+term-list
+(cons term term-list)))
+(define (the-empty-termlist) ’())
+(define (first-term term-list) (car term-list))
+(define (rest-terms term-list) (cdr term-list))
+(define (empty-termlist? term-list) (null? term-list))
+(define (make-term order coeff) (list order coeff))
+(define (order term) (car term))
+(define (coeff term) (cadr term))
+
+\fwhere =zero? is as defined in exercise 2.80. (See also exercise 2.87 below.)
+Users of the polynomial package will create (tagged) polynomials by means of the procedure:
+(define (make-polynomial var terms)
+((get ’make ’polynomial) var terms))
+Exercise 2.87. Install =zero? for polynomials in the generic arithmetic package. This will allow
+adjoin-term to work for polynomials with coefficients that are themselves polynomials.
+Exercise 2.88. Extend the polynomial system to include subtraction of polynomials. (Hint: You may
+find it helpful to define a generic negation operation.)
+Exercise 2.89. Define procedures that implement the term-list representation described above as
+appropriate for dense polynomials.
+Exercise 2.90. Suppose we want to have a polynomial system that is efficient for both sparse and
+dense polynomials. One way to do this is to allow both kinds of term-list representations in our
+system. The situation is analogous to the complex-number example of section 2.4, where we allowed
+both rectangular and polar representations. To do this we must distinguish different types of term lists
+and make the operations on term lists generic. Redesign the polynomial system to implement this
+generalization. This is a major effort, not a local change.
+Exercise 2.91. A univariate polynomial can be divided by another one to produce a polynomial
+quotient and a polynomial remainder. For example,
+
+Division can be performed via long division. That is, divide the highest-order term of the dividend by
+the highest-order term of the divisor. The result is the first term of the quotient. Next, multiply the
+result by the divisor, subtract that from the dividend, and produce the rest of the answer by recursively
+dividing the difference by the divisor. Stop when the order of the divisor exceeds the order of the
+dividend and declare the dividend to be the remainder. Also, if the dividend ever becomes zero, return
+zero as both quotient and remainder.
+We can design a div-poly procedure on the model of add-poly and mul-poly. The procedure
+checks to see if the two polys have the same variable. If so, div-poly strips off the variable and
+passes the problem to div-terms, which performs the division operation on term lists. Div-poly
+finally reattaches the variable to the result supplied by div-terms. It is convenient to design
+div-terms to compute both the quotient and the remainder of a division. Div-terms can take two
+term lists as arguments and return a list of the quotient term list and the remainder term list.
+Complete the following definition of div-terms by filling in the missing expressions. Use this to
+implement div-poly, which takes two polys as arguments and returns a list of the quotient and
+remainder polys.
+(define (div-terms L1 L2)
+(if (empty-termlist? L1)
+(list (the-empty-termlist) (the-empty-termlist))
+(let ((t1 (first-term L1))
+(t2 (first-term L2)))
+
+\f(if (> (order t2) (order t1))
+(list (the-empty-termlist) L1)
+(let ((new-c (div (coeff t1) (coeff t2)))
+(new-o (- (order t1) (order t2))))
+(let ((rest-of-result
+<compute rest of result recursively>
+))
+<form complete result>
+))))))
+
+Hierarchies of types in symbolic algebra
+Our polynomial system illustrates how objects of one type (polynomials) may in fact be complex
+objects that have objects of many different types as parts. This poses no real difficulty in defining
+generic operations. We need only install appropriate generic operations for performing the necessary
+manipulations of the parts of the compound types. In fact, we saw that polynomials form a kind of
+‘‘recursive data abstraction,’’ in that parts of a polynomial may themselves be polynomials. Our
+generic operations and our data-directed programming style can handle this complication without
+much trouble.
+On the other hand, polynomial algebra is a system for which the data types cannot be naturally
+arranged in a tower. For instance, it is possible to have polynomials in x whose coefficients are
+polynomials in y. It is also possible to have polynomials in y whose coefficients are polynomials in x.
+Neither of these types is ‘‘above’’ the other in any natural way, yet it is often necessary to add together
+elements from each set. There are several ways to do this. One possibility is to convert one polynomial
+to the type of the other by expanding and rearranging terms so that both polynomials have the same
+principal variable. One can impose a towerlike structure on this by ordering the variables and thus
+always converting any polynomial to a ‘‘canonical form’’ with the highest-priority variable dominant
+and the lower-priority variables buried in the coefficients. This strategy works fairly well, except that
+the conversion may expand a polynomial unnecessarily, making it hard to read and perhaps less
+efficient to work with. The tower strategy is certainly not natural for this domain or for any domain
+where the user can invent new types dynamically using old types in various combining forms, such as
+trigonometric functions, power series, and integrals.
+It should not be surprising that controlling coercion is a serious problem in the design of large-scale
+algebraic-manipulation systems. Much of the complexity of such systems is concerned with
+relationships among diverse types. Indeed, it is fair to say that we do not yet completely understand
+coercion. In fact, we do not yet completely understand the concept of a data type. Nevertheless, what
+we know provides us with powerful structuring and modularity principles to support the design of
+large systems.
+Exercise 2.92. By imposing an ordering on variables, extend the polynomial package so that addition
+and multiplication of polynomials works for polynomials in different variables. (This is not easy!)
+
+Extended exercise: Rational functions
+We can extend our generic arithmetic system to include rational functions. These are ‘‘fractions’’
+whose numerator and denominator are polynomials, such as
+
+\fThe system should be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational functions, and to perform
+such computations as
+
+(Here the sum has been simplified by removing common factors. Ordinary ‘‘cross multiplication’’
+would have produced a fourth-degree polynomial over a fifth-degree polynomial.)
+If we modify our rational-arithmetic package so that it uses generic operations, then it will do what we
+want, except for the problem of reducing fractions to lowest terms.
+Exercise 2.93. Modify the rational-arithmetic package to use generic operations, but change
+make-rat so that it does not attempt to reduce fractions to lowest terms. Test your system by calling
+make-rational on two polynomials to produce a rational function
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((2 1)(0 1))))
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3 1)(0 1))))
+(define rf (make-rational p2 p1))
+Now add rf to itself, using add. You will observe that this addition procedure does not reduce
+fractions to lowest terms.
+We can reduce polynomial fractions to lowest terms using the same idea we used with integers:
+modifying make-rat to divide both the numerator and the denominator by their greatest common
+divisor. The notion of ‘‘greatest common divisor’’ makes sense for polynomials. In fact, we can
+compute the GCD of two polynomials using essentially the same Euclid’s Algorithm that works for
+integers. 60 The integer version is
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+Using this, we could make the obvious modification to define a GCD operation that works on term
+lists:
+(define (gcd-terms a b)
+(if (empty-termlist? b)
+a
+(gcd-terms b (remainder-terms a b))))
+where remainder-terms picks out the remainder component of the list returned by the term-list
+division operation div-terms that was implemented in exercise 2.91.
+Exercise 2.94. Using div-terms, implement the procedure remainder-terms and use this to
+define gcd-terms as above. Now write a procedure gcd-poly that computes the polynomial GCD
+of two polys. (The procedure should signal an error if the two polys are not in the same variable.)
+Install in the system a generic operation greatest-common-divisor that reduces to gcd-poly
+
+\ffor polynomials and to ordinary gcd for ordinary numbers. As a test, try
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((4 1) (3 -1) (2 -2) (1 2))))
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3 1) (1 -1))))
+(greatest-common-divisor p1 p2)
+and check your result by hand.
+Exercise 2.95. Define P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 to be the polynomials
+
+Now define Q 1 to be the product of P 1 and P 2 and Q 2 to be the product of P 1 and P 3 , and use
+greatest-common-divisor (exercise 2.94) to compute the GCD of Q 1 and Q 2 . Note that the
+answer is not the same as P 1 . This example introduces noninteger operations into the computation,
+causing difficulties with the GCD algorithm. 61 To understand what is happening, try tracing
+gcd-terms while computing the GCD or try performing the division by hand.
+We can solve the problem exhibited in exercise 2.95 if we use the following modification of the GCD
+algorithm (which really works only in the case of polynomials with integer coefficients). Before
+performing any polynomial division in the GCD computation, we multiply the dividend by an integer
+constant factor, chosen to guarantee that no fractions will arise during the division process. Our answer
+will thus differ from the actual GCD by an integer constant factor, but this does not matter in the case
+of reducing rational functions to lowest terms; the GCD will be used to divide both the numerator and
+denominator, so the integer constant factor will cancel out.
+More precisely, if P and Q are polynomials, let O 1 be the order of P (i.e., the order of the largest term
+of P) and let O 2 be the order of Q. Let c be the leading coefficient of Q. Then it can be shown that, if
+we multiply P by the integerizing factor c 1+O 1 -O 2 , the resulting polynomial can be divided by Q by
+using the div-terms algorithm without introducing any fractions. The operation of multiplying the
+dividend by this constant and then dividing is sometimes called the pseudodivision of P by Q. The
+remainder of the division is called the pseudoremainder.
+Exercise 2.96. a. Implement the procedure pseudoremainder-terms, which is just like
+remainder-terms except that it multiplies the dividend by the integerizing factor described above
+before calling div-terms. Modify gcd-terms to use pseudoremainder-terms, and verify
+that greatest-common-divisor now produces an answer with integer coefficients on the
+example in exercise 2.95.
+b. The GCD now has integer coefficients, but they are larger than those of P 1 . Modify gcd-terms
+so that it removes common factors from the coefficients of the answer by dividing all the coefficients
+by their (integer) greatest common divisor.
+Thus, here is how to reduce a rational function to lowest terms:
+
+\fCompute the GCD of the numerator and denominator, using the version of gcd-terms from
+exercise 2.96.
+When you obtain the GCD, multiply both numerator and denominator by the same integerizing
+factor before dividing through by the GCD, so that division by the GCD will not introduce any
+noninteger coefficients. As the factor you can use the leading coefficient of the GCD raised to the
+power 1 + O 1 - O 2 , where O 2 is the order of the GCD and O 1 is the maximum of the orders of
+the numerator and denominator. This will ensure that dividing the numerator and denominator by
+the GCD will not introduce any fractions.
+The result of this operation will be a numerator and denominator with integer coefficients. The
+coefficients will normally be very large because of all of the integerizing factors, so the last step
+is to remove the redundant factors by computing the (integer) greatest common divisor of all the
+coefficients of the numerator and the denominator and dividing through by this factor.
+Exercise 2.97. a. Implement this algorithm as a procedure reduce-terms that takes two term lists
+n and d as arguments and returns a list nn, dd, which are n and d reduced to lowest terms via the
+algorithm given above. Also write a procedure reduce-poly, analogous to add-poly, that checks
+to see if the two polys have the same variable. If so, reduce-poly strips off the variable and passes
+the problem to reduce-terms, then reattaches the variable to the two term lists supplied by
+reduce-terms.
+b. Define a procedure analogous to reduce-terms that does what the original make-rat did for
+integers:
+(define (reduce-integers n d)
+(let ((g (gcd n d)))
+(list (/ n g) (/ d g))))
+and define reduce as a generic operation that calls apply-generic to dispatch to either
+reduce-poly (for polynomial arguments) or reduce-integers (for scheme-number
+arguments). You can now easily make the rational-arithmetic package reduce fractions to lowest terms
+by having make-rat call reduce before combining the given numerator and denominator to form a
+rational number. The system now handles rational expressions in either integers or polynomials. To
+test your program, try the example at the beginning of this extended exercise:
+(define p1 (make-polynomial ’x ’((1
+(define p2 (make-polynomial ’x ’((3
+(define p3 (make-polynomial ’x ’((1
+(define p4 (make-polynomial ’x ’((2
+(define rf1 (make-rational p1 p2))
+(define rf2 (make-rational p3 p4))
+(add rf1 rf2)
+
+1)(0 1))))
+1)(0 -1))))
+1))))
+1)(0 -1))))
+
+See if you get the correct answer, correctly reduced to lowest terms.
+The GCD computation is at the heart of any system that does operations on rational functions. The
+algorithm used above, although mathematically straightforward, is extremely slow. The slowness is
+due partly to the large number of division operations and partly to the enormous size of the
+intermediate coefficients generated by the pseudodivisions. One of the active areas in the development
+of algebraic-manipulation systems is the design of better algorithms for computing polynomial
+GCDs. 62
+
+\f49 We also have to supply an almost identical procedure to handle the types (scheme-number
+
+complex).
+50 See exercise 2.82 for generalizations.
+51 If we are clever, we can usually get by with fewer than n 2 coercion procedures. For instance, if we
+
+know how to convert from type 1 to type 2 and from type 2 to type 3, then we can use this knowledge
+to convert from type 1 to type 3. This can greatly decrease the number of coercion procedures we need
+to supply explicitly when we add a new type to the system. If we are willing to build the required
+amount of sophistication into our system, we can have it search the ‘‘graph’’ of relations among types
+and automatically generate those coercion procedures that can be inferred from the ones that are
+supplied explicitly.
+52 This statement, which also appears in the first edition of this book, is just as true now as it was
+
+when we wrote it twelve years ago. Developing a useful, general framework for expressing the
+relations among different types of entities (what philosophers call ‘‘ontology’’) seems intractably
+difficult. The main difference between the confusion that existed ten years ago and the confusion that
+exists now is that now a variety of inadequate ontological theories have been embodied in a plethora of
+correspondingly inadequate programming languages. For example, much of the complexity of
+object-oriented programming languages -- and the subtle and confusing differences among
+contemporary object-oriented languages -- centers on the treatment of generic operations on
+interrelated types. Our own discussion of computational objects in chapter 3 avoids these issues
+entirely. Readers familiar with object-oriented programming will notice that we have much to say in
+chapter 3 about local state, but we do not even mention ‘‘classes’’ or ‘‘inheritance.’’ In fact, we
+suspect that these problems cannot be adequately addressed in terms of computer-language design
+alone, without also drawing on work in knowledge representation and automated reasoning.
+53 A real number can be projected to an integer using the round primitive, which returns the closest
+
+integer to its argument.
+54 On the other hand, we will allow polynomials whose coefficients are themselves polynomials in
+
+other variables. This will give us essentially the same representational power as a full multivariate
+system, although it does lead to coercion problems, as discussed below.
+55 For univariate polynomials, giving the value of a polynomial at a given set of points can be a
+
+particularly good representation. This makes polynomial arithmetic extremely simple. To obtain, for
+example, the sum of two polynomials represented in this way, we need only add the values of the
+polynomials at corresponding points. To transform back to a more familiar representation, we can use
+the Lagrange interpolation formula, which shows how to recover the coefficients of a polynomial of
+degree n given the values of the polynomial at n + 1 points.
+56 This operation is very much like the ordered union-set operation we developed in exercise
+
+2.62. In fact, if we think of the terms of the polynomial as a set ordered according to the power of the
+indeterminate, then the program that produces the term list for a sum is almost identical to
+union-set.
+57 To make this work completely smoothly, we should also add to our generic arithmetic system the
+
+ability to coerce a ‘‘number’’ to a polynomial by regarding it as a polynomial of degree zero whose
+coefficient is the number. This is necessary if we are going to perform operations such as
+
+\fwhich requires adding the coefficient y + 1 to the coefficient 2.
+58 In these polynomial examples, we assume that we have implemented the generic arithmetic system
+
+using the type mechanism suggested in exercise 2.78. Thus, coefficients that are ordinary numbers will
+be represented as the numbers themselves rather than as pairs whose car is the symbol
+scheme-number.
+59 Although we are assuming that term lists are ordered, we have implemented adjoin-term to
+
+simply cons the new term onto the existing term list. We can get away with this so long as we
+guarantee that the procedures (such as add-terms) that use adjoin-term always call it with a
+higher-order term than appears in the list. If we did not want to make such a guarantee, we could have
+implemented adjoin-term to be similar to the adjoin-set constructor for the ordered-list
+representation of sets (exercise 2.61).
+60 The fact that Euclid’s Algorithm works for polynomials is formalized in algebra by saying that
+
+polynomials form a kind of algebraic domain called a Euclidean ring. A Euclidean ring is a domain
+that admits addition, subtraction, and commutative multiplication, together with a way of assigning to
+each element x of the ring a positive integer ‘‘measure’’ m(x) with the properties that m(xy)> m(x) for
+any nonzero x and y and that, given any x and y, there exists a q such that y = qx + r and either r = 0 or
+m(r)< m(x). From an abstract point of view, this is what is needed to prove that Euclid’s Algorithm
+works. For the domain of integers, the measure m of an integer is the absolute value of the integer
+itself. For the domain of polynomials, the measure of a polynomial is its degree.
+61 In an implementation like MIT Scheme, this produces a polynomial that is indeed a divisor of Q
+1
+
+and Q 2 , but with rational coefficients. In many other Scheme systems, in which division of integers
+can produce limited-precision decimal numbers, we may fail to get a valid divisor.
+62 One extremely efficient and elegant method for computing polynomial GCDs was discovered by
+
+Richard Zippel (1979). The method is a probabilistic algorithm, as is the fast test for primality that we
+discussed in chapter 1. Zippel’s book (1993) describes this method, together with other ways to
+compute polynomial GCDs.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Chapter 3
+Modularity, Objects, and State
+M
+(Even while it changes, it stands still.)
+Heraclitus
+Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose.
+Alphonse Karr
+The preceding chapters introduced the basic elements from which programs are made. We saw how
+primitive procedures and primitive data are combined to construct compound entities, and we learned
+that abstraction is vital in helping us to cope with the complexity of large systems. But these tools are
+not sufficient for designing programs. Effective program synthesis also requires organizational
+principles that can guide us in formulating the overall design of a program. In particular, we need
+strategies to help us structure large systems so that they will be modular, that is, so that they can be
+divided ‘‘naturally’’ into coherent parts that can be separately developed and maintained.
+One powerful design strategy, which is particularly appropriate to the construction of programs for
+modeling physical systems, is to base the structure of our programs on the structure of the system
+being modeled. For each object in the system, we construct a corresponding computational object. For
+each system action, we define a symbolic operation in our computational model. Our hope in using
+this strategy is that extending the model to accommodate new objects or new actions will require no
+strategic changes to the program, only the addition of the new symbolic analogs of those objects or
+actions. If we have been successful in our system organization, then to add a new feature or debug an
+old one we will have to work on only a localized part of the system.
+To a large extent, then, the way we organize a large program is dictated by our perception of the
+system to be modeled. In this chapter we will investigate two prominent organizational strategies
+arising from two rather different ‘‘world views’’ of the structure of systems. The first organizational
+strategy concentrates on objects, viewing a large system as a collection of distinct objects whose
+behaviors may change over time. An alternative organizational strategy concentrates on the streams of
+information that flow in the system, much as an electrical engineer views a signal-processing system.
+Both the object-based approach and the stream-processing approach raise significant linguistic issues
+in programming. With objects, we must be concerned with how a computational object can change and
+yet maintain its identity. This will force us to abandon our old substitution model of computation
+(section 1.1.5) in favor of a more mechanistic but less theoretically tractable environment model of
+computation. The difficulties of dealing with objects, change, and identity are a fundamental
+consequence of the need to grapple with time in our computational models. These difficulties become
+even greater when we allow the possibility of concurrent execution of programs. The stream approach
+can be most fully exploited when we decouple simulated time in our model from the order of the
+events that take place in the computer during evaluation. We will accomplish this using a technique
+known as delayed evaluation.
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+3.1 Assignment and Local State
+We ordinarily view the world as populated by independent objects, each of which has a state that
+changes over time. An object is said to ‘‘have state’’ if its behavior is influenced by its history. A bank
+account, for example, has state in that the answer to the question ‘‘Can I withdraw $100?’’ depends
+upon the history of deposit and withdrawal transactions. We can characterize an object’s state by one
+or more state variables, which among them maintain enough information about history to determine
+the object’s current behavior. In a simple banking system, we could characterize the state of an
+account by a current balance rather than by remembering the entire history of account transactions.
+In a system composed of many objects, the objects are rarely completely independent. Each may
+influence the states of others through interactions, which serve to couple the state variables of one
+object to those of other objects. Indeed, the view that a system is composed of separate objects is most
+useful when the state variables of the system can be grouped into closely coupled subsystems that are
+only loosely coupled to other subsystems.
+This view of a system can be a powerful framework for organizing computational models of the
+system. For such a model to be modular, it should be decomposed into computational objects that
+model the actual objects in the system. Each computational object must have its own local state
+variables describing the actual object’s state. Since the states of objects in the system being modeled
+change over time, the state variables of the corresponding computational objects must also change. If
+we choose to model the flow of time in the system by the elapsed time in the computer, then we must
+have a way to construct computational objects whose behaviors change as our programs run. In
+particular, if we wish to model state variables by ordinary symbolic names in the programming
+language, then the language must provide an assignment operator to enable us to change the value
+associated with a name.
+
+3.1.1 Local State Variables
+To illustrate what we mean by having a computational object with time-varying state, let us model the
+situation of withdrawing money from a bank account. We will do this using a procedure withdraw,
+which takes as argument an amount to be withdrawn. If there is enough money in the account to
+accommodate the withdrawal, then withdraw should return the balance remaining after the
+withdrawal. Otherwise, withdraw should return the message Insufficient funds. For example, if we
+begin with $100 in the account, we should obtain the following sequence of responses using
+withdraw:
+(withdraw 25)
+75
+(withdraw 25)
+50
+(withdraw 60)
+"Insufficient funds"
+(withdraw 15)
+35
+
+\fObserve that the expression (withdraw 25), evaluated twice, yields different values. This is a new
+kind of behavior for a procedure. Until now, all our procedures could be viewed as specifications for
+computing mathematical functions. A call to a procedure computed the value of the function applied to
+the given arguments, and two calls to the same procedure with the same arguments always produced
+the same result. 1
+To implement withdraw, we can use a variable balance to indicate the balance of money in the
+account and define withdraw as a procedure that accesses balance. The withdraw procedure
+checks to see if balance is at least as large as the requested amount. If so, withdraw decrements
+balance by amount and returns the new value of balance. Otherwise, withdraw returns the
+Insufficient funds message. Here are the definitions of balance and withdraw:
+(define balance 100)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+Decrementing balance is accomplished by the expression
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+This uses the set! special form, whose syntax is
+(set! <name> <new-value>)
+Here <name> is a symbol and <new-value> is any expression. Set! changes <name> so that its value
+is the result obtained by evaluating <new-value>. In the case at hand, we are changing balance so
+that its new value will be the result of subtracting amount from the previous value of balance. 2
+Withdraw also uses the begin special form to cause two expressions to be evaluated in the case
+where the if test is true: first decrementing balance and then returning the value of balance. In
+general, evaluating the expression
+(begin <exp 1 > <exp 2 > ... <exp k >)
+causes the expressions <exp 1 > through <exp k > to be evaluated in sequence and the value of the final
+expression <exp k > to be returned as the value of the entire begin form. 3
+Although withdraw works as desired, the variable balance presents a problem. As specified
+above, balance is a name defined in the global environment and is freely accessible to be examined
+or modified by any procedure. It would be much better if we could somehow make balance internal
+to withdraw, so that withdraw would be the only procedure that could access balance directly
+and any other procedure could access balance only indirectly (through calls to withdraw). This
+would more accurately model the notion that balance is a local state variable used by withdraw to
+keep track of the state of the account.
+We can make balance internal to withdraw by rewriting the definition as follows:
+
+\f(define new-withdraw
+(let ((balance 100))
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))))
+What we have done here is use let to establish an environment with a local variable balance,
+bound to the initial value 100. Within this local environment, we use lambda to create a procedure
+that takes amount as an argument and behaves like our previous withdraw procedure. This
+procedure -- returned as the result of evaluating the let expression -- is new-withdraw, which
+behaves in precisely the same way as withdraw but whose variable balance is not accessible by
+any other procedure. 4
+Combining set! with local variables is the general programming technique we will use for
+constructing computational objects with local state. Unfortunately, using this technique raises a serious
+problem: When we first introduced procedures, we also introduced the substitution model of
+evaluation (section 1.1.5) to provide an interpretation of what procedure application means. We said
+that applying a procedure should be interpreted as evaluating the body of the procedure with the
+formal parameters replaced by their values. The trouble is that, as soon as we introduce assignment
+into our language, substitution is no longer an adequate model of procedure application. (We will see
+why this is so in section 3.1.3.) As a consequence, we technically have at this point no way to
+understand why the new-withdraw procedure behaves as claimed above. In order to really
+understand a procedure such as new-withdraw, we will need to develop a new model of procedure
+application. In section 3.2 we will introduce such a model, together with an explanation of set! and
+local variables. First, however, we examine some variations on the theme established by
+new-withdraw.
+The following procedure, make-withdraw, creates ‘‘withdrawal processors.’’ The formal
+parameter balance in make-withdraw specifies the initial amount of money in the account. 5
+(define (make-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")))
+Make-withdraw can be used as follows to create two objects W1 and W2:
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+(W1 50)
+50
+(W2 70)
+30
+(W2 40)
+"Insufficient funds"
+(W1 40)
+10
+
+\fObserve that W1 and W2 are completely independent objects, each with its own local state variable
+balance. Withdrawals from one do not affect the other.
+We can also create objects that handle deposits as well as withdrawals, and thus we can represent
+simple bank accounts. Here is a procedure that returns a ‘‘bank-account object’’ with a specified initial
+balance:
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)
+Each call to make-account sets up an environment with a local state variable balance. Within
+this environment, make-account defines procedures deposit and withdraw that access
+balance and an additional procedure dispatch that takes a ‘‘message’’ as input and returns one of
+the two local procedures. The dispatch procedure itself is returned as the value that represents the
+bank-account object. This is precisely the message-passing style of programming that we saw in
+section 2.4.3, although here we are using it in conjunction with the ability to modify local variables.
+Make-account can be used as follows:
+(define acc (make-account 100))
+((acc ’withdraw) 50)
+50
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+"Insufficient funds"
+((acc ’deposit) 40)
+90
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+30
+Each call to acc returns the locally defined deposit or withdraw procedure, which is then
+applied to the specified amount. As was the case with make-withdraw, another call to
+make-account
+(define acc2 (make-account 100))
+will produce a completely separate account object, which maintains its own local balance.
+
+\fExercise 3.1. An accumulator is a procedure that is called repeatedly with a single numeric argument
+and accumulates its arguments into a sum. Each time it is called, it returns the currently accumulated
+sum. Write a procedure make-accumulator that generates accumulators, each maintaining an
+independent sum. The input to make-accumulator should specify the initial value of the sum; for
+example
+(define A (make-accumulator 5))
+(A 10)
+15
+(A 10)
+25
+Exercise 3.2. In software-testing applications, it is useful to be able to count the number of times a
+given procedure is called during the course of a computation. Write a procedure make-monitored
+that takes as input a procedure, f, that itself takes one input. The result returned by
+make-monitored is a third procedure, say mf, that keeps track of the number of times it has been
+called by maintaining an internal counter. If the input to mf is the special symbol
+how-many-calls?, then mf returns the value of the counter. If the input is the special symbol
+reset-count, then mf resets the counter to zero. For any other input, mf returns the result of
+calling f on that input and increments the counter. For instance, we could make a monitored version of
+the sqrt procedure:
+(define s (make-monitored sqrt))
+(s 100)
+10
+(s ’how-many-calls?)
+1
+Exercise 3.3. Modify the make-account procedure so that it creates password-protected accounts.
+That is, make-account should take a symbol as an additional argument, as in
+(define acc (make-account 100 ’secret-password))
+The resulting account object should process a request only if it is accompanied by the password with
+which the account was created, and should otherwise return a complaint:
+((acc ’secret-password ’withdraw) 40)
+60
+((acc ’some-other-password ’deposit) 50)
+"Incorrect password"
+Exercise 3.4. Modify the make-account procedure of exercise 3.3 by adding another local state
+variable so that, if an account is accessed more than seven consecutive times with an incorrect
+password, it invokes the procedure call-the-cops.
+
+3.1.2 The Benefits of Introducing Assignment
+As we shall see, introducing assignment into our programming language leads us into a thicket of
+difficult conceptual issues. Nevertheless, viewing systems as collections of objects with local state is a
+powerful technique for maintaining a modular design. As a simple example, consider the design of a
+procedure rand that, whenever it is called, returns an integer chosen at random.
+
+\fIt is not at all clear what is meant by ‘‘chosen at random.’’ What we presumably want is for successive
+calls to rand to produce a sequence of numbers that has statistical properties of uniform distribution.
+We will not discuss methods for generating suitable sequences here. Rather, let us assume that we
+have a procedure rand-update that has the property that if we start with a given number x 1 and
+form
+x 2 = (rand-update x 1 )
+x 3 = (rand-update x 2 )
+then the sequence of values x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ..., will have the desired statistical properties. 6
+We can implement rand as a procedure with a local state variable x that is initialized to some fixed
+value random-init. Each call to rand computes rand-update of the current value of x, returns
+this as the random number, and also stores this as the new value of x.
+(define rand
+(let ((x random-init))
+(lambda ()
+(set! x (rand-update x))
+x)))
+Of course, we could generate the same sequence of random numbers without using assignment by
+simply calling rand-update directly. However, this would mean that any part of our program that
+used random numbers would have to explicitly remember the current value of x to be passed as an
+argument to rand-update. To realize what an annoyance this would be, consider using random
+numbers to implement a technique called Monte Carlo simulation.
+The Monte Carlo method consists of choosing sample experiments at random from a large set and then
+making deductions on the basis of the probabilities estimated from tabulating the results of those
+experiments. For example, we can approximate using the fact that 6/ 2 is the probability that two
+integers chosen at random will have no factors in common; that is, that their greatest common divisor
+will be 1. 7 To obtain the approximation to , we perform a large number of experiments. In each
+experiment we choose two integers at random and perform a test to see if their GCD is 1. The fraction
+of times that the test is passed gives us our estimate of 6/ 2 , and from this we obtain our
+approximation to .
+The heart of our program is a procedure monte-carlo, which takes as arguments the number of
+times to try an experiment, together with the experiment, represented as a no-argument procedure that
+will return either true or false each time it is run. Monte-carlo runs the experiment for the
+designated number of trials and returns a number telling the fraction of the trials in which the
+experiment was found to be true.
+(define (estimate-pi trials)
+(sqrt (/ 6 (monte-carlo trials cesaro-test))))
+(define (cesaro-test)
+(= (gcd (rand) (rand)) 1))
+(define (monte-carlo trials experiment)
+(define (iter trials-remaining trials-passed)
+(cond ((= trials-remaining 0)
+(/ trials-passed trials))
+((experiment)
+
+\f(iter (- trials-remaining 1) (+ trials-passed 1)))
+(else
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1) trials-passed))))
+(iter trials 0))
+Now let us try the same computation using rand-update directly rather than rand, the way we
+would be forced to proceed if we did not use assignment to model local state:
+(define (estimate-pi trials)
+(sqrt (/ 6 (random-gcd-test trials random-init))))
+(define (random-gcd-test trials initial-x)
+(define (iter trials-remaining trials-passed x)
+(let ((x1 (rand-update x)))
+(let ((x2 (rand-update x1)))
+(cond ((= trials-remaining 0)
+(/ trials-passed trials))
+((= (gcd x1 x2) 1)
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1)
+(+ trials-passed 1)
+x2))
+(else
+(iter (- trials-remaining 1)
+trials-passed
+x2))))))
+(iter trials 0 initial-x))
+While the program is still simple, it betrays some painful breaches of modularity. In our first version
+of the program, using rand, we can express the Monte Carlo method directly as a general
+monte-carlo procedure that takes as an argument an arbitrary experiment procedure. In our
+second version of the program, with no local state for the random-number generator,
+random-gcd-test must explicitly manipulate the random numbers x1 and x2 and recycle x2
+through the iterative loop as the new input to rand-update. This explicit handling of the random
+numbers intertwines the structure of accumulating test results with the fact that our particular
+experiment uses two random numbers, whereas other Monte Carlo experiments might use one random
+number or three. Even the top-level procedure estimate-pi has to be concerned with supplying an
+initial random number. The fact that the random-number generator’s insides are leaking out into other
+parts of the program makes it difficult for us to isolate the Monte Carlo idea so that it can be applied to
+other tasks. In the first version of the program, assignment encapsulates the state of the
+random-number generator within the rand procedure, so that the details of random-number
+generation remain independent of the rest of the program.
+The general phenomenon illustrated by the Monte Carlo example is this: From the point of view of one
+part of a complex process, the other parts appear to change with time. They have hidden time-varying
+local state. If we wish to write computer programs whose structure reflects this decomposition, we
+make computational objects (such as bank accounts and random-number generators) whose behavior
+changes with time. We model state with local state variables, and we model the changes of state with
+assignments to those variables.
+It is tempting to conclude this discussion by saying that, by introducing assignment and the technique
+of hiding state in local variables, we are able to structure systems in a more modular fashion than if all
+state had to be manipulated explicitly, by passing additional parameters. Unfortunately, as we shall
+
+\fsee, the story is not so simple.
+Exercise 3.5. Monte Carlo integration is a method of estimating definite integrals by means of Monte
+Carlo simulation. Consider computing the area of a region of space described by a predicate P(x, y)
+that is true for points (x, y) in the region and false for points not in the region. For example, the region
+contained within a circle of radius 3 centered at (5, 7) is described by the predicate that tests whether
+(x - 5) 2 + (y - 7) 2 < 3 2 . To estimate the area of the region described by such a predicate, begin by
+choosing a rectangle that contains the region. For example, a rectangle with diagonally opposite
+corners at (2, 4) and (8, 10) contains the circle above. The desired integral is the area of that portion of
+the rectangle that lies in the region. We can estimate the integral by picking, at random, points (x,y)
+that lie in the rectangle, and testing P(x, y) for each point to determine whether the point lies in the
+region. If we try this with many points, then the fraction of points that fall in the region should give an
+estimate of the proportion of the rectangle that lies in the region. Hence, multiplying this fraction by
+the area of the entire rectangle should produce an estimate of the integral.
+Implement Monte Carlo integration as a procedure estimate-integral that takes as arguments a
+predicate P, upper and lower bounds x1, x2, y1, and y2 for the rectangle, and the number of trials to
+perform in order to produce the estimate. Your procedure should use the same monte-carlo
+procedure that was used above to estimate . Use your estimate-integral to produce an
+estimate of by measuring the area of a unit circle.
+You will find it useful to have a procedure that returns a number chosen at random from a given range.
+The following random-in-range procedure implements this in terms of the random procedure
+used in section 1.2.6, which returns a nonnegative number less than its input. 8
+(define (random-in-range low high)
+(let ((range (- high low)))
+(+ low (random range))))
+Exercise 3.6. It is useful to be able to reset a random-number generator to produce a sequence starting
+from a given value. Design a new rand procedure that is called with an argument that is either the
+symbol generate or the symbol reset and behaves as follows: (rand ’generate) produces a
+new random number; ((rand ’reset) <new-value>) resets the internal state variable to the
+designated <new-value>. Thus, by resetting the state, one can generate repeatable sequences. These are
+very handy to have when testing and debugging programs that use random numbers.
+
+3.1.3 The Costs of Introducing Assignment
+As we have seen, the set! operation enables us to model objects that have local state. However, this
+advantage comes at a price. Our programming language can no longer be interpreted in terms of the
+substitution model of procedure application that we introduced in section 1.1.5. Moreover, no simple
+model with ‘‘nice’’ mathematical properties can be an adequate framework for dealing with objects
+and assignment in programming languages.
+So long as we do not use assignments, two evaluations of the same procedure with the same arguments
+will produce the same result, so that procedures can be viewed as computing mathematical functions.
+Programming without any use of assignments, as we did throughout the first two chapters of this book,
+is accordingly known as functional programming.
+
+\fTo understand how assignment complicates matters, consider a simplified version of the
+make-withdraw procedure of section 3.1.1 that does not bother to check for an insufficient amount:
+(define (make-simplified-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance))
+(define W (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+(W 20)
+5
+(W 10)
+- 5
+Compare this procedure with the following make-decrementer procedure, which does not use
+set!:
+(define (make-decrementer balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(- balance amount)))
+Make-decrementer returns a procedure that subtracts its input from a designated amount
+balance, but there is no accumulated effect over successive calls, as with
+make-simplified-withdraw:
+(define D (make-decrementer 25))
+(D 20)
+5
+(D 10)
+15
+We can use the substitution model to explain how make-decrementer works. For instance, let us
+analyze the evaluation of the expression
+((make-decrementer 25) 20)
+We first simplify the operator of the combination by substituting 25 for balance in the body of
+make-decrementer. This reduces the expression to
+((lambda (amount) (- 25 amount)) 20)
+Now we apply the operator by substituting 20 for amount in the body of the lambda expression:
+(- 25 20)
+The final answer is 5.
+Observe, however, what happens if we attempt a similar substitution analysis with
+make-simplified-withdraw:
+((make-simplified-withdraw 25) 20)
+
+\fWe first simplify the operator by substituting 25 for balance in the body of
+make-simplified-withdraw. This reduces the expression to 9
+((lambda (amount) (set! balance (- 25 amount)) 25) 20)
+Now we apply the operator by substituting 20 for amount in the body of the lambda expression:
+(set! balance (- 25 20)) 25
+If we adhered to the substitution model, we would have to say that the meaning of the procedure
+application is to first set balance to 5 and then return 25 as the value of the expression. This gets the
+wrong answer. In order to get the correct answer, we would have to somehow distinguish the first
+occurrence of balance (before the effect of the set!) from the second occurrence of balance
+(after the effect of the set!), and the substitution model cannot do this.
+The trouble here is that substitution is based ultimately on the notion that the symbols in our language
+are essentially names for values. But as soon as we introduce set! and the idea that the value of a
+variable can change, a variable can no longer be simply a name. Now a variable somehow refers to a
+place where a value can be stored, and the value stored at this place can change. In section 3.2 we will
+see how environments play this role of ‘‘place’’ in our computational model.
+
+Sameness and change
+The issue surfacing here is more profound than the mere breakdown of a particular model of
+computation. As soon as we introduce change into our computational models, many notions that were
+previously straightforward become problematical. Consider the concept of two things being ‘‘the
+same.’’
+Suppose we call make-decrementer twice with the same argument to create two procedures:
+(define D1 (make-decrementer 25))
+(define D2 (make-decrementer 25))
+Are D1 and D2 the same? An acceptable answer is yes, because D1 and D2 have the same
+computational behavior -- each is a procedure that subtracts its input from 25. In fact, D1 could be
+substituted for D2 in any computation without changing the result.
+Contrast this with making two calls to make-simplified-withdraw:
+(define W1 (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+(define W2 (make-simplified-withdraw 25))
+Are W1 and W2 the same? Surely not, because calls to W1 and W2 have distinct effects, as shown by the
+following sequence of interactions:
+(W1 20)
+5
+(W1 20)
+- 15
+(W2 20)
+5
+
+\fEven though W1 and W2 are ‘‘equal’’ in the sense that they are both created by evaluating the same
+expression, (make-simplified-withdraw 25), it is not true that W1 could be substituted for
+W2 in any expression without changing the result of evaluating the expression.
+A language that supports the concept that ‘‘equals can be substituted for equals’’ in an expresssion
+without changing the value of the expression is said to be referentially transparent. Referential
+transparency is violated when we include set! in our computer language. This makes it tricky to
+determine when we can simplify expressions by substituting equivalent expressions. Consequently,
+reasoning about programs that use assignment becomes drastically more difficult.
+Once we forgo referential transparency, the notion of what it means for computational objects to be
+‘‘the same’’ becomes difficult to capture in a formal way. Indeed, the meaning of ‘‘same’’ in the real
+world that our programs model is hardly clear in itself. In general, we can determine that two
+apparently identical objects are indeed ‘‘the same one’’ only by modifying one object and then
+observing whether the other object has changed in the same way. But how can we tell if an object has
+‘‘changed’’ other than by observing the ‘‘same’’ object twice and seeing whether some property of the
+object differs from one observation to the next? Thus, we cannot determine ‘‘change’’ without some a
+priori notion of ‘‘sameness,’’ and we cannot determine sameness without observing the effects of
+change.
+As an example of how this issue arises in programming, consider the situation where Peter and Paul
+have a bank account with $100 in it. There is a substantial difference between modeling this as
+(define peter-acc (make-account 100))
+(define paul-acc (make-account 100))
+and modeling it as
+(define peter-acc (make-account 100))
+(define paul-acc peter-acc)
+In the first situation, the two bank accounts are distinct. Transactions made by Peter will not affect
+Paul’s account, and vice versa. In the second situation, however, we have defined paul-acc to be
+the same thing as peter-acc. In effect, Peter and Paul now have a joint bank account, and if Peter
+makes a withdrawal from peter-acc Paul will observe less money in paul-acc. These two
+similar but distinct situations can cause confusion in building computational models. With the shared
+account, in particular, it can be especially confusing that there is one object (the bank account) that has
+two different names (peter-acc and paul-acc); if we are searching for all the places in our
+program where paul-acc can be changed, we must remember to look also at things that change
+peter-acc. 10
+With reference to the above remarks on ‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change,’’ observe that if Peter and Paul
+could only examine their bank balances, and could not perform operations that changed the balance,
+then the issue of whether the two accounts are distinct would be moot. In general, so long as we never
+modify data objects, we can regard a compound data object to be precisely the totality of its pieces.
+For example, a rational number is determined by giving its numerator and its denominator. But this
+view is no longer valid in the presence of change, where a compound data object has an ‘‘identity’’
+that is something different from the pieces of which it is composed. A bank account is still ‘‘the
+same’’ bank account even if we change the balance by making a withdrawal; conversely, we could
+have two different bank accounts with the same state information. This complication is a consequence,
+not of our programming language, but of our perception of a bank account as an object. We do not, for
+example, ordinarily regard a rational number as a changeable object with identity, such that we could
+
+\fchange the numerator and still have ‘‘the same’’ rational number.
+
+Pitfalls of imperative programming
+In contrast to functional programming, programming that makes extensive use of assignment is known
+as imperative programming. In addition to raising complications about computational models,
+programs written in imperative style are susceptible to bugs that cannot occur in functional programs.
+For example, recall the iterative factorial program from section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Instead of passing arguments in the internal iterative loop, we could adopt a more imperative style by
+using explicit assignment to update the values of the variables product and counter:
+(define (factorial n)
+(let ((product 1)
+(counter 1))
+(define (iter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(begin (set! product (* counter product))
+(set! counter (+ counter 1))
+(iter))))
+(iter)))
+This does not change the results produced by the program, but it does introduce a subtle trap. How do
+we decide the order of the assignments? As it happens, the program is correct as written. But writing
+the assignments in the opposite order
+(set! counter (+ counter 1))
+(set! product (* counter product))
+would have produced a different, incorrect result. In general, programming with assignment forces us
+to carefully consider the relative orders of the assignments to make sure that each statement is using
+the correct version of the variables that have been changed. This issue simply does not arise in
+functional programs. 11 The complexity of imperative programs becomes even worse if we consider
+applications in which several processes execute concurrently. We will return to this in section 3.4.
+First, however, we will address the issue of providing a computational model for expressions that
+involve assignment, and explore the uses of objects with local state in designing simulations.
+Exercise 3.7. Consider the bank account objects created by make-account, with the password
+modification described in exercise 3.3. Suppose that our banking system requires the ability to make
+joint accounts. Define a procedure make-joint that accomplishes this. Make-joint should take
+three arguments. The first is a password-protected account. The second argument must match the
+password with which the account was defined in order for the make-joint operation to proceed.
+The third argument is a new password. Make-joint is to create an additional access to the original
+
+\faccount using the new password. For example, if peter-acc is a bank account with password
+open-sesame, then
+(define paul-acc
+(make-joint peter-acc ’open-sesame ’rosebud))
+will allow one to make transactions on peter-acc using the name paul-acc and the password
+rosebud. You may wish to modify your solution to exercise 3.3 to accommodate this new feature.
+Exercise 3.8. When we defined the evaluation model in section 1.1.3, we said that the first step in
+evaluating an expression is to evaluate its subexpressions. But we never specified the order in which
+the subexpressions should be evaluated (e.g., left to right or right to left). When we introduce
+assignment, the order in which the arguments to a procedure are evaluated can make a difference to the
+result. Define a simple procedure f such that evaluating (+ (f 0) (f 1)) will return 0 if the
+arguments to + are evaluated from left to right but will return 1 if the arguments are evaluated from
+right to left.
+1 Actually, this is not quite true. One exception was the random-number generator in section 1.2.6.
+
+Another exception involved the operation/type tables we introduced in section 2.4.3, where the values
+of two calls to get with the same arguments depended on intervening calls to put. On the other hand,
+until we introduce assignment, we have no way to create such procedures ourselves.
+2 The value of a set! expression is implementation-dependent. Set! should be used only for its
+
+effect, not for its value.
+The name set! reflects a naming convention used in Scheme: Operations that change the values of
+variables (or that change data structures, as we will see in section 3.3) are given names that end with
+an exclamation point. This is similar to the convention of designating predicates by names that end
+with a question mark.
+3 We have already used begin implicitly in our programs, because in Scheme the body of a
+
+procedure can be a sequence of expressions. Also, the <consequent> part of each clause in a cond
+expression can be a sequence of expressions rather than a single expression.
+4 In programming-language jargon, the variable balance is said to be encapsulated within the
+
+new-withdraw procedure. Encapsulation reflects the general system-design principle known as the
+hiding principle: One can make a system more modular and robust by protecting parts of the system
+from each other; that is, by providing information access only to those parts of the system that have a
+‘‘need to know.’’
+5 In contrast with new-withdraw above, we do not have to use let to make balance a local
+
+variable, since formal parameters are already local. This will be clearer after the discussion of the
+environment model of evaluation in section 3.2. (See also exercise 3.10.)
+6 One common way to implement rand-update is to use the rule that x is updated to ax + b
+
+modulo m, where a, b, and m are appropriately chosen integers. Chapter 3 of Knuth 1981 includes an
+extensive discussion of techniques for generating sequences of random numbers and establishing their
+statistical properties. Notice that the rand-update procedure computes a mathematical function:
+Given the same input twice, it produces the same output. Therefore, the number sequence produced by
+rand-update certainly is not ‘‘random,’’ if by ‘‘random’’ we insist that each number in the
+sequence is unrelated to the preceding number. The relation between ‘‘real randomness’’ and so-called
+
+\fpseudo-random sequences, which are produced by well-determined computations and yet have
+suitable statistical properties, is a complex question involving difficult issues in mathematics and
+philosophy. Kolmogorov, Solomonoff, and Chaitin have made great progress in clarifying these
+issues; a discussion can be found in Chaitin 1975.
+7 This theorem is due to E. Cesàro. See section 4.5.2 of Knuth 1981 for a discussion and a proof.
+8 MIT Scheme provides such a procedure. If random is given an exact integer (as in section 1.2.6) it
+
+returns an exact integer, but if it is given a decimal value (as in this exercise) it returns a decimal
+value.
+9 We don’t substitute for the occurrence of balance in the set! expression because the <name> in
+
+a set! is not evaluated. If we did substitute for it, we would get (set! 25 (- 25 amount)),
+which makes no sense.
+10 The phenomenon of a single computational object being accessed by more than one name is known
+
+as aliasing. The joint bank account situation illustrates a very simple example of an alias. In
+section 3.3 we will see much more complex examples, such as ‘‘distinct’’ compound data structures
+that share parts. Bugs can occur in our programs if we forget that a change to an object may also, as a
+‘‘side effect,’’ change a ‘‘different’’ object because the two ‘‘different’’ objects are actually a single
+object appearing under different aliases. These so-called side-effect bugs are so difficult to locate and
+to analyze that some people have proposed that programming languages be designed in such a way as
+to not allow side effects or aliasing (Lampson et al. 1981; Morris, Schmidt, and Wadler 1980).
+11 In view of this, it is ironic that introductory programming is most often taught in a highly
+
+imperative style. This may be a vestige of a belief, common throughout the 1960s and 1970s, that
+programs that call procedures must inherently be less efficient than programs that perform
+assignments. (Steele (1977) debunks this argument.) Alternatively it may reflect a view that
+step-by-step assignment is easier for beginners to visualize than procedure call. Whatever the reason, it
+often saddles beginning programmers with ‘‘should I set this variable before or after that one’’
+concerns that can complicate programming and obscure the important ideas.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+3.2 The Environment Model of Evaluation
+When we introduced compound procedures in chapter 1, we used the substitution model of evaluation
+(section 1.1.5) to define what is meant by applying a procedure to arguments:
+To apply a compound procedure to arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure with each
+formal parameter replaced by the corresponding argument.
+Once we admit assignment into our programming language, such a definition is no longer adequate. In
+particular, section 3.1.3 argued that, in the presence of assignment, a variable can no longer be
+considered to be merely a name for a value. Rather, a variable must somehow designate a ‘‘place’’ in
+which values can be stored. In our new model of evaluation, these places will be maintained in
+structures called environments.
+An environment is a sequence of frames. Each frame is a table (possibly empty) of bindings, which
+associate variable names with their corresponding values. (A single frame may contain at most one
+binding for any variable.) Each frame also has a pointer to its enclosing environment, unless, for the
+purposes of discussion, the frame is considered to be global. The value of a variable with respect to an
+environment is the value given by the binding of the variable in the first frame in the environment that
+contains a binding for that variable. If no frame in the sequence specifies a binding for the variable,
+then the variable is said to be unbound in the environment.
+
+Figure 3.1: A simple environment structure.
+Figure 3.1: A simple environment structure.
+Figure 3.1 shows a simple environment structure consisting of three frames, labeled I, II, and III. In the
+diagram, A, B, C, and D are pointers to environments. C and D point to the same environment. The
+variables z and x are bound in frame II, while y and x are bound in frame I. The value of x in
+environment D is 3. The value of x with respect to environment B is also 3. This is determined as
+follows: We examine the first frame in the sequence (frame III) and do not find a binding for x, so we
+proceed to the enclosing environment D and find the binding in frame I. On the other hand, the value
+of x in environment A is 7, because the first frame in the sequence (frame II) contains a binding of x
+to 7. With respect to environment A, the binding of x to 7 in frame II is said to shadow the binding of
+x to 3 in frame I.
+
+\fThe environment is crucial to the evaluation process, because it determines the context in which an
+expression should be evaluated. Indeed, one could say that expressions in a programming language do
+not, in themselves, have any meaning. Rather, an expression acquires a meaning only with respect to
+some environment in which it is evaluated. Even the interpretation of an expression as straightforward
+as (+ 1 1) depends on an understanding that one is operating in a context in which + is the symbol
+for addition. Thus, in our model of evaluation we will always speak of evaluating an expression with
+respect to some environment. To describe interactions with the interpreter, we will suppose that there
+is a global environment, consisting of a single frame (with no enclosing environment) that includes
+values for the symbols associated with the primitive procedures. For example, the idea that + is the
+symbol for addition is captured by saying that the symbol + is bound in the global environment to the
+primitive addition procedure.
+
+3.2.1 The Rules for Evaluation
+The overall specification of how the interpreter evaluates a combination remains the same as when we
+first introduced it in section 1.1.3:
+To evaluate a combination:
+1. Evaluate the subexpressions of the combination. 12
+2. Apply the value of the operator subexpression to the values of the operand subexpressions.
+The environment model of evaluation replaces the substitution model in specifying what it means to
+apply a compound procedure to arguments.
+In the environment model of evaluation, a procedure is always a pair consisting of some code and a
+pointer to an environment. Procedures are created in one way only: by evaluating a lambda
+expression. This produces a procedure whose code is obtained from the text of the lambda expression
+and whose environment is the environment in which the lambda expression was evaluated to produce
+the procedure. For example, consider the procedure definition
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+evaluated in the global environment. The procedure definition syntax is just syntactic sugar for an
+underlying implicit lambda expression. It would have been equivalent to have used
+(define square
+(lambda (x) (* x x)))
+which evaluates (lambda (x) (* x x)) and binds square to the resulting value, all in the
+global environment.
+Figure 3.2 shows the result of evaluating this define expression. The procedure object is a pair
+whose code specifies that the procedure has one formal parameter, namely x, and a procedure body (*
+x x). The environment part of the procedure is a pointer to the global environment, since that is the
+environment in which the lambda expression was evaluated to produce the procedure. A new
+binding, which associates the procedure object with the symbol square, has been added to the global
+frame. In general, define creates definitions by adding bindings to frames.
+
+\fFigure 3.2: Environment structure produced by evaluating (define (square x) (* x
+x)) in the global environment.
+Figure 3.2: Environment structure produced by evaluating (define (square x) (* x x)) in
+the global environment.
+Now that we have seen how procedures are created, we can describe how procedures are applied. The
+environment model specifies: To apply a procedure to arguments, create a new environment
+containing a frame that binds the parameters to the values of the arguments. The enclosing
+environment of this frame is the environment specified by the procedure. Now, within this new
+environment, evaluate the procedure body.
+To show how this rule is followed, figure 3.3 illustrates the environment structure created by
+evaluating the expression (square 5) in the global environment, where square is the procedure
+generated in figure 3.2. Applying the procedure results in the creation of a new environment, labeled
+E1 in the figure, that begins with a frame in which x, the formal parameter for the procedure, is bound
+to the argument 5. The pointer leading upward from this frame shows that the frame’s enclosing
+environment is the global environment. The global environment is chosen here, because this is the
+environment that is indicated as part of the square procedure object. Within E1, we evaluate the
+body of the procedure, (* x x). Since the value of x in E1 is 5, the result is (* 5 5), or 25.
+
+Figure 3.3: Environment created by evaluating (square 5) in the global environment.
+Figure 3.3: Environment created by evaluating (square 5) in the global environment.
+
+\fThe environment model of procedure application can be summarized by two rules:
+A procedure object is applied to a set of arguments by constructing a frame, binding the formal
+parameters of the procedure to the arguments of the call, and then evaluating the body of the
+procedure in the context of the new environment constructed. The new frame has as its enclosing
+environment the environment part of the procedure object being applied.
+A procedure is created by evaluating a lambda expression relative to a given environment. The
+resulting procedure object is a pair consisting of the text of the lambda expression and a pointer
+to the environment in which the procedure was created.
+We also specify that defining a symbol using define creates a binding in the current environment
+frame and assigns to the symbol the indicated value. 13 Finally, we specify the behavior of set!, the
+operation that forced us to introduce the environment model in the first place. Evaluating the
+expression (set! <variable> <value>) in some environment locates the binding of the
+variable in the environment and changes that binding to indicate the new value. That is, one finds the
+first frame in the environment that contains a binding for the variable and modifies that frame. If the
+variable is unbound in the environment, then set! signals an error.
+These evaluation rules, though considerably more complex than the substitution model, are still
+reasonably straightforward. Moreover, the evaluation model, though abstract, provides a correct
+description of how the interpreter evaluates expressions. In chapter 4 we shall see how this model can
+serve as a blueprint for implementing a working interpreter. The following sections elaborate the
+details of the model by analyzing some illustrative programs.
+
+3.2.2 Applying Simple Procedures
+When we introduced the substitution model in section 1.1.5 we showed how the combination (f 5)
+evaluates to 136, given the following procedure definitions:
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(define (f a)
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2)))
+We can analyze the same example using the environment model. Figure 3.4 shows the three procedure
+objects created by evaluating the definitions of f, square, and sum-of-squares in the global
+environment. Each procedure object consists of some code, together with a pointer to the global
+environment.
+
+\fFigure 3.4: Procedure objects in the global frame.
+Figure 3.4: Procedure objects in the global frame.
+In figure 3.5 we see the environment structure created by evaluating the expression (f 5). The call to
+f creates a new environment E1 beginning with a frame in which a, the formal parameter of f, is
+bound to the argument 5. In E1, we evaluate the body of f:
+(sum-of-squares (+ a 1) (* a 2))
+
+Figure 3.5: Environments created by evaluating (f 5) using the procedures in figure 3.4.
+Figure 3.5: Environments created by evaluating (f 5) using the procedures in figure 3.4.
+To evaluate this combination, we first evaluate the subexpressions. The first subexpression,
+sum-of-squares, has a value that is a procedure object. (Notice how this value is found: We first
+look in the first frame of E1, which contains no binding for sum-of-squares. Then we proceed to
+the enclosing environment, i.e. the global environment, and find the binding shown in figure 3.4.) The
+other two subexpressions are evaluated by applying the primitive operations + and * to evaluate the
+two combinations (+ a 1) and (* a 2) to obtain 6 and 10, respectively.
+Now we apply the procedure object sum-of-squares to the arguments 6 and 10. This results in a
+new environment E2 in which the formal parameters x and y are bound to the arguments. Within E2
+we evaluate the combination (+ (square x) (square y)). This leads us to evaluate
+(square x), where square is found in the global frame and x is 6. Once again, we set up a new
+
+\fenvironment, E3, in which x is bound to 6, and within this we evaluate the body of square, which is
+(* x x). Also as part of applying sum-of-squares, we must evaluate the subexpression
+(square y), where y is 10. This second call to square creates another environment, E4, in which
+x, the formal parameter of square, is bound to 10. And within E4 we must evaluate (* x x).
+The important point to observe is that each call to square creates a new environment containing a
+binding for x. We can see here how the different frames serve to keep separate the different local
+variables all named x. Notice that each frame created by square points to the global environment,
+since this is the environment indicated by the square procedure object.
+After the subexpressions are evaluated, the results are returned. The values generated by the two calls
+to square are added by sum-of-squares, and this result is returned by f. Since our focus here is
+on the environment structures, we will not dwell on how these returned values are passed from call to
+call; however, this is also an important aspect of the evaluation process, and we will return to it in
+detail in chapter 5.
+Exercise 3.9. In section 1.2.1 we used the substitution model to analyze two procedures for
+computing factorials, a recursive version
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))))
+and an iterative version
+(define (factorial n)
+(fact-iter 1 1 n))
+(define (fact-iter product counter max-count)
+(if (> counter max-count)
+product
+(fact-iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1)
+max-count)))
+Show the environment structures created by evaluating (factorial 6) using each version of the
+factorial procedure. 14
+
+3.2.3 Frames as the Repository of Local State
+We can turn to the environment model to see how procedures and assignment can be used to represent
+objects with local state. As an example, consider the ‘‘withdrawal processor’’ from section 3.1.1
+created by calling the procedure
+(define (make-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")))
+
+\fLet us describe the evaluation of
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+followed by
+(W1 50)
+50
+Figure 3.6 shows the result of defining the make-withdraw procedure in the global environment.
+This produces a procedure object that contains a pointer to the global environment. So far, this is no
+different from the examples we have already seen, except that the body of the procedure is itself a
+lambda expression.
+
+Figure 3.6: Result of defining make-withdraw in the global environment.
+Figure 3.6: Result of defining make-withdraw in the global environment.
+The interesting part of the computation happens when we apply the procedure make-withdraw to
+an argument:
+(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+We begin, as usual, by setting up an environment E1 in which the formal parameter balance is
+bound to the argument 100. Within this environment, we evaluate the body of make-withdraw,
+namely the lambda expression. This constructs a new procedure object, whose code is as specified by
+the lambda and whose environment is E1, the environment in which the lambda was evaluated to
+produce the procedure. The resulting procedure object is the value returned by the call to
+make-withdraw. This is bound to W1 in the global environment, since the define itself is being
+evaluated in the global environment. Figure 3.7 shows the resulting environment structure.
+
+\fFigure 3.7: Result of evaluating (define W1 (make-withdraw 100)).
+Figure 3.7: Result of evaluating (define W1 (make-withdraw 100)).
+Now we can analyze what happens when W1 is applied to an argument:
+(W1 50)
+50
+We begin by constructing a frame in which amount, the formal parameter of W1, is bound to the
+argument 50. The crucial point to observe is that this frame has as its enclosing environment not the
+global environment, but rather the environment E1, because this is the environment that is specified by
+the W1 procedure object. Within this new environment, we evaluate the body of the procedure:
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds")
+The resulting environment structure is shown in figure 3.8. The expression being evaluated references
+both amount and balance. Amount will be found in the first frame in the environment, while
+balance will be found by following the enclosing-environment pointer to E1.
+
+\fFigure 3.8: Environments created by applying the procedure object W1.
+Figure 3.8: Environments created by applying the procedure object W1.
+When the set! is executed, the binding of balance in E1 is changed. At the completion of the call
+to W1, balance is 50, and the frame that contains balance is still pointed to by the procedure
+object W1. The frame that binds amount (in which we executed the code that changed balance) is
+no longer relevant, since the procedure call that constructed it has terminated, and there are no pointers
+to that frame from other parts of the environment. The next time W1 is called, this will build a new
+frame that binds amount and whose enclosing environment is E1. We see that E1 serves as the
+‘‘place’’ that holds the local state variable for the procedure object W1. Figure 3.9 shows the situation
+after the call to W1.
+
+Figure 3.9: Environments after the call to W1.
+Figure 3.9: Environments after the call to W1.
+Observe what happens when we create a second ‘‘withdraw’’ object by making another call to
+make-withdraw:
+
+\f(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+This produces the environment structure of figure 3.10, which shows that W2 is a procedure object,
+that is, a pair with some code and an environment. The environment E2 for W2 was created by the call
+to make-withdraw. It contains a frame with its own local binding for balance. On the other
+hand, W1 and W2 have the same code: the code specified by the lambda expression in the body of
+make-withdraw. 15 We see here why W1 and W2 behave as independent objects. Calls to W1
+reference the state variable balance stored in E1, whereas calls to W2 reference the balance stored
+in E2. Thus, changes to the local state of one object do not affect the other object.
+
+Figure 3.10: Using (define W2 (make-withdraw 100)) to create a second object.
+Figure 3.10: Using (define W2 (make-withdraw 100)) to create a second object.
+Exercise 3.10. In the make-withdraw procedure, the local variable balance is created as a
+parameter of make-withdraw. We could also create the local state variable explicitly, using let,
+as follows:
+(define (make-withdraw initial-amount)
+(let ((balance initial-amount))
+(lambda (amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))))
+Recall from section 1.3.2 that let is simply syntactic sugar for a procedure call:
+(let ((<var> <exp>)) <body>)
+is interpreted as an alternate syntax for
+((lambda (<var>) <body>) <exp>)
+Use the environment model to analyze this alternate version of make-withdraw, drawing figures
+like the ones above to illustrate the interactions
+
+\f(define W1 (make-withdraw 100))
+(W1 50)
+(define W2 (make-withdraw 100))
+Show that the two versions of make-withdraw create objects with the same behavior. How do the
+environment structures differ for the two versions?
+
+3.2.4 Internal Definitions
+Section 1.1.8 introduced the idea that procedures can have internal definitions, thus leading to a block
+structure as in the following procedure to compute square roots:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+Now we can use the environment model to see why these internal definitions behave as desired.
+Figure 3.11 shows the point in the evaluation of the expression (sqrt 2) where the internal
+procedure good-enough? has been called for the first time with guess equal to 1.
+
+Figure 3.11: Sqrt procedure with internal definitions.
+Figure 3.11: Sqrt procedure with internal definitions.
+
+\fObserve the structure of the environment. Sqrt is a symbol in the global environment that is bound to
+a procedure object whose associated environment is the global environment. When sqrt was called, a
+new environment E1 was formed, subordinate to the global environment, in which the parameter x is
+bound to 2. The body of sqrt was then evaluated in E1. Since the first expression in the body of
+sqrt is
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+evaluating this expression defined the procedure good-enough? in the environment E1. To be more
+precise, the symbol good-enough? was added to the first frame of E1, bound to a procedure object
+whose associated environment is E1. Similarly, improve and sqrt-iter were defined as
+procedures in E1. For conciseness, figure 3.11 shows only the procedure object for good-enough?.
+After the local procedures were defined, the expression (sqrt-iter 1.0) was evaluated, still in
+environment E1. So the procedure object bound to sqrt-iter in E1 was called with 1 as an
+argument. This created an environment E2 in which guess, the parameter of sqrt-iter, is bound
+to 1. Sqrt-iter in turn called good-enough? with the value of guess (from E2) as the
+argument for good-enough?. This set up another environment, E3, in which guess (the parameter
+of good-enough?) is bound to 1. Although sqrt-iter and good-enough? both have a
+parameter named guess, these are two distinct local variables located in different frames. Also, E2
+and E3 both have E1 as their enclosing environment, because the sqrt-iter and good-enough?
+procedures both have E1 as their environment part. One consequence of this is that the symbol x that
+appears in the body of good-enough? will reference the binding of x that appears in E1, namely the
+value of x with which the original sqrt procedure was called. The environment model thus explains
+the two key properties that make local procedure definitions a useful technique for modularizing
+programs:
+The names of the local procedures do not interfere with names external to the enclosing
+procedure, because the local procedure names will be bound in the frame that the procedure
+creates when it is run, rather than being bound in the global environment.
+The local procedures can access the arguments of the enclosing procedure, simply by using
+parameter names as free variables. This is because the body of the local procedure is evaluated in
+an environment that is subordinate to the evaluation environment for the enclosing procedure.
+Exercise 3.11. In section 3.2.3 we saw how the environment model described the behavior of
+procedures with local state. Now we have seen how internal definitions work. A typical
+message-passing procedure contains both of these aspects. Consider the bank account procedure of
+section 3.1.1:
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+
+\f((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)
+Show the environment structure generated by the sequence of interactions
+(define acc (make-account 50))
+((acc ’deposit) 40)
+90
+((acc ’withdraw) 60)
+30
+Where is the local state for acc kept? Suppose we define another account
+(define acc2 (make-account 100))
+How are the local states for the two accounts kept distinct? Which parts of the environment structure
+are shared between acc and acc2?
+12 Assignment introduces a subtlety into step 1 of the evaluation rule. As shown in exercise 3.8, the
+
+presence of assignment allows us to write expressions that will produce different values depending on
+the order in which the subexpressions in a combination are evaluated. Thus, to be precise, we should
+specify an evaluation order in step 1 (e.g., left to right or right to left). However, this order should
+always be considered to be an implementation detail, and one should never write programs that depend
+on some particular order. For instance, a sophisticated compiler might optimize a program by varying
+the order in which subexpressions are evaluated.
+13 If there is already a binding for the variable in the current frame, then the binding is changed. This
+
+is convenient because it allows redefinition of symbols; however, it also means that define can be
+used to change values, and this brings up the issues of assignment without explicitly using set!.
+Because of this, some people prefer redefinitions of existing symbols to signal errors or warnings.
+14 The environment model will not clarify our claim in section 1.2.1 that the interpreter can execute a
+
+procedure such as fact-iter in a constant amount of space using tail recursion. We will discuss tail
+recursion when we deal with the control structure of the interpreter in section 5.4.
+15 Whether W1 and W2 share the same physical code stored in the computer, or whether they each
+
+keep a copy of the code, is a detail of the implementation. For the interpreter we implement in
+chapter 4, the code is in fact shared.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go
+Figure
+to first,
+3.15:previous,
+Effect ofnext
+(set-cdr!
+page; contents;
+x y) on
+index]
+the lists in figure 3.12.
+
+3.3
+Modeling
+Data
+The primitive
+mutators with
+for pairsMutable
+are set-car!
+and set-cdr!. Set-car! takes two arguments,
+the first of which must be a pair. It modifies this pair, replacing the car pointer by a pointer to the
+16 as a means for constructing computational objects that have
+Chapter
+2 dealt with
+compound data
+second argument
+of set-car!.
+several parts, in order to model real-world objects that have several aspects. In that chapter we
+introduced
+the discipline
+of data
+which
+data
+structures
+As an example,
+suppose that
+x isabstraction,
+bound to theaccording
+list ((a tob)
+c d)
+and
+y to the are
+list specified
+(e f) asin terms
+of
+constructors,
+which
+create
+data objects,
+and selectors,
+which access
+themodifies
+parts of compound
+data x
+illustrated
+in figure
+3.12.
+Evaluating
+the expression
+(set-car!
+x y)
+the pair to which
+objects.
+But
+we
+now
+know
+that
+there
+is
+another
+aspect
+of
+data
+that
+chapter
+2
+did
+not
+address.
+The
+is bound, replacing its car by the value of y. The result of the operation is shown in figure 3.13. desire
+The
+to
+model x
+systems
+composed
+objects
+that
+have
+theThe
+need
+to modify
+structure
+has been
+modifiedofand
+would
+now
+bechanging
+printed asstate
+((eleads
+f) us
+c tod).
+pairs
+representing
+compound
+asby
+well
+to construct
+andreplaced,
+select from
+In order from
+to model
+compound
+the list (a data
+b), objects,
+identified
+theaspointer
+that was
+are them.
+now detached
+the original
+17
+objects
+with
+changing
+state,
+we
+will
+design
+data
+abstractions
+to
+include,
+in
+addition
+to
+selectors
+and
+structure.
+constructors, operations called mutators, which modify data objects. For instance, modeling a banking
+Compare
+figure us
+3.13
+figure
+3.14,balances.
+which illustrates
+the result
+of executing
+(define
+(cons
+system
+requires
+to with
+change
+account
+Thus, a data
+structure
+for representing
+bankzaccounts
+3.13:
+Effect
+(set-car!
+x y)
+on thelists
+listsofinfigure
+figure3.12.
+3.12.The variable z is now bound to
+y Figure
+(cdr
+x)))
+with xofand
+y bound to the
+original
+might
+admit
+an operation
+aFigure
+new pair
+created
+byofthe
+cons operation;
+theonlist
+which
+x is bound
+3.13:
+Effect
+(set-car!
+x y)
+thetolists
+in figure
+3.12. is unchanged.
+(set-balance! <account> <new-value>)
+The set-cdr! operation is similar to set-car!. The only difference is that the cdr pointer of the
+that
+the the
+balance
+the designated
+account
+to theofdesignated
+value. Dataxobjects
+pair,changes
+rather than
+car of
+pointer,
+is replaced.
+The effect
+executingnew
+(set-cdr!
+y) onfor
+thewhich
+lists
+mutators
+are defined
+areinknown
+mutable
+objects.
+of figure 3.12
+is shown
+figureas
+3.15.
+Here data
+the cdr
+pointer of x has been replaced by the pointer to
+(e f). Also, the list (c d), which used to be the cdr of x, is now detached from the structure.
+Chapter 2 introduced pairs as a general-purpose ‘‘glue’’ for synthesizing compound data. We begin
+this
+section
+defining
+basic mutators
+for pairs,
+so that
+pairsset-car!
+can serve asand
+building
+blocksmodify
+for
+Cons
+buildsbynew
+list structure
+by creating
+new pairs,
+while
+set-cdr!
+constructing
+objects.
+These mutators
+greatly
+themutators,
+representational
+existing pairs.mutable
+Indeed,data
+we could
+implement
+cons in
+termsenhance
+of the two
+togetherpower
+with aof pairs,
+enabling
+to build data structures
+than
+the sequences
+thatany
+weexisting
+workedlist
+with
+in
+procedureusget-new-pair,
+whichother
+returns
+a new
+pair that isand
+nottrees
+part of
+structure.
+We
+section
+2.2.new
+Wepair,
+also set
+present
+some
+of simulations
+in whichobjects,
+complex
+systems
+obtain the
+its car
+andexamples
+cdr pointers
+to the designated
+and
+return are
+the modeled
+new pair as
+18 local state.
+collections
+objects
+the result ofofthe
+cons.with
+(define
+(cons xList
+y) Structure
+3.3.1
+Mutable
+
+(let ((new (get-new-pair)))
+(set-car!
+x)-- cons, car, and cdr -- can be used to construct list structure and to
+The basic
+operations new
+on pairs
+(set-cdr!
+new
+y) but they are incapable of modifying list structure. The same is true of
+select parts from list structure,
+Figure
+3.14:
+Effect
+of
+(define
+z (cons y (cdr x))) on the lists in figure 3.12.
+the listnew))
+operations we have used so far, such as append and list, since these can be defined in
+terms
+cons,
+car,ofand
+cdr. To modify
+list structures
+needonnew
+Figureof3.14:
+Effect
+(define
+z (cons
+y (cdr we
+x)))
+theoperations.
+lists in figure 3.12.
+Exercise 3.12. The following procedure for appending lists was introduced in section 2.2.1:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x) (append (cdr x) y))))
+Append forms a new list by successively consing the elements of x onto y. The procedure
+append! is similar to append, but it is a mutator rather than a constructor. It appends the lists by
+splicing them together, modifying the final pair of x so that its cdr is now y. (It is an error to call
+append! with an empty x.)
+(define (append! x y)
+(set-cdr! (last-pair x) y)
+x)
+Figure 3.12: Lists x: ((a b) c d) and y: (e f).
+Figure 3.15: Effect of (set-cdr! x y) on the lists in figure 3.12.
+Figure 3.12: Lists x: ((a b) c d) and y: (e f).
+
+\fHere last-pair is a procedure that returns the last pair in its argument:
+(define (last-pair x)
+(if (null? (cdr x))
+x
+(last-pair (cdr x))))
+Consider the interaction
+(define x (list ’a ’b))
+(define y (list ’c ’d))
+(define z (append x y))
+z
+(a b c d)
+(cdr x)
+<response>
+(define w (append! x y))
+w
+(a b c d)
+(cdr x)
+<response>
+What are the missing <response>s? Draw box-and-pointer diagrams to explain your answer.
+Exercise 3.13. Consider the following make-cycle procedure, which uses the last-pair
+procedure defined in exercise 3.12:
+(define (make-cycle x)
+(set-cdr! (last-pair x) x)
+x)
+Draw a box-and-pointer diagram that shows the structure z created by
+(define z (make-cycle (list ’a ’b ’c)))
+What happens if we try to compute (last-pair z)?
+Exercise 3.14. The following procedure is quite useful, although obscure:
+(define (mystery x)
+(define (loop x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(let ((temp (cdr x)))
+(set-cdr! x y)
+(loop temp x))))
+(loop x ’()))
+Loop uses the ‘‘temporary’’ variable temp to hold the old value of the cdr of x, since the
+set-cdr! on the next line destroys the cdr. Explain what mystery does in general. Suppose v is
+defined by (define v (list ’a ’b ’c ’d)). Draw the box-and-pointer diagram that
+represents the list to which v is bound. Suppose that we now evaluate (define w (mystery
+
+\fv)). Draw box-and-pointer diagrams that show the structures v and w after evaluating this expression.
+What would be printed as the values of v and w ?
+
+Sharing and identity
+We mentioned in section 3.1.3 the theoretical issues of ‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change’’ raised by the
+introduction of assignment. These issues arise in practice when individual pairs are shared among
+different data objects. For example, consider the structure formed by
+(define x (list ’a ’b))
+(define z1 (cons x x))
+As shown in figure 3.16, z1 is a pair whose car and cdr both point to the same pair x. This sharing
+of x by the car and cdr of z1 is a consequence of the straightforward way in which cons is
+implemented. In general, using cons to construct lists will result in an interlinked structure of pairs in
+which many individual pairs are shared by many different structures.
+
+Figure 3.16: The list z1 formed by (cons x x).
+Figure 3.16: The list z1 formed by (cons x x).
+
+Figure 3.17: The list z2 formed by (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)).
+Figure 3.17: The list z2 formed by (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)).
+In contrast to figure 3.16, figure 3.17 shows the structure created by
+(define z2 (cons (list ’a ’b) (list ’a ’b)))
+In this structure, the pairs in the two (a b) lists are distinct, although the actual symbols are
+shared. 19
+When thought of as a list, z1 and z2 both represent ‘‘the same’’ list, ((a b) a b). In general,
+sharing is completely undetectable if we operate on lists using only cons, car, and cdr. However, if
+we allow mutators on list structure, sharing becomes significant. As an example of the difference that
+sharing can make, consider the following procedure, which modifies the car of the structure to which
+
+\fit is applied:
+(define (set-to-wow! x)
+(set-car! (car x) ’wow)
+x)
+Even though z1 and z2 are ‘‘the same’’ structure, applying set-to-wow! to them yields different
+results. With z1, altering the car also changes the cdr, because in z1 the car and the cdr are the
+same pair. With z2, the car and cdr are distinct, so set-to-wow! modifies only the car:
+z1
+((a b) a b)
+(set-to-wow! z1)
+((wow b) wow b)
+z2
+((a b) a b)
+(set-to-wow! z2)
+((wow b) a b)
+One way to detect sharing in list structures is to use the predicate eq?, which we introduced in
+section 2.3.1 as a way to test whether two symbols are equal. More generally, (eq? x y) tests
+whether x and y are the same object (that is, whether x and y are equal as pointers). Thus, with z1
+and z2 as defined in figures 3.16 and 3.17, (eq? (car z1) (cdr z1)) is true and (eq?
+(car z2) (cdr z2)) is false.
+As will be seen in the following sections, we can exploit sharing to greatly extend the repertoire of
+data structures that can be represented by pairs. On the other hand, sharing can also be dangerous,
+since modifications made to structures will also affect other structures that happen to share the
+modified parts. The mutation operations set-car! and set-cdr! should be used with care; unless
+we have a good understanding of how our data objects are shared, mutation can have unanticipated
+results. 20
+Exercise 3.15. Draw box-and-pointer diagrams to explain the effect of set-to-wow! on the
+structures z1 and z2 above.
+Exercise 3.16. Ben Bitdiddle decides to write a procedure to count the number of pairs in any list
+structure. ‘‘It’s easy,’’ he reasons. ‘‘The number of pairs in any structure is the number in the car
+plus the number in the cdr plus one more to count the current pair.’’ So Ben writes the following
+procedure:
+(define (count-pairs x)
+(if (not (pair? x))
+0
+(+ (count-pairs (car x))
+(count-pairs (cdr x))
+1)))
+Show that this procedure is not correct. In particular, draw box-and-pointer diagrams representing list
+structures made up of exactly three pairs for which Ben’s procedure would return 3; return 4; return 7;
+never return at all.
+
+\fExercise 3.17. Devise a correct version of the count-pairs procedure of exercise 3.16 that returns
+the number of distinct pairs in any structure. (Hint: Traverse the structure, maintaining an auxiliary
+data structure that is used to keep track of which pairs have already been counted.)
+Exercise 3.18. Write a procedure that examines a list and determines whether it contains a cycle, that
+is, whether a program that tried to find the end of the list by taking successive cdrs would go into an
+infinite loop. Exercise 3.13 constructed such lists.
+Exercise 3.19. Redo exercise 3.18 using an algorithm that takes only a constant amount of space.
+(This requires a very clever idea.)
+
+Mutation is just assignment
+When we introduced compound data, we observed in section 2.1.3 that pairs can be represented purely
+in terms of procedures:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’car) x)
+((eq? m ’cdr) y)
+(else (error "Undefined operation -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z ’car))
+(define (cdr z) (z ’cdr))
+The same observation is true for mutable data. We can implement mutable data objects as procedures
+using assignment and local state. For instance, we can extend the above pair implementation to handle
+set-car! and set-cdr! in a manner analogous to the way we implemented bank accounts using
+make-account in section 3.1.1:
+(define (cons x y)
+(define (set-x! v) (set! x v))
+(define (set-y! v) (set! y v))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’car) x)
+((eq? m ’cdr) y)
+((eq? m ’set-car!) set-x!)
+((eq? m ’set-cdr!) set-y!)
+(else (error "Undefined operation -- CONS" m))))
+dispatch)
+(define (car z) (z ’car))
+(define (cdr z) (z ’cdr))
+(define (set-car! z new-value)
+((z ’set-car!) new-value)
+z)
+(define (set-cdr! z new-value)
+((z ’set-cdr!) new-value)
+z)
+
+\fAssignment is all that is needed, theoretically, to account for the behavior of mutable data. As soon as
+we admit set! to our language, we raise all the issues, not only of assignment, but of mutable data in
+general. 21
+Exercise 3.20. Draw environment diagrams to illustrate the evaluation of the sequence of expressions
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(define z (cons x x))
+(set-car! (cdr z) 17)
+(car x)
+17
+using the procedural implementation of pairs given above. (Compare exercise 3.11.)
+
+3.3.2 Representing Queues
+The mutators set-car! and set-cdr! enable us to use pairs to construct data structures that
+cannot be built with cons, car, and cdr alone. This section shows how to use pairs to represent a
+data structure called a queue. Section 3.3.3 will show how to represent data structures called tables.
+A queue is a sequence in which items are inserted at one end (called the rear of the queue) and deleted
+from the other end (the front). Figure 3.18 shows an initially empty queue in which the items a and b
+are inserted. Then a is removed, c and d are inserted, and b is removed. Because items are always
+removed in the order in which they are inserted, a queue is sometimes called a FIFO (first in, first out)
+buffer.
+Operation
+
+Resulting Queue
+
+(define q (make-queue))
+(insert-queue! q ’a)
+
+a
+
+(insert-queue! q ’b)
+
+a b
+
+(delete-queue! q)
+
+b
+
+(insert-queue! q ’c)
+
+b c
+
+(insert-queue! q ’d)
+
+b c d
+
+(delete-queue! q)
+
+c d
+
+Figure 3.18: Queue operations.
+Figure 3.18: Queue operations.
+In terms of data abstraction, we can regard a queue as defined by the following set of operations:
+a constructor:
+(make-queue)
+returns an empty queue (a queue containing no items).
+
+\ftwo selectors:
+(empty-queue? <queue>)
+tests if the queue is empty.
+(front-queue <queue>)
+returns the object at the front of the queue, signaling an error if the queue is empty; it does not
+modify the queue.
+two mutators:
+(insert-queue! <queue> <item>)
+inserts the item at the rear of the queue and returns the modified queue as its value.
+(delete-queue! <queue>)
+removes the item at the front of the queue and returns the modified queue as its value, signaling
+an error if the queue is empty before the deletion.
+Because a queue is a sequence of items, we could certainly represent it as an ordinary list; the front of
+the queue would be the car of the list, inserting an item in the queue would amount to appending a
+new element at the end of the list, and deleting an item from the queue would just be taking the cdr of
+the list. However, this representation is inefficient, because in order to insert an item we must scan the
+list until we reach the end. Since the only method we have for scanning a list is by successive cdr
+operations, this scanning requires (n) steps for a list of n items. A simple modification to the list
+representation overcomes this disadvantage by allowing the queue operations to be implemented so
+that they require (1) steps; that is, so that the number of steps needed is independent of the length of
+the queue.
+The difficulty with the list representation arises from the need to scan to find the end of the list. The
+reason we need to scan is that, although the standard way of representing a list as a chain of pairs
+readily provides us with a pointer to the beginning of the list, it gives us no easily accessible pointer to
+the end. The modification that avoids the drawback is to represent the queue as a list, together with an
+additional pointer that indicates the final pair in the list. That way, when we go to insert an item, we
+can consult the rear pointer and so avoid scanning the list.
+A queue is represented, then, as a pair of pointers, front-ptr and rear-ptr, which indicate,
+respectively, the first and last pairs in an ordinary list. Since we would like the queue to be an
+identifiable object, we can use cons to combine the two pointers. Thus, the queue itself will be the
+cons of the two pointers. Figure 3.19 illustrates this representation.
+
+Figure 3.19: Implementation of a queue as a list with front and rear pointers.
+Figure 3.19: Implementation of a queue as a list with front and rear pointers.
+
+\fTo define the queue operations we use the following procedures, which enable us to select and to
+modify the front and rear pointers of a queue:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(front-ptr queue) (car queue))
+(rear-ptr queue) (cdr queue))
+(set-front-ptr! queue item) (set-car! queue item))
+(set-rear-ptr! queue item) (set-cdr! queue item))
+
+Now we can implement the actual queue operations. We will consider a queue to be empty if its front
+pointer is the empty list:
+(define (empty-queue? queue) (null? (front-ptr queue)))
+The make-queue constructor returns, as an initially empty queue, a pair whose car and cdr are
+both the empty list:
+(define (make-queue) (cons ’() ’()))
+To select the item at the front of the queue, we return the car of the pair indicated by the front
+pointer:
+(define (front-queue queue)
+(if (empty-queue? queue)
+(error "FRONT called with an empty queue" queue)
+(car (front-ptr queue))))
+To insert an item in a queue, we follow the method whose result is indicated in figure 3.20. We first
+create a new pair whose car is the item to be inserted and whose cdr is the empty list. If the queue
+was initially empty, we set the front and rear pointers of the queue to this new pair. Otherwise, we
+modify the final pair in the queue to point to the new pair, and also set the rear pointer to the new pair.
+
+Figure 3.20: Result of using (insert-queue! q ’d) on the queue of figure 3.19.
+Figure 3.20: Result of using (insert-queue! q ’d) on the queue of figure 3.19.
+(define (insert-queue! queue item)
+(let ((new-pair (cons item ’())))
+(cond ((empty-queue? queue)
+(set-front-ptr! queue new-pair)
+(set-rear-ptr! queue new-pair)
+queue)
+(else
+(set-cdr! (rear-ptr queue) new-pair)
+
+\f(set-rear-ptr! queue new-pair)
+queue))))
+To delete the item at the front of the queue, we merely modify the front pointer so that it now points at
+the second item in the queue, which can be found by following the cdr pointer of the first item (see
+figure 3.21): 22
+
+Figure 3.21: Result of using (delete-queue! q) on the queue of figure 3.20.
+Figure 3.21: Result of using (delete-queue! q) on the queue of figure 3.20.
+(define (delete-queue! queue)
+(cond ((empty-queue? queue)
+(error "DELETE! called with an empty queue" queue))
+(else
+(set-front-ptr! queue (cdr (front-ptr queue)))
+queue)))
+Exercise 3.21. Ben Bitdiddle decides to test the queue implementation described above. He types in
+the procedures to the Lisp interpreter and proceeds to try them out:
+(define q1 (make-queue))
+(insert-queue! q1 ’a)
+((a) a)
+(insert-queue! q1 ’b)
+((a b) b)
+(delete-queue! q1)
+((b) b)
+(delete-queue! q1)
+(() b)
+‘‘It’s all wrong!’’ he complains. ‘‘The interpreter’s response shows that the last item is inserted into
+the queue twice. And when I delete both items, the second b is still there, so the queue isn’t empty,
+even though it’s supposed to be.’’ Eva Lu Ator suggests that Ben has misunderstood what is
+happening. ‘‘It’s not that the items are going into the queue twice,’’ she explains. ‘‘It’s just that the
+standard Lisp printer doesn’t know how to make sense of the queue representation. If you want to see
+the queue printed correctly, you’ll have to define your own print procedure for queues.’’ Explain what
+Eva Lu is talking about. In particular, show why Ben’s examples produce the printed results that they
+do. Define a procedure print-queue that takes a queue as input and prints the sequence of items in
+the queue.
+
+\fExercise 3.22. Instead of representing a queue as a pair of pointers, we can build a queue as a
+procedure with local state. The local state will consist of pointers to the beginning and the end of an
+ordinary list. Thus, the make-queue procedure will have the form
+(define (make-queue)
+(let ((front-ptr ...)
+(rear-ptr ...))
+<definitions of internal procedures>
+(define (dispatch m) ...)
+dispatch))
+Complete the definition of make-queue and provide implementations of the queue operations using
+this representation.
+Exercise 3.23. A deque (‘‘double-ended queue’’) is a sequence in which items can be inserted and
+deleted at either the front or the rear. Operations on deques are the constructor make-deque, the
+predicate empty-deque?, selectors front-deque and rear-deque, and mutators
+front-insert-deque!, rear-insert-deque!, front-delete-deque!, and
+rear-delete-deque!. Show how to represent deques using pairs, and give implementations of
+the operations. 23 All operations should be accomplished in (1) steps.
+
+3.3.3 Representing Tables
+When we studied various ways of representing sets in chapter 2, we mentioned in section 2.3.3 the task
+of maintaining a table of records indexed by identifying keys. In the implementation of data-directed
+programming in section 2.4.3, we made extensive use of two-dimensional tables, in which information
+is stored and retrieved using two keys. Here we see how to build tables as mutable list structures.
+We first consider a one-dimensional table, in which each value is stored under a single key. We
+implement the table as a list of records, each of which is implemented as a pair consisting of a key and
+the associated value. The records are glued together to form a list by pairs whose cars point to
+successive records. These gluing pairs are called the backbone of the table. In order to have a place
+that we can change when we add a new record to the table, we build the table as a headed list. A
+headed list has a special backbone pair at the beginning, which holds a dummy ‘‘record’’ -- in this
+case the arbitrarily chosen symbol *table*. Figure 3.22 shows the box-and-pointer diagram for the
+table
+a:
+b:
+c:
+
+1
+2
+3
+
+\fFigure 3.22: A table represented as a headed list.
+Figure 3.22: A table represented as a headed list.
+To extract information from a table we use the lookup procedure, which takes a key as argument and
+returns the associated value (or false if there is no value stored under that key). Lookup is defined in
+terms of the assoc operation, which expects a key and a list of records as arguments. Note that
+assoc never sees the dummy record. Assoc returns the record that has the given key as its car. 24
+Lookup then checks to see that the resulting record returned by assoc is not false, and returns the
+value (the cdr) of the record.
+(define (lookup key table)
+(let ((record (assoc key (cdr table))))
+(if record
+(cdr record)
+false)))
+(define (assoc key records)
+(cond ((null? records) false)
+((equal? key (caar records)) (car records))
+(else (assoc key (cdr records)))))
+To insert a value in a table under a specified key, we first use assoc to see if there is already a record
+in the table with this key. If not, we form a new record by consing the key with the value, and insert
+this at the head of the table’s list of records, after the dummy record. If there already is a record with
+this key, we set the cdr of this record to the designated new value. The header of the table provides us
+with a fixed location to modify in order to insert the new record. 25
+(define (insert! key value table)
+(let ((record (assoc key (cdr table))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! table
+(cons (cons key value) (cdr table)))))
+’ok)
+To construct a new table, we simply create a list containing the symbol *table*:
+(define (make-table)
+(list ’*table*))
+
+\fTwo-dimensional tables
+In a two-dimensional table, each value is indexed by two keys. We can construct such a table as a
+one-dimensional table in which each key identifies a subtable. Figure 3.23 shows the box-and-pointer
+diagram for the table
+math:
++: 43
+-: 45
+*: 42
+letters:
+a: 97
+b: 98
+which has two subtables. (The subtables don’t need a special header symbol, since the key that
+identifies the subtable serves this purpose.)
+
+Figure 3.23: A two-dimensional table.
+Figure 3.23: A two-dimensional table.
+When we look up an item, we use the first key to identify the correct subtable. Then we use the second
+key to identify the record within the subtable.
+(define (lookup key-1 key-2 table)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+
+\f(cdr record)
+false))
+false)))
+To insert a new item under a pair of keys, we use assoc to see if there is a subtable stored under the
+first key. If not, we build a new subtable containing the single record (key-2, value) and insert it
+into the table under the first key. If a subtable already exists for the first key, we insert the new record
+into this subtable, using the insertion method for one-dimensional tables described above:
+(define (insert! key-1 key-2 value table)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! subtable
+(cons (cons key-2 value)
+(cdr subtable)))))
+(set-cdr! table
+(cons (list key-1
+(cons key-2 value))
+(cdr table)))))
+’ok)
+
+Creating local tables
+The lookup and insert! operations defined above take the table as an argument. This enables us
+to use programs that access more than one table. Another way to deal with multiple tables is to have
+separate lookup and insert! procedures for each table. We can do this by representing a table
+procedurally, as an object that maintains an internal table as part of its local state. When sent an
+appropriate message, this ‘‘table object’’ supplies the procedure with which to operate on the internal
+table. Here is a generator for two-dimensional tables represented in this fashion:
+(define (make-table)
+(let ((local-table (list ’*table*)))
+(define (lookup key-1 key-2)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr local-table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(cdr record)
+false))
+false)))
+(define (insert! key-1 key-2 value)
+(let ((subtable (assoc key-1 (cdr local-table))))
+(if subtable
+(let ((record (assoc key-2 (cdr subtable))))
+(if record
+(set-cdr! record value)
+(set-cdr! subtable
+(cons (cons key-2 value)
+
+\f(cdr subtable)))))
+(set-cdr! local-table
+(cons (list key-1
+(cons key-2 value))
+(cdr local-table)))))
+’ok)
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’lookup-proc) lookup)
+((eq? m ’insert-proc!) insert!)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- TABLE" m))))
+dispatch))
+Using make-table, we could implement the get and put operations used in section 2.4.3 for
+data-directed programming, as follows:
+(define operation-table (make-table))
+(define get (operation-table ’lookup-proc))
+(define put (operation-table ’insert-proc!))
+Get takes as arguments two keys, and put takes as arguments two keys and a value. Both operations
+access the same local table, which is encapsulated within the object created by the call to
+make-table.
+Exercise 3.24. In the table implementations above, the keys are tested for equality using equal?
+(called by assoc). This is not always the appropriate test. For instance, we might have a table with
+numeric keys in which we don’t need an exact match to the number we’re looking up, but only a
+number within some tolerance of it. Design a table constructor make-table that takes as an
+argument a same-key? procedure that will be used to test ‘‘equality’’ of keys. Make-table should
+return a dispatch procedure that can be used to access appropriate lookup and insert!
+procedures for a local table.
+Exercise 3.25. Generalizing one- and two-dimensional tables, show how to implement a table in
+which values are stored under an arbitrary number of keys and different values may be stored under
+different numbers of keys. The lookup and insert! procedures should take as input a list of keys
+used to access the table.
+Exercise 3.26. To search a table as implemented above, one needs to scan through the list of records.
+This is basically the unordered list representation of section 2.3.3. For large tables, it may be more
+efficient to structure the table in a different manner. Describe a table implementation where the (key,
+value) records are organized using a binary tree, assuming that keys can be ordered in some way (e.g.,
+numerically or alphabetically). (Compare exercise 2.66 of chapter 2.)
+Exercise 3.27. Memoization (also called tabulation) is a technique that enables a procedure to record,
+in a local table, values that have previously been computed. This technique can make a vast difference
+in the performance of a program. A memoized procedure maintains a table in which values of previous
+calls are stored using as keys the arguments that produced the values. When the memoized procedure
+is asked to compute a value, it first checks the table to see if the value is already there and, if so, just
+returns that value. Otherwise, it computes the new value in the ordinary way and stores this in the
+table. As an example of memoization, recall from section 1.2.2 the exponential process for computing
+Fibonacci numbers:
+
+\f(define (fib n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (fib (- n 1))
+(fib (- n 2))))))
+The memoized version of the same procedure is
+(define memo-fib
+(memoize (lambda (n)
+(cond ((= n 0) 0)
+((= n 1) 1)
+(else (+ (memo-fib (- n 1))
+(memo-fib (- n 2))))))))
+where the memoizer is defined as
+(define (memoize f)
+(let ((table (make-table)))
+(lambda (x)
+(let ((previously-computed-result (lookup x table)))
+(or previously-computed-result
+(let ((result (f x)))
+(insert! x result table)
+result))))))
+Draw an environment diagram to analyze the computation of (memo-fib 3). Explain why
+memo-fib computes the nth Fibonacci number in a number of steps proportional to n. Would the
+scheme still work if we had simply defined memo-fib to be (memoize fib)?
+
+3.3.4 A Simulator for Digital Circuits
+Designing complex digital systems, such as computers, is an important engineering activity. Digital
+systems are constructed by interconnecting simple elements. Although the behavior of these individual
+elements is simple, networks of them can have very complex behavior. Computer simulation of
+proposed circuit designs is an important tool used by digital systems engineers. In this section we
+design a system for performing digital logic simulations. This system typifies a kind of program called
+an event-driven simulation, in which actions (‘‘events’’) trigger further events that happen at a later
+time, which in turn trigger more events, and so so.
+Our computational model of a circuit will be composed of objects that correspond to the elementary
+components from which the circuit is constructed. There are wires, which carry digital signals. A
+digital signal may at any moment have only one of two possible values, 0 and 1. There are also various
+types of digital function boxes, which connect wires carrying input signals to other output wires. Such
+boxes produce output signals computed from their input signals. The output signal is delayed by a time
+that depends on the type of the function box. For example, an inverter is a primitive function box that
+inverts its input. If the input signal to an inverter changes to 0, then one inverter-delay later the inverter
+will change its output signal to 1. If the input signal to an inverter changes to 1, then one inverter-delay
+later the inverter will change its output signal to 0. We draw an inverter symbolically as in figure 3.24.
+An and-gate, also shown in figure 3.24, is a primitive function box with two inputs and one output. It
+drives its output signal to a value that is the logical and of the inputs. That is, if both of its input
+
+\fsignals become 1, then one and-gate-delay time later the and-gate will force its output signal to be 1;
+otherwise the output will be 0. An or-gate is a similar two-input primitive function box that drives its
+output signal to a value that is the logical or of the inputs. That is, the output will become 1 if at least
+one of the input signals is 1; otherwise the output will become 0.
+
+Figure 3.24: Primitive functions in the digital logic simulator.
+Figure 3.24: Primitive functions in the digital logic simulator.
+We can connect primitive functions together to construct more complex functions. To accomplish this
+we wire the outputs of some function boxes to the inputs of other function boxes. For example, the
+half-adder circuit shown in figure 3.25 consists of an or-gate, two and-gates, and an inverter. It takes
+two input signals, A and B, and has two output signals, S and C. S will become 1 whenever precisely
+one of A and B is 1, and C will become 1 whenever A and B are both 1. We can see from the figure
+that, because of the delays involved, the outputs may be generated at different times. Many of the
+difficulties in the design of digital circuits arise from this fact.
+
+Figure 3.25: A half-adder circuit.
+Figure 3.25: A half-adder circuit.
+We will now build a program for modeling the digital logic circuits we wish to study. The program
+will construct computational objects modeling the wires, which will ‘‘hold’’ the signals. Function
+boxes will be modeled by procedures that enforce the correct relationships among the signals.
+One basic element of our simulation will be a procedure make-wire, which constructs wires. For
+example, we can construct six wires as follows:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+s
+
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+(make-wire))
+
+We attach a function box to a set of wires by calling a procedure that constructs that kind of box. The
+arguments to the constructor procedure are the wires to be attached to the box. For example, given that
+we can construct and-gates, or-gates, and inverters, we can wire together the half-adder shown in
+figure 3.25:
+
+\f(or-gate a b d)
+ok
+(and-gate a b c)
+ok
+(inverter c e)
+ok
+(and-gate d e s)
+ok
+Better yet, we can explicitly name this operation by defining a procedure half-adder that
+constructs this circuit, given the four external wires to be attached to the half-adder:
+(define (half-adder a b s c)
+(let ((d (make-wire)) (e (make-wire)))
+(or-gate a b d)
+(and-gate a b c)
+(inverter c e)
+(and-gate d e s)
+’ok))
+The advantage of making this definition is that we can use half-adder itself as a building block in
+creating more complex circuits. Figure 3.26, for example, shows a full-adder composed of two
+half-adders and an or-gate. 26 We can construct a full-adder as follows:
+(define (full-adder a b c-in sum c-out)
+(let ((s (make-wire))
+(c1 (make-wire))
+(c2 (make-wire)))
+(half-adder b c-in s c1)
+(half-adder a s sum c2)
+(or-gate c1 c2 c-out)
+’ok))
+Having defined full-adder as a procedure, we can now use it as a building block for creating still
+more complex circuits. (For example, see exercise 3.30.)
+
+Figure 3.26: A full-adder circuit.
+Figure 3.26: A full-adder circuit.
+In essence, our simulator provides us with the tools to construct a language of circuits. If we adopt the
+general perspective on languages with which we approached the study of Lisp in section 1.1, we can
+say that the primitive function boxes form the primitive elements of the language, that wiring boxes
+together provides a means of combination, and that specifying wiring patterns as procedures serves as
+
+\fa means of abstraction.
+
+Primitive function boxes
+The primitive function boxes implement the ‘‘forces’’ by which a change in the signal on one wire
+influences the signals on other wires. To build function boxes, we use the following operations on
+wires:
+(get-signal <wire>)
+returns the current value of the signal on the wire.
+(set-signal! <wire> <new value>)
+changes the value of the signal on the wire to the new value.
+(add-action! <wire> <procedure of no arguments>)
+asserts that the designated procedure should be run whenever the signal on the wire changes
+value. Such procedures are the vehicles by which changes in the signal value on the wire are
+communicated to other wires.
+In addition, we will make use of a procedure after-delay that takes a time delay and a procedure
+to be run and executes the given procedure after the given delay.
+Using these procedures, we can define the primitive digital logic functions. To connect an input to an
+output through an inverter, we use add-action! to associate with the input wire a procedure that
+will be run whenever the signal on the input wire changes value. The procedure computes the
+logical-not of the input signal, and then, after one inverter-delay, sets the output signal to
+be this new value:
+(define (inverter input output)
+(define (invert-input)
+(let ((new-value (logical-not (get-signal input))))
+(after-delay inverter-delay
+(lambda ()
+(set-signal! output new-value)))))
+(add-action! input invert-input)
+’ok)
+(define (logical-not s)
+(cond ((= s 0) 1)
+((= s 1) 0)
+(else (error "Invalid signal" s))))
+An and-gate is a little more complex. The action procedure must be run if either of the inputs to the
+gate changes. It computes the logical-and (using a procedure analogous to logical-not) of
+the values of the signals on the input wires and sets up a change to the new value to occur on the
+output wire after one and-gate-delay.
+(define (and-gate a1 a2 output)
+(define (and-action-procedure)
+(let ((new-value
+(logical-and (get-signal a1) (get-signal a2))))
+(after-delay and-gate-delay
+(lambda ()
+
+\f(set-signal! output new-value)))))
+(add-action! a1 and-action-procedure)
+(add-action! a2 and-action-procedure)
+’ok)
+Exercise 3.28. Define an or-gate as a primitive function box. Your or-gate constructor should be
+similar to and-gate.
+Exercise 3.29. Another way to construct an or-gate is as a compound digital logic device, built from
+and-gates and inverters. Define a procedure or-gate that accomplishes this. What is the delay time
+of the or-gate in terms of and-gate-delay and inverter-delay?
+Exercise 3.30. Figure 3.27 shows a ripple-carry adder formed by stringing together n full-adders.
+This is the simplest form of parallel adder for adding two n-bit binary numbers. The inputs A 1 , A 2 ,
+A 3 , ..., A n and B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , ..., B n are the two binary numbers to be added (each A k and B k is a
+0 or a 1). The circuit generates S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , ..., S n , the n bits of the sum, and C, the carry from the
+addition. Write a procedure ripple-carry-adder that generates this circuit. The procedure
+should take as arguments three lists of n wires each -- the A k , the B k , and the S k -- and also another
+wire C. The major drawback of the ripple-carry adder is the need to wait for the carry signals to
+propagate. What is the delay needed to obtain the complete output from an n-bit ripple-carry adder,
+expressed in terms of the delays for and-gates, or-gates, and inverters?
+
+Figure 3.27: A ripple-carry adder for n-bit numbers.
+Figure 3.27: A ripple-carry adder for n-bit numbers.
+
+Representing wires
+A wire in our simulation will be a computational object with two local state variables: a
+signal-value (initially taken to be 0) and a collection of action-procedures to be run when
+the signal changes value. We implement the wire, using message-passing style, as a collection of local
+procedures together with a dispatch procedure that selects the appropriate local operation, just as
+we did with the simple bank-account object in section 3.1.1:
+(define (make-wire)
+(let ((signal-value 0) (action-procedures ’()))
+(define (set-my-signal! new-value)
+(if (not (= signal-value new-value))
+(begin (set! signal-value new-value)
+(call-each action-procedures))
+
+\f’done))
+(define (accept-action-procedure! proc)
+(set! action-procedures (cons proc action-procedures))
+(proc))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’get-signal) signal-value)
+((eq? m ’set-signal!) set-my-signal!)
+((eq? m ’add-action!) accept-action-procedure!)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- WIRE" m))))
+dispatch))
+The local procedure set-my-signal! tests whether the new signal value changes the signal on the
+wire. If so, it runs each of the action procedures, using the following procedure call-each, which
+calls each of the items in a list of no-argument procedures:
+(define (call-each procedures)
+(if (null? procedures)
+’done
+(begin
+((car procedures))
+(call-each (cdr procedures)))))
+The local procedure accept-action-procedure! adds the given procedure to the list of
+procedures to be run, and then runs the new procedure once. (See exercise 3.31.)
+With the local dispatch procedure set up as specified, we can provide the following procedures to
+access the local operations on wires: 27
+(define (get-signal wire)
+(wire ’get-signal))
+(define (set-signal! wire new-value)
+((wire ’set-signal!) new-value))
+(define (add-action! wire action-procedure)
+((wire ’add-action!) action-procedure))
+Wires, which have time-varying signals and may be incrementally attached to devices, are typical of
+mutable objects. We have modeled them as procedures with local state variables that are modified by
+assignment. When a new wire is created, a new set of state variables is allocated (by the let
+expression in make-wire) and a new dispatch procedure is constructed and returned, capturing
+the environment with the new state variables.
+The wires are shared among the various devices that have been connected to them. Thus, a change
+made by an interaction with one device will affect all the other devices attached to the wire. The wire
+communicates the change to its neighbors by calling the action procedures provided to it when the
+connections were established.
+
+The agenda
+The only thing needed to complete the simulator is after-delay. The idea here is that we maintain
+a data structure, called an agenda, that contains a schedule of things to do. The following operations
+are defined for agendas:
+
+\f(make-agenda)
+returns a new empty agenda.
+(empty-agenda? <agenda>)
+is true if the specified agenda is empty.
+(first-agenda-item <agenda>)
+returns the first item on the agenda.
+(remove-first-agenda-item! <agenda>)
+modifies the agenda by removing the first item.
+(add-to-agenda! <time> <action> <agenda>)
+modifies the agenda by adding the given action procedure to be run at the specified time.
+(current-time <agenda>)
+returns the current simulation time.
+The particular agenda that we use is denoted by the-agenda. The procedure after-delay adds
+new elements to the-agenda:
+(define (after-delay delay action)
+(add-to-agenda! (+ delay (current-time the-agenda))
+action
+the-agenda))
+The simulation is driven by the procedure propagate, which operates on the-agenda, executing
+each procedure on the agenda in sequence. In general, as the simulation runs, new items will be added
+to the agenda, and propagate will continue the simulation as long as there are items on the agenda:
+(define (propagate)
+(if (empty-agenda? the-agenda)
+’done
+(let ((first-item (first-agenda-item the-agenda)))
+(first-item)
+(remove-first-agenda-item! the-agenda)
+(propagate))))
+
+A sample simulation
+The following procedure, which places a ‘‘probe’’ on a wire, shows the simulator in action. The probe
+tells the wire that, whenever its signal changes value, it should print the new signal value, together
+with the current time and a name that identifies the wire:
+(define (probe name wire)
+(add-action! wire
+(lambda ()
+(newline)
+(display name)
+(display " ")
+(display (current-time the-agenda))
+(display " New-value = ")
+
+\f(display (get-signal wire)))))
+We begin by initializing the agenda and specifying delays for the primitive function boxes:
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+the-agenda (make-agenda))
+inverter-delay 2)
+and-gate-delay 3)
+or-gate-delay 5)
+
+Now we define four wires, placing probes on two of them:
+(define input-1 (make-wire))
+(define input-2 (make-wire))
+(define sum (make-wire))
+(define carry (make-wire))
+(probe ’sum sum)
+sum 0 New-value = 0
+(probe ’carry carry)
+carry 0 New-value = 0
+Next we connect the wires in a half-adder circuit (as in figure 3.25), set the signal on input-1 to 1,
+and run the simulation:
+(half-adder input-1 input-2 sum carry)
+ok
+(set-signal! input-1 1)
+done
+(propagate)
+sum 8 New-value = 1
+done
+The sum signal changes to 1 at time 8. We are now eight time units from the beginning of the
+simulation. At this point, we can set the signal on input-2 to 1 and allow the values to propagate:
+(set-signal! input-2 1)
+done
+(propagate)
+carry 11 New-value = 1
+sum 16 New-value = 0
+done
+The carry changes to 1 at time 11 and the sum changes to 0 at time 16.
+Exercise 3.31. The internal procedure accept-action-procedure! defined in make-wire
+specifies that when a new action procedure is added to a wire, the procedure is immediately run.
+Explain why this initialization is necessary. In particular, trace through the half-adder example in the
+paragraphs above and say how the system’s response would differ if we had defined
+accept-action-procedure! as
+(define (accept-action-procedure! proc)
+(set! action-procedures (cons proc action-procedures)))
+
+\fImplementing the agenda
+Finally, we give details of the agenda data structure, which holds the procedures that are scheduled for
+future execution.
+The agenda is made up of time segments. Each time segment is a pair consisting of a number (the time)
+and a queue (see exercise 3.32) that holds the procedures that are scheduled to be run during that time
+segment.
+(define
+(cons
+(define
+(define
+
+(make-time-segment time queue)
+time queue))
+(segment-time s) (car s))
+(segment-queue s) (cdr s))
+
+We will operate on the time-segment queues using the queue operations described in section 3.3.2.
+The agenda itself is a one-dimensional table of time segments. It differs from the tables described in
+section 3.3.3 in that the segments will be sorted in order of increasing time. In addition, we store the
+current time (i.e., the time of the last action that was processed) at the head of the agenda. A newly
+constructed agenda has no time segments and has a current time of 0: 28
+(define (make-agenda) (list 0))
+(define (current-time agenda) (car agenda))
+(define (set-current-time! agenda time)
+(set-car! agenda time))
+(define (segments agenda) (cdr agenda))
+(define (set-segments! agenda segments)
+(set-cdr! agenda segments))
+(define (first-segment agenda) (car (segments agenda)))
+(define (rest-segments agenda) (cdr (segments agenda)))
+An agenda is empty if it has no time segments:
+(define (empty-agenda? agenda)
+(null? (segments agenda)))
+To add an action to an agenda, we first check if the agenda is empty. If so, we create a time segment
+for the action and install this in the agenda. Otherwise, we scan the agenda, examining the time of each
+segment. If we find a segment for our appointed time, we add the action to the associated queue. If we
+reach a time later than the one to which we are appointed, we insert a new time segment into the
+agenda just before it. If we reach the end of the agenda, we must create a new time segment at the end.
+(define (add-to-agenda! time action agenda)
+(define (belongs-before? segments)
+(or (null? segments)
+(< time (segment-time (car segments)))))
+(define (make-new-time-segment time action)
+(let ((q (make-queue)))
+(insert-queue! q action)
+(make-time-segment time q)))
+(define (add-to-segments! segments)
+(if (= (segment-time (car segments)) time)
+
+\f(insert-queue! (segment-queue (car segments))
+action)
+(let ((rest (cdr segments)))
+(if (belongs-before? rest)
+(set-cdr!
+segments
+(cons (make-new-time-segment time action)
+(cdr segments)))
+(add-to-segments! rest)))))
+(let ((segments (segments agenda)))
+(if (belongs-before? segments)
+(set-segments!
+agenda
+(cons (make-new-time-segment time action)
+segments))
+(add-to-segments! segments))))
+The procedure that removes the first item from the agenda deletes the item at the front of the queue in
+the first time segment. If this deletion makes the time segment empty, we remove it from the list of
+segments: 29
+(define (remove-first-agenda-item! agenda)
+(let ((q (segment-queue (first-segment agenda))))
+(delete-queue! q)
+(if (empty-queue? q)
+(set-segments! agenda (rest-segments agenda)))))
+The first agenda item is found at the head of the queue in the first time segment. Whenever we extract
+an item, we also update the current time: 30
+(define (first-agenda-item agenda)
+(if (empty-agenda? agenda)
+(error "Agenda is empty -- FIRST-AGENDA-ITEM")
+(let ((first-seg (first-segment agenda)))
+(set-current-time! agenda (segment-time first-seg))
+(front-queue (segment-queue first-seg)))))
+Exercise 3.32. The procedures to be run during each time segment of the agenda are kept in a queue.
+Thus, the procedures for each segment are called in the order in which they were added to the agenda
+(first in, first out). Explain why this order must be used. In particular, trace the behavior of an and-gate
+whose inputs change from 0,1 to 1,0 in the same segment and say how the behavior would differ if we
+stored a segment’s procedures in an ordinary list, adding and removing procedures only at the front
+(last in, first out).
+
+3.3.5 Propagation of Constraints
+Computer programs are traditionally organized as one-directional computations, which perform
+operations on prespecified arguments to produce desired outputs. On the other hand, we often model
+systems in terms of relations among quantities. For example, a mathematical model of a mechanical
+structure might include the information that the deflection d of a metal rod is related to the force F on
+the rod, the length L of the rod, the cross-sectional area A, and the elastic modulus E via the equation
+
+\fSuch an equation is not one-directional. Given any four of the quantities, we can use it to compute the
+fifth. Yet translating the equation into a traditional computer language would force us to choose one of
+the quantities to be computed in terms of the other four. Thus, a procedure for computing the area A
+could not be used to compute the deflection d, even though the computations of A and d arise from the
+same equation. 31
+In this section, we sketch the design of a language that enables us to work in terms of relations
+themselves. The primitive elements of the language are primitive constraints, which state that certain
+relations hold between quantities. For example, (adder a b c) specifies that the quantities a, b,
+and c must be related by the equation a + b = c, (multiplier x y z) expresses the constraint xy
+= z, and (constant 3.14 x) says that the value of x must be 3.14.
+Our language provides a means of combining primitive constraints in order to express more complex
+relations. We combine constraints by constructing constraint networks, in which constraints are joined
+by connectors. A connector is an object that ‘‘holds’’ a value that may participate in one or more
+constraints. For example, we know that the relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures
+is
+
+Such a constraint can be thought of as a network consisting of primitive adder, multiplier, and constant
+constraints (figure 3.28). In the figure, we see on the left a multiplier box with three terminals, labeled
+m1, m2, and p. These connect the multiplier to the rest of the network as follows: The m1 terminal is
+linked to a connector C, which will hold the Celsius temperature. The m2 terminal is linked to a
+connector w, which is also linked to a constant box that holds 9. The p terminal, which the multiplier
+box constrains to be the product of m1 and m2, is linked to the p terminal of another multiplier box,
+whose m2 is connected to a constant 5 and whose m1 is connected to one of the terms in a sum.
+
+Figure 3.28: The relation 9C = 5(F - 32) expressed as a constraint network.
+Figure 3.28: The relation 9C = 5(F - 32) expressed as a constraint network.
+Computation by such a network proceeds as follows: When a connector is given a value (by the user or
+by a constraint box to which it is linked), it awakens all of its associated constraints (except for the
+constraint that just awakened it) to inform them that it has a value. Each awakened constraint box then
+polls its connectors to see if there is enough information to determine a value for a connector. If so, the
+box sets that connector, which then awakens all of its associated constraints, and so on. For instance,
+in conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit, w, x, and y are immediately set by the constant boxes to
+9, 5, and 32, respectively. The connectors awaken the multipliers and the adder, which determine that
+there is not enough information to proceed. If the user (or some other part of the network) sets C to a
+value (say 25), the leftmost multiplier will be awakened, and it will set u to 25 · 9 = 225. Then u
+awakens the second multiplier, which sets v to 45, and v awakens the adder, which sets F to 77.
+
+\fUsing the constraint system
+To use the constraint system to carry out the temperature computation outlined above, we first create
+two connectors, C and F, by calling the constructor make-connector, and link C and F in an
+appropriate network:
+(define C (make-connector))
+(define F (make-connector))
+(celsius-fahrenheit-converter C F)
+ok
+The procedure that creates the network is defined as follows:
+(define (celsius-fahrenheit-converter c f)
+(let ((u (make-connector))
+(v (make-connector))
+(w (make-connector))
+(x (make-connector))
+(y (make-connector)))
+(multiplier c w u)
+(multiplier v x u)
+(adder v y f)
+(constant 9 w)
+(constant 5 x)
+(constant 32 y)
+’ok))
+This procedure creates the internal connectors u, v, w, x, and y, and links them as shown in
+figure 3.28 using the primitive constraint constructors adder, multiplier, and constant. Just
+as with the digital-circuit simulator of section 3.3.4, expressing these combinations of primitive
+elements in terms of procedures automatically provides our language with a means of abstraction for
+compound objects.
+To watch the network in action, we can place probes on the connectors C and F, using a probe
+procedure similar to the one we used to monitor wires in section 3.3.4. Placing a probe on a connector
+will cause a message to be printed whenever the connector is given a value:
+(probe "Celsius temp" C)
+(probe "Fahrenheit temp" F)
+Next we set the value of C to 25. (The third argument to set-value! tells C that this directive
+comes from the user.)
+(set-value! C 25 ’user)
+Probe: Celsius temp = 25
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = 77
+done
+The probe on C awakens and reports the value. C also propagates its value through the network as
+described above. This sets F to 77, which is reported by the probe on F.
+
+\fNow we can try to set F to a new value, say 212:
+(set-value! F 212 ’user)
+Error! Contradiction (77 212)
+The connector complains that it has sensed a contradiction: Its value is 77, and someone is trying to set
+it to 212. If we really want to reuse the network with new values, we can tell C to forget its old value:
+(forget-value! C ’user)
+Probe: Celsius temp = ?
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = ?
+done
+C finds that the user, who set its value originally, is now retracting that value, so C agrees to lose its
+value, as shown by the probe, and informs the rest of the network of this fact. This information
+eventually propagates to F, which now finds that it has no reason for continuing to believe that its own
+value is 77. Thus, F also gives up its value, as shown by the probe.
+Now that F has no value, we are free to set it to 212:
+(set-value! F 212 ’user)
+Probe: Fahrenheit temp = 212
+Probe: Celsius temp = 100
+done
+This new value, when propagated through the network, forces C to have a value of 100, and this is
+registered by the probe on C. Notice that the very same network is being used to compute C given F
+and to compute F given C. This nondirectionality of computation is the distinguishing feature of
+constraint-based systems.
+
+Implementing the constraint system
+The constraint system is implemented via procedural objects with local state, in a manner very similar
+to the digital-circuit simulator of section 3.3.4. Although the primitive objects of the constraint system
+are somewhat more complex, the overall system is simpler, since there is no concern about agendas
+and logic delays.
+The basic operations on connectors are the following:
+(has-value? <connector>)
+tells whether the connector has a value.
+(get-value <connector>)
+returns the connector’s current value.
+(set-value! <connector> <new-value> <informant>)
+indicates that the informant is requesting the connector to set its value to the new value.
+(forget-value! <connector> <retractor>)
+tells the connector that the retractor is requesting it to forget its value.
+
+\f(connect <connector> <new-constraint>)
+tells the connector to participate in the new constraint.
+The connectors communicate with the constraints by means of the procedures
+inform-about-value, which tells the given constraint that the connector has a value, and
+inform-about-no-value, which tells the constraint that the connector has lost its value.
+Adder constructs an adder constraint among summand connectors a1 and a2 and a sum connector.
+An adder is implemented as a procedure with local state (the procedure me below):
+(define (adder a1 a2 sum)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(cond ((and (has-value? a1) (has-value? a2))
+(set-value! sum
+(+ (get-value a1) (get-value a2))
+me))
+((and (has-value? a1) (has-value? sum))
+(set-value! a2
+(- (get-value sum) (get-value a1))
+me))
+((and (has-value? a2) (has-value? sum))
+(set-value! a1
+(- (get-value sum) (get-value a2))
+me))))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(forget-value! sum me)
+(forget-value! a1 me)
+(forget-value! a2 me)
+(process-new-value))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- ADDER" request))))
+(connect a1 me)
+(connect a2 me)
+(connect sum me)
+me)
+Adder connects the new adder to the designated connectors and returns it as its value. The procedure
+me, which represents the adder, acts as a dispatch to the local procedures. The following ‘‘syntax
+interfaces’’ (see footnote 27 in section 3.3.4) are used in conjunction with the dispatch:
+(define (inform-about-value constraint)
+(constraint ’I-have-a-value))
+(define (inform-about-no-value constraint)
+(constraint ’I-lost-my-value))
+
+\fThe adder’s local procedure process-new-value is called when the adder is informed that one of
+its connectors has a value. The adder first checks to see if both a1 and a2 have values. If so, it tells
+sum to set its value to the sum of the two addends. The informant argument to set-value! is
+me, which is the adder object itself. If a1 and a2 do not both have values, then the adder checks to see
+if perhaps a1 and sum have values. If so, it sets a2 to the difference of these two. Finally, if a2 and
+sum have values, this gives the adder enough information to set a1. If the adder is told that one of its
+connectors has lost a value, it requests that all of its connectors now lose their values. (Only those
+values that were set by this adder are actually lost.) Then it runs process-new-value. The reason
+for this last step is that one or more connectors may still have a value (that is, a connector may have
+had a value that was not originally set by the adder), and these values may need to be propagated back
+through the adder.
+A multiplier is very similar to an adder. It will set its product to 0 if either of the factors is 0, even if
+the other factor is not known.
+(define (multiplier m1 m2 product)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(cond ((or (and (has-value? m1) (= (get-value m1) 0))
+(and (has-value? m2) (= (get-value m2) 0)))
+(set-value! product 0 me))
+((and (has-value? m1) (has-value? m2))
+(set-value! product
+(* (get-value m1) (get-value m2))
+me))
+((and (has-value? product) (has-value? m1))
+(set-value! m2
+(/ (get-value product) (get-value m1))
+me))
+((and (has-value? product) (has-value? m2))
+(set-value! m1
+(/ (get-value product) (get-value m2))
+me))))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(forget-value! product me)
+(forget-value! m1 me)
+(forget-value! m2 me)
+(process-new-value))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- MULTIPLIER" request))))
+(connect m1 me)
+(connect m2 me)
+(connect product me)
+me)
+
+\fA constant constructor simply sets the value of the designated connector. Any
+I-have-a-value or I-lost-my-value message sent to the constant box will produce an error.
+(define (constant value connector)
+(define (me request)
+(error "Unknown request -- CONSTANT" request))
+(connect connector me)
+(set-value! connector value me)
+me)
+Finally, a probe prints a message about the setting or unsetting of the designated connector:
+(define (probe name connector)
+(define (print-probe value)
+(newline)
+(display "Probe: ")
+(display name)
+(display " = ")
+(display value))
+(define (process-new-value)
+(print-probe (get-value connector)))
+(define (process-forget-value)
+(print-probe "?"))
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’I-have-a-value)
+(process-new-value))
+((eq? request ’I-lost-my-value)
+(process-forget-value))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- PROBE" request))))
+(connect connector me)
+me)
+
+Representing connectors
+A connector is represented as a procedural object with local state variables value, the current value
+of the connector; informant, the object that set the connector’s value; and constraints, a list of
+the constraints in which the connector participates.
+(define (make-connector)
+(let ((value false) (informant false) (constraints ’()))
+(define (set-my-value newval setter)
+(cond ((not (has-value? me))
+(set! value newval)
+(set! informant setter)
+(for-each-except setter
+inform-about-value
+constraints))
+((not (= value newval))
+(error "Contradiction" (list value newval)))
+(else ’ignored)))
+
+\f(define (forget-my-value retractor)
+(if (eq? retractor informant)
+(begin (set! informant false)
+(for-each-except retractor
+inform-about-no-value
+constraints))
+’ignored))
+(define (connect new-constraint)
+(if (not (memq new-constraint constraints))
+(set! constraints
+(cons new-constraint constraints)))
+(if (has-value? me)
+(inform-about-value new-constraint))
+’done)
+(define (me request)
+(cond ((eq? request ’has-value?)
+(if informant true false))
+((eq? request ’value) value)
+((eq? request ’set-value!) set-my-value)
+((eq? request ’forget) forget-my-value)
+((eq? request ’connect) connect)
+(else (error "Unknown operation -- CONNECTOR"
+request))))
+me))
+The connector’s local procedure set-my-value is called when there is a request to set the
+connector’s value. If the connector does not currently have a value, it will set its value and remember
+as informant the constraint that requested the value to be set. 32 Then the connector will notify all
+of its participating constraints except the constraint that requested the value to be set. This is
+accomplished using the following iterator, which applies a designated procedure to all items in a list
+except a given one:
+(define (for-each-except exception procedure list)
+(define (loop items)
+(cond ((null? items) ’done)
+((eq? (car items) exception) (loop (cdr items)))
+(else (procedure (car items))
+(loop (cdr items)))))
+(loop list))
+If a connector is asked to forget its value, it runs the local procedure forget-my-value, which first
+checks to make sure that the request is coming from the same object that set the value originally. If so,
+the connector informs its associated constraints about the loss of the value.
+The local procedure connect adds the designated new constraint to the list of constraints if it is not
+already in that list. Then, if the connector has a value, it informs the new constraint of this fact.
+The connector’s procedure me serves as a dispatch to the other internal procedures and also represents
+the connector as an object. The following procedures provide a syntax interface for the dispatch:
+
+\f(define (has-value? connector)
+(connector ’has-value?))
+(define (get-value connector)
+(connector ’value))
+(define (set-value! connector new-value informant)
+((connector ’set-value!) new-value informant))
+(define (forget-value! connector retractor)
+((connector ’forget) retractor))
+(define (connect connector new-constraint)
+((connector ’connect) new-constraint))
+Exercise 3.33. Using primitive multiplier, adder, and constant constraints, define a procedure
+averager that takes three connectors a, b, and c as inputs and establishes the constraint that the
+value of c is the average of the values of a and b.
+Exercise 3.34. Louis Reasoner wants to build a squarer, a constraint device with two terminals such
+that the value of connector b on the second terminal will always be the square of the value a on the
+first terminal. He proposes the following simple device made from a multiplier:
+(define (squarer a b)
+(multiplier a a b))
+There is a serious flaw in this idea. Explain.
+Exercise 3.35. Ben Bitdiddle tells Louis that one way to avoid the trouble in exercise 3.34 is to define
+a squarer as a new primitive constraint. Fill in the missing portions in Ben’s outline for a procedure to
+implement such a constraint:
+(define (squarer a b)
+(define (process-new-value)
+(if (has-value? b)
+(if (< (get-value b) 0)
+(error "square less than 0 -- SQUARER" (get-value b))
+<alternative1>)
+<alternative2>))
+(define (process-forget-value) <body1>)
+(define (me request) <body2>)
+<rest of definition>
+me)
+Exercise 3.36. Suppose we evaluate the following sequence of expressions in the global environment:
+(define a (make-connector))
+(define b (make-connector))
+(set-value! a 10 ’user)
+At some time during evaluation of the set-value!, the following expression from the connector’s
+local procedure is evaluated:
+(for-each-except setter inform-about-value constraints)
+
+\fDraw an environment diagram showing the environment in which the above expression is evaluated.
+Exercise 3.37. The celsius-fahrenheit-converter procedure is cumbersome when
+compared with a more expression-oriented style of definition, such as
+(define (celsius-fahrenheit-converter x)
+(c+ (c* (c/ (cv 9) (cv 5))
+x)
+(cv 32)))
+(define C (make-connector))
+(define F (celsius-fahrenheit-converter C))
+Here c+, c*, etc. are the ‘‘constraint’’ versions of the arithmetic operations. For example, c+ takes
+two connectors as arguments and returns a connector that is related to these by an adder constraint:
+(define (c+ x y)
+(let ((z (make-connector)))
+(adder x y z)
+z))
+Define analogous procedures c-, c*, c/, and cv (constant value) that enable us to define compound
+constraints as in the converter example above. 33
+16 Set-car! and set-cdr! return implementation-dependent values. Like set!, they should be
+
+used only for their effect.
+17 We see from this that mutation operations on lists can create ‘‘garbage’’ that is not part of any
+
+accessible structure. We will see in section 5.3.2 that Lisp memory-management systems include a
+garbage collector, which identifies and recycles the memory space used by unneeded pairs.
+18 Get-new-pair is one of the operations that must be implemented as part of the memory
+
+management required by a Lisp implementation. We will discuss this in section 5.3.1.
+19 The two pairs are distinct because each call to cons returns a new pair. The symbols are shared; in
+
+Scheme there is a unique symbol with any given name. Since Scheme provides no way to mutate a
+symbol, this sharing is undetectable. Note also that the sharing is what enables us to compare symbols
+using eq?, which simply checks equality of pointers.
+20 The subtleties of dealing with sharing of mutable data objects reflect the underlying issues of
+
+‘‘sameness’’ and ‘‘change’’ that were raised in section 3.1.3. We mentioned there that admitting
+change to our language requires that a compound object must have an ‘‘identity’’ that is something
+different from the pieces from which it is composed. In Lisp, we consider this ‘‘identity’’ to be the
+quality that is tested by eq?, i.e., by equality of pointers. Since in most Lisp implementations a pointer
+is essentially a memory address, we are ‘‘solving the problem’’ of defining the identity of objects by
+stipulating that a data object ‘‘itself’’ is the information stored in some particular set of memory
+locations in the computer. This suffices for simple Lisp programs, but is hardly a general way to
+resolve the issue of ‘‘sameness’’ in computational models.
+21 On the other hand, from the viewpoint of implementation, assignment requires us to modify the
+
+environment, which is itself a mutable data structure. Thus, assignment and mutation are equipotent:
+Each can be implemented in terms of the other.
+
+\f22 If the first item is the final item in the queue, the front pointer will be the empty list after the
+
+deletion, which will mark the queue as empty; we needn’t worry about updating the rear pointer,
+which will still point to the deleted item, because empty-queue? looks only at the front pointer.
+23 Be careful not to make the interpreter try to print a structure that contains cycles. (See
+
+exercise 3.13.)
+24 Because assoc uses equal?, it can recognize keys that are symbols, numbers, or list structure.
+25 Thus, the first backbone pair is the object that represents the table ‘‘itself’’; that is, a pointer to the
+
+table is a pointer to this pair. This same backbone pair always starts the table. If we did not arrange
+things in this way, insert! would have to return a new value for the start of the table when it added
+a new record.
+26 A full-adder is a basic circuit element used in adding two binary numbers. Here A and B are the
+
+bits at corresponding positions in the two numbers to be added, and C in is the carry bit from the
+addition one place to the right. The circuit generates SUM, which is the sum bit in the corresponding
+position, and C out , which is the carry bit to be propagated to the left.
+27 These procedures are simply syntactic sugar that allow us to use ordinary procedural syntax to
+
+access the local procedures of objects. It is striking that we can interchange the role of ‘‘procedures’’
+and ‘‘data’’ in such a simple way. For example, if we write (wire ’get-signal) we think of
+wire as a procedure that is called with the message get-signal as input. Alternatively, writing
+(get-signal wire) encourages us to think of wire as a data object that is the input to a
+procedure get-signal. The truth of the matter is that, in a language in which we can deal with
+procedures as objects, there is no fundamental difference between ‘‘procedures’’ and ‘‘data,’’ and we
+can choose our syntactic sugar to allow us to program in whatever style we choose.
+28 The agenda is a headed list, like the tables in section 3.3.3, but since the list is headed by the time,
+
+we do not need an additional dummy header (such as the *table* symbol used with tables).
+29 Observe that the if expression in this procedure has no <alternative> expression. Such a
+
+‘‘one-armed if statement’’ is used to decide whether to do something, rather than to select between
+two expressions. An if expression returns an unspecified value if the predicate is false and there is no
+<alternative>.
+30 In this way, the current time will always be the time of the action most recently processed. Storing
+
+this time at the head of the agenda ensures that it will still be available even if the associated time
+segment has been deleted.
+31 Constraint propagation first appeared in the incredibly forward-looking SKETCHPAD system of
+
+Ivan Sutherland (1963). A beautiful constraint-propagation system based on the Smalltalk language
+was developed by Alan Borning (1977) at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Sussman, Stallman, and
+Steele applied constraint propagation to electrical circuit analysis (Sussman and Stallman 1975;
+Sussman and Steele 1980). TK!Solver (Konopasek and Jayaraman 1984) is an extensive modeling
+environment based on constraints.
+32 The setter might not be a constraint. In our temperature example, we used user as the
+
+setter.
+
+\f33 The expression-oriented format is convenient because it avoids the need to name the intermediate
+
+expressions in a computation. Our original formulation of the constraint language is cumbersome in
+the same way that many languages are cumbersome when dealing with operations on compound data.
+For example, if we wanted to compute the product (a + b) · (c + d), where the variables represent
+vectors, we could work in ‘‘imperative style,’’ using procedures that set the values of designated
+vector arguments but do not themselves return vectors as values:
+(v-sum a b temp1)
+(v-sum c d temp2)
+(v-prod temp1 temp2 answer)
+Alternatively, we could deal with expressions, using procedures that return vectors as values, and thus
+avoid explicitly mentioning temp1 and temp2:
+(define answer (v-prod (v-sum a b) (v-sum c d)))
+Since Lisp allows us to return compound objects as values of procedures, we can transform our
+imperative-style constraint language into an expression-oriented style as shown in this exercise. In
+languages that are impoverished in handling compound objects, such as Algol, Basic, and Pascal
+(unless one explicitly uses Pascal pointer variables), one is usually stuck with the imperative style
+when manipulating compound objects. Given the advantage of the expression-oriented format, one
+might ask if there is any reason to have implemented the system in imperative style, as we did in this
+section. One reason is that the non-expression-oriented constraint language provides a handle on
+constraint objects (e.g., the value of the adder procedure) as well as on connector objects. This is
+useful if we wish to extend the system with new operations that communicate with constraints directly
+rather than only indirectly via operations on connectors. Although it is easy to implement the
+expression-oriented style in terms of the imperative implementation, it is very difficult to do the
+converse.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+3.4 Concurrency: Time Is of the Essence
+We’ve seen the power of computational objects with local state as tools for modeling. Yet, as
+section 3.1.3 warned, this power extracts a price: the loss of referential transparency, giving rise to a
+thicket of questions about sameness and change, and the need to abandon the substitution model of
+evaluation in favor of the more intricate environment model.
+The central issue lurking beneath the complexity of state, sameness, and change is that by introducing
+assignment we are forced to admit time into our computational models. Before we introduced
+assignment, all our programs were timeless, in the sense that any expression that has a value always
+has the same value. In contrast, recall the example of modeling withdrawals from a bank account and
+returning the resulting balance, introduced at the beginning of section 3.1.1:
+(withdraw 25)
+75
+(withdraw 25)
+50
+Here successive evaluations of the same expression yield different values. This behavior arises from
+the fact that the execution of assignment statements (in this case, assignments to the variable
+balance) delineates moments in time when values change. The result of evaluating an expression
+depends not only on the expression itself, but also on whether the evaluation occurs before or after
+these moments. Building models in terms of computational objects with local state forces us to
+confront time as an essential concept in programming.
+We can go further in structuring computational models to match our perception of the physical world.
+Objects in the world do not change one at a time in sequence. Rather we perceive them as acting
+concurrently -- all at once. So it is often natural to model systems as collections of computational
+processes that execute concurrently. Just as we can make our programs modular by organizing models
+in terms of objects with separate local state, it is often appropriate to divide computational models into
+parts that evolve separately and concurrently. Even if the programs are to be executed on a sequential
+computer, the practice of writing programs as if they were to be executed concurrently forces the
+programmer to avoid inessential timing constraints and thus makes programs more modular.
+In addition to making programs more modular, concurrent computation can provide a speed advantage
+over sequential computation. Sequential computers execute only one operation at a time, so the
+amount of time it takes to perform a task is proportional to the total number of operations
+performed. 34 However, if it is possible to decompose a problem into pieces that are relatively
+independent and need to communicate only rarely, it may be possible to allocate pieces to separate
+computing processors, producing a speed advantage proportional to the number of processors
+available.
+Unfortunately, the complexities introduced by assignment become even more problematic in the
+presence of concurrency. The fact of concurrent execution, either because the world operates in
+parallel or because our computers do, entails additional complexity in our understanding of time.
+
+\f3.4.1 The Nature of Time in Concurrent Systems
+On the surface, time seems straightforward. It is an ordering imposed on events. 35 For any events A
+and B, either A occurs before B, A and B are simultaneous, or A occurs after B. For instance, returning
+to the bank account example, suppose that Peter withdraws $10 and Paul withdraws $25 from a joint
+account that initially contains $100, leaving $65 in the account. Depending on the order of the two
+withdrawals, the sequence of balances in the account is either $100 $90 $65 or $100 $75
+$65. In a computer implementation of the banking system, this changing sequence of balances could
+be modeled by successive assignments to a variable balance.
+In complex situations, however, such a view can be problematic. Suppose that Peter and Paul, and
+other people besides, are accessing the same bank account through a network of banking machines
+distributed all over the world. The actual sequence of balances in the account will depend critically on
+the detailed timing of the accesses and the details of the communication among the machines.
+This indeterminacy in the order of events can pose serious problems in the design of concurrent
+systems. For instance, suppose that the withdrawals made by Peter and Paul are implemented as two
+separate processes sharing a common variable balance, each process specified by the procedure
+given in section 3.1.1:
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+If the two processes operate independently, then Peter might test the balance and attempt to withdraw
+a legitimate amount. However, Paul might withdraw some funds in between the time that Peter checks
+the balance and the time Peter completes the withdrawal, thus invalidating Peter’s test.
+Things can be worse still. Consider the expression
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+executed as part of each withdrawal process. This consists of three steps: (1) accessing the value of the
+balance variable; (2) computing the new balance; (3) setting balance to this new value. If Peter
+and Paul’s withdrawals execute this statement concurrently, then the two withdrawals might interleave
+the order in which they access balance and set it to the new value.
+The timing diagram in figure 3.29 depicts an order of events where balance starts at 100, Peter
+withdraws 10, Paul withdraws 25, and yet the final value of balance is 75. As shown in the diagram,
+the reason for this anomaly is that Paul’s assignment of 75 to balance is made under the assumption
+that the value of balance to be decremented is 100. That assumption, however, became invalid when
+Peter changed balance to 90. This is a catastrophic failure for the banking system, because the total
+amount of money in the system is not conserved. Before the transactions, the total amount of money
+was $100. Afterwards, Peter has $10, Paul has $25, and the bank has $75. 36
+The general phenomenon illustrated here is that several processes may share a common state variable.
+What makes this complicated is that more than one process may be trying to manipulate the shared
+state at the same time. For the bank account example, during each transaction, each customer should
+be able to act as if the other customers did not exist. When a customer changes the balance in a way
+that depends on the balance, he must be able to assume that, just before the moment of change, the
+
+\fbalance is still what he thought it was.
+
+Correct behavior of concurrent programs
+The above example typifies the subtle bugs that can creep into concurrent programs. The root of this
+complexity lies in the assignments to variables that are shared among the different processes. We
+already know that we must be careful in writing programs that use set!, because the results of a
+computation depend on the order in which the assignments occur. 37 With concurrent processes we
+must be especially careful about assignments, because we may not be able to control the order of the
+assignments made by the different processes. If several such changes might be made concurrently (as
+with two depositors accessing a joint account) we need some way to ensure that our system behaves
+correctly. For example, in the case of withdrawals from a joint bank account, we must ensure that
+money is conserved. To make concurrent programs behave correctly, we may have to place some
+restrictions on concurrent execution.
+
+Figure 3.29: Timing diagram showing how interleaving the order of events in two banking
+withdrawals can lead to an incorrect final balance.
+Figure 3.29: Timing diagram showing how interleaving the order of events in two banking
+withdrawals can lead to an incorrect final balance.
+One possible restriction on concurrency would stipulate that no two operations that change any shared
+state variables can occur at the same time. This is an extremely stringent requirement. For distributed
+banking, it would require the system designer to ensure that only one transaction could proceed at a
+time. This would be both inefficient and overly conservative. Figure 3.30 shows Peter and Paul sharing
+a bank account, where Paul has a private account as well. The diagram illustrates two withdrawals
+from the shared account (one by Peter and one by Paul) and a deposit to Paul’s private account. 38 The
+two withdrawals from the shared account must not be concurrent (since both access and update the
+same account), and Paul’s deposit and withdrawal must not be concurrent (since both access and
+update the amount in Paul’s wallet). But there should be no problem permitting Paul’s deposit to his
+private account to proceed concurrently with Peter’s withdrawal from the shared account.
+
+\fFigure 3.30: Concurrent deposits and withdrawals from a joint account in Bank1 and a private
+account in Bank2.
+Figure 3.30: Concurrent deposits and withdrawals from a joint account in Bank1 and a private
+account in Bank2.
+A less stringent restriction on concurrency would ensure that a concurrent system produces the same
+result as if the processes had run sequentially in some order. There are two important aspects to this
+requirement. First, it does not require the processes to actually run sequentially, but only to produce
+results that are the same as if they had run sequentially. For the example in figure 3.30, the designer of
+the bank account system can safely allow Paul’s deposit and Peter’s withdrawal to happen
+concurrently, because the net result will be the same as if the two operations had happened
+sequentially. Second, there may be more than one possible ‘‘correct’’ result produced by a concurrent
+program, because we require only that the result be the same as for some sequential order. For
+example, suppose that Peter and Paul’s joint account starts out with $100, and Peter deposits $40 while
+Paul concurrently withdraws half the money in the account. Then sequential execution could result in
+the account balance being either $70 or $90 (see exercise 3.38). 39
+There are still weaker requirements for correct execution of concurrent programs. A program for
+simulating diffusion (say, the flow of heat in an object) might consist of a large number of processes,
+each one representing a small volume of space, that update their values concurrently. Each process
+repeatedly changes its value to the average of its own value and its neighbors’ values. This algorithm
+converges to the right answer independent of the order in which the operations are done; there is no
+need for any restrictions on concurrent use of the shared values.
+Exercise 3.38. Suppose that Peter, Paul, and Mary share a joint bank account that initially contains
+$100. Concurrently, Peter deposits $10, Paul withdraws $20, and Mary withdraws half the money in
+the account, by executing the following commands:
+
+\fPeter:
+
+(set! balance (+ balance 10))
+
+Paul:
+
+(set! balance (- balance 20))
+
+Mary:
+
+(set! balance (- balance (/ balance 2)))
+
+a. List all the different possible values for balance after these three transactions have been
+completed, assuming that the banking system forces the three processes to run sequentially in some
+order.
+b. What are some other values that could be produced if the system allows the processes to be
+interleaved? Draw timing diagrams like the one in figure 3.29 to explain how these values can occur.
+
+3.4.2 Mechanisms for Controlling Concurrency
+We’ve seen that the difficulty in dealing with concurrent processes is rooted in the need to consider the
+interleaving of the order of events in the different processes. For example, suppose we have two
+processes, one with three ordered events (a,b,c) and one with three ordered events (x,y,z). If the two
+processes run concurrently, with no constraints on how their execution is interleaved, then there are 20
+different possible orderings for the events that are consistent with the individual orderings for the two
+processes:
+
+As programmers designing this system, we would have to consider the effects of each of these 20
+orderings and check that each behavior is acceptable. Such an approach rapidly becomes unwieldy as
+the numbers of processes and events increase.
+A more practical approach to the design of concurrent systems is to devise general mechanisms that
+allow us to constrain the interleaving of concurrent processes so that we can be sure that the program
+behavior is correct. Many mechanisms have been developed for this purpose. In this section, we
+describe one of them, the serializer.
+
+Serializing access to shared state
+Serialization implements the following idea: Processes will execute concurrently, but there will be
+certain collections of procedures that cannot be executed concurrently. More precisely, serialization
+creates distinguished sets of procedures such that only one execution of a procedure in each serialized
+set is permitted to happen at a time. If some procedure in the set is being executed, then a process that
+attempts to execute any procedure in the set will be forced to wait until the first execution has finished.
+We can use serialization to control access to shared variables. For example, if we want to update a
+shared variable based on the previous value of that variable, we put the access to the previous value of
+the variable and the assignment of the new value to the variable in the same procedure. We then ensure
+that no other procedure that assigns to the variable can run concurrently with this procedure by
+serializing all of these procedures with the same serializer. This guarantees that the value of the
+variable cannot be changed between an access and the corresponding assignment.
+
+\fSerializers in Scheme
+To make the above mechanism more concrete, suppose that we have extended Scheme to include a
+procedure called parallel-execute:
+(parallel-execute <p 1 > <p 2 > ... <p k >)
+Each <p> must be a procedure of no arguments. Parallel-execute creates a separate process for
+each <p>, which applies <p> (to no arguments). These processes all run concurrently. 40
+As an example of how this is used, consider
+(define x 10)
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x (* x x)))
+(lambda () (set! x (+ x 1))))
+This creates two concurrent processes -- P 1 , which sets x to x times x, and P 2 , which increments x.
+After execution is complete, x will be left with one of five possible values, depending on the
+interleaving of the events of P 1 and P 2 :
+101:
+
+P 1 sets x to 100 and then P 2 increments x to 101.
+
+121:
+
+P 2 increments x to 11 and then P 1 sets x to x times x.
+
+110:
+
+P 2 changes x from 10 to 11 between the two times that P 1 accesses the value of x during
+the evaluation of (* x x).
+
+11:
+
+P 2 accesses x, then P 1 sets x to 100, then P 2 sets x.
+
+100:
+
+P 1 accesses x (twice), then P 2 sets x to 11, then P 1 sets x.
+
+We can constrain the concurrency by using serialized procedures, which are created by serializers.
+Serializers are constructed by make-serializer, whose implementation is given below. A
+serializer takes a procedure as argument and returns a serialized procedure that behaves like the
+original procedure. All calls to a given serializer return serialized procedures in the same set.
+Thus, in contrast to the example above, executing
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (s (lambda () (set! x (* x x))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (+ x 1)))))
+can produce only two possible values for x, 101 or 121. The other possibilities are eliminated, because
+the execution of P 1 and P 2 cannot be interleaved.
+Here is a version of the make-account procedure from section 3.1.1, where the deposits and
+withdrawals have been serialized:
+
+\f(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (protected withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (protected deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+With this implementation, two processes cannot be withdrawing from or depositing into a single
+account concurrently. This eliminates the source of the error illustrated in figure 3.29, where Peter
+changes the account balance between the times when Paul accesses the balance to compute the new
+value and when Paul actually performs the assignment. On the other hand, each account has its own
+serializer, so that deposits and withdrawals for different accounts can proceed concurrently.
+Exercise 3.39. Which of the five possibilities in the parallel execution shown above remain if we
+instead serialize execution as follows:
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x ((s (lambda () (* x x))))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (+ x 1)))))
+Exercise 3.40. Give all possible values of x that can result from executing
+(define x 10)
+(parallel-execute (lambda () (set! x (* x x)))
+(lambda () (set! x (* x x x))))
+Which of these possibilities remain if we instead use serialized procedures:
+(define x 10)
+(define s (make-serializer))
+(parallel-execute (s (lambda () (set! x (* x x))))
+(s (lambda () (set! x (* x x x)))))
+Exercise 3.41. Ben Bitdiddle worries that it would be better to implement the bank account as follows
+(where the commented line has been changed):
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+
+\fbalance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+;; continued on next page
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (protected withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (protected deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance)
+((protected (lambda () balance)))) ; serialized
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+because allowing unserialized access to the bank balance can result in anomalous behavior. Do you
+agree? Is there any scenario that demonstrates Ben’s concern?
+Exercise 3.42. Ben Bitdiddle suggests that it’s a waste of time to create a new serialized procedure in
+response to every withdraw and deposit message. He says that make-account could be
+changed so that the calls to protected are done outside the dispatch procedure. That is, an
+account would return the same serialized procedure (which was created at the same time as the
+account) each time it is asked for a withdrawal procedure.
+(define (make-account balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((protected (make-serializer)))
+(let ((protected-withdraw (protected withdraw))
+(protected-deposit (protected deposit)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) protected-withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) protected-deposit)
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch)))
+Is this a safe change to make? In particular, is there any difference in what concurrency is allowed by
+these two versions of make-account ?
+
+\fComplexity of using multiple shared resources
+Serializers provide a powerful abstraction that helps isolate the complexities of concurrent programs
+so that they can be dealt with carefully and (hopefully) correctly. However, while using serializers is
+relatively straightforward when there is only a single shared resource (such as a single bank account),
+concurrent programming can be treacherously difficult when there are multiple shared resources.
+To illustrate one of the difficulties that can arise, suppose we wish to swap the balances in two bank
+accounts. We access each account to find the balance, compute the difference between the balances,
+withdraw this difference from one account, and deposit it in the other account. We could implement
+this as follows: 41
+(define (exchange account1 account2)
+(let ((difference (- (account1 ’balance)
+(account2 ’balance))))
+((account1 ’withdraw) difference)
+((account2 ’deposit) difference)))
+This procedure works well when only a single process is trying to do the exchange. Suppose, however,
+that Peter and Paul both have access to accounts a1, a2, and a3, and that Peter exchanges a1 and a2
+while Paul concurrently exchanges a1 and a3. Even with account deposits and withdrawals serialized
+for individual accounts (as in the make-account procedure shown above in this section),
+exchange can still produce incorrect results. For example, Peter might compute the difference in the
+balances for a1 and a2, but then Paul might change the balance in a1 before Peter is able to complete
+the exchange. 42 For correct behavior, we must arrange for the exchange procedure to lock out any
+other concurrent accesses to the accounts during the entire time of the exchange.
+One way we can accomplish this is by using both accounts’ serializers to serialize the entire
+exchange procedure. To do this, we will arrange for access to an account’s serializer. Note that we
+are deliberately breaking the modularity of the bank-account object by exposing the serializer. The
+following version of make-account is identical to the original version given in section 3.1.1, except
+that a serializer is provided to protect the balance variable, and the serializer is exported via message
+passing:
+(define (make-account-and-serializer balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((balance-serializer (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) withdraw)
+((eq? m ’deposit) deposit)
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+((eq? m ’serializer) balance-serializer)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+
+\fdispatch))
+We can use this to do serialized deposits and withdrawals. However, unlike our earlier serialized
+account, it is now the responsibility of each user of bank-account objects to explicitly manage the
+serialization, for example as follows: 43
+(define (deposit account amount)
+(let ((s (account ’serializer))
+(d (account ’deposit)))
+((s d) amount)))
+Exporting the serializer in this way gives us enough flexibility to implement a serialized exchange
+program. We simply serialize the original exchange procedure with the serializers for both accounts:
+(define (serialized-exchange account1 account2)
+(let ((serializer1 (account1 ’serializer))
+(serializer2 (account2 ’serializer)))
+((serializer1 (serializer2 exchange))
+account1
+account2)))
+Exercise 3.43. Suppose that the balances in three accounts start out as $10, $20, and $30, and that
+multiple processes run, exchanging the balances in the accounts. Argue that if the processes are run
+sequentially, after any number of concurrent exchanges, the account balances should be $10, $20, and
+$30 in some order. Draw a timing diagram like the one in figure 3.29 to show how this condition can
+be violated if the exchanges are implemented using the first version of the account-exchange program
+in this section. On the other hand, argue that even with this exchange program, the sum of the
+balances in the accounts will be preserved. Draw a timing diagram to show how even this condition
+would be violated if we did not serialize the transactions on individual accounts.
+Exercise 3.44. Consider the problem of transferring an amount from one account to another. Ben
+Bitdiddle claims that this can be accomplished with the following procedure, even if there are multiple
+people concurrently transferring money among multiple accounts, using any account mechanism that
+serializes deposit and withdrawal transactions, for example, the version of make-account in the
+text above.
+(define (transfer from-account to-account amount)
+((from-account ’withdraw) amount)
+((to-account ’deposit) amount))
+Louis Reasoner claims that there is a problem here, and that we need to use a more sophisticated
+method, such as the one required for dealing with the exchange problem. Is Louis right? If not, what is
+the essential difference between the transfer problem and the exchange problem? (You should assume
+that the balance in from-account is at least amount.)
+Exercise 3.45. Louis Reasoner thinks our bank-account system is unnecessarily complex and
+error-prone now that deposits and withdrawals aren’t automatically serialized. He suggests that
+make-account-and-serializer should have exported the serializer (for use by such
+procedures as serialized-exchange) in addition to (rather than instead of) using it to serialize
+accounts and deposits as make-account did. He proposes to redefine accounts as follows:
+
+\f(define (make-account-and-serializer balance)
+(define (withdraw amount)
+(if (>= balance amount)
+(begin (set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance)
+"Insufficient funds"))
+(define (deposit amount)
+(set! balance (+ balance amount))
+balance)
+(let ((balance-serializer (make-serializer)))
+(define (dispatch m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’withdraw) (balance-serializer withdraw))
+((eq? m ’deposit) (balance-serializer deposit))
+((eq? m ’balance) balance)
+((eq? m ’serializer) balance-serializer)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MAKE-ACCOUNT"
+m))))
+dispatch))
+Then deposits are handled as with the original make-account:
+(define (deposit account amount)
+((account ’deposit) amount))
+Explain what is wrong with Louis’s reasoning. In particular, consider what happens when
+serialized-exchange is called.
+
+Implementing serializers
+We implement serializers in terms of a more primitive synchronization mechanism called a mutex. A
+mutex is an object that supports two operations -- the mutex can be acquired, and the mutex can be
+released. Once a mutex has been acquired, no other acquire operations on that mutex may proceed
+until the mutex is released. 44 In our implementation, each serializer has an associated mutex. Given a
+procedure p, the serializer returns a procedure that acquires the mutex, runs p, and then releases the
+mutex. This ensures that only one of the procedures produced by the serializer can be running at once,
+which is precisely the serialization property that we need to guarantee.
+(define (make-serializer)
+(let ((mutex (make-mutex)))
+(lambda (p)
+(define (serialized-p . args)
+(mutex ’acquire)
+(let ((val (apply p args)))
+(mutex ’release)
+val))
+serialized-p)))
+The mutex is a mutable object (here we’ll use a one-element list, which we’ll refer to as a cell) that can
+hold the value true or false. When the value is false, the mutex is available to be acquired. When the
+value is true, the mutex is unavailable, and any process that attempts to acquire the mutex must wait.
+
+\fOur mutex constructor make-mutex begins by initializing the cell contents to false. To acquire the
+mutex, we test the cell. If the mutex is available, we set the cell contents to true and proceed.
+Otherwise, we wait in a loop, attempting to acquire over and over again, until we find that the mutex is
+available. 45 To release the mutex, we set the cell contents to false.
+(define (make-mutex)
+(let ((cell (list false)))
+(define (the-mutex m)
+(cond ((eq? m ’acquire)
+(if (test-and-set! cell)
+(the-mutex ’acquire))) ; retry
+((eq? m ’release) (clear! cell))))
+the-mutex))
+(define (clear! cell)
+(set-car! cell false))
+Test-and-set! tests the cell and returns the result of the test. In addition, if the test was false,
+test-and-set! sets the cell contents to true before returning false. We can express this behavior
+as the following procedure:
+(define (test-and-set! cell)
+(if (car cell)
+true
+(begin (set-car! cell true)
+false)))
+However, this implementation of test-and-set! does not suffice as it stands. There is a crucial
+subtlety here, which is the essential place where concurrency control enters the system: The
+test-and-set! operation must be performed atomically. That is, we must guarantee that, once a
+process has tested the cell and found it to be false, the cell contents will actually be set to true before
+any other process can test the cell. If we do not make this guarantee, then the mutex can fail in a way
+similar to the bank-account failure in figure 3.29. (See exercise 3.46.)
+The actual implementation of test-and-set! depends on the details of how our system runs
+concurrent processes. For example, we might be executing concurrent processes on a sequential
+processor using a time-slicing mechanism that cycles through the processes, permitting each process to
+run for a short time before interrupting it and moving on to the next process. In that case,
+test-and-set! can work by disabling time slicing during the testing and setting. 46 Alternatively,
+multiprocessing computers provide instructions that support atomic operations directly in hardware. 47
+Exercise 3.46. Suppose that we implement test-and-set! using an ordinary procedure as shown
+in the text, without attempting to make the operation atomic. Draw a timing diagram like the one in
+figure 3.29 to demonstrate how the mutex implementation can fail by allowing two processes to
+acquire the mutex at the same time.
+Exercise 3.47. A semaphore (of size n) is a generalization of a mutex. Like a mutex, a semaphore
+supports acquire and release operations, but it is more general in that up to n processes can acquire it
+concurrently. Additional processes that attempt to acquire the semaphore must wait for release
+operations. Give implementations of semaphores
+
+\fa. in terms of mutexes
+b. in terms of atomic test-and-set! operations.
+
+Deadlock
+Now that we have seen how to implement serializers, we can see that account exchanging still has a
+problem, even with the serialized-exchange procedure above. Imagine that Peter attempts to
+exchange a1 with a2 while Paul concurrently attempts to exchange a2 with a1. Suppose that Peter’s
+process reaches the point where it has entered a serialized procedure protecting a1 and, just after that,
+Paul’s process enters a serialized procedure protecting a2. Now Peter cannot proceed (to enter a
+serialized procedure protecting a2) until Paul exits the serialized procedure protecting a2. Similarly,
+Paul cannot proceed until Peter exits the serialized procedure protecting a1. Each process is stalled
+forever, waiting for the other. This situation is called a deadlock. Deadlock is always a danger in
+systems that provide concurrent access to multiple shared resources.
+One way to avoid the deadlock in this situation is to give each account a unique identification number
+and rewrite serialized-exchange so that a process will always attempt to enter a procedure
+protecting the lowest-numbered account first. Although this method works well for the exchange
+problem, there are other situations that require more sophisticated deadlock-avoidance techniques, or
+where deadlock cannot be avoided at all. (See exercises 3.48 and 3.49.) 48
+Exercise 3.48. Explain in detail why the deadlock-avoidance method described above, (i.e., the
+accounts are numbered, and each process attempts to acquire the smaller-numbered account first)
+avoids deadlock in the exchange problem. Rewrite serialized-exchange to incorporate this
+idea. (You will also need to modify make-account so that each account is created with a number,
+which can be accessed by sending an appropriate message.)
+Exercise 3.49. Give a scenario where the deadlock-avoidance mechanism described above does not
+work. (Hint: In the exchange problem, each process knows in advance which accounts it will need to
+get access to. Consider a situation where a process must get access to some shared resources before it
+can know which additional shared resources it will require.)
+
+Concurrency, time, and communication
+We’ve seen how programming concurrent systems requires controlling the ordering of events when
+different processes access shared state, and we’ve seen how to achieve this control through judicious
+use of serializers. But the problems of concurrency lie deeper than this, because, from a fundamental
+point of view, it’s not always clear what is meant by ‘‘shared state.’’
+Mechanisms such as test-and-set! require processes to examine a global shared flag at arbitrary
+times. This is problematic and inefficient to implement in modern high-speed processors, where due to
+optimization techniques such as pipelining and cached memory, the contents of memory may not be in
+a consistent state at every instant. In contemporary multiprocessing systems, therefore, the serializer
+paradigm is being supplanted by new approaches to concurrency control. 49
+The problematic aspects of shared state also arise in large, distributed systems. For instance, imagine a
+distributed banking system where individual branch banks maintain local values for bank balances and
+periodically compare these with values maintained by other branches. In such a system the value of
+‘‘the account balance’’ would be undetermined, except right after synchronization. If Peter deposits
+money in an account he holds jointly with Paul, when should we say that the account balance has
+changed -- when the balance in the local branch changes, or not until after the synchronization? And if
+
+\fPaul accesses the account from a different branch, what are the reasonable constraints to place on the
+banking system such that the behavior is ‘‘correct’’? The only thing that might matter for correctness
+is the behavior observed by Peter and Paul individually and the ‘‘state’’ of the account immediately
+after synchronization. Questions about the ‘‘real’’ account balance or the order of events between
+synchronizations may be irrelevant or meaningless. 50
+The basic phenomenon here is that synchronizing different processes, establishing shared state, or
+imposing an order on events requires communication among the processes. In essence, any notion of
+time in concurrency control must be intimately tied to communication. 51 It is intriguing that a similar
+connection between time and communication also arises in the Theory of Relativity, where the speed
+of light (the fastest signal that can be used to synchronize events) is a fundamental constant relating
+time and space. The complexities we encounter in dealing with time and state in our computational
+models may in fact mirror a fundamental complexity of the physical universe.
+34 Most real processors actually execute a few operations at a time, following a strategy called
+
+pipelining. Although this technique greatly improves the effective utilization of the hardware, it is used
+only to speed up the execution of a sequential instruction stream, while retaining the behavior of the
+sequential program.
+35 To quote some graffiti seen on a Cambridge building wall: ‘‘Time is a device that was invented to
+
+keep everything from happening at once.’’
+36 An even worse failure for this system could occur if the two set! operations attempt to change the
+
+balance simultaneously, in which case the actual data appearing in memory might end up being a
+random combination of the information being written by the two processes. Most computers have
+interlocks on the primitive memory-write operations, which protect against such simultaneous access.
+Even this seemingly simple kind of protection, however, raises implementation challenges in the
+design of multiprocessing computers, where elaborate cache-coherence protocols are required to
+ensure that the various processors will maintain a consistent view of memory contents, despite the fact
+that data may be replicated (‘‘cached’’) among the different processors to increase the speed of
+memory access.
+37 The factorial program in section 3.1.3 illustrates this for a single sequential process.
+38 The columns show the contents of Peter’s wallet, the joint account (in Bank1), Paul’s wallet, and
+
+Paul’s private account (in Bank2), before and after each withdrawal (W) and deposit (D). Peter
+withdraws $10 from Bank1; Paul deposits $5 in Bank2, then withdraws $25 from Bank1.
+39 A more formal way to express this idea is to say that concurrent programs are inherently
+
+nondeterministic. That is, they are described not by single-valued functions, but by functions whose
+results are sets of possible values. In section 4.3 we will study a language for expressing
+nondeterministic computations.
+40 Parallel-execute is not part of standard Scheme, but it can be implemented in MIT Scheme.
+
+In our implementation, the new concurrent processes also run concurrently with the original Scheme
+process. Also, in our implementation, the value returned by parallel-execute is a special
+control object that can be used to halt the newly created processes.
+41 We have simplified exchange by exploiting the fact that our deposit message accepts negative
+
+amounts. (This is a serious bug in our banking system!)
+
+\f42 If the account balances start out as $10, $20, and $30, then after any number of concurrent
+
+exchanges, the balances should still be $10, $20, and $30 in some order. Serializing the deposits to
+individual accounts is not sufficient to guarantee this. See exercise 3.43.
+43 Exercise 3.45 investigates why deposits and withdrawals are no longer automatically serialized by
+
+the account.
+44 The term ‘‘mutex’’ is an abbreviation for mutual exclusion. The general problem of arranging a
+
+mechanism that permits concurrent processes to safely share resources is called the mutual exclusion
+problem. Our mutex is a simple variant of the semaphore mechanism (see exercise 3.47), which was
+introduced in the ‘‘THE’’ Multiprogramming System developed at the Technological University of
+Eindhoven and named for the university’s initials in Dutch (Dijkstra 1968a). The acquire and release
+operations were originally called P and V, from the Dutch words passeren (to pass) and vrijgeven (to
+release), in reference to the semaphores used on railroad systems. Dijkstra’s classic exposition (1968b)
+was one of the first to clearly present the issues of concurrency control, and showed how to use
+semaphores to handle a variety of concurrency problems.
+45 In most time-shared operating systems, processes that are blocked by a mutex do not waste time
+
+‘‘busy-waiting’’ as above. Instead, the system schedules another process to run while the first is
+waiting, and the blocked process is awakened when the mutex becomes available.
+46 In MIT Scheme for a single processor, which uses a time-slicing model, test-and-set! can be
+
+implemented as follows:
+(define (test-and-set! cell)
+(without-interrupts
+(lambda ()
+(if (car cell)
+true
+(begin (set-car! cell true)
+false)))))
+Without-interrupts disables time-slicing interrupts while its procedure argument is being
+executed.
+47 There are many variants of such instructions -- including test-and-set, test-and-clear, swap,
+
+compare-and-exchange, load-reserve, and store-conditional -- whose design must be carefully matched
+to the machine’s processor-memory interface. One issue that arises here is to determine what happens
+if two processes attempt to acquire the same resource at exactly the same time by using such an
+instruction. This requires some mechanism for making a decision about which process gets control.
+Such a mechanism is called an arbiter. Arbiters usually boil down to some sort of hardware device.
+Unfortunately, it is possible to prove that one cannot physically construct a fair arbiter that works
+100% of the time unless one allows the arbiter an arbitrarily long time to make its decision. The
+fundamental phenomenon here was originally observed by the fourteenth-century French philosopher
+Jean Buridan in his commentary on Aristotle’s De caelo. Buridan argued that a perfectly rational dog
+placed between two equally attractive sources of food will starve to death, because it is incapable of
+deciding which to go to first.
+48 The general technique for avoiding deadlock by numbering the shared resources and acquiring
+
+them in order is due to Havender (1968). Situations where deadlock cannot be avoided require
+deadlock-recovery methods, which entail having processes ‘‘back out’’ of the deadlocked state and try
+again. Deadlock-recovery mechanisms are widely used in database management systems, a topic that
+
+\fis treated in detail in Gray and Reuter 1993.
+49 One such alternative to serialization is called barrier synchronization. The programmer permits
+
+concurrent processes to execute as they please, but establishes certain synchronization points
+(‘‘barriers’’) through which no process can proceed until all the processes have reached the barrier.
+Modern processors provide machine instructions that permit programmers to establish synchronization
+points at places where consistency is required. The PowerPC TM , for example, includes for this
+purpose two instructions called SYNC and EIEIO (Enforced In-order Execution of Input/Output).
+50 This may seem like a strange point of view, but there are systems that work this way. International
+
+charges to credit-card accounts, for example, are normally cleared on a per-country basis, and the
+charges made in different countries are periodically reconciled. Thus the account balance may be
+different in different countries.
+51 For distributed systems, this perspective was pursued by Lamport (1978), who showed how to use
+
+communication to establish ‘‘global clocks’’ that can be used to establish orderings on events in
+distributed systems.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+3.5 Streams
+We’ve gained a good understanding of assignment as a tool in modeling, as well as an appreciation of
+the complex problems that assignment raises. It is time to ask whether we could have gone about
+things in a different way, so as to avoid some of these problems. In this section, we explore an
+alternative approach to modeling state, based on data structures called streams. As we shall see,
+streams can mitigate some of the complexity of modeling state.
+Let’s step back and review where this complexity comes from. In an attempt to model real-world
+phenomena, we made some apparently reasonable decisions: We modeled real-world objects with
+local state by computational objects with local variables. We identified time variation in the real world
+with time variation in the computer. We implemented the time variation of the states of the model
+objects in the computer with assignments to the local variables of the model objects.
+Is there another approach? Can we avoid identifying time in the computer with time in the modeled
+world? Must we make the model change with time in order to model phenomena in a changing world?
+Think about the issue in terms of mathematical functions. We can describe the time-varying behavior
+of a quantity x as a function of time x(t). If we concentrate on x instant by instant, we think of it as a
+changing quantity. Yet if we concentrate on the entire time history of values, we do not emphasize
+change -- the function itself does not change. 52
+If time is measured in discrete steps, then we can model a time function as a (possibly infinite)
+sequence. In this section, we will see how to model change in terms of sequences that represent the
+time histories of the systems being modeled. To accomplish this, we introduce new data structures
+called streams. From an abstract point of view, a stream is simply a sequence. However, we will find
+that the straightforward implementation of streams as lists (as in section 2.2.1) doesn’t fully reveal the
+power of stream processing. As an alternative, we introduce the technique of delayed evaluation,
+which enables us to represent very large (even infinite) sequences as streams.
+Stream processing lets us model systems that have state without ever using assignment or mutable
+data. This has important implications, both theoretical and practical, because we can build models that
+avoid the drawbacks inherent in introducing assignment. On the other hand, the stream framework
+raises difficulties of its own, and the question of which modeling technique leads to more modular and
+more easily maintained systems remains open.
+
+3.5.1 Streams Are Delayed Lists
+As we saw in section 2.2.3, sequences can serve as standard interfaces for combining program
+modules. We formulated powerful abstractions for manipulating sequences, such as map, filter,
+and accumulate, that capture a wide variety of operations in a manner that is both succinct and
+elegant.
+Unfortunately, if we represent sequences as lists, this elegance is bought at the price of severe
+inefficiency with respect to both the time and space required by our computations. When we represent
+manipulations on sequences as transformations of lists, our programs must construct and copy data
+structures (which may be huge) at every step of a process.
+
+\fTo see why this is true, let us compare two programs for computing the sum of all the prime numbers
+in an interval. The first program is written in standard iterative style: 53
+(define (sum-primes a b)
+(define (iter count accum)
+(cond ((> count b) accum)
+((prime? count) (iter (+ count 1) (+ count accum)))
+(else (iter (+ count 1) accum))))
+(iter a 0))
+The second program performs the same computation using the sequence operations of section 2.2.3:
+(define (sum-primes a b)
+(accumulate +
+0
+(filter prime? (enumerate-interval a b))))
+In carrying out the computation, the first program needs to store only the sum being accumulated. In
+contrast, the filter in the second program cannot do any testing until enumerate-interval has
+constructed a complete list of the numbers in the interval. The filter generates another list, which in
+turn is passed to accumulate before being collapsed to form a sum. Such large intermediate storage
+is not needed by the first program, which we can think of as enumerating the interval incrementally,
+adding each prime to the sum as it is generated.
+The inefficiency in using lists becomes painfully apparent if we use the sequence paradigm to compute
+the second prime in the interval from 10,000 to 1,000,000 by evaluating the expression
+(car (cdr (filter prime?
+(enumerate-interval 10000 1000000))))
+This expression does find the second prime, but the computational overhead is outrageous. We
+construct a list of almost a million integers, filter this list by testing each element for primality, and
+then ignore almost all of the result. In a more traditional programming style, we would interleave the
+enumeration and the filtering, and stop when we reached the second prime.
+Streams are a clever idea that allows one to use sequence manipulations without incurring the costs of
+manipulating sequences as lists. With streams we can achieve the best of both worlds: We can
+formulate programs elegantly as sequence manipulations, while attaining the efficiency of incremental
+computation. The basic idea is to arrange to construct a stream only partially, and to pass the partial
+construction to the program that consumes the stream. If the consumer attempts to access a part of the
+stream that has not yet been constructed, the stream will automatically construct just enough more of
+itself to produce the required part, thus preserving the illusion that the entire stream exists. In other
+words, although we will write programs as if we were processing complete sequences, we design our
+stream implementation to automatically and transparently interleave the construction of the stream
+with its use.
+On the surface, streams are just lists with different names for the procedures that manipulate them.
+There is a constructor, cons-stream, and two selectors, stream-car and stream-cdr, which
+satisfy the constraints
+
+\fThere is a distinguishable object, the-empty-stream, which cannot be the result of any
+cons-stream operation, and which can be identified with the predicate stream-null?. 54 Thus
+we can make and use streams, in just the same way as we can make and use lists, to represent
+aggregate data arranged in a sequence. In particular, we can build stream analogs of the list operations
+from chapter 2, such as list-ref, map, and for-each: 55
+(define (stream-ref s n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(stream-car s)
+(stream-ref (stream-cdr s) (- n 1))))
+(define (stream-map proc s)
+(if (stream-null? s)
+the-empty-stream
+(cons-stream (proc (stream-car s))
+(stream-map proc (stream-cdr s)))))
+(define (stream-for-each proc s)
+(if (stream-null? s)
+’done
+(begin (proc (stream-car s))
+(stream-for-each proc (stream-cdr s)))))
+Stream-for-each is useful for viewing streams:
+(define (display-stream s)
+(stream-for-each display-line s))
+(define (display-line x)
+(newline)
+(display x))
+To make the stream implementation automatically and transparently interleave the construction of a
+stream with its use, we will arrange for the cdr of a stream to be evaluated when it is accessed by the
+stream-cdr procedure rather than when the stream is constructed by cons-stream. This
+implementation choice is reminiscent of our discussion of rational numbers in section 2.1.2, where we
+saw that we can choose to implement rational numbers so that the reduction of numerator and
+denominator to lowest terms is performed either at construction time or at selection time. The two
+rational-number implementations produce the same data abstraction, but the choice has an effect on
+efficiency. There is a similar relationship between streams and ordinary lists. As a data abstraction,
+streams are the same as lists. The difference is the time at which the elements are evaluated. With
+ordinary lists, both the car and the cdr are evaluated at construction time. With streams, the cdr is
+evaluated at selection time.
+Our implementation of streams will be based on a special form called delay. Evaluating (delay
+<exp>) does not evaluate the expression <exp>, but rather returns a so-called delayed object, which
+we can think of as a ‘‘promise’’ to evaluate <exp> at some future time. As a companion to delay,
+there is a procedure called force that takes a delayed object as argument and performs the evaluation
+-- in effect, forcing the delay to fulfill its promise. We will see below how delay and force can
+be implemented, but first let us use these to construct streams.
+
+\fCons-stream is a special form defined so that
+(cons-stream <a> <b>)
+is equivalent to
+(cons <a> (delay <b>))
+What this means is that we will construct streams using pairs. However, rather than placing the value
+of the rest of the stream into the cdr of the pair we will put there a promise to compute the rest if it is
+ever requested. Stream-car and stream-cdr can now be defined as procedures:
+(define (stream-car stream) (car stream))
+(define (stream-cdr stream) (force (cdr stream)))
+Stream-car selects the car of the pair; stream-cdr selects the cdr of the pair and evaluates the
+delayed expression found there to obtain the rest of the stream. 56
+
+The stream implementation in action
+To see how this implementation behaves, let us analyze the ‘‘outrageous’’ prime computation we saw
+above, reformulated in terms of streams:
+(stream-car
+(stream-cdr
+(stream-filter prime?
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10000 1000000))))
+We will see that it does indeed work efficiently.
+We begin by calling stream-enumerate-interval with the arguments 10,000 and 1,000,000.
+Stream-enumerate-interval is the stream analog of enumerate-interval
+(section 2.2.3):
+(define (stream-enumerate-interval low high)
+(if (> low high)
+the-empty-stream
+(cons-stream
+low
+(stream-enumerate-interval (+ low 1) high))))
+and thus the result returned by stream-enumerate-interval, formed by the cons-stream,
+is 57
+(cons 10000
+(delay (stream-enumerate-interval 10001 1000000)))
+That is, stream-enumerate-interval returns a stream represented as a pair whose car is
+10,000 and whose cdr is a promise to enumerate more of the interval if so requested. This stream is
+now filtered for primes, using the stream analog of the filter procedure (section 2.2.3):
+
+\f(define (stream-filter pred stream)
+(cond ((stream-null? stream) the-empty-stream)
+((pred (stream-car stream))
+(cons-stream (stream-car stream)
+(stream-filter pred
+(stream-cdr stream))))
+(else (stream-filter pred (stream-cdr stream)))))
+Stream-filter tests the stream-car of the stream (the car of the pair, which is 10,000). Since
+this is not prime, stream-filter examines the stream-cdr of its input stream. The call to
+stream-cdr forces evaluation of the delayed stream-enumerate-interval, which now
+returns
+(cons 10001
+(delay (stream-enumerate-interval 10002 1000000)))
+Stream-filter now looks at the stream-car of this stream, 10,001, sees that this is not prime
+either, forces another stream-cdr, and so on, until stream-enumerate-interval yields the
+prime 10,007, whereupon stream-filter, according to its definition, returns
+(cons-stream (stream-car stream)
+(stream-filter pred (stream-cdr stream)))
+which in this case is
+(cons 10007
+(delay
+(stream-filter
+prime?
+(cons 10008
+(delay
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10009
+1000000))))))
+This result is now passed to stream-cdr in our original expression. This forces the delayed
+stream-filter, which in turn keeps forcing the delayed stream-enumerate-interval
+until it finds the next prime, which is 10,009. Finally, the result passed to stream-car in our
+original expression is
+(cons 10009
+(delay
+(stream-filter
+prime?
+(cons 10010
+(delay
+(stream-enumerate-interval 10011
+1000000))))))
+Stream-car returns 10,009, and the computation is complete. Only as many integers were tested for
+primality as were necessary to find the second prime, and the interval was enumerated only as far as
+was necessary to feed the prime filter.
+
+\fIn general, we can think of delayed evaluation as ‘‘demand-driven’’ programming, whereby each stage
+in the stream process is activated only enough to satisfy the next stage. What we have done is to
+decouple the actual order of events in the computation from the apparent structure of our procedures.
+We write procedures as if the streams existed ‘‘all at once’’ when, in reality, the computation is
+performed incrementally, as in traditional programming styles.
+
+Implementing delay and force
+Although delay and force may seem like mysterious operations, their implementation is really
+quite straightforward. Delay must package an expression so that it can be evaluated later on demand,
+and we can accomplish this simply by treating the expression as the body of a procedure. Delay can
+be a special form such that
+(delay <exp>)
+is syntactic sugar for
+(lambda () <exp>)
+Force simply calls the procedure (of no arguments) produced by delay, so we can implement
+force as a procedure:
+(define (force delayed-object)
+(delayed-object))
+This implementation suffices for delay and force to work as advertised, but there is an important
+optimization that we can include. In many applications, we end up forcing the same delayed object
+many times. This can lead to serious inefficiency in recursive programs involving streams. (See
+exercise 3.57.) The solution is to build delayed objects so that the first time they are forced, they store
+the value that is computed. Subsequent forcings will simply return the stored value without repeating
+the computation. In other words, we implement delay as a special-purpose memoized procedure
+similar to the one described in exercise 3.27. One way to accomplish this is to use the following
+procedure, which takes as argument a procedure (of no arguments) and returns a memoized version of
+the procedure. The first time the memoized procedure is run, it saves the computed result. On
+subsequent evaluations, it simply returns the result.
+(define (memo-proc proc)
+(let ((already-run? false) (result false))
+(lambda ()
+(if (not already-run?)
+(begin (set! result (proc))
+(set! already-run? true)
+result)
+result))))
+Delay is then defined so that (delay <exp>) is equivalent to
+(memo-proc (lambda () <exp>))
+and force is as defined previously. 58
+
+\fExercise 3.50. Complete the following definition, which generalizes stream-map to allow
+procedures that take multiple arguments, analogous to map in section 2.2.3, footnote 12.
+(define (stream-map proc . argstreams)
+(if (<??> (car argstreams))
+the-empty-stream
+(<??>
+(apply proc (map <??> argstreams))
+(apply stream-map
+(cons proc (map <??> argstreams))))))
+Exercise 3.51. In order to take a closer look at delayed evaluation, we will use the following
+procedure, which simply returns its argument after printing it:
+(define (show x)
+(display-line x)
+x)
+What does the interpreter print in response to evaluating each expression in the following sequence? 59
+(define x (stream-map show (stream-enumerate-interval 0 10)))
+(stream-ref x 5)
+(stream-ref x 7)
+Exercise 3.52. Consider the sequence of expressions
+(define
+(define
+(set!
+sum)
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+sum 0)
+(accum x)
+sum (+ x sum))
+
+seq (stream-map accum (stream-enumerate-interval 1 20)))
+y (stream-filter even? seq))
+z (stream-filter (lambda (x) (= (remainder x 5) 0))
+seq))
+(stream-ref y 7)
+(display-stream z)
+What is the value of sum after each of the above expressions is evaluated? What is the printed
+response to evaluating the stream-ref and display-stream expressions? Would these
+responses differ if we had implemented (delay <exp>) simply as (lambda () <exp>)
+without using the optimization provided by memo-proc ? Explain.
+
+3.5.2 Infinite Streams
+We have seen how to support the illusion of manipulating streams as complete entities even though, in
+actuality, we compute only as much of the stream as we need to access. We can exploit this technique
+to represent sequences efficiently as streams, even if the sequences are very long. What is more
+striking, we can use streams to represent sequences that are infinitely long. For instance, consider the
+following definition of the stream of positive integers:
+
+\f(define (integers-starting-from n)
+(cons-stream n (integers-starting-from (+ n 1))))
+(define integers (integers-starting-from 1))
+This makes sense because integers will be a pair whose car is 1 and whose cdr is a promise to
+produce the integers beginning with 2. This is an infinitely long stream, but in any given time we can
+examine only a finite portion of it. Thus, our programs will never know that the entire infinite stream
+is not there.
+Using integers we can define other infinite streams, such as the stream of integers that are not
+divisible by 7:
+(define (divisible? x y) (= (remainder x y) 0))
+(define no-sevens
+(stream-filter (lambda (x) (not (divisible? x 7)))
+integers))
+Then we can find integers not divisible by 7 simply by accessing elements of this stream:
+(stream-ref no-sevens 100)
+117
+In analogy with integers, we can define the infinite stream of Fibonacci numbers:
+(define (fibgen a b)
+(cons-stream a (fibgen b (+ a b))))
+(define fibs (fibgen 0 1))
+Fibs is a pair whose car is 0 and whose cdr is a promise to evaluate (fibgen 1 1). When we
+evaluate this delayed (fibgen 1 1), it will produce a pair whose car is 1 and whose cdr is a
+promise to evaluate (fibgen 1 2), and so on.
+For a look at a more exciting infinite stream, we can generalize the no-sevens example to construct
+the infinite stream of prime numbers, using a method known as the sieve of Eratosthenes. 60 We start
+with the integers beginning with 2, which is the first prime. To get the rest of the primes, we start by
+filtering the multiples of 2 from the rest of the integers. This leaves a stream beginning with 3, which
+is the next prime. Now we filter the multiples of 3 from the rest of this stream. This leaves a stream
+beginning with 5, which is the next prime, and so on. In other words, we construct the primes by a
+sieving process, described as follows: To sieve a stream S, form a stream whose first element is the
+first element of S and the rest of which is obtained by filtering all multiples of the first element of S
+out of the rest of S and sieving the result. This process is readily described in terms of stream
+operations:
+(define (sieve stream)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car stream)
+(sieve (stream-filter
+(lambda (x)
+(not (divisible? x (stream-car stream))))
+(stream-cdr stream)))))
+(define primes (sieve (integers-starting-from 2)))
+
+\fNow to find a particular prime we need only ask for it:
+(stream-ref primes 50)
+233
+It is interesting to contemplate the signal-processing system set up by sieve, shown in the
+‘‘Henderson diagram’’ in figure 3.31. 61 The input stream feeds into an ‘‘unconser’’ that separates
+the first element of the stream from the rest of the stream. The first element is used to construct a
+divisibility filter, through which the rest is passed, and the output of the filter is fed to another sieve
+box. Then the original first element is consed onto the output of the internal sieve to form the output
+stream. Thus, not only is the stream infinite, but the signal processor is also infinite, because the sieve
+contains a sieve within it.
+
+Figure 3.31: The prime sieve viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.31: The prime sieve viewed as a signal-processing system.
+
+Defining streams implicitly
+The integers and fibs streams above were defined by specifying ‘‘generating’’ procedures that
+explicitly compute the stream elements one by one. An alternative way to specify streams is to take
+advantage of delayed evaluation to define streams implicitly. For example, the following expression
+defines the stream ones to be an infinite stream of ones:
+(define ones (cons-stream 1 ones))
+This works much like the definition of a recursive procedure: ones is a pair whose car is 1 and
+whose cdr is a promise to evaluate ones. Evaluating the cdr gives us again a 1 and a promise to
+evaluate ones, and so on.
+We can do more interesting things by manipulating streams with operations such as add-streams,
+which produces the elementwise sum of two given streams: 62
+(define (add-streams s1 s2)
+(stream-map + s1 s2))
+Now we can define the integers as follows:
+(define integers (cons-stream 1 (add-streams ones integers)))
+
+\fThis defines integers to be a stream whose first element is 1 and the rest of which is the sum of
+ones and integers. Thus, the second element of integers is 1 plus the first element of
+integers, or 2; the third element of integers is 1 plus the second element of integers, or 3;
+and so on. This definition works because, at any point, enough of the integers stream has been
+generated so that we can feed it back into the definition to produce the next integer.
+We can define the Fibonacci numbers in the same style:
+(define fibs
+(cons-stream 0
+(cons-stream 1
+(add-streams (stream-cdr fibs)
+fibs))))
+This definition says that fibs is a stream beginning with 0 and 1, such that the rest of the stream can
+be generated by adding fibs to itself shifted by one place:
+
+0
+
+1
+
+1
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+21
+
+... = (stream-cdr fibs)
+
+0
+
+1
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+... = fibs
+
+1
+
+2
+
+3
+
+5
+
+8
+
+13
+
+21
+
+34
+
+... = fibs
+
+Scale-stream is another useful procedure in formulating such stream definitions. This multiplies
+each item in a stream by a given constant:
+(define (scale-stream stream factor)
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (* x factor)) stream))
+For example,
+(define double (cons-stream 1 (scale-stream double 2)))
+produces the stream of powers of 2: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ....
+An alternate definition of the stream of primes can be given by starting with the integers and filtering
+them by testing for primality. We will need the first prime, 2, to get started:
+(define primes
+(cons-stream
+2
+(stream-filter prime? (integers-starting-from 3))))
+This definition is not so straightforward as it appears, because we will test whether a number n is
+prime by checking whether n is divisible by a prime (not by just any integer) less than or equal to
+(define (prime? n)
+(define (iter ps)
+(cond ((> (square (stream-car ps)) n) true)
+((divisible? n (stream-car ps)) false)
+(else (iter (stream-cdr ps)))))
+(iter primes))
+
+n:
+
+\fThis is a recursive definition, since primes is defined in terms of the prime? predicate, which itself
+uses the primes stream. The reason this procedure works is that, at any point, enough of the primes
+stream has been generated to test the primality of the numbers we need to check next. That is, for
+every n we test for primality, either n is not prime (in which case there is a prime already generated
+that divides it) or n is prime (in which case there is a prime already generated -- i.e., a prime less than
+n -- that is greater than n). 63
+Exercise 3.53. Without running the program, describe the elements of the stream defined by
+(define s (cons-stream 1 (add-streams s s)))
+Exercise 3.54. Define a procedure mul-streams, analogous to add-streams, that produces the
+elementwise product of its two input streams. Use this together with the stream of integers to
+complete the following definition of the stream whose nth element (counting from 0) is n + 1 factorial:
+(define factorials (cons-stream 1 (mul-streams <??> <??>)))
+Exercise 3.55. Define a procedure partial-sums that takes as argument a stream S and returns the
+stream whose elements are S 0 , S 0 + S 1 , S 0 + S 1 + S 2 , .... For example, (partial-sums
+integers) should be the stream 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ....
+Exercise 3.56. A famous problem, first raised by R. Hamming, is to enumerate, in ascending order
+with no repetitions, all positive integers with no prime factors other than 2, 3, or 5. One obvious way
+to do this is to simply test each integer in turn to see whether it has any factors other than 2, 3, and 5.
+But this is very inefficient, since, as the integers get larger, fewer and fewer of them fit the
+requirement. As an alternative, let us call the required stream of numbers S and notice the following
+facts about it.
+S begins with 1.
+The elements of (scale-stream S 2) are also elements of S.
+The same is true for (scale-stream S 3) and (scale-stream 5 S).
+These are all the elements of S.
+Now all we have to do is combine elements from these sources. For this we define a procedure merge
+that combines two ordered streams into one ordered result stream, eliminating repetitions:
+(define (merge s1 s2)
+(cond ((stream-null? s1) s2)
+((stream-null? s2) s1)
+(else
+(let ((s1car (stream-car s1))
+(s2car (stream-car s2)))
+(cond ((< s1car s2car)
+(cons-stream s1car (merge (stream-cdr s1) s2)))
+((> s1car s2car)
+(cons-stream s2car (merge s1 (stream-cdr s2))))
+(else
+(cons-stream s1car
+(merge (stream-cdr s1)
+
+\f(stream-cdr s2)))))))))
+Then the required stream may be constructed with merge, as follows:
+(define S (cons-stream 1 (merge <??> <??>)))
+Fill in the missing expressions in the places marked <??> above.
+Exercise 3.57. How many additions are performed when we compute the nth Fibonacci number using
+the definition of fibs based on the add-streams procedure? Show that the number of additions
+would be exponentially greater if we had implemented (delay <exp>) simply as (lambda ()
+<exp>), without using the optimization provided by the memo-proc procedure described in
+section 3.5.1. 64
+Exercise 3.58. Give an interpretation of the stream computed by the following procedure:
+(define (expand num den radix)
+(cons-stream
+(quotient (* num radix) den)
+(expand (remainder (* num radix) den) den radix)))
+(Quotient is a primitive that returns the integer quotient of two integers.) What are the successive
+elements produced by (expand 1 7 10) ? What is produced by (expand 3 8 10) ?
+Exercise 3.59. In section 2.5.3 we saw how to implement a polynomial arithmetic system
+representing polynomials as lists of terms. In a similar way, we can work with power series, such as
+
+represented as infinite streams. We will represent the series a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ··· as the
+stream whose elements are the coefficients a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ....
+a. The integral of the series a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + ··· is the series
+
+where c is any constant. Define a procedure integrate-series that takes as input a stream a 0 ,
+a 1 , a 2 , ... representing a power series and returns the stream a 0 , (1/2)a 1 , (1/3)a 2 , ... of
+coefficients of the non-constant terms of the integral of the series. (Since the result has no constant
+term, it doesn’t represent a power series; when we use integrate-series, we will cons on the
+appropriate constant.)
+
+\fb. The function x e x is its own derivative. This implies that e x and the integral of e x are the same
+series, except for the constant term, which is e 0 = 1. Accordingly, we can generate the series for e x as
+(define exp-series
+(cons-stream 1 (integrate-series exp-series)))
+Show how to generate the series for sine and cosine, starting from the facts that the derivative of sine
+is cosine and the derivative of cosine is the negative of sine:
+(define cosine-series
+(cons-stream 1 <??>))
+(define sine-series
+(cons-stream 0 <??>))
+Exercise 3.60. With power series represented as streams of coefficients as in exercise 3.59, adding
+series is implemented by add-streams. Complete the definition of the following procedure for
+multiplying series:
+(define (mul-series s1 s2)
+(cons-stream <??> (add-streams <??> <??>)))
+You can test your procedure by verifying that sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1, using the series from exercise 3.59.
+Exercise 3.61. Let S be a power series (exercise 3.59) whose constant term is 1. Suppose we want to
+find the power series 1/S, that is, the series X such that S · X = 1. Write S = 1 + S R where S R is the part
+of S after the constant term. Then we can solve for X as follows:
+
+In other words, X is the power series whose constant term is 1 and whose higher-order terms are given
+by the negative of S R times X. Use this idea to write a procedure invert-unit-series that
+computes 1/S for a power series S with constant term 1. You will need to use mul-series from
+exercise 3.60.
+Exercise 3.62. Use the results of exercises 3.60 and 3.61 to define a procedure div-series that
+divides two power series. Div-series should work for any two series, provided that the
+denominator series begins with a nonzero constant term. (If the denominator has a zero constant term,
+then div-series should signal an error.) Show how to use div-series together with the result
+of exercise 3.59 to generate the power series for tangent.
+
+3.5.3 Exploiting the Stream Paradigm
+Streams with delayed evaluation can be a powerful modeling tool, providing many of the benefits of
+local state and assignment. Moreover, they avoid some of the theoretical tangles that accompany the
+introduction of assignment into a programming language.
+
+\fThe stream approach can be illuminating because it allows us to build systems with different module
+boundaries than systems organized around assignment to state variables. For example, we can think of
+an entire time series (or signal) as a focus of interest, rather than the values of the state variables at
+individual moments. This makes it convenient to combine and compare components of state from
+different moments.
+
+Formulating iterations as stream processes
+In section 1.2.1, we introduced iterative processes, which proceed by updating state variables. We
+know now that we can represent state as a ‘‘timeless’’ stream of values rather than as a set of variables
+to be updated. Let’s adopt this perspective in revisiting the square-root procedure from section 1.1.7.
+Recall that the idea is to generate a sequence of better and better guesses for the square root of x by
+applying over and over again the procedure that improves guesses:
+(define (sqrt-improve guess x)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+In our original sqrt procedure, we made these guesses be the successive values of a state variable.
+Instead we can generate the infinite stream of guesses, starting with an initial guess of 1: 65
+(define (sqrt-stream x)
+(define guesses
+(cons-stream 1.0
+(stream-map (lambda (guess)
+(sqrt-improve guess x))
+guesses)))
+guesses)
+(display-stream (sqrt-stream 2))
+1.
+1.5
+1.4166666666666665
+1.4142156862745097
+1.4142135623746899
+...
+We can generate more and more terms of the stream to get better and better guesses. If we like, we can
+write a procedure that keeps generating terms until the answer is good enough. (See exercise 3.64.)
+Another iteration that we can treat in the same way is to generate an approximation to
+the alternating series that we saw in section 1.3.1:
+
+, based upon
+
+We first generate the stream of summands of the series (the reciprocals of the odd integers, with
+alternating signs). Then we take the stream of sums of more and more terms (using the
+partial-sums procedure of exercise 3.55) and scale the result by 4:
+(define (pi-summands n)
+(cons-stream (/ 1.0 n)
+(stream-map - (pi-summands (+ n 2)))))
+(define pi-stream
+
+\f(scale-stream (partial-sums (pi-summands 1)) 4))
+(display-stream pi-stream)
+4.
+2.666666666666667
+3.466666666666667
+2.8952380952380956
+3.3396825396825403
+2.9760461760461765
+3.2837384837384844
+3.017071817071818
+...
+This gives us a stream of better and better approximations to , although the approximations converge
+rather slowly. Eight terms of the sequence bound the value of between 3.284 and 3.017.
+So far, our use of the stream of states approach is not much different from updating state variables. But
+streams give us an opportunity to do some interesting tricks. For example, we can transform a stream
+with a sequence accelerator that converts a sequence of approximations to a new sequence that
+converges to the same value as the original, only faster.
+One such accelerator, due to the eighteenth-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, works well
+with sequences that are partial sums of alternating series (series of terms with alternating signs). In
+Euler’s technique, if S n is the nth term of the original sum sequence, then the accelerated sequence has
+terms
+
+Thus, if the original sequence is represented as a stream of values, the transformed sequence is given
+by
+(define (euler-transform s)
+(let ((s0 (stream-ref s 0))
+; S n-1
+(s1 (stream-ref s 1))
+; Sn
+(s2 (stream-ref s 2)))
+; S n+1
+(cons-stream (- s2 (/ (square (- s2 s1))
+(+ s0 (* -2 s1) s2)))
+(euler-transform (stream-cdr s)))))
+We can demonstrate Euler acceleration with our sequence of approximations to
+(display-stream (euler-transform pi-stream))
+3.166666666666667
+3.1333333333333337
+3.1452380952380956
+3.13968253968254
+3.1427128427128435
+3.1408813408813416
+3.142071817071818
+3.1412548236077655
+...
+
+:
+
+\fEven better, we can accelerate the accelerated sequence, and recursively accelerate that, and so on.
+Namely, we create a stream of streams (a structure we’ll call a tableau) in which each stream is the
+transform of the preceding one:
+(define (make-tableau transform s)
+(cons-stream s
+(make-tableau transform
+(transform s))))
+The tableau has the form
+
+Finally, we form a sequence by taking the first term in each row of the tableau:
+(define (accelerated-sequence transform s)
+(stream-map stream-car
+(make-tableau transform s)))
+We can demonstrate this kind of ‘‘super-acceleration’’ of the
+
+sequence:
+
+(display-stream (accelerated-sequence euler-transform
+pi-stream))
+4.
+3.166666666666667
+3.142105263157895
+3.141599357319005
+3.1415927140337785
+3.1415926539752927
+3.1415926535911765
+3.141592653589778
+...
+The result is impressive. Taking eight terms of the sequence yields the correct value of to 14 decimal
+places. If we had used only the original sequence, we would need to compute on the order of 10 13
+terms (i.e., expanding the series far enough so that the individual terms are less then 10 -13 ) to get that
+much accuracy! We could have implemented these acceleration techniques without using streams. But
+the stream formulation is particularly elegant and convenient because the entire sequence of states is
+available to us as a data structure that can be manipulated with a uniform set of operations.
+Exercise 3.63. Louis Reasoner asks why the sqrt-stream procedure was not written in the
+following more straightforward way, without the local variable guesses:
+(define (sqrt-stream x)
+(cons-stream 1.0
+(stream-map (lambda (guess)
+(sqrt-improve guess x))
+(sqrt-stream x))))
+
+\fAlyssa P. Hacker replies that this version of the procedure is considerably less efficient because it
+performs redundant computation. Explain Alyssa’s answer. Would the two versions still differ in
+efficiency if our implementation of delay used only (lambda () <exp>) without using the
+optimization provided by memo-proc (section 3.5.1)?
+Exercise 3.64. Write a procedure stream-limit that takes as arguments a stream and a number
+(the tolerance). It should examine the stream until it finds two successive elements that differ in
+absolute value by less than the tolerance, and return the second of the two elements. Using this, we
+could compute square roots up to a given tolerance by
+(define (sqrt x tolerance)
+(stream-limit (sqrt-stream x) tolerance))
+Exercise 3.65. Use the series
+
+to compute three sequences of approximations to the natural logarithm of 2, in the same way we did
+above for . How rapidly do these sequences converge?
+
+Infinite streams of pairs
+In section 2.2.3, we saw how the sequence paradigm handles traditional nested loops as processes
+defined on sequences of pairs. If we generalize this technique to infinite streams, then we can write
+programs that are not easily represented as loops, because the ‘‘looping’’ must range over an infinite
+set.
+For example, suppose we want to generalize the prime-sum-pairs procedure of section 2.2.3 to
+produce the stream of pairs of all integers (i,j) with i < j such that i + j is prime. If int-pairs is the
+sequence of all pairs of integers (i,j) with i < j, then our required stream is simply 66
+(stream-filter (lambda (pair)
+(prime? (+ (car pair) (cadr pair))))
+int-pairs)
+Our problem, then, is to produce the stream int-pairs. More generally, suppose we have two
+streams S = (S i ) and T = (T j ), and imagine the infinite rectangular array
+
+We wish to generate a stream that contains all the pairs in the array that lie on or above the diagonal,
+i.e., the pairs
+
+\f(If we take both S and T to be the stream of integers, then this will be our desired stream
+int-pairs.)
+Call the general stream of pairs (pairs S T), and consider it to be composed of three parts: the
+pair (S 0 ,T 0 ), the rest of the pairs in the first row, and the remaining pairs: 67
+
+Observe that the third piece in this decomposition (pairs that are not in the first row) is (recursively)
+the pairs formed from (stream-cdr S) and (stream-cdr T). Also note that the second piece
+(the rest of the first row) is
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+Thus we can form our stream of pairs as follows:
+(define (pairs s t)
+(cons-stream
+(list (stream-car s) (stream-car t))
+(<combine-in-some-way>
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t)))))
+In order to complete the procedure, we must choose some way to combine the two inner streams. One
+idea is to use the stream analog of the append procedure from section 2.2.1:
+(define (stream-append s1 s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+s2
+(cons-stream (stream-car s1)
+(stream-append (stream-cdr s1) s2))))
+This is unsuitable for infinite streams, however, because it takes all the elements from the first stream
+before incorporating the second stream. In particular, if we try to generate all pairs of positive integers
+using
+(pairs integers integers)
+our stream of results will first try to run through all pairs with the first integer equal to 1, and hence
+will never produce pairs with any other value of the first integer.
+To handle infinite streams, we need to devise an order of combination that ensures that every element
+will eventually be reached if we let our program run long enough. An elegant way to accomplish this
+is with the following interleave procedure: 68
+
+\f(define (interleave s1 s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+s2
+(cons-stream (stream-car s1)
+(interleave s2 (stream-cdr s1)))))
+Since interleave takes elements alternately from the two streams, every element of the second
+stream will eventually find its way into the interleaved stream, even if the first stream is infinite.
+We can thus generate the required stream of pairs as
+(define (pairs s t)
+(cons-stream
+(list (stream-car s) (stream-car t))
+(interleave
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+(stream-cdr t))
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t)))))
+Exercise 3.66. Examine the stream (pairs integers integers). Can you make any general
+comments about the order in which the pairs are placed into the stream? For example, about how many
+pairs precede the pair (1,100)? the pair (99,100)? the pair (100,100)? (If you can make precise
+mathematical statements here, all the better. But feel free to give more qualitative answers if you find
+yourself getting bogged down.)
+Exercise 3.67. Modify the pairs procedure so that (pairs integers integers) will
+produce the stream of all pairs of integers (i,j) (without the condition i < j). Hint: You will need to mix
+in an additional stream.
+Exercise 3.68. Louis Reasoner thinks that building a stream of pairs from three parts is unnecessarily
+complicated. Instead of separating the pair (S 0 ,T 0 ) from the rest of the pairs in the first row, he
+proposes to work with the whole first row, as follows:
+(define (pairs s t)
+(interleave
+(stream-map (lambda (x) (list (stream-car s) x))
+t)
+(pairs (stream-cdr s) (stream-cdr t))))
+Does this work? Consider what happens if we evaluate (pairs integers integers) using
+Louis’s definition of pairs.
+Exercise 3.69. Write a procedure triples that takes three infinite streams, S, T, and U, and
+produces the stream of triples (S i ,T j ,U k ) such that i < j < k. Use triples to generate the stream of
+all Pythagorean triples of positive integers, i.e., the triples (i,j,k) such that i < j and i 2 + j 2 = k 2 .
+Exercise 3.70. It would be nice to be able to generate streams in which the pairs appear in some
+useful order, rather than in the order that results from an ad hoc interleaving process. We can use a
+technique similar to the merge procedure of exercise 3.56, if we define a way to say that one pair of
+integers is ‘‘less than’’ another. One way to do this is to define a ‘‘weighting function’’ W(i,j) and
+stipulate that (i 1 ,j 1 ) is less than (i 2 ,j 2 ) if W(i 1 ,j 1 ) < W(i 2 ,j 2 ). Write a procedure
+merge-weighted that is like merge, except that merge-weighted takes an additional
+
+\fargument weight, which is a procedure that computes the weight of a pair, and is used to determine
+the order in which elements should appear in the resulting merged stream. 69 Using this, generalize
+pairs to a procedure weighted-pairs that takes two streams, together with a procedure that
+computes a weighting function, and generates the stream of pairs, ordered according to weight. Use
+your procedure to generate
+a. the stream of all pairs of positive integers (i,j) with i < j ordered according to the sum i + j
+b. the stream of all pairs of positive integers (i,j) with i < j, where neither i nor j is divisible by 2, 3, or
+5, and the pairs are ordered according to the sum 2 i + 3 j + 5 i j.
+Exercise 3.71. Numbers that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in more than one way are
+sometimes called Ramanujan numbers, in honor of the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. 70
+Ordered streams of pairs provide an elegant solution to the problem of computing these numbers. To
+find a number that can be written as the sum of two cubes in two different ways, we need only
+generate the stream of pairs of integers (i,j) weighted according to the sum i 3 + j 3 (see exercise 3.70),
+then search the stream for two consecutive pairs with the same weight. Write a procedure to generate
+the Ramanujan numbers. The first such number is 1,729. What are the next five?
+Exercise 3.72. In a similar way to exercise 3.71 generate a stream of all numbers that can be written
+as the sum of two squares in three different ways (showing how they can be so written).
+
+Streams as signals
+We began our discussion of streams by describing them as computational analogs of the ‘‘signals’’ in
+signal-processing systems. In fact, we can use streams to model signal-processing systems in a very
+direct way, representing the values of a signal at successive time intervals as consecutive elements of a
+stream. For instance, we can implement an integrator or summer that, for an input stream x = (x i ), an
+initial value C, and a small increment dt, accumulates the sum
+
+and returns the stream of values S = (S i ). The following integral procedure is reminiscent of the
+‘‘implicit style’’ definition of the stream of integers (section 3.5.2):
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int)))
+int)
+
+\fFigure 3.32: The integral procedure viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.32: The integral procedure viewed as a signal-processing system.
+Figure 3.32 is a picture of a signal-processing system that corresponds to the integral procedure.
+The input stream is scaled by dt and passed through an adder, whose output is passed back through the
+same adder. The self-reference in the definition of int is reflected in the figure by the feedback loop
+that connects the output of the adder to one of the inputs.
+Exercise 3.73.
+
+v = v 0 + (1/C)
+
+0
+
+ti
+
+dt + R i
+
+Figure 3.33: An RC circuit and the associated signal-flow diagram.
+Figure 3.33: An RC circuit and the associated signal-flow diagram.
+We can model electrical circuits using streams to represent the values of currents or voltages at a
+sequence of times. For instance, suppose we have an RC circuit consisting of a resistor of resistance R
+and a capacitor of capacitance C in series. The voltage response v of the circuit to an injected current i
+is determined by the formula in figure 3.33, whose structure is shown by the accompanying
+signal-flow diagram.
+Write a procedure RC that models this circuit. RC should take as inputs the values of R, C, and dt and
+should return a procedure that takes as inputs a stream representing the current i and an initial value for
+the capacitor voltage v 0 and produces as output the stream of voltages v. For example, you should be
+able to use RC to model an RC circuit with R = 5 ohms, C = 1 farad, and a 0.5-second time step by
+evaluating (define RC1 (RC 5 1 0.5)). This defines RC1 as a procedure that takes a stream
+
+\frepresenting the time sequence of currents and an initial capacitor voltage and produces the output
+stream of voltages.
+Exercise 3.74. Alyssa P. Hacker is designing a system to process signals coming from physical
+sensors. One important feature she wishes to produce is a signal that describes the zero crossings of
+the input signal. That is, the resulting signal should be + 1 whenever the input signal changes from
+negative to positive, - 1 whenever the input signal changes from positive to negative, and 0 otherwise.
+(Assume that the sign of a 0 input is positive.) For example, a typical input signal with its associated
+zero-crossing signal would be
+...1
+
+2
+
+1.5
+
+1
+
+0.5
+
+-0.1
+
+-2
+
+-3
+
+-2
+
+-0.5
+
+0.2
+
+3
+
+4 ...... 0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+-1
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+0
+
+1
+
+0
+
+0 ...
+
+In Alyssa’s system, the signal from the sensor is represented as a stream sense-data and the stream
+zero-crossings is the corresponding stream of zero crossings. Alyssa first writes a procedure
+sign-change-detector that takes two values as arguments and compares the signs of the values
+to produce an appropriate 0, 1, or - 1. She then constructs her zero-crossing stream as follows:
+(define (make-zero-crossings input-stream last-value)
+(cons-stream
+(sign-change-detector (stream-car input-stream) last-value)
+(make-zero-crossings (stream-cdr input-stream)
+(stream-car input-stream))))
+(define zero-crossings (make-zero-crossings sense-data 0))
+Alyssa’s boss, Eva Lu Ator, walks by and suggests that this program is approximately equivalent to
+the following one, which uses the generalized version of stream-map from exercise 3.50:
+(define zero-crossings
+(stream-map sign-change-detector sense-data <expression>))
+Complete the program by supplying the indicated <expression>.
+Exercise 3.75. Unfortunately, Alyssa’s zero-crossing detector in exercise 3.74 proves to be
+insufficient, because the noisy signal from the sensor leads to spurious zero crossings. Lem E.
+Tweakit, a hardware specialist, suggests that Alyssa smooth the signal to filter out the noise before
+extracting the zero crossings. Alyssa takes his advice and decides to extract the zero crossings from the
+signal constructed by averaging each value of the sense data with the previous value. She explains the
+problem to her assistant, Louis Reasoner, who attempts to implement the idea, altering Alyssa’s
+program as follows:
+(define (make-zero-crossings input-stream last-value)
+(let ((avpt (/ (+ (stream-car input-stream) last-value) 2)))
+(cons-stream (sign-change-detector avpt last-value)
+(make-zero-crossings (stream-cdr input-stream)
+avpt))))
+This does not correctly implement Alyssa’s plan. Find the bug that Louis has installed and fix it
+without changing the structure of the program. (Hint: You will need to increase the number of
+arguments to make-zero-crossings.)
+
+\fExercise 3.76. Eva Lu Ator has a criticism of Louis’s approach in exercise 3.75. The program he
+wrote is not modular, because it intermixes the operation of smoothing with the zero-crossing
+extraction. For example, the extractor should not have to be changed if Alyssa finds a better way to
+condition her input signal. Help Louis by writing a procedure smooth that takes a stream as input and
+produces a stream in which each element is the average of two successive input stream elements. Then
+use smooth as a component to implement the zero-crossing detector in a more modular style.
+
+3.5.4 Streams and Delayed Evaluation
+The integral procedure at the end of the preceding section shows how we can use streams to model
+signal-processing systems that contain feedback loops. The feedback loop for the adder shown in
+figure 3.32 is modeled by the fact that integral’s internal stream int is defined in terms of itself:
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int)))
+The interpreter’s ability to deal with such an implicit definition depends on the delay that is
+incorporated into cons-stream. Without this delay, the interpreter could not construct int
+before evaluating both arguments to cons-stream, which would require that int already be
+defined. In general, delay is crucial for using streams to model signal-processing systems that
+contain loops. Without delay, our models would have to be formulated so that the inputs to any
+signal-processing component would be fully evaluated before the output could be produced. This
+would outlaw loops.
+Unfortunately, stream models of systems with loops may require uses of delay beyond the ‘‘hidden’’
+delay supplied by cons-stream. For instance, figure 3.34 shows a signal-processing system for
+solving the differential equation dy/dt = f(y) where f is a given function. The figure shows a mapping
+component, which applies f to its input signal, linked in a feedback loop to an integrator in a manner
+very similar to that of the analog computer circuits that are actually used to solve such equations.
+
+Figure 3.34: An ‘‘analog computer circuit’’ that solves the equation dy/dt = f(y).
+Figure 3.34: An ‘‘analog computer circuit’’ that solves the equation dy/dt = f(y).
+Assuming we are given an initial value y 0 for y, we could try to model this system using the procedure
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral dy y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+
+\fThis procedure does not work, because in the first line of solve the call to integral requires that
+the input dy be defined, which does not happen until the second line of solve.
+On the other hand, the intent of our definition does make sense, because we can, in principle, begin to
+generate the y stream without knowing dy. Indeed, integral and many other stream operations
+have properties similar to those of cons-stream, in that we can generate part of the answer given
+only partial information about the arguments. For integral, the first element of the output stream is
+the specified initial-value. Thus, we can generate the first element of the output stream without
+evaluating the integrand dy. Once we know the first element of y, the stream-map in the second
+line of solve can begin working to generate the first element of dy, which will produce the next
+element of y, and so on.
+To take advantage of this idea, we will redefine integral to expect the integrand stream to be a
+delayed argument. Integral will force the integrand to be evaluated only when it is required to
+generate more than the first element of the output stream:
+(define (integral delayed-integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(let ((integrand (force delayed-integrand)))
+(add-streams (scale-stream integrand dt)
+int))))
+int)
+Now we can implement our solve procedure by delaying the evaluation of dy in the definition of
+y: 71
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral (delay dy) y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+In general, every caller of integral must now delay the integrand argument. We can demonstrate
+that the solve procedure works by approximating e 2.718 by computing the value at y = 1 of the
+solution to the differential equation dy/dt = y with initial condition y(0) = 1:
+(stream-ref (solve (lambda (y) y) 1 0.001) 1000)
+2.716924
+Exercise 3.77. The integral procedure used above was analogous to the ‘‘implicit’’ definition of
+the infinite stream of integers in section 3.5.2. Alternatively, we can give a definition of integral
+that is more like integers-starting-from (also in section 3.5.2):
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(cons-stream initial-value
+(if (stream-null? integrand)
+the-empty-stream
+(integral (stream-cdr integrand)
+(+ (* dt (stream-car integrand))
+initial-value)
+dt))))
+
+\fWhen used in systems with loops, this procedure has the same problem as does our original version of
+integral. Modify the procedure so that it expects the integrand as a delayed argument and
+hence can be used in the solve procedure shown above.
+Exercise 3.78.
+
+Figure 3.35: Signal-flow diagram for the solution to a second-order linear differential equation.
+Figure 3.35: Signal-flow diagram for the solution to a second-order linear differential equation.
+Consider the problem of designing a signal-processing system to study the homogeneous second-order
+linear differential equation
+
+The output stream, modeling y, is generated by a network that contains a loop. This is because the
+value of d 2 y/dt 2 depends upon the values of y and dy/dt and both of these are determined by
+integrating d 2 y/dt 2 . The diagram we would like to encode is shown in figure 3.35. Write a procedure
+solve-2nd that takes as arguments the constants a, b, and dt and the initial values y 0 and dy 0 for y
+and dy/dt and generates the stream of successive values of y.
+Exercise 3.79. Generalize the solve-2nd procedure of exercise 3.78 so that it can be used to solve
+general second-order differential equations d 2 y/dt 2 = f(dy/dt, y).
+Exercise 3.80. A series RLC circuit consists of a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor connected in
+series, as shown in figure 3.36. If R, L, and C are the resistance, inductance, and capacitance, then the
+relations between voltage (v) and current (i) for the three components are described by the equations
+
+\fand the circuit connections dictate the relations
+
+Combining these equations shows that the state of the circuit (summarized by v C , the voltage across
+the capacitor, and i L , the current in the inductor) is described by the pair of differential equations
+
+The signal-flow diagram representing this system of differential equations is shown in figure 3.37.
+
+Figure 3.36: A series RLC circuit.
+Figure 3.36: A series RLC circuit.
+
+Figure 3.37: A signal-flow diagram for the solution to a series RLC circuit.
+Figure 3.37: A signal-flow diagram for the solution to a series RLC circuit.
+
+\fWrite a procedure RLC that takes as arguments the parameters R, L, and C of the circuit and the time
+increment dt. In a manner similar to that of the RC procedure of exercise 3.73, RLC should produce a
+procedure that takes the initial values of the state variables, v C 0 and i L 0 , and produces a pair (using
+cons) of the streams of states v C and i L . Using RLC, generate the pair of streams that models the
+behavior of a series RLC circuit with R = 1 ohm, C = 0.2 farad, L = 1 henry, dt = 0.1 second, and
+initial values i L 0 = 0 amps and v C 0 = 10 volts.
+
+Normal-order evaluation
+The examples in this section illustrate how the explicit use of delay and force provides great
+programming flexibility, but the same examples also show how this can make our programs more
+complex. Our new integral procedure, for instance, gives us the power to model systems with
+loops, but we must now remember that integral should be called with a delayed integrand, and
+every procedure that uses integral must be aware of this. In effect, we have created two classes of
+procedures: ordinary procedures and procedures that take delayed arguments. In general, creating
+separate classes of procedures forces us to create separate classes of higher-order procedures as
+well. 72
+One way to avoid the need for two different classes of procedures is to make all procedures take
+delayed arguments. We could adopt a model of evaluation in which all arguments to procedures are
+automatically delayed and arguments are forced only when they are actually needed (for example,
+when they are required by a primitive operation). This would transform our language to use
+normal-order evaluation, which we first described when we introduced the substitution model for
+evaluation in section 1.1.5. Converting to normal-order evaluation provides a uniform and elegant way
+to simplify the use of delayed evaluation, and this would be a natural strategy to adopt if we were
+concerned only with stream processing. In section 4.2, after we have studied the evaluator, we will see
+how to transform our language in just this way. Unfortunately, including delays in procedure calls
+wreaks havoc with our ability to design programs that depend on the order of events, such as programs
+that use assignment, mutate data, or perform input or output. Even the single delay in
+cons-stream can cause great confusion, as illustrated by exercises 3.51 and 3.52. As far as anyone
+knows, mutability and delayed evaluation do not mix well in programming languages, and devising
+ways to deal with both of these at once is an active area of research.
+
+3.5.5 Modularity of Functional Programs and Modularity of Objects
+As we saw in section 3.1.2, one of the major benefits of introducing assignment is that we can increase
+the modularity of our systems by encapsulating, or ‘‘hiding,’’ parts of the state of a large system
+within local variables. Stream models can provide an equivalent modularity without the use of
+assignment. As an illustration, we can reimplement the Monte Carlo estimation of , which we
+examined in section 3.1.2, from a stream-processing point of view.
+The key modularity issue was that we wished to hide the internal state of a random-number generator
+from programs that used random numbers. We began with a procedure rand-update, whose
+successive values furnished our supply of random numbers, and used this to produce a random-number
+generator:
+(define rand
+(let ((x random-init))
+(lambda ()
+(set! x (rand-update x))
+
+\fx)))
+In the stream formulation there is no random-number generator per se, just a stream of random
+numbers produced by successive calls to rand-update:
+(define random-numbers
+(cons-stream random-init
+(stream-map rand-update random-numbers)))
+We use this to construct the stream of outcomes of the Cesàro experiment performed on consecutive
+pairs in the random-numbers stream:
+(define cesaro-stream
+(map-successive-pairs (lambda (r1 r2) (= (gcd r1 r2) 1))
+random-numbers))
+(define (map-successive-pairs f s)
+(cons-stream
+(f (stream-car s) (stream-car (stream-cdr s)))
+(map-successive-pairs f (stream-cdr (stream-cdr s)))))
+The cesaro-stream is now fed to a monte-carlo procedure, which produces a stream of
+estimates of probabilities. The results are then converted into a stream of estimates of . This version
+of the program doesn’t need a parameter telling how many trials to perform. Better estimates of (from
+performing more experiments) are obtained by looking farther into the pi stream:
+(define (monte-carlo experiment-stream passed failed)
+(define (next passed failed)
+(cons-stream
+(/ passed (+ passed failed))
+(monte-carlo
+(stream-cdr experiment-stream) passed failed)))
+(if (stream-car experiment-stream)
+(next (+ passed 1) failed)
+(next passed (+ failed 1))))
+(define pi
+(stream-map (lambda (p) (sqrt (/ 6 p)))
+(monte-carlo cesaro-stream 0 0)))
+There is considerable modularity in this approach, because we still can formulate a general
+monte-carlo procedure that can deal with arbitrary experiments. Yet there is no assignment or
+local state.
+Exercise 3.81. Exercise 3.6 discussed generalizing the random-number generator to allow one to reset
+the random-number sequence so as to produce repeatable sequences of ‘‘random’’ numbers. Produce a
+stream formulation of this same generator that operates on an input stream of requests to generate a
+new random number or to reset the sequence to a specified value and that produces the desired
+stream of random numbers. Don’t use assignment in your solution.
+Exercise 3.82. Redo exercise 3.5 on Monte Carlo integration in terms of streams. The stream version
+of estimate-integral will not have an argument telling how many trials to perform. Instead, it
+will produce a stream of estimates based on successively more trials.
+
+\fA functional-programming view of time
+Let us now return to the issues of objects and state that were raised at the beginning of this chapter and
+examine them in a new light. We introduced assignment and mutable objects to provide a mechanism
+for modular construction of programs that model systems with state. We constructed computational
+objects with local state variables and used assignment to modify these variables. We modeled the
+temporal behavior of the objects in the world by the temporal behavior of the corresponding
+computational objects.
+Now we have seen that streams provide an alternative way to model objects with local state. We can
+model a changing quantity, such as the local state of some object, using a stream that represents the
+time history of successive states. In essence, we represent time explicitly, using streams, so that we
+decouple time in our simulated world from the sequence of events that take place during evaluation.
+Indeed, because of the presence of delay there may be little relation between simulated time in the
+model and the order of events during the evaluation.
+In order to contrast these two approaches to modeling, let us reconsider the implementation of a
+‘‘withdrawal processor’’ that monitors the balance in a bank account. In section 3.1.3 we implemented
+a simplified version of such a processor:
+(define (make-simplified-withdraw balance)
+(lambda (amount)
+(set! balance (- balance amount))
+balance))
+Calls to make-simplified-withdraw produce computational objects, each with a local state
+variable balance that is decremented by successive calls to the object. The object takes an amount
+as an argument and returns the new balance. We can imagine the user of a bank account typing a
+sequence of inputs to such an object and observing the sequence of returned values shown on a display
+screen.
+Alternatively, we can model a withdrawal processor as a procedure that takes as input a balance and a
+stream of amounts to withdraw and produces the stream of successive balances in the account:
+(define (stream-withdraw balance amount-stream)
+(cons-stream
+balance
+(stream-withdraw (- balance (stream-car amount-stream))
+(stream-cdr amount-stream))))
+Stream-withdraw implements a well-defined mathematical function whose output is fully
+determined by its input. Suppose, however, that the input amount-stream is the stream of
+successive values typed by the user and that the resulting stream of balances is displayed. Then, from
+the perspective of the user who is typing values and watching results, the stream process has the same
+behavior as the object created by make-simplified-withdraw. However, with the stream
+version, there is no assignment, no local state variable, and consequently none of the theoretical
+difficulties that we encountered in section 3.1.3. Yet the system has state!
+This is really remarkable. Even though stream-withdraw implements a well-defined
+mathematical function whose behavior does not change, the user’s perception here is one of interacting
+with a system that has a changing state. One way to resolve this paradox is to realize that it is the
+user’s temporal existence that imposes state on the system. If the user could step back from the
+
+\finteraction and think in terms of streams of balances rather than individual transactions, the system
+would appear stateless. 73
+From the point of view of one part of a complex process, the other parts appear to change with time.
+They have hidden time-varying local state. If we wish to write programs that model this kind of natural
+decomposition in our world (as we see it from our viewpoint as a part of that world) with structures in
+our computer, we make computational objects that are not functional -- they must change with time.
+We model state with local state variables, and we model the changes of state with assignments to those
+variables. By doing this we make the time of execution of a computation model time in the world that
+we are part of, and thus we get ‘‘objects’’ in our computer.
+Modeling with objects is powerful and intuitive, largely because this matches the perception of
+interacting with a world of which we are part. However, as we’ve seen repeatedly throughout this
+chapter, these models raise thorny problems of constraining the order of events and of synchronizing
+multiple processes. The possibility of avoiding these problems has stimulated the development of
+functional programming languages, which do not include any provision for assignment or mutable
+data. In such a language, all procedures implement well-defined mathematical functions of their
+arguments, whose behavior does not change. The functional approach is extremely attractive for
+dealing with concurrent systems. 74
+On the other hand, if we look closely, we can see time-related problems creeping into functional
+models as well. One particularly troublesome area arises when we wish to design interactive systems,
+especially ones that model interactions between independent entities. For instance, consider once more
+the implementation a banking system that permits joint bank accounts. In a conventional system using
+assignment and objects, we would model the fact that Peter and Paul share an account by having both
+Peter and Paul send their transaction requests to the same bank-account object, as we saw in
+section 3.1.3. From the stream point of view, where there are no ‘‘objects’’ per se, we have already
+indicated that a bank account can be modeled as a process that operates on a stream of transaction
+requests to produce a stream of responses. Accordingly, we could model the fact that Peter and Paul
+have a joint bank account by merging Peter’s stream of transaction requests with Paul’s stream of
+requests and feeding the result to the bank-account stream process, as shown in figure 3.38.
+
+Figure 3.38: A joint bank account, modeled by merging two streams of transaction requests.
+Figure 3.38: A joint bank account, modeled by merging two streams of transaction requests.
+The trouble with this formulation is in the notion of merge. It will not do to merge the two streams by
+simply taking alternately one request from Peter and one request from Paul. Suppose Paul accesses the
+account only very rarely. We could hardly force Peter to wait for Paul to access the account before he
+could issue a second transaction. However such a merge is implemented, it must interleave the two
+transaction streams in some way that is constrained by ‘‘real time’’ as perceived by Peter and Paul, in
+the sense that, if Peter and Paul meet, they can agree that certain transactions were processed before
+the meeting, and other transactions were processed after the meeting. 75 This is precisely the same
+constraint that we had to deal with in section 3.4.1, where we found the need to introduce explicit
+synchronization to ensure a ‘‘correct’’ order of events in concurrent processing of objects with state.
+Thus, in an attempt to support the functional style, the need to merge inputs from different agents
+
+\freintroduces the same problems that the functional style was meant to eliminate.
+We began this chapter with the goal of building computational models whose structure matches our
+perception of the real world we are trying to model. We can model the world as a collection of
+separate, time-bound, interacting objects with state, or we can model the world as a single, timeless,
+stateless unity. Each view has powerful advantages, but neither view alone is completely satisfactory.
+A grand unification has yet to emerge. 76
+52 Physicists sometimes adopt this view by introducing the ‘‘world lines’’ of particles as a device for
+
+reasoning about motion. We’ve also already mentioned (section 2.2.3) that this is the natural way to
+think about signal-processing systems. We will explore applications of streams to signal processing in
+section 3.5.3.
+53 Assume that we have a predicate prime? (e.g., as in section 1.2.6) that tests for primality.
+54 In the MIT implementation, the-empty-stream is the same as the empty list ’(), and
+
+stream-null? is the same as null?.
+55 This should bother you. The fact that we are defining such similar procedures for streams and lists
+
+indicates that we are missing some underlying abstraction. Unfortunately, in order to exploit this
+abstraction, we will need to exert finer control over the process of evaluation than we can at present.
+We will discuss this point further at the end of section 3.5.4. In section 4.2, we’ll develop a framework
+that unifies lists and streams.
+56 Although stream-car and stream-cdr can be defined as procedures, cons-stream must
+
+be a special form. If cons-stream were a procedure, then, according to our model of evaluation,
+evaluating (cons-stream <a> <b>) would automatically cause <b> to be evaluated, which is
+precisely what we do not want to happen. For the same reason, delay must be a special form, though
+force can be an ordinary procedure.
+57 The numbers shown here do not really appear in the delayed expression. What actually appears is
+
+the original expression, in an environment in which the variables are bound to the appropriate
+numbers. For example, (+ low 1) with low bound to 10,000 actually appears where 10001 is
+shown.
+58 There are many possible implementations of streams other than the one described in this section.
+
+Delayed evaluation, which is the key to making streams practical, was inherent in Algol 60’s
+call-by-name parameter-passing method. The use of this mechanism to implement streams was first
+described by Landin (1965). Delayed evaluation for streams was introduced into Lisp by Friedman and
+Wise (1976). In their implementation, cons always delays evaluating its arguments, so that lists
+automatically behave as streams. The memoizing optimization is also known as call-by-need. The
+Algol community would refer to our original delayed objects as call-by-name thunks and to the
+optimized versions as call-by-need thunks.
+59 Exercises such as 3.51 and 3.52 are valuable for testing our understanding of how delay works.
+
+On the other hand, intermixing delayed evaluation with printing -- and, even worse, with assignment -is extremely confusing, and instructors of courses on computer languages have traditionally tormented
+their students with examination questions such as the ones in this section. Needless to say, writing
+programs that depend on such subtleties is odious programming style. Part of the power of stream
+processing is that it lets us ignore the order in which events actually happen in our programs.
+Unfortunately, this is precisely what we cannot afford to do in the presence of assignment, which
+
+\fforces us to be concerned with time and change.
+60 Eratosthenes, a third-century B.C. Alexandrian Greek philosopher, is famous for giving the first
+
+accurate estimate of the circumference of the Earth, which he computed by observing shadows cast at
+noon on the day of the summer solstice. Eratosthenes’s sieve method, although ancient, has formed the
+basis for special-purpose hardware ‘‘sieves’’ that, until recently, were the most powerful tools in
+existence for locating large primes. Since the 70s, however, these methods have been superseded by
+outgrowths of the probabilistic techniques discussed in section 1.2.6.
+61 We have named these figures after Peter Henderson, who was the first person to show us diagrams
+
+of this sort as a way of thinking about stream processing. Each solid line represents a stream of values
+being transmitted. The dashed line from the car to the cons and the filter indicates that this is a
+single value rather than a stream.
+62 This uses the generalized version of stream-map from exercise 3.50.
+63 This last point is very subtle and relies on the fact that p
+2
+n+1 < p n . (Here, p k denotes the kth
+
+prime.) Estimates such as these are very difficult to establish. The ancient proof by Euclid that there
+are an infinite number of primes shows that p n+1 < p 1 p 2 ··· p n + 1, and no substantially better
+result was proved until 1851, when the Russian mathematician P. L. Chebyshev established that p n+1 <
+2p n for all n. This result, originally conjectured in 1845, is known as Bertrand’s hypothesis. A proof
+can be found in section 22.3 of Hardy and Wright 1960.
+64 This exercise shows how call-by-need is closely related to ordinary memoization as described in
+
+exercise 3.27. In that exercise, we used assignment to explicitly construct a local table. Our
+call-by-need stream optimization effectively constructs such a table automatically, storing values in
+the previously forced parts of the stream.
+65 We can’t use let to bind the local variable guesses, because the value of guesses depends on
+
+guesses itself. Exercise 3.63 addresses why we want a local variable here.
+66 As in section 2.2.3, we represent a pair of integers as a list rather than a Lisp pair.
+67 See exercise 3.68 for some insight into why we chose this decomposition.
+68 The precise statement of the required property on the order of combination is as follows: There
+
+should be a function f of two arguments such that the pair corresponding to element i of the first
+stream and element j of the second stream will appear as element number f(i,j) of the output stream.
+The trick of using interleave to accomplish this was shown to us by David Turner, who employed
+it in the language KRC (Turner 1981).
+69 We will require that the weighting function be such that the weight of a pair increases as we move
+
+out along a row or down along a column of the array of pairs.
+70 To quote from G. H. Hardy’s obituary of Ramanujan (Hardy 1921): ‘‘It was Mr. Littlewood (I
+
+believe) who remarked that ‘every positive integer was one of his friends.’ I remember once going to
+see him when he was lying ill at Putney. I had ridden in taxi-cab No. 1729, and remarked that the
+number seemed to me a rather dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen. ‘No,’ he
+replied, ‘it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes
+in two different ways.’ ’’ The trick of using weighted pairs to generate the Ramanujan numbers was
+shown to us by Charles Leiserson.
+
+\f71 This procedure is not guaranteed to work in all Scheme implementations, although for any
+
+implementation there is a simple variation that will work. The problem has to do with subtle
+differences in the ways that Scheme implementations handle internal definitions. (See section 4.1.6.)
+72 This is a small reflection, in Lisp, of the difficulties that conventional strongly typed languages
+
+such as Pascal have in coping with higher-order procedures. In such languages, the programmer must
+specify the data types of the arguments and the result of each procedure: number, logical value,
+sequence, and so on. Consequently, we could not express an abstraction such as ‘‘map a given
+procedure proc over all the elements in a sequence’’ by a single higher-order procedure such as
+stream-map. Rather, we would need a different mapping procedure for each different combination
+of argument and result data types that might be specified for a proc. Maintaining a practical notion of
+‘‘data type’’ in the presence of higher-order procedures raises many difficult issues. One way of
+dealing with this problem is illustrated by the language ML (Gordon, Milner, and Wadsworth 1979),
+whose ‘‘polymorphic data types’’ include templates for higher-order transformations between data
+types. Moreover, data types for most procedures in ML are never explicitly declared by the
+programmer. Instead, ML includes a type-inferencing mechanism that uses information in the
+environment to deduce the data types for newly defined procedures.
+73 Similarly in physics, when we observe a moving particle, we say that the position (state) of the
+
+particle is changing. However, from the perspective of the particle’s world line in space-time there is
+no change involved.
+74 John Backus, the inventor of Fortran, gave high visibility to functional programming when he was
+
+awarded the ACM Turing award in 1978. His acceptance speech (Backus 1978) strongly advocated the
+functional approach. A good overview of functional programming is given in Henderson 1980 and in
+Darlington, Henderson, and Turner 1982.
+75 Observe that, for any two streams, there is in general more than one acceptable order of
+
+interleaving. Thus, technically, ‘‘merge’’ is a relation rather than a function -- the answer is not a
+deterministic function of the inputs. We already mentioned (footnote 39) that nondeterminism is
+essential when dealing with concurrency. The merge relation illustrates the same essential
+nondeterminism, from the functional perspective. In section 4.3, we will look at nondeterminism from
+yet another point of view.
+76 The object model approximates the world by dividing it into separate pieces. The functional model
+
+does not modularize along object boundaries. The object model is useful when the unshared state of
+the ‘‘objects’’ is much larger than the state that they share. An example of a place where the object
+viewpoint fails is quantum mechanics, where thinking of things as individual particles leads to
+paradoxes and confusions. Unifying the object view with the functional view may have little to do
+with programming, but rather with fundamental epistemological issues.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Chapter 4
+Metalinguistic Abstraction
+... It’s in words that the magic is -- Abracadabra, Open
+Sesame, and the rest -- but the magic words in one story
+aren’t magical in the next. The real magic is to understand
+which words work, and when, and for what; the trick is to
+learn the trick.
+... And those words are made from the letters of our
+alphabet: a couple-dozen squiggles we can draw with the
+pen. This is the key! And the treasure, too, if we can only
+get our hands on it! It’s as if -- as if the key to the treasure
+is the treasure!
+John Barth, Chimera
+In our study of program design, we have seen that expert programmers control the complexity of their
+designs with the same general techniques used by designers of all complex systems. They combine
+primitive elements to form compound objects, they abstract compound objects to form higher-level
+building blocks, and they preserve modularity by adopting appropriate large-scale views of system
+structure. In illustrating these techniques, we have used Lisp as a language for describing processes
+and for constructing computational data objects and processes to model complex phenomena in the
+real world. However, as we confront increasingly complex problems, we will find that Lisp, or indeed
+any fixed programming language, is not sufficient for our needs. We must constantly turn to new
+languages in order to express our ideas more effectively. Establishing new languages is a powerful
+strategy for controlling complexity in engineering design; we can often enhance our ability to deal
+with a complex problem by adopting a new language that enables us to describe (and hence to think
+about) the problem in a different way, using primitives, means of combination, and means of
+abstraction that are particularly well suited to the problem at hand. 1
+Programming is endowed with a multitude of languages. There are physical languages, such as the
+machine languages for particular computers. These languages are concerned with the representation of
+data and control in terms of individual bits of storage and primitive machine instructions. The
+machine-language programmer is concerned with using the given hardware to erect systems and
+utilities for the efficient implementation of resource-limited computations. High-level languages,
+erected on a machine-language substrate, hide concerns about the representation of data as collections
+of bits and the representation of programs as sequences of primitive instructions. These languages
+have means of combination and abstraction, such as procedure definition, that are appropriate to the
+larger-scale organization of systems.
+Metalinguistic abstraction -- establishing new languages -- plays an important role in all branches of
+engineering design. It is particularly important to computer programming, because in programming not
+only can we formulate new languages but we can also implement these languages by constructing
+evaluators. An evaluator (or interpreter) for a programming language is a procedure that, when
+applied to an expression of the language, performs the actions required to evaluate that expression.
+
+\fIt is no exaggeration to regard this as the most fundamental idea in programming:
+The evaluator, which determines the meaning of expressions in a programming language, is just
+another program.
+To appreciate this point is to change our images of ourselves as programmers. We come to see
+ourselves as designers of languages, rather than only users of languages designed by others.
+In fact, we can regard almost any program as the evaluator for some language. For instance, the
+polynomial manipulation system of section 2.5.3 embodies the rules of polynomial arithmetic and
+implements them in terms of operations on list-structured data. If we augment this system with
+procedures to read and print polynomial expressions, we have the core of a special-purpose language
+for dealing with problems in symbolic mathematics. The digital-logic simulator of section 3.3.4 and
+the constraint propagator of section 3.3.5 are legitimate languages in their own right, each with its own
+primitives, means of combination, and means of abstraction. Seen from this perspective, the
+technology for coping with large-scale computer systems merges with the technology for building new
+computer languages, and computer science itself becomes no more (and no less) than the discipline of
+constructing appropriate descriptive languages.
+We now embark on a tour of the technology by which languages are established in terms of other
+languages. In this chapter we shall use Lisp as a base, implementing evaluators as Lisp procedures.
+Lisp is particularly well suited to this task, because of its ability to represent and manipulate symbolic
+expressions. We will take the first step in understanding how languages are implemented by building
+an evaluator for Lisp itself. The language implemented by our evaluator will be a subset of the Scheme
+dialect of Lisp that we use in this book. Although the evaluator described in this chapter is written for
+a particular dialect of Lisp, it contains the essential structure of an evaluator for any
+expression-oriented language designed for writing programs for a sequential machine. (In fact, most
+language processors contain, deep within them, a little ‘‘Lisp’’ evaluator.) The evaluator has been
+simplified for the purposes of illustration and discussion, and some features have been left out that
+would be important to include in a production-quality Lisp system. Nevertheless, this simple evaluator
+is adequate to execute most of the programs in this book. 2
+An important advantage of making the evaluator accessible as a Lisp program is that we can
+implement alternative evaluation rules by describing these as modifications to the evaluator program.
+One place where we can use this power to good effect is to gain extra control over the ways in which
+computational models embody the notion of time, which was so central to the discussion in chapter 3.
+There, we mitigated some of the complexities of state and assignment by using streams to decouple the
+representation of time in the world from time in the computer. Our stream programs, however, were
+sometimes cumbersome, because they were constrained by the applicative-order evaluation of
+Scheme. In section 4.2, we’ll change the underlying language to provide for a more elegant approach,
+by modifying the evaluator to provide for normal-order evaluation.
+Section 4.3 implements a more ambitious linguistic change, whereby expressions have many values,
+rather than just a single value. In this language of nondeterministic computing, it is natural to express
+processes that generate all possible values for expressions and then search for those values that satisfy
+certain constraints. In terms of models of computation and time, this is like having time branch into a
+set of ‘‘possible futures’’ and then searching for appropriate time lines. With our nondeterministic
+evaluator, keeping track of multiple values and performing searches are handled automatically by the
+underlying mechanism of the language.
+
+\fIn section 4.4 we implement a logic-programming language in which knowledge is expressed in terms
+of relations, rather than in terms of computations with inputs and outputs. Even though this makes the
+language drastically different from Lisp, or indeed from any conventional language, we will see that
+the logic-programming evaluator shares the essential structure of the Lisp evaluator.
+1 The same idea is pervasive throughout all of engineering. For example, electrical engineers use
+
+many different languages for describing circuits. Two of these are the language of electrical networks
+and the language of electrical systems. The network language emphasizes the physical modeling of
+devices in terms of discrete electrical elements. The primitive objects of the network language are
+primitive electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transistors, which are
+characterized in terms of physical variables called voltage and current. When describing circuits in the
+network language, the engineer is concerned with the physical characteristics of a design. In contrast,
+the primitive objects of the system language are signal-processing modules such as filters and
+amplifiers. Only the functional behavior of the modules is relevant, and signals are manipulated
+without concern for their physical realization as voltages and currents. The system language is erected
+on the network language, in the sense that the elements of signal-processing systems are constructed
+from electrical networks. Here, however, the concerns are with the large-scale organization of
+electrical devices to solve a given application problem; the physical feasibility of the parts is assumed.
+This layered collection of languages is another example of the stratified design technique illustrated by
+the picture language of section 2.2.4.
+2 The most important features that our evaluator leaves out are mechanisms for handling errors and
+
+supporting debugging. For a more extensive discussion of evaluators, see Friedman, Wand, and
+Haynes 1992, which gives an exposition of programming languages that proceeds via a sequence of
+evaluators written in Scheme.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+4.1 The Metacircular Evaluator
+Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program. It may seem circular to think about
+evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp. However, evaluation is
+a process, so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp, which, after all, is our tool
+for describing processes. 3 An evaluator that is written in the same language that it evaluates is said to
+be metacircular.
+The metacircular evaluator is essentially a Scheme formulation of the environment model of
+evaluation described in section 3.2. Recall that the model has two basic parts:
+1. To evaluate a combination (a compound expression other than a special form), evaluate the
+subexpressions and then apply the value of the operator subexpression to the values of the
+operand subexpressions.
+2. To apply a compound procedure to a set of arguments, evaluate the body of the procedure in a
+new environment. To construct this environment, extend the environment part of the procedure
+object by a frame in which the formal parameters of the procedure are bound to the arguments to
+which the procedure is applied.
+These two rules describe the essence of the evaluation process, a basic cycle in which expressions to
+be evaluated in environments are reduced to procedures to be applied to arguments, which in turn are
+reduced to new expressions to be evaluated in new environments, and so on, until we get down to
+symbols, whose values are looked up in the environment, and to primitive procedures, which are
+applied directly (see figure 4.1). 4 This evaluation cycle will be embodied by the interplay between the
+two critical procedures in the evaluator, eval and apply, which are described in section 4.1.1 (see
+figure 4.1).
+The implementation of the evaluator will depend upon procedures that define the syntax of the
+expressions to be evaluated. We will use data abstraction to make the evaluator independent of the
+representation of the language. For example, rather than committing to a choice that an assignment is
+to be represented by a list beginning with the symbol set! we use an abstract predicate
+assignment? to test for an assignment, and we use abstract selectors assignment-variable
+and assignment-value to access the parts of an assignment. Implementation of expressions will
+be described in detail in section 4.1.2. There are also operations, described in section 4.1.3, that
+specify the representation of procedures and environments. For example, make-procedure
+constructs compound procedures, lookup-variable-value accesses the values of variables, and
+apply-primitive-procedure applies a primitive procedure to a given list of arguments.
+
+4.1.1 The Core of the Evaluator
+
+\fFigure 4.1: The eval-apply cycle exposes the essence of a computer language.
+Figure 4.1: The eval-apply cycle exposes the essence of a computer language.
+The evaluation process can be described as the interplay between two procedures: eval and apply.
+
+Eval
+Eval takes as arguments an expression and an environment. It classifies the expression and directs its
+evaluation. Eval is structured as a case analysis of the syntactic type of the expression to be
+evaluated. In order to keep the procedure general, we express the determination of the type of an
+expression abstractly, making no commitment to any particular representation for the various types of
+expressions. Each type of expression has a predicate that tests for it and an abstract means for selecting
+its parts. This abstract syntax makes it easy to see how we can change the syntax of the language by
+using the same evaluator, but with a different collection of syntax procedures.
+
+Primitive expressions
+For self-evaluating expressions, such as numbers, eval returns the expression itself.
+Eval must look up variables in the environment to find their values.
+
+Special forms
+For quoted expressions, eval returns the expression that was quoted.
+An assignment to (or a definition of) a variable must recursively call eval to compute the new
+value to be associated with the variable. The environment must be modified to change (or create)
+the binding of the variable.
+An if expression requires special processing of its parts, so as to evaluate the consequent if the
+predicate is true, and otherwise to evaluate the alternative.
+A lambda expression must be transformed into an applicable procedure by packaging together
+the parameters and body specified by the lambda expression with the environment of the
+evaluation.
+A begin expression requires evaluating its sequence of expressions in the order in which they
+appear.
+
+\fA case analysis (cond) is transformed into a nest of if expressions and then evaluated.
+
+Combinations
+For a procedure application, eval must recursively evaluate the operator part and the operands
+of the combination. The resulting procedure and arguments are passed to apply, which handles
+the actual procedure application.
+Here is the definition of eval:
+(define (eval exp env)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
+((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
+((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
+((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
+((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
+((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
+((lambda? exp)
+(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
+(lambda-body exp)
+env))
+((begin? exp)
+(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
+((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
+((application? exp)
+(apply (eval (operator exp) env)
+(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp))))
+For clarity, eval has been implemented as a case analysis using cond. The disadvantage of this is
+that our procedure handles only a few distinguishable types of expressions, and no new ones can be
+defined without editing the definition of eval. In most Lisp implementations, dispatching on the type
+of an expression is done in a data-directed style. This allows a user to add new types of expressions
+that eval can distinguish, without modifying the definition of eval itself. (See exercise 4.3.)
+
+Apply
+Apply takes two arguments, a procedure and a list of arguments to which the procedure should be
+applied. Apply classifies procedures into two kinds: It calls apply-primitive-procedure to
+apply primitives; it applies compound procedures by sequentially evaluating the expressions that make
+up the body of the procedure. The environment for the evaluation of the body of a compound
+procedure is constructed by extending the base environment carried by the procedure to include a
+frame that binds the parameters of the procedure to the arguments to which the procedure is to be
+applied. Here is the definition of apply:
+(define (apply procedure arguments)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
+(apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
+((compound-procedure? procedure)
+(eval-sequence
+
+\f(procedure-body procedure)
+(extend-environment
+(procedure-parameters procedure)
+arguments
+(procedure-environment procedure))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
+
+Procedure arguments
+When eval processes a procedure application, it uses list-of-values to produce the list of
+arguments to which the procedure is to be applied. List-of-values takes as an argument the
+operands of the combination. It evaluates each operand and returns a list of the corresponding values: 5
+(define (list-of-values exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))
+
+Conditionals
+Eval-if evaluates the predicate part of an if expression in the given environment. If the result is
+true, eval-if evaluates the consequent, otherwise it evaluates the alternative:
+(define (eval-if exp env)
+(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
+(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
+(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
+The use of true? in eval-if highlights the issue of the connection between an implemented
+language and an implementation language. The if-predicate is evaluated in the language being
+implemented and thus yields a value in that language. The interpreter predicate true? translates that
+value into a value that can be tested by the if in the implementation language: The metacircular
+representation of truth might not be the same as that of the underlying Scheme. 6
+
+Sequences
+Eval-sequence is used by apply to evaluate the sequence of expressions in a procedure body and
+by eval to evaluate the sequence of expressions in a begin expression. It takes as arguments a
+sequence of expressions and an environment, and evaluates the expressions in the order in which they
+occur. The value returned is the value of the final expression.
+(define (eval-sequence exps env)
+(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
+(else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
+(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
+
+\fAssignments and definitions
+The following procedure handles assignments to variables. It calls eval to find the value to be
+assigned and transmits the variable and the resulting value to set-variable-value! to be
+installed in the designated environment.
+(define (eval-assignment exp env)
+(set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
+(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
+env)
+’ok)
+Definitions of variables are handled in a similar manner. 7
+(define (eval-definition exp env)
+(define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
+(eval (definition-value exp) env)
+env)
+’ok)
+We have chosen here to return the symbol ok as the value of an assignment or a definition. 8
+Exercise 4.1. Notice that we cannot tell whether the metacircular evaluator evaluates operands from
+left to right or from right to left. Its evaluation order is inherited from the underlying Lisp: If the
+arguments to cons in list-of-values are evaluated from left to right, then list-of-values
+will evaluate operands from left to right; and if the arguments to cons are evaluated from right to left,
+then list-of-values will evaluate operands from right to left.
+Write a version of list-of-values that evaluates operands from left to right regardless of the
+order of evaluation in the underlying Lisp. Also write a version of list-of-values that evaluates
+operands from right to left.
+
+4.1.2 Representing Expressions
+The evaluator is reminiscent of the symbolic differentiation program discussed in section 2.3.2. Both
+programs operate on symbolic expressions. In both programs, the result of operating on a compound
+expression is determined by operating recursively on the pieces of the expression and combining the
+results in a way that depends on the type of the expression. In both programs we used data abstraction
+to decouple the general rules of operation from the details of how expressions are represented. In the
+differentiation program this meant that the same differentiation procedure could deal with algebraic
+expressions in prefix form, in infix form, or in some other form. For the evaluator, this means that the
+syntax of the language being evaluated is determined solely by the procedures that classify and extract
+pieces of expressions.
+Here is the specification of the syntax of our language:
+¤ The only self-evaluating items are numbers and strings:
+(define (self-evaluating? exp)
+(cond ((number? exp) true)
+((string? exp) true)
+(else false)))
+
+\f¤ Variables are represented by symbols:
+(define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp))
+¤ Quotations have the form (quote <text-of-quotation>): 9
+(define (quoted? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’quote))
+(define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp))
+Quoted? is defined in terms of the procedure tagged-list?, which identifies lists beginning with
+a designated symbol:
+(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(eq? (car exp) tag)
+false))
+¤ Assignments have the form (set! <var> <value>):
+(define (assignment? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’set!))
+(define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp))
+¤ Definitions have the form
+(define <var> <value>)
+or the form
+(define (<var> <parameter 1 > ... <parameter n >)
+<body>)
+The latter form (standard procedure definition) is syntactic sugar for
+(define <var>
+(lambda (<parameter 1 > ... <parameter n >)
+<body>))
+The corresponding syntax procedures are the following:
+(define (definition? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’define))
+(define (definition-variable exp)
+(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
+(cadr exp)
+(caadr exp)))
+(define (definition-value exp)
+(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
+(caddr exp)
+(make-lambda (cdadr exp)
+; formal parameters
+(cddr exp)))) ; body
+
+\f¤ Lambda expressions are lists that begin with the symbol lambda:
+(define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’lambda))
+(define (lambda-parameters exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (lambda-body exp) (cddr exp))
+We also provide a constructor for lambda expressions, which is used by definition-value,
+above:
+(define (make-lambda parameters body)
+(cons ’lambda (cons parameters body)))
+¤ Conditionals begin with if and have a predicate, a consequent, and an (optional) alternative. If the
+expression has no alternative part, we provide false as the alternative. 10
+(define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’if))
+(define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp))
+(define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp))
+(define (if-alternative exp)
+(if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))
+(cadddr exp)
+’false))
+We also provide a constructor for if expressions, to be used by cond->if to transform cond
+expressions into if expressions:
+(define (make-if predicate consequent alternative)
+(list ’if predicate consequent alternative))
+¤ Begin packages a sequence of expressions into a single expression. We include syntax operations
+on begin expressions to extract the actual sequence from the begin expression, as well as selectors
+that return the first expression and the rest of the expressions in the sequence. 11
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’begin))
+(begin-actions exp) (cdr exp))
+(last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq)))
+(first-exp seq) (car seq))
+(rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))
+
+We also include a constructor sequence->exp (for use by cond->if) that transforms a sequence
+into a single expression, using begin if necessary:
+(define (sequence->exp seq)
+(cond ((null? seq) seq)
+((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
+(else (make-begin seq))))
+(define (make-begin seq) (cons ’begin seq))
+¤ A procedure application is any compound expression that is not one of the above expression types.
+The car of the expression is the operator, and the cdr is the list of operands:
+
+\f(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(application? exp) (pair? exp))
+(operator exp) (car exp))
+(operands exp) (cdr exp))
+(no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
+(first-operand ops) (car ops))
+(rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
+
+Derived expressions
+Some special forms in our language can be defined in terms of expressions involving other special
+forms, rather than being implemented directly. One example is cond, which can be implemented as a
+nest of if expressions. For example, we can reduce the problem of evaluating the expression
+(cond ((> x 0) x)
+((= x 0) (display ’zero) 0)
+(else (- x)))
+to the problem of evaluating the following expression involving if and begin expressions:
+(if (> x 0)
+x
+(if (= x 0)
+(begin (display ’zero)
+0)
+(- x)))
+Implementing the evaluation of cond in this way simplifies the evaluator because it reduces the
+number of special forms for which the evaluation process must be explicitly specified.
+We include syntax procedures that extract the parts of a cond expression, and a procedure
+cond->if that transforms cond expressions into if expressions. A case analysis begins with cond
+and has a list of predicate-action clauses. A clause is an else clause if its predicate is the symbol
+else. 12
+(define (cond? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’cond))
+(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
+(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
+(eq? (cond-predicate clause) ’else))
+(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))
+(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))
+(define (cond->if exp)
+(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
+(define (expand-clauses clauses)
+(if (null? clauses)
+’false
+; no else clause
+(let ((first (car clauses))
+(rest (cdr clauses)))
+(if (cond-else-clause? first)
+(if (null? rest)
+(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
+(error "ELSE clause isn’t last -- COND->IF"
+clauses))
+
+\f(make-if (cond-predicate first)
+(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
+(expand-clauses rest))))))
+Expressions (such as cond) that we choose to implement as syntactic transformations are called
+derived expressions. Let expressions are also derived expressions (see exercise 4.6). 13
+Exercise 4.2. Louis Reasoner plans to reorder the cond clauses in eval so that the clause for
+procedure applications appears before the clause for assignments. He argues that this will make the
+interpreter more efficient: Since programs usually contain more applications than assignments,
+definitions, and so on, his modified eval will usually check fewer clauses than the original eval
+before identifying the type of an expression.
+a. What is wrong with Louis’s plan? (Hint: What will Louis’s evaluator do with the expression
+(define x 3)?)
+b. Louis is upset that his plan didn’t work. He is willing to go to any lengths to make his evaluator
+recognize procedure applications before it checks for most other kinds of expressions. Help him by
+changing the syntax of the evaluated language so that procedure applications start with call. For
+example, instead of (factorial 3) we will now have to write (call factorial 3) and
+instead of (+ 1 2) we will have to write (call + 1 2).
+Exercise 4.3. Rewrite eval so that the dispatch is done in data-directed style. Compare this with the
+data-directed differentiation procedure of exercise 2.73. (You may use the car of a compound
+expression as the type of the expression, as is appropriate for the syntax implemented in this section.) .
+Exercise 4.4. Recall the definitions of the special forms and and or from chapter 1:
+and: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates to false, false is
+returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all the expressions evaluate to true
+values, the value of the last expression is returned. If there are no expressions then true is
+returned.
+or: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates to a true value,
+that value is returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all expressions evaluate to
+false, or if there are no expressions, then false is returned.
+Install and and or as new special forms for the evaluator by defining appropriate syntax procedures
+and evaluation procedures eval-and and eval-or. Alternatively, show how to implement and
+and or as derived expressions.
+Exercise 4.5. Scheme allows an additional syntax for cond clauses, (<test> =>
+<recipient>). If <test> evaluates to a true value, then <recipient> is evaluated. Its value must be a
+procedure of one argument; this procedure is then invoked on the value of the <test>, and the result is
+returned as the value of the cond expression. For example
+(cond ((assoc ’b ’((a 1) (b 2))) => cadr)
+(else false))
+returns 2. Modify the handling of cond so that it supports this extended syntax.
+
+\fExercise 4.6. Let expressions are derived expressions, because
+(let ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >) ... (<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+is equivalent to
+((lambda (<var 1 > ... <var n >)
+<body>)
+<exp 1 >
+<exp n >)
+Implement a syntactic transformation let->combination that reduces evaluating let expressions
+to evaluating combinations of the type shown above, and add the appropriate clause to eval to handle
+let expressions.
+Exercise 4.7. Let* is similar to let, except that the bindings of the let variables are performed
+sequentially from left to right, and each binding is made in an environment in which all of the
+preceding bindings are visible. For example
+(let* ((x 3)
+(y (+ x 2))
+(z (+ x y 5)))
+(* x z))
+returns 39. Explain how a let* expression can be rewritten as a set of nested let expressions, and
+write a procedure let*->nested-lets that performs this transformation. If we have already
+implemented let (exercise 4.6) and we want to extend the evaluator to handle let*, is it sufficient
+to add a clause to eval whose action is
+(eval (let*->nested-lets exp) env)
+or must we explicitly expand let* in terms of non-derived expressions?
+Exercise 4.8. ‘‘Named let’’ is a variant of let that has the form
+(let <var> <bindings> <body>)
+The <bindings> and <body> are just as in ordinary let, except that <var> is bound within <body> to
+a procedure whose body is <body> and whose parameters are the variables in the <bindings>. Thus,
+one can repeatedly execute the <body> by invoking the procedure named <var>. For example, the
+iterative Fibonacci procedure (section 1.2.2) can be rewritten using named let as follows:
+(define (fib n)
+(let fib-iter ((a 1)
+(b 0)
+(count n))
+(if (= count 0)
+b
+(fib-iter (+ a b) a (- count 1)))))
+
+\fModify let->combination of exercise 4.6 to also support named let.
+Exercise 4.9. Many languages support a variety of iteration constructs, such as do, for, while, and
+until. In Scheme, iterative processes can be expressed in terms of ordinary procedure calls, so
+special iteration constructs provide no essential gain in computational power. On the other hand, such
+constructs are often convenient. Design some iteration constructs, give examples of their use, and
+show how to implement them as derived expressions.
+Exercise 4.10. By using data abstraction, we were able to write an eval procedure that is
+independent of the particular syntax of the language to be evaluated. To illustrate this, design and
+implement a new syntax for Scheme by modifying the procedures in this section, without changing
+eval or apply.
+
+4.1.3 Evaluator Data Structures
+In addition to defining the external syntax of expressions, the evaluator implementation must also
+define the data structures that the evaluator manipulates internally, as part of the execution of a
+program, such as the representation of procedures and environments and the representation of true and
+false.
+
+Testing of predicates
+For conditionals, we accept anything to be true that is not the explicit false object.
+(define (true? x)
+(not (eq? x false)))
+(define (false? x)
+(eq? x false))
+
+Representing procedures
+To handle primitives, we assume that we have available the following procedures:
+(apply-primitive-procedure <proc> <args>)
+applies the given primitive procedure to the argument values in the list <args> and returns the
+result of the application.
+(primitive-procedure? <proc>)
+tests whether <proc> is a primitive procedure.
+These mechanisms for handling primitives are further described in section 4.1.4.
+Compound procedures are constructed from parameters, procedure bodies, and environments using the
+constructor make-procedure:
+(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
+(list ’procedure parameters body env))
+(define (compound-procedure? p)
+(tagged-list? p ’procedure))
+(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
+(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
+(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))
+
+\fOperations on Environments
+The evaluator needs operations for manipulating environments. As explained in section 3.2, an
+environment is a sequence of frames, where each frame is a table of bindings that associate variables
+with their corresponding values. We use the following operations for manipulating environments:
+(lookup-variable-value <var> <env>)
+returns the value that is bound to the symbol <var> in the environment <env>, or signals an error
+if the variable is unbound.
+(extend-environment <variables> <values> <base-env>)
+returns a new environment, consisting of a new frame in which the symbols in the list
+<variables> are bound to the corresponding elements in the list <values>, where the enclosing
+environment is the environment <base-env>.
+(define-variable! <var> <value> <env>)
+adds to the first frame in the environment <env> a new binding that associates the variable <var>
+with the value <value>.
+(set-variable-value! <var> <value> <env>)
+changes the binding of the variable <var> in the environment <env> so that the variable is now
+bound to the value <value>, or signals an error if the variable is unbound.
+To implement these operations we represent an environment as a list of frames. The enclosing
+environment of an environment is the cdr of the list. The empty environment is simply the empty list.
+(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
+(define (first-frame env) (car env))
+(define the-empty-environment ’())
+Each frame of an environment is represented as a pair of lists: a list of the variables bound in that
+frame and a list of the associated values. 14
+(define (make-frame variables values)
+(cons variables values))
+(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
+(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
+(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
+(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
+(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))
+To extend an environment by a new frame that associates variables with values, we make a frame
+consisting of the list of variables and the list of values, and we adjoin this to the environment. We
+signal an error if the number of variables does not match the number of values.
+(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
+(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
+(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
+(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
+(error "Too many arguments supplied" vars vals)
+(error "Too few arguments supplied" vars vals))))
+
+\fTo look up a variable in an environment, we scan the list of variables in the first frame. If we find the
+desired variable, we return the corresponding element in the list of values. If we do not find the
+variable in the current frame, we search the enclosing environment, and so on. If we reach the empty
+environment, we signal an ‘‘unbound variable’’ error.
+(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
+(define (env-loop env)
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(car vals))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
+(error "Unbound variable" var)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+(frame-values frame)))))
+(env-loop env))
+To set a variable to a new value in a specified environment, we scan for the variable, just as in
+lookup-variable-value, and change the corresponding value when we find it.
+(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
+(define (env-loop env)
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(set-car! vals val))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
+(error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+(frame-values frame)))))
+(env-loop env))
+To define a variable, we search the first frame for a binding for the variable, and change the binding if
+it exists (just as in set-variable-value!). If no such binding exists, we adjoin one to the first
+frame.
+(define (define-variable! var val env)
+(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
+(define (scan vars vals)
+(cond ((null? vars)
+(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
+((eq? var (car vars))
+(set-car! vals val))
+(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
+(scan (frame-variables frame)
+
+\f(frame-values frame))))
+The method described here is only one of many plausible ways to represent environments. Since we
+used data abstraction to isolate the rest of the evaluator from the detailed choice of representation, we
+could change the environment representation if we wanted to. (See exercise 4.11.) In a
+production-quality Lisp system, the speed of the evaluator’s environment operations -- especially that
+of variable lookup -- has a major impact on the performance of the system. The representation
+described here, although conceptually simple, is not efficient and would not ordinarily be used in a
+production system. 15
+Exercise 4.11. Instead of representing a frame as a pair of lists, we can represent a frame as a list of
+bindings, where each binding is a name-value pair. Rewrite the environment operations to use this
+alternative representation.
+Exercise 4.12. The procedures set-variable-value!, define-variable!, and
+lookup-variable-value can be expressed in terms of more abstract procedures for traversing
+the environment structure. Define abstractions that capture the common patterns and redefine the three
+procedures in terms of these abstractions.
+Exercise 4.13. Scheme allows us to create new bindings for variables by means of define, but
+provides no way to get rid of bindings. Implement for the evaluator a special form make-unbound!
+that removes the binding of a given symbol from the environment in which the make-unbound!
+expression is evaluated. This problem is not completely specified. For example, should we remove
+only the binding in the first frame of the environment? Complete the specification and justify any
+choices you make.
+
+4.1.4 Running the Evaluator as a Program
+Given the evaluator, we have in our hands a description (expressed in Lisp) of the process by which
+Lisp expressions are evaluated. One advantage of expressing the evaluator as a program is that we can
+run the program. This gives us, running within Lisp, a working model of how Lisp itself evaluates
+expressions. This can serve as a framework for experimenting with evaluation rules, as we shall do
+later in this chapter.
+Our evaluator program reduces expressions ultimately to the application of primitive procedures.
+Therefore, all that we need to run the evaluator is to create a mechanism that calls on the underlying
+Lisp system to model the application of primitive procedures.
+There must be a binding for each primitive procedure name, so that when eval evaluates the operator
+of an application of a primitive, it will find an object to pass to apply. We thus set up a global
+environment that associates unique objects with the names of the primitive procedures that can appear
+in the expressions we will be evaluating. The global environment also includes bindings for the
+symbols true and false, so that they can be used as variables in expressions to be evaluated.
+(define (setup-environment)
+(let ((initial-env
+(extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
+(primitive-procedure-objects)
+the-empty-environment)))
+(define-variable! ’true true initial-env)
+(define-variable! ’false false initial-env)
+
+\finitial-env))
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+It does not matter how we represent the primitive procedure objects, so long as apply can identify
+and apply them by using the procedures primitive-procedure? and
+apply-primitive-procedure. We have chosen to represent a primitive procedure as a list
+beginning with the symbol primitive and containing a procedure in the underlying Lisp that
+implements that primitive.
+(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
+(tagged-list? proc ’primitive))
+(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))
+Setup-environment will get the primitive names and implementation procedures from a list: 16
+(define primitive-procedures
+(list (list ’car car)
+(list ’cdr cdr)
+(list ’cons cons)
+(list ’null? null?)
+<more primitives>
+))
+(define (primitive-procedure-names)
+(map car
+primitive-procedures))
+(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
+(map (lambda (proc) (list ’primitive (cadr proc)))
+primitive-procedures))
+To apply a primitive procedure, we simply apply the implementation procedure to the arguments,
+using the underlying Lisp system: 17
+(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
+(apply-in-underlying-scheme
+(primitive-implementation proc) args))
+For convenience in running the metacircular evaluator, we provide a driver loop that models the
+read-eval-print loop of the underlying Lisp system. It prints a prompt, reads an input expression,
+evaluates this expression in the global environment, and prints the result. We precede each printed
+result by an output prompt so as to distinguish the value of the expression from other output that may
+be printed. 18
+(define input-prompt ";;; M-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(let ((output (eval input the-global-environment)))
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print output)))
+(driver-loop))
+(define (prompt-for-input string)
+
+\f(newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))
+(define (announce-output string)
+(newline) (display string) (newline))
+We use a special printing procedure, user-print, to avoid printing the environment part of a
+compound procedure, which may be a very long list (or may even contain cycles).
+(define (user-print object)
+(if (compound-procedure? object)
+(display (list ’compound-procedure
+(procedure-parameters object)
+(procedure-body object)
+’<procedure-env>))
+(display object)))
+Now all we need to do to run the evaluator is to initialize the global environment and start the driver
+loop. Here is a sample interaction:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(driver-loop)
+;;; M-Eval input:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x)
+(append (cdr x) y))))
+;;; M-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; M-Eval input:
+(append ’(a b c) ’(d e f))
+;;; M-Eval value:
+(a b c d e f)
+Exercise 4.14. Eva Lu Ator and Louis Reasoner are each experimenting with the metacircular
+evaluator. Eva types in the definition of map, and runs some test programs that use it. They work fine.
+Louis, in contrast, has installed the system version of map as a primitive for the metacircular
+evaluator. When he tries it, things go terribly wrong. Explain why Louis’s map fails even though
+Eva’s works.
+
+4.1.5 Data as Programs
+In thinking about a Lisp program that evaluates Lisp expressions, an analogy might be helpful. One
+operational view of the meaning of a program is that a program is a description of an abstract (perhaps
+infinitely large) machine. For example, consider the familiar program to compute factorials:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+
+\fWe may regard this program as the description of a machine containing parts that decrement, multiply,
+and test for equality, together with a two-position switch and another factorial machine. (The factorial
+machine is infinite because it contains another factorial machine within it.) Figure 4.2 is a flow
+diagram for the factorial machine, showing how the parts are wired together.
+
+Figure 4.2: The factorial program, viewed as an abstract machine.
+Figure 4.2: The factorial program, viewed as an abstract machine.
+In a similar way, we can regard the evaluator as a very special machine that takes as input a
+description of a machine. Given this input, the evaluator configures itself to emulate the machine
+described. For example, if we feed our evaluator the definition of factorial, as shown in
+figure 4.3, the evaluator will be able to compute factorials.
+
+Figure 4.3: The evaluator emulating a factorial machine.
+Figure 4.3: The evaluator emulating a factorial machine.
+From this perspective, our evaluator is seen to be a universal machine. It mimics other machines when
+these are described as Lisp programs. 19 This is striking. Try to imagine an analogous evaluator for
+electrical circuits. This would be a circuit that takes as input a signal encoding the plans for some other
+circuit, such as a filter. Given this input, the circuit evaluator would then behave like a filter with the
+same description. Such a universal electrical circuit is almost unimaginably complex. It is remarkable
+that the program evaluator is a rather simple program. 20
+
+\fAnother striking aspect of the evaluator is that it acts as a bridge between the data objects that are
+manipulated by our programming language and the programming language itself. Imagine that the
+evaluator program (implemented in Lisp) is running, and that a user is typing expressions to the
+evaluator and observing the results. From the perspective of the user, an input expression such as (*
+x x) is an expression in the programming language, which the evaluator should execute. From the
+perspective of the evaluator, however, the expression is simply a list (in this case, a list of three
+symbols: *, x, and x) that is to be manipulated according to a well-defined set of rules.
+That the user’s programs are the evaluator’s data need not be a source of confusion. In fact, it is
+sometimes convenient to ignore this distinction, and to give the user the ability to explicitly evaluate a
+data object as a Lisp expression, by making eval available for use in programs. Many Lisp dialects
+provide a primitive eval procedure that takes as arguments an expression and an environment and
+evaluates the expression relative to the environment. 21 Thus,
+(eval ’(* 5 5) user-initial-environment)
+and
+(eval (cons ’* (list 5 5)) user-initial-environment)
+will both return 25. 22
+Exercise 4.15. Given a one-argument procedure p and an object a, p is said to ‘‘halt’’ on a if
+evaluating the expression (p a) returns a value (as opposed to terminating with an error message or
+running forever). Show that it is impossible to write a procedure halts? that correctly determines
+whether p halts on a for any procedure p and object a. Use the following reasoning: If you had such a
+procedure halts?, you could implement the following program:
+(define (run-forever) (run-forever))
+(define (try p)
+(if (halts? p p)
+(run-forever)
+’halted))
+Now consider evaluating the expression (try try) and show that any possible outcome (either
+halting or running forever) violates the intended behavior of halts?. 23
+
+4.1.6 Internal Definitions
+Our environment model of evaluation and our metacircular evaluator execute definitions in sequence,
+extending the environment frame one definition at a time. This is particularly convenient for
+interactive program development, in which the programmer needs to freely mix the application of
+procedures with the definition of new procedures. However, if we think carefully about the internal
+definitions used to implement block structure (introduced in section 1.1.8), we will find that
+name-by-name extension of the environment may not be the best way to define local variables.
+Consider a procedure with internal definitions, such as
+(define (f x)
+(define (even? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+
+\f(odd? (- n 1))))
+(define (odd? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))
+<rest of body of f>)
+Our intention here is that the name odd? in the body of the procedure even? should refer to the
+procedure odd? that is defined after even?. The scope of the name odd? is the entire body of f, not
+just the portion of the body of f starting at the point where the define for odd? occurs. Indeed,
+when we consider that odd? is itself defined in terms of even? -- so that even? and odd? are
+mutually recursive procedures -- we see that the only satisfactory interpretation of the two defines is
+to regard them as if the names even? and odd? were being added to the environment
+simultaneously. More generally, in block structure, the scope of a local name is the entire procedure
+body in which the define is evaluated.
+As it happens, our interpreter will evaluate calls to f correctly, but for an ‘‘accidental’’ reason: Since
+the definitions of the internal procedures come first, no calls to these procedures will be evaluated until
+all of them have been defined. Hence, odd? will have been defined by the time even? is executed. In
+fact, our sequential evaluation mechanism will give the same result as a mechanism that directly
+implements simultaneous definition for any procedure in which the internal definitions come first in a
+body and evaluation of the value expressions for the defined variables doesn’t actually use any of the
+defined variables. (For an example of a procedure that doesn’t obey these restrictions, so that
+sequential definition isn’t equivalent to simultaneous definition, see exercise 4.19.) 24
+There is, however, a simple way to treat definitions so that internally defined names have truly
+simultaneous scope -- just create all local variables that will be in the current environment before
+evaluating any of the value expressions. One way to do this is by a syntax transformation on lambda
+expressions. Before evaluating the body of a lambda expression, we ‘‘scan out’’ and eliminate all the
+internal definitions in the body. The internally defined variables will be created with a let and then
+set to their values by assignment. For example, the procedure
+(lambda <vars>
+(define u <e1>)
+(define v <e2>)
+<e3>)
+would be transformed into
+(lambda <vars>
+(let ((u ’*unassigned*)
+(v ’*unassigned*))
+(set! u <e1>)
+(set! v <e2>)
+<e3>))
+where *unassigned* is a special symbol that causes looking up a variable to signal an error if an
+attempt is made to use the value of the not-yet-assigned variable.
+
+\fAn alternative strategy for scanning out internal definitions is shown in exercise 4.18. Unlike the
+transformation shown above, this enforces the restriction that the defined variables’ values can be
+evaluated without using any of the variables’ values. 25
+Exercise 4.16. In this exercise we implement the method just described for interpreting internal
+definitions. We assume that the evaluator supports let (see exercise 4.6).
+a. Change lookup-variable-value (section 4.1.3) to signal an error if the value it finds is the
+symbol *unassigned*.
+b. Write a procedure scan-out-defines that takes a procedure body and returns an equivalent
+one that has no internal definitions, by making the transformation described above.
+c. Install scan-out-defines in the interpreter, either in make-procedure or in
+procedure-body (see section 4.1.3). Which place is better? Why?
+Exercise 4.17. Draw diagrams of the environment in effect when evaluating the expression <e3> in
+the procedure in the text, comparing how this will be structured when definitions are interpreted
+sequentially with how it will be structured if definitions are scanned out as described. Why is there an
+extra frame in the transformed program? Explain why this difference in environment structure can
+never make a difference in the behavior of a correct program. Design a way to make the interpreter
+implement the ‘‘simultaneous’’ scope rule for internal definitions without constructing the extra frame.
+Exercise 4.18. Consider an alternative strategy for scanning out definitions that translates the example
+in the text to
+(lambda <vars>
+(let ((u ’*unassigned*)
+(v ’*unassigned*))
+(let ((a <e1>)
+(b <e2>))
+(set! u a)
+(set! v b))
+<e3>))
+Here a and b are meant to represent new variable names, created by the interpreter, that do not appear
+in the user’s program. Consider the solve procedure from section 3.5.4:
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral (delay dy) y0 dt))
+(define dy (stream-map f y))
+y)
+Will this procedure work if internal definitions are scanned out as shown in this exercise? What if they
+are scanned out as shown in the text? Explain.
+Exercise 4.19. Ben Bitdiddle, Alyssa P. Hacker, and Eva Lu Ator are arguing about the desired result
+of evaluating the expression
+(let ((a 1))
+(define (f x)
+(define b (+ a x))
+
+\f(define a 5)
+(+ a b))
+(f 10))
+Ben asserts that the result should be obtained using the sequential rule for define: b is defined to be
+11, then a is defined to be 5, so the result is 16. Alyssa objects that mutual recursion requires the
+simultaneous scope rule for internal procedure definitions, and that it is unreasonable to treat
+procedure names differently from other names. Thus, she argues for the mechanism implemented in
+exercise 4.16. This would lead to a being unassigned at the time that the value for b is to be computed.
+Hence, in Alyssa’s view the procedure should produce an error. Eva has a third opinion. She says that
+if the definitions of a and b are truly meant to be simultaneous, then the value 5 for a should be used
+in evaluating b. Hence, in Eva’s view a should be 5, b should be 15, and the result should be 20.
+Which (if any) of these viewpoints do you support? Can you devise a way to implement internal
+definitions so that they behave as Eva prefers? 26
+Exercise 4.20. Because internal definitions look sequential but are actually simultaneous, some
+people prefer to avoid them entirely, and use the special form letrec instead. Letrec looks like
+let, so it is not surprising that the variables it binds are bound simultaneously and have the same
+scope as each other. The sample procedure f above can be written without internal definitions, but
+with exactly the same meaning, as
+(define (f x)
+(letrec ((even?
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+(odd? (- n 1)))))
+(odd?
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))))
+<rest of body of f>))
+Letrec expressions, which have the form
+(letrec ((<var 1 > <exp 1 >) ... (<var n > <exp n >))
+<body>)
+are a variation on let in which the expressions <exp k > that provide the initial values for the variables
+<var k > are evaluated in an environment that includes all the letrec bindings. This permits recursion
+in the bindings, such as the mutual recursion of even? and odd? in the example above, or the
+evaluation of 10 factorial with
+(letrec ((fact
+(lambda (n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (fact (- n 1)))))))
+(fact 10))
+
+\fa. Implement letrec as a derived expression, by transforming a letrec expression into a let
+expression as shown in the text above or in exercise 4.18. That is, the letrec variables should be
+created with a let and then be assigned their values with set!.
+b. Louis Reasoner is confused by all this fuss about internal definitions. The way he sees it, if you
+don’t like to use define inside a procedure, you can just use let. Illustrate what is loose about his
+reasoning by drawing an environment diagram that shows the environment in which the <rest of body
+of f> is evaluated during evaluation of the expression (f 5), with f defined as in this exercise. Draw
+an environment diagram for the same evaluation, but with let in place of letrec in the definition
+of f.
+Exercise 4.21. Amazingly, Louis’s intuition in exercise 4.20 is correct. It is indeed possible to specify
+recursive procedures without using letrec (or even define), although the method for
+accomplishing this is much more subtle than Louis imagined. The following expression computes 10
+factorial by applying a recursive factorial procedure: 27
+((lambda (n)
+((lambda (fact)
+(fact fact n))
+(lambda (ft k)
+(if (= k 1)
+1
+(* k (ft ft (- k 1)))))))
+10)
+a. Check (by evaluating the expression) that this really does compute factorials. Devise an analogous
+expression for computing Fibonacci numbers.
+b. Consider the following procedure, which includes mutually recursive internal definitions:
+(define (f x)
+(define (even? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+true
+(odd? (- n 1))))
+(define (odd? n)
+(if (= n 0)
+false
+(even? (- n 1))))
+(even? x))
+Fill in the missing expressions to complete an alternative definition of f, which uses neither internal
+definitions nor letrec:
+(define (f x)
+((lambda (even? odd?)
+(even? even? odd? x))
+(lambda (ev? od? n)
+(if (= n 0) true (od? <??> <??> <??>)))
+(lambda (ev? od? n)
+(if (= n 0) false (ev? <??> <??> <??>)))))
+
+\f4.1.7 Separating Syntactic Analysis from Execution
+The evaluator implemented above is simple, but it is very inefficient, because the syntactic analysis of
+expressions is interleaved with their execution. Thus if a program is executed many times, its syntax is
+analyzed many times. Consider, for example, evaluating (factorial 4) using the following
+definition of factorial:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+Each time factorial is called, the evaluator must determine that the body is an if expression and
+extract the predicate. Only then can it evaluate the predicate and dispatch on its value. Each time it
+evaluates the expression (* (factorial (- n 1)) n), or the subexpressions (factorial
+(- n 1)) and (- n 1), the evaluator must perform the case analysis in eval to determine that
+the expression is an application, and must extract its operator and operands. This analysis is expensive.
+Performing it repeatedly is wasteful.
+We can transform the evaluator to be significantly more efficient by arranging things so that syntactic
+analysis is performed only once. 28 We split eval, which takes an expression and an environment,
+into two parts. The procedure analyze takes only the expression. It performs the syntactic analysis
+and returns a new procedure, the execution procedure, that encapsulates the work to be done in
+executing the analyzed expression. The execution procedure takes an environment as its argument and
+completes the evaluation. This saves work because analyze will be called only once on an
+expression, while the execution procedure may be called many times.
+With the separation into analysis and execution, eval now becomes
+(define (eval exp env)
+((analyze exp) env))
+The result of calling analyze is the execution procedure to be applied to the environment. The
+analyze procedure is the same case analysis as performed by the original eval of section 4.1.1,
+except that the procedures to which we dispatch perform only analysis, not full evaluation:
+(define (analyze exp)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
+(analyze-self-evaluating exp))
+((quoted? exp) (analyze-quoted exp))
+((variable? exp) (analyze-variable exp))
+((assignment? exp) (analyze-assignment exp))
+((definition? exp) (analyze-definition exp))
+((if? exp) (analyze-if exp))
+((lambda? exp) (analyze-lambda exp))
+((begin? exp) (analyze-sequence (begin-actions exp)))
+((cond? exp) (analyze (cond->if exp)))
+((application? exp) (analyze-application exp))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- ANALYZE" exp))))
+
+\fHere is the simplest syntactic analysis procedure, which handles self-evaluating expressions. It returns
+an execution procedure that ignores its environment argument and just returns the expression:
+(define (analyze-self-evaluating exp)
+(lambda (env) exp))
+For a quoted expression, we can gain a little efficiency by extracting the text of the quotation only
+once, in the analysis phase, rather than in the execution phase.
+(define (analyze-quoted exp)
+(let ((qval (text-of-quotation exp)))
+(lambda (env) qval)))
+Looking up a variable value must still be done in the execution phase, since this depends upon
+knowing the environment. 29
+(define (analyze-variable exp)
+(lambda (env) (lookup-variable-value exp env)))
+Analyze-assignment also must defer actually setting the variable until the execution, when the
+environment has been supplied. However, the fact that the assignment-value expression can be
+analyzed (recursively) during analysis is a major gain in efficiency, because the
+assignment-value expression will now be analyzed only once. The same holds true for
+definitions.
+(define (analyze-assignment exp)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (assignment-value exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(set-variable-value! var (vproc env) env)
+’ok)))
+(define (analyze-definition exp)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (definition-value exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(define-variable! var (vproc env) env)
+’ok)))
+For if expressions, we extract and analyze the predicate, consequent, and alternative at analysis time.
+(define (analyze-if exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (if-predicate exp)))
+(cproc (analyze (if-consequent exp)))
+(aproc (analyze (if-alternative exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(if (true? (pproc env))
+(cproc env)
+(aproc env)))))
+Analyzing a lambda expression also achieves a major gain in efficiency: We analyze the lambda
+body only once, even though procedures resulting from evaluation of the lambda may be applied
+many times.
+
+\f(define (analyze-lambda exp)
+(let ((vars (lambda-parameters exp))
+(bproc (analyze-sequence (lambda-body exp))))
+(lambda (env) (make-procedure vars bproc env))))
+Analysis of a sequence of expressions (as in a begin or the body of a lambda expression) is more
+involved. 30 Each expression in the sequence is analyzed, yielding an execution procedure. These
+execution procedures are combined to produce an execution procedure that takes an environment as
+argument and sequentially calls each individual execution procedure with the environment as
+argument.
+(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (sequentially proc1 proc2)
+(lambda (env) (proc1 env) (proc2 env)))
+(define (loop first-proc rest-procs)
+(if (null? rest-procs)
+first-proc
+(loop (sequentially first-proc (car rest-procs))
+(cdr rest-procs))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(loop (car procs) (cdr procs))))
+To analyze an application, we analyze the operator and operands and construct an execution procedure
+that calls the operator execution procedure (to obtain the actual procedure to be applied) and the
+operand execution procedures (to obtain the actual arguments). We then pass these to
+execute-application, which is the analog of apply in section 4.1.1.
+Execute-application differs from apply in that the procedure body for a compound
+procedure has already been analyzed, so there is no need to do further analysis. Instead, we just call
+the execution procedure for the body on the extended environment.
+(define (analyze-application exp)
+(let ((fproc (analyze (operator exp)))
+(aprocs (map analyze (operands exp))))
+(lambda (env)
+(execute-application (fproc env)
+(map (lambda (aproc) (aproc env))
+aprocs)))))
+(define (execute-application proc args)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
+(apply-primitive-procedure proc args))
+((compound-procedure? proc)
+((procedure-body proc)
+(extend-environment (procedure-parameters proc)
+args
+(procedure-environment proc))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- EXECUTE-APPLICATION"
+proc))))
+
+\fOur new evaluator uses the same data structures, syntax procedures, and run-time support procedures
+as in sections 4.1.2, 4.1.3, and 4.1.4.
+Exercise 4.22. Extend the evaluator in this section to support the special form let. (See
+exercise 4.6.)
+Exercise 4.23. Alyssa P. Hacker doesn’t understand why analyze-sequence needs to be so
+complicated. All the other analysis procedures are straightforward transformations of the
+corresponding evaluation procedures (or eval clauses) in section 4.1.1. She expected
+analyze-sequence to look like this:
+(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (execute-sequence procs env)
+(cond ((null? (cdr procs)) ((car procs) env))
+(else ((car procs) env)
+(execute-sequence (cdr procs) env))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(lambda (env) (execute-sequence procs env))))
+Eva Lu Ator explains to Alyssa that the version in the text does more of the work of evaluating a
+sequence at analysis time. Alyssa’s sequence-execution procedure, rather than having the calls to the
+individual execution procedures built in, loops through the procedures in order to call them: In effect,
+although the individual expressions in the sequence have been analyzed, the sequence itself has not
+been.
+Compare the two versions of analyze-sequence. For example, consider the common case
+(typical of procedure bodies) where the sequence has just one expression. What work will the
+execution procedure produced by Alyssa’s program do? What about the execution procedure produced
+by the program in the text above? How do the two versions compare for a sequence with two
+expressions?
+Exercise 4.24. Design and carry out some experiments to compare the speed of the original
+metacircular evaluator with the version in this section. Use your results to estimate the fraction of time
+that is spent in analysis versus execution for various procedures.
+3 Even so, there will remain important aspects of the evaluation process that are not elucidated by our
+
+evaluator. The most important of these are the detailed mechanisms by which procedures call other
+procedures and return values to their callers. We will address these issues in chapter 5, where we take
+a closer look at the evaluation process by implementing the evaluator as a simple register machine.
+4 If we grant ourselves the ability to apply primitives, then what remains for us to implement in the
+
+evaluator? The job of the evaluator is not to specify the primitives of the language, but rather to
+provide the connective tissue -- the means of combination and the means of abstraction -- that binds a
+collection of primitives to form a language. Specifically:
+The evaluator enables us to deal with nested expressions. For example, although simply applying
+primitives would suffice for evaluating the expression (+ 1 6), it is not adequate for handling
+(+ 1 (* 2 3)). As far as the primitive procedure + is concerned, its arguments must be
+numbers, and it would choke if we passed it the expression (* 2 3) as an argument. One
+
+\fimportant role of the evaluator is to choreograph procedure composition so that (* 2 3) is
+reduced to 6 before being passed as an argument to +.
+The evaluator allows us to use variables. For example, the primitive procedure for addition has no
+way to deal with expressions such as (+ x 1). We need an evaluator to keep track of variables
+and obtain their values before invoking the primitive procedures.
+The evaluator allows us to define compound procedures. This involves keeping track of
+procedure definitions, knowing how to use these definitions in evaluating expressions, and providing a
+mechanism that enables procedures to accept arguments.
+The evaluator provides the special forms, which must be evaluated differently from procedure
+calls.
+5 We could have simplified the application? clause in eval by using map (and stipulating that
+
+operands returns a list) rather than writing an explicit list-of-values procedure. We chose
+not to use map here to emphasize the fact that the evaluator can be implemented without any use of
+higher-order procedures (and thus could be written in a language that doesn’t have higher-order
+procedures), even though the language that it supports will include higher-order procedures.
+6 In this case, the language being implemented and the implementation language are the same.
+
+Contemplation of the meaning of true? here yields expansion of consciousness without the abuse of
+substance.
+7 This implementation of define ignores a subtle issue in the handling of internal definitions,
+
+although it works correctly in most cases. We will see what the problem is and how to solve it in
+section 4.1.6.
+8 As we said when we introduced define and set!, these values are implementation-dependent in
+
+Scheme -- that is, the implementor can choose what value to return.
+9 As mentioned in section 2.3.1, the evaluator sees a quoted expression as a list beginning with
+
+quote, even if the expression is typed with the quotation mark. For example, the expression ’a
+would be seen by the evaluator as (quote a). See exercise 2.55.
+10 The value of an if expression when the predicate is false and there is no alternative is unspecified
+
+in Scheme; we have chosen here to make it false. We will support the use of the variables true and
+false in expressions to be evaluated by binding them in the global environment. See section 4.1.4.
+11 These selectors for a list of expressions -- and the corresponding ones for a list of operands -- are
+
+not intended as a data abstraction. They are introduced as mnemonic names for the basic list
+operations in order to make it easier to understand the explicit-control evaluator in section 5.4.
+12 The value of a cond expression when all the predicates are false and there is no else clause is
+
+unspecified in Scheme; we have chosen here to make it false.
+13 Practical Lisp systems provide a mechanism that allows a user to add new derived expressions and
+
+specify their implementation as syntactic transformations without modifying the evaluator. Such a
+user-defined transformation is called a macro. Although it is easy to add an elementary mechanism for
+defining macros, the resulting language has subtle name-conflict problems. There has been much
+research on mechanisms for macro definition that do not cause these difficulties. See, for example,
+Kohlbecker 1986, Clinger and Rees 1991, and Hanson 1991.
+
+\f14 Frames are not really a data abstraction in the following code: Set-variable-value! and
+
+define-variable! use set-car! to directly modify the values in a frame. The purpose of the
+frame procedures is to make the environment-manipulation procedures easy to read.
+15 The drawback of this representation (as well as the variant in exercise 4.11) is that the evaluator
+
+may have to search through many frames in order to find the binding for a given variable. (Such an
+approach is referred to as deep binding.) One way to avoid this inefficiency is to make use of a
+strategy called lexical addressing, which will be discussed in section 5.5.6.
+16 Any procedure defined in the underlying Lisp can be used as a primitive for the metacircular
+
+evaluator. The name of a primitive installed in the evaluator need not be the same as the name of its
+implementation in the underlying Lisp; the names are the same here because the metacircular evaluator
+implements Scheme itself. Thus, for example, we could put (list ’first car) or (list
+’square (lambda (x) (* x x))) in the list of primitive-procedures.
+17 Apply-in-underlying-scheme is the apply procedure we have used in earlier chapters.
+
+The metacircular evaluator’s apply procedure (section 4.1.1) models the working of this primitive.
+Having two different things called apply leads to a technical problem in running the metacircular
+evaluator, because defining the metacircular evaluator’s apply will mask the definition of the
+primitive. One way around this is to rename the metacircular apply to avoid conflict with the name
+of the primitive procedure. We have assumed instead that we have saved a reference to the underlying
+apply by doing
+(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
+before defining the metacircular apply. This allows us to access the original version of apply under
+a different name.
+18 The primitive procedure read waits for input from the user, and returns the next complete
+
+expression that is typed. For example, if the user types (+ 23 x), read returns a three-element list
+containing the symbol +, the number 23, and the symbol x. If the user types ’x, read returns a
+two-element list containing the symbol quote and the symbol x.
+19 The fact that the machines are described in Lisp is inessential. If we give our evaluator a Lisp
+
+program that behaves as an evaluator for some other language, say C, the Lisp evaluator will emulate
+the C evaluator, which in turn can emulate any machine described as a C program. Similarly, writing a
+Lisp evaluator in C produces a C program that can execute any Lisp program. The deep idea here is
+that any evaluator can emulate any other. Thus, the notion of ‘‘what can in principle be computed’’
+(ignoring practicalities of time and memory required) is independent of the language or the computer,
+and instead reflects an underlying notion of computability. This was first demonstrated in a clear way
+by Alan M. Turing (1912-1954), whose 1936 paper laid the foundations for theoretical computer
+science. In the paper, Turing presented a simple computational model -- now known as a Turing
+machine -- and argued that any ‘‘effective process’’ can be formulated as a program for such a
+machine. (This argument is known as the Church-Turing thesis.) Turing then implemented a universal
+machine, i.e., a Turing machine that behaves as an evaluator for Turing-machine programs. He used
+this framework to demonstrate that there are well-posed problems that cannot be computed by Turing
+machines (see exercise 4.15), and so by implication cannot be formulated as ‘‘effective processes.’’
+Turing went on to make fundamental contributions to practical computer science as well. For example,
+he invented the idea of structuring programs using general-purpose subroutines. See Hodges 1983 for
+a biography of Turing.
+
+\f20 Some people find it counterintuitive that an evaluator, which is implemented by a relatively simple
+
+procedure, can emulate programs that are more complex than the evaluator itself. The existence of a
+universal evaluator machine is a deep and wonderful property of computation. Recursion theory, a
+branch of mathematical logic, is concerned with logical limits of computation. Douglas Hofstadter’s
+beautiful book Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979) explores some of these ideas.
+21 Warning: This eval primitive is not identical to the eval procedure we implemented in
+
+section 4.1.1, because it uses actual Scheme environments rather than the sample environment
+structures we built in section 4.1.3. These actual environments cannot be manipulated by the user as
+ordinary lists; they must be accessed via eval or other special operations. Similarly, the apply
+primitive we saw earlier is not identical to the metacircular apply, because it uses actual Scheme
+procedures rather than the procedure objects we constructed in sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.4.
+22 The MIT implementation of Scheme includes eval, as well as a symbol
+
+user-initial-environment that is bound to the initial environment in which the user’s input
+expressions are evaluated.
+23 Although we stipulated that halts? is given a procedure object, notice that this reasoning still
+
+applies even if halts? can gain access to the procedure’s text and its environment. This is Turing’s
+celebrated Halting Theorem, which gave the first clear example of a non-computable problem, i.e., a
+well-posed task that cannot be carried out as a computational procedure.
+24 Wanting programs to not depend on this evaluation mechanism is the reason for the ‘‘management
+
+is not responsible’’ remark in footnote 28 of chapter 1. By insisting that internal definitions come first
+and do not use each other while the definitions are being evaluated, the IEEE standard for Scheme
+leaves implementors some choice in the mechanism used to evaluate these definitions. The choice of
+one evaluation rule rather than another here may seem like a small issue, affecting only the
+interpretation of ‘‘badly formed’’ programs. However, we will see in section 5.5.6 that moving to a
+model of simultaneous scoping for internal definitions avoids some nasty difficulties that would
+otherwise arise in implementing a compiler.
+25 The IEEE standard for Scheme allows for different implementation strategies by specifying that it
+
+is up to the programmer to obey this restriction, not up to the implementation to enforce it. Some
+Scheme implementations, including MIT Scheme, use the transformation shown above. Thus, some
+programs that don’t obey this restriction will in fact run in such implementations.
+26 The MIT implementors of Scheme support Alyssa on the following grounds: Eva is in principle
+
+correct -- the definitions should be regarded as simultaneous. But it seems difficult to implement a
+general, efficient mechanism that does what Eva requires. In the absence of such a mechanism, it is
+better to generate an error in the difficult cases of simultaneous definitions (Alyssa’s notion) than to
+produce an incorrect answer (as Ben would have it).
+27 This example illustrates a programming trick for formulating recursive procedures without using
+
+define. The most general trick of this sort is the Y operator, which can be used to give a ‘‘pure
+-calculus’’ implementation of recursion. (See Stoy 1977 for details on the lambda calculus, and
+Gabriel 1988 for an exposition of the Y operator in Scheme.)
+28 This technique is an integral part of the compilation process, which we shall discuss in chapter 5.
+
+Jonathan Rees wrote a Scheme interpreter like this in about 1982 for the T project (Rees and Adams
+1982). Marc Feeley (1986) (see also Feeley and Lapalme 1987) independently invented this technique
+in his master’s thesis.
+
+\f29 There is, however, an important part of the variable search that can be done as part of the syntactic
+
+analysis. As we will show in section 5.5.6, one can determine the position in the environment structure
+where the value of the variable will be found, thus obviating the need to scan the environment for the
+entry that matches the variable.
+30 See exercise 4.23 for some insight into the processing of sequences.
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+4.2 Variations on a Scheme -- Lazy Evaluation
+Now that we have an evaluator expressed as a Lisp program, we can experiment with alternative
+choices in language design simply by modifying the evaluator. Indeed, new languages are often
+invented by first writing an evaluator that embeds the new language within an existing high-level
+language. For example, if we wish to discuss some aspect of a proposed modification to Lisp with
+another member of the Lisp community, we can supply an evaluator that embodies the change. The
+recipient can then experiment with the new evaluator and send back comments as further
+modifications. Not only does the high-level implementation base make it easier to test and debug the
+evaluator; in addition, the embedding enables the designer to snarf 31 features from the underlying
+language, just as our embedded Lisp evaluator uses primitives and control structure from the
+underlying Lisp. Only later (if ever) need the designer go to the trouble of building a complete
+implementation in a low-level language or in hardware. In this section and the next we explore some
+variations on Scheme that provide significant additional expressive power.
+
+4.2.1 Normal Order and Applicative Order
+In section 1.1, where we began our discussion of models of evaluation, we noted that Scheme is an
+applicative-order language, namely, that all the arguments to Scheme procedures are evaluated when
+the procedure is applied. In contrast, normal-order languages delay evaluation of procedure arguments
+until the actual argument values are needed. Delaying evaluation of procedure arguments until the last
+possible moment (e.g., until they are required by a primitive operation) is called lazy evaluation. 32
+Consider the procedure
+(define (try a b)
+(if (= a 0) 1 b))
+Evaluating (try 0 (/ 1 0)) generates an error in Scheme. With lazy evaluation, there would be
+no error. Evaluating the expression would return 1, because the argument (/ 1 0) would never be
+evaluated.
+An example that exploits lazy evaluation is the definition of a procedure unless
+(define (unless condition usual-value exceptional-value)
+(if condition exceptional-value usual-value))
+that can be used in expressions such as
+(unless (= b 0)
+(/ a b)
+(begin (display "exception: returning 0")
+0))
+This won’t work in an applicative-order language because both the usual value and the exceptional
+value will be evaluated before unless is called (compare exercise 1.6). An advantage of lazy
+evaluation is that some procedures, such as unless, can do useful computation even if evaluation of
+some of their arguments would produce errors or would not terminate.
+
+\fIf the body of a procedure is entered before an argument has been evaluated we say that the procedure
+is non-strict in that argument. If the argument is evaluated before the body of the procedure is entered
+we say that the procedure is strict in that argument. 33 In a purely applicative-order language, all
+procedures are strict in each argument. In a purely normal-order language, all compound procedures
+are non-strict in each argument, and primitive procedures may be either strict or non-strict. There are
+also languages (see exercise 4.31) that give programmers detailed control over the strictness of the
+procedures they define.
+A striking example of a procedure that can usefully be made non-strict is cons (or, in general, almost
+any constructor for data structures). One can do useful computation, combining elements to form data
+structures and operating on the resulting data structures, even if the values of the elements are not
+known. It makes perfect sense, for instance, to compute the length of a list without knowing the values
+of the individual elements in the list. We will exploit this idea in section 4.2.3 to implement the
+streams of chapter 3 as lists formed of non-strict cons pairs.
+Exercise 4.25. Suppose that (in ordinary applicative-order Scheme) we define unless as shown
+above and then define factorial in terms of unless as
+(define (factorial n)
+(unless (= n 1)
+(* n (factorial (- n 1)))
+1))
+What happens if we attempt to evaluate (factorial 5)? Will our definitions work in a
+normal-order language?
+Exercise 4.26. Ben Bitdiddle and Alyssa P. Hacker disagree over the importance of lazy evaluation
+for implementing things such as unless. Ben points out that it’s possible to implement unless in
+applicative order as a special form. Alyssa counters that, if one did that, unless would be merely
+syntax, not a procedure that could be used in conjunction with higher-order procedures. Fill in the
+details on both sides of the argument. Show how to implement unless as a derived expression (like
+cond or let), and give an example of a situation where it might be useful to have unless available
+as a procedure, rather than as a special form.
+
+4.2.2 An Interpreter with Lazy Evaluation
+In this section we will implement a normal-order language that is the same as Scheme except that
+compound procedures are non-strict in each argument. Primitive procedures will still be strict. It is not
+difficult to modify the evaluator of section 4.1.1 so that the language it interprets behaves this way.
+Almost all the required changes center around procedure application.
+The basic idea is that, when applying a procedure, the interpreter must determine which arguments are
+to be evaluated and which are to be delayed. The delayed arguments are not evaluated; instead, they
+are transformed into objects called thunks. 34 The thunk must contain the information required to
+produce the value of the argument when it is needed, as if it had been evaluated at the time of the
+application. Thus, the thunk must contain the argument expression and the environment in which the
+procedure application is being evaluated.
+The process of evaluating the expression in a thunk is called forcing. 35 In general, a thunk will be
+forced only when its value is needed: when it is passed to a primitive procedure that will use the value
+of the thunk; when it is the value of a predicate of a conditional; and when it is the value of an operator
+
+\fthat is about to be applied as a procedure. One design choice we have available is whether or not to
+memoize thunks, as we did with delayed objects in section 3.5.1. With memoization, the first time a
+thunk is forced, it stores the value that is computed. Subsequent forcings simply return the stored value
+without repeating the computation. We’ll make our interpreter memoize, because this is more efficient
+for many applications. There are tricky considerations here, however. 36
+
+Modifying the evaluator
+The main difference between the lazy evaluator and the one in section 4.1 is in the handling of
+procedure applications in eval and apply.
+The application? clause of eval becomes
+((application? exp)
+(apply (actual-value (operator exp) env)
+(operands exp)
+env))
+This is almost the same as the application? clause of eval in section 4.1.1. For lazy evaluation,
+however, we call apply with the operand expressions, rather than the arguments produced by
+evaluating them. Since we will need the environment to construct thunks if the arguments are to be
+delayed, we must pass this as well. We still evaluate the operator, because apply needs the actual
+procedure to be applied in order to dispatch on its type (primitive versus compound) and apply it.
+Whenever we need the actual value of an expression, we use
+(define (actual-value exp env)
+(force-it (eval exp env)))
+instead of just eval, so that if the expression’s value is a thunk, it will be forced.
+Our new version of apply is also almost the same as the version in section 4.1.1. The difference is
+that eval has passed in unevaluated operand expressions: For primitive procedures (which are strict),
+we evaluate all the arguments before applying the primitive; for compound procedures (which are
+non-strict) we delay all the arguments before applying the procedure.
+(define (apply procedure arguments env)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
+(apply-primitive-procedure
+procedure
+(list-of-arg-values arguments env))) ; changed
+((compound-procedure? procedure)
+(eval-sequence
+(procedure-body procedure)
+(extend-environment
+(procedure-parameters procedure)
+(list-of-delayed-args arguments env) ; changed
+(procedure-environment procedure))))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
+
+\fThe procedures that process the arguments are just like list-of-values from section 4.1.1,
+except that list-of-delayed-args delays the arguments instead of evaluating them, and
+list-of-arg-values uses actual-value instead of eval:
+(define (list-of-arg-values exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (actual-value (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-arg-values (rest-operands exps)
+env))))
+(define (list-of-delayed-args exps env)
+(if (no-operands? exps)
+’()
+(cons (delay-it (first-operand exps) env)
+(list-of-delayed-args (rest-operands exps)
+env))))
+The other place we must change the evaluator is in the handling of if, where we must use
+actual-value instead of eval to get the value of the predicate expression before testing whether
+it is true or false:
+(define (eval-if exp env)
+(if (true? (actual-value (if-predicate exp) env))
+(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
+(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
+Finally, we must change the driver-loop procedure (section 4.1.4) to use actual-value
+instead of eval, so that if a delayed value is propagated back to the read-eval-print loop, it will be
+forced before being printed. We also change the prompts to indicate that this is the lazy evaluator:
+(define input-prompt ";;; L-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; L-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(let ((output
+(actual-value input the-global-environment)))
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print output)))
+(driver-loop))
+With these changes made, we can start the evaluator and test it. The successful evaluation of the try
+expression discussed in section 4.2.1 indicates that the interpreter is performing lazy evaluation:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(driver-loop)
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(define (try a b)
+(if (= a 0) 1 b))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; L-Eval input:
+
+\f(try 0 (/ 1 0))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+1
+
+Representing thunks
+Our evaluator must arrange to create thunks when procedures are applied to arguments and to force
+these thunks later. A thunk must package an expression together with the environment, so that the
+argument can be produced later. To force the thunk, we simply extract the expression and environment
+from the thunk and evaluate the expression in the environment. We use actual-value rather than
+eval so that in case the value of the expression is itself a thunk, we will force that, and so on, until we
+reach something that is not a thunk:
+(define (force-it obj)
+(if (thunk? obj)
+(actual-value (thunk-exp obj) (thunk-env obj))
+obj))
+One easy way to package an expression with an environment is to make a list containing the
+expression and the environment. Thus, we create a thunk as follows:
+(define (delay-it exp env)
+(list ’thunk exp env))
+(define (thunk? obj)
+(tagged-list? obj ’thunk))
+(define (thunk-exp thunk) (cadr thunk))
+(define (thunk-env thunk) (caddr thunk))
+Actually, what we want for our interpreter is not quite this, but rather thunks that have been memoized.
+When a thunk is forced, we will turn it into an evaluated thunk by replacing the stored expression with
+its value and changing the thunk tag so that it can be recognized as already evaluated. 37
+(define (evaluated-thunk? obj)
+(tagged-list? obj ’evaluated-thunk))
+(define (thunk-value evaluated-thunk) (cadr evaluated-thunk))
+(define (force-it obj)
+(cond ((thunk? obj)
+(let ((result (actual-value
+(thunk-exp obj)
+(thunk-env obj))))
+(set-car! obj ’evaluated-thunk)
+(set-car! (cdr obj) result) ; replace exp with its value
+(set-cdr! (cdr obj) ’())
+; forget unneeded env
+result))
+((evaluated-thunk? obj)
+(thunk-value obj))
+(else obj)))
+Notice that the same delay-it procedure works both with and without memoization.
+
+\fExercise 4.27. Suppose we type in the following definitions to the lazy evaluator:
+(define count 0)
+(define (id x)
+(set! count (+ count 1))
+x)
+Give the missing values in the following sequence of interactions, and explain your answers. 38
+(define w (id (id 10)))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+w
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+Exercise 4.28. Eval uses actual-value rather than eval to evaluate the operator before passing
+it to apply, in order to force the value of the operator. Give an example that demonstrates the need
+for this forcing.
+Exercise 4.29. Exhibit a program that you would expect to run much more slowly without
+memoization than with memoization. Also, consider the following interaction, where the id procedure
+is defined as in exercise 4.27 and count starts at 0:
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(square (id 10))
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+;;; L-Eval input:
+count
+;;; L-Eval value:
+<response>
+Give the responses both when the evaluator memoizes and when it does not.
+Exercise 4.30. Cy D. Fect, a reformed C programmer, is worried that some side effects may never
+take place, because the lazy evaluator doesn’t force the expressions in a sequence. Since the value of
+an expression in a sequence other than the last one is not used (the expression is there only for its
+effect, such as assigning to a variable or printing), there can be no subsequent use of this value (e.g., as
+an argument to a primitive procedure) that will cause it to be forced. Cy thus thinks that when
+evaluating sequences, we must force all expressions in the sequence except the final one. He proposes
+to modify eval-sequence from section 4.1.1 to use actual-value rather than eval:
+
+\f(define (eval-sequence exps env)
+(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
+(else (actual-value (first-exp exps) env)
+(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
+a. Ben Bitdiddle thinks Cy is wrong. He shows Cy the for-each procedure described in
+exercise 2.23, which gives an important example of a sequence with side effects:
+(define (for-each proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+’done
+(begin (proc (car items))
+(for-each proc (cdr items)))))
+He claims that the evaluator in the text (with the original eval-sequence) handles this correctly:
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(for-each (lambda (x) (newline) (display x))
+(list 57 321 88))
+57
+321
+88
+;;; L-Eval value:
+done
+Explain why Ben is right about the behavior of for-each.
+b. Cy agrees that Ben is right about the for-each example, but says that that’s not the kind of
+program he was thinking about when he proposed his change to eval-sequence. He defines the
+following two procedures in the lazy evaluator:
+(define (p1 x)
+(set! x (cons x ’(2)))
+x)
+(define (p2 x)
+(define (p e)
+e
+x)
+(p (set! x (cons x ’(2)))))
+What are the values of (p1 1) and (p2 1) with the original eval-sequence? What would the
+values be with Cy’s proposed change to eval-sequence?
+c. Cy also points out that changing eval-sequence as he proposes does not affect the behavior of
+the example in part a. Explain why this is true.
+d. How do you think sequences ought to be treated in the lazy evaluator? Do you like Cy’s approach,
+the approach in the text, or some other approach?
+Exercise 4.31. The approach taken in this section is somewhat unpleasant, because it makes an
+incompatible change to Scheme. It might be nicer to implement lazy evaluation as an
+upward-compatible extension, that is, so that ordinary Scheme programs will work as before. We can
+
+\fdo this by extending the syntax of procedure declarations to let the user control whether or not
+arguments are to be delayed. While we’re at it, we may as well also give the user the choice between
+delaying with and without memoization. For example, the definition
+(define (f a (b lazy) c (d lazy-memo))
+...)
+would define f to be a procedure of four arguments, where the first and third arguments are evaluated
+when the procedure is called, the second argument is delayed, and the fourth argument is both delayed
+and memoized. Thus, ordinary procedure definitions will produce the same behavior as ordinary
+Scheme, while adding the lazy-memo declaration to each parameter of every compound procedure
+will produce the behavior of the lazy evaluator defined in this section. Design and implement the
+changes required to produce such an extension to Scheme. You will have to implement new syntax
+procedures to handle the new syntax for define. You must also arrange for eval or apply to
+determine when arguments are to be delayed, and to force or delay arguments accordingly, and you
+must arrange for forcing to memoize or not, as appropriate.
+
+4.2.3 Streams as Lazy Lists
+In section 3.5.1, we showed how to implement streams as delayed lists. We introduced special forms
+delay and cons-stream, which allowed us to construct a ‘‘promise’’ to compute the cdr of a
+stream, without actually fulfilling that promise until later. We could use this general technique of
+introducing special forms whenever we need more control over the evaluation process, but this is
+awkward. For one thing, a special form is not a first-class object like a procedure, so we cannot use it
+together with higher-order procedures. 39 Additionally, we were forced to create streams as a new kind
+of data object similar but not identical to lists, and this required us to reimplement many ordinary list
+operations (map, append, and so on) for use with streams.
+With lazy evaluation, streams and lists can be identical, so there is no need for special forms or for
+separate list and stream operations. All we need to do is to arrange matters so that cons is non-strict.
+One way to accomplish this is to extend the lazy evaluator to allow for non-strict primitives, and to
+implement cons as one of these. An easier way is to recall (section 2.1.3) that there is no fundamental
+need to implement cons as a primitive at all. Instead, we can represent pairs as procedures: 40
+(define (cons x y)
+(lambda (m) (m x y)))
+(define (car z)
+(z (lambda (p q) p)))
+(define (cdr z)
+(z (lambda (p q) q)))
+In terms of these basic operations, the standard definitions of the list operations will work with infinite
+lists (streams) as well as finite ones, and the stream operations can be implemented as list operations.
+Here are some examples:
+(define (list-ref items n)
+(if (= n 0)
+(car items)
+(list-ref (cdr items) (- n 1))))
+(define (map proc items)
+(if (null? items)
+
+\f’()
+(cons (proc (car items))
+(map proc (cdr items)))))
+(define (scale-list items factor)
+(map (lambda (x) (* x factor))
+items))
+(define (add-lists list1 list2)
+(cond ((null? list1) list2)
+((null? list2) list1)
+(else (cons (+ (car list1) (car list2))
+(add-lists (cdr list1) (cdr list2))))))
+(define ones (cons 1 ones))
+(define integers (cons 1 (add-lists ones integers)))
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(list-ref integers 17)
+;;; L-Eval value:
+18
+Note that these lazy lists are even lazier than the streams of chapter 3: The car of the list, as well as
+the cdr, is delayed. 41 In fact, even accessing the car or cdr of a lazy pair need not force the value
+of a list element. The value will be forced only when it is really needed -- e.g., for use as the argument
+of a primitive, or to be printed as an answer.
+Lazy pairs also help with the problem that arose with streams in section 3.5.4, where we found that
+formulating stream models of systems with loops may require us to sprinkle our programs with
+explicit delay operations, beyond the ones supplied by cons-stream. With lazy evaluation, all
+arguments to procedures are delayed uniformly. For instance, we can implement procedures to
+integrate lists and solve differential equations as we originally intended in section 3.5.4:
+(define (integral integrand initial-value dt)
+(define int
+(cons initial-value
+(add-lists (scale-list integrand dt)
+int)))
+int)
+(define (solve f y0 dt)
+(define y (integral dy y0 dt))
+(define dy (map f y))
+y)
+;;; L-Eval input:
+(list-ref (solve (lambda (x) x) 1 0.001) 1000)
+;;; L-Eval value:
+2.716924
+Exercise 4.32. Give some examples that illustrate the difference between the streams of chapter 3 and
+the ‘‘lazier’’ lazy lists described in this section. How can you take advantage of this extra laziness?
+Exercise 4.33. Ben Bitdiddle tests the lazy list implementation given above by evaluating the
+expression
+
+\f(car ’(a b c))
+To his surprise, this produces an error. After some thought, he realizes that the ‘‘lists’’ obtained by
+reading in quoted expressions are different from the lists manipulated by the new definitions of cons,
+car, and cdr. Modify the evaluator’s treatment of quoted expressions so that quoted lists typed at the
+driver loop will produce true lazy lists.
+Exercise 4.34. Modify the driver loop for the evaluator so that lazy pairs and lists will print in some
+reasonable way. (What are you going to do about infinite lists?) You may also need to modify the
+representation of lazy pairs so that the evaluator can identify them in order to print them.
+31 Snarf: ‘‘To grab, especially a large document or file for the purpose of using it either with or
+
+without the owner’s permission.’’ Snarf down: ‘‘To snarf, sometimes with the connotation of
+absorbing, processing, or understanding.’’ (These definitions were snarfed from Steele et al. 1983. See
+also Raymond 1993.)
+32 The difference between the ‘‘lazy’’ terminology and the ‘‘normal-order’’ terminology is somewhat
+
+fuzzy. Generally, ‘‘lazy’’ refers to the mechanisms of particular evaluators, while ‘‘normal-order’’
+refers to the semantics of languages, independent of any particular evaluation strategy. But this is not a
+hard-and-fast distinction, and the two terminologies are often used interchangeably.
+33 The ‘‘strict’’ versus ‘‘non-strict’’ terminology means essentially the same thing as
+
+‘‘applicative-order’’ versus ‘‘normal-order,’’ except that it refers to individual procedures and
+arguments rather than to the language as a whole. At a conference on programming languages you
+might hear someone say, ‘‘The normal-order language Hassle has certain strict primitives. Other
+procedures take their arguments by lazy evaluation.’’
+34 The word thunk was invented by an informal working group that was discussing the
+
+implementation of call-by-name in Algol 60. They observed that most of the analysis of (‘‘thinking
+about’’) the expression could be done at compile time; thus, at run time, the expression would already
+have been ‘‘thunk’’ about (Ingerman et al. 1960).
+35 This is analogous to the use of force on the delayed objects that were introduced in chapter 3 to
+
+represent streams. The critical difference between what we are doing here and what we did in
+chapter 3 is that we are building delaying and forcing into the evaluator, and thus making this uniform
+and automatic throughout the language.
+36 Lazy evaluation combined with memoization is sometimes referred to as call-by-need argument
+
+passing, in contrast to call-by-name argument passing. (Call-by-name, introduced in Algol 60, is
+similar to non-memoized lazy evaluation.) As language designers, we can build our evaluator to
+memoize, not to memoize, or leave this an option for programmers (exercise 4.31). As you might
+expect from chapter 3, these choices raise issues that become both subtle and confusing in the presence
+of assignments. (See exercises 4.27 and 4.29.) An excellent article by Clinger (1982) attempts to
+clarify the multiple dimensions of confusion that arise here.
+37 Notice that we also erase the env from the thunk once the expression’s value has been computed.
+
+This makes no difference in the values returned by the interpreter. It does help save space, however,
+because removing the reference from the thunk to the env once it is no longer needed allows this
+structure to be garbage-collected and its space recycled, as we will discuss in section 5.3.
+
+\fSimilarly, we could have allowed unneeded environments in the memoized delayed objects of
+section 3.5.1 to be garbage-collected, by having memo-proc do something like (set! proc
+’()) to discard the procedure proc (which includes the environment in which the delay was
+evaluated) after storing its value.
+38 This exercise demonstrates that the interaction between lazy evaluation and side effects can be very
+
+confusing. This is just what you might expect from the discussion in chapter 3.
+39 This is precisely the issue with the unless procedure, as in exercise 4.26.
+40 This is the procedural representation described in exercise 2.4. Essentially any procedural
+
+representation (e.g., a message-passing implementation) would do as well. Notice that we can install
+these definitions in the lazy evaluator simply by typing them at the driver loop. If we had originally
+included cons, car, and cdr as primitives in the global environment, they will be redefined. (Also
+see exercises 4.33 and 4.34.)
+41 This permits us to create delayed versions of more general kinds of list structures, not just
+
+sequences. Hughes 1990 discusses some applications of ‘‘lazy trees.’’
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+4.3 Variations on a Scheme -- Nondeterministic Computing
+In this section, we extend the Scheme evaluator to support a programming paradigm called
+nondeterministic computing by building into the evaluator a facility to support automatic search. This
+is a much more profound change to the language than the introduction of lazy evaluation in
+section 4.2.
+Nondeterministic computing, like stream processing, is useful for ‘‘generate and test’’ applications.
+Consider the task of starting with two lists of positive integers and finding a pair of integers -- one
+from the first list and one from the second list -- whose sum is prime. We saw how to handle this with
+finite sequence operations in section 2.2.3 and with infinite streams in section 3.5.3. Our approach was
+to generate the sequence of all possible pairs and filter these to select the pairs whose sum is prime.
+Whether we actually generate the entire sequence of pairs first as in chapter 2, or interleave the
+generating and filtering as in chapter 3, is immaterial to the essential image of how the computation is
+organized.
+The nondeterministic approach evokes a different image. Imagine simply that we choose (in some
+way) a number from the first list and a number from the second list and require (using some
+mechanism) that their sum be prime. This is expressed by following procedure:
+(define (prime-sum-pair list1 list2)
+(let ((a (an-element-of list1))
+(b (an-element-of list2)))
+(require (prime? (+ a b)))
+(list a b)))
+It might seem as if this procedure merely restates the problem, rather than specifying a way to solve it.
+Nevertheless, this is a legitimate nondeterministic program. 42
+The key idea here is that expressions in a nondeterministic language can have more than one possible
+value. For instance, an-element-of might return any element of the given list. Our
+nondeterministic program evaluator will work by automatically choosing a possible value and keeping
+track of the choice. If a subsequent requirement is not met, the evaluator will try a different choice,
+and it will keep trying new choices until the evaluation succeeds, or until we run out of choices. Just as
+the lazy evaluator freed the programmer from the details of how values are delayed and forced, the
+nondeterministic program evaluator will free the programmer from the details of how choices are
+made.
+It is instructive to contrast the different images of time evoked by nondeterministic evaluation and
+stream processing. Stream processing uses lazy evaluation to decouple the time when the stream of
+possible answers is assembled from the time when the actual stream elements are produced. The
+evaluator supports the illusion that all the possible answers are laid out before us in a timeless
+sequence. With nondeterministic evaluation, an expression represents the exploration of a set of
+possible worlds, each determined by a set of choices. Some of the possible worlds lead to dead ends,
+while others have useful values. The nondeterministic program evaluator supports the illusion that
+time branches, and that our programs have different possible execution histories. When we reach a
+dead end, we can revisit a previous choice point and proceed along a different branch.
+
+\fThe nondeterministic program evaluator implemented below is called the amb evaluator because it is
+based on a new special form called amb. We can type the above definition of prime-sum-pair at
+the amb evaluator driver loop (along with definitions of prime?, an-element-of, and require)
+and run the procedure as follows:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 20)
+The value returned was obtained after the evaluator repeatedly chose elements from each of the lists,
+until a successful choice was made.
+Section 4.3.1 introduces amb and explains how it supports nondeterminism through the evaluator’s
+automatic search mechanism. Section 4.3.2 presents examples of nondeterministic programs, and
+section 4.3.3 gives the details of how to implement the amb evaluator by modifying the ordinary
+Scheme evaluator.
+
+4.3.1 Amb and Search
+To extend Scheme to support nondeterminism, we introduce a new special form called amb. 43 The
+expression (amb <e 1 > <e 2 > ... <e n >) returns the value of one of the n expressions <e i >
+‘‘ambiguously.’’ For example, the expression
+(list (amb 1 2 3) (amb ’a ’b))
+can have six possible values:
+(1 a)
+
+(1 b)
+
+(2 a)
+
+(2 b)
+
+(3 a)
+
+(3 b)
+
+Amb with a single choice produces an ordinary (single) value.
+Amb with no choices -- the expression (amb) -- is an expression with no acceptable values.
+Operationally, we can think of (amb) as an expression that when evaluated causes the computation to
+‘‘fail’’: The computation aborts and no value is produced. Using this idea, we can express the
+requirement that a particular predicate expression p must be true as follows:
+(define (require p)
+(if (not p) (amb)))
+With amb and require, we can implement the an-element-of procedure used above:
+(define (an-element-of items)
+(require (not (null? items)))
+(amb (car items) (an-element-of (cdr items))))
+An-element-of fails if the list is empty. Otherwise it ambiguously returns either the first element
+of the list or an element chosen from the rest of the list.
+
+\fWe can also express infinite ranges of choices. The following procedure potentially returns any integer
+greater than or equal to some given n:
+(define (an-integer-starting-from n)
+(amb n (an-integer-starting-from (+ n 1))))
+This is like the stream procedure integers-starting-from described in section 3.5.2, but with
+an important difference: The stream procedure returns an object that represents the sequence of all
+integers beginning with n, whereas the amb procedure returns a single integer. 44
+Abstractly, we can imagine that evaluating an amb expression causes time to split into branches,
+where the computation continues on each branch with one of the possible values of the expression. We
+say that amb represents a nondeterministic choice point. If we had a machine with a sufficient number
+of processors that could be dynamically allocated, we could implement the search in a straightforward
+way. Execution would proceed as in a sequential machine, until an amb expression is encountered. At
+this point, more processors would be allocated and initialized to continue all of the parallel executions
+implied by the choice. Each processor would proceed sequentially as if it were the only choice, until it
+either terminates by encountering a failure, or it further subdivides, or it finishes. 45
+On the other hand, if we have a machine that can execute only one process (or a few concurrent
+processes), we must consider the alternatives sequentially. One could imagine modifying an evaluator
+to pick at random a branch to follow whenever it encounters a choice point. Random choice, however,
+can easily lead to failing values. We might try running the evaluator over and over, making random
+choices and hoping to find a non-failing value, but it is better to systematically search all possible
+execution paths. The amb evaluator that we will develop and work with in this section implements a
+systematic search as follows: When the evaluator encounters an application of amb, it initially selects
+the first alternative. This selection may itself lead to a further choice. The evaluator will always
+initially choose the first alternative at each choice point. If a choice results in a failure, then the
+evaluator automagically 46 backtracks to the most recent choice point and tries the next alternative. If
+it runs out of alternatives at any choice point, the evaluator will back up to the previous choice point
+and resume from there. This process leads to a search strategy known as depth-first search or
+chronological backtracking. 47
+
+Driver loop
+The driver loop for the amb evaluator has some unusual properties. It reads an expression and prints
+the value of the first non-failing execution, as in the prime-sum-pair example shown above. If we
+want to see the value of the next successful execution, we can ask the interpreter to backtrack and
+attempt to generate a second non-failing execution. This is signaled by typing the symbol
+try-again. If any expression except try-again is given, the interpreter will start a new problem,
+discarding the unexplored alternatives in the previous problem. Here is a sample interaction:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 20)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(3 110)
+
+\f;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(8 35)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; There are no more values of
+(prime-sum-pair (quote (1 3 5 8)) (quote (20 35 110)))
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(prime-sum-pair ’(19 27 30) ’(11 36 58))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(30 11)
+Exercise 4.35. Write a procedure an-integer-between that returns an integer between two
+given bounds. This can be used to implement a procedure that finds Pythagorean triples, i.e., triples of
+integers (i,j,k) between the given bounds such that i < j and i 2 + j 2 = k 2 , as follows:
+(define (a-pythagorean-triple-between low high)
+(let ((i (an-integer-between low high)))
+(let ((j (an-integer-between i high)))
+(let ((k (an-integer-between j high)))
+(require (= (+ (* i i) (* j j)) (* k k)))
+(list i j k)))))
+Exercise 4.36. Exercise 3.69 discussed how to generate the stream of all Pythagorean triples, with no
+upper bound on the size of the integers to be searched. Explain why simply replacing
+an-integer-between by an-integer-starting-from in the procedure in exercise 4.35 is
+not an adequate way to generate arbitrary Pythagorean triples. Write a procedure that actually will
+accomplish this. (That is, write a procedure for which repeatedly typing try-again would in
+principle eventually generate all Pythagorean triples.)
+Exercise 4.37. Ben Bitdiddle claims that the following method for generating Pythagorean triples is
+more efficient than the one in exercise 4.35. Is he correct? (Hint: Consider the number of possibilities
+that must be explored.)
+(define (a-pythagorean-triple-between low high)
+(let ((i (an-integer-between low high))
+(hsq (* high high)))
+(let ((j (an-integer-between i high)))
+(let ((ksq (+ (* i i) (* j j))))
+(require (>= hsq ksq))
+(let ((k (sqrt ksq)))
+(require (integer? k))
+(list i j k))))))
+
+4.3.2 Examples of Nondeterministic Programs
+Section 4.3.3 describes the implementation of the amb evaluator. First, however, we give some
+examples of how it can be used. The advantage of nondeterministic programming is that we can
+suppress the details of how search is carried out, thereby expressing our programs at a higher level of
+
+\fabstraction.
+
+Logic Puzzles
+The following puzzle (taken from Dinesman 1968) is typical of a large class of simple logic puzzles:
+Baker, Cooper, Fletcher, Miller, and Smith live on different floors of an apartment house that
+contains only five floors. Baker does not live on the top floor. Cooper does not live on the bottom
+floor. Fletcher does not live on either the top or the bottom floor. Miller lives on a higher floor
+than does Cooper. Smith does not live on a floor adjacent to Fletcher’s. Fletcher does not live on
+a floor adjacent to Cooper’s. Where does everyone live?
+We can determine who lives on each floor in a straightforward way by enumerating all the possibilities
+and imposing the given restrictions: 48
+(define (multiple-dwelling)
+(let ((baker (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(cooper (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(fletcher (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(miller (amb 1 2 3 4 5))
+(smith (amb 1 2 3 4 5)))
+(require
+(distinct? (list baker cooper fletcher miller smith)))
+(require (not (= baker 5)))
+(require (not (= cooper 1)))
+(require (not (= fletcher 5)))
+(require (not (= fletcher 1)))
+(require (> miller cooper))
+(require (not (= (abs (- smith fletcher)) 1)))
+(require (not (= (abs (- fletcher cooper)) 1)))
+(list (list ’baker baker)
+(list ’cooper cooper)
+(list ’fletcher fletcher)
+(list ’miller miller)
+(list ’smith smith))))
+Evaluating the expression (multiple-dwelling) produces the result
+((baker 3) (cooper 2) (fletcher 4) (miller 5) (smith 1))
+Although this simple procedure works, it is very slow. Exercises 4.39 and 4.40 discuss some possible
+improvements.
+Exercise 4.38. Modify the multiple-dwelling procedure to omit the requirement that Smith and
+Fletcher do not live on adjacent floors. How many solutions are there to this modified puzzle?
+Exercise 4.39. Does the order of the restrictions in the multiple-dwelling procedure affect the answer?
+Does it affect the time to find an answer? If you think it matters, demonstrate a faster program
+obtained from the given one by reordering the restrictions. If you think it does not matter, argue your
+case.
+
+\fExercise 4.40. In the multiple dwelling problem, how many sets of assignments are there of people to
+floors, both before and after the requirement that floor assignments be distinct? It is very inefficient to
+generate all possible assignments of people to floors and then leave it to backtracking to eliminate
+them. For example, most of the restrictions depend on only one or two of the person-floor variables,
+and can thus be imposed before floors have been selected for all the people. Write and demonstrate a
+much more efficient nondeterministic procedure that solves this problem based upon generating only
+those possibilities that are not already ruled out by previous restrictions. (Hint: This will require a nest
+of let expressions.)
+Exercise 4.41. Write an ordinary Scheme program to solve the multiple dwelling puzzle.
+Exercise 4.42. Solve the following ‘‘Liars’’ puzzle (from Phillips 1934):
+Five schoolgirls sat for an examination. Their parents -- so they thought -- showed an undue
+degree of interest in the result. They therefore agreed that, in writing home about the examination,
+each girl should make one true statement and one untrue one. The following are the relevant
+passages from their letters:
+Betty: ‘‘Kitty was second in the examination. I was only third.’’
+Ethel: ‘‘You’ll be glad to hear that I was on top. Joan was second.’’
+Joan: ‘‘I was third, and poor old Ethel was bottom.’’
+Kitty: ‘‘I came out second. Mary was only fourth.’’
+Mary: ‘‘I was fourth. Top place was taken by Betty.’’
+What in fact was the order in which the five girls were placed?
+Exercise 4.43. Use the amb evaluator to solve the following puzzle: 49
+Mary Ann Moore’s father has a yacht and so has each of his four friends: Colonel Downing, Mr.
+Hall, Sir Barnacle Hood, and Dr. Parker. Each of the five also has one daughter and each has
+named his yacht after a daughter of one of the others. Sir Barnacle’s yacht is the Gabrielle, Mr.
+Moore owns the Lorna; Mr. Hall the Rosalind. The Melissa, owned by Colonel Downing, is
+named after Sir Barnacle’s daughter. Gabrielle’s father owns the yacht that is named after Dr.
+Parker’s daughter. Who is Lorna’s father?
+Try to write the program so that it runs efficiently (see exercise 4.40). Also determine how many
+solutions there are if we are not told that Mary Ann’s last name is Moore.
+Exercise 4.44. Exercise 2.42 described the ‘‘eight-queens puzzle’’ of placing queens on a chessboard
+so that no two attack each other. Write a nondeterministic program to solve this puzzle.
+
+Parsing natural language
+Programs designed to accept natural language as input usually start by attempting to parse the input,
+that is, to match the input against some grammatical structure. For example, we might try to recognize
+simple sentences consisting of an article followed by a noun followed by a verb, such as ‘‘The cat
+eats.’’ To accomplish such an analysis, we must be able to identify the parts of speech of individual
+words. We could start with some lists that classify various words: 50
+(define nouns ’(noun student professor cat class))
+(define verbs ’(verb studies lectures eats sleeps))
+(define articles ’(article the a))
+
+\fWe also need a grammar, that is, a set of rules describing how grammatical elements are composed
+from simpler elements. A very simple grammar might stipulate that a sentence always consists of two
+pieces -- a noun phrase followed by a verb -- and that a noun phrase consists of an article followed by
+a noun. With this grammar, the sentence ‘‘The cat eats’’ is parsed as follows:
+(sentence (noun-phrase (article the) (noun cat))
+(verb eats))
+We can generate such a parse with a simple program that has separate procedures for each of the
+grammatical rules. To parse a sentence, we identify its two constituent pieces and return a list of these
+two elements, tagged with the symbol sentence:
+(define (parse-sentence)
+(list ’sentence
+(parse-noun-phrase)
+(parse-word verbs)))
+A noun phrase, similarly, is parsed by finding an article followed by a noun:
+(define (parse-noun-phrase)
+(list ’noun-phrase
+(parse-word articles)
+(parse-word nouns)))
+At the lowest level, parsing boils down to repeatedly checking that the next unparsed word is a
+member of the list of words for the required part of speech. To implement this, we maintain a global
+variable *unparsed*, which is the input that has not yet been parsed. Each time we check a word,
+we require that *unparsed* must be non-empty and that it should begin with a word from the
+designated list. If so, we remove that word from *unparsed* and return the word together with its
+part of speech (which is found at the head of the list): 51
+(define (parse-word word-list)
+(require (not (null? *unparsed*)))
+(require (memq (car *unparsed*) (cdr word-list)))
+(let ((found-word (car *unparsed*)))
+(set! *unparsed* (cdr *unparsed*))
+(list (car word-list) found-word)))
+To start the parsing, all we need to do is set *unparsed* to be the entire input, try to parse a
+sentence, and check that nothing is left over:
+(define *unparsed* ’())
+(define (parse input)
+(set! *unparsed* input)
+(let ((sent (parse-sentence)))
+(require (null? *unparsed*))
+sent))
+We can now try the parser and verify that it works for our simple test sentence:
+
+\f;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(parse ’(the cat eats))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(sentence (noun-phrase (article the) (noun cat)) (verb eats))
+The amb evaluator is useful here because it is convenient to express the parsing constraints with the
+aid of require. Automatic search and backtracking really pay off, however, when we consider more
+complex grammars where there are choices for how the units can be decomposed.
+Let’s add to our grammar a list of prepositions:
+(define prepositions ’(prep for to in by with))
+and define a prepositional phrase (e.g., ‘‘for the cat’’) to be a preposition followed by a noun phrase:
+(define (parse-prepositional-phrase)
+(list ’prep-phrase
+(parse-word prepositions)
+(parse-noun-phrase)))
+Now we can define a sentence to be a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase, where a verb phrase can
+be either a verb or a verb phrase extended by a prepositional phrase: 52
+(define (parse-sentence)
+(list ’sentence
+(parse-noun-phrase)
+(parse-verb-phrase)))
+(define (parse-verb-phrase)
+(define (maybe-extend verb-phrase)
+(amb verb-phrase
+(maybe-extend (list ’verb-phrase
+verb-phrase
+(parse-prepositional-phrase)))))
+(maybe-extend (parse-word verbs)))
+While we’re at it, we can also elaborate the definition of noun phrases to permit such things as ‘‘a cat
+in the class.’’ What we used to call a noun phrase, we’ll now call a simple noun phrase, and a noun
+phrase will now be either a simple noun phrase or a noun phrase extended by a prepositional phrase:
+(define (parse-simple-noun-phrase)
+(list ’simple-noun-phrase
+(parse-word articles)
+(parse-word nouns)))
+(define (parse-noun-phrase)
+(define (maybe-extend noun-phrase)
+(amb noun-phrase
+(maybe-extend (list ’noun-phrase
+noun-phrase
+(parse-prepositional-phrase)))))
+(maybe-extend (parse-simple-noun-phrase)))
+
+\fOur new grammar lets us parse more complex sentences. For example
+(parse ’(the student with the cat sleeps in the class))
+produces
+(sentence
+(noun-phrase
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun student))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat))))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb sleeps)
+(prep-phrase (prep in)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun class)))))
+Observe that a given input may have more than one legal parse. In the sentence ‘‘The professor
+lectures to the student with the cat,’’ it may be that the professor is lecturing with the cat, or that the
+student has the cat. Our nondeterministic program finds both possibilities:
+(parse ’(the professor lectures to the student with the cat))
+produces
+(sentence
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun professor))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb-phrase
+(verb lectures)
+(prep-phrase (prep to)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun student))))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat)))))
+Asking the evaluator to try again yields
+(sentence
+(simple-noun-phrase (article the) (noun professor))
+(verb-phrase
+(verb lectures)
+(prep-phrase (prep to)
+(noun-phrase
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun student))
+(prep-phrase (prep with)
+(simple-noun-phrase
+(article the) (noun cat)))))))
+
+\fExercise 4.45. With the grammar given above, the following sentence can be parsed in five different
+ways: ‘‘The professor lectures to the student in the class with the cat.’’ Give the five parses and
+explain the differences in shades of meaning among them.
+Exercise 4.46. The evaluators in sections 4.1 and 4.2 do not determine what order operands are
+evaluated in. We will see that the amb evaluator evaluates them from left to right. Explain why our
+parsing program wouldn’t work if the operands were evaluated in some other order.
+Exercise 4.47. Louis Reasoner suggests that, since a verb phrase is either a verb or a verb phrase
+followed by a prepositional phrase, it would be much more straightforward to define the procedure
+parse-verb-phrase as follows (and similarly for noun phrases):
+(define (parse-verb-phrase)
+(amb (parse-word verbs)
+(list ’verb-phrase
+(parse-verb-phrase)
+(parse-prepositional-phrase))))
+Does this work? Does the program’s behavior change if we interchange the order of expressions in the
+amb?
+Exercise 4.48. Extend the grammar given above to handle more complex sentences. For example, you
+could extend noun phrases and verb phrases to include adjectives and adverbs, or you could handle
+compound sentences. 53
+Exercise 4.49. Alyssa P. Hacker is more interested in generating interesting sentences than in parsing
+them. She reasons that by simply changing the procedure parse-word so that it ignores the ‘‘input
+sentence’’ and instead always succeeds and generates an appropriate word, we can use the programs
+we had built for parsing to do generation instead. Implement Alyssa’s idea, and show the first
+half-dozen or so sentences generated. 54
+
+4.3.3 Implementing the Amb Evaluator
+The evaluation of an ordinary Scheme expression may return a value, may never terminate, or may
+signal an error. In nondeterministic Scheme the evaluation of an expression may in addition result in
+the discovery of a dead end, in which case evaluation must backtrack to a previous choice point. The
+interpretation of nondeterministic Scheme is complicated by this extra case.
+We will construct the amb evaluator for nondeterministic Scheme by modifying the analyzing
+evaluator of section 4.1.7. 55 As in the analyzing evaluator, evaluation of an expression is
+accomplished by calling an execution procedure produced by analysis of that expression. The
+difference between the interpretation of ordinary Scheme and the interpretation of nondeterministic
+Scheme will be entirely in the execution procedures.
+
+Execution procedures and continuations
+Recall that the execution procedures for the ordinary evaluator take one argument: the environment of
+execution. In contrast, the execution procedures in the amb evaluator take three arguments: the
+environment, and two procedures called continuation procedures. The evaluation of an expression will
+finish by calling one of these two continuations: If the evaluation results in a value, the success
+continuation is called with that value; if the evaluation results in the discovery of a dead end, the
+failure continuation is called. Constructing and calling appropriate continuations is the mechanism by
+
+\fwhich the nondeterministic evaluator implements backtracking.
+It is the job of the success continuation to receive a value and proceed with the computation. Along
+with that value, the success continuation is passed another failure continuation, which is to be called
+subsequently if the use of that value leads to a dead end.
+It is the job of the failure continuation to try another branch of the nondeterministic process. The
+essence of the nondeterministic language is in the fact that expressions may represent choices among
+alternatives. The evaluation of such an expression must proceed with one of the indicated alternative
+choices, even though it is not known in advance which choices will lead to acceptable results. To deal
+with this, the evaluator picks one of the alternatives and passes this value to the success continuation.
+Together with this value, the evaluator constructs and passes along a failure continuation that can be
+called later to choose a different alternative.
+A failure is triggered during evaluation (that is, a failure continuation is called) when a user program
+explicitly rejects the current line of attack (for example, a call to require may result in execution of
+(amb), an expression that always fails -- see section 4.3.1). The failure continuation in hand at that
+point will cause the most recent choice point to choose another alternative. If there are no more
+alternatives to be considered at that choice point, a failure at an earlier choice point is triggered, and so
+on. Failure continuations are also invoked by the driver loop in response to a try-again request, to
+find another value of the expression.
+In addition, if a side-effect operation (such as assignment to a variable) occurs on a branch of the
+process resulting from a choice, it may be necessary, when the process finds a dead end, to undo the
+side effect before making a new choice. This is accomplished by having the side-effect operation
+produce a failure continuation that undoes the side effect and propagates the failure.
+In summary, failure continuations are constructed by
+amb expressions -- to provide a mechanism to make alternative choices if the current choice
+made by the amb expression leads to a dead end;
+the top-level driver -- to provide a mechanism to report failure when the choices are exhausted;
+assignments -- to intercept failures and undo assignments during backtracking.
+Failures are initiated only when a dead end is encountered. This occurs
+if the user program executes (amb);
+if the user types try-again at the top-level driver.
+Failure continuations are also called during processing of a failure:
+When the failure continuation created by an assignment finishes undoing a side effect, it calls the
+failure continuation it intercepted, in order to propagate the failure back to the choice point that
+led to this assignment or to the top level.
+When the failure continuation for an amb runs out of choices, it calls the failure continuation that
+was originally given to the amb, in order to propagate the failure back to the previous choice
+point or to the top level.
+
+\fStructure of the evaluator
+The syntax- and data-representation procedures for the amb evaluator, and also the basic analyze
+procedure, are identical to those in the evaluator of section 4.1.7, except for the fact that we need
+additional syntax procedures to recognize the amb special form: 56
+(define (amb? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’amb))
+(define (amb-choices exp) (cdr exp))
+We must also add to the dispatch in analyze a clause that will recognize this special form and
+generate an appropriate execution procedure:
+((amb? exp) (analyze-amb exp))
+The top-level procedure ambeval (similar to the version of eval given in section 4.1.7) analyzes the
+given expression and applies the resulting execution procedure to the given environment, together with
+two given continuations:
+(define (ambeval exp env succeed fail)
+((analyze exp) env succeed fail))
+A success continuation is a procedure of two arguments: the value just obtained and another failure
+continuation to be used if that value leads to a subsequent failure. A failure continuation is a procedure
+of no arguments. So the general form of an execution procedure is
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+;; succeed is (lambda (value fail) ...)
+;; fail is (lambda () ...)
+...)
+For example, executing
+(ambeval <exp>
+the-global-environment
+(lambda (value fail) value)
+(lambda () ’failed))
+will attempt to evaluate the given expression and will return either the expression’s value (if the
+evaluation succeeds) or the symbol failed (if the evaluation fails). The call to ambeval in the
+driver loop shown below uses much more complicated continuation procedures, which continue the
+loop and support the try-again request.
+Most of the complexity of the amb evaluator results from the mechanics of passing the continuations
+around as the execution procedures call each other. In going through the following code, you should
+compare each of the execution procedures with the corresponding procedure for the ordinary evaluator
+given in section 4.1.7.
+
+Simple expressions
+The execution procedures for the simplest kinds of expressions are essentially the same as those for the
+ordinary evaluator, except for the need to manage the continuations. The execution procedures simply
+succeed with the value of the expression, passing along the failure continuation that was passed to
+
+\fthem.
+(define (analyze-self-evaluating exp)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed exp fail)))
+(define (analyze-quoted exp)
+(let ((qval (text-of-quotation exp)))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed qval fail))))
+(define (analyze-variable exp)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed (lookup-variable-value exp env)
+fail)))
+(define (analyze-lambda exp)
+(let ((vars (lambda-parameters exp))
+(bproc (analyze-sequence (lambda-body exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(succeed (make-procedure vars bproc env)
+fail))))
+Notice that looking up a variable always ‘‘succeeds.’’ If lookup-variable-value fails to find
+the variable, it signals an error, as usual. Such a ‘‘failure’’ indicates a program bug -- a reference to an
+unbound variable; it is not an indication that we should try another nondeterministic choice instead of
+the one that is currently being tried.
+
+Conditionals and sequences
+Conditionals are also handled in a similar way as in the ordinary evaluator. The execution procedure
+generated by analyze-if invokes the predicate execution procedure pproc with a success
+continuation that checks whether the predicate value is true and goes on to execute either the
+consequent or the alternative. If the execution of pproc fails, the original failure continuation for the
+if expression is called.
+(define (analyze-if exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (if-predicate exp)))
+(cproc (analyze (if-consequent exp)))
+(aproc (analyze (if-alternative exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(pproc env
+;; success continuation for evaluating the predicate
+;; to obtain pred-value
+(lambda (pred-value fail2)
+(if (true? pred-value)
+(cproc env succeed fail2)
+(aproc env succeed fail2)))
+;; failure continuation for evaluating the predicate
+fail))))
+Sequences are also handled in the same way as in the previous evaluator, except for the machinations
+in the subprocedure sequentially that are required for passing the continuations. Namely, to
+sequentially execute a and then b, we call a with a success continuation that calls b.
+
+\f(define (analyze-sequence exps)
+(define (sequentially a b)
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(a env
+;; success continuation for calling a
+(lambda (a-value fail2)
+(b env succeed fail2))
+;; failure continuation for calling a
+fail)))
+(define (loop first-proc rest-procs)
+(if (null? rest-procs)
+first-proc
+(loop (sequentially first-proc (car rest-procs))
+(cdr rest-procs))))
+(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
+(if (null? procs)
+(error "Empty sequence -- ANALYZE"))
+(loop (car procs) (cdr procs))))
+
+Definitions and assignments
+Definitions are another case where we must go to some trouble to manage the continuations, because it
+is necessary to evaluate the definition-value expression before actually defining the new variable. To
+accomplish this, the definition-value execution procedure vproc is called with the environment, a
+success continuation, and the failure continuation. If the execution of vproc succeeds, obtaining a
+value val for the defined variable, the variable is defined and the success is propagated:
+(define (analyze-definition exp)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (definition-value exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(vproc env
+(lambda (val fail2)
+(define-variable! var val env)
+(succeed ’ok fail2))
+fail))))
+Assignments are more interesting. This is the first place where we really use the continuations, rather
+than just passing them around. The execution procedure for assignments starts out like the one for
+definitions. It first attempts to obtain the new value to be assigned to the variable. If this evaluation of
+vproc fails, the assignment fails.
+If vproc succeeds, however, and we go on to make the assignment, we must consider the possibility
+that this branch of the computation might later fail, which will require us to backtrack out of the
+assignment. Thus, we must arrange to undo the assignment as part of the backtracking process. 57
+This is accomplished by giving vproc a success continuation (marked with the comment ‘‘*1*’’
+below) that saves the old value of the variable before assigning the new value to the variable and
+proceeding from the assignment. The failure continuation that is passed along with the value of the
+assignment (marked with the comment ‘‘*2*’’ below) restores the old value of the variable before
+continuing the failure. That is, a successful assignment provides a failure continuation that will
+
+\fintercept a subsequent failure; whatever failure would otherwise have called fail2 calls this
+procedure instead, to undo the assignment before actually calling fail2.
+(define (analyze-assignment exp)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(vproc (analyze (assignment-value exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(vproc env
+(lambda (val fail2)
+; *1*
+(let ((old-value
+(lookup-variable-value var env)))
+(set-variable-value! var val env)
+(succeed ’ok
+(lambda ()
+; *2*
+(set-variable-value! var
+old-value
+env)
+(fail2)))))
+fail))))
+
+Procedure applications
+The execution procedure for applications contains no new ideas except for the technical complexity of
+managing the continuations. This complexity arises in analyze-application, due to the need to
+keep track of the success and failure continuations as we evaluate the operands. We use a procedure
+get-args to evaluate the list of operands, rather than a simple map as in the ordinary evaluator.
+(define (analyze-application exp)
+(let ((fproc (analyze (operator exp)))
+(aprocs (map analyze (operands exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(fproc env
+(lambda (proc fail2)
+(get-args aprocs
+env
+(lambda (args fail3)
+(execute-application
+proc args succeed fail3))
+fail2))
+fail))))
+In get-args, notice how cdring down the list of aproc execution procedures and consing up the
+resulting list of args is accomplished by calling each aproc in the list with a success continuation
+that recursively calls get-args. Each of these recursive calls to get-args has a success
+continuation whose value is the cons of the newly obtained argument onto the list of accumulated
+arguments:
+(define (get-args aprocs env succeed fail)
+(if (null? aprocs)
+(succeed ’() fail)
+((car aprocs) env
+
+\f;; success continuation for this aproc
+(lambda (arg fail2)
+(get-args (cdr aprocs)
+env
+;; success continuation for recursive
+;; call to get-args
+(lambda (args fail3)
+(succeed (cons arg args)
+fail3))
+fail2))
+fail)))
+The actual procedure application, which is performed by execute-application, is accomplished
+in the same way as for the ordinary evaluator, except for the need to manage the continuations.
+(define (execute-application proc args succeed fail)
+(cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
+(succeed (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
+fail))
+((compound-procedure? proc)
+((procedure-body proc)
+(extend-environment (procedure-parameters proc)
+args
+(procedure-environment proc))
+succeed
+fail))
+(else
+(error
+"Unknown procedure type -- EXECUTE-APPLICATION"
+proc))))
+
+Evaluating amb expressions
+The amb special form is the key element in the nondeterministic language. Here we see the essence of
+the interpretation process and the reason for keeping track of the continuations. The execution
+procedure for amb defines a loop try-next that cycles through the execution procedures for all the
+possible values of the amb expression. Each execution procedure is called with a failure continuation
+that will try the next one. When there are no more alternatives to try, the entire amb expression fails.
+(define (analyze-amb exp)
+(let ((cprocs (map analyze (amb-choices exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(define (try-next choices)
+(if (null? choices)
+(fail)
+((car choices) env
+succeed
+(lambda ()
+(try-next (cdr choices))))))
+(try-next cprocs))))
+
+\fDriver loop
+The driver loop for the amb evaluator is complex, due to the mechanism that permits the user to try
+again in evaluating an expression. The driver uses a procedure called internal-loop, which takes
+as argument a procedure try-again. The intent is that calling try-again should go on to the next
+untried alternative in the nondeterministic evaluation. Internal-loop either calls try-again in
+response to the user typing try-again at the driver loop, or else starts a new evaluation by calling
+ambeval.
+The failure continuation for this call to ambeval informs the user that there are no more values and
+re-invokes the driver loop.
+The success continuation for the call to ambeval is more subtle. We print the obtained value and then
+invoke the internal loop again with a try-again procedure that will be able to try the next
+alternative. This next-alternative procedure is the second argument that was passed to the
+success continuation. Ordinarily, we think of this second argument as a failure continuation to be used
+if the current evaluation branch later fails. In this case, however, we have completed a successful
+evaluation, so we can invoke the ‘‘failure’’ alternative branch in order to search for additional
+successful evaluations.
+(define input-prompt ";;; Amb-Eval input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; Amb-Eval value:")
+(define (driver-loop)
+(define (internal-loop try-again)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((input (read)))
+(if (eq? input ’try-again)
+(try-again)
+(begin
+(newline)
+(display ";;; Starting a new problem ")
+(ambeval input
+the-global-environment
+;; ambeval success
+(lambda (val next-alternative)
+(announce-output output-prompt)
+(user-print val)
+(internal-loop next-alternative))
+;; ambeval failure
+(lambda ()
+(announce-output
+";;; There are no more values of")
+(user-print input)
+(driver-loop)))))))
+(internal-loop
+(lambda ()
+(newline)
+(display ";;; There is no current problem")
+(driver-loop))))
+
+\fThe initial call to internal-loop uses a try-again procedure that complains that there is no
+current problem and restarts the driver loop. This is the behavior that will happen if the user types
+try-again when there is no evaluation in progress.
+Exercise 4.50. Implement a new special form ramb that is like amb except that it searches
+alternatives in a random order, rather than from left to right. Show how this can help with Alyssa’s
+problem in exercise 4.49.
+Exercise 4.51. Implement a new kind of assignment called permanent-set! that is not undone
+upon failure. For example, we can choose two distinct elements from a list and count the number of
+trials required to make a successful choice as follows:
+(define count 0)
+(let ((x (an-element-of ’(a b c)))
+(y (an-element-of ’(a b c))))
+(permanent-set! count (+ count 1))
+(require (not (eq? x y)))
+(list x y count))
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(a b 2)
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+try-again
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+(a c 3)
+What values would have been displayed if we had used set! here rather than permanent-set! ?
+Exercise 4.52. Implement a new construct called if-fail that permits the user to catch the failure
+of an expression. If-fail takes two expressions. It evaluates the first expression as usual and
+returns as usual if the evaluation succeeds. If the evaluation fails, however, the value of the second
+expression is returned, as in the following example:
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(if-fail (let ((x (an-element-of ’(1 3 5))))
+(require (even? x))
+x)
+’all-odd)
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+all-odd
+;;; Amb-Eval input:
+(if-fail (let ((x (an-element-of ’(1 3 5 8))))
+(require (even? x))
+x)
+’all-odd)
+;;; Starting a new problem
+;;; Amb-Eval value:
+8
+
+\fExercise 4.53. With permanent-set! as described in exercise 4.51 and if-fail as in
+exercise 4.52, what will be the result of evaluating
+(let ((pairs ’()))
+(if-fail (let ((p (prime-sum-pair ’(1 3 5 8) ’(20 35 110))))
+(permanent-set! pairs (cons p pairs))
+(amb))
+pairs))
+Exercise 4.54. If we had not realized that require could be implemented as an ordinary procedure
+that uses amb, to be defined by the user as part of a nondeterministic program, we would have had to
+implement it as a special form. This would require syntax procedures
+(define (require? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’require))
+(define (require-predicate exp) (cadr exp))
+and a new clause in the dispatch in analyze
+((require? exp) (analyze-require exp))
+as well the procedure analyze-require that handles require expressions. Complete the
+following definition of analyze-require.
+(define (analyze-require exp)
+(let ((pproc (analyze (require-predicate exp))))
+(lambda (env succeed fail)
+(pproc env
+(lambda (pred-value fail2)
+(if <??>
+<??>
+(succeed ’ok fail2)))
+fail))))
+42 We assume that we have previously defined a procedure prime? that tests whether numbers are
+
+prime. Even with prime? defined, the prime-sum-pair procedure may look suspiciously like the
+unhelpful ‘‘pseudo-Lisp’’ attempt to define the square-root function, which we described at the
+beginning of section 1.1.7. In fact, a square-root procedure along those lines can actually be
+formulated as a nondeterministic program. By incorporating a search mechanism into the evaluator,
+we are eroding the distinction between purely declarative descriptions and imperative specifications of
+how to compute answers. We’ll go even farther in this direction in section 4.4.
+43 The idea of amb for nondeterministic programming was first described in 1961 by John McCarthy
+
+(see McCarthy 1967).
+44 In actuality, the distinction between nondeterministically returning a single choice and returning all
+
+choices depends somewhat on our point of view. From the perspective of the code that uses the value,
+the nondeterministic choice returns a single value. From the perspective of the programmer designing
+the code, the nondeterministic choice potentially returns all possible values, and the computation
+branches so that each value is investigated separately.
+
+\f45 One might object that this is a hopelessly inefficient mechanism. It might require millions of
+
+processors to solve some easily stated problem this way, and most of the time most of those processors
+would be idle. This objection should be taken in the context of history. Memory used to be considered
+just such an expensive commodity. In 1964 a megabyte of RAM cost about $400,000. Now every
+personal computer has many megabytes of RAM, and most of the time most of that RAM is unused. It
+is hard to underestimate the cost of mass-produced electronics.
+46 Automagically: ‘‘Automatically, but in a way which, for some reason (typically because it is too
+
+complicated, or too ugly, or perhaps even too trivial), the speaker doesn’t feel like explaining.’’ (Steele
+1983, Raymond 1993)
+47 The integration of automatic search strategies into programming languages has had a long and
+
+checkered history. The first suggestions that nondeterministic algorithms might be elegantly encoded
+in a programming language with search and automatic backtracking came from Robert Floyd (1967).
+Carl Hewitt (1969) invented a programming language called Planner that explicitly supported
+automatic chronological backtracking, providing for a built-in depth-first search strategy. Sussman,
+Winograd, and Charniak (1971) implemented a subset of this language, called MicroPlanner, which
+was used to support work in problem solving and robot planning. Similar ideas, arising from logic and
+theorem proving, led to the genesis in Edinburgh and Marseille of the elegant language Prolog (which
+we will discuss in section 4.4). After sufficient frustration with automatic search, McDermott and
+Sussman (1972) developed a language called Conniver, which included mechanisms for placing the
+search strategy under programmer control. This proved unwieldy, however, and Sussman and Stallman
+(1975) found a more tractable approach while investigating methods of symbolic analysis for electrical
+circuits. They developed a non-chronological backtracking scheme that was based on tracing out the
+logical dependencies connecting facts, a technique that has come to be known as dependency-directed
+backtracking. Although their method was complex, it produced reasonably efficient programs because
+it did little redundant search. Doyle (1979) and McAllester (1978, 1980) generalized and clarified the
+methods of Stallman and Sussman, developing a new paradigm for formulating search that is now
+called truth maintenance. Modern problem-solving systems all use some form of truth-maintenance
+system as a substrate. See Forbus and deKleer 1993 for a discussion of elegant ways to build
+truth-maintenance systems and applications using truth maintenance. Zabih, McAllester, and Chapman
+1987 describes a nondeterministic extension to Scheme that is based on amb; it is similar to the
+interpreter described in this section, but more sophisticated, because it uses dependency-directed
+backtracking rather than chronological backtracking. Winston 1992 gives an introduction to both kinds
+of backtracking.
+48 Our program uses the following procedure to determine if the elements of a list are distinct:
+
+(define (distinct? items)
+(cond ((null? items) true)
+((null? (cdr items)) true)
+((member (car items) (cdr items)) false)
+(else (distinct? (cdr items)))))
+Member is like memq except that it uses equal? instead of eq? to test for equality.
+49 This is taken from a booklet called ‘‘Problematical Recreations,’’ published in the 1960s by Litton
+
+Industries, where it is attributed to the Kansas State Engineer.
+
+\f50 Here we use the convention that the first element of each list designates the part of speech for the
+
+rest of the words in the list.
+51 Notice that parse-word uses set! to modify the unparsed input list. For this to work, our amb
+
+evaluator must undo the effects of set! operations when it backtracks.
+52 Observe that this definition is recursive -- a verb may be followed by any number of prepositional
+
+phrases.
+53 This kind of grammar can become arbitrarily complex, but it is only a toy as far as real language
+
+understanding is concerned. Real natural-language understanding by computer requires an elaborate
+mixture of syntactic analysis and interpretation of meaning. On the other hand, even toy parsers can be
+useful in supporting flexible command languages for programs such as information-retrieval systems.
+Winston 1992 discusses computational approaches to real language understanding and also the
+applications of simple grammars to command languages.
+54 Although Alyssa’s idea works just fine (and is surprisingly simple), the sentences that it generates
+
+are a bit boring -- they don’t sample the possible sentences of this language in a very interesting way.
+In fact, the grammar is highly recursive in many places, and Alyssa’s technique ‘‘falls into’’ one of
+these recursions and gets stuck. See exercise 4.50 for a way to deal with this.
+55 We chose to implement the lazy evaluator in section 4.2 as a modification of the ordinary
+
+metacircular evaluator of section 4.1.1. In contrast, we will base the amb evaluator on the analyzing
+evaluator of section 4.1.7, because the execution procedures in that evaluator provide a convenient
+framework for implementing backtracking.
+56 We assume that the evaluator supports let (see exercise 4.22), which we have used in our
+
+nondeterministic programs.
+57 We didn’t worry about undoing definitions, since we can assume that internal definitions are
+
+scanned out (section 4.1.6).
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+4.4 Logic Programming
+In chapter 1 we stressed that computer science deals with imperative (how to) knowledge, whereas
+mathematics deals with declarative (what is) knowledge. Indeed, programming languages require that
+the programmer express knowledge in a form that indicates the step-by-step methods for solving
+particular problems. On the other hand, high-level languages provide, as part of the language
+implementation, a substantial amount of methodological knowledge that frees the user from concern
+with numerous details of how a specified computation will progress.
+Most programming languages, including Lisp, are organized around computing the values of
+mathematical functions. Expression-oriented languages (such as Lisp, Fortran, and Algol) capitalize on
+the ‘‘pun’’ that an expression that describes the value of a function may also be interpreted as a means
+of computing that value. Because of this, most programming languages are strongly biased toward
+unidirectional computations (computations with well-defined inputs and outputs). There are, however,
+radically different programming languages that relax this bias. We saw one such example in
+section 3.3.5, where the objects of computation were arithmetic constraints. In a constraint system the
+direction and the order of computation are not so well specified; in carrying out a computation the
+system must therefore provide more detailed ‘‘how to’’ knowledge than would be the case with an
+ordinary arithmetic computation. This does not mean, however, that the user is released altogether
+from the responsibility of providing imperative knowledge. There are many constraint networks that
+implement the same set of constraints, and the user must choose from the set of mathematically
+equivalent networks a suitable network to specify a particular computation.
+The nondeterministic program evaluator of section 4.3 also moves away from the view that
+programming is about constructing algorithms for computing unidirectional functions. In a
+nondeterministic language, expressions can have more than one value, and, as a result, the
+computation is dealing with relations rather than with single-valued functions. Logic programming
+extends this idea by combining a relational vision of programming with a powerful kind of symbolic
+pattern matching called unification. 58
+This approach, when it works, can be a very powerful way to write programs. Part of the power comes
+from the fact that a single ‘‘what is’’ fact can be used to solve a number of different problems that
+would have different ‘‘how to’’ components. As an example, consider the append operation, which
+takes two lists as arguments and combines their elements to form a single list. In a procedural language
+such as Lisp, we could define append in terms of the basic list constructor cons, as we did in
+section 2.2.1:
+(define (append x y)
+(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x) (append (cdr x) y))))
+This procedure can be regarded as a translation into Lisp of the following two rules, the first of which
+covers the case where the first list is empty and the second of which handles the case of a nonempty
+list, which is a cons of two parts:
+For any list y, the empty list and y append to form y.
+
+\fFor any u, v, y, and z, (cons u v) and y append to form (cons u z) if v and y
+append to form z. 59
+Using the append procedure, we can answer questions such as
+Find the append of (a b) and (c d).
+But the same two rules are also sufficient for answering the following sorts of questions, which the
+procedure can’t answer:
+Find a list y that appends with (a b) to produce (a b c d).
+Find all x and y that append to form (a b c d).
+In a logic programming language, the programmer writes an append ‘‘procedure’’ by stating the two
+rules about append given above. ‘‘How to’’ knowledge is provided automatically by the interpreter
+to allow this single pair of rules to be used to answer all three types of questions about append. 60
+Contemporary logic programming languages (including the one we implement here) have substantial
+deficiencies, in that their general ‘‘how to’’ methods can lead them into spurious infinite loops or other
+undesirable behavior. Logic programming is an active field of research in computer science. 61
+Earlier in this chapter we explored the technology of implementing interpreters and described the
+elements that are essential to an interpreter for a Lisp-like language (indeed, to an interpreter for any
+conventional language). Now we will apply these ideas to discuss an interpreter for a logic
+programming language. We call this language the query language, because it is very useful for
+retrieving information from data bases by formulating queries, or questions, expressed in the language.
+Even though the query language is very different from Lisp, we will find it convenient to describe the
+language in terms of the same general framework we have been using all along: as a collection of
+primitive elements, together with means of combination that enable us to combine simple elements to
+create more complex elements and means of abstraction that enable us to regard complex elements as
+single conceptual units. An interpreter for a logic programming language is considerably more
+complex than an interpreter for a language like Lisp. Nevertheless, we will see that our query-language
+interpreter contains many of the same elements found in the interpreter of section 4.1. In particular,
+there will be an ‘‘eval’’ part that classifies expressions according to type and an ‘‘apply’’ part that
+implements the language’s abstraction mechanism (procedures in the case of Lisp, and rules in the
+case of logic programming). Also, a central role is played in the implementation by a frame data
+structure, which determines the correspondence between symbols and their associated values. One
+additional interesting aspect of our query-language implementation is that we make substantial use of
+streams, which were introduced in chapter 3.
+
+4.4.1 Deductive Information Retrieval
+Logic programming excels in providing interfaces to data bases for information retrieval. The query
+language we shall implement in this chapter is designed to be used in this way.
+In order to illustrate what the query system does, we will show how it can be used to manage the data
+base of personnel records for Microshaft, a thriving high-technology company in the Boston area. The
+language provides pattern-directed access to personnel information and can also take advantage of
+general rules in order to make logical deductions.
+
+\fA sample data base
+The personnel data base for Microshaft contains assertions about company personnel. Here is the
+information about Ben Bitdiddle, the resident computer wizard:
+(address (Bitdiddle Ben) (Slumerville (Ridge Road) 10))
+(job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard))
+(salary (Bitdiddle Ben) 60000)
+Each assertion is a list (in this case a triple) whose elements can themselves be lists.
+As resident wizard, Ben is in charge of the company’s computer division, and he supervises two
+programmers and one technician. Here is the information about them:
+(address (Hacker Alyssa P) (Cambridge (Mass Ave) 78))
+(job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(salary (Hacker Alyssa P) 40000)
+(supervisor (Hacker Alyssa P) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(address (Fect Cy D) (Cambridge (Ames Street) 3))
+(job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(salary (Fect Cy D) 35000)
+(supervisor (Fect Cy D) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(address (Tweakit Lem E) (Boston (Bay State Road) 22))
+(job (Tweakit Lem E) (computer technician))
+(salary (Tweakit Lem E) 25000)
+(supervisor (Tweakit Lem E) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+There is also a programmer trainee, who is supervised by Alyssa:
+(address (Reasoner Louis) (Slumerville (Pine Tree Road) 80))
+(job (Reasoner Louis) (computer programmer trainee))
+(salary (Reasoner Louis) 30000)
+(supervisor (Reasoner Louis) (Hacker Alyssa P))
+All of these people are in the computer division, as indicated by the word computer as the first item
+in their job descriptions.
+Ben is a high-level employee. His supervisor is the company’s big wheel himself:
+(supervisor (Bitdiddle Ben) (Warbucks Oliver))
+(address (Warbucks Oliver) (Swellesley (Top Heap Road)))
+(job (Warbucks Oliver) (administration big wheel))
+(salary (Warbucks Oliver) 150000)
+Besides the computer division supervised by Ben, the company has an accounting division, consisting
+of a chief accountant and his assistant:
+(address (Scrooge Eben) (Weston (Shady Lane) 10))
+(job (Scrooge Eben) (accounting chief accountant))
+(salary (Scrooge Eben) 75000)
+(supervisor (Scrooge Eben) (Warbucks Oliver))
+(address (Cratchet Robert) (Allston (N Harvard Street) 16))
+
+\f(job (Cratchet Robert) (accounting scrivener))
+(salary (Cratchet Robert) 18000)
+(supervisor (Cratchet Robert) (Scrooge Eben))
+There is also a secretary for the big wheel:
+(address (Aull DeWitt) (Slumerville (Onion Square) 5))
+(job (Aull DeWitt) (administration secretary))
+(salary (Aull DeWitt) 25000)
+(supervisor (Aull DeWitt) (Warbucks Oliver))
+The data base also contains assertions about which kinds of jobs can be done by people holding other
+kinds of jobs. For instance, a computer wizard can do the jobs of both a computer programmer and a
+computer technician:
+(can-do-job (computer wizard) (computer programmer))
+(can-do-job (computer wizard) (computer technician))
+A computer programmer could fill in for a trainee:
+(can-do-job (computer programmer)
+(computer programmer trainee))
+Also, as is well known,
+(can-do-job (administration secretary)
+(administration big wheel))
+
+Simple queries
+The query language allows users to retrieve information from the data base by posing queries in
+response to the system’s prompt. For example, to find all computer programmers one can say
+;;; Query input:
+(job ?x (computer programmer))
+The system will respond with the following items:
+;;; Query results:
+(job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+The input query specifies that we are looking for entries in the data base that match a certain pattern.
+In this example, the pattern specifies entries consisting of three items, of which the first is the literal
+symbol job, the second can be anything, and the third is the literal list (computer
+programmer). The ‘‘anything’’ that can be the second item in the matching list is specified by a
+pattern variable, ?x. The general form of a pattern variable is a symbol, taken to be the name of the
+variable, preceded by a question mark. We will see below why it is useful to specify names for pattern
+variables rather than just putting ? into patterns to represent ‘‘anything.’’ The system responds to a
+simple query by showing all entries in the data base that match the specified pattern.
+
+\fA pattern can have more than one variable. For example, the query
+(address ?x ?y)
+will list all the employees’ addresses.
+A pattern can have no variables, in which case the query simply determines whether that pattern is an
+entry in the data base. If so, there will be one match; if not, there will be no matches.
+The same pattern variable can appear more than once in a query, specifying that the same ‘‘anything’’
+must appear in each position. This is why variables have names. For example,
+(supervisor ?x ?x)
+finds all people who supervise themselves (though there are no such assertions in our sample data
+base).
+The query
+(job ?x (computer ?type))
+matches all job entries whose third item is a two-element list whose first item is computer:
+(job
+(job
+(job
+(job
+
+(Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard))
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (computer technician))
+
+This same pattern does not match
+(job (Reasoner Louis) (computer programmer trainee))
+because the third item in the entry is a list of three elements, and the pattern’s third item specifies that
+there should be two elements. If we wanted to change the pattern so that the third item could be any
+list beginning with computer, we could specify 62
+(job ?x (computer . ?type))
+For example,
+(computer . ?type)
+matches the data
+(computer programmer trainee)
+with ?type as the list (programmer trainee). It also matches the data
+(computer programmer)
+with ?type as the list (programmer), and matches the data
+
+\f(computer)
+with ?type as the empty list ().
+We can describe the query language’s processing of simple queries as follows:
+The system finds all assignments to variables in the query pattern that satisfy the pattern -- that is,
+all sets of values for the variables such that if the pattern variables are instantiated with (replaced
+by) the values, the result is in the data base.
+The system responds to the query by listing all instantiations of the query pattern with the
+variable assignments that satisfy it.
+Note that if the pattern has no variables, the query reduces to a determination of whether that pattern is
+in the data base. If so, the empty assignment, which assigns no values to variables, satisfies that pattern
+for that data base.
+Exercise 4.55. Give simple queries that retrieve the following information from the data base:
+a. all people supervised by Ben Bitdiddle;
+b. the names and jobs of all people in the accounting division;
+c. the names and addresses of all people who live in Slumerville.
+
+Compound queries
+Simple queries form the primitive operations of the query language. In order to form compound
+operations, the query language provides means of combination. One thing that makes the query
+language a logic programming language is that the means of combination mirror the means of
+combination used in forming logical expressions: and, or, and not. (Here and, or, and not are not
+the Lisp primitives, but rather operations built into the query language.)
+We can use and as follows to find the addresses of all the computer programmers:
+(and (job ?person (computer programmer))
+(address ?person ?where))
+The resulting output is
+(and (job (Hacker Alyssa P) (computer programmer))
+(address (Hacker Alyssa P) (Cambridge (Mass Ave) 78)))
+(and (job (Fect Cy D) (computer programmer))
+(address (Fect Cy D) (Cambridge (Ames Street) 3)))
+In general,
+(and <query 1 > <query 2 > ... <query n >)
+is satisfied by all sets of values for the pattern variables that simultaneously satisfy <query 1 > ...
+<query n >.
+
+\fAs for simple queries, the system processes a compound query by finding all assignments to the
+pattern variables that satisfy the query, then displaying instantiations of the query with those values.
+Another means of constructing compound queries is through or. For example,
+(or (supervisor ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(supervisor ?x (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+will find all employees supervised by Ben Bitdiddle or Alyssa P. Hacker:
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+(or (supervisor
+(supervisor
+
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Hacker Alyssa P) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Fect Cy D) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Fect Cy D) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Tweakit Lem E) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+(Reasoner Louis) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(Reasoner Louis) (Hacker Alyssa P)))
+
+In general,
+(or <query 1 > <query 2 > ... <query n >)
+is satisfied by all sets of values for the pattern variables that satisfy at least one of <query 1 > ...
+<query n >.
+Compound queries can also be formed with not. For example,
+(and (supervisor ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+finds all people supervised by Ben Bitdiddle who are not computer programmers. In general,
+(not <query 1 >)
+is satisfied by all assignments to the pattern variables that do not satisfy <query 1 >. 63
+The final combining form is called lisp-value. When lisp-value is the first element of a
+pattern, it specifies that the next element is a Lisp predicate to be applied to the rest of the
+(instantiated) elements as arguments. In general,
+(lisp-value <predicate> <arg 1 > ... <arg n >)
+will be satisfied by assignments to the pattern variables for which the <predicate> applied to the
+instantiated <arg 1 > ... <arg n > is true. For example, to find all people whose salary is greater than
+$30,000 we could write 64
+(and (salary ?person ?amount)
+(lisp-value > ?amount 30000))
+
+\fExercise 4.56. Formulate compound queries that retrieve the following information:
+a. the names of all people who are supervised by Ben Bitdiddle, together with their addresses;
+b. all people whose salary is less than Ben Bitdiddle’s, together with their salary and Ben Bitdiddle’s
+salary;
+c. all people who are supervised by someone who is not in the computer division, together with the
+supervisor’s name and job.
+
+Rules
+In addition to primitive queries and compound queries, the query language provides means for
+abstracting queries. These are given by rules. The rule
+(rule (lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+(and (address ?person-1 (?town . ?rest-1))
+(address ?person-2 (?town . ?rest-2))
+(not (same ?person-1 ?person-2))))
+specifies that two people live near each other if they live in the same town. The final not clause
+prevents the rule from saying that all people live near themselves. The same relation is defined by a
+very simple rule: 65
+(rule (same ?x ?x))
+The following rule declares that a person is a ‘‘wheel’’ in an organization if he supervises someone
+who is in turn a supervisor:
+(rule (wheel ?person)
+(and (supervisor ?middle-manager ?person)
+(supervisor ?x ?middle-manager)))
+The general form of a rule is
+(rule <conclusion> <body>)
+where <conclusion> is a pattern and <body> is any query. 66 We can think of a rule as representing a
+large (even infinite) set of assertions, namely all instantiations of the rule conclusion with variable
+assignments that satisfy the rule body. When we described simple queries (patterns), we said that an
+assignment to variables satisfies a pattern if the instantiated pattern is in the data base. But the pattern
+needn’t be explicitly in the data base as an assertion. It can be an implicit assertion implied by a rule.
+For example, the query
+(lives-near ?x (Bitdiddle Ben))
+results in
+(lives-near (Reasoner Louis) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(lives-near (Aull DeWitt) (Bitdiddle Ben))
+
+\fTo find all computer programmers who live near Ben Bitdiddle, we can ask
+(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(lives-near ?x (Bitdiddle Ben)))
+As in the case of compound procedures, rules can be used as parts of other rules (as we saw with the
+lives-near rule above) or even be defined recursively. For instance, the rule
+(rule (outranked-by ?staff-person ?boss)
+(or (supervisor ?staff-person ?boss)
+(and (supervisor ?staff-person ?middle-manager)
+(outranked-by ?middle-manager ?boss))))
+says that a staff person is outranked by a boss in the organization if the boss is the person’s supervisor
+or (recursively) if the person’s supervisor is outranked by the boss.
+Exercise 4.57. Define a rule that says that person 1 can replace person 2 if either person 1 does the
+same job as person 2 or someone who does person 1’s job can also do person 2’s job, and if person 1
+and person 2 are not the same person. Using your rule, give queries that find the following:
+a. all people who can replace Cy D. Fect;
+b. all people who can replace someone who is being paid more than they are, together with the two
+salaries.
+Exercise 4.58. Define a rule that says that a person is a ‘‘big shot’’ in a division if the person works in
+the division but does not have a supervisor who works in the division.
+Exercise 4.59. Ben Bitdiddle has missed one meeting too many. Fearing that his habit of forgetting
+meetings could cost him his job, Ben decides to do something about it. He adds all the weekly
+meetings of the firm to the Microshaft data base by asserting the following:
+(meeting
+(meeting
+(meeting
+(meeting
+
+accounting (Monday 9am))
+administration (Monday 10am))
+computer (Wednesday 3pm))
+administration (Friday 1pm))
+
+Each of the above assertions is for a meeting of an entire division. Ben also adds an entry for the
+company-wide meeting that spans all the divisions. All of the company’s employees attend this
+meeting.
+(meeting whole-company (Wednesday 4pm))
+a. On Friday morning, Ben wants to query the data base for all the meetings that occur that day. What
+query should he use?
+b. Alyssa P. Hacker is unimpressed. She thinks it would be much more useful to be able to ask for her
+meetings by specifying her name. So she designs a rule that says that a person’s meetings include all
+whole-company meetings plus all meetings of that person’s division. Fill in the body of Alyssa’s
+rule.
+
+\f(rule (meeting-time ?person ?day-and-time)
+<rule-body>)
+c. Alyssa arrives at work on Wednesday morning and wonders what meetings she has to attend that
+day. Having defined the above rule, what query should she make to find this out?
+Exercise 4.60. By giving the query
+(lives-near ?person (Hacker Alyssa P))
+Alyssa P. Hacker is able to find people who live near her, with whom she can ride to work. On the
+other hand, when she tries to find all pairs of people who live near each other by querying
+(lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+she notices that each pair of people who live near each other is listed twice; for example,
+(lives-near (Hacker Alyssa P) (Fect Cy D))
+(lives-near (Fect Cy D) (Hacker Alyssa P))
+Why does this happen? Is there a way to find a list of people who live near each other, in which each
+pair appears only once? Explain.
+
+Logic as programs
+We can regard a rule as a kind of logical implication: If an assignment of values to pattern variables
+satisfies the body, then it satisfies the conclusion. Consequently, we can regard the query language as
+having the ability to perform logical deductions based upon the rules. As an example, consider the
+append operation described at the beginning of section 4.4. As we said, append can be
+characterized by the following two rules:
+For any list y, the empty list and y append to form y.
+For any u, v, y, and z, (cons u v) and y append to form (cons u z) if v and y
+append to form z.
+To express this in our query language, we define two rules for a relation
+(append-to-form x y z)
+which we can interpret to mean ‘‘x and y append to form z’’:
+(rule (append-to-form () ?y ?y))
+(rule (append-to-form (?u . ?v) ?y (?u . ?z))
+(append-to-form ?v ?y ?z))
+The first rule has no body, which means that the conclusion holds for any value of ?y. Note how the
+second rule makes use of dotted-tail notation to name the car and cdr of a list.
+Given these two rules, we can formulate queries that compute the append of two lists:
+
+\f;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) ?z)
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+What is more striking, we can use the same rules to ask the question ‘‘Which list, when appended to
+(a b), yields (a b c d)?’’ This is done as follows:
+;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form (a b) ?y (a b c d))
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+We can also ask for all pairs of lists that append to form (a b c d):
+;;; Query input:
+(append-to-form ?x ?y (a b c d))
+;;; Query results:
+(append-to-form () (a b c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a) (b c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b) (c d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b c) (d) (a b c d))
+(append-to-form (a b c d) () (a b c d))
+The query system may seem to exhibit quite a bit of intelligence in using the rules to deduce the
+answers to the queries above. Actually, as we will see in the next section, the system is following a
+well-determined algorithm in unraveling the rules. Unfortunately, although the system works
+impressively in the append case, the general methods may break down in more complex cases, as we
+will see in section 4.4.3.
+Exercise 4.61. The following rules implement a next-to relation that finds adjacent elements of a
+list:
+(rule (?x next-to ?y in (?x ?y . ?u)))
+(rule (?x next-to ?y in (?v . ?z))
+(?x next-to ?y in ?z))
+What will the response be to the following queries?
+(?x next-to ?y in (1 (2 3) 4))
+(?x next-to 1 in (2 1 3 1))
+Exercise 4.62. Define rules to implement the last-pair operation of exercise 2.17, which returns a
+list containing the last element of a nonempty list. Check your rules on queries such as (last-pair
+(3) ?x), (last-pair (1 2 3) ?x), and (last-pair (2 ?x) (3)). Do your rules
+work correctly on queries such as (last-pair ?x (3)) ?
+Exercise 4.63. The following data base (see Genesis 4) traces the genealogy of the descendants of
+Ada back to Adam, by way of Cain:
+
+\f(son Adam Cain)
+(son Cain Enoch)
+(son Enoch Irad)
+(son Irad Mehujael)
+(son Mehujael Methushael)
+(son Methushael Lamech)
+(wife Lamech Ada)
+(son Ada Jabal)
+(son Ada Jubal)
+Formulate rules such as ‘‘If S is the son of F, and F is the son of G, then S is the grandson of G’’ and
+‘‘If W is the wife of M, and S is the son of W, then S is the son of M’’ (which was supposedly more
+true in biblical times than today) that will enable the query system to find the grandson of Cain; the
+sons of Lamech; the grandsons of Methushael. (See exercise 4.69 for some rules to deduce more
+complicated relationships.)
+
+4.4.2 How the Query System Works
+In section 4.4.4 we will present an implementation of the query interpreter as a collection of
+procedures. In this section we give an overview that explains the general structure of the system
+independent of low-level implementation details. After describing the implementation of the
+interpreter, we will be in a position to understand some of its limitations and some of the subtle ways
+in which the query language’s logical operations differ from the operations of mathematical logic.
+It should be apparent that the query evaluator must perform some kind of search in order to match
+queries against facts and rules in the data base. One way to do this would be to implement the query
+system as a nondeterministic program, using the amb evaluator of section 4.3 (see exercise 4.78).
+Another possibility is to manage the search with the aid of streams. Our implementation follows this
+second approach.
+The query system is organized around two central operations called pattern matching and unification.
+We first describe pattern matching and explain how this operation, together with the organization of
+information in terms of streams of frames, enables us to implement both simple and compound
+queries. We next discuss unification, a generalization of pattern matching needed to implement rules.
+Finally, we show how the entire query interpreter fits together through a procedure that classifies
+expressions in a manner analogous to the way eval classifies expressions for the interpreter described
+in section 4.1.
+
+Pattern matching
+A pattern matcher is a program that tests whether some datum fits a specified pattern. For example,
+the data list ((a b) c (a b)) matches the pattern (?x c ?x) with the pattern variable ?x
+bound to (a b). The same data list matches the pattern (?x ?y ?z) with ?x and ?z both bound to
+(a b) and ?y bound to c. It also matches the pattern ((?x ?y) c (?x ?y)) with ?x bound to
+a and ?y bound to b. However, it does not match the pattern (?x a ?y), since that pattern specifies
+a list whose second element is the symbol a.
+The pattern matcher used by the query system takes as inputs a pattern, a datum, and a frame that
+specifies bindings for various pattern variables. It checks whether the datum matches the pattern in a
+way that is consistent with the bindings already in the frame. If so, it returns the given frame
+augmented by any bindings that may have been determined by the match. Otherwise, it indicates that
+
+\fthe match has failed.
+For example, using the pattern (?x ?y ?x) to match (a b a) given an empty frame will return a
+frame specifying that ?x is bound to a and ?y is bound to b. Trying the match with the same pattern,
+the same datum, and a frame specifying that ?y is bound to a will fail. Trying the match with the same
+pattern, the same datum, and a frame in which ?y is bound to b and ?x is unbound will return the
+given frame augmented by a binding of ?x to a.
+The pattern matcher is all the mechanism that is needed to process simple queries that don’t involve
+rules. For instance, to process the query
+(job ?x (computer programmer))
+we scan through all assertions in the data base and select those that match the pattern with respect to
+an initially empty frame. For each match we find, we use the frame returned by the match to instantiate
+the pattern with a value for ?x.
+
+Streams of frames
+The testing of patterns against frames is organized through the use of streams. Given a single frame,
+the matching process runs through the data-base entries one by one. For each data-base entry, the
+matcher generates either a special symbol indicating that the match has failed or an extension to the
+frame. The results for all the data-base entries are collected into a stream, which is passed through a
+filter to weed out the failures. The result is a stream of all the frames that extend the given frame via a
+match to some assertion in the data base. 67
+In our system, a query takes an input stream of frames and performs the above matching operation for
+every frame in the stream, as indicated in figure 4.4. That is, for each frame in the input stream, the
+query generates a new stream consisting of all extensions to that frame by matches to assertions in the
+data base. All these streams are then combined to form one huge stream, which contains all possible
+extensions of every frame in the input stream. This stream is the output of the query.
+
+Figure 4.4: A query processes a stream of frames.
+Figure 4.4: A query processes a stream of frames.
+To answer a simple query, we use the query with an input stream consisting of a single empty frame.
+The resulting output stream contains all extensions to the empty frame (that is, all answers to our
+query). This stream of frames is then used to generate a stream of copies of the original query pattern
+with the variables instantiated by the values in each frame, and this is the stream that is finally printed.
+
+\fCompound queries
+The real elegance of the stream-of-frames implementation is evident when we deal with compound
+queries. The processing of compound queries makes use of the ability of our matcher to demand that a
+match be consistent with a specified frame. For example, to handle the and of two queries, such as
+(and (can-do-job ?x (computer programmer trainee))
+(job ?person ?x))
+(informally, ‘‘Find all people who can do the job of a computer programmer trainee’’), we first find all
+entries that match the pattern
+(can-do-job ?x (computer programmer trainee))
+This produces a stream of frames, each of which contains a binding for ?x. Then for each frame in the
+stream we find all entries that match
+(job ?person ?x)
+in a way that is consistent with the given binding for ?x. Each such match will produce a frame
+containing bindings for ?x and ?person. The and of two queries can be viewed as a series
+combination of the two component queries, as shown in figure 4.5. The frames that pass through the
+first query filter are filtered and further extended by the second query.
+
+Figure 4.5: The and combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of
+frames in series.
+Figure 4.5: The and combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames in
+series.
+Figure 4.6 shows the analogous method for computing the or of two queries as a parallel combination
+of the two component queries. The input stream of frames is extended separately by each query. The
+two resulting streams are then merged to produce the final output stream.
+
+\fFigure 4.6: The or combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames
+in parallel and merging the results.
+Figure 4.6: The or combination of two queries is produced by operating on the stream of frames in
+parallel and merging the results.
+Even from this high-level description, it is apparent that the processing of compound queries can be
+slow. For example, since a query may produce more than one output frame for each input frame, and
+each query in an and gets its input frames from the previous query, an and query could, in the worst
+case, have to perform a number of matches that is exponential in the number of queries (see
+exercise 4.76). 68 Though systems for handling only simple queries are quite practical, dealing with
+complex queries is extremely difficult. 69
+From the stream-of-frames viewpoint, the not of some query acts as a filter that removes all frames
+for which the query can be satisfied. For instance, given the pattern
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+we attempt, for each frame in the input stream, to produce extension frames that satisfy (job ?x
+(computer programmer)). We remove from the input stream all frames for which such
+extensions exist. The result is a stream consisting of only those frames in which the binding for ?x
+does not satisfy (job ?x (computer programmer)). For example, in processing the query
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+the first clause will generate frames with bindings for ?x and ?y. The not clause will then filter these
+by removing all frames in which the binding for ?x satisfies the restriction that ?x is a computer
+programmer. 70
+The lisp-value special form is implemented as a similar filter on frame streams. We use each
+frame in the stream to instantiate any variables in the pattern, then apply the Lisp predicate. We
+remove from the input stream all frames for which the predicate fails.
+
+\fUnification
+In order to handle rules in the query language, we must be able to find the rules whose conclusions
+match a given query pattern. Rule conclusions are like assertions except that they can contain
+variables, so we will need a generalization of pattern matching -- called unification -- in which both
+the ‘‘pattern’’ and the ‘‘datum’’ may contain variables.
+A unifier takes two patterns, each containing constants and variables, and determines whether it is
+possible to assign values to the variables that will make the two patterns equal. If so, it returns a frame
+containing these bindings. For example, unifying (?x a ?y) and (?y ?z a) will specify a frame
+in which ?x, ?y, and ?z must all be bound to a. On the other hand, unifying (?x ?y a) and (?x
+b ?y) will fail, because there is no value for ?y that can make the two patterns equal. (For the
+second elements of the patterns to be equal, ?y would have to be b; however, for the third elements to
+be equal, ?y would have to be a.) The unifier used in the query system, like the pattern matcher, takes
+a frame as input and performs unifications that are consistent with this frame.
+The unification algorithm is the most technically difficult part of the query system. With complex
+patterns, performing unification may seem to require deduction. To unify (?x ?x) and ((a ?y c)
+(a b ?z)), for example, the algorithm must infer that ?x should be (a b c), ?y should be b, and
+?z should be c. We may think of this process as solving a set of equations among the pattern
+components. In general, these are simultaneous equations, which may require substantial manipulation
+to solve. 71 For example, unifying (?x ?x) and ((a ?y c) (a b ?z)) may be thought of as
+specifying the simultaneous equations
+?x
+?x
+
+=
+=
+
+(a ?y c)
+(a b ?z)
+
+These equations imply that
+(a ?y c)
+
+=
+
+(a b ?z)
+
+which in turn implies that
+a
+
+=
+
+a, ?y
+
+=
+
+b, c
+
+=
+
+?z,
+
+and hence that
+?x
+
+=
+
+(a b c)
+
+In a successful pattern match, all pattern variables become bound, and the values to which they are
+bound contain only constants. This is also true of all the examples of unification we have seen so far.
+In general, however, a successful unification may not completely determine the variable values; some
+variables may remain unbound and others may be bound to values that contain variables.
+Consider the unification of (?x a) and ((b ?y) ?z). We can deduce that ?x = (b ?y) and a
+= ?z, but we cannot further solve for ?x or ?y. The unification doesn’t fail, since it is certainly
+possible to make the two patterns equal by assigning values to ?x and ?y. Since this match in no way
+restricts the values ?y can take on, no binding for ?y is put into the result frame. The match does,
+however, restrict the value of ?x. Whatever value ?y has, ?x must be (b ?y). A binding of ?x to
+the pattern (b ?y) is thus put into the frame. If a value for ?y is later determined and added to the
+frame (by a pattern match or unification that is required to be consistent with this frame), the
+previously bound ?x will refer to this value. 72
+
+\fApplying rules
+Unification is the key to the component of the query system that makes inferences from rules. To see
+how this is accomplished, consider processing a query that involves applying a rule, such as
+(lives-near ?x (Hacker Alyssa P))
+To process this query, we first use the ordinary pattern-match procedure described above to see if there
+are any assertions in the data base that match this pattern. (There will not be any in this case, since our
+data base includes no direct assertions about who lives near whom.) The next step is to attempt to
+unify the query pattern with the conclusion of each rule. We find that the pattern unifies with the
+conclusion of the rule
+(rule (lives-near ?person-1 ?person-2)
+(and (address ?person-1 (?town . ?rest-1))
+(address ?person-2 (?town . ?rest-2))
+(not (same ?person-1 ?person-2))))
+resulting in a frame specifying that ?person-2 is bound to (Hacker Alyssa P) and that ?x
+should be bound to (have the same value as) ?person-1. Now, relative to this frame, we evaluate
+the compound query given by the body of the rule. Successful matches will extend this frame by
+providing a binding for ?person-1, and consequently a value for ?x, which we can use to
+instantiate the original query pattern.
+In general, the query evaluator uses the following method to apply a rule when trying to establish a
+query pattern in a frame that specifies bindings for some of the pattern variables:
+Unify the query with the conclusion of the rule to form, if successful, an extension of the original
+frame.
+Relative to the extended frame, evaluate the query formed by the body of the rule.
+Notice how similar this is to the method for applying a procedure in the eval/apply evaluator for
+Lisp:
+Bind the procedure’s parameters to its arguments to form a frame that extends the original
+procedure environment.
+Relative to the extended environment, evaluate the expression formed by the body of the
+procedure.
+The similarity between the two evaluators should come as no surprise. Just as procedure definitions are
+the means of abstraction in Lisp, rule definitions are the means of abstraction in the query language. In
+each case, we unwind the abstraction by creating appropriate bindings and evaluating the rule or
+procedure body relative to these.
+
+Simple queries
+We saw earlier in this section how to evaluate simple queries in the absence of rules. Now that we
+have seen how to apply rules, we can describe how to evaluate simple queries by using both rules and
+assertions.
+
+\fGiven the query pattern and a stream of frames, we produce, for each frame in the input stream, two
+streams:
+a stream of extended frames obtained by matching the pattern against all assertions in the data
+base (using the pattern matcher), and
+a stream of extended frames obtained by applying all possible rules (using the unifier). 73
+Appending these two streams produces a stream that consists of all the ways that the given pattern can
+be satisfied consistent with the original frame. These streams (one for each frame in the input stream)
+are now all combined to form one large stream, which therefore consists of all the ways that any of the
+frames in the original input stream can be extended to produce a match with the given pattern.
+
+The query evaluator and the driver loop
+Despite the complexity of the underlying matching operations, the system is organized much like an
+evaluator for any language. The procedure that coordinates the matching operations is called qeval,
+and it plays a role analogous to that of the eval procedure for Lisp. Qeval takes as inputs a query
+and a stream of frames. Its output is a stream of frames, corresponding to successful matches to the
+query pattern, that extend some frame in the input stream, as indicated in figure 4.4. Like eval,
+qeval classifies the different types of expressions (queries) and dispatches to an appropriate
+procedure for each. There is a procedure for each special form (and, or, not, and lisp-value)
+and one for simple queries.
+The driver loop, which is analogous to the driver-loop procedure for the other evaluators in this
+chapter, reads queries from the terminal. For each query, it calls qeval with the query and a stream
+that consists of a single empty frame. This will produce the stream of all possible matches (all possible
+extensions to the empty frame). For each frame in the resulting stream, it instantiates the original query
+using the values of the variables found in the frame. This stream of instantiated queries is then
+printed. 74
+The driver also checks for the special command assert!, which signals that the input is not a query
+but rather an assertion or rule to be added to the data base. For instance,
+(assert! (job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard)))
+(assert! (rule (wheel ?person)
+(and (supervisor ?middle-manager ?person)
+(supervisor ?x ?middle-manager))))
+
+4.4.3 Is Logic Programming Mathematical Logic?
+The means of combination used in the query language may at first seem identical to the operations
+and, or, and not of mathematical logic, and the application of query-language rules is in fact
+accomplished through a legitimate method of inference. 75 This identification of the query language
+with mathematical logic is not really valid, though, because the query language provides a control
+structure that interprets the logical statements procedurally. We can often take advantage of this
+control structure. For example, to find all of the supervisors of programmers we could formulate a
+query in either of two logically equivalent forms:
+
+\f(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(supervisor ?x ?y))
+or
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(job ?x (computer programmer)))
+If a company has many more supervisors than programmers (the usual case), it is better to use the first
+form rather than the second because the data base must be scanned for each intermediate result (frame)
+produced by the first clause of the and.
+The aim of logic programming is to provide the programmer with techniques for decomposing a
+computational problem into two separate problems: ‘‘what’’ is to be computed, and ‘‘how’’ this
+should be computed. This is accomplished by selecting a subset of the statements of mathematical
+logic that is powerful enough to be able to describe anything one might want to compute, yet weak
+enough to have a controllable procedural interpretation. The intention here is that, on the one hand, a
+program specified in a logic programming language should be an effective program that can be carried
+out by a computer. Control (‘‘how’’ to compute) is effected by using the order of evaluation of the
+language. We should be able to arrange the order of clauses and the order of subgoals within each
+clause so that the computation is done in an order deemed to be effective and efficient. At the same
+time, we should be able to view the result of the computation (‘‘what’’ to compute) as a simple
+consequence of the laws of logic.
+Our query language can be regarded as just such a procedurally interpretable subset of mathematical
+logic. An assertion represents a simple fact (an atomic proposition). A rule represents the implication
+that the rule conclusion holds for those cases where the rule body holds. A rule has a natural
+procedural interpretation: To establish the conclusion of the rule, establish the body of the rule. Rules,
+therefore, specify computations. However, because rules can also be regarded as statements of
+mathematical logic, we can justify any ‘‘inference’’ accomplished by a logic program by asserting that
+the same result could be obtained by working entirely within mathematical logic. 76
+
+Infinite loops
+A consequence of the procedural interpretation of logic programs is that it is possible to construct
+hopelessly inefficient programs for solving certain problems. An extreme case of inefficiency occurs
+when the system falls into infinite loops in making deductions. As a simple example, suppose we are
+setting up a data base of famous marriages, including
+(assert! (married Minnie Mickey))
+If we now ask
+(married Mickey ?who)
+we will get no response, because the system doesn’t know that if A is married to B, then B is married
+to A. So we assert the rule
+(assert! (rule (married ?x ?y)
+(married ?y ?x)))
+
+\fand again query
+(married Mickey ?who)
+Unfortunately, this will drive the system into an infinite loop, as follows:
+The system finds that the married rule is applicable; that is, the rule conclusion (married
+?x ?y) successfully unifies with the query pattern (married Mickey ?who) to produce a
+frame in which ?x is bound to Mickey and ?y is bound to ?who. So the interpreter proceeds to
+evaluate the rule body (married ?y ?x) in this frame -- in effect, to process the query
+(married ?who Mickey).
+One answer appears directly as an assertion in the data base: (married Minnie Mickey).
+The married rule is also applicable, so the interpreter again evaluates the rule body, which this
+time is equivalent to (married Mickey ?who).
+The system is now in an infinite loop. Indeed, whether the system will find the simple answer
+(married Minnie Mickey) before it goes into the loop depends on implementation details
+concerning the order in which the system checks the items in the data base. This is a very simple
+example of the kinds of loops that can occur. Collections of interrelated rules can lead to loops that are
+much harder to anticipate, and the appearance of a loop can depend on the order of clauses in an and
+(see exercise 4.64) or on low-level details concerning the order in which the system processes
+queries. 77
+
+Problems with not
+Another quirk in the query system concerns not. Given the data base of section 4.4.1, consider the
+following two queries:
+(and (supervisor ?x ?y)
+(not (job ?x (computer programmer))))
+(and (not (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+(supervisor ?x ?y))
+These two queries do not produce the same result. The first query begins by finding all entries in the
+data base that match (supervisor ?x ?y), and then filters the resulting frames by removing the
+ones in which the value of ?x satisfies (job ?x (computer programmer)). The second
+query begins by filtering the incoming frames to remove those that can satisfy (job ?x
+(computer programmer)). Since the only incoming frame is empty, it checks the data base to
+see if there are any patterns that satisfy (job ?x (computer programmer)). Since there
+generally are entries of this form, the not clause filters out the empty frame and returns an empty
+stream of frames. Consequently, the entire compound query returns an empty stream.
+The trouble is that our implementation of not really is meant to serve as a filter on values for the
+variables. If a not clause is processed with a frame in which some of the variables remain unbound
+(as does ?x in the example above), the system will produce unexpected results. Similar problems
+occur with the use of lisp-value -- the Lisp predicate can’t work if some of its arguments are
+unbound. See exercise 4.77.
+
+\fThere is also a much more serious way in which the not of the query language differs from the not
+of mathematical logic. In logic, we interpret the statement ‘‘not P’’ to mean that P is not true. In the
+query system, however, ‘‘not P’’ means that P is not deducible from the knowledge in the data base.
+For example, given the personnel data base of section 4.4.1, the system would happily deduce all sorts
+of not statements, such as that Ben Bitdiddle is not a baseball fan, that it is not raining outside, and
+that 2 + 2 is not 4. 78 In other words, the not of logic programming languages reflects the so-called
+closed world assumption that all relevant information has been included in the data base. 79
+Exercise 4.64. Louis Reasoner mistakenly deletes the outranked-by rule (section 4.4.1) from the
+data base. When he realizes this, he quickly reinstalls it. Unfortunately, he makes a slight change in the
+rule, and types it in as
+(rule (outranked-by ?staff-person ?boss)
+(or (supervisor ?staff-person ?boss)
+(and (outranked-by ?middle-manager ?boss)
+(supervisor ?staff-person ?middle-manager))))
+Just after Louis types this information into the system, DeWitt Aull comes by to find out who outranks
+Ben Bitdiddle. He issues the query
+(outranked-by (Bitdiddle Ben) ?who)
+After answering, the system goes into an infinite loop. Explain why.
+Exercise 4.65. Cy D. Fect, looking forward to the day when he will rise in the organization, gives a
+query to find all the wheels (using the wheel rule of section 4.4.1):
+(wheel ?who)
+To his surprise, the system responds
+;;; Query results:
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Bitdiddle Ben))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+(wheel (Warbucks Oliver))
+Why is Oliver Warbucks listed four times?
+Exercise 4.66. Ben has been generalizing the query system to provide statistics about the company.
+For example, to find the total salaries of all the computer programmers one will be able to say
+(sum ?amount
+(and (job ?x (computer programmer))
+(salary ?x ?amount)))
+In general, Ben’s new system allows expressions of the form
+(accumulation-function <variable>
+<query pattern>)
+
+\fwhere accumulation-function can be things like sum, average, or maximum. Ben reasons
+that it should be a cinch to implement this. He will simply feed the query pattern to qeval. This will
+produce a stream of frames. He will then pass this stream through a mapping function that extracts the
+value of the designated variable from each frame in the stream and feed the resulting stream of values
+to the accumulation function. Just as Ben completes the implementation and is about to try it out, Cy
+walks by, still puzzling over the wheel query result in exercise 4.65. When Cy shows Ben the
+system’s response, Ben groans, ‘‘Oh, no, my simple accumulation scheme won’t work!’’
+What has Ben just realized? Outline a method he can use to salvage the situation.
+Exercise 4.67. Devise a way to install a loop detector in the query system so as to avoid the kinds of
+simple loops illustrated in the text and in exercise 4.64. The general idea is that the system should
+maintain some sort of history of its current chain of deductions and should not begin processing a
+query that it is already working on. Describe what kind of information (patterns and frames) is
+included in this history, and how the check should be made. (After you study the details of the
+query-system implementation in section 4.4.4, you may want to modify the system to include your
+loop detector.)
+Exercise 4.68. Define rules to implement the reverse operation of exercise 2.18, which returns a
+list containing the same elements as a given list in reverse order. (Hint: Use append-to-form.)
+Can your rules answer both (reverse (1 2 3) ?x) and (reverse ?x (1 2 3)) ?
+Exercise 4.69. Beginning with the data base and the rules you formulated in exercise 4.63, devise a
+rule for adding ‘‘greats’’ to a grandson relationship. This should enable the system to deduce that Irad
+is the great-grandson of Adam, or that Jabal and Jubal are the great-great-great-great-great-grandsons
+of Adam. (Hint: Represent the fact about Irad, for example, as ((great grandson) Adam
+Irad). Write rules that determine if a list ends in the word grandson. Use this to express a rule that
+allows one to derive the relationship ((great . ?rel) ?x ?y), where ?rel is a list ending in
+grandson.) Check your rules on queries such as ((great grandson) ?g ?ggs) and
+(?relationship Adam Irad).
+
+4.4.4 Implementing the Query System
+Section 4.4.2 described how the query system works. Now we fill in the details by presenting a
+complete implementation of the system.
+
+4.4.4.1 The Driver Loop and Instantiation
+The driver loop for the query system repeatedly reads input expressions. If the expression is a rule or
+assertion to be added to the data base, then the information is added. Otherwise the expression is
+assumed to be a query. The driver passes this query to the evaluator qeval together with an initial
+frame stream consisting of a single empty frame. The result of the evaluation is a stream of frames
+generated by satisfying the query with variable values found in the data base. These frames are used to
+form a new stream consisting of copies of the original query in which the variables are instantiated
+with values supplied by the stream of frames, and this final stream is printed at the terminal:
+(define input-prompt ";;; Query input:")
+(define output-prompt ";;; Query results:")
+(define (query-driver-loop)
+(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
+(let ((q (query-syntax-process (read))))
+
+\f(cond ((assertion-to-be-added? q)
+(add-rule-or-assertion! (add-assertion-body q))
+(newline)
+(display "Assertion added to data base.")
+(query-driver-loop))
+(else
+(newline)
+(display output-prompt)
+(display-stream
+(stream-map
+(lambda (frame)
+(instantiate q
+frame
+(lambda (v f)
+(contract-question-mark v))))
+(qeval q (singleton-stream ’()))))
+(query-driver-loop)))))
+Here, as in the other evaluators in this chapter, we use an abstract syntax for the expressions of the
+query language. The implementation of the expression syntax, including the predicate
+assertion-to-be-added? and the selector add-assertion-body, is given in
+section 4.4.4.7. Add-rule-or-assertion! is defined in section 4.4.4.5.
+Before doing any processing on an input expression, the driver loop transforms it syntactically into a
+form that makes the processing more efficient. This involves changing the representation of pattern
+variables. When the query is instantiated, any variables that remain unbound are transformed back to
+the input representation before being printed. These transformations are performed by the two
+procedures query-syntax-process and contract-question-mark (section 4.4.4.7).
+To instantiate an expression, we copy it, replacing any variables in the expression by their values in a
+given frame. The values are themselves instantiated, since they could contain variables (for example, if
+?x in exp is bound to ?y as the result of unification and ?y is in turn bound to 5). The action to take
+if a variable cannot be instantiated is given by a procedural argument to instantiate.
+(define (instantiate exp frame unbound-var-handler)
+(define (copy exp)
+(cond ((var? exp)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame exp frame)))
+(if binding
+(copy (binding-value binding))
+(unbound-var-handler exp frame))))
+((pair? exp)
+(cons (copy (car exp)) (copy (cdr exp))))
+(else exp)))
+(copy exp))
+The procedures that manipulate bindings are defined in section 4.4.4.8.
+
+\f4.4.4.2 The Evaluator
+The qeval procedure, called by the query-driver-loop, is the basic evaluator of the query
+system. It takes as inputs a query and a stream of frames, and it returns a stream of extended frames. It
+identifies special forms by a data-directed dispatch using get and put, just as we did in
+implementing generic operations in chapter 2. Any query that is not identified as a special form is
+assumed to be a simple query, to be processed by simple-query.
+(define (qeval query frame-stream)
+(let ((qproc (get (type query) ’qeval)))
+(if qproc
+(qproc (contents query) frame-stream)
+(simple-query query frame-stream))))
+Type and contents, defined in section 4.4.4.7, implement the abstract syntax of the special forms.
+
+Simple queries
+The simple-query procedure handles simple queries. It takes as arguments a simple query (a
+pattern) together with a stream of frames, and it returns the stream formed by extending each frame by
+all data-base matches of the query.
+(define (simple-query query-pattern frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(stream-append-delayed
+(find-assertions query-pattern frame)
+(delay (apply-rules query-pattern frame))))
+frame-stream))
+For each frame in the input stream, we use find-assertions (section 4.4.4.3) to match the pattern
+against all assertions in the data base, producing a stream of extended frames, and we use
+apply-rules (section 4.4.4.4) to apply all possible rules, producing another stream of extended
+frames. These two streams are combined (using stream-append-delayed, section 4.4.4.6) to
+make a stream of all the ways that the given pattern can be satisfied consistent with the original frame
+(see exercise 4.71). The streams for the individual input frames are combined using
+stream-flatmap (section 4.4.4.6) to form one large stream of all the ways that any of the frames
+in the original input stream can be extended to produce a match with the given pattern.
+
+Compound queries
+And queries are handled as illustrated in figure 4.5 by the conjoin procedure. Conjoin takes as
+inputs the conjuncts and the frame stream and returns the stream of extended frames. First, conjoin
+processes the stream of frames to find the stream of all possible frame extensions that satisfy the first
+query in the conjunction. Then, using this as the new frame stream, it recursively applies conjoin to
+the rest of the queries.
+(define (conjoin conjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-conjunction? conjuncts)
+frame-stream
+(conjoin (rest-conjuncts conjuncts)
+(qeval (first-conjunct conjuncts)
+
+\fframe-stream))))
+The expression
+(put ’and ’qeval conjoin)
+sets up qeval to dispatch to conjoin when an and form is encountered.
+Or queries are handled similarly, as shown in figure 4.6. The output streams for the various disjuncts
+of the or are computed separately and merged using the interleave-delayed procedure from
+section 4.4.4.6. (See exercises 4.71 and 4.72.)
+(define (disjoin disjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-disjunction? disjuncts)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave-delayed
+(qeval (first-disjunct disjuncts) frame-stream)
+(delay (disjoin (rest-disjuncts disjuncts)
+frame-stream)))))
+(put ’or ’qeval disjoin)
+The predicates and selectors for the syntax of conjuncts and disjuncts are given in section 4.4.4.7.
+
+Filters
+Not is handled by the method outlined in section 4.4.2. We attempt to extend each frame in the input
+stream to satisfy the query being negated, and we include a given frame in the output stream only if it
+cannot be extended.
+(define (negate operands frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(if (stream-null? (qeval (negated-query operands)
+(singleton-stream frame)))
+(singleton-stream frame)
+the-empty-stream))
+frame-stream))
+(put ’not ’qeval negate)
+Lisp-value is a filter similar to not. Each frame in the stream is used to instantiate the variables in
+the pattern, the indicated predicate is applied, and the frames for which the predicate returns false are
+filtered out of the input stream. An error results if there are unbound pattern variables.
+(define (lisp-value call frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(if (execute
+(instantiate
+call
+frame
+(lambda (v f)
+(error "Unknown pat var -- LISP-VALUE" v))))
+
+\f(singleton-stream frame)
+the-empty-stream))
+frame-stream))
+(put ’lisp-value ’qeval lisp-value)
+Execute, which applies the predicate to the arguments, must eval the predicate expression to get
+the procedure to apply. However, it must not evaluate the arguments, since they are already the actual
+arguments, not expressions whose evaluation (in Lisp) will produce the arguments. Note that
+execute is implemented using eval and apply from the underlying Lisp system.
+(define (execute exp)
+(apply (eval (predicate exp) user-initial-environment)
+(args exp)))
+The always-true special form provides for a query that is always satisfied. It ignores its contents
+(normally empty) and simply passes through all the frames in the input stream. Always-true is
+used by the rule-body selector (section 4.4.4.7) to provide bodies for rules that were defined
+without bodies (that is, rules whose conclusions are always satisfied).
+(define (always-true ignore frame-stream) frame-stream)
+(put ’always-true ’qeval always-true)
+The selectors that define the syntax of not and lisp-value are given in section 4.4.4.7.
+
+4.4.4.3 Finding Assertions by Pattern Matching
+Find-assertions, called by simple-query (section 4.4.4.2), takes as input a pattern and a
+frame. It returns a stream of frames, each extending the given one by a data-base match of the given
+pattern. It uses fetch-assertions (section 4.4.4.5) to get a stream of all the assertions in the data
+base that should be checked for a match against the pattern and the frame. The reason for
+fetch-assertions here is that we can often apply simple tests that will eliminate many of the
+entries in the data base from the pool of candidates for a successful match. The system would still
+work if we eliminated fetch-assertions and simply checked a stream of all assertions in the
+data base, but the computation would be less efficient because we would need to make many more
+calls to the matcher.
+(define (find-assertions pattern frame)
+(stream-flatmap (lambda (datum)
+(check-an-assertion datum pattern frame))
+(fetch-assertions pattern frame)))
+Check-an-assertion takes as arguments a pattern, a data object (assertion), and a frame and
+returns either a one-element stream containing the extended frame or the-empty-stream if the
+match fails.
+(define (check-an-assertion assertion query-pat query-frame)
+(let ((match-result
+(pattern-match query-pat assertion query-frame)))
+(if (eq? match-result ’failed)
+the-empty-stream
+(singleton-stream match-result))))
+
+\fThe basic pattern matcher returns either the symbol failed or an extension of the given frame. The
+basic idea of the matcher is to check the pattern against the data, element by element, accumulating
+bindings for the pattern variables. If the pattern and the data object are the same, the match succeeds
+and we return the frame of bindings accumulated so far. Otherwise, if the pattern is a variable we
+extend the current frame by binding the variable to the data, so long as this is consistent with the
+bindings already in the frame. If the pattern and the data are both pairs, we (recursively) match the
+car of the pattern against the car of the data to produce a frame; in this frame we then match the
+cdr of the pattern against the cdr of the data. If none of these cases are applicable, the match fails
+and we return the symbol failed.
+(define (pattern-match pat dat frame)
+(cond ((eq? frame ’failed) ’failed)
+((equal? pat dat) frame)
+((var? pat) (extend-if-consistent pat dat frame))
+((and (pair? pat) (pair? dat))
+(pattern-match (cdr pat)
+(cdr dat)
+(pattern-match (car pat)
+(car dat)
+frame)))
+(else ’failed)))
+Here is the procedure that extends a frame by adding a new binding, if this is consistent with the
+bindings already in the frame:
+(define (extend-if-consistent var dat frame)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame var frame)))
+(if binding
+(pattern-match (binding-value binding) dat frame)
+(extend var dat frame))))
+If there is no binding for the variable in the frame, we simply add the binding of the variable to the
+data. Otherwise we match, in the frame, the data against the value of the variable in the frame. If the
+stored value contains only constants, as it must if it was stored during pattern matching by
+extend-if-consistent, then the match simply tests whether the stored and new values are the
+same. If so, it returns the unmodified frame; if not, it returns a failure indication. The stored value
+may, however, contain pattern variables if it was stored during unification (see section 4.4.4.4). The
+recursive match of the stored pattern against the new data will add or check bindings for the variables
+in this pattern. For example, suppose we have a frame in which ?x is bound to (f ?y) and ?y is
+unbound, and we wish to augment this frame by a binding of ?x to (f b). We look up ?x and find
+that it is bound to (f ?y). This leads us to match (f ?y) against the proposed new value (f b) in
+the same frame. Eventually this match extends the frame by adding a binding of ?y to b. ?X remains
+bound to (f ?y). We never modify a stored binding and we never store more than one binding for a
+given variable.
+The procedures used by extend-if-consistent to manipulate bindings are defined in
+section 4.4.4.8.
+
+\fPatterns with dotted tails
+If a pattern contains a dot followed by a pattern variable, the pattern variable matches the rest of the
+data list (rather than the next element of the data list), just as one would expect with the dotted-tail
+notation described in exercise 2.20. Although the pattern matcher we have just implemented doesn’t
+look for dots, it does behave as we want. This is because the Lisp read primitive, which is used by
+query-driver-loop to read the query and represent it as a list structure, treats dots in a special
+way.
+When read sees a dot, instead of making the next item be the next element of a list (the car of a
+cons whose cdr will be the rest of the list) it makes the next item be the cdr of the list structure. For
+example, the list structure produced by read for the pattern (computer ?type) could be
+constructed by evaluating the expression (cons ’computer (cons ’?type ’())), and that
+for (computer . ?type) could be constructed by evaluating the expression (cons
+’computer ’?type).
+Thus, as pattern-match recursively compares cars and cdrs of a data list and a pattern that had
+a dot, it eventually matches the variable after the dot (which is a cdr of the pattern) against a sublist
+of the data list, binding the variable to that list. For example, matching the pattern (computer .
+?type) against (computer programmer trainee) will match ?type against the list
+(programmer trainee).
+
+4.4.4.4 Rules and Unification
+Apply-rules is the rule analog of find-assertions (section 4.4.4.3). It takes as input a
+pattern and a frame, and it forms a stream of extension frames by applying rules from the data base.
+Stream-flatmap maps apply-a-rule down the stream of possibly applicable rules (selected
+by fetch-rules, section 4.4.4.5) and combines the resulting streams of frames.
+(define (apply-rules pattern frame)
+(stream-flatmap (lambda (rule)
+(apply-a-rule rule pattern frame))
+(fetch-rules pattern frame)))
+Apply-a-rule applies rules using the method outlined in section 4.4.2. It first augments its
+argument frame by unifying the rule conclusion with the pattern in the given frame. If this succeeds, it
+evaluates the rule body in this new frame.
+Before any of this happens, however, the program renames all the variables in the rule with unique
+new names. The reason for this is to prevent the variables for different rule applications from
+becoming confused with each other. For instance, if two rules both use a variable named ?x, then each
+one may add a binding for ?x to the frame when it is applied. These two ?x’s have nothing to do with
+each other, and we should not be fooled into thinking that the two bindings must be consistent. Rather
+than rename variables, we could devise a more clever environment structure; however, the renaming
+approach we have chosen here is the most straightforward, even if not the most efficient. (See
+exercise 4.79.) Here is the apply-a-rule procedure:
+(define (apply-a-rule rule query-pattern query-frame)
+(let ((clean-rule (rename-variables-in rule)))
+(let ((unify-result
+(unify-match query-pattern
+(conclusion clean-rule)
+
+\fquery-frame)))
+(if (eq? unify-result ’failed)
+the-empty-stream
+(qeval (rule-body clean-rule)
+(singleton-stream unify-result))))))
+The selectors rule-body and conclusion that extract parts of a rule are defined in
+section 4.4.4.7.
+We generate unique variable names by associating a unique identifier (such as a number) with each
+rule application and combining this identifier with the original variable names. For example, if the
+rule-application identifier is 7, we might change each ?x in the rule to ?x-7 and each ?y in the rule
+to ?y-7. (Make-new-variable and new-rule-application-id are included with the
+syntax procedures in section 4.4.4.7.)
+(define (rename-variables-in rule)
+(let ((rule-application-id (new-rule-application-id)))
+(define (tree-walk exp)
+(cond ((var? exp)
+(make-new-variable exp rule-application-id))
+((pair? exp)
+(cons (tree-walk (car exp))
+(tree-walk (cdr exp))))
+(else exp)))
+(tree-walk rule)))
+The unification algorithm is implemented as a procedure that takes as inputs two patterns and a frame
+and returns either the extended frame or the symbol failed. The unifier is like the pattern matcher
+except that it is symmetrical -- variables are allowed on both sides of the match. Unify-match is
+basically the same as pattern-match, except that there is extra code (marked ‘‘***’’ below) to
+handle the case where the object on the right side of the match is a variable.
+(define (unify-match p1 p2 frame)
+(cond ((eq? frame ’failed) ’failed)
+((equal? p1 p2) frame)
+((var? p1) (extend-if-possible p1 p2 frame))
+((var? p2) (extend-if-possible p2 p1 frame))
+((and (pair? p1) (pair? p2))
+(unify-match (cdr p1)
+(cdr p2)
+(unify-match (car p1)
+(car p2)
+frame)))
+(else ’failed)))
+
+; ***
+
+In unification, as in one-sided pattern matching, we want to accept a proposed extension of the frame
+only if it is consistent with existing bindings. The procedure extend-if-possible used in
+unification is the same as the extend-if-consistent used in pattern matching except for two
+special checks, marked ‘‘***’’ in the program below. In the first case, if the variable we are trying to
+match is not bound, but the value we are trying to match it with is itself a (different) variable, it is
+necessary to check to see if the value is bound, and if so, to match its value. If both parties to the
+
+\fmatch are unbound, we may bind either to the other.
+The second check deals with attempts to bind a variable to a pattern that includes that variable. Such a
+situation can occur whenever a variable is repeated in both patterns. Consider, for example, unifying
+the two patterns (?x ?x) and (?y <expression involving ?y>) in a frame where both ?x
+and ?y are unbound. First ?x is matched against ?y, making a binding of ?x to ?y. Next, the same
+?x is matched against the given expression involving ?y. Since ?x is already bound to ?y, this results
+in matching ?y against the expression. If we think of the unifier as finding a set of values for the
+pattern variables that make the patterns the same, then these patterns imply instructions to find a ?y
+such that ?y is equal to the expression involving ?y. There is no general method for solving such
+equations, so we reject such bindings; these cases are recognized by the predicate depends-on?. 80
+On the other hand, we do not want to reject attempts to bind a variable to itself. For example, consider
+unifying (?x ?x) and (?y ?y). The second attempt to bind ?x to ?y matches ?y (the stored value
+of ?x) against ?y (the new value of ?x). This is taken care of by the equal? clause of
+unify-match.
+(define (extend-if-possible var val frame)
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame var frame)))
+(cond (binding
+(unify-match
+(binding-value binding) val frame))
+((var? val)
+; ***
+(let ((binding (binding-in-frame val frame)))
+(if binding
+(unify-match
+var (binding-value binding) frame)
+(extend var val frame))))
+((depends-on? val var frame)
+; ***
+’failed)
+(else (extend var val frame)))))
+Depends-on? is a predicate that tests whether an expression proposed to be the value of a pattern
+variable depends on the variable. This must be done relative to the current frame because the
+expression may contain occurrences of a variable that already has a value that depends on our test
+variable. The structure of depends-on? is a simple recursive tree walk in which we substitute for
+the values of variables whenever necessary.
+(define (depends-on? exp var frame)
+(define (tree-walk e)
+(cond ((var? e)
+(if (equal? var e)
+true
+(let ((b (binding-in-frame e frame)))
+(if b
+(tree-walk (binding-value b))
+false))))
+((pair? e)
+(or (tree-walk (car e))
+(tree-walk (cdr e))))
+(else false)))
+(tree-walk exp))
+
+\f4.4.4.5 Maintaining the Data Base
+One important problem in designing logic programming languages is that of arranging things so that as
+few irrelevant data-base entries as possible will be examined in checking a given pattern. In our
+system, in addition to storing all assertions in one big stream, we store all assertions whose cars are
+constant symbols in separate streams, in a table indexed by the symbol. To fetch an assertion that may
+match a pattern, we first check to see if the car of the pattern is a constant symbol. If so, we return (to
+be tested using the matcher) all the stored assertions that have the same car. If the pattern’s car is
+not a constant symbol, we return all the stored assertions. Cleverer methods could also take advantage
+of information in the frame, or try also to optimize the case where the car of the pattern is not a
+constant symbol. We avoid building our criteria for indexing (using the car, handling only the case of
+constant symbols) into the program; instead we call on predicates and selectors that embody our
+criteria.
+(define THE-ASSERTIONS the-empty-stream)
+(define (fetch-assertions pattern frame)
+(if (use-index? pattern)
+(get-indexed-assertions pattern)
+(get-all-assertions)))
+(define (get-all-assertions) THE-ASSERTIONS)
+(define (get-indexed-assertions pattern)
+(get-stream (index-key-of pattern) ’assertion-stream))
+Get-stream looks up a stream in the table and returns an empty stream if nothing is stored there.
+(define (get-stream key1 key2)
+(let ((s (get key1 key2)))
+(if s s the-empty-stream)))
+Rules are stored similarly, using the car of the rule conclusion. Rule conclusions are arbitrary
+patterns, however, so they differ from assertions in that they can contain variables. A pattern whose
+car is a constant symbol can match rules whose conclusions start with a variable as well as rules
+whose conclusions have the same car. Thus, when fetching rules that might match a pattern whose
+car is a constant symbol we fetch all rules whose conclusions start with a variable as well as those
+whose conclusions have the same car as the pattern. For this purpose we store all rules whose
+conclusions start with a variable in a separate stream in our table, indexed by the symbol ?.
+(define THE-RULES the-empty-stream)
+(define (fetch-rules pattern frame)
+(if (use-index? pattern)
+(get-indexed-rules pattern)
+(get-all-rules)))
+(define (get-all-rules) THE-RULES)
+(define (get-indexed-rules pattern)
+(stream-append
+(get-stream (index-key-of pattern) ’rule-stream)
+(get-stream ’? ’rule-stream)))
+Add-rule-or-assertion! is used by query-driver-loop to add assertions and rules to the
+data base. Each item is stored in the index, if appropriate, and in a stream of all assertions or rules in
+the data base.
+
+\f(define (add-rule-or-assertion! assertion)
+(if (rule? assertion)
+(add-rule! assertion)
+(add-assertion! assertion)))
+(define (add-assertion! assertion)
+(store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(let ((old-assertions THE-ASSERTIONS))
+(set! THE-ASSERTIONS
+(cons-stream assertion old-assertions))
+’ok))
+(define (add-rule! rule)
+(store-rule-in-index rule)
+(let ((old-rules THE-RULES))
+(set! THE-RULES (cons-stream rule old-rules))
+’ok))
+To actually store an assertion or a rule, we check to see if it can be indexed. If so, we store it in the
+appropriate stream.
+(define (store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(if (indexable? assertion)
+(let ((key (index-key-of assertion)))
+(let ((current-assertion-stream
+(get-stream key ’assertion-stream)))
+(put key
+’assertion-stream
+(cons-stream assertion
+current-assertion-stream))))))
+(define (store-rule-in-index rule)
+(let ((pattern (conclusion rule)))
+(if (indexable? pattern)
+(let ((key (index-key-of pattern)))
+(let ((current-rule-stream
+(get-stream key ’rule-stream)))
+(put key
+’rule-stream
+(cons-stream rule
+current-rule-stream)))))))
+The following procedures define how the data-base index is used. A pattern (an assertion or a rule
+conclusion) will be stored in the table if it starts with a variable or a constant symbol.
+(define (indexable? pat)
+(or (constant-symbol? (car pat))
+(var? (car pat))))
+The key under which a pattern is stored in the table is either ? (if it starts with a variable) or the
+constant symbol with which it starts.
+
+\f(define (index-key-of pat)
+(let ((key (car pat)))
+(if (var? key) ’? key)))
+The index will be used to retrieve items that might match a pattern if the pattern starts with a constant
+symbol.
+(define (use-index? pat)
+(constant-symbol? (car pat)))
+Exercise 4.70. What is the purpose of the let bindings in the procedures add-assertion! and
+add-rule! ? What would be wrong with the following implementation of add-assertion! ?
+Hint: Recall the definition of the infinite stream of ones in section 3.5.2: (define ones
+(cons-stream 1 ones)).
+(define (add-assertion! assertion)
+(store-assertion-in-index assertion)
+(set! THE-ASSERTIONS
+(cons-stream assertion THE-ASSERTIONS))
+’ok)
+
+4.4.4.6 Stream Operations
+The query system uses a few stream operations that were not presented in chapter 3.
+Stream-append-delayed and interleave-delayed are just like stream-append and
+interleave (section 3.5.3), except that they take a delayed argument (like the integral
+procedure in section 3.5.4). This postpones looping in some cases (see exercise 4.71).
+(define (stream-append-delayed s1 delayed-s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+(force delayed-s2)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car s1)
+(stream-append-delayed (stream-cdr s1) delayed-s2))))
+(define (interleave-delayed s1 delayed-s2)
+(if (stream-null? s1)
+(force delayed-s2)
+(cons-stream
+(stream-car s1)
+(interleave-delayed (force delayed-s2)
+(delay (stream-cdr s1))))))
+Stream-flatmap, which is used throughout the query evaluator to map a procedure over a stream
+of frames and combine the resulting streams of frames, is the stream analog of the flatmap
+procedure introduced for ordinary lists in section 2.2.3. Unlike ordinary flatmap, however, we
+accumulate the streams with an interleaving process, rather than simply appending them (see
+exercises 4.72 and 4.73).
+(define (stream-flatmap proc s)
+(flatten-stream (stream-map proc s)))
+(define (flatten-stream stream)
+
+\f(if (stream-null? stream)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave-delayed
+(stream-car stream)
+(delay (flatten-stream (stream-cdr stream))))))
+The evaluator also uses the following simple procedure to generate a stream consisting of a single
+element:
+(define (singleton-stream x)
+(cons-stream x the-empty-stream))
+
+4.4.4.7 Query Syntax Procedures
+Type and contents, used by qeval (section 4.4.4.2), specify that a special form is identified by
+the symbol in its car. They are the same as the type-tag and contents procedures in
+section 2.4.2, except for the error message.
+(define (type exp)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(car exp)
+(error "Unknown expression TYPE" exp)))
+(define (contents exp)
+(if (pair? exp)
+(cdr exp)
+(error "Unknown expression CONTENTS" exp)))
+The following procedures, used by query-driver-loop (in section 4.4.4.1), specify that rules and
+assertions are added to the data base by expressions of the form (assert!
+<rule-or-assertion>):
+(define (assertion-to-be-added? exp)
+(eq? (type exp) ’assert!))
+(define (add-assertion-body exp)
+(car (contents exp)))
+Here are the syntax definitions for the and, or, not, and lisp-value special forms
+(section 4.4.4.2):
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(empty-conjunction? exps) (null? exps))
+(first-conjunct exps) (car exps))
+(rest-conjuncts exps) (cdr exps))
+(empty-disjunction? exps) (null? exps))
+(first-disjunct exps) (car exps))
+(rest-disjuncts exps) (cdr exps))
+(negated-query exps) (car exps))
+(predicate exps) (car exps))
+(args exps) (cdr exps))
+
+The following three procedures define the syntax of rules:
+
+\f(define (rule? statement)
+(tagged-list? statement ’rule))
+(define (conclusion rule) (cadr rule))
+(define (rule-body rule)
+(if (null? (cddr rule))
+’(always-true)
+(caddr rule)))
+Query-driver-loop (section 4.4.4.1) calls query-syntax-process to transform pattern
+variables in the expression, which have the form ?symbol, into the internal format (? symbol).
+That is to say, a pattern such as (job ?x ?y) is actually represented internally by the system as
+(job (? x) (? y)). This increases the efficiency of query processing, since it means that the
+system can check to see if an expression is a pattern variable by checking whether the car of the
+expression is the symbol ?, rather than having to extract characters from the symbol. The syntax
+transformation is accomplished by the following procedure: 81
+(define (query-syntax-process exp)
+(map-over-symbols expand-question-mark exp))
+(define (map-over-symbols proc exp)
+(cond ((pair? exp)
+(cons (map-over-symbols proc (car exp))
+(map-over-symbols proc (cdr exp))))
+((symbol? exp) (proc exp))
+(else exp)))
+(define (expand-question-mark symbol)
+(let ((chars (symbol->string symbol)))
+(if (string=? (substring chars 0 1) "?")
+(list ’?
+(string->symbol
+(substring chars 1 (string-length chars))))
+symbol)))
+Once the variables are transformed in this way, the variables in a pattern are lists starting with ?, and
+the constant symbols (which need to be recognized for data-base indexing, section 4.4.4.5) are just the
+symbols.
+(define (var? exp)
+(tagged-list? exp ’?))
+(define (constant-symbol? exp) (symbol? exp))
+Unique variables are constructed during rule application (in section 4.4.4.4) by means of the following
+procedures. The unique identifier for a rule application is a number, which is incremented each time a
+rule is applied.
+(define rule-counter 0)
+(define (new-rule-application-id)
+(set! rule-counter (+ 1 rule-counter))
+rule-counter)
+(define (make-new-variable var rule-application-id)
+(cons ’? (cons rule-application-id (cdr var))))
+
+\fWhen query-driver-loop instantiates the query to print the answer, it converts any unbound
+pattern variables back to the right form for printing, using
+(define (contract-question-mark variable)
+(string->symbol
+(string-append "?"
+(if (number? (cadr variable))
+(string-append (symbol->string (caddr variable))
+"-"
+(number->string (cadr variable)))
+(symbol->string (cadr variable))))))
+
+4.4.4.8 Frames and Bindings
+Frames are represented as lists of bindings, which are variable-value pairs:
+(define (make-binding variable value)
+(cons variable value))
+(define (binding-variable binding)
+(car binding))
+(define (binding-value binding)
+(cdr binding))
+(define (binding-in-frame variable frame)
+(assoc variable frame))
+(define (extend variable value frame)
+(cons (make-binding variable value) frame))
+Exercise 4.71. Louis Reasoner wonders why the simple-query and disjoin procedures
+(section 4.4.4.2) are implemented using explicit delay operations, rather than being defined as
+follows:
+(define (simple-query query-pattern frame-stream)
+(stream-flatmap
+(lambda (frame)
+(stream-append (find-assertions query-pattern frame)
+(apply-rules query-pattern frame)))
+frame-stream))
+(define (disjoin disjuncts frame-stream)
+(if (empty-disjunction? disjuncts)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave
+(qeval (first-disjunct disjuncts) frame-stream)
+(disjoin (rest-disjuncts disjuncts) frame-stream))))
+Can you give examples of queries where these simpler definitions would lead to undesirable behavior?
+Exercise 4.72. Why do disjoin and stream-flatmap interleave the streams rather than simply
+append them? Give examples that illustrate why interleaving works better. (Hint: Why did we use
+interleave in section 3.5.3?)
+
+\fExercise 4.73. Why does flatten-stream use delay explicitly? What would be wrong with
+defining it as follows:
+(define (flatten-stream stream)
+(if (stream-null? stream)
+the-empty-stream
+(interleave
+(stream-car stream)
+(flatten-stream (stream-cdr stream)))))
+Exercise 4.74. Alyssa P. Hacker proposes to use a simpler version of stream-flatmap in
+negate, lisp-value, and find-assertions. She observes that the procedure that is mapped
+over the frame stream in these cases always produces either the empty stream or a singleton stream, so
+no interleaving is needed when combining these streams.
+a. Fill in the missing expressions in Alyssa’s program.
+(define (simple-stream-flatmap proc s)
+(simple-flatten (stream-map proc s)))
+(define (simple-flatten stream)
+(stream-map <??>
+(stream-filter <??> stream)))
+b. Does the query system’s behavior change if we change it in this way?
+Exercise 4.75. Implement for the query language a new special form called unique. Unique
+should succeed if there is precisely one item in the data base satisfying a specified query. For example,
+(unique (job ?x (computer wizard)))
+should print the one-item stream
+(unique (job (Bitdiddle Ben) (computer wizard)))
+since Ben is the only computer wizard, and
+(unique (job ?x (computer programmer)))
+should print the empty stream, since there is more than one computer programmer. Moreover,
+(and (job ?x ?j) (unique (job ?anyone ?j)))
+should list all the jobs that are filled by only one person, and the people who fill them.
+There are two parts to implementing unique. The first is to write a procedure that handles this
+special form, and the second is to make qeval dispatch to that procedure. The second part is trivial,
+since qeval does its dispatching in a data-directed way. If your procedure is called
+uniquely-asserted, all you need to do is
+(put ’unique ’qeval uniquely-asserted)
+
+\fand qeval will dispatch to this procedure for every query whose type (car) is the symbol
+unique.
+The real problem is to write the procedure uniquely-asserted. This should take as input the
+contents (cdr) of the unique query, together with a stream of frames. For each frame in the
+stream, it should use qeval to find the stream of all extensions to the frame that satisfy the given
+query. Any stream that does not have exactly one item in it should be eliminated. The remaining
+streams should be passed back to be accumulated into one big stream that is the result of the unique
+query. This is similar to the implementation of the not special form.
+Test your implementation by forming a query that lists all people who supervise precisely one person.
+Exercise 4.76. Our implementation of and as a series combination of queries (figure 4.5) is elegant,
+but it is inefficient because in processing the second query of the and we must scan the data base for
+each frame produced by the first query. If the data base has N elements, and a typical query produces a
+number of output frames proportional to N (say N/k), then scanning the data base for each frame
+produced by the first query will require N 2 /k calls to the pattern matcher. Another approach would be
+to process the two clauses of the and separately, then look for all pairs of output frames that are
+compatible. If each query produces N/k output frames, then this means that we must perform N 2 /k 2
+compatibility checks -- a factor of k fewer than the number of matches required in our current method.
+Devise an implementation of and that uses this strategy. You must implement a procedure that takes
+two frames as inputs, checks whether the bindings in the frames are compatible, and, if so, produces a
+frame that merges the two sets of bindings. This operation is similar to unification.
+Exercise 4.77. In section 4.4.3 we saw that not and lisp-value can cause the query language to
+give ‘‘wrong’’ answers if these filtering operations are applied to frames in which variables are
+unbound. Devise a way to fix this shortcoming. One idea is to perform the filtering in a ‘‘delayed’’
+manner by appending to the frame a ‘‘promise’’ to filter that is fulfilled only when enough variables
+have been bound to make the operation possible. We could wait to perform filtering until all other
+operations have been performed. However, for efficiency’s sake, we would like to perform filtering as
+soon as possible so as to cut down on the number of intermediate frames generated.
+Exercise 4.78. Redesign the query language as a nondeterministic program to be implemented using
+the evaluator of section 4.3, rather than as a stream process. In this approach, each query will produce
+a single answer (rather than the stream of all answers) and the user can type try-again to see more
+answers. You should find that much of the mechanism we built in this section is subsumed by
+nondeterministic search and backtracking. You will probably also find, however, that your new query
+language has subtle differences in behavior from the one implemented here. Can you find examples
+that illustrate this difference?
+Exercise 4.79. When we implemented the Lisp evaluator in section 4.1, we saw how to use local
+environments to avoid name conflicts between the parameters of procedures. For example, in
+evaluating
+(define (square x)
+(* x x))
+(define (sum-of-squares x y)
+(+ (square x) (square y)))
+(sum-of-squares 3 4)
+
+\fthere is no confusion between the x in square and the x in sum-of-squares, because we
+evaluate the body of each procedure in an environment that is specially constructed to contain bindings
+for the local variables. In the query system, we used a different strategy to avoid name conflicts in
+applying rules. Each time we apply a rule we rename the variables with new names that are guaranteed
+to be unique. The analogous strategy for the Lisp evaluator would be to do away with local
+environments and simply rename the variables in the body of a procedure each time we apply the
+procedure.
+Implement for the query language a rule-application method that uses environments rather than
+renaming. See if you can build on your environment structure to create constructs in the query
+language for dealing with large systems, such as the rule analog of block-structured procedures. Can
+you relate any of this to the problem of making deductions in a context (e.g., ‘‘If I supposed that P
+were true, then I would be able to deduce A and B.’’) as a method of problem solving? (This problem
+is open-ended. A good answer is probably worth a Ph.D.)
+58 Logic programming has grown out of a long history of research in automatic theorem proving.
+
+Early theorem-proving programs could accomplish very little, because they exhaustively searched the
+space of possible proofs. The major breakthrough that made such a search plausible was the discovery
+in the early 1960s of the unification algorithm and the resolution principle (Robinson 1965).
+Resolution was used, for example, by Green and Raphael (1968) (see also Green 1969) as the basis for
+a deductive question-answering system. During most of this period, researchers concentrated on
+algorithms that are guaranteed to find a proof if one exists. Such algorithms were difficult to control
+and to direct toward a proof. Hewitt (1969) recognized the possibility of merging the control structure
+of a programming language with the operations of a logic-manipulation system, leading to the work in
+automatic search mentioned in section 4.3.1 (footnote 47). At the same time that this was being done,
+Colmerauer, in Marseille, was developing rule-based systems for manipulating natural language (see
+Colmerauer et al. 1973). He invented a programming language called Prolog for representing those
+rules. Kowalski (1973; 1979), in Edinburgh, recognized that execution of a Prolog program could be
+interpreted as proving theorems (using a proof technique called linear Horn-clause resolution). The
+merging of the last two strands led to the logic-programming movement. Thus, in assigning credit for
+the development of logic programming, the French can point to Prolog’s genesis at the University of
+Marseille, while the British can highlight the work at the University of Edinburgh. According to
+people at MIT, logic programming was developed by these groups in an attempt to figure out what
+Hewitt was talking about in his brilliant but impenetrable Ph.D. thesis. For a history of logic
+programming, see Robinson 1983.
+59 To see the correspondence between the rules and the procedure, let x in the procedure (where x is
+
+nonempty) correspond to (cons u v) in the rule. Then z in the rule corresponds to the append of
+(cdr x) and y.
+60 This certainly does not relieve the user of the entire problem of how to compute the answer. There
+
+are many different mathematically equivalent sets of rules for formulating the append relation, only
+some of which can be turned into effective devices for computing in any direction. In addition,
+sometimes ‘‘what is’’ information gives no clue ‘‘how to’’ compute an answer. For example, consider
+the problem of computing the y such that y 2 = x.
+61 Interest in logic programming peaked during the early 80s when the Japanese government began an
+
+ambitious project aimed at building superfast computers optimized to run logic programming
+languages. The speed of such computers was to be measured in LIPS (Logical Inferences Per Second)
+rather than the usual FLOPS (FLoating-point Operations Per Second). Although the project succeeded
+
+\fin developing hardware and software as originally planned, the international computer industry moved
+in a different direction. See Feigenbaum and Shrobe 1993 for an overview evaluation of the Japanese
+project. The logic programming community has also moved on to consider relational programming
+based on techniques other than simple pattern matching, such as the ability to deal with numerical
+constraints such as the ones illustrated in the constraint-propagation system of section 3.3.5.
+62 This uses the dotted-tail notation introduced in exercise 2.20.
+63 Actually, this description of not is valid only for simple cases. The real behavior of not is more
+
+complex. We will examine not’s peculiarities in sections 4.4.2 and 4.4.3.
+64 Lisp-value should be used only to perform an operation not provided in the query language. In
+
+particular, it should not be used to test equality (since that is what the matching in the query language
+is designed to do) or inequality (since that can be done with the same rule shown below).
+65 Notice that we do not need same in order to make two things be the same: We just use the same
+
+pattern variable for each -- in effect, we have one thing instead of two things in the first place. For
+example, see ?town in the lives-near rule and ?middle-manager in the wheel rule below.
+Same is useful when we want to force two things to be different, such as ?person-1 and
+?person-2 in the lives-near rule. Although using the same pattern variable in two parts of a
+query forces the same value to appear in both places, using different pattern variables does not force
+different values to appear. (The values assigned to different pattern variables may be the same or
+different.)
+66 We will also allow rules without bodies, as in same, and we will interpret such a rule to mean that
+
+the rule conclusion is satisfied by any values of the variables.
+67 Because matching is generally very expensive, we would like to avoid applying the full matcher to
+
+every element of the data base. This is usually arranged by breaking up the process into a fast, coarse
+match and the final match. The coarse match filters the data base to produce a small set of candidates
+for the final match. With care, we can arrange our data base so that some of the work of coarse
+matching can be done when the data base is constructed rather then when we want to select the
+candidates. This is called indexing the data base. There is a vast technology built around
+data-base-indexing schemes. Our implementation, described in section 4.4.4, contains a
+simple-minded form of such an optimization.
+68 But this kind of exponential explosion is not common in and queries because the added conditions
+
+tend to reduce rather than expand the number of frames produced.
+69 There is a large literature on data-base-management systems that is concerned with how to handle
+
+complex queries efficiently.
+70 There is a subtle difference between this filter implementation of not and the usual meaning of
+
+not in mathematical logic. See section 4.4.3.
+71 In one-sided pattern matching, all the equations that contain pattern variables are explicit and
+
+already solved for the unknown (the pattern variable).
+72 Another way to think of unification is that it generates the most general pattern that is a
+
+specialization of the two input patterns. That is, the unification of (?x a) and ((b ?y) ?z) is
+((b ?y) a), and the unification of (?x a ?y) and (?y ?z a), discussed above, is (a a a).
+For our implementation, it is more convenient to think of the result of unification as a frame rather
+
+\fthan a pattern.
+73 Since unification is a generalization of matching, we could simplify the system by using the unifier
+
+to produce both streams. Treating the easy case with the simple matcher, however, illustrates how
+matching (as opposed to full-blown unification) can be useful in its own right.
+74 The reason we use streams (rather than lists) of frames is that the recursive application of rules can
+
+generate infinite numbers of values that satisfy a query. The delayed evaluation embodied in streams is
+crucial here: The system will print responses one by one as they are generated, regardless of whether
+there are a finite or infinite number of responses.
+75 That a particular method of inference is legitimate is not a trivial assertion. One must prove that if
+
+one starts with true premises, only true conclusions can be derived. The method of inference
+represented by rule applications is modus ponens, the familiar method of inference that says that if A is
+true and A implies B is true, then we may conclude that B is true.
+76 We must qualify this statement by agreeing that, in speaking of the ‘‘inference’’ accomplished by a
+
+logic program, we assume that the computation terminates. Unfortunately, even this qualified
+statement is false for our implementation of the query language (and also false for programs in Prolog
+and most other current logic programming languages) because of our use of not and lisp-value.
+As we will describe below, the not implemented in the query language is not always consistent with
+the not of mathematical logic, and lisp-value introduces additional complications. We could
+implement a language consistent with mathematical logic by simply removing not and
+lisp-value from the language and agreeing to write programs using only simple queries, and, and
+or. However, this would greatly restrict the expressive power of the language. One of the major
+concerns of research in logic programming is to find ways to achieve more consistency with
+mathematical logic without unduly sacrificing expressive power.
+77 This is not a problem of the logic but one of the procedural interpretation of the logic provided by
+
+our interpreter. We could write an interpreter that would not fall into a loop here. For example, we
+could enumerate all the proofs derivable from our assertions and our rules in a breadth-first rather than
+a depth-first order. However, such a system makes it more difficult to take advantage of the order of
+deductions in our programs. One attempt to build sophisticated control into such a program is
+described in deKleer et al. 1977. Another technique, which does not lead to such serious control
+problems, is to put in special knowledge, such as detectors for particular kinds of loops (exercise 4.67).
+However, there can be no general scheme for reliably preventing a system from going down infinite
+paths in performing deductions. Imagine a diabolical rule of the form ‘‘To show P(x) is true, show that
+P(f(x)) is true,’’ for some suitably chosen function f.
+78 Consider the query (not (baseball-fan (Bitdiddle Ben))). The system finds that
+
+(baseball-fan (Bitdiddle Ben)) is not in the data base, so the empty frame does not
+satisfy the pattern and is not filtered out of the initial stream of frames. The result of the query is thus
+the empty frame, which is used to instantiate the input query to produce (not (baseball-fan
+(Bitdiddle Ben))).
+79 A discussion and justification of this treatment of not can be found in the article by Clark (1978).
+80 In general, unifying ?y with an expression involving ?y would require our being able to find a
+
+fixed point of the equation ?y = <expression involving ?y>. It is sometimes possible to syntactically
+form an expression that appears to be the solution. For example, ?y = (f ?y) seems to have the
+fixed point (f (f (f ... ))), which we can produce by beginning with the expression (f ?y)
+and repeatedly substituting (f ?y) for ?y. Unfortunately, not every such equation has a meaningful
+
+\ffixed point. The issues that arise here are similar to the issues of manipulating infinite series in
+mathematics. For example, we know that 2 is the solution to the equation y = 1 + y/2. Beginning with
+the expression 1 + y/2 and repeatedly substituting 1 + y/2 for y gives
+
+which leads to
+
+However, if we try the same manipulation beginning with the observation that - 1 is the solution to the
+equation y = 1 + 2y, we obtain
+
+which leads to
+
+Although the formal manipulations used in deriving these two equations are identical, the first result is
+a valid assertion about infinite series but the second is not. Similarly, for our unification results,
+reasoning with an arbitrary syntactically constructed expression may lead to errors.
+81 Most Lisp systems give the user the ability to modify the ordinary read procedure to perform such
+
+transformations by defining reader macro characters. Quoted expressions are already handled in this
+way: The reader automatically translates ’expression into (quote expression) before the
+evaluator sees it. We could arrange for ?expression to be transformed into (? expression) in
+the same way; however, for the sake of clarity we have included the transformation procedure here
+explicitly.
+Expand-question-mark and contract-question-mark use several procedures with
+string in their names. These are Scheme primitives.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Chapter 5
+Computing with Register Machines
+My aim is to show that the heavenly machine is not a
+kind of divine, live being, but a kind of clockwork (and
+he who believes that a clock has soul attributes the
+maker’s glory to the work), insofar as nearly all the
+manifold motions are caused by a most simple and
+material force, just as all motions of the clock are caused
+by a single weight.
+Johannes Kepler (letter to Herwart von Hohenburg, 1605)
+We began this book by studying processes and by describing processes in terms of procedures written
+in Lisp. To explain the meanings of these procedures, we used a succession of models of evaluation:
+the substitution model of chapter 1, the environment model of chapter 3, and the metacircular
+evaluator of chapter 4. Our examination of the metacircular evaluator, in particular, dispelled much of
+the mystery of how Lisp-like languages are interpreted. But even the metacircular evaluator leaves
+important questions unanswered, because it fails to elucidate the mechanisms of control in a Lisp
+system. For instance, the evaluator does not explain how the evaluation of a subexpression manages to
+return a value to the expression that uses this value, nor does the evaluator explain how some recursive
+procedures generate iterative processes (that is, are evaluated using constant space) whereas other
+recursive procedures generate recursive processes. These questions remain unanswered because the
+metacircular evaluator is itself a Lisp program and hence inherits the control structure of the
+underlying Lisp system. In order to provide a more complete description of the control structure of the
+Lisp evaluator, we must work at a more primitive level than Lisp itself.
+In this chapter we will describe processes in terms of the step-by-step operation of a traditional
+computer. Such a computer, or register machine, sequentially executes instructions that manipulate the
+contents of a fixed set of storage elements called registers. A typical register-machine instruction
+applies a primitive operation to the contents of some registers and assigns the result to another register.
+Our descriptions of processes executed by register machines will look very much like
+‘‘machine-language’’ programs for traditional computers. However, instead of focusing on the
+machine language of any particular computer, we will examine several Lisp procedures and design a
+specific register machine to execute each procedure. Thus, we will approach our task from the
+perspective of a hardware architect rather than that of a machine-language computer programmer. In
+designing register machines, we will develop mechanisms for implementing important programming
+constructs such as recursion. We will also present a language for describing designs for register
+machines. In section 5.2 we will implement a Lisp program that uses these descriptions to simulate the
+machines we design.
+Most of the primitive operations of our register machines are very simple. For example, an operation
+might add the numbers fetched from two registers, producing a result to be stored into a third register.
+Such an operation can be performed by easily described hardware. In order to deal with list structure,
+however, we will also use the memory operations car, cdr, and cons, which require an elaborate
+storage-allocation mechanism. In section 5.3 we study their implementation in terms of more
+
+\felementary operations.
+In section 5.4, after we have accumulated experience formulating simple procedures as register
+machines, we will design a machine that carries out the algorithm described by the metacircular
+evaluator of section 4.1. This will fill in the gap in our understanding of how Scheme expressions are
+interpreted, by providing an explicit model for the mechanisms of control in the evaluator. In
+section 5.5 we will study a simple compiler that translates Scheme programs into sequences of
+instructions that can be executed directly with the registers and operations of the evaluator register
+machine.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+5.1 Designing Register Machines
+To design a register machine, we must design its data paths (registers and operations) and the
+controller that sequences these operations. To illustrate the design of a simple register machine, let us
+examine Euclid’s Algorithm, which is used to compute the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two
+integers. As we saw in section 1.2.5, Euclid’s Algorithm can be carried out by an iterative process, as
+specified by the following procedure:
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+A machine to carry out this algorithm must keep track of two numbers, a and b, so let us assume that
+these numbers are stored in two registers with those names. The basic operations required are testing
+whether the contents of register b is zero and computing the remainder of the contents of register a
+divided by the contents of register b. The remainder operation is a complex process, but assume for
+the moment that we have a primitive device that computes remainders. On each cycle of the GCD
+algorithm, the contents of register a must be replaced by the contents of register b, and the contents of
+b must be replaced by the remainder of the old contents of a divided by the old contents of b. It would
+be convenient if these replacements could be done simultaneously, but in our model of register
+machines we will assume that only one register can be assigned a new value at each step. To
+accomplish the replacements, our machine will use a third ‘‘temporary’’ register, which we call t.
+(First the remainder will be placed in t, then the contents of b will be placed in a, and finally the
+remainder stored in t will be placed in b.)
+We can illustrate the registers and operations required for this machine by using the data-path diagram
+shown in figure 5.1. In this diagram, the registers (a, b, and t) are represented by rectangles. Each
+way to assign a value to a register is indicated by an arrow with an X behind the head, pointing from
+the source of data to the register. We can think of the X as a button that, when pushed, allows the value
+at the source to ‘‘flow’’ into the designated register. The label next to each button is the name we will
+use to refer to the button. The names are arbitrary, and can be chosen to have mnemonic value (for
+example, a<-b denotes pushing the button that assigns the contents of register b to register a). The
+source of data for a register can be another register (as in the a<-b assignment), an operation result
+(as in the t<-r assignment), or a constant (a built-in value that cannot be changed, represented in a
+data-path diagram by a triangle containing the constant).
+An operation that computes a value from constants and the contents of registers is represented in a
+data-path diagram by a trapezoid containing a name for the operation. For example, the box marked
+rem in figure 5.1 represents an operation that computes the remainder of the contents of the registers
+a and b to which it is attached. Arrows (without buttons) point from the input registers and constants
+to the box, and arrows connect the operation’s output value to registers. A test is represented by a
+circle containing a name for the test. For example, our GCD machine has an operation that tests
+whether the contents of register b is zero. A test also has arrows from its input registers and constants,
+but it has no output arrows; its value is used by the controller rather than by the data paths. Overall, the
+data-path diagram shows the registers and operations that are required for the machine and how they
+must be connected. If we view the arrows as wires and the X buttons as switches, the data-path
+diagram is very like the wiring diagram for a machine that could be constructed from electrical
+components.
+
+\fFigure 5.2: Controller for a GCD machine.
+Exercise 5.1. Design a register machine to compute factorials using the iterative algorithm specified
+by the following procedure. Draw data-path and controller diagrams for this machine.
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Figure 5.1: Data paths for a GCD machine.
+5.1.1
+A Language for Describing Register Machines
+Figure 5.1: Data paths for a GCD machine.
+Data-path and controller diagrams are adequate for representing simple machines such as GCD, but
+they are unwieldy for describing large machines such as a Lisp interpreter. To make it possible to deal
+with
+complex
+create
+a language
+thatthe
+presents,
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+start withdiagram,
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+this sequence
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+asthat
+illustrated
+figure 5.2.
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+elements of the controller diagram indicate how the data-path components should be operated.
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+We define
+data pathsfrom
+of a machine
+describing
+thediamond
+registersinand
+operations.
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+thethe
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+on the valuetoofit.the
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+that enters
+the register
+under the
+button’s
+control.
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+in theand
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+interpret
+controller
+in terms
+of a physical
+analogy:
+Think
+of the
+(The
+source
+is
+a
+register,
+a
+constant,
+or
+an
+operation.)
+To
+describe
+an
+operation,
+we
+give
+it
+a
+name
+diagram as a maze in which a marble is rolling. When the marble rolls into a box, it pushes the and
+specify itsbutton
+inputsthat
+(registers
+or constants).
+data-path
+is named
+by the box. When the marble rolls into a decision node (such as the test
+for b = 0), it leaves the node on the path determined by the result of the indicated test. Taken together,
+We data
+define
+the and
+controller
+of a machine
+as a sequence
+instructions
+together with
+labelsWe
+that
+identify
+the
+paths
+the controller
+completely
+describeof
+a machine
+for computing
+GCDs.
+start
+the
+entry
+points
+in
+the
+sequence.
+An
+instruction
+is
+one
+of
+the
+following:
+controller (the rolling marble) at the place marked start, after placing numbers in registers a and b.
+When the controller reaches done, we will find the value of the GCD in register a.
+The name of a data-path button to push to assign a value to a register. (This corresponds to a box
+in the controller diagram.)
+A test instruction, that performs a specified test.
+A conditional branch (branch instruction) to a location indicated by a controller label, based on
+the result of the previous test. (The test and branch together correspond to a diamond in the
+controller diagram.) If the test is false, the controller should continue with the next instruction in
+the sequence. Otherwise, the controller should continue with the instruction after the label.
+An unconditional branch (goto instruction) naming a controller label at which to continue
+execution.
+The machine starts at the beginning of the controller instruction sequence and stops when execution
+reaches the end of the sequence. Except when a branch changes the flow of control, instructions are
+executed in the order in which they are listed.
+
+Figure 5.2: Controller for a GCD machine.
+
+\f(data-paths
+(registers
+((name a)
+(buttons ((name a<-b) (source (register b)))))
+((name b)
+(buttons ((name b<-t) (source (register t)))))
+((name t)
+(buttons ((name t<-r) (source (operation rem))))))
+(operations
+((name rem)
+(inputs (register a) (register b)))
+((name =)
+(inputs (register b) (constant 0)))))
+(controller
+test-b
+; label
+(test =)
+; test
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+; conditional branch
+(t<-r)
+; button push
+(a<-b)
+; button push
+(b<-t)
+; button push
+(goto (label test-b))
+; unconditional branch
+gcd-done)
+; label
+Figure 5.3: A specification of the GCD machine.
+Figure 5.3: A specification of the GCD machine.
+Figure 5.3 shows the GCD machine described in this way. This example only hints at the generality of
+these descriptions, since the GCD machine is a very simple case: Each register has only one button,
+and each button and test is used only once in the controller.
+Unfortunately, it is difficult to read such a description. In order to understand the controller
+instructions we must constantly refer back to the definitions of the button names and the operation
+names, and to understand what the buttons do we may have to refer to the definitions of the operation
+names. We will thus transform our notation to combine the information from the data-path and
+controller descriptions so that we see it all together.
+To obtain this form of description, we will replace the arbitrary button and operation names by the
+definitions of their behavior. That is, instead of saying (in the controller) ‘‘Push button t<-r’’ and
+separately saying (in the data paths) ‘‘Button t<-r assigns the value of the rem operation to register
+t’’ and ‘‘The rem operation’s inputs are the contents of registers a and b,’’ we will say (in the
+controller) ‘‘Push the button that assigns to register t the value of the rem operation on the contents
+of registers a and b.’’ Similarly, instead of saying (in the controller) ‘‘Perform the = test’’ and
+separately saying (in the data paths) ‘‘The = test operates on the contents of register b and the constant
+0,’’ we will say ‘‘Perform the = test on the contents of register b and the constant 0.’’ We will omit
+the data-path description, leaving only the controller sequence. Thus, the GCD machine is described as
+follows:
+
+\f(controller
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)
+This form of description is easier to read than the kind illustrated in figure 5.3, but it also has
+disadvantages:
+It is more verbose for large machines, because complete descriptions of the data-path elements
+are repeated whenever the elements are mentioned in the controller instruction sequence. (This is
+not a problem in the GCD example, because each operation and button is used only once.)
+Moreover, repeating the data-path descriptions obscures the actual data-path structure of the
+machine; it is not obvious for a large machine how many registers, operations, and buttons there
+are and how they are interconnected.
+Because the controller instructions in a machine definition look like Lisp expressions, it is easy to
+forget that they are not arbitrary Lisp expressions. They can notate only legal machine operations.
+For example, operations can operate directly only on constants and the contents of registers, not
+on the results of other operations.
+In spite of these disadvantages, we will use this register-machine language throughout this chapter,
+because we will be more concerned with understanding controllers than with understanding the
+elements and connections in data paths. We should keep in mind, however, that data-path design is
+crucial in designing real machines.
+Exercise 5.2. Use the register-machine language to describe the iterative factorial machine of
+exercise 5.1.
+
+Actions
+Let us modify the GCD machine so that we can type in the numbers whose GCD we want and get the
+answer printed at our terminal. We will not discuss how to make a machine that can read and print, but
+will assume (as we do when we use read and display in Scheme) that they are available as
+primitive operations. 1
+Read is like the operations we have been using in that it produces a value that can be stored in a
+register. But read does not take inputs from any registers; its value depends on something that
+happens outside the parts of the machine we are designing. We will allow our machine’s operations to
+have such behavior, and thus will draw and notate the use of read just as we do any other operation
+that computes a value.
+Print, on the other hand, differs from the operations we have been using in a fundamental way: It
+does not produce an output value to be stored in a register. Though it has an effect, this effect is not on
+a part of the machine we are designing. We will refer to this kind of operation as an action. We will
+represent an action in a data-path diagram just as we represent an operation that computes a value -- as
+a trapezoid that contains the name of the action. Arrows point to the action box from any inputs
+(registers or constants). We also associate a button with the action. Pushing the button makes the
+
+\faction happen. To make a controller push an action button we use a new kind of instruction called
+perform. Thus, the action of printing the contents of register a is represented in a controller
+sequence by the instruction
+(perform (op print) (reg a))
+Figure 5.4 shows the data paths and controller for the new GCD machine. Instead of having the
+machine stop after printing the answer, we have made it start over, so that it repeatedly reads a pair of
+numbers, computes their GCD, and prints the result. This structure is like the driver loops we used in
+the interpreters of chapter 4.
+
+(controller
+gcd-loop
+(assign a (op read))
+(assign b (op read))
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done
+(perform (op print) (reg a))
+(goto (label gcd-loop)))
+Figure 5.4: A GCD machine that reads inputs and prints results.
+Figure 5.4: A GCD machine that reads inputs and prints results.
+
+\f5.1.2 Abstraction in Machine Design
+We will often define a machine to include ‘‘primitive’’ operations that are actually very complex. For
+example, in sections 5.4 and 5.5 we will treat Scheme’s environment manipulations as primitive. Such
+abstraction is valuable because it allows us to ignore the details of parts of a machine so that we can
+concentrate on other aspects of the design. The fact that we have swept a lot of complexity under the
+rug, however, does not mean that a machine design is unrealistic. We can always replace the complex
+‘‘primitives’’ by simpler primitive operations.
+Consider the GCD machine. The machine has an instruction that computes the remainder of the
+contents of registers a and b and assigns the result to register t. If we want to construct the GCD
+machine without using a primitive remainder operation, we must specify how to compute remainders
+in terms of simpler operations, such as subtraction. Indeed, we can write a Scheme procedure that
+finds remainders in this way:
+(define (remainder n d)
+(if (< n d)
+n
+(remainder (- n d) d)))
+We can thus replace the remainder operation in the GCD machine’s data paths with a subtraction
+operation and a comparison test. Figure 5.5 shows the data paths and controller for the elaborated
+machine. The instruction
+
+\fFigure 5.5: Data paths and controller for the elaborated GCD machine.
+Figure 5.5: Data paths and controller for the elaborated GCD machine.
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+in the GCD controller definition is replaced by a sequence of instructions that contains a loop, as
+shown in figure 5.6.
+
+\f(controller
+test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (reg a))
+rem-loop
+(test (op <) (reg t) (reg b))
+(branch (label rem-done))
+(assign t (op -) (reg t) (reg b))
+(goto (label rem-loop))
+rem-done
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)
+Figure 5.6: Controller instruction sequence for the GCD machine in figure 5.5.
+Figure 5.6: Controller instruction sequence for the GCD machine in figure 5.5.
+Exercise 5.3. Design a machine to compute square roots using Newton’s method, as described in
+section 1.1.7:
+(define (sqrt x)
+(define (good-enough? guess)
+(< (abs (- (square guess) x)) 0.001))
+(define (improve guess)
+(average guess (/ x guess)))
+(define (sqrt-iter guess)
+(if (good-enough? guess)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess))))
+(sqrt-iter 1.0))
+Begin by assuming that good-enough? and improve operations are available as primitives. Then
+show how to expand these in terms of arithmetic operations. Describe each version of the sqrt
+machine design by drawing a data-path diagram and writing a controller definition in the
+register-machine language.
+
+5.1.3 Subroutines
+When designing a machine to perform a computation, we would often prefer to arrange for
+components to be shared by different parts of the computation rather than duplicate the components.
+Consider a machine that includes two GCD computations -- one that finds the GCD of the contents of
+registers a and b and one that finds the GCD of the contents of registers c and d. We might start by
+assuming we have a primitive gcd operation, then expand the two instances of gcd in terms of more
+primitive operations. Figure 5.7 shows just the GCD portions of the resulting machine’s data paths,
+without showing how they connect to the rest of the machine. The figure also shows the corresponding
+portions of the machine’s controller sequence.
+
+\fgcd-1
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-1))
+after-gcd-1
+gcd-2
+(test (op =) (reg d) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-2))
+(assign s (op rem) (reg c) (reg d))
+(assign c (reg d))
+(assign d (reg s))
+(goto (label gcd-2))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.7: Portions of the data paths and controller sequence for a machine with two GCD
+computations.
+Figure 5.7: Portions of the data paths and controller sequence for a machine with two GCD
+computations.
+This machine has two remainder operation boxes and two boxes for testing equality. If the duplicated
+components are complicated, as is the remainder box, this will not be an economical way to build the
+machine. We can avoid duplicating the data-path components by using the same components for both
+GCD computations, provided that doing so will not affect the rest of the larger machine’s computation.
+If the values in registers a and b are not needed by the time the controller gets to gcd-2 (or if these
+values can be moved to other registers for safekeeping), we can change the machine so that it uses
+registers a and b, rather than registers c and d, in computing the second GCD as well as the first. If
+we do this, we obtain the controller sequence shown in figure 5.8.
+We have removed the duplicate data-path components (so that the data paths are again as in
+figure 5.1), but the controller now has two GCD sequences that differ only in their entry-point labels. It
+would be better to replace these two sequences by branches to a single sequence -- a gcd subroutine -at the end of which we branch back to the correct place in the main instruction sequence. We can
+
+\faccomplish this as follows: Before branching to gcd, we place a distinguishing value (such as 0 or 1)
+into a special register, continue. At the end of the gcd subroutine we return either to
+after-gcd-1 or to after-gcd-2, depending on the value of the continue register. Figure 5.9
+shows the relevant portion of the resulting controller sequence, which includes only a single copy of
+the gcd instructions.
+gcd-1
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-1))
+after-gcd-1
+gcd-2
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-2))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd-2))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.8: Portions of the controller sequence for a machine that uses the same data-path
+components for two different GCD computations.
+Figure 5.8: Portions of the controller sequence for a machine that uses the same data-path
+components for two different GCD computations.
+
+\fgcd
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd))
+gcd-done
+(test (op =) (reg continue) (const 0))
+(branch (label after-gcd-1))
+(goto (label after-gcd-2))
+;; Before branching to gcd from the first place where
+;; it is needed, we place 0 in the continue register
+(assign continue (const 0))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-1
+;; Before the second use of gcd, we place 1 in the continue register
+(assign continue (const 1))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.9: Using a continue register to avoid the duplicate controller sequence in figure 5.8.
+Figure 5.9: Using a continue register to avoid the duplicate controller sequence in figure 5.8.
+
+\fgcd
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label gcd))
+gcd-done
+(goto (reg continue))
+;; Before calling gcd, we assign to continue
+;; the label to which gcd should return.
+(assign continue (label after-gcd-1))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-1
+;; Here is the second call to gcd, with a different continuation.
+(assign continue (label after-gcd-2))
+(goto (label gcd))
+after-gcd-2
+Figure 5.10: Assigning labels to the continue register simplifies and generalizes the strategy
+shown in figure 5.9.
+Figure 5.10: Assigning labels to the continue register simplifies and generalizes the strategy
+shown in figure 5.9.
+This is a reasonable approach for handling small problems, but it would be awkward if there were
+many instances of GCD computations in the controller sequence. To decide where to continue
+executing after the gcd subroutine, we would need tests in the data paths and branch instructions in
+the controller for all the places that use gcd. A more powerful method for implementing subroutines is
+to have the continue register hold the label of the entry point in the controller sequence at which
+execution should continue when the subroutine is finished. Implementing this strategy requires a new
+kind of connection between the data paths and the controller of a register machine: There must be a
+way to assign to a register a label in the controller sequence in such a way that this value can be
+fetched from the register and used to continue execution at the designated entry point.
+To reflect this ability, we will extend the assign instruction of the register-machine language to
+allow a register to be assigned as value a label from the controller sequence (as a special kind of
+constant). We will also extend the goto instruction to allow execution to continue at the entry point
+described by the contents of a register rather than only at an entry point described by a constant label.
+Using these new constructs we can terminate the gcd subroutine with a branch to the location stored
+in the continue register. This leads to the controller sequence shown in figure 5.10.
+A machine with more than one subroutine could use multiple continuation registers (e.g.,
+gcd-continue, factorial-continue) or we could have all subroutines share a single
+continue register. Sharing is more economical, but we must be careful if we have a subroutine
+(sub1) that calls another subroutine (sub2). Unless sub1 saves the contents of continue in some
+other register before setting up continue for the call to sub2, sub1 will not know where to go
+when it is finished. The mechanism developed in the next section to handle recursion also provides a
+better solution to this problem of nested subroutine calls.
+
+\f5.1.4 Using a Stack to Implement Recursion
+With the ideas illustrated so far, we can implement any iterative process by specifying a register
+machine that has a register corresponding to each state variable of the process. The machine repeatedly
+executes a controller loop, changing the contents of the registers, until some termination condition is
+satisfied. At each point in the controller sequence, the state of the machine (representing the state of
+the iterative process) is completely determined by the contents of the registers (the values of the state
+variables).
+Implementing recursive processes, however, requires an additional mechanism. Consider the following
+recursive method for computing factorials, which we first examined in section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+As we see from the procedure, computing n! requires computing (n - 1)!. Our GCD machine, modeled
+on the procedure
+(define (gcd a b)
+(if (= b 0)
+a
+(gcd b (remainder a b))))
+similarly had to compute another GCD. But there is an important difference between the gcd
+procedure, which reduces the original computation to a new GCD computation, and factorial,
+which requires computing another factorial as a subproblem. In GCD, the answer to the new GCD
+computation is the answer to the original problem. To compute the next GCD, we simply place the
+new arguments in the input registers of the GCD machine and reuse the machine’s data paths by
+executing the same controller sequence. When the machine is finished solving the final GCD problem,
+it has completed the entire computation.
+In the case of factorial (or any recursive process) the answer to the new factorial subproblem is not the
+answer to the original problem. The value obtained for (n - 1)! must be multiplied by n to get the final
+answer. If we try to imitate the GCD design, and solve the factorial subproblem by decrementing the n
+register and rerunning the factorial machine, we will no longer have available the old value of n by
+which to multiply the result. We thus need a second factorial machine to work on the subproblem. This
+second factorial computation itself has a factorial subproblem, which requires a third factorial
+machine, and so on. Since each factorial machine contains another factorial machine within it, the total
+machine contains an infinite nest of similar machines and hence cannot be constructed from a fixed,
+finite number of parts.
+Nevertheless, we can implement the factorial process as a register machine if we can arrange to use the
+same components for each nested instance of the machine. Specifically, the machine that computes n!
+should use the same components to work on the subproblem of computing (n - 1)!, on the subproblem
+for (n - 2)!, and so on. This is plausible because, although the factorial process dictates that an
+unbounded number of copies of the same machine are needed to perform a computation, only one of
+these copies needs to be active at any given time. When the machine encounters a recursive
+subproblem, it can suspend work on the main problem, reuse the same physical parts to work on the
+subproblem, then continue the suspended computation.
+
+\fIn the subproblem, the contents of the registers will be different than they were in the main problem.
+(In this case the n register is decremented.) In order to be able to continue the suspended computation,
+the machine must save the contents of any registers that will be needed after the subproblem is solved
+so that these can be restored to continue the suspended computation. In the case of factorial, we will
+save the old value of n, to be restored when we are finished computing the factorial of the
+decremented n register. 2
+Since there is no a priori limit on the depth of nested recursive calls, we may need to save an arbitrary
+number of register values. These values must be restored in the reverse of the order in which they were
+saved, since in a nest of recursions the last subproblem to be entered is the first to be finished. This
+dictates the use of a stack, or ‘‘last in, first out’’ data structure, to save register values. We can extend
+the register-machine language to include a stack by adding two kinds of instructions: Values are
+placed on the stack using a save instruction and restored from the stack using a restore
+instruction. After a sequence of values has been saved on the stack, a sequence of restores will
+retrieve these values in reverse order. 3
+With the aid of the stack, we can reuse a single copy of the factorial machine’s data paths for each
+factorial subproblem. There is a similar design issue in reusing the controller sequence that operates
+the data paths. To reexecute the factorial computation, the controller cannot simply loop back to the
+beginning, as with an iterative process, because after solving the (n - 1)! subproblem the machine must
+still multiply the result by n. The controller must suspend its computation of n!, solve the (n - 1)!
+subproblem, then continue its computation of n!. This view of the factorial computation suggests the
+use of the subroutine mechanism described in section 5.1.3, which has the controller use a continue
+register to transfer to the part of the sequence that solves a subproblem and then continue where it left
+off on the main problem. We can thus make a factorial subroutine that returns to the entry point stored
+in the continue register. Around each subroutine call, we save and restore continue just as we do
+the n register, since each ‘‘level’’ of the factorial computation will use the same continue register.
+That is, the factorial subroutine must put a new value in continue when it calls itself for a
+subproblem, but it will need the old value in order to return to the place that called it to solve a
+subproblem.
+Figure 5.11 shows the data paths and controller for a machine that implements the recursive
+factorial procedure. The machine has a stack and three registers, called n, val, and continue.
+To simplify the data-path diagram, we have not named the register-assignment buttons, only the
+stack-operation buttons (sc and sn to save registers, rc and rn to restore registers). To operate the
+machine, we put in register n the number whose factorial we wish to compute and start the machine.
+When the machine reaches fact-done, the computation is finished and the answer will be found in
+the val register. In the controller sequence, n and continue are saved before each recursive call
+and restored upon return from the call. Returning from a call is accomplished by branching to the
+location stored in continue. Continue is initialized when the machine starts so that the last return
+will go to fact-done. The val register, which holds the result of the factorial computation, is not
+saved before the recursive call, because the old contents of val is not useful after the subroutine
+returns. Only the new value, which is the value produced by the subcomputation, is needed. Although
+in principle the factorial computation requires an infinite machine, the machine in figure 5.11 is
+actually finite except for the stack, which is potentially unbounded. Any particular physical
+implementation of a stack, however, will be of finite size, and this will limit the depth of recursive
+calls that can be handled by the machine. This implementation of factorial illustrates the general
+strategy for realizing recursive algorithms as ordinary register machines augmented by stacks. When a
+recursive subproblem is encountered, we save on the stack the registers whose current values will be
+required after the subproblem is solved, solve the recursive subproblem, then restore the saved
+registers and continue execution on the main problem. The continue register must always be saved.
+
+\fWhether there are other registers that need to be saved depends on the particular machine, since not all
+recursive computations need the original values of registers that are modified during solution of the
+subproblem (see exercise 5.4).
+
+A double recursion
+Let us examine a more complex recursive process, the tree-recursive computation of the Fibonacci
+numbers, which we introduced in section 1.2.2:
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+Just as with factorial, we can implement the recursive Fibonacci computation as a register machine
+with registers n, val, and continue. The machine is more complex than the one for factorial,
+because there are two places in the controller sequence where we need to perform recursive calls -once to compute Fib(n - 1) and once to compute Fib(n - 2). To set up for each of these calls, we save
+the registers whose values will be needed later, set the n register to the number whose Fib we need to
+compute recursively (n - 1 or n - 2), and assign to continue the entry point in the main sequence to
+which to return (afterfib-n-1 or afterfib-n-2, respectively). We then go to fib-loop.
+When we return from the recursive call, the answer is in val. Figure 5.12 shows the controller
+sequence for this machine.
+
+\f(controller
+(assign continue (label fact-done))
+; set up final return address
+fact-loop
+(test (op =) (reg n) (const 1))
+(branch (label base-case))
+;; Set up for the recursive call by saving n and continue.
+;; Set up continue so that the computation will continue
+;; at after-fact when the subroutine returns.
+(save continue)
+(save n)
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 1))
+(assign continue (label after-fact))
+(goto (label fact-loop))
+after-fact
+(restore n)
+(restore continue)
+(assign val (op *) (reg n) (reg val))
+; val now contains n(n - 1)!
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller
+base-case
+(assign val (const 1))
+; base case: 1! = 1
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller
+fact-done)
+Figure 5.11: A recursive factorial machine.
+Figure 5.11: A recursive factorial machine.
+
+\f(controller
+(assign continue (label fib-done))
+fib-loop
+(test (op <) (reg n) (const 2))
+(branch (label immediate-answer))
+;; set up to compute Fib(n - 1)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label afterfib-n-1))
+(save n)
+; save old value of n
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 1)); clobber n to n - 1
+(goto (label fib-loop))
+; perform recursive call
+afterfib-n-1
+; upon return, val contains Fib(n 1)
+(restore n)
+(restore continue)
+;; set up to compute Fib(n - 2)
+(assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 2))
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label afterfib-n-2))
+(save val)
+; save Fib(n - 1)
+(goto (label fib-loop))
+afterfib-n-2
+; upon return, val contains Fib(n 2)
+(assign n (reg val))
+; n now contains Fib(n - 2)
+(restore val)
+; val now contains Fib(n - 1)
+(restore continue)
+(assign val
+; Fib(n - 1) + Fib(n - 2)
+(op +) (reg val) (reg n))
+(goto (reg continue))
+; return to caller, answer is in val
+immediate-answer
+(assign val (reg n))
+; base case: Fib(n) = n
+(goto (reg continue))
+fib-done)
+Figure 5.12: Controller for a machine to compute Fibonacci numbers.
+Figure 5.12: Controller for a machine to compute Fibonacci numbers.
+
+Exercise 5.4. Specify register machines that implement each of the following procedures. For each
+machine, write a controller instruction sequence and draw a diagram showing the data paths.
+a. Recursive exponentiation:
+(define (expt b n)
+(if (= n 0)
+1
+(* b (expt b (- n 1)))))
+
+\fb. Iterative exponentiation:
+(define (expt b n)
+(define (expt-iter counter product)
+(if (= counter 0)
+product
+(expt-iter (- counter 1) (* b product))))
+(expt-iter n 1))
+Exercise 5.5. Hand-simulate the factorial and Fibonacci machines, using some nontrivial input
+(requiring execution of at least one recursive call). Show the contents of the stack at each significant
+point in the execution.
+Exercise 5.6. Ben Bitdiddle observes that the Fibonacci machine’s controller sequence has an extra
+save and an extra restore, which can be removed to make a faster machine. Where are these
+instructions?
+
+5.1.5 Instruction Summary
+A controller instruction in our register-machine language has one of the following forms, where each
+<input i > is either (reg <register-name>) or (const <constant-value>).
+These instructions were introduced in section 5.1.1:
+(assign <register-name> (reg <register-name>))
+(assign <register-name> (const <constant-value>))
+(assign <register-name> (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ...
+<input n >)
+(perform (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ... <input n >)
+(test (op <operation-name>) <input 1 > ... <input n >)
+(branch (label <label-name>))
+(goto (label <label-name>))
+The use of registers to hold labels was introduced in section 5.1.3:
+(assign <register-name> (label <label-name>))
+(goto (reg <register-name>))
+Instructions to use the stack were introduced in section 5.1.4:
+(save <register-name>)
+(restore <register-name>)
+The only kind of <constant-value> we have seen so far is a number, but later we will use strings,
+symbols, and lists. For example, (const "abc") is the string "abc", (const abc) is the
+symbol abc, (const (a b c)) is the list (a b c), and (const ()) is the empty list.
+1 This assumption glosses over a great deal of complexity. Usually a large portion of the
+
+implementation of a Lisp system is dedicated to making reading and printing work.
+
+\f2 One might argue that we don’t need to save the old n; after we decrement it and solve the
+
+subproblem, we could simply increment it to recover the old value. Although this strategy works for
+factorial, it cannot work in general, since the old value of a register cannot always be computed from
+the new one.
+3 In section 5.3 we will see how to implement a stack in terms of more primitive operations.
+
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+5.2 A Register-Machine Simulator
+In order to gain a good understanding of the design of register machines, we must test the machines we
+design to see if they perform as expected. One way to test a design is to hand-simulate the operation of
+the controller, as in exercise 5.5. But this is extremely tedious for all but the simplest machines. In this
+section we construct a simulator for machines described in the register-machine language. The
+simulator is a Scheme program with four interface procedures. The first uses a description of a register
+machine to construct a model of the machine (a data structure whose parts correspond to the parts of
+the machine to be simulated), and the other three allow us to simulate the machine by manipulating the
+model:
+(make-machine <register-names> <operations> <controller>)
+constructs and returns a model of the machine with the given registers, operations, and controller.
+(set-register-contents! <machine-model> <register-name> <value>)
+stores a value in a simulated register in the given machine.
+(get-register-contents <machine-model> <register-name>)
+returns the contents of a simulated register in the given machine.
+(start <machine-model>)
+simulates the execution of the given machine, starting from the beginning of the controller
+sequence and stopping when it reaches the end of the sequence.
+As an example of how these procedures are used, we can define gcd-machine to be a model of the
+GCD machine of section 5.1.1 as follows:
+(define gcd-machine
+(make-machine
+’(a b t)
+(list (list ’rem remainder) (list ’= =))
+’(test-b
+(test (op =) (reg b) (const 0))
+(branch (label gcd-done))
+(assign t (op rem) (reg a) (reg b))
+(assign a (reg b))
+(assign b (reg t))
+(goto (label test-b))
+gcd-done)))
+The first argument to make-machine is a list of register names. The next argument is a table (a list
+of two-element lists) that pairs each operation name with a Scheme procedure that implements the
+operation (that is, produces the same output value given the same input values). The last argument
+specifies the controller as a list of labels and machine instructions, as in section 5.1.
+To compute GCDs with this machine, we set the input registers, start the machine, and examine the
+result when the simulation terminates:
+
+\f(set-register-contents! gcd-machine ’a 206)
+done
+(set-register-contents! gcd-machine ’b 40)
+done
+(start gcd-machine)
+done
+(get-register-contents gcd-machine ’a)
+2
+This computation will run much more slowly than a gcd procedure written in Scheme, because we
+will simulate low-level machine instructions, such as assign, by much more complex operations.
+Exercise 5.7. Use the simulator to test the machines you designed in exercise 5.4.
+
+5.2.1 The Machine Model
+The machine model generated by make-machine is represented as a procedure with local state
+using the message-passing techniques developed in chapter 3. To build this model, make-machine
+begins by calling the procedure make-new-machine to construct the parts of the machine model
+that are common to all register machines. This basic machine model constructed by
+make-new-machine is essentially a container for some registers and a stack, together with an
+execution mechanism that processes the controller instructions one by one.
+Make-machine then extends this basic model (by sending it messages) to include the registers,
+operations, and controller of the particular machine being defined. First it allocates a register in the
+new machine for each of the supplied register names and installs the designated operations in the
+machine. Then it uses an assembler (described below in section 5.2.2) to transform the controller list
+into instructions for the new machine and installs these as the machine’s instruction sequence.
+Make-machine returns as its value the modified machine model.
+(define (make-machine register-names ops controller-text)
+(let ((machine (make-new-machine)))
+(for-each (lambda (register-name)
+((machine ’allocate-register) register-name))
+register-names)
+((machine ’install-operations) ops)
+((machine ’install-instruction-sequence)
+(assemble controller-text machine))
+machine))
+
+Registers
+We will represent a register as a procedure with local state, as in chapter 3. The procedure
+make-register creates a register that holds a value that can be accessed or changed:
+(define (make-register name)
+(let ((contents ’*unassigned*))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’get) contents)
+((eq? message ’set)
+(lambda (value) (set! contents value)))
+
+\f(else
+(error "Unknown request -- REGISTER" message))))
+dispatch))
+The following procedures are used to access registers:
+(define (get-contents register)
+(register ’get))
+(define (set-contents! register value)
+((register ’set) value))
+
+The stack
+We can also represent a stack as a procedure with local state. The procedure make-stack creates a
+stack whose local state consists of a list of the items on the stack. A stack accepts requests to push an
+item onto the stack, to pop the top item off the stack and return it, and to initialize the stack to
+empty.
+(define (make-stack)
+(let ((s ’()))
+(define (push x)
+(set! s (cons x s)))
+(define (pop)
+(if (null? s)
+(error "Empty stack -- POP")
+(let ((top (car s)))
+(set! s (cdr s))
+top)))
+(define (initialize)
+(set! s ’())
+’done)
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’push) push)
+((eq? message ’pop) (pop))
+((eq? message ’initialize) (initialize))
+(else (error "Unknown request -- STACK"
+message))))
+dispatch))
+The following procedures are used to access stacks:
+(define (pop stack)
+(stack ’pop))
+(define (push stack value)
+((stack ’push) value))
+
+The basic machine
+The make-new-machine procedure, shown in figure 5.13, constructs an object whose local state
+consists of a stack, an initially empty instruction sequence, a list of operations that initially contains an
+operation to initialize the stack, and a register table that initially contains two registers, named flag
+and pc (for ‘‘program counter’’). The internal procedure allocate-register adds new entries to
+
+\fthe register table, and the internal procedure lookup-register looks up registers in the table.
+The flag register is used to control branching in the simulated machine. Test instructions set the
+contents of flag to the result of the test (true or false). Branch instructions decide whether or not to
+branch by examining the contents of flag.
+The pc register determines the sequencing of instructions as the machine runs. This sequencing is
+implemented by the internal procedure execute. In the simulation model, each machine instruction
+is a data structure that includes a procedure of no arguments, called the instruction execution
+procedure, such that calling this procedure simulates executing the instruction. As the simulation runs,
+pc points to the place in the instruction sequence beginning with the next instruction to be executed.
+Execute gets that instruction, executes it by calling the instruction execution procedure, and repeats
+this cycle until there are no more instructions to execute (i.e., until pc points to the end of the
+instruction sequence).
+
+\f(define (make-new-machine)
+(let ((pc (make-register ’pc))
+(flag (make-register ’flag))
+(stack (make-stack))
+(the-instruction-sequence ’()))
+(let ((the-ops
+(list (list ’initialize-stack
+(lambda () (stack ’initialize)))))
+(register-table
+(list (list ’pc pc) (list ’flag flag))))
+(define (allocate-register name)
+(if (assoc name register-table)
+(error "Multiply defined register: " name)
+(set! register-table
+(cons (list name (make-register name))
+register-table)))
+’register-allocated)
+(define (lookup-register name)
+(let ((val (assoc name register-table)))
+(if val
+(cadr val)
+(error "Unknown register:" name))))
+(define (execute)
+(let ((insts (get-contents pc)))
+(if (null? insts)
+’done
+(begin
+((instruction-execution-proc (car insts)))
+(execute)))))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’start)
+(set-contents! pc the-instruction-sequence)
+(execute))
+((eq? message ’install-instruction-sequence)
+(lambda (seq) (set! the-instruction-sequence seq)))
+((eq? message ’allocate-register) allocate-register)
+((eq? message ’get-register) lookup-register)
+((eq? message ’install-operations)
+(lambda (ops) (set! the-ops (append the-ops ops))))
+((eq? message ’stack) stack)
+((eq? message ’operations) the-ops)
+(else (error "Unknown request -- MACHINE" message))))
+dispatch)))
+Figure 5.13: The make-new-machine procedure, which implements the basic machine model.
+Figure 5.13: The make-new-machine procedure, which implements the basic machine model.
+
+\fAs part of its operation, each instruction execution procedure modifies pc to indicate the next
+instruction to be executed. Branch and goto instructions change pc to point to the new destination.
+All other instructions simply advance pc, making it point to the next instruction in the sequence.
+Observe that each call to execute calls execute again, but this does not produce an infinite loop
+because running the instruction execution procedure changes the contents of pc.
+Make-new-machine returns a dispatch procedure that implements message-passing access to
+the internal state. Notice that starting the machine is accomplished by setting pc to the beginning of
+the instruction sequence and calling execute.
+For convenience, we provide an alternate procedural interface to a machine’s start operation, as
+well as procedures to set and examine register contents, as specified at the beginning of section 5.2:
+(define (start machine)
+(machine ’start))
+(define (get-register-contents machine register-name)
+(get-contents (get-register machine register-name)))
+(define (set-register-contents! machine register-name value)
+(set-contents! (get-register machine register-name) value)
+’done)
+These procedures (and many procedures in sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3) use the following to look up the
+register with a given name in a given machine:
+(define (get-register machine reg-name)
+((machine ’get-register) reg-name))
+
+5.2.2 The Assembler
+The assembler transforms the sequence of controller expressions for a machine into a corresponding
+list of machine instructions, each with its execution procedure. Overall, the assembler is much like the
+evaluators we studied in chapter 4 -- there is an input language (in this case, the register-machine
+language) and we must perform an appropriate action for each type of expression in the language.
+The technique of producing an execution procedure for each instruction is just what we used in
+section 4.1.7 to speed up the evaluator by separating analysis from runtime execution. As we saw in
+chapter 4, much useful analysis of Scheme expressions could be performed without knowing the actual
+values of variables. Here, analogously, much useful analysis of register-machine-language expressions
+can be performed without knowing the actual contents of machine registers. For example, we can
+replace references to registers by pointers to the register objects, and we can replace references to
+labels by pointers to the place in the instruction sequence that the label designates.
+Before it can generate the instruction execution procedures, the assembler must know what all the
+labels refer to, so it begins by scanning the controller text to separate the labels from the instructions.
+As it scans the text, it constructs both a list of instructions and a table that associates each label with a
+pointer into that list. Then the assembler augments the instruction list by inserting the execution
+procedure for each instruction.
+The assemble procedure is the main entry to the assembler. It takes the controller text and the
+machine model as arguments and returns the instruction sequence to be stored in the model.
+Assemble calls extract-labels to build the initial instruction list and label table from the
+supplied controller text. The second argument to extract-labels is a procedure to be called to
+
+\fprocess these results: This procedure uses update-insts! to generate the instruction execution
+procedures and insert them into the instruction list, and returns the modified list.
+(define (assemble controller-text machine)
+(extract-labels controller-text
+(lambda (insts labels)
+(update-insts! insts labels machine)
+insts)))
+Extract-labels takes as arguments a list text (the sequence of controller instruction
+expressions) and a receive procedure. Receive will be called with two values: (1) a list insts of
+instruction data structures, each containing an instruction from text; and (2) a table called labels,
+which associates each label from text with the position in the list insts that the label designates.
+(define (extract-labels text receive)
+(if (null? text)
+(receive ’() ’())
+(extract-labels (cdr text)
+(lambda (insts labels)
+(let ((next-inst (car text)))
+(if (symbol? next-inst)
+(receive insts
+(cons (make-label-entry next-inst
+insts)
+labels))
+(receive (cons (make-instruction next-inst)
+insts)
+labels)))))))
+Extract-labels works by sequentially scanning the elements of the text and accumulating the
+insts and the labels. If an element is a symbol (and thus a label) an appropriate entry is added to
+the labels table. Otherwise the element is accumulated onto the insts list. 4
+Update-insts! modifies the instruction list, which initially contains only the text of the
+instructions, to include the corresponding execution procedures:
+(define (update-insts! insts labels machine)
+(let ((pc (get-register machine ’pc))
+(flag (get-register machine ’flag))
+(stack (machine ’stack))
+(ops (machine ’operations)))
+(for-each
+(lambda (inst)
+(set-instruction-execution-proc!
+inst
+(make-execution-procedure
+(instruction-text inst) labels machine
+pc flag stack ops)))
+insts)))
+
+\fThe machine instruction data structure simply pairs the instruction text with the corresponding
+execution procedure. The execution procedure is not yet available when extract-labels
+constructs the instruction, and is inserted later by update-insts!.
+(define (make-instruction text)
+(cons text ’()))
+(define (instruction-text inst)
+(car inst))
+(define (instruction-execution-proc inst)
+(cdr inst))
+(define (set-instruction-execution-proc! inst proc)
+(set-cdr! inst proc))
+The instruction text is not used by our simulator, but it is handy to keep around for debugging (see
+exercise 5.16).
+Elements of the label table are pairs:
+(define (make-label-entry label-name insts)
+(cons label-name insts))
+Entries will be looked up in the table with
+(define (lookup-label labels label-name)
+(let ((val (assoc label-name labels)))
+(if val
+(cdr val)
+(error "Undefined label -- ASSEMBLE" label-name))))
+Exercise 5.8. The following register-machine code is ambiguous, because the label here is defined
+more than once:
+start
+(goto (label here))
+here
+(assign a (const 3))
+(goto (label there))
+here
+(assign a (const 4))
+(goto (label there))
+there
+With the simulator as written, what will the contents of register a be when control reaches there?
+Modify the extract-labels procedure so that the assembler will signal an error if the same label
+name is used to indicate two different locations.
+
+5.2.3 Generating Execution Procedures for Instructions
+The assembler calls make-execution-procedure to generate the execution procedure for an
+instruction. Like the analyze procedure in the evaluator of section 4.1.7, this dispatches on the type
+of instruction to generate the appropriate execution procedure.
+
+\f(define (make-execution-procedure inst labels machine
+pc flag stack ops)
+(cond ((eq? (car inst) ’assign)
+(make-assign inst machine labels ops pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’test)
+(make-test inst machine labels ops flag pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’branch)
+(make-branch inst machine labels flag pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’goto)
+(make-goto inst machine labels pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’save)
+(make-save inst machine stack pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’restore)
+(make-restore inst machine stack pc))
+((eq? (car inst) ’perform)
+(make-perform inst machine labels ops pc))
+(else (error "Unknown instruction type -- ASSEMBLE"
+inst))))
+For each type of instruction in the register-machine language, there is a generator that builds an
+appropriate execution procedure. The details of these procedures determine both the syntax and
+meaning of the individual instructions in the register-machine language. We use data abstraction to
+isolate the detailed syntax of register-machine expressions from the general execution mechanism, as
+we did for evaluators in section 4.1.2, by using syntax procedures to extract and classify the parts of an
+instruction.
+
+Assign instructions
+The make-assign procedure handles assign instructions:
+(define (make-assign inst machine labels operations pc)
+(let ((target
+(get-register machine (assign-reg-name inst)))
+(value-exp (assign-value-exp inst)))
+(let ((value-proc
+(if (operation-exp? value-exp)
+(make-operation-exp
+value-exp machine labels operations)
+(make-primitive-exp
+(car value-exp) machine labels))))
+(lambda ()
+; execution procedure for assign
+(set-contents! target (value-proc))
+(advance-pc pc)))))
+Make-assign extracts the target register name (the second element of the instruction) and the value
+expression (the rest of the list that forms the instruction) from the assign instruction using the
+selectors
+(define (assign-reg-name assign-instruction)
+(cadr assign-instruction))
+(define (assign-value-exp assign-instruction)
+
+\f(cddr assign-instruction))
+The register name is looked up with get-register to produce the target register object. The value
+expression is passed to make-operation-exp if the value is the result of an operation, and to
+make-primitive-exp otherwise. These procedures (shown below) parse the value expression and
+produce an execution procedure for the value. This is a procedure of no arguments, called
+value-proc, which will be evaluated during the simulation to produce the actual value to be
+assigned to the register. Notice that the work of looking up the register name and parsing the value
+expression is performed just once, at assembly time, not every time the instruction is simulated. This
+saving of work is the reason we use execution procedures, and corresponds directly to the saving in
+work we obtained by separating program analysis from execution in the evaluator of section 4.1.7.
+The result returned by make-assign is the execution procedure for the assign instruction. When
+this procedure is called (by the machine model’s execute procedure), it sets the contents of the
+target register to the result obtained by executing value-proc. Then it advances the pc to the next
+instruction by running the procedure
+(define (advance-pc pc)
+(set-contents! pc (cdr (get-contents pc))))
+Advance-pc is the normal termination for all instructions except branch and goto.
+
+Test, branch, and goto instructions
+Make-test handles test instructions in a similar way. It extracts the expression that specifies the
+condition to be tested and generates an execution procedure for it. At simulation time, the procedure
+for the condition is called, the result is assigned to the flag register, and the pc is advanced:
+(define (make-test inst machine labels operations flag pc)
+(let ((condition (test-condition inst)))
+(if (operation-exp? condition)
+(let ((condition-proc
+(make-operation-exp
+condition machine labels operations)))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! flag (condition-proc))
+(advance-pc pc)))
+(error "Bad TEST instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (test-condition test-instruction)
+(cdr test-instruction))
+The execution procedure for a branch instruction checks the contents of the flag register and either
+sets the contents of the pc to the branch destination (if the branch is taken) or else just advances the
+pc (if the branch is not taken). Notice that the indicated destination in a branch instruction must be a
+label, and the make-branch procedure enforces this. Notice also that the label is looked up at
+assembly time, not each time the branch instruction is simulated.
+(define (make-branch inst machine labels flag pc)
+(let ((dest (branch-dest inst)))
+(if (label-exp? dest)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels (label-exp-label dest))))
+
+\f(lambda ()
+(if (get-contents flag)
+(set-contents! pc insts)
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(error "Bad BRANCH instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (branch-dest branch-instruction)
+(cadr branch-instruction))
+A goto instruction is similar to a branch, except that the destination may be specified either as a label
+or as a register, and there is no condition to check -- the pc is always set to the new destination.
+(define (make-goto inst machine labels pc)
+(let ((dest (goto-dest inst)))
+(cond ((label-exp? dest)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels
+(label-exp-label dest))))
+(lambda () (set-contents! pc insts))))
+((register-exp? dest)
+(let ((reg
+(get-register machine
+(register-exp-reg dest))))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! pc (get-contents reg)))))
+(else (error "Bad GOTO instruction -- ASSEMBLE"
+inst)))))
+(define (goto-dest goto-instruction)
+(cadr goto-instruction))
+
+Other instructions
+The stack instructions save and restore simply use the stack with the designated register and
+advance the pc:
+(define (make-save inst machine stack pc)
+(let ((reg (get-register machine
+(stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
+(lambda ()
+(push stack (get-contents reg))
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(define (make-restore inst machine stack pc)
+(let ((reg (get-register machine
+(stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
+(lambda ()
+(set-contents! reg (pop stack))
+(advance-pc pc))))
+(define (stack-inst-reg-name stack-instruction)
+(cadr stack-instruction))
+
+\fThe final instruction type, handled by make-perform, generates an execution procedure for the
+action to be performed. At simulation time, the action procedure is executed and the pc advanced.
+(define (make-perform inst machine labels operations pc)
+(let ((action (perform-action inst)))
+(if (operation-exp? action)
+(let ((action-proc
+(make-operation-exp
+action machine labels operations)))
+(lambda ()
+(action-proc)
+(advance-pc pc)))
+(error "Bad PERFORM instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))
+(define (perform-action inst) (cdr inst))
+
+Execution procedures for subexpressions
+The value of a reg, label, or const expression may be needed for assignment to a register
+(make-assign) or for input to an operation (make-operation-exp, below). The following
+procedure generates execution procedures to produce values for these expressions during the
+simulation:
+(define (make-primitive-exp exp machine labels)
+(cond ((constant-exp? exp)
+(let ((c (constant-exp-value exp)))
+(lambda () c)))
+((label-exp? exp)
+(let ((insts
+(lookup-label labels
+(label-exp-label exp))))
+(lambda () insts)))
+((register-exp? exp)
+(let ((r (get-register machine
+(register-exp-reg exp))))
+(lambda () (get-contents r))))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- ASSEMBLE" exp))))
+The syntax of reg, label, and const expressions is determined by
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+(define
+
+(register-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’reg))
+(register-exp-reg exp) (cadr exp))
+(constant-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’const))
+(constant-exp-value exp) (cadr exp))
+(label-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp ’label))
+(label-exp-label exp) (cadr exp))
+
+Assign, perform, and test instructions may include the application of a machine operation
+(specified by an op expression) to some operands (specified by reg and const expressions). The
+following procedure produces an execution procedure for an ‘‘operation expression’’ -- a list
+containing the operation and operand expressions from the instruction:
+
+\f(define (make-operation-exp exp machine labels operations)
+(let ((op (lookup-prim (operation-exp-op exp) operations))
+(aprocs
+(map (lambda (e)
+(make-primitive-exp e machine labels))
+(operation-exp-operands exp))))
+(lambda ()
+(apply op (map (lambda (p) (p)) aprocs)))))
+The syntax of operation expressions is determined by
+(define (operation-exp? exp)
+(and (pair? exp) (tagged-list? (car exp) ’op)))
+(define (operation-exp-op operation-exp)
+(cadr (car operation-exp)))
+(define (operation-exp-operands operation-exp)
+(cdr operation-exp))
+Observe that the treatment of operation expressions is very much like the treatment of procedure
+applications by the analyze-application procedure in the evaluator of section 4.1.7 in that we
+generate an execution procedure for each operand. At simulation time, we call the operand procedures
+and apply the Scheme procedure that simulates the operation to the resulting values. The simulation
+procedure is found by looking up the operation name in the operation table for the machine:
+(define (lookup-prim symbol operations)
+(let ((val (assoc symbol operations)))
+(if val
+(cadr val)
+(error "Unknown operation -- ASSEMBLE" symbol))))
+Exercise 5.9. The treatment of machine operations above permits them to operate on labels as well as
+on constants and the contents of registers. Modify the expression-processing procedures to enforce the
+condition that operations can be used only with registers and constants.
+Exercise 5.10. Design a new syntax for register-machine instructions and modify the simulator to use
+your new syntax. Can you implement your new syntax without changing any part of the simulator
+except the syntax procedures in this section?
+Exercise 5.11. When we introduced save and restore in section 5.1.4, we didn’t specify what
+would happen if you tried to restore a register that was not the last one saved, as in the sequence
+(save y)
+(save x)
+(restore y)
+There are several reasonable possibilities for the meaning of restore:
+a. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved on the stack, regardless of what register that value
+came from. This is the way our simulator behaves. Show how to take advantage of this behavior to
+eliminate one instruction from the Fibonacci machine of section 5.1.4 (figure 5.12).
+
+\fb. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved on the stack, but only if that value was saved from
+y; otherwise, it signals an error. Modify the simulator to behave this way. You will have to change
+save to put the register name on the stack along with the value.
+c. (restore y) puts into y the last value saved from y regardless of what other registers were
+saved after y and not restored. Modify the simulator to behave this way. You will have to associate a
+separate stack with each register. You should make the initialize-stack operation initialize all
+the register stacks.
+Exercise 5.12. The simulator can be used to help determine the data paths required for implementing
+a machine with a given controller. Extend the assembler to store the following information in the
+machine model:
+a list of all instructions, with duplicates removed, sorted by instruction type (assign, goto, and
+so on);
+a list (without duplicates) of the registers used to hold entry points (these are the registers
+referenced by goto instructions);
+a list (without duplicates) of the registers that are saved or restored;
+for each register, a list (without duplicates) of the sources from which it is assigned (for example,
+the sources for register val in the factorial machine of figure 5.11 are (const 1) and ((op
+*) (reg n) (reg val))).
+Extend the message-passing interface to the machine to provide access to this new information. To test
+your analyzer, define the Fibonacci machine from figure 5.12 and examine the lists you constructed.
+Exercise 5.13. Modify the simulator so that it uses the controller sequence to determine what registers
+the machine has rather than requiring a list of registers as an argument to make-machine. Instead of
+pre-allocating the registers in make-machine, you can allocate them one at a time when they are
+first seen during assembly of the instructions.
+
+5.2.4 Monitoring Machine Performance
+Simulation is useful not only for verifying the correctness of a proposed machine design but also for
+measuring the machine’s performance. For example, we can install in our simulation program a
+‘‘meter’’ that measures the number of stack operations used in a computation. To do this, we modify
+our simulated stack to keep track of the number of times registers are saved on the stack and the
+maximum depth reached by the stack, and add a message to the stack’s interface that prints the
+statistics, as shown below. We also add an operation to the basic machine model to print the stack
+statistics, by initializing the-ops in make-new-machine to
+(list (list ’initialize-stack
+(lambda () (stack ’initialize)))
+(list ’print-stack-statistics
+(lambda () (stack ’print-statistics))))
+Here is the new version of make-stack:
+
+\f(define (make-stack)
+(let ((s ’())
+(number-pushes 0)
+(max-depth 0)
+(current-depth 0))
+(define (push x)
+(set! s (cons x s))
+(set! number-pushes (+ 1 number-pushes))
+(set! current-depth (+ 1 current-depth))
+(set! max-depth (max current-depth max-depth)))
+(define (pop)
+(if (null? s)
+(error "Empty stack -- POP")
+(let ((top (car s)))
+(set! s (cdr s))
+(set! current-depth (- current-depth 1))
+top)))
+(define (initialize)
+(set! s ’())
+(set! number-pushes 0)
+(set! max-depth 0)
+(set! current-depth 0)
+’done)
+(define (print-statistics)
+(newline)
+(display (list ’total-pushes ’= number-pushes
+’maximum-depth ’= max-depth)))
+(define (dispatch message)
+(cond ((eq? message ’push) push)
+((eq? message ’pop) (pop))
+((eq? message ’initialize) (initialize))
+((eq? message ’print-statistics)
+(print-statistics))
+(else
+(error "Unknown request -- STACK" message))))
+dispatch))
+Exercises 5.15 through 5.19 describe other useful monitoring and debugging features that can be added
+to the register-machine simulator.
+Exercise 5.14. Measure the number of pushes and the maximum stack depth required to compute n!
+for various small values of n using the factorial machine shown in figure 5.11. From your data
+determine formulas in terms of n for the total number of push operations and the maximum stack depth
+used in computing n! for any n > 1. Note that each of these is a linear function of n and is thus
+determined by two constants. In order to get the statistics printed, you will have to augment the
+factorial machine with instructions to initialize the stack and print the statistics. You may want to also
+modify the machine so that it repeatedly reads a value for n, computes the factorial, and prints the
+result (as we did for the GCD machine in figure 5.4), so that you will not have to repeatedly invoke
+get-register-contents, set-register-contents!, and start.
+
+\fExercise 5.15. Add instruction counting to the register machine simulation. That is, have the machine
+model keep track of the number of instructions executed. Extend the machine model’s interface to
+accept a new message that prints the value of the instruction count and resets the count to zero.
+Exercise 5.16. Augment the simulator to provide for instruction tracing. That is, before each
+instruction is executed, the simulator should print the text of the instruction. Make the machine model
+accept trace-on and trace-off messages to turn tracing on and off.
+Exercise 5.17. Extend the instruction tracing of exercise 5.16 so that before printing an instruction,
+the simulator prints any labels that immediately precede that instruction in the controller sequence. Be
+careful to do this in a way that does not interfere with instruction counting (exercise 5.15). You will
+have to make the simulator retain the necessary label information.
+Exercise 5.18. Modify the make-register procedure of section 5.2.1 so that registers can be
+traced. Registers should accept messages that turn tracing on and off. When a register is traced,
+assigning a value to the register should print the name of the register, the old contents of the register,
+and the new contents being assigned. Extend the interface to the machine model to permit you to turn
+tracing on and off for designated machine registers.
+Exercise 5.19. Alyssa P. Hacker wants a breakpoint feature in the simulator to help her debug her
+machine designs. You have been hired to install this feature for her. She wants to be able to specify a
+place in the controller sequence where the simulator will stop and allow her to examine the state of the
+machine. You are to implement a procedure
+(set-breakpoint <machine> <label> <n>)
+that sets a breakpoint just before the nth instruction after the given label. For example,
+(set-breakpoint gcd-machine ’test-b 4)
+installs a breakpoint in gcd-machine just before the assignment to register a. When the simulator
+reaches the breakpoint it should print the label and the offset of the breakpoint and stop executing
+instructions. Alyssa can then use get-register-contents and set-register-contents!
+to manipulate the state of the simulated machine. She should then be able to continue execution by
+saying
+(proceed-machine <machine>)
+She should also be able to remove a specific breakpoint by means of
+(cancel-breakpoint <machine> <label> <n>)
+or to remove all breakpoints by means of
+(cancel-all-breakpoints <machine>)
+4 Using the receive procedure here is a way to get extract-labels to effectively return two
+
+values -- labels and insts -- without explicitly making a compound data structure to hold them.
+An alternative implementation, which returns an explicit pair of values, is
+
+\f(define (extract-labels text)
+(if (null? text)
+(cons ’() ’())
+(let ((result (extract-labels (cdr text))))
+(let ((insts (car result)) (labels (cdr result)))
+(let ((next-inst (car text)))
+(if (symbol? next-inst)
+(cons insts
+(cons (make-label-entry next-inst insts) labels))
+(cons (cons (make-instruction next-inst) insts)
+labels)))))))
+which would be called by assemble as follows:
+(define (assemble controller-text machine)
+(let ((result (extract-labels controller-text)))
+(let ((insts (car result)) (labels (cdr result)))
+(update-insts! insts labels machine)
+insts)))
+You can consider our use of receive as demonstrating an elegant way to return multiple values, or
+simply an excuse to show off a programming trick. An argument like receive that is the next
+procedure to be invoked is called a ‘‘continuation.’’ Recall that we also used continuations to
+implement the backtracking control structure in the amb evaluator in section 4.3.3.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+5.3 Storage Allocation and Garbage Collection
+In section 5.4, we will show how to implement a Scheme evaluator as a register machine. In order to
+simplify the discussion, we will assume that our register machines can be equipped with a
+list-structured memory, in which the basic operations for manipulating list-structured data are
+primitive. Postulating the existence of such a memory is a useful abstraction when one is focusing on
+the mechanisms of control in a Scheme interpreter, but this does not reflect a realistic view of the
+actual primitive data operations of contemporary computers. To obtain a more complete picture of
+how a Lisp system operates, we must investigate how list structure can be represented in a way that is
+compatible with conventional computer memories.
+There are two considerations in implementing list structure. The first is purely an issue of
+representation: how to represent the ‘‘box-and-pointer’’ structure of Lisp pairs, using only the storage
+and addressing capabilities of typical computer memories. The second issue concerns the management
+of memory as a computation proceeds. The operation of a Lisp system depends crucially on the ability
+to continually create new data objects. These include objects that are explicitly created by the Lisp
+procedures being interpreted as well as structures created by the interpreter itself, such as
+environments and argument lists. Although the constant creation of new data objects would pose no
+problem on a computer with an infinite amount of rapidly addressable memory, computer memories
+are available only in finite sizes (more’s the pity). Lisp systems thus provide an automatic storage
+allocation facility to support the illusion of an infinite memory. When a data object is no longer
+needed, the memory allocated to it is automatically recycled and used to construct new data objects.
+There are various techniques for providing such automatic storage allocation. The method we shall
+discuss in this section is called garbage collection.
+
+5.3.1 Memory as Vectors
+A conventional computer memory can be thought of as an array of cubbyholes, each of which can
+contain a piece of information. Each cubbyhole has a unique name, called its address or location.
+Typical memory systems provide two primitive operations: one that fetches the data stored in a
+specified location and one that assigns new data to a specified location. Memory addresses can be
+incremented to support sequential access to some set of the cubbyholes. More generally, many
+important data operations require that memory addresses be treated as data, which can be stored in
+memory locations and manipulated in machine registers. The representation of list structure is one
+application of such address arithmetic.
+To model computer memory, we use a new kind of data structure called a vector. Abstractly, a vector
+is a compound data object whose individual elements can be accessed by means of an integer index in
+an amount of time that is independent of the index. 5 In order to describe memory operations, we use
+two primitive Scheme procedures for manipulating vectors:
+(vector-ref <vector> <n>) returns the nth element of the vector.
+(vector-set! <vector> <n> <value>) sets the nth element of the vector to the
+designated value.
+
+\fFor example, if v is a vector, then (vector-ref v 5) gets the fifth entry in the vector v and
+(vector-set! v 5 7) changes the value of the fifth entry of the vector v to 7. 6 For computer
+memory, this access can be implemented through the use of address arithmetic to combine a base
+address that specifies the beginning location of a vector in memory with an index that specifies the
+offset of a particular element of the vector.
+
+Representing Lisp data
+We can use vectors to implement the basic pair structures required for a list-structured memory. Let us
+imagine that computer memory is divided into two vectors: the-cars and the-cdrs. We will
+represent list structure as follows: A pointer to a pair is an index into the two vectors. The car of the
+pair is the entry in the-cars with the designated index, and the cdr of the pair is the entry in
+the-cdrs with the designated index. We also need a representation for objects other than pairs (such
+as numbers and symbols) and a way to distinguish one kind of data from another. There are many
+methods of accomplishing this, but they all reduce to using typed pointers, that is, to extending the
+notion of ‘‘pointer’’ to include information on data type. 7 The data type enables the system to
+distinguish a pointer to a pair (which consists of the ‘‘pair’’ data type and an index into the memory
+vectors) from pointers to other kinds of data (which consist of some other data type and whatever is
+being used to represent data of that type). Two data objects are considered to be the same (eq?) if
+their pointers are identical. 8 Figure 5.14 illustrates the use of this method to represent the list ((1 2)
+3 4), whose box-and-pointer diagram is also shown. We use letter prefixes to denote the data-type
+information. Thus, a pointer to the pair with index 5 is denoted p5, the empty list is denoted by the
+pointer e0, and a pointer to the number 4 is denoted n4. In the box-and-pointer diagram, we have
+indicated at the lower left of each pair the vector index that specifies where the car and cdr of the
+pair are stored. The blank locations in the-cars and the-cdrs may contain parts of other list
+structures (not of interest here).
+
+Figure 5.14: Box-and-pointer and memory-vector representations of the list ((1 2) 3 4).
+Figure 5.14: Box-and-pointer and memory-vector representations of the list ((1 2) 3 4).
+A pointer to a number, such as n4, might consist of a type indicating numeric data together with the
+actual representation of the number 4. 9 To deal with numbers that are too large to be represented in
+the fixed amount of space allocated for a single pointer, we could use a distinct bignum data type, for
+which the pointer designates a list in which the parts of the number are stored. 10
+
+\fA symbol might be represented as a typed pointer that designates a sequence of the characters that
+form the symbol’s printed representation. This sequence is constructed by the Lisp reader when the
+character string is initially encountered in input. Since we want two instances of a symbol to be
+recognized as the ‘‘same’’ symbol by eq? and we want eq? to be a simple test for equality of
+pointers, we must ensure that if the reader sees the same character string twice, it will use the same
+pointer (to the same sequence of characters) to represent both occurrences. To accomplish this, the
+reader maintains a table, traditionally called the obarray, of all the symbols it has ever encountered.
+When the reader encounters a character string and is about to construct a symbol, it checks the obarray
+to see if it has ever before seen the same character string. If it has not, it uses the characters to
+construct a new symbol (a typed pointer to a new character sequence) and enters this pointer in the
+obarray. If the reader has seen the string before, it returns the symbol pointer stored in the obarray.
+This process of replacing character strings by unique pointers is called interning symbols.
+
+Implementing the primitive list operations
+Given the above representation scheme, we can replace each ‘‘primitive’’ list operation of a register
+machine with one or more primitive vector operations. We will use two registers, the-cars and
+the-cdrs, to identify the memory vectors, and will assume that vector-ref and vector-set!
+are available as primitive operations. We also assume that numeric operations on pointers (such as
+incrementing a pointer, using a pair pointer to index a vector, or adding two numbers) use only the
+index portion of the typed pointer.
+For example, we can make a register machine support the instructions
+(assign <reg 1 > (op car) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (op cdr) (reg <reg 2 >))
+if we implement these, respectively, as
+(assign <reg 1 > (op vector-ref) (reg the-cars) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg <reg 2 >))
+The instructions
+(perform (op set-car!) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform (op set-cdr!) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+are implemented as
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cars) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >))
+Cons is performed by allocating an unused index and storing the arguments to cons in the-cars
+and the-cdrs at that indexed vector position. We presume that there is a special register, free, that
+always holds a pair pointer containing the next available index, and that we can increment the index
+part of that pointer to find the next free location. 11 For example, the instruction
+
+\f(assign <reg 1 > (op cons) (reg <reg 2 >) (reg <reg 3 >))
+is implemented as the following sequence of vector operations: 12
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cars) (reg free) (reg <reg 2 >))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg free) (reg <reg 3 >))
+(assign <reg 1 > (reg free))
+(assign free (op +) (reg free) (const 1))
+The eq? operation
+(op eq?) (reg <reg 1 >) (reg <reg 2 >)
+simply tests the equality of all fields in the registers, and predicates such as pair?, null?,
+symbol?, and number? need only check the type field.
+
+Implementing stacks
+Although our register machines use stacks, we need do nothing special here, since stacks can be
+modeled in terms of lists. The stack can be a list of the saved values, pointed to by a special register
+the-stack. Thus, (save <reg>) can be implemented as
+(assign the-stack (op cons) (reg <reg>) (reg the-stack))
+Similarly, (restore <reg>) can be implemented as
+(assign <reg> (op car) (reg the-stack))
+(assign the-stack (op cdr) (reg the-stack))
+and (perform (op initialize-stack)) can be implemented as
+(assign the-stack (const ()))
+These operations can be further expanded in terms of the vector operations given above. In
+conventional computer architectures, however, it is usually advantageous to allocate the stack as a
+separate vector. Then pushing and popping the stack can be accomplished by incrementing or
+decrementing an index into that vector.
+Exercise 5.20. Draw the box-and-pointer representation and the memory-vector representation (as in
+figure 5.14) of the list structure produced by
+(define x (cons 1 2))
+(define y (list x x))
+with the free pointer initially p1. What is the final value of free ? What pointers represent the
+values of x and y ?
+Exercise 5.21. Implement register machines for the following procedures. Assume that the
+list-structure memory operations are available as machine primitives.
+
+\fa. Recursive count-leaves:
+(define (count-leaves tree)
+(cond ((null? tree) 0)
+((not (pair? tree)) 1)
+(else (+ (count-leaves (car tree))
+(count-leaves (cdr tree))))))
+b. Recursive count-leaves with explicit counter:
+(define (count-leaves tree)
+(define (count-iter tree n)
+(cond ((null? tree) n)
+((not (pair? tree)) (+ n 1))
+(else (count-iter (cdr tree)
+(count-iter (car tree) n)))))
+(count-iter tree 0))
+Exercise 5.22. Exercise 3.12 of section 3.3.1 presented an append procedure that appends two lists
+to form a new list and an append! procedure that splices two lists together. Design a register
+machine to implement each of these procedures. Assume that the list-structure memory operations are
+available as primitive operations.
+
+5.3.2 Maintaining the Illusion of Infinite Memory
+The representation method outlined in section 5.3.1 solves the problem of implementing list structure,
+provided that we have an infinite amount of memory. With a real computer we will eventually run out
+of free space in which to construct new pairs. 13 However, most of the pairs generated in a typical
+computation are used only to hold intermediate results. After these results are accessed, the pairs are
+no longer needed -- they are garbage. For instance, the computation
+(accumulate + 0 (filter odd? (enumerate-interval 0 n)))
+constructs two lists: the enumeration and the result of filtering the enumeration. When the
+accumulation is complete, these lists are no longer needed, and the allocated memory can be
+reclaimed. If we can arrange to collect all the garbage periodically, and if this turns out to recycle
+memory at about the same rate at which we construct new pairs, we will have preserved the illusion
+that there is an infinite amount of memory.
+In order to recycle pairs, we must have a way to determine which allocated pairs are not needed (in the
+sense that their contents can no longer influence the future of the computation). The method we shall
+examine for accomplishing this is known as garbage collection. Garbage collection is based on the
+observation that, at any moment in a Lisp interpretation, the only objects that can affect the future of
+the computation are those that can be reached by some succession of car and cdr operations starting
+from the pointers that are currently in the machine registers. 14 Any memory cell that is not so
+accessible may be recycled.
+There are many ways to perform garbage collection. The method we shall examine here is called
+stop-and-copy. The basic idea is to divide memory into two halves: ‘‘working memory’’ and ‘‘free
+memory.’’ When cons constructs pairs, it allocates these in working memory. When working
+memory is full, we perform garbage collection by locating all the useful pairs in working memory and
+copying these into consecutive locations in free memory. (The useful pairs are located by tracing all
+
+\fthe car and cdr pointers, starting with the machine registers.) Since we do not copy the garbage,
+there will presumably be additional free memory that we can use to allocate new pairs. In addition,
+nothing in the working memory is needed, since all the useful pairs in it have been copied. Thus, if we
+interchange the roles of working memory and free memory, we can continue processing; new pairs
+will be allocated in the new working memory (which was the old free memory). When this is full, we
+can copy the useful pairs into the new free memory (which was the old working memory). 15
+
+Implementation of a stop-and-copy garbage collector
+We now use our register-machine language to describe the stop-and-copy algorithm in more detail. We
+will assume that there is a register called root that contains a pointer to a structure that eventually
+points at all accessible data. This can be arranged by storing the contents of all the machine registers in
+a pre-allocated list pointed at by root just before starting garbage collection. 16 We also assume that,
+in addition to the current working memory, there is free memory available into which we can copy the
+useful data. The current working memory consists of vectors whose base addresses are in registers
+called the-cars and the-cdrs, and the free memory is in registers called new-cars and
+new-cdrs.
+Garbage collection is triggered when we exhaust the free cells in the current working memory, that is,
+when a cons operation attempts to increment the free pointer beyond the end of the memory vector.
+When the garbage-collection process is complete, the root pointer will point into the new memory,
+all objects accessible from the root will have been moved to the new memory, and the free pointer
+will indicate the next place in the new memory where a new pair can be allocated. In addition, the
+roles of working memory and new memory will have been interchanged -- new pairs will be
+constructed in the new memory, beginning at the place indicated by free, and the (previous) working
+memory will be available as the new memory for the next garbage collection. Figure 5.15 shows the
+arrangement of memory just before and just after garbage collection.
+
+\fFigure 5.15: Reconfiguration of memory by the garbage-collection process.
+Figure 5.15: Reconfiguration of memory by the garbage-collection process.
+The state of the garbage-collection process is controlled by maintaining two pointers: free and
+scan. These are initialized to point to the beginning of the new memory. The algorithm begins by
+relocating the pair pointed at by root to the beginning of the new memory. The pair is copied, the
+root pointer is adjusted to point to the new location, and the free pointer is incremented. In
+addition, the old location of the pair is marked to show that its contents have been moved. This
+marking is done as follows: In the car position, we place a special tag that signals that this is an
+already-moved object. (Such an object is traditionally called a broken heart.) 17 In the cdr position
+we place a forwarding address that points at the location to which the object has been moved.
+After relocating the root, the garbage collector enters its basic cycle. At each step in the algorithm, the
+scan pointer (initially pointing at the relocated root) points at a pair that has been moved to the new
+memory but whose car and cdr pointers still refer to objects in the old memory. These objects are
+each relocated, and the scan pointer is incremented. To relocate an object (for example, the object
+indicated by the car pointer of the pair we are scanning) we check to see if the object has already
+been moved (as indicated by the presence of a broken-heart tag in the car position of the object). If
+the object has not already been moved, we copy it to the place indicated by free, update free, set
+
+\fup a broken heart at the object’s old location, and update the pointer to the object (in this example, the
+car pointer of the pair we are scanning) to point to the new location. If the object has already been
+moved, its forwarding address (found in the cdr position of the broken heart) is substituted for the
+pointer in the pair being scanned. Eventually, all accessible objects will have been moved and scanned,
+at which point the scan pointer will overtake the free pointer and the process will terminate.
+We can specify the stop-and-copy algorithm as a sequence of instructions for a register machine. The
+basic step of relocating an object is accomplished by a subroutine called
+relocate-old-result-in-new. This subroutine gets its argument, a pointer to the object to be
+relocated, from a register named old. It relocates the designated object (incrementing free in the
+process), puts a pointer to the relocated object into a register called new, and returns by branching to
+the entry point stored in the register relocate-continue. To begin garbage collection, we invoke
+this subroutine to relocate the root pointer, after initializing free and scan. When the relocation of
+root has been accomplished, we install the new pointer as the new root and enter the main loop of
+the garbage collector.
+begin-garbage-collection
+(assign free (const 0))
+(assign scan (const 0))
+(assign old (reg root))
+(assign relocate-continue (label reassign-root))
+(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+reassign-root
+(assign root (reg new))
+(goto (label gc-loop))
+In the main loop of the garbage collector we must determine whether there are any more objects to be
+scanned. We do this by testing whether the scan pointer is coincident with the free pointer. If the
+pointers are equal, then all accessible objects have been relocated, and we branch to gc-flip, which
+cleans things up so that we can continue the interrupted computation. If there are still pairs to be
+scanned, we call the relocate subroutine to relocate the car of the next pair (by placing the car
+pointer in old). The relocate-continue register is set up so that the subroutine will return to
+update the car pointer.
+gc-loop
+(test (op =) (reg scan) (reg free))
+(branch (label gc-flip))
+(assign old (op vector-ref) (reg new-cars) (reg scan))
+(assign relocate-continue (label update-car))
+(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+At update-car, we modify the car pointer of the pair being scanned, then proceed to relocate the
+cdr of the pair. We return to update-cdr when that relocation has been accomplished. After
+relocating and updating the cdr, we are finished scanning that pair, so we continue with the main
+loop.
+update-car
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg new-cars) (reg scan) (reg new))
+(assign old (op vector-ref) (reg new-cdrs) (reg scan))
+(assign relocate-continue (label update-cdr))
+
+\f(goto (label relocate-old-result-in-new))
+update-cdr
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg new-cdrs) (reg scan) (reg new))
+(assign scan (op +) (reg scan) (const 1))
+(goto (label gc-loop))
+The subroutine relocate-old-result-in-new relocates objects as follows: If the object to be
+relocated (pointed at by old) is not a pair, then we return the same pointer to the object unchanged (in
+new). (For example, we may be scanning a pair whose car is the number 4. If we represent the car
+by n4, as described in section 5.3.1, then we want the ‘‘relocated’’ car pointer to still be n4.)
+Otherwise, we must perform the relocation. If the car position of the pair to be relocated contains a
+broken-heart tag, then the pair has in fact already been moved, so we retrieve the forwarding address
+(from the cdr position of the broken heart) and return this in new. If the pointer in old points at a
+yet-unmoved pair, then we move the pair to the first free cell in new memory (pointed at by free)
+and set up the broken heart by storing a broken-heart tag and forwarding address at the old location.
+Relocate-old-result-in-new uses a register oldcr to hold the car or the cdr of the object
+pointed at by old. 18
+relocate-old-result-in-new
+(test (op pointer-to-pair?) (reg old))
+(branch (label pair))
+(assign new (reg old))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+pair
+(assign oldcr (op vector-ref) (reg the-cars) (reg old))
+(test (op broken-heart?) (reg oldcr))
+(branch (label already-moved))
+(assign new (reg free)) ; new location for pair
+;; Update free pointer.
+(assign free (op +) (reg free) (const 1))
+;; Copy the car and cdr to new memory.
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg new-cars) (reg new) (reg oldcr))
+(assign oldcr (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old))
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg new-cdrs) (reg new) (reg oldcr))
+;; Construct the broken heart.
+(perform (op vector-set!)
+(reg the-cars) (reg old) (const broken-heart))
+(perform
+(op vector-set!) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old) (reg new))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+already-moved
+(assign new (op vector-ref) (reg the-cdrs) (reg old))
+(goto (reg relocate-continue))
+At the very end of the garbage-collection process, we interchange the role of old and new memories by
+interchanging pointers: interchanging the-cars with new-cars, and the-cdrs with
+new-cdrs. We will then be ready to perform another garbage collection the next time memory runs
+out.
+
+\fgc-flip
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+(assign
+
+temp (reg the-cdrs))
+the-cdrs (reg new-cdrs))
+new-cdrs (reg temp))
+temp (reg the-cars))
+the-cars (reg new-cars))
+new-cars (reg temp))
+
+5 We could represent memory as lists of items. However, the access time would then not be
+
+independent of the index, since accessing the nth element of a list requires n - 1 cdr operations.
+6 For completeness, we should specify a make-vector operation that constructs vectors. However,
+
+in the present application we will use vectors only to model fixed divisions of the computer memory.
+7 This is precisely the same ‘‘tagged data’’ idea we introduced in chapter 2 for dealing with generic
+
+operations. Here, however, the data types are included at the primitive machine level rather than
+constructed through the use of lists.
+8 Type information may be encoded in a variety of ways, depending on the details of the machine on
+
+which the Lisp system is to be implemented. The execution efficiency of Lisp programs will be
+strongly dependent on how cleverly this choice is made, but it is difficult to formulate general design
+rules for good choices. The most straightforward way to implement typed pointers is to allocate a fixed
+set of bits in each pointer to be a type field that encodes the data type. Important questions to be
+addressed in designing such a representation include the following: How many type bits are required?
+How large must the vector indices be? How efficiently can the primitive machine instructions be used
+to manipulate the type fields of pointers? Machines that include special hardware for the efficient
+handling of type fields are said to have tagged architectures.
+9 This decision on the representation of numbers determines whether eq?, which tests equality of
+
+pointers, can be used to test for equality of numbers. If the pointer contains the number itself, then
+equal numbers will have the same pointer. But if the pointer contains the index of a location where the
+number is stored, equal numbers will be guaranteed to have equal pointers only if we are careful never
+to store the same number in more than one location.
+10 This is just like writing a number as a sequence of digits, except that each ‘‘digit’’ is a number
+
+between 0 and the largest number that can be stored in a single pointer.
+11 There are other ways of finding free storage. For example, we could link together all the unused
+
+pairs into a free list. Our free locations are consecutive (and hence can be accessed by incrementing a
+pointer) because we are using a compacting garbage collector, as we will see in section 5.3.2.
+12 This is essentially the implementation of cons in terms of set-car! and set-cdr!, as
+
+described in section 3.3.1. The operation get-new-pair used in that implementation is realized
+here by the free pointer.
+13 This may not be true eventually, because memories may get large enough so that it would be
+
+impossible to run out of free memory in the lifetime of the computer. For example, there are about 3×
+10 13 , microseconds in a year, so if we were to cons once per microsecond we would need about
+10 15 cells of memory to build a machine that could operate for 30 years without running out of
+memory. That much memory seems absurdly large by today’s standards, but it is not physically
+impossible. On the other hand, processors are getting faster and a future computer may have large
+
+\fnumbers of processors operating in parallel on a single memory, so it may be possible to use up
+memory much faster than we have postulated.
+14 We assume here that the stack is represented as a list as described in section 5.3.1, so that items on
+
+the stack are accessible via the pointer in the stack register.
+15 This idea was invented and first implemented by Minsky, as part of the implementation of Lisp for
+
+the PDP-1 at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics. It was further developed by Fenichel and
+Yochelson (1969) for use in the Lisp implementation for the Multics time-sharing system. Later, Baker
+(1978) developed a ‘‘real-time’’ version of the method, which does not require the computation to stop
+during garbage collection. Baker’s idea was extended by Hewitt, Lieberman, and Moon (see
+Lieberman and Hewitt 1983) to take advantage of the fact that some structure is more volatile and
+other structure is more permanent.
+An alternative commonly used garbage-collection technique is the mark-sweep method. This consists
+of tracing all the structure accessible from the machine registers and marking each pair we reach. We
+then scan all of memory, and any location that is unmarked is ‘‘swept up’’ as garbage and made
+available for reuse. A full discussion of the mark-sweep method can be found in Allen 1978.
+The Minsky-Fenichel-Yochelson algorithm is the dominant algorithm in use for large-memory
+systems because it examines only the useful part of memory. This is in contrast to mark-sweep, in
+which the sweep phase must check all of memory. A second advantage of stop-and-copy is that it is a
+compacting garbage collector. That is, at the end of the garbage-collection phase the useful data will
+have been moved to consecutive memory locations, with all garbage pairs compressed out. This can be
+an extremely important performance consideration in machines with virtual memory, in which
+accesses to widely separated memory addresses may require extra paging operations.
+16 This list of registers does not include the registers used by the storage-allocation system -- root,
+
+the-cars, the-cdrs, and the other registers that will be introduced in this section.
+17 The term broken heart was coined by David Cressey, who wrote a garbage collector for MDL, a
+
+dialect of Lisp developed at MIT during the early 1970s.
+18 The garbage collector uses the low-level predicate pointer-to-pair? instead of the
+
+list-structure pair? operation because in a real system there might be various things that are treated
+as pairs for garbage-collection purposes. For example, in a Scheme system that conforms to the IEEE
+standard a procedure object may be implemented as a special kind of ‘‘pair’’ that doesn’t satisfy the
+pair? predicate. For simulation purposes, pointer-to-pair? can be implemented as pair?.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+5.4 The Explicit-Control Evaluator
+In section 5.1 we saw how to transform simple Scheme programs into descriptions of register
+machines. We will now perform this transformation on a more complex program, the metacircular
+evaluator of sections 4.1.1-4.1.4, which shows how the behavior of a Scheme interpreter can be
+described in terms of the procedures eval and apply. The explicit-control evaluator that we develop
+in this section shows how the underlying procedure-calling and argument-passing mechanisms used in
+the evaluation process can be described in terms of operations on registers and stacks. In addition, the
+explicit-control evaluator can serve as an implementation of a Scheme interpreter, written in a
+language that is very similar to the native machine language of conventional computers. The evaluator
+can be executed by the register-machine simulator of section 5.2. Alternatively, it can be used as a
+starting point for building a machine-language implementation of a Scheme evaluator, or even a
+special-purpose machine for evaluating Scheme expressions. Figure 5.16 shows such a hardware
+implementation: a silicon chip that acts as an evaluator for Scheme. The chip designers started with the
+data-path and controller specifications for a register machine similar to the evaluator described in this
+section and used design automation programs to construct the integrated-circuit layout. 19
+
+Registers and operations
+In designing the explicit-control evaluator, we must specify the operations to be used in our register
+machine. We described the metacircular evaluator in terms of abstract syntax, using procedures such
+as quoted? and make-procedure. In implementing the register machine, we could expand these
+procedures into sequences of elementary list-structure memory operations, and implement these
+operations on our register machine. However, this would make our evaluator very long, obscuring the
+basic structure with details. To clarify the presentation, we will include as primitive operations of the
+register machine the syntax procedures given in section 4.1.2 and the procedures for representing
+environments and other run-time data given in sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.4. In order to completely specify
+an evaluator that could be programmed in a low-level machine language or implemented in hardware,
+we would replace these operations by more elementary operations, using the list-structure
+implementation we described in section 5.3.
+
+\fFigure 5.16: A silicon-chip implementation of an evaluator for Scheme.
+Figure 5.16: A silicon-chip implementation of an evaluator for Scheme.
+
+\fOur Scheme evaluator register machine includes a stack and seven registers: exp, env, val,
+continue, proc, argl, and unev. Exp is used to hold the expression to be evaluated, and env
+contains the environment in which the evaluation is to be performed. At the end of an evaluation, val
+contains the value obtained by evaluating the expression in the designated environment. The
+continue register is used to implement recursion, as explained in section 5.1.4. (The evaluator
+needs to call itself recursively, since evaluating an expression requires evaluating its subexpressions.)
+The registers proc, argl, and unev are used in evaluating combinations.
+We will not provide a data-path diagram to show how the registers and operations of the evaluator are
+connected, nor will we give the complete list of machine operations. These are implicit in the
+evaluator’s controller, which will be presented in detail.
+
+5.4.1 The Core of the Explicit-Control Evaluator
+The central element in the evaluator is the sequence of instructions beginning at eval-dispatch.
+This corresponds to the eval procedure of the metacircular evaluator described in section 4.1.1.
+When the controller starts at eval-dispatch, it evaluates the expression specified by exp in the
+environment specified by env. When evaluation is complete, the controller will go to the entry point
+stored in continue, and the val register will hold the value of the expression. As with the
+metacircular eval, the structure of eval-dispatch is a case analysis on the syntactic type of the
+expression to be evaluated. 20
+eval-dispatch
+(test (op self-evaluating?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-self-eval))
+(test (op variable?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-variable))
+(test (op quoted?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-quoted))
+(test (op assignment?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-assignment))
+(test (op definition?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-definition))
+(test (op if?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-if))
+(test (op lambda?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-lambda))
+(test (op begin?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-begin))
+(test (op application?) (reg exp))
+(branch (label ev-application))
+(goto (label unknown-expression-type))
+
+Evaluating simple expressions
+Numbers and strings (which are self-evaluating), variables, quotations, and lambda expressions have
+no subexpressions to be evaluated. For these, the evaluator simply places the correct value in the val
+register and continues execution at the entry point specified by continue. Evaluation of simple
+expressions is performed by the following controller code:
+
+\fev-self-eval
+(assign val (reg exp))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-variable
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (reg exp) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-quoted
+(assign val (op text-of-quotation) (reg exp))
+(goto (reg continue))
+ev-lambda
+(assign unev (op lambda-parameters) (reg exp))
+(assign exp (op lambda-body) (reg exp))
+(assign val (op make-procedure)
+(reg unev) (reg exp) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Observe how ev-lambda uses the unev and exp registers to hold the parameters and body of the
+lambda expression so that they can be passed to the make-procedure operation, along with the
+environment in env.
+
+Evaluating procedure applications
+A procedure application is specified by a combination containing an operator and operands. The
+operator is a subexpression whose value is a procedure, and the operands are subexpressions whose
+values are the arguments to which the procedure should be applied. The metacircular eval handles
+applications by calling itself recursively to evaluate each element of the combination, and then passing
+the results to apply, which performs the actual procedure application. The explicit-control evaluator
+does the same thing; these recursive calls are implemented by goto instructions, together with use of
+the stack to save registers that will be restored after the recursive call returns. Before each call we will
+be careful to identify which registers must be saved (because their values will be needed later). 21
+We begin the evaluation of an application by evaluating the operator to produce a procedure, which
+will later be applied to the evaluated operands. To evaluate the operator, we move it to the exp
+register and go to eval-dispatch. The environment in the env register is already the correct one
+in which to evaluate the operator. However, we save env because we will need it later to evaluate the
+operands. We also extract the operands into unev and save this on the stack. We set up continue so
+that eval-dispatch will resume at ev-appl-did-operator after the operator has been
+evaluated. First, however, we save the old value of continue, which tells the controller where to
+continue after the application.
+ev-application
+(save continue)
+(save env)
+(assign unev (op operands) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+(assign exp (op operator) (reg exp))
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-did-operator))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+\fUpon returning from evaluating the operator subexpression, we proceed to evaluate the operands of
+the combination and to accumulate the resulting arguments in a list, held in argl. First we restore the
+unevaluated operands and the environment. We initialize argl to an empty list. Then we assign to the
+proc register the procedure that was produced by evaluating the operator. If there are no operands,
+we go directly to apply-dispatch. Otherwise we save proc on the stack and start the
+argument-evaluation loop: 22
+ev-appl-did-operator
+(restore unev)
+; the operands
+(restore env)
+(assign argl (op empty-arglist))
+(assign proc (reg val))
+; the operator
+(test (op no-operands?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label apply-dispatch))
+(save proc)
+Each cycle of the argument-evaluation loop evaluates an operand from the list in unev and
+accumulates the result into argl. To evaluate an operand, we place it in the exp register and go to
+eval-dispatch, after setting continue so that execution will resume with the
+argument-accumulation phase. But first we save the arguments accumulated so far (held in argl), the
+environment (held in env), and the remaining operands to be evaluated (held in unev). A special case
+is made for the evaluation of the last operand, which is handled at ev-appl-last-arg.
+ev-appl-operand-loop
+(save argl)
+(assign exp (op first-operand) (reg unev))
+(test (op last-operand?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-appl-last-arg))
+(save env)
+(save unev)
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-accumulate-arg))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+When an operand has been evaluated, the value is accumulated into the list held in argl. The operand
+is then removed from the list of unevaluated operands in unev, and the argument-evaluation
+continues.
+ev-appl-accumulate-arg
+(restore unev)
+(restore env)
+(restore argl)
+(assign argl (op adjoin-arg) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(assign unev (op rest-operands) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-appl-operand-loop))
+Evaluation of the last argument is handled differently. There is no need to save the environment or the
+list of unevaluated operands before going to eval-dispatch, since they will not be required after
+the last operand is evaluated. Thus, we return from the evaluation to a special entry point
+ev-appl-accum-last-arg, which restores the argument list, accumulates the new argument,
+restores the saved procedure, and goes off to perform the application. 23
+
+\fev-appl-last-arg
+(assign continue (label ev-appl-accum-last-arg))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-appl-accum-last-arg
+(restore argl)
+(assign argl (op adjoin-arg) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(restore proc)
+(goto (label apply-dispatch))
+The details of the argument-evaluation loop determine the order in which the interpreter evaluates the
+operands of a combination (e.g., left to right or right to left -- see exercise 3.8). This order is not
+determined by the metacircular evaluator, which inherits its control structure from the underlying
+Scheme in which it is implemented. 24 Because the first-operand selector (used in
+ev-appl-operand-loop to extract successive operands from unev) is implemented as car and
+the rest-operands selector is implemented as cdr, the explicit-control evaluator will evaluate the
+operands of a combination in left-to-right order.
+
+Procedure application
+The entry point apply-dispatch corresponds to the apply procedure of the metacircular
+evaluator. By the time we get to apply-dispatch, the proc register contains the procedure to
+apply and argl contains the list of evaluated arguments to which it must be applied. The saved value
+of continue (originally passed to eval-dispatch and saved at ev-application), which
+tells where to return with the result of the procedure application, is on the stack. When the application
+is complete, the controller transfers to the entry point specified by the saved continue, with the
+result of the application in val. As with the metacircular apply, there are two cases to consider.
+Either the procedure to be applied is a primitive or it is a compound procedure.
+apply-dispatch
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-apply))
+(test (op compound-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label compound-apply))
+(goto (label unknown-procedure-type))
+We assume that each primitive is implemented so as to obtain its arguments from argl and place its
+result in val. To specify how the machine handles primitives, we would have to provide a sequence
+of controller instructions to implement each primitive and arrange for primitive-apply to
+dispatch to the instructions for the primitive identified by the contents of proc. Since we are
+interested in the structure of the evaluation process rather than the details of the primitives, we will
+instead just use an apply-primitive-procedure operation that applies the procedure in proc
+to the arguments in argl. For the purpose of simulating the evaluator with the simulator of
+section 5.2 we use the procedure apply-primitive-procedure, which calls on the underlying
+Scheme system to perform the application, just as we did for the metacircular evaluator in
+section 4.1.4. After computing the value of the primitive application, we restore continue and go to
+the designated entry point.
+primitive-apply
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+
+\f(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+To apply a compound procedure, we proceed just as with the metacircular evaluator. We construct a
+frame that binds the procedure’s parameters to the arguments, use this frame to extend the
+environment carried by the procedure, and evaluate in this extended environment the sequence of
+expressions that forms the body of the procedure. Ev-sequence, described below in section 5.4.2,
+handles the evaluation of the sequence.
+compound-apply
+(assign unev (op procedure-parameters) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op procedure-environment) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op extend-environment)
+(reg unev) (reg argl) (reg env))
+(assign unev (op procedure-body) (reg proc))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+Compound-apply is the only place in the interpreter where the env register is ever assigned a new
+value. Just as in the metacircular evaluator, the new environment is constructed from the environment
+carried by the procedure, together with the argument list and the corresponding list of variables to be
+bound.
+
+5.4.2 Sequence Evaluation and Tail Recursion
+The portion of the explicit-control evaluator at ev-sequence is analogous to the metacircular
+evaluator’s eval-sequence procedure. It handles sequences of expressions in procedure bodies or
+in explicit begin expressions.
+Explicit begin expressions are evaluated by placing the sequence of expressions to be evaluated in
+unev, saving continue on the stack, and jumping to ev-sequence.
+ev-begin
+(assign unev (op begin-actions) (reg exp))
+(save continue)
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+The implicit sequences in procedure bodies are handled by jumping to ev-sequence from
+compound-apply, at which point continue is already on the stack, having been saved at
+ev-application.
+The entries at ev-sequence and ev-sequence-continue form a loop that successively
+evaluates each expression in a sequence. The list of unevaluated expressions is kept in unev. Before
+evaluating each expression, we check to see if there are additional expressions to be evaluated in the
+sequence. If so, we save the rest of the unevaluated expressions (held in unev) and the environment in
+which these must be evaluated (held in env) and call eval-dispatch to evaluate the expression.
+The two saved registers are restored upon the return from this evaluation, at
+ev-sequence-continue.
+The final expression in the sequence is handled differently, at the entry point
+ev-sequence-last-exp. Since there are no more expressions to be evaluated after this one, we
+need not save unev or env before going to eval-dispatch. The value of the whole sequence is
+the value of the last expression, so after the evaluation of the last expression there is nothing left to do
+
+\fexcept continue at the entry point currently held on the stack (which was saved by
+ev-application or ev-begin.) Rather than setting up continue to arrange for
+eval-dispatch to return here and then restoring continue from the stack and continuing at that
+entry point, we restore continue from the stack before going to eval-dispatch, so that
+eval-dispatch will continue at that entry point after evaluating the expression.
+ev-sequence
+(assign exp (op first-exp) (reg unev))
+(test (op last-exp?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-sequence-last-exp))
+(save unev)
+(save env)
+(assign continue (label ev-sequence-continue))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-sequence-continue
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(assign unev (op rest-exps) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+ev-sequence-last-exp
+(restore continue)
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+Tail recursion
+In chapter 1 we said that the process described by a procedure such as
+(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
+(if (good-enough? guess x)
+guess
+(sqrt-iter (improve guess x)
+x)))
+is an iterative process. Even though the procedure is syntactically recursive (defined in terms of itself),
+it is not logically necessary for an evaluator to save information in passing from one call to
+sqrt-iter to the next. 25 An evaluator that can execute a procedure such as sqrt-iter without
+requiring increasing storage as the procedure continues to call itself is called a tail-recursive evaluator.
+The metacircular implementation of the evaluator in chapter 4 does not specify whether the evaluator
+is tail-recursive, because that evaluator inherits its mechanism for saving state from the underlying
+Scheme. With the explicit-control evaluator, however, we can trace through the evaluation process to
+see when procedure calls cause a net accumulation of information on the stack.
+Our evaluator is tail-recursive, because in order to evaluate the final expression of a sequence we
+transfer directly to eval-dispatch without saving any information on the stack. Hence, evaluating
+the final expression in a sequence -- even if it is a procedure call (as in sqrt-iter, where the if
+expression, which is the last expression in the procedure body, reduces to a call to sqrt-iter) -will not cause any information to be accumulated on the stack. 26
+If we did not think to take advantage of the fact that it was unnecessary to save information in this
+case, we might have implemented eval-sequence by treating all the expressions in a sequence in
+the same way -- saving the registers, evaluating the expression, returning to restore the registers, and
+
+\frepeating this until all the expressions have been evaluated: 27
+ev-sequence
+(test (op no-more-exps?) (reg unev))
+(branch (label ev-sequence-end))
+(assign exp (op first-exp) (reg unev))
+(save unev)
+(save env)
+(assign continue (label ev-sequence-continue))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-sequence-continue
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(assign unev (op rest-exps) (reg unev))
+(goto (label ev-sequence))
+ev-sequence-end
+(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+This may seem like a minor change to our previous code for evaluation of a sequence: The only
+difference is that we go through the save-restore cycle for the last expression in a sequence as well as
+for the others. The interpreter will still give the same value for any expression. But this change is fatal
+to the tail-recursive implementation, because we must now return after evaluating the final expression
+in a sequence in order to undo the (useless) register saves. These extra saves will accumulate during a
+nest of procedure calls. Consequently, processes such as sqrt-iter will require space proportional
+to the number of iterations rather than requiring constant space. This difference can be significant. For
+example, with tail recursion, an infinite loop can be expressed using only the procedure-call
+mechanism:
+(define (count n)
+(newline)
+(display n)
+(count (+ n 1)))
+Without tail recursion, such a procedure would eventually run out of stack space, and expressing a true
+iteration would require some control mechanism other than procedure call.
+
+5.4.3 Conditionals, Assignments, and Definitions
+As with the metacircular evaluator, special forms are handled by selectively evaluating fragments of
+the expression. For an if expression, we must evaluate the predicate and decide, based on the value of
+predicate, whether to evaluate the consequent or the alternative.
+Before evaluating the predicate, we save the if expression itself so that we can later extract the
+consequent or alternative. We also save the environment, which we will need later in order to evaluate
+the consequent or the alternative, and we save continue, which we will need later in order to return
+to the evaluation of the expression that is waiting for the value of the if.
+ev-if
+(save exp)
+(save env)
+
+; save expression for later
+
+\f(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-if-decide))
+(assign exp (op if-predicate) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the predicate
+When we return from evaluating the predicate, we test whether it was true or false and, depending on
+the result, place either the consequent or the alternative in exp before going to eval-dispatch.
+Notice that restoring env and continue here sets up eval-dispatch to have the correct
+environment and to continue at the right place to receive the value of the if expression.
+ev-if-decide
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore exp)
+(test (op true?) (reg val))
+(branch (label ev-if-consequent))
+ev-if-alternative
+(assign exp (op if-alternative) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+ev-if-consequent
+(assign exp (op if-consequent) (reg exp))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+
+Assignments and definitions
+Assignments are handled by ev-assignment, which is reached from eval-dispatch with the
+assignment expression in exp. The code at ev-assignment first evaluates the value part of the
+expression and then installs the new value in the environment. Set-variable-value! is assumed
+to be available as a machine operation.
+ev-assignment
+(assign unev (op assignment-variable) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+; save variable for later
+(assign exp (op assignment-value) (reg exp))
+(save env)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-assignment-1))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the assignment value
+ev-assignment-1
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(perform
+(op set-variable-value!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Definitions are handled in a similar way:
+
+\fev-definition
+(assign unev (op definition-variable) (reg exp))
+(save unev)
+; save variable for later
+(assign exp (op definition-value) (reg exp))
+(save env)
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label ev-definition-1))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch)) ; evaluate the definition value
+ev-definition-1
+(restore continue)
+(restore env)
+(restore unev)
+(perform
+(op define-variable!) (reg unev) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Exercise 5.23. Extend the evaluator to handle derived expressions such as cond, let, and so on
+(section 4.1.2). You may ‘‘cheat’’ and assume that the syntax transformers such as cond->if are
+available as machine operations. 28
+Exercise 5.24. Implement cond as a new basic special form without reducing it to if. You will have
+to construct a loop that tests the predicates of successive cond clauses until you find one that is true,
+and then use ev-sequence to evaluate the actions of the clause.
+Exercise 5.25. Modify the evaluator so that it uses normal-order evaluation, based on the lazy
+evaluator of section 4.2.
+
+5.4.4 Running the Evaluator
+With the implementation of the explicit-control evaluator we come to the end of a development, begun
+in chapter 1, in which we have explored successively more precise models of the evaluation process.
+We started with the relatively informal substitution model, then extended this in chapter 3 to the
+environment model, which enabled us to deal with state and change. In the metacircular evaluator of
+chapter 4, we used Scheme itself as a language for making more explicit the environment structure
+constructed during evaluation of an expression. Now, with register machines, we have taken a close
+look at the evaluator’s mechanisms for storage management, argument passing, and control. At each
+new level of description, we have had to raise issues and resolve ambiguities that were not apparent at
+the previous, less precise treatment of evaluation. To understand the behavior of the explicit-control
+evaluator, we can simulate it and monitor its performance.
+We will install a driver loop in our evaluator machine. This plays the role of the driver-loop
+procedure of section 4.1.4. The evaluator will repeatedly print a prompt, read an expression, evaluate
+the expression by going to eval-dispatch, and print the result. The following instructions form
+the beginning of the explicit-control evaluator’s controller sequence: 29
+read-eval-print-loop
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+(perform
+(op prompt-for-input) (const ";;; EC-Eval input:"))
+(assign exp (op read))
+
+\f(assign env (op get-global-environment))
+(assign continue (label print-result))
+(goto (label eval-dispatch))
+print-result
+(perform
+(op announce-output) (const ";;; EC-Eval value:"))
+(perform (op user-print) (reg val))
+(goto (label read-eval-print-loop))
+When we encounter an error in a procedure (such as the ‘‘unknown procedure type error’’ indicated at
+apply-dispatch), we print an error message and return to the driver loop. 30
+unknown-expression-type
+(assign val (const unknown-expression-type-error))
+(goto (label signal-error))
+unknown-procedure-type
+(restore continue)
+; clean up stack (from apply-dispatch)
+(assign val (const unknown-procedure-type-error))
+(goto (label signal-error))
+signal-error
+(perform (op user-print) (reg val))
+(goto (label read-eval-print-loop))
+For the purposes of the simulation, we initialize the stack each time through the driver loop, since it
+might not be empty after an error (such as an undefined variable) interrupts an evaluation. 31
+If we combine all the code fragments presented in sections 5.4.1-5.4.4, we can create an evaluator
+machine model that we can run using the register-machine simulator of section 5.2.
+(define eceval
+(make-machine
+’(exp env val proc argl continue unev)
+eceval-operations
+’(
+read-eval-print-loop
+<entire machine controller as given above>
+)))
+We must define Scheme procedures to simulate the operations used as primitives by the evaluator.
+These are the same procedures we used for the metacircular evaluator in section 4.1, together with the
+few additional ones defined in footnotes throughout section 5.4.
+(define eceval-operations
+(list (list ’self-evaluating? self-evaluating)
+<complete list of operations for eceval machine>))
+Finally, we can initialize the global environment and run the evaluator:
+(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(start eceval)
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(define (append x y)
+
+\f(if (null? x)
+y
+(cons (car x)
+(append (cdr x) y))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(append ’(a b c) ’(d e f))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+(a b c d e f)
+Of course, evaluating expressions in this way will take much longer than if we had directly typed them
+into Scheme, because of the multiple levels of simulation involved. Our expressions are evaluated by
+the explicit-control-evaluator machine, which is being simulated by a Scheme program, which is itself
+being evaluated by the Scheme interpreter.
+
+Monitoring the performance of the evaluator
+Simulation can be a powerful tool to guide the implementation of evaluators. Simulations make it easy
+not only to explore variations of the register-machine design but also to monitor the performance of
+the simulated evaluator. For example, one important factor in performance is how efficiently the
+evaluator uses the stack. We can observe the number of stack operations required to evaluate various
+expressions by defining the evaluator register machine with the version of the simulator that collects
+statistics on stack use (section 5.2.4), and adding an instruction at the evaluator’s print-result
+entry point to print the statistics:
+print-result
+(perform (op print-stack-statistics)); added instruction
+(perform
+(op announce-output) (const ";;; EC-Eval value:"))
+... ; same as before
+Interactions with the evaluator now look like this:
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+(total-pushes = 3 maximum-depth = 3)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+(total-pushes = 144 maximum-depth = 28)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Note that the driver loop of the evaluator reinitializes the stack at the start of each interaction, so that
+the statistics printed will refer only to stack operations used to evaluate the previous expression.
+
+\fExercise 5.26. Use the monitored stack to explore the tail-recursive property of the evaluator
+(section 5.4.2). Start the evaluator and define the iterative factorial procedure from section 1.2.1:
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Run the procedure with some small values of n. Record the maximum stack depth and the number of
+pushes required to compute n! for each of these values.
+a. You will find that the maximum depth required to evaluate n! is independent of n. What is that
+depth?
+b. Determine from your data a formula in terms of n for the total number of push operations used in
+evaluating n! for any n > 1. Note that the number of operations used is a linear function of n and is
+thus determined by two constants.
+Exercise 5.27. For comparison with exercise 5.26, explore the behavior of the following procedure
+for computing factorials recursively:
+(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+By running this procedure with the monitored stack, determine, as a function of n, the maximum depth
+of the stack and the total number of pushes used in evaluating n! for n > 1. (Again, these functions will
+be linear.) Summarize your experiments by filling in the following table with the appropriate
+expressions in terms of n:
+Maximum depth Number of pushes
+Recursive
+factorial
+Iterative
+factorial
+
+The maximum depth is a measure of the amount of space used by the evaluator in carrying out the
+computation, and the number of pushes correlates well with the time required.
+Exercise 5.28. Modify the definition of the evaluator by changing eval-sequence as described in
+section 5.4.2 so that the evaluator is no longer tail-recursive. Rerun your experiments from
+exercises 5.26 and 5.27 to demonstrate that both versions of the factorial procedure now require
+space that grows linearly with their input.
+
+\fExercise 5.29. Monitor the stack operations in the tree-recursive Fibonacci computation:
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+a. Give a formula in terms of n for the maximum depth of the stack required to compute Fib(n) for n >
+2. Hint: In section 1.2.2 we argued that the space used by this process grows linearly with n.
+b. Give a formula for the total number of pushes used to compute Fib(n) for n > 2. You should find
+that the number of pushes (which correlates well with the time used) grows exponentially with n. Hint:
+Let S(n) be the number of pushes used in computing Fib(n). You should be able to argue that there is a
+formula that expresses S(n) in terms of S(n - 1), S(n - 2), and some fixed ‘‘overhead’’ constant k that is
+independent of n. Give the formula, and say what k is. Then show that S(n) can be expressed as a
+Fib(n + 1) + b and give the values of a and b.
+Exercise 5.30. Our evaluator currently catches and signals only two kinds of errors -- unknown
+expression types and unknown procedure types. Other errors will take us out of the evaluator
+read-eval-print loop. When we run the evaluator using the register-machine simulator, these errors are
+caught by the underlying Scheme system. This is analogous to the computer crashing when a user
+program makes an error. 32 It is a large project to make a real error system work, but it is well worth
+the effort to understand what is involved here.
+a. Errors that occur in the evaluation process, such as an attempt to access an unbound variable, could
+be caught by changing the lookup operation to make it return a distinguished condition code, which
+cannot be a possible value of any user variable. The evaluator can test for this condition code and then
+do what is necessary to go to signal-error. Find all of the places in the evaluator where such a
+change is necessary and fix them. This is lots of work.
+b. Much worse is the problem of handling errors that are signaled by applying primitive procedures,
+such as an attempt to divide by zero or an attempt to extract the car of a symbol. In a professionally
+written high-quality system, each primitive application is checked for safety as part of the primitive.
+For example, every call to car could first check that the argument is a pair. If the argument is not a
+pair, the application would return a distinguished condition code to the evaluator, which would then
+report the failure. We could arrange for this in our register-machine simulator by making each
+primitive procedure check for applicability and returning an appropriate distinguished condition code
+on failure. Then the primitive-apply code in the evaluator can check for the condition code and
+go to signal-error if necessary. Build this structure and make it work. This is a major project.
+19 See Batali et al. 1982 for more information on the chip and the method by which it was designed.
+20 In our controller, the dispatch is written as a sequence of test and branch instructions.
+
+Alternatively, it could have been written in a data-directed style (and in a real system it probably
+would have been) to avoid the need to perform sequential tests and to facilitate the definition of new
+expression types. A machine designed to run Lisp would probably include a dispatch-on-type
+instruction that would efficiently execute such data-directed dispatches.
+21 This is an important but subtle point in translating algorithms from a procedural language, such as
+
+Lisp, to a register-machine language. As an alternative to saving only what is needed, we could save
+all the registers (except val) before each recursive call. This is called a framed-stack discipline. This
+
+\fwould work but might save more registers than necessary; this could be an important consideration in
+a system where stack operations are expensive. Saving registers whose contents will not be needed
+later may also hold onto useless data that could otherwise be garbage-collected, freeing space to be
+reused.
+22 We add to the evaluator data-structure procedures in section 4.1.3 the following two procedures for
+
+manipulating argument lists:
+(define (empty-arglist) ’())
+(define (adjoin-arg arg arglist)
+(append arglist (list arg)))
+We also use an additional syntax procedure to test for the last operand in a combination:
+(define (last-operand? ops)
+(null? (cdr ops)))
+23 The optimization of treating the last operand specially is known as evlis tail recursion (see Wand
+
+1980). We could be somewhat more efficient in the argument evaluation loop if we made evaluation of
+the first operand a special case too. This would permit us to postpone initializing argl until after
+evaluating the first operand, so as to avoid saving argl in this case. The compiler in section 5.5
+performs this optimization. (Compare the construct-arglist procedure of section 5.5.3.)
+24 The order of operand evaluation in the metacircular evaluator is determined by the order of
+
+evaluation of the arguments to cons in the procedure list-of-values of section 4.1.1 (see
+exercise 4.1).
+25 We saw in section 5.1 how to implement such a process with a register machine that had no stack;
+
+the state of the process was stored in a fixed set of registers.
+26 This implementation of tail recursion in ev-sequence is one variety of a well-known
+
+optimization technique used by many compilers. In compiling a procedure that ends with a procedure
+call, one can replace the call by a jump to the called procedure’s entry point. Building this strategy into
+the interpreter, as we have done in this section, provides the optimization uniformly throughout the
+language.
+27 We can define no-more-exps? as follows:
+
+(define (no-more-exps? seq) (null? seq))
+28 This isn’t really cheating. In an actual implementation built from scratch, we would use our
+
+explicit-control evaluator to interpret a Scheme program that performs source-level transformations
+like cond->if in a syntax phase that runs before execution.
+29 We assume here that read and the various printing operations are available as primitive machine
+
+operations, which is useful for our simulation, but completely unrealistic in practice. These are
+actually extremely complex operations. In practice, they would be implemented using low-level
+input-output operations such as transferring single characters to and from a device.
+To support the get-global-environment operation we define
+
+\f(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(define (get-global-environment)
+the-global-environment)
+30 There are other errors that we would like the interpreter to handle, but these are not so simple. See
+
+exercise 5.30.
+31 We could perform the stack initialization only after errors, but doing it in the driver loop will be
+
+convenient for monitoring the evaluator’s performance, as described below.
+32 Regrettably, this is the normal state of affairs in conventional compiler-based language systems
+
+such as C. In UNIX TM the system ‘‘dumps core,’’ and in DOS/Windows TM it becomes catatonic.
+The Macintosh TM displays a picture of an exploding bomb and offers you the opportunity to reboot
+the computer -- if you’re lucky.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+5.5 Compilation
+The explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 is a register machine whose controller interprets Scheme
+programs. In this section we will see how to run Scheme programs on a register machine whose
+controller is not a Scheme interpreter.
+The explicit-control evaluator machine is universal -- it can carry out any computational process that
+can be described in Scheme. The evaluator’s controller orchestrates the use of its data paths to perform
+the desired computation. Thus, the evaluator’s data paths are universal: They are sufficient to perform
+any computation we desire, given an appropriate controller. 33
+Commercial general-purpose computers are register machines organized around a collection of
+registers and operations that constitute an efficient and convenient universal set of data paths. The
+controller for a general-purpose machine is an interpreter for a register-machine language like the one
+we have been using. This language is called the native language of the machine, or simply machine
+language. Programs written in machine language are sequences of instructions that use the machine’s
+data paths. For example, the explicit-control evaluator’s instruction sequence can be thought of as a
+machine-language program for a general-purpose computer rather than as the controller for a
+specialized interpreter machine.
+There are two common strategies for bridging the gap between higher-level languages and
+register-machine languages. The explicit-control evaluator illustrates the strategy of interpretation. An
+interpreter written in the native language of a machine configures the machine to execute programs
+written in a language (called the source language) that may differ from the native language of the
+machine performing the evaluation. The primitive procedures of the source language are implemented
+as a library of subroutines written in the native language of the given machine. A program to be
+interpreted (called the source program) is represented as a data structure. The interpreter traverses this
+data structure, analyzing the source program. As it does so, it simulates the intended behavior of the
+source program by calling appropriate primitive subroutines from the library.
+In this section, we explore the alternative strategy of compilation. A compiler for a given source
+language and machine translates a source program into an equivalent program (called the object
+program) written in the machine’s native language. The compiler that we implement in this section
+translates programs written in Scheme into sequences of instructions to be executed using the
+explicit-control evaluator machine’s data paths. 34
+Compared with interpretation, compilation can provide a great increase in the efficiency of program
+execution, as we will explain below in the overview of the compiler. On the other hand, an interpreter
+provides a more powerful environment for interactive program development and debugging, because
+the source program being executed is available at run time to be examined and modified. In addition,
+because the entire library of primitives is present, new programs can be constructed and added to the
+system during debugging.
+In view of the complementary advantages of compilation and interpretation, modern
+program-development environments pursue a mixed strategy. Lisp interpreters are generally organized
+so that interpreted procedures and compiled procedures can call each other. This enables a
+programmer to compile those parts of a program that are assumed to be debugged, thus gaining the
+efficiency advantage of compilation, while retaining the interpretive mode of execution for those parts
+of the program that are in the flux of interactive development and debugging. In section 5.5.7, after we
+
+\fhave implemented the compiler, we will show how to interface it with our interpreter to produce an
+integrated interpreter-compiler development system.
+
+An overview of the compiler
+Our compiler is much like our interpreter, both in its structure and in the function it performs.
+Accordingly, the mechanisms used by the compiler for analyzing expressions will be similar to those
+used by the interpreter. Moreover, to make it easy to interface compiled and interpreted code, we will
+design the compiler to generate code that obeys the same conventions of register usage as the
+interpreter: The environment will be kept in the env register, argument lists will be accumulated in
+argl, a procedure to be applied will be in proc, procedures will return their answers in val, and the
+location to which a procedure should return will be kept in continue. In general, the compiler
+translates a source program into an object program that performs essentially the same register
+operations as would the interpreter in evaluating the same source program.
+This description suggests a strategy for implementing a rudimentary compiler: We traverse the
+expression in the same way the interpreter does. When we encounter a register instruction that the
+interpreter would perform in evaluating the expression, we do not execute the instruction but instead
+accumulate it into a sequence. The resulting sequence of instructions will be the object code. Observe
+the efficiency advantage of compilation over interpretation. Each time the interpreter evaluates an
+expression -- for example, (f 84 96) -- it performs the work of classifying the expression
+(discovering that this is a procedure application) and testing for the end of the operand list (discovering
+that there are two operands). With a compiler, the expression is analyzed only once, when the
+instruction sequence is generated at compile time. The object code produced by the compiler contains
+only the instructions that evaluate the operator and the two operands, assemble the argument list, and
+apply the procedure (in proc) to the arguments (in argl).
+This is the same kind of optimization we implemented in the analyzing evaluator of section 4.1.7. But
+there are further opportunities to gain efficiency in compiled code. As the interpreter runs, it follows a
+process that must be applicable to any expression in the language. In contrast, a given segment of
+compiled code is meant to execute some particular expression. This can make a big difference, for
+example in the use of the stack to save registers. When the interpreter evaluates an expression, it must
+be prepared for any contingency. Before evaluating a subexpression, the interpreter saves all registers
+that will be needed later, because the subexpression might require an arbitrary evaluation. A compiler,
+on the other hand, can exploit the structure of the particular expression it is processing to generate
+code that avoids unnecessary stack operations.
+As a case in point, consider the combination (f 84 96). Before the interpreter evaluates the
+operator of the combination, it prepares for this evaluation by saving the registers containing the
+operands and the environment, whose values will be needed later. The interpreter then evaluates the
+operator to obtain the result in val, restores the saved registers, and finally moves the result from val
+to proc. However, in the particular expression we are dealing with, the operator is the symbol f,
+whose evaluation is accomplished by the machine operation lookup-variable-value, which
+does not alter any registers. The compiler that we implement in this section will take advantage of this
+fact and generate code that evaluates the operator using the instruction
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const f) (reg env))
+This code not only avoids the unnecessary saves and restores but also assigns the value of the lookup
+directly to proc, whereas the interpreter would obtain the result in val and then move this to proc.
+
+\fA compiler can also optimize access to the environment. Having analyzed the code, the compiler can
+in many cases know in which frame a particular variable will be located and access that frame directly,
+rather than performing the lookup-variable-value search. We will discuss how to implement
+such variable access in section 5.5.6. Until then, however, we will focus on the kind of register and
+stack optimizations described above. There are many other optimizations that can be performed by a
+compiler, such as coding primitive operations ‘‘in line’’ instead of using a general apply mechanism
+(see exercise 5.38); but we will not emphasize these here. Our main goal in this section is to illustrate
+the compilation process in a simplified (but still interesting) context.
+
+5.5.1 Structure of the Compiler
+In section 4.1.7 we modified our original metacircular interpreter to separate analysis from execution.
+We analyzed each expression to produce an execution procedure that took an environment as argument
+and performed the required operations. In our compiler, we will do essentially the same analysis.
+Instead of producing execution procedures, however, we will generate sequences of instructions to be
+run by our register machine.
+The procedure compile is the top-level dispatch in the compiler. It corresponds to the eval
+procedure of section 4.1.1, the analyze procedure of section 4.1.7, and the eval-dispatch entry
+point of the explicit-control-evaluator in section 5.4.1. The compiler, like the interpreters, uses the
+expression-syntax procedures defined in section 4.1.2. 35 Compile performs a case analysis on the
+syntactic type of the expression to be compiled. For each type of expression, it dispatches to a
+specialized code generator:
+(define (compile exp target linkage)
+(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
+(compile-self-evaluating exp target linkage))
+((quoted? exp) (compile-quoted exp target linkage))
+((variable? exp)
+(compile-variable exp target linkage))
+((assignment? exp)
+(compile-assignment exp target linkage))
+((definition? exp)
+(compile-definition exp target linkage))
+((if? exp) (compile-if exp target linkage))
+((lambda? exp) (compile-lambda exp target linkage))
+((begin? exp)
+(compile-sequence (begin-actions exp)
+target
+linkage))
+((cond? exp) (compile (cond->if exp) target linkage))
+((application? exp)
+(compile-application exp target linkage))
+(else
+(error "Unknown expression type -- COMPILE" exp))))
+
+\fTargets and linkages
+Compile and the code generators that it calls take two arguments in addition to the expression to
+compile. There is a target, which specifies the register in which the compiled code is to return the
+value of the expression. There is also a linkage descriptor, which describes how the code resulting
+from the compilation of the expression should proceed when it has finished its execution. The linkage
+descriptor can require that the code do one of the following three things:
+continue at the next instruction in sequence (this is specified by the linkage descriptor next),
+return from the procedure being compiled (this is specified by the linkage descriptor return), or
+jump to a named entry point (this is specified by using the designated label as the linkage
+descriptor).
+For example, compiling the expression 5 (which is self-evaluating) with a target of the val register
+and a linkage of next should produce the instruction
+(assign val (const 5))
+Compiling the same expression with a linkage of return should produce the instructions
+(assign val (const 5))
+(goto (reg continue))
+In the first case, execution will continue with the next instruction in the sequence. In the second case,
+we will return from a procedure call. In both cases, the value of the expression will be placed into the
+target val register.
+
+Instruction sequences and stack usage
+Each code generator returns an instruction sequence containing the object code it has generated for the
+expression. Code generation for a compound expression is accomplished by combining the output
+from simpler code generators for component expressions, just as evaluation of a compound expression
+is accomplished by evaluating the component expressions.
+The simplest method for combining instruction sequences is a procedure called
+append-instruction-sequences. It takes as arguments any number of instruction sequences
+that are to be executed sequentially; it appends them and returns the combined sequence. That is, if
+<seq 1 > and <seq 2 > are sequences of instructions, then evaluating
+(append-instruction-sequences <seq 1 > <seq 2 >)
+produces the sequence
+<seq 1 >
+<seq 2 >
+Whenever registers might need to be saved, the compiler’s code generators use preserving, which
+is a more subtle method for combining instruction sequences. Preserving takes three arguments: a
+set of registers and two instruction sequences that are to be executed sequentially. It appends the
+sequences in such a way that the contents of each register in the set is preserved over the execution of
+
+\fthe first sequence, if this is needed for the execution of the second sequence. That is, if the first
+sequence modifies the register and the second sequence actually needs the register’s original contents,
+then preserving wraps a save and a restore of the register around the first sequence before
+appending the sequences. Otherwise, preserving simply returns the appended instruction
+sequences. Thus, for example,
+(preserving (list <reg 1 > <reg 2 >) <seq 1 > <seq 2 >)
+produces one of the following four sequences of instructions, depending on how <seq 1 > and <seq 2 >
+use <reg 1 > and <reg 2 >:
+
+By using preserving to combine instruction sequences the compiler avoids unnecessary stack
+operations. This also isolates the details of whether or not to generate save and restore
+instructions within the preserving procedure, separating them from the concerns that arise in
+writing each of the individual code generators. In fact no save or restore instructions are
+explicitly produced by the code generators.
+In principle, we could represent an instruction sequence simply as a list of instructions.
+Append-instruction-sequences could then combine instruction sequences by performing an
+ordinary list append. However, preserving would then be a complex operation, because it would
+have to analyze each instruction sequence to determine how the sequence uses its registers.
+Preserving would be inefficient as well as complex, because it would have to analyze each of its
+instruction sequence arguments, even though these sequences might themselves have been constructed
+by calls to preserving, in which case their parts would have already been analyzed. To avoid such
+repetitious analysis we will associate with each instruction sequence some information about its
+register use. When we construct a basic instruction sequence we will provide this information
+explicitly, and the procedures that combine instruction sequences will derive register-use information
+for the combined sequence from the information associated with the component sequences.
+An instruction sequence will contain three pieces of information:
+the set of registers that must be initialized before the instructions in the sequence are executed
+(these registers are said to be needed by the sequence),
+the set of registers whose values are modified by the instructions in the sequence, and
+the actual instructions (also called statements) in the sequence.
+We will represent an instruction sequence as a list of its three parts. The constructor for instruction
+sequences is thus
+(define (make-instruction-sequence needs modifies statements)
+(list needs modifies statements))
+
+\fFor example, the two-instruction sequence that looks up the value of the variable x in the current
+environment, assigns the result to val, and then returns, requires registers env and continue to
+have been initialized, and modifies register val. This sequence would therefore be constructed as
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env continue) ’(val)
+’((assign val
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+(goto (reg continue))))
+We sometimes need to construct an instruction sequence with no statements:
+(define (empty-instruction-sequence)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’() ’()))
+The procedures for combining instruction sequences are shown in section 5.5.4.
+Exercise 5.31. In evaluating a procedure application, the explicit-control evaluator always saves and
+restores the env register around the evaluation of the operator, saves and restores env around the
+evaluation of each operand (except the final one), saves and restores argl around the evaluation of
+each operand, and saves and restores proc around the evaluation of the operand sequence. For each
+of the following combinations, say which of these save and restore operations are superfluous
+and thus could be eliminated by the compiler’s preserving mechanism:
+(f ’x ’y)
+((f) ’x ’y)
+(f (g ’x) y)
+(f (g ’x) ’y)
+Exercise 5.32. Using the preserving mechanism, the compiler will avoid saving and restoring
+env around the evaluation of the operator of a combination in the case where the operator is a symbol.
+We could also build such optimizations into the evaluator. Indeed, the explicit-control evaluator of
+section 5.4 already performs a similar optimization, by treating combinations with no operands as a
+special case.
+a. Extend the explicit-control evaluator to recognize as a separate class of expressions combinations
+whose operator is a symbol, and to take advantage of this fact in evaluating such expressions.
+b. Alyssa P. Hacker suggests that by extending the evaluator to recognize more and more special cases
+we could incorporate all the compiler’s optimizations, and that this would eliminate the advantage of
+compilation altogether. What do you think of this idea?
+
+5.5.2 Compiling Expressions
+In this section and the next we implement the code generators to which the compile procedure
+dispatches.
+
+Compiling linkage code
+In general, the output of each code generator will end with instructions -- generated by the procedure
+compile-linkage -- that implement the required linkage. If the linkage is return then we must
+generate the instruction (goto (reg continue)). This needs the continue register and does
+not modify any registers. If the linkage is next, then we needn’t include any additional instructions.
+
+\fOtherwise, the linkage is a label, and we generate a goto to that label, an instruction that does not
+need or modify any registers. 36
+(define (compile-linkage linkage)
+(cond ((eq? linkage ’return)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(continue) ’()
+’((goto (reg continue)))))
+((eq? linkage ’next)
+(empty-instruction-sequence))
+(else
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’()
+‘((goto (label ,linkage)))))))
+The linkage code is appended to an instruction sequence by preserving the continue register,
+since a return linkage will require the continue register: If the given instruction sequence
+modifies continue and the linkage code needs it, continue will be saved and restored.
+(define (end-with-linkage linkage instruction-sequence)
+(preserving ’(continue)
+instruction-sequence
+(compile-linkage linkage)))
+
+Compiling simple expressions
+The code generators for self-evaluating expressions, quotations, and variables construct instruction
+sequences that assign the required value to the target register and then proceed as specified by the
+linkage descriptor.
+(define (compile-self-evaluating exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() (list target)
+‘((assign ,target (const ,exp))))))
+(define (compile-quoted exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() (list target)
+‘((assign ,target (const ,(text-of-quotation exp)))))))
+(define (compile-variable exp target linkage)
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env) (list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op lookup-variable-value)
+(const ,exp)
+(reg env))))))
+All these assignment instructions modify the target register, and the one that looks up a variable needs
+the env register.
+Assignments and definitions are handled much as they are in the interpreter. We recursively generate
+code that computes the value to be assigned to the variable, and append to it a two-instruction
+sequence that actually sets or defines the variable and assigns the value of the whole expression (the
+symbol ok) to the target register. The recursive compilation has target val and linkage next so that
+the code will put its result into val and continue with the code that is appended after it. The
+
+\fappending is done preserving env, since the environment is needed for setting or defining the variable
+and the code for the variable value could be the compilation of a complex expression that might
+modify the registers in arbitrary ways.
+(define (compile-assignment exp target linkage)
+(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
+(get-value-code
+(compile (assignment-value exp) ’val ’next)))
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(preserving ’(env)
+get-value-code
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env val) (list target)
+‘((perform (op set-variable-value!)
+(const ,var)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign ,target (const ok))))))))
+(define (compile-definition exp target linkage)
+(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
+(get-value-code
+(compile (definition-value exp) ’val ’next)))
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(preserving ’(env)
+get-value-code
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env val) (list target)
+‘((perform (op define-variable!)
+(const ,var)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign ,target (const ok))))))))
+The appended two-instruction sequence requires env and val and modifies the target. Note that
+although we preserve env for this sequence, we do not preserve val, because the
+get-value-code is designed to explicitly place its result in val for use by this sequence. (In fact,
+if we did preserve val, we would have a bug, because this would cause the previous contents of val
+to be restored right after the get-value-code is run.)
+
+Compiling conditional expressions
+The code for an if expression compiled with a given target and linkage has the form
+<compilation of predicate, target val, linkage next>
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch))
+true-branch
+<compilation of consequent with given target and given linkage or after-if>
+
+false-branch
+<compilation of alternative with given target and linkage>
+after-if
+
+\fTo generate this code, we compile the predicate, consequent, and alternative, and combine the
+resulting code with instructions to test the predicate result and with newly generated labels to mark the
+true and false branches and the end of the conditional. 37 In this arrangement of code, we must branch
+around the true branch if the test is false. The only slight complication is in how the linkage for the
+true branch should be handled. If the linkage for the conditional is return or a label, then the true
+and false branches will both use this same linkage. If the linkage is next, the true branch ends with a
+jump around the code for the false branch to the label at the end of the conditional.
+(define (compile-if exp target linkage)
+(let ((t-branch (make-label ’true-branch))
+(f-branch (make-label ’false-branch))
+(after-if (make-label ’after-if)))
+(let ((consequent-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-if linkage)))
+(let ((p-code (compile (if-predicate exp) ’val ’next))
+(c-code
+(compile
+(if-consequent exp) target consequent-linkage))
+(a-code
+(compile (if-alternative exp) target linkage)))
+(preserving ’(env continue)
+p-code
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val) ’()
+‘((test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label ,f-branch))))
+(parallel-instruction-sequences
+(append-instruction-sequences t-branch c-code)
+(append-instruction-sequences f-branch a-code))
+after-if))))))
+Env is preserved around the predicate code because it could be needed by the true and false branches,
+and continue is preserved because it could be needed by the linkage code in those branches. The
+code for the true and false branches (which are not executed sequentially) is appended using a special
+combiner parallel-instruction-sequences described in section 5.5.4.
+Note that cond is a derived expression, so all that the compiler needs to do handle it is to apply the
+cond->if transformer (from section 4.1.2) and compile the resulting if expression.
+
+Compiling sequences
+The compilation of sequences (from procedure bodies or explicit begin expressions) parallels their
+evaluation. Each expression of the sequence is compiled -- the last expression with the linkage
+specified for the sequence, and the other expressions with linkage next (to execute the rest of the
+sequence). The instruction sequences for the individual expressions are appended to form a single
+instruction sequence, such that env (needed for the rest of the sequence) and continue (possibly
+needed for the linkage at the end of the sequence) are preserved.
+(define (compile-sequence seq target linkage)
+(if (last-exp? seq)
+(compile (first-exp seq) target linkage)
+
+\f(preserving ’(env continue)
+(compile (first-exp seq) target ’next)
+(compile-sequence (rest-exps seq) target linkage))))
+
+Compiling lambda expressions
+Lambda expressions construct procedures. The object code for a lambda expression must have the
+form
+<construct procedure object and assign it to target register>
+<linkage>
+When we compile the lambda expression, we also generate the code for the procedure body.
+Although the body won’t be executed at the time of procedure construction, it is convenient to insert it
+into the object code right after the code for the lambda. If the linkage for the lambda expression is a
+label or return, this is fine. But if the linkage is next, we will need to skip around the code for the
+procedure body by using a linkage that jumps to a label that is inserted after the body. The object code
+thus has the form
+<construct procedure object and assign it to target register>
+<code for given linkage>or (goto (label after-lambda))
+<compilation of procedure body>
+after-lambda
+Compile-lambda generates the code for constructing the procedure object followed by the code for
+the procedure body. The procedure object will be constructed at run time by combining the current
+environment (the environment at the point of definition) with the entry point to the compiled
+procedure body (a newly generated label). 38
+(define (compile-lambda exp target linkage)
+(let ((proc-entry (make-label ’entry))
+(after-lambda (make-label ’after-lambda)))
+(let ((lambda-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-lambda linkage)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(tack-on-instruction-sequence
+(end-with-linkage lambda-linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env) (list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op make-compiled-procedure)
+(label ,proc-entry)
+(reg env)))))
+(compile-lambda-body exp proc-entry))
+after-lambda))))
+Compile-lambda uses the special combiner tack-on-instruction-sequence
+(section 5.5.4) rather than append-instruction-sequences to append the procedure body to
+the lambda expression code, because the body is not part of the sequence of instructions that will be
+executed when the combined sequence is entered; rather, it is in the sequence only because that was a
+convenient place to put it.
+
+\fCompile-lambda-body constructs the code for the body of the procedure. This code begins with a
+label for the entry point. Next come instructions that will cause the run-time evaluation environment to
+switch to the correct environment for evaluating the procedure body -- namely, the definition
+environment of the procedure, extended to include the bindings of the formal parameters to the
+arguments with which the procedure is called. After this comes the code for the sequence of
+expressions that makes up the procedure body. The sequence is compiled with linkage return and
+target val so that it will end by returning from the procedure with the procedure result in val.
+(define (compile-lambda-body exp proc-entry)
+(let ((formals (lambda-parameters exp)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(env proc argl) ’(env)
+‘(,proc-entry
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env
+(op extend-environment)
+(const ,formals)
+(reg argl)
+(reg env))))
+(compile-sequence (lambda-body exp) ’val ’return))))
+
+5.5.3 Compiling Combinations
+The essence of the compilation process is the compilation of procedure applications. The code for a
+combination compiled with a given target and linkage has the form
+<compilation of operator, target proc, linkage next>
+<evaluate operands and construct argument list in argl>
+<compilation of procedure call with given target and linkage>
+The registers env, proc, and argl may have to be saved and restored during evaluation of the
+operator and operands. Note that this is the only place in the compiler where a target other than val is
+specified.
+The required code is generated by compile-application. This recursively compiles the
+operator, to produce code that puts the procedure to be applied into proc, and compiles the operands,
+to produce code that evaluates the individual operands of the application. The instruction sequences
+for the operands are combined (by construct-arglist) with code that constructs the list of
+arguments in argl, and the resulting argument-list code is combined with the procedure code and the
+code that performs the procedure call (produced by compile-procedure-call). In appending
+the code sequences, the env register must be preserved around the evaluation of the operator (since
+evaluating the operator might modify env, which will be needed to evaluate the operands), and the
+proc register must be preserved around the construction of the argument list (since evaluating the
+operands might modify proc, which will be needed for the actual procedure application). Continue
+must also be preserved throughout, since it is needed for the linkage in the procedure call.
+(define (compile-application exp target linkage)
+(let ((proc-code (compile (operator exp) ’proc ’next))
+(operand-codes
+(map (lambda (operand) (compile operand ’val ’next))
+(operands exp))))
+
+\f(preserving ’(env continue)
+proc-code
+(preserving ’(proc continue)
+(construct-arglist operand-codes)
+(compile-procedure-call target linkage)))))
+The code to construct the argument list will evaluate each operand into val and then cons that value
+onto the argument list being accumulated in argl. Since we cons the arguments onto argl in
+sequence, we must start with the last argument and end with the first, so that the arguments will appear
+in order from first to last in the resulting list. Rather than waste an instruction by initializing argl to
+the empty list to set up for this sequence of evaluations, we make the first code sequence construct the
+initial argl. The general form of the argument-list construction is thus as follows:
+<compilation of last operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+<compilation of next operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+...<compilation of first operand, targeted to val>
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+Argl must be preserved around each operand evaluation except the first (so that arguments
+accumulated so far won’t be lost), and env must be preserved around each operand evaluation except
+the last (for use by subsequent operand evaluations).
+Compiling this argument code is a bit tricky, because of the special treatment of the first operand to be
+evaluated and the need to preserve argl and env in different places. The construct-arglist
+procedure takes as arguments the code that evaluates the individual operands. If there are no operands
+at all, it simply emits the instruction
+(assign argl (const ()))
+Otherwise, construct-arglist creates code that initializes argl with the last argument, and
+appends code that evaluates the rest of the arguments and adjoins them to argl in succession. In
+order to process the arguments from last to first, we must reverse the list of operand code sequences
+from the order supplied by compile-application.
+(define (construct-arglist operand-codes)
+(let ((operand-codes (reverse operand-codes)))
+(if (null? operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’() ’(argl)
+’((assign argl (const ()))))
+(let ((code-to-get-last-arg
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(car operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val) ’(argl)
+’((assign argl (op list) (reg val)))))))
+(if (null? (cdr operand-codes))
+code-to-get-last-arg
+(preserving ’(env)
+code-to-get-last-arg
+(code-to-get-rest-args
+(cdr operand-codes))))))))
+
+\f(define (code-to-get-rest-args operand-codes)
+(let ((code-for-next-arg
+(preserving ’(argl)
+(car operand-codes)
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(val argl) ’(argl)
+’((assign argl
+(op cons) (reg val) (reg argl)))))))
+(if (null? (cdr operand-codes))
+code-for-next-arg
+(preserving ’(env)
+code-for-next-arg
+(code-to-get-rest-args (cdr operand-codes))))))
+
+Applying procedures
+After evaluating the elements of a combination, the compiled code must apply the procedure in proc
+to the arguments in argl. The code performs essentially the same dispatch as the apply procedure
+in the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1.1 or the apply-dispatch entry point in the
+explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4.1. It checks whether the procedure to be applied is a primitive
+procedure or a compiled procedure. For a primitive procedure, it uses
+apply-primitive-procedure; we will see shortly how it handles compiled procedures. The
+procedure-application code has the following form:
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch))
+compiled-branch
+<code to apply compiled procedure with given target and appropriate linkage>
+
+primitive-branch
+(assign <target>
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+<linkage>
+after-call
+Observe that the compiled branch must skip around the primitive branch. Therefore, if the linkage for
+the original procedure call was next, the compound branch must use a linkage that jumps to a label
+that is inserted after the primitive branch. (This is similar to the linkage used for the true branch in
+compile-if.)
+(define (compile-procedure-call target linkage)
+(let ((primitive-branch (make-label ’primitive-branch))
+(compiled-branch (make-label ’compiled-branch))
+(after-call (make-label ’after-call)))
+(let ((compiled-linkage
+(if (eq? linkage ’next) after-call linkage)))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) ’()
+‘((test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label ,primitive-branch))))
+(parallel-instruction-sequences
+
+\f(append-instruction-sequences
+compiled-branch
+(compile-proc-appl target compiled-linkage))
+(append-instruction-sequences
+primitive-branch
+(end-with-linkage linkage
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc argl)
+(list target)
+‘((assign ,target
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl)))))))
+after-call))))
+The primitive and compound branches, like the true and false branches in compile-if, are
+appended using parallel-instruction-sequences rather than the ordinary
+append-instruction-sequences, because they will not be executed sequentially.
+
+Applying compiled procedures
+The code that handles procedure application is the most subtle part of the compiler, even though the
+instruction sequences it generates are very short. A compiled procedure (as constructed by
+compile-lambda) has an entry point, which is a label that designates where the code for the
+procedure starts. The code at this entry point computes a result in val and returns by executing the
+instruction (goto (reg continue)). Thus, we might expect the code for a compiled-procedure
+application (to be generated by compile-proc-appl) with a given target and linkage to look like
+this if the linkage is a label
+(assign continue (label proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+proc-return
+(assign <target> (reg val))
+; included if target is not val
+(goto (label <linkage>))
+; linkage code
+or like this if the linkage is return.
+(save continue)
+(assign continue (label proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+proc-return
+(assign <target> (reg val))
+; included if target is not val
+(restore continue)
+(goto (reg continue))
+; linkage code
+This code sets up continue so that the procedure will return to a label proc-return and jumps to
+the procedure’s entry point. The code at proc-return transfers the procedure’s result from val to
+the target register (if necessary) and then jumps to the location specified by the linkage. (The linkage is
+always return or a label, because compile-procedure-call replaces a next linkage for the
+compound-procedure branch by an after-call label.)
+
+\fIn fact, if the target is not val, that is exactly the code our compiler will generate. 39 Usually,
+however, the target is val (the only time the compiler specifies a different register is when targeting
+the evaluation of an operator to proc), so the procedure result is put directly into the target register
+and there is no need to return to a special location that copies it. Instead, we simplify the code by
+setting up continue so that the procedure will ‘‘return’’ directly to the place specified by the
+caller’s linkage:
+<set up continue for linkage>
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+If the linkage is a label, we set up continue so that the procedure will return to that label. (That is,
+the (goto (reg continue)) the procedure ends with becomes equivalent to the (goto
+(label <linkage>)) at proc-return above.)
+(assign continue (label <linkage>))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+If the linkage is return, we don’t need to set up continue at all: It already holds the desired
+location. (That is, the (goto (reg continue)) the procedure ends with goes directly to the
+place where the (goto (reg continue)) at proc-return would have gone.)
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+With this implementation of the return linkage, the compiler generates tail-recursive code. Calling a
+procedure as the final step in a procedure body does a direct transfer, without saving any information
+on the stack.
+Suppose instead that we had handled the case of a procedure call with a linkage of return and a
+target of val as shown above for a non-val target. This would destroy tail recursion. Our system
+would still give the same value for any expression. But each time we called a procedure, we would
+save continue and return after the call to undo the (useless) save. These extra saves would
+accumulate during a nest of procedure calls. 40
+Compile-proc-appl generates the above procedure-application code by considering four cases,
+depending on whether the target for the call is val and whether the linkage is return. Observe that
+the instruction sequences are declared to modify all the registers, since executing the procedure body
+can change the registers in arbitrary ways. 41 Also note that the code sequence for the case with target
+val and linkage return is declared to need continue: Even though continue is not explicitly
+used in the two-instruction sequence, we must be sure that continue will have the correct value
+when we enter the compiled procedure.
+(define (compile-proc-appl target linkage)
+(cond ((and (eq? target ’val) (not (eq? linkage ’return)))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) all-regs
+‘((assign continue (label ,linkage))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val)))))
+((and (not (eq? target ’val))
+
+\f(not (eq? linkage ’return)))
+(let ((proc-return (make-label ’proc-return)))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc) all-regs
+‘((assign continue (label ,proc-return))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+,proc-return
+(assign ,target (reg val))
+(goto (label ,linkage))))))
+((and (eq? target ’val) (eq? linkage ’return))
+(make-instruction-sequence ’(proc continue) all-regs
+’((assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+(reg proc))
+(goto (reg val)))))
+((and (not (eq? target ’val)) (eq? linkage ’return))
+(error "return linkage, target not val -- COMPILE"
+target))))
+
+5.5.4 Combining Instruction Sequences
+This section describes the details on how instruction sequences are represented and combined. Recall
+from section 5.5.1 that an instruction sequence is represented as a list of the registers needed, the
+registers modified, and the actual instructions. We will also consider a label (symbol) to be a
+degenerate case of an instruction sequence, which doesn’t need or modify any registers. So to
+determine the registers needed and modified by instruction sequences we use the selectors
+(define (registers-needed s)
+(if (symbol? s) ’() (car s)))
+(define (registers-modified s)
+(if (symbol? s) ’() (cadr s)))
+(define (statements s)
+(if (symbol? s) (list s) (caddr s)))
+and to determine whether a given sequence needs or modifies a given register we use the predicates
+(define
+(memq
+(define
+(memq
+
+(needs-register? seq reg)
+reg (registers-needed seq)))
+(modifies-register? seq reg)
+reg (registers-modified seq)))
+
+In terms of these predicates and selectors, we can implement the various instruction sequence
+combiners used throughout the compiler.
+The basic combiner is append-instruction-sequences. This takes as arguments an arbitrary
+number of instruction sequences that are to be executed sequentially and returns an instruction
+sequence whose statements are the statements of all the sequences appended together. The subtle point
+is to determine the registers that are needed and modified by the resulting sequence. It modifies those
+registers that are modified by any of the sequences; it needs those registers that must be initialized
+before the first sequence can be run (the registers needed by the first sequence), together with those
+registers needed by any of the other sequences that are not initialized (modified) by sequences
+
+\fpreceding it.
+The sequences are appended two at a time by append-2-sequences. This takes two instruction
+sequences seq1 and seq2 and returns the instruction sequence whose statements are the statements
+of seq1 followed by the statements of seq2, whose modified registers are those registers that are
+modified by either seq1 or seq2, and whose needed registers are the registers needed by seq1
+together with those registers needed by seq2 that are not modified by seq1. (In terms of set
+operations, the new set of needed registers is the union of the set of registers needed by seq1 with the
+set difference of the registers needed by seq2 and the registers modified by seq1.) Thus,
+append-instruction-sequences is implemented as follows:
+(define (append-instruction-sequences . seqs)
+(define (append-2-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (registers-needed seq1)
+(list-difference (registers-needed seq2)
+(registers-modified seq1)))
+(list-union (registers-modified seq1)
+(registers-modified seq2))
+(append (statements seq1) (statements seq2))))
+(define (append-seq-list seqs)
+(if (null? seqs)
+(empty-instruction-sequence)
+(append-2-sequences (car seqs)
+(append-seq-list (cdr seqs)))))
+(append-seq-list seqs))
+This procedure uses some simple operations for manipulating sets represented as lists, similar to the
+(unordered) set representation described in section 2.3.3:
+(define (list-union s1 s2)
+(cond ((null? s1) s2)
+((memq (car s1) s2) (list-union (cdr s1) s2))
+(else (cons (car s1) (list-union (cdr s1) s2)))))
+(define (list-difference s1 s2)
+(cond ((null? s1) ’())
+((memq (car s1) s2) (list-difference (cdr s1) s2))
+(else (cons (car s1)
+(list-difference (cdr s1) s2)))))
+Preserving, the second major instruction sequence combiner, takes a list of registers regs and
+two instruction sequences seq1 and seq2 that are to be executed sequentially. It returns an
+instruction sequence whose statements are the statements of seq1 followed by the statements of
+seq2, with appropriate save and restore instructions around seq1 to protect the registers in
+regs that are modified by seq1 but needed by seq2. To accomplish this, preserving first
+creates a sequence that has the required saves followed by the statements of seq1 followed by the
+required restores. This sequence needs the registers being saved and restored in addition to the
+registers needed by seq1, and modifies the registers modified by seq1 except for the ones being
+saved and restored. This augmented sequence and seq2 are then appended in the usual way. The
+following procedure implements this strategy recursively, walking down the list of registers to be
+preserved: 42
+
+\f(define (preserving regs seq1 seq2)
+(if (null? regs)
+(append-instruction-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(let ((first-reg (car regs)))
+(if (and (needs-register? seq2 first-reg)
+(modifies-register? seq1 first-reg))
+(preserving (cdr regs)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (list first-reg)
+(registers-needed seq1))
+(list-difference (registers-modified seq1)
+(list first-reg))
+(append ‘((save ,first-reg))
+(statements seq1)
+‘((restore ,first-reg))))
+seq2)
+(preserving (cdr regs) seq1 seq2)))))
+Another sequence combiner, tack-on-instruction-sequence, is used by
+compile-lambda to append a procedure body to another sequence. Because the procedure body is
+not ‘‘in line’’ to be executed as part of the combined sequence, its register use has no impact on the
+register use of the sequence in which it is embedded. We thus ignore the procedure body’s sets of
+needed and modified registers when we tack it onto the other sequence.
+(define (tack-on-instruction-sequence seq body-seq)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(registers-needed seq)
+(registers-modified seq)
+(append (statements seq) (statements body-seq))))
+Compile-if and compile-procedure-call use a special combiner called
+parallel-instruction-sequences to append the two alternative branches that follow a test.
+The two branches will never be executed sequentially; for any particular evaluation of the test, one
+branch or the other will be entered. Because of this, the registers needed by the second branch are still
+needed by the combined sequence, even if these are modified by the first branch.
+(define (parallel-instruction-sequences seq1 seq2)
+(make-instruction-sequence
+(list-union (registers-needed seq1)
+(registers-needed seq2))
+(list-union (registers-modified seq1)
+(registers-modified seq2))
+(append (statements seq1) (statements seq2))))
+
+5.5.5 An Example of Compiled Code
+Now that we have seen all the elements of the compiler, let us examine an example of compiled code
+to see how things fit together. We will compile the definition of a recursive factorial procedure by
+calling compile:
+
+\f(compile
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n)))
+’val
+’next)
+We have specified that the value of the define expression should be placed in the val register. We
+don’t care what the compiled code does after executing the define, so our choice of next as the
+linkage descriptor is arbitrary.
+Compile determines that the expression is a definition, so it calls compile-definition to
+compile code to compute the value to be assigned (targeted to val), followed by code to install the
+definition, followed by code to put the value of the define (which is the symbol ok) into the target
+register, followed finally by the linkage code. Env is preserved around the computation of the value,
+because it is needed in order to install the definition. Because the linkage is next, there is no linkage
+code in this case. The skeleton of the compiled code is thus
+<save env if modified by code to compute value>
+<compilation of definition value, target val, linkage next>
+<restore env if saved above>
+(perform (op define-variable!)
+(const factorial)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+The expression that is to be compiled to produce the value for the variable factorial is a lambda
+expression whose value is the procedure that computes factorials. Compile handles this by calling
+compile-lambda, which compiles the procedure body, labels it as a new entry point, and generates
+the instruction that will combine the procedure body at the new entry point with the run-time
+environment and assign the result to val. The sequence then skips around the compiled procedure
+code, which is inserted at this point. The procedure code itself begins by extending the procedure’s
+definition environment by a frame that binds the formal parameter n to the procedure argument. Then
+comes the actual procedure body. Since this code for the value of the variable doesn’t modify the env
+register, the optional save and restore shown above aren’t generated. (The procedure code at
+entry2 isn’t executed at this point, so its use of env is irrelevant.) Therefore, the skeleton for the
+compiled code becomes
+(assign val (op make-compiled-procedure)
+(label entry2)
+(reg env))
+(goto (label after-lambda1))
+entry2
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env (op extend-environment)
+(const (n))
+(reg argl)
+(reg env))
+<compilation of procedure body>
+
+\fafter-lambda1
+(perform (op define-variable!)
+(const factorial)
+(reg val)
+(reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+A procedure body is always compiled (by compile-lambda-body) as a sequence with target val
+and linkage return. The sequence in this case consists of a single if expression:
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))
+Compile-if generates code that first computes the predicate (targeted to val), then checks the
+result and branches around the true branch if the predicate is false. Env and continue are preserved
+around the predicate code, since they may be needed for the rest of the if expression. Since the if
+expression is the final expression (and only expression) in the sequence making up the procedure
+body, its target is val and its linkage is return, so the true and false branches are both compiled
+with target val and linkage return. (That is, the value of the conditional, which is the value
+computed by either of its branches, is the value of the procedure.)
+<save continue, env if modified by predicate and needed by branches>
+<compilation of predicate, target val, linkage next>
+<restore continue, env if saved above>
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch4))
+true-branch5
+<compilation of true branch, target val, linkage return>
+false-branch4
+<compilation of false branch, target val, linkage return>
+after-if3
+
+The predicate (= n 1) is a procedure call. This looks up the operator (the symbol =) and places this
+value in proc. It then assembles the arguments 1 and the value of n into argl. Then it tests whether
+proc contains a primitive or a compound procedure, and dispatches to a primitive branch or a
+compound branch accordingly. Both branches resume at the after-call label. The requirements to
+preserve registers around the evaluation of the operator and operands don’t result in any saving of
+registers, because in this case those evaluations don’t modify the registers in question.
+(assign proc
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const =) (reg env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch17))
+compiled-branch16
+(assign continue (label after-call15))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+
+\f(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch17
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc)
+(reg argl))
+after-call15
+The true branch, which is the constant 1, compiles (with target val and linkage return) to
+(assign val (const 1))
+(goto (reg continue))
+The code for the false branch is another a procedure call, where the procedure is the value of the
+symbol *, and the arguments are n and the result of another procedure call (a call to factorial).
+Each of these calls sets up proc and argl and its own primitive and compound branches.
+Figure 5.17 shows the complete compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure. Notice
+that the possible save and restore of continue and env around the predicate, shown above, are
+in fact generated, because these registers are modified by the procedure call in the predicate and
+needed for the procedure call and the return linkage in the branches.
+Exercise 5.33. Consider the following definition of a factorial procedure, which is slightly different
+from the one given above:
+(define (factorial-alt n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* n (factorial-alt (- n 1)))))
+Compile this procedure and compare the resulting code with that produced for factorial. Explain
+any differences you find. Does either program execute more efficiently than the other?
+Exercise 5.34. Compile the iterative factorial procedure
+(define (factorial n)
+(define (iter product counter)
+(if (> counter n)
+product
+(iter (* counter product)
+(+ counter 1))))
+(iter 1 1))
+Annotate the resulting code, showing the essential difference between the code for iterative and
+recursive versions of factorial that makes one process build up stack space and the other run in
+constant stack space.
+
+\f;; construct the procedure and skip over code for the procedure body
+(assign val
+(op make-compiled-procedure) (label entry2) (reg env))
+(goto (label after-lambda1))
+entry2
+; calls to factorial will enter here
+(assign env (op compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(assign env
+(op extend-environment) (const (n)) (reg argl) (reg env))
+;; begin actual procedure body
+(save continue)
+(save env)
+;; compute (= n 1)
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const =) (reg env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch17))
+compiled-branch16
+(assign continue (label after-call15))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch17
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+after-call15
+; val now contains result of (= n 1)
+(restore env)
+(restore continue)
+(test (op false?) (reg val))
+(branch (label false-branch4))
+true-branch5 ; return 1
+(assign val (const 1))
+(goto (reg continue))
+false-branch4
+;; compute and return (* (factorial (- n 1)) n)
+(assign proc (op lookup-variable-value) (const *) (reg env))
+(save continue)
+(save proc)
+; save * procedure
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const n) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(save argl)
+; save partial argument list for *
+;; compute (factorial (- n 1)), which is the other argument for *
+(assign proc
+(op lookup-variable-value) (const factorial) (reg env))
+(save proc) ; save factorial procedure
+Figure 5.17: Compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure (continued on next page).
+Figure 5.17: Compilation of the definition of the factorial procedure (continued on next page).
+
+\f;; compute (- n 1), which is the argument for factorial
+Exercise
+5.35. What
+was compiled to produce the code
+shown-)
+in figure
+(assign
+procexpression
+(op lookup-variable-value)
+(const
+(reg5.18?
+env))
+(assign val (const 1))
+val (op
+(label entry16)
+(assign argl
+(op make-compiled-procedure)
+list) (reg val))
+(reg n)
+env))
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const
+(reg env))
+(goto (label
+after-lambda15))
+(assign
+argl (op
+cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+entry16
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(assign (label
+env (opprimitive-branch8))
+compiled-procedure-env) (reg proc))
+(branch
+(assign env
+compiled-branch7
+(op extend-environment)
+(const (x)) (reg argl) (reg env))
+(assign continue
+(label after-call6))
+(assign val
+(reg proc))
+proc(op
+(opcompiled-procedure-entry)
+lookup-variable-value) (const
++) (reg env))
+(goto
+val))
+(save (reg
+continue)
+primitive-branch8
+(save proc)
+(assign
+val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+(save env)
+after-call6
+val lookup-variable-value)
+now contains result of (const
+(- n 1)g) (reg env))
+(assign proc; (op
+(assign
+argl (op list) (reg val))
+(save proc)
+(restore
+proc)
+; restore
+factorial
+(assign proc
+(op
+lookup-variable-value)
+(const +) (reg env))
+;;(assign
+apply factorial
+val (const 2))
+(test
+(op
+primitive-procedure?)
+(reg proc))
+(assign
+argl
+(op list) (reg val))
+(branch
+(assign (label
+val (opprimitive-branch11))
+lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+compiled-branch10
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(assign
+continue
+(label after-call9))
+(test (op
+primitive-procedure?)
+(reg proc))
+(assign
+(op primitive-branch19))
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(branch val
+(label
+(goto (reg val))
+compiled-branch18
+primitive-branch11
+(assign continue (label after-call17))
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+(reg proc))
+proc) (reg argl))
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg
+after-call9
+; val now contains result of (factorial (- n 1))
+(goto (reg val))
+(restore argl) ; restore partial argument list for *
+primitive-branch19
+(assign argl
+(op apply-primitive-procedure)
+cons) (reg val) (reg argl))(reg proc) (reg argl))
+val (op
+(restore proc) ; restore *
+after-call17
+(restore
+continue)
+(assign argl
+(op list) (reg val))
+;;(restore
+apply * and
+return
+its value
+proc)
+(test (op primitive-procedure?)
+primitive-procedure?) (reg
+(reg proc))
+proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch14))
+primitive-branch22))
+compiled-branch13
+compiled-branch21
+;;(assign
+note that
+a compound
+procedure
+here is called tail-recursively
+continue
+(label
+after-call20))
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry)
+compiled-procedure-entry) (reg
+(reg proc))
+proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch14
+primitive-branch22
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure)
+apply-primitive-procedure) (reg
+(reg proc)
+proc) (reg
+(reg argl))
+argl))
+(goto (reg continue))
+Figure 5.18: An example of compiler output (continued on next page). See exercise 5.35.
+after-call12
+after-if3
+Figure
+5.18: An example of compiler output (continued on next page). See exercise 5.35.
+after-lambda1
+;; assign the procedure to the variable factorial
+(perform
+(op define-variable!) (const factorial) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+Figure 5.17: (continued)
+Figure 5.17: (continued)
+
+\fafter-call20
+(assign argl (op list) (reg val))
+(restore env)
+(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const x) (reg env))
+(assign argl (op cons) (reg val) (reg argl))
+(restore proc)
+(restore continue)
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-branch25))
+compiled-branch24
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+primitive-branch25
+(assign val (op apply-primitive-procedure) (reg proc) (reg argl))
+(goto (reg continue))
+after-call23
+after-lambda15
+(perform (op define-variable!) (const f) (reg val) (reg env))
+(assign val (const ok))
+Figure 5.18: (continued)
+Figure 5.18: (continued)
+
+Exercise 5.36. What order of evaluation does our compiler produce for operands of a combination? Is
+it left-to-right, right-to-left, or some other order? Where in the compiler is this order determined?
+Modify the compiler so that it produces some other order of evaluation. (See the discussion of order of
+evaluation for the explicit-control evaluator in section 5.4.1.) How does changing the order of operand
+evaluation affect the efficiency of the code that constructs the argument list?
+Exercise 5.37. One way to understand the compiler’s preserving mechanism for optimizing stack
+usage is to see what extra operations would be generated if we did not use this idea. Modify
+preserving so that it always generates the save and restore operations. Compile some simple
+expressions and identify the unnecessary stack operations that are generated. Compare the code to that
+generated with the preserving mechanism intact.
+Exercise 5.38. Our compiler is clever about avoiding unnecessary stack operations, but it is not clever
+at all when it comes to compiling calls to the primitive procedures of the language in terms of the
+primitive operations supplied by the machine. For example, consider how much code is compiled to
+compute (+ a 1): The code sets up an argument list in argl, puts the primitive addition procedure
+(which it finds by looking up the symbol + in the environment) into proc, and tests whether the
+procedure is primitive or compound. The compiler always generates code to perform the test, as well
+as code for primitive and compound branches (only one of which will be executed). We have not
+shown the part of the controller that implements primitives, but we presume that these instructions
+make use of primitive arithmetic operations in the machine’s data paths. Consider how much less code
+would be generated if the compiler could open-code primitives -- that is, if it could generate code to
+directly use these primitive machine operations. The expression (+ a 1) might be compiled into
+something as simple as 43
+
+\f(assign val (op lookup-variable-value) (const a) (reg env))
+(assign val (op +) (reg val) (const 1))
+In this exercise we will extend our compiler to support open coding of selected primitives.
+Special-purpose code will be generated for calls to these primitive procedures instead of the general
+procedure-application code. In order to support this, we will augment our machine with special
+argument registers arg1 and arg2. The primitive arithmetic operations of the machine will take their
+inputs from arg1 and arg2. The results may be put into val, arg1, or arg2.
+The compiler must be able to recognize the application of an open-coded primitive in the source
+program. We will augment the dispatch in the compile procedure to recognize the names of these
+primitives in addition to the reserved words (the special forms) it currently recognizes. 44 For each
+special form our compiler has a code generator. In this exercise we will construct a family of code
+generators for the open-coded primitives.
+a. The open-coded primitives, unlike the special forms, all need their operands evaluated. Write a
+code generator spread-arguments for use by all the open-coding code generators.
+Spread-arguments should take an operand list and compile the given operands targeted to
+successive argument registers. Note that an operand may contain a call to an open-coded primitive, so
+argument registers will have to be preserved during operand evaluation.
+b. For each of the primitive procedures =, *, -, and +, write a code generator that takes a combination
+with that operator, together with a target and a linkage descriptor, and produces code to spread the
+arguments into the registers and then perform the operation targeted to the given target with the given
+linkage. You need only handle expressions with two operands. Make compile dispatch to these code
+generators.
+c. Try your new compiler on the factorial example. Compare the resulting code with the result
+produced without open coding.
+d. Extend your code generators for + and * so that they can handle expressions with arbitrary
+numbers of operands. An expression with more than two operands will have to be compiled into a
+sequence of operations, each with only two inputs.
+
+5.5.6 Lexical Addressing
+One of the most common optimizations performed by compilers is the optimization of variable lookup.
+Our compiler, as we have implemented it so far, generates code that uses the
+lookup-variable-value operation of the evaluator machine. This searches for a variable by
+comparing it with each variable that is currently bound, working frame by frame outward through the
+run-time environment. This search can be expensive if the frames are deeply nested or if there are
+many variables. For example, consider the problem of looking up the value of x while evaluating the
+expression (* x y z) in an application of the procedure that is returned by
+(let ((x 3) (y 4))
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+(let ((y (* a b x))
+(z (+ c d x)))
+(* x y z))))
+
+\fSince a let expression is just syntactic sugar for a lambda combination, this expression is
+equivalent to
+((lambda (x y)
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+((lambda (y z) (* x y z))
+(* a b x)
+(+ c d x))))
+3
+4)
+Each time lookup-variable-value searches for x, it must determine that the symbol x is not
+eq? to y or z (in the first frame), nor to a, b, c, d, or e (in the second frame). We will assume, for the
+moment, that our programs do not use define -- that variables are bound only with lambda.
+Because our language is lexically scoped, the run-time environment for any expression will have a
+structure that parallels the lexical structure of the program in which the expression appears. 45 Thus,
+the compiler can know, when it analyzes the above expression, that each time the procedure is applied
+the variable x in (* x y z) will be found two frames out from the current frame and will be the
+first variable in that frame.
+We can exploit this fact by inventing a new kind of variable-lookup operation,
+lexical-address-lookup, that takes as arguments an environment and a lexical address that
+consists of two numbers: a frame number, which specifies how many frames to pass over, and a
+displacement number, which specifies how many variables to pass over in that frame.
+Lexical-address-lookup will produce the value of the variable stored at that lexical address
+relative to the current environment. If we add the lexical-address-lookup operation to our
+machine, we can make the compiler generate code that references variables using this operation, rather
+than lookup-variable-value. Similarly, our compiled code can use a new
+lexical-address-set! operation instead of set-variable-value!.
+In order to generate such code, the compiler must be able to determine the lexical address of a variable
+it is about to compile a reference to. The lexical address of a variable in a program depends on where
+one is in the code. For example, in the following program, the address of x in expression <e1> is (2,0)
+-- two frames back and the first variable in the frame. At that point y is at address (0,0) and c is at
+address (1,2). In expression <e2>, x is at (1,0), y is at (1,1), and c is at (0,2).
+((lambda (x y)
+(lambda (a b c d e)
+((lambda (y z) <e1>)
+<e2>
+(+ c d x))))
+3
+4)
+One way for the compiler to produce code that uses lexical addressing is to maintain a data structure
+called a compile-time environment. This keeps track of which variables will be at which positions in
+which frames in the run-time environment when a particular variable-access operation is executed. The
+compile-time environment is a list of frames, each containing a list of variables. (There will of course
+be no values bound to the variables, since values are not computed at compile time.) The compile-time
+environment becomes an additional argument to compile and is passed along to each code
+generator. The top-level call to compile uses an empty compile-time environment. When a lambda
+
+\fbody is compiled, compile-lambda-body extends the compile-time environment by a frame
+containing the procedure’s parameters, so that the sequence making up the body is compiled with that
+extended environment. At each point in the compilation, compile-variable and
+compile-assignment use the compile-time environment in order to generate the appropriate
+lexical addresses.
+Exercises 5.39 through 5.43 describe how to complete this sketch of the lexical-addressing strategy in
+order to incorporate lexical lookup into the compiler. Exercise 5.44 describes another use for the
+compile-time environment.
+Exercise 5.39. Write a procedure lexical-address-lookup that implements the new lookup
+operation. It should take two arguments -- a lexical address and a run-time environment -- and return
+the value of the variable stored at the specified lexical address. Lexical-address-lookup
+should signal an error if the value of the variable is the symbol *unassigned*. 46 Also write a
+procedure lexical-address-set! that implements the operation that changes the value of the
+variable at a specified lexical address.
+Exercise 5.40. Modify the compiler to maintain the compile-time environment as described above.
+That is, add a compile-time-environment argument to compile and the various code generators, and
+extend it in compile-lambda-body.
+Exercise 5.41. Write a procedure find-variable that takes as arguments a variable and a
+compile-time environment and returns the lexical address of the variable with respect to that
+environment. For example, in the program fragment that is shown above, the compile-time
+environment during the compilation of expression <e1> is ((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)).
+Find-variable should produce
+(find-variable ’c ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+(1 2)
+(find-variable ’x ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+(2 0)
+(find-variable ’w ’((y z) (a b c d e) (x y)))
+not-found
+Exercise 5.42. Using find-variable from exercise 5.41, rewrite compile-variable and
+compile-assignment to output lexical-address instructions. In cases where find-variable
+returns not-found (that is, where the variable is not in the compile-time environment), you should
+have the code generators use the evaluator operations, as before, to search for the binding. (The only
+place a variable that is not found at compile time can be is in the global environment, which is part of
+the run-time environment but is not part of the compile-time environment. 47 Thus, if you wish, you
+may have the evaluator operations look directly in the global environment, which can be obtained with
+the operation (op get-global-environment), instead of having them search the whole
+run-time environment found in env.) Test the modified compiler on a few simple cases, such as the
+nested lambda combination at the beginning of this section.
+Exercise 5.43. We argued in section 4.1.6 that internal definitions for block structure should not be
+considered ‘‘real’’ defines. Rather, a procedure body should be interpreted as if the internal
+variables being defined were installed as ordinary lambda variables initialized to their correct values
+using set!. Section 4.1.6 and exercise 4.16 showed how to modify the metacircular interpreter to
+accomplish this by scanning out internal definitions. Modify the compiler to perform the same
+transformation before it compiles a procedure body.
+
+\fExercise 5.44. In this section we have focused on the use of the compile-time environment to produce
+lexical addresses. But there are other uses for compile-time environments. For instance, in
+exercise 5.38 we increased the efficiency of compiled code by open-coding primitive procedures. Our
+implementation treated the names of open-coded procedures as reserved words. If a program were to
+rebind such a name, the mechanism described in exercise 5.38 would still open-code it as a primitive,
+ignoring the new binding. For example, consider the procedure
+(lambda (+ * a b x y)
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)))
+which computes a linear combination of x and y. We might call it with arguments +matrix,
+*matrix, and four matrices, but the open-coding compiler would still open-code the + and the * in
+(+ (* a x) (* b y)) as primitive + and *. Modify the open-coding compiler to consult the
+compile-time environment in order to compile the correct code for expressions involving the names of
+primitive procedures. (The code will work correctly as long as the program does not define or set!
+these names.)
+
+5.5.7 Interfacing Compiled Code to the Evaluator
+We have not yet explained how to load compiled code into the evaluator machine or how to run it. We
+will assume that the explicit-control-evaluator machine has been defined as in section 5.4.4, with the
+additional operations specified in footnote 38. We will implement a procedure compile-and-go
+that compiles a Scheme expression, loads the resulting object code into the evaluator machine, and
+causes the machine to run the code in the evaluator global environment, print the result, and enter the
+evaluator’s driver loop. We will also modify the evaluator so that interpreted expressions can call
+compiled procedures as well as interpreted ones. We can then put a compiled procedure into the
+machine and use the evaluator to call it:
+(compile-and-go
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+To allow the evaluator to handle compiled procedures (for example, to evaluate the call to
+factorial above), we need to change the code at apply-dispatch (section 5.4.1) so that it
+recognizes compiled procedures (as distinct from compound or primitive procedures) and transfers
+control directly to the entry point of the compiled code: 48
+apply-dispatch
+(test (op primitive-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label primitive-apply))
+(test (op compound-procedure?) (reg proc))
+(branch (label compound-apply))
+(test (op compiled-procedure?) (reg proc))
+
+\f(branch (label compiled-apply))
+(goto (label unknown-procedure-type))
+compiled-apply
+(restore continue)
+(assign val (op compiled-procedure-entry) (reg proc))
+(goto (reg val))
+Note the restore of continue at compiled-apply. Recall that the evaluator was arranged so that
+at apply-dispatch, the continuation would be at the top of the stack. The compiled code entry
+point, on the other hand, expects the continuation to be in continue, so continue must be
+restored before the compiled code is executed.
+To enable us to run some compiled code when we start the evaluator machine, we add a branch
+instruction at the beginning of the evaluator machine, which causes the machine to go to a new entry
+point if the flag register is set. 49
+(branch (label external-entry))
+read-eval-print-loop
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+...
+
+; branches if flag is set
+
+External-entry assumes that the machine is started with val containing the location of an
+instruction sequence that puts a result into val and ends with (goto (reg continue)). Starting
+at this entry point jumps to the location designated by val, but first assigns continue so that
+execution will return to print-result, which prints the value in val and then goes to the
+beginning of the evaluator’s read-eval-print loop. 50
+external-entry
+(perform (op initialize-stack))
+(assign env (op get-global-environment))
+(assign continue (label print-result))
+(goto (reg val))
+Now we can use the following procedure to compile a procedure definition, execute the compiled
+code, and run the read-eval-print loop so we can try the procedure. Because we want the compiled
+code to return to the location in continue with its result in val, we compile the expression with a
+target of val and a linkage of return. In order to transform the object code produced by the
+compiler into executable instructions for the evaluator register machine, we use the procedure
+assemble from the register-machine simulator (section 5.2.2). We then initialize the val register to
+point to the list of instructions, set the flag so that the evaluator will go to external-entry, and
+start the evaluator.
+(define (compile-and-go expression)
+(let ((instructions
+(assemble (statements
+(compile expression ’val ’return))
+eceval)))
+(set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’val instructions)
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’flag true)
+(start eceval)))
+
+\fIf we have set up stack monitoring, as at the end of section 5.4.4, we can examine the stack usage of
+compiled code:
+(compile-and-go
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+(total-pushes = 0 maximum-depth = 0)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+(total-pushes = 31 maximum-depth = 14)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Compare this example with the evaluation of (factorial 5) using the interpreted version of the
+same procedure, shown at the end of section 5.4.4. The interpreted version required 144 pushes and a
+maximum stack depth of 28. This illustrates the optimization that results from our compilation
+strategy.
+
+Interpretation and compilation
+With the programs in this section, we can now experiment with the alternative execution strategies of
+interpretation and compilation. 51 An interpreter raises the machine to the level of the user program; a
+compiler lowers the user program to the level of the machine language. We can regard the Scheme
+language (or any programming language) as a coherent family of abstractions erected on the machine
+language. Interpreters are good for interactive program development and debugging because the steps
+of program execution are organized in terms of these abstractions, and are therefore more intelligible
+to the programmer. Compiled code can execute faster, because the steps of program execution are
+organized in terms of the machine language, and the compiler is free to make optimizations that cut
+across the higher-level abstractions. 52
+The alternatives of interpretation and compilation also lead to different strategies for porting languages
+to new computers. Suppose that we wish to implement Lisp for a new machine. One strategy is to
+begin with the explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 and translate its instructions to instructions for
+the new machine. A different strategy is to begin with the compiler and change the code generators so
+that they generate code for the new machine. The second strategy allows us to run any Lisp program
+on the new machine by first compiling it with the compiler running on our original Lisp system, and
+linking it with a compiled version of the run-time library. 53 Better yet, we can compile the compiler
+itself, and run this on the new machine to compile other Lisp programs. 54 Or we can compile one of
+the interpreters of section 4.1 to produce an interpreter that runs on the new machine.
+Exercise 5.45. By comparing the stack operations used by compiled code to the stack operations used
+by the evaluator for the same computation, we can determine the extent to which the compiler
+optimizes use of the stack, both in speed (reducing the total number of stack operations) and in space
+(reducing the maximum stack depth). Comparing this optimized stack use to the performance of a
+special-purpose machine for the same computation gives some indication of the quality of the
+compiler.
+
+\fa. Exercise 5.27 asked you to determine, as a function of n, the number of pushes and the maximum
+stack depth needed by the evaluator to compute n! using the recursive factorial procedure given above.
+Exercise 5.14 asked you to do the same measurements for the special-purpose factorial machine shown
+in figure 5.11. Now perform the same analysis using the compiled factorial procedure.
+Take the ratio of the number of pushes in the compiled version to the number of pushes in the
+interpreted version, and do the same for the maximum stack depth. Since the number of operations and
+the stack depth used to compute n! are linear in n, these ratios should approach constants as n becomes
+large. What are these constants? Similarly, find the ratios of the stack usage in the special-purpose
+machine to the usage in the interpreted version.
+Compare the ratios for special-purpose versus interpreted code to the ratios for compiled versus
+interpreted code. You should find that the special-purpose machine does much better than the
+compiled code, since the hand-tailored controller code should be much better than what is produced by
+our rudimentary general-purpose compiler.
+b. Can you suggest improvements to the compiler that would help it generate code that would come
+closer in performance to the hand-tailored version?
+Exercise 5.46. Carry out an analysis like the one in exercise 5.45 to determine the effectiveness of
+compiling the tree-recursive Fibonacci procedure
+(define (fib n)
+(if (< n 2)
+n
+(+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))
+compared to the effectiveness of using the special-purpose Fibonacci machine of figure 5.12. (For
+measurement of the interpreted performance, see exercise 5.29.) For Fibonacci, the time resource used
+is not linear in n; hence the ratios of stack operations will not approach a limiting value that is
+independent of n.
+Exercise 5.47. This section described how to modify the explicit-control evaluator so that interpreted
+code can call compiled procedures. Show how to modify the compiler so that compiled procedures can
+call not only primitive procedures and compiled procedures, but interpreted procedures as well. This
+requires modifying compile-procedure-call to handle the case of compound (interpreted)
+procedures. Be sure to handle all the same target and linkage combinations as in
+compile-proc-appl. To do the actual procedure application, the code needs to jump to the
+evaluator’s compound-apply entry point. This label cannot be directly referenced in object code
+(since the assembler requires that all labels referenced by the code it is assembling be defined there),
+so we will add a register called compapp to the evaluator machine to hold this entry point, and add an
+instruction to initialize it:
+(assign compapp (label compound-apply))
+(branch (label external-entry))
+; branches if flag is set
+read-eval-print-loop
+...
+To test your code, start by defining a procedure f that calls a procedure g. Use compile-and-go to
+compile the definition of f and start the evaluator. Now, typing at the evaluator, define g and try to
+call f.
+
+\fExercise 5.48. The compile-and-go interface implemented in this section is awkward, since the
+compiler can be called only once (when the evaluator machine is started). Augment the
+compiler-interpreter interface by providing a compile-and-run primitive that can be called from
+within the explicit-control evaluator as follows:
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(compile-and-run
+’(define (factorial n)
+(if (= n 1)
+1
+(* (factorial (- n 1)) n))))
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+ok
+;;; EC-Eval input:
+(factorial 5)
+;;; EC-Eval value:
+120
+Exercise 5.49. As an alternative to using the explicit-control evaluator’s read-eval-print loop, design a
+register machine that performs a read-compile-execute-print loop. That is, the machine should run a
+loop that reads an expression, compiles it, assembles and executes the resulting code, and prints the
+result. This is easy to run in our simulated setup, since we can arrange to call the procedures
+compile and assemble as ‘‘register-machine operations.’’
+Exercise 5.50. Use the compiler to compile the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1 and run this
+program using the register-machine simulator. (To compile more than one definition at a time, you can
+package the definitions in a begin.) The resulting interpreter will run very slowly because of the
+multiple levels of interpretation, but getting all the details to work is an instructive exercise.
+Exercise 5.51. Develop a rudimentary implementation of Scheme in C (or some other low-level
+language of your choice) by translating the explicit-control evaluator of section 5.4 into C. In order to
+run this code you will need to also provide appropriate storage-allocation routines and other run-time
+support.
+Exercise 5.52. As a counterpoint to exercise 5.51, modify the compiler so that it compiles Scheme
+procedures into sequences of C instructions. Compile the metacircular evaluator of section 4.1 to
+produce a Scheme interpreter written in C.
+33 This is a theoretical statement. We are not claiming that the evaluator’s data paths are a particularly
+
+convenient or efficient set of data paths for a general-purpose computer. For example, they are not
+very good for implementing high-performance floating-point calculations or calculations that
+intensively manipulate bit vectors.
+34 Actually, the machine that runs compiled code can be simpler than the interpreter machine, because
+
+we won’t use the exp and unev registers. The interpreter used these to hold pieces of unevaluated
+expressions. With the compiler, however, these expressions get built into the compiled code that the
+register machine will run. For the same reason, we don’t need the machine operations that deal with
+expression syntax. But compiled code will use a few additional machine operations (to represent
+compiled procedure objects) that didn’t appear in the explicit-control evaluator machine.
+
+\f35 Notice, however, that our compiler is a Scheme program, and the syntax procedures that it uses to
+
+manipulate expressions are the actual Scheme procedures used with the metacircular evaluator. For the
+explicit-control evaluator, in contrast, we assumed that equivalent syntax operations were available as
+operations for the register machine. (Of course, when we simulated the register machine in Scheme,
+we used the actual Scheme procedures in our register machine simulation.)
+36 This procedure uses a feature of Lisp called backquote (or quasiquote) that is handy for
+
+constructing lists. Preceding a list with a backquote symbol is much like quoting it, except that
+anything in the list that is flagged with a comma is evaluated.
+For example, if the value of linkage is the symbol branch25, then the expression ‘((goto
+(label ,linkage))) evaluates to the list ((goto (label branch25))). Similarly, if the
+value of x is the list (a b c), then ‘(1 2 ,(car x)) evaluates to the list (1 2 a).
+37 We can’t just use the labels true-branch, false-branch, and after-if as shown above,
+
+because there might be more than one if in the program. The compiler uses the procedure
+make-label to generate labels. Make-label takes a symbol as argument and returns a new
+symbol that begins with the given symbol. For example, successive calls to (make-label ’a)
+would return a1, a2, and so on. Make-label can be implemented similarly to the generation of
+unique variable names in the query language, as follows:
+(define label-counter 0)
+(define (new-label-number)
+(set! label-counter (+ 1 label-counter))
+label-counter)
+(define (make-label name)
+(string->symbol
+(string-append (symbol->string name)
+(number->string (new-label-number)))))
+38 We need machine operations to implement a data structure for representing compiled procedures,
+
+analogous to the structure for compound procedures described in section 4.1.3:
+(define (make-compiled-procedure entry env)
+(list ’compiled-procedure entry env))
+(define (compiled-procedure? proc)
+(tagged-list? proc ’compiled-procedure))
+(define (compiled-procedure-entry c-proc) (cadr c-proc))
+(define (compiled-procedure-env c-proc) (caddr c-proc))
+39 Actually, we signal an error when the target is not val and the linkage is return, since the only
+
+place we request return linkages is in compiling procedures, and our convention is that procedures
+return their values in val.
+40 Making a compiler generate tail-recursive code might seem like a straightforward idea. But most
+
+compilers for common languages, including C and Pascal, do not do this, and therefore these
+languages cannot represent iterative processes in terms of procedure call alone. The difficulty with tail
+recursion in these languages is that their implementations use the stack to store procedure arguments
+and local variables as well as return addresses. The Scheme implementations described in this book
+store arguments and variables in memory to be garbage-collected. The reason for using the stack for
+variables and arguments is that it avoids the need for garbage collection in languages that would not
+otherwise require it, and is generally believed to be more efficient. Sophisticated Lisp compilers can,
+
+\fin fact, use the stack for arguments without destroying tail recursion. (See Hanson 1990 for a
+description.) There is also some debate about whether stack allocation is actually more efficient than
+garbage collection in the first place, but the details seem to hinge on fine points of computer
+architecture. (See Appel 1987 and Miller and Rozas 1994 for opposing views on this issue.)
+41 The variable all-regs is bound to the list of names of all the registers:
+
+(define all-regs ’(env proc val argl continue))
+42 Note that preserving calls append with three arguments. Though the definition of append
+
+shown in this book accepts only two arguments, Scheme standardly provides an append procedure
+that takes an arbitrary number of arguments.
+43 We have used the same symbol + here to denote both the source-language procedure and the
+
+machine operation. In general there will not be a one-to-one correspondence between primitives of the
+source language and primitives of the machine.
+44 Making the primitives into reserved words is in general a bad idea, since a user cannot then rebind
+
+these names to different procedures. Moreover, if we add reserved words to a compiler that is in use,
+existing programs that define procedures with these names will stop working. See exercise 5.44 for
+ideas on how to avoid this problem.
+45 This is not true if we allow internal definitions, unless we scan them out. See exercise 5.43.
+46 This is the modification to variable lookup required if we implement the scanning method to
+
+eliminate internal definitions (exercise 5.43). We will need to eliminate these definitions in order for
+lexical addressing to work.
+47 Lexical addresses cannot be used to access variables in the global environment, because these
+
+names can be defined and redefined interactively at any time. With internal definitions scanned out, as
+in exercise 5.43, the only definitions the compiler sees are those at top level, which act on the global
+environment. Compilation of a definition does not cause the defined name to be entered in the
+compile-time environment.
+48 Of course, compiled procedures as well as interpreted procedures are compound (nonprimitive).
+
+For compatibility with the terminology used in the explicit-control evaluator, in this section we will
+use ‘‘compound’’ to mean interpreted (as opposed to compiled).
+49 Now that the evaluator machine starts with a branch, we must always initialize the flag register
+
+before starting the evaluator machine. To start the machine at its ordinary read-eval-print loop, we
+could use
+(define (start-eceval)
+(set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
+(set-register-contents! eceval ’flag false)
+(start eceval))
+50 Since a compiled procedure is an object that the system may try to print, we also modify the system
+
+print operation user-print (from section 4.1.4) so that it will not attempt to print the components
+of a compiled procedure:
+
+\f(define (user-print object)
+(cond ((compound-procedure? object)
+(display (list ’compound-procedure
+(procedure-parameters object)
+(procedure-body object)
+’<procedure-env>)))
+((compiled-procedure? object)
+(display ’<compiled-procedure>))
+(else (display object))))
+51 We can do even better by extending the compiler to allow compiled code to call interpreted
+
+procedures. See exercise 5.47.
+52 Independent of the strategy of execution, we incur significant overhead if we insist that errors
+
+encountered in execution of a user program be detected and signaled, rather than being allowed to kill
+the system or produce wrong answers. For example, an out-of-bounds array reference can be detected
+by checking the validity of the reference before performing it. The overhead of checking, however, can
+be many times the cost of the array reference itself, and a programmer should weigh speed against
+safety in determining whether such a check is desirable. A good compiler should be able to produce
+code with such checks, should avoid redundant checks, and should allow programmers to control the
+extent and type of error checking in the compiled code.
+Compilers for popular languages, such as C and C++, put hardly any error-checking operations into
+running code, so as to make things run as fast as possible. As a result, it falls to programmers to
+explicitly provide error checking. Unfortunately, people often neglect to do this, even in critical
+applications where speed is not a constraint. Their programs lead fast and dangerous lives. For
+example, the notorious ‘‘Worm’’ that paralyzed the Internet in 1988 exploited the UNIX TM operating
+system’s failure to check whether the input buffer has overflowed in the finger daemon. (See Spafford
+1989.)
+53 Of course, with either the interpretation or the compilation strategy we must also implement for the
+
+new machine storage allocation, input and output, and all the various operations that we took as
+‘‘primitive’’ in our discussion of the evaluator and compiler. One strategy for minimizing work here is
+to write as many of these operations as possible in Lisp and then compile them for the new machine.
+Ultimately, everything reduces to a small kernel (such as garbage collection and the mechanism for
+applying actual machine primitives) that is hand-coded for the new machine.
+54 This strategy leads to amusing tests of correctness of the compiler, such as checking whether the
+
+compilation of a program on the new machine, using the compiled compiler, is identical with the
+compilation of the program on the original Lisp system. Tracking down the source of differences is
+fun but often frustrating, because the results are extremely sensitive to minuscule details.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
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+Moon, David, and Daniel Weinreb. 1981. Lisp machine manual. Technical report, MIT Artificial
+Intelligence Laboratory.
+Morris, J. H., Eric Schmidt, and Philip Wadler. 1980. Experience with an applicative string processing
+language. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual ACM SIGACT/SIGPLAN Symposium on the Principles of
+Programming Languages.
+Phillips, Hubert. 1934. The Sphinx Problem Book. London: Faber and Faber.
+Pitman, Kent. 1983. The revised MacLisp Manual (Saturday evening edition). Technical report 295,
+MIT Laboratory for Computer Science.
+Rabin, Michael O. 1980. Probabilistic algorithm for testing primality. Journal of Number Theory
+12:128-138.
+Raymond, Eric. 1993. The New Hacker’s Dictionary. 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
+Raynal, Michel. 1986. Algorithms for Mutual Exclusion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
+Rees, Jonathan A., and Norman I. Adams IV. 1982. T: A dialect of Lisp or, lambda: The ultimate
+software tool. In Conference Record of the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional
+Programming, pp. 114-122.
+Rees, Jonathan, and William Clinger (eds). 1991. The revised 4 report on the algorithmic language
+Scheme. Lisp Pointers, 4(3).
+
+\fRivest, Ronald, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. 1977. A method for obtaining digital signatures
+and public-key cryptosystems. Technical memo LCS/TM82, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science.
+Robinson, J. A. 1965. A machine-oriented logic based on the resolution principle. Journal of the ACM
+12(1):23.
+Robinson, J. A. 1983. Logic programming -- Past, present, and future. New Generation Computing
+1:107-124.
+Spafford, Eugene H. 1989. The Internet Worm: Crisis and aftermath. Communications of the ACM
+32(6):678-688.
+Steele, Guy Lewis, Jr. 1977. Debunking the ‘‘expensive procedure call’’ myth. In Proceedings of the
+National Conference of the ACM, pp. 153-62.
+Steele, Guy Lewis, Jr. 1982. An overview of Common Lisp. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium
+on Lisp and Functional Programming, pp. 98-107.
+Steele, Guy Lewis, Jr. 1990. Common Lisp: The Language. 2nd edition. Digital Press.
+Steele, Guy Lewis, Jr., and Gerald Jay Sussman. 1975. Scheme: An interpreter for the extended
+lambda calculus. Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
+Steele, Guy Lewis, Jr., Donald R. Woods, Raphael A. Finkel, Mark R. Crispin, Richard M. Stallman,
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+report 296, MIT Lincoln Laboratory.
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+27(1):164-180.
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+Engineering 5(3):237-247.
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+understanding natural language. Technical report AI TR-17, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
+Winston, Patrick. 1992. Artificial Intelligence. 3rd edition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
+Zabih, Ramin, David McAllester, and David Chapman. 1987. Non-deterministic Lisp with
+dependency-directed backtracking. AAAI-87, pp. 59-64.
+Zippel, Richard. 1979. Probabilistic algorithms for sparse polynomials. Ph.D. dissertation, Department
+of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT.
+Zippel, Richard. 1993. Effective Polynomial Computation. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+List of Exercises
+1.1
+1.2
+1.3
+1.4
+1.5
+1.6
+1.7
+1.8
+1.9
+1.10
+1.11
+1.12
+1.13
+1.14
+1.15
+1.16
+1.17
+1.18
+1.19
+1.20
+1.21
+1.22
+1.23
+1.24
+1.25
+1.26
+1.27
+1.28
+1.29
+1.30
+1.31
+1.32
+1.33
+1.34
+1.35
+1.36
+1.37
+1.38
+1.39
+1.40
+1.41
+1.42
+1.43
+
+\f1.44
+1.45
+1.46
+2.1
+2.2
+2.3
+2.4
+2.5
+2.6
+2.7
+2.8
+2.9
+2.10
+2.11
+2.12
+2.13
+2.14
+2.15
+2.16
+2.17
+2.18
+2.19
+2.20
+2.21
+2.22
+2.23
+2.24
+2.25
+2.26
+2.27
+2.28
+2.29
+2.30
+2.31
+2.32
+2.33
+2.34
+2.35
+2.36
+2.37
+2.38
+2.39
+2.40
+2.41
+2.42
+2.43
+2.44
+2.45
+2.46
+2.47
+
+\f2.48
+2.49
+2.50
+2.51
+2.52
+2.53
+2.54
+2.55
+2.56
+2.57
+2.58
+2.59
+2.60
+2.61
+2.62
+2.63
+2.64
+2.65
+2.66
+2.67
+2.68
+2.69
+2.70
+2.71
+2.72
+2.73
+2.74
+2.75
+2.76
+2.77
+2.78
+2.79
+2.80
+2.81
+2.82
+2.83
+2.84
+2.85
+2.86
+2.87
+2.88
+2.89
+2.90
+2.91
+2.92
+2.93
+2.94
+2.95
+2.96
+2.97
+
+\f3.1
+3.2
+3.3
+3.4
+3.5
+3.6
+3.7
+3.8
+3.9
+3.10
+3.11
+3.12
+3.13
+3.14
+3.15
+3.16
+3.17
+3.18
+3.19
+3.20
+3.21
+3.22
+3.23
+3.24
+3.25
+3.26
+3.27
+3.28
+3.29
+3.30
+3.31
+3.32
+3.33
+3.34
+3.35
+3.36
+3.37
+3.38
+3.39
+3.40
+3.41
+3.42
+3.43
+3.44
+3.45
+3.46
+3.47
+3.48
+3.49
+3.50
+
+\f3.51
+3.52
+3.53
+3.54
+3.55
+3.56
+3.57
+3.58
+3.59
+3.60
+3.61
+3.62
+3.63
+3.64
+3.65
+3.66
+3.67
+3.68
+3.69
+3.70
+3.71
+3.72
+3.73
+3.74
+3.75
+3.76
+3.77
+3.78
+3.79
+3.80
+3.81
+3.82
+4.1
+4.2
+4.3
+4.4
+4.5
+4.6
+4.7
+4.8
+4.9
+4.10
+4.11
+4.12
+4.13
+4.14
+4.15
+4.16
+4.17
+4.18
+
+\f4.19
+4.20
+4.21
+4.22
+4.23
+4.24
+4.25
+4.26
+4.27
+4.28
+4.29
+4.30
+4.31
+4.32
+4.33
+4.34
+4.35
+4.36
+4.37
+4.38
+4.39
+4.40
+4.41
+4.42
+4.43
+4.44
+4.45
+4.46
+4.47
+4.48
+4.49
+4.50
+4.51
+4.52
+4.53
+4.54
+4.55
+4.56
+4.57
+4.58
+4.59
+4.60
+4.61
+4.62
+4.63
+4.64
+4.65
+4.66
+4.67
+4.68
+
+\f4.69
+4.70
+4.71
+4.72
+4.73
+4.74
+4.75
+4.76
+4.77
+4.78
+4.79
+5.1
+5.2
+5.3
+5.4
+5.5
+5.6
+5.7
+5.8
+5.9
+5.10
+5.11
+5.12
+5.13
+5.14
+5.15
+5.16
+5.17
+5.18
+5.19
+5.20
+5.21
+5.22
+5.23
+5.24
+5.25
+5.26
+5.27
+5.28
+5.29
+5.30
+5.31
+5.32
+5.33
+5.34
+5.35
+5.36
+5.37
+5.38
+5.39
+
+\f5.40
+5.41
+5.42
+5.43
+5.44
+5.45
+5.46
+5.47
+5.48
+5.49
+5.50
+5.51
+5.52
+[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+Index
+Any inaccuracies in this index may be explained by the
+fact that it has been prepared with the help of a computer.
+Donald E. Knuth, Fundamental Algorithms (Volume 1 of
+The Art of Computer Programming)
+! in names
+" (double quote)
+calculus, see lambda calculus
+notation for mathematical function
+, see pi
+sum (sigma) notation
+, see theta
+’ (single quote)
+read and, [2]
+* (primitive multiplication procedure)
++ (primitive addition procedure)
+, (comma, used with backquote)
+- (primitive subtraction procedure)
+as negation
+/ (primitive division procedure)
+< (primitive numeric comparison predicate)
+= (primitive numeric equality predicate)
+=number?
+=zero? (generic)
+for polynomials
+> (primitive numeric comparison predicate)
+>=, [2]
+? , in predicate names
+#f
+#t
+‘ (backquote)
+;, see semicolon
+Abelson, Harold
+abs, [2], [3]
+absolute value
+abstract data, see also data abstraction
+abstract models for data
+abstract syntax
+in metacircular evaluator
+in query interpreter
+abstraction, see also means of abstraction; data abstraction; higher-order procedures
+
+\fcommon pattern and
+metalinguistic
+procedural
+in register-machine design
+of search in nondeterministic programming
+abstraction barriers, [2], [3]
+in complex-number system
+in generic arithmetic system
+accelerated-sequence
+accumulate, [2]
+same as fold-right
+accumulate-n
+accumulator, [2]
+Áchárya, Bháscara
+Ackermann’s function
+acquire a mutex
+actions, in register machine
+actual-value
+Ada
+recursive procedures
+Adams, Norman I., IV
+add (generic)
+used for polynomial coefficients, [2]
+add-action!, [2]
+add-binding-to-frame!
+add-complex
+add-complex-to-schemenum
+add-interval
+add-lists
+add-poly
+add-rat
+add-rule-or-assertion!
+add-streams
+add-terms
+add-to-agenda!, [2]
+add-vect
+addend
+adder
+full
+half
+ripple-carry
+adder (primitive constraint)
+additivity, [2], [3], [4]
+address
+address arithmetic
+Adelman, Leonard
+adjoin-arg
+adjoin-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+
+\funordered-list representation
+for weighted sets
+adjoin-term, [2]
+advance-pc
+after-delay, [2]
+agenda, see digital-circuit simulation
+A’h-mose
+algebra, symbolic, see symbolic algebra
+algebraic expression
+differentiating
+representing
+simplifying
+algebraic specification for data
+Algol
+block structure
+call-by-name argument passing, [2]
+thunks, [2]
+weakness in handling compound objects
+algorithm
+optimal
+probabilistic, [2]
+aliasing
+all-regs (compiler)
+Allen, John
+alternative of if
+always-true
+amb
+amb evaluator, see nondeterministic evaluator
+ambeval
+an-element-of
+an-integer-starting-from
+analog computer
+analyze
+metacircular
+nondeterministic
+analyze-...
+metacircular, [2]
+nondeterministic
+analyze-amb
+analyzing evaluator
+as basis for nondeterministic evaluator
+let
+and (query language)
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+and (special form)
+evaluation of
+why a special form
+with no subexpressions
+and-gate
+and-gate
+
+\fangle
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+angle-polar
+angle-rectangular
+announce-output
+APL
+Appel, Andrew W.
+append, [2], [3]
+as accumulation
+append! vs.
+with arbitrary number of arguments
+as register machine
+‘‘what is’’ (rules) vs. ‘‘how to’’ (procedure)
+append!
+as register machine
+append-instruction-sequences, [2]
+append-to-form (rules)
+application?
+applicative-order evaluation
+in Lisp
+normal order vs., [2], [3]
+apply (lazy)
+apply (metacircular)
+primitive apply vs.
+apply (primitive procedure)
+apply-dispatch
+modified for compiled code
+apply-generic
+with coercion, [2]
+with coercion by raising
+with coercion of multiple arguments
+with coercion to simplify
+with message passing
+with tower of types
+apply-primitive-procedure, [2], [3]
+apply-rules
+arbiter
+arctangent
+argl register
+argument passing, see call-by-name argument passing; call-by-need argument passing
+argument(s)
+arbitrary number of, [2]
+delayed
+Aristotle’s De caelo (Buridan’s commentary on)
+arithmetic
+address arithmetic
+generic, see also generic arithmetic operations
+
+\fon complex numbers
+on intervals
+on polynomials, see polynomial arithmetic
+on power series, [2]
+on rational numbers
+primitive procedures for
+articles
+ASCII code
+assemble, [2]
+assembler, [2]
+assert! (query interpreter)
+assertion
+implicit
+assign (in register machine)
+simulating
+storing label in register
+assign-reg-name
+assign-value-exp
+assignment, see also set!
+benefits of
+bugs associated with, [2]
+costs of
+assignment operator, see also set!
+assignment-value
+assignment-variable
+assignment?
+assoc
+atan (primitive procedure)
+atomic operations supported in hardware
+atomic requirement for test-and-set!
+attach-tag
+using Scheme data types
+augend
+automagically
+automatic search, see also search
+history of
+automatic storage allocation
+average
+average damping
+average-damp
+averager (constraint)
+B-tree
+backquote
+backtracking, see also nondeterministic computing
+Backus, John
+Baker, Henry G., Jr.
+balanced binary tree, see also binary tree
+balanced mobile
+bank account, [2]
+exchanging balances
+
+\fjoint, [2]
+joint, modeled with streams
+joint, with concurrent access
+password-protected
+serialized
+stream model
+transferring money
+barrier synchronization
+Barth, John
+Basic
+restrictions on compound data
+weakness in handling compound objects
+Batali, John Dean
+begin (special form)
+implicit in consequent of cond and in procedure body
+begin-actions
+begin?
+below, [2]
+Bertrand’s Hypothesis
+beside, [2]
+bignum
+binary numbers, addition of, see adder
+binary search
+binary tree
+balanced
+converting a list to a
+converting to a list
+for Huffman encoding
+represented with lists
+sets represented as
+table structured as
+bind
+binding
+deep
+binomial coefficients
+black box
+block structure, [2]
+in environment model
+in query language
+blocked process
+body of a procedure
+Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
+Borning, Alan
+Borodin, Alan
+bound variable
+box-and-pointer notation
+end-of-list marker
+branch (in register machine)
+simulating
+branch of a tree
+
+\fbranch-dest
+breakpoint
+broken heart
+bug
+capturing a free variable
+order of assignments
+side effect with aliasing
+bureaucracy
+Buridan, Jean
+busy-waiting
+C
+compiling Scheme into
+error handling, [2]
+recursive procedures
+restrictions on compound data
+Scheme interpreter written in, [2]
+ca...r
+cache-coherence protocols
+cadr
+calculator, fixed points with
+call-by-name argument passing, [2]
+call-by-need argument passing, [2]
+memoization and
+call-each
+cancer of the semicolon
+canonical form, for polynomials
+capturing a free variable
+car (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+origin of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+Carmichael numbers, [2]
+case analysis
+data-directed programming vs.
+general, see also cond
+with two cases (if)
+cd...r
+cdr (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+origin of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+cdr down a list
+cell, in serializer implementation
+celsius-fahrenheit-converter
+expression-oriented
+center
+
+\fCesàro, Ernesto
+cesaro-stream
+cesaro-test
+Chaitin, Gregory
+Chandah-sutra
+change and sameness
+meaning of
+shared data and
+changing money, see counting change
+chaos in the Solar System
+Chapman, David
+character strings
+primitive procedures for, [2]
+quotation of
+character, ASCII encoding
+Charniak, Eugene
+Chebyshev, Pafnutii L’vovich
+chess, eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+chip implementation of Scheme, [2]
+chronological backtracking
+Chu Shih-chieh
+Church numerals
+Church, Alonzo, [2]
+Church-Turing thesis
+circuit
+digital, see digital-circuit simulation
+modeled with streams, [2]
+Clark, Keith L.
+clause, of a cond
+additional syntax
+Clinger, William, [2]
+closed world assumption
+closure
+in abstract algebra
+closure property of cons
+closure property of picture-language operations, [2]
+lack of in many languages
+coal, bituminous
+code
+ASCII
+fixed-length
+Huffman, see Huffman code
+Morse
+prefix
+variable-length
+code generator
+arguments of
+value of
+coeff, [2]
+coercion
+
+\fin algebraic manipulation
+in polynomial arithmetic
+procedure
+table
+Colmerauer, Alain
+combination
+combination as operator of
+compound expression as operator of
+evaluation of
+lambda expression as operator of
+as operator of combination
+as a tree
+combination, means of, see also closure
+comma, used with backquote
+comments in programs
+Common Lisp
+treatment of nil
+compacting garbage collector
+compilation, see compiler
+compile
+compile-and-go, [2]
+compile-and-run
+compile-application
+compile-assignment
+compile-definition
+compile-if
+compile-lambda
+compile-linkage
+compile-proc-appl
+compile-procedure-call
+compile-quoted
+compile-self-evaluating
+compile-sequence
+compile-time environment, [2], [3]
+open coding and
+compile-variable
+compiled-apply
+compiled-procedure-entry
+compiled-procedure-env
+compiled-procedure?
+compiler
+interpreter vs., [2]
+tail recursion, stack allocation, and garbage-collection
+compiler for Scheme, see also code generator; compile-time environment; instruction sequence;
+linkage descriptor; target register
+analyzing evaluator vs., [2]
+assignments
+code generators, see compile-...
+combinations
+conditionals
+
+\fdefinitions
+efficiency
+example compilation
+explicit-control evaluator vs., [2], [3]
+expression-syntax procedures
+interfacing to evaluator
+label generation
+lambda expressions
+lexical addressing
+linkage code
+machine-operation use
+monitoring performance (stack use) of compiled code, [2], [3]
+open coding of primitives, [2]
+order of operand evaluation
+procedure applications
+quotations
+register use, [2], [3]
+running compiled code
+scanning out internal definitions, [2]
+self-evaluating expressions
+sequences of expressions
+stack usage, [2], [3]
+structure of
+tail-recursive code generated by
+variables
+complex package
+complex numbers
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+rectangular vs. polar form
+represented as tagged data
+complex->complex
+complex-number arithmetic
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+structure of system
+composition of functions
+compound data, need for
+compound expression, see also combination; special form
+as operator of combination
+compound procedure, see also procedure
+used like primitive procedure
+compound query
+processing, [2], [3], [4], [5]
+compound-apply
+compound-procedure?
+computability, [2]
+computational process, see also process
+computer science, [2]
+mathematics vs., [2]
+concrete data representation
+
+\fconcurrency
+correctness of concurrent programs
+deadlock
+functional programming and
+mechanisms for controlling
+cond (special form)
+additional clause syntax
+clause
+evaluation of
+if vs.
+implicit begin in consequent
+cond->if
+cond-actions
+cond-clauses
+cond-else-clause?
+cond-predicate
+cond?
+conditional expression
+cond
+if
+congruent modulo n
+conjoin
+connect, [2]
+connector(s), in constraint system
+operations on
+representing
+Conniver
+cons (primitive procedure)
+axiom for
+closure property of
+implemented with mutators
+implemented with vectors
+as list operation
+meaning of the name
+procedural implementation of, [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+cons up a list
+cons-stream (special form), [2]
+lazy evaluation and
+why a special form
+consciousness, expansion of
+consequent
+of cond clause
+of if
+const (in register machine)
+simulating
+syntax of
+constant (primitive constraint)
+constant, specifying in register machine
+constant-exp
+constant-exp-value
+
+\fconstraint network
+constraint(s)
+primitive
+propagation of
+construct-arglist
+constructor
+as abstraction barrier
+contents
+using Scheme data types
+continuation
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2], see also failure continuation; success continuation
+in register-machine simulator
+continue register
+in explicit-control evaluator
+recursion and
+continued fraction
+e as
+golden ratio as
+tangent as
+control structure
+controller for register machine
+controller diagram
+conventional interface
+sequence as
+Cormen, Thomas H.
+corner-split
+correctness of a program
+cos (primitive procedure)
+cosine
+fixed point of
+power series for
+cosmic radiation
+count-change
+count-leaves, [2]
+as accumulation
+as register machine
+count-pairs
+counting change, [2]
+credit-card accounts, international
+Cressey, David
+cross-type operations
+cryptography
+cube, [2], [3]
+cube root
+as fixed point
+by Newton’s method
+cube-root
+current time, for simulation agenda
+current-time, [2]
+cycle in list
+
+\fdetecting
+Darlington, John
+data, [2]
+abstract, see also data abstraction
+abstract models for
+algebraic specification for
+compound
+concrete representation of
+hierarchical, [2]
+list-structured
+meaning of
+mutable, see mutable data objects
+numerical
+procedural representation of
+as program
+shared
+symbolic
+tagged, [2]
+data abstraction, [2], [3], [4], [5], see also metacircular evaluator
+for queue
+data base
+data-directed programming and
+indexing, [2]
+Insatiable Enterprises personnel
+logic programming and
+Microshaft personnel
+as set of records
+data paths for register machine
+data-path diagram
+data types
+in Lisp
+in strongly typed languages
+data-directed programming, [2]
+case analysis vs.
+in metacircular evaluator
+in query interpreter
+data-directed recursion
+deadlock
+avoidance
+recovery
+debug
+decimal point in numbers
+declarative vs. imperative knowledge, [2]
+logic programming and, [2]
+nondeterministic computing and
+decode
+decomposition of program into parts
+deep binding
+deep-reverse
+deferred operations
+
+\fdefine (special form)
+with dotted-tail notation
+environment model of
+lambda vs.
+for procedures, [2]
+syntactic sugar
+value of
+why a special form
+define (special form)
+internal, see internal definition
+define-variable!, [2]
+definite integral
+estimated with Monte Carlo simulation, [2]
+definition, see define; internal definition
+definition-value
+definition-variable
+definition?
+deKleer, Johan, [2]
+delay (special form)
+explicit
+explicit vs. automatic
+implementation using lambda
+lazy evaluation and
+memoized, [2]
+why a special form
+delay, in digital circuit
+delay-it
+delayed argument
+delayed evaluation, [2]
+assignment and
+explicit vs. automatic
+in lazy evaluator
+normal-order evaluation and
+printing and
+streams and
+delayed object
+delete-queue!, [2]
+denom, [2]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+dense polynomial
+dependency-directed backtracking
+deposit , with external serializer
+deposit message for bank account
+depth-first search
+deque
+deriv (numerical)
+deriv (symbolic)
+data-directed
+derivative of a function
+
+\fderived expressions in evaluator
+adding to explicit-control evaluator
+design, stratified
+differential equation, see also solve
+second-order, [2]
+differentiation
+numerical
+rules for, [2]
+symbolic, [2]
+diffusion, simulation of
+digital signal
+digital-circuit simulation
+agenda
+agenda implementation
+primitive function boxes
+representing wires
+sample simulation
+Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe
+Dinesman, Howard P.
+Diophantus’s Arithmetic, Fermat’s copy of
+disjoin
+dispatching
+comparing different styles
+on type, see also data-directed programming
+display (primitive procedure), [2]
+display-line
+display-stream
+distinct?
+div (generic)
+div-complex
+div-interval
+division by zero
+div-poly
+div-rat
+div-series
+div-terms
+divides?
+divisible?
+division of integers
+dog, perfectly rational, behavior of
+DOS/Windows
+dot-product
+dotted-tail notation
+for procedure parameters, [2]
+in query pattern, [2]
+in query-language rule
+read and
+Doyle, Jon
+draw-line
+driver loop
+
+\fin explicit-control evaluator
+in lazy evaluator
+in metacircular evaluator
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2]
+in query interpreter, [2]
+driver-loop
+for lazy evaluator
+for metacircular evaluator
+for nondeterministic evaluator
+e
+as continued fraction
+as solution to differential equation
+e x , power series for
+Earth, measuring circumference of
+edge1-frame
+edge2-frame
+efficiency, see also order of growth, see also order of growth
+of compilation
+of data-base access
+of evaluation
+of Lisp
+of query processing
+of tree-recursive process
+EIEIO
+eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+electrical circuits, modeled with streams, [2]
+element-of-set?
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+else (special symbol in cond)
+embedded language, language design using
+empty list
+denoted as ’()
+recognizing with null?
+empty stream
+empty-agenda?, [2]
+empty-arglist
+empty-instruction-sequence
+empty-queue?, [2]
+empty-termlist?, [2]
+encapsulated name
+enclosing environment
+enclosing-environment
+encode
+end-of-list marker
+end-segment, [2]
+end-with-linkage
+engineering vs. mathematics
+entry
+
+\fenumerate-interval
+enumerate-tree
+enumerator
+env register
+environment, [2]
+compile-time, see compile-time environment
+as context for evaluation
+enclosing
+global, see global environment
+lexical scoping and
+in query interpreter
+renaming vs.
+environment model of evaluation, [2]
+environment structure
+internal definitions
+local state
+message passing
+metacircular evaluator and
+procedure-application example
+rules for evaluation
+tail recursion and
+eq? (primitive procedure)
+for arbitrary objects
+as equality of pointers, [2]
+implementation for symbols
+numerical equality and
+equ? (generic predicate)
+equal-rat?
+equal?
+equality
+in generic arithmetic system
+of lists
+of numbers, [2], [3]
+referential transparency and
+of symbols
+equation, solving, see half-interval method; Newton’s method; solve
+Eratosthenes
+error (primitive procedure)
+error handling
+in compiled code
+in explicit-control evaluator, [2]
+Escher, Maurits Cornelis
+estimate-integral
+estimate-pi, [2]
+Euclid’s Algorithm, [2], see also greatest common divisor
+order of growth
+for polynomials
+Euclid’s Elements
+Euclid’s proof of infinite number of primes
+Euclidean ring
+
+\fEuler, Leonhard
+proof of Fermat’s Little Theorem
+series accelerator
+euler-transform
+ev-application
+ev-assignment
+ev-begin
+ev-definition
+ev-if
+ev-lambda
+ev-quoted
+ev-self-eval
+ev-sequence
+with tail recursion
+without tail recursion
+ev-variable
+eval (lazy)
+eval (metacircular), [2]
+analyzing version
+data-directed
+primitive eval vs.
+eval (primitive procedure)
+MIT Scheme
+used in query interpreter
+eval-assignment
+eval-definition
+eval-dispatch
+eval-if (lazy)
+eval-if (metacircular)
+eval-sequence
+evaluation
+applicative-order, see applicative-order evaluation
+delayed, see delayed evaluation
+environment model of, see environment model of evaluation
+models of
+normal-order, see normal-order evaluation
+of a combination
+of and
+of cond
+of if
+of or
+of primitive expressions
+of special forms
+order of subexpression evaluation, see order of evaluation
+substitution model of, see substitution model of procedure application
+evaluator, see also interpreter
+as abstract machine
+metacircular
+as universal machine
+evaluators, see metacircular evaluator; analyzing evaluator; lazy evaluator; nondeterministic evaluator;
+
+\fquery interpreter; explicit-control evaluator
+even-fibs, [2]
+even?
+evening star, see Venus
+event-driven simulation
+evlis tail recursion
+exact integer
+exchange
+exclamation point in names
+execute
+execute-application
+metacircular
+nondeterministic
+execution procedure
+in analyzing evaluator
+in nondeterministic evaluator, [2], [3]
+in register-machine simulator, [2]
+exp register
+expand-clauses
+explicit-control evaluator for Scheme
+assignments
+combinations
+compound procedures
+conditionals
+controller
+data paths
+definitions
+derived expressions
+driver loop
+error handling, [2]
+expressions with no subexpressions to evaluate
+as machine-language program
+machine model
+modified for compiled code
+monitoring performance (stack use)
+normal-order evaluation
+operand evaluation
+operations
+optimizations (additional)
+primitive procedures
+procedure application
+registers
+running
+sequences of expressions
+special forms (additional), [2]
+stack usage
+tail recursion, [2], [3]
+as universal machine
+expmod, [2], [3]
+exponential growth
+
+\fof tree-recursive Fibonacci-number computation
+exponentiation
+modulo n
+expression, see also compound expression; primitive expression
+algebraic, see algebraic expressions
+self-evaluating
+symbolic, see also symbol(s)
+expression-oriented vs. imperative programming style
+expt
+linear iterative version
+linear recursive version
+register machine for
+extend-environment, [2]
+extend-if-consistent
+extend-if-possible
+external-entry
+extract-labels, [2]
+#f
+factorial, see also factorial
+infinite stream
+with letrec
+without letrec or define
+factorial
+as an abstract machine
+compilation of, [2]
+environment structure in evaluating
+linear iterative version
+linear recursive version
+register machine for (iterative), [2]
+register machine for (recursive), [2]
+stack usage, compiled
+stack usage, interpreted, [2]
+stack usage, register machine
+with assignment
+with higher-order procedures
+failure continuation (nondeterministic evaluator), [2]
+constructed by amb
+constructed by assignment
+constructed by driver loop
+failure, in nondeterministic computation
+bug vs.
+searching and
+false
+false
+false?
+fast-expt
+fast-prime?
+feedback loop, modeled with streams
+Feeley, Marc
+Feigenbaum, Edward
+
+\fFenichel, Robert
+Fermat, Pierre de
+Fermat test for primality
+variant of
+Fermat’s Little Theorem
+alternate form
+proof
+fermat-test
+fetch-assertions
+fetch-rules
+fib
+linear iterative version
+logarithmic version
+register machine for (tree-recursive), [2]
+stack usage, compiled
+stack usage, interpreted
+tree-recursive version, [2]
+with memoization
+with named let
+Fibonacci numbers, see also fib
+Euclid’s GCD algorithm and
+infinite stream of, see fibs
+fibs (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+FIFO buffer
+filter, [2]
+filter
+filtered-accumulate
+find-assertions
+find-divisor
+first-agenda-item, [2]
+first-class elements in language
+first-exp
+first-frame
+first-operand
+first-segment
+first-term, [2]
+fixed point
+computing with calculator
+of cosine
+cube root as
+fourth root as
+golden ratio as
+as iterative improvement
+in Newton’s method
+nth root as
+square root as, [2], [3]
+of transformed function
+unification and
+fixed-length code
+
+\ffixed-point
+as iterative improvement
+fixed-point-of-transform
+flag register
+flatmap
+flatten-stream
+flip-horiz, [2]
+flip-vert, [2]
+flipped-pairs, [2], [3]
+Floyd, Robert
+fold-left
+fold-right
+for-each, [2]
+for-each-except
+Forbus, Kenneth D.
+force, [2]
+forcing a thunk vs.
+force a thunk
+force-it
+memoized version
+forget-value!, [2]
+formal parameters
+names of
+scope of
+formatting input expressions
+Fortran, [2]
+inventor of
+restrictions on compound data
+forwarding address
+fourth root, as fixed point
+fraction, see rational number(s)
+frame (environment model)
+as repository of local state
+global
+frame (picture language), [2]
+coordinate map
+frame (query interpreter), see also pattern matching; unification
+representation
+frame-coord-map
+frame-values
+frame-variables
+framed-stack discipline
+Franz Lisp
+free register, [2]
+free list
+free variable
+capturing
+in internal definition
+Friedman, Daniel P., [2]
+fringe
+
+\fas a tree enumeration
+front-ptr
+front-queue, [2]
+full-adder
+full-adder
+function (mathematical)
+notation for
+Ackermann’s
+composition of
+derivative of
+fixed point of
+procedure vs.
+rational
+repeated application of
+smoothing of
+function box, in digital circuit
+functional programming, [2]
+concurrency and
+functional programming languages
+time and
+Gabriel, Richard P.
+garbage collection
+memoization and
+mutation and
+tail recursion and
+garbage collector
+compacting
+mark-sweep
+stop-and-copy
+GCD, see greatest common divisor
+gcd
+register machine for, [2]
+gcd-terms
+general-purpose computer, as universal machine
+generate-huffman-tree
+generating sentences
+generic arithmetic operations
+structure of system
+generic operation
+generic procedure, [2]
+generic selector, [2]
+Genesis
+get, [2]
+get-contents
+get-global-environment
+get-register
+get-register-contents, [2]
+get-signal, [2]
+get-value, [2]
+glitch
+
+\fglobal environment, [2]
+in metacircular evaluator
+global frame
+Goguen, Joseph
+golden ratio
+as continued fraction
+as fixed point
+Gordon, Michael
+goto (in register machine)
+label as destination
+simulating
+goto-dest
+grammar
+graphics, see picture language
+Gray, Jim
+greatest common divisor, see also gcd
+generic
+of polynomials
+used to estimate
+used in rational-number arithmetic
+Green, Cordell
+Griss, Martin Lewis
+Guttag, John Vogel
+half-adder
+half-adder
+simulation of
+half-interval method
+half-interval-method
+Newton’s method vs.
+halting problem
+Halting Theorem
+Hamming, Richard Wesley, [2]
+Hanson, Christopher P., [2]
+Hardy, Godfrey Harold, [2]
+has-value?, [2]
+Hassle
+Havender, J.
+Haynes, Christopher T.
+headed list, [2]
+Hearn, Anthony C.
+Henderson, Peter, [2], [3]
+Henderson diagram
+Heraclitus
+Heron of Alexandria
+Hewitt, Carl Eddie, [2], [3], [4]
+hiding principle
+hierarchical data structures, [2]
+hierarchy of types
+in symbolic algebra
+inadequacy of
+
+\fhigh-level language, machine language vs.
+higher-order procedures
+in metacircular evaluator
+procedure as argument
+procedure as general method
+procedure as returned value
+strong typing and
+Hilfinger, Paul
+Hoare, Charles Antony Richard
+Hodges, Andrew
+Hofstadter, Douglas R.
+Horner, W. G.
+Horner’s rule
+‘‘how to’’ vs. ‘‘what is’’ description, see imperative vs. declarative knowledge
+Huffman code
+optimality of
+order of growth of encoding
+Huffman, David
+Hughes, R. J. M.
+IBM 704
+identity
+if (special form)
+cond vs.
+evaluation of
+normal-order evaluation of
+one-armed (without alternative)
+predicate, consequent, and alternative of
+why a special form
+if-alternative
+if-consequent
+if-predicate
+if?
+imag-part
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+imag-part-polar
+imag-part-rectangular
+imperative programming
+imperative vs. declarative knowledge, [2]
+logic programming and, [2]
+nondeterministic computing and
+imperative vs. expression-oriented programming style
+implementation dependencies, see also unspecified values
+numbers
+order of subexpression evaluation
+inc
+incremental development of programs
+indeterminate of a polynomial
+
+\findexing a data base, [2]
+inference, method of
+infinite series
+infinite stream(s)
+merging, [2], [3], [4]
+merging as a relation
+of factorials
+of Fibonacci numbers, see fibs
+of integers, see integers
+of pairs
+of prime numbers, see primes
+of random numbers
+representing power series
+to model signals
+to sum a series
+infix notation, prefix notation vs.
+inform-about-no-value
+inform-about-value
+information retrieval, see data base
+Ingerman, Peter
+initialize-stack operation in register machine, [2]
+insert!
+in one-dimensional table
+in two-dimensional table
+insert-queue!, [2]
+install-complex-package
+install-polar-package
+install-polynomial-package
+install-rational-package
+install-rectangular-package
+install-scheme-number-package
+instantiate
+instantiate a pattern
+instruction counting
+instruction execution procedure
+instruction sequence, [2]
+instruction tracing
+instruction-execution-proc
+instruction-text
+integer(s)
+dividing
+exact
+integerizing factor
+integers (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+lazy-list version
+integers-starting-from
+integral, see also definite integral; Monte Carlo integration
+of a power series
+integral, [2], [3]
+
+\fwith delayed argument
+with lambda
+lazy-list version
+need for delayed evaluation
+integrate-series
+integrated-circuit implementation of Scheme, [2]
+integrator, for signals
+interleave
+interleave-delayed
+Interlisp
+internal definition
+in environment model
+free variable in
+let vs.
+in nondeterministic evaluator
+position of
+restrictions on
+scanning out
+scope of name
+Internet ‘‘Worm’’
+interning symbols
+interpreter, see also evaluator
+compiler vs., [2]
+read-eval-print loop
+intersection-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+interval arithmetic
+invariant quantity of an iterative process
+inverter
+inverter
+iteration contructs, see looping constructs
+iterative improvement
+iterative process
+as a stream process
+design of algorithm
+implemented by procedure call, [2], [3], see also tail recursion
+linear, [2]
+recursive process vs., [2], [3], [4]
+register machine for
+Jayaraman, Sundaresan
+Kaldewaij, Anne
+Karr, Alphonse
+Kepler, Johannes
+key
+key of a record
+in a data base
+in a table
+
+\ftesting equality of
+Khayyam, Omar
+Knuth, Donald E., [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
+Kohlbecker, Eugene Edmund, Jr.
+Kolmogorov, A. N.
+Konopasek, Milos
+Kowalski, Robert
+KRC, [2]
+label (in register machine)
+simulating
+label-exp
+label-exp-label
+Lagrange interpolation formula
+calculus (lambda calculus)
+lambda (special form)
+define vs.
+with dotted-tail notation
+lambda expression
+as operator of combination
+value of
+lambda-body
+lambda-parameters
+lambda?
+Lambert, J.H.
+Lamé, Gabriel
+Lamé’s Theorem
+Lamport, Leslie
+Lampson, Butler
+Landin, Peter, [2]
+language, see natural language; programming language
+Lapalme, Guy
+last-exp?
+last-operand?
+last-pair, [2]
+rules
+lazy evaluation
+lazy evaluator
+lazy list
+lazy pair
+lazy tree
+leaf?
+least commitment, principle of
+lecture, something to do during
+left-branch, [2]
+Leibniz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von
+proof of Fermat’s Little Theorem
+series for , [2]
+Leiserson, Charles E., [2]
+length
+as accumulation
+
+\fiterative version
+recursive version
+let (special form)
+evaluation model
+internal definition vs.
+named
+scope of variables
+as syntactic sugar, [2]
+let* (special form)
+letrec (special form)
+lexical addressing
+lexical address
+lexical scoping
+environment structure and
+lexical-address-lookup, [2]
+lexical-address-set!, [2]
+Lieberman, Henry
+LIFO buffer, see stack
+line segment
+represented as pair of points
+represented as pair of vectors
+linear growth, [2]
+linear iterative process
+order of growth
+linear recursive process
+order of growth
+linkage descriptor
+Liskov, Barbara Huberman
+Lisp
+acronym for LISt Processing
+applicative-order evaluation in
+on DEC PDP-1
+efficiency of, [2]
+first-class procedures in
+Fortran vs.
+history of
+internal type system
+original implementation on IBM 704
+Pascal vs.
+suitability for writing evaluators
+unique features of
+Lisp dialects
+Common Lisp
+Franz Lisp
+Interlisp
+MacLisp
+MDL
+Portable Standard Lisp
+Scheme
+Zetalisp
+
+\flisp-value (query interpreter)
+lisp-value (query language), [2]
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+list (primitive procedure)
+list structure
+list vs.
+mutable
+represented using vectors
+list(s)
+backquote with
+cdring down
+combining with append
+consing up
+converting a binary tree to a
+converting to a binary tree
+empty, see empty list
+equality of
+headed, [2]
+last pair of
+lazy
+length of
+list structure vs.
+manipulation with car, cdr, and cons
+mapping over
+nth element of
+operations on
+printed representation of
+quotation of
+reversing
+techniques for manipulating
+list->tree
+list-difference
+list-of-arg-values
+list-of-delayed-args
+list-of-values
+list-ref, [2]
+list-structured memory
+list-union
+lives-near (rule), [2]
+local evolution of a process
+local name, [2]
+local state
+maintained in frames
+local state variable
+local variable
+location
+Locke, John
+log (primitive procedure)
+logarithm, approximating ln 2
+logarithmic growth, [2], [3]
+
+\flogic programming, see also query language; query interpreter
+computers for
+history of, [2]
+in Japan
+logic programming languages
+mathematical logic vs.
+logic puzzles
+logical and
+logical or
+logical-not
+lookup
+in one-dimensional table
+in set of records
+in two-dimensional table
+lookup-label
+lookup-prim
+lookup-variable-value, [2]
+for scanned-out definitions
+looping constructs, [2]
+implementing in metacircular evaluator
+lower-bound
+machine language
+high-level language vs.
+Macintosh
+MacLisp
+macro, see also reader macro character
+magician, see numerical analyst
+magnitude
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+magnitude-polar
+magnitude-rectangular
+make-account
+in environment model
+with serialization, [2], [3]
+make-account-and-serializer
+make-accumulator
+make-agenda, [2]
+make-assign
+make-begin
+make-branch
+make-center-percent
+make-center-width
+make-code-tree
+make-compiled-procedure
+make-complex-from-mag-ang
+make-complex-from-real-imag
+make-connector
+
+\fmake-cycle
+make-decrementer
+make-execution-procedure
+make-frame, [2], [3]
+make-from-mag-ang, [2]
+message-passing
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+make-from-mag-ang-polar
+make-from-mag-ang-rectangular
+make-from-real-imag, [2]
+message-passing
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+make-from-real-imag-polar
+make-from-real-imag-rectangular
+make-goto
+make-if
+make-instruction
+make-instruction-sequence
+make-interval, [2]
+make-joint
+make-label
+make-label-entry
+make-lambda
+make-leaf
+make-leaf-set
+make-machine, [2]
+make-monitored
+make-mutex
+make-new-machine
+make-operation-exp
+make-perform
+make-point
+make-poly
+make-polynomial
+make-primitive-exp
+make-procedure
+make-product, [2]
+make-queue, [2]
+make-rat, [2], [3]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+make-rational
+make-register
+make-restore
+make-save
+make-scheme-number
+make-segment, [2]
+make-serializer
+
+\fmake-simplified-withdraw, [2]
+make-stack
+with monitored stack
+make-sum, [2]
+make-table
+message-passing implementation
+one-dimensional table
+make-tableau
+make-term, [2]
+make-test
+make-time-segment
+make-tree
+make-vect
+make-wire, [2], [3]
+make-withdraw
+in environment model
+using let
+making change, see counting change
+map, [2]
+as accumulation
+with multiple arguments
+map-over-symbols
+map-successive-pairs
+mapping
+over lists
+nested, [2]
+as a transducer
+over trees
+mark-sweep garbage collector
+mathematical function, see function (mathematical)
+mathematics
+computer science vs., [2]
+engineering vs.
+matrix, represented as sequence
+matrix-*-matrix
+matrix-*-vector
+max (primitive procedure)
+McAllester, David Allen, [2]
+McCarthy, John, [2], [3], [4]
+McDermott, Drew
+MDL
+means of abstraction
+define
+means of combination, see also closure
+measure in a Euclidean ring
+member
+memo-fib
+memo-proc
+memoization, [2]
+call-by-need and
+
+\fby delay
+garbage collection and
+of thunks
+memoize
+memory
+in 1964
+list-structured
+memq
+merge
+merge-weighted
+merging infinite streams, see infinite stream(s)
+message passing, [2]
+environment model and
+in bank account
+in digital-circuit simulation
+tail recursion and
+metacircular evaluator
+metacircular evaluator for Scheme
+analyzing version
+combinations (procedure applications)
+compilation of, [2]
+data abstraction in, [2], [3], [4]
+data-directed eval
+derived expressions
+driver loop
+efficiency of
+environment model of evaluation in
+environment operations
+eval and apply
+eval-apply cycle, [2]
+expression representation, [2]
+global environment
+higher-order procedures in
+implemented language vs. implementation language
+job of
+order of operand evaluation
+primitive procedures
+representation of environments
+representation of procedures
+representation of true and false
+running
+special forms (additional), [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+special forms as derived expressions
+symbolic differentiation and
+syntax of evaluated language, [2], [3]
+tail recursiveness unspecified in
+true and false
+metalinguistic abstraction
+MicroPlanner
+Microshaft
+
+\fmidpoint-segment
+Miller, Gary L.
+Miller, James S.
+Miller-Rabin test for primality
+Milner, Robin
+min (primitive procedure)
+Minsky, Marvin Lee, [2]
+Miranda
+MIT
+Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
+early history of
+Project MAC
+Research Laboratory of Electronics, [2]
+MIT Scheme
+the empty stream
+eval
+internal definitions
+numbers
+random
+user-initial-environment
+without-interrupts
+ML
+mobile
+modeling
+as a design strategy
+in science and engineering
+models of evaluation
+modified registers, see instruction sequence
+modifies-register?
+modularity, [2]
+along object boundaries
+functional programs vs. objects
+hiding principle
+streams and
+through dispatching on type
+through infinite streams
+through modeling with objects
+modulo n
+modus ponens
+money, changing, see counting change
+monitored procedure
+Monte Carlo integration
+stream formulation
+Monte Carlo simulation
+stream formulation
+monte-carlo
+infinite stream
+Moon, David A., [2]
+morning star, see evening star
+Morris, J. H.
+
+\fMorse code
+Mouse, Minnie and Mickey
+mul (generic)
+used for polynomial coefficients
+mul-complex
+mul-interval
+more efficient version
+mul-poly
+mul-rat
+mul-series
+mul-streams
+mul-terms
+Multics time-sharing system
+multiple-dwelling
+multiplicand
+multiplication by Russian peasant method
+multiplier
+primitive constraint
+selector
+Munro, Ian
+mutable data objects, see also queue; table
+implemented with assignment
+list structure
+pairs
+procedural representation of
+shared data
+mutator
+mutex
+mutual exclusion
+mystery
+name, see also local name; variable; local variable
+encapsulated
+of a formal parameter
+of a procedure
+named let (special form)
+naming
+of computational objects
+of procedures
+naming conventions
+! for assignment and mutation
+? for predicates
+native language of machine
+natural language
+parsing, see parsing natural language
+quotation in
+needed registers, see instruction sequence
+needs-register?
+negate
+nested applications of car and cdr
+nested combinations
+
+\fnested definitions, see internal definition
+nested mappings, see mapping
+new register
+new-cars register
+new-cdrs register
+new-withdraw
+newline (primitive procedure), [2]
+Newton’s method
+for cube roots
+for differentiable functions
+half-interval method vs.
+for square roots, [2], [3]
+newton-transform
+newtons-method
+next (linkage descriptor)
+next-to (rules)
+nil
+dispensing with
+as empty list
+as end-of-list marker
+as ordinary variable in Scheme
+no-more-exps?
+no-operands?
+node of a tree
+non-computable
+non-strict
+nondeterminism, in behavior of concurrent programs, [2]
+nondeterministic choice point
+nondeterministic computing
+nondeterministic evaluator
+order of operand evaluation
+nondeterministic programming vs. Scheme programming, [2], [3], [4]
+nondeterministic programs
+logic puzzles
+pairs with prime sums
+parsing natural language
+Pythagorean triples, [2], [3]
+normal-order evaluation
+applicative order vs., [2], [3]
+delayed evaluation and
+in explicit-control evaluator
+of if
+normal-order evaluator, see lazy evaluator
+not (primitive procedure)
+not (query language), [2]
+evaluation of, [2], [3]
+notation in this book
+italic symbols in expression syntax
+slanted characters for interpreter response
+nouns
+
+\fnth root, as fixed point
+null? (primitive procedure)
+implemented with typed pointers
+number theory
+number(s)
+comparison of
+decimal point in
+equality of, [2], [3]
+in generic arithmetic system
+implementation dependencies
+integer vs. real number
+integer, exact
+in Lisp
+rational number
+number? (primitive procedure)
+data types and
+implemented with typed pointers
+numer, [2]
+axiom for
+reducing to lowest terms
+numerical analysis
+numerical analyst
+numerical data
+obarray
+object program
+object(s)
+benefits of modeling with
+with time-varying state
+object-oriented programming languages
+old register
+oldcr register
+ones (infinite stream)
+lazy-list version
+op (in register machine)
+simulating
+open coding of primitives, [2]
+operands
+operands of a combination
+operation
+cross-type
+generic
+in register machine
+operation-and-type table
+assignment needed for
+implementing
+operation-exp
+operation-exp-op
+operation-exp-operands
+operator
+operator of a combination
+
+\fcombination as
+compound expression as
+lambda expression as
+optimality
+of Horner’s rule
+of Huffman code
+or (query language)
+evaluation of, [2]
+or (special form)
+evaluation of
+why a special form
+with no subexpressions
+or-gate
+or-gate, [2]
+order, [2]
+order notation
+order of evaluation
+assignment and
+implementation-dependent
+in compiler
+in explicit-control evaluator
+in metacircular evaluator
+in Scheme
+order of events
+decoupling apparent from actual
+indeterminacy in concurrent systems
+order of growth
+linear iterative process
+linear recursive process
+logarithmic
+tree-recursive process
+order of subexpression evaluation, see order of evaluation
+ordered-list representation of sets
+ordinary numbers (in generic arithmetic system)
+origin-frame
+Ostrowski, A. M.
+outranked-by (rule), [2]
+P operation on semaphore
+package
+complex-number
+polar representation
+polynomial
+rational-number
+rectangular representation
+Scheme-number
+painter(s)
+higher-order operations
+operations
+represented as procedures
+transforming and combining
+
+\fpair(s)
+axiomatic definition of
+box-and-pointer notation for
+infinite stream of
+lazy
+mutable
+procedural representation of, [2], [3]
+represented using vectors
+used to represent sequence
+used to represent tree
+pair? (primitive procedure)
+implemented with typed pointers
+pairs
+Pan, V. Y.
+parallel-execute
+parallel-instruction-sequences
+parallelism, see concurrency
+parameter, see formal parameters
+parameter passing, see call-by-name argument passing; call-by-need argument passing
+parentheses
+delimiting combination
+delimiting cond clauses
+in procedure definition
+parse
+parse-...
+parsing natural language
+real language understanding vs. toy parser
+partial-sums
+Pascal
+lack of higher-order procedures
+recursive procedures
+restrictions on compound data
+weakness in handling compound objects
+Pascal, Blaise
+Pascal’s triangle
+password-protected bank account
+pattern
+pattern matching
+implementation
+unification vs., [2]
+pattern variable
+representation of, [2]
+pattern-match
+pc register
+perform (in register machine)
+simulating
+perform-action
+Perlis, Alan J., [2]
+quips, [2]
+permutations of a set
+
+\fpermutations
+Phillips, Hubert
+(pi)
+approximation with half-interval method
+approximation with Monte Carlo integration, [2]
+Cesàro estimate for, [2]
+Leibniz’s series for, [2]
+stream of approximations
+Wallis’s formula for
+pi-stream
+pi-sum
+with higher-order procedures
+with lambda
+picture language
+Pingala, Áchárya
+pipelining
+Pitman, Kent M.
+Planner
+point, represented as a pair
+pointer
+in box-and-pointer notation
+typed
+polar package
+polar?
+poly
+polynomial package
+polynomial arithmetic
+addition
+division
+Euclid’s Algorithm
+greatest common divisor, [2]
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+multiplication
+probabilistic algorithm for GCD
+rational functions
+subtraction
+polynomial(s)
+canonical form
+dense
+evaluating with Horner’s rule
+hierarchy of types
+indeterminate of
+sparse
+univariate
+pop
+Portable Standard Lisp
+porting a language
+power series, as stream
+adding
+dividing
+
+\fintegrating
+multiplying
+PowerPC
+predicate
+of cond clause
+of if
+naming convention for
+prefix code
+prefix notation
+infix notation vs.
+prepositions
+preserving, [2], [3], [4]
+pretty-printing
+prime number(s)
+cryptography and
+Eratosthenes’s sieve for
+Fermat test for
+infinite stream of, see primes
+Miller-Rabin test for
+testing for
+prime-sum-pair
+prime-sum-pairs
+infinite stream
+prime?, [2]
+primes (infinite stream)
+implicit definition
+primitive constraints
+primitive expression
+evaluation of
+name of primitive procedure
+name of variable
+number
+primitive procedures (those marked ns are not in the IEEE Scheme standard)
+*
++
+-, [2]
+/
+<
+=
+>
+apply
+atan
+car
+cdr
+cons
+cos
+display
+eq?
+error (ns)
+eval (ns)
+
+\flist
+log
+max
+min
+newline
+not
+null?
+number?
+pair?
+quotient
+random (ns), [2]
+read
+remainder
+round
+runtime (ns)
+set-car!
+set-cdr!
+sin
+symbol?
+vector-ref
+vector-set!
+primitive query, see simple query
+primitive-apply
+primitive-implementation
+primitive-procedure-names
+primitive-procedure-objects
+primitive-procedure?, [2]
+principle of least commitment
+print operation in register machine
+print-point
+print-queue
+print-rat
+print-result
+monitored-stack version
+print-stack-statistics operation in register machine
+printing, primitives for
+probabilistic algorithm, [2], [3]
+probe
+in constraint system
+in digital-circuit simulator
+proc register
+procedural abstraction
+procedural representation of data
+mutable data
+procedure, [2]
+anonymous
+arbitrary number of arguments, [2]
+as argument
+as black box
+body of
+
+\fcompound
+creating with define
+creating with lambda, [2], [3]
+as data
+definition of
+first-class in Lisp
+formal parameters of
+as general method
+generic, [2]
+higher-order, see higher-order procedure
+implicit begin in body of
+mathematical function vs.
+memoized
+monitored
+name of
+naming (with define)
+as pattern for local evolution of a process
+as returned value
+returning multiple values
+scope of formal parameters
+special form vs., [2]
+procedure application
+combination denoting
+environment model of
+substitution model of, see substitution model of procedure application
+procedure-body
+procedure-environment
+procedure-parameters
+process
+iterative
+linear iterative
+linear recursive
+local evolution of
+order of growth of
+recursive
+resources required by
+shape of
+tree-recursive
+product
+as accumulation
+product?
+program
+as abstract machine
+comments in
+as data
+incremental development of
+structure of, [2], [3], see also abstraction barriers
+structured with subroutines
+program counter
+programming
+
+\fdata-directed, see data-directed programming
+demand-driven
+elements of
+functional, see functional programming
+imperative
+odious style
+programming language
+design of
+functional
+logic
+object-oriented
+strongly typed
+very high-level
+Prolog, [2]
+prompt-for-input
+prompts
+explicit-control evaluator
+lazy evaluator
+metacircular evaluator
+nondeterministic evaluator
+query interpreter
+propagate
+propagation of constraints
+proving programs correct
+pseudo-random sequence
+pseudodivision of polynomials
+pseudoremainder of polynomials
+push
+put, [2]
+puzzles
+eight-queens puzzle, [2]
+logic puzzles
+Pythagorean triples
+with nondeterministic programs, [2], [3]
+with streams
+qeval, [2]
+quantum mechanics
+quasiquote
+queens
+query, see also simple query; compound query
+query interpreter
+adding rule or assertion
+compound query, see compound query
+data base
+driver loop, [2]
+environment structure in
+frame, [2]
+improvements to, [2], [3]
+infinite loops, [2]
+instantiation
+
+\fLisp interpreter vs., [2], [3]
+overview
+pattern matching, [2]
+pattern-variable representation, [2]
+problems with not and lisp-value, [2]
+query evaluator, [2]
+rule, see rule
+simple query, see simple query
+stream operations
+streams of frames, [2]
+syntax of query language
+unification, [2]
+query language, [2]
+abstraction in
+compound query, see compound query
+data base
+equality testing in
+extensions to, [2]
+logical deductions
+mathematical logic vs.
+rule, see rule
+simple query, see simple query
+query-driver-loop
+question mark, in predicate names
+queue
+double-ended
+front of
+operations on
+procedural implementation of
+rear of
+in simulation agenda
+quotation
+of character strings
+of Lisp data objects
+in natural language
+quotation mark, single vs. double
+quote (special form)
+read and, [2]
+quoted?
+quotient (primitive procedure)
+Rabin, Michael O.
+radicand
+Ramanujan numbers
+Ramanujan, Srinivasa
+rand
+with reset
+random (primitive procedure)
+assignment needed for
+MIT Scheme
+random-in-range
+
+\frandom-number generator, [2]
+in Monte Carlo simulation
+in primality testing
+with reset
+with reset, stream version
+random-numbers (infinite stream)
+Raphael, Bertram
+rational package
+rational function
+reducing to lowest terms
+rational number(s)
+arithmetic operations on
+in MIT Scheme
+printing
+reducing to lowest terms, [2]
+represented as pairs
+rational-number arithmetic
+interfaced to generic arithmetic system
+need for compound data
+Raymond, Eric, [2]
+RC circuit
+read (primitive procedure)
+dotted-tail notation handling by
+macro characters
+read operation in register machine
+read-eval-print loop, see also driver loop
+read-eval-print-loop
+reader macro character
+real number
+real-part
+data-directed
+polar representation
+rectangular representation
+with tagged data
+real-part-polar
+real-part-rectangular
+rear-ptr
+receive procedure
+record, in a data base
+rectangle, representing
+rectangular package
+rectangular?
+recursion
+data-directed
+expressing complicated process
+in rules
+in working with trees
+recursion equations
+recursion theory
+recursive procedure
+
+\frecursive procedure definition
+recursive process vs.
+specifying without define
+recursive process
+iterative process vs., [2], [3], [4]
+linear, [2]
+recursive procedure vs.
+register machine for
+tree, [2]
+red-black tree
+reducing to lowest terms, [2], [3]
+Rees, Jonathan A., [2]
+referential transparency
+reg (in register machine)
+simulating
+register machine
+actions
+controller
+controller diagram
+data paths
+data-path diagram
+design of
+language for describing
+monitoring performance
+simulator
+stack
+subroutine
+test operation
+register table, in simulator
+register(s)
+representing
+tracing
+register-exp
+register-exp-reg
+register-machine language
+assign, [2]
+branch, [2]
+const, [2], [3]
+entry point
+goto, [2]
+instructions, [2]
+label
+label, [2]
+op, [2]
+perform, [2]
+reg, [2]
+restore, [2]
+save, [2]
+test, [2]
+register-machine simulator
+
+\fregisters-modified
+registers-needed
+relations, computing in terms of, [2]
+relatively prime
+relativity, theory of
+release a mutex
+remainder (primitive procedure)
+remainder modulo n
+remainder-terms
+remove
+remove-first-agenda-item!, [2]
+require
+as a special form
+reserved words, [2]
+resistance
+formula for parallel resistors, [2]
+tolerance of resistors
+resolution principle
+resolution, Horn-clause
+rest-exps
+rest-operands
+rest-segments
+rest-terms, [2]
+restore (in register machine), [2]
+implementing
+simulating
+return (linkage descriptor)
+returning multiple values
+Reuter, Andreas
+reverse
+as folding
+rules
+Rhind Papyrus
+right-branch, [2]
+right-split
+ripple-carry adder
+Rivest, Ronald L., [2]
+RLC circuit
+Robinson, J. A.
+robustness
+rock songs, 1950s
+Rogers, William Barton
+root register
+roots of equation, see half-interval method; Newton’s method
+rotate90
+round (primitive procedure)
+roundoff error, [2]
+Rozas, Guillermo Juan
+RSA algorithm
+rule (query language)
+
+\fapplying, [2], [3]
+without body, [2], [3]
+Runkle, John Daniel
+runtime (primitive procedure)
+Russian peasant method of multiplication
+same (rule)
+same-variable?, [2]
+sameness and change
+meaning of
+shared data and
+satisfy a compound query
+satisfy a pattern (simple query)
+save (in register machine), [2]
+implementing
+simulating
+scale-list, [2], [3]
+scale-stream
+scale-tree, [2]
+scale-vect
+scan register
+scan-out-defines
+scanning out internal definitions
+in compiler, [2]
+Scheme
+history of
+Scheme chip, [2]
+scheme-number package
+scheme-number->complex
+scheme-number->scheme-number
+Schmidt, Eric
+scope of a variable, see also lexical scoping
+internal define
+in let
+procedure’s formal parameters
+search
+of binary tree
+depth-first
+systematic
+search
+secretary, importance of
+segment-queue
+segment-time
+segments
+segments->painter
+selector
+as abstraction barrier
+generic, [2]
+self-evaluating expression
+self-evaluating?
+semaphore
+
+\fof size n
+semicolon
+comment introduced by
+separator code
+sequence accelerator
+sequence of expressions
+in consequent of cond
+in procedure body
+sequence(s)
+as conventional interface
+as source of modularity
+operations on
+represented by pairs
+sequence->exp
+serialized-exchange
+with deadlock avoidance
+serializer
+implementing
+with multiple shared resources
+series, summation of
+accelerating sequence of approximations
+with streams
+set
+set
+(special form), see also assignment
+data base as
+operations on
+permutations of
+represented as binary tree
+represented as ordered list
+represented as unordered list
+subsets of
+set! (special form)
+environment model of
+value of
+set-car! (primitive procedure)
+implemented with vectors
+procedural implementation of
+value of
+set-cdr! (primitive procedure)
+implemented with vectors
+procedural implementation of
+value of
+set-contents!
+set-current-time!
+set-front-ptr!
+set-instruction-execution-proc!
+set-rear-ptr!
+set-register-contents!, [2]
+set-segments!
+
+\fset-signal!, [2]
+set-value!, [2]
+set-variable-value!, [2]
+setup-environment
+shadow a binding
+Shamir, Adi
+shape of a process
+shared data
+shared resources
+shared state
+shrink-to-upper-right
+Shrobe, Howard E.
+side-effect bug
+sieve of Eratosthenes
+sieve
+sum (sigma) notation
+signal processing
+smoothing a function
+smoothing a signal, [2]
+stream model of
+zero crossings of a signal, [2], [3]
+signal, digital
+signal-error
+signal-flow diagram, [2]
+signal-processing view of computation
+simple query
+processing, [2], [3], [4]
+simple-query
+simplification of algebraic expressions
+Simpson’s Rule for numerical integration
+simulation
+of digital circuit, see digital-circuit simulation
+event-driven
+as machine-design tool
+for monitoring performance of register machine
+Monte Carlo, see Monte Carlo simulation
+of register machine, see register-machine simulator
+sin (primitive procedure)
+sine
+approximation for small angle
+power series for
+singleton-stream
+SKETCHPAD
+smallest-divisor
+more efficient version
+Smalltalk
+smoothing a function
+smoothing a signal, [2]
+snarf
+Solar System’s chaotic dynamics
+
+\fSolomonoff, Ray
+solve differential equation, [2]
+lazy-list version
+with scanned-out definitions
+solving equation, see half-interval method; Newton’s method; solve
+source language
+source program
+Spafford, Eugene H.
+sparse polynomial
+special form
+as derived expression in evaluator
+need for
+procedure vs., [2]
+special forms (those marked ns are not in the IEEE Scheme standard)
+and
+begin
+cond
+cons-stream (ns)
+define, [2]
+delay (ns)
+if
+lambda
+let
+let*
+letrec
+named let
+or
+quote
+set!
+split
+sqrt
+block structured
+in environment model
+as fixed point, [2], [3], [4]
+as iterative improvement
+with Newton’s method, [2]
+register machine for
+as stream limit
+sqrt-stream
+square
+in environment model
+square root, see also sqrt
+stream of approximations
+square-limit, [2]
+square-of-four
+squarer (constraint), [2]
+squash-inwards
+stack
+framed
+for recursion in register machine
+
+\frepresenting, [2]
+stack allocation and tail recursion
+stack-inst-reg-name
+Stallman, Richard M., [2]
+start register machine, [2]
+start-eceval
+start-segment, [2]
+state
+local, see local state
+shared
+vanishes in stream formulation
+state variable, [2]
+local
+statements, see instruction sequence
+statements
+Steele, Guy Lewis Jr., [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
+stop-and-copy garbage collector
+Stoy, Joseph E., [2], [3]
+Strachey, Christopher
+stratified design
+stream(s), [2]
+delayed evaluation and
+empty
+implemented as delayed lists
+implemented as lazy lists
+implicit definition
+infinite, see infinite streams
+used in query interpreter, [2]
+stream-append
+stream-append-delayed
+stream-car, [2]
+stream-cdr, [2]
+stream-enumerate-interval
+stream-filter
+stream-flatmap, [2]
+stream-for-each
+stream-limit
+stream-map
+with multiple arguments
+stream-null?
+in MIT Scheme
+stream-ref
+stream-withdraw
+strict
+string, see character string
+strongly typed language
+sub (generic)
+sub-complex
+sub-interval
+sub-rat
+
+\fsub-vect
+subroutine in register machine
+subsets of a set
+substitution model of procedure application, [2]
+inadequacy of
+shape of process
+subtype
+multiple
+success continuation (nondeterministic evaluator), [2]
+successive squaring
+sum
+as accumulation
+iterative version
+sum-cubes
+with higher-order procedures
+sum-integers
+with higher-order procedures
+sum-odd-squares, [2]
+sum-of-squares
+in environment model
+sum-primes, [2]
+sum?
+summation of a series
+with streams
+supertype
+multiple
+Sussman, Gerald Jay, [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
+Sussman, Julie Esther Mazel, nieces of
+Sutherland, Ivan
+symbol(s)
+equality of
+interning
+quotation of
+representation of
+uniqueness of
+symbol-leaf
+symbol? (primitive procedure)
+data types and
+implemented with typed pointers
+symbolic algebra
+symbolic differentiation, [2]
+symbolic expression, see also symbol(s)
+symbols
+SYNC
+synchronization, see concurrency
+syntactic analysis, separated from execution
+in metacircular evaluator
+in register-machine simulator, [2]
+syntactic sugar
+define
+
+\flet as
+looping constructs as
+procedure vs. data as
+syntax, see also special forms
+abstract, see abstract syntax
+of expressions, describing
+of a programming language
+syntax interface
+systematic search
+#t
+table
+backbone of
+for coercion
+for data-directed programming
+local
+n-dimensional
+one-dimensional
+operation-and-type, see operation-and-type table
+represented as binary tree vs. unordered list
+testing equality of keys
+two-dimensional
+used in simulation agenda
+used to store computed values
+tableau
+tabulation, [2]
+tack-on-instruction-sequence
+tagged architecture
+tagged data, [2]
+tagged-list?
+tail recursion
+compiler and
+environment model of evaluation and
+explicit-control evaluator and, [2], [3]
+garbage collection and
+metacircular evaluator and
+in Scheme
+tail-recursive evaluator
+tangent
+as continued fraction
+power series for
+target register
+Technological University of Eindhoven
+Teitelman, Warren
+term list of polynomial
+representing
+term-list
+terminal node of a tree
+test (in register machine)
+simulating
+test operation in register machine
+
+\ftest-and-set!, [2]
+test-condition
+text-of-quotation
+Thatcher, James W.
+THE Multiprogramming System
+the-cars
+register, [2]
+vector
+the-cdrs
+register, [2]
+vector
+the-empty-stream
+in MIT Scheme
+the-empty-termlist, [2]
+the-global-environment, [2]
+theorem proving (automatic)
+(f(n)) (theta of f(n))
+thunk
+call-by-name
+call-by-need
+forcing
+implementation of
+origin of name
+time
+assignment and
+communication and
+in concurrent systems
+functional programming and
+in nondeterministic computing, [2]
+purpose of
+time segment, in agenda
+time slicing
+timed-prime-test
+timing diagram
+TK!Solver
+tower of types
+tracing
+instruction execution
+register assignment
+transform-painter
+transparency, referential
+transpose a matrix
+tree
+B-tree
+binary, see also binary tree
+combination viewed as
+counting leaves of
+enumerating leaves of
+fringe of
+Huffman
+
+\flazy
+mapping over
+red-black
+represented as pairs
+reversing at all levels
+tree accumulation
+tree->list...
+tree-map
+tree-recursive process
+order of growth
+trigonometric relations
+true
+true
+true?
+truncation error
+truth maintenance
+try-again
+Turing machine
+Turing, Alan M., [2]
+Turner, David, [2], [3]
+type field
+type tag, [2]
+two-level
+type(s)
+cross-type operations
+dispatching on
+hierarchy in symbolic algebra
+hierarchy of
+lowering, [2]
+multiple subtype and supertype
+raising, [2]
+subtype
+supertype
+tower of
+type-inferencing mechanism
+type-tag
+using Scheme data types
+typed pointer
+typing input expressions
+unbound variable
+unev register
+unification
+discovery of algorithm
+implementation
+pattern matching vs., [2]
+unify-match
+union-set
+binary-tree representation
+ordered-list representation
+unordered-list representation
+
+\funique (query language)
+unique-pairs
+unit square
+univariate polynomial
+universal machine
+explicit-control evaluator as
+general-purpose computer as
+University of California at Berkeley
+University of Edinburgh
+University of Marseille
+UNIX, [2]
+unknown-expression-type
+unknown-procedure-type
+unordered-list representation of sets
+unspecified values
+define
+display
+if without alternative
+newline
+set!
+set-car!
+set-cdr!
+up-split
+update-insts!
+upper-bound
+upward compatibility
+user-initial-environment (MIT Scheme)
+user-print
+modified for compiled code
+V operation on semaphore
+val register
+value
+of a combination
+of an expression, see also unspecified values
+value-proc
+variable, see also local variable
+bound
+free
+scope of, see also scope of a variable
+unbound
+value of, [2]
+variable
+variable-length code
+variable?, [2]
+vector (data structure)
+vector (mathematical)
+operations on, [2]
+in picture-language frame
+represented as pair
+represented as sequence
+
+\fvector-ref (primitive procedure)
+vector-set! (primitive procedure)
+Venus
+verbs
+very high-level language
+Wadler, Philip
+Wadsworth, Christopher
+Wagner, Eric G.
+Walker, Francis Amasa
+Wallis, John
+Wand, Mitchell, [2]
+Waters, Richard C.
+weight
+weight-leaf
+Weyl, Hermann
+‘‘what is’’ vs. ‘‘how to’’ description, see declarative vs. imperative knowledge
+wheel (rule), [2]
+width
+width of an interval
+Wilde, Oscar (Perlis’s paraphrase of)
+Wiles, Andrew
+Winograd, Terry
+Winston, Patrick Henry, [2]
+wire, in digital circuit
+Wisdom, Jack
+Wise, David S.
+wishful thinking, [2]
+withdraw
+problems in concurrent system
+without-interrupts
+world line of a particle, [2]
+Wright, E. M.
+Wright, Jesse B.
+xcor-vect
+Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, [2]
+Y operator
+ycor-vect
+Yochelson, Jerome C.
+Zabih, Ramin
+zero crossings of a signal, [2], [3]
+zero test (generic)
+for polynomials
+Zetalisp
+Zilles, Stephen N.
+Zippel, Richard E.
+
+\f[Go to first, previous, next page; contents; index]
+
+\f
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+{
+ "folders":
+ [
+ {
+ "path": "."
+ }
+ ]
+}
projects / name-generation.git / commitdiff